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THE CENTURY
DICTIONARY!
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ENGLISH
LANGUAGE!
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AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON
Q
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ING
XVII
THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK
THE CENTURY DICTIONARY
PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PH. D., LL. D.
PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY
THE plan of "The Century Dictionary " in- miliar examples are words ending in or or our ical arts and trades, and of the philological
eludes three things : the construction of a (as labor, labour), in er or re (as center, centre), sciences, an equally broad method has been
general dictionary of the English language in ize or ise (as cmtoe, civilise) ; those having a adopted. In the definition of theological and
which shall be serviceable for every literary single or double consonant after an unaccented ecclesiastical terms, the aim o£ the Dictionary
and practical use ; a more complete collection vowel (as traveler, traveller), or spelled with e or has been to present all the special doctrines of
of the technical terms of the various sciences, with a; or ce (as hemorrhage, hamorrhage) ; and the different divisions of the Church in such n
arts, trades, and professions than has yet been so on. In such cases both forms are given, manner as to convey to the reader the actual
attempted ; and the addition to the definitions with an expressed preference for the briefer intent of those who accept them. In defining
proper of such related encyclopedic matter, one or the one more accordant with native legal terms the design has been to offer all the
with pictorial illustrations, as shall constitute analogies. information that is needed by the general
a convenient book of general reference. THE PRONUNCIATION. reader^ and also to aid the professional reader
About 200,000 words will be defined. The XT by giving in a concise form all the important
Dictionary will be a practically complete rec- N.° attempt has »een made to record all the tochnical worQ8 and meanings. Special atten-
ord of all the noteworthy words which have varieties of popular or even educated utter- tion has also been id to the definitions of
been in use since English literature has ex- a?°e> ort to reP°^ tjje determinations made by the principal terms of painting, etching, en-
isted, especially of all that wealth of new words different recognized authorities, t has beeu gravfng and various otW art-processes; of
and of applications of old words which has necessary rather to make a selection of words architecture, sculpture, archaeology, decorative
sprung from the development of the thought to wh,lc^ alternative pronunciations should be art ceramiog etcf. of musical terns, nautical
and life of the nineteenth century. It will re- accorded, and to give preference among these an <[ militarv iermg eto.
cord not merely the written language, but the according to the circumstances of each particu-
spoken language as well (that is, all important Jar ,oase! m ™w °.f. the general analogies and ENCYCLOPEDIC FEATURES.
provincial and colloquial words) and it will in- 1tend?°cff,of English utterance The scheme Th inclugion of so extensive and varied a
aus
TUC c-rvMr,,^,Cc ary a distinctly encyclopedic character. It has,
THE ETYMOLOGIES. DEFINITIONS OF COMMON WORDS. however, been deemed desirable to go some-
The etymologies have been written anew on in the preparation of the definitions of com- what further in this direction than these con-
a uniform plan, and m accordance with the es- mon Word8i there has been at hand, besides ditions render strictly necessary.
tabhshed principles of comparative philology. the material generally accessible to students Accordingly, not only have many technical
It has been possible m many cases, by means of the language, a special collection of quota- matters been treated with unusual fullness,
of the fresh material at the disposal of the tions selected for this work from English books Dut much practical information of a kind which
etymologies were previously unknown or erro- in the eiassics of the language, and thousands vidual words and phrases with which it is con-
neously stated. Beginning with the current of meanings, many of them familiar, which nected, instead of being collected under a few
accepted form of spelling, each important word have not hitherto been noticed by the diction- general topics. Proper names, both biograph-
has been traced back through earlier forms to arjes have in this way been obtained. The i°a' and geographical, are of course omitted, ex-
its remotest known origin. The various prefixes arrangement of the definitions historically, in cept as they appear in derivative adjectives, as
and suffixes useful in the formation of English the order in which the senses defined have en- Darwinian from Darwin, or Indian from India.
words are treated very fully in separate articles, tered the language, has been adopted wher- The alphabetical distribution of the encyclo-
ever possible. pedic matter under a large number of words
HOMONYMS. T,,p „. joTATIONS w^'1 "" *? Believed, be found to be particularly
helpful in the search for those details which
Words of various origin and meaning but „. .
of the same spelling, have been distinguished _ ™^6J°rm a Tery >r^e ^?Uec??nJ (abou! are generally looked for in works of reference.
by small superior figures (123 etc ) In 200,000), representing all periods and
numbering these homonyms the rule has been branches of English literature. The classics ILLUSTRATIONS.
to give precedence to the oldest or the most of the language have been drawn upon, and The pictorial illustrations have been so se-
familiar, or to that one which is most nearly Jal«aWe citations have been made from less iected and executed as to be subordinate to the
English in origin. The superior numbers ap- famous authors in all departments of htera- text while possegsing a considerable degree of
ply not so much to the individual word as to ture- 4mencan w.rlters especially are repre- inde'pendent suggestiveness and artistic value.
the group or root to which it belongs, hence sented ln F,eater fullness than m any similar To ge"cure technical accuracy, the illustrations
ork ™* ° & "
, , ,
the different grammatical uses of the same !?ork: £™* °n t w-&^ ^"^ ft have, as a rule, been selected by the specialists
-
n w- , ,
homonym are numbered alike when they are <*«») cited will be published with the con- j^ charge of the various departments, and have
separately entered in the Dictionary. Thus a cludlng par in all cageg been examine(f by them in proofs.
verb and a noun of the same origin and the DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL TERMS. The cuts number about six thousand.
same present spelling receive the same superior Much e has been devoted to the special
numbr;i. But when two words of the same form termg of Fthe various sciences, fine arts, me- MODE OF 1SSUE. PRICE> ETC-
and of the same radical origin now differ con- chanical artg professions, and trades, and " The Century Dictionary » will be comprised
siderably in meaning, so as to be used as dif- much care hag been bestowed upon their treat- in about 6,500 quarto pages. It is published
ferent words, they are separately numbered. ment- They have been collected by an extended by subscription and in twenty-four parts or
THF ORTHnrR APHY search through all branches of literature, with sections, to be finally bound into six quarto vol-
KA "*• the design of providing a very complete and umes, if desired by the subscriber. These sec-
Of the great body of words constituting the many-sided technical dictionary. Many thou- tions will be issued about once a month. The
familiar language the spelling is determined sands of words have thus been gathered which price of the sections is $2.50 each, and no
by well-established usage, and, however ac- have never before been recorded in a general subscriptions are taken except for the entire
cidental and unacceptable, in many cases, it dictionary, or even in special glossaries. To work.
may be, it is not the office of a dictionary like the biological sciences a degree of promi- The plan for the Dictionary is more fully de-
this to propose improvements, or to adopt those nence has been given corresponding to the re- scribed in the preface (of which the above is in
which have been proposed and have not yet markable recent increase in their vocabulary, part a condensation), which accompanies the
won some degree of acceptance and use. But The new material in the departments of biology first section, and to which reference is made.
there are also considerable classes as to which and zoology includes not less than five thou- A list of the abbreviations used in the ety-
usage is wavering, more than one form being sand words and senses not recorded even in mologies and definitions, and keys to pronun
sanctioned by excellent authorities, either in special dictionaries. In the treatment of phy- ciations and to signs used in the etymologies,
this country or Great Britain, or in both. Fa- sical and mathematical sciences, of the mechan- will be found on the back cover-lining.
THE CENTURY CO., jj EAST 17™ ST., NEW YORK.
THE CENTURY DICTIONARY
THE
CENTURY DICTIONARY
AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PH.D..LL.D.
PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT
IN YALE UNIVERSITY
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME V
PUBLISHED BY
Centurg
NEW YORK
C4-
Copyright, 1890, by THE CENTURY Co.
All Rights Reserved.
By permission of Messrs. Blackie & Son, publishers of The Imperial Dictionary by Dr. Ogilvie and
Dr. Annandale, material from that English copyright work has been freely used in the preparation of
THE CENTURY DICTIONARY, and certain owners of American copyrights having claimed that undue use of
matter so protected has been made in the compilation of The Imperial Dictionary, notice is hereby
given that arrangement has also been made with the proprietors of such copyright matter for its use
in the preparation of THE CENTURY DICTIONARY.
THE DEVINNE PRESS.
ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS.
a., adj adjective.
abbr abbreviation.
abl. ablative.
ace accusative.
accom accommodated, accom-
modation.
act active.
adv adverb.
AF Anglo-French.
agri agriculture.
AL. Anglo-Latin.
alg algebra.
Amer American.
anat anatomy.
anc ancient.
antiq antiquity.
aor aorist.
appar apparently.
Ar Arabic.
arch architecture.
archseol archaeology.
arith arithmetic.
art. article.
AS Anglo-Saxon.
astrol astrology.
aatron astronomy.
attrib attributive.
aug augmentative.
Bav Bavarian.
Beng Bengali.
biol biology.
Bohem Bohemian.
hot botany.
Braz. Brazilian.
Bret Breton.
bryol bryology.
Bulg Bulgarian.
carp carpentry.
Cat Catalan.
Cath Catholic.
caus. causative.
ceram ceramics.
cf. L. confer, compare.
ch church.
Chal Chaldee.
chem chemical, chemistry.
Chin Chinese.
chron chronology.
colloq colloquial, colloquially.
com commerce, commer-
cial.
comp composition, com-
pound.
compar. comparative.
conch conchology.
conj conjunction.
contr contracted, contrac-
tion.
Corn Cornish.
craniol craniology.
craniom craniometry.
crystal crystallography.
D Dutch.
Dan Danish.
dat dative.
def definite, definition.
deriv derivative, derivation.
dial dialect, dialectal.
did different.
dim diminutive.
distrib distributive.
dram dramatic.
dynam dynamics.
E East.
E English (usmally mean-
ing modern English).
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical.
econ economy.
e. g L. exempli gratia, for
example.
Egypt Egyptian.
E. Ind East Indian.
elect electricity.
embryol embryology.
Eng English.
engin engineering.
entom entomology.
Epis Episcopal.
equiv equivalent.
esp especially.
Eth Ethiopic.
ethnog ethnography.
ethnol ethnology.
etym etymology.
Eur European.
exclam exclamation.
f., fern feminine.
F French (usually mean-
ing modern French).
Flem Flemish.
fort fortification.
freq frequentative.
Fries Friesic.
fut future.
G Qerman(u8uallymean'
ing New High Ger-
man).
Gael. Gaelic.
galv galvanism.
gen genitive.
geog geography.
geol geology.
geom geometry.
Goth Gothic (Moesogothic).
Gr Greek.
gram grammar.
gun gunnery.
Heb Hebrew.
her. heraldry.
herpet herpetology.
Hind Hindustani.
hist history.
horol horology.
hort horticulture.
Hung Hungarian.
hydraul hydraulics.
hydros hydrostatics.
Icel Icelandic (usually
meaning Old Ice-
landic, otherwise call-
ed Old Norse).
ichth ichthyology.
i. e L. id est, that is.
impers impersonal.
impf imperfect.
impr imperative.
improp improperly.
Ind Indian.
ind indicative.
Indo-Eur Indo-European.
indef. Indefinite.
inf. infinitive.
instr Instrumental.
inter) interjection.
intr., intrans intransitive.
Ir Irish.
irreg irregular, irregularly.
It Italian.
Jap Japanese.
L. Latin (usually mean-
ing classical Latin).
Lett Lettish.
LG Low German.
lichenol lichenology.
lit literal, literally.
lit literature.
Lith Lithuanian.
lithog lithography.
lithol lithology.
LL Late Latin.
m., masc masculine.
M Middle.
mach machinery.
mammal mammalogy.
manuf manufacturing.
math mathematics.
MD Middle Dutch.
ME Middle English (other-
wise called Old Eng-
lish).
mech mechanics, mechani-
cal.
med medicine.
mensur mensuration.
metal metallurgy.
nietaph metaphysics.
meteor meteorology.
Me* Mexican.
MGr Middle Greek, medie-
val Greek.
MHG Middle High German.
mlllt military.
mineral mineralogy.
ML. Middle Latin, medie-
val Latin.
MLG Middle Low German.
mod modern.
mycol mycology.
myth mythology.
n noun.
n., neut. neuter.
N New.
N North.
N. Amer North America.
nat natural.
naut nautical.
nav navigation.
NGr New Greek, modern
Greek.
NHG New High German
(usually simply G.,
German).
NL. New Latin, modern
Latin.
nom nominative.
Norm Norman.
north northern.
Norw Norwegian.
numis numismatics.
O Old.
obs obsolete.
obstet obstetrics.
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other-
wise called Church
Slavonic, Old Slavic,
Old Slavonic).
OCat Old Catalan.
OD Old Dutch.
ODan Old Danish.
odontog odontography.
odontol odontology.
OF. Old French.
OFlem Old Flemish.
OGael Old Gaelic.
OHG Old High German.
Olr Old Irish.
Oil Old Italian.
OL. Old Latin.
OLG Old Low German.
ONorth Old Northumbrian.
OPruss Old Prussian.
orig original, originally.
ornith ornithology.
OS Old Saxon.
OSp Old Spanish.
osteol osteology.
OSw. Old Swedish.
OTent Old Teutonic.
p. a. participial adjective.
paleon paleontology.
part. participle.
pass passive.
pathol pathology.
pert perfect.
Pers Persian.
pers person.
persp perspective.
Peruv Peruvian.
petrog petrography.
Pg Portuguese.
phar pharmacy.
Phen Phenician.
philol philology.
philos philosophy.
phonog phonography.
photog photography.
phren phrenology.
phys physical.
physiol physiology.
pl.,plur plural.
poet poetical.
polit political.
Pol Polish.
poss possessive.
pp past participle.
ppr present participle.
Pr. Provencal (usually
meaning Old Pro-
vencal).
pref prefix.
prep preposition.
pres present.
pret preterit.
priv privative.
prob probably, probable.
pron pronoun.
pron pronounced, pronun-
ciation.
prop properly.
pros prosody.
Prot Protestant.
proT provincial.
psychol psychology.
q. v L. quod (or pi. qua;}
vide, which see.
refl reflexive.
reg regular, regularly.
repr representing.
rhet rhetoric.
Rom Roman.
Rom Romanic, Romance
(languages).
Russ Russian.
S. South.
S. Amer South American.
so L. scilicet, understand,
supply.
Sc. Scotch.
Scand Scandinavian.
Scrip Scripture.
sculp sculpture.
Serv Servian.
sing singular.
Skt Sanskrit.
Slav Slavic, Slavonic.
Sp Spanish.
subj subjunctive.
superl superlative.
surg surgery.
surv surveying.
Sw Swedish.
syn synonymy.
Syr Syriac.
techno! technology.
teleg. telegraphy.
teratol teratology.
term termination.
Teut Teutonic.
theat theatrical.
theol. theology.
therap therapeutics.
toxlcol toxicology.
tr., trans transitive.
trigon trigonometry.
Turk Turkish.
typog typography.
nil. ultimate, ultimately.
v verb.
var variant.
ret veterinary.
v. L intransitive verb.
v. t. transitive verb.
W. Welsh.
Wall Walloon.
Wallach Wallachlan.
W. Ind West Indian.
zoogeog zoogeography.
zob'l zoology.
zo6t zootomy.
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION.
a as in fat, man, pang,
a as in fate, mane, dale,
a as in far, father, guard.
& as in full, talk, naught
a as in ask, fast, ant.
a as in fare, hair, bear,
e as in met, pen, bless,
e as in mete, meet, meat,
e as in her, fern, heard,
i as in pin, it, biscuit.
I as in pine, fight, file,
o as in not, on, frog,
o as in note, poke, floor,
o as in move, spoon, room.
6 as in nor, song, off.
n as in tub, son, blood,
u as in mute, acute, few (also new,
tube, duty : see Preface, pp. ix, x).
u as In pull, book, could,
u German u, French u.
oi as in oil, joint, boy.
on as in pound, proud, now.
A single dot under a vowel in an un-
accented syllable indicates its abbre-
viation and lightening, without abso-
lute loss of its distinctive quality. See
Preface, p. xl. Thus:
$ as in prelate, courage, captain.
£ as in ablegate, episcopal.
9 as In abrogate, eulogy, democrat
V as iu singular, education.
A double dot under a vowel in an
unaccented syllable indicates that,
even in the mouths of the best speak-
ers, its sound is variable to, and In or-
dinary utterance actually becomes,
the short u-sound (of but, pun, etc.).
See Preface, p. xi. Thus :
9 as in errant, republican,
e, as in prudent, difference,
j as in charity, density,
o as in valor, actor, idiot.
% as in Persia, peninsula.
< as in '/«' book.
ii as in nature, feature.
A mark (w) under the consonants
t, d, t, z indicates that they In like
manner are variable to ch, j, th, zh.
Thus:
t as in nature, adventure.
0 as in arduous, education,
g as in leisure,
g as in seizure.
th as in thin.
TH as in then.
t h as in German ach, Scotch loch.
h French nasalizing n, as in ton, en.
ly (in French words) French liquid
( m. iniHr) 1.
' denotes a primary, " a secondary
accent. (A secondary accent is not
marked if at its regular interval of
two syllables from the primary, or
from another secondary.)
SIGNS.
< read/rom; i. e., derived from.
> read whence; i. e., from which is derived.
+ read and; I. e., compounded with, or with suffix.
= read cognate with ; i. e., etymologic-ally parallel with.
y read root.
" read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form.
t read obtolete.
SPECIAL EXPLANATIONS.
A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that
the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other
words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same man-
ner and marked with different numbers. Thus :
back1 (bilk), n. The posterior part, etc.
backi (bakX a. Lying or being behind, etc.
back1 (liuk), v. To furnish with a back, etc.
backi (Irak), adv. Behind, etc.
back-t (liak), n. The earlier form of hat?.
backs (bakX n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc.
Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to
the quotations, as " No." for number, "st." for stanza, "p."
for page, "1." for line, H for paragraph, "fol." lot folio.
The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books
will be understood by reference to the following plan :
Section only j 5.
Chapter only J!T.
Canto only
Book only
Book and chapter
Part and chapter
Book and line
Book and page
Act and scene
Chapter and verse
No. and page
Volume and page
Volume and chapter
Part, book, and chapter
Part, canto, and stanza
Chapter and section or H
Volume, part, and section or TT
Book, chapter, and section or If —
xiv.
iii.
Hi. 10.
II. 34.
IV. Iv.
II. Iv. 12.
II. Iv. 12.
vii. § or IT 3.
I. i. 8 or 1 6.
I. i. 8 or If 6.
Different grammatical phases of the same word are
grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Ro-
man numerals I., II., III., etc. This applies to transitive
and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used
also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs
used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.
The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the
words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distin-
guished are discriminated in the text immediately follow-
ing, or under the title referred to.
The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes
divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they
are connected.
The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter,
or with a capital, according to usage. When usage dif-
fers, in this matter, with the different senses of a word,
the abbreviations [cap. ] for "capital " and [1. c. ] for " lower-
case " are used to indicate this variation.
The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of
the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in
accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences.
Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two
words the second of which is derived from a proper name,
only the first would be capitalized. But a name of simi-
lar derivation In botany would have the second element
also capitalized.
The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders,
families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in ac-
cordance with the present usage of scientific writers.
1. The seventeenth letter
and thirteenth consonant
in the English alphabet.
It had a corresponding position
in the early Greek and in the Latin
alphabet, as also in the Pheni-
cian, where it was the nineteenth
character. Its value in Phenician
was that of a deeper or more gut-
tural k; and a like distinction of
two fr's, less and more guttural
and qof\ is still made in the Semitic languages gen-
erally. But in Greek and Latin there was no such dis-
tinction to Jie maintained ; hence the sign was abandoned
in Greek (being retained only as an episemon, or sign of
number, in its old place between IT and p, and called
koppa) ; while in Latin, on the other hand, it was kept,
though without a value different from that of k, in the
combination mi, equivalent to our Jew; and so we have
it also in English as a superfluous letter, simply because
it existed in Phenician with a real office. The compara-
tive table of early forms (as given for the other letters:
see especially A) is aa follows :
Pheni-
cian.
Hieroglypl
Egyptian.
rpnic. Hieratic.
Early
Greek and Latin.
Q occurs in English, as In Latin, only before a « that is fol-
lowed by another vowel. The combination ^Mispronounced
either aa kw (for example, quinquennial), or, the w being
silent, aa it simply (for example, pique). The words con-
taining it are nearly all of Latin or French origin ; but there
are a few common words (as queen, queer, quench, quick,
quoth) in which qu has been substituted for the equivalent
Anglo-Saxon cw or Teutonic kw, and a number of other
words (Asiatic, African, American, etc.) in which qu rep-
resents a like combination. In the transliteration of some
Oriental alphabet6(Arabic, Persian, Turkish, etc.), q repre-
sents the more guttural form of k. See qu.
2. As a medieval Roman numeral, 500. — 3.
Au abbreviation : (a) [I. c.] of quadrans (a
farthing); (b) [J. c.] of query; (c) [I. c.] of ques-
tion; (d) of queen; (e) [I.e.] in a ship's log-
book, of squalls; (/) in Bom. lit. and inscrip-
tions, of Quintus. — 4f. A half-f arthing : same
as cue2, 2 (a).
Rather pray there be no fall of money, for thou wilt then
go for a q. Lyly, Mother Bombie, iv. 2. (Naret.)
To mind one's p's and q's. See mindi.
qabbalah, n. See cabala.
Q. B. An abbreviation of Queen's Bench.
Q. C. An abbreviation: (a) of Queen's Coun-
cil or Queen's Counsel; (b) of Queen's College.
Q. d., or q. d. An abbreviation of the Latin
phrase quasi dicat, as if he should say.
qd. An old contraction for quod or quoth. Hal-
liwell.
Q. e., or q. e. An abbreviation of the Latin
phrase quod est, which is.
Q. E. D. An abbreviation of the Latin phrase
quod erat demonstrandum, which was to be
demonstrated.
Q. E. T. An abbreviation of the Latin phrase
quod erat faciendum, which was to be done.
Q. E. I. An abbreviation of the Latin phrase
quod erat inveniendum, which was to be found
out.
. M. An abbreviation of quartermaster.
.., or qm. An abbreviation of the Latin word
'auomodo, by what means.
Q. M. O. An abbreviation of quartermaster-
aciieral.
(jr., or qr. An abbreviation : (a) of quarter (28
pounds); (b) of quadrans (farthing); (c) of
quire.
". S. An abbreviation of quarter-sessions.
w. S., or q. s. An abbreviation : (a) of quarter-
section ; (b) of the Latin phrase quantum sufficit.
Qt., or qt. An abbreviation: (a) of quart; (b)
of quan li/i/.
qut, H. An obsolete spelling of queue or cue1.
In 1724 the peruke-makers advertised "full-bottom tyes,
. . . qu perukes, and bagg wiggs " among the variety of
artificial head-gear which they supplied.
Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 580.
qu. [(1) < ME. qu-, qw-, < OF. qu-, F. qu- = Sp.
CM- = Pjf. <•»-, iju- = It. qu-, < L. qu- = Gr. K- (/.F),
sometimes TT = Skt. AT-, A'-, etc. (2) < ME. tin-,
307
qw-, kit)-, ku-, cu-, cic-, < AS. cw- = OS. kir- =
OFries. fac- = D. kw- = OHG. far-, CM--, MHG.
kw-, qu-, G. qu- = Icel. AT- = Sw. AT'-, qu- = Dan.
AT- = Goth, kw- (by Germans often written kv-,
also rendered by q- or qu-; the Goth, character
being single, namely, u — the resemblance to
the Roman u being accidental). (3) < ME. qu-,
qw-, quw-, quh-, wh-, hw-, < AS. hw- = OS. OFries.
hw- = D. w- = G. w- = Icel. Sw. Dan. hv-, etc. : see
wh-. (4) Of various origin, ult. due to c- or k-
orcft-.] 1. An initial and medial sequence in
words of Latin origin, as in quarrel1, quarrel2,
quadrant, query, etc. — 2. An initial sequence
in some words of Anglo-Saxon (or other Teu-
tonic) origin, properly written kw-, or as origi-
nally cw-, but altered in the Middle English
period to qu- in conformity with the spelling of
French and Latin words with qu- (see 1). It oc-
curs in quail1, quake, qualm, queen, quell, quick,
etc. It does not occur medially except in com-
position.— 3. An initial sequence in some Mid-
dle English or modern dialectal (Scotch) vari-
ants of words regularly spelled with wh-, as in
qual, qwaylle, quhal, for whale; quhilk for whilk
(which), quhyp for whip, etc. — 4. An initial se-
quence of various origin other than the above,
as in quaint, quassia, quay, quince, quip, quire1,
quire2, quiver2, quoin, quoit, etc. See the ety-
mology of these words.
qu. An abbreviation: (a) of queen, quarterly;
(b) of question, or qusere, query.
qua1!, pron. An old Scotch form of who.
Qua herd ever a warr auntur,
That he that noght hadd hot of him
Agayn him suld becum sua grim ?
MS. Cott. Vespas. (A), iii. f. 4. (Halliwell.)
qua2 (kwa), adv. [L. qud (often written qud),
as far as, so far as, as, at or in which place, in
what manner, how, orig. abl. fern, of qui, who,
which : see who.] As being ; so far as.
I know what that man's mind, qud mind, is, well enough.
M. Arnold, Friendship's Garland, vi.
The flrst thing to notice about this position is, that the
Darwinian, qud Darwinian, has nothing to do with it.
Nature, XXXVII. 291.
qua3 (kwa), n. [Appar. a var. of quad2, quod2.]
A jail ; quod. Tufts's Glossary oj' Thieves' Jar-
gon, 1798. [Thieves' jargon.]
quab1, quob (kwob), v. i. [Var. of the earlier
quap, quop: see quap1, quop1, and cf. quave.]
To shake; tremble; quiver; throb; flutter.
After whan the storme ys al ago,
Yet wol the watir quappe a day or two.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1767.
But, zealous sir, what say to a touch at praler ?
How quops the spirit? In what garb or ayre?
Fletcher, Poems, p. 203. (Halliwell.)
O, my eyes grow dim ! my heart quabs, and my back
acheth. Dryden, Limberham, iii. 2.
quab1, quob (kwob), n. [< quab1, v. Cf. quai-e-
mire.] A bog or quagmire. Halliwell.
quab2t (kwob), n. [Early mod. E. quabbe; <
MD. quabbe, quappe, D. kwab, kwabbe = OLG.
quappa, MLG. quappe, LG. quabbe, quappe, an
eel-pout, = G. quabbe, quappe, an eel-pout, tad-
pole, = Sw. qvabba = Dan. kvabbe, a burbot; so
called from its active motions; from the verb
represented by quab1, quap1. Cf. quap2.] 1.
A fish, the eel-pout or miller's-thumb. Minsheu.
— 2. A gudgeon. Also quabling and quap.
A qnabling or little quabbe, a fish, . . . gouion.
quab3t (kwob), n. [< quab1, v., as squab2 <
squab1, v.] 1. A squab, or other unfledged
young bird. See squab2. — 2. Something im-
mature or crude.
A trifle of mine own brain, ... a scholar's fancy,
A quab — 'tis nothing else — a very quab.
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, iii. 3.
qua-bird (kwii'berd), «. [< qua (imitative, like
equiv. quark, quawk) + bird1.] The American
night-heron, Nyctiardea grisea nsevia.
4881
quacha (kwa'cha), n. Same aB quaf/ya. Imp.
Diet.
quachi. «. Same as coati.
quachil, n. [Native name.] A large .pocket-
gopher, Geomys hispidus (formerly Saccophorus
quachil). It inhabits Central America and some parts
of Mexico, and is larger than any of the United States
species, being nearly or quite a foot long, with the tail
three inches more; the tail and feet are nearly naked;
the pelage is harsh and lusterless, of a uniform dull choco-
late-brown, merely paler or grayer below ; the upper in-
cisors have each one deep furrow lying wholly in the in-
ner half of the tooth. Its nearest relative is the Mexican
tucan, G. mexicanus.
quack1 (kwak), v. i. [< ME. "quakken (?), queken
= MD. quacken, queken, croak, quack, cry as a
frog, goose, or quail, later kwakken, kwaaken, D.
kwaken, croak, as a frog, = MLG. quaken = G.
quacken, quaken, quack, croak, babble, quacken,
quaken, cry, scream, = Icel. kvaka = Sw. qvaka
= Dan. kvakke, croak, quack ; cf. L. coaxare,
croak, Gr. Korif, a quacking (see coaxation); all
imitative words. Hence freq. quackle1, and
ult. quail3.] 1. To utter a harsh, flat, croaking
sound or cry, as a goose or duck ; croak ; now,
usually, to cry as a duck.
He toke a gose fast by the nek,
And the goose thoo begann to quck.
Rel. Antiq., i. 4. (Halliwell.)
There were thirteen ducks, and . . . they all quacked
very movingly. R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, x.
2. To make an outcry: said of persons. [Prov.
Eng.]
He slew the captain where he stood,
The rest they did quack an' roar.
Willie Wallace (Child's Ballads, VI. 236).
quack1 (kwak), n. [< ME. qtiakke, queke = G.
quack, quak = Dan. kvak; from the verb.] 1.
A harsh, croaking sound.
He speketh thurgh the nose,
As he were on the quatlce or on the pose.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 232.
2. The cry of a duck ; a quacking.
He gave me a look from his one little eye, . . . and then
a loud quack to second it.
R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, x.
quack2 (kwak), v. [A particular use of quack1,
now associated with quack2, n., which is in
part an abbr. of quacksalver.] I. intrans. 1.
To talk noisily and ostentatiously; make vain
and loud pretensions.
Seek out for plants with signatures,
To quack of universal cures.
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. i. 328.
2. To play the quack; practise arts of quack-
ery, as a pretender to medical skill.
Hitherto I had only quack'd with myself, and the high-
est I consulted was our apothecary.
B. Wandemlle, Hypochondrical Disorders (1730), p. 7.
[(Latham.)
II. trans. 1. To treat in the manner of a
quack; play the quack with.
If he [Monro] has any skill in quacking madmen, his art
may perhaps be of service now in the Pretender's court.
Walpole, Letters, II. 6.
Quackery, and the love of being quacked, are in human
nature aa weeds are in our fields.
Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d sen, Int., p. 32.
2. To tamper with dishonestly; use fraudu-
lently.
Mallet. My third Son ... has an admirable knack at
quacking Titles. . . . They tell me, when he gets an old
good-for-nothing Book, he claps a new Title to it, and sells
off the whole Impression in a Week.
Mrs. Centlinre, Gotham Election, L 1.
quack2 (kwak), «. and a. [Partly < quack2, v.,
partly an abbr. of quacksalver, q. v.] I. n. 1.
An impudent and fraudulent pretender to med-
ical skill; a mountebank; a knavish practi-
tioner of medicine.
Quacks in their Bills, and Poets in the Titles of their
Plays, do not more dissappoint us than Gallants with their
Promises. Wycherlcy, Love in a Wood, iii.
A potent quack, long versed in human ills,
Who first insults the victim whom he kills.
Crabbe, Works, I. 14.
quack
These, like quacks in medicine, excite the malady to
profit by the cure, and retard the cure to augment the
fees. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 229.
Hence — 2. One who pretends to skill or know-
ledge of any kind which he does not possess ;
an ignorant and impudent pretender; a charla-
tan.
Men that go mincing, grimacing, with plausible speech
and brushed raiment ; hollow within ! quacks political ;
quacks scientific, academical.
Carlyle, French Kev., II. HI. 2.
=Syn. Quack, Empiric, Mountebank, Charlatan. A quack
is, by derivation, one who talks much without wisdom,
and, specifically, talks of his own power to heal ; hence,
any ignorant pretender to medical knowledge or skill. Em-
piric is a more elevated term for one who goes by mere
experience in the trial of remedies, and is without know-
ledge of the medical sciences or of the clinical obser-
vations and opinions of others ; hence, an incompetent,
self-confident practitioner. A mountebank is generally a
quack, but may be a pretender in any line. Charlatan (lit-
erally ' chatterer ') is primarily applied, not to a person be-
longing to any particular profession or occupation, but to
a pretentious cheat of any sort.
II. a. Pertaining to or characterized by
quackery of any kind ; specifically, falsely pre-
tending to cure disease, or ignorantly or fraudu-
lently set forth as remedies: as, a quack doc-
tor; quack medicines.
If all understood medicine, there would be none to take
his quack medicine. Whately.
The attractive head
Of some quack-doctor, famous in his day.
Wordsworth, Prelude, vii.
In the eighteenth century men worshipped the things
that seemed ; it was a quack century.
Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 111.
They're set to the doing of quack work, and paid wages
for dishonesty. New Princeton Rev., II. 7.
quackened (kwak'ud), a. [Var. of querkened,
accom. to "quack, quackle2. See querken.] Al-
most choked. [Prov. Eng.]
quackery (kwak'er-i), n. ; pi. quackeries (-iz).
[< quack2 + -ery.] The boastful pretensions
or knavish practice of a quack, particularly in
medicine; empiricism; charlatanry; humbug.
Such quackery is unworthy any person who pretends to
learning. Parson, Letters to Travis, p. 41, note.
An epoch when puffery and quackery have reached a
height unexampled in the annals of mankind.
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, i. 2.
quack-grass (kwak'gras), ». Same as quick-
grass, quitch-grass.
quackhood (kwak'hud), ». [< quack2 + -hood.]
Quackery. Carlyle, Past and Present, iii. 13.
[Rare.]
quacking-cheatt (kwak'ing-chet), ». [< quack-
ing, ppr. of quack1, v., + cheat3.'] A duck.
Dekker (1616). (Halliwell.) [Old slang.]
quackish (kwak'ish), a. [< quack2 + -ish*.]
Like a quack or charlatan; dealing in quack-
ery; humbugging.
The last quackish address of the National Assembly to
the people of France.
Burke, To a Member of the Nat. Assembly, note.
quackism (kwak'izm), n. [< quack2 + -ism.]
The practice of quackery. Carlyle, Cagliostro.
quackle1 (kwak'l), v. i. ; pret. and pp. quackled,
ppr. quackling. [Freq. of quack*.] To quack;
croak. [Prov. Eng.]
Simple ducks in those royal waters quackle for crumbs
from young royal fingers.
Carlyle, French Rev., XI. i. 1. (Danes.)
quackle2 (kwak'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. quackled,
ppr. quackling. [Freq. of "quack, imitative, like
choke1, of the sound of choking. Cf . quackened.']
To suffocate; strangle; choke. [Prov. Eng.]
As he was drinking, the drink, or something in the cup,
quackled him, stuck so in his throat that he could not get
it up nor down, but strangled him presently.
Rev. S. Ward, Sermons, p. 153.
qnacksalvet (kwak'sav), n. [< "quacksalve (D.
kwakzalven), a verb assumed from quacksalver.]
A quacksalver.
A quacksalve,
A fellow that does deal with drugs.
Massinger, Parliament of Love, iv. 5.
quacksalver (kwak'sal-ver), n. [< D. kwakzal-
ver (= LG. qnaksalver, > G. quacksalver = Sw.
qi-acksalvare = Dan. kvaksalver), a quacksalver,
< kwaken, quack, + zalver, salver: see salver*.]
One who boasts of his skill in medicines and
salves, or of the efficacy of his nostrums; a
charlatan ; a quack.
And of a Physitian, That he is a Qtiack-salver, which slg-
nifieth a Quick Healer, yet for the common acception ad-
judged actionable. Jot. KeMe (1685), Reports, I. 62.
They are quacksalvers,
Fellows that live by venting oils and drugs.
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
These are not physicians indeed, but Italian miack-sal-
vers, that, having drunk poison themselves, minister it to
the people. Kev. T. Adams, Works, I. 390.
4882
quacksalving (kwak'sal-ving), a. [Ppr. of
'quacksalre. v., implied in quacksalve, n., and
quacksalver.] Quackish; humbugging.
Tut, man, any guacksalmng terms will serve for this pur-
pose. Middleton, Mad World, ii. 6.
Quacksalmnff, cheating mountebank !
Massinger, Virgin-Martyr, iv. 1.
quad1!, a. and n. See qued.
quad3 (kwod), ». [Abbr. of quadrangle.] 1.
A quadrangle or court, as of a college. [Col-
loq.]
The quad, as it was familiarly called, was a small quad-
rangle. Trollope, Warden, v.
2. The quadrangle of a prison where prisoners
take exercise; hence, a prison; a jail. More
commonly spelled quod. [Slang.]
Fancy a nob like you being sent to quod ! Fiddlededee !
You see, sir, you weren't used to It.
Disraeli, Henrietta Temple, vi. 21.
My dear Arminius, ... do you really mean to maintain
that a man can't put old Dlggs in quod for snaring a hare
without all this elaborate apparatus of Roman law?
M. Arnold, Friendship's Garland, viL
quad2 (kwod), v.t. [<gi«id2,n.] To put in prison.
He was quodded for two months.
Heuitett, College Life, xxix. (Uoppe.)
quad3 (kwod), M. [Abbr. oi quadrat.] In print-
ing, a quadrat.
quad3 (kwod), v. t. ; pret. and pp. quadded, ppr.
qiiadding. [< quad*, n.] In printing, to fill
with quadrats: as, to quad out a line.
quad4 (kwod), n. An abbreviation of quadru-
plcx in telegraphy.
quaddy (kwod'i), a. [Prob. for "quatty, < quat*
+ -y*.] Short and thick. Halliwell. [Prov.
Eng.]
quadet, ''• t. [< ME. quaden, < quad, bad: see
qued.] To spoil or destroy. Halliwell.
Thine errores will thy worke confounde,
And all thine honoure quade.
Halle's Historiall Expostulation (1565). (Nora.)
quaderH (kwa'der), v. i. [< OF. quadrer, F.
cadrer = Sp. cuadrar = ~Pg. quadrar = lt. quad-
rare, < L. quadrare, make square or four-cor-
nered : see quadrate.] To quadrate ; match.
The x doth not quader well with him, because it sounds
harshly. [list. Don Quixote (1675), p. 88.
quader- (kwa'der), ». [G., square, < MHG.
qudder, < L. quadnts (sc. lapis), square: see
quadra*.] The German name of a division of
the Cretaceous : an abbreviation of quadersand-
stein, paving-sandstone. It is divided into Unter-,
Mittel-, and Oberquader. The last is the equivalent of the
Upper Chalk of England and France, and is familiar as
being the rock which, by its peculiar erosion, has given
rise to the picturesque scenery of Saxon Switzerland.
quader3 (kwa'der), n. [< L. quadratus, pp. of
quadrare, make square: see quadrate.] In
anat., the quadrate lobule, or prsecuneus.
quadnesst, «. See quedness.
quadra1 (kwod'ra), «. ; pi. quadra (-re). [< L.
quadra, a squareja plinth, a fillet ; fern, of (LL. )
quadrus, square : see quadrate and square*.] In
arch., etc.: (a) A square frame or border in-
Quadra.— "Annunciation," by I.iica della Robbia, in the Borgo
San Jacopo, Florence.
closing a bas-relief; also, any frame or border.
(6) The plinth of a podium, (c) Any small
molding of plain or square section, as one of
the fillets above and below the scotia of the
Ionic base.
quadra2, n. See cuadra.
quadrable (kwod'ra-bl), a. [< L. as if *quadra-
bilis, < quadrare, square : see quadrate, v.] In
geom., capable of being squared ; having an area
exactly equal to that of an assignable square;
also, capable of being integrated in finite terms ;
capable of having its definite integral expressed
in exact numerical terms.
quadrans
quadrad (kwod'rad), n. [< L. gnat/nor (qiuidr-),
= E. /»«»-, + -ad1.] Same as tetnid.
quadfagenarious (kwod"ra-je-na'ri-us), a. [=
F. giiiidrai/i'iniire = Sp. cuaaragenario = Pg. It.
mutdragenario, < L. quadragenarius, pertaining
to the number forty, consisting of forty, < iji/ml-
rageni, forty each: see quiulragfnr.] Consist-
ing of forty; forty years old. Imp. Diet.
quadragene (kwod'ra-jen), n. [< L. quadra-
geni, forty each, distributive of quadraghitu,
forty, = E. forty.] A papal indulgence for forty
days; a remission of the temporal punishment
due to sin corresponding to the forty days of
the ancient canonical penance. Imp. Diet.
You have with much labour and some charge purchased
to yourself so many quadragenes, or lents of pardon : that
is, you have bought ort' the penances of so many times forty
days ! Jer. Taylor, Dissuasive from Popery, I. ii. s 4.
Quadragesima (kwod-ra-jes'i-ma), n. [= F.
qiiadragesime = Sp. cuadragesima = Pg. It.
quadragesima, < ML. quadragesima, Lent, < L.
quadragesima, fern, of quadragesimus, quadra-
gensumus, fortieth, < quadraginta, forty, = E.
forty.] Lent: so called because it continues
forty days. See Lent* — Quadragesima Sunday,
the first Sunday in Lent.
quadragesimal (kwod-ra-jes'i-mal), a. and n.
[= F. quadragesimal = Sp. cuadragesimal =
Pg. quadragesimal = It. quadragesimale, < ML.
quadragesimalis, pertaining to Lent, < L. quad-
ragesima, Lent: see Quadragesima.] I. a. Per-
taining to the forty days of Lent; belonging to
Lent; used in Lent; Lenten.
Quadragesimal wits, and fancies lean
As ember weeks. W. Cartwright, Ordinary, iii. 5.
This quadragesimal solemnity, in which, for the space of
someweeks, the church has, in some select days, enjoined
a total abstinence from flesh. South, Sermons, IX. 134.
II. ". An offering formerly made to a mother
church by a daughter church on Mid-Lent Sun-
day.
quadragesmsr, «. [< L. quadragesimus, for-
tieth: see Quadragesima.] A name for a sec-
tion of the fourth volume of the English Law
Reports of the time of Edward III., covering the
last twelve years of his reign.
quadrangle (kwod'rang-gl), n. [< F. quad-
rangle = Sp. cuadrdngulo = Pg. quadrangulo =
It. qitadrangolo, < LL. quadrangulum, a four-
cornered figure, a quadrangle, neut. of L. quad-
rangulus, quadriangulus, four-cornered, < quat-
tuor (combining form quadr-, quadri-, quadru-,
the adj. quadrus, square, being later), + atigu-
lus, an angle, a corner : see angle3.] 1 . A plane
figure having four angles; a foursquare figure;
a quadrilateral ; in mod. geom., a plane figure
formed by six lines intersecting at four points.
— 2. A square or oblong court nearly or quite
surrounded by buildings : an arrangement com-
mon with public buildings, as palaces, city
halls, colleges, etc.
My choler being over-blown
With walking once about the quadrangle.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3. 166.
At the Palais Royale Henry IV. built a faire quadrangle
of stately palaces, arched underneath.
Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 4, 1644.
Julian hardly stopped to admire the smooth green quad-
rangle and lofty turrets of King Henry's College.
Farrar, Julian Home, v.
3. In palmistry, the space between the line of
the heart and that of the head Axis of a quad-
rangle, one of the three lines passing each through two
centers of thequadrangle.— Center of a quadrangle, one
of the three points in which opposite sides of a quadrangle
meet.— In quadrangle, in her., arranged, as charges or
groups of charges, so that four will occupy the four quar-
ters of the escutcheon, with no lines of division between
the quarters : as, or, four lions in quadrangle gules.
quadrangular (kwod-rang'gu-liir), a. [= F.
quadrangulaire = Sp. cuadraiigular = Pg. quad-
rangular = It. quadrangolare, < L. quadrangu-
lus, four-cornered : see quadrangle.] Four-cor-
nered; four-angled; having four angles.
That the college consist of three fair quadrangular
courts and three large grounds, enclosed with good walls
behind them. Cowley, The College.
As I returned, I diverted to see one of the Prince's Pal-
aces, ... a very magnificent cloyster'd and quadrangular
building. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 1, 1641.
Quadrangular lobe, the quadrate lobe of the cerebel-
lum.
quadrangularly (kwod-rang'gu-lar-li), adv. In
the form of a quadrangle.
quadrans (kwod'ranz), «. ; pl.quadrantes (kwod-
ran'tez). [L., a fourth part, a quarter, a coin,
weight, and measure so called: see quadrant.]
In Bom. atit/tj., a copper (or, strictly, bronze)
coin, the fourth part of the as. It bore on the ob-
verse the head of Hercules, and on the reverse (like the
other coins of the libra! series) a prow. It also bore three
quadrans
pellets, to indicate that it was (nominally) of the weight
of three uncite (ounces'). —Quadrans Muralls, 'the Mu-
ral Quadrant,' an obsolete constellation, introduced by
Lalande (1795).
quadrant (kwod'rant), n. and a. [< ME. quad-
rant, < AF. quatlrunt, a farthing, OF. quadrant,
a Koman coin (quadrans), also quadran, cadraii,
a sun-dial, F. cadraii, a sun-dial, dial, = Sp.
cuadrante = Pg. It. quadrante = D. kwadrant =
G. quadrant = Sw. quadrant = Dan. kradrant,
a quadrant, < L. quadra»(t-)s, a fourth part,
a quarter, applied to a coin (see quadrans), a
weight (a fourth of a pound), a measure (a
fourth of a foot, of an acre, of a sextarius), <
ftuittuor (quadr-) = E. four: see four.'] I, n.
t. The fourth part ; the quarter.
The sunne, who in his annuall circle takes
A daye's full quadrant from the ensuing yeere,
Repayes it in foure yeeres, and equall makes
The number of the dayes within his spheare.
Sir J. Beautnnnt, End of his Majesty's First Year.
In sixty-three years there may be lost almost eighteen
days, omitting the intercalation of one day every fourth
year allowed for this quadrant, or six hours supernume-
rary. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 12.
2. The quarter of a circle ; the arc of a circle
containing 90°; also, the figure included be-
tween this arc and two radii drawn from the
center to each extremity; the division of an-
gular magnitude from zero to a right angle, or
90°. — 3. An astronomical instrument for mea-
suring altitudes, of ancient origin, and consist-
ing of a graduated arc of 90°, with a movable
radius carrying sights, or the quadrant, carry-
ing sights, might turn about a fixed radius.
Picard in 1660 substituted a telescope for the sights, and
Flamsteed (1689) introduced spider-lines in the focal plane
of the object-glass. The quadrant was superseded by the
mural circle, and this by the meridian circle.
Howe it commeth to passe that, at the beginnynge of
the euenyng twilight, it [the pole-star] is eleuate in that
Region only fyue degrees in the moneth of lune, and in
the morninge twylight to bee eleuate xv. degrees by the
same quaadrante, I doo not mderstande.
£. Eden, tr. of Peter Martyr (First Books on America,
(ed. Arber, p. 90).
Those curious Quadmtits, Chimes, and Dials, those kind
of Waggons which are used up and down Christendom,
were first used by them. Homtt, Letters, I. ii. 15.
The astrolabe and quadrant are almost the only astro-
nomical instruments used in Egypt.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 277.
4. An instrument of navigation, for measuring
the altitude of the sun, distinctively called the
reflecting quadrant. It was invented by Thomas God-
frey of Philadelphia in 1730, whence called Godfrey's bow,
and perhaps independently by Hadley, an instrument-
maker of London, about the same time. Among Hadley's
papers after his death was found a description of a similar
instrument by Newton, of earlier date. The quadrant is
now nearly superseded by the sextant.
5. An instrument used in giving a cannon or
mortar the angle of elevation necessary to the
desired range. In the older forms it has a graduated
arc, and a plumb-line which indicates the angle of eleva-
tion upon the arc. In a more finished and accurate form
a spirit-level is substituted for the plumb, and one of the
branches of the instrument is pivoted and slides over the
face of the arc so as to show the elevation. Also called
ffunners' quadrant and gunners' square.
6. In elect., a name suggested for the practical
unit of self-induction. Its value is 109 centi-
meters— Adams's quadrant, Coles's quadrant, va-
rieties of the tack-staff, or Davis's quadrant. — Colllns's
quadrant, an instrument for finding the time of day at
a fixed latitude, from the date and the altitude or azi-
muth of the sun, by means of a stereographic projection
of a quarter of the celestial zone between the tropics. —
Davis's quadrant, the back-staff, originally described by
John Davis, the discoverer of Davis's Straits, in 1594. and
still called by his name, though modified by Hooke, Bou-
guer, and others. The observer stood with his back to the
sun, and, looking through sights, brought the shadow
of a pin into coincidence with the horizon.— Godfrey's
quadrant, Hadley's quadrant. See def. 4.— Gunter's
quadrant, a quadrant made of wood, brass, or other mate-
rial —a kind of stereographic projection on the plane of the
equator, the eye being supposed to be in one of the poles.
It is used to find the hour of the day, the sun's azimuth,
etc., as also to take the altitude of an object in degrees.—
Horodictical quadrant, a sort of movable sun-dial.
Upon the plane of the dial are described, first, seven con-
centric quadrantal arcs marked with the signs of the
zodiac, or days of the year, and, secondly, a number of
curves the intersections of each of which with the cir-
cles are at the same angular distances from one radius
that the sun is above the horizon at a given hour of the
day in each of the declinations represented by the circles.
The radius DO" from that first mentioned carries sights,
and from the center hangs a plumb-line whose intersec-
tion with the proper circle marks the time of day.—
Mural quadrant. See mural.— Quadrant electrom-
eter. See electrometer.— Quadrant electroscope. See
electroscope. — Quadrant Of altitude, an appendage of
the artificial globe, consisting of a slip of brass of the
length of a quadrant of one of the great circles of the
globe, and graduated. It is fitted to the meridian, and
can be moved round to all points of the horizon. It
serves as a scale in measuring altitudes and other great
circles.— Slnlcal quadrant, a diagram, with or without
a movable arm, for solving plane triangles. An octant is
sufficient.— Spirit-level quadrant, an instrument for
4883
determining altitudes by the use of a spirit-level. — Sut-
ton's quadrant. Same as Collins's quadrant.
II, t a. Four-sided ; square. [Rare.]
The bishop with Gilbert Bourne his chaplaine, Robert
Warnington his commissarie, and Robert Johnson his
register, were tarying in a quadrant void place before the
doore of the same chamber.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 1206, an. 1550.
Cross nowy quadrant. See crani.
quadrantal (kwod'ran-tal), a. [= Sp. cuad-
raiital = Pg. quadrantal, < L. quadrantalis,
containing the fourth part of, < quadran(t-)s, a
fourth part, a quarter : see quadrant.'] 1. Per-
taining to a quadrant; included in the fourth
part of a circle : as, a quadrantal space.
Problems in Dialling, both Universal and Particular,
and performed by the Lines inscribed on the Quadrantal
Part of the Instrument.
Quoted in iV. and Q., 7th ser., VIII. 244.
2. Pertaining to the quadrans; of the value
of a quadrans.- Quadrantal dial. See dwJ.-Quad-
rantal triangle, in triyon., a spherical triangle which has
one side equalto a quadrant, or 90°.
quadrantal (kwod'ran-tal), «. [< L. quadran-
tal, a liquid measure containing eight congii,
also a cube, die, < quadrantalis, containing a
fourth: see quadrantal, a.] 1. A liquid mea-
sure used by the Eomans, equivalent to the
amphora. — 2. A cube. [Bare.]
quadrant-compass (kwod'rant-kum"pas), n. A
carpenters' compass with a curved arm or arc,
and a binding-screw to hold the limbs in any
position.
quadrantes, n. Plural of quadrans.
quadrantid (kwod'ran-tid), ». [< NL. Quad-
ran(t-)s, sc. Mtiralis" (see quadram), + -«'rf2.]
One of a shower of shooting-stars appearing
January 2d and 3d, and radiating from the old
constellation Quadrans Muralis.
quadrat (kwod'rat), a. and n. [Another form
of quadrate; as a noun, in def. 1, < F. quadrat,
cadrat, a quadrat, lit. a square : see quadrate.]
I.t a. See quadrate.
II. n. 1. In printing, a blank type for the
larger blank spaces in or at the end of printed
lines, cast lower in height, so that it shall not
be inked or impressed: made in four forms for
all text type — en, em, two-em, three-em. Usu-
ally abbreviated to quad.
en quad, em quad. 2-era quad. 3-em quad.
The low quadrat, for letterpress work, is about three
fourths of an inch high ; the hiyh quadrat, for stereotype
work, Is about ten twelfths of an inch high.
In the lower case, having fifty-four boxes, are disposed
the small letters, together with the points, spaces, quad-
rats, etc. Ure, Diet., IIL 643.
2. An instrument furnished with sights, a plum-
met, and an index, and used for measuring
altitudes, but superseded by more perfect in-
struments in modern use. Also called geomet-
rical square, and line of shadows. — 3. A series
or set of four.
quadrata, n. Plural of quadratum.
quadrate (kwod'rat), a. and n. [Formerly also
quadrat; < OF. quadrat (F. quadrat, cadrat, as
a noun : see quadrat) ; OF. vernacularly quarre
(> E. quarry*), F. carre = Sp. cuadrato = Pg.
quadrado = It. quadrato = D. kwadraat = G.
Sw. quadrat = Dan. kvadrat, a square; < L.
quadratus, square (neut. quadratum, a square,
quadrate), pp. of quadrare, make four-cornered,
square, put in order, intr. be square, < quadra,
a square, later quadrus, square, < quattuor =
E. four : see four. Cf . quarry1, a doublet of
quadrate; cf. also square^.] I. a. 1. Having
four equal and parallel sides; square; arranged
in a square ; four-sided.
And they followed in a quadrat array to the entent to
destroy kyng Henry.
Hall's Union (1548), Hen. IV., f. 13. (HaMmeU.)
And searching his books, [he] found a book of astronomy
. . . with figures, some round, some triangle, some quad-
rate, Foxe, Martyrs, an. 1558.
2. Square by being the product of a number
multiplied into itself.
Quadrate and cubical numbers.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Iv. 12.
3f. Square, as typifying justice according to
the Pythagoreans; well-balanced.
The Moralist tells us that a quadrat solid wise Man
should involve and tackle himself within his own Virtue.
Howell, Letters, I. vl. 58.
4f. Fitted; suited; applicable.
The word consumption, being applicable ... to a true
and bastard consumption, requires a generical description
quadrate to both. Harvey, Consumptions.
5. In lier., of square form, or having square
corners : thus, a cross quadrate in the center has
four rectangular projections in its reentrant
quadratic
angles. Also quarter-angled Quadrate bone, in
zaul., the special Done by the intervention of which the
lower jaw of birds, ...
reptiles, etc., ar-
ticulates with the
skull, thus dis-
tinguishing them
from mammals, in
which the lower
jaw articulates
directly with the
squamosal. See
II., 3. — Quad-
rate cartilages,
small quadrangu-
larcartilages often
found in the na-
sal alffi. — Quad-
rate gyms or
lobule. See gy-
rwt, and cut under
cerebral. — Quad-
rate line, lobe,
pronator, etc.
See the nouns. —
Quadrate mus-
Left Quadrate Bone of an Eagle, outer side,
a little enlarged.
J, shaft or body of the bone ; ap, pterygoid
apophysis for muscular attachment ; pa, ar-
ticular facet for pteryjjoifl lx>ne ; iVi, en, inter-
nal and external condyles for articulation
with the lower jaw, separated by fjf, trochlear
groove ; qjt, quadratojiigal cup for articula-
tion of quadratojugalltone : hi, he, internal
squamosal bone, separated by cf, capitular
groove.
die in anttt ' (a) and external capitulum for articulation with
The quadratus fe-
moris, or square
muscle of the femur, of man, one of the six muscles col-
lectively known in human anatomy as the rotatores femo-
rls, arising from the ischium and passing to the intertro-
chauteric part of the femur, which bone it rotates out-
ward. (6) The quadratus lumborum. or square muscle of
the loins, lying on each side of the lumbar region, between
the lower ribs and the pelvis, (c) The square muscle of
the chin, which draws down the lower lip: commonly
called depressor labii inferiors, (d) The quadratus nictl-
tantis, one of the two muscles (the other being the py-
ramidal) on the back of the eyeball of birds, etc., subserv-
ing the movements of the nictitating membrane, or third
eyelid. See third cut under eyel.
II. H. 1. A plane figure with four equal sides
and four equal angles ; a square.
The one imperfect, mortall, fceminine,
Th' other immortal!, perfect, masculine;
And twixt them both a quadrate was the base,
Proportiond equally by seven and nine.
Spenser, If. Q., II. ix. 22.
The powers militant
... in mighty quadrate join'd.
Milton, P. L., vi. 62.
2. In astral., an aspect of two heavenly bodies
in which they are distant from each other nine-
ty degrees, or the quarter of a circle; quartile.
— 3. In zool. and anat. : (a) The os quadratum,
or quadrate bone (see I.); the os pedicellatum,
or pedicellate bone ; the suspensorium, or sus-
pender bone of the mandible, or that one which
is in connection with the lower jaw, in verte-
brates below mammals. Also called by Owen and
others the tympanic bone, and considered to represent that
bone of a mammal; by most zoologists now identified
with the malleus or greater part of the malleus of Mamma-
lia, formed about the proximal extremity of the Meckelian
cartilage. In birds and reptiles the quadrate is a remark-
ably distinct bone, generally shaped something like an an-
vil or a molar tooth, with normally four separate movable
articulations — with the squamosal above, the mandible
below, the pterygold internally, and the quadratojiigal
externally. Such vertebrates are hence called Quadra-
tijera. (See cuts under Gallinse, and quadrate, a.) Below
reptiles the quadrate or its equivalent assumes other char-
acters, and its homologies are then disputed ; so the bone
which has at any rate the same function, that of suspend-
ing the lower jaw to the skull, is usually called by another
name. See epitympanic and hyomandibular, and cuts un-
der hyoid &ndpalatoquadrate. See also cuts under Python,
poison-fang, Crotalus, Pelromyzon, teleost, palatoquadrate,
and acrodmtf. (ft) Any quadrate muscle. — 4. In
musical notation: (a) Same as natural, fl: so
called because derived from B quadratum
(which see, under B). (b) Same as breve, 1.
quadrate (kwod'rat), v.; pret. and pp. quad-
rated, ppr. quadrating. [< L. quadratus, pp.
of quadrare (> It. quadrare = Pg. quadrar =
Sp. cuadrar = F. cadrer, OF. quadrer, > E.
quader*, q. v.), make four-cornered, square : see
quadrate, a. and ».] I.t trans. 1. To square;
adjust; trim, as a gun on its carriage. — 2. To
divide into four equal parts; quarter. Moor,
Hindu Pantheon (1810), p. 249.
II. intrans. To square; fit; suit; agree: fol-
lowed by with.
One that . . . has a few general rules, which, like me-
chanical instruments, he applies to the works of every
writer, and as they quadrate with them pronounces the
author perfect or defective. A ddison, Sir Timothy Tittle.
But we should have to make our language over from
the beginning, if we would have it quadrate u-ith other
languages. F. Hall, False Philol., p. 85.
quadrated (kwod'rat-ed), p. a. [< quadrate, ».]
In quadrature.
What time the moon is quadrated in Heaven.
Poe, Al Aaraaf, ii.
quadrati, «. Plural of quadratus.
quadratic (kwod-rat'ik), a. and n. [< quadrate
+ -<c.] I. a. 1. In alg., involving the square
and no higher power of the unknown quantity
or variable of the second degree; of two di-
quadratic
mensions. — 2. In crystal., tetragonal or di-
metric : applied to the system that includes the
square prism and related forms. See crystal-
lography— Quadratic equation, group, logarithm,
mean, modulus, etc. See the nouns.— Quadratic fig-
ure, a figure of two dimensions ; a superficial figure. See
cubical.— Quadratic reciprocity, the relation between
any two prime numbers expressed by the law of reciprocity
(which see, under law^).— Quadratic residue, a number
left as remainder after dividing some square number by a
given modulus to which the quadratic residue is said to
belong. Thus, 1, 3, 4, 5, and 9 are quadratic residues of 11,
for 1 = 12 —0.11, 3 = 52 — 2.11, 4 = 92 — 7.11, etc. ; but 2,
6, 7, 8, and 10 are quadratic non-residues of 11.
II. «. 1. In <ilg., an equation in which the
highest power of the unknown quantity is the
second, the general form being
, aa» + 2 he r c = 0.
Such an equation has two solutions, real, equal, or imagi-
nary, expressed by the formula
2. pi. That branch of algebra which treats of
quadratic equations — Adfected quadratic, a quad-
ratic equation having a term containing the unknown to
the first degree, and another not containing the unknown.
—Simple quadratic. See simple.
quadratically (kwod-rat'i-kal-i), adv. To the
second degree — To multiply quadratically, to
raise to the second power.
Quadratifera (kwod-ra-tif'e-ra), n. pi. [NX..,
ueut. pi. of quadratifer: see quadratiferous.}
Those vertebrates which have a distinct quad-
rate bone, as birds and reptiles; a series of
Vertebrata intermediate between the higher
Mallei/era (mammals) and the lower Lyrifera
(fishes proper and selachians).
quadratiferous (kwod-ra-tif'e-rns), o. [< NL.
quadratifer, < L. quadratus, tide quadrate mus-
cle, + L. ferre = E. bear*.} Having a distinct
quadrate bone, as an animal or its skull ; of or
pertaining to the Quadratifera.
quadratiformis (kwod-ra-ti-for'mis), n. ; pi.
quadratiformes (-mez). [NL., < L. quadratus,
the quadrate muscle, + forma, form.] The
square muscle of the coxal group; the quad-
ratus femoris. Coues.
quadratipronator (kwod-ra/ti-pro-na'tor), ».
[< L. quadratus, square, + NL. prbnatof, <±. v.]
A square pronator of the forearm : same as pro-
nator quadratus. See pronator. Coues.
quadratocubic (kwod-ra-to-ku'bik), a. Of the
fifth degree — Quadratocubic root, the fifth root
quadratojugal (kwod-ra-to-jo'gal), a. and n.
I. a. Connected with or representing elements
of the quadrate and of the jugal or malar bone ;
common to these two bones: as, the quadrato-
jugal arch; the quadratojugal articulation.
II. ». A bone of the zygomatic arch of birds,
etc., interposed between the quadrate bone be-
hind and the jugal or malar bone before: gen-
erally a slender rod forming the hinder piece of
the zygoma. By some it is identified with the squa-
mosal of mammals — a determination to which few now
assent See cuts under Qallinte, girdle-bone, temporo-
maitoid, and Trematosaurus.
quadratomandibular (kwod-ra"to-man-dib'u-
lar), a. Of or pertaining to the quadrate bone
and the lower jaw: as, the quadratomandibular
articulation. See cut under Lepidosiren.
quadratopterygoid (kwod-ra"to-ter'i-goid), a.
,Of or pertaining to the quadrate and pterygoid
bones : as, the quadratopterygoid articulation.
quadratoquadratic (kwod-ra'to-kwod-rat'ik),
a. Of the fourth degree — Quadratoquadratic
root, the fourth root
quadrator(kwod-ra'tor), «. [< LL. quadrator,
a squarer (used only in sense of ' stone-cutter,
quarrier' : see quarrierl), < L. quad-rare, square :
see quadrate.'} A circle-squarer.
quadratosquamosal (kwod - ra" to - skwa -mo'-
sal), a. In anat., of or pertaining to the quad-
rate and the squamosal: as, the quadratosqua-
mosal articulation.
quadratrix (kwod-ra'triks), n. [NL. (tr. Or.
TeTpaywvl&vaa), fern, of LL. qnadrator, squarer:
see quadrator.} In geom.,
a curve by means of which
can be found straight lines
equal to the circumference
of circles or other curves
and their several parts ; a
curve employed for find-
ing the quadrature of
Other Curves. Quadratrix of Uinostratiis.
Deinostratus, to whom ia ascribed the invention of the
quadratrix for solving the two famous problems — the tri-
section of the angle and the quadrature of the circle.
The Academy, June 1, 1889, p. 381,
4884
Quadratrix Of Dinostratus, a curve probably invented
by Hippias of Elis about 480 IS. <'., and named by Dinos-
tratus a century later. Its equation is r sin 6 = ad. —
Quadratrix of Tschirnhausen (named from its inven-
tor, Count E. W. von Tschirnhausen, 1661-1708], a curve
of sines, bavins the distance between two successive in-
tersections with the line of abscissas equal to the greatest
difference of the ordinatcs.
quadratum (kwod -ra' turn), «.; pi. gttadrcita
(-tji). [L., neut. of quadratus, square : see
//ii'ddrate, a.} 1. In soo'l., the quadrate bone:
more fully called os quadratum. — 2. In medii'i-ul
music, a breve.
quadrature (kwod'ra-tur), n. [= F. quadra-
ture = Sp. cuadraturu = Pg. It. quadraliira, <
LL. quadratum, a making square, a squaring,
< L. quadrare, pp. quadratus, square: see quad-
rate.] 1. In geom., the act of squaring an area ;
the finding of a square or several squares equal
in area to a given surface. — 2. A quadrate; a
square space. [Rare.]
There let him [God] still victor sway, . . .
And henceforth monarchy with thee divide
Of all things, parted by the empyreal bounds,
His quadrature, from thy orbicular world.
Milton, P. L., x. 881.
3. The relative position of two planets, or of a
planet and the sun, when the difference of their
longitudes is 90°.
But when armtllffi were employed to observe the moon
in other situations ... a second inequality was discov-
ered, which was connected, not with the anomalistical,
but with the synodical revolution of the moon, disap-
pearing in conjunctions and oppositions, and coming to
its greatest amount in quadratures. What was most per-
plexing about this second inequality was that it did
not return in every quadrature, but, though in some it
amounted to 2" 39', in other quadratures it totally disap-
peared. Small, Account of the Astronomical Discoveries
[of Kepler (London, 1804), 5 11.
Neptune . . . is in quadrature with the sun on the 23d.
Sci. Amor., N. 8., LVIL 64.
4. A side of a square. [Rare.]
This citie [Cambaln] is foil re square, so that enery quad-
rature or syde of the wall hath In it thre principal portes
or gates. R. Eden, tr. of Sebastian Minister (First Books
(on America, ed. Arber, p. 26).
Indefinite quadrature, a rule for the quadrature of the
circle, applicable to any sector of It — Mechanical quad-
rature, an approximate quadrature of a plane surface,
effected by the division of it by parallel lines into parts
so small that they may be regarded as rectilinear or other
quadrable figures ; also, the integration of any expression by
an analogous method.— Method of quadratures, the ap-
proximate integration of an expression between given nu*
merical limits by the summation of parts in each of which
the difference between the limits is so small that the inte-
gral is practically equal to that of some integrable expres-
sion.—The problem of the quadrature, or the quad-
rature Of the Circle, the problem of squaring the circle,
of which there are two varieties: first, the arithmftical
quadrature, exactly to express in square measure the area
of a circle whose radius is some exact number in long
measure ; second, the geometrical quadrature, to describe
or draw with the rule and compasses alone a square equal
in area to a given circle. Both problems have been proved
to be insoluble.
quadratus (kwod-ra'tus), ».; pi. quadrati (-ti).
[NL., sc. musculus, the square muscle: see
quadrate.} In zool. and aitat., the musculus
quadratus or quadrate muscle of (a) the femur;
(6) the loins; (c) the chin; (d) the nictitating
membrane. See quadrate muscle, under quad-
rate.— Quadratus femoris, a muscle situated at the
back of the hip-joint, arising from the tuberostty of the
i sell i u in and inserted into a line running from the posterior
intertrochanteric ridge.— Quadratus labii inferioris.
Same as depressor laMi inferioris (which see, under depret-
8or).— Quadratus labii superioris, the combined leva-
tor labii superioris aheque nasi, levator labii superioris
proprius, and zygomaticus minor muscles, the three differ-
ent parts being called capui anffulare, caput infraorbitale,
and caput zygomaticum respectively.— Quadratus lum-
borum. See lumbus. — Quadratus menti. See mentum.
quadrauricular (kwod-ra-rik'u-lar), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadr-), four, + auricula, auricle : see
auricle.} Having four auricles, as the heart of
a nautilus.
quadrel (kwod'rel), «. [< ML. quadrellus, dim.
of L. quadrum, a square: see quarrel^.} 1. In
arch., a square stone, brick, or tile. The term is
sometimes restricted in its application to a kind of arti-
ficial stone formed of a chalky earth molded to a square
form and slowly and thoroughly dried in the shade.
2. A piece of turf or peat cut in a square form.
[Prov. Eng.]
quadrelle (kwod-rel'), n. [< OF. quadrelle, an
arrow, shaft, var. of quarele, f., quarel, m., an
arrow, crossbow-bolt, etc. : see quarrel2.} A
square-headed or four-edged missile.
quadrennial (kwod-ren'i-al), a. and ». [For
quadriennial, q. v.] I. a. 1. Comprising four
years: as, a quadrennial period. — 2. Occurring
once in four years: as, quadrennial elections.
Both States [Montana and Washington] provide for a
quadrennial election of a governor, lieutenant-governor,
secretary of state, state treasurer, state auditor, attorney-
general, and superintendent of public instruction.
The Century, XXXIX. 506.
quadriciliate
II. n. A fourth anniversary, or it* celebra-
tion.
quadrennially (kwod-ren'i-al-i), ndv. Once in
four years.
quadfenniate (kwod-ren'i-at), n. [< r/««f/ir»-
HI'-MHI + -«(<#.] A period of four years ; a quad-
rennium.
qnadrennium (kwod-ren'i-um), ». [For qii/ni-
ridiiiinm, q. v.] A period of four years.
Burdening girls, after they leave school, with a quad-
rennium of masculine college regimen.
E. H. Clarke, Sex in Education, p. 125.
quadrequivalent (kwod-re-kwiv'a-lent), a.
[< L. quattuor (qitadr-), = E\ four, -f E. equiva-
lent.} Same as quadriralent.
quadri-. [L., also quadru-, sometimes quatri-,
combining form of quattuor, = E. four (the
independent adj. quailrug or quadruus, four-
cornered, square, fourfold, < quattuor, four,
being of later use): see four.} An element in
many compounds of Latin origin or formation,
meaning 'four.' In qiiinlriiiii/lr, quadrangular
(as in Latin), and in quadrennial, quadrennium,
it is reduced to quadr-.
quadriarticulate (kwod'ri-ar-tik'u-lat), a. [<
L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, -t- articulatua,
pp. of articulare, divide into single joints: see
articulate.} Having four articulations or joints.
quadribasic (kwod-ri-ba'sik), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = ft. four, + E. basic.} In cheat.,
noting an acid which has four hydrogen atoms
replaceable by basic atoms or radicals.
quadriblet (kwod'ri-bl), a. [Irreg. for the later
(jiiiuirable, q. v.] Capable of being squared.
[Rare.]
Sir Isaac Newton had discovered a way of attaining the
quantity of all quadriMe curves analytically, by his method
of fluxions, some time before the year 1688.
Derham, Physico-Theol., v. 1, notey.
quadric (kwod'rik), n. and a. [< LL. quadrus,
square (< L. quattuor = E. four), + -ic.} I. n. In
alg., a homogeneous expression of the second
degree in the variables. Ternary and quaternary
quadrics, equated to zero, represent respectively curves
and surfaces which have the property of cutting every
line in the plane or in space in two points, real or imagi-
nary, and to such surfaces the name quadric is also ap-
plied.— Modular method of generation of quadrics.
See modular.
H. a. In alg. and geom., of the second de-
gree ; quadratic. Where there is only one variable,
the word quadratic is usually employed ; in plane geome-
try, conic; and in solid geometry and where the number
of non-homogeneous variables exceeds two, quadric. Thus,
we say quadric cone, not quadratic or conic cone. — Quad-
lie inversion. See inversion. — Quadric surface, a sur-
face of the second order.
quadricapsular (kwod-ri-kap'su-lar), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + capsula, cap-
sule: see capsule, capsniar.} In lot., having
four capsules.
quadricarinate (kwod-ri-kar'i-nat), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + carina, keel:
see carina, carinate.} In cntom., having four
carinse, or longitudinal raised lines : specifically
said of the face of an orthopterous insect when
the median carina is deeply sulcate, so that it
forms two parallel raised lines, which, with the
two lateral carina?, form four raised lines.
quadricellular (kwod-ri-sel'u-lar), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, '4- NL. cellula,
cellule: see cellular,] Having or consisting of
four cells.
quadricentennial (kwod'ri-sen-ten'i-al), a . and
n. [< L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + ML.
centennis, a hundred years old: see centennial.}
I. a. Pertaining to or consisting of a period of
four hundred years.
II. H. The commemoration or celebration of
an event which occurred four hundred years
before : as, the Luther quadricentennial.
quadriceps (kwod'ri-seps), n. [NL., < L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E. four, + caput, head: see
biceps.} In anat., the quadriceps extensor cru-
ris of the thigh; the great muscle which ex-
tends the leg upon the thigh, considered as con-
sisting of the rectus, cruneus, and vastus in-
ternus and exteruus. Called triceps extensor cruris
when the crurseiis is regarded as a part of the vastus in-
ternus, or when the rectus is separately enumerated. This
great muscle forms nearly all the flesh upon the front of
the thigh. See cuts under muscle*.— Quadriceps surse,
the combined gastrocnemius externus and interaus, sole-
us, and plantaris, forming the bulk of the muscle of the
quadriciliate (kwod-ri-siri-at), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (<i/i(iilri-). = E./owr, + NL. ciliiim + -ate^.}
Having four cilia, or flagelliform appendages.
M. Thuret informs us that he has seen the biciliate
spores germinate as well as the quadriciiiate.
M. J. Berkeley, Introd. to Cryptog. Bot, p. 137.
quadricinium
quadricinium (kwod-ri-sin'i-um), n.; pi. quad-
rieinia (-a,). [XL., < L. quattuor (qundri-), =
E. four, + euiicre, sing.] In music, a composi-
tion for four voices. Also quatririiiiinii.
quadricipital (kwod-ri-sip'i-tal), a. [< qn/iilri-
ceps (-cipit-) + -al.] Having four heads or ori-
gins, as a muscle ; of or pertaining to the quad-
riceps.
quadricone (kwod'ri-kon), «. [< L. quattuor
(quadri-), = E.four, + conns, cone: see emu'.]
A quadric cone, or surface generated by the
motion of a line through a fixed point, one
point of which describes a conic section.
quadricorn (kwod'ri-korn), «. and n. [< NL.
mis, < L. quattuor (quadri-), = E.foitr,
Quadricom Sheep (Ovis artes, var.
+ cornii = E. horn.] I. a. Having four horns
or horn-like parts, as antennse; quadricornous.
II. n. A quadricorn animal.
quadricornous (kwod-ri-k6r'nus), a. [< quad-
rieorn + -ous.] Having four horns; quadricorn.
quadricostate (kwod-ri-kos'tat), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E. four, + eosta, rib: see cos-
ta, eosta te.] Having four ribs or costffi, in any
sense.
quadricrescentic (kwod"ri-kre-sen'tik), a. [<
L. qiMttuor (quadri-), = E.four, + E. crescent
+ -ic.] Having four crescents ; quadricrescen-
toid.
quadricrescentoid (kwod-ri-kres'en-toid), a. [<
L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + E. crescent
+ -oid.] In odontog., having four crescendo
folds : noting a pattern of selenodont dentition.
quadricuspidal (kwod-ri-kus'pi-dal), «. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E.four, + cuspis (cuspid-),
a point: see cuspidal.] A ruled surface of the
eighth order — Limited quadricuspidal, a ruled sur-
face of the fourth order, generated by the motion of a
straight line cutting two given straight lines and touch-
ing a given quadric surface.
quadricuspidate (kwod-ri-kus'pi-dat), o. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E.four, + cuspis (cuspid-),
a point: see cusp, cuspidate.] Having four
cusps, as a tooth. W. H. Flower, Encyc. Brit.,
XV. 402.
quadricycle (kwod'ri-si-kl), n. [< L. quattuor
(qundri-), = E. four. + LL. cyclm, cycle : see
cycle1.] A four-wheeled vehicle intended to be
propelled by the feet of the rider.
A Quadricycle for pedal propulsion on railways.
The Emjineer, LXV. 109.
quadridentate (kwod-ri-den'tat), a. [< L. quad-
riden(t-)s, having four teeth, < quattuor (qua-
dri-), = E. four, + den(t-)s = E. tooth : see den-
tate.] Having four teeth or tooth-like parts,
as serrations.
quadriderivative (kwod"ri-de-riv'a-tiv), n. [<
L. qitattuor (quadri-), = 'E.four, + E. derivative.]
A derivative invariant of the second order.
quadridigitate (kwod-ri-dij'i-tat), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + L. digitus, fin-
ger or toe : see digit, digitate.] Having four
digits, whether fingers, toes, or other digitate
parts; tetradactyl; quadrisulcate, as a hoofed
quadruped.
quadriennialt (kwod-ri-en'i-al), a. [= F. quad-
riennal, quatriennal = Sp. cuadrienal = Pg.
<l«n<lri<'iiH<it, < LL. quadrieiinix, of four years, <
L. quattuor (quadri-), = E.four, + annus, a year.]
Quadrennial.
quadrienniallyt (kwod-ri-en'i-al-i), adv. Quad-
rennially.
quadriennium (kwod-ri-en'i-um ), w. [L. r/iiiid-
iii, a space of four years, < LL. quudriai-
4885
ii in. of four years: see quadrieimial.] A quad-
rennium Quadriennium utile, in .*"<« law. the four
years allowed after majority within which may be insti-
tuted an action of reduction of any deed done to the
prejudice of a minor.
quadrifarious(kwod-ri-fa/ri-us), a. [< LL. qimii-
rifuriiift, fourfold, < L. quattuor (quadri-), = E.
four, + -farius, as in bifarius, etc. (see bifuri-
<>itf<).] Set, arranged, or disposed in four rows
or series: correlated with unifarious, bifarioiix,
trifnrioug, and multifarious.
quadrifariously (kwod-ri-fa'ri-us-li), adv. In
a quadrifarious manner.
quadrifid (kwod'ri-fid), a. [< L. quadr/fuliix,
split into four parts, four-cleft, < quattuor (<j/tful-
»•/), = E.four, + findere (-\/fid), cleave, split.]
Four-cleft; deeply cut, but not entirely divided,
into four parts : correlated with bifid, trifid,
and multifid.
The mouth of the animal, situated at one of the poles,
leads first to a quadrifid cavity.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 630.
Quadrifidae (kwod-rif'i-de), n. pi. [NL., fern,
pi. of L. quadrifidus, four-cleft: see quadrifid.]
In entom., a section of noctuid moths; one of
the two prime divisions of noctuid moths in
GueneVs classification. It includes all those fami-
lies in which the median vein of the hind wings has four
branches. It contains the largest of the noctuids, and the
forms are mainly American and East Indian. The char-
acter which gives the name is not a stable one, and the
term has nearly fallen into disuse.
quadrifocal (kwod-ri-fo'kal), a. [< L. quattuor
(quadri-), = E.four, + focus, focus: see foctts,
focal.] Having four foci.
quadrifoliate (kwod-ri-fo'li-at), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E.four,
+ folium, leaf: see foli-
ate.] In bot., four-leaved,
(o) Having the leaves whorled
in fours. (6) Same as quadrifo-
liolate : an incorrect use.
quadrifoliolate (kwod-ri-
fo'li-o-lat), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E. four,
+ foliolus, leaflet.] In
bot.. having four leaflets:
said of a compound leaf.
quadriform (kwod'ri-f6rm), a. [< LL. quadri-
formis, four-formed, < L. quattuor (quadri-), =
E. four, + forma, form.] Having a fourfold
aspect, as in shape, arrangement, etc.
We can also apply the principle of group-flashing as easi-
ly to a fourfold light as to a single light. According to
the number of tiers employed, the arrangement was to be
named Biform, Triform, Quadriform.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 815.
quadrifrons (kwod'ri-fronz), a. [< L. quattuor
(quadri-), = E. four, + frons (front-), front:
see front.] Having four faces. See bifrons.
quadrifurcate (kwod-ri-fer'kat), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E. four, + furca, fork: see
f urea, furcate.] Having four forks, tines, or
branches; twice-forked; doubly dichotomous:
correlated with bifurcate and trifurcate.
quadrifurcated (kwod-ri-fer'ka-ted), a. [<
quadrifurcate + -ed2.] Same as quadrifurcate.
quadriga (kwod-ri'ga), «.; pi. quadritjee (-je).
[L., usually in pi. quadrigae, contr. from quad-
rijugse, a team of four, < quattuor (quadri-), =
E. four, + jugum (= Gr. £vy6v), a yoke, pair,
team: see yoke.] In classical antiq., a two-
Quadriga.— "The Rape of Proserpine by Pluto," from a Greek
red-figured vase.
wheeled chariot drawn by four horses, which
were harnessed all abreast. It was used in racing
in the Greek Olympian games, and in the circensian games
of the Romans. The quadriga is often met with as the
reverse type of Greek coins, especially those of Sicily, and
is of frequent occurrence in sculpture and vase-painting.
The miadriga for which Praxiteles was said to have made
the driver. A. S. Murray, Greek Sculpture, I. 182.
quadrigemina(kwod-ri-jem'i-na), n.pl. [NL.,
neut. pi. of L. quadrigeiiiiinis, fourfold: see
<jU(iil>'igciiiiii»H.i.] The quadrigeminous bodies
of the brain, moi'e fully called corpora qun/lri-
yeniiiia. Below mammals they are represented
quadriliteral
by the corpora bigemiua, or twin bodies. See
corpus.
quadrigeminal (kvvod-ri-jem'i-nal), a. [< quad-
rigemin-ous + -al.] Fourfold; especially, per-
taining to the corpora quadrigemina.
Other fibres, arising in the optic thalamus and quadri-
>/• u'imd body, descend, which preside over the reflex mo-
tions. Frey, Bistol. and llistochem. (trans.), p. 594.
quadrigeminate (kwod-ri-jem'i-nat), a. [<
qiia</i-ii/<'/iiin-i>us + -ate1.] 1. In bot., growing
in fours, as the cells of certain algse. — 2. In
auat., same as quadrigemiiuiu.i.
quadrigeminous (kwod-ri-jem'i-nus), a. [< L.
i/iii//lrii/<iiiiiiiiy, fourfold, < quattuor (quadri-), =
E. four, + geminus, twin-born, twin : see Gemi-
ni, geminate.] 1. Consisting of four similar
parts ; having four parts, as one and the same
thing; fourfold; quadrigemiual. — 2. In anat.
and zoo/., specifically, pertaining to the optic
lobes or corpora quadrigemina of any mammal,
known in human anatomy as the nates and
testes, which appear as two pairs of lobes or tu-
bercles on the morphologically superior surface
of the midbrain or mesencephalon, close to the
pineal gland, behind the third ventricle, over
the aqueduct of Sylvius. See corpus and quad-
rigemina.
quadrigenarious (kwod"ri-je-na'ri-us), a. K
L. quadrigeni, qiiadringeni, four hundred each,
distributive of quadringenti, four hundred, <
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + centum = E.
hund-red.] Consisting of four hundred.
quadriglandular (kwod-ri-glan'du-lar), a. [<
L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four,' +" glan(d-)s,
gland : see gland. ] Having four glands or glan-
dular parts.
quadrijugate (kwod-ri-jo'gat or -rij'ij-gat),
a. [< quadrijug-ous + -ate*.] In bot., pinnate
with four pairs of leaflets: as, a quadrijugate
leaf.
quadrijugOUS (kwod-ri-jo'gus or -rij'ij-gus), o.
[< L. quadrijugus, belonging to a team of four,
< quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + jugum (=
Gr. fvyoV), a yoke. Cf. quadriga.] Same as
quadrijugate.
quadrilaminar (kwod-ri-lain'i-nar), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + lamina, a thin
plate : see lamina, laminar.] Same as quadri-
laminate.
quadrilaminate (kwod-ri-lam'i-nat), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = 'E. four, + lamina, a, thin
plate: see lamina, laminate.] Having four
laminse, layers, or plates ; four-layered.
Quadrilatera (kwod-ri-lat'e-ra), n.pl. [NL., <
L. quadrilaterals, four-sided: see quadrilateral.]
In Crustacea, a group of crabs having a quad-
rate or cordate carapace. Latreille.
quadrilateral (kwod-ri-lat'e-ral), a. and ». [<
L. quadrilaterus, four-sided, < quattuor (quadri-),
= E. four, + latus (later-), side,
flank: see lateral.] I. a. Having
four sides; composed of four lines.
— Quadrilateral map-projection. See
projection.
II. n. 1 . A figure formed of four
straight lines. In the old geometry the complete
lines are supposed to terminate at four in- Quadrilateral,
tersections ; in modern geometry the lines
are regarded as infinite, and a plane quadrilateral as hav-
ing six angles. Such a figure has three diagonals or oxen,
being straight lines through opposite vertices, and three
centers, which are the intersections of the axes.
2. Milit., the space inclosed between, and de-
fended by, four fortresses: as, the Bulgarian
quadrila teral. The most famous quadrilateral was that
in northern Italy, inclosed by the fortresses of Peschierft,
Mantua, Verona, and Legnago.
Field Marshal Eadetsky . . . had collected under his
own command all the Austrian forces scattered over the
Lombardo-Venetian provinces, and had concentrated them
within the well-nigh impregnable stronghold formed in
the very heart of these provinces by the fortresses of the
Quadrilateral. E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 85.
Inscriptible quadrilateral. See insmpUMe.— Plane
quadrilateral, a quadrilateral lying in a plane.— Skew
quadrilateral, a quadrilateral that does not lie in a plane.
quadrilateralness (kwod-ri-lat'e-ral-nes), n.
The property of being quadrilateral.
quadriliteral (kwod-ri-lit'e-ral), a. and n. [<
L. quattuor (quadri-), = E.four, + littera, litera,
letter: see literal.] I. a. Consisting of four
letters, or of only four constant letters or con-
sonants.
II. n. A word or a root consisting of four
letters or containing four consonants.
admit only five variations, . . . even then a perfect Ara-
bick dictionary ought to contain fifty thousand words.
Sir W. Jones, Asiatic Dissertations, I. 126.
quadrille
quadrille (kwod-ril' or ka-dril'), n. and a. [<
F. quadrille, m., a game at cards, a square
dance, music for such a dance, < Sp. cuadrillo,
m., a small square (cf. F. quadrille, f., a troop
of horsemen, < Sp. cuadrilla, a troop of horse-
men, a meeting of four persons, < It. quadriijliu
= Pg. quadrillta, a troop of horsemen), dim. of
ciuulro, m., cuadra, f., < L. quadrant, n., quadra,
f., a square: see quadrum, quadra*. Cf. quar-
rel2."] I, n. 1. A game played by four persons
with forty cards, which are the remainder of
the pack after the tens, nines, and eights are
discarded.
They taught him with address and skill
To shine at ombre and quadrille.
Cawlhorn, Birth and Education of Genius.
Quadrille, a modern game, bears great analogy to ombre,
with the addition of a fourth player, which Is certainly a
great improvement. sinttt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 436.
2. A square dance for four couples, consisting
regularly of five parts or movements, each com-
plete in itself — namely, le pantalon, I'ete, la
poule, la trenise (or la pastourelle), and la fi-
nale. These parts are adaptations of popular society
dances. They were combined in their present order about
1800, and were soon adopted in France, England, and Ger-
many, giving rise to a quadrille mania similar to the later
polka mania.
3. Any single set of dancers or maskers ar-
ranged in four sets or groups. [Bare.]
At length the four quadrilles of maskers, ranging their
torch bearers behind them, drew up in their several ranks
on the two opposite sides of the hall.
Scott, Kenilworth, xxxvil.
4. Any square dance resembling the quadrille. —
5. Music for such square dances. For the move-
limits of the quadrille proper the rhythm is either sextuple
or duple, and each section is usually 82 measures long.
Quadrille music is usually adapted or arranged, uot spe-
cially written for the purpose.
II. a. Same as qmidrilU.
quadrille (kwod-rir or ka-dril'), v. i.; pret. and
pp. quadrilled,ppr. quadrilling. [< quadrille, n.]
1. To play at quadrille. Imp. Diet.— 2. To
dance quadrilles.
While thus, like motes that dance away
Existence in a summer ray,
These gay things, born but to quadrille,
The circle of their doom fulfil.
Moore, Summer Fete.
quadril!6 (ka-dre-lya'), a. [F., < 'quadrille, a
small square, < Sp. cuadrillo, a small square : see
quadrille.'] Divided or marked off into squares ;
having a pattern composed of small squares:
said of textile fabrics, writing-papers ruled with
lines crossing at right angles, and the like.
quadrillion (kwod-ril'yon), n. [< F. quadril-
lion, < L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + F.
(m)illion, > E. million^.] The fourth power of
a million according to the system of numera-
tion called English; but the fifth power of a
thousand according to the French system, com-
monly used in the United States.
quadrilobate (kwod-ri-16'bat), a. [< L. quattuor
(quadri-), = E.four, + NL. lobus, lobe.] In bot.
and zool., having four lobes or lobules.
quadrilobed (kwod'ri-lobd), a. [< L. quattuor
(quadri-), = E.four, + NL. lobus, lobe, + -ed^.]
Same as quadrilobate.
quadrilocular (kwod-ri-lok'u-lar), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), =E. four, '+ I'oculus, a cell.]
1. In bot., having four cells or compartments;
four-celled: as, a quadrilocular pericarp. — 2.
In anat. and zool., having four cavities or com-
partments: chiefly an epithet of the heart of
mammals and birds.
quadriloculate (kwod-ri-lok'u-lat), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + loculus, cell:
see loculits, loeulate.] Same as quadrilocular.
quadriloge (kwod'ri-loj), ». [— OF. quadri-
logue, < L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + Or.
Myof, a saying, speaking, discourse : see Logos.']
1. A book written in four parts, as "Childe
Harold's Pilgrimage."— 2. Any narrative de-
pending on the testimony of four witnesses, as
the four Gospels. — 3. Any work compiled from
four authors, as the "Life of Thomas a Beck-
et." Brewer. [Rare in all senses.]
The very authonrs of the qitadriloge itself e . . . doe all,
with one pen and mouth, acknowledge the same.
Lambarde, Perambulation (1698), p. 616. (Halliwell.)
Quadrimani (kwod-rim'a-ni), n. pi. [NL., pi.
of quadrimanus : see quadrimanous.] In La-
treille's system of classification, a group of cara-
boid beetles, typified by the genus Harpalus,
having the four anterior tarsi dilated in the
males: distinguished from Si»n>licimani and
Patellimani. See Harpalime.
quadrimanous (kwod-rim'a-nus), a. [< NL.
quadrimanus, four-handed, < L. quattuor (quad-
4886
r»'-), = E.four, + manus, hand. Cf. qtiadru-
maiious.] ' Same as quadrumanous.
At this malicious game they display the whole of their
quadrimanous activity.
Burke, Eev. in France, Works, III. 199.
quadrimembral (kwod-ri-mem'bral), a. [< LL.
quiidrimfiiibris, four-limbed, four-footed, < L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + membrum, a
limb, a member.] Having four members (or
parts) as limbs: as, most vertebrates are quad-
rimembral.
quadrint, quadrinet (kwod'rin), ». [< ML.
quadrinus (f); cf. L. qnadran(t-)s, the fourth
part of an as: see quadrans, quadrant.] A
mite; a small piece of money, in value about
a farthing.
One of her paramours sent her a purse full of qundriiitg
(which are little pieces of copper money) instead of silver.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 722.
quadrinomial (kwod-ri-no'rai-al), a. and n. [<
L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + nom(en),
name (see name3), + -al. Cf. binomial, etc.]
I. a. In alg., consisting of four terms.
II. n. In alg., an expression consisting of
four terms.
quadrinomical (kwod-ri-nom'i-kal), a. [As
qnadrinom(ial) + -ic-al.] Quadrinomial.
quadrinominal (kwod-ri-nom'i-nal), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E.four, + noiiien (nomin-),
name: see nomen, nominal.] Having four
terms; quadrinomial.
quadrinucleate (kwod-ri-nu'kle-at), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + nucleus, a nu-
cleus: see nucleate.] In bot., having four nu-
clei, as the spores of some fungi.
quadrinvariant (kwod-rin-va'ri-ant), n. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, +"E. invariant.]
An invariant of the second order in the coeffi-
cients.
quadripara (kwod-rip'a-rS), n. [NL., < L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E. four, '4- parei-e, bring forth,
bear.] A woman who is bearing a child for the
fourth time.
Quadriparae (kwod-rip'a-re), n. pi. [NL., fern,
pi.' of quadriparus : see quadriparous.] A group
of birds proposed by E. Newman in 1875, being
those which lay four eggs, and only four, and
place them with the small ends together in the
middle of the nest: it includes snipes, sand-
pipers, plovers, etc., and is practically equiva-
lent to Limicolie, 1.
quadriparous (kwod-rip'a-rus), a. [< NL.
quadnparus,<. L. quattuor '(quadri-), = E.four,
+ parere, bring forth, bear.] In ornith., lay-
ing four eggs, and only four; being of the
Quadriparee : as, quadriparous birds. Newman.
tire, divide into four), < quattuor (quadri-), =
E. four, + partitus, pp. of partire, divide, sepa-
rate, distribute : see part, v., partite, etc.] I.
a. Divided into four parts ; specifically, in bot.
and zoitl., parted into four; divided to the base
or entirely into four parts; in arch., divided, as
Quadripartite Vault.— Nave of Amiens Cathedral, France.
a vault, by the system of construction em-
ployed, into four compartments. Such a vault is
the cardinal type of medieval Pointed vaulting.
Squire Headlong . . . was quadripartite in his locality :
that is to say, he was superintending the operations in
four scenes of action — namely, the cellar, the library,
the picture-gallery, and the dining-room.
Peacock, Headlong Hall, ii.
II. n. A book or treatise divided into four
parts or treatises ; a tetrabiblion : as, the last
Quadrisulcata
twobooksof Ptolemy's Quadripartite; the quad-
ripartite (four Gospels) of the New Testament.
quadripartitely (kwod-ri-par'tit-li), adv. In
four divisions ; in a quadripartite distribu-
tion.
quadripartition (kwod'ri-par-tisb'on), n. [<
L. qiiadfipai'titio(n-), a division into four, <
quadripartitus. divided into four: see quail ri-
partitc.] A division by four or into foiir parts.
Nor would it, perhaps, be possible to entirely deny the
position of one who should argue that this convenient
quadri-partition of the month was first in order of time.
Contemporary Rev., L. 628.
quadripennate (kwod-ri-peu'at), a. and «.
[< L. quattuor (quadri-), = E.four, + pemta,
wing: see penna, peiniate."] I. a. In ciitinu..
having four wings — that is, four functional
wings, an anterior pair being not converted
into elytra or wing-cases.
II. ii. A four-winged or quadripennate in-
sect,
quadriphyllous (kwod-ri-fil'us), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + Gr. ft/Man =
LI. folium, leaf.] In bot., having four leaves;
quadrifoliate.
quadriplanar (kwod-ri-pla'nS,r), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E.four, + NL'. planum, a plane :
see ptane\ planar.] Formed by four planes. —
Quadriplanar coordinates. See coordinate.
quadriplicate (kwod-rip'li-kat), o. and «. Same
as qitadrnjilicate.
quadriplicated (kwod-rip'li-ka-ted), a. Same
as quadruplicate.
quadripulmonary (kwod-ri-purmo-na-ri), a.
[< L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, +' L. pul-
mo(n-), lung: see pulmonary.'] In Aracltnidn,
having two pairs of pulmonary sacs; tetra-
pueumonous: opposed to bipiilmonary.
quadriquadric (kwod-ri-kwod'rik), a. and n. [<
quadri(c) + quadric.] I. a. Of the second de-
gree in each of two variables or sets of variables.
II. H. A skew quartic curve, the intersection
of two quadric surfaces. There are other quar-
tics not of this description.
quadriradiate (kwod-ri-ra'di-at), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + radius, ray (>
radiatus, radiate): see radiate.'] Having four
rays, as a fish's fin; tetractinal, as a sponge-
spicule; in bot., having four radii or prolonga-
tions: as, a quadriradiate mass of chlorophyl.
quadrireme (kwod'ri-rem), n. [< L. quadri-
remis (LL. also quatriremis), a vessel fitted
with four banks of oars,< quattuor (quadri-), =
E. four, + remus, oar: see oar1.] A galley
with four banks of oars or rowers, mentioned
as in use occasionally among the ancient Greeks
and Romans.
quadrisacramentalist (kwod-ri-sak-ra-men'-
tal-ist), H. [< L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four,
•f sacramentum, sacrament, + -<il + -int.'] Same
as quadrisacramentarian.
quadrisacranientarian (kwod-ri-sak*'ra-men-
ta'ri-an), n. [< L. quattuor (quadri-), = E.
four, + sacramentum, sacrament, + -arian.~\
One of a small body of German Protestants in
the middle of the sixteenth century, who held
that the four sacraments of baptism, the eu-
charist, holy orders, and absolution are requi-
site for salvation.
quadrisection (kwod-ri-sek'shon), n. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four," + sectio(n-), a
cutting : see section."] A section into four equal
parts.
quadriseptate (kwod-ri-sep'tat), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E.four, + septum, a parti-
tion : see septum, septate.'] Having four septa
or partitions.
quadriserial (kwod-ri-se'ri-al), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E. four, -f- series, a row : see
serial. ] Set or arranged in four rows or series ;
four-rowed; quadrifarious; tetrastichous.
The production of the ambulacral element in some star-
fishes is much more rapid than general growth, thus pro-
ducing a crushing together of the plates in the direction
of the length, in some cases carried to such an extent that
the tube-feet in each furrow become quadriserial.
Amer. Nat., Feb., 1890, p. 161.
quadrisetose (kwod-ri-se'tos), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = 'E.four, + seeta, seta, a bristle :
see seta, setose.] In entom., bearing four setse
or bristles.
quadrispiral (kwod-ri-spi'ral), «. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), =E.four, + spira, a coil, a spire :
see spire, spiral.] In lot., having four spirals.
Elaters [of Fimbriaria] rather short, uni-quadrispiral.
Underwood, Hepaticte of N. A., p. 39.
Quadrisulcata (kwod'-ri-sul-ka'tji), n./il. [NL.,
neut. pi. of quadrisulcatm : see qiiadrisulcate.]
4887
Quadrisulcata
A group of hoofed quadrupeds having four toes ; quadroon
the quadrisulcate ungulate mammals.
quadrisulcate (kwod-ri-sul'kat), a. [< NL.
qitadrisiilcatus, < L. quattuor (quadri-), = E.
four, + xulcug, a furrow: see suleus, silicate.]
Having four grooves, furrows, or sulci ; spe-
cifically, in mammal., having a four-parted
hoof; four-toed; quadridigitate. quadr 0 - quadro - quartic (kwod"ro-kwod"ro-
quadrisyllabic (k\vod"ri-si-lab'ik), a. [< quad- kwar'tik), re. [< quadric + quadric + qitarttc.]
rixi/llali(Ic) + -ii:] Consisting of four syllables; A non-plane curve formed by the intersection
pertaining to or consisting of quadrisyllables, of two quadric surfaces.
quadrisyllabical (kwod"ri-si-lab'i-kal), a. quadroxid, quadroxide (kwod-rok'sid, -sid or
quadruplicity
(kwod-ro'n'), »• [An alteration quadruple (kwod'ro-pl), a. and n.
(simulating words in qiiinlri-, quadru-) of quar-
teroon, < Sp. cuarteron, a quadroon, one who is
one fourth black; also, a fourth part; < eunrlo. n
fourth: see quart1, quarter1.] The offspring of
a mulatto and a white person ; a person having
one fourth African blood.
[< F. quad-
= Pg. It. quadriipl-o, < L.
fourfold, quadrupluni, a fourfold
quantity, < quattuor (quadru-), = E. four, +
-t>t«x, -fold: see -fold.] I. a. Fourfold; four
times told.
A law that to bridle theft doth punish thieves with a
quadruple restitution hath an end which will continue as
IOIIB as the world itself continueth.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ill. 10.
A quadruple Jacquard, or four separate Jacquards fixed
in one frame. A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 276.
[< quadrisyllable + -al.]
labic.
quadrisyllable (kwod-ri-sil'a-bl), n. [< L.
qiinttuor (quadri-), = E./o«r, + syllaba, sylla-
ble : see syllable.] A word consisting of four
syllables.
A distinction without a difference could not sustain it-
self ; and both alike disguised their emptiness under this
pompous quadrisyllable.
De Quincey, Eoman Meals. (Davies.)
quadritactic (kwod-ri-tak'tik), a. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E. four, + Gr. nwrotfo per-
taining to arrangement: see tactic.] Of the
nature of a point on a surface or skew curve
where four consecutive points are in one
, See tri
quadritubercular (kwod'ri-tu-ber'ku-iar), a.
Same as quadrituberculate.
By the suppression of one of the primitive cusps we ar-
rive at the quadrttubercular tooth. Nature, XLI. 467.
quadrituberculate (kwod'ri-tu-ber'ku-lat), a.
[< L. quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + tubercu-
lum, tubercle : see tubercle, tuberculate.] Hav-
ing four tubercles: as, a quadrituberculate mo-
lar.
quadrivalent (kwod-riv'a-lent), a. [< L. quat-
Quadruple counterpoint, in music, counterpoint in
which four melodies are so contrived as to be mutually usa-
; above or below one another by transposition. Twenty-
Same as quadrisyl- -sid), n. [< L. quattuor (quadri-, quadr-), = 1
four, + oxid, oxide.] In chem., a compound of _
(kwod-ri-sil'a-bl), n. [< L. four equivalents of oxygen and one of another four different dispositions of such melodies are posi :ble.
element, or a simple oxid containing four atoms Compare double and triple counte ;wmci Jej!,.";»_ei
of oxygen.
quadrum (kwod'rum), n. [L., square, any-
thing square in form, neut. of (LL.) quadrus,
four-cornered, square : see quadra1, quadrate.]
In music, same as natural, 7.
quadruman, quadrumane (kwod'rij-man,
-man), n. [< F. quadrumane, < NL. quadru-
manus, four-handed: see quadrumanous.] A
four-handed quadruped ; an animal capable of
using all four feet as hands; specifically, a
member of the Quadrumana.
plane — Quadritactic point. See tritactic point, un- Quadrumana (kwod-ro'ma-na), n. pi. [NL.,
dergomti. neut. pi. of quadrumanus, four-handed: see quadruple of a given sum.
quadrumanous.] An order of Mammalia named quadruple (kwod'rp-pl), v. ; pret. and pp. quad-
by Blumenbach in 1791, including all kinds of rupled, ppr. quadrupling. F. quadrupler, <
apes, monkeys, and lemurs ; the quadvumanous
mammals : so called because their hind as well
as fore feet can be used as hands. The term is
scarcely used now, being superseded by Primates; but
Primates includes both the Bimana (man alone) and the
Quadrumana of the earlier systems. When the name
was in vogue the Quadrumana were usually divided into
Catarrhini, Old World apes and monkeys; Platyrrhini,
^ __ New World monkeys ; and Strepsirrhini, lemurs.
Tuor (quadri-)^ = E. four, -f valen(t-)s, ppr. of quadrumanous (kwod-ro'ma-nus), a. [< NL. ^ _,__ -
valere, be strong.] In chem., noting an atom quadrumanus, four-handed, < L. quattuor (quad- 01. as many ; repeat itself four times.
the equivalence of which is four, or an element »•«-),= E. four, + manus, hand: see main*.] quadruplet (kwod'r^-plet), n. [< quadruple +
one atom of which is equivalent, in combining Four-handed ; having all four feet fitted for _et j f ^ny combination of four objects or
use as hands: said of mammals, as opossums, parts grouped, united, or act ing together: as, a
etc.; specifically, of or pertaining to the Quad- quadruplet of springs, consisting of four ellip-
rumana. Also quadrimanous. tje springs coupled together and acting as one
The strongly convex upper lip frequently seen among spring. Also called quartet. — 2. One of four
the lower classes of the Irish is a modified quadnimanoui b t sjngie birth.
character. E. D. Cope, Origin of thelittest, p. 291. ^^j^ fkwod'ro-pleks), a. and «. [< L.
quadruped (kwod'rij-ped), a. and re. [= F. q,,tt(Jruplcx, fourfold, < quattuor (qtwdru-), = E.
q^ladrupede=Pr.quadrupedi=Sp.cuaa'rupede, fnlirt + plicare, fold: see plicate.] I. a. Four-
paper, 80 x 40 inches. [Eng. ] — Quadruple demy, a size
of printing-paper, 35 x 45 inches. [Eng.] — Quadruple
foolscap, a size of printing-paper, 27 x 34 inches. [Eng.]
— Quadruple medium, a size of printing-paper, 38 x 48
inches. [Eng.] — Quadruple post, a size of printing-pa-
per, 32 x 40 inches. [Eng.]— Quadruple pot, a size of
printing-paper, 26 x 32 inches. [Eng. ] - Quadruple qua-
ver, in musical notation, same as hemidemisemiquaver.—
Quadruple ratio. See ratio.— Quadruple rhythm or
time, in music, rhythm or time characterized by four beats
or pulses to the measure. See rhythm.— Quadruple roy-
al, a size of printing-paper, 40 x 50 inches. [Eng.]
II. ?(. A number, sum, etc., four times as great
as that taken as the standard : as, to receive the
LL. quadruplare, make fourfold, < L. quadru-
plus, fourfold: see quadruple, a.] I. trans. To
make four times as much or as many ; multiply
by four; repeat four times; make, do, or cause
to happen four times over.
The trade of Scotland has been more than quadrupled
since the first erection of the two publick banks.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, ii. 2.
H. intrans. To become four times as much
power, to four atoms of hydrogen ; tetradic ;
tetratomic.
quadrivalve (kwod'ri-valv), a. and n. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + valva, a door :
see valve.] I. a. Same as quadrivalvular.
II. n. One of a set of four folds or leaves form-
ing a door.
quadrivalvular (kwod-ri-val'vu-liir), a. [< L.
quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, '+ 'NL. valvula,
dim. of L. valva, valve : see valve.] In zool.
and hot., having four valves or valvular parts.
quadrivia, «. Plural of quadrivium.
cuadrupedo = Pg. quadrupede = It. quadrupeds, J 0],j .' applied to a system of telegraphy in which
:, quadripes (-ped-), four messages may be transmitted simultane-
quadrupedo, < L. quadrupes,
having four feet, a four-footed creature, (quat-
tuor (quadru-), = E. four, + pes (ped-) = E.
ously over one wire.
II. n. An instrument by means of which four
quaanvia, «. iriurai or quaartvmm. mur \nuurm-j, = ^. jvui, , j,™ VJ/i«-/ — ^. iA< Wi An instrument, oy means oi win
quadrivial(kwod-riv'i-al),a.and». [<L. quad- foot.] I. a. Four-footed; having four limbs messages may be transmitted simultaneously
rivius, having four ways, + -al. Cf. trivial.] fitted for sustaining the body and for progres- ovel. one wire.
I. a. 1. Having four ways meeting in a point ; sion; habitually going on all fours : opposed to Sometimes abbreviated quad.
leading in four directions.
A forum, with quadrivial streets.
B. Jonson, Expostulation with Inigo Jones.
2. Belonging to the quadrivium: thus, quad-
rivial astrology is astrology in the sense in
which astrology is a branch of the quadrivium
— that is, astronomy.
aliped and biped: correlated with quadruma- quadruples (kwod'rij-pleks), v. t. [< quadni-
nous&n&pedimanous: chiefly said of mammals, pieX; n.] To make quadruplex; arrange for
but also of four-footed reptiles, as lizards and fourfoid transmission.
• Liiau la, it»Liuiiuuiy. • _ -j_i
II. re. One of the four arts constituting the quadrupedal
tortoises. Compare quadrumanous.
II. n. A four-footed or quadruped animal:
especially,
guished fr
If the line is already duplexed, the phonophore will quad-
ruplex it. Elect. Rev. (Amer.), XIV. 6.
quadrivium.
Thequadrivials — Imeane arythmetike, musike, geome-
tric, and astronomic — & with them all skill in the per-
spectiues, are now smallie regarded in either of them [the
universities], Holimhed, Descrip. of England, ii. 3.
OF,
rupei.-..,
ped or four-footed; especially, going on all
fours, or adapted or restricted to that mode of
progression : as, the quadrupedal shape ; quad-
rupedal locomotion.
Il.t "• A quadruped. [Rare.]
quadrivioUS (kwod-riv'i-us), a. [< L. quadri-
vius, of the cross-roads, lit. having four ways,
< quattuor (quadri-), = E. four, + via = E. way.]
Going in four directions.
When the cheese was so rotten with them [vermin] that quadrupedated (kwod'rg-pe-da-ted), a.
The coldest of any quadrupedal.
Uowett, Parly of Beasts, p. 11.
only the twigs and string kept it from tumbling to pieces
and walking off quadrimom, it came to table.
C. lieade, Cloister and Hearth, xxiv.
quadrivium (kwod-riv'i-um), n.
(-ii). [< '
branches
L. quad
pi. quadrivia
quadruped + -ate1 + -«d2.] Made or become
four-footed or like a beast ; turned into a quad-
ruped. [Bare.]
Deformed and luxate with the prosecution of vanities ;
make fourfold ; double twice.
quadruplicate (kwod-ro'pli-kat), a. and n.
[Also quadriplicatc ; < L. quadruplicatus, make
fourfold: see the verb.] I. a. Fourfold; four
times repeated : as, a quadruplicate ratio or pro-
portion. Also quadriplicated.
II. re. One of four things corresponding in
all respects to one another, or to a common
original.
quadruplication (kwod-ro-pli-ka'shon), n. [=
F. quadruplication = Sp. cuadrvplicacion = Pg.
quadruplica^ao = It. quadrvplicazione, < LL.
number in itself), music (treating of applied 8idered an obstacle to a certain tind of "canonisation. foldeS twice so as to make four layers : corre-
number), geometry (treating of stationary Southey, The Doctor, cxcix. (Dames.) iated with ^p^a^^ .. agt the gi-eat omentum
empire.
quadrivoltine (kwod-ri-vol'tin), H. [< L. quat-
tuor (quadri-), = E./o«r, + It. volta, turn, time,
+ -ine2.] A silkworm which yields four crops
of cocoons a year.
rilateral having its op-
posite or alternate sides
equal and one pair of
these crossing each
other.
Quadruplane or Contraparal-
lelogram.
[< ML.
being four-
fold/ L. quadruplex, fourfold: see quadruplex.]
The character of being quadruplex.
This quadruplicity. these elements,
From whom each body takes his existence.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. &), p. 117.
quadruply
quadruply (kwod'rp-pli), adv. In a quadruple
or fourfold degree; to a fourfold extent or
amount.
If the person accused makes his innocence plainly to
appeal1 npon his trial, the accuser is Immediately put to
. . . death ; and out of his goods or lands the innocent
person is quadruply recompensed.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, i. 6.
quaere (kvve're), n. [L., impv. of quaererc,
seek, seek to learn, question; as a noun, in
aceom. E. spelling, query: see query.'] Same
as query.
quaesitum (kwe-si'tum), n. ; pi. qusesita (-til).
[L., neut. of qusesitus, pp. of queerere, seek, ask :
see quest1.] Something sought or required.
A thesis which an argument supposes to be In question
is called quffsitum; and opposed to that is a thesis from
which the argument proceeds — a thesis necessarily con-
nected with the argument, but not in question : such a the-
sis is called a datum. Westminster Rev., CXXVIII. 747.
quaesta (kwes'ta), n.; pi. qusestse (-te). [ML.,
fern, of L. qusexiius, pp. of qnserere, seek, obtain :
see quest1."] In the middle ages, one of a class
of indulgences or remissions of penance which
were granted by the Pope to those who con-
tributed certain specified sums of money to
the church.
quaestor, quaestorship, n. See questor, questor-
sliip.
quaestus, ». In law. See questus.
quaff (kwaf), v. [Prob. a reduced form, with
change of orig. guttural gli tof(ff) (as in dwarf,
trough, pron. as if troff, etc.), of quaught, drink,
quaff : see quaugli t. There may have been some
confusion with the Sc. quaigh, quegli, quech, also
queff, a cup, < Gael. Ir. cuach, a cup, bowl : see
quaigh. "] I. trans. To drink; swallow in large
draughts; drink of copiously or greedily.
He calls for wine, . . . quaf'd off the muscadel,
And threw the sops all in the sexton's face.
Shalt., T. of the a, ill. 2. 174.
She who, as they voyaged, quafd
With Tristram that spiced magic draught.
M. Arnold, Tristram and Iseult.
II. intrant. To drink largely or luxuriously.
Eate softly, and drinke manerly,
Take heede you doe not qua/e.
Balms Book(E. E. T. S.X p. 77.
They qua/e and drinke. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 211.
Near him rode Silenus on his ass,
Pelted with flowers as he on did pass,
Tipsily quaffing.
Keats, Endymion, iv. (song).
quaff (kwaf), n. [<quaff,r.] The act of quaff-
ing ; also, the quantity of liquor drunk at once ;
a draught.
Now Alvida begins her quaff,
And drinks a full carouse unto her king.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Loud, and Eng.
quaffer1 (kwaf er), n. [< quaff + -erl.] One
who quaffs or drinks much.
quaffer2t, v. i. [Cf . quaff (t).] To drink greed-
ily, or to dabble. [The sense is uncertain.]
Ducks, geese, and divers others have such long broad
bills to quaffer and hunt in waters and mud.
Derham, Physico-Theology, iv. 11, note.
quaffing-pot (kwaf 'ing -pot), re. A drinkiug-
vessel nolding half a gill.
quafftidet(kwaf'tid),«. Drinking-time. [Rare.]
Quqftyde aproacheth,
And showts in nighttyme doo ringe in loftye
Cithwron. Stanihurst, >Eneid, iv. 314. (Davies.)
quag(kwag),»i. [Abbr. of quagmire.'] A shak-
ing, marshy soil; a quagmire.
On the left hand there was a very dangerous quag, into
which if even a good man falls, he can flnd no bottom
for his foot to stand on. Into that Quag King David once
did fall. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, pt. i.
With packhorse constancy we keep the road,
Crooked or straight, through quags or thorny dells.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 253.
=Syn. See marsh.
quagga (kwag'a), ». [Also quacka; appar. 8.
African.] 1. An African solidungulate quad-
ruped of the horse family, Equus or Hippotigris
quagga, related to the ass and zebra, but not
fully striped like the latter, not being banded
on the hind quarters and legs. The ears are short,
the head is comparatively small, the tail is tufted and the
color is a dark brown on the head, neck, and shoulders, the
back and hind quarters being of a lighter brown the croup
of a russet.gray, and the under parts of the body white
It will breed with the horse, and a mixed race of this kind
existed in England some years ago. By the natives the
flesh is esteemed palatable.
2. Burchell's zebra, Equus or Hippotigris bur-
ckelli, closely related to the above, but striped
throughout like the zebra: more fully called
bonte-qiingga. See cut under dame.
quaggle (kwag'l), «. [Dim. of quake.} A trem-
ulous motion. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
4888
quaggy (kwag'i), a. [< quag + -#l.] Yield-
ing to the feet or trembling under the foot, as
soft wet earth ; boggy; spongy.
The watery strath or quaggy moss.
Collins, Superstitions of the Highlands.
The quaggy soil trembles to a sound like thunder of
breakers on a coast. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 733.
quagmire (kwag'mir), n. [Appar. a var. of the
earlier quakemire: see quakemire.'} Soft, wet,
boggy land that trembles under the foot; a
marsh ; a bog ; a feu.
Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through
flame, and through ford and whirlipool, o'er bog and quag-
mire. Shak., Lear, iii. 4. 64.
Faith, I have followed Cupid's Jack-a-lantern, and flnd
myself In a quagmire at last. Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
= Syn. Slough, Bog, etc. See marsh.
quagmire (kwag'mir), v. t.; pret. and pp.
quagmired, ppr. quagmiring. [< quagmire, «.]
To entangle or sink in or as in a quagmire.
[Rare.]
When a reader has been quag-mired in a dull heavy book,
what a refreshing sight it Is to see finis !
Laconio (1701), p. 120. (Latham.)
A man is never quagmired till he stops ; and the rider
who looks back has never a firm seat.
Landor, Imaginary Conversations, Wellington and Sir
[Robert Inglis, p. 376.
quagmiry (kwag'mir-i), a. [< quagmire + -y1.]
Like a quagmire ; boggy ; marshy ; fenny ; quag-
gy. [Rare.]
They had twenty wigwams, hard by a most hideous
swamp, so thick with bushes and so quagmiry as men
could nardly crowd into It.
Winthrop, Hist New England, I. 279.
quahog. quahaug (kwa-hog', -hag'), n. [Also co-
hog, cohaug, coltauk, quohog, quog, etc. ; < Amer.
Ind. (Narragan-
sett) poquau-
hock."] The large
edible round
clam of the At-
lantic coast of
the United
States, Venus
mercenaria.rtmch
>«.,« mercurial. ^^ fo). goupg
and chowders. See clam3, and cut under dimy-
arian — Blood-quahog, the young or a small specimen
of various species of Armder, or ark-shells ; a bloody clam
or hair-clam. [Narragansett Bay.]
quaich, ». See qwiigh.
quaidt, a. or pp. An artificial contracted form
of quailed, past participle of quail1. Spenser.
quaigh, quaich (kwach), n. [Also quegh, queigh,
queen, quoich, queych, queff; < Gael. Ir. citach, a
cup, bowl. Cf. quaff?] A shallow drinking-
cup, made of small staves hooped together:
it is usually of wood, but sometimes of silver.
[Scotch.]
She filled a small wooden quaigh from an earthen pitcher.
Scott, Pirate, vi.
Nor lacked they, while they sat at dine.
The music, nor the tale,
Nor goblets of the blood-red wine,
Nor mantling quaighs of ale.
Scott, Thomas the Rhymer, iii.
The girded quoich they brimmed for him.
Prof. Blackie, Lays of Highlands and Islands, p. 171.
quail1 (kwal), v. [Early mod. E. and dial, also
queal; < ME. quelen (pret. qual), < AS. cwelan
(pret. cicxl, pp. cwolen), die (also in cotnp.
a-cwelan, die utterly), = OS. quelan, die, = MD.
quelen = MLG. quelen, suffer pain, pine, = OHG.
quelan, quelen, cheten, MHG. queln, die, G. qua-
len, suffer pain ; cf. AS. cwalu, destruction, ME.
quale, murrain (see quote1), and AS. cwelian,
cause to die, kill, quell : see quell, which is the
causative form of quail, and cf. qualm, from
the same source.] I. intrans. If. To begin to
die; decline; fade; wither.
For as the world wore on, and waxed old,
So virtue quaifd, and vice began to grow.
Tancred and (lixmunda, ii. 3.
The quailing and withering of all things.
Hakew&l, Apology, p. 71.
2. To lose heart or courage; shrink before
danger or difficulty ; flinch; cower; tremble.
And with sharpe threat es her often did assayle ;
So thinking for to make her stubborne corage quayle.
Spenser, F. Q.. III. viii. 40.
Plant courage in their quailing breasts.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 3. M.
But Pelleas lifted up an eye so fierce
She quail'd. Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
3f. To slacken.
And let not search and inquisition quail.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 2. 20.
II. trans. To quell; subdue; overpower; in-
timidate; terrify.
quail
Couetousnesse quaifleth gentlenesse.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 91.
When somer toke in hand the winter to assail,
With force of might, and vei tue great, his stormy blasts to
quail. Surrey, Complaint of a Lover.
The sword of the spirit Satham quailes,
And to attaine the conquest never failes.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 145.
Am not I here to take thy part?
Then what has quail'd thy stubborn heart?
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. iii. 204.
Resist — the thunder quails theel — crouch — rebuff
Shall be thy recompense !
Wordsworth, Eccles. Sonnets, i. 39.
quai!2t (kwal), v. i. [< ME. quaylen, qualen, <
OF. coailler, F. cailler = Sp. cuajar = Pg. coa-
Iliar = It. quagliare, cagliare, < L. coagularc,
curdle, coagulate: see coagulate.'] To curdle;
coagulate. Palsgrave.
The cream is said to be quailed when the butter begins
to appear in the process of churning.
Batchelor, Orthoep. Anal., p. 140. (HalliuvU.)
quail3 (kwal), «. [Early mod. E. also quayle,
Sc. quailzie; < ME. quaille, quayle, qwayle,< OF.
quaille, F. cattle = Pr. callia = OSp. eoalla = It.
quaglia, < ML. quaquila, also quaqiiara, qua-
quadra, quisquila (also, after OF., etc., qualia),<.
MD. quakele, quaekel, D.ktcakkel (MD. also quar-
tel, D. kwartel) = MLG. quackele, LG. quaekel, a
quail; so called in reference to its cry, < MD.
quacken, D. kwaken = MLG. quaken, quack:
see quack1."] 1. A small gallinaceous bird of
the Old World, related to the partridge, and
belonging to the genus Coturnix. The common
Messina or migratory quail of Europe and Africa is C. com-
munis or C. daetyliionans, highly esteemed for the table.
Common Migratory or Messina Quail of Europe (Colurnix
communis).
Ihe bill is much smaller and weaker than in the partridge,
and the nasal fossae are mostly feathered. The wings are
pointed by the flrst, second, and third quills ; the first is
emarginate on the Inner web ; the tail is very short, soft,
and slight, not half as long as the wing. The feet are
small, with the tarsus shorter than the middle toe and
claw, and slightly feathered above. The length of the
bird is about 7 inches. The plumage is much variegated,
the most conspicuous markings being sharp lance-linear
stripes, whitish or buff, over most of the upper parts. This
quail has several times been imported into the United
States, but has failed thus far to become naturalized.
There are many other quails of the same genus In vari-
ous parts of the Old World, but none are indigenous to the
New.
2. One of the various small gallinaceous birds
more or less closely resembling the quail prop-
er: loosely applied, with or without a qualify-
ing term, especially in the United States, to
all the species of Ortyx or Colinus, Lophortyx,
Oreortyx, Callipepla, Cyrtonyx, and other gen-
era of American Ortygime or Odontopliorinee.
Bob-white, or Common Quail of America (Ortyx virginiana),
Among such, the species of bob-whit*, as Ortyx virgini-
ana, the common partridge or quail of sportsmen, are
the nearest to the Old World species of Coturnix. In the
United States, wherever the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbel-
lug, is called pheasant, the bob-white is called partridge :
where that grouse is called partridge, the bob-white is
known as quail. See also cuts under Callipepla, Cyrtonyx,
Lophortyx, and Oreortyx.
quail
If we must borrow a name from any Old World birds
for our species of Ortyx, i.ophortyx, C'allipepla, etc., the
term "quail" is rather more appropriate than "partridge."
Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 596.
3f. A prostitute. Also called plover. [Low.]
Here 's Agamemnon — an honest fellow enough, and one
that loves quails. Shak., T. and C., v. 1. 57.
Painted quail. See painted.
quail-call (kwal'kal), 11. A quail-pipe.
quail-dove (kwal'duv), u. An American pigeon
of tlie genus Starnaenas. <V. cyanocephalus is the
blue-headed quail-dove, found in the West In-
dies and Florida.
quail-mutton (kwal'mnt'n), n. Diseased mut-
ton. Halliirell. [Prpv. Eng.]
quail-pigeon (kwarpij"on), ». A pigeon of the
genus Geophaps.
quail-pipe (kwal'pip), n. [<ME. quail-pipe; <
quail'f + pipe1.] A call or pipe for alluring
quail into a net.
Highe shoos knopped with dagges,
That frouucen lyke a quaile-pi.pe.
Rom. of the Itose, 1. 7259.
Thrush or nightingale, all is one to the fowler ; and,
Master Varney, you can sound the quail-pipe most daintily
to wile wantons into his nets. Scott, Kenilworth, vii.
Quail-pipe bootst, boots resembling a quail-pipe. Salli-
U'ell.
A gallant that hides his small-timbered legs with a
quail pipe boot. Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, ii. 1.
quail-snipe (kwal'smp), n. 1. A South Ameri-
can bird of the family Thinocoridee : game as
lark-plover. — 2. The dowitcher, or red-breasted
snipe. •/. P. Giraud, 1844. [Long Island.]
quaily (kwa'li), «.; pi. qualities (-liz). [Said to
be imitative.] The upland plover, or Bartram's
sandpiper, Tringa bartramia or Bartramia longi-
eauda. See cut under Bartramia. [Manitoba.]
quaint (kwant), a. [Early mod. E. also queint;
dial. (Sc.)quent; < ME. quaint, quaynt, qwhainte,
queint, queynt, quaint, coint, koint, < OF. coint,
coynt, coinct, coente, cuinte, quaint, queint, quuint,
quieynt, well-known, brave, wise, clever, quaint,
= Pr. conte, cointe = It. conto, known, noted,
also pretty, contr. of cognito, known, < L. cog-
nitus, known: see cognizance, cognize, etc. The
somewhat remarkable development of senses
(which took place in OF.) is partly paralleled
by that of couth, known, with its negative un-
couth, and by that of AS. meere, known, famous,
etc. (see mere*) ; but some confusion with L.
comptus (> It. conto), neat, and with compiitatus
(> It. conto, counted, numbered, etc.) is prob.
also involved: see compfi. Cf. quaint, v., and
acquaint, etc.] If. Known; familiar.
The hert & the hinde there thanne hem hed sone,
As the werwolf hem wissed that ay was here gye,
Under a coynte crag fast bi the quenes chaumber.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2850.
2t. Artful ; clever ; cunning ; crafty ; wily.
Ovid openly in Eydos tellus
How Medea the maiden made hym all new,
By crafte that she kouth of hir coint artys.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 125.
" Dere brother," quath Peres, "the devell is ful queynte
To encombren holy Churche.
Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 482.
But you, my lord, were glad to be employ'd,
To show how quaint an orator you are.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. 274.
3t. Artificial ; ingenious ; elaborate ; curious ;
pretty; elegant; fine.
And of Achilles with his queynte spere.
Clunuxr, Squire s Tale, 1. 231.
jit schal thou, erthe, for al thi erthe, make thou it
neuere so queynte & gay.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 89.
Our plumes, our spangs, and al our queint aray,
Are pricking spurres. prouoking filthy pride.
Gascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), p. 60.
For he was clad in strange accoutrements,
Fashion'd with queint devises, never seene
In court before. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 673.
For a fine, quaint, graceful, and excellent fashion, yours
[your gown] is worth ten on 't.
Shak., Much Ado, iii. 4. 22.
To nurse the saplings tall, and curl the grove
With ringlets quaint. Milton, Arcades, 1. 47.
4. Fanciful ; odd ; whimsical : as, a quaint
phrase ; a quaint talker.
We semen wonder wyse,
Our termes been so clergial and so queynte.
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 199.
To move
His laughter at then* quaint opinions wide
Hereafter, when they come to model heaven
And calculate the stars. Milton, P. L., viii. 78.
Some stroke of quaint yet simple pleasantry. Macaulay.
5. Odd and antique; old-fashioned; curious;
odd in any way.
4889
But sodeinly she saugh a sighte queynte.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1475.
A casement high and triple-arched there was,
. . . diamonded \vith panes of quaint device.
Keats, Eve of St. Agnes, st. 24.
There [in Europe] were to be seen the masterpiecefs]
of art, the refinements of highly. cultivated society, the
quaint peculiarities of ancient and local custom.
Irving, Sketch-liook, p. 14.
Rare fronts of varied mosaic, covered with imagery,
wilder and quainter than ever filled a Midsummer Night's
Dream. Rmkin.
As quaint a four-in-hand
As you shall see — three pyebalds and a roan.
Tennyson, Walking to the Mail.
6f. Affectedly nice ; squeamish ; prim.
She, nothing quaint,
Nor sdeignfull of so homely fashion,
Sith brought she was now to so hard constraint,
Sat downe upon the dusty ground anon.
Sperner, F. Q., III. vii. 10.
=Syn. 5. Old, Antique, etc. See ancient^.
quaintt (kwant), adv. [ME. quainte, queynte,
etc.; < quaint, a.~\ Elegantly.
What shulde I speke more queynte,
Or peyne me my wordes peynte ?
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 245.
quaintt (kwant), v. t. [< ME. quainten, quein-
ten, queynten, cointen; by apheresis from aquain-
ten, etc. : see acquaint.'] To acquaint ; inform ;
cause to know.
He coynted him queyntli with tho tvo ladies,
That hade that time thi sone to kepe in warde.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4844.
There if he travaile and quainte him well,
The Treasure of Knowledges is his eche deale.
Recorde, Castle of Knowledge (1556). (Halliwell.)
I met a man and bad him stay,
Requeisting him to mak me quaint
Of the beginning and the event.
Battle of Harlaw (Child's Ballads, VII. 182).
quaintancet, »• [ME. quaintance, qweyntance,
quoyntaunce ; by apheresis from acquaintance.']
Acquaintance.
He kysses hir comlyly, & knygtly he melej ;
Thay kallen hym of a quoyntaunce, & he hit quyk askeg,
To be her seruaunt sothly, if hem-self lyked.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 975.
quaintiset, n. [< ME. quaintise, quayntise,
qwaintis, qwantis, queyntise, < OF. cointise, coyn-
tise, cointice, quointise, cuintize, coentisce, quen-
tis, etc., cleverness, skilfulness, cunning, art-
fulness, neatness, < coint, known, clever,
quaint: see quaint."] 1. Cleverness; artful-
ness; cunning; craft.
The divill by his dotage dissaueth the chirche,
And put in the prechours y-paynted withouten :
And by his queyntise they comen in the curates to helpen.
Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 507.
Into the cuntre of Calaphe cast with a storme,
There the qwene with hir qwaintis qwaitid me to cacche :
Held me with hir, & my hede knightes.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13246.
Be waar to whom thou trustis, and spare for no qweyntise,
For myche harrne hath f alle to them that ben not wise.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.X p. 42.
2. Elegance; beauty; neatness; trimness;
daintiness.
They [wives] sholde setten hire entente to plesen hir
housbondes, but nat by hire queyntise of array.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
quaintiset, v. t. [ME. queintisen ; < quaintise,
11.] To make or adorn cunningly.
The new guise of Berne was there ;
With sondry thynges well deuised
I see, wherof thei be queintised.
Gower, Conf. Amant, viii.
quaintly (kwant'li), adv. [< ME. quaintly,
queintly, queyntly, cointly, coyntly; < quaint +
-lyV.] In a quaint manner, (at) Artfully ; cun-
ningly ; ingeniously ; cleverly.
Bothe that on & that other, myn honoured ladye,
That thus hor knyjt wyth hor kest han koyntly bigyled.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2413.
A ladder quaintly made of cords,
To cast up, with a pair of anchoring hooks.
Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 1. 117.
I queintiy stole a kiss.
Gay, Shepherd's Week, Monday, 1. 79.
(fit) Prettily ; nicely ; pleasantly ; with neatness or trim-
ness.
The lorde loutes therto, & the lady als,
In -to a comly closet coyntly ho entre.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 934.
Yes, yes : the lines are very quaintly writ.
Shak.,T. a. of V., ii. 1. 128.
When was old Sherewood's hair more quaintly curl'd.
Or nature's cradle more enchased and purl'd?
B. Jonson.
(c) Fancifully ; oddly ; whimsically ; curiously ; especially,
in an odd, old-fashioned way : as, quaintly dressed ; quaint-
ly expressed.
Anon a figure enters, quaintly neat,
All pride and business, bustle and conceit.
Crabbe, Works, I. 14.
quaker
quaintness (kwant'nes), >i. [< ME. qnaintiirn,
gwhayntnes; < quaint + -ness.] The quality of
being quaint, (at) Artfulness; cunning; wiliness. (W)
Elegance; daintiness; niceness; affectation.
The fancy of some odde quaintiwsses haue put him cleane
beside his Nature.
Bp. Karle, Micro-cosmographie, An Affected Man.
I ... have therein more solicitously followed the truth
of things (many of which I can also assert on my own know-
ledge) than I have studied quaintness in expressions.
N. Morion, New England's Memorial, p. 11.
There is a certain majesty in simplicity which is far
above the quaintness of wit. Pope.
(c) Fancifulness ; oddity; whimsicality; queerness; espe-
cially, odd, old-fashioned appearance or manner.
The great obstacle to Chapman's translations being read
is their unconquerable quaintness.
Lamb, Eng. Dramatists, Notes.
Healthy seriousness often best expresses itself in play-
ful quaintness. Froude, Sketches, p. 184.
That peculiar air of quaintness which is shared by all
places where narrow streets run up a steep hill.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 93.
quairt, n. An obsolete form of quire1.
quaisy (kwa'zi), a. An obsolete or dialectal
form of queasy.
quait (kwat), n. A variant of quoit. [U. S.]
quake (kwak), v. ; pret. and pp. quaked, ppr. quak-
ing. [< ME. quaken, cwaken (pret. quakede, also
quoke, quok, quoc), < AS. cwacian (pret. cwacode)
(whence causative cweccan, cause to shake, wag :
see quitch^); perhaps akin to quick.] I. intrans.
To shake ; tremble ; be agitated by tremors or
shocks. Specifically— (a) To tremble from cold, weak-
ness, or fear ; shiver ; shudder.
This Ypermestra caste hire eyen doun,
And quok as doth the leefe of aspe grene.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2649.
We were so ferde we can [began] downe falle,
And qwoke for drede.
York Plays, p. 416.
And so terrible was the sight that Moses said, I exceed-
ingly fear and quake. Heb. xii. 21.
She, . . . while her infant race ... sit cow'ring o'er the
sparks,
Retires, content to quake, so they be warm'd.
Cowper, Task, iv. 386.
(6) To tremble from internal convulsions or shocks.
The erthe qwoke, and mounteynes an bight,
Valeis, & stoonys, bursten a-sundir.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 48.
The mountains quake at him, and the hills melt, and the
earth is burned at his presence. Yili. i. 5.
(c) To tremble from want of solidity or firmness : as, quak-
ing Jelly ; a quaking bog.
Let custards quake, my rage must freely run !
Marston, Scourge of Villanie, ii. 4.
Next Smedley dived ; slow circles dimpled o'er
The quaking mud, that clos'd, and op'd no more.
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 292.
Quaking ash, asp, etc. See the nouns. =Syn. (a) Shud-
der, etc. See shiver. — (b) and (c) To vibrate, quiver.
Il.t trans. To cause to shake or tremble ;
throw into agitation or trembling; cause to
shiver or shudder.
I am not pleas'd at that ill-knotted fire,
That bushing-staring star. Am I not Duke?
It should not quake me now ; had it appear'd
Before, it I might then haue justly fear'd.
Tourneur, Revenger's Tragedy, v. 3.
Where ladies shall be frighted,
And, gladly quaked, hear more. Shak., Cor., i. 9. 6.
quake (kwak), n. [< ME. quaJce; < quake, v.]
1. A shake; a trembling; a tremulous agita-
tion ; a shuddering.
Yet as the earth may sometimes shake,
For winds shut up will cause a quake.
Suckling, Love's World.
2t. Fear; dismay.
Thou shal bye thi breed ful dere,
Til thou turne ageyn in quake
To that erthe thou were of-take.
Cursor Mundi, MS. Coll. Trin. Cantab., f. 6. (Halliwell.)
quake-breecht (kwak'brech), n. A coward.
[Rare.]
Excors, a hartlesse, a faint-hearted fellow, a quake-
breech, without boldnes, spirit, wit ; a sot. Withals, Diet.
quake-grass (kwak'gras), n. Same as quaking-
grass.
quakemiret (kwak'mir), n. [< quake + mire.
Hence quagmire, and by abbr. quag. Cf. quave-
mire, quickmire.] A quagmire. Stanihurst.
quaker (kwa'ker), n. [< quake + -er^. Hence
(in sense 2) F. Quaere, Quaker = Sp. Cudkero
= Pg. Quaere = D. Kwaker = G. Quaker = Dan.
Rvfeker = Sw. Quiikare.] 1. One who quakes
or trembles. — 2. [cap.] One of the religious
denomination called the Society of Friends. The
name, originally given in reproach, has never been adopted
by the Society. See Society of Friends, under friend.
Quakers that, like to lanterns, bear
Their lights within 'em will not swear.
S. Butter, Hudibras, II. ii. 219.
Quaker
A certain minister in Bremen, . . . reproached with the
name of Quaker, because of his singular sharpness against
the formal lifeless ministers and Christians in the world.
Perm, Travels in Holland, etc.
Get the writings of John Woolman by heart, and love
the early Quakers. Lamb, A Quakers Meeting.
3. A Quaker gun (which see, under gun1).
The only other vessel in the port was a Russian govern-
ment bark, . . . mounting eight guns (four of which we
found to be quakers).
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 271.
4. In entom., one of certain noetuid moths:
aii English collectors' name. Agrotis castanea
is the common quaker, and Mamestra tiana is
the small quaker. Also quaker-moth — Quaker
black-drop. See black-drop.— Quaker buttons. See
button. — Stewed Quaker, a posset of molasses or honey,
stewed with butter and vinegar, and taken hot as a reme-
dy for colds. [Colloq.J
A little saucepan of stewed Quaker, prepared by Sarah at
the suggestion of the thoughtful Mrs. Hand, was bubbling
on the stove. The Century, XXXV. 674.
The Quaker City, Philadelphia in Pennsylvania: BO
called in allusion to its having been founded by Quakers.
Quaker-bird (kwa'ker-berd), ». The sooty al-
batross, Diomedea or Phcebctria fuliginosa : so
called from its somber color.
Quaker-color (kwa'ker-kuFor), n. The color
of the drab or gray fabrics much worn by
Quakers.
The upper parts are a uniform, satiny olive gray or
quaker-cotor. Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 474.
Quaker dom (kwa'ker-dum), n. [< Quaker +
-dom.] Quakers as a class; the world of Qua-
kers, with their tenets, aims, manners, customs,
etc. [Colloq.]
He [Derwent Coleridge] spoke very civilly of modern
Quakerdom, congratulating them on their preference for
the cultivation of the intellect rather than the accomplish-
ments of the person. Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 47.
Quakeress (kwa'ker-es), n. [< Quaker + -ess.]
A female Quaker.
Every Quakeress is a lily. Lamb, A Quakers' Meeting,
quaker-grass (kwa'ker-gras), n. Same as
quaking-grass. [Prov. Eng.]
Quakeric (kwa'ker-ik), a. [< Quaker + -ic.]
Pertaining to a Quaker; Quakerish. [Bare.]
The Quakeric dialect. Macaulaij, in Trevelyan, II. 190.
Quakerish (kwa'ker-ish), a. [< Quaker + -ish1.]
Pertaining to Quakerism ; characteristic of or
resembling the Quakers ; Quaker-like.
Don't address me as if I were a beauty ; I am your plain
Quakerish governess. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxiv.
Quakerism (kwa'ker-izm), n. [< Quaker +
-i*f».] The tenets, religious customs, and man-
ners peculiar to the Quakers Wet Quakerism,
the doctrine of those Friends who believe in the proprie-
ty and Scriptural sanction of baptism with water: used
opprobriously.
Wet Quakerism is largely on the increase, even in the
innermost circle. H. N. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 3.
Quakerly (kwa'ker-li), a. [< Quaker + -ly1.]
Characteristic of or resembling Quakers ; Qua-
ker-like.
You would not have Englishmen, when they are in
company, hold a silent quakerly meeting.
J. Goodman, Winter Evening Conferences, p. 1.
quaker-moth (kwa'ker-moth), n. An English
collectors' name for certain modest-colored noe-
tuid moths.
quakers (kwa'kerz), n. [PI. of quaker.] The
quaking-grass. [Prov. Eng.]
quakeryt (kwa'ker-i), n. [< Quaker + -y3 (see
-ery).] Same as Quakerism.
quaketail (kwak'tal), «. The yellow wagtail ;
any bird of the genus Budytes, as B.fiava. Mac-
giliwray; Montagu. [Local, British.]
quakiness (kwa'ki-nes), ». The state of being
quaky or shaking: as, the quakiness of a bog.
Quaking (kwa'king), n. [< ME. quakynge, < AS.
ewacung, verbal n. of cwacian, quake: see
quake.'] Trembling; fear; agitation.
Son of man, eat thy bread with quaking, and drink thy
water with trembling. Ezek. xii. 18.
quaking-grass (kwa'king-gras), ». A grass of
the genus Briza, especially B. media, an Old
World plant sparingly introduced into the Unit-
ed States. The spikelets are tremulous on the slender
branches of the panicle. Also called quake-grass, quaker-
grass, dodder.grass, cow-quakes, dithering grass, jockey-
graes,a,nd maidenhair-grass. — Tall quaking-grass. See
Glyceria.
quakingly (kwa/king-li), adv. In a quaking or
trembling manner.
But never pen did more quakingly perform his office.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
quaky (kwa'ki), a. [< quake + -yl.] Charac-
terized by or prone to quaking ; shaky : as, a
quaky bog,
4890
Poor old Twoshoes Is so old and toothless and quaky
that she can't sing a bit.
Thackeray, Koundabout Papers, Some Carp at Sans Souci.
quale1!, «. [ME., < AS. cicalu, slaughter, de-
struction (= OS. quala, quale = MD. quaele,
D. kwaal, sickness, disease, = MLG. qitale,
LG. (jitiiiil, kiraiil = OHG. quala, chwala, chala,
MHG. quale, kale, G. qual = Icel. kvol = Sw.
qual = Dan. kval, pang, agony), < ciretan,
die: see quail*-.] A plague; murrain. Laya-
mon.
quale2ti «• *• A Middle English form of quail'*.
quale3t, n. A Middle English dialectal form of
QUale4 (kwa'le), n. [L., neut. of qualis, inter-
rog., of what character or quality, of what sort;
rel., of such a kind; indef., having some quali-
ty or other: see quality.] An object named or
considered as having a quality.
Moreover, we can directly observe in our own organic
sensations, which seem to come nearest to the whole con-
tent of infantile and molluscous experience, an almost
entire absence of any assignable quale.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit, XX. 40.
qualifiable (kwol'i-fi-a-bl), a. [< F. qualifia-
ole; as qualify + -able.] Capable of being
qualified, in any sense. Barrow.
Qualification (kwol'i-fi-ka'shon), n. [= F. qua-
lification = Sp. calificacion = Pg. qualificafSo
= It. qualificazione, < ML. *quaUficatio(n-), <
qualificare, qualify: see qualify.] 1. The act
of qualifying, or the state of being qualified, by
change or modification; specifically, adapta-
tion; fitness.
Neither had the waters of the flood infused such an im-
purity as thereby the natural and powerful operation of
all plants, herbs, and fruits upon the earth received a
qualification and harmful change. Raleigh, Hist. World.
2. A quality adapting a person or thing to
particular circumstances, uses, or ends.
The qualifications which conduce most to the fixity of
a portion of matter seem to be these.
Boyle, Experimental Notes, i.
Strength, agility, and courage would in such a state be
the most valuable qualifications.
Mandeviue, Fable of the Bees, Dialogue vi.
3. That which qualifies a person for or renders
him admissible to or acceptable for a place,
an office, or an employment; any natural or
acquired quality, property, or possession which
secures a right to exercise any function, privi-
lege, etc.; specifically, legal power or ability:
as, the qualifications of an elector.
The true reason of requiring any qualification with re-
gard to property in voters is to exclude such persons as
are in so mean a situation that they are esteemed to have
no will of their own. Blackstone, Com., I. U.
They say a good Maid Servant ought especially to have
three Qtuuilications : to be honest, ugly, and high-spirited.
A'. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, I. 304.
Considerable efforts are, however, now being made to
have the real gymnasium certificate recognized as a suf-
ficient qualification for the study of medicine at least
Encyc. Brit., XX. 17.
4. In logic, the attaching of quality, or the dis-
tinction of affirmative and negative, to a term. —
5. A qualifying — that is, partially negativing
or extenuating — circumstance; modification;
restriction ; limitation ; allowance ; abatement :
as, to assert something without any qualifica-
tion.
It may be laid down as a general rale, though subject
to considerable qualification and exceptions, that history
begins in novel and ends in essay. Macaulaij, History.
But, all qualifications being made, it is undeniable that
there is a certain specialization of the [nervous] discharge,
giving somedistinctiveness to the bodily changes by which
each feeling is accompanied.
H. Spencer, Pita. of Psyehol., § 495.
6f. Appeasement; pacification.
Out of that will I cause these of Cyprus to mutiny ;
whose qualification shall come into no true taste again but
by the displanting of Cassio. Shale., Othello, U. 1. 282.
Property qualification, the holding of a certain amount
of property as a condition to the right of suffrage or the
exercise of some other public function. This condition
in the case of suffrage has been common in ancient and
modern times, and still prevails to a considerable extent
in Europe. In the United States it has disappeared in the
different States — the last one, Rhode Island, having abol-
ished it (with a few exceptions) in 1888. In many States
a small property qualification is a condition of service as
a juror.
qualificative (kwol'i-fi-ka-tiv), a. and n. [=
F. qualificatif='Pg. qualificativo; < NL. qualifi-
cativug, < ML. qualificare, qualify : see qualify.]
I. a. Serving to qualify or modify, or having
the power to do so ; qualifying.
II. «. That which serves to qualify, modify,
or limit; a qualifying term, clause, or state-
ment.
qualify
QUalificator (kwol'i-fi-ka-tor), n. [= F. quali-
ficateur = Sp. calificador = Pg. qualifieaaor =
It. qualificatore ; < ML. qualificator, < qualifi-
care, qualify : see qualify.] In Eoman Catholic
ecclesiastical courts, an officer whose business
it is to examine causes and prepare them for
trial.
Qualificatory (kwol'i-fi-ka-to-ri), a. [< NL.
"qualificatorius, < ML. qualificare, qualify: see
(j u/i I ij y.] Of or pertaining to qualification.
[Rare.]
Some teachers urge that we should have no examina-
tions at all, ... others that examinations should be solely
qualificatory. The Academy, Oct. 12, 1889, p. 233.
qualified (kwol'i-fid), p. a. 1. Having a quali-
fication; fitted by accomplishments or endow-
ments ; furnished with legal power or capacity :
as, a person qualified to hold an appointment ;
a qualified elector.
Well qualified and dutiful I know him ;
I took him not for beauty.
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, iii. 2.
He only who is able to stand alone is qualified for society.
Emerson, Fugitive Slave Law.
2. Affected by some degree of negation, limi-
tation, or modification ; modified ; limited ; re-
stricted : as, a qualified statement ; qualified ad-
miration.
The Quaker's loyalty, said the Earl of Errol at Aberdeen,
is a qualified loyalty ; it smells of rebellion.
Bancroft, Hist. U. 8., II. 349.
3. Eecles., noting a person enabled to hold two
benefices — Estate of inheritance qualified. See es-
tate.— Qualified acceptance. See acceptance, 1 (c) (2). —
Qualified fee, Indorsement, oath, property. See the
nouns. = Syn. 1. Competent, Qualified, Fitted, lobe com-
petent is to have the natural abilities or the general train-
ing necessary for any given work ; to be qualified is to have,
in addition to competency, a special training, enabling one
to begin the work effectively and at once. He who is compe-
tent may or may not require time to become qualified; he
who is not competent cannot become qualified, for it is not
in him. Fitted is a genera] word ; he who is fitted by na-
ture, experience, or general training is competent ; he who
is fitted by special preparation is qualified.
qualifiedly (kwol'i-fid-li), adv. In a qualified
manner; with qualification or limitation.
qualifiedness (kwol'i-fid-nes), n. The state of
being qualified or fitted.
qualifier (kwol'i-fi-er), «. [< qualify + -er1.
Cf. qualificator.] One who or that which quali-
fies ; that which modifies, reduces, tempers, or
restrains; specifically, in gram., a word that
qualifies another, as an adjective a noun, or
an adverb a verb, etc.
Your Epitheton or qualifier, whereof we spake before,
. . . because he serues also to alter and enforce the sence,
we will say somewhat more of him.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 158.
Qualifiers of the Holy Office, a body of monks, in the
service of the Inquisition, who examined the evidence in
regard to accused persons, and made reports to the tribu-
nals. Encyc. Brit.
qualify (kwol'i-fi), v.: pret. and pp. qualified,
ppr. qualifying. [< OF. qualifier, callifier, cuali-
ficar, F. qualifier = Sp. calificar = Pg. qv.aU-
ficar = It. qualificare, < ML. qualificare, < L.
qualis, of what kind, + -ficare, < facere, make :
see quality and -fy.] I. trans. 1. To note the
quality or kind of ; express or mark a quality of.
— 2. To impart a certain quality or qualification
to ; fit for any place, office, or occupation ; fur-
nish with the knowledge, skill, or other accom-
plishment necessary for a purpose.
I determined toijuali.fi/ myself for engraving on copper.
Hoyarth, in Thackeray's Eng. Humourists, Hogarth,
[Smollett, and Fielding, note.
Misanthropy is not the temper which qualifies a man to
act in great affairs, or to judge of them.
Macaulay, Hallam's Const Hist
3. Specifically, to make legally capable; fur-
nish with legal power or capacity: as, to quali-
fy a person for exercising the elective franchise.
The first of them, says he, that has a Spaniel by his Side,
is a Yeoman of about an hundred Pounds a Year, an hon-
est Man ; He is Just within the Game Act, and qualified to
kill an Hare or a Pheasant. Addison, Spectator, No. 122.
In 1432 it was ordered that the qualifying freehold should
be within the county. Stubbs, Const. Hist, 8 368.
4. In logic, to modify by the negative particle
or in some similar way. — 5. In gram., to ex-
press some quality as belonging to; modify;
describe : said of an adjective in relation to a
noun, of an adverb in relation to a verb, etc.
— 6. To limit or modify ; restrict ; limit by ex-
ceptions; come near denying: as, to qualify a
statement or an expression ; to qualify the sense
of words or phrases.
Sometimes wordes suffered to go single do glue greater
sence and grace then words quallified by attributions do.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 152.
qualify
7. To moderate; soothe; abate; soften; di-
minish ; assuage : as, to qualify the rigor of a
statute.
I do not seek to quench your love's hot fire,
But qualify the fire's extreme rage.
Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 7. 2-2.
Although the seat of the Town be excessive hot, yet it
is happily Qualified by a North-east gale that bloweth from
sea " * Sandys, Travailes, p. 5.
8. To modify the quality or strength of; make
stronger, dilute, or otherwise fit for taste : as, to
qualify liquors.
I have drunk but one cup to-night, and that was craftily
qualified too. Shut., Othello, ii. 3. 41.
A set of feuars and bonnet lairds who . . . contrived to
drink twopenny, qualified with brandy or whisky.
Scott, St. Kenan's Well, i.
9. To temper ; regulate ; control.
This is the master-piece of a modern politician, how to
quaKfie and mould the sufferance and subjection of the
people to the length of that foot that is to tread on their
necks. Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
It [the bittern] hath no fit larynx or throttle to qualify
the sound. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 27.
10. In Scotch law, to prove; authenticate; con-
firm.
The other [half of the goods forfeited] to be given to
him who delates the recepters and qualifies the same.
Scalding, Hist. Troubles in Scotland, I. 273. (Jandeson.)
If any individual could qualify a wrong, and a damage
arising from it.
Thurlow, quoted in Boswell's Johnson (an. 1776).
= Syn. 2. To prepare, capacitate. See qualified. — 6 and 7.
To reduce.
II. intrans. 1. To take the necessary steps
for rendering one's self capable of holding any
office or enjoying any privilege; establish a
claim or right to exercise any function. — 2. To
take the oath of office before entering upon its
duties. — 3. To make oath to any fact : as, lam
ready to qualify to what I have asserted. [U. S.]
qualitative (kwol'i-ta-tiv), a. [= F. qualitative
= Sp. cualitativo = 'Pg. It. qualitative, < LL.
qualitative, < L. qnalita(t-)s, quality: see qual-
ity.'] Originally, depending upon qualities;
now, non-quantitative; relating to the posses-
sion of qualities without reference to the quan-
tities involved ; stating that some phenomenon
occurs, but without measurement. The word
occurs, according to Dr. Fitzedward Hall, in
Gaule's Uiif-^avria (1652).
After this quantitative mental distinction [between men
and women], which becomes incidentallyyuoKtatn* by tell-
ing most upon the most recent and most complex facul-
ties, there come the qualitative mental distinctions conse-
quent on the relations of men and women to their chil-
dren and to one another.
H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 374.
Qualitative analysis, in chem. See analysis.— Quali-
tative atrophy, degeneration of tissue combined with
atrophy.— Qualitative definition, a definition by means
of accidental qualities.
qualitatively (kwol'i-ta-tiv-li), adv. In a quali-
tative manner; with reference to quality; in
quality.
qualitied (kwol'i-tid), a. [< quality + -«<Z2.]
Disposed as to qualities or faculties ; furnished
with qualities ; endowed.
Besides all this, he was well qualitied.
Chapman, Iliad, xiv. 104.
A dainty hand, and small, to have such power
Of help to dizzy height ; and qualitied
Divinely. Harper's Mag., LXXV1II. 184.
quality (kwol'i-ti), n. ; pi. qualities (-tiz). [<
OF. qualite, F." qualite = Sp. cualidad, calidad
= Pg. qualidade = It. qualitd,, < L. qualita(t-)s,
property, nature, state, quality (Cicero, tr. Gr.
7ro(6ri7f), < qualis, interrog., of what kind, of
what sort; rel., of such a kind, of such sort,
such as, as; indef., having some quality or
other; < quis, fern. abl. qua, who, what: see
who.'] 1. That from which anything can be
said to be such or such ; a character expressi-
ble by an adjective admitting degrees of com-
parison, but not explicitly relative nor quan-
titative : thus, blueness, hardness, agility, and
mirthfulness are qualities. The precise meaning of
the word is governed by its prominence in Aristotelian
philosophy, which formed part of a liberal education till
near the end of the seventeenth century, though the modi-
fled doctrine of Ramus was taught at Cambridge. Aris-
totle makes quality one of his categories, or highest gen-
era, and thereby distinguishes it absolutely from sub-
stance, quantity, and relation, as well as from place, time,
action, passion, habit, and posture. A quality is further
said by Aristotle to be something which has a contrary,
which admits of degree, and which is a respect in which
things agree and also differ. But no writers, not even
Aristotle himself, have strictly observed these distinc-
tions ; and Cicero, much followed by the Ramists, uses
the word quite loosely. Quality has, however, always been
opposed to quantity ; and few writers call the universal at-
tributes of matter or those of mind qualities.
There is somewhat contrarie unto qualitie, as vertue is
contrarie unto vice, wit unto folie, manhode unto coward-
4891
Ise. The thing conteinyng or receivyng any qualitie maie
be saied to receive either more or less. As one man is
thoughte to be wiser then another, not that wisdome it
self is either greater or lesse, but that it maie bee in some
manne more and in some manne lesse. By qualitie things
are compted either like or unlike. Those things are like
whiche are of like qualitie and have proprieties bothe ac-
cordingly. Wilson, Rule of Reason (1551).
Our good or evil estate after death dependeth most upon
the quality of our lives. Booker, Eccles. Polity, v. 46.
Every sin, the oftener it is committed, the more it ac-
qulreth in the quality of evil.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, 1. 42.
Qualities do as well seem to belong to natural bodies
generally considered as place, time, motion, and those
other things. Boyle, Origin of T«rms, Pref.
The power to produce any idea in our mind, I call qual-
ity of the subject wherein that power is.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. viii. 8.
The three qualities which are usually said to distinguish
atom from atom are shape, order, and position.
W. Wallace, Epicureanism, p. 174.
2. One of those characters of a person or thing
which make it good or bad; a moral disposi-
tion or habit. This use of the word, which comes from
Aristotle, was much more common and varied down to
the end of the eighteenth century than now. Good char-
acters were called qualities more often than bad ones.
All the qualities that man
Loves woman for. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5. 168.
You must now speak Sir John Falstaff fair ;
Which swims against your stream of quality.
Shale., 2 Hen. IV., v. 2. 34.
To-night well wander through the streets, and note
The qualities of people. Shak., A. and C., 1. 1. 64.
You never taught me how to handle cards,
To cheat and cozen men with oaths and lies ;
Those are the worldly qualities to live.
Beau, and Fl., Honest Man's Fortune, iv. 1.
You must observe all the rare qualities, humours, and
compliments of a gentleman.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, i. 1.
Thou hast that pretty Quality of the familiar Fops of
the Town, who, in an Eating-House, always keep Company
with all People in 't but those they came with.
Wycherley, Plain Dealer, v. 1.
He is very great, and a very delightful man, and, with a
few bad qualities added to his character, would have acted
a most conspicuous part in life.
Sydney Smith, To Lady Holland.
3. A distinguished and characteristic excel-
lence or superiority : as, this wine has quality.
We find spontaneity, also, in the rhymes of Allingham,
whose ' ' Mary Donnelly " and " The Fairies " have that in-
tuitive grace called quality — a grace which no amount of
artifice can ever hope to produce.
Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 258.
In character the setter should display a great amount
of quality, a term which is difficult of explanation, though
fully appreciated by all experienced sportsmen. It means
a combination of symmetry, as understood by the artist,
with the peculiar attributes of the breed under examina-
tion, as interpreted by the sportsman.
Dogs of Great Britain and America, p. 102.
4. Degree of excellence or fineness; grade: as,
the food was of inferior quality; the finest qual-
ity of cloth. — 5. A title, or designation of rank,
profession, or the like.
When ye will speake gluing euery person or thing be-
sides his proper name a qualitie by way of addition, whe-
ther it be of good or of bad, it is a figuratiue speach of audi-
ble alteration. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 147.
6. Bank; profession; occupation; function;
character sustained.
A man of such perfection
As we do in our quality much want.
Shale., T. G. of V., iv. 1. 58.
I am weary of this trade of fortune-telling, and mean to
give all over when I come Into England ; for it is a very
ticklish quality.
Fletcher (and another), Fair Maid of the Inn, v. 2.
Kneeling is the sinner's posture ; if thou come hither in
the quality of a sinner, . . . put thyself into the posture
of a sinner, kneel. Donne, Sermons, vii.
The saints would often leave their cells,
And stroll about, but hide their quality,
To try good people's hospitality.
Swift, Baucis and Philemon.
A marriage, at the Halifax parish church, between John
Bateman, of Hipperholme, in that parish, and a Margaret
Aldersleye (no address or quality given).
N. and Q., 6th ser., X. 189.
7. Persons of the same calling or fraternity.
[Bare.]
To thy strong bidding task
Ariel and all his quality. Shak., Tempest, i. 2. 193.
8. Nobility or gentry, either abstractly (as,
persons of quality) or concretely (as, the qual-
ity). But the former is obsolescent, the latter
obsolete or now vulgar.
Gentlemen of blood and quality.
Shak., Hen. V., Iv. a 95.
Two or three great silver flagons, made with inscriptions
as gifts of the King to such and such persons of quality
as did stay in town the late great plague, for the keeping
things in order in the town. Pepys, Diary, III. 120.
A nymph of quality admires our knight ;
He marries, bows at Court, and grows polite.
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 385.
quality
9f. Character in respect to dryness or moisture,
heat or cold, these being the elemental qualities
from which it was supposed other properties,
especially those of drugs and the temperaments,
were compounded.
The burning quality
Of that fell poison. Shak., K. John, v. 7. 8.
10f. Cause; occasion: an incorrect use.
My brother Troilus lodges there to-night :
Rouse him and give him note of our approach,
With the whole quality wherefore.
Shak., 1. and C., iv. 1. 44.
11. In logic: (a) The character of a proposi-
tion as affirmative or negative. [This use comes
from Appuleius, a Latin writer of the second
century.]
How is a simple proposition divided according to qual-
itie f Into an affirmative and negative proposition.
Blundeville, Arte of Logicke, HI. i.
(6) The character of apprehension as clear and
distinct or obscure and confused. [This use is
due to Kant.]
In relation to their subject, that is, to the mind itself,
they [concepts] are considered as standing in a higher or
a lower degree of consciousness — they are more or less
clear, more or less distinct ; this ... is called their qual-
ity. Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, viii.
Accidental quality, a quality not distinguishing one
species from another, but such that its subject might lose
it without ceasing to be the same kind of substance. —
Active, alterative, or alterant quality, a quality by
force of which a body acts : thus, heat is an active quality
of fire.— Affective quality. Same as affection, 6.— Cate-
gories of quality. See category.— Contingent quality,
a derivative quality not necessarily Involved in any primi-
dent upon the presence of some unperceived thing, as its
color upon the presence of the luminiferous ether.— Ele-
mental or first quality (tr. Gr. irparri Siaejwpij), one of
the four qualities, hot and cold, moist and dry, which,
according to Aristotle, distinguish the four elements, earth
being dry and somewhat cold, water cold and somewhat
moist, air moist and somewhat hot, fire hot and some-
what dry. Of these qualities, hot and cold are active,
moist and dry passive. The hot segregates different kinds
of substance, the cold brings them together ; the moist
has no definite boundary of its own, but readily receives
one ; the dry has its own boundary, and does not easily re-
ceive another. The effort of the Aristotelians constantly
was to account for the properties of compound bodies by
these first qualities, and this was especially done by phy-
sicians in regard to drugs.— Essential quality, a qual-
ity the essential difference of some species.— Imputed
qualityt. Seeimpute.— Intentional quality, a charac-
ter the predication of which states a fact, but not the true
mode of existence of that fact : thus, it is a fact that the
celestial bodies are accelerated toward one another ; but,
if action at a distance be not admitted, attraction is an
intentional quality.— Logical quality. See def. 10, above.
— Manifest, occult, original qualities. See the adjec-
tives.— Mechanical quality, a quality explicable upon
the principles of mechanics.— Fatible qualityt (tr. Gr.
iroioTij! !r««7|Tm7i\ one thatdirectlyaffectsoneof the senses.
— Predicamental quality, quality in the strict sense, in
which it is oneof the ten predicaments or categories of Aris-
totle.—Primary quality, one of the mathematical char-
acters of bodies, not strictly a quality, and not the object
of any single sense exclusively. Locke enumerates these
as solidity, extension, figure, motion or rest, and number.
— Primitive quality, aquality which cannot be conceived
to be a result of other qualities.— Quality of a sound,
See timbre.— Quality Of estate, in law, the manner in
which the enjoyment of an estate is to be exercised while
the right of enjoyment continues — Real quality, (a)
A quality really existing in a body, and not intentional.
(6) A quality really existing in a body, and not imputed.
— Secondary quality, (a) A patible quality. (b) A de-
rivative quafity.— Secundo- primary quality. » cnar-
acter which in being known as it affects us is ipso facto
known as it exists, as hardness.— Sensible or sensile
quality. Same as patible quality.— Tactile quality,
(a) A quality known by the touch. (b) A patible quality.
— The quality, persons of high rank, collectively. [Now
vulgar.]
I shall appear at the next masquerade dressed up in
my feathers and plumage like an Indian prince, that the
quality may see how pretty they will look in their travel-
ling habits. Addison, Guardian, No. 112.
The quality, as the upper classes in rural districts are
designated by the lower.
Trollope, Barchester Towers, xxxv.
=Syn. 1 and 2. Quality, Property, Attribute, Accident, Char-
acteristic, Character, Affection, Predicate, Mark, Difference,
Diathesis, Determination. Quality is that which makes or
helps to make a person or thing snch as he or it is. It is
not universal, and in one popular sense it implies an ex-
cellence or a defect. In popular speech a quality is intel-
lectual or moral ; in metaphysics it may be also physical.
A property is that which is viewed as peculiarly one's own,
a peculiar quality. An attribute is a high and lofty char-
acter : the attributes of God are natural, as omniscience,
omnipotence, etc., and moral, as holiness, justice, mercy,
etc. "Accident is an abbreviated expression for accidental
or contingent quality." (Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., vi.)
Characteristic is not a term of logic or philosophy ; it stands
for a personal, peculiar, or distinguishing quality : as, yel-
low In skin, horn, milk, etc., is a characteristic of Guernsey
cattle. Characteristics may be mental, moral, or physical.
Character is the most general of these words ; a character
is anything which is true of a subject. In another sense
character (as a collective term) is the sum of the charac-
teristics of a person or thing, especially the moral charac-
teristics. The word always views them as making a unit
quality
or whole, and has lower and higher uses. The other words
are somewhat technical. A/cction is used in various
senses. Predicate and mark are very general words in
logic. Difference is a character distinguishing one class
of objects from others. Diathesis, the corresponding
Greek form, is applied in medicine to peculiarities of con-
stitution. Determination is a more recent philosophical
term denoting a character in general.
It would be felt as indecorous to speak of the qualities
of God, and as ridiculous to speak of the attributes of
matter. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., vi.
Property is correctly a synonym for peculiar quality ; but
it is frequently used as co-extensive with quality in general.
Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., vi.
We have no direct cognizance of what may be called the
substantive existence of the body, only of its accidents.
J. II. Keurman, Parochial Sermons, I. 273.
Affability is a general characteristic of the Egyptians of
all classes. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 261.
To judge human character, a man may sometimes have
very small experience, provided he has a very large heart.
Buliver, What will he Do with it? v. 4.
quality-binding (kwol'j-ti-bm'!'ding), «. A kind
of worsted tape used for binding the borders of
carpets and similar work. Simmonds,
quallet, ». A Middle English form of whale1.
qualm (kwam), n. [Also di&l.calm; < ME. qualm,
quclm, pestilence, death, < AS. ctcealm, death,
slaughter, murder, destruction, plague, pesti-
lence (= OS. qualm, death, destruction, = D.
kwalm, suffocating vapor, smoke, = OHG.
qualm, chwalm, MHG. qualm, twalm, slaughter,
destruction, G. qualm, suffocating vapor, vapor,
steam, damp, smoke, nausea, = Sw. qralm, suf-
focating air, sultriness, = Dan. kvalm, suffocat-
ing air, kvalme, nausea), < cwelan, die, whence
cicellan, cause to die, kill: see quail1, and cf.
qualei and quell.] If. Illness; disease; pesti-
lence; plague.
A thousand slain, and not of quaime ystorve.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1156.
2. A sudden attack of illness ; a turn of faint-
ness or suffering ; a throe or throb of pain.
Some sudden qualm hath struck me at the heart,
And dimm'd mine eyes. Shall., 2 Hen. VI., L 1. 64.
3. Especially, a sudden fit or seizure of sick-
ness at the stomach ; a sensation of nausea.
Falstaf. How now, Mistress Doll I
Hostess. Sick of a calm. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., 11. 4. 40.
For who without a qualm hath ever look'd
On holy garbage, though by Homer cook'd?
Roscommm, Translated Verse.
4. A scruple or twinge of conscience; com-
punction ; uneasiness.
Some seek, when queasy conscience has its qualms,
To lull the painful malady with alms.
Cowper, Charity, 1. 447.
5f. The boding cry of a raven.
As ravenes qualm, or schrychynge of thise owlis.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 382.
qualm (kwam), v. i. [< qualm, n.] 1. To be
sick; suffer from qualms. [Rare.]
Above the rest,
Let Jesse's sov'reign flow'r perfume my qiutlniiii;/ breast.
Quarles, Emblems, v. 2.
2. To cause pain or qualms.
Solicitude discomposes the head, jealousy the heart;
envy qualm* on his bowels, prodigality on his purse.
Gentleman Instructed, p. 660. (Davies.)
qualmiret (kwal'mlr), «. [A var. of quavemire,
appar. simulating quail1, qualm.'] Same as
quagmire.
Whosoeuer seketh it in ani other place, and goeth about
to Bet it out of men's puddels and qualmires, and not out
of the most pure and cleare fountame itselfe.
Bp. Gardiner, True Obedience, fol. 9.
qualmish (kwa'mish), a. [< qualm + -is/A.]
1. Sick at the stomach ; inclined to vomit; af-
fected with nausea or sickly languor.
I am qualmish at the smell of leek.
Shak., Hen. V., v. 1. 22.
2. Uneasy.
Elizabeth was not desirous of peace. She was qualmish
at the very suggestion. Motley, Hist. Netherlands, 1. 521.
qualmishly (kwa'mish-li), adv. In a qualmish
manner.
qualmishness (kwa'mish-nes), re. The state of
being qualmish ; nausea.
quamash (kwa-mash'), «. Same as camass.
quamash-rat (kwa-mash'rat), n. Same as ca-
mass-rat.
quamoclit (kwam'o-klit), n. [Mex.] 1. The
cypress-vine, Ipom&a Quamoclit.— 2. [cap.]
[NL.] A section of the genus Ipomeea, includ-
ing the cypress-vine, formerly regarded as a
genus.
quam proximo (kwam prok'si-me). [L.: qitam,
as ; proxime, most nearly, < proximus, nearest :
see proxime.] As near as may be; nearly.
quandang (kwau'dang), «. [Australian.] A
small Australian tree, Fusanus acuminatus, or
4892
its fruit. The hitter, called native peach, is said to be
almost the only Australian fruit relished by Europeans.
The kernel of the seed (qtuadinff-mit) as well as the pulp
is edible. Also qvatttonfl and quantong.
quandary (kwon'ila-ri or kwon-da'ri), n. ; pi.
quandaries (-riz). [Origin uukuown ; perhaps
a dial, corruption (simulating a word of L.
origin with suffix -ary) of dial, wandreth, evil,
plight, peril, adversity, difficulty : see icaudreth.
The change of initial if- to ir/i- (hw-) occurs in
some dialectal forms, e. g. in ichant, a fre-
quently heard pron. of want (as, I don't whant
it). Medial w often suffers dialectal change to
qu (as in squete for sweet), and instances of the
change of icli- to qu- are numerous (Sc. qmi.
quha, for who, quhar for where, etc.). The no-
tion that quandary comes from F. qu'en dirai-je,
'what shall I say of it,' is-absurd.] A state of
difficulty or perplexity ; a state of uncertainty,
hesitation, or puzzlement ; a pickle ; a predica-
ment.
I leaue you to indge ... In what a quatularie . . . Phar-
icles was brought. Greene, Mamillia.
That much I fear forsaking of my diet
Will bring me presently to that quandary
I shall bid all adieu.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, 1. 1.
We are in a great quandary what to do.
Pepys, Diary, L 245.
quandary (kwon'da-ri or kwon-da'ri), r.; pret.
and pp. quandaried, ppr. quandaryittg. [<
quandary, n.] I. trans. To put into aquandary ;
bring into a state of uncertainty or difficulty.
Methinks I am quandary'd, like one going with a party
,
to discover the enemy's camp, but had lost his guide upon
the mountains. Otway, Soldier's Fortune, ill.
H. intrans. To be in a difficulty or uncertain-
ty; hesitate.
He quandaries whether to go forward to God, or, with
Demas, to turn back to the world.
AVr. T. Adams, Works, I. 506. (Dante*)
quandy (kwan'di), ».; pi. quandies (-diz). [Ori-
gin obscure.] A duck, the oldwife or south-
southerly, Harelda glacialis. See cut under
Harelda. [Massachusetts.]
quannet (kwan'et), n. [Origin obscure.] 1 . A
Kind of file, used especially for scraping zinc
plates for the process denominated anastatic
printing. Ure. — 2. A flat file set in a frame like
a plane, used in the manufacture of combs.
Tortoise-shell handles . . . are smoothed with a float or
single cut file, technically known as a quannet.
0. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 410.
quanon, «. Same as kanun.
quant (kwant), n. [Also quont; < ME. quante,
whantc, a pole, stick, rod ; cf . kent1.] 1 . A walk-
ing-stick. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. A pushing-pole
with a flat board or cap at one end to prevent it
from sinking into the mud, used by bargemen;
also, a jumping-pole, similarly fitted, used in
marshes. The name is also given to the cap.
[Prov. Eng.]
quanta, ». Plural of quantum.
quantativet (kwon'ta-tiv), a. Same as quanti-
tative.
The notions of quantity, and of the two most simple dif-
ferences of qualitative things, rarity and density.
Sir JT. Digby, Treatise of Bodies (1644), iv.
quantic (kwon'tik), n. [< L. quantus, how great,
now much (see quantity), + -ic.] In math., a ra-
tional integral homogeneous function of two or
more variables. Quantics are classified according to
their dimensions, as quadric, cubic, quartic, quintic, etc. , de-
noting quantics of the second, third, fourth, fifth, etc., de-
grees. They are further distinguished as binary, ternary,
quaternary, etc., according as they contain two, three, four,
etc., variables. The word was introduced by Cayley In
1854.— Order of a quantic, the degree of a quantic.—
The equation of a quantic. See equation.
quantical (kwon'ti-kal), a. Relating to quan-
tics.
quantification (kwon"ti-fi-ka'shon), n. [< NL.
as if "quantification-), < *quantificare, quantify:
see quantify.] 1. The act of attaching quan-
tity to anything: as, the quantification of the
predicate. — 2. The act of determining the quan-
tity— Quantification of the predicate, the attaching
of the signs of logical quantity, entry and some, to the predi-
cates of propositions. The resulting prepositional forms,
according to Hamilton, the protagonist of the opinion that
this should be done in formal logic, are : All A is all B ; any
A is not any B; allAissomeB; any A is not some B; some
A is all B ; some A is not any B ; some A is some B ; some
A is not some B. But these forms include but one de-
cidedly useful addition to the usual scheme (all A is all
BX and are systematic only in appearance, as De Morgan
has abundantly shown. The doctrine essentially implies
that the copula should be considered as a sign of identity ;
the usual doctrine makes it a sign of inclusion. Accord-
ing to the most modern school of formal logicians, the
question is not of great importance, but should be de-
cided against the quantification of the predicate. Aristotle
examined and rejected the quantification of the predicate,
quantity
on the ground that Every A is every B can be true only if
A and B are one individual.
The doctrine of the quantijicatwn of the predicate, set
forth in 1827 by Mr. (ieorge Bentham, and again set forth
under a numerical form by Professor De Morgan, is a doc-
trine supplementary to that of Aristotle.
B. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 223.
quantify (kwon'ti-fi), v. t.; pret. and pp. quan-
tified, ppr. quantifying. [< NL. "quantificare,
< L. quaiitiix, how much, how many, + -ficare,
< facere, make: see quantity and -f'y.] To de-
termine the quantity of; modify or determine
with regard to quantity; mark with the sign
of quantity: as, to quantify a syllable or a
verse: more especially a term in logic — Quan-
tified proposition. See proposition.
quantitative (kwon'ti-ta-tiv). a. [= F. quan-
titatif = Pr. quantitatiii = Sp. cuantitutiro =
Pg. It. quantitative, < ML. quantitative (Abe-
lard)^ L. quantita(t-)s, quantity: see quantity.]
Relating or having regard to quantity or mea-
surement.
If the thing may be greater or less, . . . then qntmt;.
tnti'r, notions enter, and the science must be Mathematical
in nature. Jeeons, Pol. Econ., Int., p. 8.
Perhaps the best quantitative verses in our language . . .
are to be found in Mother Goose, composed by nurses
wholly by ear and beating time as they danced the baby
on their knee. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 266.
The logic of probability Is related to ordinary syllogistic
as the quantitative to the qualitative branch of the same
science. C. S. Peirce, Theory of Probable Inference.
Quantitative analysis, in chem. See analysis.— Quan-
titative atrophy. Same as simple atrophy.— Quan-
titative feet, meters. See accentual feet, under accen-
tual—Quantitative geometry. Same as metric geom-
etry (which see, under geometry).— Quantitative logic,
the doctrine of probability.
quantitatively (kwon'ti-ta-tiv-li), adv. In a
quantitative manner; with' regard to quantity.
quantitativeness (kwon'ti-ta-tiv-nes), n. The
state or condition of being quantitative.
In Geology, in Biology, in Psychology, most of the pre-
visions are qualitative only ; and where they are quantita-
tive their qttantitativeness, never quite definite, is mostly
very indefinite. H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 45.
quantitivet (kwon'ti-tiv), a. Same as quanti-
tative. [Rare.]
Compounding and dividing bodies according to quanti-
tiw parts. Sir K. Digby, Man's Soul, ill.
quantitively (kwon'ti-tiv-li), adv. So as to be
measured by quantity ; quantitatively,
quantity (kwon'ti-ti), «. ; pi. quantities (-tiz).
[< ME. quantitee',' quantite,< OF. quantite, F.
quantM = Sp. cantidad = Pg. quantidade = It.
quantita, < L. quantita(t-)s, relative greatness
or extent (tr. Gr. irooirrr/t;), < quantus, how much,
how many, < quam, how, in what manner, <
g«i,who, = E.MiJio: see who, what, how1.] 1. The
being so much in measure or extent; techni-
cally, the intrinsic mode by virtue of which a
thing is more or less than another; a system
of relationship by virtue of which one thing is
said to be more or less than another ; magni-
tude.
Thy zodiak of thin Astralabie is shapen as a compass
wich that contienith a large brede, as aftur the quantite
of thin astralabie. Chaucer, Astrolabe, L 21.
Quantity and number differ only in thought (ratione)
from that which has quantity and is numbered.
Descartes, Prin. of Philos. (tr. by Veitch), ii. § 8.
The science of number is founded on the hypothesis of
the distinctness of things; the science of quantity is
founded on the totally different hypothesis of continuity.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 337.
2. In the concrete, an object regarded as more
or less; a quantum; any amount, magnitude,
or aggregate, in a concrete sense : as, a quan-
tity of water: sometimes erroneously used to
denote that which should be enumerated ra-
ther than measured: as, a quantity of people.
Any perfectly regular system of objects whose relations
are definable in advance, and capable of construction in
the imagination, forms a system of quantity capable of
being dealt with by mathematical reasoning. The quan-
tities of the mathematician, being constructed according
to a definition laid down in advance, are imaginary, and
In that sense abstract ; but as being objects of the imagi-
nation, and not merely of the discursive reason, they are
concrete. Mathematical quantities are either discrete (as
whole numbers) or continuous. They may also be multi-
ple, as vectors.
Thei don rightfulle luggementes in every cause, bothe
of riche and pore, smale and grete, aftre the quantytee of
the trespas that is mys don. MandemUe, Travels, p. 287.
Forty thousand brothers
Could not, with all their quantity of love,
Make up my sum. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1. -283.
There is a farre greater quantity of buildings in this
[Exchange) then in ours. Coryat, Crudities, I. 212.
Where the ground is seen burning continually about
the quantity of an acre. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 19.
Heat, considered with respect to its power of warming
things and changing their state, is a quantity strictly ca-
pable of measurement* and not subject to any variations
in quality or in kind. Clerk Maxwell, Heat, p. 67.
quantity
3. A large or considerable amount.
Warm antiscorbntical plants taken in quantities will oc-
casion stinking breath. Arbuthnot, Aliments, vi. 7, § 2.
4f. A piece or part, especially a small por-
tion ; anything very little or diminutive.
Awav, thou rag, thou quantity, thou remnant.
Shak.,T. of the S., iv. 3. 112.
5f. Proportion ; correspondent degree.
Things base and vile, holding no quantity,
Love can transpose to form and dignity.
Shak., II. N. D., i. 1. 232.
6. In anc. orthoepy, pros., and metrics, the rela-
tive time occupied in uttering a vowel or a syl-
lable ; that characteristic of a vowel or a syllable
by which it is distinguished as long or short ;
syllabic measure or time ; prosodic length. In
ancient Greek and Latin pronunciation a long vowel or
syllable occupied nearly, or in deliberate enunciation
fully, twice the time of a short vowel or syllable, and the
grammarians accordingly assumed the average short vowel
or syllable as the prosodic unit (mora), and taught that a
long vowel or syllable was equal to two short ones. Some
vowels or syllables varied in time between these two lim-
its and were called common, admitting of metrical use as
either longs or shorts. In certain situations (elision, ec-
thlipsis) vowels were much shorter in pronunciation than
the average short, and, although audible, were disregarded
in metrical measurement. A syllable was long either by
nature or by position (see long*, a., 5 (a)). In the English
pronunciation of Latin and Greek, quantity in the proper
sense is entirely disregarded, except in so far as the length
of the penult affects the accent according to the Latin
rule ; and English writers use the phrase false quantity
for a false accentuation. Thus, to pronounce vec-tl'gal
mc'ti-gal is called a "false quantity," but to pronounce the
a alike in pater and mater is not so designated.
All composed in a metre for Catullus,
All in quantity, careful of my motion.
Tennyson, Experiments, Ilendecasyllabics.
7. In logic, that respect in which universal
and particular propositions differ. See prop-
osition, smtllogical quantity, \)Q]OV?, — 8. \\idect.,
the amount of electricity which passes through
any section of a circuit in a unit of time:
more exactly termed the strength of tJie cur-
rent. A battery is arranged for quantity when the pos-
itive poles of all the cells are connected and all the
negative poles are connected, so that the current is
the maximum when the external resistance is small.
—Absolute quantity, quantity considered as belong-
ing to an object in itself, without reference to any other.—
Auxiliary quantity. See auxiliary.— Broken quan-
tity, discrete quantity.— Categorical quantity!, that
accident which has parts outside of one another ; the
quantity of which Aristotle treats in his book of the Cate-
gories.—Categories of quantity. See category, 1.—
Commensurable quantities, quantities having a com-
mon measure.— Complex quantity, a multiple quantity,
or one which requires two or more numbers to state it ;
especially, an imaginary quantity of the form A + Bi,
where i' = — 1. — Compound quantity. See compoundi.
—Constant quantities, in math., a quantity which re-
mains invariably the same while others increase or de-
crease ; a quantity which, though it may be indetermi-
nate, is not studied in reference to its progressive varia-
tion.—Continuous or continued quantity, a system
of concatenated quantity which includes the limit of
every convergent series of quantities it contains. See
continuity, 2.— Corporeal quantity, quantity of space
or spatial extension, as length, area, volume, etc.—
Definite quantity, in logic, the quantification of a
proposition in a more definite way than by the distinc-
tion of "some" and "all." There are various systems of
definite quantity.— Dimensive quantity. Same as cor-
poreal quantity.— Discrete quantity, quantity proceed-
ing by discrete steps, belonging to a system such that
its quantities are susceptible of being connected, one to
one, with the whole or a part of the series of whole num-
bers. The system of ordinal numbers is the most famil-
iar example of discrete quantity ; another example is the
system of ordinary vulgar fractions. — Dissimilar quan-
tities, quantities such that no one is a real multiple of
another. — Dual quantity, a system of quantity having
only two values in any one direction, as in the Boolian
algebra.— Elliptic quantity, a system of quantity (as
the quantity of angles) in which there are no real infinite
distances, but in which any quantity on being sufficient-
ly increased returns into itself : so called because the
ellipse has no real point at infinity.— Extensive quan-
tity. See extensive. — External or extrinsic quan-
tity. See external.— Flowing quantity. See flouring.
— Heterogeneous quantities. See heterogeneous.—
Hyperbolic quantity, a system of quantity containing
such quantities that there are, in some directions at least,
two dilferentabsolutelimits, generally +ao and — oo. Thus,
if it were the property of a yardstick to shorten on reced-
ing from a fixed center, this might happen according to
such a law that no finite number of layings down of the
yardstick could carry the measurement beyond two limits
in every, or in some, directions. Points lying beyond these,
if such there were, would be at imaginary distances. Such
measurement would make a system of hyperbolic quan-
tity. — Imaginary quantity. See imaginary. — Impos-
sible quantity. Same as imaginary quantity.— Im-
nper quantity. Same as intensive quantity. Reid
oes improper quantity as that which cannot be mea-
sured by its own kind — that is, everything not extension,
duration, number, nor proportion.— Incommensurable
quantities. See incommensurable. — Indeterminate
quantity. See indeterminate.— Inference of trans-
posed quantity. See inference.— Infinite quantity,
a quantity infinitely greater than every measurable quan-
tity. See infinite.— Infinitesimal quantity, a quantity
infinitely less than every measurable quantity. See in-
finitesimal, n.— Intensive quantity. See intensive.—
4803
quar
tor quantity, the quantity which belongs to a right line
considered as having direction as well as length, but which
is equal fur all parallel lines of equal length; any quantity
capable of representation by a directed right line, without
considering its position in space; a quantity whose square
isa negative scalar. - Virtual quantity. Same as i«<«n-
siee quantity.
Internal quantity. See internal.— Intrinsic quan-
tity, the older name of intensive quantity.— Irrational
quantity, a quantity not expressible by any whole num-
ber or fraction, but usually by means of a square or higher
root of a rational quantity; in Euclid, however, by an ir-
rational quantity is meant one incommensurable with
the unit of the same kind. In this phrase, irrational nee quantity.
[tr. Gr. oAoyo«] means 'inexpressible'; it does not mean quantity-Culture (kwon'tj-tl-kul'tur), «. See
'absurd,' though these quantities are called surds. — Like the quotation.
Quantities uuantities one of which multiplied by a
sc'iHr iiii-intity gives the other — Limited quantity a Quantity-culture . . . means a culture, whether pure or
system of quantities all finite,' and having an absolute not, where a great quantity or bulk of bacteria are grow-
maximum and minimum In every direction.- Logical Ing- H«eppe, Bacteriological Investigations (trans.), p. 5.
See/iwe2.
quan-
tiie'term^s'predicabie of all the subjects of which another er or value of an atom as compared with that
is predicable, and of more besides ; or a relative character of t]le hydrogen atom, which is taken as the
?pptf«butthlh?SS to wMdf^o^ru" ^SSfiSl ui.it of measure : same as valence. Also called
(b) Quantity of comprehension or intension, or logical depth, (llontii'i ///.
a relative character of a term such that when it is in ex- nuantivalency (kwon- tiv'a-len -si), n. [As
cess the term has all the predicates of another term, and „„„„<,•„,,/.,,,,.,, /aPB _/>,A n Samp a<< minntiiin-
more besides ; or a relative character of a proposition such f">
that when it is in excess the proposition is followed by all fence.
the consequents of another proposition, and more besides, quantivalent (kwon-tiv a-lent), a. [< L. quan-
(c) Quantity of science (Aquinas) or of information, a rela- /„» how much, how many (see quantity), + na-
tive character of a concept such that when it is in ex- /„„/'/ \0 »,«,, rtf (•////•*•/• "ho «trmi(y SPP, nnJitittt 1
cess it has all the subjects and predicates of another con- ten(t-)8, ppl. 0* va.
cept, and more besides, owing to its being in a mind which Chemically equivalent ; having the same satu-
has more knowledge. Logical quantity is to be distin- rating or combining power — Quantivalent ratio.
guished from the quantity of a proposition.— Mathemati- Same as oxygen ratio (which see. under ratio).
cal quantities. See mathematical.— Measurable quan- rmantoid(kwon'toid), n. [ A.squant(ic) + -oid.~\
tity, a system of quantities every one of which can he •*„,, . ,. ,, i ; lp „« „ i;,lfior differential eo.ua-
staled to any desired degree of approximation by the sums J™ l«t-hand side Ot a linear a
of numerical multiples and submultiples of a finite num- tion whereof the right-hand side is zero.
her of units ; a system of quantities embracing only finite quantong, «. Same as quandang.
-Natural quantity, quantity in a sense more concrete concrete quantity,
than the mathematical ; quantity as joined to sensible The objects of outer sense are all quanta, in so far as they
matter as when we speak of two different but equal quan- J £ , , are tne Ogjecta of inner 8ense in
titles of water or lead.-Negative quantity, a fictitious m ™P>^ g^J occunv time
quantity in mathematics, in most cases inconceivable, but
never involving any logical contradiction in itself, sup-
posed to belong to a line of quantity continuing the line
of ordinary or positive quantity below zero for an infinite
distance. In many cases a negative quantity has an inter-
pretation : thus, the negative of a dollar owned is a dollar
owed, the negative of a temperature above zero is the same
degree of temperature below zero, etc.— Numeral quan-
tity, number.— Parabolic quantity, a quantity belong-
ing to such a system of quantity that on increasing through
infinity it immediately reappears on the negative side of
zero. Such are Cartesian coordinates in ordinary geome-
try.—Permanent quantity. See permanent.— Physi-
cal quantity, any character in nature susceptible of more
so far as they occupy time.
K. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 411.
never involving any louicui uuiiLrauiutiuii in HUGH, oup- „ • >
posed to belong to a line of quantity continuing [the line 2. A prescribed, proper, or sufficient amount.
In judging the quantum of the church's portion, the
world thinks every thing too much.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), L 78.
Quantum meruit, as much as one has merited or de-
served ; the measure of recovery in law for services the
price of which was not fixed by contract.— Quantum suf-
ficit, as much as is sufllcient. Abbreviated q. s., or quant,
mff.— Quantum valebat, as much as it was worth ; the
measure of recovery in law for goods sold when no price
was fixed by the contract.
or less, such'as velocity, atomic weight, elasticity, heat, quantuplicityt (kwon-tu-plis'i-ti). n. [Irreg.
electric strength of current, etc.— Positive quantity, (after duplicity, tripUcity, etc.) < * quantuplex, <
See poM'Kwe.-Predicamental quantity. See prcdica- L quantus, how much, + plicare, fold.] Same
mental.— Proper quantity. Same as extensive quantity. ; ;*,'•,"' Wnlli»
-Prepositional quantity, the quantity of a proposition us qitomy. naiin>. ,.,,,„
in logic. See logical quantity, above.— Protensive quan- quap1, quop1 (kwop), V. i. [< ME. quappen =
tity, duration in time.— Quantity of action, the line- Norw. ATe;ij)a (pret.fa'app,kvopp), shake, quake,
integral of the momentum. — Quantity Of an eclipse. vri^V* nViti tn /»M//JV> nunner HPIIPP latprm/flfi
See E3p«.-<Jaanttty Of curvature, the reciprocal of ' «*U np«w TCnil '
the radius of curvature.- Quantity of electricity, in quobl, q. v.] Same as OttaW. [Prov. Eng.]
electrostatics, the amount of electricity upon a charged quap2t, n. Same as quab*, 2.
body. It depends upon the capacity of the body, which, Q . R . fl h n d ( ouop-flsh, ed. 1611],
in the case of a sphere, is proportional to the radius (see w^"'h!/^ iSBm to man and man to him Florio 1598
capacity), and upon the potential of the electricity. It is wlllcn ls Polf ™°' ™™-
numerically equal to tfie product of these two factors, quaquaversal (kwa-kwa-ver sal), a. . JNL.
magnetism, the strength of a magnetic pole ; the force
it exerts upon an equal pole at the unit distance.— Quan-
tity Of matter, the mass, as measured by weighing in a
balance. — Quantity of motion. See motion.— Quesitive
quantity, quantity expressed by an interrogative. numeral.
multiplied by the unit of the same kind ; in Euclid, a com
mensurable quantity.— Real quantity, that kind of quan-
tity which extends from zero to infinity, and from infinity
through the whole series of negative values to zero again.
—Reciprocal of a quantity. See reciprocal.— Recip-
rocal quantities. See reciprocal— Scalar quanti-
ty, the ratio between two quantities of the same kind ;
a real number. This is the definition of Hamilton, but quaquaVerSUS (kwa-kwa-ver sus), a
in all directions from a central point or area:
used chiefly in geology, as in the phrase qua-
quaversal dip, a dipping in all directions from a
central area.
quaquaversally (kwa-kwa-ver'sal-i), adv. In
a quaquaversal manner ; in all directions from
a central point or area.
The outer walls are stony ridges rising from 470 to 610
feet above sea-level, and declining quaquaversally to the
fertile plateau which, averaging 400 feet high, forms the
body of the island. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 685.
Same
subsequent writers sometimes include imaginaries among as nuaquaversal. lircwster, Phil. Trans., 1852.
scalars.— Semi-inflnite quantity, a system of quantity 479
which is limited at one end and extends to infinity in the *' ~l A . -,
other.— Similar quantities, quantities of the same quaqumert, »• A torm or quamver.
kind whose ratios are numbers.— Sophistic quantity, There Is a little fish in the form of a scorpion, and of the
an imaginary quantity. — Superinfinite quantity, a 8jze Of the fish quaquiner [tr. L. aranei piscis].
system of quantity which extends through infinity into ^ Bailey, tr. of Erasmus's Colloq., p. 393. (Damee.)
a new region. Hyperbolic quantity is a special kind of . _ _
superinflnite quantity in which there are only two re- quar1!, »• [< ME. quar, quarre, etc. : see quar-
gions.— Syncategorematic quantity, quantity as ex- n/1.] An obsolete form of quarry*.
pressed by a Syncategorematic word, or generally by any
word not a noun.— Terminal quantity, in logic, the
quantity of a term, as opposed to the quantity of a proposi-
tion.—Transcendental quantity, intensive quantity as
opposed to predicamental quantity : so called because dif-
ferent from the quan tity treated by Aristotle under the cate-
gory of quantity.— Transposed quantity, logical quan- Of Machiavel
tity transposed from one subject in the premise to another ^g wj,oie citie [Paris], together with the suburbes, is
in the conclusion.— Unidimensional quantity, a sys- situate upoll a mane of free stone,
tern of quantities all of the same kind, otherwise called Coryat, Crudities, I. 27.
simple quantity.— Unlike quantities, quantities which , . .
have not a numerical ratio between diem.-Unlimited qUarM, V. t. [< qtiafl, H.J To block up.
quantity, a system of quantities such that, any two A and But gg a miller, having ground his grist,
B being given, a third C exists such that B lies between A Lets down the flood-gates with a speedy fall,
and C ; a system of quantity which has no absolute maxi- An(| quarring up the passage therewithal,
mum nor minimum in anydirection. — Unreal quantity, w. Brou-ne, Britannia's Pastorals.
an imaginary quantity.— Variable quantity, a quantity „
whose progressive changes are under consideration.-Vec- QUar-t, »• An obsolete form of quarry*.
When temples lye like batter'd quarrs,
Rich in their ruin'd sepulchers.
P. Fletcher, Poems, p. 136. (Halliwell.)
A chrysolite, a gem, the very agate
Of state and policy, cut from the quar
l. B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, i. 1.
quar
When the Falcon (stooping thunder-like)
With sudden souse her [a duck] to the ground shall
strike,
And, with the stroak, make on the sense-less ground
The gut-less Quar once, twice, or thrice rebound.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Lawe.
quar3 (kwiir), v. i. [Origin uncertain.] To
coagulate: said of milk in the female breast.
HaWwell. [Prov. Eng.]
[Garden mint] is very good to be applied to the breastes
that are stretched forth and swollen and full of milke, for
It slaketh and softeneth the same, and keepeth the mylke
from quarring and crudding in the brest
Lyte, Dodoens, p. 246 (quoted in Cath. Aug., p. 84).
quarantinable (kwor'an-ten-a-bl), a. [< quar-
antine + -able.] Admitting of quarantine;
amenable to or controlled by quarantine.
quarantine (kwor'an-ten), n. [Formerly also
i/iinrantain, quarantaine, also carentane (Lent) ;
= D. quarantaine, karanteine = G. quarantine
= Sw. karantdn = Dan. karantane (< F.) = Sp.
cuarentena = Pg. quarentena = Pr. quarantena,
carantena, <OF. quarantaine, quarentaine, qua-
rantine, F. quarantaine = Turk, karantina, <
It. quarantina, quarcntina, quarantana, qua-
rentana, a number of forty, a period of forty
days, esp. such a period of forty days, more
or less, for the detention and observation of
goods and persons suspected of infection, <
ML. quarantena, quarenlena (after Kom.), a pe-
riod of forty days, Lent, quarantine, also a
measure of forty rods (see quarentene), < L.
quadragin ta ( > It. quaranta = F. quarante) , forty,
= 'E.forty: see forty.'] 1. Aperiodof fortydays.
Specifically — (a) The season of tent (6) In law, a period
of forty days during which the widow of a man dying
seized of land at common law may remain in her husband's
chief mansion-house, and during which time her dower
is to be assigned. (<•> See def. 2.
2. A term, originally of forty days, but now of
varying length according to the exigencies of
the case, during which a ship arriving in port
and known or suspected to be infected with a
malignant contagious disease is obliged to for-
bear all intercourse with the place where she
arrives. The United States first adopted a quarantine
law in February, 1799. This law required federal officers
to assist in executing State or municipal quarantine regu-
lations. On April 29th, 1878, a national quarantine law
was enacted, authorizing the establishment in certain con-
tingencies of national quarantines.
To perform their quarantine (for thirty days, as Sir Rd.
Browne expressed it in the order of the Council, contrary
to the import of the word, though in the general accepta-
tion it signifies now the thing, not the time spent in do-
ing it). Pepyt, Diary, Nov. 26, 1663.
We came into the port of Argostoli on the twenty-sec-
ond, and went to the town ; I desired to be ashoar as one
performing quarantain.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 179.
3. The enforced isolation of individuals and
certain objects coming, whether by sea or by
land, from a place where dangerous communi-
cable disease is presumably or actually present,
with a view to limiting the spread of the mal-
ady. Quain. — 4. Hence, by extension : (a) The
isolation of any person suffering or convales-
cing from acute contagious disease. [Colloq.]
(6) The isolation of a dwelling or of a town or
district in which a contagious disease exists.
It was ... a relief when neighbours no longer consid-
ered the house in quarantine [after typhus].
George Eliot, Mlddlemarch, xxvii.
5. A place or station where quarantine is en-
forced.
He happened to mention that he had been three years
In Quarantine, keeping watch over infected travellers.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 26.
6. The restriction within limits awarded to na-
val cadets as a punishment. [IT. S.] — Quarantine
flag, a yellow flag displayed by a ship, to indicate that she
has been placed in quarantine or that there is contagious
disease on board.— Quarantine of observation. See
the quotation.
A quarantine of observation, which is usually for six or
three days, and is imposed on vessels with clean bills, may
be performed at any port. Encyc. Brit., XX. 164.
Shot-gun quarantine, forcible quarantine not duly au-
thorized by law. [U.S.]
quarantine (kwor'an-ten), v. t.; pret. and pp.
quarantined, ppr. quarantining. [< quarantine,
«.] 1. To put under quarantine, in any sense
of that word. — 2. Figuratively, to isolate, as
by authority.
The business of these [ministers] is with human nature,
and from exactly that are they quarantined for years.
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 13.
quaret, ». An obsolete form of quire1.
quare impedit (kwa're im'pe-dit). [So called
from the L. words quare impedit. contained in
the writ: L. quare, why (orig. two words, qua
re, for what cause: qua, abl.'fem. of quis, who,
what; re, abl. of res, thing, cause); impedit,
4894
3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of impedire, hinder, im-
pede: see impede."] In Eng. law, the writ (re-
quiring defendant to show why he hindered
plaintiff) used to try a right of presentation to
a benefice.
quarelt, »• See quarrel1, quarrel2, quarrel3.
quarelett, n. An obsolete form of quarrelet.
quarellet, ». An obsolete form of quarrel1.
quarentenet, ». [< ML. quarentena (sc. terrte),
a furlong, an area of forty rods: see quaran-
tine.'} A square furlong. Pearson, Historical
Maps of Eng., p. 51.
quarert, "• Same as quarry'*.
quariert, n. See quarrier^.
quark (kwark), n. [Imitative; cf . quawk.] Same
as qumrl:.
quarl1 (kwarl), v. A dialectal form of quarrel1.
quarl2 (kwarl), n. [Prob. a contr. form of quar-
rel'l (applied, as square is often applied, to an
object of different shape).] In brickmaking, a
piece of fire-clay in the shape of a segment of a
circle or similar form: it is used in construct-
ing arches for melting-pots, covers for retorts,
and the like.
The erection of nine six-ton pots requires 15,000 com-
mon bricks, 10,000 fire-bricks, 160 feet of quartet, 80 fire-
clay blocks, and 5 tons of fire-clay. /'/•••, Diet., III. 67.
The cover [of a retort] is usually formed of segments of
stoneware, or fireclay quarts, bound together with iron.
Sputa' Encyc. ilanuf., I. 156.
quarl3 (kwiirl), n. [Origin obscure.] A me-
dusa or jellyfish.
Some on the stony star-fish ride, . . .
And some on the jellied quarl, that flings
At once a thousand streamy stings.
J. R. Drake, Culprit Fay, 8t. 13.
quar-mant, ». A quarryman.
The sturdy Quar-man with steel-headed Cones
And massie Sledges slenteth out the stones.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii. . The Magnificence.
quaroft, adv. An obsolete dialectal form of
whereof'. Balliwell.
quar-pitt. n. A stone-pit; a quarry. Wlialley.
[West of Eng.]
quarrt, »• and v. See quar1.
quarret, a. A Middle English form of quarry1.
quarrel1 (kwor'el), n. [Early mod. E. also quarel,
querel; < ME. quarel, quarell, quarelle, querel,
querele, < OF. querele, F. quereUe = 'Pr. qttercla,
querella = Sp. querella = Pg. querela = It. qite-
rela, < L. querela, a complaining, a complaint,
< queri, pp. questus, complain, lament. Cf.
querent1, querimony, querulous, etc., from the
same source.] If. A complaint; a lament;
lamentation.
Whennes comyn elles alle thyse foreyne Complayntes or
quereles of pletynges? Chaucer, Boethius, fit. prose 3.
Thou lyf, thou luste, thou mannis hele,
Biholde my cause and my querele!
Gower, MS. Soc. Antiq. 134, t. 39. (Halliinll.)
As his frendes wepte for hym lyenge on the byere they
sayd with swete and deevoute querettet, which suffred her
devoute seruant to deye without confession and penaunce.
Golden Legend, quoted in Prompt. Parv., p. 419.
If I shulde here answere to all these yuerels particularly
and as the woorthynesse of the thynge requireth, I myght
fynde matter sufficient to make a volume of iuste quanti-
tie, and perhappes be tedious to sunime.
R. Eden (First Books on America, ed. Arber, p. 53).
2. An accusation; in law, a complaint; an ac-
tion, real or personal.
The wars were scarce begun but he, in fear
Of quarrels 'gainst his life, fled from his country.
lleau. and Fl., Laws of Candy, i. 1.
3. Cause, occasion, or motive of complaint,
objection, dispute, contention, or debate ; the
basis or ground of being at variance with
another; hence, the cause or side of a certain
party at variance with another.
My quarell is growndid vppon right,
Which gevith me corage for to fight
Generydei (E. E. T. 8.), L 3210.
Mi-thinks I could not die anywhere so contented as in
the King's company ; his cause being just and \i\squarrel
honourable. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1. 133.
Herodias had a quarrel against him.
Mark vi. 19.
He thought he had a good quarrel to attack him.
Hotinshed.
Rejoice and be merry in the Lord ; be stout in his cause
and quarrel.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 249.
What is your quarrel to "shallops " ?
Gray, Letters, I. 301.
4f. Cause in general ; reason ; plea ; ground.
I undyrstand that Mastre Fytzwater hathe a syster, a
mayd, to mary ; . . . ye may tellehym.synsehe wyll have
my servyse, . . . syche a bargayn myght be mad ; . . . for
then he shold be swer that I shold not be flyttyng, and I
had syche a qwarell to kepe me at home.
Ponton Letters, III. 164.
quarrel
Wives are young men's mistresses, companions for mid-
die age, and old men's nurses, so as a man may have a
quarrel to marry when he will.
Bacon, Marriage and Single Life (ed. 1887).
5. Altercation ; an altercation ; an angry dis-
pute ; a wrangle ; a brawl.
If I can fasten but one cup upon him,
With that which he hath drunk to night already,
He'll be as full of quarrel and offence
As my young mistress' dog. Shak., Othello, ii. 3. 52,
If upon a sudden quarrel two persons fight, and one of
them kills the other, this is manslaughter.
Blackstone, Com., IV. xiv.
6. A breach of friendshiporconcord; open vari-
ance between parties ; a feud.
England was, from the force of mere dynastic causes,
dragged into the quarrel. Freeman, Norman Conq., V. 63.
The Persian Ambassador has had a quarrel with the
court Greville, Memoirs, June 25, 1819.
7t. A quarreler. [Rare.]
Though 't [pomp] be temporal,
Yet if that quarrel, fortune, do divorce
It from the bearer, 'tis a sufferance panging.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 3. 14.
Double quarrel, eeeles., a complaint of a clerk to the arch-
bishop against an Inferior ordinary, for delay of justice.
No double quarrel shall hereafter be granted out of any
of the archbishop's courts at the suit of any minister who-
soever, except he shall first take his personal oath that
the said eight-and-twenty days at the least are expired,
etc. 95(A Canon of the Church of England (1603).
To pick a quarrel. See picki.— To take up a quarrelt,
to compose or adjust a quarrel ; settle a dispute.
I knew when seven justices could not take up a quarrel,
but when the parties were met themselves, one of them
thought but of an If, ... and they shook hands.
Shak., As you Like it, v. 4. 104.
= Syn. B and 6. Quarrel, Altercation, Affray, Fray, Melee,
Brawl, Broil, Scujfte, Wrangle, Squabble, Feud. A quarrel
is a matter of 111 feeling and hard words in view of sup-
posed wrong: it stops just short of blows; any use beyond
this is now figurative. A Itercation is the spoken part of a
quarrel, the parties speaking alternately. An altercation
is thus a quarrelsome dispute between two persons or two
sides. A fray and fray express a quarrel that has come to
blows In a public place : they are often used of the strug-
gles of war, implying personal activity. M(lee emphasizes
the confusion in which those engaged in an affray or strug-
gle are mingled. Brawl emphasizes the unbecoming char-
acter and noisiness of the quarrel ; while broil adds the idea
of entanglement, perhaps with several : two are enough
for a braui ; at least three are needed for a broU : as, a brawl
with a neighbor ; a neighborhood broil. A scuffle is, in this
connection, a confused or undignified struggle, at close
quarters, between two, to throw each other down, or a
similar struggle of many. A wrangle is a severe, unrea-
soning, and noisy, perhaps confused, altercation. A squab-
bit is a petty wrangle, but is even less dignified or irration-
al. A feud is a deeply rooted animosity between two sets
of kindred, two parties, or possibly two persons. See nnt-
mosity.
quarrel1 (kwor'el), v.; pret. and pp. quarreled
or quarrelled, ppr. quarreling or quarrelling.
[Early mod. E. also quarel, querel; s OF. quere-
ler, quereller, complain, complain of. accuse,
sue, claim, F. quereller, quarrel with, scold,
refl. have a quarrel, quarrel, = Pr. querelhar =
Sp. querellar, complain, lament, bewail, com-
plain of, = Pg. querelar, complain, = It. quere-
lare, complain of, accuse, indict, refl. complain,
lament, < L. querelari, make a complaint, ML.
querelare, complain, complain of, accuse, < L.
querela, complaint, quarrel: see quarrel1, n.~\
1. intrans. 1. To find cause of complaint ; find
fault; cavil.
There are many which affirme that they haue sayled
rownd abowt Cuba. But whether it bee so or not, or
whether, enuyinge the good fortune of this man, they seeke
occasions of querelinge ageynste hym, I can not iudge.
R. Eden, tr. of Peter Martyr (First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 90).
I would not quarrel with a slight mistake.
Roscommon, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry.
Viator. I hope we have no more of these Alps to pass
over.
Piscator. No, no, Sir, only this ascent before you, which
you see is not very uneasy, and then you will no more
quarrel with your way. Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 232.
All are prone to quarrel
With fate, when worms destroy their gourd,
Or mildew spoils their laurel.
F. Locker, The Jester's Moral.
2. To dispute angrily or violently; contend;
squabble.
Not only, sir, this your all-licensed fool,
But other of your insolent retinue
Do hourly carp and quarrel. Shak., Lear, i. 4. 222.
And Jealousy, and Fear, and Wrath, and War
Quarrel'd, although in heaven, about their place.
J. Beaumont. Psyche, i. 105.
If we grumbled a little now and then, it was soon over,
for we were never fond enough to quarrel.
Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 3.
3t. To disagree ; be incongruous or incompati-
ble ; fail to be in accordance, in form or essence
Some defect in her
Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed,
And put it to the foil. Shak., Tempest, iii. 1. 45.
quarrel
Some things arise of strange and quarrelling kind,
The forepart lion, and a snake behind.
Cowley, Davideis, ii.
To quarrel with one's bread and butter, to fall out
with, or pursue a course prejudicial to, one's own material
Interests or means of subsistence. = Syn. 2, To jangle,
bicker, spar.
II. fntiiK. 1. To find fault with; challenge;
reprove, as a fault, error, and the like. [Scotch.]
Say on, my bonny boy,
Ye'se nae be quarrell'd by me.
Young Akin (Child's Ballads, 1. 181).
2f. To disagree or contend with.
They [Pharisees) envied the work in the substance, but
they quarrel the circumstance. Donne, Sermons, xviii.
Fitz. You will not slight me, madam ?
Wit. Nor you'll not quarrel me?
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, iv. 3.
3. To affect, by quarreling, in a manner indi-
cated by a word or words connected: as, to
quarrel a man out of his estate or rights.
quarrel2 (kwor'el), n. [< ME. quarel, < OF.
quarrel, quarel, carrel, later quarreau, F. car-
reau = Pr. cairel = Sp. cuadrillo, a small
square, = It. qtiadretlo, a square tile, a dia-
mond, a crossbow-bolt, < ML. quadrellus, a
square tile, a crossbow-bolt, dim. of L. quad-
rum, a square: see quadrum.] 1. A small
square, or lozenge, or diamond; a tile or pane
of a square or lozenge
form. SpccincaUy-(<i)Asmall
tile or paving-stone of square
or lozenge form. (6) A small
lozenge-shaped pane of glass,
or a square pane set diagonally,
used in glazing a window, es-
pecially in the latticed window-
frames formerly used in Eng-
land and elsewhere.
And let your skynner cut both
yesortesoftheskynnesinsmale
peces triangle wyse, lyke half e a
miarell of a glasse wyndowe.
Babees Book(E. E. T. S.), p. 247.
We are right Cornish diamonds.
Trim. Yes, we cut
Out quarrels and break glasses
Quarrels of Window. — The
form illustrated is the "short
1 "and Rowley, Fair fhTpane measuring ff^ig'.0'
[Quarrel, ii. 2.
2. A bolt or arrow having a square or four-
edged head, especially a cross-
bow-bolt of such form.
I sigh [saw) yet arwis reyne,
And grounde quarels sharpe of steele.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1823.
Schot sore alle y-vere ;
Quarels, arwes, they fly smerte ;
The fyched Men thruj heed & herte.
Arthur (ed. Furnivall), L 461.
A seruaunt . . . was found shooting a
quarrell of a crossebow with a letter.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 87.
Here be two arblasts, comrades, with
windlaces and quarrels — to the barbican
with you, and see you drive each bolt
through a Saxon brain !
Scott, Ivanhoe, xxviii.
3. An instrument with a head
shaped like that of the Crossbow-
Quarrel, 2. bolt, (a) A glaziers' diamond, (b) A kind
of graver, (c) A stone-masons' chisel.
quarrel'^ (kwor'el), n. [Early mod. E. also quar-
rell, quarel; < ME. quarelle, querelle, a quarry, a
var. of quarrer, < OF. quarrere, a quarry: see
quarry2.] A quarry where stone is cut. Cath.
Ang., p. 296.
quarreler, quarreller (kwor'el-er), n. [< ME.
querelour, < OF. querelour, quereleur, F. querel-
leur, < quereler, quarrel : see quarrel*, v.] One
who quarrels, wrangles, or fights.
Quenche, fals querelour, the quene of heven the will quite !
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 66.
Besides that he 's a fool, he 's a great quarreller.
Shak., T. N.,1.3. 31.
quarrelet (kwor'el-et), ». [< quarrel2 + -et.]
A small square or diamond-shaped piece; a
small lozenge.
Some ask'd how pearls did grow and where?
Then spoke I to my girle
To part her lips, and shew'd them there
The quarelets of pearl.
Ilrrrick, The Rock of Rubies and Quarrie of Pearls.
quarreller, n. See quarreler.
quarreloust, quarrelloust (kwor 'el -us), a.
[Also quarellous; < ME. "querelous, < OF. quere-
los, quereleux, F. querelleux, < querele, quarrel :
see quarrel*.] Apt or disposed to quarrel;
petulant; easily provoked to enmity or con-
tention ; of things, causing or proceeding from
quarreling.
Neither angry without cause, neither quarellous without
colour. Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 145.
4895
As quarrelous as the weasel.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 4. 162.
And who can tell what huge outrages might amount of
such quarrelous and tumultuous causes ?
Q. Harvey, Foure Letters, ii.
quarrel-pane (kwor'el-pan), ». Same as qiinr-
reP, 1 (6).
Roland Greeme hath . . . broke a quarrel-pane of glass
in the turret window. Scott, Abbot, xxxiv.
quarrel-picker (kwor'el-pik'/er), n. 1. One
who picks quarrels ; one who is quarrelsome.
[Rare.] — 2. A glazier: with punning allusion
to quarrel2, n., 3 (a).
quarrelsome (kwor' el-sum), a. [< quarrel +
-some.] Apt to quarrel ; given to brawls and
contention; inclined to petty fighting; easily
irritated or provoked to contest; irascible;
choleric; petulant; also, proceeding from or
characteristic of such a disposition.
He would say I lied: this is called the Countercheck
Quarrelsome. Shak., As you Like it, v. 4. 86.
quarrelsomely (kwor 'el- sum -Ii), adv. In a
quarrelsome manner; with a quarrelsome tem-
per ; petulantly.
quarrelsomeness (kwor'el-sum-nes), ». The
state of being quarrelsome ; disposition to en-
gage in contention and brawls; petulance.
Although a man by his quarrelsomeness should for once
have been engaged in a bad action . . .
Bentham, Introd. to Morals and Legislation, xii. 33, note.
quarrender (kwor'en-der), n. A kind of apple.
Dames. [Prov. Eng.]
He . . . had no ambition whatsoever beyond pleasing
his father and mother, getting by honest means the maxi-
mum of red quarrenders and mazard cherries, and going
to sea when he was big enough.
Kingsley, Westward Ho, i.
quarrert, »• A Middle English form of quarry?.
quarriable (kwor'i-a-bl), a. [< quarry* + -able.]
Capable of being quarried.
The arable soil, the quarriable rock. Emerson.
quarried (kwor'id), a. [< quarry*- + -ed2.]
Paved with quarries. See quarry1, n., 1 (a).
In those days the quarried parlour was innocent of a
carpet. George Eliot, Essays, p. 148.
quarry-hawk
(b) A small square or lozenge-shaped pane of glass : same
as quarrel'-, 1 (b).
The Thieves, . . . taking out some Quaries of the Glass,
put their Hands in and rob the Houses of their Window
Curtains.
Quoted in Ashton's Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne,
[I. 74.
Hartley's rolled coloured-plate, and quarries stamped by
mechanical pressure, are also largely used where translu-
cency is required without transparency.
GlasS'inaking, p. 92.
2f. A bolt or arrow with a square head : same as
quarrel2, 2.
quarry2 (kwor'i), n. ; pi. quarries (-iz). [< ME.
quarrye, also quar, altered, by confusion with
quarry*, from earlier quarrer, quarrere, quarer,
quarere, < OF. quarriere, F. carriers, < ML.
qi(fidraria, a quarry, a place where stones are
cut or squared (suggested byLL. quadratarius,
a stone-cutter, lit. 'a squarer': see quarrier*),
< L. quadratus, square, pp. of quadrare, make
square, square: see quarry*, quadrate."] A
place, cavern, or pit where stones are dug
from the earth, or separated, as by blasting
with gunpowder, from a large mass of rock.
The word mine is generally applied to the excavations
from which metals, metalliferous ores, and coal are taken ;
from quarries are taken all the various materials used for
building, as marble, freestone, slate, lime, cement, rock,
etc. A quarry is usually open to the day ; a mine is gen-
erally covered, communicating with the surface by one or
more shafts. See mine%.
Thei sale, a litel hem bi-side, a semliche quarrere,
Vnder an heij hel, al holwe newe diked.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2232.
That Stone rough in the Quarry grew
Which now a perfect Venus shews to View.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
A quarry is an open excavation where the works are
visible at the surface. Bainbridge, On Mines, p. 2.
quarry2 (kwor'i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. quarried,
ppr. quarrying. [< quarry2, n.] To dig or take
from a quarry: as, to quarry marble.
Part of the valley, if not the whole of it, has been formed
by quarrying away the crags of marble and conglomerate
limestone. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 89.
Scarped cliff and quarried stone.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Iv.
quarry3 (kwor'i), n. [< ME. querre, kyrre,< OF.
cuiree, curee, F. curee, quarry, orig. the refuse
quarrier1 (kwor'i-er), n. [< ME. quaryour, quer-
rour,< OF. quarrier,< LL. quadratarius, a stone- part8 of an animal slain, given to the hounds
cutter, < quadratus, squared (saxumquadratum, in its gkin < cuir gki h dB < L ^ Md
a squared stone) : see quarry2. Cf. LL. quadra-
tor, a stone-cutter, lit. 'squarer,' < quadrare,
make square: see quadrator, quadrate.] One
who works in a quarry ; a quarryman.
Aboute hym lefte he no masoun
That stoon coude leye, ne querrour.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4149.
The men of Rome, which were the conquerors of all na-
tions about them, were now of warriors become quarriers,
hewers of stone and day laborers.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 35. (Davies.)
see corium.] If. The refuse parts of an ani-
mal slain in the chase, given in the skin to the
hounds: as, to make the quarry (to open and
skin the animal slain, and give the refuse to
the hounds).
When in wet weather the quarrier can sit chipping his
stone into portable shape. ' Harper's Mag.,LXX.. 243.
quarrier2t, quariert, ». [Also currier (see cur-
rier2); < OF. *quarier, ult. < L. quadratus,
square: see quarry*, quart*, square?] A wax
candle, consisting of a square lump of wax with
a wick in the center. Also called quarion.
All the endes of quarriers and prickets.
Ord. and Beg., p. 295. (Halliu-eU.)
To light the waxen quariers
The auncient nurce is prest.
Romeus and Juliet. (Hares.)
quarry1 (kwor'i), a. and n. [Early mod. E.
also quarrey, quary ; < ME. quarry, quarrey,
quarre, square, thick, < OF. quarre, F. carre,
square, < L. quadratus, squared, square ; as a
noun, L. quadratum, neut., a square, a quadrate,
LL. quadratug, m., a square: see quadrate, of
which quarry* is a doublet.] I.t a. 1. Square;
quadrate.
Quarre" scheld, gode swerd of steil,
And launce stef, biteand wel.
Arthour and Merlin, p. 111. (Halliwell.)
The simplest form of mould is that employed for stamp-
ing fiat diamond-shaped pieces of glass for quarry glazing.
Glass-making, p. 88.
The windows were of small quarry panes.
Quarterly Rev., CXLVI. 47.
2. Stout; fat; corpulent.
Thycke man he was yron, bot he nas nojt wel long ;
Quarry he was, and wel ymade vorto be strong.
Rob. of Gloucester, p. 412.
A quarry, fat man, obesus. Coles, Lat. Diet. (Halliwell.)
H. n. ; pi. quarries (-iz). 1. A square or loz-
enge. Specifically— (a) A small square tile or paving-
stone : same as quarrel*, 1 (a).
To be sure a stone floor was not the pleasantest to dance
on, but then, most of the dancers had known what it was
to enjoy a Christmas dance on kitchen quarries.
George Eliot.
And after, whenne the hert is splayed and ded, he un-
doeth hym, and maketh his kyrre, and enquyrreth or re-
wardeth his houndes, and so he hath gret likynge.
MS. Bool. 546. (Hattm-ett.)
Then fersly thay flokked in folk at the laste,
& quykly of the quelled dere a querre thay maked.
Sir Qawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1324.
2. A beast of the chase when pursued or
slain ; any creature hunted by men or by
beasts or birds of prey, especially after it has
been killed.
I watch'd his eye,
And saw how falcon-like it tower'd, and flew
Upon the wealthy quarry.
Fletcher (and another), False One, iv. 1.
Asa falcon from the rocky height,
Her quarry seen, impetuous at the sight,
Forth-springing instant, darts herself from high.
Shoots on the wing, and skims along the sky.
Pope, Iliad, xiii. 92.
3. Hunted or slaughtered game, or any object
of eager pursuit.
And let me use my sword, lid make a quarry
With thousands of these quarter'd slaves.
Shale., Cor., i. 1. 202.
quarry3* (kwor'i), v. [< quarry^, n.] I. in-
trans. To prey, as a vulture or harpy.
Like the vulture that is day and night quarrying upon
Prometheus's liver. Sir R. L'Estrange.
II. trans. To provide with prey.
Now I am bravely quarried. Beau, and Ft.
A soldier of renown, and the first provost
That ever let our Roman eagles fly
On swarthy .SSgypt, quarried with her spoils.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
quarry-faced (kwor'i-fast), a. Rough-faced,
as taken from
the quarry:
noting a type
of building-
stone and ma-
sonry built of
such stone.
quarry : hawk
' i - hak), Quarry-faced or Rock faced Masonry.
quarry-hawt
n. An old entered and reclaimed hawk. Hal-
liwell.
quarrying-machine (kwor'i-ing-ma-shen"), «.
A form of gang-drill for cutting channels in
native rock; a rock-drill. Such machines are usu-
ally combined in construction with the motor which oper-
ates them, and are placed on a railway-track for conve-
nience in moving them along the surface of the stone to be
cut.
quarryman (kwor'i-man), n.; pi. quarrymen
(-men). [< quarry2 + ' man.'] A man who is
occupied in quarrying stones.
quarry-slave (kwor'i-slav), n. A slave com-
pelled to work in a quarry.
Thou go not, like the quarry slave at night,
Scourged to his dungeon. Bryant, Thanatopsls.
quarry-water (kwor'i-wa"ter), «. The water
which is mechanically held between the par-
ticles of a newly quarried rock, and which
gradually disappears by evaporation when this
is kept from exposure to the weather. A part of
this water only disappears after the rock has been heated
to the boiling-point, and this is usually called hygroscopic
moisture. The quantity of qnarry-water held by rocks
varies greatly in amount, according to their composition
and texture. Some rocks which are so soft that they can
be cut with a saw or chisel when freshly quarried become
much harder after exposure to the air for a few weeks.
The longer the stone (limestone] has been exposed to
the air, the less fuel will be consumed in driving off its in-
herent moisture, or quarry-water.
Spans' Eneyc. Jfanuf., I. 619.
quart1 (kwart), «. [< ME. quarte, < OF. quarte,
F. quarte, f., < L. quarta (sc. pars), a fourth
part; cf. OF. quart, F. quart, m., = Sp. cuarto
= Pg. quarto = It. quarto, fourth, a fourth part,
quarter; < L. quartus, fourth (= E. fourth), ap-
par. for *quaturtus, with ordinal (superl.) for-
mative -tus (E. -th), < quattitor = E. four : see
four, and compare quadrate, quarter*, etc.] If.
A fourth part or division ; a quarter.
And Camber did possesse the Western quart.
Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 14.
2. A unit of measure, the fourth part of a gal-
lon; also, a vessel of that capacity. Every gallon
of liquid measure has a quart, and in the United States
there is a quart of dry measure, although the use of the
gallon of that measure is confined to Great Britain. In
England the peck, or fourth part of a bushel, is sometimes
called a quart.
1 United States liquid quart = 0.9468 liter.
1 United States dry quart = 1.1017 liters.
1 imperial quart = 1.1369 liters.
1 Scotch quart = 3.898 liters.
Before the adoption of the metric system, there were mea-
sures of capacity corresponding to the quart in almost
every part of Europe.
Go fetch me a quart of sack ; put a toast in 't.
Shale., M. W. of W.,iii. 6.3.
Yet would you . . . rail upon the hostess, . . .
Because she brought stone jugs and no seal'd quarts.
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., ii. S9.
Olass bottles of all qualities I buys at three for a half-
penny, . . . but very seldom indeed 2rf., unless it 's some-
thing very prime and big like the old quarts.
Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, II. 122.
3. Ill mime, the interval of a fourth: prefixed
to the name of an instrument, it denotes one
pitched a fourth lower or a fourth higher than
the ordinary instrument.
A succession of parallel quarts, quints, and octaves,
which would be intolerable to modern ears.
The Academy, Jan. 18, 1890, p. 61.
4. In Gloucestershire and Leicestershire, Eng-
land, three pounds of butter; in the Isle of
Man, seven pounds — that is, the fourth part
of a quarter. — 5. A Welsh measure of length
or surface ; a pole of 3^ to 4J yards.
quart2 (kart), «. [< F. quarte, a sequence of
foui1 cards at piquet, also a position in fencing ;
particular uses of quarte, a fourth : see quarfi.]
1. In card-playing, a sequence of four cards.
A quart major is a sequence of the highest four
cards in any suit.
If the elder hand has quart major and two other Aces,
the odds are only 6 to 4 against his taking in either the
Ten to his quart, or another Ace.
The American Hoyle, p. 136.
2. One of the eight thrusts and parries in fen-
cing. A thrust in quart is a thrust, with the nails up-
ward, at the upper breast, which is given direct from the
ordinary position taken by two fencers when they engage,
the left of their foils touching. A parry in quart guards
this blow. It is produced by carrying the hand a few
Inches to the left without lowering hand or point. — Quart
and tierce, practice between fencers, one thrusting in
quart and tierce (see tierce) alternately, and the other parry-
ing in the same positions. It is confounded with tirer au
mur (fencing at the wall), which is simply practice for the
legs, hand, and eyes against a stationary mark, usually a
plastron hung on the wall.
The assassin stab of time was parried by the quart and
tierce of art. Smollett, tr. of Gil Bias, iv. 7.
How subtle at tierce and quart of mind with mind !
Tennyson, In Memoriam, W. G. Ward.
4896
quartet, "• [ME. quart, quarte, qirarti*, t/iirrt,
qu'ert, ickert ; origin obscure.] Safe; sound; in
good health. Prompt. Pare., p. 420.
quart'H, «• [ME. quart, qtcart, qi(erte; < quart3,
a.] Safety; health.
Againe alle our care hit is our quert.
Uoly Rood(E. E. T. S.), p. 108.
A ! worthy lorde, wolde thou take heede,
I am full olde and oute of qwarte,
That me Hste do no dales dede,
Bot yf gret mystir me garte. York Plays, p. 41.
With lieaute and with bodyly quarte
To serve the I toke noone heede.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 174.
Loue us helith, & makith in qwart,
And liftith us up in-to heuene-riche.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 23.
quartan (kwar'tan), a. and ». [Early mod. E.
also quartain; < ME. quarteync, < OF. quartaine,
F. quartaine = Pr. quartana, cartana = Sp. cuar-
tana = Pg. quartSo = It. quartana, < L. quar-
tana (sc. febris), quartan fever, fern, of quar-
tanus, of or pertaining to the fourth, < quartus,
fourth : see quarfl.] I. a. Having to do with the
fourth ; especially, occurring every fourth day :
as, a quartan ague or fever (one which recurs
on the fourth day — that is, after three days).
The quartan-fever, shrinking every limb,
Sets me a-capering straight.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, ill. 2.
The sins shall return periodically, like the revolutions
of a quartan ague. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 104.
II. M. 1. An intermitting ague that occurs
every fourth day, both days of consecutive oc-
currence being counted, as on Sunday, Wednes-
day, Saturday, Tuesday, etc.
After you felt your selfc delinered of your qtiartainr.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 13.
The quartern is gendrid of myche haboundaunce of mal-
encolye that is corrumpid withinne the body.
Booke of (juinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 20.
2. A measure containing the fourth part of
some other measure.
quartanert, «• [ME. quartenare, < ML. quar-
tenarius, (. quartana, the quartan: see quartan.]
One who has the quartan.
quartation (kwar-ta'shon), n. [< L. quartus,
fourth (see quart1), + -ation.~\ The parting of
gold and silver by the use of nitric acid, it is so
called because an alloy consisting of more than one part of
gold to three parts of silver is very little affected hy the
acid ; hence it is necessary, in the case of alloys very rich in
gold, to fuse them with so much additional silver that the
gold shall form not more than a fourth of the whole.
In that operation that refiners call quartation, which
they employ to purify gold, three parts of silver are so ex-
quisitely mingled by fusion with a fourth part of gold
(whence the operation is denominated) that the resulting
mass acquires several new qualities by virtue of the com-
position. Boyle, Works, I. 504.
quart d'6cut (karda-ku'). [F.] An old French
coin : same as cardecu.
Sir, for a quart-d'fcu he will sell the fee-simple of his
salvation. Shale., All's Well, iv. 8. 311.
quarte (kart), n. [F., lit. a fourth part: see
quart1, quart2.} Same as quart2.
quarter1 (kwar'ter), ». [< ME. quarter, quar-
tere, dial, icharter, quarter (= D. kwartier =
G. quartier = Sw. quarter = Dan. kvarteer, quar-
ter), < OF. quartier, quarter, earlier, a fourth
part, quarter, as of mutton, etc., = Sp. cuartel
= Pg. quartet = It. quartiero, quartiere, quarter,
< L. quartarius, a fourth part of any measure,
esp. of a sextarius, a quarter, quartern, ML.
quartarius, also neut. quartarium, also (after
Rom.) quartering, quarterium, a quarter, etc.,<
L. quartus, fourth: see quart1. Cf. quarter^.] 1.
One of four equal or equivalent parts into which
anything is or may be divided ; a fourth part
or portion ; one of four equal or corresponding
divisions.
I have a kinsman not past three quarters of a mile hence.
Shale., W. T., iv. 3. 85.
Specifically — (a) The fourth part of a yard or of an ell.
The stuarde in honde schalle haue a stafe,
A fyngur gret, two wharters long.
To reule the men of court ymong.
Babees Boo*(E. E. T. S.), p. 310.
His arrowes were flue quarters long, headed with the
splinters of a white christalMike stone.
Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 120.
(6) The fourth part of a hundredweight — that is, 28
pounds, the hundredweight being equal to 112 pounds.
Abbreviated qr. (c) In England, as a legal measure of
capacity, eight bushels. Locally, 16, 12, or 9 bushels, 8
bushels and 3 pecks, or 8 bushels, 2 pecks, and 2J quarts
are variously called a quarter.
Holding land on which he could sow three-quarters of
an imperial quarter of corn and three imperial quarters of
potatoes. Quarterly Kev., CLXII. 387.
(<Z) The fourth part of an hour.
quarter
Sin' y«>nr true love was at your yates,
lt'8 but twa qUftrfr'i-x p;tst.
The Drowned Loners (Child's Ballads, II. 179).
He always is here as the clock's going five —
Where is he?. . . Ah, it is chiming the quarter!
F. Locker, The Old Government t'li-rk.
(e) In astron., the fourth part of the moon's period or
monthly revolution : as, the first quarter after the change
or full. (/) One of the four parts into which the huri/.on
is supposed to be divided; one of the four cardinal points :
as, the four quarters of the globe; but, more widely, any
region or point of the compass : as, from what quarter
does the wind blow? people thronged in from all quarters;
hence, indefinitely, any direction or source : as, my infor-
mation comes from a high quarter.
Upon Elam will I bring the four winds from the four
quarters of heaven. Jer. xlix. 36.
I own I wns hurt to hear it, as I indeed was to learn,
from the same quarter, that your guardian, Sir Peter, and
Lady Teazle have not agreed lately as well as could be
wished. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
(;/) In nav., the fourth part of the distance from one
point on the compass-card to another, being the fourth of
11° 16'— that is, about 2° 49'. Also called quarter-point.
(A) The fourth part of the year ; specifically, in schools,
the fourth part of the teaching period of the year, gener-
ally ten or eleven weeks.
I have served your worship truly, sir, this eight years ;
and if I cannot once or twice in a quarter bear out a
knave ... I have but a very little credit.
SAot.,2Hen. IV., v. 1.63.
There was a fiction that Mr. Wopsle examined the schol-
ars once a quarter. Dickens, Great Expectations, vii.
(t) A silver coin, equal to one fourth part of a dollar, or
twenty-five cents; also, the sum of twenty-five cent*.
[U. S.] O') One fourth part of the body or carcass of an ani-
mal, in the case of butcher's meat including a leg : as, a
fore or hind quarter of mutton ; especially, one of the hind
quarters ; a haunch : generally in the plural : as, the quar-
ters of a horse. See cut under horse, (k)
In her. : (1) One of the four parts into
which a shield is divided by quartering.
The four quarters are numbered as fol-
lows : 1, dexter chief ; 2, sinister chief ;
3, dexter base ; 4, sinister base. (2) An
ordinary occupying one fourth of the
field, and placed (unless otherwise di-
rected) in the dexter chief, as shown in
the cut; also, sometimes, same as can-
tonl , 4. (I) In shoemaking, the part of the
shoe or boot, on either side, between the
Quarter.
back of the heel and a line drawn downward from the
ankle bone or thereabout ; hence, that part of the leather
which occupies the same place, whether the actual upper-
leather of the shoe or a stiff lining. See cut under boot.
Lace shoe upper, consisting of vamp, quarter, and facing
for eyelet holes. Ure, Diet., IV. 110.
(m) Naut. : (1) The part of a ship's side between the after
part of the main chains and the stern. (2) The part of a
yard between the slings and the yard-arm, (n) In farriery,
the part of a horse's foot between the toe and the heel,
being the side of the coffin. A false quarter is a cleft in
the hoof extending from the coronet to the shoe, or from
top to bottom. When for any disorder one of the quar-
ters is cut, the horse is said to be quarter-cast, (o) In arch.,
a square panel inclosing a quatrefoil or other ornament ;
also, au upright post in partitions to which the laths are
nailed. (;» In a cask, the part of the side between the
bulge and the chime, (g) In the dress of a millstone, a
section of the dress containing one leader and branches.
(r) In carp., one of the sections of a winding stair. (») In
cork-cutting, a parallelepiped of cork ready to be rounded
into shape. (() In printing, any one of the four corners
of a cross-barred chase, (u) In music, same as quarter-
note.
2. A distinct division of a surface or region ; a
particular region of a town, city, or country;
a district; a locality: as, the Latin quarter of
Paris; the Jews' quarter in Rome.
Some part of the town was on fire every night ; nobody
knew for what reason, nor what was the miarter that was
next to be burnt Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 624.
To the right and left of the great thoroughfares are by-
streets and quarters. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, 1. 6.
Hence — 3. A position assigned or allotted;
specific place ; special location ; proper posi-
tion or station.
The Lord high-Marshall vnto each his quarter
Had not assigned.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 1.
Swift to their several quarters hasted then
The cumbrous elements. Milton, P. L., iii. 714.
More specifically — (o) The proper stations of officers and
men on a man-of-war in battle, in exercise, or on inspec-
tion : in the plural. The exercise of the guns, as in bat-
tle, is distinguished as general quarters. (6) Place of lodg-
ing ; temporary residence ; shelter ; entertainment : usu-
ally in the plural.
The Duke acquaints his Friends, who hereupon fall
every one to his Quarter. The Earl of Warwick fell upon
the Lord Clifford's Quarter, where the Duke of Somerset
hasting to the Rescue was slain. Baker, Chronicles, p. 193.
I shall have time enough to lodge you in your quarters,
and afterwards to perform my own journey.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 223.
(c) A station or an encampment occupied by troops ; a
place of lodgment for officers and men : usually in the
plural: as, they went intowinter quarters. Compare head-
quarters.
Had all your quarters been as safely kept
As that whereof I had the government,
We had not been thus shamefully surprised.
Shale., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 1. 63.
quarter
When the service has been read, and the last volley has
been tired over the hurled soldier, the troops inarch to
quarters with a quick step, and to a lively tune.
Thackeray, Philip, xxx.
(d) pi. The cabins inhabited by the negroes on a planta-
tion, in the period of slavery. [Southern U. S.J
Let us go out to the quarters, grandpa ; they will be
dancing by now. Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 253.
4f. [Appar. flue to the phrase to keep quarter
(ft).] Peace; concord; amity. [Rare.]
Friends all but now, even now,
In quarter, and in terms like bride and groom.
Shak., Othello, ii. 3. 180.
5f. Friendly intercourse.
If your more serious business do not call you,
Let me hold quarter with you ; we will talk
An hour out quickly. Beau, and Fl., Philaster, ii. 2.
Alternate quarters, in her. See alternate.— Close-
quarters. Same as date •fi'jht».~ Grand quarter, in her. ,
one of the four primary divisions in quartering. — Great
Quarter Court. Same as Court of Assistants (which see,
under court). — On the quarter (naut.), strictly, 45° abaft
the beam : generally used to designate a position between
abeam and astern.— Quarter binding. See binding.—
Quarter gasket. See </«.*•(.— To beat to quarters.
See beati.— To come to close quarters. See dose'*.— To
keep quartert. (a) To keep the proper place or station.
They do best who, if they cannot but admit love, yet
make it keep quarter, and sever it wholly from their seri-
ous affairs. Bacon, Love (ed. 1887).
(6) To keep peace. Compare quarter'-.
I knew two that were competitors for the secretary's
place in Queen Elizabeth's time, and yet kept good quar-
ter between themselves. Bacon, Cunning (ed. 1887).
For the Venetians endeavour, as much as in them lies,
to keep good quarters with the Turk.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 0.
(ct) To make noise or disturbance : apparently an ironi-
cal use.
Sing, hi ho, Sir Arthur, no more in the house you shall
prate ;
For all you kept such a quarter, you are out of the councell
of state. Wright's Political Ballads,?. 150. (HalKweU.)
This evening come Betty Turner and the two Mercers,
and W. Batelier, and they had fiddlers, and danced, and
kept a quarter. Pepys, Diary, III. 360.
Weather quarter, the quarter of a ship which is on the
windward side.— Winter quarters, the quarters of an
army during the winter ; a winter residence or station.
quarter1 (kwar'ter), v. [< quarter1, n. In def.
II., 5, cf. P. cartayer, drive so that one of the
two chief ruts shall be between the wheels (thus
dividing the road into four sections), < quart,
fourth: see quart1."] I. trans. 1. To divide
into four equal parts.
In his silver shield
He bore a bloodie Crosse that quartred all the field.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 18.
A thought which, quarter'd, hath but one part wisdom
And ever three parts coward. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 4. 42.
2. To divide ; separate into parts ; cut to pieces.
If you frown upon this proff er'd peace,
You tempt the fury of my three attendants,
Lean famine, quartering steel, and climbing fire.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2. 11.
Here is a sword baith sharp and broad,
Will quarter you in three.
King Malcolm and Sir Calvin (Child's Ballads, III. 380).
The lawyer and the blacksmith shall be hang'd,
Quarter'd. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iii. 1.
3. To divide into distinct regions or compart-
ments.
Then sailors quartered heaven, and found a name
For every fixed and every wandering star.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, i. 208.
4. To furnish with lodgings, shelter, or enter-
tainment; supply with temporary means of
living; especially, to find lodgings and food
for: as, to quarter soldiers on the inhabitants.
Divers soHldiers were quarter'd at my house, but I thank
God went away the next day towards Flanders.
Evelyn, Diary, May 1, 1657.
They would not adventure to bring them to us, but
quartered them in another house, though in the same
town. R. Knox (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 344).
5f. To diet ; feed.
Scrimansky was his cousin-german,
With whom he served, and fed on vermin ;
And when these fail'd, he'd suck his claws,
And quarter himself upon his paws.
S. Butler, Hndibras, I. ii. 268.
6. To furnish as portion ; deal out; allot; share.
But this isle,
The greatest and the best of all the main,
He quarters to his blue-hair'd deities.
Milton, Comus, 1. 29.
When the queen frown'd, or smil'd, he knows . . .
Whose place is quarter'd out, three parts in four.
Pope, Satires of Donne, iv. 136.
7. Iii lirr., to bear quarterly upon one's escutch-
eon : thus, a man quarter* the arms of his father
with those of his mother, if she has been HII
heiress. The verb to quarter is used even when more
than two coats of arms are united upon one escutcheon,
and when, therefore, mure than foul1 compartments ;i]>-
pear. See quartering, 4.
308
4897
Fllen. They [the Shallow family] may give the dozen white
luces in their coat ; . . . I may quarter, co/.
Shal. You may, by marrying.
Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1. 28.
"Look at the banner," said the Abbot ; "tell me what
are the blazonries." "The arms of Scotland," said Kd-
\vanl; "the lion and its treasure, quartered . . . with three
cushions." Scott, Monastery, xxxvii.
8. In maeli., to make wrist-pin holes in, 90°
apart: said of locomotive driving-wheels. — 9.
In sporting, to range or beat (the ground) for
game: with indefinite it: said of hunting-dogs.
In order to complete the education of the pointer in
ranging or beating his ground, it is not only necessary
that he should quarter it, as it is called, but that he should
do it with every advantage of the wind, and also without
losing time by dwelling on a false scent.
Doffs of Great Britain and America, p. 229.
To hang, draw, and quarter. See hang.— To quar-
ter the sea, to bring the sea first on one quarter and
then on the other : frequently done with a small boat
running before a heavy sea with plenty of sea-room.
II. intrans. 1. To be stationed; remain in
quarters; lodge; have a temporary residence.
Some fortunate captains
That quarter with him, and are truly valiant,
Have tlung the name of Happy Csesar on him.
Fletcher (and another). False One, iv. 2.
That night they quartered in the woods.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 163.
2. Naut., to sail witli the wind on the quarter.
We were now assured they were Spaniards; and there-
fore we put away, Quartering, and steering N. W.
Dampier, Voyages, II. ii. 20.
3. To shift ; beat about ; change position, so as
to get advantage of an adversary.
They quarter over the ground again and again, Tom
always on the defensive.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Eugby, ii. 5.
4. In sportini/, to run back and forth in search
of game, as if going about all quarters, as a
dog in the field. — 5. To drive a carriage diago-
nally from side to side, so as to keep the wheels
from entering the ruts.
The postillion . . . was employed, not by fits and starts,
but always and eternally, in quartering — i. e. in crossing
from side to side — according to the casualties of the
ground. De Quincey, Autob. Sketches, i. 298.
quarter2 (kwar'ter), «. [= G. quartier = Sw.
quarter = Dan. kvarteer, quarter; < F. quartier,
•'quarter, or fair war, where souldiers are taken
prisoners and ransomed at a certain rate " (Cot-
grave) (= Sp. cuartel = T?g. quartet = It. quar-
tiere, quarter), in the phrases donner quartier, or
faire quartier, give quarter, demantler quartier,
beg quarter, supposed to have referred orig. to
the sending of the vanquished to an assigned
'quarter' or place, there to be detained until
his liberation, ransom, or slavery should be
decided : see quarter1. The explanation from
an alleged ' ' custom of the Dutch and Spaniards,
who accepted as the ransom of an officer or
soldier a quarter of his pay for a certain period "
(Imp. Diet.) presents obvious difficulties.] In-
dulgence or mercy shown to a vanquished
enemy, in sparing his life and accepting his
surrender; hence, in general, indulgence;
clemency; mercy.
The three that remain'd call'd to Eobin for quarter.
Robin Hood's Birth (Child's Ballads, V. 360).
Death a more gen'rous Kage does use ;
Quarter to all he conquers does refuse.
Cowley, The Mistress, Thraldom.
He magnified his own clemency, now that they were at
his mercy, to offer them quarter for their lives, if they
gave up the castle. Clarendon.
Most neople dislike vanity in others, whatevershare they
have of it themselves ; but I give it fair quarter wherever
I meet with it. Franklin, Autobiog., I. 83.
quarterage (kwar'ter-aj), n. [Early mod. E.
also quarteridge, quartridge; <ME. quarterage,
< OF. quarterage, quarterage, < quartier, a quar-
ter: see quarter1.'] 1. A quarterly allowance
or payment, as for tuition or rent.
Upon every one of the said quarter days, every one that
is a Freeman of the said Company shall pay to the Master
for the time being, for his quarteridge, one penny.
English Qilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 289.
(A virtuous writer] might have expended more by the
year by the revenue of his verse than any riotous elder
brother upon the wealthy quartridyex of three time three
hundred acres. Middleton, Father Hubbard's Tales.
In 1711 the quarterage fof Cartmel Grammar School] was
raised to Is. ed. for Latin and 1*. for English, the poor
children still to be taught free.
Baines, Hist. Lancashire, II. 681.
2. Quarters; lodgment; keeping.
The warre thus being begun and followed, the Scots
kept their quarterrage. Hotinxhed, Scotland, an. 1657.
Any noble residence at which they [great stewards! in-
tended to claim the free quarterage due to their official
dignity, while engaged in the examination of the state of
the district and the administration of the laws by the
king's command. O'Curry, Ancient Irish, I. xvi.
quartered
For quarterage of a soldier, 5*. per week.
Connecticut Records, II. 386. (Bartlett.)
3. A certain special tax. See the quotation.
They [the Roman Catholics] could not obtain the free-
dom of any town corporate, and were only suffered to carry
on their trades in their native cities on condition of pay-
ing special and vexatious impositions known by the name
of quarterage. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., ii.
quarter-angled (kwar'ter-ang"gld), a. In /»•/•.,
same as quadrate, 5.
quarter-aspect (kwar'ter-as'pekt), n. In as-
trol., the aspect of two planets whose positions
are 90° apart on the zodiac.
quarter-back (kwar'ter-bak), n. A certain
player or position in foot-ball. See back1,
n., 12.
quarter-badge (kwar'ter-baj), n. Naut., orna-
mentation 011 the quarters of a ship.
quarter-bend (kwar'ter-bend), n. In a pipe,
a bend the arc of which subtends an angle of
90°.
quarter-bill (kwar'ter-bil), n. Naut., a list of
the stations on board a man-of-war for men to
take in time of action.
quarter-bitts (kwar'ter-bits), n. pi. Vertical
posts or timbers projecting above the deck on
a vessel's quarter, to which hawsers, tow-lines,
etc., may be secured.
quarter-blanket (kwar'ter-blang"ket), n. A
norse-blanket intended to cover only the back
and a part of the hips. It is usually put on un-
der the harness.
quarter-blocks (kwar'ter-hloks), n. pi. Naut.,
blocks underneath a yard close in amidships,
for the clew-lines and the sheets of the sail set
above them to reeve through.
quarter-board (kwar'ter-bord), n. One of a set
of thin boards forming an additional height to
the bulwarks of the after part of a vessel. They
are also called topgallant-bulwarks.
quarter-boat (kwar'ter-bot), ». Naut., any
boat hung to davits over a ship's quarter Lar-
board quarter-boat. See larboard.
quarter-boot (kwar'ter-bot), n. A leather boot
to protect the fore feet of horses which over-
reach with the hind feet.
quarter-bound (kwar'ter-bound), a. In book-
binding, bound with pasteboard covers and lea-
ther or cloth on the back only.
quarter-boys (kwar'ter-boiz), n.pl. Automata
which strike the quarter-hours in certain bel-
fries. Compare jack of the clock, under jack1.
Their quarter-boys and their chimes were designed for
this moral purpose as much as the memento which is so
commonly seen upon an old clock face, and so seldom upon
a new one. Southey, Doctor, xxix. (Dames.)
quarter-bred (kwar'ter-bred), a. Having only
one fourth pure blood, as horses, cattle, etc.
quarter-cask (kwar'ter-kask), ». A small cask
nolding 28 gallons or thereabouts.
quarter-cast (kwar'ter-kast), a. Cut in the
quarter of the hoof: said of horses operated
upon for some disease of the hoof.
quarter-cleft (kwar'ter-kleft), a. Same as
quartered, 4.
quarter-cloth (kwar'ter-kloth), n. Naut., one
of a series of long pieces of painted canvas for-
merly extended on the outside of the quarter-
netting from the upper part of the gallery to the
gangway.
quarter-day (kwar'ter-da), n. In England, the
day that begins each quarter of the year. They
are Lady day (March 25th), Midsummer day (June 24th),
Michaelmas day (September 29th), and Christmas day (De-
cember 25th). These are the usual landlords' and tenants'
terms for entering or quitting lands or houses and for
paying rent. In Scotland the legal terms are Whitsunday
(May 15th) and Martinmas (November llth) ; the conven-
tional terms Candlemas (February 2d) and Lammas (Au-
gust 1st) make up the quarter-days.
quarter-deck (kwar'ter-dek), ». Naut., the
part of the spar-deck of a man-of-war between
the poop and the main-mast. It is used as a
promenade by the officers only.
The officer was walking the quarterdeck, where I had no
right to go. S. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 6.
quarter-decker (kwar'ter-dek"er), n. Naut.,
an officer who is more looked upon as a stickler
for small points of etiquette than as a thorough
seaman. [Colloq.]
quartered (kwar'terd), p. a. 1. Divided into
or grouped in four equal parts or quarters;
separated into distinct parts.
Nations besides from all the quarter'd winds.
Milton, P. R., iv. 202.
2. Lodged; stationed for lodging; of or per-
taining to lodging or quarters.
When they hear the Roman horses neigh.
Behold their quarter'd fires. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 4. 18.
quartered
3. Having hind quarters (of a specified kind) :
as, a short-quartered horse. — 4. Sawed into
quarters (said of a tree-trunk), and then cut
into planks in such a manner as to show the
grain of the wood (especially the silver grain
of oak) to advantage. This is done in various ways
— that most approved being to cut the quarter into two
equal parts from the pith to the bark, and then to saw off
boards by cuts parallel to the bisecting section.
5. In her., having a square piece cut out of the
center: noting a form of cross.
The perforation is usually as wide as the
band that forms the cross, so that the
arms of the cross do not unite in the mid-
dle except at their corners.
6. In shoemaking, made with
quarters (of a particular kind):
as, low-quartered shoes Drawn
and quartered. See drawn.— Quar- A cross Quartered,
tered oak. See def. 4.— Quartered
partition, a partition formed with quarters.— Quarterly
quartered. See quarterly.
quarterer (kwar'ter-er), ». A lodger. Halli-
terll. [Prov. Eng.]
quarter-evil (kwar'ter-e'vl), n. Same as symp-
tomatic anthrax (which see, under anthrax).
quarter-face (kwar'ter-fas), ». A countenance
three parts averted.
But let this dross carry what price It will
With noble ignorants, and let them still
Turn upon scorned verse their quarter-face.
B. Jonson, Forest, xii. To Countess of Rutland.
quarter-fast (kwar'ter-fast), n. Naut. See
fasti, i,
quarter-fishes (kwar'ter-fish^ez), n. pi. Stout
pieces of wood hooped on to a mast to strength-
en it.
quarterfoil (kwar'ter-foil), n. See quatrefoil.
quarter-franc (kwar'ter-frangk), «. In her.,
a quarter used separately as a bearing.
quarter-gallery (kwar'ter-gal'e-ri), n. Naut.,
a projecting balcony on each of the quarters,
and sometimes on the stern, of a large ship;
also, a small structure on the quarters of a ship,
containing the water-closet and bath-tub.
quarter-grain (kwar'ter-gran), n. The grain
of wood shown when a log is quartered. See
quartered, 4. Compare felt-grain.
quarter-guard (kwar'ter-gard), n. Milit., a
small guard posted in front of each battalion
in camp.
quarter-gunner (kwar'ter-gun'er), «. In the
Tjnited States navy, a petty officer whose duty
it is, under the direction of the gunner, to care
for the guns, gun-gear, small-arms, and ammu-
nition.
quarter-hollow (kwar'ter-hol"6), n. and a. I.
B. In arch., etc., a concave molding the arc of
which is, or approaches, 90°, or a quadrant : the
converse of a quarter-round.
II. a. Having the form of a quarter-hollow.
— Quarter- hollow tool, a chisel or gouge used in wood-
working to make convex or concave moldings.
quarter-horse (kwar'ter-h6rs), n. A horse that
is good for a dash of a quarter of a mile in a
race. [Southern U. S.]
quarter-hung (kwar'ter-hung), a. Having, as
a gun, trunnions with their axis below the line
of bore. Farrow, Mil. Encyc.
quarteridget, n. An obsolete form of quarter-
aye.
quarter-ill (kwar'ter-il), M. Same as symptom-
atic anthrax (which see, under anthrax).
quartering (kwar'ter-ing), n. [Verbal n. of
quarter1, v.] 1. The act of dividing into
fourths. — 2. The act of assigning quarters, as
for soldiers. — 3. Quarters; lodging; a station.
Divers designations, regions, habitations, mansions, or
quarterinys there. Ep. Mountagu, Appeal to Caesar, xviU.
4. In her., the marshaling or disposal of va-
rious escutcheons in
one, in order to denote
the several alliances
of one family with the
heiresses of others.
When more than three
other escutcheons are quar-
tered with that of the fam-
ily, the arms are still said to
be quartered, however many
compartments the shield
may be divided into. The
name is also given to the
several different coats mar*
shaled and placed together
in one escutcheon. See
quarterly.
5. In carp., a series of small vertical timber
posts, rarely exceeding 4 by 3 inches, used to
form a partition for the separation or boundary
of apartments. They are usually placed about twelve
inches apart, and are lathed and plastered in interiors, but
if used for exteriors they are generally boarded. GwUt.
4898
6. In gun., the position or placing of a piece of
ordnance when it is so traversed that it will
shoot on the same line, or on the same point of
the compass, as that on which the ship's quarter
has its bearing. — 7. In mech., the adjustment
of cranks on a single shaft at an angle of 90°
with each other; also, the boring of holes for
wrist-pins in locomotive driving-wheels at right
angles with each other. E. H. Knight.
quartering (kwar'ter-ing), n. a. [Ppr. of
quarter1, «.] 1. Naut.: (a) Sailing large but
not before the wind. Totten. (b) Being on the
quarter, or between the line of the keel and the
beam, abaft the latter: as, a quartering wind.
Dana. — 2. In archery, making an acute angle
with the range : said of the wind.
quartering-helt (kwar'ter-ing-belt), n. Same
as quarter-turn belt (which see, under belt).
quartering-block (kwar'ter-ing-blok), M. A
block on which the body of a person condemned
to be quartered was cut in pieces. Macaulay.
quartering-hammer (kwarter-ing-ham'l'er), n.
A steel hammer used to block out masses of
flint for flaking.
quartering-machine (kwar'ter-ing-ma-shen*),
n. A machine for boring the wrist-pin holes
of driving-wheels accurately at a distance apart
of 90°.
quarter-iron (kwar'ter-i'ern), n. Naut.,
Doom-iron on the quarter of a lower yard.
quarterland (kwar'ter-land), ». A small ter-
ritorial division or estate in the Isle of Man,
forming a division of a treen.
quarter-partition
racks, tents, etc., of a regiment, and to keep
the regimental stores on the march : he directs
the marking out of camp. In the I'nited States
army the quartermaster is appointed by the colonel of
the regiment, subject to the approval of the Secretary of
War. In the British service the quartermaster is gener-
ally taken from the ranks, :ind after thirty years' service,
including ten as an officer, he may retire with the honor-
ary rank of captain. Farrow, Mil. Encyc.
2. Sattt., a petty officer who has charge of the
steering of the ship, the signals and sound-
ings, and the running lights, leads, colors,
log, compasses, etc., as an assistant to the
navigator. Quartermasters keep regular watch during
the whole time a ship is in commission, and are selected
and running-lights in order.— Quartermaster's depart-
ment, the staff department of the United States army
which provides the quarters and transportation of the ar-
my, purchases stores, transports army supplies, and fur-
nishes clothing, camp and garrison equipage, horses for the
artillery and cavalry, straw, fuel, forage, and stationery. It
disburses the appropriations for the incidental expenses of
the army, such as the pursuit and capture of deserters, the
burial of officers and soldiers, the extra-duty pay of sol-
diers, the purchase of veterinary medicines and stores, the
hiring of escorts, couriers, guides, spies, and interpreters ;
and it has charge of the support and maintenance of the
national cemeteries.— Signal or chief quartermaster,
in the United States navy, a petty officer who has charge of
all the apparatus of navigation, as well as the flags, sig-
" light;
nals, and lights.
a quartermaster-general (kwar'ter-mas'ter-
jen'e-ral), n. Milit., in the British service, a
staff-officer whose department is charged with
all orders relating to the marching, embarking,
disembarking, billeting, quartering, and can-
quarter-light (kwar'ter-lit), n. In a carriage, toning of troops, and to encampments and camp
a window in the side of the body, as distin- equipage ; in the United States army, a staff-
guished from the windows in the doors. Car- officer of the rank of brigadier-general, who is
Builder's Diet. at the head of the quartern) aster's department,
quarter-line (kwar'ter-lin), ». 1. The position quartermaster-sergeant (kwar'ter-mas'ter-
pf ships of a column ranged in a line when one sar'jent), n. Milit., a non-commissioned of-
is four points forward or abaft another's beam, fleer whose duty it is to assist the quartermas-
Also called bow-and-quarter line. — 2. An addi- ter.
tional line extending to the under side of the quartern (kwar'tern), n. [< ME. quarteroun, <
bag of a seine. As the bag approaches the shore, this OF. quarteron, F. quarteron = Pr. cartayron,
line is from time to time drawn upon to relieve the strain cartairo = Sp. cuarteron = It. quarterone, a
upon the wings.
quarter-lookt (kwar'ter-luk), M. A side look.
B. Jonson.
quarterly (kwar'ter-li), a. and n. [< quarter*
~^~ "fy1-] 1. a. 1. Containing or consisting of
a fourth part.
The moon makes four quarterly seasons within her little
year or month of consecution. Holder, On Time.
2. Recurring at the end of every quarter of the
year : as, quarterly payments of rent ; a quarter- °' a pint ; an Imperial gill.
fourth part, < ML. quartero(n-), a fourth part,
< L. quartus, fourth: see quart1, quarter^. Cf.
quarteroon, quadroon.'] 1. A fourth part; a
quarter.
And there is not the mone seyn in alle the lunacioun,
sal only the seconde quarteroun.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 301. (BaUiwell.)
Specifically— 2. The fourth part of certain
British measures, (a) In liquid measure, the fourth
ly visitation or examination — Quarterly confer-
ence. See conference, 2 («)(2).
II. «. ; pi. quarterlies (-liz). A publication
or literary periodical issued once every three
months.
The waiter . . . returned with a quartern of brandy.
Smollett, Launcelot Greaves, xvii.
(6) The fourth of a peck, or of a stone, (c) A quarter of a
pound.
Applicants for quarterns of sugar.
Dickens, Sketches, Tales, iv.
So much of our reviewing is done in newspapers and
critical notes in magazines and quarterlies that this sort of nliartlPr npttino- fkwar'rM- Tipt'iTitr'i « Wnuf
criticism nearly engrosses the name. quairer-netting (.Kwai r-net ing), n. Xaut.,
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 64. netting on the quarter for the stowage of ham-
mocks, which formerly in action served to arrest
bullets from small-arms.
quarternion (kwar-ter'ni-on), w. An erroneous
form of quaternion.
quarterly (kwar'ter-li), adv.
1. In quarters; by quarters.
[< quarterly, a.]
They tore in peces quarterly
The corps which they had slalne.
i, Philomene (Steele Glas, etc., ed. Arber, p. 107).
2. Once in a quarter of a year: as, the returns
are made quarterly. — 3. In her. : (a) Arranged
according to the four
quarters of the shield.
(6) Arranged according
to quartering, even when
more than four divisions
exist: as, he bears quar-
terly of twelve. Com-
pare quartering, 4 Quar-
terly in equerre. in her., di-
vided into four parts by broken
lines, producing an effect simi-
lar to gironny.— Quarterly in
saltier, in her., same as per
saltier: said of the field. See
saltier.— Quarterly pierced, in her., quartered.— Quar-
terly quartered, in her., divided along the lines which
Quarterly in Equerre.
separate the field quarterly : said of any bearing in the
field.
,r'tern-16f), n. A loaf weigh-
four pounds.
Who makes the quarternjoaf and Luddites rise?
U. Smith, Rejected Addresses, i.
In proof of their poverty they [the sweepers] refer you
to the workhouse authorities, who allow them certain
quartern-loaves weekly.
Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, II. 528.
quarter-noble (kwar'ter-no'bl), n. An old
English coin, equal in value to the fourth part
of a noble. Also ferling-noble. See noble, 2.
quarter-note (kwar'ter-not), n. In musical no-
tation, a note equivalent in time-value to one
half of a half-note ; a crotchet : marked by the
sign * or P. Also quarter. — Quarter-note rest.
Same as quarter-rest.
quarteroon (kwar-te-ron'), n. [< Sp. cuarteron:
see quartern and quadroon.] Same as quad-
roon.
Quartering.
First and fourth quarters are of
one ancestor. A; second of an-
other, B ; third of another, C.
Your pale-white Creoles have their grievances: and your
yellow Quarteroons? . . . Quarteroon Og6 . . . feltforhis
share too that insurrection was the most sacred of duties.
Carlyle, French Rev., II. v. 4. (Daviei.)
A Middle English form of
quarterman (kwar'ter-man), n.; pi. quarter-
men (-men). An officer of a subdivision of a
navy-yard working force. [U. 8.]
quartermaster (kwar'ter-mas'ter), n. [= D. quarterount, «•
CtrartfarMMtfer = G. quartiermeister = Sw. quartern.
qi'artermastare = Dan.kt!arteermester; as quar- quarter-pace (kwav'ter-pas), «. The footpace
ter2 + master1.] 1. Milit., a regimental staff- of a staircase when it occurs at the angle-turns
officer, of the relative rank of lieutenant, whose of the stairs.
duties are to superintend the assignment of quarter-partition (kwar'ter-par-tish"on),w. In
quarters and the distribution of clothing, fuel, carp., a partition consisting of quarters. See
and other supplies, to have charge of the bar- quartering, 5.
quarter-pieces
quarter-pieces (kwar'ter-pe'sez), «. pi. Naut.,
projections beyond the quarters of a ship for
additional cabin accommodation.
quarter-pierced (kwar'ter-perst), a. In In i-.,
pierced with a square hole not so large as in
quartered or quarterly jiicrced. See quartered, 5.
— Cross quarter-pierced. See crossi.
quarter-plate (kwar'ter-plat), n. In photog.:
(a) A size of plate measuring 3£ X 4J inches.
The half-plate measures 4± X 5$ inches in the
United' States (4f X f>i in England), and the
irholr-pltite && X 8J inches. (b) A plate of this
size, or a picture made from such a plate.
quarter-point (kwar'ter-point), n. Naut., the
fourth part of a point, or 2° 48' 45".
quarter-pointed (kwar'ter-poin"ted), a. In
her., representing one quarter of the field cut
off saltierwise, usually that quarter which is
appended to either side of the field.
quarter-rail (kwar'ter-ral), n. Naut., that part
of the rail whrch runs above the quarter of the
ship ; the rail that serves as a guard to the quar-
ter-deck where there are no ports or bulwarks.
quarter-rest (kwar'ter-rest), n. A rest or sign
for silence, equivalent in time-value to a quar-
ter-note ; a crotchet-rest: marked | or j{- Also
called quarter-note rest.
quarter-round (kwar'ter-round), n. 1 . In arch. ,
a molding whose contour is exactly or approxi-
mately a quadrant : same as ovolo.
In the quarter round of the cornish without there are
spouts carved with a lip and flowers that do not project.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 109.
2. Any tool adapted for forming quarter-
rounds, as an ovolo-plane.— Quarter-round tool,
a chisel adapted for cutting concave or convex moldings.
quarter-saver (kwar'ter-sa"ver), ». A device
attached to a knitting-machine to prevent the
work from running off if the yarn breaks or runs
out.
quarter-sawed (kwar'ter-sad), a. Same as
quartered, 4.
quarter-seal (kwar'ter-sel), n. The seal kept
by the director of the Chancery of Scotland.
It is in the shape and impression of the fourth part of the
great seal, and is in the Scotch statutes called the testimo-
nial of the great teal. Gifts of lands from the crown pass
this seal in certain cases. Bell.
quarter-section (kwar'ter-sek"shou), n. In the
United States Government Land Survey, a
square tract of laud containing 160 acres, and
constituting one fourth of a section.
quarter-sessions (kwar'ter-sesh"onz), n. pi. 1.
A criminal court held quarterly in England by
justices of the peace in counties (in Ireland by
county-court judges), and by the recorder in
boroughs, and having jurisdiction of minor
offenses and administration of highway laws,
poor-laws, etc. In several of the United States
a somewhat similar court is known by this
name.
A great broad-shonlder'd genial Englishman, . . .
A quarter-sessions chairman, abler none.
Tennyson, Princess, Conclusion.
2. In Scotland, a court held by the justices of
the peace four times a year at the county
towns, and having power to review sentences
pronounced at the special and petty sessions.
Abbreviated Q. S.
quarter-sling (kwar'ter-sling), n. One of the
supports for a yard on either side of its center.
quarter-square (kwar'ter-skwar), n. The fourth
part of the square of a number. Tables of quar-
ter-squares are sometimes used to replace logarithms, on
account of the property that } (z + yy + J (z — y)' = xy.
quarter-Staff (kwar'ter-staf), «.; pi. quarter-
staves (-stiivz). An old English weapon formed
of a stout pole about &J feet long, it was grasped
by one hand in the middle, and by the other between the
middle and the end. In the attack the latter hand shifted
from one quarter of the staff to the other, giving the weapon
a rapid circular motion, which brought the ends on the
adversary at unexpected points.
A stout frere I met,
And a quarter-staffe in his hande.
Playe of Robijn Hode (Child's Ballads, V. 420).
Quarter-staff Dr. Johnson explains to be "A staff of de-
fence, so called, I believe, from the manner of using it ;
one hand being placed at the middle, and the other equal-
ly between the end and the middle."
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 357.
The two champions, being alike armed with quarter-
staves, stepped forward. . . . The miller, . . . holding
his qnarter-titajf by the middle, and making it flourish
round his head, . . . exclaimed boastfully, "Come on,
churl, an thou darest ! " Scott, Ivanhoe, xi.
quarter-stanchion (kwar'ter-stan"shon), n.
Naut., a strong stanchion in the quarters of a
square-sterned vessel, one such stanchion form-
ing the extreme boundary of the stern on each
Hide.
4899
quarter-stuff (kwar 'ter - stnf ), n. Plank one
fourth of an inch in thickness. E. H. Knii/lit.
quarter-tackle (kwar'ter-tak"l), it. A purchase
sometimes used on the quarter of a lower yard
to hoist boats, etc.
quarter-timber (kwar'ter-tim'ber), n. 1.
\aut., one of the framing-timbers in a ship's
quarters. See cut under counter. — 2. In. carp.,
scantling from two to six inches deep. E. II.
Knight.
quarter-tone (kwar'ter-ton), n. Ill iitiixii'iil
acoustics, an interval equivalent to one half of
a semitone or half-step. The term is loosely
applied to a variety of small intervals, espe-
cially to enharmonic ones.
quarter-trap (kwar'ter-trap), n. In theaters,
a small trap on each side of the stage, on a line
with the first entrance.
quarter-turn (kwar'ter-tern), n. The arc sub-
tending an angle of 90° ; a bend or change of
direction at right angles.— Quarter-turn belt,
gooseneck, etc. See belt, etc.
quarter-undulation (kwav"ter-un-du-la'shon),
«. In optics, a quarter of a wave-length — Quar-
ter-undulation plate, a plate (as of mica) so thin as to
cause in a refracted ray a retardation equal to one fourth
of a wave-length. Such a plate is used in determining in
the polariscope the positive or negative character of a uni-
axial crystal.
quarter-vine (kwar'ter-vin), n. An American
vine, Bianonia capreolata. It is so called because,
owing to the projection of medullary tissue in four wing-
like layers from the middle to near the surface, a short
section of the stem, when gently twisted in the hand, will
divide into quarters. See cross-vine.
quarter-waiter (kwar'ter-wa"ter), n. An of-
ficer or gentleman usher of the English court
who is one of a number in attendance by turns
for a quarter of a year at a time. Also called
quarterly waiter.
Gentleman Usher. " No, do as I bid thee ; Ishouldknow
something that have beene a quarter-wayter [in the queen's
service] these nfteenyeares.'
Sir J. Dames, Dialogue, Tanner MS. 79.
quarter-watch (kwar'ter-woch), n. Naut., one
lialf of the watch on deck.
On the whaling ground in the southern fishery, when a
ship is hove to in mid-ocean, they stand quarter-watches,
one-fourth of the working hands, or half of each watch,
being on duty, headed by the boat-steerers.
Fisheries of IT. S., V. ii. 229.
quarter-wind (kwar'ter-wind), n. Naut., a
wind blowing on a vessel's quarter.
quarter-yard (kwar'ter-yard), n. An old ale-
measure. See ale-yard and half-yard.
quartet, quartette (kwar-tef), «. [< It. quar-
tetto, a quartet, < L. quartus, fourth: see quart1.'}
1. In music, : (a) A composition or movement
for four solo parts, either vocal or instrumen-
tal, usually without accompaniment. Specifi-
cally, an instrumental work, usually for four stringed in-
struments, written in sonata form, and planned like a
small symphony ; a string-quartet. The quartet is the
highest variety of chamber-music. It first reached its
full development at the end of the eighteenth century.
(&) A company of four singers or players who
perform quartets. A mixed vocal quartet properly
consists of a soprano (treble), an alto, a tenor, and a bass.
A string-quartet consists of two violins, a viola, and a vio-
loncello. (c) In an orchestra the stringed in-
struments collectively, and in oratorio music
the principal vocal soloists, are sometimes loose-
ly called the quartet. — 2. A stanza of four
lines. — 3. Same as quadruplet. Car-Builder's
Diet — Double quartet, (a) A composition for eight
voices or instruments, especially for four violins, two
violas, and two violoncellos. Grove, (b) The performers
of such a composition, whether vocal or instrumental.—
Quartet choir, a church choir consisting only of a mixed
quartet, especially when made up of expert singers.
quartette (kwar-tet'6), n. [It.] Same as quar-
tet.
quartfult, quartifult, a. [ME. quartyfulle, quar-
ful; < quart3 + -ful.] In good health; pros-
perous. Cath. Ang.
quartfulnesst, «. [ME. quarfulnesse ; <quart-
ful + -ness.] Prosperity. Cath. Ang.
quartic (kwar'tik), a. and n. [< L. quartus,
fourth (see quart*), + -ic.] I. a. In math., of
the fourth degree; especially, of the fourth
order — Quartic symmetry, symmetry like that of a
regular octagon ; in general, symmetry arising from the
vanishing of the cubinvariant of a quartic.
II. n. An algebraic function of the fourth
degree; a quantic of the fourth degree — Blcir-
cular quartic. See bicircular.— Ex-cubo-quartic, a
non-plane curve formed by the intersection of a quadric
and a cubic surface which have, besides, two non-inter-
secting straight lines in common.
quartifult, a. See quartful.
quartile (kwar'til), n. [< L. quartus, fourth
(see quart1), + -He..'] In astrol., an aspect of
planets when their longitudes differ by 90°.
See a#jiect, 7.
quartz
The heavens threaten us with their comets, stars,
planets, with their great conjunctions, eclipses, opposi-
tions, quartUes, and such unfriendly aspects.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 87.
Or Mars and Venus, in a q-uari.il, move
My pangs of jealousy for Arcite's love.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., L 600.
quartilunar (kwar-ti-lu'nar), a. [< L. quartan,
fourth (see quart*), + luna, moon : see lunar.]
Pertaining to or consisting of one fourth of a
lunar month. [Rare.]
Such [tidal] waves as these may follow their causes, in
periodic times, not diurnally alone, as influenced by sun
and moon, but in semilunar or quartilutMr intervals.
Fitz Koy, Weather Book, p. 90.
quartine (kwar'tin), n. [< L. quartus, fourth
(see quart*), + -iue*.] In hot., a supposed
fourth integument of some ovules, counting
from the outermost. It is really only a layer
of the secundine or of the nucleus.
quartiuvariant (kwar-tin-va'ri-ant), n. [< L.
quartus. fourth, + E. invariant.} An invariant
of the fourth degree in the coefficients.
quartisection (kwar-ti-sek'shpn), n. [< L.
quartus, fourth, + E. section.] Separation
into four equal parts ; quadrisection.
quartisternal (kwar-ti-ster'nal), «. [< L. quar-
tus, fourth, + sternum, breast-bone.] Inanat.,
the fourth sterneber, counting from the manu-
brium backward; that bone of the sternum
which is opposite the fourth intercostal space.
[Rare.]
quartle(kwar'tl),n. [Avar, of quarter1.] Same
as quarter*. Halliwell.
quartlet (kwart'let), n. [ME. quartelette, < OF.
"quartelet, < quart, fourth: see quart*.] A
tankard or goblet holding a quart.
Item, ij. quartelettes, of dyvers sortes, weiyng xlviij.
unces. Paston Letters, I. 472.
quarto (kwar'to), n. and a. [Short for L. (NL.)
in quarto : L. in, in ; quarto, abl. of quartus,
fourth: see quart*.] I. n. A size of book in
which the leaf is one fourth of a described or
implied size of paper. The sheet folded twice in cross
directions makes the square quarto, or regular quarto ;
folded twice in the samedirection makes the longquarto.
A cap quarto is 7 x 8J inches ; demy quarto, 8 x 104 inches ;
folio-post quarto, 8J x 11 inches ; medium quarto, 9 x 12
inches; royal quarto, 10 x 13 inches. The leaf of a quarto
is understood to have a broad and short shape. Abbrevi-
ated 4to.
In my library there is a large copy of the Apocrypha,
in what may be called elephant quarto, printed for T.
Cadell and W. Davies, by Thomas Bensley, 1816.
JIT. and Q., 7th ser., IX. 366.
Broad quarto. See broad folio, under broad. — Small
quarto, a square octavo ; a book having eight leaves to a
sheet but the shape of a quarto.
II. a. Noting the size of a book in which a
sheet makes four leaves: as, a quarto volume;
being of the size or shape of the leaves of a
quarto: as, quarto paper; a quarto edition.
Quartodeciman (kwar-to-des'i-man), ». and a.
[< ML. quartadecimani, pi., < L. quarto, decima
(sc. dies lunx), the fourteenth (day of the
moon), fern, of quartus decimus, fourteenth, <
quartus, fourth, + decimus, tenth: see quart*
and decimal.] I. n. A member of one of those
early Christian communities which celebrated
the Paschal festival on the fourteenth day of the
month Nisan (the same day as that on which
the Jews celebrated their Passover), without
regard to the day of the week. This practice led
to great confusion and to a wide-spread controversy (the
Quartodeciman controversy). In modern times this ques-
tion has been much misunderstood, from a failure to dis-
tinguish the "Pascha" which was the anniversary of
Christ's crucifixion from that which was the anniversary
of his resurrection. The Quartodeciman usage was finally
condemned by the Council of Nice, A. D. 325.
II. a. Relating to the Quartodecimans or to
their practice of celebrating the Paschal feast.
As to the origin and precise nature of the Quartodeciman
observance, there is not yet an entire agreement.
Q. P. Fisher, Begin, of Christianity, p. 334.
Quartodecimani (kwar-to-des-i-ma'ni), n. pi.
[See Quartodeciman.] The Quartodecimans.
Quartodecimanian (k war-to-des-i-ma'ni-an) ,
n. and a. [< Quartodeciman + -ian.] Same as
Qutirttidecimaii. Also Quartadecimanian.
quartole (kwar'tol), n. [< L. quartus, fourth:
see quart*.] In music, a group of four notes to
be performed in the time of three or six. Com-
pare decimate, quintole, etc.
quartraint (kwar'tran), n. An improper form
of quatrain.
quartridget (kwar'trij), ». An obsolete form
of quarterage.
quartz (kwarts), n. [= F. quartz = Sp. ewnrro
= Pg. It. quarzo = D. kwarts = Sw. qrarts =
Dan. kvarts = Russ. krartsu, < MHG. quars (pi.
querze), G. quars, rock-crystal, quartz.] The
quartz
common form of native silica, or the oxid of
silicon (Si()2). Silica is also found in nature in the
minerals opal and tridymite (which see). Quartz oc-
curs crystallized and massive, and in both states is most
abundantly diffused, being one of the constituents of
granite, gneiss, and many other crystalline rocks, form-
ing quartzite and sandstone, anil nmkin*,' up the mass of
the sand of the sea-shore. When crystallized it commonly
occurs in hexagonal prisms, terminated by hexagonal
pyramids. It belongs, however, to the rhombohedral
division of the hexagonal system, and its forms are some-
times very complex. < tptically it is remarkable as exhibit-
ing the phenomenon of circular polarization, the right- and
left-handed character of the crystals optically correspond-
ing to the arrangement of the modifying trapezohedral
planes present. It scratches glass readily (hardness 7),
gives fire with steel, becomes electrified by friction, and
also by heating and pressure. It is infusible in the flame
of the blowpipe, and insoluble in ordinary reagents except
hydrofluoric acid. Its specific gravity is 2.66 when pure,
and the luster vitreous or in some cases greasy to dull.
The colors are various, as white or milky, gray, reddish,
yellowish, or brownish, purple, blue, green. When color-
less, or nearly so, and crystallized, it is known as rock-
crystal : here belong the " Lake George diamonds," "Cor-
nish diamond," etc. Other distinctly crystalline varieties
are the pink, called rose-quartz; the milk-white, milk-
quartz ; the purple or bluish-violet, amethyst ; the smoky-
yellow or brown, smoky quartz or Cairngorm stone, called
morion when black or nearly so ; the yellow, false topaz
or citrine ; the aventurin, spangled with scales of mica
or hematite ; sagenitic, containing acicular crystals of
rutile ; the cat's-eye, opalescent through the presence of
asbestos fibers. The cryptocrystalline varieties are named
according either to color or to structure : here belong chal-
cedony, agate in many forms, onyx, sardonyx, carnelian,
heliotrope, prase, chrysoprase, flint, hornstone, jasper,
basanite, agatized wood, etc. (see these words). The
transparent varieties of quartz (amethyst, smoky quartz,
etc.) are used for cheap jewelry, also when colorless for
spectacles (then called pebble), and for optical instru-
ments. Quartz prisms are useful in spectrum analysis,
since quartz is highly transparent to the ultra-violet rays.
(See ftpectrwn.) Beautiful spheres of rock-crystal, some-
times several inches in diameter, occur in Japan. The
massive colored kinds of quartz are much used as orna-
mental stones, especially the agates and agatized or fossil
wood, onyx, etc. In these cases the colors are often pro-
duced or at least heightened by artificial means. Pul-
verized quartz is employed in making sandpaper; also
when pure for glass-making, and in the manufacture of
porcelain. Quartz-veins are often found in metamorphic
rocks, and frequently contain rich deposltsof gold; hence,
in California and other gold-mining regions mining in the
solid rock is commonly called quartz-mining, in con-
tradistinction to placer and hydraulic mining. See cut
under genAe. — Babel quartz, a curious form of quartz
crystals found at Beer Alston in Devonshire, England, the
under surface of which shows the impression of the crys-
tals of fluor-spar upon which the quartz was deposited.
Also call v& Babylonian quartz. — Capped quartz, a variety
of crystallized quartz occurring in Cornwall, England, em-
bedded in compact quartz. When the matrix is broken
the crystals are revealed, and a cast of their pyramidal
terminations in intaglio is obtained. Another kind con-
sists of separable layers or caps, due to successive inter-
ruptions in the growth of the crystal, with perhaps a depo-
sition of a little clay between the layers. — Milky quartz.
Same as milk-quartz.
quartz-crusher (kwarts'krush'er), n. A ma-
chine for pulverizing quartz.
quartziferous (kwart-Kif'e-rus), a. [< quart:
+ -i-ferous.] Consisting of quartz, or chiefly
of quartz ; containing quartz.
quartzite (kwart'sit), n. [< quarts + -its?.'] A
rock composed essentially of the mineral quartz.
It is a rock of frequent occurrence, and often forms de-
posits of great thickness. Quartzite is rarely without a
granular structure, either perceptible to the naked eye Di-
visible with the aid of the microscope. Sometimes, how-
ever, this structure is with great difficulty perceptible.
It is generally held by geologists that quartzite has re-
suited from the alteration of quartzose sand, pressure and
the presence of siliciferous solutions having thoroughly
united the grains of which the rock was originally com-
posed. The quartzose material of which many veins are
made up (material which must have been deposited from
a solution) is not generally designated as quartzite, this
sense being reserved for such quartz as is recognized by
its stratisrraphic position to have been formed from sedi-
mentary material.
quartzitic (kwart-sit'ik), a. [< quartzite +
-ic.] Of or pertaining to quartzite or quartz ;
4900
quartz-porphyry (kwarts'por"fi-ri), n. See
porphyry.
quartz-reef (kwarts'ref), n. Same as quart--
rein. [Australian.]
quartz-rock (kwarts'rok), n. Qunrtzite.
quartz-sinter (kwarts'sin"ter), n. Silicious
sinter.
quartz-trachyte, n. See trachyte.
quartz-vein (kwarts ' van), n. A deposit of
quartz in the form of a vein. Most of the gold ob-
tained from mining in the solid rock, and not by washing
of detrital material, comes from veins of which the gangue
is entirely or chiefly quartz ; hence auriferous veins are
often called quartz-veins, and mining for gold in the rock
is called quartz-mining.
quartzy (kwart'si), a. [< quartz + -yl.] Con-
taining or abounding in quartz ; pertaining to
quartz; partaking of the nature or qualities
of quartz ; resembling quartz.
The Iron ore is still further separated from its granitic or
quartzi/ matrix by washing.
Sir George C. M. Eirdwood, Indian Arts, II. 4.
quas (kwas), H. Same as hrass.
quash1 (kwosh), r. [< ME. quaxlit-n, qitiixchi'ii,
i/Hiisxcn, quessen, < OF. quasser, causer, quassier,
i/iii-xner, kaisser, break in pieces, bruise, shatter,
maltreat, destroy, F. casser, break, shatter, < L.
qimxsnrr, shake or toss violently, shatter, fig.
shatter, impair, weaken, freq. of quatere, pp.
qufisxtia, shake, shatter, break in pieces ; whence
also ult. E. concuss, discuss, percuss, rescue. In
the fig. sense this verb (L. quassare) merges
with F. causer, annul : see quash?.] J. trans. 1 .
To beat down or beat in pieces; crush.
Abowte scho whirles the whele, and whlrles me undlre,
Title alle my qwarters that whllle whare qwaste al to peces !
Murte Arthure (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 8890.
The whales
Against sharp rocks, like reeling vessels quash'd,
Though huge as mountains, are in pieces dash'd.
n'allrr, Battle of the Summer Islands, ii.
2. To crush; subdue; put down summarily;
quell; extinguish; put an end to.
The word Puritan seemes to be quasM, and all that here-
tofore were counted such are now Brownists.
Mil inn, Church-Government, i. 6.
The Commotions in Sicily are quashed, but those of Na-
ples increase. HoweU, Letters, ill. 1.
To doubts so put, and so quashed, there seemed to be an
end for ever. Lamb, Witches.
H. iutrans. To be shaken with a noise; make
the noise of water when shaken.
The erthe quook and quashte as hit quyke were.
Piers Plowman (C'X xxi. 64.
A thin and flne membrane strait and closely adhering to
keep it |the brain ] from quashing and shaking.
Ray, Works of Creation, II.
quash'2 (kwosh), r. t. [< ME. 'quashen, < OF.
quasser, prop, causer, annihilate, annul, F. cas-
ser, annul, < LL. cassare, annihilate, destroy,
annul, < L. cassus, empty, hollow, fig. empty,
vain, useless, futile, null: see cass1. cash1, cas-
sation1, cashier1, etc.] To make void ; annul ; in
law, to annul, abate, overthrow, or set aside for
insufficiency or other cause: as, to quash an
indictment.
Pleas In abatement (when the suit is by original) con-
clude to the writ or declaration by praying "judgment
of the writ, or declaration, and that the same may be
quashed," cassetur, made void, or abated.
Blackstone, Com., III. xx.
quash3 (kwosh), n. [Perhaps so called with ref.
to its being easily broken ; < quash1, v. Squash2
isofAmer. Ind. origin.] If. Apompion. Hal-
liwell. — 2. Same as squash'* (f).
The Indian kale, ochro, quash, peppers, ackys, and a va-
riety of pulse being natural to the climate [of Jamaica).
f. Raughley, Jamaica Planter's Guide (1823), p. 74.
'.] A pump-
quartz-mill (kwarts'mil), n. 1. A machine for
pulverizing quartz, differing in character from
the ordinary mill in which the ore is pulverized
by stamping, but intended to serve the same
purpose. See stamp-mill. — 2. An establish-
ment where auriferous quartz is stamped or in
some other way reduced to a powder, and the
gold separated from it by amalgamation; a
stamp-mill.
quartzoid (kwart'soid), o. [< quartz + -aid.]
In crystal., a double six-sided pyramid, repre-
sented by uniting two six-sided single pyra-
mids base to base.
quartzose (kwart'sos), a. [< quartz + -ose.~\
Composed of quartz. Quartzose rocks are such
as are essentially made up of the mineral
quartz. Also quartzmis.
Southey, Letters (1823), iii. 391. (Danes.)
quashy-quasher (kwosh 'i-kwosh'er), n. A
small tree, Theretia nireifolia, of the West In-
dies and tropical America. It has saffron-colored
funnel-shaped flowers, its wood is hard and even-grained,
and its seeds yield a flxed oil called exile oil.
quasi (kwa'si), conj. or adv. [L., as if, just as,
as it were, about, nearly, < qiiam, as, how, + ,M,
if.] As if; as it were; in a manner: used in in-
troducing a proposed or possible explanation.
quasi-. [< L. quasi, as if, as it were : see quasi.]
A prefix or apparent adjective or adverb (and
hence often written without the hyphen) mean-
ing 'seeming,' 'apparent' (equivalent to 'as
it were," in appearance,' in predicate use), ex-
pressing some resemblance, but generally im-
plying that what it qualifies is in some degree
Quassia
fictitious or unreal, or has not all the features
of what it professes to be : as, a giiOM-argument ;
;i </»».«('-historical account. In construction and
partly in sense it is like pseudo-.
The popular poets always represent Macon, Apolin, Ter-
vagant, and the rest as <7«<m'-deities, unable to resist the
superior strength of the Christian God.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 110.
A quasi hereditary priesthood is in each.
J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, vi. 7.
Henry . . . allowed the Archbishop of Canterbury to
exercise a gi«m'-legatine authority under himself, and with
a check in Chancery on his proceedings.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 259.
Quasi contract, a legal relation existing between parties
to which the law attaches some of the characteristics of a
contractual relation. See natural obligation, under until-
ral. — Quasi corporation, delit, entail. See the nouns.
— Quasi delict ILL. qaati deUctum\, in Rom. law, the
contravention of certain police regulations which imposed
a penalty upon a person for certain acts committed by any
one belonging to his family — for example, throwing of
water out of the windows. The distinction between de-
lieta and quasi delicta has been followed by some authors
whose writings are based on the common law ; and quasi
delicta are defined as those acts by which damage is done
to the obligee, though without the negligence or intention
of the obligor, and for which damage the obligor is bound
to make satisfaction. As, however, intention is not neces-
sary to constitute a delict (tort), the distinction seems to
be unnecessary In modern systems.
quasi-evolute (kwa's!-ev"o-lut), n. In math.,
the envelop of the quasi-normal of a curve.
quasi-fee (kwa'si-fe), n. In law, an estate
gained by wrong, tt'liarton.
quasi-geometrical (kwa-si-je-o-met'ri-kal), o.
Kelating to hyperspace.
quasi-heirlooin (kwa'si-ar'lom), n. See heir-
loom, 1.
Quasimodo (kwas-i-mo'do). [= F. quasimodo;
so called because the introit for this day begins
with the words " Quasi modo geniti infantes,"
As new-born babes (1 Pet. ii. 2) : L. quasi, as if;
modo, just now, lately.] Same as Low Sunday.
Also called Quasimodo Sunday and Quasimodo-
geniti Sunday. See low'*.
quasi-normal (kwa-si-n6r'mal), n. The har-
monic conjugate of the tangent to a curve with
respect to the lines joining its point of contact
to two fixed points.
quasi-period (kwa-si-pe'ri-od), n. That con-
stant which, added to the variable of a quasi-
periodic function, multiplies the constant by a
fixed function.
quasi-periodic (kwa-si-pe-ri-od'ik), a. Noting
a function such that, when the variable is in-
creased by a certain fixed amount, it has its
value multiplied by a fixed function; thus, I* is
quasi-periodic, because I* + J = I. I*.
quasi-radiate (kwa-si-ra'di-at), a. In hot.,
slightly radiate : noting the heads of some com-
posites whose ray-florets are small and incon-
spicuous.
quasi-realty (kwa-si-re'al-ti), n. In law, things
which are fixed in contemplation of law to
realty, but are movable in themselves, as heir-
looms, title-deeds, court-rolls, etc. Wharton.
quasi-tenant (kwa-s!-ten'ant), n. In law, an
undertenant who is in possession at the deter-
mination of an original lease, and is permitted
by the reversioner to hold over. Wharton.
quasi-trustee (kwa'si-trus-te'), n. In law, a
person who reaps a benefit from a breach of
trust, and so becomes answerable as a trustee.
II linrton.
quasje, ». See coati.
quassH, r. A Middle English form of quash1.
quass2t (kwas), n. Same as kraxs.
With spiced Meades (wholsome but deer),
As Meade Obanie and Mead Cherunk,
And the base Quasse by Pesants drank.
Pimlyco or Runne Red Cap (1009), quoted in Gifford's Jon-
[son, VII. 241.
quassation (kvva-sa'shon), n. [< L. quassa-
tio(n-), a shaking or beating, < quassare, shake,
shatter: see quash1.] The act of shaking;
concussion; the state of being shaken.
Continual contusions, threshing, and quotations.
Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 68.
quassative (kwas'a-tiv), a. [< L. 'quassatus,
pp. of quassare, shake: see quash1.] Tremu-
lous; easily shaken.
A Frenchman's heart is more quassative and subject to
tremor than an Englishman's.
Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, iii. 2.
Quassia (kwash'iii), n. [NL. (Linnseus, 1763),
named after Q-uassi or < 'oinxi, a negro slave in
Surinam, who used its bark as a remedy for
fever. Quaxsi, Quiissy, or Qwtshy was a common
name of negroes.] 1. A genus of plants, of
the order Simarubacete and tribe Simantbete.
Quassia
It is characterized by a large columnar receptacle bearing
a small live-lulled calyx, live lout? IT.... -t petals ten thread-
like stamens, and a nve-lolied ovary ripening into live flesh)
drupes There are 2 species : one, little known, is from
Branch of Quassia nmnra, with inflorescence.
a, ;. flower; *, the fruit.
tropical Africa; the other, Q. amara, is a tall and smooth
tree of tropical America, with intensely bitter wood, bear-
ing alternate pinnate leaves with a winged petiole, and
having terminal racemes of large scarlet tubular flowers.
2 [I. c.] A drug, also called Utter-wood, con-
sisting of the wood of Picrsena (Quassia) ex-
celsa, and of two or three related trees; also, a
medicinal preparation from these woods. The
original tree was Quassia amara, the Surinam quassia. Its
wood is still In use in France and Germany, but is largely
superseded by that of the more abundant Picreena ex-
celsa a tall tree, the bitter-ash of Jamaica and some small-
er islands. A substitute for these is Simaruba amara,
the mountain-damson or bitter damson or stavewood of
the West Indies and northern South America. Quassia-
wood is imported in billets, and appears In the shops in
the form of chips, raspings, etc. As a remedy it possesses
in the highest degree the properties of the simple bitters
Its virtues are due to the principle quassln. Cups turned
from the wood impart a bitter taste to their contents, and
were once popular. A sweetened infusion of quassia is
useful to destroy flies. Picrsena excelsa has sometimes
been substituted for hops in brewing, but this use is con-
sidered deleterious. See bitter ash (under ami), oater-
wood, and mountain-damson.
quassia-tree (kwash'ia-tre), n. Any of the
trees producing the drug quassia ; a bitterwood-
Qvuissilabia (kwas-i-la'bi-a), n. [NL. (Jordan
and Brayton, 1878), < L. quassus, pp. of quaterc,
shake, + Ittbium, lip.] A genus of catostomoid
fishes of the United States ; the hare-lip suckers.
4901
3. To flatter. Hntliicrll. [Prov. Eng.]
Il.t iiitniii.t. TCI squat.
quat-t (kwot), H. [Origin obscure.] 1. A
pustule or pimple..— 2. Figuratively, a small,
slmliby, or insignificant person.
I have rubb'd this young quat almost to the sense,
And he grows angry. Shak., Othello, v. 1. 11.
quat3t (kwot), (•. *. [A strong pret. and pp. of
quit, used also as inf.] To quit.
quat3 (kwot), p. «. [See quafl, v.] Quit; free;
released. [Scotch.]
quat4, proit. A dialectal form of What.
quata (kwa'ta), n. Same as coaitn.
quatch1 (kwoch), «. i. [Origin obscure.] To
tell; be a telltale; peach. Salliwell. [Prov.
quatch1 (kwoch), ». [< quatch^, v.] A word.
Hdtliicell. [Prov. Eng.]
Noe • not a quatch, sad poets ; doubt you
There is not greife enough without you?
Dp. Corbet, Elegy on Death of Queen Anne. (Dames.)
quatch2t (kwoch), a. [Cf. qua ft, squat (?).]
Squat; flat.
It is like a barber's chair, that fits all buttocks ; the pin-
buttock, the 4«ateA-buttock, the brawn buttock or any
buttock. Shak., All's Well, ii. 2. 18.
quater-COUSin, «. Same as cater-cousin.
quaterfoil, »• See quatrefoil.
quatern (kwa'tern), a. [< L. quaterm, four
each, by fours, distributive, < quattuor, four :
see quarfl. Cf. qvlreP.] Consisting of four;
fourfold; growing by fours: as, quatern leaves.
quaternary (kwa-ter'na-ri), a. and H. [< L.
quaternarius, consisting of four each, contain-
ing four, <quaterni, four each, by fours: see
quatern.'} T. a. 1 . Consisting of four ; arranged
or grouped in fours.
Reproductive organs . . . solitary or quaternary in the
8P°Te& and Decaisne, Botany (trans.), p. 966.
Q laeera is the cutlips, or May, splitmouth, or rabbit-
mouth sucker, a singular flsh of the Ohio valley and south-
ward of an olivaceous or brownish color above, the sides
and belly silvery, the lower fins tinged with orange, and a
peculiar formation of the mouth which has suggested both
the technical and the vernacular names.
quassin(kwas'in),«. [< quassia + -in*.] ine
neutral bitter principle of quassia (Picrxna ex-
celsa). This substance crystallizes from aqueous solu-
tions in very small white prisms. Its taste is intensely
bitter but it is destitute of odor. It is scarcely soluble
in common ether, slightly soluble in water, and more sol-
uble in alcohol. Also called quassun.
quassite(kwas'it),«. [< quassia + -ite*.] bame
as quassin.
quasumt, pron. [ME., < qua, dial, form of who,
+ sum, mod. E. some.'] Whoso.
Quo-sum this tale can beter tende,
For Cristis loue he hit amende.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.X p. 120.
quat1 (kwot), v. [< OF. quatir, quattir, catir,
press down, strike down, plunge, sink, hide,
refl. crouch, squat, hide, = It. qualtare, dial.
cattare, crouch, lie close, squat, < L. eoactare,
press together, constrain, force, < cogere, pp.
eoactun, press together, urge: see cogent. Cf.
squat, (•., the same as qimt, with a prefix; and
cf. also the related cache* and squash*.] I.
trans. If. To press down; subdue.
The renowne of her chastitie was such that it almost
quitted those sparkes that heated him on to such lawlesse
Greene, Never too Late (Works, ed. Dyce, Int., p. Mi.).
2f. To oppress; satiate.
Had Philotimus been served in at the first course, when
your stomach was not quatted with other daintier fare, his
relish had perhaps been something loathsome.
Philotimus, 1583. (Hares.)
To the stomack quatted with dainties al delicates seeme
queasie. Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 44.
2. [cay.] In geol., noting that part of the geo-
logical series which is more recent than the
Tertiary; Post-tertiary. (See Tertiary.) The
oldest and most general division of the Quaternary is into
dUuvial and allmial, by which terms are meant respec-
tively coarse detrital material and fine detrital material
— the one the result of rapid, the other of slower currents
of water. The former presence of ice, both fixed and
floating, over a part of the northern hemisphere, and es-
pecially in the regions where geology was earliest culti-
vated, has greatly complicated the question of this divi-
sion of the Quaternary into subgroups or epochs. Thus
diluvial has come to be replaced for the most part by gla-
cial; and some English geologists divide the Quaternary
Intaalacial and recent, using the term Pleistocene also as
the equivalent of glacial. The term recent has also as its
synonym both alluvial and human. While the essential
difference between Tertiary and Quaternary is theoreti-
cally supposed to be that in the former a portion of the
fossil species are extinct, while in the latter all are living,
this does not apply in the case of land-animals, especially
the mammals. In fact, there is, over extensive areas,
great difficulty in deciding the question whether certain
formations shall be called Tertiary or Quaternary, as, for
instance, in the case of the Pampean deposits, which,
although containing great numbers of species of mam-
mals all or nearly all extinct, are generally considered by
geologists as being of Quaternary age.
3 In old chem., noting those compounds which
contained four elements, as fibrin, gelatin, etc.
—4. In math., containing, as a quantic, or ho-
mogeneous integral function, four variables.
A surface may be called a quaternary locus, because de-
fined by a quaternary equation, or one equating a quater-
nary quantic to zero.— Quaternary cubic. See cubic.—
Quaternary number, ten : so called by the Pythagore-
ans because equal to 1 + 2 -t 3 + 4. Pythagoras, in the
oath of the brotherhood, was called the revealer of the
quaternary number, on account of some secret of arith-
metic, possibly an abacus. -Quaternary cjuadrics. *ee
quadric.
II. ii. A group of four things.
The objections I made against the quaternary of ele-
ments and ternary of principles needed not to be opposed
so much against the doctrines themselves.
Boyle, Works, 1. DOCJ.
quaternate (kwa-ter'nat), a. [< NL. quater-
natus, < L. gitatcrni, four each: see quatern.}
Consisting of four — Quaternate leaf, a leaf that
consists of four leaflets.
quaternion (kwa-ter'ni-pn), n. [Also quarter-
H ion ; < L. quatrr'nio(it-), the number four,a body
or group of four, < quaterm, four each, by fours :
see quatern.] 1 . A set, group, or body of four :
applied to persons or things.
He put him in prison, and delivered him to four quar-
ternions of soldiers. Acts »'• 4-
Myself . am called Anteros, or Love's enemy; the
more welcome therefore to thy court, and the fitter to con-
duct this quarternion. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Bevels, v. 3.
When and where this quarternion rhyme, as it is used by
Berceo, was first introduced, cannot be determined.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 27.
2. A word of four syllables; a quadrisyllable.
quatrefoil
The triad* and ijuarternions with which he loaded his
speech.
3. A fourfold quantity capable of being ex-
pressed in the form .ri + yj + -/•' + »'• where x,
y, z, w are sealers, or real numbers, while », j,
A- are vectors, or quantities whose' squares are
negative scalars. The calculus of such quan-
tities is termed i/niiti'mimix.
A Quaternion is the quotient of two vectors, or of two
directed right lines in space, considered as depending on
a system of FourOeometrical Elements, and as expressible
by an algebraical symbol of Quadrinomial form. Hie sci-
ence or Calculus, of Quaternions is a new mathematical
method wherein the foregoing conception of a quaternion
is unfolded and symbolically expressed, and is applied to
various classes of algebraical, geometrical, and physical
questions, so as to discover many new theorems, and to ar-
rive at the solution of many difficult problems.
Sir W. Kuwait Hamilton.
Conjugate of a quaternion. See conjugate.- Conju-
gate quaternions. See collate. -Quaternion group.
quaternion (kwa-ter'ni-on), v. t. [< quater-
nion, n.] To divide into quaternions, hies, or
companies.
The Angels themselves ... are distinguish! and qua-
terniond into their celestial! I'rinccdomes.
Milton, Church-tlovernment, 1. 1.
quaternionist (kwa-ter'ni-on-ist), «. [< qua-
ternion + -i**.] A student of quaternions.
Do we depart wider from the primary traditions of arith-
metic than the Quaternionixt does?
J. Venn, Symbolic Logic, p. 91.
quaternity(kwa-ter'm-ti),». [= F. quaternM;
as quatern + -it//.] 1. The state of beingfour;
the condition of making up the number four.
The number of four stands much admired, not only in
the quaternity of the elements, which are the principles
of bodies, but in the letters of the name of God.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 12.
2. A group of four.
So that their whole scale, of all that is above body, was
indeed not a trinity, but a quarternity, or four ranks and
degrees of beings one below another.
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 5o7.
quateron, «. Same as quadroon.
quatorzam (ka-tor'zan), n. [Formerly also
quaterzauii ; < OF. quatorzaine,quatorsaine,the
number fourteen, < quatorse, fourteen : see qua-
torze.] A stanza or poem of fourteen lines; a
sonnet.
Put out your rush candles, you poets & rimers, and be-
queath your crazed quarterzayns to the chandlers ; for loe !
here he commeth that hath broken your legs.
Nailie, quoted in Pierce Penilesse, Int., p. xxiv.
His [Draytons] next publication is Idea's mirror;
Amours in Quatorzaiiu, 1594. It contains fifty-one : son-
neta. If. and Q., 6th ser., X. 81.
quatorze (ka-torz'), «. [< F. quatorse, < L. quat-
tuordecim, fourteen, < quattuor, four, + decent,
ten : see fourteen.] In the game of piquet, the
four aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens : so
called because such a group of four, in the hand
that holds the highest, counts fourteen points.
quatrain (kwot'ran), n. [Formerly also,improp.,
quartrain ; < F. quatrain, a stanza of four lines,
< quatrf, f our,< L. quattuor = E./OMJ-: see four.]
A stanza of four lines riming alternately.
I have chosen to write my poem in quatrains, or stanzas
of four in alternate rhyme, because I have ever judged them
more noble, and of greater dignity both for the sound and
number, than any other verse in use amongst us.
Dryden, Account of Annus Mirabuis.
Who but Lander could have written the faultless and
pathetic quatrain?—
I strove with none, for none was worth my strife;
Nature I loved, and, next to Nature. Art ;
I warmed both hands before the fire of life ;
It sinks, and I am ready to depart.
Stedman, Viet Poets, p. 69.
quatraylet, «• [< OF. quatrc-ayle, etc., < quatre,
four, + ayle, grandfather: see ayle.] A irnal*
ancestor three generations earlier than one's
grandfather.
Thomas Gould, . . . who died in 1520. He was the quat-
raiile of Zaccheus Gould®, the New England immigrant.
New England BMiopolist, I. Tl.
quatre-COUSint, »• Same as cater-cousin,
quatrefoil (kat'er-foil), n. [Also quaterfotl,
quarterfoil ; < ME. katrefoil, < OF. (and F.) qua-
trefeuille, < quatre ,four (< L. quattuor = E./oi/r),
+ feuille, leaf (< L. folium, leaf) : see four and
foil1.] 1. A leaf with four leaflets, as some-
times that of clover.
And katrefoU, whenne thai beth up yspronge,
Transplaunte hem into lande ydight witli dounge.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 191.
2. In arch., an opening or a panel divided by
cusps or folia-
tions into four
foils, or, more
correctly, the
figure formed by
(iuatrefoiU. the CUSpS. This
quatrefoil
ornament resembles the four petals of a cruciform flower,
but is certainly not derived from imitation of such a flow-
er. Bands of small quatrefoils are much used as orna-
Quatrefoils, from west portal of Amiens Cathedral, France ;
13th century.
ments in the English Perpendicular style, and sometimes
in the Decorated. The same name is given also to flowers
and leaves of similar form carved in relief as ornaments
on moldings, etc. See also cut under gallery,
3. In her., a four-leaved grass, or leaf divided
into four leaflets, used as a bearing
trefoil. See crossl. — Double quatrefofl. S
faH or octofaU.
quatrible (kat'ri-bl), n. [< OF. quadruple, quad-
rouble, quadruple, a piece of music for four
voices or four instruments, < quadruple, four-
fold: see quadruple.] In medieval music, a
descant in parallel fourths to the cantus firmus.
quatrible (kat'ri-bl), v. *.; pret. and pp. quat-
ribltd, ppr. quatribling. [< quatrible, n.] In
medieval music, to sing a descant at the interval
of a fourth from the cautus firnius. See di-
aphony, 2. Compare quinible.
quatront, a. An obsolete variant of quatern.
Halliwell.
quatto, n. Same as eoaita.
quattrmo (kwa-tre'no), n. [It. (ML. qtiatri-
nus), < quattro, four: see four.] An Italian
coin of about the value of a half a United
States cent.
The quattrino, a square coin which was struck during
his [Loredano's] reign.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 356, note.
quattrocentist (kwat-ro-chen'tist), n. [= F.
quattroccntiste, < It. quaitrocentista, quattrocen-
tist, < quattrocento (see quattrocento) + -is*.]
An Italian of the fifteenth century ; specifical-
ly, an Italian artist of the style of art called
quattrocento.
It was a revelation to me, and I began to trace the pur-
ity of work in the quattrocentiste to this drilling of unde-
viating manipulation which fresco-painting had furnished
to them. Contemporary Rev., XLIX. 476.
quattrocento (kwat-ro-chen'to), «. and a. [It.,
lit. 400 (< quattro, < ti.quattuor, four, + cento,
< L. centum, hundred), but used as an abbre-
viation of mille quattrocento, 1400, with ref.
to the century (1401-1500) in question. Of.
cinque-cento.] I. ». The fifteenth century con-
sidered as an epoch of art or literature, and
especially in connection with Italy: as, the
sculpture of the quattrocento. The painters of the
early part of the period had not yet attained the power to
render their conceptions with entire freedom ; but their
coloring is very beautiful, and their sentiment in general
nobler than that of the artists who followed them.
II. «. Belonging to, or living or produced
in, the fifteenth century; of the style of the
fifteenth century: as, quattrocento sculpture.
quatuor(kwat'u-6r),w. [<.Tj.quatuor,prop.quat-
tuor, = E. four: see four.] In music, a quartet.
quaught (kwacht), v. t. and i. [Early mod. E.
also quaght; Sa.waught,waucht; origin uncer-
tain. Cf. quaff.] To drink; quaff.
I quaught, I drinke all out
Wyll you quaght with me? Palsgrave.
quavet (kwav), v. i. [Early mod. E. also queave;
< ME. quaven, earlier cwavien; akin to quab1,
quap1. Hence freq. quaver, q. v.] To quiver;
shake.
The daye for drede with-drowe, and derke bicam the sonne,
The wal [veilj wagged and clef [was rent], and al the worlde
quaued. Piers Plowman (B), xviii. 61.
While thy mighte
Can keepe my harte queavinge or quicke.
Puttenham, Partheniades, vi.
quavet (kwav), n. [< ME. quave; < quave, v.] A
shaking: trembling. Prompt. Parv., p. 419.
quavemiret (kwav'mir), n. [Also contr. qua-
mire; < quace + mire. Cf. quagmire, quake-
mire.] Same as quagmire. Palsgrave.
4902
A muddie quavemire. Mir. for Mags., p. 653.
Howbeit, Aratus would not suffer the Achaians to follow
them, because of bogs and quavenrires, but sounded the re-
treat. North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 670.
quaver (kwa'ver), v. [< ME. quai-eren, freq. of
(/iture; cf. LG. quabbeln = G. quabbeln, quappeln,
quiver, tremble, freq. of the form represented
by E. g«aftl. Cf. quireri.] I. intrans. 1. To
have a tremulous motion ; tremble ; vibrate.
It semythe that the worlde is alle qicaveryng ; it will re-
boyle somwher, so that I deme yonge men shall be cher-
ysshed. Paston Letters, III. 174.
At the end of this Hole is a Membrane, . . . stretched
like the Head of a Drum, ... to receive the Impulse of
the Sound, and to vibrate or quaver according to its re-
ciprocal Motions. Kay, Works of Creation, p. 263.
If the finger be moved with a quavering motion, they [the
colors] appear again. Newton, Opticks.
Her hand trembled, her voice quavered with that emo-
tion which is not strength. Stedman, Viet Poets, p. 143.
2. To sing or sound with the wavy tones of an
untrained voice, or with a distinctly tremulous
tone; hence, to sing, in general; also, to per-
form a shake or similar melodic embellishment
with the voice or an instrument.
You'd swear that Randal, in his rustic strains,
Again was quavering to the country swains.
Dryden and Soames, tr. of Boileau's Art of Poetry, ii.
Now sportive youth
Carol incondite rhythms with suiting notes,
And quaver unharmonious. J. Ph&ipt, Cider, ii.
II. trans. To sing in an artless manner or
with tremulous tone.
And for Musick an old hoarse singing man riding ten
miles from his Cathedral to Quaver out the Glories of our
Birth and State. ShadweU, The Scowrere.
We will quaver out Peccavimus together.
Thackeray, Philip, xxvii.
quaver (kwa'ver), «. [< quaver, r.] 1. A
quivering; a trembling.
The worth of such actions is not a thing to be decided in
a quaver of sensibility or a flush of righteous common
sense. Si. L. Stevenson, The English Admirals.
2. A tremulous or quivering sound or tone.
And the choristers' song, that late was so strong,
Grew a quaver of consternation.
Southey, Old Woman of Berkeley.
3. A shake or similar embellishment, particu-
larly in vocal music.
I hearde a certaine French man who sung very melodi-
ously with curious quarters.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 36, sig. D.
It has at least received great improvements among us,
whether we consider the instrument itself, or those sev-
eral quavers and graces which are thrown into the playing
of it. Addison, The Cat-Call.
4. An eighth-note (which see).— Quaver-rest, in
musical notation, same as eighth-rest.
quayerer (kwa'ver-er), n. One who or that
which quavers ; a warbler.
quaveringly (kwa'ver-ing-li), adv. In a quaver-
ing or tremulous manner.
quavery (kwa'ver-i), a. [< quaver + -y1.]
Shaky; unstable.
A quavery or a maris and unstable foundacion must be
holpe with great pylys of alder rammed downe, and with
a frame of tymbre called a crossaundre.
Horman, quoted in Prompt. Parv., p. 419.
quavingt (kwa'ving),re. [< ME. quavyng; verbal
n. of quave, v.] A shaking or trembling, as of
the earth. Sir T. Elyot, Castle of Health, i. 2.
quavivert, n. [Origin uncertain. Cf. viver.]
A fish, the sea-dragon or dragonet ; a kind of
gurnard. See gurnard and Trigla.
Tumle, the great sea-dragon, or quaviver; also the gur-
nard, called so at Koan. Cotgrave.
Vive, the quaviver, or sea-dragon. Cotgrave.
Traigne, the sea-dragon, viver, quaviver. Cotgrave.
quawk (kwak), v. i. [Imitative; cf. squawk.]
To croak; caw. [Prov. Eng.]
quawk (kwak), n. [Imitative; cf. quawk, v.]
The qua-bird or night-heron, Nyctiardea arisea
nsevia. Also quark, squawk. [Local, U. S.]
quay1, n. An obsolete or dialectal form of
whet/.
quay2 (ke), «. [A more recent spelling, after
the F. quay, now quai, of the earlier E. kay,
key (the mod. pron. ke prop, belongs to key
only): see key^, kay%.] A landing-place; a
place where vessels are loaded and unloaded ;
a wharf: usually constructed of stone, but
sometimes of wood, iron, etc., along a line of
coast or a river-bank or round a harbor or dock.
Make quays, build bridges, or repair Whitehall.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. ii. 120.
To ascertain the limits of all ports, and to assign proper
wharfs and quays in each port for the exclusive landing
and loading of merchandise. Blackstone, Com., I. vIL
quay'2 (ke), r. t. [< quay2, n.] To furnish with
a quay or quays.
queasiness
quayage (ke'aj), n. [Formerly keyage ; < F.
quayage, < quay, a key, quay : see quay?.] Duty
paid for repairing a quay, or for the use of a
quay; quay-dues; wharfage.
quay-berti (ke 'berth), n. A berth for a sliiji
next to a quay.
quayedt, a. A manufactured form of quailed,
past participle of quail1. Spenser.
que1, n. Same as cue2.
que'2, «. A dialectal form of cow1. Halliwell.
queach1! (kweeh), v. i. A variant of quitch1.
queach'2 (kwech), ». [Also quitch ; < ME. queche,
a thicket.] 1. A thick bushy plot; a thorny
thicket.
The! rode so longe till thei com in to a thikke queche in
a depe valey. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ill. 640.
2. A plat of ground left unplowed on account
of queaches or thickets. Halliu-cll. [Prov. Eng.]
queachy1 (kwe'chi), a. [Also queechy; < queach1
+ -y1.] Shaking; moving, yielding, or trem-
bling under the feet, as wet or swampy ground.
Twixt Penwith's furthest point and Goodwin's yueachy
sand. Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 396.
I'n got no daughter o' my own — ne'er had one — an' I
warna sorry, for they're poor queechy things, gells is.
George Eliot, Adam Bede, x. (Dories.)
queachy'2t (kwe'chi), a. [Early mod. E. also
qiiecliy; < queach2 + -y1.] Bushy; thick.
The owle, that hates the day and lones to flee by night,
Hath queachie bushes to defende him from Apollo's sight.
TurberviUe, That All Things Have Release.
Our bloud is changed to Inke, our haires to Quils,
Our eyes halfe buried in our quechy plots.
Heywood, Golden Age, v. 1.
queal1 (kwel), v. i. [An earlier and more origi-
nal form of quail1.] To faint away, ffalliwell.
[Prov. Eng.]
queal'2, ». An obsolete or dialectal form of
mheal.
quean (kwen), n. [(a) Also dial. (Sc.) quine;
early mod. E. queane, quene; < ME. quene,
quen, cwene, < AS. cwene, cwyne (gen. cwettan),
prop. cwSne, orig. "cwme, a woman (L. femina,
mulier), wife (L. uxor) (cf. 'cwenfugol, a hen-
bird — a doubtful word in Somner),= OS. quena,
wife, queen (L. regina), harlot (L. meretrix), =
OD. quene, wife, MD. quene, a vain or worthless
woman, a barren woman, also a barren cow, D.
kween, a barren woman, a barren cow, = MLG.
quene, an old woman, LG. quene, a barren cow,
a heifer, = OHG. quena (quena), clncena, cheiia,
MHG. chone, kone, kon, Q. (obs.) kone, a woman,
G. dial, kan, chan, a woman, wife, = Icel. krenna
= Sw. qvinna = Dan. krinde, a woman (cf.
contr. Icel. kona, woman, = Sw. kona, a harlot,
= Dan. kone, a woman, esp. a married woman,
wife), = Goth, qino, a woman, wife (Gr. }w#);
the above forms being distinct from, though
partly confused with (6) E. queen (L. regina), <
ME. queen, quen, quene, kuen, cwene, cwen, < AS.
cwen, rarely cwten (gen. cwene), a woman (L. femi-
na), wife (L. uxor), queen (L. regina, impera-
trix, augusta), = OS. qudn, wife, = OHG. quena,
chuuena = Icel. kvdn, kvsen, wife, = Goth.ktcens,
rarely kweins, wife (not recorded in sense of
'queen'); both forms ult. akin to Ir. Gael.
coinne, a woman; Gr. ywij, a woman, female
(seegynssceum,gynarcny,etc.,gynecocraci/,eto.)',
Skt. jdni, a wife, appar. < y[ jan = Gr. •/ } T v — L.
•V/ gen = Teut. y ken, bring forth : see ken2.
kin1, genus, generate, etc.] A woman ; a female
person, considered without regard to qualities
or position : hence generally in a slighting use.
It may be merely neutral or familiar, like wench (as, a
sturdy quean, a thriving quean\ or be used in various de-
grees of depreciation (= jade, slut, harlot, strumpet). (Eng.
and Scotch.]
Hastow with som quene al nyght yswonke?
Chaucer, ProL to Manciple's Tale, 1. 18.
At churche in the enamel cheorles aren yuel to knowe,
Other a knyght fro a knaue other a queyne fro a queene.
Piers Plomnan (C), ix. 46.
Flavin, because her meanes are somewhat scant,
Doth sell her body to relieve her want,
Yet scornes to be reputed as a nuenn.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 45.
I never was ambitious
Of using congees to my daughter-queen —
A queen ! perhaps a quean .'
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, ii. 3.
I see her yet, the sonsie quean
That lighted up my jingle.
Burns, To the Guidwife of Wauchope House.
My young master will . . . call you slut and quean, if
there be but a speck of soot upon his bandbox.
Scott, Abbot, Iv.
queasily (kwe'zi-li), adv. In a queasy manner;
with squeamishness.
queasiness (kwe'zi-nes), n. The state of being
queasy ; nausea ; qualmishness ; inclination to
vomit; disgust.
queaslness
They did fight with queannem, constrain'd,
As men drink potions. Sliak., 2 Hen. IV., L 1. 196.
Let them live and die in servile condition and thir scru-
pulous queasiitess, if no instruction will conflrme them.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxviii.
queasy (kwe'zi), a. [Early mod. E. and dial.
also qidiixi/: < ME. ijimi/sy, queysy, causing a
feeling of nausea ; prob. < Norw. kveis, sickness
after a debauch, = lcel. ki'cisa, in comp. idhra-
kveisa, colic, = Sw. dial, kvesa, soreness, blis-
4903
For to deiue quike and dede
He seal come to node and quede.
Kiiuj Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 121.
2. An evil person ; especially, the evil one ; the
devil.
A shrew ; an evil person.
Namly an eyre (heir] that ys a qmd,
That desyreth hys fadrys ded.
MS. //art. 1701, f. 42. (Halliwell.)
And lete me neuere falle in boondia of the queed !
Hymns tu Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 0.
ter, pimple; perhaps akin to Sw. qvasa, b™ise, Quedina(kwe-di'na),ft. [NL. (Stephens, 1832).]
Anotable genus of rove-beetles or Staphyliiiidie,
having the prothoracic stigmata each covered
by a triangular lamella. About 120 species have
been described, the majority from Europe, but many from
Asia and America ; 18 are found in America north of Mex-
ico. Most of them have the ordinary rove-beetle habits,
but Q. dilatatus breeds in hornets' nests in Europe, and
will also eat honey.
wound, squash, Dan. kvase, squash, crush. Of.
AS. tficirimni, crush: see squeeze.'] 1. Affected
with nausea ; inclined to vomit.
The Reverend Doctor G aster found himself rathergtwosi/
in the morning, therefore preferred breakfasting in bed.
Peacock, Headlong Hall, vii.
2. Fastidious ; squeamish ; delicate.
And even so in a manner these instruments make a man's rmedshlpt " "[ME. quedscliipe, queadschipe ; (.
^T3^'SS^S^JSW^**>thl ;heybe V; + ^'] Badne88; evilness- Ancren
Ascham, Toxophilus (ed. 1864), p. 27. Btwle, p. 310.
I am so 9I«M*!/-stomached queed1, ». A dialectal variant of quid1. Balli-
I cannot taste such gross meat. well.
Matsinger, Bondman, ii. 2. quee^a^ ». See qued.
Is there cause why these men should overween, and be queen1 (kwen), n. [< ME. queen, quen, queue,
so queoM of the rude multitude lest their deepe worth *,lene wfiene, kuen, cwene, cwen, < AS. cwen,
should be undervalu ^^^^^Ltrmimu. rarely etito (gen. cwene), a woman (L. femtna),
Deprecation which is unusual even for the queasy mod- wife (L. uxor), queen (L.regina,mmeratrix,
esty of sixteenth-century dedications. augusta), = OS. quart, wife, = OHlj. quena,
S. Lanier, Sci. of Eng. Verse, p. vi. chuuena, wife, = Icel. kudu, kvxn, wife, = Goth.
3. Apt to cause nausea ; occasioning uncom- kwens, rarely kweins. wife (not recorded in the
36, requiring to be deli- sense of 'queen'). beegweaw.] l.Theconsort
fortable feelings; hence,
eately handled ; ticklish ; nice.
Those times are somewhat queasy to be touched.
B. Jonson, Sejanus, i. 1.
I have one thing, of a queasy question,
Which I must act. Shak., Lear, ii. 1. 19.
I was not my own man again for the rest of the voyage.
I had a queasy sense that I wore my last dry clothes upon
my body. R. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 132.
4. Short; brief. Halliwell. [Pro v. Eng.]
queazent (kwe'zn), v. t. [Foi'queasen, < qucas(y)
+ -en1.] To make queasy; sicken.
The spirable odor and pestilent steame . . . would have
queazened him. Nashe, Lenten Stuffe(Harl. Misc., VI. 173).
quebast, «• An old game.
Every afternoon at my Lady Briefs and my Lady Mean-
well's at ombre and quebas.
Etheredge, She Would if she Could, iii. 3.
Quebec group. In geol. , a division of the Lower
Silurian established by the Canada Geological
Survey, of very uncertain value.
According to recent researches by Mr. Selwyn, the Que-
bec group as defined by Logan embraces three totally dis-
tinct groups of rocks, belonging respectively to Archaean,
Cambrian, and Lower Silurian horizons.
Geikie, Text-Book of Geol., p. 691.
Quebec oak. See oak.
quebracho (ke-brii'cho), ». [Pg., contr. from
g«ef>m-/Jrtc7M>,'ax-breaker'; so called in allusion
to the hardness of the wood ; < quebrar, break, +
hacha,facha, ax : see hatchet.] The name of sev-
eral hard-wooded South American trees of eco-
nomic value. The white quebracho (quebracho bianco)
is Aspidosperma Quebracho, best known for its medicinal
bark. (See quebracho bark, under bark'2.) The red que-
bracho (quebracho Colorado) is Schinopsis (Loxopterygium)
Lorenttit, of the La Plata region. Its wood and bark form
an important tanning-material, veiy rapid in action, ex-
ported to Europe in bulk and in extract. Its timber is ex-
tremely hard and strong. Another quebracho is lodina
rhomb(folia of the Santalacex (quebracho floja), its wood
and bark being mixed with the last— Quebracho gum,
the dried juice or watery extract of Schinopsis Lorentzii,
It is used for the relief of dyspnoea.
quebrada (ke-bra'dii), n. [Sp., broken, uneven
ground, prop. fern, of quebrado, pp. of quebrar,
break.] A gorge; a ravine; a defile: a word
occasionally used by writers in English on Mex-
ican and South American physical geography,
and by the Spanish Americans themselves, with
about the same meaning as barranca.
quecchet, *>• *. A Middle English form of quitch1.
quech (kwech), •». Same as qiiaigh. [Scotch.]
queckt, «• [Origin uncertain ; cf. querken.'} A
blow (f).
But what and the ladder slyppe, . . .
And yf I fall I catche a quecke,
I may fortune to breke my necke, . . .
Nay, nay, not so !
Enterlude of Youth. (Halliwell.)
queckshoest, «. See quelquechose.
quedt, <'• and n. [ME., also quede, queed, quead,
quad, quoad, queth, < AS. *cwsed = OFries. quad
= MD. quaed, D. kwaad = MLG. quat, LG.
i/iniiiil. bad ; otherwise found in the neuter, as a
noun, AS. "cwsed, ciredd, filth, dung, = MD.
quaed, (/uaet, quat, kat = OHG. quat, MHG.
quat, kat. qiiot, kot, G. kot, koth, filth, dirt,
mud.] I. «. Bad; evil.
II. n. 1. Evil; harm.
of a king.
Thursdaye, the laste daye of Apryll, to Lasheles, where
lyethe quene Elyanour of Englonde, and in an abbey of her
awne foundacyon. Sir Jt. Quylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 4.
I'll undertake to make thee Henry's queen.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 3. 117.
2. A woman who is the sovereign of a realm;
a female sovereign. In countries under monarchical
rule females are sometimes excluded from the throne, and
seldom if ever succeed in direct lineal descent. In the line
of succession to the British throne the eldest son of the
sovereign is the heir, to the exclusion of older sisters ; but
a daughter who has no brothers succeeds, to the exclusion
of younger brothers of her father or their male descen-
dants. The exceptionally long reign of Queen Victoria
(who succeeded in right of her deceased father, the Duke
of Kent, to the exclusion of his younger brothers) has
familiarized English-speaking communities of the present
day with the form queen's instead of king's in such phrases
as queen's counsel, the queen's English, etc.
Of lower Syria, Cyprus, Lydia,
Absolute queen. Shak., A. and C., iii. 6. 11.
Now what I am ye know right well — your Queen,
To whom ... ye did promise full
Allegiance and obedience to the death.
Tennyson, Queen Mary, ii. 2.
3. Figuratively, a woman who is chief or pre-
eminent among others ; one who presides: as,
queen of beauty; queen of the May (see May-
queen).
Venus, the queen of Love, was but thy figure,
And all her graces prophecies of thine.
Shirley, Traitor, iii. 3.
Isabel, thro' all her placid life,
The queen of marriage, a most perfect wife.
Tennyson, Isabel.
4. Hence, anything personified as chief or
greatest, when considered as possessing female
attributes.
The Cathedrall Church of this Citie [Amiens] is dedi-
cated to our Lady, being the very Queene of al the Churches
in France. Coryat, Crudities, I. 15.
Show this queen of cities that so fair
May yet be foul. Camper, Task, i. 727.
Seven hundred years and fifty-three
Had Rome been growing up to might,
And now was queen of land and sea.
Domett, Christmas Hymn.
5. In entom., a queen bee or queen ant. — 6. A
playing-card on which a queen is depicted.
The knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts,
And wins (oh shameful chance !) the Queen of Hearts.
Pope, R. of the L., iii. 88.
7. In chess, the piece which is by far the most
powerful of all for attack. See chess1. Abbre-
viated Q. — 8. A variety of roofing-slate, mea-
suring 3 feet long and 2 feet wide. Compare
duchess, 2 — Court of Queen's Bench. See Court of
King's Bench, under court.— Dollar queen, In apiculture,
an untested queen bee, bred from a purely bred mother
that has mated with one of her own race : so called be-
cause the standard price was supposed to be one dol-
lar. The price of dollar queens, however, varies from 75
cents to $2. Phin, Diet, of Apiculture, p. 57.— Keeper
Of the Queen's prison. See Marshal of the King's
(or Queens) Bench, under marshal. — Marshal of the
queen's household. See marshal.— Problem of the
queens. See problem.— Queen Anne's bounty. See
bounty.— Queen Anne style, in arch., the style which
obtained in England in the early part of the eighteenth
century, and produced many commodious and dignified
buildings, particularly in domestic architecture ; also,
specifically, a nondescript style purporting to follow the
queenfish
above, and reproducing some of the exterior forms and
ornaments of the original, much in vogue In the United
States, especially for suburban cottages, from about 1880.
— Queen bee. See6ee.— Queen closer, see closer^ (b).
— Queen consort, sec eomorti.— Queen dowager, the
widow of a deceased king.— Queen mother, a queen
dowager who is also mother of the reigning sovereign.
Queen of heaven, (a) A title often given to the god-
dess Astarte or Ashtoreth.
The women knead their dough to make cakes to the
mieen of heaven, . . . that they may provoke me to anger.
Jer. vii. 18.
With these in troop
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call'd
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.
Milton, P. L., i. 439.
(b) Among Roman Catholics, a title given to the Virgin
Mary.— Queen Of the May, a young girl crowned with
flowers and enthroned as the central figure of the May-day
sports.— Queen regent, queen regnant, a queen who
holds the crown in Tier own right, or a queen who reigns
as regent.— Queen's advocate. Same as lord advocate
(which see, under advocate).— Queen's color, in the Brit-
ish aimy, one of the pair of colors belonging to every
regiment. In the line it is a union jack charged with
some regimental devices ; in the Guards it is a crimson
flag, sometimes having the jack in the dexter chief, but
always having the royal cipher and regimental devices.
See color, and a pair of colors, under pairi. BouUll, English
Heraldry.— Queen's counsel, enemy, gambit. See
counsel, etc.— Queen's evidence. See Icing's evidence,
under evidence.— Queen's gap, a gap in a dam, a style
of ftshway used in British waters. It has been occasion-
ally used in America for alewives. In low dams it answers
well for salmon.— Queen's herbt, snuff : so called (in the
latter part of the sixteenth century) because Catharine
de' Medici acquired a taste for it soon after the introduc-
tion of tobacco into France.— Queen's keys. See keyt.
—Queen's messenger. See messenger.— The queen's
English. See English.— The queen's peace. Seepeace.
queen1 (kwen), i: [< queen1, «.] I. intrans. To
play the queen; act the part or character of a
queen ; domineer : with an indefinite it.
A three-pence bpw'd would hire me,
Old as I am, to queen it.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 3. 37.
Xerxes went out of his way with his army to do homage
to the great plane-tree that queened it in the desert alone.
P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 85.
II. trans. 1. In chess, to make a queen of:
said of a pawn on its reaching the eighth square.
— 2. In apiculture, to supply with a queen ; in-
troduce a queen to: said 'of a colony of bees.
Phin, Diet, of Apiculture, p. 57.
queen2 (kwen), n. Same as quin.
In England one hears such names for scallops as " fan-
shells," " frills," or "queens" in South Devon, according to
Montagu : and on the Dorset coast the fishermen call them
"squinus." Fisheries of U. S., V. ii. 665.
queen-apple (kwen'ap'l), ». Avariety of apple.
The queen-apple is of the summer kind, and a good
cider apple mixed with others. Mortimer, Husbandry.
queen-cell (kwen'sel), n. The cell of a honey-
comb destined for a queen or female larva.
It is larger than the other cells, and generally placed on
the edge of the comb, and is said to be provisioned with
richer food, the so-called royal jelly.
queen-conch (kwen'kongk), «. The giant
stromb or conch, Strombus gigas ; the fountain-
shell, used to make conch-coral, porcelain, etc.
queencraft (kwen'kraft), ». Craft or skill in
policy on the part of a queen; kingcraft as
practised by a female sovereign.
Elizabeth showed much queencraft in procuring the
votes of the nobility. Fuller.
Queen-day (kwen'da), n. The Feast of the An-
nunciation of the Virgin Mary ; Lady-day.
queendom (kwen'dum), ». [< queen1 + -dom.]
1. The condition or character of a queen;
queenly rule, power, or dignity.
Will thy queendom all lie hid
Meekly under either lid 1
Mrs. Browning, The Dead Pan.
2. The realm or the subjects of a queen.
The mother sat at the head of the table, and regarded
her queendom with a smile.
George MacDonald, What's Mine's Mine, p. 9.
[Bare in both uses.]
queenfish (kwen'fish), n. A sciasnoid fish,
Seriphus politus, found on the Pacific coast of
the United States. It is a food-fish of good quality,
but too small to be of much economic importance, reaching
Queenfish (Striphus politus}.
a length of only eight inches and a weight of half a pound.
The body is compressed, and covered with rather large
deriiliinus scales. The two dorsal fins are separate ; the
queenfish
color is Mulsh above, silvery below, yellow on the belly,
with yellowish vertical fins, and blackish at the base of the
pectorals. Also called Icinyfish.
queen-gold (kwto'gSW), «. A royal duty or rev-
enue once enjoyed by every queen of England
during her marriage with the king.
queenhood (kweu'hud), n. [< queen + -hood.]
The state or rank of a queen; the dignity of
character becoming a queen.
With all grace
Of womanhood and queenhood.
Tennyson, Geraint.
queening (kwe'ning), «. [Appar. < queen +
-twj/3 • but perhaps connected with quine,
quince.] A name of several varieties of apple :
one is distinguished as the winter queening.
The winter queening is good for the table.
Mortimer, Husbandry.
queenite (kwe'nit), n. [< queen + -ite2.] A
partizan of Queen Caroline in her differences
with her husband, George IV.
He thought small beer at that time of some very great
patriots and Queenites.
Southey, The Doctor, interchapter xvi. (Dames.)
queenlet (kwen'let), ». [< queen + -let.'] A
petty or insignificant queen.
In Prussia there is a 1'hilosophe King, in Russia a Phllo-
sophe Empress ; the whole North swarms with kinglets
and aueeitlets of the like temper.
Carlyle, Misc., III. 216. (Comes.)
queen-lily (kwen'lil"i), «. A plant of the ge-
nus Phsedranaxsa. P. chloracea is a handsome cul-
tivated species from Peru, with flowers 2 inches long, the
short tube greenish, the segments of the limb purplish
rose-color tipped with green.
queenliness (kwen'li-nes), «. The state or con-
dition of being queenly ; the characteristics of
a queen; queenly nature or quality; dignity;
stateliness.
queenly (kwen'li), a. [< queen + -ly1.] Like
a queen ; befitting a queen ; suitable to a queen.
An anthem for the queenliest dead that ever died so young.
Pope, Lenore.
queenly (kwen'li), adc. [< queenly, a.] Like a
queen; in the manner of a queen.
Queenly responsive when the loyal hand
Hose from the clay it work'd in as she past.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
queen-mother (kwen'muTH'er), ». See queen.
— Queen-mother herb ' , tobacco.
queen-of-the-meadows ( k wen ' ov-the-med ' 6z ) ,
n. The English meadow-sweet, fipireea VI-
maria, an herb a yard high, with pinnate leaves,
and a compound cyme of very numerous small
yellowish-white sweet-scented flowers; also,
rarely, the American meadow-sweet, Spireea
salicifolia.
queen-of-the-prairie (kwen'ov-the-pra'ri), n.
A tall American herb, Spireea tobata, of mea-
dows and prairies in the interior. Its pinnate
leaves, which are fragrant when bruised, are chiefly near
the ground. It bears an ample panicled compound cyme
of handsome crowded peach-pink flowers.
queen-pinet, "• The pineapple. Also called
kitty-pine.
queen-post (kweu'post), u. In carp., one of the
suspending posts in the framed principal of a
Queen-post Roof.
A A, queen-posts ; S, tie-beam ; C C, struts or braces.
roof, or in a trussed partition or other truss,
when there are two such posts. When there
is only a single post it is called a king-post or
crown-post. Also called prick-post Queen-post
stay, in a railroad-car, a rod or bar fastened to a queen-
post to secure it against any lateral movement. — Sec-
ondary queen-posts, a kind of truss-posts set in pairs,
each at the same distance from the middle of the truss, for
the purpose of hanging the tie-beam below. Also called
side-posts.
queen's-arm (kwenz'arrn), ». A musket.
Agin the chimbley crook-necks hung ;
An' in amongst 'em rusted
The ole qtteen's-arm thet gran'ther Young
Fetched back frum Concord busted.
Lowell, The Courtin'.
queen' S-delight (kwenz'de-lit*), n. A herba-
ceous plant, Stilliiigia sylratica, order Euphor-
biacex, native of the southern United States.
It has clustered stems from 1 to 3 feet high, springing from
a thick woody root. The latter is an officinal alterative.
Also queen's-root.
4904
queen's-flower (kwenz'flou'er), n. The blood-
wood or jarool, LiKjer.itru'miit Flnn-Keyiuif, ame-
dium-sized tree of the East Indies, etc., in those
regions often planted. The panicled flowers are each
2 or 3 inches in diameter, rose-colored in the morning,
becoming purple by evening.
queenship (kwen'ship), n. [< queen + -xhip.]
The position or dignity of a queen.
Neither did I at any time so far forget myself in my ex-
altation or received queenship but that I always looked lor
such an alteration as I now find.
Queen Ann Boleyn'slart tetter to King Henry (quoted by
[Addison in Spectator, No. 397).
Queensland ebony, see Mala; hemp, see niila :
laurel, see Pittoqpontm; nut, nut-tree, see
Mneiidaiiiia ; olive, poplar, etc., see olive, etc. ;
plum, see Owenia, 1.
queen S-lily (kwenz'HFi), ». 1. See Knipho-
fifi.—2. The Mexican lily. See lily.
queen's-metal (kwenz'mefal), «. An alloy of
which the chief ingredient is tin, answering the
purposes of Britanniametal, and somewhat finer
and harder than pewter. The proportions of
the ingredients vary.
queen's-pigeon (kwenz'pij'on), ». A large and
handsome ground-pigeon, "Goura riettirise,: so
named from the (jueen of England. See Goura.
Also called Victoria crown-pigeon.
queen's-root (kwenz'rot), n. Same as queen' g-
ili liijht.
queen-stitch (kwen'stich), n. A simple pattern
in embroidery, made by a square of fourstitches
drawn within another larger one made in the
same way. A checker pattern is produced by
a series of these.
queen's-ware (kwenz'war), n. A variety of
Wedgwood ware, otherwise known as cream-
colored ware. See Wedywood irare, under icore'2.
queen's-yellow (kwenz'yel'6), n. The yellow
subsulphate of mercury; turpeth-mineral.
queen-truss (kwen'trus), n. A truss framed
with queen-posts.
queequehatch, ». Same as quickhatch.
queer1 (kwer), «. and n. [Formerly also quire;
< LG. queer, quer, cross, transverse (> quere,
obliquity), = MHG. G. quer. cross, transverse
(> quere, obliquity), OHG. MHG. taer, cross,
transverse (> twer, obliquitv); a variant, with-
out the final guttural, of OHG. dwerah, dwerih,
dwereh, dwerh, thwerah, thtrereh, twerh, MHG.
dwerch, twerch, G. zwerclt- = AS. thweorh, cross,
transverse, = Sw. trar = Dan. trier, cross, ob-
tuse, = Goth, thwairlix, angry, = Icel. thverr,
neut. thrert, > ME. thwert, thwart, E. thwart,
transverse, transversely: see thwart, which is
thus a doublet of queer.] I. a. 1. Appearing,
behaving, or feeling otherwise than is usual
or normal; odd; singular; droll; whimsical;
quaint.
The presence seems, with things so richly odd,
The mosque of Mahound, or some queer pagod.
Pope, Satires of Donne, Iv. 239.
The queerest shape that e'er I saw,
For flent a wame it had ava'.
Burro, Death and Dr. Hornbook.
2. Open to suspicion ; doubtful in point of hon-
esty. [Colloq.]
You drive a queer bargain with your friends, and are
found out, and imagine the world will punish you.
Thackeray.
'•We've seen his name — the old man's — on some very
queer paper," says B. with a wink to .T.
Thackeray, Philip, iv.
3. Counterfeit; worthless. [Slang.]
Put it about in the right quarter that you'll buy queer
bills by the lump. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, ii. 5.
4. Having a sensation of sudden or impend-
ing illness; sick or languid. [Colloq.]
Little of all we value here
Wakes on the morn of its hundredth year
Without both feeling and looking queer.
0. W. Holmes, The Deacon s Masterpiece.
A queer fish. See jSsAi. —Queer Street, an imaginary
place, where persons in financial or other difficulties, and
flighty, uncertain, and "shady" characters generally, are
feigned to live. [Slang.]
A fair friend of ours has removed to Queer-street; . . .
you'll soon be an orphan-in-law.
Dickens, Dombey and Son, xl.
I am very high in Queer Street just now, ma'am, having
paid your bills before I left town.
Kingsley, Two Years Ago, xiv. (Dacies.)
= Syn. 1. Strange, Odd, etc. (see eccentric), curious, ex-
traordinary, unique, fantastic.
II. u. Counterfeit money; "green goods."
[Slang.]— To shove the queer, to pass counterfeit
money. [Slang. ]
queer1 (kwer), r. t. [< queer1, a.] 1. To banter;
ridicule; deride. [Slang.]
Who in a row like Tom could lead the Vin,
Booze in the ken, or at the spellken hustle?
Who queer a flat? Byron, Don Juan, xi. 1«.
quell
A shoulder-knotted puppy, with a grin,
Queeriny the threadbare curate, let him in.
Caiman the Younger.
2. To puzzle. Ifalliircll. [Prov. Eng.]
queer'-'t, "• An obsolete form of quire1. cut-
grave,
queer3 (kwer), n. [Formerly also (/iiare; prob.
lilt. < L. quadras, square: see quarri/l. x'/"'"'' • \
One of the joints or division-planes of queery
rock. [Cornwall. Eng.]
queerer (kwer'cr), », One who banters or ridi-
cules. [Slang.]
'Twould be most tedious to describe
The common-place of this facetious tribe,
These wooden wits, these Quizzers, Queerers, Smokers,
These practical nothing-so-easy Jokers.
Colman the Younyer.
queerity (kwer'i-ti), n. [Formerly also queur-
itij ; < queer1 + -ity.] Queerness. [Rare.]
No Person whatsoever shall be admitted [to the "Ugly
Club") without a visible Quearity in his Aspect, or pecu-
liar Cast of Countenance. Steele, Spectator, No. 17.
queerly (kwer'li), adv. In a queer, odd, or sin-
gular manner.
queemess (kwer'nes), »i. The state or charac-
ter of being queer.
queery (kwer'i), «. [Formerly also quarey ; <
queer* + -y1.] Breaking up in cuboidal masses,
as rocks in various quarries. [Cornwall, Eng.]
queest (kwest), «. [Also queast, quest, quint,
formerly qitoiat, also corruptly quease, queeze,
quice; < ME. quysht, prob. a contr. form of
cushat.] The cushat or ring-dove, Cohimba pa-
lumbux. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
Askes beth goode, and so hoot is noo dounge
Of foule as of the douve, a quysht outake [excepted].
Palladium, Uusboudrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 28.
queet1 (kwet), n. [A dial. var. of coot.} The
coot, Fiilica atra. [Prov. Eng.]
queet2 (kwet), «. [Also quit, cuit, cute, coot;
origin obscure.] An ankle. [Scotch.]
The first an' step that she stepp'd in,
She stepped to the queet.
The Drou-ned Loceri (Child's Ballads, II. 179).
The second brother he stepped In,
He stepped to the quit ;
Then out he jump'd upo' the bank,
Says, "This water's wond'rous deep."
Bondtey and Xaiary (Child's Ballads, II. S79).
queez-madam (kwez'mad"am), «. [F. cuisse-
madame.] The cuisse-madam, a French jar-
gonelle pear. [Scotch.]
He'll glowr at an auld-warld harkit aik snag as if it were
a queez-maddam in full bearing. Scott, Rob Roy, xxi.
queff, quegh, queigh. «. Same as quaiyh.
queint't, «. A Middle English form of quaint.
queint2t. An obsolete preterit and past parti-
ciple of quench. Chaucer.
queintiset, »• A variant of quaiiitine.
quekebordet, ». [ME., appar. as if "quickboard,
< quick + board.] An old game, prohibited
under Edward IV. Strutt, Sports and Pas-
times, p. 512.
Quekett's indicator. See indicator, 1 (c).
quelch (kwelch), n. [Cf. squelch.] A blow; a
bang. Hallitcell. [Prov. Eng.]
quele1*, v. An obsolete form of quail1, queal.
quele2t, »• An obsolete form of wheel.
quelea(kwe'le-ii),». [African (f).] 1. The crim-
son-beaked weaver-bird of Africa.— 2. [cap.]
Quelea sangit
[NL. (Eeichenbach, 1850).] A genus of Afri-
can weaver-birds or Ploeeidee, containing such
species as the above, (,>. sangHiitiroxtri*.
quell (kwel), f. [< ME. quellen, < AS. cwellan
(•= OS. quellian = OHG. quellan, cicellan, quel-
len, chellen, clteleit, MHG. elncellen, chollen,
quellen, quelii, Jcaln, G. qualen = Icel. livelja =
Sw. qviilja), kill, lit. cause to die, causal of
einlaii, etc., die, E. queal, now usually quail:
quell
see qutiiH. The common identification of quell
with kill1, of which it is said to be the earlier
form, is erroneous.] I. trans. If. To cause to
die ; put to death ; kill ; slay.
Take h»ed that tbou reveal it ere thou be quelled to
death. Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 8.
The dokes criden as men wolde hum quelle.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 570.
Hee lete catch the King it kyllen hyin soone,
And his Princes of price prestlich hee quelde.
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.), 1. 925.
Treading one vpon another, they (fuelled to death . . .
a multitude of the common souldiours.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 20.
And quell'd the Snakrs which round his [William's] Cra-
dle ran. Prior, Carmen Seculare (1700), at 9.
2. To cause to cease; subdue; crush: as, to
quell an insurrection.
Appointed .
to quell seditions and tumults.
Atterbury.
The mutiny was quelled with much less difficulty than
had been feared. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.
3. To reduce to peace or inaction; quiet;
allay.
But Consideration is of greater Use, as it suggests Argu-
ments from Reason to quell and allay the sudden heat of
Passions. Stillinyfleet, Sermons, III. vii.
Me Agamemnon urg'd to deadly hate ;
'Tis past — I quell it ; I resign to fate.
Pope, Iliad, xviii. 144.
Caroline refused tamely to succumb. . . . Bent on vic-
tory over a mortal pain, she did her best to quell it.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xi.
4f. To dash out ; destroy.
They nghten, and bryngen hors and man to grounde,
And with hire axes oute the braynes quelle.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 40.
=Syn. 2. To overpower, put down, lay, smother. — 3. To
calm, compose.
II. t intrans. 1. To die; perish.
Yet did he quake and quiver, like to quell.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 42.
2. To abate.
Winter's wrath beginnes to quell.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., March.
quell (kwel), n. [<.quell,v.~\ If. Murder. [Rare.]
What cannot you and I ... put upon
His spongy officers, who shall bear the guilt
Of our great quell? Shak., Macbeth, i. 7. 72.
2. Power or means of quelling or subduing.
[Rare and poetical.]
Awfully he [Love] stands,
A sovereign quell is in his waving hands ;
No sight can bear the lightning of his bow.
Keats, Endymion, ii.
queller (kwel'er), «. [< ME. queller, < AS.
cwellere, a killer, < cwellan, kill : see quell.'] It.
One who quells or kills; a slayer.
And our posterite shalbe reproued as children of home-
cides, ye of regicides, and prince queller*.
Hall, Hen. IV., an. 1.
Mrs. Quickly. Murder ! . . . thou art a honey-seed [homi-
cide], a man-owcWer, and a wom&n-queller.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., il. 1. 59.
2. One who subdues or crushes.
Hail, Son of the Most High, heir of both worlds,
Queller of Satan ! Milton, P. R., iv. 634.
quelliot, »• [< Sp. cuello, a ruff.] A kind of
ruff.
Our rich mockado doublet, with our cut cloth-of-gold
sleeves, and our quellio. Ford, Lady's Trial, ii. 1.
Your Hungerland bands, and Spanish quellio ruffs.
Massinger, City Madam, Iv. 4.
quelm, v. t. An obsolete or dialectal form of
whelm. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 323.
quelquechose (kelk'shoz), n. [Also queVcehose
(also queckshoes, keckshose, kickshose, kickshaws,
etc.: see kickshaw), < P. quelquechose, some-
thing, < quelque, some, + -chose, thing: see
chose2. Cf. kickshaw.] A trifle ; a kickshaw.
Only let me love none, no, not the sport,
From country grass to confitures of court,
Or city's quelque-choses, let not report
My mind transport.
Donne, Love's Usury.
quemet, «•• [ME., also quern, cweme, earlier
i-i/ueme, i-cweme, < AS. gecweme, pleasing,
agreeable, acceptable, fit (cf., with diff. prefix,
OHG. biqitdmi, MHG. beqiifeme, G. bequem, fit),
< ge-, a generalizing prefix, + cumiin (pret.
*cico/», com), come: see come, and cf. become
and comely.] Pleasing; agreeable.
Wherfore I beqwethe me to your qweme spouse,
To lyue with in lykyng to my lyfes ende.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.X 1. 633.
quemet, ''. [ME. quemen, < AS. oweman, also
geeioeiiHin, please, satisfy, propitiate, < r/ecweme,
pleasing, becoming: sec qiieme, «.] I. tnmx.
To become ; suit ; fit ; satisfy ; please.
4905
That [virtue) is approperid into noo degree,
But the flrste Kadir in magestee,
Which may his hcires deeme hem that him queme,
Al were he mytre, corone, or diademe.
Chaucer, Uentleness, 1. 20.
God seue us grace in oure lyuynge
To serue oure (Jod. <fe Marie to qweeme.
llilinns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. K.
Parys full pristly with preciouse araye
Worshippit that worthy in wedys full riche,
As quremet for a qwene <fc qwaintly atyret,
That Priam hade purueit & to the place sent
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3404.
Such merimake holy Saints doth queme.
Spenser, Shep. Cal. , May.
II, iii trims. To become; come to be.
To qu'eme qwyt of all other,
To skapu out of skathe and sklaunder to falle.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1S09.
quemfult, «• [ME., < queme + -ful.'} Becom-
ing; fit.
Now, sothely, na thyng bot a lathynge of all this werldis
blysse, of all tteschely lykynges in thi herte, and a qwem-
full lungynge with a thrlsty gernyng to heuenly joye.
Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 33.
Haile ! quentfull Queene, quaintly shape !
Moste of all Macedoine menskf ull Ladie !
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.), 1. 582.
quemlyt, adi>. [ME., < queme + -Zy2.] In a
pleasing or fitting manner.
The golde was all gotyn, & the grete sommes
Of qwhete, & of qwhite syluer, qwemly to-gedur.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 117S3.
quench (kwench), v. ; pret. and pp. quenched.
formerly also queint. [< ME. quenchen (pret.
quencte, queynte), < AS. cwencan (also, in comp.,
d-cweticaii), quench, put out, causal of "cwincait
(pret. *cwanc), in comp. d-cicincan (= OFries.
kwinka), go out, be extinguished; cf. "civilian
(pret. *cwdn), in comp. d-cwiitan, go out, be ex-
tinguished.] I. trans. 1. To extinguish or put
out, as fire.
Thy rage shall burn thee up, and thou shalt turn
To ashes, ere our blood shall quench that fire.
Shak., K. John, iii. 1. 345.
The taper, quenched so soon,
Had ended merely in a snuff, not stink.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 112.
2. To extinguish or allay; stop ; put an end to,
a« thirst.
The gentle deare returnd the selfe-same way,
Thinking to quench her thirst at the next brooke.
Spenser, Sonnets, Ixvii.
In lavish streams to quench a country's thirst
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 175.
3f. To relieve the thirst of.
A bottle of ale, to quench me, rascal.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, 11. 1.
4. To suppress; stifle; check; repress; de-
stroy: as, to quench a passion or emotion.
The supposition of the lady's death
Will quench the wonder of her infamy.
Shak., Much Ado, iv. 1. 241.
Parthians should, the next year, tame
The proud Lucanians, and nigh quench their Name.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 2.
As I have much quenched my senses, and disused my
body from pleasure, and so tried how I can endure to be
my own grave, so I try now how I can suffer a prison.
Donne, Letters, xxviii.
5. To lay or place in water, as a heated iron.
See temper.
In quenching a tool of which one portion is thick and
another thin, the thickest part should generally be the
first to enter the water.
C. P. B. Shelley, Workshop Appliances, p. 323.
II. intrans. 1. To be extinguished ; go out.
Right anon on of the fyres queynte,
And quykede agayn, and after that anon
That other fyr was queynt, and al agon.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1476.
Zif he be chosen to ben Prelate, and is not wovthi, is
Lampe quenchethe anon. Mandeville, Travels, p. 60.
That hand shall burn in never quenching fire.
Shak., Rich. II., v. 6. 109.
2. To lose zeal ; cool ; become cool.
Dost thou think in time
She will not quench? Shak., Cymbeliue, 1. 5. 47.
quencht (kwench), n. [< quench, »;.] The act
of quenching or extinguishing; also, the state
of being extinguished.
The same quench he hath cast
Upon my life shall quite put out his fame.
Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, v. 1.
quenchable (kwen'cha-bl), a. [< quench +
-able."] Capable of being quenched or extin-
guished.
quench-COalt (kweuch'kol), n. [< quench, r.,
+ obj. conl.1 Anything which quenches or
extinguishes fire : applied figuratively to a cold,
heartless professor of religion.
quercitannic
Zeal hath in this our earthly mould little fuel, much
quench-coal ; is hardly fired, soon cooled.
Rev. S. Ward, Sermons, p. 71.
You are quench-coal; no sparkle of grace can kindle
upon your cold hearth. D. Rogers.
quencher (kweu'cher), «. 1. One who or that
which quenches or extinguishes.
A eriever and quencher of the Spirit.
Hammond, Works, IV. 514.
You would-be quenchers of the light to be !
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
2. That which quenches thirst ; a draught or
drink. [Slang.]
The modest quencher, . . . coming close upon the heels
of the temperate beverage he had discussed at dinner,
awakened a slight degree of fever.
Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop, xxxv.
At the bottom [of the hill], however, there is a pleasant
public, whereat we must really take a modest quencher,
for the down air is provocative of thirst
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, 1. 1.
quench-firet (kwench'flr), «. [< quench, v., +
obj. fire.'] A machine for extinguishing fii-e ; a
fire-extinguisher.
I went to see Sir Sam. Morland's inventions and ma-
chines, arithmetical wheeles, quench-jires, and new harp.
Evelyn, Diary, July 10, 1667.
quenching (kwen'ching), n. [Verbal n. of
quench, v7\ 1. The act of extinguishing; also,
the state of being extinguished.
Some outward cause fate hath perhaps design'd,
Which to the soul may utter quenching bring.
SirJ. Davies, Immortal, of Soul, xxxi.
2. In metal., a method of producing a hard
crust on molten metal for convenience in re-
moving it in small plates or disks, called some-
times rosettes, instead of allowing it to solidify
in one mass." See rosette.— Quenching-tub, a ves-
sel of water placed beside a blacksmith's forge for cooling
or tempering the irons.
quenchless (kwench'les). a. [< quench + -less.]
That cannot be quenched or repressed ; inex-
tinguishable: as, quenchless fire or fury.
Come, bloody Clifford, rough Northumberland,
I dare your quenchless fury to more rage.
. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., 1. 4. 28.
His hate
Is quenchless as his wrongs.
Shelley, Queen Mab, v.
quenchlessly (kwench'les-li), adv. In a quench-
less manner.
quenchlessness (kwench'les-nes), H. The state
of being quenchless or unquenchable.
quenchuret, «• [ME., also quenchour; irreg. <
quench + -wee.] The act of quenching.
Whanne ge hanc do goure quenchour, putte alle the wa-
tris togidere. Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 6.
quenelle (ke-nel'), n. [P.] In cookery, a force-
meat ball made of a rich and delicately seasoned
paste of chicken, veal, or the like. Quenelles
are usually served as entries.
quenouille-training (ke-no'lye-tra'ning), n.
[F. qitfnoitille = It. coimochia, < ML. conucula,
colucula, a distaff, dim. of L. colus, a distaff.]
In hort., a mode of training trees or shrubs in
a conical form, with their branches bent down-
ward, so that they resemble a distaff in shape.
quenstedtite (kwen'stet-it), «. [Named after
F. A. Qiiensterlt (1809-89), a German geologist
and mineralogist.] A hydrous sulphate of iron,
occurring in tabular monoclinic crystals of a
reddish-violet color: it is found in Chili.
quentiset, "• Same as quaintise.
quequert, "• A Middle English form of quiver2.
quercetic (kwer-set'ik), a. [< quercet(in') +
-Jc.] Produced from quercetin: as, quercetic
acid.
quercetine, «. Same as quercitin.
quercetum (kwer-se'tum), «. [L., an oak-wood,
< qiiercus, an oak: see Qucrcus.] A collection
of living oaks, as in a botanical garden. The
word is so applied in the Kew Gardens, London.
quercine (kwer'sin), a. [< LL. quercinus, of
the oak, of oak-leaves, < L. quereus, oak: see
Of or pertaining to the oak or oak-
trees.
Quercinese (kwer-sin'e-e), ii.nl. [NL. (Dumor-
tier, 1829), < L. qucrciiius, of the oak. + -ex.'] A
tribe of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs of the
apetalous order Ciipiiliferx, characterized by the
usually three-celled ovary, lobed perianth, nu-
merous stamens, and fruit a nut partly or whol-
ly surrounded by an involucre or cupule. It con-
tiiins 4 genera, including the oak, beech, and chestnut,
for which see Quercun (the type), Fagus, Castanea, &nd Cos-
tanopsix. The range of the whole tribe is included in that of
the oak (see Quereus), except in the case of the beech, which
extends into South America, Australia, and New Zealand.
quercitannic (k\ver-si-tan'ik), «. [< L. quereus,
oak, + E. taMui'c.] Same as tetanic.
quercitannic
The tannin of the quercitron, or qwrcitannic acid.
C. T, Dans, Leather, p. 101.
quercite (kwer'sit), n. [< L. quercus, an oak,
+ -ite?.] A crystalline substance, C«H7(OH)6,
derived from acorns, which resembles the su-
gars in that it is sweet and optically active, but
does not ferment with yeast or reduce metallic
salts.
quercitin (kwer'si-tin), n. [Accom. from quer-
citron, as if < L. quercetum, an oak-wood (<
quercus, an oak), 4- -in2.] A substance de-
rived from quercitrin by the action of mineral
acids.
quercitrin (kwer'sit-rin), n. [< quercitr(on) +
-in2.] A glucoside, C36H38O2Q, which forms
yellow crystalline needles or tablets. It is the
coloring principle of quercitron-bark. Also
called quercitrons.
quercitron (kwer'sit-ron), ». [Irreg. < L. qui-r-
cus, an oak, + citrus, a tree of the lemon kind :
see citron.'] 1 . The black or dyers' oak, Quercus
tinctoria, a tree from 70 to 100 feet high, common
through the eastern half of the United States
and in southern Canada. Its wood Is of some value,
and its bark is of considerable importance. The latter,
though outwardly dark, is inwardly yellow, whence the
tree is also called yellow or yellow-bark oak.
2. The bark of this tree. It contains, in the princi-
ple quercitrin, a yellow dye, which is now used in the form
of a preparation called flavin. It is also used for tanning,
and occasionally in medicine, but the coloring matter hin-
ders these applications.
quercitron-bark (kwer'sit-ron-bark), n. Same
as quercitron, 2.
quercitron-oak (kwer'sit-ron-6k), ». Same as
quercitron, 1.
quercivorous (kwer-siv'o-rus), a. [< L. quercus,
an oak, + vorare, devour.] In zatil., feeding on
the oak, as an insect.
Quercus (kwer'kus), n. [NL. (Malpighi, 1675),
< L. quercus, an oak, = E. fir, q. v.J A genus
of dicotyledonous trees, the oaks, type of the
apetalous order Cupuliferse and of the tribe
Quercinese. It is characterized by usually slender and
pendulous or erect staminate catkins, the stamens and
calyx-lobes of each flower being six in number, and by
the scattered or clustered fertile flowers, composed of an
ovary commonly with three cells, six ovules, and a three-
lobed stigma, surrounded by an involucre of more or less
consolidated scales, which becomes a hardened cupnle or
cup around tbe flat or rounded base of the nut or acorn.
There are about 300 species, natives of all north temperate
regions, extending through Mexican mountains and the
Andes into the United States of Colombia, and in the moun-
tains of Asia to the Moluccas. They are entirely absent
in South America beyond the equator, in Australasia and
the Pacific islands, and in Africa outside of the Mediter-
ranean region. They are mainly trees of large size, hard
and durable wood, and slow growth, sprouting repeatedly
from the root ; a few only are never more than shrubs.
The characteristic oak-leaf is alternate, thin, and veiny,
deeply and pinnately lobed, with the lobes either rounded,
as in the white oak, or ending in bristle-points, as in the
black and red oaks; but the genus includes great diver-
sity of form, ranging to thick and entire evergreen leaves
in the live-oak and others. (See cut under oak.) The fruit
or acorn matures in one year in the white oak, bur-oak,
post-oak, live-oak, and the chestnut-oaks; in other At-
lantic species, the biennial-fruited oaks, in two. The yel-
lowish catkins precede or accompany the leaves. The
numerous American and European species all belong (with
the exception of <j. densiflora, the peach-oak of California)
to the subgenus Lepidobalanus (Endlicher, 1844), with
slender and loose-flowered proper aments, and broad
cupules with imbricated scales. Of these over 60 are found
in Mexico and Central America, and about 40 within the
United States, 25 of which occur only east of the Rocky
Mountains, and about 15 in California. They extend in
North America as far north as 45°, in Europe to 56°. The
oaks of central and eastern Asia constitute flve other sec-
tions, mostly with erect staminate spikes, and include
about 108 species. See oak, acorn, blade-jack, blue-jack,
encino, holm-oak, kermes-oak, lice-oak, pin-oak, post-oak,
red-oak, roble, scrub-oak, shingle-oak, valonia-oak, wainscot-
oak, water-oak, wittaw-oak.
queret, n. An obsolete form of quire1, quire2.
querelat (kwe-re'la), n. [L., a complaint, la-
ment: see quarrel1.] A complaint to a court.
See audita ^wereta—Duplex querela. See double
quarrel, under quarrel^.— Querela Inofflclosi testa-
mentl, in civil law, an action by which an inofficious or
undutiful will was attacked.— Querela nullitatis in
systems of procedure based on the Roman law, an action
to get a judicial decree that an act was void,
querelet, querellet, n. Obsolete (Middle Eng-
lish) forms of quarrel1.
querent1 (kwe'rent), n. [< L. queren(t-)s,ppr. of
queri, complain, lament. Cf. quarrel1, querela,
querimony, etc.] A complainant ; a plaintiff.
querent2 (kwe'rent), ». [< L. quxren(t-)s, ppr.
of quserere, ask," inquire: see quest1.] An in-
quirer. [Rare.]
When a patient or querent came to him [Dr. Napier], he
presently went to his closet to pray. Aubrey, Misc. , p. 133.
querimonious (kwer-i-mo'ni-us), a. [< L. as
if "querimoniosus, < querimonin, a complaint:
see querimony.] Complaining; querulous; apt
to complain.
4906
querimoniously (kwer-i-mo'ni-us-li), adv. [<
qiierimoiiious + -ly2.] In a querimonious man-
ner; with complaint; querulously.
To thee, dear Tom, myself addressing,
Most querimoniougly confessing
That I of late have been compressing.
Sir J. Denham, A Dialogue.
querimoniousness (kwer-i-mo'ni-us-nes), n. [<
queri HIOH ioux + -ness.] The character of be-
ing querimonious ; disposition to complain ; a
complaining temper.
querimonyt (kwer'i-mo-ni), n. [< F. querimo-
nie = It. querimonia, querimonio, < L. qtii-i-imn-
nia, a complaint, < queri, complain, lament:
see querent1.] A complaint ; a complaining.
Hys brother's dayly querimonye.
Hall, Edward IV., an. 1".
Here cometh over many quirimonies, and complaints
against me, of lording it over my brethern.
Cushman, quoted in Bradford's Plymouth Plantation, p. 51.
querist (kwe'rist), «. [< quer-y + -ist.] One
who inquires or asks questions.
And yet a late hot Querist for Tithes, whom ye may know,
by his Wits lying ever beside him in the Margin, to be ever
beside his Wits in the Text. Milton, Considerations.
I shall propose some considerations to my gentle querut.
Spectator.
queristert, n. A variant of quirister, for chor-
ister.
querk1 (kwerk), v. [< ME. querken = OPries.
querka, querdza, North Fries, querkt, qttirke =
Icel. kyrkja, kvirkja, throttle, = OSw. quarka
= Dan. kvserke, throttle, strangle, suffocate ;
from the noun, North Fries, querk = Icel. kverk
= Dan. kvaerk, throat. Ct. querken.] I. trans.
To throttle ; choke ; stifle ; suffocate.
II. intrans. To grunt; moan. HalliweU.
[Prov. Eng.]
querk2 (kwerk), «. An obsolete or dialectal
form of quirk1.
querkent (kwer'ken), v. t. [Also quirken; < ME.
querkenen; < querk1 + -en1.] Same as querk1.
Chekenyd or qirerkenyd. Prompt. Pan. (HaUiwell.)
queri (kwerl), v. t. [Also quirl; a dial. var. of
twirl, perhaps due to confusion with curl. Cf. G.
querlcn, twirl.] To twirl ; turn or wind round ;
coil : as, to queri a cord, thread, or rope. [U. 8.]
queri ( kwerl), n. [< queri, v.] A twist; a curl.
[U. 8.]
And the crooks and querli of the branches on the floor.
Harper's Mag., LXX. 21.
quern (kwern), n. [Also dial, kern, and former-
ly earn; < ME. quern, cwerne, < AS. cweorn,
cwyrn = OS. quern, querna = OFries. quern = D.
kweern = MLG. quern, querne= OHG. chwirita,
quirn, churn, MHG. churne, kurn, kiirne = Icel.
ki-ern, mod. kvorn = Sw. qvarn = Dan. kvsern
= Goth, kwairnus, a millstone, a quern.] 1.
A stone hand-mill for grinding grain. The most
usual form consists of two circular flat stones, the upper
one pierced in the center, and revolving on a wooden or
querulous
We stopped at a little hut, where we saw an old woman
grinding with the quern. Boewell, Johnson, IV. x.
The old hand-mill, or quern, such as Pennant sketched
the Hebrides women grinding with in the last century,
has not yet gone out ; Dr. Mitchell says there are thou-
sands of them at work in Scotland, where still
"The music for a hungry wame
Is grinding o' the quernie."
E. B. Tylor (Academy, Sept. 18, 1880).
2. A hand-mill used for grinding pepper, mus-
tard, and the like. Such querns were used even
on the table, and as early as the sixteenth cen-
tury.
quern (kwern), v. t. and i. [Formerly also kern,
curn; < quern, n.] To grind.
Fly where men feel
The turning (var. cunning] axel-tree ; and those that suffer
Beneath the chariot of the snowy beare.
Chapmmc, Bussy D'Ambois, v.
quern-stone (kwern'ston), n. A millstone.
Theyre corne in quernstoan» they do grind.
Stanihurst, tr. of Virgil, i. (Naret.)
querpo, •». See cuerpo.
Querquedula (kwer-kwed'u-la), ». [NL.
(Stephens, 1824), < L. querquedula, a kind of
teal; by some doubtfully connected with Gr.
xepKoiipof, < Klpxovpof, a kind of light boat. Hence
ult. E. kestrel, q. v.] A genus of Anatidee and
subfamily Anatinee, containing a number of spe-
cies of all countries, notable for their small
size, beauty, and excellence of flesh ; the teal.
The common teal of Europe is Q. crecca ; the garganey or
summer teal is Q. circia; the green-winged teal of North
America is Q. carolinensis; the blue-winged, Q. discors; the
cinnamon, Q. cyanoptera. See Nettion, and cut under teal.
querquedule (kwer'kwe-dul), «. [< Querque-
dula, q. v.] A book-name of ducks of the genus
Querquedula ; a teal.
querret, ». A Middle English form of quarry?.
querrourt, "• A Middle English form of quur-
rier1.
querryt, «• See equery.
quertt, »• An obsolete form of quart"*.
Querula (kwer'jj-la), n. [NL., fern, of L. qm>ru-
lus, complaining: "see querulous.] A genus of
Stone Querns for Grinding.— Dublin Mi
metal pin inserted in the lower. In using the quern the
grain is dropped with one hand into the central opening,
while with the other the upper stone is revolved by means
of a stick inserted in a small hole near the edge.
Men wende that bele Isaude
Ne coude hem noght of love werne ;
And yet she that grynt at a queme
Is al to good to ese hir harte.
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1798.
Some apple-colour'd corn
Ground in faire quena ; and some did spindles turn.
Chapman, Odyssey, vii. 139.
Piahau {Qufntla furfurata).
fruit-crows, giving name to the subfamily Que-
rulitue; the type is Q. purpurata, the piahau.
neillot, 1816.
querulation(kwer-9-la'shon),n. [<ML. *queru-
latio(n-), < querulari, complain, < L. querulus.
complaining: see querulous.] A complaint;
murmuring.
Will not these mournings, menaces, quertilations, stir
your hearts, because they are derived from God through
us, his organ-pipes, as if they had lost their vigour by the
way? Rev. T. Adam*, Works, I. 349.
querulentialt (kwer-ij-len'shal), a. [< queru-
lous) + -ent + -ial.] Having a tendency to
querulousness ; querulous. [Bare.]
Walpole had by nature a propensity, and by constitu-
tion a plea, for being captious and querulential, for he was
a martyr to the gout. Cumberland, Memoirs, I. 23.
Querulinse (kwer-o-li'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Queru-
la + -«««.] A subfamily of Cotingidse, taking
name from the genus Querula: same as Gym-
nodtrinse. Swainson, 1837.
querulous (kwer'ij-lus), a. [< L. querulus, full
of complaints, complaining, < queri, complain,
lament: see querent1.] 1. Complaining; habit-
ually complaining; disposed to murmur or ex-
press dissatisfaction: as, a querulous man.
0 querulous and weak ! — whose useless brain
Once thought of nothing, and now thinks in vain ;
Whose eye reverted weeps o'er all the past.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 29.
2. Expressing complaint; proceeding from a
complaining habit : as, a querulous tone of voice.
Quickened the fire and laid the board,
Mid the crone's angry, querulous word
Of surly wonder.
William Morrii, Earthly Paradise, III. e9.
3f. Quarrelsome.
querulous
Warlike, ready to fight, querulous, and mischievous.
Holland.
The cock his crested helmet bent,
And down his querulous challenge sent.
H'/iittier, Snow-Bound.
= Syn. 1 and 2. See plaintive and petulant.
Querulously (kwer'ij-lus-li), adv. In a queru-
lous or complaining manner.
querulousness (kwer'o-lus-nes), n. The state
of being querulous; disposition to complain, or
2d pers. sing. impv. of quserere, seek, search for,
ask, inquire : much used as a marginal note or
memorandum to indicate a question or doubt,
and hence taken as a noun: see quest.'] A
question ; an inquiry to be answered or resolved ;
specifically, a doubt or challenge, as of a writ-
ten or printed statement, represented by the
interrogation-point (?), or by an abbreviation,
q., qy., or qti., or by both.
This name of Sion, Silon, or Siam may worthily moue a
queen to Geographers. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 459.
Answer'd all queries touching those at home
With a heaved shoulder and a saucy smile.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
= Syn. Inquiry, Interrogation, etc. See question.
query (kwe'ri), v. ; pret. and pp. queried, ppr.
querying. [< query, n.] I. intrans. To put a
query; ask a question or questions; express
doubt.
Three college sophs, . . .
Each prompt to query, answer, and debate.
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 381.
He queried, and reasoned thus within himself.
S. Parker, Bibliotheca Biblica, 1. 394.
H. trans. 1. To mark with a query ; express
a desire to examine as to the truth of.
This refined observation delighted Sir John, who digni-
fies it as an axiom, yet afterwards came to doubt it with
a " sed de hoc quaere " — query this !
I. D 'Israeli, Curios, of Lit., II. 384.
It [Chelsea College] was afterwards repurchased by that
monarch (but query if purchase money was ever paid).
IT. and Q., 7th ser., V. 186.
2. To seek by questioning ; inquire or ask : as,
to query the sum or amount; to query the mo-
tive or the fact.
We shall not proceed to query what truth there is in
palmistry. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 24.
3. To examine by questions; address queries
to: as, to query a person. Gayton.
quesal, n. Same as quetzal.
queset (kwez), v. t. [< L. quxsere, seek, beg,
ask, var. of quserere, seek, ask : see quest1.} To
search after ; look for. Milton. [Rare.]
quesitive (kwes'i-tiv), a. [< ML. qusesitivus,
seeking, desirous, < L. quserere, pp. qusesitus,
seek, inquire: see quest1. Cf. inquisitive.] In-
terrogatory— Quesitive quantity. See quantity.
quest1 (kwest), n. [< ME. queste, < OF. queste,
F. quete = Pr. questa, quista = It. chiesta, <
ML. qusesta, < L. qusesita (sc. res), a thing
sought, qusesitum, a question, fern, or neut.
of qusesitus, pp. of quserere, also qusesere, OL.
quairere, seek, search for, seek to get, desire,
get, acquire, obtain, seek to learn, ask, inquire,
etc. From the same L. verb are ult. E. que-
renft, query, question, acquire, conquer, exquire,
inquire, perquire, require, acquest, conquest, in-
quest, request, etc., exquisite, perquisite, inquisi-
tion, perquisition, requisition, etc. In def. 6
quest is in part an aphetic form of inquest.] 1.
The act of seeking ; search ; pursuit ; suit.
The Bassa of Sidon's servants, who were abroad in
quest of Mules for the service of their Master.
Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 32.
Her sunny locks
Hang on her temples like a golden fleece ; . . .
And many Jasons come in quest of her.
Shak., M. of V.,I. 1.172.
Greek pirates, roving, like the corsairs of Barbary, in
quest of men, laid the foundations of Greek commerce.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 127.
2. An act of searching or seeking, as for a par-
ticular object: as, the quest of the holy grail.
Thei entred in to many questes for to knowe whiche was
the beste knyght. Merlin (E. E. X. S.X iii. 503.
A long and wearisome quest of spiritual joys, which, for
all he knows, he may never arrive to.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. xi., Pref.
And those that had gone out upon the Quest,
Wasted and worn, and but a tithe of them,
And those that had not, stood before the King.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
3. A body of searchers collectively; a search-
ing party.
The senate hath sent about three several quests
To search you out. Shak.. Othello, i. 2. 46.
4907
4. Inquiry; examination.
Volumes of report
Run with these false and most contrarious quests
Upon thy doings. Shak., M. for M., iv. 1. 62.
5. Request; desire; solicitation; prayer; de-
mand.
Gad not abroad at every quest and call
Of an untrain'd hope or passion.
G. Herbert, The Temple, Content.
6. A jury of inquest; a sworn body of exam-
iners ; also, an inquest.
By God, my maister lost c. marc by a seute of Margyt
Bryg upon a defence of atteynt, because a quest passed
ayenst hyr of xij. penyworth lond by yeer.
Paston Letters, I. 404.
Thejudge at the empanelling of the quest had his grave
looks. Latimer, 5th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
The quest of jury-men was call'd.
Sir Hugh of the Grime (Child's Ballads, VI. 249).
What lawful quest have given their verdict up
Unto the frowning judge? Shak., Rich. III., i. 4. 189.
xii. they must be to make an enqueet or, as some call it, a
quest. An enquest or quest is called a lawfull kind of trial!
by xii. men. Smith, Commonwealth, ii. 18. (Richardson.)
Crowner'S quest. See erownerV.— Kirby's quest, an
ancient record remaining with the remembrancer of the
Exchequer : so called from its being the inquest of John
de Kirby, treasurer of King Edward I. Rapalje and Law-
rence.
quest1 (kwest), v. [< ME. questen, < OF. ques-
ter, F. que'ter, seek, < queste, a seeking: see
quest,n.] I, intrans. 1. To go in search ; make
search or inquiry; pursue.
And that the Prelates have no sure foundation in the
Gospell, their own guiltinesse doth manifest ; they would
not else run questing up as high as Adam, to letch their
original!, as tis said one of them lately did in publick.
Milton, Church-Government, i. 3.
How soon they were recognized by grammarians ought
to be ascertainable at the expense of a few hours' questing
in such a library as that of the British Museum.
P. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 326.
2. To go begging.
He (Samuel Johnson] dined on venison and champagne
whenever he had been so fortunate as to borrow a guinea.
If his questing had been unsuccessful, he appeased the rage
of hunger with some scraps of broken meat.
Macaulay, in Encyc. Brit., XIII. 722.
There was another old beggar-woman down in the town,
questing from shop to shop, who always amused me.
Prater' t Mag.
3. To give tongue, as a dog on the scent of
game.
To bay or quest as a dog. Florio, p. 1. (HalliweU.)
Pup. They are a covey soon scattered, methink ; who
sprung them, I marie?
Town. Marry, yourself, Puppy, for aught I know ; you
quested last. B. Jonson, Gipsies Metamorphosed.
As some are playing young Spaniels, quest at every bird
that rises ; so others, held very good men, are at a dead
stand, not knowing what to doe or say.
N. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 19.
While Redmond every thicket round
Tracked earnest as a questing hound.
Scott, Rokeby, iv. 31.
II. trans. 1. To search or seek for ; inquire
into or examine. [Rare.]
They quest annihilation's monstrous theme.
Byrom, Enthusiasm.
2. To announce by giving tongue, as a dog.
Not only to give notice that the dog is on game, but also
the particular kind which he is questing.
Dogs of Great Britain and America, p. 111.
quest2 (kwest), n. Same as queest.
questantt (kwes'tant), n. [< OF. questant, F.
que'tant, ppr. of quester, F. gutter, seek: see
quest1, v.] A candidate ; a seeker of any ob-
ject ; a competitor.
When
The bravest questant shrinks, find what you seek,
That fame may cry you loud.
Shak., All's Well, ii. 1. 16.
quest-dovet (kwest'duv), n. Same as queest.
Panurge halved and fixed upon a great stake the horns
of a roe-buck, together with the skin and the right fore-
foot thereof, . . . the wings of two bustards, the feet of
four quest-doves, . . . and a goblet of Beauvois.
Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, ii. 27. (Daviei.)
quester (kwes'ter), ». [< OF. questeur, F. que-
teur, < L. qusesitor, a seeker, < quserere, pp.
qiieesitus, seek : see quest1, v. Cf. questor.] 1.
A seeker; a searcher. — 2. A dog employed to
find game.
The quester only to the wood they loose,
Who silently the tainted track pursues.
llntce, tr. of Lucan's Pharsalla, iv.
questful (kwest'ful), a. [< quesft + -ful.] Full
of quest ; searching ; investigating.
The summer day he spent in questful round.
Lowell, Invita Minerva.
quest-houset (kwest'hous), n. The chief watch-
nouse of a parish, generally adjoining a church,
where sometimes quests concerning misde-
question
meanors and annoyances were held. Hatti-
u-ell.
A hag, repair'd with vice-complexion'd paint,
A quest-house of complaint.
Quarles, Emblems, ii. 10.
questing-Stonet, »<• [Appar. < "questing, verbal
n. of "quest, rub (< MD. quisten, nib, rub away,
spend, lavish, D. kuisten, spend, lavish), +
stone.] A stone used for rubbing or polish-
ing (?).
Laden with diuersegoodsandmarchandises, . . . name-
ly with the hides of oxen and of sheepe, with butter,
masts, sparres, boordes, questiny-stones, and wilde werke.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 168.
question (kwes'chon), M. [< ME. question, ques-
tioun, < OF. question, F. question = Pr. questio,
question = Sp. cuestion = Pg. questSo = It.
questione, quistione, < L. queestio(n-), a seeking,
investigation, inquiry, question, < quserere, pp.
qusesitus, ML. queestus, seek, ask, inquire : see
mtesft.] 1. The act of interrogation ; the put-
ting of inquiries: as, to examine by question
and answer.
Ross. What sights, my lord?
Lady M. I pray you, speak not ; he grows worse and
worse ;
Question enrages him. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. 118.
Leodogran . . . ask'd,
Fixing full eyes of question on her face, . . .
" But thou art closer to this noble prince?"
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
2. That which is asked; an inquiry; a query;
the expression of a desire to know something
indicated more or less definitely. In grammar,
questions are classed as (1) direct (independent) : as, John
is here? isJohn here? who is that? (2) indirect (dependent),
taking the form of an object-clause : as, he asks if John is
here ; he asks who that is ; (3) simple : as, is that man a
soldier? (4) double (alternative, compound, disjunctive) : as,
is that man a soldier or a civilian ? (5) indirect double : as, he
asks whether that man is a soldier or not ; (6) deliberative
or doubting: as, shall I do it? shall we remain? (7) posi-
tive: as, is that right?— with emphasis on the verb this
expects the answer "No"; (8) negative: as, is not that
right?— this expects the answer " Yes."
Answer me
Directly unto this question that I ask.
SAa*-.,lHen. IV., ii. 3.89.
None but they doubtless who were reputed wise had
the Question propounded to them.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxviii.
3. Inquiry; disquisition; discussion.
It is ... to be put to question . . . whether it be lawful
for Christian princes or states to make an invasive war
only and simply for the propagation of the faith.
Bacon, An Advt. Touching an Holy War.
4. The subject or matter of examination or in-
vestigation ; the theme of inquiry ; a matter
discussed or made the subject of disquisition.
Now in things, although not commanded of God, yet
lawful because they are permitted, the question is what
light shall shew us the couveniency which one hath above
another. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ii. 4.
The question of his [Csesar's] death is enrolled in the
Capitol ; his glory not extenuated, . . . nor his offences
enforced. Shak., J. C., iii. 2. 41.
The press and the public at large are generally so oc-
cupied with the questions of the day that . . . the more
general aspects of political questions are seldom . . . con-
sidered. Nineteenth Century, XXVI. 733.
5. Dispute or subject of debate; a point of
doubt or difficulty.
There arose a question between some of John's disciples
and the Jews about purifying. John iii. 25.
To be, or not to be : that is the question.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1. 56.
6. Doubt ; controversy ; dispute : as, the story
is true beyond all question.
Our own earth would be barren and desolate without
the benign influence of the solar rays, which without
question is true of all other planets. Bentley,
Had they found a linguist half so good,
I make no question but the tower had stood.
Pope, Satires of Donne, iv. 85.
In a work which he was, no question, acquainted with,
we read ... F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 178.
7. Judicial trial or inquiry; trial; examina-
tion.
He that was in question for the robbery.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2. 68.
Mr. Endecott was also left out, and called into question
about the defacing the cross in the ensign.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 188.
8. Examination by torture, or the application
of torture to prisoners under criminal accusa-
tion in order to extort confession.
Such a presumption is only sufficient to put the person
to the rack or question, . . . and not bring him to con-
demnation. Ayli/e, Parergon.
A master, when accused, could offer his slaves for the
question, or demand for the same purpose the slaves of an-
other ; and, if in the latter case they were injured or killed
in the process, their owner was indemnified.
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 132.
question
Of. Conversation; speech; talk.
I met the duke yesterday, and bad much question with
him. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 4. 3!».
10. In logic, a proposition, or that which is to
be established as a conclusion, stated by way
of interrogation. — 11. In parlia/ntnti/ri/ usage:
(a) The point under discussion by the house;
the measure to be voted on: as, to speak to
the question, (b) The putting of the matter
discussed to a vote : as, are you ready for the
question?— Comparative, complex, double, Eastern
question. See the adjectives.— Division of the ques-
tion. See division.— Horary question, in astral., a
question the decision of which depends upon the figure
of the heavens at the moment it is propounded.— Hypo-
thetical question. See hypothetical.— la. questipn,
under consideration or discussion : indicating something
just mentioned or referred to.
He is likewise a rival of mine — that is, of my other
self's, for he does not think his friend Captain Absolute
ever saw the lady in question. Sheridan, The Kivals, ii. 1.
Mr. Wall and his ally exert themselves to make up for
the painful absence in question to their utmost power.
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 213.
Leading question, a Question so put as to suggest the
answer which is desired, and thus to lead to and prepare
the way for such an answer. A party is not allowed to put
a leading question to his own witness, except in matters
purely introductory, and not touching a point in contro-
versy; and except that if his witness is obviously hostile
or defective in memory the court may in its discretion
allow a leading question. A party may put leading ques-
tions in cross-examining his adversary's witness Mixed
questions. See mixed. — Out Of question, doubtless;
beyond question.
Out of question, you were born in a merry hour.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1. 348.
Out Of the question, not worthy of or requiring consid-
eration ; not to be thought of.
It is out of the question to ask the Diet for money to
clear off the enormous debts ; so that it is difficult to
guess how the matter will end.
Contemporary Rev., XLIX. 287.
Previous question, in parliamentary practice, the ques-
tion whether a vote shall be come to on the main issue or
not, brought forward before the main or real question is
put by the Speaker, and for the purpose of avoiding, if the
vote is in the negative, the putting of this question. The
motion is in the form, " that the question be now put," and
the mover and seconder vote against it In the House of
Representatives of the United Slates (it is not used in
the Senate), and in many State legislatures, the object of
moving the previous question is to cut off debate and se-
cure immediately a vote on the question under considera-
tion ; here, therefore, the mover and seconder vote in the
affirmative.
The great remedy against prolix or obstructive debate
is the so-called precious question, which is moved in the
form "Shall the main question be now put?" and when
ordered closes forthwith all debate, and brings the House
to a direct vote on that main question.
J. Bryce, American Commonwealth, I. 130.
Question of fact, question of law. See fact, 3. — Ques-
tion of order. See wrfer.— Questioner privilege. See
privilege.— Real question. See rtal\ .— The Questions,
the Shorter Catechism of the Westminster Assembly of
Divines. [Scotch.]— To beg the question. See begi.—
To call in question, (a) To doubt ; challenge.
You call in question the continuance of his love.
Shak., T. N., i. 4. 6.
(&) To subject to judicial interrogation.
Touching the resurrection of the dead I am called in
question by you this day. Acts xxiv. 21.
The governour wrote to some of the assistants about it.
and, upon advice with the ministers, it was agreed to call
. . . them [the offenders] in question.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 172.
To pop the question. Seepopi. =Syn. 2. Question,Query,
Inquiry, Interrogation, and Interrogatory agree in express-
ing a form of words used in calling for information or an
answer from another. Question is the most general in its
meaning, and inquiry stands next. Query stands for a
question asked without force, a point about which one
would like to be informed : the word is used with all de-
grees of weakness down to the mere expression of a doubt:
as, I raised a query as to the strength of the bridge. A
question may be put in order to test another's knowledge ;
the other words express an asking for real information.
Interrogatory is a strong word, expressing an authoritative
or searching question that must be explicitly answered,
sometimes in law a written question. Inquiry is some-
what milder and less direct than question, the order of
strength being query, inquiry, question, interrogation.
There is no perceptible difference between interrogation
and interrogatory, except that the former may express
also the act. See a*H and examination.— 4 and B. Propo-
sition, motion, topic, point.
question (kwes'chon), v. [< OF. questionner,
< ML. queestionare, question, < L. quxstio(n-),
question: see question, n.] I. intrans. 1. To
ask a question or questions ; inquire or seek to
know; examine.
He that queitioneth much shall learn much.
Bacon, Discourse.
And mute, yet seeni'd to question with their Eyes.
Congreee, Iliad.
2. To debate ; reason ; consider.
Nor dare I question with my jealous thought
Where you may be. Shak., Sonnets, Ivii.
3. To dispute; doubt.— 4f. To talk; converse.
For, after supper, long he questioned
With modest Lucrece. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 122.
4908
I haue heard him oft quention with ( 'aptaine Martin and
tell him, except he could shew him a more substantiall
triall, he was not inamoured witli their durty skill.
Quoted in Capt, John Smith's Works, I. 169.
II. trans. 1. To inquire of by asking ques-
tions; examine by interrogatories : as, to ques-
tion :i witness.
Her father loved me ; oft invited me ;
Still question'd me the story of my life.
Shak., Othello, i. 3. 129.
They questioned him apart, as the custom is,
When first the matter made a noise at Rome.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 127.
2. To doubt of ; be uncertain of ; mention or
treat as doubtful or not to be trusted.
It is much to be questioned whether they could ever spin
it [asbestos] to a thread.
Pocockf, Description of the East, II. i. 229.
There is no possibility to disprove a matter of fact that
was never questioned or doubted of before.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 167.
Nor question
The wisdom that hath made us what we are.
LoweU, Under the Willows.
3. To call in question ; challenge; take excep-
tion to : as, to question an exercise of preroga-
tive.
What uproar 's this? must my name here be quettion'd
In tavern-brawls, and by affected ruffians?
Beau, and Ft., Honest Man's Fortune, ii. 2.
Power and right
To question thy bold entrance on this place.
Milton, P. L., iv. 882.
Whatever may be questioned, it is certain that we are in
the presence of an Infinite and Eternal Being.
./. K. Seelty, Nat. Religion, p. 44.
= Syn. 1. Ask, Inquire of, Interrogate, etc. (see atkl),
catechize. — 3. To controvert, dispute,
questionable (kwes'chou-a-bl), a. [= Sp. cues-
tionable = Pg. questionavel = It. questionable;
as question + -able.] 1 . Capable of being ques-
tioned or inquired of ; inviting or seeming to
invite inquiry or conversation. [Now rare.]
Thou comest in such a questionable shape
That I will speak to thee. Shak., Hamlet, i. 4. 43.
2. Liable to question; suspicious; doubtful;
uncertain ; disputable : as, the deed is of ques-
tionable authority; his veracity is questionable.
It being questionable whether he [Galen] ever saw the
dissection of a human body.
Baker, Reflections upon Learning, xv.
The facts respecting him [Governor Van Twillcr] were
so scattered and vague, and divers of them so questionable
in point of authenticity, that I have had to give up the
search. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 151.
questionableness(kwes'chon-a-bl-nes), w. The
character or state of being questionable, doubt-
ful, or suspicious.
questionably (kwes'chon-a-bli), adv. In a
questionable manner ; doubtfully.
questionary (kwes'chpn-a-ri), o. and n. [= F.
questionnaire = Sp. cuesfioiutrio = Pg. questio-
nario,(. LL. queestiotuirius, prop, adj., of or per-
taining to question, but used only as a noun,
LL. a torturer, executioner, ML. also an ex-
aminer, a judge, also a solicitor of alms, a
beggar, < L. quxslio(n-), question, inquiry: see
question.] I. a. Inquiring; asking questions.
I grow laconick even beyond laconicisme; for sometimes
I return only Yes or No to questionary or petitionary
epistles of hall a yard long. Pope, To Swift, Aug. 17, 1736.
II. n.; pi. questionaries (-riz). A pardoner;
an itinerant seller of indulgences or relics.
One of the principal personages in the comic part of the
drama was ... a qujrxtionary or pardoner, one of those
itinerants who hawked about from place to place reliques,
real or pretended, with which he excited the devotion at
once and the charity of the populace, and generally de-
ceived both the one and the other. Scott, Abbot, .\\vii.
questioner (kwes'chon-er), n. [< question +
-er1.] One who asks questions ; an inquirer.
He that labours for the sparrow-hawk
Has little time for idle questioners.
Tennyson, Geraint.
questioning (kwes'chon-ing), ». [Verbal n. of
question, v.] 1. The act of interrogating; a
query. — 2. Doubt; suspicion.
Those obstinate questionings
Of sense and outward things.
Wordsworth, Ode, Immortality, st. 9.
questioningly (kwes'chon-ing-li), adv. Inter-
rogatively; as one who questions.
questionist (kwes'chon-ist), n. [< question +
-ist.] 1. One who asks questions; a questioner;
an inquirer; an investigator; a doubter.
He was not so much a qitestionist, but wrought upon the
other's questions, and, like a counsellor, wished him to
discharge his conscience, and to satisfy the world.
Bacon, Charge against Wentworth, Works, XII. 221.
2. In old universities, the respondent in the
determinations; hence still at Cambridge, a
questus
student of three years, who is consequently
qualified to be a candidate for a
Yea, I know that heades were cast together, and coun-
sell dcuised, that Duns, with all the rable of barbarous
quest-ionisteK, should haue dispossessed of their place and
rowmes Aristotle, Plato, Tullie, and Demosthenes.
Ascham, The Scholemaster (Arber's reprint, p. 130).
The papers set on the Monday and Tuesday of the week
following contain only about one low question a-piece, to
amuse the mass of the Questionists during the half-hour
before the expiration of which they are not allowed to
leave the Senate House.
C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 291.
questionless (kwes'chon-les), a. and adv. [<
question + -less.] I. a. Unquestioning.
With the same clear mind and questionless faith.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 498.
II. adf. Without questiom; beyond doubt;
doubtless; certainly. [An elliptical use of the
adjective, standing for the phrase "it is ques-
tionless that."]
1 have a mind presages me such thrift
Thai I should questionless be fortunate !
Shak., M. of V., i. 1. 176.
She 's abus'd, questionless,
Middleton and Hou'ley, Changeling, Iv. 2.
What it [Episcopacy) was in the Apostles time, that
questionlesse it must he still.
MUton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
questmant (kwest'man), «. [< quest1 + man.]
1. One having power to make legal inquiry.
Specifically, in old law : (a) A person chosen to inquire
into abuses and misdemeanors, especially such as relate
to weights and measures, (b) A collector of parish rates,
(c) An assistant to a churchwarden. Also called sidesman
and synod-man, (d) A juryman; a person impaneled to
try a cause. Also quetftryman.
2. One who laid informations and made a trade
of petty lawsuits ; a common informer.
questmongert (kwest'mung'ger), n. [< quest1
+ moiiyer.] A juryman.
questor, quaestor (kwes'tor), «. [= F. questeur
= Sp. cuestor = Pg. questor = It. questore, <
L. qu&stor, a magistrate having special juris-
diction in financial matters (see def.), < qux-
rere, pp. qusesitns, seek, procure: see quest1.]
1. In ancient Home, a member of one of
two distinct classes of magistrates: (a) One of
two public accusers (quxstores parricidii) whose duty
it was to lay accusations against those guilty of murder
or other capital offense, and to see to the execution of
the sentence. This magistracy was in existence at the
earliest historic time, but became obsolete about 366
B. c., its functions being transferred to other officers.
(b) One of the officers (quaxtores classici) having the
care and administration of the public funds ; a pub-
lic treasurer. It was their duty to receive, pay out, and
record the public finances, including the collection of
taxes, tribute, etc. Questors accompanied the provin-
cial governors, proconsuls, or pretors, and received every-
where the public dues and imports, paid the troops, etc.
After Julius Ciesar, some of their functions were given to
the pretors and some to the ediles. The number of ques-
tors was originally two, but was gradually increased to
twenty. Under Constantine the quxstor sacri palatii was
an imperial minister of much power and importance.
2. In the middle ages, one appointed by the
Pope or by a Roman Catholic bishop to an-
nounce the granting of indulgences, of which
the special condition was the giving of alms to
the church. — 3. A treasurer; one charged with
the collection and care of dues.
questorship, quaestorship (kwes'tor-ship), n.
[< questor + -ship.] The office of a questor, or
the term of a questor's office.
He whom an honest qutestorship has indear'd to the
Sicilians. Hilton, Areopagitica.
questristt (kwes'trist), «. [Irreg. < quester +
-ist.] A person who goes in quest of another.
[Rare.]
Some five or six and thirty of his knights,
Hot questrists after him, met him at gate.
Shak., Lear, iii. 7. 17.
questrymant, n. Same as questman.
Then other questry-inen was call'd ; . . .
Twelve of them spoke all in a breast,
Sir Hugh in the Grime, thou'st now guilty.
Sir Huijhofthe Grime (Child's Ballads, VI. 249).
questuaryt (kwes'tu-a-ri), a. and n. [= OF.
questuaire, < L. queestuarius, pertaining to gain
or money -getting, < quaestus, gain, acquisition,
< qitxrerc.pp. quiestus, seek, get, obtain: see
quest1.] I, a. Studious of gain ; seeking gain ;
also, producing gain.
Although lapidaries and questuary enquirers affirm it,
yet the writers of minerals . . . are of another belief, con-
ceiving the stones which bear this name [toad stone] to be
a mineral concretion, not to be found in animals.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 13.
Some study questuary and gainful arts, and every one
would thrive in 's calling. Aliddlelon, Family of Love, v. 1.
II. M. A pardoner; a questionary. Jer. Tay-
lor, Dissuasive from Popery, i. 3.
questus (kwes'tus), w. [< L. queestus. gain, pro-
fit, < quterere, seek, obtain : see quest1.] In /»//•.
questus
land which floes not .descend by hereditary right,
but is acquired by one's own labor and industry.
Also qitiestux.
questwordt (kwest'werd), n. A beqiieathment.
The legacies or questu'ord of the deceased supplied the
rest. Archeeologia (Vim), X. 197. (Davies.)
quetcht, r. See quitch*.
quethe1, r. t. ; pret. qiiotJi, ppr. quetlting. [<
ME. qucthcn (pret. quoth, quod, koth, ko, earlier
qiiath, queth), < AS. eiretlian (pret. cwseth, pi.
cireedon, pp. gr-cwetlten), speak, say. Cf. Oe-
queath.] 1. To say; declare; speak. [Obso-
lete except in the archaic preterit quoth.]
I quethe hym qnyte, and hym relese
Of Egypt nlle the wildirnesse.
Horn, of the Rose, 1. 6999.
Being alive and seinge I peryshe, i. beinge quycke and
quethyng I am undone.
Palsgrave, Acolastus (1S40). (HaUiweU.)
"Lordynges," quoth he, "now herkneth for the beste. "
Chaucer, Prol. to C. T., 1. 788.
"I hold by him."
"And I," quoth Everard, "by the wassail-howl."
Tennyson, The Epic.
2f. To Bequeath.
Hous and rente and outlier thyng
Mow they quethe at here endyng.
MS. Hart. 1701, f. 42. (HalMwell.)
quethe2t, »• See qued.
quetzal (kwet'sal), ». [Native name.] The
paradise-trogon, Pharomacrus mocinno (or Ca-
lurus elegans), the most magnificent of the
trogons, of a golden-green and carmine color,
with long airy upper tail-coverts projecting
like sprays a foot or two beyond the tail. It
inhabits Central America, especially Costa
Rica. See cut under trogon. Also qttesal, quijal.
queue (ku), n. [< F. queue, a tail, < L. cauda,
tail: see ewe1.] 1. A tail; in her., the tail of
a beast. — 2. A tail or pendent braid of hair; a
pigtail: originally part of the wig, but after-
ward, and toward the close of the eighteenth
century, when it was in common use, formed
of the hair of the head. See cite*, 1. — 3. Same
as cue1, 2.
Several dozen [men] standing in a queue as at the ticket
office of a railway station.
H. James, Jr., International Episode, p. 13.
4. The tail-piece of a violin or similar instru-
ment.— 5. In musical notation, the stem or tail
of a note.
queue (ku), v. t. ; pret. and pp. queued, ppr. queu-
ing. [< queue, n.] To tie, braid, or fasten in
a queue or pigtail.
Among his officers was a sturdy veteran named Kelder-
meester, who had cherished through a long life a mop of
hair . . . queued so tightly to his head that his eyes and
mouth generally stood ajar, and his eyebrows were drawn
up to the top of his forehead.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 316.
queued (kud), a. [< queue + -erf2.] In her.,
same as tailed: used in the phrases double
queued, triple queued, etc.
quevert, «. See quiver^.
quewt, n. An obsolete spelling of c«ei, 3 (a).
At the third time the great door openeth, for he shut in
one before of purpose to open it when his quew came.
CalfhiU, Answer to Martlall, p. 209. (Davies.)
quey (kwa), n. [Also qiiee; ME. quye, qwye; <
Icel. kviga = Sw. qviga = Dan. krie, a quey.] A
young cow or heifer; a cow that has not yet
had a calf. [Scotch.]
Nought left me o' four-and-twenty gude ousen and ky,
My weel-ridden gelding, and a white quey.
Fray of Suport (Child's Ballads, VI. 116).
queycht, ». An obsolete variant of qunigJi.
queyntt, «. An obsolete variant of quaint.
quhilk, }iron. A Scotch form of which.
quhillest, adv. Ah obsolete Scotch form of
whilst.
quibt (kwib), ». [A var. of quip; cf. quibble.]
A sarcasm ; a taunt ; a gibe ; a quip.
After he was gone, Mr. Weston, in lue of thanks to ye
Goyr and his freinds hear, gave them . . . [a| qmb (be-
hind their baks) for all their pains.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 151.
quibble (kwib'l), v. i. ; pret. and pp. quibbled,
ppr. quibbling. [Freq. of quip; cf. quilt.'] 1.
To trifle in argument or discourse; evade the
point in question, or the plain truth, by artifice,
play upon words, or any conceit; prevaricate.
Quibbling about self-interest and motives, and objects
of desire, and the greatest happiness of the greatest num-
ber is but a poor employment for a grown man.
Macaiday, Mill on Government.
2. To pun.
His part has :ill the wit,
Kor none speakes, carps, and rfuibbles besides him ;
I'd rather see him leap, or laugh, or cry,
Than hear the gravest speech in all the play.
Oo/e, Careless Shepherdess, Prel. (Strutt.)
4909
quibble (kwib'l), H. [< quibble, v.] 1. A start
or turn from the point in question . or from plain
truth ; an evasion ; a prevarication.
Quirks and quibbles . . . have no place in the search
after truth. Walts, Improvement of Mind, i. 9, § 27.
His still refuted quirks he still repeats ;
New rais'd objections with new quibbles meets.
Cmeper, Progress of Error, 1. 5fil.
2. A pun ; a trivial conceit.
Puns and quibbles. Addison.
It was very natural, therefore, that the common people,
by & quibble, which is the same in Flemish as In English,
should call the proposed "Moderation" the "Murdera-
tion." Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 529.
quibbler (kwib'ler), n. 1. One who quib-
bles ; one who evades plain truth by trifling
artifices, play upon words, or the like. — 2. A
punster.
quibblet (kwib'let), n. Same as quibble, 2.
Xares.
quibbling (kwib'ling), ». A pun; a witticism.
I have made a quibbling in praise of her myself.
Shirley, Witty Fair One, ill. 2.
quibbllngly (kwib'ling-li), ndr. In a quibbling
manner; evasively; punningly.
quibibt, "• [ME., also quibyb, quybibc, quybybe,
usually in pi. quibibes, < OF. quibibes, cubebex.
cubebs : see cubeb.] An obsolete form of cubeb.
quiblint, ». [Appar. forquibbling .] A quibble.
To o'erreach that head that outreacheth all heads,
'lisa trick rampant ! 'tis a very quiblyn !
Marston, Jonson, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, iii. 2.
quicet, w. Same as qneest.
quicht, v. i. Same as quitch1.
quick (kwik), a. and n. [< ME. quik, qwik, qwyk,
quek, cwic, cwuc, < AS. cwic, cwyc, cwicu, cucu,
living, alive, = OS. OFries. quik = D. kwik =
LG. quik = OHG. quec, queh, quek, chec, MHG.
quec (queek-), kec (keck-), G. queek (in quecksilber
= E. mticksilrer), living, keck, living, lively,
quick (> Sw. kack = Dan. kjsek, lively), = Icel.
kvikr, kykr = Sw. qvick = Dan. Mfe(aH these
forms having an unorig. k developed before the
orig. TO) = Goth, kmus (*kwiwa-), living, quick,
= L. rivus, living (cf. vivere, live, > vita, life),
for orig. *gvivus, = Gr. (3ioc, life (> fttovv, live,
/3/orof, life, way of life) (the same relation of
E. c (k), L. r, Gr. J3 appearing in E. come = L.
venire = Gr. jjalittv), = OBulg. zhivit = Bohem.
zkiwy = Euss. ghimi = Lith. givas, living; Skt.
•V/ Jw, live. To the same root in Teut. belongs
Icel. kreikja, krcykja, kindle (a fire).] I. a. 1.
Living: alive; live. [Archaic.]
Men may see there the Erthe of the Tombe apertly
many tymes steren and meven, as there weren quykke
thinges undre. Mandemtte, Travels, p. 22.
Seven of their Porters were taken, whom leremie com-
manded to be flayed quicke.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 24.
He shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
Apostles' Creed.
Still this great solitude is quick with life.
Bryant, The Prairies.
2. Lively; characterized by physical or mental
liveliness or sprightliness ; prompt ; ready ;
sprightly; nimble; brisk.
The next lesson wolde be some quicke and merydialoges,
elect out of Luciane. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 10.
To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble hand
is necessary for a cutpurse. Shale., \V. T., iv. 4. 686.
Where is the boy ye brought me?
A pretty lad, and of a quick capacity,
And bred up neatly. Fletcher, Pilgrim, ii. 2.
Good intellectual powers, when aided by a comparative-
ly small power of prolonged attention, may render their
possessor quick and intelligent.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 100.
3. Prompt to perceive or to respond to im-
pressions; perceptive in a high degree; sen-
sitive; hence, excitable; restless; passionate.
Quick is mine ear to hear of good towards him.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1. 234.
Quiet to quick bosoms is a hell,
And there hath been thy bane.
Byron, Childe Harold, lit. 42.
No more the widow's deafened ear
Grows quick that lady's step to hear.
Scott, Marniion, ii., Int.
She was quick to discern objects of real utility.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., II. 16.
4. Speedy; hasty; swift; rapid; done or occur-
ring in a short time ; prompt ; immediate : as, a
quick return of profits.
Give thee quick conduct. Shak., tear, iii. 6. 104.
Slow to resolve, but in performance quick.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 921.
It may calm the apprehension of calamity in the most
susceptible heart to see how quick a bound nature has set
to the utmost infliction of malice.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 239.
quick-answered
So quick the run,
We felt the good ship shake and reel.
Tennyson, The Voyage.
5. Hasty; precipitate; irritable; sharp; un-
ceremonious.
In England, if God's preacher. God's minister, be any
thing quick, or do speak sharply, then he is a foolish fel-
low, he is rash, he lacketh discretion.
Latimer, Sermon hef. Edw. VI., 1550.
He had rather haue a virgin that could giue a quicke
aunswere that might cut him then a milde speache that
might claw him. Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 280.
6. Pregnant ; with child : specifically noting a
woman when the motion of the fetus is felt.
Jaquenetta that is quick by him.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. 687.
His vncles wife surviues, purchance
Left quick with child ; & thtm he may goe dance
For a new living. Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 39.
Puritanism, believing itself quick with the seed of reli-
gious liberty, laid, without knowing it, the egg of democ-
racy. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 238.
7. Active in operation; piercing; sharp;
hence, bracing; fresh.
for the word of God is quick and powerful, and sharper
than any two edged sword. Heb. iv. 12.
The air Is quick there,
And it pierces and sharpens the stomach.
Shak., Pericles, iv. 1. 28.
Why stay I after? but I deserve to stay,
To feel the quick remembrance of my follies.
Steele, Lying Lover, v. 1.
Quick anatomy*, vivisection.— Quick goods, cattle or
domestic animals. A'orris, Pamphlet (Charleston, 1712).
— Quick-return gearing. See gearing.— Quick time.
See quickstep, 1.— Quick water, a dilute solution of nitrate
of mercury and gold, used in the process of water-gilding.
E. H. Kmght. = Syn. 2 and 4. Expeditious, rapid, active,
alert, agile, harrying, hurried, fleet, dexterous, adroit. See
quickness.— 3.' Acute, keen.
II. n. If. A living being. [Rare.]
Tho, peeping close Into the thicke,
Might see the moving of some quicke.
Spenser, Snep. Cal., March.
2. That which is quick, or living and sensi-
tive: with the definite article: as, cut to the
quiet:.
This test nippeth, this pincheth, this touches the quick.
Ltltimer.
I know the man,
And know he has been nettled to the quick too.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, ii. 3.
How feebly and unlike themselves they reason when
they come to the quick of the difference. Fuller.
You fret, and are gall'd at the quick.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
3. A live fence or hedge formed of some grow-
ing plant, usually hawthorn ; quickset.
The workes and especially the countercamp are curi-
ously hedg'd with quick. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 22, 1641.
Wild bird, whose warble, liquid sweet,
Rings Eden thro' the budded quicks.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Uxxviii.
4. The quitch-grass. Alsoquickt,;quitch. [Prov.
Eng.]
quick (kwik),«ffr. [< quick, a.] 1. In a quick
manner; nimbly; with celerity ; rapidly; with
haste; speedily: as, run quick.
But quick as thought the change is wrought.
Lady Anne Bothwell's Lament (Child's Ballads, IV. 126).
2. Soon ; in a short time ; without delay : as,
go and return quick.
Then rise the tender germs, upstarting quick.
Couyer, Task, iii. 521.
quick (kwik), v. [< ME. quikken, quiken, quyken;
< quick, a.] I. trmis. If. To make alive ; quick-
en; animate.
"The whiles I quykke the corps," quod he, "called am I
Anima ;
And whan I wilne and wolde Animus ich hatte."
Piers Plomnan (B), xv. 23.
Thow seyst thy princes han thee yeven myght
Bothe for to sleen and for to quike a wyght.
Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale, 1. 481.
2f. To revive ; kindle ; quicken.
Pandarus to quylce alwey the fire
Was ever yholde prest and diligent.
Chaucer, Troilus, ill. 484.
3. In electroplating, to prepare for the firmer
adhesion of the deposited metal by the use of
a solution of nitrate of mercury.
With a brush dipped therein [in a solutioti of quicksilver
and aquafortis] they stroke over the surface of the metal
to be gilt, which immediately becomes quicked.
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 308.
II. t intniHx. To become alive ; revive.
Right anon on of the fyres queynte,
And quykede agayn.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, I. 1477.
quick-answeredt (kwik'^n'serd), n. [< quick
+ (inxirer, »., -I- -«/2.] Quick in reply; ready
at repartee. [Rare.]
quick-answered
Ready in gibes, quick-answer 'd, saucy.
Shak., Cymbeline, ill. 4. 161.
quick-beam (kwik'bem), ». The Old World
mountain-ash or rowan. See mountain-ash.
Also called quicken or quicken-tree.
quicken1 (kwik'n), v. [< late ME. quykenen ; <
i/ii/i-k + -en1.] 1. intrans. 1. To become quick
or alive ; receive life.
Summer flies, . . . that quicken even with blowing.
Shak., Othello, iv. 2. 67.
2. To become quick or lively; become more
active or sensitive.
Sees by degrees a purer blush arise,
And keener lightnings quicken in her eyes.
Pope, R. of the L., 1. 144.
3. To enter that state of pregnancy in which the
child gives indications of life ; begin to mani-
fest signs of life in the womb: said of the
mother or the child. The motion of the fetus
is first felt by the mother usually about the
eighteenth week of pregnancy.
II. trans. 1. To make quick or alive ; vivify;
revive or resuscitate, as from death or an in-
animate state.
Yon hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and
sins. Eph. ii. i.
How a sound shall quicken content to bliss.
Browning, By the Fireside.
The idea of universal free labor was only a dormant bud,
not to be quickened for many centuries.
Bancroft, Hist U. 8., I. 127.
2. To revive ; cheer ; reinvigorate ; refresh.
Music and poesy use to quicken you.
Shak., T. of the 8., t 1. 36.
Wake ! our mirth begins to die ;
Quicken it with tunes and wine.
/•' Jonson, Poetaster, iv. 3.
3. To make quick or speedy; hasten; accel-
erate : as, to quicken motion, speed, or flight.
Who got his pension rug,
Or quickened a reversion by a drug.
Pope, Satires of Donne, Iv. 136.
And we must quicken
Our tardy pace in journeying Heavenward,
As Israel did in journeying Canaan-ward.
Longfellow, New Eng. Tragedies, p. 160.
4. To sharpen ; give keener perception to ;
stimulate; incite: as, to quicken the appetite
or taste ; to quicken desires.
To quicken minds in the pursuit of honour.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
The desire of fame hath been no inconsiderable motive
to quicken you. Suift.
When I speak of civilization, I mean those things that
tend to develop the moral forces of Man, and not merely
to quicken his aesthetic sensibility.
Lowell, Oration, Harvard, Nov. 8, 1886.
5. To work with yeast, ffalliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
= Syn. 3. To expedite, hurry, speed.— 4. To excite, ani-
mate.
quicken2 (kwik'n), n. [< quick + -en, used in-
definitely. Cf. quick-grass &Tid quitch2.] 1. The
couch- or quitch-grass, Agropyrum (Triticum)
repens. Also quickens. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. Same
as qtiick-beam.
quickener (kwik'ner), n. [< quicken1 + -er1.]
One who or that which quickens, revives, vivi-
fies, or communicates life ; that which reinvig-
orates ; something that accelerates motion or
increases activity.
Love and enmity, aversatlon, fear, and the like are no-
table whetters and quickners of the spirit of life.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism, II. xii. 12.
quickening (kwik'ning), n. [< ME. quykening;
verbal n. of quicken1, v.] 1. The act of re-
viving or animating. Wyclif, Select Works (ed .
Arnold), II. 99. — 2. The time of pregnancy
when the fetus is first felt to be quick.
quicker (kwik'er), H. [< quick + -er1.] A quick-
set hedge. Halliicell. [Prov. Eng.]
quick-eyed (kwik'id), a. Having acute sight ;
of keen and ready perception.
Quick-eyed experience. Fletcher, Bonduca, iv. 3.
quick-grass (kwik'gras), ». [= Dan. kvikgries;
as quick + grass. Cf. quicken*, quitch^.] Same
as quitch-grass.
quickhatch (kwik'hach), n. [Amer. Ind.] The
American glutton, carcajou, or wolverene, G-ulo
luscus. Also queequehatch.
quick-hedge (kwik'hej), n. A live fence or
hedge ; a quick.
quick-in-hand, quick-in-the-hand (kwik'in-
nand', kwik'in-the-hand'), n. The yellow bal-
sam or touch-me-not, Jmpatiens Noli-tangere :
so called from the sudden bursting of its cap-
sule when handled. [Eng.]
quicklime (kwik'lim), n. [< quick + lime1.]
Calcium pxid, CaO ; burned lime ; lime not yet
slaked with water. Quicklime is prepared by subject-
4910
ing chalk, limestone, or other natural calcium carbonate
to intense heat, when carbonic acid, water, and any organic
matter contained in the carbonate are driven off. It is
a white amorphous infusible solid, which readily absorbs
carbonic acid and water when exposed to the air. In
contact with water, quicklime slakes, each molecule of the
oxid combining with a molecule of water and forming
calcium hydrate, Ca(OH)2, or slaked lime. It is most
largely used in making mortar and cement, but has num-
berless other uses in the arts.
quickling (kwik'ling), n. [< quick + -ling1.]
A young insect. Balliwcll. [Prov. Eng.]
quickly (kwik'Ii), adv. [< ME. quykly, quic-
liclie, cwicliche; < quick + -fy2.] 1. Speedily;
with haste or celerity.
Quickly he walked with pale face downward bent.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 169.
2. Soon ; without delay.
John Earl of Heynault had quickly enough of the King
of France, and was soon after reconciled to his Brother
King Edward. Baker, Chronicles, p. 118.
quick-march (kwik'march), n. Same as quick-
step.
quick-match (kwik'mach), n. See match?.
quickmire (kwik'mir), n. [ME. quick mire; <
quick + mire1. Cf. quakemire, quagmire.] A
quagmire. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
That al wagged his fleish,
As a quick mire.
Piers Plowman's Creed, 1. 449.
quickness (kwik'nes), n. [< ME. quyknesse,
cwicnesse; < quick + -ness.] 1. The state of
being quick or alive ; vital power or principle.
Touch it with thy celestial quickness. Herbert.
All the energies seen in nature are ... but manifesta-
tions of the essential life or quickness of matter.
Pop. Sri. Mo., XXII. 168.
2. Speed; velocity; celerity; rapidity: as, the
quickness of motion.
Hamlet, this deed . . . must send thee hence
With fiery quickness. Shak, Hamlet, iv. 3. 45.
3. Activity; briskness; promptness; readiness:
as, the quickness of the imagination or wit.
lohn Hoywood the Epigrammatist, who, for the myrth
and quieknesse of his conceits more then for any good
learning was in him, came to be well benefited by the
king. Puttcnham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 49.
With too much quickness ever to be taught ;
With too much thinking to have common thought.
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 97.
4. Acuteness; keenness; alertness.
Would not quickness of sensation be an inconvenience to
an animal that must lie still ? Locke.
In early days the conscience has In most
A quickness which in later life is lost.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 110.
5. Sharpness; pungency; keenness.
Then would he wish to see my sword, and feel
The quickness of the edge.
Beau, and Ft., Maid's Tragedy, i. 1.
A few drops tinge, and add a pleasant quickness.
Mortimer.
=Syn. 2. Quiclniess, Fastness, Speed, Celerity, Swiftness,
Fleetness, Rapidity, Velocity, haste, expedition, despatch,
alertness, liveliness. Quickness is the generic term. Quick-
ness, fastness, speed, and rapidity may have relation to time
only, or to space passed through or over ; the others apply
only to space. "Swift to hear," in Jas. i. 19, is a bold
figure. Celerity is swift voluntary movement ; but we do
not ordinarily speak of the movement* of an animal as
having celerity. FUetness also is voluntary, and is applied
to animals ; we may speak by figure of the fleetness of a
yacht. The word suggests quickness In getting over the
ground by the use of the feet : we speak of the swiftness
or rapidity of the swallow's or the pigeon's flight ; the
JUetness of Atalanta, a bound, a deer. Swiftness is pre-
sumably not too great for carefulness or thoroughness ;
rapidity may be too great for either, relocity is the attri-
bute of matter in motion ; the word is especially a techni-
cal term for the rate of movement of matter, whether fast
or slow. We speak also of the velocity of sound or light.
Rapidity has less suggestion of personality than any of the
others, except velocity. SeerronAfe. — 3. Dexterity, adroit-
ness, expertness, facility, knack. — 4. Penetration,
quicksand (kwik'sand), n. [< ME. quyksande
(= D. kwikzand = G. quicksand = Icel. kvik-
sandr = Sw. qvicksand = Dan. kviksand); <
quick + sand.] A movable sand-bank in a sea,
lake, or river; a large mass of loose or moving
sand mixed with water formed on many sea-
coasts, at the mouths and in the channels of
rivers, etc., sometimes dangerous to vessels,
and especially to travelers.
And fearing lest they should fall Into the quicksands
[should be cast upon the Syrtis, R. V.], [they] strake sail
and so were driven. Acts xxvii. 17.
And what is Edward but a ruthless sea?
What Clarence, but a quicksand of deceit?
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 4. 26.
quicksandy (kwik'san-di), a. [< quicksand +
-y.] Containing or abounding in quicksands;
consisting of or resembling quicksands.
The rotten, moorish, quicksandy grounds.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 358.
quick-work
Unfortunately for this quickmndy world, nobody can be
sure of his position, however comfortable.
Sew York Semi-weekly Tribune, April 2, 1867.
quick-scented (kwik'seu"ted), a. Having an
acute sense of smell ; of an acute smell.
I especially commend unto you to be quick-scented, easi-
ly to trace the footing of sin.
Hales, Golden Remains, p. 168. (Latham.)
quickset (kwik'set), a. and ». [< quick + set1.]
I. «. Made of quickset.
He immediately concluded that this huge thicket of
thorns and brakes was designed as a kind of fence or quick-
set hedge to the ghosts it enclosed.
Addison, Tale of Marraton.
II. n. A living plant set to grow, particularly
for a hedge ; hawthorn planted for a hedge.
The hairs of the eye-lids are fof a quickset and fence
about the sight. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 167.
quickset (kwik'set), v. t. ; pret. and pp. quick-
set, ppr. quick-setting. [< quickset, n.] To plant
with living shrubs or trees for a hedge or fence :
as, to quickset a ditch.
quick-sighted (kwik'sFted), a. Having quick
sight or acute discernment; quick to see or
discern.
The Judgment, umpire in the strife, . . .
Quick-sighted arbiter of good and ill.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 31.
quick-sightedness (kwik'si'ted-nes), n. The
quality of being quick-sighted; quickness of
sight or discernment; readiness to see or dis-
cern.
quicksilver (kwik'siFver), n. [< ME. quyksil-
ver, < AS. cwicseolfor (= D. kwikeilver = MLG.
quiksulver = OHG. quecsilabar, quechsilpar,
MHG. quecsilber, G. quecksilber = Icel. kviksilfr,
mod. kvikasilfr = Sw. qvicksilfver = Norw. kvik-
sylv = Dan. krikstilv, kvtegsolv), lit. 'living sil-
ver,' so called from its mobility, < curie, living,
+ seolfor, silver : see quick and silver. So in L.,
argentum vivum, 'living silver'; also argentum
liquidum,' liquid silver,' Gr. apyvpof xaria; ,' fused
silver,' Mpapj-vpos, 'water-silver' (see hydrar-
gyrum').] The common popular designation of
the metal mercury. See mercury, 6, and mer-
curial.
The rogue fled from me like quicksilver.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 248.
Thou hast quicksilver in the veins of thee to a certainty.
Scott, Abbot, xix.
Quicksilver plaster*, a mercury soap, prepared from
cnlorid of mercury and soap. Also called quicksilver soap.
— Quicksilver water, nitrate of mercury.
quicksilver (kwik'sil'ver), v. t. [< quicksilver,
n.] To overlay with quicksilver; treat with
quicksilver : chiefly used in the past and pres-
ent participles.
quicksilvered (kwik'siKvferd), p. a. 1. Over-
laid with quicksilver, or with an amalgam, as a
plate of glass with quicksilver and tin-foil, to
make a mirror. — 2f. Partaking of the nature
of quicksilver; showing resemblance to some
characteristic of quicksilver.
Those nimble and quicksilvered brains.
Sir E. Sandys, State of Religion, H. 2. b. 1605. (Latham.)
This may serve to shew the Difference betwixt the two
Nations, the leaden-heel'd Pace of the one, and the quiet-
silver'd Motions of the other. Howell, Letters, I. fv. 21.
quicksilvering (kwik'sil'ver-ing), n. [Verbal
n. of quicksilver, v.] 1 . The process of coating
with quicksilver or with an amalgam. — 2. A
coating with quicksilver or an amalgam, as in
a looking-glass.
quickstep (kwik'step), n. 1. Milit., a march
in quick time — that is, at the rate of 110 steps
per minute. — 2. Music adapted to such a rapid
march, or in a brisk march rhythm.
quick-tempered (kwik'tenr*perd), a. Passion-
ate; irascible.
quick-witted (kwik'wifed), a. Having ready
wit ; sharp ; ready of perception.
Bap. How likes Gremio these quick-witted folks ?
Gre. Believe me, sir, they butt together well.
Shak., 1. of the 8., v. 2. 38.
quick-wittedness (kwik'wit'ed-nes), «. The
character of being quick-witted ; readiness of
wit.
quickwood (kwik'wud), n. The hawthorn.
Compare quickset. [Prov. Eng.]
He . . . in a pond in the said close, adjoining to a quick-
wood hedge, did drown his wife.
Aubrey, Misc., Apparitions.
quick-work (kwik'werk), n. In shi/i-building.
short planks between the ports; all that part
of a ship's side which lies between the chain-
wales and the decks: so called because of its
being the work most quickly completed in
building the ship.
Quicunque
Quicunque (kwi-kung'kwe), «. [So called from
the opening words of the Latin version, Qui-
/•iiiii/iii' nil I, whosoever will: L. quicunque, qui-
et/tuque, whoever, whosoever, < qui, who, + -CHIII-
que, a generalizing suffix.] The Athanasian
creed. Also called fiymbolitm Quicunque and
the I'xulnt QnicitiK/ii/' full.
Hilary, . . . Vincentius, . . . and Vigilius, . . . to whom
severally the authorship of the Quicunque has been as-
cribed. Encyc. Brit., VI. 562.
quid1 (kvvid), H. [Also queed; var. of cud, q. v.]
1 . A cud. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. A portion suitable
to be chewed; specifically, a piece of tobacco
chewed and rolled about in the mouth.
The beggar who chews his quid as he sweeps his cross-
ing. Disraeli.
quid1 (kwid), v. t. and t.; pret. and pp. quidded,
ppr.quidding. [<g«i(A, ».] To drop partly mas-
ticated food from the mouth : said of horses.
quida (kwid), re. [< L. quid, interrog. what, in-
def . somewhat, something, neut. (= E. what) of
quis, who, = E. who: see who.] 1. What; na-
ture; substance.
You must know my age
Hath aeene the beings and the quid of things ;
I know the dimensions and the termini
Of all existence. Marstan, The Fawne, i. 2.
2. Something : used chiefly in the phrase ter-
tium quid (see below). See predication.— Ter-
tium quid, something different from both mind and mat-
ter, a representative object in perception, itself immedi-
ately known, mediating between the mind and the reality.
— The Quids, in U. S. hist, from 1805 to 1811, a section of
the Democratic-Republican party which was attached to
extreme State-rights and democratic views, and separated
itself from the administration, under the leadership of
John Randolph, favoring Monroe as successor to Jeffer-
son : supposed to have been so named as being tertium
quid to the Federalists and administration Republicans.
Also called Quiddists.
In his next speech he avowed himself to be no longer a
republican ; he belonged to the third party, the quiddists
or quids, being that tertium quid, that third something,
which had no name, but was really an anti-Madison move-
ment. //. Adams, John Randolph, II. 181.
quid3 (kwid), «. [Origin obscure.] A sovereign
(£1). [Slang, Eng.]
quidam (kwi'dam), re. [L., some, a certain, <
(/«/, who, + -dam, var. -dem, an indef. suffix.]
Somebody ; one unknown. [Rare.]
So many unworthy Quidams, which catch at the garlond
which to you alone is dewe. Spenser, Shep. Cal., Ded.
quiddany (kwid'a-ni), ». [< L. cydonium, cy-
doneum, quince-juice, quince-wine, < cydonia
(cydonium malum), a quince : see Cydonia. Cf.
quinel, quince1.] A confection of quinces pre-
pared with sugar.
quiddative (kwid'a-tiv), a. [Contr. of quiddi-
tative.] Same as quidditative.
Quiddist (kwid'ist), n. [< quid? + -ist.] See
the Quids, under quid2.
quiddit (kwid'it), n. [A contr. of quiddity.] A
subtlety ; an equivocation ; a quibble.
No quirk left, no quiddit,
That may defeat him?
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 8.
By some strange quiddit, or some wrested clause,
To find him guiltie of the breach of laws.
Drayton, The Owl.
quidditative (kwid'i-ta-tiv), a. [< F. quiddi-
tmtif, < ML. quidditativils, < quiddita(t-)s, ' what-
ness': see quiddity.] Constituting the essence
of a thing— Quidditative being, entity. See the
nouns.— Quidditative predication, the predication of
the genus or species.
quiddity (kwid'i-ti), «.; pi. quiddities (-tiz). [=
F. quiddite, < ML. quiddita(t-)s, ' whatness,' < L.
quid, what(=E. what): seequidV.] 1. In scho-
lastic philos. , that which distinguishes a thing
from other things, and makes it what it is, and
not another; substantial form; nature.
I darevndertake Orlando Furioso,or honest King Arthur,
will neuer displease a Souldier: but the quiddity of Ens,
and Prima materia, will hardely agree with a Corslet.
Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
Neither shal I stand to trifle with one that will tell me
of quiddities and formalities.
Milton, Church-Government, ii. 1.
The Quiddity and Essence of the incomprehensible
Creator cannot imprint any formal Conception upon the
Unite Intellect of the Creature. Hawett, Letters, ii. 11.
Reason is a common name, and agrees both to the un-
derstanding and essence of things as explained in defini-
tion. Quiddity they commonly call it. The intellect they
call reason reasoning, quiddity reason reasoned.
Burt/ersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman, L. xxi. 4.
2. A trifling nicety ; a cavil ; a quirk or quibble.
But she, in quirks and quiddities of love,
Sets me to school, she is so overwise.
Greene, George-a-Greene.
F.vasion was his armature, quiddity his defence.
J. T. Fields, Underbrush, p. 80.
4911
quiddle1 (kwid'l), v. i.; pret. and pp. quiddlrd,
ppr. quiddliiif/. [A dim. or freq. form, appiir.
based on L. quid, what, as in quiddit, quiddity,
etc. : see quid'2, quiddity.] 1 . To spend or waste
time in trifling employments, or to attend to
useful subjects in a trifling or superficial man-
ner; be of a trifling, time-wasting character.
You are not sitting as nisi prills lawyers, bound by
qitiddling technicalities.
W. Phillips, Speeches, etc., p. 181.
2. To criticize. Dames.
Set up your buffing base, and we will quiddell upon it.
It. Edwards, Damon and Pythias, (panes.)
quiddle1 (kwid'l), 11. [< quiddle1, v.] One who
quiddles, or busies himself about trifles. Also
quiddler.
The Englishman is very petulant and precise about his
accommodation at inns and on the road, a quiddle about
his toast and his chop and every species of convenience.
Emerson, English Traits, vi.
quiddle2 (kwid'l), v. i. ; pret. and pp. quiddled,
ppr. quiddling. [Origin obscure.] To quiver;
shiver; tremble; creep, as live flesh: as, the fish
were still quiddling. [New Eng.]
quiddler (kwid'ler), n. [< quiddle1 + -er1.]
Same as quiddle1.
quidificalt, a. [< L. quid, what, + -fie + -al.
Cf. quiddity.] Equivocal; subtle.
Diogenes, mocking soch quidiftcall trifles, that were al in
the cherubins, said, Sir Plato, your table and your cuppe
I see very well, but as for your tabletee and your cupitee,
I see none sot-he.
Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 139.
quidlibet, n. Same as quodlibet.
quidnunc (kwid'nungk), n. [< L. quid nunc,
what now: quid, what (see quid%); nunc, now
(see now).] One who is curious to know every-
thing that passes, and is continually asking
"What now?" or "What news?" hence, one
who knows or pretends to know all that is go-
ing on in politics, society, etc. ; a newsmonger.
Are not you called a theatrical quidnunc, and a mock
Maecenas to second-hand authors?
Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
What a treasure-trove to these venerable quidnuncs,
could they have guessed the secret which Hepzibah and
Clifford were carrying along with them !
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xvii.
quid pro quo (kwid pro kwo). [L., something for
something: quid, interrog. what, indef. some-
thing; pro, for; quo, abl. sing, of quid, some-
thing.] Something given for something else ;
a tit for tat; in law, an equivalent; a thing
given or offered in exchange for or in consid-
eration of another; the mutual consideration
and performance of either party as toward the
other in a contract.
quien, n. [F. chien, dial, quien, < L. can is, a dog :
see hound.] A dog. [Thieves' cant.]
" Curse the quiens," said he. And not a word all dinner-
time but "Curse the quiens!" I said I must know who
they were before I would curse them. " Quiens? why,
that was dogs. And I knew not even that much?"
C. Beade, Cloister and Hearth, Iv.
quien sabe (kien sa'be). [Sp.: quien, who, <
L. quern, ace. of quis, who ; sabe, 3d pers. sing,
pres. ind. of saber, know,< L. sapere, have taste
or sense: see sapient.] Who knows? a form of
response equivalent to ' how should I know ? ' or
'I do not know,' occasionally used by Ameri-
cans on the Pacific coast.
quiert, n. An obsolete variant of quire1.
quiesce (kwi-es'), v. i. ; pret. and pp. quiesced,
ppr. quiescing. [< L. quieseere, rest, keep quiet,
< quies, rest, quiet : see quiet, n. Cf. acquiesce.]
1. To become quiet or calm; become silent.
The village, after a season of acute conjecture, quiesced
into that sarcastic sufferance of the anomaly into which
it may have been noticed that small communities are apt
to subside from such occasions.
Howells, Annie Kilburn, xxx.
2. Inphilol., to become silent, as a letter; come
to have no sound. Amer. Jour. PhiloL.VlII.
282.
quiescence (kwl-es'ens), n. [< LL. quiescentia,
rest, quiet, < L. quiescen(t-)s, ppr. of quieseere,
repose, keep quiet: see quiescent.] 1. The
state or quality of being quiescent or inactive ;
rest ; repose ; inactivity ; the state of a thing
without motion or agitation : as, the quiescence
of a volcano.
'Tis not unlikely that he [Adam] had as clear a percep-
tion of the earth's motion as we think we have of its qui-
escence. Olanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, i.
It is not enough that we are stimulated to pleasure or
to pain, we must lapse into muscular quiescence to realize
either. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 149.
2. In phiM., silence ; the condition of not be-
ing heard in pronunciation: as, the quiescence
quiet
of a letter. — 3. In biol., quietude or inactivity;
a state of animal life approaching torpidity,
but in which the animal is capable of some mo-
tion,andmayreceivefood: itis observed among
insects during either hibernation or pupation,
and in many other animals both higher and
lower in the scale than these.
quiescency (kwi-es'en-si), «. [As ^quiescence
(see -?y).] Same as quiescence.
quiescent (kwl-es'ent), a. and n. [< L. quies-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of quieseere, keep quiet, rest: see
quiesce.] I. a. 1. Besting; being in a state
of repose; still; not moving: as, a quiescent
body or fluid.
Aristotle endeavoureth to prove that in all motion
there is some point quiescent.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 222.
Quiescent as he now sat, there was something about his
nostril, his mouth, his brow, which, to my perceptions,
indicated elements within either restless, or hard, or eager.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxix.
Tiie overpowering heat inclines me to be perfectly qui-
escent in the daytime.
George Eliat, Hill on the Floss, vii. 3.
2. In philol., silent; not sounded; having no
sound: as, a quiescent letter. — 3. In biol. , phys-
iologically inactive or motionless; resting, as
an insect in the chrysalis state, or an encysted
amoeba.
II. n. In philol., a silent letter.
quiescently (kwl-es'ent-li), adv. In a quiescent
manner; calmly; quietly.
quiet (kwi'et), a. [< ME. quiet, quyet = OF.
quiet, quiete, quite, vernacularly quoi, coi (> E.
coy), F. coi = Pr. quetz = Sp. Pg. quieto, ver-
nacularly chedo = It. quieto, vernacularly queto,
< L. quietus, pp. of quieseere, keep quiet, rest ;
cf. quies (quiet-), quiet, rest: see quiesce, quiet,
n. Cf. coyt, a doublet of quiet, and quit1, quite1,
acquit, requite, etc.] 1 . Being in a state of rest ;
not being in action or motion ; not moving or
agitated; still: as, remain quiet; the sea was
quiet.
And they . . . laid wait for him all night in the gate
of the city, and were quiet all the night, saying, In the
morning, when it is day, we shall kill him. Judges xvi. 2.
The holy time is quiet as a Nun
Breathless with adoration.
Wordsworth, Misc. Sonnets, i. 30.
2. Left at rest; free from alarm or disturb-
ance; unmolested; tranquil.
In his days the land was quiet ten years. 2 Chron. xiv. 1.
A peace above all earthly dignities,
A still and quiet conscience.
Shalt., Hen. VIII., iii. 2. 380.
3. Peaceable ; not turbulent ; not giving of-
fense; not exciting controversy, disorder, or
trouble.
As long as the Cairiotes are poor and weaken'd by for-
mer divisions they are quiet, but when they grow rich
and great they envy one another, and so fall into divi-
sions. Pococke, Description of the East, I. 169.
Be plain in dress, and sober in your diet ;
In short, my deary, kiss me ! and be quiet.
Lady M. W. Montagu, Summary of Lord Lyttelton's Advice
[to a Lady.
4. Undisturbed by emotion; calm; patient;
contented.
The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit. 1 Pet. iii. 4.
Grant . . . to thy faithful people pardon and peace, that
they may be cleansed from all their sins, and serve thee
with a quiet mind. Book of Common Prayer, Collect for
[21st Sunday after Trinity.
Margaret Duchess of Burgundy, a Woman that could
never be quiet in her Mind as long as King Henry was quiet
in his Kingdom. Baker, Chronicles, p. 241.
5. Free from noise or sound ; silent; still: as,
a quiet neighborhood.
Much of mirthe watj that ho made,
Among her feres that wats so quyt !
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 1149.
Her days
Henceforth were given to quiet tasks of good.
Bryant, Sella.
Till he find
The quiet chamber far apart.
Tennyson, Day-Dream, The Arrival.
All was quiet, but for faint sounds made
By the wood creatures wild and unafraid.
WUliam Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 221.
6. Free from fuss or bustle ; without stiffness
or formality.
A couple of Mrs. Bardell'3 most particular acquaintance,
who had Just stepped iu to have a quiet cup of tea.
Dickens, Pickwick, xxvi.
7. Not glaring or showy ; not such as to attract
notice; in good taste: as, quiet colors; a quiet
dress.
A large frame, . . . which I afterwards found to contain
a rather highly colored seventeenth-century master, was
covered with a quiet drapery. The Century, XXXVIII. 91.
quiet
= Syn. 1-5. Pladd, Serene, etc. (see orfml), peaceful, un-
ruffled, undisturbed. — 4. Meek, mild.
quiet (kwi'et), «. [< ME. quiete, quuete = Sp.
i/nit'te = It. quiete, < L. quit's (qitiet-), rest; cf.
quiet, a.] 1. Rest; repose; stillness.
For now the noonday quiet holds the hill.
Tennyson, (Knnnr
That cloistered quiet which characterizes all university
towns. Lowell, Cambridge Thirty YearB Ago.
Long be it ere the tide of trade
Shall break with harsh resounding din
The quiet of thy banks of shade.
Whittier, Kenoza Lake.
2. An undisturbed condition ; tranquillity ;
peace ; repose.
And take hede hou Makamede, thorwe a mylde done,
He hald al Surrye as hym-Belf wolde and Sarasyns in quyet? ;
Nouht thorw manslauht and mannes strengthe Maka-
mede hadde the mastrie.
Piers Plowman (C), xviii. 240.
Enjoys his garden and his book in quiet.
Pope, Irait. of Horace, II. i. 199.
And, like an infant troublesome awake,
Is left to sleep for peace and quiet's sake.
Cmcper, Truth, 1. 428.
3. An undisturbed state of mind ; peace of
soul; patience; calmness.
Thy greatest help is quiet, gentle Nell.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 4. 67.
A certain quiet on his soul did fall,
As though he saw the end and waited it.
William -Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 814.
At quiet1 , still ; peaceful.
And they . . . came unto Laish, unto a people that were
at quiet and secure. Judges xviii. 27.
Death did the only Cure apply ;
She was "' quift, so was I.
Prior, Turtle and Sparrow.
In quiet, quietly.
York. I shall not sleep in quift at the Tower.
Qlou. Why, what should you fear?
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 1. 142.
On the quiet, clandestinely ; so as to avoid observation.
[Slang.]
I'd just like to have a bit of chinwag with you on the quiet.
Punch, Jan. 8, 1881, p. 4.
Out of quiet1, disturbed ; restless.
Since the youth of the count's was to-day with my lady,
she is much out of quiet. Shak., T. N., ii. 3. 144.
= Syn, Repose, Tranquillity, ete. See rest.
quiet (kwi'et), v. [< LL. qiiietare, quietari, make
quiet, < L. quietus, quiet: see quiet, a. Cf.
quit1, v.] I. trans. 1. To bring to a state of
rest; stop.
Quiet thy cudgel. Shak., Hen. V., v. 1. 54.
The ideas of moving or quieting corporeal motion.
Locke.
2. To make or cause to be quiet; calm; ap-
pease; pacify; lull; allay; tranquillize: as, to
quiet the soul when it is agitated; to quiet the
clamors of a nation ; to quiet the disorders of a
city.
After that Gallia was thus quieted, Ctesar (as he was de-
termined before) went into Italy to hold a parlament.
Golding, tr. of Ceesar, fol. 175.
Surely I have behaved unAquieted myself, as a child that
is weaned of his mother. Ps. cxxxi. 2.
The growth of our dissention was either prevented or
soon quieted. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvi.
= Syn. 2. To compose, soothe, sober ; to still, silence, hush.
II. intrans. To become quiet or still; abate:
as, the sea quieted.
While astonishment
With deep-drawn sighs was quieting. Keats.
quietaget(kwi'et-aj),w. [< quiet + -age.'] Peace;
quiet. [Bare.]
Sweet peace and quiet age
It doth establish in the troubled mynd.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ill. 43.
quieten (kwi'et-u), v. [< quiet, a., + -enl.] I.
intrans. To become quiet or still.
II. trans. To make quiet ; calm ; pacify.
I will stay, . . . partly to quieten the fears of this poor
faithful fellow. Mrs. Gaskell, Ruth, xxxiv. (Davits.)
quieter (kwi'et-er), n. [< quiet + -ed.] One
who or that which quiets.
quieting-chamber (kwi'et-ing-cham"ber), n.
In a steam-engine, an exhaust-pipe fitted with
a number of small branch tubes the sections
of which, taken together, equal that of the main
pipe. It is intended to prevent the usual noise
of blowing off steam.
quietism (kwi'et-izm), «. [= F. quietisme =
Sp. Pg. It. qwietifimo = G. quietismus, < NL.gwie-
tismus; as quiet + -ism.] 1 . That form of mys-
ticism which consists in the entire abnegation
of all active exercise of the will and a purely
passive meditation on God and divine things
as the highest spiritual exercise and the means
of bringing the soul into immediate union with
the Godhead. Conspicuous exponents of quiet-
4912
i sm were Moli nos and Mme. Guyon, in the seven-
tccntli century. See MoUnist".
If the temper and constitution were cold and phlegmatic,
their religion has sunk into <i//i>'ti.^in ; if bilious or san-
guine, it has ttamed out into all the frenzy of enthusiasm.
Warburton, Alliance, I.
The Monks of the Holy Mountain (Mount Athos], from
the eleventh century, appeared to have yielded to a kind
of quietism, and to have held that he who, in silence and
solitude, turned his thoughts with intense introspection
on himself, would find his soul enveloped in a mystic and
ethereal light, the essence of Ood, and be filled with pure
and perfect happiness.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 870, note.
2. The state or quality of being quiet; quiet-
ness. [Rare.]
He ... feared that the thoughtlessness of my years
might sometimes make me overstep the limits of quietism
which he found necessary.
Oodu-in, Mandeville, 1. 110. (Dames.)
quietist (kwi'et-ist), «. [= F. quietixte = Sp.
Pg. It. quietista = G. quietist, < NL. quiettstti ;
as quiet + -ist.~\ 1. One who believes in or
practises quietism: applied especially [cnp.]
to a body of mystics (followers of Molinos, a
Spanish priest) in the latter part of the seven-
teenth century. Somewhat similar views were held by
the Euchites, Beghards, Beguines, Hesychasts, Brethren of
the Free Spirit, and others of less not*.
The best persons have always held it to be the essence
of religion that the paramount duty of man upon earth is
to amend himself ; but all except monkish quietists have
annexed to this the additional duty of amending the world,
and not solely the human part of it, but the material, the
order of physical nature. J. S. Mill.
2. One who seeks or enjoys quietness ; one who
advocates a policy of quietness or inactivity.
Too apt, perhaps, to stay where I am put. I am a quiet-
ist by constitution. The Century, XXVL 280.
quietistic (kwi-e-tis'tik), a. [< quietist + -ic.~\
Of or pertaining to quietists or quietism.
Jeanne Marie . . . Guyon, ... a leading exponent of
the quietistic mysticism of the 17th century.
Encyc. Brit., XI. 841.
quietive (kwi'et-iv), n. [< quiet + -ive.] That
which has the property of inducing quiet or
calm, as a sedative medicine.
Every one knows of a few plants that are good as laxa-
tives, emetics, sudorifics, or quietiees.
Pop. Sd. Mo., XXVIII. 529.
quietize (kwi'et-iz), »;. t. [< quiet, a., + -ize.]
T"o make quiet ; calm.
Solitude, and patience, and religion have now quietized
both father and daughter into tolerable contentment.
Mme. D'ArUay, Diary, V. 271. (Danes.)
quietly (kwi'et-li), adv. In a quiet state or
manner. Especially — (a) Without motion or agitation ;
in a state of rest.
Lie quietly, and hear a little more ;
Nay, do not struggle.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 709.
(6) Without tumult, alarm, dispute, or disturbance ; peace-
ably : as, to live quietly.
After all these Outrages, the King proclaimed Pardon to
all such as would lay down Arms ami go quietly home.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 138.
(c) Calmly ; tranquilly ; without agitation or violent emo-
tion; patiently.
Quietly, modestly, and patiently recommend his estate
to God. Jer. Taylor.
Then came her father, saying in low tones
"Have comfort," whom she greeted quietly.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
(d) In a manner to attract little or no observation ; with-
out noise : as, he quietly left the room.
Sometimes . . . [Walpole] found that measures which
he had hoped to carry through quietly had caused great
agitation. Macaulay, Horace Walpole.
He shut the gate quietly, not to make a noise, but never
looked back. Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xxxvi.
quietness (kwi'et-nes), n. [< ME. quietness; <
quiet + -ness.] The state of being quiet, still,
or free from action or motion ; freedom from
agitation, disturbance, or excitement; tran-
quillity; stillness; calmness.
It is great quyetnesse to haue people of good behaviour
in a house. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 64.
Peace and quietness. Milton.
In quietness and in confidence shall be your strength.
Isa. xxx. 15.
quietoust (kwl'et-us), n. [< quiet + -CMS.]
Quiet; peaceable.
Bryngynge men to a guyetouse holde and sure step in
the Lome. Bp. Bale, Image, i.
quietouslyt (kwl'et-us-li), adr. [< quietous +
-fy/2.] In a quietous manner; quietly. Bp.Bale.
quietsomet (kwl'et-sum), n. [< quiet + -some.']
Calm; still; undisturbed.
But let the night be calme and quietsome.
Spenser, Epithalamion, 1. 326.
quietude (kwi'e-tud), n. [< F. quietude = Sp.
quietud = It. quietiidiiie. < L. qiiielndu, quiet-
quill
ness, rest, calmness, for *</>iiiliiii/l/i,< qnietitx,
quiet: see quiet, a.] Rest; repose; quiet; tran-
quillity.
A future quietude and serenitude in the affections.
Sir H. H'littiiii, lit-liunin.-, p. 711.
Never was there a more venerable quietude than that
which slept among their sheltering boughs.
Ilau'ttiurtit, Marble Faun, viii.
There broods upon this charming hamlet an old-time
quii'tmle anil privacy. //. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 42.
quietus (kwi-e'tus), n. [< ML. quietus, or qui-
etiis I'xt. (he is) 'free' or 'quitted,' i. e. he is
discharged from the debt : a formula in noting
the settlement of accounts: see quiet, a.] 1.
A final discharge of an account ; a final settle-
ment ; a quittance.
Till I had signed your quietus. ' Wrlislrr.
I hoped to put her off with half the sum ;
That's truth; some younger brother would have thank'd
me,
And given [me] my quietus. Shirley, The Gamester, v. 1.
Hence — 2. A finishing or ending in general;
stoppage.
When he himself might hie quietus ma'ke
With a bare bodkin. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1. 75.
Why, you may think there 's no being shot at without a
little risk ; and if an unlucky bullet should carry a quietus
with it — I say it will be no time then to he bothering you
about family matters. Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 3.
3. A severe blow; a "settler." Halliwell.
[Slang.]
quightt, "dr. An erroneous spelling of quite1.
qui-ni, qui-hye (kwi'hi'), n. [Hind, koi hai,
'who is there?'] 1. In Bengal, the Anglo-
Indian call for a servant, one being always in
attendance, though not in the room.
The seal motto [of a letter] qui M("who waits") de-
noting that the bearer is to bring an answer.
J. W. Palmer, The New and the Old, p. 298.
2. Hence, the popular nickname for an Anglo-
Indian in Bengal.
The old boys, the old generals, the old colonels, the old
qui-his from the club came and paid her their homage.
Thackeray, Newcotnes, Ixii. (Dames.)
Quiina (kwi-i'na), ». [NL. (Aublet, 1775), from
the native name in Guiana.] A genus of poly-
petalous plants of the order Guttiferee, type of
the tribe Quiincse. It is characterized by ovary-cells
with two ovules, the numerous stamens and several styles
all filiform, and the fruit a berry with fibrous interior and
from one to four woolly seeds, each filled by the two thick
and distinct seed-leaves. The 17 species are natives of
tropical America. They are trees or shrubs or sometimes
climbers, bearing opposite or whorled stipulate leaves,
elegantly marked with transverse veinlets. The small
flowers are arranged in short axillary panicles or terminal
racemed clusters. Q. Jamaicenris is an entire-leafed spe-
cies, known in Jamaica as old-woman's tree.
Qtliineae (kwi-in'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (Bentham and
tlooker, 1862), <' Quiina + -ex.] A tribe of
dicotyledonous polypetalous plants of the order
Guttiferte, consisting of the genus Quiina, the
embryo haying large cotyledons and minute
radicle, while in the rest of the order, except
the Calophyllese, the radicle is large and the
seed-leaves are minute.
quilisma (kwl-lis'ma), n. [ML.. < Or. ni-)iaua,
a roll, < Kvhietv, roll: see cylinder.] In medieval
musical notation, a sign or neume denoting a
shake or trill.
quill1 (kwil), ». [< ME. "quille, quylle, a stalk
(L. calamus); cf. LG. quiele, kiele = MHG.
Ml, G. kiel, dial, keil, a quill; connections un-
certain. Cf. OF. quille, a peg or pin of wood,
a ninepin, < OHG. keail, MHG. G. kegel, a nine-
pin, skittle, cone, bobbin : see kaitf. The Ir.
cuille, a quill, is appar. < E.] 1. The stalk of
a oane or reed. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. A cane or
reed pipe, such as those used in Pan's pipes.
or they bene daughters of the hyghest Jove.
nd holden scorne of homely shepheards 'j<i!/l.
Spenser, Shep. I'al., June.
On a countiy quill each plays
Madrigals and pretty lays.
Shirley, Love Tricks, iv. 2.
He touch'd the tender stops of various quills,
With eager thought warbling his Dorick lay.
MMon, Lycidas, 1. 188.
3. One of the large, strong feathers of geese,
swans, turkeys, crows, etc., used for writing-
pens and the like.
Snatch thee a quill from the spread eagle's wing.
Quarles, Emblems, i., Invoc.
And reeds of sundry kinds, . . . more used than quHs
by the people of these countreys.
Saiuiys, Travailes, p. 110.
4. A quill pen ; hence, by extension, any pen,
especially considered as the characteristic in-
strument of a writer.
Thy Pencil triumphs o'er the poet's Quill.
Congrew, To Sir Godfrey Kneller.
For t
An
quill
Mr. .limes has a quill of bine ink behind <>nr i'ar, a '/mil
of red ink behind the other, another of black ink in his
month. W. il. Balffi-, New Timothy, p. 151.
5. One of the comparatively largo (light-fea-
thers or remises of any bird, without reference
to the use of such feathers for making quill
pens; a quill-feather: as. t lie i/nillx and coverts
of the wing; sometimes extended to include
the similar feathers of the tail.
Who now so long hath praised the chough's white bill
That he hath left her ne'er a flying quill.
Manton, Satires, i. 68.
6. The hard, hollow, horny part of the scape
of any feather, which does not bear barbs, and
by which the feather is inserted in the skin ; the
calamus, as distinguished from the rachis.
The whole scape is divided into two parts : one, nearest
the body of the bird, the tube or barrel, or quill proper,
which is a hard, horny, hollow, and semi-transparent cyl-
inder, containing a little pith in the interior ; it bears no
webs. Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 84.
7. One of the much enlarged and peculiarly
modified hairs with which some animals, as
porcupines, are provided ; a large hollow spine.
Like quills upon the fretful porpentine.
Shale., Hamlet, i. 5. 20.
Thou It shoote thy quilles at mee, when my terrible
backe 'a turn'd, for all this ; wilt not, Porcupine ?
Dekker, Humorous Poet, I. 235.
8. A piece of small reed or other light slender
tube, used by weavers to wind thread upon,
and by manufacturers to hold the wound silk
and other thread prepared for sale.
Of works with loom, with needle, and with quill.
Spenser.
9. (a) A plectrum of quill, as of a goose, for
playing on musical instruments of the lute and
zither families. (6) In the harpsichord, spinet,
and virginal, a small piece of quill projecting
from the jack of each key (digital), and so set
that when the key was depressed the corre-
sponding string was twitched or twanged by it.
Various other materials were used instead of
quills. — 10. In seal-engraving, the hollow shaft
or mandril of the seal-engravers' lathe, in which
the cutting-tools are secured to be revolved
while the stones are held against them. — 11.
In mining, a train for igniting a blast, consist-
ing of a quill filled with slow-burning powder:
it is now superseded by the safety- fuse. — 12.
The faucet of a barrel. Halliwell. [Proy. Eng.]
— 13. Inphar., bark in a roll, such as is often
formed in drying, as of cinnamon orcinchona. —
In the qulllt, a phrase used in the following passage,
and interpreted to mean ' penned ' (Steevens) ; ' in form
and order like a quilled ruff' (Hares); 'in the coil'
(Singer).
My lord protector will come this way by and by, and
then we may deliver our supplications in the quill.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3. 4.
Primary, secondary, tertiary quills. See the adjec-
tives.—To be under the quill, to be written about.
The subject which is now under the quUl is the Bishop
of Lincoln. Bp. Racket, Abp. Williams, ii. 28. (Dames.)
To carry a good quill, to write well.
quill1 (kwil), v. [< qvtU1, ».] I. trans. 1. To
pluck out quills from.
His wings have been quilled thrice, and are now up
again. Swift, To Stella, xvii.
2. To tap, as a barrel of liquor. Halliwell.
[Prov. Eng.]
II, intrans. To wind thread or yarn on quills
for the loom. [New Eng.]
The child Margaret sits in the door of her house, on a
low stool, with a small wheel, winding spools — in our ver-
nacular, quilling — for her mother. S. Judd, Margaret, i. 2.
quill2 (kwil), n. [Also, as mere P., quille; < F.
quille, a keel: see tec/1.] A fold of a plaited
or fluted ruff or ruffle.
quill2 (kwil), v. t. [< quilf, ?(.] To flute ; form
with small rounded ridges.
What they called his cravat was a little piece of white
linen quilled with great exactness, and hanging below his
chin about two inches.
Addison and Steels, Tatler, No. 257.
quillai (ke-H'), re. [Also qitillay, cullmj ; <
Chilian quillai, so called from its soap-like
qualities, < quillcan, wash.] A middle-sized
Chilian tree, Quillaia Saponaria.— Quillai-bark,
the bark of the quillai-tree, the inner layers of which
abound in saponin, whence it is commonly used in Chili
as soap. It has also come into use elsewhere for washing
silks, printed goods, etc.; and an oil for promoting the
growth of the hair has been extracted from it. Also
quUlia-bark, quitlrija-bark, and soap-bark.
Quillaia (kwi-la'yil), H. [ML. (Molina, 1782), <
Chilian quilliii.'] A genus of rosaceous trees,
type of the tribe <?i<ill<n<-<t. It is characterized by
an inferior radicle, five valvatc calyx-lobes to which ad-
here the five dilated and fleshy stamen-bearing lobes of
the disk, and live woolly carpels, becoming a stellate
309
4913
crown of live many-seeded follicles. The 3 or 4 species
are natives of southern Brazil, Chili, and Peru. They are
very smooth evergreen trees, bearing scattered and undi-
vided leaves which are thick, rigid, and veiny. Tint large
and woolly flowers are in small clusters, of which the lat-
eral are staminate and the central are fertile. Q. Sapona-
ria is the quillai, cullay, or soap-bark tree of Chili. See
quillai-bark, under quillai. Also spelled Qitillaja.
Quillaieae (kwi-la'ye-e), n.pl. [ML. (Endlicher,
1840), < Quillaia + -fa?.] A tribe of rosaceous
plants somewhat resembling the Spirseea, dif-
fering in the usually broadly winged seeds, and
characterized by commonly persistent bractless
sepals, five, ten, or many stamens, one or many
usually ascending ovules, and fruit of five fol-
licles or a capsule. It includes 8 genera, mainly
American, of which Quillaia is the type. See
Kaacneckia. Also spelled Quillajese.
quillback (kwil'bak), n. The sailfish, spear-
fish, or skimback, Carpiodcs cyprinus, a kind of
carp-sucker. The name is also given to other
fishes of that genus, as C. difformis. [Local,
U. S.]
quill-bit (kwil'bit), n. A small shell-bit : same
as gouge-bit.
quill-coverts (kwirkuv"erts), n. pi. Feathers
immediately covering the bases of the large
feathers of the wings or tail of a bird; wing-
coverts or tail-coverts ; tectrices. See covert, 6.
quill-driver (kwil'dri'ver), n. One who works
with a quill or pen; a scrivener; a clerk.
[Slang.]
quill-driving (kwil'dri'ying), re. The act of
working with a pen ; writing. [Slang.]
Some sort of slave's quill-driving. Kingsley, Hypatia, xii.
quille, n. See quill2.
quilled1 (kwild), a. [< quill1 + -ed2.] 1. Fur-
nished with quills.
His thighs with darts
Were almost like a sharp-quill'd porpentine.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1. 363.
2. Formed into a quill: said of bark: as,
quilled calisaya, contrasted with flat calisaya.
In drying it [cinchona-bark] rolls up or becomes
quilled. 17. S. Dispensatory (15th ed.), p. 433.
3. In her., having a quill: said of a feather
employed as a bearing, and used only when the
quill of a feather is of a different tincture from
the rest.
quilled2 (kwild), a. [< quill"* + -ed2.'] Crimped;
fluted.
In the Dahlia the florets are rendered quilled [by culti-
vation], and are made to assume many glowing colours.
Bncyc. Brit., IV. 129.
Quilled suture. See suture.
quiller (kwil'er), n. [< quill1 + -er1.'] An un-
fledged bird. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
quillet1 (kwil'et), n. [Origin obscure. Cf.
quill'2.'] 1. AfuiTow. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] —
2. A croft, or small separate piece of ground.
[Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
All the account to make of every bag of money, and of
every quillet of land, whose it is. Donne, Sermons, ix.
In the "Cheshire Sheaf," June, 1880, It was stated that
there were close to the border town of Holt a number of
quillets cultivated by the poorer freemen. These were
strips of land marked only by mear or boundary stones
at a distance of twenty-nine to thirty-two yards.
N. and Q., 6th ser., X. 836.
quillet2t (kwil'et), n. [Contr. from L. quidlibet,
anything you please : quid, anything; libet, In-
bet, it pleases.] A nicety or subtlety; a quib-
ble.
O, some authority how to proceed ;
Some tricks, some quillets, how to cheat the devil.
Shak., L. L. L, iv. 3. 288.
He is ... swallowed in the quicksands of la\v-quUlets.
Middleton, Trick to Catch the Old One, i. 1.
quill-feather (kwil ' feTH " er), «. Same as
quill1, 5. See feather.
quilling (kwil'ing), n. [< quill2 + -ing1.'] A
narrow bordering of net, lace, or ribbon plaited
so as to resemble a row of quills.
A plain quilling in your bonnet— and if ever any body
looked like an angel, it 's you in a net quilling.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, Ixxx.
quill-nib (kwil'nib), n. A quill pen from which
the feather and a large part of the tube have
been cut away, leaving only enough of the sub-
stance to give the point of the pen sufficient
consistence. This is done for ease of trans-
portation, and the nib requires a holder like
the steel pen.
quillon (ke-ly6n'), «. One of the arms or
branches of the cross-guard of a sword. See
cross-guard, cross-hilt, cut in next column, and
cut under hilt.
quilltail (kwil'tal), n. The ruddy duck, Eris-
Hiaturaruhida. Also called quilltail coot. [New
Jersey.]
quilting
quill-turn (kwil '-
tern), n. A ma-
chine or instru-
ment in which a
weavers' quill is
turned. HnUi-
ir< II.
quill-work
(kwil'w6rk), re.
Embroidery
with porcupine-
quills, such as
that made by
the North Ameri-
can Indians. See
Canadian em-
liiii/ilcry, under
Canadian.
quiHwort(kwil'-
wert), re. A
plant, Isoetcs la-
<•««(, -is : so called swor,i.h,u. „. .. ,uuioos.
from the quill-like leaves ; also, any plant of
the genus Isoetcs. See Isoetcs and Merlin's-
grass.
quilly (kwil'i), a. [< quill1 + -y1.] Abounding
in quills ; showing the quills, as a bird's plum-
age when frayed or worn away.
His wings became quilly and draggled and frayed.
J. Owen, Wings of Hope.
quilt (kwilt), re. [< ME. quilte, quylte, < OF.
cuilte, also cotre, coutre, also coite, coitte, coistre,
a tick, mattress, = Sp. Pg. colcha = It. coltre
= W. cylched, a quilt, < L. culcita, culcitra, a
cushion, pillow, mattress, quilt: see cushion.
Cf. counterpane1. The Ir. cuilte, a bed, bed-
tick, is appar. from the E.] If. A mattress or
flock-bed.
Cause to be made a good thycke quylte of cotton, or els
of pure flockes or of cleane wolle, and let the couerynge
of it be of whytefustyan, and laye it on the fetherbed that
you do lye on. Eabees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 246.
After that thei lay down to slepe vpon the grasse, for
other quyltes ne pilowes hadde thei noon.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ill. 539.
And you have fastened on a thick quilt, or flock-bed, on
the outside of the door. B. Jonson, Epicceue, ii. 1.
2. A cover or coverlet made by stitching to-
gether two thicknesses of a fabric with some
soft substance between them; any thick or
warm coverlet : as, a patchwork quilt.
In both sorts of tables the beds were covered with mag-
nificent quilts. Arbuthnot, Ancient Coins, p. 134.
There Affectation, with a sickly mien, . . .
On the rich quilt sinks with becoming woe.
Pope, K. of the L., iv. 35.
3. A quilted petticoat. [Rural.]— Log-cabin
quilt. See logi.— Marseilles quilt, a double cotton-
cloth coverlet woven in patterns which are raised in relief
in parts, from having a third thickness there interposed.
quilt (kwilt), y. [< quilt, re.] I. trans. 1. To
stuff or interline in the manner of a quilt ; sup-
ply with stuffing.
A bag quilted with bran is very good, but it drieth too
much. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
With these [verminous and polluted rags] deformedly
to quilt and interlace the intire, the spotlesse, and unde-
caying robe of Truth. Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.
To Charing Cross, and there into the great new Ordi-
nary, . . . being led thither by Mr. Beale, . . . and he
sat with me while I had two quilted pigeons, very hand-
some and good meat. Pepys, Diary, Sept. 26, 1668.
Dressed
In his steel jack, a swarthy vest,
With iron quilted well. Scott, Marmion, v. 3.
2. To stitch together, as two pieces of cloth,
usually with some soft substance between:
as, to quilt a petticoat; in general, to stitch
together : said of anything of which there are
at least three layers or thicknesses, the stitch-
ing often taking an ornamental character, the
lines crossing one another or arranged in
curves, volutes, etc. — 3. To pass through a
fabric backward and forward at minute inter-
vals, as a needle and thread in the process of
making a quilt.
He . . . stoops down to pick up a pin, which he quilts
into the flap of his coat-pocket with great assiduity.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 1.
Quilted armor, stuffed and wadded garments of defense
held in place and strengthened by quilting.— Quilted
calves, sham calves for the legs, made of quilted cloth.
Ilalliwell. — Quilted grape-shot. See grape-shot.
quilter (kwil'ter), n. [< quilt + -er1.] 1. One
who quilts; one who makes quilting. — 2. An
attachment to sewing-machines for executing
quilting upon fabrics.
quilting (kwil'ting), ». [Verbal n. of quilt, «.]
1 . The act or operation of forming a quilt. —
2. The material used for making quilts; pad-
ding or lining. — 3. Qujlted work.
quilting
Thick quillings covered with elaborate broidery.
Bulwer, Last Days of Pompeii, i. 3.
4. A kind of cloth resembling diaper, having a
pattern slightly marked by the direction of the
threads or raised in low relief. It is made of
cotton and of linen, and is used, like pique, for
waistcoats. — 5. A quilting-bee. [New Eng.] —
French quilting. Same as piquf., 2 (a),
quilting-bee (kwil 'ting-be), n. A meeting of
women for the purpose of assisting one of their
number in quilting a counterpane: usually fol-
lowed by a supper or other entertainment to
which men are invited. [New Eng.]
Now [In the days of Peter Stuyvesant] were instituted
quilting bees . . . and other rural assemblages, where, un-
der the inspiring influence of the fiddle, toil was enlivened
by gayety and followed up by the dance.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 40.r>.
quilting-cotton (kwil'ting-kot'ii), ». Same as
cotton icad" _ ',
quilting-frame (kwil'ting-fram), n.
4914
quindecima
II. ii. 1. That which consists of or compre-
hends five hundred. — 2. A five-hundredth an-
niversary.
It saves us frinn the reproach of having allowed the
qutn&ntmary of the Canterbury Pilgrimage to pass by nt-
terly unnoticed. The Academy, Nov. 24, 1888, p. 331.
five, < quini, five each. < quiiir/nr, five, = E. five.]
1. a. 1. Divided in a set of five, as parts or or-
gans dt' most radiates.
A fiuinari/ division of segments.
Adams, .Manual of Nat. Hist., p. 328.
2. In zoiil., same as quiiinrinn.
Swalnson's system of classification was peculiar. He quince-tree (kwins'tre), n. The tree that bears
endeavored to establish "circular" or quinary analogies the quince, I'l/nis Cydonia. See quince^.
throughout the animal kingdom. A mer. Nat., XXI. 889. quince-Wine (kwins'win). n. A drink made of
The mischief caused by this theory of a Quinary System the fermented juice of the quince.
[in zoology] was very great, but was chiefly confined to
Britain. A. Xewtan, Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 15.
Quinary system, or quinary classification. See qui-
narian.
II. )'.; pi. quinariea (-riz). A whole com-
posed of five parts or elements.
Quaternaries or compounds formed of four elements,
quinarits, sectaries, etc., according as the number of the
constituent elements increases.
Pop. Set. Mo., XXXIV. 740.
(which see, under cotton)). qulnatel (kwi'nat), a. [< L. quim, five each, , ,-. - _-„ - u-
rame + .f(^l.] In 60*., having an arrangement of concial=2lt. quinconciale,<lL.quincuncialis,eoii-
(kwiuch), c. i. [A var. of quitch^,
appar. simulating irinclt for inwef.] If. To
move ; stir ; wince ; flounce.
But Cato did abid it a long time, and never quinched for
it, nor shewed countenance of fear.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. «38.
Noe parte of all that realiue shall !>c able or dare soe
much as to quinche. Spenser, State of Ireland.
2. To make a noise. Hallmell. [Prov. Eng.]
quincuncial (kwin-kun'shal), a. [= F. q'uin-
parts togethe?' as five leaflets on a
quin (kwin), n. "[Possibly < Ir. cuine, cun, coin,
money; with ref. to the shape.] A kind of scal-
a (kwi'nii or ke'na), «. [= P.
also qnence; <
an extension of qnine, appar. orig.
Plural taken as singular: see quinW. Cf. L.
f quince;
n, quince: see quine'*."] 1. The fruit of
the tree Pyrus Cydonia. (Seedef. 2.) it is pear-
shaped, or in one variety apple-shaped, large, sometimes
weighing a pound, of a golden-yellow color when ripe, and
Jt^ftz^s^sesvp ortF'a'c&rncthe SS.P* a reduction
na, kina, bark.] The bark of various species ' *
of Cinchona: also applied in Brazil to some
other febrifugal barks.
quinamia (kwi-na'mi-ji), n. [NL., < quina +
<iin(i(lc.) + -id."] Same as quinamine.
quinamicine (kwi-nam'i-sin), n. [< quinam-
inc: an arbitrary form.] An artificial alka-
loid obtained from quinamine. Its formula is
quihamidme (kwi-uam'i-din), M. [< quina +
amide + -ine2.] An artificial alkaloid obtained
from quinamine. It is isomeric with quinami-
cine.
quinamine (kwi-nam'in), «. [< quina +
amine.'} A natural crystalline alkaloid, with
the formula CigHg^NgOg, obtained from vari-
ous cinchona barks. Also called quinamia.
quinancyt, »• An obsolete form of quinsy.
quinancy-wortt, «. An obsolete form of quinsy-
wort. Miller, English Plant Names.
quinaquina (ke-na-ke'uii), n. [Also quinquina
= F. quinquina = Sp. quffiaquina,< Peruv. quina-
quina, the tree which yields the bark called
quina: see quina.] The bark of various species
of Cinchona. See kin-kina.
quinarian (kwi-na'ri-an), a. and n. [< quinary
+ -an.'] I. a. Quinary, as a system of classi-
fication; classified in sets of five. In zoology the
word notes specifically the circular or so-called natural
system of classification, originally propounded by Mac-
leay in 1819, and further elaborated especially by Vigors
Quincuncial
arrangement.
-, . -, -=--- ployed in making bandoline and in marbling books. See
and Swamson. As subsequently modified and formu- bandoline.
lated by Swainson in 1835, it rests substantially upon
the following five propositions : (1) Every natural series
of beings, in its progress from a given point, returns
or tends to return to that point, thus forming a circle.
(2) The primary circular divisions of every group are
actually three, or apparently five. (3) The contents of
such a circular group are symbolically or analogically rep-
resented by the contents of all other circles in the animal
kingdom. (4) These primary divisions of every group are
characterized by definite peculiarities of form, structure,
and economy, which, under diversified modifications, are
uniform throughout the animal kingdom, and are there-
fore to be regarded as the primary types of nature. (5)
The different ranks or degrees of the circular groups are
nine in number, each being involved within the other.
None of these propositions being intelligible, the system
soon fell into disuse, and is now regarded as entirely
groundless and fanciful.
II. n. Inzool., one who proposed, practised,
or taught the quinary system of classification ;
an adherent of the quinary system.
There were not wanting other men in these islands
whose common sense refused to accept the metaphorical
doctrine and the mystical jargon of the Qmnarians; but
so strenuously and persistently had the latter asserted
their infallibility, and so vigorously had they assailed any
who ventured to doubt it, that most peaceable ornithol-
ogists found it best to bend to the furious blast, and in
some sort to acquiesce at least in the phraseology of the
self-styled interpreters of Creative Will.
A. ffeurton, Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 16.
taining five twelfths, < quincunx,
five twelfths: see quincunx.] Dis-
posed so as to form a quincunx;
arranged in a set of five; also,
arranged in two sets of oblique
rows, at right angles to one an-
other, so that five together form
a quincunx; in bot., sometimes
noting a pentastichous arrangement of leaves ;
more often noting an estivation.
Now for the order of setting trees either in groves, hop-
yards, or vineyards, we ought to follow the usuall manner
of chequer row called quincuntiall.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, vii. 11.
Quincuncial estivation, the imbricated arrangement of
five petals in a bud, in which the first and second are ex-
ternal, the fourth and fifth internal, and the third has
one margin external, overlying the fifth, the other Inter-
nal, overlapped by the first. — Quincuncial map-projec-
tion. See projection.
quincuncially (kwin-kun'shal-i), adv. In a
quincuncial manner or order.
It is no wonder that this qnincunciall order was first and
still affected as grateful! unto the eye : for all things are
seen quinctmcially. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, iv.
quincunx (kwin'kungks), n. [=F. quinconce =
Pg. quiiicunce, a quincunx ; < L. quincunx (quin-
eunc-), five twelfths (of anything), < quinque,
= E. Jive, + uncia, a twelfth part : see Jive and
Ottneel.] 1. An arrangement of five objects
in a square, one at each corner and one in the
middle (thus, :•'.) ; especially, an arrangement,
as of trees, in such squares continuously. A col-
lection of trees in such squares forms a regular grove or
wood, presenting parallel rows or alleys in different direc-
tions, according to the spectator's position. See diagram
under quincuncial.
Before them obliquely, in order of quinnmx, were pits
dug three foot deep. Bladen, tr. of Casar's Com., vii. 31.
The single quincunx of the Hyades upon the neck of
Taurus. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, iii.
2. In lot., same as quincuncial estivation (whicli
see, under quincuncial). — 3. In astro!., the posi-
tion of planets when distant from each other
five signs or 150°.
shal), a. An erro-
_ many-L__
cells Of the fruit. The quince is a small hardy tree, }" ?«»'«<»*'«? estivation ... two of the five pieces are
usually ^dwarfed, but sometimes reaching 16 or 20 feet iii exterlor- » Maout and Decaisne, Botany (trans.), p. 86.
[< L. quin-
ingeoni., a plane
spontaneously horn jiorthwesternlnoiia westward 'through quindecemvir (kwin-de-sem'ver), n. [Altered
The name quince applies also in the second vowel to suit decemvir; < L. quinile-
Branch with Fruit of Quince (Pyrus Cydonia}.
very fragrant. The quince was known to the ancients, and
it has been argued that the golden apples of the Hesperides
were quinces. While raw it is hard and austere, but it
becomes edible by boiling or baking, and is largely used
for jelly, preserves, and marmalade (see etymology of mar-
malade), and for flavoring sauces of other fruits. The
seeds of the common quince are used in medicine and the
arts, on account of their highly mucilaginous coat. In
decoction they afford a demulcent application, and they
are sometimes used in eye-lotions. Their mucilage is em
Of ripen'd Quinces such the yellow Hue.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love, iii.
2. The fruit-tree Pyrus Cydonia, sometimes . , .
classed as Cydonia vulgaris, the latter genus be- QUincunxlal (kwm-kungk
ing based (insufficiently) on the many-seeded neous form of </«'»<•«»««'•
the Mediterranean basin.
to any of the plants formerly referred to Cydonia. ~ See the
phrases below.— Bengal quince, i-Egle Marmelot. See
jKgle. — Chinese quince, a species, Pyrus Cathayensit
(Cydonia Sinensis), resembling the Japanese quince, but
less ornamental. Its large green egg-shaped fruit can be
used to make Jelly.- Japanese quince, a garden shrub,
Pyrus (Cydonia) Japomca, a great favorite, on account
chiefly of its abundant early large scarlet or crimson flow-
ers, varying to white. It is well suited for ornamental
hedges. The fruit, which resembles a small apple, is in-
edible, but is sometimes used for making Jelly. Also called
iaponica and, locally, burning-bath. P. (C.) Maulei, more
lately from Japan, bears abundant smaller orange-scarlet
cimrir, < quindecim, = E. fifteen (see quindecim),
+ vir, a man.] In Horn, antiq., one of a body of
fifteen magistrates who, at the close of the re-
public, had charge of the Sibylline books. They
succeeded the board of the decemvirs (decemviri gacrisfa-
ciundis, or decemviri sacrorum), who were keepers of the
Sibylline books from 367 u. c., and who continued the func-
tions of the duumvirs, or two patiicians of high rank who
kept the books under the kings. It was the duty of the
quindecemvirs to celebrate the festival of Apollo and the
secular games, and they were all regarded as priests of
Apollo.
8 cents United States money. It was originally 'yrate and laste.
equivalent to five asses, but after tne depreciatioiTof the nuinroS
as, to eight. It was also called victoriatus, from the figure *
(kwin-de-sem'vi-rat), n. [<
but less productive'thanother'sorU.— Quince -essence' L. quiiidecinirinitii.-.: the dignity of aquindecem-
vir, < quiiiflcriinriri, the quindecemvirs: see
i/iiiiii/rccmrir."] The body or office of the quin-
decemvirs.
and quindecimt (kwin'de-sim), «. [< LL. quindeci-
mus(\j. quiii tits decimuis), fifteenth, < L. quii/ili-
See cenanthic ether, under miantJiic.
(kwins), n. [ME. quynce; appar. an
MS. Ree. Med. (Halliwell.)
- ed vietoriattu. from the figure £,,J: _"/£ • ,? J-
of Victory stamped upon it. It appears to have been first Quincentenary (kwm-sen te-na-ri), a. and n.
coined at Home 177 B. c., after the victories of Clodius in [Irreg. < L. quin(que), five, + centenarius, con-
s.Ila' , , sisting of a hundred : see centenary.] I, a. Ee- > > > — » .»•*•» *~ «"",»••. *w,.
quinary (kwi nii-n). a. and n, [=F.quinaire= latiug to or consisting of five hundred, especial- quindecima (kwin-des'i-ma), n. [ML., fern. of
Hp. Fg. It. qutnario, < L. qmnarius, containing ly five hundred years. quindeeimux, fifteenth: see qiniidecim.-] 1. In
rim, fifteen, < quinque, = E. five, + dccem = E.
ten."] A fifteenth part of anything.
Ouer and beside hath also beene declared what vnrea-
sonable collections of monie from time to time, as quind?-
cims, subsidies, tenths, &c. Foxe, Martyrs, p. 298, an. 1257.
quindecima
in unit; the interval of a fifteenth, or double oc-
tave. — 2. An organ-stop two octaves above the
foundation-stops.
quindenet, «• [ME. qui/ndene, < OF. quiiKlrsinr
(?), < ML. qiiindecimus, fifteenth: see qiiindi-
<•/';«. Cf. ML. quindena, a period of fifteen days.]
The fifteenth day, counting inclusively from a
certain date.
And that done, he toke his leue of seynt Denys about y«
quyndene of 1'asche. Fabyan, Chron., II., an. 1347.
quindismet, ». Same as quindeciin.
In the parliament of 0 R. 2. para 2 num. 11. the bishop
of Norwich offered before the king and lords that, if the
king would grant him the quindisrne and disme of the laity
and clergy . . . I'rynne, Treachery and Disloyalty, iv. 7.
quine1, n. A dialectal (Scotch) form of quean.
quine-t, »• [< ME. quyne, coinc, coin, < OF. coin.
F. coing = Pr. codoing, m., = It. cotogna, f., a
quince, < L. (.'i/dnitiiini, Ci/doneum (sc. malum), <
Gr. Kvo&vtov (sc. uffiov), a quince, lit. 'apple of
Cydouia,-< Kudwto, Ki'd(jw'f,Cydonia, an ancient
Greek city of Crete: see Cydonia. Cf. quince1,
quiddany.] A quince.
quinest, adv. An obsolete dialectal form of
whence.
quinet (kwi'net), n. [< OF. quignet, quoignef,
coignet, cuignct, a little wedge, dim. of quoin,
coin, a wedge: seecoiH1, coign.] Awedge. Hal-
liweU. [Prov. Eng.]
quinia (kwin'i-ii), n. [NL., < qitina, q. v.] An
older name for quinine.
quinible (kwin'i-bl), ». [ME. quynible, ult. <
L. qiiinque = E. five. Cf . quatrible.~] In music, an
interval of a fifth; a descant sung at the fifth.
Therto he song som tyrae a loud quynyUe.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 146.
To sing a quinible means to descant by singing fifths on
a plain-song.
Chappell, Popular Music of the Olden Time, p. 34.
quinible (kwin'i-bl), r. i. [< quinible, n.'] In
music, to sing a descant at the interval of a fifth.
See diaphony, 2.
quinic (kwin'ik), a. [< quina + -ic.] Same as
Ionic,
quinicia (kwi-nish'ia), n. [NL., < quinic, q. v.]
Same as quinicine.
quinicine (kwin'i-sin), ». [< quinic + -ine2.]
The isomeric alkaloid into which quinine or
quinidine is converted by heat, differing from
them in being dextrogyrate and amorphous.
quinidamine (kwin-i-dam'in), n. [< quina +
-id- + amine."] An alkaloid of cinchona barks,
with the formula CigH^^Og. Also called
conchinamine.
quinidine (kwiu'id-in), n. [< quina + -id- +
-ine2.] Abase (€2(^24^02) isomeric with qui-
nine, and occurring associated with it in some
cinchona barks. It crystallizes in large transparent
prisms, almost insoluble in water, but tolerably soluble in
alcohol. It neutralizes acids, and forms salts with them
which much resemble the corresponding quinine salts,
but crystallize more easily. Their action on the system is
similar to that of quinine, but less powerful. Also called
conchinine.
quinine (kwin'en or ki-nen' or kwi'nm), n.
[= F. quinine r= Sp. Pg. quinina = It. chinina,
chinino, < NL. quinina, quinine, < quina, Peru-
vian bark: see quina and -ine2.] A very im-
portant vegetable alkali (CooI^NaOg), obtain-
ed from the bark of several trees of the genus
Cinchona. It is colorless, inodorous, and extremely
bitter. With acids it forms crystallizable salts, the most
important of which is the sulphate, extensively used in
medicine. It is antiperiodic, antipyretic, antineuralgic,
and tonic.
quininism (ki-nen'izm), n. [< quinine + -ism.']
Same as cinchonism.
quiniretin (kwiu-i-ret'in), n. [< quinine; sec-
ond element obscure.] The flocculent precipi-
tate deposited in solutions of quinine by the
action of sunlight. It has the same chemical
composition as quinine, but no alkaloidal prop-
erties.
quinisext (kwin'i-sekst), a. [< L. quini, five
each, five, + sextus, sixth.] Bearing some re-
lation to five and six or to the fifth and sixth.
—Quinisext Council. See Constantinopolitan Council,
under Constantinopolitan.
quinism (kwi'nizm), n. [< quina + -inni.]
Same as ciiicln»iixin.
quink-goose (kwingk'gos), ». [< quinic (imi-
tative) + goose. ] The brent-goose, licriiic/ti
brenta. See cut under brent-goose.
quinnat(kwiu'at), n. [The native name.] The
King-salmon, Oncorhyncltitsquinnat. Also called
chavicha and rquinna. See Oncorln/ncliun and
salmon,
quinoa (ke'no-a), ». [Also i/uinuti; Peruv.] An
annual licvli, ('lirmi/iiiiliiim (fiiinon, native in
Peru, Chili, etc., and there much cultivated for
4915
its farinaceous seeds. These afford a meal which
can be made Into cakes, but not into leavened bread. A
favorite preparation is a kind of broth or gruel called cara-
pulque, prepared from these seeds and seasoned with red
pepper, etc. The quinoa is somewhat grown in England,
the seed being eaten by fowls, and the leaves used like spin-
ach. The plant resembles some common species of goose-
foot or pigweed. A variety having white seeds is the one
yielding food ; the red seeds of another variety are used
in decoction as an application for sores and bruises, and
their husk has emetic and antiperiodic properties. Also
called petty-rice.
They [the Incas of Peru] had also Maiz, Quimia, Pulse,
Fruit-trees, with Fruit on them all, of Gold and Silver re-
sembling the natural.
S. Clarice, Geog. Descr. (1671), p. 281.
quinoline (kwin'6-lin), n. [< quina + -ol- +
-ine2.] Sameaseltinoline — Quinoline blue, acoal-
tar color formerly used in dyeing : it is very fugitive to
light.
quinologist (kwi-nol'o-jist), n. [< quinoloy-y +
-i.it.] One who is versed in quinology.
quinology (kwi-nol'o-ji), n. [< NL. quina +
Gr. -/lojm, < Tiejetv, speak, say.] The sum of
scientific knowledge concerning quinine and
other cinchona alkaloids.
quinone (kwin'on), n. [< quina + -one.] 1.
The general name applied to all benzene de-
rivatives in which two hydrogen atoms are
replaced by two oxygen atoms. — 2. Specifi-
cally, a compound obtained by distilling kinic
acid with diluted sulphuric acid and peroxid
of manganese, or by the oxidation of aniline
with chromic acid. It is in the form of a sublimate
of fine golden-yellow crystals, slightly soluble in cold
water and very volatile, and has a piercing irritating odor
in the state of vapor. Also written kinone.
quinquagenarian (kwin"kwa-je-na'ri-an), «.
and «. [= F. quinquagenaire = Sp. qmiicuage-
nario = It. quinquagenario, (. L. quinquagena-
rius, consisting of fifty, < quinq^tageni, fifty each,
< quinquaginta, fifty, < quinque = E. five.] I. a.
Being fifty years of age.
II. n. A person aged fifty or between fifty
and sixty.
Dancers of fifty are a very different sort of quinquagena-
rians from sitters of fifty. The New Mirror (1843), II. 34.
quinquagesima (kwin-kwa-jes'i-ma), n. [L.,
fern, of quinquagesimus, fiftieth, < quinquaginta,
fifty: see fifty.] A period of fifty days Quin-
quagesima Sunday, the Sunday immediately preceding
Ash Wednesday, being the fiftieth day before Easter (both
inclusive), and the last Sunday before Lent ; Shrove Sun-
day.
quinquangular (kwin-kwang'gii-lar), a. [< LL.
qiiinquangulus, five-cornered, < L. quinque, = E.
five, + angulus, corner, angle: see angle^.]
Having five angles.
quinquarticular (kwin-kwar-tik'u-liir). a. [<
L. quinque, = E.five, + articulus, joint, article.]
Consisting of or relating to five articles.— Quin-
quarticular controversy, the controversy between the
Arminians and the Calvimsts on the "five points." See
the Five Articles and the Five Points, under article.
You may perhaps be able to grapple with the difficul-
ties of the quinquarticular controversy without discredit
to yourselves. Bp. Horsley, Charge, Aug., 1806.
quinque-angled (kwin-kwe-ang'gld), a. [< L.
quinque, = E. five, + E. angled.] Quinquan-
gular.
quinquecapsular (kwin-kwe-kap'su-lar), a. [<
L. quinque, = E. five, + capsula, capsule.] In
bot. and sool., having five capsules.
quinquecostate (kwm-kwe-kos'tat), a. [< L.
quinque, = E. five, + costa, a rib.] In zool. and
bot., having five ribs or costas, in any sense.
quinquedentate (kwin-kwe-den'tat), a. [< L.
quinque, = E. five, + den(t-)s = E. tooth: see
dentate.] In bot. and zool., having five teeth
or serrations of any kind.
quinquedentated (kwin-kwe-den'ta-ted), a.
[< quinquedentate + -ed2.] Same as quinque-
den fate.
quinquedigitate (kwin-kwe-dij'i-tat), a. [< L.
ijiiinque,= E. five, + digiius, finger: see dir/i-
tate.] Having five fingers or toes; pentadac-
tyl.
quinquefarious (kwm-kwe-fa'ri-us), a. [< L.
qiiinqiie, = E.fivc, + -far/us, as in bifarious, etc.]
1 . In bot., disposed in five vertical ranks. Gray.
— 2. In zool., disposed or arranged in five sets,
rows, or series; quinqueserial; pentastichous.
quinquefid (kwin'kwe-fid), a. [< L. quinque, =
K.five, +findere (V fid), cleave, split.] In bot.,
cleft into five segments. See cleft2, 2.
quinquefoliate (kwin-kwe-fo'li-at), a. [< L.
quinqiiefolius, five-leaved (< quinque, = E. fin-.
+ folium = Gr. QWAov, leaf), + -ate^.] Ill bot.,
having five leaves, or, more commonly but less
properly, five leaflets.
quinquefoliated (kwin-k\vo-i'6'li-a-ted), «. [<
-t'd-.'] Sameas </«/»</«r/o/m/r.
quinquesyllabic
quinquefoliolate (kwin-kwe-fo'li-o-lat), a. [<
L. quinque, = E.five, + NL. fnlinluni, a leaflet:
see folioliitc.] In bot., havingfive leaflets: said
of .-(impound leaves.
quinquegrade (kwiii'kwe-grad), a. [< L. quin-
que, = E.Jii'c, + grndus, degree: see grade1.] In
iinixic, consisting of five tones Quinquegrade
scale. Same as pentatonit scale (which see, under scale).
quinqueliteral (kwiu-kwe-lit'e-ral), a. [< L.
i/ninquc,= E. five, + littern, liitrn, letter: see
literal.'] Consisting of five letters.
quinquelobate (kwin-kwe-16'bat), a. [< L.
quinque, = E. five, + NL. loons, lobe : see lobate.]
In bot. androoV., having five lobes.
quinquelobed (kwin'kwe-lobd), a. [< L. quin-
que, = E. five, + E. lobe + -erf2.] Same as
quinquelobate.
quinquelocular (kwiu-kwe-lok'u-lar), a. [< L.
i/iiinqtie, = E.five, + loculus, a cell: see locular.]
In zool, and bot.. having five loculi, cavities, or
ce_lls.
quinquenerved (kwin'kwe-nervd), a. [< L.
quinque, = E. five, + menus, nerve, + -ed2.]
Same as quintuplinerrcd.
quinquennalia (kwin-kwe-na'li-a), n. pi. [L.,
neut. pi. of quinqucnnalis, that takes place every
fifth year: see quinquennial.'] In Bom. antiq.,
public games celebrated every fifth year. See
quinquennial, n., 2.
quinquenniad (kwiu-kwen'i-ad), n. [< L. quin-
quennium, a period of five years (see quinquen-
nium), + -arfl.] A period of five years.
So sleeping, so aroused from sleep
Thro1 sunny decads new and strange,
Or gay quinquenniads, would we reap
The flower and quintessence of change.
Tennyson, The Day-Dream, L'Envoi.
quinquennial (kwin-kwen'i-al), a. and ». [For
*quinquennal,<, L. quinquenndlis, occurring once
in five years, < quinquennis, of five years, <quin-
que, = E../zre, + annus, year.] I. a. 1. Occur-
ring once in five years. — 2. Recurring in the
fifth year, reckoning both years of occurrence ;
occurring every fourth year. See II., 2.
With Joyous banquets had he crown'd
The great quinquennial festival of Jove.
W est, tr. of Pindar's Nemean Odes, xi.
3. Lasting five years.
II. H. 1. A period of five years; a quinquen-
niad; hence, something characterized by such
a period or interval, as an anniversary, or a
college catalogue. — 2. A festival or celebra-
tion occurring once in four years ; an anniver-
sary in the fifth year. In this sense both the first
and last years of the cycle of occurrence were reckoned,
as was the invariable system in antiquity. Thus, the
Olympian, Pythian, and Isthmian games, all celebrated
once in four years, were all quinquennials.
quinquennially (kwin-kwen'i-al-i), adv. Once
in five years ; during a period of five years.
quinquennium (kwin-kwen'i-um), n. [L., <
quinquennis, of five years: see quinquennial.']
A period of five years.
The lapse of a quinquennium.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 254.
quinquepartite (kwiu-kwe-par'tit), a. [< L.
quinqucpartitu.t, divided into five parts, fivefold,
< quinque, = E. five, + partitus, pp. of par tire,
divide, distribute : see part, v.] Five-parted ;
divided into or consisting of five parts.
quinquepetaloid (kwin-kwe-pet'a-loid), a. [<
L. quinque, = E. five, + E. petaloid.] Formed
of five petaloid ambulacra : as, the quinquepeta-
loid rosette of a spatangoid sea-urchin.
quinqueradiate (kwin-kwe-ra'di-at), a. [< L.
quinque, = E.fire, + radius, ray.] Having five
rays ; pentactinal, as a fish's fin, a starfish, or
a sponge-spicule.
quinquereme (kwin'kwe-rem), n. [< L. quin-
queremis, < quinque, = E. five, + remits, oar.]
An ancient galley having five banks of oars.
The great triremes and quitiqueremfs rushed onward.
Kingsley, flypatia, xviii.
quinquesect (kwin'kwe-sekt), c. t. [< L. quin-
que, = E. five, + secure, pp. sectus, cut.] To cut
into five equal parts.
quinquesection (kwin-kwe-sek'shon), H. [< L.
quinque, = E. five, + sectio(n-), a cutting: see
section.] Section into five equal parts.
quinqueseptate (kwin-kwe-sep'tat), a. [< L.
quinque, = E. five, + septum, a partition: see
septum, septate.] Having five septa or parti-
tions.
quinqueserial (kwin-kwe-se'ri-al), a. [< L.
quinque, = E. five, + series, row, series: see
si-rim, serial."] Arranged in five series or rows.
quinquesyllabic (kwin"kwe-si-lab'ik), n. [< L.
quinque, = E. fire, + mjUiiliii, syllable: see syl-
Inliic.] Having five syllables, as a word.
quinquesyllable
4916
quintic
quinquesyllable (kwm-kwe-sil'a-bl), «. [< L. 3. ln.nrgan-liuiMiu<i, a stop giving tones a fifth quinternet, «. [OF. qtiinlci'iic, :i corrupt form
quinque, = E. //re, -f xylliibii, syllable: see syl- above the normal pitch of the digitals used. — of i/niiitcrin-. i/uitcnif, a giltorn, guitar: sec i/it-
lable.] A word of five syllables. 4. The smallest of the three varieties of viola tern, guitar.] A musical instrument of the lute
Anything beyond a quinquesyllable is difficult to pro.
noiince. Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, VIII. 516.
quinquetactic (kwin-kwe-tak'tik), a. [< L.
da bracchio. See viol. — 5. The E string or family, which was one of the early forms of the
chanterelle of a violin: probably so called modern guitar.
„ _. L, „. from the highest string of the lute.— 6. In quinteron (kwin'te-ron), n. Same as quinti-aon.
, = E. five, + Gr. ranrmni;, tactic : see tac- fencing, the fifth of the eight parries in sword- quintessence (kwin-tes'ens, formerly kwin'te-
tic.]~ Having five consecutive points in com- play-. It is taught in the schools, but rarely sens), ». [< ME. quintessence, < OF. (and F.)
inon.— Quinquetactic point. See tritactic point, under ll^ed in practice. quintessence = It. quiiilcxsciiza = ML. quintu M.
points. quint-. [L. quintus, fifth: see quint.] A prefix sentia, fifth essence: L. quinta, fern, of quintan,
quinquetubercular (kwin"kwe-tu-ber'ku-liir), of the names of musical instruments and of or- fifth; eaacntia, being or essence: see quint
a. Same as quinquetuberculate. gan-stops, denoting a variety whose pitch is a
fifth above or below that of the usual variety.
quinta (kwin'ta), n. [Sp. Pg. quinta, a coun-
try house.] A country house in Madeira.
A Pasco del Molino is the best part of the town, where
all the rich merchants reside in quintas surrounded by
pretty gardens. Lady Brassty, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. v.
quintad (kwin'tad), n. [< L. quintun, fifth (see
quint), + -rtd1.] Same as pentad.
[< L. quintus,
The crowns of the lower molars are quinquetubercular.
Amer. Naturalist, XXII. 663.
quinquetuberculate (kwin"kwe-tu-ber'ku-lat),
a. [< L. quinquc, = E. five, + tuberculum, tu-
bercle : see tubercle, tuberculate.] Having five
tubercles : as, a quinquetuberculate molar.
quinquevalent (kwin-kwev'a-lent), a. [< L.
qiiinque, = E. five, + E. valent.J In diem., ca-
and essence.] 1. The fifth essence, or fifth
body, not composed of earth, water, fire, or air ;
the substance of the heavenly bodies, accord-
ing to Aristotle, who seems in this matter to
follow Pythagorean doctrine. The quintessence
was situated above the four terrestrial elements, and was
naturally bright and incorruptible, and endowed with a
circular motion.
pable of being combined with or exchanged quintadena (kwiu-ta-de'na), n. _
for five hydrogen atoms; having an equiva- fifth, + -ad-enm, an arbitrary termination.] In
lence of five
quinquevalve (kwin'kwe-valv),
que, = E. Jive, + NL. valva, door
lint., having five valves, as a pericarp
organ-building, a stop having small stopped
:- the tones of which the second
decidedly prominent.
[Formerly also quinten,
, a. [< L. quin- pipes of metal in the tc
or (valve) ] In harmonic or twelfth is
._, — _ ,-jricarp. quintain (kwin'tau),H. .
quinquevalvular (kwin-kwe-val'vu-lar), a. [< quintin; < ME. quyntayne, qwaintan, < OF. quitt-
L. quinquc, = E. five, + N"L. vatiulit, dim. of taine, cuintaine, etc., f., a quintain, F. quintaine
ralni, valve : see valve.] Same as quinquevalvc. = Pr- It;- <juintana, < ML. quiii tiinti, a quintain,
quinquevir (kwin'kwe-ver), «.; pi. quinqueriri also a part of a street where carriages could pass,
(kwin-kwev'i-ri). [L'., < quinque, = E. fire, + < L- q/iintana, a street in a camp, between the
fifth and sixth maniples, whore were the market
and forum of the camp, and, it is supposed, the
place of martial exercises, etc., whence the ML.
vir, a man.] In Horn, antiq., one of five com-
missioners who were appointed from time to
time under the republic as extraordinary ma-
gistrates to carry any measure into effect, as to
Forsothe philosophoris clepen the purest substaunce of
manye corruptible thingis elementid quinta estencia.
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 2.
Paracelsus . . . tells us ... the lungs consume part of
the air, and proscribe the rest. So that ... it seems we
may suppose that there is in the air a little vital quin-
tessence (if I may so call it), which serves to the refresh-
ment and restauration of our vital spirits, for which use
the grosser and incomparably greater part of the air being
unserviceable, it need not seem strange that an animal
stands in need of almost incessantly drawing in fresh air.
Boyle, New Experiments touching the Spring of the Air,
' [Exp. xli. 1.
Hence — 2. An extract from anything, contain-
ing its virtues or most essential part in a small
quantity ; pure and concentrated essence ; the
best and purest part of a thing; in old chem.,
•JC*^o v/l Ullbl Lloil CA^XViloco, ClU., WJlellUtf LUC 1XLU. . , *. a'm
gisirat.es 10 carry any measure into ertect, as to ««> 5 fern. (sc. via) of quintanus, fifth : see quin- an alcoholic tincture or essence often made by
provide relief /time of public distress/to di- £«.]_ 1. A figure , or Bother object to be tilted at. Kt^JSO^Sf^Sf^ m th6
rect the establishment of a colony, or to pro-
vide for the repair of fortifications.
quinqui-. For words so erroneously spelled,
see quinque-.
quinquina (kin'ki-ua), n. Same as quinaquina.
quinquino (kin'ki-no), n. [S. Amer.] A tree,
Huroxylon Pereiree, the source of the balsam
of Peru. It is found on a strip along the coast of San
Salvador called the Balsam Coast. It has a height of
60 feet, branching at 8 or 10 feet from the ground ; the
leaves are pinnate, 6 or 8 inches long, the flowers numer-
ous in erect racemes, the pods 8 or 4 inches long, narrow
at the base, broadening and winged above, containing one
seed. The balsam Is obtained by the natives from the
trunk by a process of beating and incision. It was first
exported by the way of Peru, whence its name. The fruit
also yields to cold pressure a valuable white balsam, and di-
gested In rum furnishes a medicine, balsamito, but neither
of these is an article of commerce. See Myroxylon, and
balsam of Peru (under balsam).
quinsy (kwiu'zi), ». [Formerly also qiiinsey,
quinsy, quincy (also quinancy); reduced from
early squincy, 'squiusy, squinsie, a contracted
form of squiuaiicy, < OF. squinancie, squinance,
esquinance, F. esquinancie (cf. also OF. quina-
tique, quinatike) = Sp. csquiuaucia = Pg. esqui-
nencia = It. schinanzia, quinsy, with prosthetic
s, < LL. cynanche, < Gr. nvvd-yxv, a kind of sore
throat, also a dog-collar, lit. ' dog-throttling,' <
ni'uv (KVV-), dog, + ayxnv, choke, throttle. Cf.
cynanche.] Tonsillitis; specifically, a deep sup-
purative tonsillitis.
It was constructed in various ways. A common form in
England consisted of an upright post, on the top of which
(Froi
Movable Quintain, uth century.
I Stmtt's " Sports and Pastimes of the People of England.")
was a horizontal bar turning on a pivot; to one end of
sun's heat, and always at a gentle heat.
To comforte the lierte, putte yn oure S entente, the S es-
sence of gold and of peerl, and he schal be delyuerid there-
of [of venom] and be hool.
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Kurnivall), p. 23.
More precious I do holde
Slaltes pure quintessence then king Harries golde.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 61.
The quintessence of every sprite
Heaven would in little show.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2. 147.
The large scarlet anemone outshone even the poppy,
whose color here is the quintessence of flame.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 116.
Pure (juintsssencfS of precious oils
In hollow'd moons of gems.
Tennyson, Palace of Art.
this a sandbag was attached, to the other a broad board: quintessence (kwiu-tes'ens, formerly kwin'te-
and it was a trial of skill to strike or tilt at the broad end ^,,0 ,. /. nrpt oml nn nti'
with a lance, and pass on before the bag of sand could ' .'.' .' 1 eh • ,PP' *
1 pasi ___ _. _
whirl round and strike the filter on the back.
My better parts
Are all thrown down, and that which here stands up
Is but a quintain, a mere lifeless block.
Shak., As you Like it, i. 2. 263.
The ifiiinlitiii, in its original state was not confined to
the exercise of young warriors on horseback ; it was an
object of practice for them on foot, in order to acquire
strength and skill in assaulting an enemy with their
swords, spears, and battle-axes.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 183.
2. The game or exercise of tilting at the quin-
tain.
In steps that insolent insulter,
The cruell Quincy, leaping like a Vulture
At Adams throat.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Furies, quintal (kwin'tal),
Why don't you speak out?— not stand croaking like a
frog in a quinsy! Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 2.
quinsy-berry (kwin'zi-ber"i), n. The black cur-
rant, Ribes nigrum, of the northern Old World,
often planted. Its berries are eaten, and a jelly
of them is a long-known popular remedy for
quinsy and sore throat.
quinsywort (kwiu'zi-wert), n. [Formerly also
quinancy-wort, squinancy-wort ; < quinsy +
ivorfl.] A small trailing European herb, Aspc-
Somur qwenes, and mraintans, & other qwaint gaumeg
There foundyn was first, & yet ben forthe haunted.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1627.
quintessenced, ppr.
<[Hiiit<xsc)iring. [< quintessence, «.] To extract
as a quintessence; reduce to a quintessence.
[Rare.]
If the whole world were quintessenced into one perfume,
it could not yield so fragrant a smell.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 434.
It is truth quintessenced and raised to the highest power.
Quoted in Littell's Living Age, CLXXV. 113.
quintessential (kwin-te-sen'shal), a. [< quin-
tessence (ML. quinta cssentia) + -al.] Consist-
ing of quintessence ; of the nature of quintes-
sence.
Here first are born the spirits animal,
Whose matter, almost immaterial,
Resembles heaven's matter i/uintrsffntial.
P. Fletcher, Purple Island, v.
Our states, I have always contended, our various phases,
have to be passed through, and there is no disgrace in it
so long as they do not levy toll on the quintessential, the
spiritual element G. Meredith, The Egoist, xiv.
I give this jewel to thee, richly worth
A quintal or an hundred-weight of gold.
.f . , f. Chapman, Blind Beggar of Alexandria.
rula cynanchica, of the Bubiaceee, having nar- quintan (kwin'tan), a. and n. [< L. quintanus,
row leaves whorled in fours, and small, clus- pertaining to th"e fifth, < quintus, fifth, < ^win-
tered, nearly white flowers. It was once reputed effl- que = E. five : see five. Cf. quintain] I a
cacious as a gargle in quinsy and sore throat, whence the Occurrine1' or recurrine1 everv fifth Hav Wnth
common and the specific names. Also qiiinsii-woodruf ?yX,,
quint (kwint), n. [< F. quinte (= Sp^Pglt 1ays bemS counted, as on Sunday and Thui-s-
quinta),f., a fifth part, a fifth (in music, etc.), da£ as' a «™"to" ?ever'
n. [Also kintal, and for-
merly kental, kintle, early mod. E. kyntayl; < F.
quintal = It. qitintale, < Sp. Pg. quintal, < AT.
qintar, a weight of one hundred pounds, < L.
centum, a hundred: see cent and cantor, cantu- quintessentialize (kwin-te-sen'shal-iz), v. t. ;
ra.] A weight of 100 pounds. The old French pret. and pp. qtiintesscntialized, ppr'.' quintessen-
quintal was equ«l to 100 livres, or nearly 108 pounds avoir-
dupois. The quintal mttrique, or modern quintal, is 100
kilograms, or about 220 pounds avoirdupois.
"tiali:inij. [< quintessential + -ise.] ^To reduce
to a quintessence; exhibit in the highest or
quintessential form. [Rare.]
Their [the Jews'] national egotism, quintessentializcd in
the prophets, was especially sympathetic with the per-
sonal egotism of Milton.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 273.
[= F. quin-
also quint, m., a fifth < quint (= Sp. Pg. It "t .*: An
quinto), fifth, < L. quintus, fifth, } qni J«C,gfive : «SJJ* "T^SL^&;
see five.] 1. A set or sequence of five, as in Q^«t|fb 1
For since the State has made a quint
Of generals, he 's listed in 't.
S ~
2. In music, same as
As the melody proceeded there resulted a succession of
parallel quarts, quints, and octaves, which would be in-
tolerable to modern ears.
The Academy, Jan. 18, 1890, p. 51. quilltcilt, H. An obsolete form of quintain.
ment for five solo parts, either vocal or instru-
mental. Instrumental i
jfr" — ' 7 *•;• mental, instrumental quintets are essentially
,*tA An. ^termittent *?ver the paroxysms similar to quartets. (6) 1 company of five JSg.
ers or players who perform quintets,
quintette (kwin-tet'6), n. [It.] Same as quin-
'cinquefoil, as if < OF. 'quint, fifth, + 'foil, leaf.] qui'ntfoil (kwint'foil), n. See quintefoil.
ter. s&mensctnquefotl. quintic (kwin'tik), a. and w. [< L. quinttig, fifth
fX^'o ( X ' (1U1?t,ent (kwm tel)' "' An erroneous form of »(f|ee •„,, + .^ j „ OfLthe ^fth dp'
« fiftn, 2. qutnl.nn. --Quintic equation. See equalbm.- Ql '
None crowns the cup
Of wassaile now, or sets the qirinteU up.
Herrick, A Pastorall sung to the King.
-Quintic equation. See equation.— Quintic symme-
try, symmetry arising from the possibility of remicing a
quintit: to the form ax~* -[- by~\
II. H. An algebraic function of the fifth de-
gree.
quintile in I 7
quintile (kwin'til), «. [< L. quintan, fifth, < quintus (kuin'tus), ». [ML.,<L. qiiintiix, fifth:
i/iiiin/ne, five, + -</<•.] The aspect of planets sec I//IIH/. 1 Fn ini'dii-i-iil ninxii; the fifth voice
when they arc distant from each of her (lie fifth or part. It either corresponded in compass to one of
part of the zodiac, or 72°. the other four, though independent, or strengthened the
Quintillian (kwin-til'ian), 11. [< Quint'illti, il different parts in turn : hence sometimes railed MMML
Roman female name (see def.), fern, of Quint//- QUinzam, qumzaine (kvviu /an; F. pron. kan-
hix, dim. of quintan, fifth: sec quinlin,.'} One of zan >' "• L< ME. ><<"»'»'»''. qnuiiKHiine, < OF.
a body of Moutanists, said to have been so iand F-> <7'"«*«<«e, the number of fifteen, a
called from a prophetess Quintilla. fortnight, < quni:i; fifteen : see quime.] 1. In
quintillion (kwin-til'you), ». [< L. quint us, <*'•««•> the fourteenth day after a feast-day, or
fifth, + E. (Hi)illion.'] In the English notation, thfl fifteenth if the day of the feast is included,
the fifth power of a million, a unit followed bv And the W/'XW'"* after that Merlyn come to courte,
thirty ciphers; in the French notation, used and grete was the ioye the kynge made to hym
generally in the United States, the sixth power „ . , *'
2. A stanza consisting of fifteen lines.
Compare quiir-
quintint,
quintine
-me2.] I
counting from the outermost.
line.
qulntisternal(kwin-ti-ster'nal), «. [< L. quin-
tan, fifth, + NL. sternum, sternum.] In anat.,
the fifth sterneber, succeeding the quadrister-
nal, and corresponding to the fifth intercostal
space. [Rare.]
quintole (kwin'tol), n. [< It. qiiinto, < L. quin-
tus, fifth, + -ofe.] 1. Same as quintuplet, 3.
Compare decimole, quartole, etc. — 2. A five-
stringed variety of viol much used in France
in the eighteenth century. See viol.
quintroon (kwin-tron'), n. [Also quinteron; <
Sp. quinteron, a quintroon, < L. quintus, fifth:
see quint. Cf. quarteroon, quadroon.'] In the
West Indies, the child of a white person by
one who has one sixteenth part of negro
blood.
quintuple (kwin'tu-pl), «. [= F. quintuple =
Sp. qmntuplo = Pg. It. quintuple, < ML. "quintu-
plus, fivefold, < L. quintus, fifth (< quinque, five),
+ -plus, -fold. Cf. L. quintuplex, fivefold, <
qnintus, fifth, + plicare, fold.] 1. Fivefold;
containing five times the number or amount.
Owing this name not only unto the quintuple number
of trees, but the figure declaring that number.
Sir T. Broume, Garden of Cyrus, i.
2. In bot., divided or arranged by a rule of five ;
fivefold — Quintuple rhythm or time, in music,
rhythm or time characterized by five beats or pulses to the
measure. See rhythm.
quintuple (kwin'tu-pl), v. ; pret. and pp. quin-
teen, or as near as possible to that number with-
out exceeding it.
Gambling the whole morning in the Alley, and sitting
down at night to quime and hazard at St. James's.
Colman, Man of Business, iv.
quip (kwip), n. [< W. chwiji, a quick turn or
flirt, < chwipio, whip, move briskly. Cf. whip.
Hence quib, quibble.] A smart sarcastic turn ;
a sharp or cutting jest ; a severe retort ; a gibe.
Psyi. Why, what's a quip?
Manes. Wee great girders call it a short saying of a
sharpe wit, with a bitter sense in a sweet word.
Lyly, Alexander and Campaspe, iii. 2.
If I sent him word again it was not well cut, he would
send me word he cut it to please himself. This is called
the Quip Modest Shak., As you Like it, v. 4. 79.
Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee
Jest, and youthful jollity,
Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles.
Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 72.
[Uip (kwip), v. ; pret. and pp. quipped,
quipping. [< quip, »(.] I. '
or sarcasms ; gibe ; scoff.
Are you pleasant or peevish, that you quip with suche
briefe girdes?
Greene, Theeves Falling Out(Harl. Misc., VIII. 383).
Ye malitious haue more minde to quip then might to
cut Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 206.
II. trans. To utter quips or sarcasms on;
taunt; treat with a sarcastic retort; sneer at.
The more he laughes, and does her closely quip,
To see her sore lament and bite her tender lip.
ppr.
I. intrans. To use quips
[* quintuple,^.! I. ^ „ gee ,
fivefold. Sert £#&
r or forty years. ^ Nashe, I'ntr
quintuple-nerved (StTptner^j; a^Same *£ri& £%>?••*)
as qumtuphnerved.
quintuple-ribbed (kwiu'tu-pl-ribd), a. Same
as quintuplinerved.
quintuplet (kwin'tu-plet), n. [< quintuple +
-et.~\ 1. A set of five, as of car-springs, etc.
— 2. pi. Five children born at a birth.
•, F. Q., VI. vii. 44.
One who jests or quips.
quipper will
p. 14. (Davies.)
[So called because
denoted by <?.] 'A curve of the third class,
the left-hand member of whose equation is the
quintie contravariant of a cubic,
quippish (kwip'ish), a. [< quip + -ishl.~]
Abounding in quips ; epigrammatic. [Rare.]
a set of five, or to five corresponding parts.
II. n. One of five things corresponding in
every respect to one another.
A great many duplicates, not to speak of triplicates, or
even such a quintuplicate as that which I adduced.
Trench, Study of Words, p. 181
where for recording events, etc. The fringe-like
threads were also of different colors and were knotted.
The colors denoted sensible objects, as white for silver
and yellow for gold, and sometimes also abstract ideas, as
white for peace and red for war. They constituted a rude
register of certain important facts or events, as of births,
deaths, and marriages, the number of the population fit
to bear arms, the quantity of stores in the government
magazines, etc.
I prefer Fuller's [version], as more quippish and adagy.
Five years subsequently she gave birth to quintuplets. "»», ***' ' 501'
Lancet, No. 3417, p. 392. quipu (ke po or kwip o), n. [Also quippu, quipo,
3. In music, a group of five notes to be per- t^K' < Peruv- 9TO». a knot.] A cord about
formed in the time of three, four, or six. Also 2 feet m le"gth, tightly spun from variously col-
quintole. Compare nonuplet, triplet, etc. ored threads, and having a number of smaller
quintuplicate (kwin-tu'pli-kat), v. t. ; pret. and threads attached to it in the form of a fringe :
pp. quintuplicated, ppr. quintuplicating . [< L. used »m°ng the ancient Peruvians and else-
quintuplicatus, pp. of quintuplieare, (quintus,
fifth, + plicare, fold: see plicate.] To make
fivefold ; increase or repeat to the number of
five,
quintuplicate (kwin-tu'pli-kat), a. and n. [<
L. qitintnplicatus, pp. of quintuplieare: see quin-
tupticate^r.] I. a. Consisting of or relating to
The mysterious science of the quipm . . . supplied
the Peruvians with the means of communicating their
ideas to one another, and of transmitting them to future
generations. Preseott, Conquest of Peru, i. 4.
Wampum and quippus are mnemonic records of the
most elementary kind. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 18.
quintuplication (kwin-tu-pli-ka'shon), n. [< quiquihatch (kwe'kwe-hach), ». [Amer. Ind.]
quintuplicate + -ion.'] The act or process of re- The quickhatch or wo'lverene, Gulo luscus.
peatiug five times, or increasing to the number quiracet, «. An obsolete form of cuirass.
°f five. For all their bucklers, Morions, and Quiraces
The perceptible are evolved out of the imperceptible Were of no proofe against their peisant maces,
elements by the process of quintuplication. Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's Judith, v.
,_. ,. £™-<c- Brit- XXIV- 119- quirboillet, quirboillyt, ». Obsolete forms of
quintuplinerved (kwm tu-pli-nervd), a. [< cuir-bouilli.
ML. 'Jntintuplus, fivefold,'-!- L. nenus, nerve, quircal (kwer'kal), n. A kind of marmoset.
T -ed2.] In bot., having a midrib with two Sci. Amer., LV. 176.
lateral ribs or primary nerves on each side: quire1 (kwir), «. [Early mod. E. also t//<in;
said of palmately nerved leaves, or those ap- queer: < ME. queer, qnere, quer, queor, <T OF.
proaohing the palmate nervation. See nerni- cuer, F. clia-ur = Pr. cor = Sp. Pg. It. corn = D.
tinii. Also qi<ii(qiu'ii<i-i-«l. i-oor = U. chor = Sw. Aw = Dan. l-or = AS. cltor
Quirinus
(rare), < L. rlinrux, < fir. x"lvk, a dance, chorus:
see flionix. Cf. rluiir, a mod. spelling 'simulat-
ing, like the mod. F. i-lm-iir, the L. spelling, but
with pron. of quire.] 1. A body of singers; a
chorus.
They rise at mid-night to pray vnto their Idols, which
they doe in Quires, as the Friers doe.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 4f>9.
Angelick qitirett
Sung heavenly anthems of ... victory.
Milton, P. E., iv. 593.
When the first low matin-chirp hath grown
Full quire. Tenuysoti, Love and Duty.
2. The part of a church allotted to the choris-
ters; the choir.
Besyde the Queer of the Chirche, at the right syde, as
men comen dounward 16 Greces, is the place where oure
Lord was born. Mandeville, Travels, p. 70.
The fox obscene to gaping tombs retires,
And savage howlings till the sacred quires.
Pope, Windsor Forest, I. 72.
3t. A company or assembly.
And then the whole quire hold their hips and laugh.
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 1. 55.
quire1 (kwir), v. i. ; pret. and pp. quired, ppr.
quiring. [< quire1, n.~\ 1. To sing in concert
or chorus; chant or sing harmoniously.
There 'a not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings.
Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubims.
Shak., II. of V., v. 1. 62.
2. To harmonize.
My throat of war be turn'd,
Which quired with my drum, into a pipe
Small as ... the virgin voice
That babies lulls asleep ! Shale., Cor., iil. 2. 113.
quire2 (kwir), n. [Early mod. E. also quier, queer,
quere; < ME. quayer, quaier, quair, qunyre, quaer,
cwaer (= Icel. lever, a quire, a book), < OF.
quaier, quayer, cater, cayer, coyer, a quire (also
a square lamp), F. cahier, a quire (six sheets),
a copy-book, writing-book, written lectures, a
memorial, = Pr. casern = It. quaderno, a quire,
a copy-book, writing-book, cash-book, two fours
at dice, < ML. quaternum, a set of four sheets of
parchment or paper, neut. of quaternus (> OF.
quaier, caier, etc., = OIt. quaderno, four-square),
pi. quaterni, four at a time : see quatern. For
OF. quaer, quaier, < L. quaternum, cf. enfer, < L.
infernum.'] If. A set of four sheets of parch-
ment or paper folded so as to make eight leaves :
the ordinary unit of construction for early
manuscripts and books.
The quires or gatherings of which the book was formed
generally consisted, in the earliest examples, of four
sheets folded to make eight leaves.
Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 144.
2. A set of one of each of the sheets of a book
laid in consecutive order, ready for folding. E.
H. Knight.— ty. A book.
Go, lite! quayre, go unto my lyves quene.
Lydgate, Black Knight, 1. 674.
4. Twenty-four sheets of paper; the twentieth
part of a ream — In quires, in sheets, not folded or
bound : said of printed books.
The Imprinter to sell this Booke in Queres for two shil-
linges and sixe pence, and not above.
Notice in Edward Vl.'i Prayer-Book, 1549.
Inside quires, the eighteen perfect quires of a roam of
paper, which were protected by outer quires of imperfect
paper, one on each side of the package. This distinction
between outside and inside quires is noticeable now only
in hand-made papers. Machine-made papers are of uni-
form quality.
quire2 (kwir), v. t.; pret. and pp. quired, ppr.
quiring. [< quire2, n.] To fold in quires, or
with marks between quires.
quire3t, «• An obsolete form of queer1.
quirewise (kwir'wiz), adv. In printing, in sin-
gle forms on double leaves of paper, so that the
leaves can be quired and sewed in sections:
in distinction from on single leaves, which have
to be side-stitched.
Quirinalia (kwir-i-na'li-a), n.pl. [L., neut. pi.
of quirinalis, pertaining to Quirinus or Romu-
lus, or to the Quirinal Hill at Rome, < Quirinug,
a name of Romulus deified: see Quirinus.'] In
ancient Rome, a festival in honor of Quirinus,
celebrated on February 17th, on which day
Romulus was said to have been translated to
heaven.
quirinca-pods (kwi-ring'ka-podz), ». pi. [< S.
Amer. quiriuca + 'E. pod.] The fruit-husks of
Acacia Cavcnia, the espanillo of the Argentine
Republic. They contain about 33 per cent, of
tannin.
Quirinus (kwi-ri'nus), M. [L.,< Cures, a Sabine
town. Cf. Qvirites.'] An Italic warlike diviu-
itv, identified with Romulus and assimilated to
Mars.
4918
II. traiig. 1. To twist or turn; form into
quirks. — 2. To form or furnish with a quirk
or channel.
In Grecian architecture, ovolos and ogees are usually
quirked at the top. Weale.
Quirked molding, a molding characterized by a sharp
quirister
quiristert (kwir'is-ti-r), ». [Also i/iiirrixli-r. i/ 111 1 -
isti-r, qui-n-xtfi- ; < quire1, n., + -inter. Cf. <•//»,•-
I'sfcr.] Same as chorixtt r.
The deal' quiristers of the woods, the birds.
Ford, Lover's .Melancholy, i. ].
The coy quiristers that lodge within
Are prodigal of harmony. Thomson, Spring.
quiritarian (kwir-i-ta/ri-an). ii. [< quiritary +
-an.] In Bom. law, legal: noting a certain class
or form of rights, as distinguished from hniii-
tarian. The use is equivalent to that of legal in
modern law, in contradistinction to equitable.
They [the Roman lawyers] could conceive land as held
(so to speak) under different legal dispensations, as belong,
ing to one person in Quiritarian and to another in Boni-
tarian ownership, a splitting of ownership which, after
feudalism had fallen into decay, revived in our country in
the distinction between the legal and the equitable estate.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 843.
quiritary (kwir'i-ta-ri), a. [< ML. qiiirituriiix,
< L. Quirites, the Roman citizens: see Quirites.]
Same as quiritarian. Encyc. Brit.. XX. 682.
niiiritatinri i-Vwi •• i ta'arintit «• fit i-n, and 8U(iden return from its extreme projection to a reen-
quiritation (kwir-i-ta shon), «. [< L. quintii- trant angle. Also called quirk muldihg. GwUt.
tio(n-), a cry, a shriek, < qmritare, wail, shriek; quirk2 (kwerk), P. i. [Cf. querk1.] 1 To emit
commonly explained (first by Varro) as orig. the breath forcibly after retaining it in vio-
call upon the Quirites or Roman citizens for lent exertion. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]— 2 To
aid,' < Qiuntcs, Quirites; prob. freq. of queri, grunt- complain. Halliwell. [Prov. Eug.]
complain : see querent1, and cf. cry, ult. < quiri- quirk-float (kwerk'flot), «. See float, 9 (c).
tare.] A crying for help. quirking-plane (kwer'king-plan), ». A mold-
How is it then with thee, O Saviour, that thou thus ing-plane for working on convex surfaces. E.
astonishest men and angels with so wofull a qmritation: H Knifiht
(My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me'OY .' ,. J ,'. .,,.,,
Bp. Hall, The Crucifixion, quirkish (kwer tash), a. [< quirk1 + -mh1.]
Quirite (kwir'it), H. [< L. Quiri* (Quirit-): see "Kj? th.e, ?haracter_°ff a V«**5 consisting of
Quirites.] One of the Quirites. quirks, quibbles, or artful evasions. [Rare.]
Quirites (kwi-ri'tez), n. pi. [L., pi. of Quirin
( Quirit-), orig. an inhabitant of the Sabine town
Cures, later a Roman citizen (see def.); < Cures,
a Sabine town.] The citizens of ancient Rome
considered in their civil capacity. The name Qui-
rites pertained to them in addition to that of limnani, the
latter designation having application in their political and
Quirked Moldings.
A, quirked ogee
quirked ovolo ; C, qi
modern colonial American woodwork).
>r cyma reversa (arch of Constantine, Rome) ; B.
uirked cynja recta; D, quirked bead (S, C, D.
9999, quirks.
military capacity.
quirk1 (kwerk), n.
haps a var. of * quirt (cf . jerki, jc rt), < W. chwired,
craft, quirk (< ehwiori, turn briskly), = Gael.
cuireid, a turn, wile, trick (cf. car, turn).] 1.
A sharp turn or angle ; a sudden twist.
Sometimes it [facetiousness] is lodged in a sly question,
in a smart answer, in a quirkish reason.
Barrow, Works, I. xiv.
quirky (kwer'ki), a. [< quirk1 + -y1.] 1.
Abounding in quirks or twists; irregular; zig-
zag; quirkish. [Rare.]
Bordered by quirky lines.
Philadelphia Times, June 1, 1885.
of°,v^ei'ly^w^"'''f''-P('r," 2- Full of quirks or subterfuges; shifty; qtfb-
cf..»erAi.KT<).<W.<*wira/. Ming. ch^.acterized by petty tricks: as, a
quirky attorney; a, quirky question. — 3. Mer-
ry ; sportive. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
quirl (kwerl), r. and «. See querl.
Then have they neyther-stockes to these gay hosen, ... nrrirlpwinrit » An n> "
iuriously knit, with open seame down the legge, with qulrlcwinat, ». An <
tuirkes and clockes about the anckles, and sometime iflnnu'ind.
quirpele, «. [Tamil.] A name for the mon-
goos: used in India. Title and Burtiell.
(naplie) interlaced with golde or silver threds.
StiAbes, Anat. of Abuses, p. 31. (Nans, under nether-stocks.)
Hence — 2. An artful turn for evasion or sub- quirt (kwert), H. [Perhaps < Sp. cuerda, a cord,
terf uge ; a shift ; a quibble : as, the quirks of a rope : see cord1.] A kind of riding-whip much
pettifogger.
As one said of a lawyer that, resolving not to be for-
gotten, he made his will so full of intricate qmrla that
his executors, if for nothing else, yet for very vexation of
law, might have cause to remember him.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 76.
3f. A fit or turn ; a short paroxysm.
I have felt so many quirks of joy and grief.
Shot., All's Well, iii. 2. 61.
4. A smart taunt or retort; a slight conceit or °" the risht wrist by a leather loop.'
quibble; a quip; a flight of fancy. quirt (kwert), r. t. JX quirt, n.]
I may chance have some odd quirks and remnants of wit
broken on me. Shale., Much Ado, ii. 3. 245.
Twisted quirks and happy hits,
From misty men of letters;
The tavern-hours of mighty wits.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof. Quiscalinffi (kwis-ka-li'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
5. Inclination ; turn; peculiarity; humor; ca- Quixcalus + -iuse.] "A subfamily of Icteridie,
price. typified by the genus Quisealus, usually having
I have heard of some kind of men that put quarrels pur- a lengthened and more or less boat-shaped tail,
>tha't™«hei'8't0 etheirvaloui^^^hi?,i;9?ri!1 somewhat crow-like or thrush-like bill, stout
teet, and in the male the color entirely irides-
cent-black; the American grackles or crow-
blackbirds. The species are mostly terrestrial
and gregarious. See Quiscalus and Scolecoplut-
used in the western parts of the United States
and in Spanish-American countries, it usually
consists of a short stout stock, a few inches long, of wood,
or of leather braided so tightly as to be rigid, and of a
braided leather lash, about two feet long, flexible and very
loosely attached to the stock. The quirt thus resembles
a bull-whip in miniature. It is sometimes entirely braid-
ed of leather, like a small black-snake, but so as then to
make a short rigid handle and long flexible lash. The
quirt is often ornamented fancifully, and generally hung
, To strike or
flog with a quirt. [Western U. S.]
A first-class rider will sit throughout it all without
moving from the saddle, quirting his horse all the time,
though his hat may be jarred ott his head and his revolver
out of its sheath. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 854.
6. A sudden turn or flourish in a musical air;
a fantastic phrase.
Light quirts of musick, broken and uneven,
Make the soul dance upon a jig to heaven.
The quirts of the melody arflt' unTikeSo!' »« <&alUS (kwis'ka-lus), «. [NL. (Vieillot, 1816);
old English ballads. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 126. aPPar,; * MJj- Q^^cita^msquila, quisquilla, etc.,
7. In building, a piece taken out of any regular
ground-plot or floor, . as to make a court or
yard, etc.: thus, if the ground-plan were square
or oblong, and a piece were taken out of the
corner, such piece is called a nuirk — 8 Tn
. 1 'J_**'li*t \J. Ul iirnu v"iiiiii«n ' i "i> -i 'mi. ,\ nil u, ' >l pulpie Kl'HUKJU, IS \f.]/llr-
ircn., an acute angle or recess; a deep inden- pureus (see cut under crow-blackbird) ; the boat-tailed
tation; the incision under the abacus — 9 A Sracltle or jackdaw of the Southern States is Q. major (see
fTm of a^homif VJfr ^ ^ tO| iU I*16 WftS&SftaS "^ " * "*
form ot a rhomb. Halliu-ell. [Prov. Eng.]- quisht, n. An obsolete form of cuisse.
10. in a grooving-plane, a projecting fillet on quishint, n. An obsolete form of cushion
fnV0^1,^ a"a^d to scrve as a fenco or Quisqualis (kwis-kwa'lis), n. [NL. (Rumphius,
tor depth or distance Homi ana «,H^V TTI-\ ._,i :_ _n.._
its
ealinse, having the bill elongated and crow-like,
the tail long, graduated or rounded, and more
or less keeled or boat-shaped. Several species in-
habit the United States and warmer parts of America.
The common crow-blackbird, or purple grackle. is <j. pur-
molding the round part of which forms more than a semi-
circle, and which has a sinking on the face termed the
^•"ti" 9£3f moldine- xsame a8 wMed molding.
quu erk), v. [< quirk*, n.] I. iittrttim.
' turn SQarply.
d changing colors of flowers, or from
an uncertainty at first as to its classification :
< L. quis, who, + quali*, of what kind.] A ge-
nus of polypetalous plants of the order Combrc-
taces and suborder Combretex. It Is characterized
quit
by a calyx with a small deciduous border and a slender
tube below, far prolonged beyond the one-celled ovary;
by its live petals and ten straight stamens; and by the
Urge, hard, dry fruit with five wings, containing a single
five-furrowed oblong seed and sometimes three cotyle-
dons instead of the usual two. The :i or 4 species are
natives of tropical Asia and Africa. They are shrubby
climbers with slender hranchlets, opposite leaves, and
handsome spiked or racemed flowers of changeable colors,
passing from white or orange to red. Several species are
in cultivation under glass, especially the Rangoon creeper,
Q.Jndica, used by the Chinese as a vermifuge,
quist (kwist), n. Same as quecst. [Prov. Eng.]
quistle, «. An obsolete or dialectal form of
irk istle.
quistront, n. [ME. quystron, questeroun, < OF.
coistrpn, coestron, quistron, questrou, coisteroii, a
scullion ; cf. F. cuistre, a college servant, a vul-
gar pedant.] A scullion.
This god of love of his fasonn
Was lyke no knave ne quystron.
Bom. of the Rose, 1. 886.
quit1 (kwit), a. [< ME. quit, quyt, quite, quyte,
cwite = OFries. quit = D. kwijt = MLG. quit,
LG. quit, quiet = MHG. quit, queit, G. quitt =
leel. kvittr = Sw. quitt = Dan. knit, < OF. quite,
euite, P. quitte = Pr. quiti = Sp. quito = Pg.
quite, discharged, released, freed, < ML. quietus,
discharged, released, freed, a particular use of
L. quietus, at rest, quiet : see quiet, a., of which
quit is a doublet. Cf. quietus.] Discharged or
released from a debt, penalty, or obligation;
on even terms ; absolved ; free ; clear.
Yef ye will, leve me, and yef ye ne will, leve me nought ;
for I ne leve yow nought, and so be we quyte.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 168.
Tho that ben shryuen & verry contryte,
Of alle here synnes he maketh hem quytt.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 118.
I promise you that when I am quit of these (public af-
fairs) I will engage in no other.
B. Franklin, Autobiography, p. 317.
Double or quits, in gambling, said when the stake due
from one person to another is either to become double or
to be reduced to nothing, according to the favorable or un-
favorable issue of a certain chance.— To be quit or quits
(with one), to have made mutual satisfaction of claims or
demands (with him); be on even terms (with him); hence,
as an exclamation, quits! 'weareeven.' [In these phrases
the adjective is used as a quasi-noun in a plural form.]
I hope to be shortly quit with you for all Courtesies.
Hwell, Letters, I. iv. 28.
I'll be quit with him for discovering me.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
To get quit Of. See jreti.
quit1 (kwit), p. t. ; pret. and pp. quit or quitted,
ppr. quitting. [Early mod. E. also quite (a form
still used in requite), and erroneously quight;
< ME. quiten, quyten (= D. ku-ijten = MLG. qui-
ten, LG. quitten = MHG. quiten, quiten, quitten,
G. quitten = Icel. kvitta = Sw. quitta = Dan.
kvitte), < OF. quiter, cuiter, quitter, F. quitter =
Pr. Sp. Pg. quitar= It. quitare, chitare (ML. re-
flex quitare, quittare), < ML. quietare, pay, dis-
charge, quit, leave, abandon, particular uses
of L. quietare, make quiet: see quiet, v., and
etquifl.a, Cf. acquit, requite.] 1. To satisfy,
as a claim or debt; discharge, as an obligation
or duty; make payment for or of; pay; repay;
requite.
3ut more, to make pees and quyte menne dettes, . . .
As Crist himself comauiideth to alle Cristene peuple.
Piers Plowman (C), xlv. 78.
I am endetted so therby,
Of gold that I have borwed trewely,
That whyl I lyve, I shal it quyte never.
Chaucer, Viol, to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, L 183.
Ill quite his cost or else myself will die.
Greene, Alphonsus, L
A litle mony from the law will quite thee,
Fee but the Sumner, & he shall not cite thee.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 81.
Like doth quit like, and measure still for measure.
5Ao*., M. for M., v. 1. 416.
First, all our debts are paid ; dangers of law,
Actions, decrees, judgments against us, quitted.
B. Jonson, Catiline, i. 1,
Each looks as if he came to beg,
And not to quit a score.
Cotvper, The Yearly Distress.
2. To set free; release; absolve; acquit; ex-
onerate.
God quit you in his mercy ! Shale., Hen. V., II. 2. 166.
Vntil they that were accused to be the murtherers were
quitted or condemned. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, v.
I must quit
Young Florio ; Lorenzo and myself
Are only guilty of the prince's death.
Shirley, Traitor, v. 3.
3. To free, as from something harmful or op-
pressing; relieve; clear; liberate: with of.
If I quit you not presently, and for ever, of this cumber,
you shall have power instantly ... to revoke your act.
B. Jonson, Epiccene, v. 1.
quit
Their judicious king
Begins at home; i/uilx tlrst his royal palace
O/ Mattering sycophants.
Webster, Duchess of Main, i. 1.
4. To meet the claims upon, or expectal ions
entertained of; conduct; acquit: used reflex-
ively.
Be strong, and quit yourselves like men. 1 Sam. iv. 9.
Samson hath quit him*-tf
Like Samson. Milton, S. A., 1. 1709.
5f. To complete ; spend : said of time.
Never a worthy prince a day did quit
With greater hazard, and with more renown.
Daniel.
6. To depart from ; go away from; leave.
Avaunt ! and quit my sight ! Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. 93.
She ought to play her part in haste, when she considers
that she is suddenly to quit the stage, and make room for
others. Addison, Spectator, No. 89.
7. To resign ; give up ; let go.
The other he held in his sight
A drawen dirk to his breast,
And said, "False carl, quit thy staff."
Jtobin Hood and the Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 197).
I had never quitted the lady's hand all this time.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 23.
8. To forsake ; abandon.
Quit thy fear ;
All danger is blown over.
Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, i. 3.
Episcopacy he bids the Queen be confident he will never
quitt. Milton, Eikonoklaates, xviii.
9. In archery, to discharge ; shoot.
Quit or discharge the arrow by allowing the string to
pass smoothly over the finger-points without jerking.
Eneyc. Brit., II. 377.
10. To extract; get rid of. Sportsman's Gazet-
teer.— 11. To remove by force. Halliwell.
[Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
He strove his combred clubbe to quight
Out of the earth. Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 10.
12. To cease; stop; give over. [Now chiefly
colloq.]
Quit ! quit, for shame ! this will not move,
This cannot take her.
Suckling (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 24).
Notice to quit, in law, notice to a tenant of real property
that he must surrender possession. Where notice to quit
is required, as in the case of a tenant at will or by suffer-
ance, it should be in writing, and should state accurately
the time for leaving, which, however, varies according to
the nature of the tenancy and the relation of the parties.
— To quit cost, to pay expenses ; be remunerative.
Who say I care not, those I give for lost ;
And to instruct them, 'twill not quit the cost.
0. Herbert, The Temple, the Church-Porch.
To quit scores, to make even ; balance accounts.
Are you sure you do nothing to quit scores with them ?
Sheridan, St. Patrick's Day, i. 1.
=Syn. 6 and 8. Desert, Abandon, etc. See forsake.
quit2, ». Same as queet%.
quit3 (kwit), n. [Prob. imitative.] The popular
name of numerous small birds of Jamaica, be-
longing to different genera and families. Ba-
nana-quits are species of Certhiola, as C. flaveola; grass-
quits are various small sparrow-like birds, as Spermophila
olivacea; the blue quit is a tanager. Euphonia Jamaica;
the orange quit is another tanager, Tanagrella ruficollis.
qui tam (kwi tam). [L.: qui, who; torn, as well,
as much as, equally.] In law, an action on a
penal statute, brought partly at the suit of the
people or state and partly at that of an inform-
er: so called from the words of the old com-
mon-law wi'it, " Qui tam pro domino rege quam
pro se ipso," etc.
quitasolt (ke'ta-sol), n. [Sp., < quitar, quit, +
sol, sun. Cf . parasol.J A parasol.
Then did he incask his pate in his hat, which was so
broad as it might serve him excellently for a quitasol.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, I. i. 13. (Richardson, under
[incask. )
quitch1* (kwich), v. [Also quick, queach, queatch
(also quinch, simulating winch), more prop.
quetch; < ME. quicchen, quycchen, quytchen, qu.ec-
ehen, < AS. cweccan (pret. cweahte, cwehte), shake,
causative of cwacian, shake, quake: see quake.]
1. trans. To shake; stir; move. LiiyaniHii.
II. intrans. 1. To stir; move. Prompt. Parv.,
p. 421 ; Palsgrave.
An huge great Lyon lay, . . . like captived thrall
With a strong yron chaine and coller bound.
That once he could not move, nor quich at all.
Spenser, V. Q., V. ix. 33.
2. To flinch ; shrink.
He laid him down upon the wood-stack, covered his face,
nor never stirred hand nor foote nor quitched when the fire
took him. North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 687.
quitch'- (kwich), H. [Also quickens; an assihi-
lated form of quick (= Norw. krika, krikii,
kvikre, kuku, quitch-grass), < quick, a. Cf.
quitch-grass.] Same as qititeli-ijrii.tx.
I, Flowering Plant of
y uitch - grass ( Agropy-
rum (3'ritifum) re-
fens'] ; 2, the spike on a
larger scale ; a, a spike-
let ; b, the flowering
glume ; < , the palet.
4919
Full seldom does n man repent, or use
Both grace and will to pick the vicious quitch
of Iii 1 :uiil custom wholly out of him,
And make all clean, and plant himself afresh.
Tennyson, (Jeraint.
Black quitch, mostly the slender foxtail grass, Alnpe-
cunis agrestte, a weedy grass with dark-purple flowers.
Also black bent, Mack couch-grass, black squitch.
quitch-grass (kwich'gras),
i/niKX, cooeli-nrass ; assibi-
lated form of quick-urn** :
see quick-grass, quitch'^.] A
weed-grass somewhat re-
sembling wheat, though
smaller, formerly regarded
as belonging to the wheat
fenus, TrUicum, but now
nown as Agropyrum re-
pens. Also quick-, quack-,
cutch-, and couch-grass. See
especially couch-grass.
The thoroughfares were overrun
with weed
— Docks, quitchgrass, loathy mal-
lows no man plants.
Brou'mng, Bordello, iv.
quitclaim (kwit'klam), n.
[< ME. quiteclayme, < OF.
quiteclame, a giving up,
abandonment, release, <
quiter, quit, + dame, claim :
see claim1.] In2aw:(a)A
deed of release ; an instru-
ment by which some claim,
right, or title to an estate
is relinquished to another.
(b) A conveyance without
any covenant or warranty, expressed or implied.
Sin ye wyll do so,
Of vs shal he haue a quite-clayme fully.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1885.
quitclaim (kwit'klam), v. t. [Early mod. E. also
quiteclaim; < ME. quitclaymen, quiteclaymen,
quytecteymen, < OF. quiteclamer, qititeclaimer,
give up, release, < quiteclame, a quitclaim: see
quitclaim, n.'] 1. To quit or give up claim to ;
relinquish ; release ; acquit, as of an obligation.
The quene qvyte cleymed the x knyghtes that were pris-
oners that hir knyghtes hadde her sent.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 502.
Fram henne to Ynde that cite
Quiteclaym thai schul go fre.
Gy of Wa.nii.ke, p. 310. (Hallimll.)
Wee haue quite claimed, ami for vs and our heires re-
leased, our welbeloued the Citizens of Colen and their mar-
chandise from the payment of those two shillings which
they were wont to pay. HaMuyt's Voyages, I. 131.
2. In law, to quit or abandon a claim or title to
by deed ; convey without covenants of warranty
against adverse titles or claims : as, to quitc/iiiin
a certain parcel of ground.
If any freke be so felle to fonde that I telle,
Lepe lystly me to, & lach this weppen,
I quit clayme hit for euer, kepe hit as his auen.
Sir Uawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 293.
quitclaimance (kwit'kla/mans), n. [< ME.
quitc-clamance,( OF. quiteclamance (ML. quieta
clamantia), < quiteclamer, quitclaim: see quit-
claim.'] Same as quitclaim.
Of that Philip, for he suld haf grantise,
Mad Richard: a quite clamance fro him & alle hise,
& neuer thorgh no distresse suld Clayme ther of no right.
Jtob. ofBrunne, tr. of Langtoft's Chron. (ed. Heame), p. 186.
quite1!, a. An obsolete form of quit1.
quite1 (kwit), adv. [Early mod. E. also, errone-
ously, quight; < ME. quite, quyte, adv., < quite1,
n.] 1. Completely; wholly; entirely; totally;
fully; perfectly.
Generydes hym sette so vppon the hede
That his helme flew quyte in to the feld.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2636.
No gate so strong, no locke so flrme and fast,
But with that percing noise flew open quite, or brast.
Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 4.
Shut me nightly in a charnel-house,
O'er-covered quite with dead men's rattling bones.
Shalt., R. and J., iv. 1. 82.
Something much more to our concern,
And quite a scandal not to learn.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. vi. 146.
Books quite worthless are quite harmless.
Macaulay, Machiavelli.
2. To a considerable extent or degree ; notice-
ably: as, quite warm ; quite pretty; quite clever;
quite an artist : in this sense now chiefly collo-
quial and American.
Billings . . . was but three months old, but, as the
Americans say, was quite a town.
W. Shepherd, Prairie Experiences, p. 76.
The lithographer has done his work quite, though hard-
ly very, well. Science, VII. 403.
quitter
Quite a few. Sec .few.— Quite a little, considerable : as,
quite a little business; quite a little curiosity. [Colloq.J —
Quite SO, a form of assi-nt in conversation.
quite1!, <'• t. An obsolete form of quit1.
quiteat, "• An obsolete dialectal form of while.
Ther cam on in a qwyte surpli
And pryvely toke him be the slefe.
MS. Cantab. Ff. v. 48, f. 67. (HallimU.)
quitelyt, adv. [ME., also qnit/y; < quite1, quit1,
a., + -ly'2.] 1. Completely; entirely; quite.
3our ancestres conquered all France quitely.
Rob. of Brunne, p. 115.
2. Freely; unconditionally.
Ther fore, jif godes wille were i wold haue al the payne,
To mede ge were fro this quarrere quitly a-schapeu.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2341.
Qui tollis (kwi tol'is). [So called from the first
words : L. qui, who ; tollis, 2d pers. sing. pres.
ind. act. of tollere, raise, take away.] In the
Horn. Cath. and Anglican liturgy: (a) A part of
the Gloria in Excelsis. (6) A musical setting
of the words of the above.
Quito orange. See orange1.
Qui transtulit sustinet (kwi trans'tu-lit sus'-
ti-net). [L.: qui, who; transtulit, 3d pers. sing,
perf.ind.of transferre, transfer; sustinet, 3d pers.
sing. pres. ind. of sustinere, sustain.] He who
transplanted still sustains: the motto of the
State of Connecticut.
quit-rent (kwit'rent), «. [< ME. quiterent; <
quit1 + rent2.'] Kent paid by the freeholders
and copyholders of a manor in discharge or ac-
quittance of other services. Also called chief-
rent.
Consydre what seruyce longyth ther-to,
And the quyterent that there-of owte shalle goo.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 24.
There was nothing before him but contests for quitrenU
with settlers resolved on governing themselves.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II. 355.
quits (kwits). See quit, a.
quit-shillingt (k\vit'shil"ing), H. A gratuity
given by a prisoner on his acquittal.
Were any one lucky enough to be acquitted, he had to
spend a Quit Shilling for their delight.
J. Athlon, Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne, II. 245.
quittable (kwit'a-bl), a. [< quit1 + -«We.]
Capable of being quitted or vacated.
quittalt (kwit'al), «. [< quit1 + -al. Cf. acquit-
tal, requital."] Requital; return; repayment.
As in revenge or quittal of such strife.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 236.
Let him unbind thee that is bound to death,
To make a quital for thy discontent.
Kytl, Spanish Tragedy, iii.
quittance (kwit'ans), «. [< ME. quytance, <
F. quittance (= £>p. quitanza = Pg. </«(tawca =
It. quitanza), a release, receipt, < quitter, quit,
release: see quit1, v.~] 1. Acquittance; dis-
charge from a debt or obligation ; a receipt.
Hauing paid the custome, it behoueth to haue a quit-
tance or cocket sealed and firmed.
HaMuyt's Voyages, II. 272.
Who writes himself "Armigero" in any bill, warrant,
quittance, or obligation. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1. 10.
Gurth . . . folded the quittance, and put it under his
cap. Scott, Ivanhoe, x.
2. Recompense; requital; return; repayment.
But these mine eyes saw him in bloody state,
Rendering faint quittance, wearied and outbreathed,
To Harry Monmouth. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1. 108.
In quittance of your loving, honest counsel
I would not have you build an airy castle.
Shirley, Hyde Park, i. 1.
To cry quittance, to get even.
Cry quittance, madam, then, and love not him.
Marlowe, Edward II., i. 4.
Against whom [certain ladies of the bed-chamber], at
their first being appointed, the French shut the doors,
. . . whereas now ours have cried quittance with them.
Court and Times of Charles /., L 122.
quittancet (kwit'aus), r. t. [< quittance, w.]
To repay ; make requital or return for.
Hate calls on me to quittance all my ills.
Greene, Orlando FurioBO.
We dread not death to quittance injuries.
Tourneur, Revenger's Tragedy, iii. 5.
quitter1 (kwit'er), ». [< quit1 + -er1.] 1. One
who quits. — 2t. A deliverer.
quitter2 (kwit'er), n. [Also quittor, and for-
merly quitture; < ME. quiter, quitere, quitoure,
i/iiiture, quytur, whitour; cf. LG. kwater, kwa-
dcr, rottenness.] It. Matter flowing from a
sore or wound.
Qicytur or rotunnes, putredo.
Xominale MS. (Hallimll.)
Still drink thou wine, and eat,
Till fair-hair'd Hecamed hath giv'n a little water-heat
To cleanse the quitture from thy wound.
Chapman, Iliad, xiv. 7. (Danes.)
2. In farriery, a fist ulous wound upon the quar-
ters or the heel of the coronet, caused by treads,
quitter
pricks in shoeing, corns, or other injuries which
produce suppuration at the coronet or within
the foot. — 3f. Scoria of tin.
quitter2 (kwit'er), v. i. [< ME. qnitin n. irliil-
ouren; from the noun.] To suppurate.
quitter, ». See quitter-.
quitturet, »• An obsolete variant of quit/i >•-.
quiverH (kwiv'er), a. [Also dial, querer; < ME.
"quiver, quever, cmver, < AS. "cififer, in comp.
ewiferlice, eagerly ; cf . quiver1, r.] Nimble ; ac-
tive; spry.
There was a little quiver fellow, and a' would manage
you his piece thus ; and a' would about and about.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2. 301.
quiver1 (kwiv'er), v. i. [Cf. MD. kuyveren,
tremble, quiver, freq. form, associated with
kuyven, tremble, quiver, and with the E. adj.
quiver1: see quiver1, a. Cf. quaver,"] 1. To
quake; tremble; shake tremulously; shudder;
shiver.
In glaunces bright she glittered from the ground,
Holding in hand her targe and quiueriny spere.
Surrey, -Eneicl, ii.
That jewel 'a mine that quivers in his ear,
Mocking his master's chilness and vain fear.
Tourneur, Revenger's Tragedy, i.
Her pale lip quivered, and the light
Gleamed in her moistening eyes.
O. W. Holmes, Illustration of a Picture.
2. To flutter or be agitated with a tremulous
motion.
Quivering beams, which daz'd the wondering eye.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso.
Willows whiten, aspens quiver.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott.
=Syn. Quote, etc. See shiver*.
quiver1 (kwiv'er), ii. [< quirer1, ».] The act
or state of quivering; a tremulous motion; a
tremor; a flutter; a shudder; a shiver.
But Figs, all whose limbs were in a quiver, and whose
nostrils were breathing rage, put his little bottle-holder
aside. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, v.
quiver2 (kwiv'er), n. [< ME. quiver, quyvei;
quywere, quequer, < OF. quirre, cuivre, querre,
cuevre, cotvre, couvre (ML. cueiirum = MGr.
Koi'Kovpov), < OHG. choltfiar, chocliar, cliohhari,
MHG. koclier, kochxre, also koger, keger, G.
kocher, also
MHG. koger,
keger = LG. ko-
ker, kaker = D.
koker = OS. co-
car = OFries.
koker = AS. co-
cur, cocer, ME.
koker = Sw. ko-
ger = Dan. kog-
ger, a quiver.]
A case for
holding arrows
or crossbow-
bolts. Quivers
were formerly
nearly as long as
the arrows, so that
only the feathers
projected, these
being covered by a
piece of leather or
cloth when not
likely to be re-
quired. Medieval
archers in war
generally used the
quiver on the
march only, and
in battle carried
their arrows se-
cured by a strap, usually with the addition of a small
socket in which the points only were covered.
But Mosco did vs more service then we expected, for,
having shot away his quiver of Arrowes, he ran to the Boat
for more. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 188.
Now in her hand a slender spear she bore,
Now a light quiver on her shoulders wore.
Addison, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., ii.
quivered (kwiv'erd), «. [< quiver?, n., + -ed?.]
1 . Furnished with a quiver ; wearing a quiver.
The quiver'd Arabs' vagrant clan, that waits
Insidious some rich caravan. J. Philips, Cerealia.
Him, thus retreating, Artemis upbraids,
The quiver'd huntress of the sylvan shades.
Pope, Iliad, xxi. 546.
2. Held or covered in or as if in a quiver: said
of a feathered arrow, or, as in the quotation, of
a quill.
From him whose quills stand quiver'd at his ear
To him who notches sticks at Westminster.
Pope, Irnit of Horace, I. i. 83.
quivering (kwiv'er-ing), «. [Verbal n. of
quiver^, v.] The act of trembling, wavering,
or vibrating; a tremulous shaking.
4920
quoddle
His (Sydney Smith's) constant ./«/z_-//i./ c.f the national
foibles and peculiarities. Mugfe /.'/•//., XXII. 177.
The quivering of objects seen through air rising over :i
heated surface is due to irregular refraction, which inces-
santly shifts the directions of the rays of li^lit.
Timdatt, Light and Dlcct.. p. i;;.
quiveringly (kwiv'er-ing-li), udr. In a quiver-
ing manner; with quivering.
quiverish(kvviv'er-ish), a. [< quirer1 + -i.«/ii.]
Tremulous; trembling.
Then furth with a quiverish horror.
Stanihurst, jEneid, ill. 30. (Dacies.)
quiver-tree (kwiv'er-tre), w. A species of aloe,
Aloe dichotoma.
qui vive (ke vev). [F., lit. who lives? i.e. who
goes there? as a noun in the phrase etre nur !<•
qui vive, be on the alert: qui (< L. qui), who;
vive, 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of vivre, < L.
vivere, live : see vivid.] Who goes there ? — the
challenge of French sentries addressed to those , \ ~ rtS
who approach their posts.- To be on the aui V"*,<kwia)i "• [Perhaps a yar. of trlnz ] A
Vive, to be on the alert ; b? watchful, as a sentinel ' toy. formerly popular, consisting of a small cyl-
inder or wheel grooved to receive a string, by
which the wheel is made to wind and unwind
itself. Also called batidalore.
Moore says that his earliest verses were composed on
the use of the toy "called in French a bandalore, and in
English a quiz." N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 67.
In med., a number
of medical students enrolled in a class for the
I hate to \<i-qniwil. and I think most people do, par-
ticularly thon who indulge in the habit of «y«fei>/ others.
J. Jeferson, Aotobiog., iii.
2. To look at through or as through a quizzing-
glass ; peer at ; scrutinize suspiciously.
To inquire the name of an individual who was using
an eye-glass, in order that he might complain . . . that
the person in question was quizzing him.
Dickens, Sketches.
3. In med., to examine (a student) orally or
informally, as in a quiz- or question-class.
[Colloq.]
II. intrant. 1. To practise bantering or chaff-
ing; be addicted to teasing. — 2. In med., to
attend oral or informal examinations, as in a
Our new King tog we cannot complain of as too young,
or too much on the qui-vive.
Miss Edgeworth, Patronage, viil. (Davies.)
quixote (kwik'sot), v. i. [< Quixote (see def.
of quixotic) (Sp. Quixote, now spelled Quijote,
pronounced ke-ho'te).] To act like Don Quix- „, , ,„„,,, . „,. ,
ote ; play the Quixote : with indefinite it. quiz-class (kwiz klas), n.
When you have got the devil in your body, and are
upon your rantipole adventures, you shall Quixiilr it by
yourself for Lopez. Vanbruyh, False Friend, v. 1.
purpose of being orally questioned, either by
their teacher or by one another. [Colloq.]
quixotic (kwik-sot'ik), «. [< Quixote (see def.) Wiz-master (kwiz'mas'ter), n. The teacher
+ -.<-.] Pertaining to or resembling Don Quix- orf l™derof.a quiz-class. Compare guu^n., 4.
-• quizzer (kwiz'£r), ». One who quizzes others,
ote, the hero of Cervantes's celebrated ro-
or makes them the object of banter or raillery.
mance of that name; hence, extravagantly or °r, 'ey,u em ,*ne.. , . . f ,
absurdly romantic; striving for an Snattain- 4uizz.ery (kwiz'6r-i), « ; pi. qmzzenes (-«) [<
able or impracticable ideal] characterized by '/'"' ^*?'\ The act or practice of quizzing;
futile self-devotion ; visionary. a I™2'™1 observation or comment.
in \1._ i •., ,.1 , 1 ..•....,;--...,'.. 1. ., i ~.. ..1 : ... . i < 1. :
The project seemed rash and quixotic, and one that he
could not countenance. Everett, Orations, I. 464.
This family training, too, combined with their turn for
corabativeness, makes them eminently quixotic. They
can't let anything alone which they think going wrong.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, i. 1.
quixotically (kwik-sot'i-kal-i), adr. [< quix-
otic + -al + -ly2.] After 'the manner of Don
Quixote ; in an absurdly romantic manner.
Of Mrs. Carlyle's quizzeries, he [Sterling] thinks she puts
them forth as such evident fictions that they cannot mis-
lead with reference to the character of others.
Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 133.
[Uizzical (kwiz'i-kal), a. [< quiz* + -ic-al.~[
Characteristic of a quiz; bantering; teasing;
shy; queer: as, a quizzical look or remark.
I believe you have taken such a fancy to the old quizzi-
cal fellow that you can't live without him.
Miss Edgeworth, Belinda, ii. (Davies.)
7
absurdly romantic enterprises ; uncalled-for or
useless chivalry or magnanimity.
Since bis [Cervan tes's] time, the purest impulses and the
noblest purposes have perhaps been oftener stayed by the
devil under the name of Quixotism than any other base
name or false allegation.
Ruskin, Lectures on Architecture and Fainting, ii.
quixotry (kwik'sot-ri), «. [< Quixote (see quit- in Mertonville and everywhere?" St. Nicholas, XV
otic) + -ry.~\ Quixotism; visionary notions or quizzification (kwiz*i-fi-ka'shon), n. [<
undertakings. zify + -ation.] A joke; a quiz.
The poor Duke, . . . with the oldquizzicality in his lit-
tle face, declared . . . Carlyle, in Froude, II.
quizzically (kwiz'i-kal-i), adv. In a quizzical
or bantering manner; with playful slyness.
"Look here," said one of them, quizzically, "Ogden.
have you lived all your life in every house in Crofleld and
in Mertonville and everywhere?" St. Nicholas, XVII. 611.
quiz-
Many persons will . . . consider it as a piece of Quix-
otry in M'Intyre to give you a meeting (In
Mongol Quiver, a, separate arrow
i piece of Quix- After all, my dear, the whole may be a quizzification of
__-- . 0 .In a duel] while Sir 1'hilip'a — and yet he gave me such a minute descrip-
your character and circumstances are involved in such tion of her person ! Miss Edgeu-orth, Belinda, xi. (Davies.)
Scott, Antiquary, xx. Quizzify (kwiz'i-fi), v. t.; pret. and pp. quizzi-
quiz1 (kwiz), n. ; pi. quizzes (kwiz'ez). [Orig. fied, ppr. quizzifying. [< quiz* + -l-fy.] To
slang; perhaps a made word, based on ques- turn into a quiz; make odd or ridiculous.
'ion (with which it is vaguely associated}, or ^ CMOn to/M the fl and therebvnlar8the ef.
(as a school term) on the L,. quseso, I ask: see fectof what would otherwise have been a pleasing as well
quese, quegft. No reliance is to be placed on as appropriate design.
the various anecdotes which purport to give Southey, The Doctor, cxii. (Davies.)
the origin of the word.] 1. A puzzling ques- quizziness (kwiz'i-nes), «. Oddness; eccen-
tion; something designed to puzzle one or make tricity.
one ridiculous ; banter; raillery.— 2. One who His singularities and affectation of affectation always
quizzes. — 3. One who or that which is obnox- struck me ; but both these and his spirit of satire arc mere
ious to ridicule or quizzing; a queer or ridicu- S""*™**1- *"«• D'Arblay, Diary, VI. 187. (Daviet.)
lous person or thing. quizzing (kwiz'ing), n. [Verbal n. of quizl,v.]
Where did you get that quiz of a hat ? it makes you look Banter ; raillery ; teasing.
likean old witch. Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, p. 33. quizzing-glass (kwiz'ing-glas), n. A single eye-
'Twas the Queen dressed her ; you know what a figure glass, or monocle ; especially, one that is held
she used to make of herself with her odd manner of dress- to the eye by the muscles of the face,
ing herself; but mamma said, "Now really. Princess Roy- nt1nt ,,-.,,, An obsolptp forrn of irfeo
al, this one time is the last, and I cannot suffer you to I"0!' Pron- An ' ™ OI nno-
make such a quiz of yourself." . . . The word quiz, you QUO . A clipped form of quoth.
may depend, was never the Queen's. quoad hoc (kwo'ad hok). [L. : quoad, so far as
Mme. D'ArNav, Diary (1797), VI. 138. (Daviet.) (< qllo(lt what, as, + ad, to); hoc, neut. of hie,
4. An oral questioning of a student or class by this: see Afl.] To this extent; as far as this,
a teacher, conducted with the object of com- quoad omnia (kwo'ad om'ui-a). [L. : quoad, so
municating instruction and preparing for some far as; omnia, neut. pi. of omnia, all.] As re-
examination: as, the surgery quiz; the prac- gards or in respect of all things: as, a quoad
tice quiz. [Colloq.] — 5. A collection of notes omnia parish. See parish.
made by a student from a professor's lectures, quoad sacra (kwo'ad sa'kra). [L. : quoad, so
especially when printed for the use of other stu- far as; sacra, neut. pi. of sactr, sacred, conse-
dents. [Colloq.] — 6. A monocular eve-glass, crated.] In respect of or as far as concerns
with or without a handle; a quizzing-glass. sacred matters: as, a quoad sacra parish. See
quiz1 (kwiz), r.; pret. and pp. quizzed, ppr. parish.
quizzing. [< quiz*, «.] I. trans. 1. To puz- QUOD, '•• and w. See quail.
zle; banter; make sport of by means of puz- quod1t. An obsolete form of quo/1/.
zliug questions, hints, and the" like ; chaff. quod1-' (kwod), u. and v. See quad^, 2.
The zeal for quizzing him grew less and less quoddle1, i'. t. An obsolete or dialectal form of
As he grew richer. Halleck, Fanny, coddle1.
quoddle
It seemes it is the fashion with you to sugar your papers
with Carnation phrases, anil spangle your speeches with
new quodled words. N. Ward, simple Cooler, p. 89.
quoddle- (kwod'l), r. i. ; pret. and pp. qmxl-
illfil. ppi1. i/iiiii/d/iiti/. [('!'. iruiMli' ('.).] To p;id-
ille.
You will presently see the young eagle mounting into
the air. the duck quoddKiuj in a pool.
Bp. SKUingfleet, Origines Sacne, Hi. 1, i 16.
quoddy (kwod'i), «.; pi. >j noddies (-iz). [Abbr.
of Paasamaquoady.j A kind of largo herring
found in lj;issamaquoddy Bay.
quodlibet (kwod'li-bet), «. [= F. quolibet, a
joke, pun; (. ML. quodlibetuni, a quodlibet, < L.
qiiiitl/ilii-l (<[mdlil/et), what you please, anything
you please, anything at all (neut. of qidlibet,
any one you please, any one at all), < quod,
what, neut. of qui, who, which, + libt't, impers.,
it pleases. Cf. quillet2.'] 1. A scholastic argu-
mentation upon a subject chosen at will, lout
almost always theological. These are generally the
most elaborate and subtle of the works of the scholastic
doctors. There are about a dozen printed books of quod-
libets, all written between 1250 and 1350.
These are your quodlibets, but no learning, brother.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, H. 1.
He who, reading on the Heart
(When all his Quodlibets of Art
Could not expound its Pulse and Heat),
Swore he had never felt it beat.
Prior, Alma, iii.
2. In music: (a) A fantasia or potpourri, (b)
A fanciful or humorous harmonic combination
of two or more well-known melodies: some-
times equivalent to a Dutch concert.
quodlibetal (kwod'li-bet-al), a. [< ML. quodli-
betalis ; as quodlibet + -al.] Consisting of quod-
libets — Quodlibetal question. Same as quodKbet.
quodlibetarian (kwod"li-be-ta'ri-au), «. [<
ML. quodlibetarius(< qitodlibetum, a 'quodlibet :
see quodlibet) + -an.] One given to quodlibets
or argumentative subtleties.
quodlibetic (kwod-li-bet'ik), a. [< ML. quod-
libeticun, < quodlibetuni, a quodlibet: see quod-
libet.~\ 1. Not restrained to a particular sub-
ject; moved or discussed at pleasure for curi-
osity or entertainment; pertaining to quodli-
bets.
To speak with the schools, it is of quodlibetic applica-
tion, ranging from least to greatest. Sir W. Hamilton.
2. Given to niceties and subtle points.
quodlibetical (kwod-li-bet'i-kal), a. [< quod-
libetic + -al.] Same as quodlibetal. W. Watson,
A Decachordon of Ten Quodlibetical Questions.
quodlibetically (kwod-li-bet'i-kal-i), adv. In
a quodlibetical manner ; at pleasure ; for curi-
osity; so as to be debated for entertainment.
Many positions seem qtmttibetically constituted, and,
like a Delphian blade, will cut on both sides.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ii. § 3.
quodlingt, quodlint, n. See codling1, 2.
Dol. A fine young quodling.
Face. O,
My lawyer's clerk, I lighted on last night.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, i. 1.
quod permittat (kwod per-mit'at). [So called
from these words in the writ: L. quod, which,
neut. of qni, who ; permittat, 3d pers. sing. pres.
subj. of permittere, permit: see permit^."] In
Kiu/. law, a writ (requiring defendant to permit
plaintiff to, etc.) used to prevent interference
with the exercise of a right, such as the enjoy-
ment of common of pasture, or the abatement
of a nuisance.
quod vide (kwod vl'de). [L. : quod, which, neut.
of qui, who; vide, impv. sing, of videre, see.]
Which see: common, in the abbreviated form
q. v., after a dictionary-word, book-title and
page, or the like, to which the reader is thus
referred for further information.
quog (kwog), re. Same as quahog.
quoEog, «. Same as quahog.
quoich, n. Same as quaigh.
quoift, «• An obsolete spelling of coif.
quoiffuret, "• An obsolete spelling of coiffure.
quoilt, »• An obsolete spelling of coil1.
quoin (koin), n. [< F. coin, an angle, a corner,
a wedge: see coin1.] 1. An external solid
angle; specifically, in arch, and masonry, the
external angle of a building. The word is gener-
ally applied to the separate stones or blocks of which the
angle is formed ; when these project beyond the general
surface of the walls, and have their corners chamfered otf,
they are called rustic quoins or bossaye.
2. A wedge-like piece of stone, wood, metal,
or other material, used for various purposes,
(a) In masonry, a wedge to support and steady a stone.
(6) In printing, a short blunt wedge used by printers to
secure the types in a chase or on a galley. Mechanical
quoins are made of iron in many forms, pressure being
applied by means of the screw or by combined wedges.
4921
Small wedges, called riwniw, are inserted and driven
fonvaul liy a mallet and a shooting-stick, so that they
gradually exert increasing pressure upon the type.
Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 700.
(c) In gtm-cuUiwj, any one of the four facets on the crown
of a brilliant ; also, any one of the four facets on the pavil-
ion or base. These facets divide each portion of the bril-
liant into four parts. Also called lozenge. See cut un-
der brilliant, (a) fiaut., a wedge placed beneath a cask
when stowed on shipboard, to prevent it from rolling, (e)
In gun., a wooden wedge used to hold a gun at a desired
elevation. — Can tick-quoin. Same as canting-coin.
quoin (koiu), *. t. [< quoin, n.] To wedge,
steady, or raise with quoins, as a stone in
building a wall, the types in a chase, etc. : gen-
erally with up. See quoin, it., 2.
"They [flat stones] are exactly what I want for my wall
— just the thing (or quoinimj up." What Mr. Grey meant
by qnmninrj up was filling in the spaces under the large
stones when they did not fit exactly to those below them,
and thus wedging them up to their proper level.
Jacob Abbott, Wallace, vii.
quoin-post (koin'post), «. In hydraul. engin.,
the heel-post of a lock-gate. E. H. Knight.
quoit (kwoit), v. [Also coit; < ME. coiten,coyten,
< OP. coiter, cottier, quoitier, cuiter, press, push,
hasten, incite, prob. < L. coactare, force, freq. of
cogere, compel : see cogent. Cf. quafl ; cf. also
quail2, ult. < L. coagulare.] I. trans. To throw
as a quoit; throw.
Quoit him down, Bardolph. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 206.
Hundreds of tarred and burning hoops were skilfully
quoited around the necks of the soldiers, who struggled in
vain to extricate themselves from these fiery ruffs.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 46S.
II. intrans. To throw quoits; play at quoits.
For Python slain, he Pythian games decreed,
Where noble youths for mastership should strive,
To quoit, to run, and steeds and chariots drive.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i. 600.
quoit (kwoit), ». [Also coit,
also dial, quait; < ME. coite,
coyte; cf. quoit, v.] 1. A
flattish ring of iron, used in
playing a kind of game. It is
generally from 8J to 9} inches in ex-
ternal diameter, and between 1 and
2 inches in breadth, convex on the
upper side and slightly concave on when the quoit is skil-
the under side, so that the outer fully pitched, cuts into
edge curves downward, and is sharp th; .ea"h ; ':. tll";1,b"
enough to cut into soft ground. **• ^
He willed vs also himselfe to sit
downe before him the distance of a
quoit's cast from his tent.
UaMuyt's Voyages, I. 355.
'Tis not thine to hurl the distant dart,
The quoit to toss, the pond'rous mace to wield,
Or urge the race, or wrestle on the field.
Pope, Iliad, jniil. 713.
Formerly in the country the rustics, not having the
round perforated quoits to play with, used horse-shoes,
and in many places the quoit itself, to this day, is called a
shoe. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 142.
2. pi. The game played with such rings. Two
pins, called hobs, are driven part of their length into the
ground some distance apart ; and the players, who are
divided into two sides, stand beside one hob, and in regu-
lar succession throw their quoits (of which each player
has two) as near the other hob as they can. The side
which has the quoit nearest the hob counts a point toward
game, or, if the quoit is thrown so as to surround the hob,
it counts two. The game only slightly resembles the an-
cient exercise of throwing the discus, which has, however,
been often translated by this English word.
Quoit.
Itral ope
marginal edge.
'.central opening; /',
, which,
by
thrower is enabled to
give the quoit a spin-
ning motion on an axis
at right angles with the
marginal edge.
A' plays at quoits well.
SAot.,2Hen. IV., ii. 4. 266.
The game of quoits, or coits, ... is more moderate, be-
cause this exercise does not depend so much upon supe-
rior strength as upon superior skill.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 141.
3. A quoit-shaped implement used as a weapon
of war; a discus. Those used by the Sikhs are of
polished steel with sharp edges, and are sometimes richly
ornamented with damascening or the like.
quoivest, «• Plural of quoif, an old form of coif.
QUO jure (kwo jo're). [So called from these
words in the writ : L. quo, by what, abl. sing.
neut. of quis, who, which, what; jure, abl. sing.
of jug, law, right.] In law, a writ which for-
merly lay for him who had land wherein an-
other challenged common of pasture time out
of mind : it was to compel him to show by what
title he challenged it. Wharton.
quokt, quoket. Obsolete strong preterits of
quoll (kwol), w. [Australian.] An Australian
marsupial mammal, Dasyurus macrurus.
quo minus (kwo mi'nus). [So called from these
words in the writ : L. quo, by which, abl. sing.
of quod, which, neut. of qui, who; minus, less:
see minus.] An old English writ, used in a suit
complaining of a grievance which consisted
in diminishing plaintiff's resources, as for in-
stance, waste committed by defendant on land
quota
from which plaintiff had a ri^hl to take wood or
hay. The Court of Exchequer, whose original jurisdiction
related tn the Treasury, acquired its jurisdiction between
private suitors by allowing a plaintitt' by the use of this
writ to allege that, by reason of the defendant's not paying
the debt sued for, the plaintiff was less able (quo minus)
to discharge his obligations to the crown.
quondam (kwon'dam), a. and «. [L., formerly,
< quoin, cum, when, + -dam, a demonstr. par-
ticle.] I. a. Having teen formerly ; former :
as, one's quondam friend; a yvoitmm school-
master.
This is the quondam king. SAa*., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 1. 23.
Farewell, my hopes ! my anchor now is broken :
Farewell, my quondam Joys, of which no token
Is now remaining.
Beau, and Fl., Woman-Hater, iii. 2.
II. n. A person formerly in an office; a person
ejected from an office or a position.
Make them quondams, out with them, cast them out of
their office. Latimer, 4th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
As yet there was never learned man, or any scholar or
other, that visited us since we came into Bocardo, which
now in Oxford may be called a college of quondams.
Dp. Kidley, in Bradford's Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 84.
quondamshipt (kwon'dam-ship), n. [< quon-
dam, + -ship.] The state of being a quondam.
As for my quondamship, I thank God that he gave me
the grace to come by it by so honest a means.
Latimer, 4th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
Quoniam (kwo'ni-am), n. [So called from the
initial word in the L. version : L. quoniam, since
now, although, < quom, cum, when, since, +
jam, now.] 1. In the Bom. Cath. liturgy: (a)
A part of the Gloria. (6) A musical setting of
the words of the above. — 2f. [i. c.] A sort of
drinking-cup.
Out of can, quoniam, or jourdan.
Healy, Disc, of Kew World, p. 69. (Nares.)
quont, n. See quant.
quookt, quooket. Obsolete preterits and past
participles of quake.
quorlt, «'• A Middle English form of whirl.
quorum (kwo'rum), ». [Formerly also corum;
< L. quorum, 'of whom,' gen. pi. of qui. who:
see who. In commissions, etc., written in Latin,
it was common, after mentioning certain per-
sons generally, to specify one or more as always
to be included, in such phrases as quorum mium
A. B, esse volmnus (of whom we will that A. B.
be one) ; such persons as were to be in all cases
necessary therefore constituted a quorum.] 1 .
In England, those justices of the peace whose
presence is necessary to constitute a bench.
Among the justices of the peace it was formerly custom-
ary to name some eminent for knowledge and prudence
to be of the quorum ; but the distinction is now practically
obsolete, and all justices are generally "of the quorum."
He that will not cry " amen " to this, let him live sober,
seem wise, and die o' the corum.
Beau, and Fl., Scornful Lady, i. 2.
I must not omit that Sir Roger is a justice of the quorum.
Addison, Spectator, No. 2.
2. The number of members of any constituted
body of persons whose presence at or partici-
pation in a meeting is required to render its
proceedings valid, or to enable it to transact
business legally. If no special rule exists, a majority
of the members is a quorum ; but in a body of consider-
able size the quorum may by rule be much less than a ma-
jority or in a smaller one much more. Forty members
constitute a quorum or "house" in the British House of
Commons.
In such cases, two thirds of the whole number of Sena-
tors are necessary to form a quorum.
Calhoun, Works, I. 175.
Others [regulations] prescribe rules for the removal of
unworthy members, and guard against the usurpation of
individuals by fixing a quorum.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 367.
3f. Requisite materials.
Here the Dutchmen found fullers' earth, a precious
treasure, whereof England hath, if not more, better than
all Christendom besides ; a great commodity of the quo-
ruin to the making of good cloath.
Fuller, Ch. Hist, III. ix. 12. (Daviee.)
Quorum of Twelve, or Quorum, a name given collec-
tively to the twelve apostles in the Mormon Church. See
MormonV.
quostt, ". An obsolete spelling of coast.
quota (kwo'ta), «. [< It. quota, a share, < L.
quota (sc. pars), fern, of quohis, of what num-
ber, how many, < quot, how many, as many as,
akin to qui.] A proportional part or snare;
share or proportion assigned to each ; any re-
quired or proportionate single contribution to
a total sum, number, or quantity.
They never once furnished their quota either of ships or
men. Swift, Conduct of the Allies.
The power of raising armies, by the most obvious con-
struction of the articles of the confederation, is merely a
power of making requisitions upon the states for quotas of
men. A. Ililiiiiltxn, Federalist, No. 22.
quotability
quotability (kwo-ta-bil'i-ti), H. [< quotable +
-Hi/ (see -bi/iti/).'] 'Capability of or fitness for
being quoted ; quotable quality.
It is the prosaicism of these two writers [Cowper and
Moore] to which is owing their especial quotabilitii.
Poe, Marginalia, xxviii. (Davieg.)
quotable (kwo'ta-bl), «. [< quote + -able.']
Capable of or suitable for being quoted or
cited.
Mere vividness of expression, such as makes quotable
passages, comes of the complete surrender of self to the
impression, whether spiritual or sensual, of the moment.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 176.
quotableness (kwo'ta-bl-nes), n. Quotability.
Attienxtim, Nov. 24, 1888, p. 693.
quotably (kwo'ta-bli), adv. So as to be quoted ;
in a quotable manner.
All qualities of round coal prices are weak, though not
quotably lower. The Enyineer, LXV. 613.
Quotation (kwo-ta'shon), H. [< quote + -ation.]
1. The act of 'quoting or citing.
Classical quotation is the parole of literary men all over
the world. Johnson, in Boswell, an. 1781.
Emerson . . . believed in quotation, and borrowed from
everybody, . . . not in any stealthy or shame-faced way,
but proudly. 0. W. Holmes, Emerson, xii.
2. That which is quoted; an expression, a
statement, or a passage cited or repeated as
the utterance of some other speaker or writer ;
a citation.
When the quotation is not only apt, but has in it a term
of wit or satire, it is still the better qualified for a medal,
as it has a double capacity of pleasing.
Addigon, Ancient Medals, iii.
3. In com., the current price of commodities
or stocks, published in prices-current, etc.
A quotation of price such as appears in a daily price list
is, if there has been much fluctuation, only a very rough
guide to the actual rates of exchange that have been the
basis of the successive bargains making up the day's busi-
ness. Eneye. Brit., XXII. 465.
4. [Abbr. of quotation-quadrat.'] In printing,
a large hollow quadrat, usually of the size 3X4
picas, made for the larger blanks in printed
matter. [IT. S.] = Syn. 2. Extract. See quote.
quotational (kwo-ta'shou-al), a. [< quotation
+ -ai.] Of or pertaining to quotations ; as a
quotation .
quotationist (kwo-ta'shon-ist), u. [< quotation
+ -ist.~] One who makes quotations.
Considered not altogether by the narrow intellectuals of
quotationints and common places.
Hilton, Divorce, To the Parlament.
quotation-mark (kwo-ta'shon-mark), n. One
of the marks used to note the beginning and
the end of a quotation. In English, quotation-marks
generally consist of two inverted commas at the beginning
and two apostrophes at the end of a quotation; but a
single comma and a single apostrophe are also used, es-
pecially in Great Britain. In the former case the mark*
ing of a quotation within a quotation is single ; in the
latter, properly double. Single quotation-marks are often
used, as in this work, to mark a translation. Quotation-
marks for printing in French, German, etc., are types
specially cut and cast for this use ; and in some fonts for
printing in English characters have been made for the
beginning of quotations corresponding in reverse to the
apostrophes at the end.
quote (kwot), c. ; pret. and pp. quoted, ppr.
quoting. [Formerly also cote; < OF. quoter,
voter, F. cotcr, letter, number, quote (in com-
mercial use), < ML. quotare, mark off into
chapters and verses, give a reference, < L.
quotus, of what number, how many, < quot, as
many as.] I. trans. It. To note down; set
down in writing; hence, in general, to note;
mark; observe.
A fellow by the hand of nature mark'd,
Quoted and sign'd to do a deed of shame.
Shak., K. John, iv. 2. 222.
I am sorry that with better heed and judgement
I had not quoted him. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 1. 112.
Wherfore I was desirous to see it again, and to read it
with more deliberation, and, being sent to me a second
time, it was thus quoted in the margent as ye see.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 1110, an. 1543.
4922
2. To adduce from some author or speaker;
cite, as a passage from some author or a saying
of some speaker; name, repeat, or adduce as
the utterance of some other person, or by way
of authority or illustration ; also, to cite the
words of: as, to quote a passage from Homer;
to quote Shakspere or one of his plays; to quote
chapter and verse.
He quoted texts right upon our Saviour, though he ex-
pounded them wrong. Atterbury.
As long as our people quote English standards they
dwarf their own proportions. Emenon, Conduct of Life.
3. In writing or jn-in ting, to inclose within quo-
tation-marks ; distinguish as a quotation or as
quoted matter by marking: as, the dialogue in
old books is not quoted. — 4. In com,., to name,
as the price of stocks, produce, etc. ; name the
current price of. — Quoted matter, in printing, com*
posed types that are inclosed by quotation-marks: thus,
" ". = Syn. 2. Quote, Cite, Adduce, Recite. Whenwejuote
or recite, we repeat the exact words ; when we cite or ad-
duce, we may only refer to the passage without quoting it,
or we may give the substance of the passage. We may
quote a thing for the pleasure that we take in it or for any
other reason : as, to quote a saying of Izaak Walton's. We
cite or adduce a thing in proof of some assertion or doc-
trine : as, to cite an authority in court ; to adduce confir-
matory examples. Adduce, besides being broader in its
use, is stronger than cite, as to urge in proof. Recite, in this
connection, applies to the quoting of a passage of some
length : as, to recite a law ; to recite the conversation of Lo-
renzo and Jessica at Belmont. It generally implies that
the passage is given orally from memory, but not necessa-
rily, as a petition recite*, etc. ; the others may be freely used
of that which is read aloud or only written.
H. intrans. To cite the words of another;
make a quotation.
quote (kwot), n. [In def. 1, < OF. quote; in
other senses < quote, i>.] If. A note upon an
author.
O were thy margents cliffes of itching lust,
Or quotet to chalke out men the way to sin,
Then were there hope that multitudes wold thrust
To buy thee. C. Tourneur, Transformed Metamorpho-
[sis, Author to his Booke.
2. A quotation, or the marking of a quotation.
This column of • ' Local Notes and Queries" . . . has been
succeeded by a column entitled "Notes and Quote*."
JT. and Q., 7th ser., VIL 505.
3. A quotation-mark: usually in the plural.
[Colloq.] — 4t. A quotient. [Rare.]
quoteless (kwot'les), n. [< quote + -letis.~\ Not
capable or worthy of being quoted ; unquotable.
Wright.
quoter (kwo'ter), «. One who quotes or cites
the words of an author or a speaker.
Next to the originator of a good sentence is the first
of it. Emerson, Quotation and Originality.
quoteworthy (kwot' wer'THi), a. Deserving of
quotation. [Rare.]
In Home's " Spirit of the Age" are some quoteworthy re-
marks. The Sew Mirror (N. Y., 1843X III.
quoth (kwoth). Preterit of quethe. [Obsolete
or archaic.]
"Good morrow, fool," quoth I. "No, sir," quoth he,
"Call me not fool till heaven hath sent me fortune."
Mat., As yon Like it, ii. 7. 18.
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore." Poe, The Raven.
quotha (k wo'tha), interj. [For quoth a, and that
for quoth he, a being a corruption of he : see a6.]
Forsooth! indeed! originally a parenthetical
phrase used in repeating the words of another
with more or less contempt or disdain.
Here are ye clavering about the Duke of Argyle, and this
man Martingale gaun to break on our hands, and lose us
gude sixty pounds — I wonder what duke will pay that,
quotha. Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, \.\iv.
quotidian (kwo-tid'i-an), a. and n. [< ME. co-
tidien, < OF. quotidien, cotidien, F. quotidien =
Pr. cotidian, cotedian = Sp. cotidiano = Pg. It.
quotidiano, < L. quotidianus, cottidianus, daily,
< quotidie, cottidie, cotidie, daily, < quot, as many
as, + dies, day: see dial.'] I. a. Daily; occur-
ring or returning daily: as, a quotidian fever.
Common and quotidian infirmities that so necessarily at-
tend me. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 7.
Like the human body, with ^quotidian life, a periodical
recurrence of ebbing and flowing tides.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 173.
Double quotidian fever. See/eoeri.
II. n. 1. Something that returns or is ex-
pected every day; specifically, in med., a fever
whose paroxysms return every day.
He seems to have the quotidian of love upon him.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2. 383.
A disposition which to his he finds will never cement, a
quotidian of sorrow and discontent in his house.
Milton, Divorce, ii. 16.
2f. A cleric or church officer who does daily
duty. — 3f. Payment given for such duty.
quotient (kwo'shent), n. [= F. quotient; with
accom. term, -eri't, < L. quotics, qnotienx, how
often, how many times, < qupt, how many, as
many as.] In math., the result of the process
of division ; the number of times one quantity
or number is contained in another. See iliri-
sion, 2.- Differential quotient. Same as diferential
coefficient (which see, under coefficient).
quotiety (kwo-ti'e-ti), n. [< L. quoties, how
often (see quotient) + -e-ty.~] The proportion-
ate frequency of an event.
quotity (kwot'i-ti), n. [< L. quot, how many, +
-»-fy.] 1. The number of individuals in a col-
lection.— 2. A collection considered as contain-
ing a number of individuals. Carlyle, French
Rev., I. ii.
quotqueant, «. A corruption of cotquean.
Don Quot-quean, Don Spinster! wear a petticoat still, and
put on your smock a' Monday.
Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, it. 2.
quotum (kwo'tum), n. [L., neut. of quotus, of
what number, how many, < quot, how many, as
many as.] A quota; a share; a proportion.
[Rare.]
The number of names which are really formed by an imi-
tation of sound dwindles down to a very small quotum if
cross-examined by the comparative philologist.
Max Miiller.
quo warranto (kwo wo-ran'to). [So called
from these words in the writ : L. quo, by what
(abl. sing. neut. of quis, who, which, what);
ML. warranto, abl. of warrantum, warrant: see
warrant] In law, a writ calling upon a person
or body of persons to show by what warrant
they exercise a public office, privilege, fran-
chise, or liberty. It is the remedy for usurpa-
tion of office or of corporate franchises, etc. —
Information or action in the nature of a quo war-
ranto, a statement of complaint by a public prosecutor or
complainant to the court : now used in many jurisdictions
in lieu of the ancient writ of quo warranto.
Quran, n. Same as Koran.
quyt. n. Same as quey. Halliwell.
quyrboillet, quyrboillyt. Obsolete forms of
cvir-bouilli.
The Gentyles ban schorte Speres and large, and fulle
trenchant on that o syde : and the! han Plates and Uelmes
made of Quyrboylle, and hire Hors covertoures of the
same. Mandeville, Travels, p. 251.
His jambeux were of quyrboilly.
Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 164.
quyssewest, »• A Middle English form of
cuishes.
quysshent, »• An obsolete form of cushion.
And doun she sette hire by hym on a stone
Of jasper, on a quywhen [var. (16th century) quishin} gold
ybette. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1229.
q. v. An abbreviation (a) of the Latin phrase
qttantumvis, ' as much as you will '; (ft) of quod
ride, 'which see.'
qw. See qu.
qwelet, »• An obsolete form of wheel.
qweseynt, «• An obsolete form of cushion.
qwethert, adv. An obsolete dialectal variant
of whether.
qwh-. See wh-.
qwhatt, pron. A Middle English dialectal form
of what.
qwichet, pron. An obsolete dialectal form of
which.
qy. An abbreviation of query.
1. The eighteenth letter and
fourteenth consonant in the
English alphabet, repre-
senting a character having
a like position and value in
the alphabets from which
the English is derived — the
Latin, Greek, and Pheni-
cian. Specimens of its early
forms (as in the case ol the other letters : see especially A)
are given below :
Hieroglyi
SEP""1!.
Pheni-
cian.
Early
Greek and Latin.
The tag below the curve by which the English (and the
Latin) R differs from the later Greek form P was added to
the latter in order to distinguish it from the p-sign after
this had assumed its present form ; the addition was first
made on Greek ground, but was abandoned there when
the distinction of the p- and r-signs had become estab-
lished in another way. The value of the character hag
always been essentially the same ; it represents a contin-
uous sonant utterance made between the tip of the tongue
and the roof of the mouth, at a point more or less removed
backward from the upper front teeth. The sound is so reso-
nant and continuable as to be nearly akin with the vowels ;
and it is, in fact, used as a vowel in certain languages, as
Sanskrit and some of the Slavic dialects : in normal Eng-
lish pronunciation, however, it never has that value. By
its mode of production it is nearly akin with /, and r and
I are to a large extent interchangeable with one another
in linguistic history. It is often classed as a "liquid,"
along with I, in, n; less often, but more accurately, as a
semivowel, with I, y, w. It also, on no small scale, an-
swers as corresponding sonant (in languages that have no
z) to « as surd, and comes from s under sonantizing influ-
ences : so in Sanskrit, in Latin (as ara from ma), and in
Germanic (as in our were, plural of tens). In Anglo-Saxon
the initial r of many words was aspirated (that is, pro-
nounced with an h before it), as hring (our rinal; but the
aspiration was long ago abandoned, both in pronuncia-
tion and in spelling. In Greek initial r was always thus
aspirated, and the combination was transliterated in Latin
by rh instead of hr: hence the frequency of rh in our
words of Greek derivation. Moreover, such an r, when
by inflection or composition made medial, became rrh,
and double r was in general viewed as rrh: whence
that spelling in many of our words (for example, diar-
rhea, hemorrhage, catarrh, etc.): in recent scientific words
and names taken from Greek, the Greek rule and Latin
practice as regards the doubling and aspiration of the
r are often neglected. The mode of production of the
r-sound itself varies greatly in different languages and
dialects. Normally its utterance is combined with a dis-
tinct trilling or vibration of the tip of the tongue, in vari-
ous degrees (the sound is thence often called the "dog's
letter,' littera canina). But in ordinary English pronun-
ciation this vibration is either extremely slight, or, more
commonly, altogether wanting ; in fact, the tip of the
tongue is drawn too far back into the dome of the palate
to admit of vibration ; the English r is a smooth r. But
further, iu many localities, even among the most culti-
vated speakers, no r is ever really pronounced at all un-
less followed (in the same word^ or, if final, in the word
following) by a vowel (for example, in are, farther, pro-
nounced ah, father) ; it either simply disappears, or,
as after most long vowels, is replaced by a bit of neu-
tral-vowel sound, of ft or e ; and after such a long vowel,
if it comes to be pronounced by the addition of a
vowel, it retains the same neutral-vowel sound as
transition-sound (for example, in faring, fearing, pour-
ing, during, firing, souring: the pronunciation is indi-
cated in this work by retaining the r in the same syl-
lable with the long vowel : thus, far'ing, fer'ing, etc.). An
r has a stronger and more frequent influence upon the
character of the preceding vowel than any other conso-
nant ; hence the reduction to similarity of the vowel-
sounds in such words as pert, dirt, curt, earn, myrrh. If
all our r's that are written are pronounced, the sound is
more common than any other in English utterance (over
seven per cent.); the instances of occurrence before a
vowel, and so of universal pronunciation, are only half
as frequent. There are localities where the normal vibra-
tion of the tip of the tongue is replaced by one of the
uvula, making a guttural trill, which is still more en-
titled to the name of "dog's letter" than is the ordinary
r: such are considerable parts of France and Germany ;
the sound appears to occur only sporadically in English
pronunciation.
2. As a medieval Roman numeral, 80, and with
a line over it (R), 80,000.— 3. As an abbrevi-
ation: (a) Of Rex or Kct/iim. as in George R.,
Victoria R. (I,) Of Roi/al, as in A'. A', for Roi/al
-V(//-i/, A. A. for lloijnl Academy or .l/'iniciniciiiii,
or for Royal Arch (in freemasonry), (c) Pre-
fixed to a medical prescription ([^), of recipe,
take, (d) [I. c.] Naut. : (1) In a snip's log-book,
of rain, ('2) When placed against a man's name
in the paymaster's book, of run away, (e) Of
right (right-hand), as in H. A. for rigti t ascension,
R. II. E. for righ t second entrance (on the stage of
a theater). (/) In math., r is generally a radius
vector of coordinates, R the radius of a circle,
p a radius of curvature.— The three R'B, reading,
writing, and arithmetic : a humorous term. It originated
with Sir William Curtis (1762-1829), an eminent but illit-
erate alderman and lord mayor of London, who, on being
asked to give a toast, said, "I will give you the three E's,
Kiting, Reading, and Eithmetic."
Parochial education in Scotland had never been confined
to the three It's. Times (London).
rati "• An obsolete form of roe1. Chaucer.
Ra (ra), n. [Egypt.] In Egypt, mythol, the
sovereign sun-god of the Memphite system, the
chief Egyptian personification of the Supreme
Being. He was often confounded to some extent with
the Theban Amen. In art he was typically represented
as a hawk-headed man bearing on his head the solar disk
and the royal urams.
R. A. An abbreviation of (a) Royal Academy;
(b) Royal Academician ; (c) Royal Arch; (d) right
ascension.
ra-. [See »•£-.] A prefix in some words of
French origin, ultimately from re- and ad-. See
rabate, rabbet, rapport, etc.
raad, n. [< Ar. ra'd, thunder.] A uematog-
nathous fish, Malapterurus electricus, inhabit-
ing the Nile; the electric catfish. It reaches a
length of 3 to 4 feet, and gives a sharp galvanic
shock on being touched.
rab1 (rab), n. [Origin obscure.] A kind of
loam; a coarse hard substance for mending
roads. Halliwell. [Cornwall, Eng.]
rab'2t (rab), «. [An abbr. of rabbit*.'] Same as
rabbit*, 1.
rab3 (rab), B. [Heb. : see rabbi.'] A title of
respect given to Jewish doctors or expounders
of the law. See rabbi.
rabanna (ra-bau'a), n. [Native name.] Cloth
or matting made from the raffia and perhaps
other fibers: an article of export from Mada-
gascar to Mauritius. See raffia.
rabat (ra-baf; P. pron. ra-ba'), ». [F., < ra-
bat, a turned-down collar, a baud or ruff, OF.
also a plasterers' beater, a penthouse, eaves, also
a beating down, suppression, < rabattre, beat
down, bring down: see rabate. Cf. rabato.~\
1. A kind of linen collar worn by some eccle-
siastics, falling down upon the chest and leav-
ing the neck exposed. — 2. A polishing-material
made from unglazed pottery which has failed
in baking, used by marble-workers, etc.
rabate (ra-baf), v. t.; pret. and pp. rabated,
ppr. rabatiiig. [Early mod. E. also rabbate; <
F. rabattre, OF. rabatre, beat down, bring down,
< re-, back, + abattre, beat down : see abate. Cf.
rebate."] If. To beat down; rebate.
This alteration is sometimes by adding, sometimes by
rabatting, of a sillable or letter to or from a worde either in
the beginning, middle, or ending.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 134.
2. In falconry, to bring down or recover (the
hawk) to the fist.
rabatet (ra-baf), «. [< rabate, v.] Abatement.
And your figures of rabbate be as many.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 135.
rabatinet (rab'a-tin), n. [< F. *rabatine (?), dim.
of rabat, a neck-band : see rabat, rabato.~\ Same
as rabato.
Reform me, Janet, that precise ruff of thine for an open
rabatine of lace and cut work, that will let men see thon
hast a fair neck. Scott, Kenilworth, xxiii.
rabatpt(ra-ba'to), n. [Also rebate; with altered
termination (as if of Sp. or It. origin), < OF. (and
F.) rabat, a turned-down collar, a band or ruff:
see rabat."] 1. A falling band ; a collar turned
over upon the shoulders, or supported in a hori-
zontal position like a ruff.
4923
Where is your gowne of silke, your periwigs,
Your fine rebatoes, and your costly iewels ?
Heywood, 2 Edw. IV. (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874, 1. 168).
Your stiffnecked rabatos, that have more arches for pride
to row under than can stand under five London bridges.
Dekker, Gull's Hornbook.
2. A wire or other stiffener used to hold this
band in place.
I pray you, sir, what say you to these great ruffes, which
are borne up with supporters and rebatoes, as it were with
posteandraile? Dent'd Pathway, p. 42. (Halliwell.)
rabattement (ra-bat'meut), n. [< F. rabatte-
ment, < rabattre, beat down: see rabate."] An
operation of descriptive geometry consisting in
representing a plane as rotated about one of its
traces until it is brought into a plane of pro-
jection, with a view of performing other opera-
tions more easily performed in such a situation,
after which the plane is to be rotated back to
its proper position.
rabban(rab'an),j». [Heb. rabban, lord; cf. Ar.
rabbani (> Pers. rabbani), belonging to a lord
or the Lord, divine; as a noun, a rabbi; rab-
bana (Pers.), O our Lord! etc.: see rabbi, and
cf. rabboni."] A title of honor (of greater dig-
nity thanrafi&i) given by the Jews to the patri-
archs or presidents of the Sanhedrim — Gama-
liel I. , who was patriarch in Palestine about A. D.
30-50, being the first to whom it was applied.
rabbanist (rab'an-ist), n. Same as rabbinist.
rabbatet, v. t. An obsolete form of rabate.
rabbet (rab'et), v. t. [Early mod. E. also rab-
bot, robot; < ME. rabeten, rabbet, < OF. (and F.)
raboter, plane, level, lay even; cf . F. robot, a join-
ers' plane (also a plasterers' beater, cf. OF. ra-
bat, a plasterers' beater: see rabat); cf. F. ra-
boteux, rugged, knotty, rough ; < OF. rabouter,
thrust back (= Pr. rebotar = It. ributtare, push
back), < re-, again, + abater, abouter, thrust
against: see re- and abut. Cf. rebut.'] To cut
the edge of (a board) so that it will overlap that
of the next piece, which is similarly cut out, and
will form a close joint with this adjoining board ;
cut or form a rabbet in (a board or piece of tim-
ber). Seerabbet, n — Rabbeted lock, a lock of which
the face-plate is sunk in a rabbet in the edge of a door.
E. H. Knight.
rabbet (rab'et), n. [< ME. rabct, < OF. (and
F.) rabot, a joiners' plane, < raboter, plane: see
rabbet, v. ] 1 . A cut made on the edge of a board
so that it may
join by lapping •
with another Ij.
board similar- J.
ly cut; also, a I \
rectangular re-
cess, channel, or
groove cutalong r
the edge of a VM-K
, , " KaDDets.
board or the like
to receive a corresponding projection cut on
the edge of another board, etc., required to
fit into it. Rabbets are common in paneling.
See also cut under match-joint. — 2. Same as
rabbet-plane.
rabbeting-machine (rab'et-ing-ma-shen*), ».
A machine for cutting rabbets: a form of
matching-, molding-, or planing-machiue. E.
H. Knight.
rabbet-joint (rab'et-joint), n. A joint formed
by rabbeting, as the edges of two boards or
pieces of timber.
rabbet-plane (rab'et -plan), ». A plane for
plowing a groove along the edge of a board.
Rabbet-planes are
so shaped as to
adapt them to pe-
culiar kinds of
work. In a square-
rabbet plane the
cutting edge is
square across the
sole; in a slreiv-
rabbet plane the
Square Rabbet-plane. bit is set obliquely
rabbet-plane
aeross the sole ; in a sitte-rabbt't plane the cutter is on the
side, not on the sole.
rabbet-Saw (rabYt-wa). //. A saw used for inak-
iug rabbets. Such saws commonly have ,-m
adjustable fence or gage to insure the proper
placing of the groove.
rabbi (rab'i or rab'i), «.; pi. rubbix (rab'iz or
rab'Iz). [Early mod. E. also rabbie, rabby ; <
ME. rabi, ruby = OF. rabbi, rabi, raby, < LL.
rabM, < Gr. pa/?/?/, < Heb. (Aramaic) rabbi, mas-
ter, lord (much used in the Targums for all de-
grees of authority, from king and high priest
down to chief shepherd), lit. 'my master' or
'my lord' (= Ar. rabbi, 'my master' or 'my
lord') ; with pronominal suffix -i, < nib, master,
lord (= Ar. rabb, master, lord, the Lord, God,
cf . rabba, mistress), < rdbab, be great. Cf . rub",
rabbin, rabban, rabboni.'] Literally, 'my mas-
ter': a title of respect or of office (of higher
dignity than rab) given to Jewish doctors or ex-
pounders of the law. In modem Jewish usage the
term is strictly applied only to those who are authorized
by ordination to decide legal and ritualistic questions,
and to perform certain designated functions, as to receive
proselytes, etc. ; but it is given by courtesy to other dis-
tinguished Jewish scholars. By persons not Hebrews it is
often applied to any one ministering to a Jewish congre-
gation, to distinguish him from a Christian clergyman.
Qod liketh uat that /.'»'/// men us calle.
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 479.
They said unto him, Jtabbi (which is to say, being inter-
preted, Master [i. e., Teacher]). John L 88.
Those whose heads with age are hoary growen,
And those great Kabbiet that do grauely sit,
Revolving volumes of the highest Writ
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Captaines.
rabbin (rab'in), «. [< F. rabbin, < LL. rabbi,
<Gr. paftfli, rabbi: see rabbi.~\ Same as r«W>».
It is expressly against the laws of our own government
when a minister doth serve as a stipendiary curate, which
kind of service nevertheless the greatest rabbins of that
part do altogether follow. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 80.
Now he [Salmasius] betakes himself to the fabulous rab-
bins again. Milton, Ans. to Salmasius, ill. 85.
rabbinate (rab'in-at), H. [< rabbin + -ate3.']
The dignity or office of a rabbi.
Gradually the Talmud, which had been once the common
pabulum of all education, passed out of the knowledge of
the laity, and was abandoned almost entirely to candidates
for the rabbinate. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 681.
rabbinic (ra-bin'ik), a. and n. [= F. rabbi-
nique; as rabbin 4- -ic.] I. a. Same as rab-
binical.
II. n. [cop.] The language or dialect of the
rabbis; the later Hebrew.
rabbinical (ra-bin'i-kal), a. [< rabbinic + -al.]
Pertaining to the rab"bis, or to their opinions,
learning, and language. The term rabbinical
has been applied to all the Jewish exegetical
writings composed after the Christian era.
We will not buy your rabbinical fumes ; we have One
that calls us to buy of him pure gold tried in the fire.
V ill nil. On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
It is but a legend, I know,
A fable, a phantom, a show,
Of the ancient rabbinical lore.
Langfettmo, Sandalphon.
Rabbinical Hebrew. See Hebrew.
rabbinically (ra-bin'i-kal-i), adv. In a rab-
binical manner; like a rabbi.
rabbinism (rab'in-izm), n. [< F. rabbinisme =
Sp. rabinismo; as rabbin + -ism.'] 1. A rab-
binic expression or phrase ; a peculiarity of the
language of the rabbis. — 2. A system of reli-
gious belief prevailing among the Jews from
the return from the Jewish captivity to the lat-
ter part of the eighteenth century, the distin-
guishing feature of which was that it declared
the oral law to be of equal authority with the
written law of God.
rabbinist (rab'in-ist), ». [Also rabbanist; < F.
rabbintsle = Sp. rabinista ; as rabbin + -ist.]
Among the Jews, one who adhered to the Tal-
mud and the traditions of the rabbins, in oppo-
sition to the Karaites, who rejected the tradi-
tions. See rabbinism.
Those who stood up for the Talmud and its traditions
were chiefly the rabbins and their followers; from whence
the party had the name of rabbinists.
Stackhouse, Hist. Bible, II. vii. 4.
rabbinite (rab'in -it), n. [< rabbin + -ite?.]
Same as rabbinist.
rabbit1 (rab'it), n. [Early mod. E. also rab-
bate, rabet; < ME. rabet, rabbit, appar. < OF.
"robot, indicated in F. dial, rabotte, a rabbit;
cf. OD. robbe, D. rob, a rabbit; LG. G. robbe,
a sea-dog, seal ; Gael, rabaid, rabait, a rabbit.
Cf. F. ruble, the back of a rabbit, Sp. Pg. rabo,
tail, hind quarters, Sp. rabel, hind quarters.
An older E. name is cony. The native name
for the rabbit is hare (including hares and rab-
4924
bits).] 1. A rodent mammal, /.»/»<* (•«///>«//«.
of the hare family, /.r/»/nr/,T ,• a kind of hare
notable for burrowing in tlie ground. Tliisani-
mal is indigenous tn Kuri>pe. lint h;is been natiirali/.ed
in many other countries, and is (In- uri^'ina! cf all tin-
domestic breeds. It is smaller than the common hair
of Europe, /,. Umidwi or variftbilix, with shorter ears
Rabbit (while lop-eared variety).
and limbs. The natural color is brownish, but in <1»
mestication black, gray, white, and pied Individuals are
found. The ears are naturally erect, but in some breeds
they fall ; surh rabbits are called lopped or lop-eared, and
degrees of lopping of the ears are named half-lops and
full-lopi. Rabbits breed in their burrows or warrens,
and also freely in hutches : they are very prolific, bringing
forth several times a year, usually six or eight at a litter,
and in some countries where they have been naturalized
they multiply so rapidly as to become a pest, as in Austra-
lia for example. The fur is used in the manufacture of
hats and for other purposes, and the flesh is esteemed for
food.
Hence — 2. Any hare; a leporid, or any member
of the Lenoridte. The common gray rabbit or wood-rab-
bit of the United States is L. gylvaticus, also called cotton-
tail and molly cottontail, a variety of which (or a closely re-
lated species) is the sage- rabbit of western North America,
L.artemisia, Themarsh-rabbitisL. jxiZwrtro; theswamp-
rabblt of the Southern States is L. aquaticta. Various
large long-eared and long-limbed hares of western North
America are called jack-rabbits or jackass-rabbit*. The
South American rabbit or hare Is the tapeti, L. brwsilitnuis.
See cuts under cottontail, jack-rabbit, and hare. — Native
rabbit, in Australia, a long-eared kind of bandicoot, Ma-
crotu lagotii.— Snow-shoe rabbit, that variety of the
American varying hare which is found in the Rocky
Mountains. It turns white in winter, and at that season
the fur of the feet is very heavy. It has been described
as a distinct species, Lepus bairdi, but is better treated
as a local race of L. americanu*.— Welsh, rabbit. [A
term of jocular origin, formed after the fashion of Nor-
folk capon, a red herring, etc. (see quotation). Owing to
an absurd notion that rabbit in this phrase is a corruption
of rarebit (as if 'a rare bit'X the word is often so written.)
Cheese melted with a little ale, and poured over slices of
hot toast. I'reara, mustard, or Worcestershire sauce are
occasionally added — and the name has been given to
cheese toasted but not entirely melted, and laid on toast.
Welsh rabbit is a genuine slang term, belonging to a large
group which describe in the same humorous way the
special dish or product or peculiarity of a particular dis-
trict. For examples: . . . an Essex lion is a calf ; a Field-
lane duck is a baked sheep's head ; Glasgow magistrates
or Norfolk capons are red herrings ; Irish apricots or
Munster plums are potatoes ; Oravesend sweetmeats are
shrimps. MacmUlan's Mag.
rabbit1 (rab'it), v. i. [< rabbift, n.] To hunt
or trap rabbits.
She liked keeping the score at cricket, and coming to
look at them fishing or rabbiting in her walks.
T. Hughet, Tom Brown at Oxford, II. vii.
"I suppose," pursued Mr. Morley presently, "that you
have been indulging in the Englishman's usual recreation
of slaughter." "I've been rabbiting, if that's what you
mean," answered Sir Christopher shortly.
W. E. Norris, Miss Shafto, xix.
rabbit2t (rab'it), n. [< OF. (and F.) robot, n
plasterers' beater: see rabbet.] 1. A wooden
implement used in mixing mortar. Cotyrarr.
— 2. A wooden can used as a drinking- vessel.
Strong beer in rabtts and cheating penny
cans,
Three pipes for two-pence, and such like
trepans.
Praise of YarlcsMre Ale (1697X P. 1.
KHalliwett.)
rabbit3 (rab'it), v. t. [Appar. a
corruption of rabate (cf. rabbet),
used as a vague imprecation.]
An interjectional imperative,
equivalent to confound.
"Kabbit the fellow," cries he; "I
thought, by his talking so much about
riches, that he had a hundred pounds
at least in his pocket."
Fielding, Joseph Andrews. (Latham.')
Rabbit me, I am no soldier. Scott.
rabbit-berry (rab'it-ber'i), «.
The buffalo-berry, Shepherdia ar-
t/cntva.
rabbit-brush (rab'it-brush), «.
A tall shrubby composite plant,
liigclovia graveolens, growing
abundantly in alkaline soils of
western tforth America, often,
like the sage-brush (but at low-
er elevations), monopolizing the
rabble
ground over large tract s. n furnishes a safe retreat
for the large jack-rabbits of the plains. It is a disagree-
ably scented plant, with numerous bushy branches which
are more ni less wbiteneil by a close tolncntinn, narrow
leaves, :unl yellow (lowers. There are 4 or 5 well-marked
varieties, differing chielly in the width of the leaves, in
the degree of whiteness, and in size.
rabbitear (rab'it-er), n. A long Hlemler oyster;
a razorblade.
rabbit-eared (rab'it-erd), a. Having long or
large ears, like those of a rabbit ; lagotic : as,
the rabbit-eared bandicoot or native rabbit of
Australia, Marrotix lago/i*.
rabbiter (rab'i-ter), n. One who hunts or traps
I'abbils.
The majority of the men engaged as rabbiters [in Aus-
tralia] were making a very high rate of wages.
Set. Alner., N. 8., LVI. 294.
rabbit-fish (rab'it-fish), »i. 1. A holocepha-
lous fish, Chimtera m&Utrosa. Also called king
of the herring*. [Local, British.] — 2. A plec-
tognathous fish of the family Tetrodontidse and
genus Lagocejiliitlux. The name refers to the pecu-
liarity of the front teeth, which resemble the incisors of a
rabbit. The rabbit-fish of the eastern rutted States is L.
ItevigatVA, also called smooth puffer and tambor. It is most-
ly olive-green, but silver-white below, and attains a length
of 2 feet or more. The name is also extended to kindred
plectognaths.
3. The streaked gurnard, Triyla lineata. [Lo-
cal, Eng.]
rabbit-IOOt clover. See clorrr, 1, and titirt>*-
foot. I.
rabbit-hutch (vab'it-huch), ». A box or cage
for the confinement and rearing of tame rabbits.
rabbit-moth (rab'it-m6th), n. The bombycid
moth Layoa opercvlaris: so called from its soft
furry appearance and rabbit-like coloration.
See cut under stinging-caterpillar. [U. S.]
rabbit-mouth (rab'it-mouth), n. A mouth like
that of a hare ; used attributively, having a
formation of the jaws which suggests harelip:
as, the rabbit-mouth sucker, a catostomoid fish,
otherwise called splitmouth, harelip, harelipped
sucker, cutlips, and Lagochila or QuaxniJabia la-
n fa. This flsh has the form of an ordinary sucker, but
the lower lip is split into two separate lobes, and the up-
per lip is greatly enlarged and not protractile. It is most
common in the streams flowing from the Ozark mountains.
See cut under Qua&tiiabia.
rabbit-rat (rab'it-rat), «. An Australian rodent
of the genus Hapalolis, as H. albipen.
rabbit-root (rab'it-rot), ». The wild sarsapa-
rilla, Aralia nudicaulis.
rabbitry (rab'it-ri), ».; pi. rabbitries(-riz). [<
r«66t<i%+ -ry.~\ A collection of rabbits, or the
place where they are kept; a rabbit-warren.
rabbit-spout (rab'it-spout), ». The burrow of
a rabbit. [Prov. Eng.]
Here they turn left-handed, and run him into a rabbti-
spoul in the gorse.
Field (London^ Feb. 27, 1886. (Encyc. Diet.)
rabbit-squirrel (rab'it-skwur'el), n. A South
South American Chincha or Rabbit-squine! ( Lagidiutn fuvitri).
American rodent of the family Chinchillidse and
genus LiKjiilinni, as L. cttvieri. Coves.
rabbit-SUCkert (rab'it-suk"er), n. 1. A suck-
ing rabbit ; a young rabbit.
I preferre an olde cony before a rabbet-sucker, and an an-
cient henue before a young chicken peeper.
Lylij, Endymion, v. 2.
If thou dost it half so gravely, so majestically, both in
word and matter, hang me up by the heels for a rabbit-
sucker. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii 4. 480.
2. A gull; a dupe; a cony. See cony, 7.
rabbit-warren (raVii-wor^en), «. A piece of
ground appropriated to the perservation and
breeding of rabbits.
rabble1 (rab'i), r.; pret. and pp. rabbled, ppr.
rabbling. [Also ravel; < ME. rableii, speak con-
fusedly; cf. OD. rabbelen, chatter, trine, toy, =
G. dial, rabbeln, robbeln, chatter, prattle; cf.
ML. rabalare, scold, < L. rttbula, a brawling ad-
vocate, a pettifogger. Cf . Gr. l>a/}daaetv, make
rabble
a noise, Ir. ni)xtl, noise, rajntrJi, noisy, Gael. ra-
piiir, a noisy fellow. The word may have been
in part confused or associated witJi ramble; cf.
dial, rabbling, winding, rambling.] I. intranx.
To speak confusedly ; talk incoherently ; utter
nonsense.
II. trans. To utter confusedly or incoher-
ently; gabble or chatter out.
Let thy tunge serve thyn hert in skylle,
And rable not wordes recheles owt of reson.
MS. Cantab, tt. ii. 38, f. 24. (UattmvU.)
Thus, father Traves, you may see my rashness to rabble
out the Scriptures without purpose, time [in other editions
rime}, or reason.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 23.
[Obsolete or prov. Eng. and Scotch in both
uses.]
rabble'2 (rab'l), n. and a. [Early mod. E. rable;
< ME. rabel; cf. rabble^, t'.] I. n. 1. A tumul-
tuous crowd of vulgar, noisy people; a con-
fused, disorderly assemblage ; a mob.
I saw, I say, come out of London, even unto the pres-
ence of the prince, a great rable of mean and light persones.
Agcham, The Scholemaster, i.
Then the Nabob Vizier and his rabble made their appear-
ance, and hastened to plunder the camp of the valiant
enemies. Macaiday, Warren Hastings.
2. Specifically, the mass of common people;
the ignorant populace ; the mob: with the defi-
nite article.
The rabble now such freedom did enjoy
As winds at sea that use it to destroy.
Dryden, Astrsea Redux, I. 43.
3. Any confused crowd or assemblage ; a hap-
hazard conglomeration or aggregate, especial-
ly of things trivial or ignoble.
This miscreant [Mahomet]. . . instituted and published
a sect, or rather a rabble, of abbominable preceptes and
detestable counselles, thereby to chaunge the vertuous,
and therewith to delight the vicious and wicked.
Qvmara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 327.
For the solace they may geue the readers, after such a
rable of scholastical precepts which be tedious, these re-
ports being of the nature of matters historicall, they are
to be embraced. PvUenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 221.
Flies, Butterflies, Gnats, Bees, and all the rabbles
Of other Insects.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 5.
=Syn. 1. Mob, etc. tieepopidace.
II. a. Pertaining to or consisting of a rabble;
riotous; tumultuous; disorderly ; vulgar; low.
To gratify the barbarous party of my audience, I gave
them a short ra&We-scene, because the mob (as they call
them) are represented by Plutarch and Polybius with the
same character of baseness and cowardice.
Dryden, Cleomenes, Pi-ef.
How could any one of English education and prattique
swallow such a low, rabble suggestion?
Roger North, Examen, p. 306. (Dames.)
The victory of Beaumont proved to MacMahon that his
only resource left was to abandon the attempt to reach
Bazaine, and to concentrate his rabble army around the
frontier fortress of Sedan. Lowe, Bismarck, I. 548.
rabble2 (rab'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. rabbled, ppr.
rabbling. [< rabble2, n.~\ To assault in a vio-
lent and disorderly manner ; mob. [Scotch.]
Unhappily, throughout a large part of Scotland, the
clergy of the established church were, to use the phrase
then common, rabbled. Maeavlay, Hist. Eng., xiii.
The desolation of Ireland, the massacre of Glencoe, the
abandonment of the Darien colonists, the rabbling of
about 300 Episcopal clergymen in Scotland . . .
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., i.
It seems but as yesterday since in the streets of Edin-
burgh ladies were insulted and rabbled on their way to a
medical lecture-room.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 19.
rabble3 (rab'l), n. [< OF. rouble, F. rdble, an
implement for stirring or mixing, a poker, etc.,
dial, redable, < L. rutabulum, ML. also rotabit-
lum, a poker or shovel.] An iron bar bent at
right angles at one end, used in the operation
of puddling for stirring the melted iron, so as
to allow it to be more fully exposed to the ac-
tion of the air and the lining of the furnace.
rabble3 (rab'l), v. t.: pret. and pp. rabbled, ppr.
rabbling. [< rabble*, n."] To stir and skim with
a rabble or puddling-tool, as melted iron in a
furnace.
rabble-fish (rab'1-fish), «. Fish generally re-
jected for market, as the dogfishes, rays, gur-
nards, scad, and wrasses. [West of Eng.]
rabblement1 (rab'1-ment), n. [< rabble1 +
-ment.~] Idle, silly talk; babblement. Halliwell.
[Prov. Eng.]
rabblement2! (rab'1-ment), n. [Formerly also
rablement; < rabble^ + " -ment.'] 1. Atumultu-
ous crowd or assemblage ; a disorderly rout ; a
rabble.
The first troupe was a monstrous rablement
Of fowle misshapen wightes.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xi. 8.
4025
The roUfemmf hooted, ami chipped (heir chopped hands.
Shall., J. C., 1. 2. 24S.
I saw . . . giants anil dwarfs,
Clowns, conjurors, posture-masters, harlequins,
Amid the uproar of the rabblfment,
Perform their feats. Wordsworth, Prelude, vii.
2. Refuse ; dregs. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
rabbler (rab'ler), n. One who works with or
usi-s a rabble, especially in the operation of
puddling,
rabbling (rab'ling), a. Same as rambling. See
mm/tie. [Prov. Eng.]
rabboni(ra-bo'ni), H. [Heb. : seeraftfti.] Liter-
ally, 'my great master': a title of honor among
the Jews; specifically, the highest title given
to doctors or expounders of the law. It was
publicly given to only seven persons of great
eminence, all of the school of Hillel.
She turned herself, and saith unto him, Rabboni; which
is to say, Master [i. e., Teacher]. John xx. 10.
rabd, rabdoid, etc. See rhabd, etc.
rabel, «. Same as rebec.
Rabelaisian (rab-e-la'zi-an), a. [< F. rabelai-
ni<'ii, < lidbtilais (see def.)."] Of or pertainingto
Francois Rabelais (about 1490-1553), a French
priest, author of " Gargantua and Pantagruel" ;
resembling or suggestive of Rabelais and the
characteristics of his thought and style. Com-
pare Pantagruelism.
Gleams of the truest poetical sensibility alternate in him
[John Skelton] with an almost brutal coarseness. He was
truly Rabelaisian before Rabelais.
Lowell, N. A. Rev., CXX. 340.
rabetH, «• An obsolete spelling of rabbit1.
rabet2t, n. An obsolete spelling of rabbet.
rabiH, »• An obsolete spelling of rabbi.
rabi2 (rab'i), n. [Also written rubbee; < Hind.
rnbi, the spring, the crop then gathered.] The
great grain-crop of Hindustan, consisting of
wheat, barley, oats, and millet. It is the last of
the three crops, being laid down in August and September,
partly on land which has lain fallow and partly on land
which has been cleared of the bhadoee or earliest crop.
It furnishes about flve sixteenths of the food-supply in a
normal year.
rabiate (ra'bi-at), a. [< ML. rabiatus, pp. of
rabiare, go mad, rave, rage, < L. rabies, mad-
ness : see rabies. Cf. rage, rare1.} Rabid; mad-
dened.
Ah ! ye Jewes, worse than dogges rabiate.
Lamentation of Mary Magdalen.
rabiator (ra'bi-a-tor), ». [< ML. rabiator, a
furious man, < rabiare, rave, go mad : see rabi-
ate. The Sc. rubiature, a robber, bully, It. ru-
batore, a robber, < ML. *rubator, does not seem
to be connected.] A furious animal or person ;
a violent, greedy person. [Scotch.]
rabic (rab'ik), o. [< rabi(es) + -ic.] Of or per-
taining to rabies ; affected or caused by rabies.
Of eight nnvacciuated dogs, six succumbed to the in-
travenous inoculation of rabic matter.
Tundall, Int. to Lady C. Hamilton's tr. of Life of Pasteur,
[p. 40.
In the interval it [a dog] manifests ratrie symptoms.
Medical News, XLVIII. 223.
rabid (rab'id), a. [= OF. rabi, rabit = Sp. rd-
bido = Pg. It. rabido, < L. rabidus, mad, furious,
< rabere, be mad, rage : see rabies, and cf . rage,
».] 1. Furious; raging; mad.
With rabid hunger feed upon your kind.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xv. 258.
Like rabid snakes that sting some gentle child
Who brings them food. Shelley, Revolt of Islam, v. 7.
Sleep is the sure antidote of insanity, the cure of idiocy.
. . . without whose potent anodynes every creature would
run rabid. A. B. Aleott, Table-Talk, p. 71.
2. Specifically — (a) Affected with rabies or hy-
drophobia, as a dog, wolf, horse, or man ; hy-
drophobic ; mad. (6) Pertaining to rabies : as,
rabid virus. — 3. Excessively or foolishly in-
tense; rampant: as, a rabid Tory ; a rabid tee-
totaler.
In the rabid desire to say something easily, I scarcely
knew what I uttered at aU. Foe, Tales, I. 289.
rabidity (ra-bid'i-ti), n. [< ML. rabidita(t-)s,
rabidness,^ L. rabidus, rabid: see rabid.] The
state of being rabid; rabidness; specifically, ra-
bies. [Rare.]
Although the term hydrophobia has been generally
applied to this terrible disease, I have preferred that of
rabies, or rabidity, as being more characteristic of the chief
phenomena manifested by it both in man and the lower
animals. Copland, Diet. Pract. Med., Rabies, § 2.
I fear that he [Macaulay] is one of those who. like the
individual whom he has most studied, will "give up to
party what was meant for mankind." At any rate, he must
get rid of his rabidity. He writes now on all subjects as
if he certainly intended to be a renegade.
Disraeli, Young Duke, v. 6.
rabidly (rab'id-li), adv. [< rabid + -ly*.] In
a rabid manner; madly; furiously.
raccourcy
rabidness (rab'i<l-ncs), ». |< rubiil + ->ii'*n.\
The state of being rabid; furiousness; ma<K
lirss.
rabies (rii'bi-ez), ii. [< L. rabies, rage, mad-
ness, fury: see nii/r, ».] An extremely fatal
infectious disease of man and many other ani-
mals, with predominant nervous symptoms.
In man (where it is called hydrophobia) the period of in-
cubation lasts In a majority of cases from three to six
months or more. Cases where it is said to have lasted
several years are ill sustained. The outbreak begins with
malaise, anorexia, headache, and slight difficulty in swal-
lowing. After one or two days of these prodromal symp-
toms the stage of tonic spasms begins, most marked at
first in the pharyngeal muscles and in the attempt to swal-
low, especially liquids, but proceeding to involve the
respiratory muscles and others of the trunk and those of
the extremities. These convulsions are accompanied by
extreme anxiety and oppression, and may be elicited by
any stimulus, but especially by attempts to drink or by the
sound or sight of liquids. They may last from a few min-
utes to half an hour. The pulse-rate increases, the tem-
perature is more or less raised, and there may be decided
delirium. After from one to three days the period of
paralysis succeeds, followed shortly by death. The mor-
tality after the development of the malady is nearly 100
per cent. The disease is communicated to man by inocu-
lation from a rabid animal, usually by a dog-bite. The
maximum numberof inoculations occur in the early spring
or winter, the minimum in late summer or fall. The sa-
liva of rabid dogs seems to be somewhat rabigenic two or
three days before the animal shows any evident signs of
ill-health. Of persons bitten by rabid animals onlya frac-
tion develop rabies, estimated at from 16 per cent, for light
wounds through the clothing up to 80 per cent, for wounds
of exposed parts. The records of Pasteur's laboratories
show a reduction to less than 1 per cent, when such
pel-sons are treated by his method. See Pasteuriem.
rabietic (ra-bi-et'ik), «. [Irreg. < rabies + -et
+ -ic.~\ Pertaining or relating to rabies ; of the
nature of or resembling rabies.
To M. Grancher was most justly accorded the very
agreeable task of expounding in a few simple and un-
adorned sentences the results of the anti-roWetic treat-
ment of M. Pasteur. Nature, XXXIX. 73.
rabific (ra-bif 'ik), a. [< L. rabies, madness, +
facere, make (see -fic}.~] Communicating ra-
bies or canine madness; capable of causing
hydrophobia.
Rabific virus is obtained from a rabbit which has died
after inoculation by trepanning. Encyc. Brit., XX. 202.
rabigenic (rab-i-jen'ik), a. [< L. rabies, mad-
ness, + gignere, genere, produce, \f "gen, bear,
produce : see -gen."] Same as rabific.
rabinett (rab'i-net), n. [Origin obscure.] A
small piece of ordnance formerly in use, weigh-
ing about 300 pounds, and carrying a ball about
1-J inches in diameter.
rabioust (ra'bi-us), a. [< OF. ralrieux = Sp.
rabioso = Pg. raivoso = It. rabbioso, < L. rabi-
osus, full of rage, raging, < rabies, rage, fury :
see rabies and rage.} Wild; raging; fierce.
Ethelred languishing in minde and body, Edmond his
sonne, surnamed Ironside (to oppose youth to youth), was
imployed against thisraWous inuador.
Daniel, Hist. Eng., p. 15. (Dames.)
rabitet, «• [ME., also rabett, rabyghtc, war-
horse, < Icel. rdbitr, an Arabian steed (cf . Icel.
rdbitar, Arabs), = MHG. rdvit, rant, a war-
horse, (. OF. arabit, arrabi, an Arabian horse, <
Arabe, Arab : see Arab.] A war-horse.
Syr Gye bestrode a rabyghte,
That was moche and lyghte.
JfS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, f. 121. (BattiweU.)
rabonet, »• [= Sp. rdbano = Pg. rabano, rabao,
< L. raphanus, a radish : see Sapnanus.'] A rad-
ish. Gerarde, Herball.
rabot (rab'ot), n. [< F. robot: see rabbet.'} A
hard-wood rubber used in rubbing marble to
prepare it for polishing. E. H. Knight.
raca (ra'ka), a. [Formerly also raclta; LL.
raca, < Gr. jjana, < Chal. rekd, an insulting
epithet of doubtful meaning, connected per-
haps with raq, spit, spit upon (Ar. riq), or
with riqd, empty, valueless (Ar. raiq, vain,
futile).] Worthless; naught: a transliterated
word occurring in Mat. v. 22, common among
the Jews in Christ's time as an expression of
contempt.
raccahout (rak'a-hot), n. [< F. racahout, a cor-
ruption of Ar. raqaut, rdqoiit, orrdqaout, a nour-
ishing starch with analeptic properties. But
this Ar. word may be the F. ragoAt, OF. ragoust,
imported into the East during the Crusades: see
ragout.'] A starch or meal prepared from the
edible acorns of the belote oak, Quercus Ballo-
ta, sometimes recommended as a food for inva-
lids. Mixed with sugar and aromatics, it is used by the
Arabs as a substitute for chocolate. (Encyc. Diet.) The
so-called racahout de» Arabes, sold in France, is a mixture
made from edible acoms, salep, chocolate, potato-starch,
rice-flour, vanilla, and sugar. Larou&e.
raccoon, «• See racoon.
raccourcy (ra-kor'si), «. [< OF. raccoitrci, pp.
of raccourcir, shorten, cut off, < re-, again, + ac-
raccourcy
coiircir, shorten, < n- + court, short: see curt.']
In Jier., same as coupeil.
race1 (ras), «. [Early mod. E. also rase; < ME.
n/xc, ras, commonly rees, res, a rush, running,
swift course^ swift current, a trial of speed,
etc., < AS. r&is, a rush, swift course, onset (cf.
gar-ries, 'spear-rush,' fight with spears), = Icel.
ras, a race, running, course, channel: see raeel,
v., and cf. race2. The AS. form r«s, ME. rees,
rex, would produce a mod. E. *reese ; the form
in iioun and verb, race, prop, rase, is due to the
Scand. cognates, and perhaps also in part, in
the verb, to confusion with race5, «.] 1. A
rush; running; swift course.
Whenne thei were war of Moiscs,
Thei fleyge away al in a res.
Cursor Mundi. (Ualliieell.)
That I fill ofte, in suche a res,
Am werye of myn owen lyf.
Gower, Conf. Amant.
The flight of many birds is swifter than the race of any
beasts. Bacon, Nat. Hi8t, $ 681.
2. A course which has to be run, passed over,
or gone through; onward movement or pro-
gression; career.
How soon hath thy prediction, Seer blest,
Measured this transient world, the race of time,
Till time stand flx'd ! Milton, P. L., xii. 554.
Eternity ! that boundless Race
Which Time himself can never run.
Congreve, Imlt. of Horace, II. xiv. 1.
Succeeding Years their happy Race shall run,
And Age unheeded by Delight come on.
Prior, Henry and Emma.
My Arthur, whom I shall not gee
Till all my widow'd race be run.
Tennyson, In Meuioriam, ix.
3. A contest of speed; a competitive trial of
speed, especially in running, but also in riding,
driving, sailing, rowing, walking, or any mode
of progression. The plural, used absolutely, commonly
means a series of horse-races run at a set time over a reg-
ular course : as, to go to the races ; the Epsom races.
To the bischope in a ras he ran.
Old Eng. Metr. Homilies, 1. 141.
Part on the plain, or in the air sublime.
Upon the wing or in swift race contend,
As at the Olympian games. Milton, P. L., ii. 529.
The races were then called bell courses, because . . .the
prize was a silver bell. Stnitt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 107.
4f. Course, as of events ; progress.
The prosecution and race of the war carrieth the defen-
dant to assail and invade the ancient and indubitate pat-
rimony of the first aggressor. Bacon, War with Spain.
5f. Struggle ; conflict ; tumult ; trouble.
Othes hue him sworen in stude ther he wes,
To buen him hold ant trewe for alles cunnes res.
Execution of Sir Simon Fraser (Child's Ballads, VI. 276).
Hem rued the res that thei ne rest had.
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.\ 1. 889.
Kedeliche in that ret the recuuerere that me falles,
As whan i haue ani hap to here of that barne.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S X 1. 439.
6f. Course; line of onward movement; way;
route.
The souldier victourer is not woonte to spare any that
commethe in his rase.
R. Eden, tr. of Peter Martyr (First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 122).
Consolation race. See consolation.— Flat race, ahorse-
race over level or clear ground, as opposed to a hurdle-race
or steeplechase.— Obstacle-race. See obstacle.
race1 (ras), v. ; pret. and pp. raced, ppr. racing.
[< ME. raseu, resen, rush, run, hasten, < AS. rse-
san, rush, move violently, also rush on, attack,
rush into ; = OD. rdsen, rage, = MLG. rasen,
MHG. G. rasen, rage, = Icel. rasa = Sw. rasa =
Dan. rase, race, rush, hurry: see race1, n., 1.
The form race, prop, rose, is due to the Scand.
cognates: see the noun.] I. intrans. 1. To run
swiftly; run in, or as if engaged in, a contest
of speed.
Saladin began to rase for ire.
Richard Coer de Lion, 1. 3633.
The racing place, call'd the Hippodromus, without the
gate of Canopus, was probably in the plain towards the
canal. Pococke, Description of the East, I. 10.
But I began
To thrid the musky -circled mazes, wind
And double in and out the boles, and race
By all the fountains : fleet I was of foot.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
2. To run with uncontrolled speed ; go or re-
volve wildly or with improper acceleration:
said of a steam-engine, a wheel, a ship's screw,
or the like, when resistance is diminisued with-
out corresponding diminution of power.
No centrifugal governor could have so instantaneously
cut off the steam : it would not have acted till the engine
began to race.
S. P. Thompson, Dynamo-Elect. Mach., p. 98.
A big steamer in a heavy seaway often rests upon two
waves, one under her bows and the other under her stern,
4926
while the 'midship section has practically no support from
the water ; and, again, her bows will be almost out of wa-
ter and her screw racing. Set. Amer., N. S., LVII. 144.
3. To practise horse-racing as an occupation ;
be engaged in the business of running horses.
II. trans. 1. To cause to run or move swift-
ly; push or drive onward in, or as if in, a trial of
speed : as, to race a horse ; to race steamers. —
2. To run, or cause horses, etc., to run, in com-
petition with; contend against in a race.
Swore, boxed, fought cocks, and raced their neighbor's
horses. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 176.
[Colloquial in both uses.]
race2 (ras), w. [A particular use of race*, as ' a
swiftly running stream'; but perhaps in part
due to OF. rase, raise, a ditch, channel, = Pr.
ram, a channel ; origin uncertain.] A strong
or rapid current of water, or the channel or
passage for such a current ; a powerful current
or heavy sea sometimes produced by the meet-
ing of two tides : as, the Race of Alderney ;
Portland Race.
This evening the Talbot weighed and went back to the
Cowes, because her anchor would not hold here, the tide
set with so strong a race.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 4.
Near the sides of channels and near the mouths of bays
the changes of the current* are very complex ; and near
the headlands separating two bays there is usually at cer-
tain times a very swift current, termed a race.
Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 353.
(a) A canal or watercourse from a dam to a water-wheel :
specifically called the head-race. (6) The watercourse
which leads away the water after it leaves the wheel :
specifically called the tail-race.
race3 (ras), n. and a. [< F. race (> G. >•»>«.
race = Sw. ras = Dan. race, breed of horses,
etc.), dial, mice = Pr. Sp. raza = Pg. »•«<•« =
It. razsa, race, breed, lineage, < OHG. rci:,
reiza, MHG. reiz (G. riss), line, scratch, stroke,
mark, = Icel. reitr, scratch, < rita, scratch, = AS.
M>r»fa» = E. write: see write. No connection with
race*, root, < L. radix, though race3 may have
been influenced by this word in some of its
uses: see race*.] I. n. 1. A genealogical line or
stock ; a class of persons allied by descent from
a common ancestry ; lineage; family; kindred:
as, the Levites were a race of priests; to be of
royal or of ignoble race.
She is a gentlewoman of very absolute behaviour, and
of a good race. B. Jonson, Epicrene, III. 2.
He lives to build, not boast, a generous race;
No tenth transmitter of a foolish face.
Savage, The Bastard.
2. An ethnical stock ; a great division of man-
kind having in common certain distinguishing
physical peculiarities, and thus a comprehen-
sive class appearing to be derived from a dis-
tinct primitive source: as, the Caucasian race;
the Mongolian race; the Negro race. See man, 1.
I cannot with any accuracy speak of the English race;
that would he claiming for ourselves too great a place
among the nations of the earth.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 14.
3. A tribal or national stock ; a division or sub-
division of one of the great racial stocks of
mankind, distinguished by minor peculiarities:
as, the Celtic race; the Finnic race is a branch
of the Mongolian; the English, French, and
Spaniards are mixed races. — 4. The human
family; human beings as a class; mankind:
a shortened form of human race: as, the fu-
ture prospects of the race; the elevation of
the race.
She had no companions of mortal race.
Shelley, Sensitive Plant, ii. 4.
5. A breed, stock, or strain of domesticated
animals or cultivated plants; an artificially
propagated and perpetuated variety, such races
differ from natural species or varieties in their tendency
to revert to their original characters, and lose those artifi-
cially acquired, when they are left to themselves. Many
thousands of races have been produced and named.
There is a race of sheep in this country with four horns,
two of them turning upwards, and two downwards.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 19B.
The truth of the principle of prepotency comes out more
clearly when distinct races are crossed.
Darn-in, Var. of Animals and Plants, xiv.
Specifically— (a) In zool.. a geographical variety ; a sub-
species, characteristic of a given faunal area, intergrading
with another form of the same species. (6) In bot. : (1) A
variety so fixed as to reproduce itself with considerable
certainty by seed. Races may be of spontaneous origin
or the result of artificial selection. (2) In a broader use.
any variety, subspecies, species, or group of very similar
species whose characters are continued through succes-
sive generations. Bentham, Address to Linn. Soc., 1869.
6. Any fixed class of beings more or less broadly
differentiated from all others ; any general ag-
gregate of mankind or of animals considered as
a class apart; a perpetuated or continuing line
racemation
of like exist eiiecs: as. the human rui-c : the race
nf st.-itesnicii : Ih juino or the feline roa .
That provident care for the welfare of the offspring
which is so strongly evinced by many of the insect /•">•• .
Soy.
7|. A line or series ; a course or succession :
used of things.
A race of wicked acts
shall flow out of my anger, and o'erspread
The world's wide face. B. Jonson, Sejanus, ii. 2.
8f. A strong peculiarity by which the origin
or species of anything may be recognized, as,
especially, the flavor of wine.
Order. There came not six days since from Hull a pipe
of rich canary. . . .
Greedy. Is it of the right race?
Massinger, New Way to Pay Old Debts, i. 3.
9f. Intrinsic character; natural quality or dis-
position; hence, spirit; vigor; pith; raciness.
Now I give my sensual race the rein.
Shak., M. for M., ii. 4. 160.
I think the Epistles of Phalaris to have more race, more
spirit, more force of wit and genius than any others I have
overseen. Sir W. Temple, Anc. and Mod. Learning.
=Syn. Tribe, Clan, etc. See people.
II. <i. Of or pertaining to a race. [Rare.]
The pyramids are race monuments.
Xew Princeton Rev., V. 2S5.
race ' (ras), «. [Formerly also raze; < OF. rat's,
rai': = 8p. rai; = Pg. ruiz = It. radice, a root,
< L. radio:, a root: see radix, radish.] A root.
See race-ginger, and hand, 13 (a).
I have a gammon of bacon, and two razes of ginger, to
be delivered as far as Charing Cross.
Shale., 1 Hen. IV., Ii. 1. 27.
By my troth, I spent eleven pence, beside three races of
ginger.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
racef't (ras), r. t. [< ME. raccn, rase n, by apheresis
from araeeii, root up : see arace*, and cf. ra.v/i3.]
To tear up ; snatch away hastily.
After he be-heilde towarde the fler, and saugh the flesshe
that the knaue hadde rosted that was tho I-nough, and
raced it off with his hondes madly, and rente it a-sonder in
peces. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 424.
And raas it frame his riche mene and ryste it in sondyre.
Morte Arthure(E. E. T. S.), 1. 362.
race6t. r. t. An obsolete form of rase1, raze1.
race7 (ras), w. [Origin obscure.] A calcareous
concretion in brick-earth. [Prov. Eng.]
What were at first supposed to be pebbles In one of the
samples from Tantah prove on examination to be calcare-
ous concretions (race or kunkur).
Proc. noy. Soc., XXXIX. 213.
rac6 (ra-sa'), «• In her., same as indented.
race-card (ras'kard), H. A printed card con-
taining information about the races to be run
at a meeting on a race-course.
I remember it because I went to Epsom races that year
to sell race cards.
Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 481.
race-cloth (ras'kloth), «. A saddle-cloth used
in horse-racing, haying pockets for the weights
that may be prescribed.
race-course (ras'kors), H. 1. A plot of ground
laid out for horse-racing, having a track for the
horses, usually elliptical, and accommodations
for the participants and spectators. — 2. The
canal along which water is conveyed to or from
a water-wheel.
race-cup (ras'kup), w. A piece of plate forming
a prize at a horse-race. Originally such a piece
of plate had the form of a goblet or drinking-
cup, whence the name.
race-ginger (rito'iin'jAr), «. Ginger in the root,
or not pulverized.
race-ground (ras'ground), n. Ground appro-
priated to races.
race-horse (ras'hdrs), n. 1. A horse bred or
kept for racing or running in contests; a horse
that runs in competition. The modern race-horse,
though far inferior to the Arab in point of endurance, is
perhaps the finest horse in the world for moderate heats,
such as those on common race-tracks. It is generally
longer-bodied than the hunter, and the same power of
leaping is not required. This animal is of Arabian, Ber-
ber, or Turkish extraction, improved and perfected by
careful crossing and training. See racer, 2.
2. The steamer-duck. — 3. A rear-
horse ; any mantis.
race-knife (ras'mf ), «. A tool with a
bent-over lip for scribing, marking,
numbering, and other purposes. E.
II. J\'nif/ht.
racemation (ras-e-ma'shpn),n. [<LL.
raeematin(n-), the gleaning of grapes, Race-knlfc'
< L. raccmus, a cluster of grapes: see raceme.]
1. The gathering or trimming of clusters of
grapes. [Rare.]
racemation
Having brought over some curious instruments out of
Italy for racemation, engrafting, and inoculating, he was
a great master in the use of them.
Bp. Burnet, Bp. Bedell, p. 120. (Latham.)
2. A cluster, as of grapes; the state of being
racemose, or having clustered follicles, as a
gland. [Rare.]
The whole racemation or cluster of eggs.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 28.
raceme (ra-sem'), «. [= F. raceme, a cluster,
= Sp. Pg. racimo = It. raccmo, < L. raeemus, a
cluster of grapes ; allied to Gr. paf (gen. payof),
a berry, esp. a grape. Of. raisin1, from the same
source.] A cluster; specifically, in bot., a sim-
ple inflorescence of the centripetal or indeter-
minate type, in which the several or many flow-
ers are borne on somewhat equal axillary pedi-
cels along a relatively lengthened axis orrachis.
Examples are furnished by the currant, the lily-of-the-
valley, the locust, etc. A raceme becomes compound
when the single flowers are replaced by racemes. See
inflorescence, compare spike, and see cuts under Act&a, in-
florescence, and Ornithogalum.
racemed (ra-semd'), a. [< raceme + -ed2.] In
bot., disposed in racemes: said of flowers or
fruits, or of the branches of a racemosely com-
pound inflorescence.
race-meeting (ras'me'/ting), «. A meeting for
the purpose of horse-racing.
How many more race-meetings are there now than there
were in 1850? Quarterly Rev., CXLV. 70.
racemic (ra-sem'ik), a. [< raceme + -ic.~\ Per-
taining or relating to grapes in clusters, or to
racemes — Racemic acid, C4HflO«, an acid isomeric
with tartaric acid, found along with the latter in the tar-
tar obtained from certain vineyards on the Rhine. It is a
modification of the ordinary tartaric acid, differing from
it in its physical but not in its chemical properties. Also
called paratarUtric acid.
racemiferous (ras-e-mif'e-rus), a. [< L. raee-
mus, a cluster (see 'raceme), +ferre = E. Sear1.]
Bearing racemes.
racemiform (ra-se'mi-form), a. [< L. raeemus,
a cluster, + forma, form.] In bot., having the
form of a raceme.
racemocarbonic (ra-se//mo-kar-bon'ik), a. [<
racemic + carbonic.] Formed from or consist-
ing of racemic and carbonic acids.— Racemocar-
bonic acid. Same as desoxalic acid (which see, under
desoxalic).
racemose (ras'e-mos), a. [Also racemous; = F.
racemeux = Sp. Pg. racimoso = It. racemoso,
< L. racemosus, full of grapes, < raeemus, bunch
of grapes: see raceme, raisin.'] 1. In bot. : (a)
Having the character or appearance of a ra-
ceme : said of a flower-cluster. (6) Arranged
in racemes: said of the flowers. — 2. In anat.,
clustered or aggregate, as a gland ; having
ducts which divide and subdivide and end in
bunches of follicles. It is a common type of glan-
dular structure, well exemplified in the salivary glands
and the pancreas. See cut under parotid.— Racemose
adenoma, a tumor originating from glandular tissue, and
resembling closely the appearance and structure of a race-
mose gland : found in the breast and in salivary and seba-
ceous glands.
racemosely (ras'e-mos-li), adv. So as to form
or resemble a raceme or racemes.
racemous (ras'e-mus or ra-se'mus), a. Same
as racemose.
racemule (ras'e-mul), n. [< NL. *racemulus,
dim. of L. raeemus, a cluster: see raceme."] In
bot., a small raceme.
racemulose (ra-sem'u-16s), a. [< NL. racemu-
losus, full of small racemes, < *racenmlus, a
small raceme: see racemule.] In bot., resem-
bling a racemule, or arranged in racemules.
race-plate (ras'plat), «. A wrought-iron or
steel traversing-platform for heavy guns, upon
which the gun is moved in a horizontal arc and
moves backward in recoil.
racer (ra'ser), n. [= Icel. rasari, a racer, race-
horse; as race1 + -er1.] 1. One who races; a
runner or contestant in a race or in races of
any kind.
Beemear'd with filth, and blotted o'er with clay,
Obscene to sight, the rueful racer lay.
„ Pope, Iliad, xxiii. 912.
2. A race-horse.
The racer is generally distinguished by his beautiful
Arabian head ; his fine and flnely-set-on neck ; his oblique
lengthened shoulders ; well-bent hinder legs ; his ample
muscular quarters ; his flat legs, rather short from the knee
downwards ; and his long and elastic pastern.
Quoted in T. Bell's British Quadrupeds, p. 382.
3. Hence, anything having great speed.
Coal will be transferred across the Atlantic in cargo
boats for the use of the ocean racers. Engineer, LXVI. 77.
4. In a braiding-machine, a traversing sup-
port for tension and spool-holding apparatus. —
5. A snake of the genus Scotophis (or Coluber),
S. olisolcttiK, also called pilot black-snake or
jiilot-nnake. It is black, with a mottled black
4927
and yellow belly, and has the median dorsal
scales carinated. — 6. A snake, Haxcanion eon-
xtrictor, the common black-snake of the eastern
United States. It is blue or blue-black, with
greenish-blue belly, and has smooth scales. —
7. A poor, thin, or spent fish; a slink: applied
to mackerel, shad, salmon, etc. — 8. A sand-
crab. See Ocypoda — Blue racer. See blue-racer.
race-track (ras'trak), n. The track or path
over which a race is run ; a race-course.
raceway (ras'wa), n. 1. An artificial passage
for water flowing from a fall or dam; a mill-
race. Compare mill-race. See race2. — 2. In
fish-culture, a fishway.
racht, ». See ratclfi.
rachamali, n. In ornith. See Neophron.
rache1!, »». See ratch^.
rache2t, v. An obsolete form of reach*.
rachest, v. t. An obsolete assibilated form of
rachial (ra'ki-al), a. [< rachis + -al.~] Pertain-
ing to a rachis ; rachidial. Also rhachial.
rachialgia (ra-ki-al' ji-a), n. [NL. , prop, rhachi-
algia, < Gr. pax'f, spine, + dtyof, pain.] Pain
in the spine, especially neuralgic pain. Also
rhachialgia.
rachialgic (ra-ki-al'jik), a. [< rachialgia + -ic.']
Affected with rachialgia. Also rltachialgic.
Rachianectes (ra"ki-a-nek'tez), n. [NL.
(Cope), also Ehachianec'ies, < Gr. paxia, a rocky
shore, + vqKTjjf, a swimmer, < vf/xc'v, swim.]
A genus of whalebone whales of the family
Balsenopteridx and subfamily Agaphelinse, con-
taining the gray whale of the North Pacific,
E. alaucus, combining the small head, slender
form, and narrow flippers of a finner-whale
with the lack of a dorsal fin and absence of
folds of skin on the throat of a right whale.
This whale attains great size, and its pursuit is an impor-
tant branch of the fisheries in the waters it is found in,
sometimes attended with special dangers. The parasites
chiefly affecting R. glaucus are a whale-louse, Cyamus
scammoni, and a barnacle, Cryplolepas rachianecti.
Rachicallis (ra-ki-kal'is), n. [NL. (A. P. de
Candolle, 1830), < Gr. pax'ta, a rocky shore, +
ndUof, beauty.] A genus of rubiaceous shrubs
belonging to the triber Rondeletiese, differing
from Rondeletia chiefly in its half -superior sep-
ticidal capsule. There is only one species, R. rnpes-
tris, called earwort, growing on the rocky coasts of the
West Indies. It is a low shrub bearing narrow decussate
leaves with sheathing stipules, and small solitary yellow
flowers sessile in the axils.
rachides, n. Plural of rachis.
rachidial (ra-kid'i-al), a. [Also rhachidial; <
Gr. pax/f (assumed'stem *paxt&-), the spine, +
-al.~\ Of or pertaining to a rachis, in any sense ;
rachial.
rachidian (ra-kid'i-an), a. [Also rhachidian ; <
F. rachidien,'< Gr. p&x'S (assumed stem *p&xi6-),
the spine, + -Jan.] Same as rachidial.
The teeth of the radula are divided by nearly all students
of that organ into rhachidian or median, lateral, and un-
cinal. W. H. Doll, Science, iv. No. 81, Aug. 22, 1884.
Rachidian bulb. Same as medulla oblmgata.— Rachid-
ian canal, the spinal or neural canal.
Racblglossa (ra-ki-glos'a), n.pl. [Also Bhachi-
glossa; NL., < Gr. pdxtf, the spine, + yl.uaaa,
tongue.] Those mollusks which are rachiglos-
sate; specifically, a division of gastropods so
characterized, including the Buccinidse, Muri-
cidse, Volutidse, etc. See cut under ribbon.
rachiglossate (ra-ki-glos'at), a. [Also rha-
chiglossate; < Gr. pdxtf, the spine, + y^oaaa,
tongue.] In Mollusca, having upon the lingual
ribbon or radula only a single median tooth, or
a median tooth with only an admedian one on
each side of it, in any one of the many trans-
verse series or cross-rows of radular teeth. The
formula is 0-1-0 or I-I-I, where the 0 is a cipher
and I means one.
rachilla (ra-kil'a), n. [Also rhachilla; NL.,< Gr.
pdxtf, the spine, T dim. -illa.~\ In bot., a little
rachis; a secondary rachis in a compound in-
florescence, as of a spikelet in a grass.
Rachiodon (ra-ki'o-don), «. [NL.: see ra-
chiodont.] Tile typical genus of Eachiodonti-
dse, having a series of enamel-tipped vertebral
processes projecting into the esophagus and
serving as teeth : synonymous with Dasypeltis
(which see). The type is R. scaber, of Africa, a snake
which lives much on eggs, and has this contrivance for not
smashing them till they get down its throat, when the sa-
gacious serpent swallows the contents and spits out the
shell. Also Rhachwdon.
rachiodont (ra'ki-o-dont), a. [Also rhachio-
dont; < Gr. pdxtf, the spine, + boovf (OOOIT-) = E.
tooth.'] Having processes of the spinal column
which function as teeth; belonging to the Ra-
chiodontidie.
Rye-grass (Lo-
lium perfnne).
a, Rachis.
racially
Rachiodontidse (ra"ki-o-don'ti-de), n.pl. [NL.,
< Kacliiodon (-odon t-) + -idle. ] A family of colu-
briform ophidians, named from the genus Ra-
chiodon : same as the subfamily Dusypeltinie.
Also Rhachiodontidte.
Rachiopteris (ra-ki-op'te-ris), «. [NL., < Gr.
'pdxif, file spine, + Trrepi'f',' fern : see Pteris.'] A
name under which Schimper has grouped vari-
ous fragments of the rachides or stems of fossil
f ems. Specimens of this nature have been described by
Lesquereux as occurring in the coal-measures of Illinois,
and by Dawson as having been found in the Devonian of
New York.
rachipagUS (ra-kip'a-gus), n.; pi. raehipagi(-ji).
[NL., < Gr. pdxu;, the spine, + wajof, that which
is fixed or firmly set, < m/yvin>at, make fast.] In
teratol., a double monster united at the spine.
rachis (ra'kis ),»!.; pi. rachides (-ki-dez). [Also
rhachis; NL. , < Gr. pdxtf, the spine,
a ridge (of a mountain-chain), a rib
(ofaleaf).] 1. Inbot.: (a) Theaxis
of an inflorescence when somewhat
elongated ; the continuation of the
peduncle along which the flowers
are ranged, as in a spike or a raceme .
(6) In a pinnately compound leaf
or frond, the prolongation of the
petiole along which the leaflets or
pinnffi are disposed, corresponding
to the midrib of a pinnately veined
simple leaf. See cut under com-
pound.— 2. In zoijl. and anat.: (a)
The vertebral column. (6) The stem, shaft, or
scape of a feather, as distinguished from the
web, vane, or vexillutn ; especially, that part of
the stem which bears the vexillum, as distin-
guished from the calamus or quill. See quill, 4.
The differentiation of the feather into rachis and vexil-
lum. Gegenbavr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 419.
(c) The median part of the radula of a mollusk,
usually bearing teeth which differ from those
on each side of it. — 3. The axial skeleton of
various polyp-colonies, as of Gorgpma; some
axial part, or formation like a midrib, as in
crinoids.— Generative rachis, in crinoids, a cellular
rod or cord which lies in the genital canal in connection
with the visceral generative tissue, and the enlargements
of which in the pinnules form the genital glands.
rachitic (ra-kit'ik), a. [Also rhachitic; < F.
rachitique; as rachitis + -«'<;.] 1. In anat., of
or pertaining to the spinal column ; spinal ; ver-
tebral. [Bare.] — 2. Pertaining to or affected
with rachitis ; rickety.
rachitis (ra-kl'tis), n. [NL. (Dr. Glisson, 1650,
in his work "De Sachitide"), as if lit. 'inflam-
mation of the spine' (prop. rhachitis,<. Gr. />dxi(,
the spine, + -itis), but adopted as a Latinized
form for E. rickets : see rickets.'] 1. A disease
of very early life, characterized by a perversion
of nutrition of the bones, by which uncalcified
osteoid tissue is formed in place of bone, and
the resorption of bone is quickened. Hence the
bones are flexible, and distortions occur, such as crooked
legs, heart-shaped pelvis, or curvature of spine. See rickets.
2. In bot., a disease producing abortion of the
fruit or seed Rachitis fcetalis annularis, intra-ute-
rine formation of annular thickenings on the diaphyses of
the long bones. Also called rachitis intra-uterina annu-
laris.— Rachitis fcetalls micronielica, intra-uterine
stunting of the bones in their longitudinal growth. Also
called rachitis uterina micromelica.
rachitome (rak'i-tom), n. [Also rhachitome; <
F. rachitome, < Gr. pdxtf, the spine, + -rouof, <
riuveiv, ra/ielv, cut.] An anatomical instrument
for opening the spinal canal, without injuring
the medulla.
rachitomous (ra-kit'o-mus), a. [Also rhachito-
mous; < Gr. pdxif, the spine, + -rofiof, < rifivetv,
rafiAv, cut.] Segmented, as a vertebra of many
of the lower vertebrates which consists of a neu-
ral arch resting on a separate piece on each side,
the pleurocentrum, which in turn rests on a sin-
gle median piece below, the intercentrum ; hav-
ing or characterized by such vertebra?, as a fish
or batrachian, or the backbone of such animals.
See embolomerous. E. D. Cope.
Both kinds of vertebra (rocMtomows and embolomerous)
can be found in the same animal. Science, VI. 98.
racial (ra'sial), a. [< race^ + -ial. Cf. facial.']
Relating or pertaining to race or lineage, or to
a race or races of living beings ; characteristic
of race or of a race.
Man, as he lived on the earth during the time when the
most striking racial characteristics were being developed.
W. H. Flmeer, Encyc. Brit., XV. 445.
racially (ra'sial-i), adv. In a racial manner; in
relation to or as influenced by race or lineage.
The unification of the racially most potent people of
whom we have record. The Academy, Aug. 3, 1889, p. 66.
Baciborskia
Kaciborskia (ras-i-bor'ski-a), n. [NL. (Ber-
lese), < Knnjlinrxlci, a Polish botanist.] A genus
of myxomycetous fungi, giving name to the
family Bririliorttlciticeee.
Racibbrskiacese (ras-i-bor-ski-a'se-e), n. pi.
[NL., < BaciborsMa + -accee.J A small family
of myxomyeetous fungi, taking its name from
the genus Kaciborskia, and having the peridium
naked and distinctly stipitate, and the capil-
litium violaceous.
racily (ra'si-li), adv. [< racy + -Z</2.] In a
racy manner; piquantly; spicily.
racinet, »• [ME.; < OF. ratine, rachine, F. ra-
tine = l?r. racina, razina, root, < ML. as if *radi-
cina, dim. of L. radix (radic-), root: see radix.
Cf . race*.'] A root.
UnlefiUle lust, though It be sote,
And of alle yvelle the raojne.
Horn, of the Hose, I. 4881.
raciness (ra'si-nes), n. [< racy + -ness."] The
quality of being racy ; peculiarly characteristic
and piquant flavor or style; spiciness; pun-
gency.
racing (ra'sing), n. [Verbal n. of race1, ».]
The running of races ; the occupation or busi-
ness of arranging for or carrying on races, espe-
cially between horses.
The Queen [Anne] was fond of racing, and gave her lOOi.
gold cups to be run for, as now : nay more, she not only
kept race horses, but ran them in her own name.
Axlitini, Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne, I. 302.
racing-bell (ra'sing-bel), n. A grelot or small
bell given as a prize for a horse-race : such a
prize was frequent in the sixteenth century.
Bells of this form exist of silver, from an inch to two
inches and a half in diameter, with inscriptions and dates.
racing-bit (ra'siug-bit), n. A light jointed-
ring bit, the loose rings of which range in size
from 3 to 6 inches.
racing-calendar (ra'sing-kaFen-dar), n. A de-
tailed list of races run or to be run.
rack1 (rak), v. t. [Early mod. E. also wrack (by
confusion with wracfc1) ; not found as a verb
in ME. or AS., except the secondary forms AS.
reccan, as below, and ME. raxen, < AS. raxan,
*racsan, stretch oneself (see rax) ; prob. < MD.
racken, stretch, reach out, torture, rack, = G.
racken, stretch, torture; a collateral form of
AS. reccan (pret. reahte), stretch out, also cor-
rect, direct, rule, guide, tell, etc. (>ME. rec-
cheti, stretch, also tell: see retch^ and rack^,
reckon), = OS. rekkian, stretch, = MD. recken,
D. rekken = MLG. reken, stretch, = OHG. rec-
chan, MHG. recken, stretch, extend, = Icel. rek-
ja, stretch, trace (of. rekkja, strain), = Dan.
rsekke = Sw. racka, reach, hand, stretch, =
Goth, "rakjan, in comp. uf-rakjan, stretch out;
prob. = L. regere, rule, lit. 'stretch out,' 'make
straight ' (in por-rigere, stretch forth, e-rigerc,
straighten out, erect, etc. ) (pp. rectus, straight,
= E. right), = Gr. bpiyuv, stretch, = Lith. razau,
razyti, stretch, = Skt. •/ arj, stretch. Akin to
rake%, reach, extend, but prob. not to rake1, nor
to reach1, with which, however, rack1 has been
partly confused. The verb and esp. the noun
rack show great confusion and mixture of
senses, and complete separation is difficult.
In some senses the verb is from the noun.] 1.
To stretch ; stretch out ; strain by force or vio-
lence ; extend by stretching or straining.
Which yet they rack higher to foure hundred three-
score and ten thousand yeares.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 54.
I know your hearts are like two lutes rack'd up
To the same pitch. The Slighted M aid, p. 53. (If ares.)
Suits in love should not,
Like suits in law, be rack'd from term to term.
Shirley, Hyde Park, i. 2.
2. To strain so as to rend ; wrench by strain or
jar; rend; disintegrate; disjoint: as, a racking
cough ; to rack a ship to pieces by slanting shot.
The duke
Dare no more stretch this finger of mine than he
Dare rack his own. Shak., M. for M., v. 1. 317.
3. To torture by violent stretching; stretch on
a frame by means of a windlass ; subject to the
punishment of the rack. See racfc1, n., 2 (b).
He was racked and miserably tormented, to the intent
he should either chaunge his opinion or confesse other of
his profession. F oxe, A Table of French Martyrs, an. 1551.
An answer was returned by Lord Killnltagh to the effect
that "you ought to rack him if you saw cause, and hang
him if you found reason." Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 486.
Noblemen were exempt, the vulgar thought,
From racking, but, since law thinks otherwise,
I have been put to the rack.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 202.
Hence — 4. To put in torment ; affect with great
pain or distress ; torture in any way ; disturb
violently.
4928
My soul is rack'd till you dissolve my fears.
ISi-Hii. and Fl. (!), Faithful Friends, i. 1.
Lord, how my soul is rack'd betwixt the world and thee !
Quarles, Emblems, v. 9.
I will not rack myself with the Thought.
Stefle, Grief A-la-ilode, v. 1.
Kinraid was racked with agony from his dangling broken
leg, and his very life seemed leaving him.
Mrs. Qaskdl, Sylvia's Lovers, xxxviii.
5. To strain with anxiety, eagerness, curiosity,
or the like; subject to strenuous effort or in-
tense feeling; worry; agitate: as, to rack one's
invention or memory.
A barbarous phrase has often made me out of love with
a good sense ; and doubtful writing hath wracked me be-
yond my patience. B. Jonson, Discoveries.
It doth rack my brain why they should stay thus.
Shirley, Love in a Maze, v. 5.
6. To stretch or draw out of normal condition or
relation; strain beyond measure or propriety;
wrest; warp; distort; exaggerate; overstrain:
chiefly in figurative uses.
Albeit this is one of the places that hath been racked, as
I told you of racking Scriptures.
Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
For it so falls out
That what we have we prize not to the worth
While we enjoy it, but, being lack'd and lost,
Why, then we rack the value.
Shale., Much Ado, iv. 1. 222.
Pray, rack not honesty. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, ii. 6.
Hyperbole is racked to find terms of adoring admiration
for the queen. WUppU, Ess. and Rev. , II. 28.
7. To exact or obtain by rapacity ; get or gain
in excess or wrongfully. See rack-rent. [Ob-
solete or archaic.]
Each place abounding with fowle injuries,
And flld with treasure raekt with robberies.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, L 1306.
Why, honest master, here lies all my money,
The money I ha' rack'd by usury.
Fletcher (and another), Sea Voyage, i. 1.
Good for nought but to persuade their lords
To rack their rents and give o'er housekeeping.
Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, i. 1.
8f. To subject to extortion; practise rapacity
upon ; oppress by exaction.
The commons hast thou rack'd ; the clergy's bags
Are lank and lean with thy extortions.
, Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3. 131.
Here are no hard Landlords to racke vs with high rents,
or extorting fines. Copt. John Smith, Works, II. 188.
9. In mining, to wash on the rack. See rack^, n.,
5 (0- — 10. To place on or in a rack or frame
made for the purpose, either for storage or for
temporary need, as for draining, drying, or the
like. — 11. To form into or as if into a rack
or grating; give the appearance of a rack to. —
12. Naut., to seize together with cross-turns,
as two ropes — Racking turns, turns taken alternate-
ly over and under ropes, to bind them together. — To rack
a tackle, to seize two parts of a tackle together with rope-
yarn or spun-yarn, so that, if the fall is let go, the strain
will not be loosened.
rack1 (rak), n. [< ME. racke, a rack (for tor-
ture), rakkc, a straight bar, a rack for hay, a
framework, rekke, a bar, a framework above a
manger, a bar, a rack (for torture), later rak,
rack (as a roost, a frame for dishes, weapons,
etc.); < MD. racke, D. rak, a rack, = LG. rakk,
a shelf, = G. rack, a bar, rail, recke, a frame,
trestle, rack for supporting things, dial, reck,
scaffold, wooden horse; the lit. sense being
either (a) active, 'that which stretches,' as an
appliance for bending a bow, a frame for stretch-
ing the limbs in torture (rack in this sense also
involving the sense of 'framework' merely),
or (6) passive, 'that which is stretched,' hence
a straight bar (cf. Icel. rakkr, rakr, straight, =
Sw. rak, straight), a frame of bars (such as the
grating above a manger), a framework used in
torture (involving also the orig. active notion
of 'stretching'), a bar with teeth, a thing ex-
torted, etc.; from the verb. Cf. G. reckbank, a
rack (means of torture), < recken, stretch, +
bank, bench.] If. A bar.
Hevie rekkes binde to hire fet.
Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints (ed. Furnivall), xv.
[192.
2 . A frame or apparatus for stretching or strain-
ing. Specifically — (a) A windlass or winch for bending
a bow ; the part of the crossbow in which the gaffle moved.
Halliwett.
These bows . . . were bent only by a man's immediate
strength, without the help of any bender or rack.
Bp. WUkins, Math. Magick. (Latham.)
(b) An instrument of torture by means of which the limbs
were pulled in different directions, so that the whole body
was subjected to a great tension, sufficient sometimes to
cause the bones to leave their sockets. The form of ap-
plication of the torture differed at different times. The
rack consisted essentially of a platform on which the body
rack
was hiiil, having at one end a fixed bar to which one pair of
limbs was fastened, and at the other end a movable bar
to which the other limbs were fastened, and which conk)
be forcibly pulled away from the fixed bar or rolled on
its own axis by means of a windlass* See judicial lortnre,
under torture.
Galows and racke.
Caxton, tr. of Reynard the Fox (ed. Arber), p. 24.
Take him hence; to the rack with him! Well touse you
Joint by joint, but we will know his purpose.
Shak., M. forM., v. 1.313.
3. Punishment by the rack, or by some similar
means of torture.
You have found a Person who would suffer Racks in
Honour's Cause. Congreve, Way of the World, iv. 13.
Hence — 4. A state of torture or extreme suf-
fering, physical or mental; great pain; rend-
ing anxiety ; anguish. See on the rack, below.
A fit of the stone puts a king to the racfr, anil makes him
as miserable as it does the meanest subject.
Sir W. Temple.
5. A grating or open framework of bars, wires,
or pegs on or in which articles are arranged or
deposited: much used in composition, as in
bottle-racfc, card-racfc, hat-racfc, letter-raefc. etc.
Specifically — (a) A grating on which bacon is laid, (b)
An open wooden framework placed above a manger or the
like, in which fodder for horses or cattle is laid.
From their full racks the generous steeds retire.
Addison.
(c) An openwork siding, high and flaring outward, placed
on a wagon for the conveyance of hay or straw, grain in
the sheaf, or other light and bulky material, (d) In print-
ing, an upright framework, with side-cleats or other
supports, for the storing of cases, of boards or galleys of
type, etc. : distinguished as case-rack gaUey-rack, etc. (e)
Naut., a fair-leader for a running rigging. (/) The cob-
iron of a grate. HaUiweU. (g) A framework for a table
aboard ship to hold dishes, etc., so as to keep them from
sliding or falling off : same as fiddle, 2. (A) A frame for
holding round shot in holes; a shot-rack, (t) In metal.,
an inclined wooden table on which fine ore is washed on a
small scale. It is one of the various simpler forms of the
huddle. (J) In woolen-cloth manvf., a frame in a stove or
room heated by steam-pipes on which the cloth is stretched
tightly after washing with fullers' earth, (k) In organ-
building, one of the thin boards, with perforations, which
support the upper part of the feet of the pipes.
6. In mack., a straight or very slightly curved
metallic bar, with teeth on one of its edges,
adapted to work into the teeth
of a wheel, pinion, or endless
screw, for converting a circular
Rack and Worm.
Rack and Pinion.
into a rectilinear motion, or vice versa. If the
rack is curved, it is called a segment-rack. If the teeth
are placed on the rack obliquely and it is used with a
worm instead of a wheel, it forms a rack-and-worm gear;
in the cut, a is the worm, 6 the rack, and c a friction-
wheel on which the back of 6 rolls, and which holds 6 in-
termeshed with a. See also cut under mutilated.
7. An anglers' creel or fish-basket. — 8. A fish-
weir. — 9. A measure of lacework counting 240
meshes perpendicularly. — 10. Reach : as, to
work by rack of eye (that is, to be guided by
the eye in working). — llf. That which is ex-
torted; exaction.
The great rents and racks would be insupportable.
SirE. Sandys, State of Religion.
In a high rack, in a high position. HaUiweU. [Prov.
Eng.]— On the rack, on the stretch by or as if by means
of a rack ; hence, in a state of tension or of torturing pain
or anxiety.
I wou'd have him ever to continue upon the Rack of
Fear and Jealousie. Congreve, Way of the World, ii. 1.
My Head and Heart are on the Rack about my Son.
Steele, Conscious Lovers, iv. 1.
Rack and pinion. See def. 6, above.— Rack-and-pin-
ion jack, a lifting-jack in which power is applied by
means of a rack and pinion.— Rack-and-pinion press,
a press in which force is transmitted through a pinion to
a rack connected with the follower. E. H. Knight. —
Rack-cutting machine, a milling-machine for cutting
the teeth of racks.— To live at rack and manger, to
live sumptuously and recklessly without regard to pecu-
niary means ; live on the best without reck of payment.
But while the Palatine was thus busily employ'd, and
lay with all his sea-horses, unbridl'd, unsaddl'd, at rack
rack
anil manger, secure and careless of any thing else hut of
carrying on tin' (treat work which he had begun . . .
The Pagan Prince (1690). (Nam.)
A Mustering, dissipated human figure . . . tearing out
the Iwwels of St. Edmundsbury Convent (its larders name-
ly ami cclhirs) in the most ruinous way, by living at rack
and manger there. Carlyle, fast and I'resent, ii. 1.
To put to the rack, to subject to the torture of the rack ;
cause to be racked ; hence, to torment with or about any-
thing ; subject to a state of keen suffering.
rack- (rak), H. [< ME. "rakke, < AS. lireacca,
lirccra, Jireca, the back of the head (L. occiput;
Sweet, Old Eng. Texts, p. 549).] The neck and
spino of a fore quarter of veal or mutton, or
the neck of mutton or pork. Halliirell.
A rack of mutton, sir.
And half a lamb. Middletnn, Chaste Maid, II. 2.
racket (rak), i: i. [Altered, to conform to
rooft8, »., from ME. reken (pret. rac), drive,
move, tend, < Icel. reka, drive, drift, toss, =
Sw. vraka = Dan. vrage, reject, drift, = AS.
wrecaii, drive, wreak, E. wreak: see wreak.
Of. rack&, re.] 1. To drive; move ; go forward
rapidly; stir.
His spere to his heorte rac. Layamon, 1. 9320.
To her sone sche gan to reke. Octoman, 1. 182.
Ichwule forthur reke. Out and Nightingale, 1. 1606.
2. To drive, as flying clouds.
Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun;
Not separated with the racking clouds,
Rut sever'd in a pale clear-shining sky.
Shale., 3 Hen. VI., ii. i. 27.
The clouds rack clear before the sun. B. Jonson.
rack3 (rak), ti. [< ME. rac, rak, rakke, < Icel.
rek, drift, a thing drifted ashore, jetsam; cf.
reki, drift, jetsam; < reka, drive, drift: see
rack3, v. Cf. rack* = irrack1, wreck.] Thin fly-
ing broken clouds ; also, any mass of floating
vapor in the sky.
There a tempest horn toke on the torres hegh :
A rak and a royde wynde rose in hor saile.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 19S4.
The great globe itself,
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded.
Leave not a rack behind.
Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. 166.
Up-piled
The cloudy rack slow journeying in the west.
Keatx, Endymion, ii.
As when across the sky the driving rack of the rain-cloud
Grows for a moment thin, and betrays the sun by its
brightness. Longfellow, Miles Standish, ix.
rack4 (rak), H. [Another spelling of wrack : see
wrack1, n., and cf. rack3, from the same ult.
source.] Same as wrack1: now used in the
phrases to go to rack, to go to rack and ruin.
We fell to talk largely of the want of some persons un-
derstanding to look after the business, but all goes to rack.
Pepi/*.
rack5 (rak), n. [A var. of rake2, a path, track:
Bee rake2.] 1. A rude narrow path, like the
track of a small animal. HaUiwett. [Prov.
Eng.] — 2. A rut in a road, HnlUweU. [Prov.
Eng.]
rack6 (rak), v. A dialectal form of reck.
rack7t (rak), v. t. [A dial, form for what would
be reg. "retell, < ME. reeehen, racchen, recheit
(pret. rahte, rehte, raugte), rule, < AS. reecan,
direct, extend, reach forth, explain, say: see
rack1, and cf. retell1 and reckon.'] To relate;
tell. HalKwttt.
rack8 (rak), v. i. [Perhaps a particular use of
rack3,v. By some supposed to be a var. of rock*.]
To move with the gait called a rack.
His Rain-deer, racking with proud and stately pace,
Giveth to his flock a right beautiful grace.
Peele, An Eclogue.
Berratto [It.], a bonlting cloth, asieue; tracking of a
horse. Borattare, to sift or boult meale. Also a racking
between an amble and a trot. Florio.
rack8 (rak), H. [< rack*, •/•.] A gait of the horse
between a trot and a gallop (or canter), in which
the fore feet move as in a slow gallop, while the
hind feet move as in a trot (or pace), it is usu-
ally an artificial gait, but is sometimes hereditary or natu-
ral. There is much confusion of terms in respect to this
ftait. due to the fact that the gait itself is somewhat varied,
according as the racker carries the one or the other fore
foot foremost in the galloping motion of the fore feet ; that
many confound the rack with the pace, the two words
often being used as synonymous; and that many have
mistaken the use of the words pace and atnble. There is
abundant evidence that the American "pace" of to-day is
the "amble" of Europeans of the last century and earlier.
The motion of the hind feet is the same in the trot, the
pace, and the rack. In the trot the diagonal hind and
fore feet move nearly simultaneously. In the pace or
amble the hind and fore feet of the same side move nearly
simultaneously. See cut in next column.
rack0 (rak), ». [A var. of rock3, by confusion
with rack1. Cf. n/rkS, a supposed var. of rock2.]
A distaff; a rock.
310
4929
Successive Positions of a Horse in one Stride of the Rack. (After
instnntancnus photographs by Eadweard Muybridge.)
The sisters turn the wheel,
Empty the woolly rack, and fill the reel.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv. 423.
rack10 (rak), «'. t. [Appar. first in pp. racked,
rackt ; < OF. raquer, pp. raque, in rin raque,
"small or corse wine, squeezed from the dregs
of the grapes, already drained of all their best
moisture " (Cotgrave) ; origin uncertain ; ac-
cording to Wedgwood, < Languedoc araca, rack,
< men, husks or dregs of grapes; according to
Skeat, for orig. *rasqxer — Sp. Pg. Pr. rascar,
scratch; cf. Sp. Pg. rasgar, tear apart: see
/VM/|5.] To draw off from the lees ; draw off,
as pure liquor from its sediment: as, to rack
cider or wine ; to rack off liquor.
Rackt wines — that is, wines cleansed and so purged that
it may be and is drawne from the leese. Mintheu, 1617.
rack11 (rak), n. [Partly by apheresis from ar-
rack; cf. Sp. raque, arrack, Turk, raqi, a spir-
ituous drink, from the same ult. source : see ar-
rack.'] 1. Same as arrack.
Their ordinary drink is Tea : but they make themselves
merry with hot Rack, which sometimes also they mix with
their Tea. Dampier, Voyages, II. 1. 63.
2. A liquor made chiefly of brandy, sugar,
lemons (or other fruit), and spices. Bfilliwell.
— Rack punch, a punch made with arrack.
I don't love rack punch. Sictft, To Stella, xxxv.
If slices of ripe pineapple be put into good arrack, and
the spirit kept for a considerable time, it mellows down and
acquires a very delicious flavour. This quality is much
valued for making rack-punch.
Spom' Encyc. Manuf., I. 220.
rackla (rak), H. [Origin obscure.] A young
rabbit. See the quotation.
Rack*, or young rabbits about two months old, which
have not lost their first coat. Ure, Diet., IV. 380.
rackabones (rak'a-bonz), ». [< rack1, v., + a
(insignificant) +"boncs.] A very lean person
or animal. [Colloq., U. S.]
He is a little afraid that this mettlesome charger can-
not be trusted going down hill ; otherwise he would let
go of the old rackabones that hobbles behind [the vehicle).
New York Tribune. June 13, 1862.
rackapelt (rak'a-pelt), H. [Cf. rackabonen.~\
An idle rascal. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
rackarock (rak'a-rok), n. [< rack1, v., + a2 +
rock1. Cf. rendrock.] An explosive consisting
of about three parts of potassium chlorate to
one part of nitrobenzol.
rack-bar (rak'bar), n. Naut., a billet of wood
used to twist the bight of a rope called a swifter,
in order to bind a raft firmly together.
rack-block (rak'blok), n. Naut., a range of
sheaves cut in one piece of wood for running-
ropes to lead through.
rack-calipers (rak'kal"i-perz), n. pi. Calipers
of which the legs are actuated by a rack-and-
pinion motion. E. H. Knight.
rack-car (rak'kar), n. A freight-car roofed
over and with sides formed of slats with open
spaces between.
rack-compass (rak'kum"pas), «. A joiners'
compass with a rack adjustment. E. H. Knight.
racker1 (rak'£r), n. [= D. rakker = MLG. rack-
er, raclier, LG. rakker = G. racker = Sw. rack-
tin- = D:iu. rakker; as rack1, r., + -er1.] 1.
One who puts to the rack; a torturer or tor-
racket
mentor. — 2. One who wrests, twists, or dis-
torts.
Such rackerx of orthography. Shak., L. L. L., v. 1. 21.
3. One who harasses by exactions : ;is. ;i jw/.vr
of tenants. .s'ic//V,
racker2 (nik'i-r), «. [< rack& + -er1.] Ahorse
tlnit inoves with a racking triiit.
racker3 (rak'er), n. [< rack™ + -er1.] A de-
vice for racking liquor, or drawing it off from
the lees; also, a person who racks liquors.
The filling of casks Is effected by Smith's rackers.
Engineer, LXVI. 151.
racket1 (rak'et), n. [< Gael, racnid, a noise,
disturbance, < rac, make a noise like geese or
ducks; Ir. racan, noise, riot. Cf. ruckle.'] 1.
A disorderly, confusing noise, as of commin-
gled play or strife and loud talk ; any prolonged
clatter; din; clamor; hurly-burly.
Pray. what 's all that racket over our heads? . . . My
brother and I can scarce hear ourselves speak.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, it 6.
2. A disturbance ; a row ; also, a noisy gath-
ering; a scene of clamorous or eager merri-
ment. [Colloq.]
Chav. Adzfiesh, forsooth, yonder haz been a most heavy
racket; by the zide of the wood there is a curious hansom
gentlewoman lies as dead as a herring, and bleeds like
any stuck pig. Unnatural Mother (1698). (Nares.)
3. A clamorous outburst, as of indignation or
other emotion; a noisy manifestation of feel-
ing: as, to make a racket about a trifle; to
raise a racket about one's ears. [Colloq.] — 4.
Something going on, whether noisily and open-
ly or quietly; a special proceeding, scheme,
project, or the like : a slang use of very wide
application: as, what's the racket? (what is
going on J) ; to go on a racket (to engage in a
lark or go on a spree) ; to be on to a person's
racket (to detect his secret aim or purpose) ; to
work the racket (to carry on a particular scheme
or undertaking, especially one of a "shady"
character) ; to stand the racket (to take the
consequences, or abide the result).
He is ready as myself to stand the racket of subsequent
proceedings.
Daily Telegraph (London), Sept. 8, 1882. (Encyc. Diet.)
He had been off on the racket, perhaps for a week at a
time.
Daily Telegraph (LondonX Nov. 16, 188fl. (Encyc. Diet.)
"Lucky I learned that signal rfflcJte(,"said Jack, as, still
at a furious pace, he made cuts in different directions
with his extemporized flag. The Century, XXXIX. 527.
To give the name of legislation to the proceedings at
Albany over the Fair Bill yesterday would be an abuse of
language. The proper name for them was "tumbling to
the racket." The Assembly passed the bill without de-
bate and almost unanimously, much as they might pass a
bill authorizing a man to change his name.
New York Evening Pout, Jan. 29, 1890.
5. A smart stroke; a rap. [Prov. Eng. and
Scotch.]
racket1 (rak'et), r. [< racket!, n.] I. intrutis. 1.
To make a rattling or clattering noise; raise a
tumult; move noisily.
The wind blazed and racketed through the narrow space
between the house and the hill. S. Judd, Margaret, £ 17.
2. To engage or take part in a racket of any
kind; frequent noisy or tumultuous scenes;
carry on eager or energetic action of some spe-
cial kind. [Colloq.]
Old Gineral Pierpont, his gret-gret-grandfather, was a
glneral in the British army in Injy, an' he racketed round
'mong them nabobs out there, an1 got no end o' gold an'
precious stones. H. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 571.
3. To be dissipated ; indulge to excess in social
pleasures. [Colloq.]
I have been racketing lately, having dined twice with
Rogers and once with Grant.
Macaulay, in Trevelyan, I. 302.
II. trans. To utter noisily or tumultuously ;
clamor out. [Rare.]
Then think, then speak, then drink their sound again.
And racket round about this body's court
These two sweet words, "Tis safe.
B. Jonson, Case is Altered, iv. 4.
racket2 (rak'et), n. [Also racquet, raquet; <
ME. raket = D. rakct= MLG. ragget=G. racket,
raket, rakett = Dan. Sw. raket, < OP. assibi-
lated rnehete, raclictte, rasquete, raxquette, a
racket, battledore, also the palm of the hand,
F. rnquette, a racket, battledore, < Sp. raqueta
= It. racclietta, also Jncclictta. a racket, battle-
dore (cf. ML. racha), < Ar. raliat, palm of the
hand, pi. rah, the palms ; i'f. palmi, 1, the game
so called, tennis.] 1. The instrument with
which players at tennis and like games strike
the ball ; a bat consisting usually of a thin strip
of wood bent into a somewhat elliptical hoop,
racket
Rackets.
", b, racket and ball used in Italy in the i7th century ; i, d, racket
and ball in present use.
across which a network of cord or catgut is
stretched, and to which a handle is attached.
But kanstow pleyen raket to and fro?
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 460.
Th' Hail, which the Winde full in his face doth yerk,
Smarter than Racquets in a Court re-ierk
Balls 'gainst the Walls of the black-boorded house.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Captaines.
'Tis but a ball bandied to and fro, and every man car-
ries a racket about him, to strike it from himself among
the rest of the company.
Swft, Tale of a Tub, Author's Pref.
2. pi. A modern variety of the old game of
tennis.
He could shoot* play rackets, whist, and cricket better
than most people, and was a consummate horseman on
any animal under any circumstances.
Whyte Melville, White Hose, I. xili.
Some British officers, playing nifl.it.*: had struck a ball
to where he was sitting, nineteenth Century, XXVI. 801.
3. A kind of net. HaUiwell. — 4. A snow-shoe:
an Anglicized form of the French raqtiette.
[Bare.]
Their [the Canadian Indians') Uogges are like Foxes,
which spend not, neuer glue oner, and haue rackets tyed
vnder their feet, the better to runne on the snow.
1'urchas, Pilgrimage, p. 758.
6. A broad wooden shoe or patten for a horse
or other draft-animal, to enable him to step on
marshy or soft ground. — 6. A bird's tail-fea-
ther shaped like a racket ; a spatule. The racket
may result from a spatulate enlargement of the webs
at or near the end of the feather ; or from the lack, natu-
ral or artificial, of webbing along a part of the feather,
beyond which the feather is webbed ; or from coiling of
the end of the feather. These formations are exhibited
in the motmots, in some humming-birds and birds of para-
dise, and in various others, and are illustrated in the fig-
ures under Monwtus, Prionilurus, and Cincinnurus. Some
feathers springing from the head acquire a similar shape.
See cut under I'antia.
7f. A musical instrument of the seventeenth
century, consisting of a mouthpiece with a dou-
ble reed, and a wooden tube repeatedly bent
upon itself, and pierced with several finger-
holes. Its compass was limited, and the tone weak and
difficult to produce. Several varieties or sizes were made,
as of the bombard, which it resembled. Early in the
eighteenth century it was replaced by the modern bassoon.
8. An organ-stop giving tones similar to those
of the above instrument.
racket'2t (rak'et), v. t. [(racket2, ».] To strike
with or as if with a racket ; toss.
Thus, like a tennis-ball, is poor man racketed from one
temptation to another, till at last he hazard eternal ruin.
Hewyt, Nine Sermons, p. 60.
racket-court (rak'et-kort), n. A court or area
in which the game of rackets is played ; a ten-
nis-court.
racketer (rak'et-er), n. [< racket1 + -er1.] A
person given to racketing or noisy frolicking ;
one who leads a gay or dissipated life.
At a private concert last night with my cousins and Miss
Clements ; and again to be at a play this night ; I shall be
a racketer, I doubt.
Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, I. letter xvi.
racket-ground (rak'et-ground), «. Same as
racket-court.
The area, it appeared from Mr. Roker's statement, was
the racket-ground. Dickens, Pickwick, xli.
rackettail (rak'et-tal), n. A humming-bird
of the genus Discurus and related forms, having
two feathers of the tail shaped like rackets.
racket-tailed (rak'et-tald), «. Having the
tail formed in part like a racket ; having a
racket on the tail, as the motmots (Momotidse),
certain humming-birds (Discurus, etc.), or a
parrakeet of the genus Prionitiiriix.
4930
rackety (rak'et-i). (I. [< racket1 + -y1.]
Making or characterized by a racket or noise ;
noisy: as, a rackety company orplace. [Colloq.]
This strange metamorphosis in the racketty little Irish-
man. Kingsley, Two Years Ago, vii. (Davies.)
In the rackety bowling-alley.
C. F. Woolson, Anne, p. 193.
rack-fisht(rak'fish), «. [Origin unknown ; prob.
either for * wrack fish or for rockfisli, q. v.] A
fish, of what kind is not determined. *'. Clarke,
Four Plantations in America (1670), p. 5.
rack-hook (rak'huk), n. In a repeating clock,
a part of the striking-mechanism which en-
gages the teeth of the rack in succession when
the hours are struck ; the gathering-piece or
pallet. E. H. Knight.
racking1 (rak'ing), n. [Verbal u. of rack1, r.]
1. The act of torturing on the rack. — 2. Naut.,
a piece of small stuff used to rack a tackle. —
3. In metallurgical operations, same as rag-
ging. 2.
racking2 (rak'ing), n. [Verbal n. of rack*, «.]
In the manege, same as raek&.
racking-can (rak'ing-kan), n. A vessel from
which wine can be drawn without disturbing
the lees, which remain at the bottom.
racking-COCk (rak'iug-kok), «. A form of
faucet used in racking off wine or ale from the
cask or from the lees in the fermenting-vat.
racking-crook (rak'ing-kruk), n. A hook hung
in an open chimney to support a pot or kettle.
See trammel. Also called ratten-crook.
racking-faucet (rakMng-fa'set), H. Same as
rackiny-cock.
racking-pump (rak'ing-pump), n. A pump for
the transfer of liquors from vats to casks, etc..
when the difference of level is such as to pre-
vent the use of a siphon or faucet.
racking-table (rak'ing-ta'bl), n. A wooden
table or frame used in Cornwall for washing
tin ore, which is distributed over the surface
of the table with a solid rake or hard brush,
whence the name: sometimes corrupted into
ragging-table. See framing-table.
rackle (rak'l), r. t. andt.; pret. and pp. ruckled,
ppr. rackling. [Perhaps a var. of rattle1 ; but
cf. racket1.'] To rattle. [Prov. Eng.]
rackle (rak'l), u. [Cf . rackle, v., racket1.] Noisy
talk. [Prov. Eng.]
rackoonti "• An obsolete spelling of racoon.
rack-pin (rak'pin), n. A small rack-stick.
rack-rail (rak'ral), n. A rail laid alongside the
bearing-rails of a railway, having cogs into
which works a cog-wheel on the locomotive :
now used only in some forms of inclined-plane
railway.
rack-railway (rak'ral'wa), «. A railway op-
erated with the aid of rack-rails.
The first rack-railway in France wag opened lately at
Langres. Nature, XXXVII. 328.
rack-rent (rak'rent), n. [< rack1, v., + rentf,
n.] A rent raised to the highest possible limit ;
a rent greater than any tenant can reasonably
be expected to pay: used especially of land-
rents in Ireland.
Some thousand families are . . . preparing to go from
hence and settle themselves in America, . . . the farmers,
whose beneficial bargains are now become a rackrent too
hard to be borne, and those who have any ready money,
or can purchase any by the sale of their goods or leases,
because they find their fortunes hourly decaying.
Swtft, Intelligencer, No. 19.
Rack-rent ... is the highest annual rent that can be ob-
tained by the competition of those who desire to become
tenants. It is not a strictly legal term, though sometimes
used in Acts of Parliament ; in legal documents it is rep-
resented by "the best rent that can be obtained without a
fine." F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 152.
rack-rent (rak'rent), r. [< rack-rent, «.] I.
trans. To subject to the payment of rack-rent.
The land-lord rack-renting and evicting him [the tenant]
with the help of the civil and military resources of the
law. W. S. Gregg, Irish Hist, for Eng. Readers, p. 160.
II. intrans. To impose rack-rents.
Hence the chief gradually acquired the characteristics
of what naturalists have called " synthetic " and "pro-
phetic" types combining the features of the modern gom-
been-man with those of the modem rack-renting landlord.
Huxley, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXVI. 788.
rack-renter (rak'ren/l'ter), «. [< rack-rent +
-cr1.] 1. One who is subjected to the payment
of rack-rent.
The yearly rent of the land, which the rack-renter or un-
der tenant pays. Locke.
2. One who rack-rents his tenants.
The entire Tory and Unionist alliance went on its knees,
so to speak, during the Autumn to implore the rack-rent-
ers to moderation. Contemporary Rev., LI. 124.
rack-saw (rak'sa). n. A wide-toothed saw.
racy
rack-stick (rak'stik), «. A stick suitably pre-
pared for stretching or straining a rope or the
like, as in fastening a load on a wagon.— Rack-
stick and lashing, a piece of two-inch rope, about u
feet long, fastened to a pieket about If) inches long, hav-
ing a hole in its head to receive the rope, farrmt; Mil.
Encyc.
rack-tail (rak'tal), «. In a repeating clock, a
bent arm connected with the striking-mecha-
nism, having a pin at its end which drops upon
the notched wheel that determines the number
of strokes.
rackwork (rak'werk), n. A piece of mecha-
nism in which a rack is used; a rack and pinion
or the like. See cut under rack1.
raconteur (ra-k6n-ter'), n. [F., < raconter, re-
late: see recount1.] A story-teller; a person
given to or skilled in relating anecdotes, re-
counting adventures, or the like.
There never was, in my opinion, a raconteur, from
Charles Lamb or Theodore Hook down to G ilbert a Beckett
or H. J. Byron, . . . who Bpoke and told anecdotes at a
dinner-table, . . . that was not conscious that he was go-
ing to be funny.
Lester Wallack, in Scribner's Mag., IV. 721.
racoon, raccoon (ra-kou'), «. [Formerly also
rackoon, rackcoon, by apheresis from earlier
arocoun, aroughcun, arottyhcontl, < Amer. Ind.
arathcone, arrathkune, a racoon. Hence, by
further apheresis, coon. The F. raton, racoon,
is an accom. form, simulating F. raton, a rat:
see ratten.] A small plantigrade carnivorous
quadruped of the arctoid series of the order
Feree, belonging to the family I'rocyonidee and
genus Procyon. The common racoon is />. lotor, so
called from its habit of dipping its food in water, as if
Common Racoon {Procyon lotor).
washing it, before eating. This animal is about 2 feet long,
with a stout body, a bushy ringed tail, short limbs, pointed
ears, broad face, and very sharp snout, of a general grayish
coloration, with light and dark markings on the face. It
is common in southerly parts of the United States, and
feeds on fruits and other vegetable as well as animal sub-
stances. Its flesh is eatable, and the fur, much used for
making caps, is called coonskin. The racoon is readily
tamed, and makes an amusing pet. Other members of the
genus are P. psirra of California (perhaps only a nominal
species) and the quite distinct /'. cancrivorus, the crab-
eating racoon, of the warmer parts of America, known as
the agovara.
A beast they call Aroughcun, much like a badger, but
vseth to liue on trees as squirrels doe.
Capt. John Smith, Virginia, 1. 124.
Quil-darting Porcupines and Jiackcoones be
Castled in the hollow of an aged Tree.
S. Clarke, Four Plantations in America (1670), p. 32.
racoon-berry (ra-kou'ber"i), «. The May-ap-
ple, Podopliyllmnpeltatum. [U. 8.]
racoon-dog (ra-kon'dog). ». An Asiatic and
Japanese animal of the family Canidse, Nycte-
reutes jrrocyonoides, a kind of dog having an as-
pect suggesting a racoon. See cut under Nyc-
tereutes.
racoon-oyster (ra-kon'ois'ter), «. An uncul-
tivated oyster growing on muddy banks ex-
posed at low tide. [Southern coast, U. S.]
racoon-perch (ra-kon'perch), n. The common
yellow perch, Perca americana, of the Missis-
sippi valley : so called from bands around the
body something like those of a racoon's tail.
See cut under perch1.
Racovian (ra-ko'vi-an), a. and n. [< Hacow
(in Poland) (NL. Bacoma) + -tan.] I. a. Per-
taining or relating to Eakow, a town of Po-
land, or to the Socinians, who made it their
chief seat in the first part of the seventeenth
century: as, the Bacorian Catechism (a popu-
lar exposition of Socinianism : see catechism, 2).
II. n. An inhabitant of Rakow, or an adhe-
rent of the Unitarian doctrines formerly taught
there; specifically, a Polish Socinian.
racquet, «. See racket^.
racy (ra'si), a. [< race* + -y1.] 1. Having
an agreeably peculiar flavor, of a kind that
may be supposed to be imparted by the soil,
as wine ; peculiarly palatable.
racy
The hospitable sage, in sign
Of social welcome, mix'd the racy wine.
Pope, Odyssey, iii. :.(i:i.
2. Having a strong distinctive ami agreeable
quality of any kind ; spirited ; pungent ; pi-
quant ; spicy : a.s, a ritcij style ; a nicy anecdote.
Brisk racy verses, in which we
The soil from whence they came taste, smell, and see.
Cowley, Ans. to Verses.
His ballads are raciest when brimmed with the element
that most attracts the author.
E. C. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 282.
Book English has gone round the world, but at home
we still preserve the racy idioms of our fathers.
Jt. L. Stevenson, The Foreigner at Home.
3. Pertaining to race or kind; racially distinc-
tive or peculiar; of native origin or quality.
Yorkshire has such families here and there, . . . pecu-
liar, racy, vigorous ; of good blood and strong brain.
Charlotte Lronte, Shirley, ix.
The eyes [of a Gordon setter) must be full of animation,
of a rich color, between brown and gold; the neck must
be clean and racy. The Century, XXXI. 118.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Racy, Spicy. These words agree in ex-
pressing a quality that is relished, physically or mentally.
Literally, racy applies to the peculiar flavor which wines
derive from the soil, and spict/ to the flavor given to food
breezes, etc., by spice. Figuratively, that is racy which is
agreeably fresh and distinctive in thought and expression ;
that is sic which is areeab -
likely to be found in raciness.
rad1 (rad), a. [< ME. rad, < Icel. lirieddr = Sw.
rddd = Dan. raid, afraid.] Afraid ; frightened.
[Old Eng. and Scotch.]
We were so rad euerilkon,
When that he put besyde the stone,
We qwoke for ferd, and durst styr none,
And sore we wereabast.
York Plays, p. 416.
She seyd, " Without consent of me,
That an Outlaw suld come befor a King ;
I am right rad of treasonrie."
Sang of the Outlaw Murray (Child's Ballads, VI. 27).
rad2t, a. A Middle English form of rath1.
rad3t. A Middle English preterit of ride.
rad4t. An obsolete preterit of read1.
rad5 (rad), «. [Abbr. of radical.] A radical.
[Low.]
He 's got what will buy him bread and cheese when the
Radi shut up the Church. Trollope, Dr. Thome, xxxv.
raddet. An obsolete preterit of read1.
raddle1 (rad'l), ». [Early mod. E. radcl, redle;
also (in verb) ruddle; perhaps a transposed form
of hurdle ; or formed from wreathe or writhe (ef .
writhle, r.) and confused with hurdle, or with
riddle* (ME. rcdel, etc.), a curtain.] 1. A hur-
dle. [Prov. Eng.]— 2. pi. Small wood or sticks
split like laths to bind a wall for the plastering
it over with loam or mortar. Ken nett . IHalli-
well.)
In old time the houses of the Britons were slightlie set
vp with a few posts and many radels, with stable and all
offices under one roofe.
Harrison, Descrip. of Britain, ii. 12. (IJolinshed's Chron.)
3. A piece of wood interwoven with others be-
tween stakes to form a fence. [Prov. Eng.]—
4. A hedge formed by interweaving the shoots
and branches of trees or shrubs. [Prov. Eng.]
— 5. A wooden bar with a row of upright
pegs, employed by domestic weavers in some
places to keep the warp of a proper width, and
to prevent it from becoming entangled when it
is wound upon the beam. — 6. In metal-icorkiiiij,
a rabble.
raddle1 (rad'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. raddled, ppr.
raddling. [Formerly also redle, ruddle; < rad-
dle1^.] 1. To weave; interweave; wind to-
gether; wattle.
Raddling or working it up like basket work.
Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, xxv.
2f. To "baste"; beat.
Robin Hood drew his sword so good,
The peddler drew his brand,
And he hath raddled him, bold Robin Hood,
So that he scarce can stand.
Ballad of Robin Uood.
raddle2 (rad'l), w. [Var. of reddle, ruddle1.] 1.
Same as reddle.— 2. A layer of red pigment.
Some of us have more serious things to hide than a yel-
low cheek behind a raddle of rouge.
Thackeray, Roundabout Papers, A Medal of George the
[Fourth.
raddle2 (rad'l), v. t.; pret. and pp. raddled, ppr.
raddling. [< raddle^, ».] 1 . To paint with or
as if with raddle ; color coarsely, as with rouge.
Can there be any more dreary object than those whiten-
ed and raddled old women who shudder at the slips?
Thackeray, Newcomes, xx.
2. To get over (work) in a careless, slovenly
manner. [Prov. Bug.] Imp. met.
4931
raddle-hedge (rad'1-hej), n. Same as raddle1, 4.
raddlemant, «. Same as reddleman. Fuller,
Worthies, III. 38.
raddock (rad'ok), n. A dialectal form of rud-
dock.
raddourt, «. See redout:
radeH (rad). A dialectal (Old English and
Scotch) preterit of ride.
rade- (rad), H. A dialectal (Scotch) or obsolete
form of road.
radeau (ra-do'), n. ; pi. radeaux (-doz'). [< F.
radeau = Pr. radelh, < ML. "ratellua (also, after
OF., radellus, rasellus), dim. of L. ratis, raft,
vessel.] A raft.
Three vessels under sail, and one at anchor, above Split
Bock, and behind it the radeau Thunderer.
Irving. (Webster.)
Rademacher's plaster. See plaster.
radevoret, '<• [ME., prob. of OF. origin; per-
haps orig. OF. *ras de Fore: ran (Sp. It. raso),
a sort of smooth cloth (see rash*) ; de, of ; * Fore,
perhaps the town of Lavaur in Lauguedoc. Of.
F. ran de Chalons, ras de Gennes, similar cloth
from the places named.] A sort of cloth or
textile fabric usually explained as ' tapestry' or
'striped stuff tapestry.'
radiance
(d) The fourth joint, counting from the base, of the pedi-
palp of a spider.
radiale (ra-di-S'le), «.; pi. radialia (-li-a).
[NL., neut. of ni/lidlin, radial: see radii!).]
In zool. and ana/.: (a) The radipcarpal bone;
that bone of the wrist which is situated on the
radial side of the proximal row of carpals, in
special relation with the radius. In man this
bone is the scaphoid. Compare ulnare, and see
cuts under hand and carpus, (b) One of the
rays of the cup of a crinoid. See radial, n. (c),
and cut under Crinoidea. (c) A cartilage radiat-
ing from the base of the fins of elasmobranchi-
ate fishes. See cut under pterygium. (d) Same
as radial, n. (b). See liypercoracoid.
radialis (ra-di-a'lis),TO.; pi. radiates- (-lez). [NL.
radialis (sc. mttsculus, etc.), radial : see radial.]
In anat., a radial muscle, artery, vein, or nerve :
chiefly used adjectively as a part of certain
Latin phrase-names of muscles: as, flexor car-
pi radialis ; extensor carpi radialis longior or
brevier. See flexor, extensor.
radiality (ra-di-al'i-ti), n. [< radial + -ity.]
The character or structure of a radiate organ-
ism; formation of rays, or disposition of rayed
parts; radial symmetry. Sometimes called ra-
diateness and radiism.
So that°she werken'and embrowden kouthe, radialization (ra-di-al-i-za'shon), n. [< radi-
And weven in stole the radevore, ali:e + -ation.] Arrangement in radiating
As hyt of wymmen hath be woved yore. forms ; radiation.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2352.
radget (raj), «. Same as radge.
radial (ra'di-al), a. and n. [< F. radial = It.
radiale, < NL. 'radialis, < L. radius, ray, radius:
see radius, ray1.'} I. a. Of or pertaining to a
ray or a radius (or radii) ; having the character
or appearance of a ray or a radius ; grouped or
appearing like radii or rays; shooting out as
from a center ; being or moving in the direction
of the radius.
At a little distance from the center the wind is probably
nearly radial. Science, III. 94.
Specifically — (a) In anat., of or pertaining in any way to
the radius (see radius, 2): as, the radial artery, nerve,
vein; radial articulations or movements; the radial side
or aspect of the arm, wrist, or hand ; the radial group of
muscles ; the radial pronator or supinator. (6) In zool.,
rayed, radiate, or radiating ; of or pertaining to the rays,
arms, or radiating processes of an animal ; relating to the
radially disposed or actinomeric parts of the Radiata and
similar animals. See cut under medusiform. (c) Inichth.,
of or pertaining to the radialia. See radiale (c).
The cartilaginous, or ossified, basal and radial supports
of the flns. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 38.
(d) Intot.: (1) Belonging to a ray, as of an umbel or of a
flower-head in the Composite. (•>) Developing uniformly
on all sides of the axis : opposed to btfacial or dorsiverttral
Goc&rf.— Radial ambulacral vessels. See ambulocrol.
—Radial artery, the smaller of the branches resulting
from the bifurcation of the brachial artery at the elbow,
extending in a straight line on the outer side of the front
of the forearm to the wrist, where it turns around the radi-
al side of the carpus and descends to the upper part of the
flrst interosseous space, where it penetrates the palm of
the hand to help form the deep palmar arch. Just above
the wrist it lies subcutaneously on the ulnar side of the
tendon of the long supinator, and is here commonly felt
in ascertaining the pulse. Its chief branches, besides the
muscular and cutaneous ones, are the radial recurrent and
the anterior and posterior carpals.— Radial axle-box
See axle-box.— Radial bundle, in bot., a flbrovascular
bundle in which the phloem and xylem are arranged in
alternating radii. Compare cloned, collateral, and concen-
tric bundle, under bundle.
The last form is the radial, where the bundle* of phloem
and xylem are arranged alternately in the central flbro- vas-
cular axis. Encyc. Brit., XII. 18.
Radial cells, in entmn., same aspostcostal cellules (which
see, under postcoxtal).— Radial curve, in geotn., a curve
most conveniently expressed by means of the radius vec-
tor as one coordinate : spirals and the quadratrix of Dim w-
tratus are radial curves. —Radial drilling-machine See
clrHlingwachine.— Radial flbers of the retina. See sun-
tentacular fibers, under sustentacular.— Radial formula,
the expression of the number of rays in the flns of a flsh by
the initial letters of the names of the flns and the numbers
of their rays: thus, the radial formula for the yellow perch
is D, XIII. + 1. 14 ; A, II. + 7; P, 15 ; V, I. 5— where the
Roman numerals are the spines and the Arabic the rays
of the dorsal, anal, pectoral, and ventral flns respectively.
-Radial nerve. See nerve.- Radial-piston water-
wheel. See water- wheel.— Radial plates, in crinoids.
the set or system of plates which includes the joints of the
stem, arms and pinnules, the centrodorsal plate, and the
radial plate proper : distinguished from pcrismnatic plates.
—Radial recurrent artery, a branch of the rad ial artery,
given off near its origin, that turns backward to join in the
anastomosis about the elbow.— Radial symmetry. See
symmetry.— Radial vein. See mannnal vein, under mar-
ginal.
II. >i. A radiating or radial part ; a ray. Spe-
cifically, in anat. and zool. : (a) A radiale. (6) In iehth. the
radius or hypercoracoid (a bone), (c) One of the Joints of
the branches of a crinoid, between the brachials and the
basals ; one of the joints of the second order, or of a divi-
sion of the basals. See cut under Crinoidea.
The two radials [of a crinoid] on either side of the larg-
est basal . . . are broader than the other two.
Quart. Jour. deal. Soc., XLV. 150.
Thus the rocks exhibit much evidence of a siliciflcation
(and often of a radialization possibly connected with it).
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., XLV. 267.
radialize (ra'di-al-Iz), «. t. ; pret. and pp. ra-
dialized, ppr. radializing. [< radial + -ire.] To
render radiate ; make ray-like.
One fragment exhibits part of a large radialized struc-
ture within a spherulitic matrix.
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., XLV. 249.
radially (ra'di-al-i), adv. I. In a radial or ra-
diating manner ; in the manner of radii or rays :
as, lines diverging radially.
As the growth [of the fungus] spreads outward radially,
the inner hypho.-, having sucked all the organic matter
out of the ground, perish.
S. B. Herrick, Wonders of riant Life, p. 82.
2. In entom., toward or over the radius (a vein
of the wing): as, a color-band radially dilated.
radian (ra'di-an), n. [< radius + -an.} The
angle subtended at the center of a circle by an
arc equal in length to the radius. Also called
the unit angle in circular measure. It is equal
to 57° 17' 44".80625 nearly.
radiance (ra'di-ans), n. [< F. radiance, < ML.
radiantia, radiance, < L. radio »(t-)s, radiant:
see radiant.] 1. Brightness shooting in rays
or beams ; hence, in general, brilliant or spark-
ling luster; vivid brightness.
The sacred radiance of the sun. Shak., Lear, i. 1. 111.
The Son, . . .
Girt with omnipotence, with radiance crown'd
Of majesty divine. Milton, P. L ., vii. 194.
Life, like a dome of many-coloured glass,
Stains the white radiance of eternity.
Shelley, Adonais, Hi.
2. Radiation.
Thus we have . . . (S) Theory of radiance.
J. Clerk Maxwell, in Encyc. Brit., XIX. 2.
= Syn. 1. Kadiance, Brilliance, Brilliancy, Efulgence, Reful-
gence. Splendor, Luster. These words agree in representing
the shooting out of rays or beams in an impressive way.
Radiance is the most steady ; it is generally a light that is
agreeable to the eyes ; hence the word is often chosen for
corresponding figurative expressions : as, the radiance of
his cheerfulness; the radiance of the gospel. Brilliance
represents a light that is strong, often too strong to be
agreeable, and marked by variation or play and penetra-
tion: as. the brilliance of a diamond orof fireworks. Hence,
figuratively, the brilliancy of the scene at a wedding: the
radiance of humor, the brillianci/ of wit. Brilliance is more
often literal, brilliancy figurative. Effulgence is a splendid
light, seeming to fill to overflowing every place where it is
— a strong, flooding, but not necessarily intense or painful
light : as, the effulgence of the noonday sun ; the effulgence
of the attributes of God. Hence a courtier might by figure
speak of the effulgence, of Queen Elizabeth's beauty. Kejul-
lience is often the same as effulgence, but sometimes weaker.
Splendor, which is more often used figuratively, is, when
used literally, about the same as refulgence. Luster is the
only one of these words which does not imply that the ob-
ject gives forth light; luster may be used where the light
is either emitted or reflected, but latterly more often re-
flected : as, the luster of silk. Luster is generally, like
brilliance, a varying light, but it may be simply two or
three degrees weaker than splendor. For comparison with
glisten, glitter, etc., see glare, t>. i.
Twere all one
That I should love a bright particular star
And think to wed it, he is so above me.
In his bright radiance and collateral light
Must 1 be comforted. Shak., All's Well, i. 1. 99.
There is an appearance of brilliancy in the pleasures of
high life which naturally dazzles the young. Craig.
Effulgence of my glory, Son beloved.
Hilton, P. L., vi. (!80.
mlmll
Or, a Chief Radi-
ant, Sable.
radiance
Th. mull they fell, they fell like stars,
.Streaming xplendrmr through the sky.
Montgomery, Battle of Aleximdrhi.
The smiling infant in his hand shall take
The crestod basilisk and speckled snake,
Pleased the green lustre of the scales survey.
And with their forky tongues shall innocently play.
Pope, Messiah, 1. 32.
radiancy (ra'di-an-si), a. [As radiance (see
-<'.V)-] Same as railiinici .
radiant (ra'di-ant), a. and 11. [Early mod. E.
raflititinl ; < OF. radiant, F. radiant = Sp. Pg.
radiante = It. radiante, raggiante, < L. nuli-
aii(t-)s, ppr. of radiare, radiate, shine: see ra-
diate.] I. a. 1. Darting, shooting, or emit-
ting rays of light or heat ; shining ; sparkling ;
beaming with brightness, literally or figurative-
ly: as, the radiant sun ; a radiant countenance.
Mark, what radiant state she spreads.
Milton, Arcades, 1. 14.
A sudden star, it shot through liquid air,
And drew behind a radiant trail of hair.
Pope, R. of the L, v. 128.
His features radiant as the soul within.
O. W. Holmes, Vestigia Quinque Retrnnum.
2. Giving out rays; proceeding in the form of
rays; resembling rays; radiating; also, radi-
ated; radiate: as, radiant heat.
.1 01 uis . . . made him a ahadowynge place for his defence
agaynst the radyaunt heet of the sonne in the syde of an
hyll. Bp. Fisher, Seven Penitential Psalms, Ps. cxxx.
The passage of radiant heat, as such, through any me-
dium does not heat it at all.
W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature (1st ed.), p. 46.
When this [radiation of fibers] takes place in an open cav-
ity, producing brush-like forms, they arc termed radiant.
Encyc. Brit,, XVI. 370.
3. In her. : (a) Edged with rays: said of an
ordinary or other bearing such as is usually
bounded with straight lines, the
rays generally appearing like
long indentations. See ray1, 8.
(6) Giving off rays, which do
not form a broken or indent-
ed edge to the bearing, but
stream from it, its outline be-
ing usually perfect and the
rays apparently streaming from
behind it. — 4. In hot., radiating; radiate. —
Radiant energy. See energy.— Radiant heat See
heat, 2.— Radiant mattar, a phrase used by Crookes
to describe a highly rarefied gas, or " ultra-gaseous mat-
ter," which is found to produce certain peculiar me-
chanical and luminous effects when a charge of high-po-
tential electricity is passed through it. For example, in a
vacuum-tube exhausted to one millionth of an atmosphere
(a Crookes tube) the molecules of the gas present are pro-
jected from the negative pole in streams, and if they are
made to strike against a delicately poised wheel they set
it in motion ; if on a piece of calcite, they make it phos-
phorescent, etc.— Radiant neuration, In entom., neura-
tion characterized by a number of veins radiating outward
from a small roundish areolet or cell in the disk of the
wing, as in certain Diptera.— Radiant point, in physics.
the point from which rays of light or heat proceed. Also
called radiating point— Radiant veins or nervures,
in entojn., veins or nervures radiating from a single small
wing-cell. =Syn, 1. Beaming, resplendent. See radiance.
II. n. 1. In optics, a luminous point or ob-
ject from which light radiates to the eye, or to
a mirror or lens; a point considered as the
focus of a pencil of rays. — 2. In astron., the
point in the heavens from which the shooting-
stars of a meteoric shower seem to proceed:
thus, the radiant of the shower of November
13th is near the star C Leonis, and these meteors
are hence called the Leonides. Similarly the mete-
ors of November 27th (which are connected with Biela's
comet, and are often called the Bielidett) have their radiant
not far from y Andromedse, and are also known aa the
Androinedes or Andrometlids.
radiantly (ra'di-ant-li), adv. 1. With radiant
or beaming brightness; with glittering splen-
dor.— 2. By radiation; in the manner of rays;
radiatingly. [Rare.]
Healthy human actions should spring radiantly (like
rays) from some single heart motive.
Ritskin, Elements of Drawing, iii.
Radiariat (ra-di-a'ri-ii), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi.
of radiariiits, radiate: see radiary.] 1. In La-
marck's classification (1801-12), a class of ani-
mals, divided into the orders Mollia, or aca-
lephs, and Echinoderma (the latter including
the Actinise). — 2. In Owen's classification
(1855), a subprovince of the province Radiata,
containing the five classes Echinodcrmatii,
Bryozoa, Anthozoa, Acalej>hse, and Hydrozoa. —
3. In H. Milne-Ed wards's classification (1855),
the first subbranch of Zoophytes (contrasted
with Sarcodaria), containing the three classes
of echinoderms, acalephs, and corals or polyps.
radiaryt (ra'di-a-ri), a. and «. [= F. rarliaire,
< NL. radiariiui, < L. radius, a ray, radius : see
radius.] In zool., same as radiate.
4932
Radiata (ra-di-a'ta). ». ;>/. [XL., neut. pi. of
L. radiatUK, radiate: sec rndinti', ".] 1. In
Cuvier's system of classification, the fourth
grand branch of the animal kingdom, contain-
ing "the radiated animals or zoSphytes." It
was divided into five classes : (1) Echinodermata ; (2) En-
tnziia, or intestinal worms; (3) Acalepha, or sea-nettles;
(4) Polypi; (5) Infusoria: thus a mere waste-basket for
animals not elsewhere located to Cuvier's satisfaction.
It was accepted and advocated by L. Agassiz after its
restriction to the echinoderms, acalephs, and polyps, in
which sense it was very generally adopted for many years.
But the group has now been abolished, and its compo-
nents are widely distributed in other phyla and classes
of the animal kingdom, as Protozoa, Ccelentera, Echinoder-
mata, and \'ermes.
The lower groups of which he [CuvierJ knew least, and
which he threw into one great heterogeneous assemblage,
the Radiata, have been altogether remodelled and re-
arranged. . . . Whatever fonn the classification of the
Animal Kingdom may eventually take, the Cuvierian Ha-
diata Is, In my judgment, effectually abolished.
Huxley, Classification (1869), p. 86.
2. In later classifications, with various limita-
tions and restrictions of sense 1. (o) The old
Radiata without the Infunnrin. (b) Same as Echinnder-
inata proper; Ambulacraria (which see) without the ge-
nus Balanoglossus. Metschnikof. (c) In Owen's system
(1S55X one of four provinces of the animal kingdom, di-
vided into Radiaria, Entozoa (ccelelmlnths and sterel-
minths), and Infusoria (the latter containing Rotifera
and Polyyastria).
radiate (ra'di-at), r. ; pret. and pp. radiated,
ppr. radiating. [< L. radiatux, pp. of radiare,
furnish with spokes, give out rays, radiate,
shine (> It. radiare, rai/</iarf = Sp. Pg. radiar
= F. radier, radiate, shine), < radius, a spoke,
ray: see radian, ray*.] I. intrans. 1. To issue
and proceed in rays or straight lines from a
point; spread directly outward from a center
or nucleus, as the spokes of a wheel, heat and
light, etc.
Light . . . radiates from luminous bodies directly to
our eyes. Locke, Elem. of N ut. Phil., xi.
But It [the wood] is traversed by plates of parenchyma,
or cellular tissue of the same nature as the pith, which
radiate from that to the bark.
A. Gray, Structural Botany, p. 74.
When the light diminishes, as in twilight, the circular
fibers relax, the previously stretched radiatiny fibers con-
tract by elasticity, and enlarge the pupil.
Le Conte, Sight, p. 39.
2. To emit rays; be radiant: as, a radiating
body. — 3. To spread in all directions from a
central source or cause; proceed outward as
from a focus to all accessible points.
The moral law lies at the center of nature, and radiates
to the circumference. Enterson. Nature, p. 51.
Enjoyment radiates. It Is of no use to try and take
care of all the world : that is being taken care of when
you feel delight in art or in anything else.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, ,\\i i
II. trans. 1. To emit or send out in direct
lines, as from a point or focus; hence, to cause
to proceed or diverge in all directions, as from
a source or cause; communicate by direct em-
anation: as, the sun radiates heat and light.
Donatello . . . seemed to radiate, jollity out of his whole
nimble person. Hawthorne, Marble Faun, x.
The Wonder . . . looked full enough of life to radiate
vitality into a statue of ice.
0. W. Holmes, A Mortal Antipathy, vi.
Mountain tops gather clouds around them for the same
reason : they cool themselves by radiating their heat,
through the dry superincumbent air, into space.
/.'. J. Mann, in Modern Meteorology, p. 23.
2. To furnish with rays ; cause to have or to
consist of rays ; make radial.
Elsewhere, a brilliant radiated formation was conspic-
uous, spreading, at four opposite points, into four vast
luminous expansions, compared to feather-glumes, or
aigrettes. A. M. Clerke, Astron. in 19th Cent, p. 88.
Radiating keyboard or pedals, in ortian-building, a
pedal keyboard in which the pedals are placed closer to-
gether in front than behind, so as to enable the player to
reach them with equal ease.— Radiating point. Same
as radiant point (which see, under radiant). — Radiating
power. Same as radiative power (which see, under radi
ative).
radiate (ra'di-at), a. and n. [< L. ratHatlU,
having rays, radiating, pp. of radiare, radiate,
furnish with spokes: see radiate, c.] I. «. 1.
Having a ray, rays, or ray-like parts; having
lines or projec-
tions proceeding
from a common
center or sur-
face ; rayed : as,
a radiate animal
(amemberof the
Radiata); eradi-
ate mineral (one
with rayed crys-
tals or fibers) ; a
radiate flower-head. Specifically— (a) In zool.: (1)
Characterized by or exhibiting radial symmetry, or radia-
radiation
tlon ; having the whole structure, or some parts of it, radi-
ating from a common center; radiatory; rayed; actino-
meric. (2) (if or pertaining to the Cuvierian Radinta: as,
"the radiate mob." Huxley, (b) In bot., bearing ray-flow-
ers : said chiefly of a head among the Composite, in which
a disk of tubular florets is encircled by one or more rows of
radially spreading ligulate florets, as in the daisy and sun-
flower; or in which all the florets are ligulate, as in the
dandelion and chicory.
2. Constituting a ray or rays; proceeding or
extending outward from a center or focus; ra-
diating: as, the radiate fibers of some minerals
and plants; the radiate petals of a flower or
florets of a head.
A school-house plant on every hill,
Stretehing in radiate nerve-lines thence
The quick wires of intelligence.
V'hMier, Snow-Bound.
3. In numismatic and similar descriptions, rep-
Radiate Head of Galliemis.— From an aureus in the British Mu-
seum. (Twice the size of the original. )'
resented with rays proceeding from it, as a head
or bust: as, the head of the Emperor Caracalla,
diate Structure.— Wavellite.
The sun-god Helios rising from the sea, showing radiate head.
(Metope from New Ilium in the Troad.)
radiate; the head of Helios (the sun-god), ra-
diate.
II. ». 1. A ray-like projection; a ray.
The tin salt crystallised out in transparent, shining nee-
dles, arranged in clusters of radiates about nuclei.
Amer. Chem. Jour., XI. 82.
2. A member of the Radiata, in any sense.
radiated (ra'di-a-ted), p. a. [< radiate + -«rf2.]
Same as radiate — Radiated animals. See Radio-
(a.— Radiated falcon. See falcon.— Radiated wing-
cells, In entom., wing-cells formed principally by diverg-
ing nervures, as in the earwig.
radiately (ra'di-at-li), adv. In a radiate man-
ner ; with radiation from a common center ; ra-
dially— Radiately veined or nerved, in bot., same as
palmately veined or nerved. See nervation.
radiateness (ra'di-at-nes), n. Same as radi-
(ility.
radiate-veined (ra'di-at-vand), a. In bot.,
palmately veined. See nervation.
radiatiform (ra-di-a'ti-form), a. [< L. radiatus,
radiate, + forma, form.] In bot., having the
appearance of being radiate : said of heads, as
in some species of Centaurea, having some of
the marginal flowers enlarged, but not truly
ligulate.
radiatingly (ra'di-a-ting-ii), adv. Same as ra-
d in f/'li/.
radiation (ra-di-a'shon), n. [< F. radiation
= Sp. radiation = Pg. radiafSii = It. radi-
aziotie, < L. radiatio(n-), shining, radiation, <
radiare, shine, radiate: see radiate.] 1. The
act of radiating, or the state of being radiated ;
specifically, emission and diffusion of rays of
light and the so-called rays of heat. Physically
speaking, radiation is the transformation of the molecu-
lar energy of a hot body — that is, any body above the ab-
solute zero (—273° C.) — into the wave-motion of the sur-
rounding ether, and the propagation of these ether waves
through space. Hence, every body is the source of radia-
tion, but the character of the radiation varies, depending
radiation
chiefly upon the temperature of the body ; it is called lu-
minous or obscure, according as it Is or is not capable; uf
exciting the sensation of light. See further radiant energy
(under eneryy), alsu heat, linhti, ttpectrum.
Radiation is the rommniiirjition of vibratory motion to
the ether, and when a body is said to be chilled by radia-
tion, as for example the grass of a meadow on a starlight
night, the meaning is that the molecules of the grass have
lost a portion of their motion, by imparting it to the
medium in which they vibrate. Tyiutall, Radiation, § 2.
Any substance . . . will become heated by radiation to
the greatest degree when its surface is made rough anil
completely black, so that it can absorb all the rays falling
upon it. Lmmml, Light (trans.), p. 198.
2. The divergence or shooting forth of rays
from a point or focus. — 3. In zool., the struc-
tural character of a radiate ; the radiate con-
dition, quality, or type; the radiate arrange-
ment of parts. Also radiimii — Direct radiation
and indirect radiation, phrases used in describing the
method of heating by steam-radiators, according as the
radiator is actually in the room heated or is inclosed in a
space beneath, from which the hot air is distributed by
tin pipes, as in simple heating by a hot-air furnace. In
both cases the heat is communicated by convection, and
in the case of indirect radiation not at all by radiation.
— Dynamic radiation, a phrase introduced by Tyndall
to describe the radiation of a pas when the heat is not
due to an outside source, but is developed by the molecu-
lar motion as the gas passes rapidly into an exhausted
vessel. — Solar radiation, the radiation of the sun as
measured by the heat which the earth receives from it.
— Terrestrial radiation, the communication of heat
by the earth to the surrounding ether, by means of radia-
tion.
radiative (ra'di-a-tiv), «. [< radiate + -4ve.~\
Having a tendency to radiate ; possessing the
quality of radiation. —Radiative or radiating
power, the ability of a body to radiate heat — that is, phys-
ically, to transform its own heat-energy into the wave-
motion of the surrounding ether. It depends, other
things being equal, upon the nature of the surface of the
body, being a maximum for lampblack and a minimum
for polished metallic surfaces : thus, a mass of hot water
will cool more rapidly in a vessel with a dull-black sur-
face than in one which is polished and bright, like silver.
The radiative and absorbing powers of a substance are
identical, and are the opposite of the reflecting power.
Also called emissive power.
radiator (ra'di-a-tor), »i. [< radiate + -or1.] 1.
Anything which radiates ; a body or substance
from which rays of heat emanate or radiate. —
2. A part of a heating apparatus designed to
communicate heat to a room, chiefly by con-
vection, but partly, in some cases, by radiation.
upward through passages in base k'. c, an indirect steam -radiator: ....
base ; f, tubes ; cold air from without is admitted at /, and passes over
radiator as indicated by arrows; k, flues up which warm air passes
to register./.
A common form of radiator is a sheet-iron drum or cyl-
inder containing deflectors or baffle-plates, placed over a
fireplace to cause the volatile products of combustion to
give up their heat as they pass: a heating-drum. A steam-
radiator consists of a mass of coiled or flexed pipes to which
steam for heating is conveyed through a continuous pipe
from a boiler, and which is provided with suitable valves
for the control of the steam.
radiatory (ra'di-a-to-ri), «. [< radiate 4- -or#.]
Radiating; having parts arranged like rays
around a center or axis; rayed; actinomeric.
radical (rad'i-kal), a. and n. [< F. radical =
Pr. Sp. Pg. radical = It. radicale = D. radikaal
= Gr. Sw. Dan. radikal, < LL. radical-is, of or
pertaining to the root, having roots, radical,
< L. radix (radio-), root: see radix."] I. a. 1.
Pertaining or relating to a root or to roots.
The cause of a thynne and watery radycall moyster to
suche thynges as drawe theyr nuryshement therof.
.R. Eden, tr. of Gonzalus Oviedus (First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 227).
Specifically — (a) In bat., belonging to the root: opposed
to cauline. See radical leaven and radical pedurtcle, be-
low. (6) In phUnl., of the nature of or pertaining to a
root, or a primary or underived word or main part of a
word : as, a radical word ; a radical letter or syllable ;
radical accentuation, (c) In math., consisting of or in-
dicating one <>f tlit- nmts of a number: as, a radical ex-
pression ; tin- rit'ii'rtil H;JU. (il) In cheat., noting any atom
4933
or group of atoms which is, for the moment, regarded as a
chief constituent of the molecules uf a given compound,
and which does not lose its integrity in the ordinary i-hein-
ical reactions to which the substance is liable. Coofce,
(.'hem. Philos., p. 106.
2. Making part of the essential nature of the
subject or thing concerned ; existing inherent-
ly; intrinsic; organic: as, radical defects of
character; a radical fault of construction ; tin-
radical principles of an art or of religion. The
Latin word first occurs, about the beginning of the tbii -
teenth century, in the phrase humidum radicale, or radi-
cal moisture, that moisture in an animal or a plant which
cannot be expelled without killing the organism which
was supposed to remain unchanged throughout life, and
to be the chief principle of vitality. The word seeuis to
translate the pseudo-Aristotelian u>s dp eiwot TIS pi£ai, 'as
one may say, roots'— an expression applied to moisture
and certain other conditions as being essential to the life
of plants.
Radicall moisture, or first or naturall moisture, spml
like a dew thorow all the parts of the bodie, wherewith
such parts are nourished : which moisture, being once
wasted, can neuer be restored. Minsheit.
Whilst thus my sorrow-wasting soul was feeding
Upon the radical humour of her thought.
Quarles, Emblems, iv. 12.
This radical error . . . has contributed more than any
other cause to prevent the formation of popular constitu-
tional governments. Calhoun, Works, I. 30.
3. Of or pertaining to the root or foundation
of the subject ; concerned with or based upon
fundamental principles; hence, thoroughgoing;
extreme: as, a radical truth; a radical differ-
ence of opinion; radical views ,or measures; the
Radical party in British politics.
His works ... are more radical in spirit and tendency
than any others, for they strike at all cant whatever,
whether it be the cant of monarchy or the cant of democ-
racy. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 147.
4. {cap.'] Of or pertaining to a political party
or body of persons known as Radicals (see
II., 4, below): as, a Radical candidate; the
Radical program — Radi-
cal axis of two circles.
See aaasi.— Radical bass, in
music, same as fundamental
bass (which see, under /unda-
mental).— Radical cadence,
in immc, a cadence consisting
of chords in their original posi-
tion.—Radical center of
three circles in a plane, the
intersection of the three radi-
cal axes of the three pairs of the
three circles.— Radical curve. See curve.— Radical
expression, an expression containing radical signs, es-
pecially a quantity expressed as a root of another. Some-
times loosely called a radical quantity. — Radical func-
tion. See function.— Radical leaves, leaves springing
from the root, or, properly, from a part of the stem near to
and resembling the root. In many herbs (primrose, dan-
delion, etc.) all or nearly all the leaves are thus clustered
at the base of the stem. See cuts under Hieracium and
Ornithoyalum.— Radical molsturet. See above, def. 2.
— Radical peduncle, a peduncle that proceeds from the
axil of a radical leaf, as in the primrose and cowslip.—
Radical pitch, the pitch or tone with which the utter-
ance of a syllable begins. — Radical plane, the plane of
intersection of two spheres other than the plane at in-
finity, whether the circle of intersection be real or not. —
Radical Sign, the sign y (a modified form of the letter
r, the initial of Latin radix, root), placed before any quan-
tity, denoting that its root is to be extracted : thus, \ a or
y a + b. To distinguish the particular root, a number is
written over the sign : thus, f , ^ , y , etc., denote
respectively the square root, cube root, fourth root, etc.
In the case of the square root, however, the number is
usually omitted, and merely the sign written. The same
sign is much used to mark a so-called root or radical ele-
ment of words. — Radical Stress, in elocution, the force
of utterance falling on the initial part of a syllable or word.
= Syn. 3. There may be a distinction between a radical
reform, change, cure, or the like, and one that is thorough,
entire, complete, or thoroughgoing, radical emphasizing only
the fact of going to the root, whether there is thorough-
ness or entireness or not. Yet that which is radical is
likely to be thorough, etc.
II. n. 1. In philol.: (a) A radical word or
part of a word; especially, a primitive word
or verbal element serving as a root of inflected
or derivative words. (6) A radical letter; a
letter forming an essential part of the primitive
form or root of a word. Also radicle. — 2. In
ehem., an element or group of combined ele-
ments which remains after one or more ele-
ments have been removed from a compound.
(See the quotation.) The term is chiefly applied to
compound radicals, which are assumed to exist in com-
pound bodies and to remain intact in many of the chem-
ical changes which these bodies undergo. Thus the com-
pound radical ethyl, CoHs, appears in alcohol (CoHs-OHX
in ether ((C2H5)20X in ethylamine(C2H5.NH2)) etc., and
may be transferred without change, like an element, from
one of these compounds to the other. Also radicle.
The word radical stands for any atom or group of atoms
which is, for the moment, regarded as a chief constituent
of the molecules of a given compound, and which does
not lose its integrity in the ordinary chemical reactions
to which the substance is liable. ... As a general rule
the metallic atoms are basic radicals, while the non-metal-
lic atoms are acid radicals. . . . Among compound radical*
Radical Axes and Radical
Center.
radicant
those consisting of carbon and hydrogen alone are usu-
ally basic, and those containing oxygen also are usually
acid. Coolce, Chem. Philos., p. 108.
3. In iiiuxir, same as root. — 4. A person who
holds or acts according to radical principles ;
one who pursues a theory to its furthest appar-
ent limit ; an extremist, especially in politics.
In the political sense, in which the word has been most
used, a Radical is one who aims at thorough reform in
government from a liberal or democratic point of view,
or desires the establishment of what he regards as abstract
principles of right and justice, by the most direct and
uncompromising methods. The political Radicals of a
country generally constitute the extreme faction or wing
of the more liberal of the two leading parties, or act as a
separate party when their numbers are sufficient for the
exertion of any considerable influence. The name Radi-
cal is often applied as one of reproach to the members of
a party by their opponents. In the United States it has
been so applied at times to Democrats, and to Republi-
cans especially in the South about the period of recon-
struction. The French Radicals are often called the
Extreme Left. The British Radicals form an important
section of the Liberal party.
In politics they [the Independents] were, to use the
phrase of then- own time, "Hoot-and-Bianch men," or, to
use the kindred phrase of our own, Radicals. Macaulay.
He [President Johnson] did not receive a single South-
ern vote, and was detested through every Southern State
with a cordiality unknown in the case of any Northern
Iladical. The Nation, III. 141.
5. In aly., a quantity expressed as a root of
another quantity — Negative, organic, etc., radi-
cal. See the adjectives.
radicalise, v. See radicalize.
radicalism (rad'i-kal-izm), n. [= F. radica-
lisme = Sp. Pg. It. " radicalismo ; as radical +
-ism.'] The state or character of being radical;
the holding or carrying put of extreme princi-
ples on any subject ; specifically, extreme politi-
cal liberalism ; the doctrine or principle of un-
compromising reform in government; the sys-
tem or methods advocated by the political Radi-
cals of a country.
Radicalism endeavours to realize a state more in har-
mony with the character of the ideal man.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 511.
The year 1769 is veiy memorable in political history, for
it witnessed the birth of English Radicalism, and the nrst
serious attempts to reform and control Parliament by a
pressure from without, making its members habitually
subservient to their constituents.
Lecty, Eng. in 18th Cent., xi.
radicality (rad-i-kal'i-ti), «. [< radical + -%.]
1. The state or character of being radical, in
any sense. [Rare.] — 2f. Origination.
There may be equivocal seeds and hemiaphroditical
principles which contain the radicality and power of
different forms. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 17.
radicalize (rad'i-kal-Jz), v. ; pret. and pp. radi-
calized, ppr. radicalizing. [< radical + -ize.~\
1. trans. To make radical; cause to conform
to radical ideas, or to political radicalism.
[Recent.]
It is inferred . . . that Lord Salisbury means to radical-
ize his land programme for England.
Sea York Tribune, Feb. 18, 1887.
II. infra us. To become radical ; adopt or
carry out radical principles, or the doctrines of
political radicalism. [Recent.]
Indeed, it is hard to say which is the more surprising —
the goodwill shown by the Russians, and even by the
Russian Government, for a radicalising Republic, or the
fatuous admiration of certain French Republicans for the
most autocratic State in Europe.
Contemporary Rev., L1II. 303.
Also spelled radicalise.
radically (rad'i-kal-i), adv. 1. By root or
origin ; primitively ; originally ; naturally.
Tho' the Word [bless] be radically derived from the
Dutch Word, yet it would bear good Sense, and be very
pertinent to this Purpose, if we would fetch it from the
French Word " blesser," which is to hurt.
Hawell, Letters, I. vi. 55.
These great Orbs thus radically bright.
Prior, Solomon, i.
2. In a radical manner ; at the origin or root ;
fundamentally ; essentially : as, a scheme or
system radically wrong or defective.
The window tax, long condemned by universal consent
as a radically bad tax.
8. Dowell, Taxes in England, II. 313.
radicalness (rad'i-kal-nes), «. The state of be-
ing radical, in any sense.
radicand (rad-i-kand'), ». [< L. radicandus,
ger. of radicari, take root: see radicate.'] In
math., an expression of which a root is to be
extracted.
radicant (rad'i-kant), a. [< F. radicant, < L.
radican(t-)s, ppr. of radicari, take root: see
radicate.'] In bot., rooting; specifically, pro-
ducing roots from some part other than the
descending axis, as for the purpose of climb-
ing. Also radicating.
radicarian
radicarian (rad-i-ka'ri-an), a. [< L. radis (m-
dic-), root, + -arian.] Of or relating to roots.
The strength of the radicarian theory is that It accords
with all that we have learned as to the nature of language.
Whitney, Araer. Jour. 1'hilol., NOT., 1880, p. 838.
Radicata (rad-i-ka'ta), «. pi. [NL., neut. pi.
of L. radicatus, rooted: see radicate.'] A divi-
sion of polyzoaus: same as Articulata (d): op-
posed to Inenutata.
radicate (rad'i-kat), v. ; pret. and pp. radi-
cated, ppr. radicating. [< L. radicatus, pp. of
radicari (> It. radicare = Sp. Pg. Pr. radicar),
take or strike root, < radix (radic-), root : see
radix.] I. intrans. To take root.
For evergreens, especially such as are tender, prune them
not after planting till they do radicate. Evelyn, Sylva.
II. trans. To cause to take root ; root ; plant
deeply and firmly.
Often remembrance to them [noblemen] of their astate
may happen to radycate in theyr hartes intolerable pride.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 4.
This medical feature in the Essenes is not only found in
the Christians, but is found radicated in the very consti-
tution of that body. />, Quincey, Essenes, iii.
radicate (rad'i-kat), a. [< L. radicatus, pp. of
radicari, take root: see radicate, v.] 1. Inzool.:
(a) Booted ; fixed at the bottom as if rooted ;
growing from a fixed root or root-like part. (6)
Specifically, in conch.: (1) Byssiferous; fixed
byabyssus. (2) Adherent by the base to some
other body, as a limpet to a rock, (c) Rooted
and of a plant-like habit, as a polyzoan; not
incrusting like a lichen ; belonging to the Radi-
cata.— 2. In hot., rooted.
radicated (rad'i-ka-ted), p. a. [< radicate, v.,
+ -erf2.] Rooted, or having taken root : same
as radicate : as, a radicated stem.
If, therefore, you would not cheat yourselves, as multi-
tudes in this age have done, about your love to the breth-
ren, try not by the bare act, but by the radicated, preva-
lent degree of your love. Baxter, Saints' Rest, liL 11.
radicating (rad'i-kii-ting), p. a. In bot., same
as radieant.
radication (rad-i-ka'shon), ». [< P. radication
= Sp. radicacion = Pg.' radicacSo = It. radica-
zlone, < ML. radicatio(n-), < L. radicari, pp.
radicatus, take root: see radicate.] 1. The
process of taking root, or the state of being
rooted.
Pride is a sin of so deep radication, and so powerful in
the hearts of carnal men, that it will take advantage of
any condition. Baxter, Life of Faith, ul. 15.
2. In bot., the manner in which roots grow or
are arranged. — 3. In goal., fixation at the base,
as if rooted; the state of being radicate or rad-
icated.
radicet, »• An obsolete form of radish.
radical (rad'i-sel), u. [< F. radicelle = It. radi-
cella, < NL. *radicella, little root, dim. of L. ra-
dix (radic-), root.] 1. In bot., a minute root;
a rootlet. Also radicle. A. Gray. — 2. In zoiil.,
a rootlet or radicle.
radices, n. Plural of radix.
radicicolous (rad-i-sik'o-lus), a. [< L. radix
(radic-), root, + colere, inhabit.] Living upon
or infesting roots : specifically noting the root-
form of the phylloxera or vine-pest : contrasted
with gallicolous. See Phylloxera, 2.
radiciflorous (ra-dis-i-flo'rus), «. [< L. radix
(radic-), root, 4 flos (flor-), flower, + -OHS.]
Flowering (apparently) from the root. A. Gray.
radiciform (ra-dis'i-form), a. [= F. It. radi-
ciforme, < L. radix (radic-), root, + forma, form :
see form.'] 1 . In bot., of the nature or appear-
ance of a root. A. Gray.— 2. In zoiil., root-like
in aspect or function.
radicle (rad'i-kl), ». [= F. radicule = Sp. ra-
dicula, < L. radicula, rootlet, small root, also
radish, soapwort, dim. of radix (radic-), root:
see radix. Cf. radicel.] 1. In bot.: (a) A root-
let: same as radicel. (b) Specifically, same
as cauliele: by late writers appropriately re-
stricted to the rudimentary root at the lower
extremity of the cauliele.— 2. In anat. and
zool., a little root or root-like part; a radix:
as, the radicles of a vein (the minute vessels
which unite to form a vein); the radicle of a
nerve.— 3. Inphilol., same as radical, 1. [Un-
usual.]
Radicles are elementary relational parts of words. They
are generally single sounds — oftenest a consonant sound.
F. A.. March, Anglo Saxon Grammar (1869), p. 33.
4. In chem., same as radical, 2.
A radicle may consist of a single elementary atom, and
; then forms a simple radicle; or it may consist of a
group of atoms, in which case it constitutes a compound
radicle. W. A. Miller, Eleni. of Chemistry, § 1061.
4934
Adverse, centrifugal, centripetal radicle. See the
adjectives.
radicolous (ra-dik'o-lus), a. A contracted form
of radicieolous.
radicose (rad'i-kos), a. [= Sp. Pg. radicoso, <
L. radicosus, full of roots, < radis (radic-), a
root: see radix.] In bnt., hating a large root,
radicula (ra-dik'u-lil), «.; pi. niilii->i'l;r (-le).
[L. : see radicle.] In entom., a radicle,
radicular (ra-dik'u-lar), a. [< radicule + -tirs.]
Characterized by the presence of a radicle or
radicles.
As the first leaves produced are the cotyledons, this
stem is called the cotyledonary extremity of the embryo,
while the other is the radicular. Balfour.
Radicular odontome, an odontome formed on the neck
or root of a tooth.
radicule (rad'i-kul). n. [< F. radicule, < L. ra-
dicula, little root: see radicle.] In hot., same
as radicle, 1.
radiculose (ra-dik'u-los), a. [< NL. *radiculo-
gus, < L. radicula. rootlet : see radicle.] In bot.,
covered with radicles or rootlets.
radii, n. Plural of radiux.
radiism (ra'di-izm), n. [< L. radius, ray, +
-ism.] In zool., same as radiation, 3. Forbes,
Brit. Sea Urchins.
radiocarpal (ra"di-6-kar'pal), «. [< L. radius,
radius, -r NL. carpus, the wrist: see carpal.]
1. Pertaining to the radius and the carpus or
wrist: as, the radiocarpal articulation ; radio-
carpal ligaments. — 2. Situated on the radial
side of the wrist : as, the radiocarpal bone. See
radiale — Radiocarpal arteries, the anterior and pos-
terior carpal arteries ; small branches given off from the
radial at the wrist and passing to the front and back to
help form the anterior and posterior carpal arches.— Ra-
diocarpal articulation, the wrist-joint proper; the
jointing of the manus or third segment of the forelimb of
any vertebrate with the second or preceding segment. In
animals whose ulna is shorter than the radius this joint is
formed wholly by the radius in articulation with some or
all of the proximal row of carpal bones, constituting a
radiocarpal articulation in literal strictness ; but the ulna
often enters into this joint without altering its name. In
man, whose pronation and supination are perfect, the
ulna reaches the wrist, but is cut off from direct articula-
tion with any carpal by a button of cartilage interposed
between itself and the cuneiform, and the radius articu-
lates with lioth the scaphoid and the semilunar, so that
the human wrist-joint is properly radiocarpal.— Radio-
carpal ligament, the external lateral ligament of the
radiocai-pal articulation. It extends from the summit of
the styloid process of the radius to the outer side of the
scaphoid.
Radioflagellata (ra'di-o-flaj-e-la'ta), n. pi.
[NL. : see radioflagellate.] An order of animal-
cules emitting numerous ray-like pseudopodia,
after the manner of the Radiolaria, and pro-
vided at the same time with one or more flagel-
late appendages, but having no distinct oral
aperture. They are mostly marine. In Kent's
system they consist of two families, Actinomo-
nadidse and Euchitonidse.
radioflagellate (ra'di-o-flaj ' e-lat), a. [< L. ra-
dius, ray. + flagellum, a whip : see flagellate1.]
Having radiating pseudopodia aud flagella; of
or pertaining to the Radioflagellata.
radiograph (ra'di-o-graf), «. [< L. radius, ray,
+ Gr. jyxi0c/v, write.] An instrument for mea-
suring and recording the intensity of solar ra-
diation.
Wlnstanley has given his radiograph a form convenient
for continuous self-records.
Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 249.
radiohumeral (ra'di-o-hu'me-ral), a. [< L.
radius, ray, + humerus, •pTop.'umerus, a shoul-
der: see humeral.] Relating to the radius and
the humerus : as, the radiohumeral articulation
or ligament.
Radiola (ra-di'o-la), ». [NL. (J. F. Gmelin,
1791), so named in reference to the many
branches; < L. radiolus, a little ray, also a
plant resembling a fern, dim. of radius, a ray:
see radius, ray*.] A genus of polypetalous
plants of the order Linese, or flax family, and
tribe Enlinese, distinguished from the nearly
related genus LAnmn (flax) by its complete nu-
merical symmetry in fours (instead of fives),
having four toothed sepals, four twisted petals,
four distinct stamens, a four-celled ovary, four
styles, and an eight-celled, eight-seeded cap-
sule. The only species, R. Millegrana, native of the
temperate and subtropical parts of the Old World, is
a little annual with forking stem, opposite leaves, aud
minute white corymbose flowers. See allseed (d) and
Jfaxseed, 2.
Radiolaria (ra 'di-o-la'ri-a ), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. of "radiularis, < L. radiolus, a little ray : see
Radiola.] A class of filose non-corticate Pro-
tozoa : a name applied by Haeckel (in 1862) to
the protozoans called by Ehrenberg Po/i/ci/sMwa.
The radiolarians are marine' gymnomyxine protozoans in
which no contractile vacuoles are observed, having an amce-
A Radiolarian {Heliosphura pectinate*},
160 times natural size.
radiometer
bifonn body of spherical or conical figure with radiant
Hlose pscudopods, inclosing a similarly shaped perforated
test of membranous texture called the central capsule.
The intracapsnlar protoplasm is continuous through the
perforations with that which is extracapsular, and has a
large specialized
nucleus or sev-
eral such nuclei.
There is usually
a skeleton of sili-
cious spicules or
of the substance
ca'led acanthin,
and embedded in
the protoplasm
may be oil-glob-
ules, pigment-
granules, and
crystals. Most
radiolarians con-
tain peculiar nu-
cleated yellow
corpuscles regard-
ed as parasitic al-
gals. Reproduc-
tion both by fis-
sion and by sporu-
lation has been observed. The Itadiolaria have been di-
vided into the nbdMMWMfMbMi and A canthometridea,
according to the chemical composition of the skeleton,
the former subclass into 1'eripyl/ea, Mnnopyltfa, and Tri-
pylcea (or Phaodaria) ; into Mimocyttaria, with one cen-
tral capsule, and J'olycyttaria, with several such ; and in
various other ways. Ihe latest monographer arranges
them under four subclasses or "legions": (1) Peripylea
or Spumellaria, with 32 families; (2) Actipylea or Acan-
tharia, with 12 families ; (3) Mannpylea or Kassellaria,
with 26 families ; and (4) Cannopylea or Phxodaria, with
15 families. The term Jtadiolaria appears to have been
first used by Johannes Muller, in 18&, for the organisms
known as Polycystina, Thalassicolla. and Acanthametra.
The marine radiolarians all inhabit the superficial stra-
tum of the sea, and fabricate their skeletons of the in-
nuitesinmlly small proportion of silex which is dissolved
in sea-water. When they die these skeletons sink to the
bottom, forming geological strata. Extensive masses of
Tertiary rock, such as that which is found at Oran in
Algeria, and that which occurs at Bissex Hill in Barba-
dos, are very largely made up of exquisitely preserved
skeletons of Jtadiolaria, which are erroneously named
"fossil Infusoria." But, though there can be liltle doubt
that Jladiolaria abounded in the Cretaceous sea, none are
found in the Chalk, their silicious skeletons having prob-
ably been dissolved and redeposited as flint. Recent re-
mains of radiolarians enter largely into the composition
of the so-called radiolarian ooze.
radiolarian (ra"di-6-la'ri-an), a. and H. [< Ra-
diolaria + -an.] f. a. Of or pertaining to the
Radiolaria; containing or consisting of ra-
diolarians— Radiolarian ooze, the ooze or sediment
at the bottom of the sea, composed in part of the shells of
radiolarians. See globigerina-mud.
Their siliceous skeletons accumulate in some localities
... to such an extent as to form a Radiolarian ooze.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 507.
II. H. Any member of the Radiolaria.
radioli, «. Plural of radiolux.
radiolite (ra'di-o-lit), «. [< NL. radiolites, < ra-
diolus, dim. of L. radius, ray: see radius.] 1. A
member of the genus Radiolites. — 2. A variety
of natrolite, occurring in radiated forms in the
zircon-syenite of southern Norway.
Radiolites (ra"di-o-li'tez), n. [NL.: see radi-
olite.] A genus of Budista?, typical of the fam-
ily Radiolitidie. The typical species have at maturity
valves elevated in a coniform manner in opposite direc-
tions, and sculptured with radiating grooves and ridges.
Radiolitidae (ra"di-o-lit'i-de), n. pi [NL., <
Radiolites + -idse.] 'A family of Rudistee, typi-
fied by the genus Radiolites. The shell is very in-
equivalve and fixed by one valve; the hinge has one car-
dinal tooth and two fossa; in the fixed valve, and two
cardinal teeth in the free; the external layer of the shell
is thick and the internal thin ; the summit of the free
valve is nearly central in the adult, but submarginal in
the young. The family is characteristic of the Cretaceous
period.
radiolus (ra-di'o-lus), n. ; pi. radioli (-li). [NL.,
dim. of L. radius, a ray : see radius.] In ornith.,
one of the barbules, or rays of the second or-
der, of the main shaft of a feather Radioli ac-
cessorii, the barbules of the af tershaf t or hypoptilum of a
feather.
radiometer (ra-di-om'e-ter), n. [= F. radiome-
tre = Sp. radi6metro, < L. radius, a ray, -f Gr.
ftirpov, measure.] 1. An old instrument for
Radiometer or Cross- staff.
measuring angles; the cross-staff. Theendofthe
staff was held to the eye, and the crosspiece was shifted
until it just covered the angle to be measured, when the
latter was read off on the longitudinal staff.
Crookes's Radiometer.
radiometer
2. An instrument which serves to transform
radiant energy into mechanical work, it con-
sists of four crossed
arms of very fine glass,
supported in thecenter
by a needle-point, and
having at the extreme
ends thin vertical disks
or squares of pith,
blackened on one side.
When placed in a
glass vessel nearly ex-
hausted of air, and ex-
posed to rays of light
or heat, the blackened
surfaces absorb the ra-
diant energy and be-
come heated, the mole-
cules of the air remain-
ing in the vessel strik-
ing against them gain
from them greater ve-
locity, and there results
an increased pressure,
causing a more or less
rapid revolution of the
arms By varying the
conditions as to degree
of exhaustion, size of
bulb, etc., a number
of experiments are performed with the radiometer which
serve to illustrate the mechanical effects of the rapidly
moving molecules of a gas.
radiometric (ra"di-o-met'rik), a. Pertaining to
the radiometer, or to the experiments performed
radiomicrometer (ra"di-o-mi-krom'e-ter), «.
[< L. radius, ray, + E. micrometer.'] An in-
strument serving as a very delicate means of
measuring small amounts of heat, it consists
essentially of an antimony-bismuth thermo-electric cou-
ple of very small dimensions, with the ends joined by a
hoop of copper wire, and suspended by a slender thread in
a powerful magnetic field. It is claimed for it that it can
be made even more sensitive than Langley's bolometer.
radioimiKCular (ra"di-6-mus'ku-lar), a. [< L.
radius, radius, + musculus, muscle: see muscle1,
muscular."] In anat., pertaining to the radius
and to muscles: specifically noting muscular
branches of the radial artery and of the radial
nerve. Cones.
radiophone (ra'di-o-fon), •». [< L. radius, ray,
+ Gr. <j>avf/, voice, sound: seephone1."] An in-
strument in which a sound is produced by the
successive expansions and contractions of a
body under the action of an intermittent beam
of radiant heat thrown upon and absorbed by it.
radipphonic (ra/di-o-fon'ik), a. [< radiophone
+ -ifl.] Pertaining to radiophony, or the pro-
duction of sound by the action of a beam of
light and heat ; relating to the radiophone, or
produced by it.
radiophonics (ra/di-o-fon'iks),«. [PI. otradio-
phonic (see -ics)."] Same as radiophony.
radiophony (ra'di-o-fo-ni), ». [< L. radius, ray,
+ Gr. <fiuvrt, voice, sound : seephone1.] The pro-
duction of sound by the action of an intermit-
tent beam of radiant heat ; that branch of acous-
tics which considers sound so produced. For ex-
ample, if the beam from a lime-light is thrown upon a
rotating disk perforated with a series of holes, and, after
thus being rendered intermittent, is made to fall upon a
confined mass of a liquid or gas capable of absorbing
radiant heat, a musical note is obtained from the latter
whose pitch depends upon the rapidity of the rotation.
Similar results are obtained with a plate of an appropriate
solid, as hard rubber. Radiophony also includes the more
complex case where an intermittent beam of light, falling
upon a substance like selenium (also in a less degree sul-
phur), serves to vary its electrical resistance, and hence the
strength of current passing through it, so as to produce a
corresponding sound in a telephone-receiver placed in the
circuit. This is illustrated in the photophone.
radio-ulnar (ra"di-6-ul'nar), «. [< L. radius,
radius, + ulna, ulna : see ulna, vlnar."] Of or be-
longing to the radius and the ulna : as, the radio-
ulnar articulation — Radio-ulnar flbrocartilage.
See fibrocartilage.
radious (ra'di-us), a. [< ME. radinus, radyous,
radius, < OF. "radios, F. radieux = Sp. Pg. It. ra-
dioso, < L. radiosus, radiant, beaming, < radius,
a ray: see radius."] If. Consisting of rays, as
light. Berkeley. — 2f. Radiating; radiant.
His radious head with shameful thorns they tear.
G. Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death, st. 35.
3. In hot., same as radiant. [Rare.]
radish (rad'ish), n. [Formerly also raddish
(also dial, redisli, reddish, appar. simulating
reddish, of a red color); early mod. E. radice,
radyce ; < ME. radish = D. radijs = LG. rady.i
= G. radics = Dan. radis = Sw. radisa, radix,
radisa, < OF. radix, F. radix, a radish, < Pr. ra-
ditz, a root, a radish, = OF. mi's, rmz (also ra-
dice), a root, = It. radice, a root, radish, = AS.
rtedie, redic, erroneously hrsedie, ME. radik =
MLG. redik, redek, redich = OHG. rdtilt, rdtich,
'"G. rsetic.li. riilich, rcticli, G. rcttirh, re/tit/ =
4935
Dan. raddikr = Sw. riittiktt, a radish, < L. radix
(radic-), a root, in particular an edible root, esp.
a radish: see radix.'] 1. A plant, Rafilianus
sativus, cultivated forits edible root ; also other
species of the same genus. (See phrases below. )
The radish of cultivation is unknown in a wild state, but
is thought by many to be derived from the wild radish, A'.
Jtaphanistrum. It has been highly prized from the days
of ancient Egypt for its crisp ileshy root, which is little
nutritious, but pleasantly pungent and antiscorbutic, and
is mostly eaten raw as a relish or in salads. The radish
commonly must be young and fresh, but some varieties
are grown for winter use. The root varies greatly In size
(but is ordinarily eaten when small), in form (being long
and tapering, turnip-shaped, olive-shaped, etc.), and also
in color (being white, scarlet, pink, reddish-purple, yel-
lowish, or brown). The leaves were formerly boiled and
eaten, and the green pods make a pickle somewhat re-
sembling capers.
2. A root of this plant.
When a' was naked, he was, for all the world, like a
forked radish, with a head fantastically carved upon it
with a knife. Shalt., 2 Hen. IV., til. 2. 834.
3. Same as water-radish __ Horse radish. See
horse radish.— Rat-tall radish, a species (Ilaphanux cau-
datus) or perhaps a variety of the common radish, a cu-
riosity from the East Indies, with narrow pods a foot or
more long, which are boiled or pickled for the table.— Sea-
radish, or seaside radish, a variety of the wild radish,
sometimes regarded as a species (Raphanwt maritimus)
found on European coasts __ Wild radish, :i noxious field-
weed, Raphanus Raphanistrum, resembling charlock, but
haying necklace-formed pods, and hence sometimes called
fainted charlock. It has rough lyrate leaves, and yellow-
ish petals turning whitish or purplish. It is adventive in
the eastern United States.
radish-fly (rad'ish-fli), n. An American dip-
terous insect, Anthomyia raphani, injurious to
the radish.
radius (ra'di-us), n.; pi. radii(-l). [< L. radius,
a staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, a measuring-rod,
a semidiameter of a circle (as it were a spoke
of the wheel), a shuttle, spur of a bird, sting of
a fish, the radius of the arm; by transfer, a
beam of light, a ray. Cf. rayi (a doublet of
radius) and the derived radiant, radiate, irra-
diate, etc.] 1. In math., one of a number of
lines proceeding from a center;
a ray; especially, a line drawn
from the center to the periphery
of a circle or sphere; also, the
measure of the semidiameter. —
2. In anat. and :ool., the outer
one of the two bones of the fore-
arm, or corresponding part of
the fore leg; the bone on the thumb side of
the forearm, extending from the humerus to
the carpus, and bearing upon its distal end
the manus or hand : so called from its re-
volving, somewhat like a spoke, about the
ulna, as in man and other mammals whose
fore limb exhibits the motions called pronation
and supination. In most animals, however, the radius
is motionless, being fixed in a state of pronation, when it
appears as the inner rather than the outer of the two
bones, or as by far the larger bone, of the forearm, the
ulna being often much reduced. In man the radius
is as long as the ulna without the olecranon, and some-
what stouter, especially in its distal parts. It presents a
small, circular, cupped and button-like head, for articu-
lation with the capitulum of the humerus and lesser
sigmoid cavity of the ulna, following which is a constric-
tion termed the neck, and next to this a tubercle for the
insertion of the biceps muscle. The shaft enlarges from
above downward, and is of somewhat prismatic form, with
the sharpest edge of the prism presenting toward the
ulna. The lower end has two large articular facets for
articulation with the scaphoid and lunar bones (forming
the radiocarpal articulation, or wrist-joint), a lateral facet
for the radio-ulnar articulation, and a stout projection
called the styloid process, for the insertion of the supinator
longus muscle. The radius is pronated by the pronator
radii teres and pronator quadratus, and supinated by the
supinator longus and supinator brevis, assisted by the
biceps. Quite a similar form and disposition of the radius
characterize various mammals which use their fore paws
like hands, as monkeys, mice, squirrels, opossums, etc.
The radius of others, as the horse and ox, is more differ-
ent, and associated with a much reduced and ankylosed
ulna. In birds the radius is so peculiarly articulated with
the humerus that it slides lengthwise back and forth upon
the ulna in the opening and closing of the wing, prona-
tion and supination being absent in this class of animals.
See pronation and supination, and cuts under carpus, Ca-
tarrhina, Eqwi.se, forearm, ox, pinion, Plesiosaurus, and
solidunffulate.
3. In ichth., a bone of the pectoral arch, wrong-
ly identified by some naturalists with the ra-
dius of higher vertebrates. The one so called
by Cuvier is the hypercoracoid, and that of
Owen is the hypocoracoid. — 4. In en torn., a vein
of the wing of some insects, extending from
the pterostigma to the tip of the wing. — 5.
[<y<p.] In conch., a genus of Omtlidee. B. volra
is the shuttle-shell or weaver-shell. — 6. pi. In
ornitn., the barbs of the main shaft of a feather ;
the rays of the first order of the rachis. — 7. In
araclintiloii!/, one of the radiating lines of a geo-
metrical spider's web, which are connected by
radix
a single spiral line. — 8. In echinoderms, one
of the five radial pieces of the dentary apparatus
of a sea-urchin, being an arched rod-like piece
articulated at its base with the inner extremity
of each rotula, running more or less nearly par-
allel with the rotiila, and ending in a free bi-
furcated extremity. Also called the conijittsx
of the lantern of Aristotle (which see, under /tin-
tern). See also cut B under lantern. — 9. pi.
Specifically, in Cirripedia, the lateral parts of
the shell, as distinguished from the paries, when
they overlap: when overlapped by others, they
are called alee. — 10. In bot., a ray, as of a
composite flower, etc. — 11. The movable limb
or arm of a sextant; also, a similar feature in
any other instrument for measuring angles. —
12. In fort., a line drawn from the center of
the polygon to the end of the outer side — Au-
ricular radii See auricular.— Geometrical radius of
a cog-wheel, the radius of the pitch-circle of the wheel,
in contradistinction to its real radius, which is that of the
circle formed by the crests of the teeth. — Oblique line
of the radius. See oblique.— Pronator radii quadra-
tus. See pronator quadratus, under pronatftr. — Pronator
radii teres. See pronator.— Proportional radii, in a
system of gears, or in a set of gears of the same pitch,
radii proportioned in length to the number of teeth in
the respective wheels. The proportional radii of any two
geared wheels, when taken together, are equal to the line
connecting the centers of the wheels, which line is the
basis of computation in determining them. Also called
primitive radii. — Radii
CA, CD, CB, CE,
Radii of Circle.
accessor!!, the barbs of
the aftershaft or hypora-
chis of a feather. — Ra-
dius astronomicus.
Same as radiometer, 1. —
Radius of concavity.
Same as radius of curva-
ture. —Radius of curva-
ture, the radius of the
circle of curvature — that
is, of the osculating circle
at any point of a curve.
In the cut, AHBC is the
primitive curve (in this
case an ellipse); KHJ, the
circle of curvature, oscu-
lating the primitive curve
at H ; T, the center of cur-
vature; TH, the radius of
curvature; GFTED, the
locus of centers of curva-
ture, or the evolute. The
radius of curvature wrap-
ping itself upon the evo-
luti
II
Radius of Curvature.
ite gives the primitive
curve.— Radius of dissipation. See dissipation.— Ra-
dius of explosion. See mine?, 2 (6).— Radius of gyra-
tion, in mech., the distance from the axis to a point such
that, if the whole mass of a body were concentrated into
it, the moment of inertia would remain uncharged. If
the axis is a principal axis, this radius becomes a prin-
cipal radius of gyration.— Radius of rupture. See
min«2, 2 (6). — Radius of the evolute. Same as ra-
dius of curvature.— Radius of torsion, the element
of the arc of a curve divided by the angle of torsion.
— Radius vector (pi. radii ixctores\ the length of the
line joining a variable point to a fixed origin : in as-
tronomy the origin is taken at the sun or other cen-
tral body. See vector. — Real radius. See geometrical
radiwt.
radius-bar (ra'di-us-bar), n. In a steam-engine,
one of a pair of rods pivoted at one end and
connected at the other with some concentri-
cally moving part which it is necessary to keep
at a definite distance from the pivot or center.
Also called radius-rod and bridle-rod. See cuts
under grasshopper-beam and paddlc-u-lieel.
radius-saw (ra'di-us-sa), n. A circular saw
journaled at the end of a swinging frame or
radial shaft, used in cross-cutting timber.
radix (ra'diks), «.; pi. radices (ra-di'sez). [<
L. radix (radic-), a root, = Gr. pdihf, a branch,
rod. Hence ult. E. race* and radinh (doublets
of radix), radical, radiccl, radicle, radicule, rad-
icate, eradicate, arace1, etc.] 1. The root of
a plant : used chiefly with reference to the roots
of medicinal plants or preparations from them.
Hence — 2. The primary source or origin ; that
from which anything springs, or in which it
originates. [Rare.]
Her wit Is all spirit, that spirit flre, that fire flies from
her tongue, able to hurne the radix of the best invention ;
in this element she is the abstract and briefe of all the
eloquence since the incarnation of Tully.
Heywood, Fair Maid of the Exchange (Works, 1874, II. 54).
Judaism is the radix of Christianity — Christianity the
integration of Judaism. De Quinceyr Essenes, iii.
3. In e tym ., a primitive word or form from which
spring other words; a radical ; a root. — 4. In
math., a root, (a) Any number which is arbitrarily
made the fundamental number or base of any system of
numbers, to be raised to different powers. Thus, 10 is the
radix of the decimal system of numeration (Briggg's). In
the common system of logarithms, the radix is also 10 ; in
the Napierian it is 2.7182818284 ; every other number is
considered as some power of the radix, the exponent of
which power constitutes the logarithm of that number.
(&) The root of a finite expression from which a series is
derived.
radix
5. In .ro/;/. and anat., a root; a rooted or root-
like part ; a radicle : as, the radix or root of a
tooth; the radix of a nerve Radix cerebelli,
the posterior peduncle of the cerebellum.— Radix mo-
toria, the smaller motor root of the trigeminal nerve. —
Radix sensoria, the larger sensory root of the trigeminal
nerve.
radlyt, ««V. See rathly.
radnesst (rad'nes), n. [ME., < rad* + -«<;.«.]
Fear; fright; terror.
The Romaynes for radnettse ruschte to the erthe,
Fforde ferdnesse of hys face, as they fey were.
„„,=.
T.CS?J, 1. 120. Raffaelesque, ».
[F., repairs made on a r*?e'. raffie (raf-
• unit!
Out of the ffijTn we shrink from in the street,
Wore an old hat, and went with naked feet.
Leiyh Hunt, High and Low. (Davies.)
5. Collectively, worthless persons; the scum or
sweepings of society; the rabble. Compare
riffraff.
"People, you see, he said, "won't buy their 'accounts'
of raff; they won't have them of any but respectable."
Mat/hfic, London Labour and London Poor, I. 325.
II. n. Idle: dissolute. Hitlliirrll. [Prov.
Eng.]
radoub (ra-dob'), «.
vessel, < radouber, formerly also redouber, mend,
repair: see redub.] In mercantile law, the re-
pairing and refitting of a ship for a voyage.
radula (rad'u-la), «. ; pi. radiilss (-le). [NL., <
L. radula, a scraper, scraping-iron, < radcrr,
scrape: see rase1, raze*.] In conch., the tongue
or lingual ribbon of a mollusk, specifically
called odontophore, and more particularly, the
rasping surface
or set of teeth JTESKWtV. A
of the odonto- '
phore, which
bites like a file.
This structure is
highly character-
istic of the cepha-
lophorous classes,
among which it
presents great di-
versity in detail.
It bears the numer-
ous small chiti
. .
right half of radula of Trofhus cinerarias.
/>'. one row of radular teeth of Cyfreea tit-
rofua. A is rhipidoglossate, and B is t.i-nio-
glossate.
nous processes or
teeth of these mol-
lusks, which serve to triturate food with a kind of filing
or rasping action. According to the disposition of the
teeth in any one of the many cross-rows which beset the
length of the radula, mollusks are called rachiglossate,
tanioylossate, rhipiduglossate, toxoglassate, ptenoi/lossate,
and docoglossate. See these words, and odontophore.
radular (rad'u-lar),fl. [< radula + -«r».] Per-
taining to the radula: as, radular teeth.
radulate (rad'u-lat), «. [< radula + -ate*-.] raffle1 (raf '!),«. [< ME. rafle. a game at dice (=
Provided with a radula, as a cephalophorous Sw. raffel, a raffle) ; < OF. rafle, raffle, F. rafle, a
pair royal at dice (faire rafle, sweep the stakes),
also a grape-stalk, < rafter, snatch, seize, carry
off,< G. raffeln, snatch up, freq. of raffen, snatch,
snatch away, carry off hastily : see raff, v. Cf.
«. [Origin obscure.]
Xititt., a three-cornered sail set on schooners
when before the wind or
nearly so. The head hoists
up to the foretopmast-head
and the clues haul out to
ths square sail yard-arms.
It is rarely used except on
the Great Lakes of North
America. Sometimes it is in
two pieces, one for each side
of the mast.
raffla,roffia{raf'i-a,rof-
i-;i), a. [Malagasy.] 1.
A palm, Raphia Ruffia,
growing in Madagascar.
It bears pinnate leaves 20 or 30 feet long upon a moderate
trunk. The cuticle is peeled from both sides of the leaf-
stalk, for use as a fiber, being largely made into matting,
and also applied by the natives to finer textile purposes.
(See rabanna.) It is now somewhat largely used for agri-
cultural tie-bands, as is also a similar product of the ju-
pati-palm, R. tfedvjera, included under the same name.
Also spelled raphitt.
2. The fiber of this plant.
raffish (raf'ish), a. [< raff + -w/ii.] Kesem-
bling or having the character of the raff or rab-
ble; scampish; worthless; rowdy. Compare
raff, n., 5.
Five or six rarifeA-looking men had surrounded a fair,
delicate girl, and were preparing to besiege her in form.
Laurence, Guy Livingstone, xxlii.
The riijlix/i young gentleman in gloves must measure his
scholarship with the plain, clownish laddie from the parish
school. R. L. Stevenson, The Foreigner at Home.
raft
nor in Sumatra, and companion to the botanist
Dr. Joseph Arnold, who discovered there the
first known species, It. Arnoldi, in 1818.] A
genus of apetalous parasitic plants of the or-
der ('i/liiniri;r mid type of the tribe Itaffli-xii ,r,
characterized by a perianth of five large entire
and fleshy imbricated lobes, numerous stigmas,
and globose many-chambered anthers, each
opening by a single pore, which form a ring
at the revolute top of a column rising in the
center of the flower. The flowers are dioecious, and
the pistillate ones contain an ovary witli a labyrinth of
siuiill ci-lls and numerous ovules. The 4 species are na-
tives of hot and damp jungles in the Malay archipelago.
The whole plant consists of a single flower, without leaves
or proper stem, growing out from the porous root or stem
of species of Yitis (Cissus), at a time when the leaves and
Mowers of the foster-plant have withered. The flower of
the parasite protrudes as a knob from the bark at first,
and enlarges for some months, resembling before opening
a close cabbage, and remaining fully expanded only a few
days. It exhales an odor of tainted meat, securing cross-
fertilization by aid of the flies thus attracted to it. The
flower reaches 3 inches or more in diameter in Ji. Roch-us-
seni (valued by the Javanese for astringent and styptic
properties), 6 inches in others, and 2 feet in K. Patma. £.
Antftldi has long been famed for its size, greatly exceeding
the Victoria lily (a) inches), and even exceeding the Ant-
tolochia <:></>!i«t,ni (a specimen of which at Kew, March,
1890, was 28 inches long and 16 broad). The first flower
mollusk ; raduliferous.
raduliferpus (rad-u-lif'e-rus), a. [< NL. radu-
la + L. ferre = E.' beafl.] Bearing a radula;
radulate.
raduliform (rad'u-li-f6rm), a. [< L. radula, a
scraper, + forma, form.] Rasp-like; having
the character or appearance of the teeth of a
raffle*.'] It. A game with dice.
Now comth hasardrie with hise apurtenaunces, as tables
and rafes, of which comth deceite, false othes, chidynges
Rtrfttsia Arnoldi, parasitic on a stem.
of R. Arnoldi found measured 3 feet across Its flat circular
top, and weighed about 15 pounds; the roundish calyx-
lobes were each a foot long, and in places an inch thick ;
and the globular central cup was a foot across and held
about 6 quarts. The fruit ripens into a chestnut-brown
and truncated nut, about 5 inches thick, with irregularly
furrowed and broken surface, and containing thousands
of hard, curiously appendaged and lactinose seeds. The
flower Is flesh-colored and mottled pink and yellow with-
in, and with brown or bluish scales beneath. It is called
ambun-ambun or wonder-wonder by the Malays, and Icru-
but, a name which they also give to another gigantic plant
""- Vjh grows with it, the ovoid AmorphophaUus Titanvm.
[NL.
'esia +
file ; cardiform : speVificallv notino', in ichthv- and ^e ™vvne8. blasphemynge" and reneyinge'of God!""' Rafflesiacese (raf-le-zi-a'se-e), «. pi.
ology, the conical, sharp-pointed, and close-set Chaucer, Parson's Tale. (Schott and Endlicher, 1832), < Baffl,
teeth of some fishes, resembling villiform teeth 2- A method of sale by chance or lottery, in -acef-} Bame as Safflesiese, but formerly re-
but larger and stronger. which the price of the thing to be disposed of garded as a separate order.
' " ' p is divided into equal shares, and the persons Rafflesiese (raf-le-zi'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (Robert
taking the shares cast lots for its possession by Brown, 1844), < Rafflexia + -ese.] A tribe of
throwing dice or otherwise.
rae (ra), «. A Scotch form of roe.
rafet- A Middle English preterit of reave.
rafft (raf), v. t. [< OF. raffer, rafer, catch,
snatch, slip away, = It. *raffare, in comp. ar- raffle1 (raf i),^-', pret. and pp. raffled,
raffare, snatch, seize, = MHG. raffen, reffen, G.
raffen, snatch, sweep away, carry off sudden-
ly, = MLG. LG. rapen, snatch, = Sw. rappa,
snatch, seize, = Dan. rap/ie, hasten : see rap2,
from the Scand. form cognate with the G.
Hence ult. raffle^.] To sweep; snatch, draw,
or huddle together; take by a promiscuous
sweep.
Their causes and effects ... I thus raffe vp together.
R. Carev, Survey of Cornwall, fol. 69.
raff (raf), n. and a.
— —
ruffling. [= Sw. raffia = Dan. rafle, rae;
from the noun.] I. intrans. To try the chance
of a raffle ; engage in a raffle : as, to raffle for
a watch.
They were raffling for his coat
S. Butter, Satire upon Gaining.
The great Rendezvous is at night, after the Play and
Opera are done ; and Raffling for all Things Vendible is
the great Diversion. Litter, Journey to Paris, p. 176.
II. trans. To dispose of by means of a raffle :
often with off: as, to raffle or raffle off a watch.
[< ME. raffe, raf, esp. in the raffle2 (raf'l), r. ; pret. and pp. raffled, ppr.
phrase rifand raf (now riffraff), < OF. rifet raf,
every bit, in which raf is due to the verb raf-
fer, snatch: see raff, r. Cf. riffraff. Cf. It.
raffola, a crowd, press.] I. «. 1. A promiscu-
ous heap or collection; a jumble; a medley.
[Obsolete or archaic.]
The synod of Trent was convened to settle a rafol er-
rors and superstitions. Barrow, Unity of the Church.
2. Trashy material ; lumber; rubbish; refuse.
[Old and prov. Eug.]
pp.
raffling. [Perhaps < Icel. hrafla, scrape toge-
ther (a slang term); cf. hrapa, hurry, hasten:
apetalous parasitic plants, constituting with
the smaller tribe Hydnoreiethe order Cutinaeeas.
It is characterized by the presence of scattered or Imbri-
cated scales in place of leaves, and flowers with from four
to ten usually imbricated calyx-lobes, the anthers forming
one, two, or three circles about a column in the center of
the staminate flower, and the one or many stigmas termi-
nating a similar column in thepistillate flower. It includes
about 21 species in 5 genera, scattered through warm
climates, and extending Into the Mediterranean region.
South Africa, and Mexico. All are indwelling parasites,
issuing out of the roots or branches of various trees and
shrubs. They vary in habit, having in Cytinus a colored
fleshy and distinct stem and many-flowered spike, while
in the other genera the whole plant consists of a single
flower sessile on its embedded rhizome. They range from
a minute size in Apodantties and large in other genera to
the monster flower of Rafflesia, the type. The plants are
called patma-worte by some botanists.
iisri v.» ni»iig mnuii ui. HTUIJU. uurry, iiasien : «,. f . , -A. — — «
see raj, 1-. Cf.ra^e1.] I. intrans. 1 To move raffling-net (raf 'ling-net), «. Same as raffle-
or fidget about. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. "el: . . .,, . ... _
To live in a disorderly way. Halliwell. [Prov. raffmant (raf 'man), n. [< raff
Vnef "1 <IPftlpr in rmscpl Innpmis ortirt' u t>
n. trans. 1. To stir (a fire).— 2. To brush
off (walnuts). Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
raffle2 (raf'l), n. [< raffle^, r. Cf. raff, n.]
Xaut., raff; lumber; rubbish.
And maken of the rym and raf
Suche gylours for pompe and pride.
Appendix to W. Mape*, p. 340. (BalliweU.)
Let rafs be rife in prose and rhyme,
We lack not rhymes and reasons,
As on this whirligig of Time
We circle with the seasons.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
3. Abundance; affluence. Halliwell. [Prov.
Eng. and Scotch.]— 4. A worthless or disor-
derly person; a rowdy; a scapegrace : now ap-
.... ^ „ + wan.] A
dealer in miscellaneous stuff; a chandler.
Grocers and raffemen. Norwich Records. (Nares.)
raff-merchant (raf 'mer'chant), «. A dealer in
lumber or old articles. Also raft-merchant.
[Prov. Eng.]
Her decks were heavily encumbered with what sailors raft1 (raft), n. [< ME. rajt, reeft, rafte, a rafter,
Myself and this great peer
Of these rude raffs became the jeer.
W. Cinnbe, Dr. Syntax, i. 20. (Dame».)
call raffle — that is, the muddle of ropes, torn canvas,
staves of boats and casks, . . . with which the ocean il-
lustrates her violence. W. C. Russell, Death Ship, xxx.
raffle3 (raf'l), n. [Origin obscure.] Same as
raffle-net.
raffled (raf'ld), a. [Origin obscure.] Having
the edge finely divided or serrated.
A peculiar small cut or raffled leaf resembling an ivy,
or more nearly a vine leaf.
Soulages Catalogue, p. 116, note to No. 3«5.
«. A kind of fishing-net.
[< raffle" + -er1.] One
who raffles.
Rafflesia (raf-le'zi-a), w. [NL.(R. Brown, 1821),
named after Sir Stamford Raffen, British gover-
spar, beam, < Icel. raptr (raftr), a rafter, beam
(r final being sign of nom. case) ; = Sw. Dan.
raft, rafter; with formative -t, perhaps < Icel.
raf, rsefr, a roof, = OHG. rafo, MHG. ravo, G.
dial, raff, a spar, rafter; cf. Gr. o/ao^of, a roof,
fptyeiv, cover. Cf. rafter*-.] It. Abeam; spar;
rafter.
Aythir gripus a schafte
Was als rude as a rafte.
Atou-ynye of Kiny Arthur, xxv.
2. A sort of float or framework formed of logs,
planks, or other pieces of timber fastened or
lashed together side by side, for the conve-
nience of transporting the constituent materi-
als down rivers, across harbors, etc. Rafts of logs
raft
to be floated to a distant point are often very large, strongly
constructed, and carry huts for the numerous men re-
quired to manage them. Those of the Rhine are some-
times 400 or 500 feet long, with 200 or more hands. A ci-
il'
ti
rafts have been successfully transported.
3. A structure similarly formed of any mate-
rials for the floating or transportation of per-
sons or things. In cases of shipwreck, planks, spars,
a, b, tanks or air-chambers ; c, «-', decks ; e, fender ;/,f, life-lines;
g, rowlocks ; g ', steering and sculling rowlock ; h, lashings.
barrels, etc., are often hastily lashed together to form a
raft for escape. Ill passenger-vessels life-rafts frequently
form part of the permanent equipment. See life-raft.
Where is that son
That floated with thee on the fatal raft >
Shale., C. of £., v. 1. 34£
4. An accumulation of driftwood from fallen
trees in a river, lodged and compacted so as to
form a permanent obstruction. Rafts of this kind
exist or have existed in the Mississippi and other rivers of
the western United States, the largest ever formed being
that of the Red River, which during many years completely
blocked the channel for 45 miles.
5. A conglomeration of eggs of some animals,
as certain insects and mollusks, fastened to-
gether and forming a mass; a float. See out
under lanthina.
A great many eggs [of the common cockroach] are laid at
one time, the whole number being surrounded by a stiff
chitinous coat, forming the so-called raft.
Amer. Nat., XXII. 857.
raft1 (raft), i\*. [<raffl, «.] I. trans. 1. To
transport or float on a raft.
Guns taken out of a ship to lighten her when aground
should be hoisted out and rafted clear, if there is any dan-
ger of bilging on them. Luce, Seamanship, p. 182, note.
The idea of raftiny timber by the ocean.
Set. Amer., N. S., LVIII. 17.
2. To make a raft of ; form into a raft.
As soon as the blubber is taken off, it is rafted— tied to-
gether with ropes in a sort of raft— and lies in the water
until taken on board ship.
C. M. ScammoH, Marine Mammals, p. 63.
I could see him securing these planks to one another by
lashings. By the time he had rafted them, nearly an hour
had passed since he had left the sandbank.
W. C. Russell, A Strange Voyage, xlvi.
II. intraiis. To manage a raft; work upon a
raft or rafts ; travel by raft.
They canoed, and rafted, and steam-boated, and travelled
with packhorses. Academy, Nov. 10, 1888, p. 801.
raft'2 (raft), n. [A var. of raff, appar. by con-
fusion with raft1.'] A miscellaneous collection
or he'ap ; a promiscuous lot : used slightingly :
as, a raft of papers; a whole raft of things to
be attended to. [Colloq., U. S.]
This last spring a raft of them [Irish maids] was out of
employment. Philadelphia Times, Oct. 24, 1886.
raft3 (raft), H. [Origin uncertain; cf.rnff.'] A
damp fusty smell. Halllwell. [Prov. Eng.]
raft^t. An obsolete preterit aud past participle
of ri'dvc.
raft-breasted (raft'bres"ted), «. In omith.,
ratite. II'. K. Parker.
raft-dog (raft'dog), «. Au iron bar with ends
bent over and pointed, for secur-
ing logs together in a raft. The
points are driven respectively in-
to adjacent or juxtaposed logs,
which are thus bonded to each
other.
raft-duck (raft'duk), n. The
scaup or blackhead duck, Aithyia or Fuligula
or Fulijc marila: so called in the United States
from its flocking closely on the water, as if form-
in;,' a raft of ducks. Also called bluebill, shuffler,
and flocking-fowl. See cut under scaup — Red-
headed raft-duck. Same as redhead, 2.
raftet. Au obsolete preterit and past participle
of reuvc. t'liaiicer.
rafter1 (rafter), H. [< ME. rafter, reftrr, <
AS. rseftcr, pi. rseftras, reftres (= MD. rafter =
MLG. rafter, raffert), a beam, rafter; with for-
mative -cr, from *reeft = Icel. raptr (raftr) =
Sw. Dan. raft, a rafter, beam: see raft.~\ 1. In
building, one of the beams which give the slope
of a roof, and to which is secured the lath or
other framework upon which the slate or other
outer covering is nailed. The rafters extend from
the eaves to the ridge of the roof, abutting at their upper
endson corresponding rafters rising from theopimsite side
of the roof, or resting again-st a iTowu-jilate or ridge- plate
as the case may be. For the different kinds of rafters in
a structure, see roof, and cuts under curb-roof, jack-rafter,
and pontoon.
Shepherd, I take thy word,
And trust thy honest offer'd courtesy,
Which oft is sooner found in lowly sheds
With smoky rafters than in tap'stry halls.
Milton, Comus, 1. 324.
2. Same as carliiie*, 2. — 3. In anat., a trabecule
or trabeculum : as, the rafters of the embryonic
skull. -Binding-rafter. See binding.— Intermediate
rafter, a rafter placed between the ordinary rafters, or
between principal rafters, to strengthen a roof.— Prin-
cipal rafter, a main timber in an assemblage of car-
pentry ; especially, one of those rafters which are larger
than the common rafters, and are framed at their lower
ends into the tie-beam, and either abut at their upper ends
against thtTking-post or receive the ends of the straining-
beams when queen-posts are used. The principal rafters
support the purlins, which again carry the common raf-
ters : thus the whole weight of tile roof is sustained by
the principal rafters.
rafter1 (rafter), u. (. [< rafter^, ».] 1. To
form into or like rafters : as, to rafter timber.
— 2. To furnish or build with rafters: as, to
rafter a house.
Buildyng an hous euen from the foundacion vnto the
vttermoste raftreyng and reiring of the roofe.
Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 260. (Davies.)
3. In ayri., to plow, as a piece of land, by turn-
ing the grass side of the plowed furrow on a
strip of ground left unplowed.
rafter2 (rafter), re. [< raffl + -er1.] One who
is employed in rafting timber, or transporting
it in rafts, as from a ship to the shore.
How the 900 casual deal-porters and rafters live during
. . . six months of the year ... I cannot conceive.
Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, III. 293.
rafter-bird (raf ter-berd), n. The beam-bird
or wall-bird, Muscica]>a yrisola; the spotted
flycatcher: from the site of its nest. [Eng.]
rafting-dog (rafting-dog), «. Same as raft-
dog.
raft-like (raft'lik), «. Flat-bottomed or keel-
less, as the breast-bone of a bird ; ratite.
raft-merchant (raft'iner'!'chant), «. Same as
raff-merchant.
raft-port (raft'port), n. In some ships, a large
square hole framed and cut immediately under
the counter, or forward between the breast-
hooks of the bow, for loading or unloading tim-
ber. See cut under lumber-port.
raft-rope (raft'rop), H. A rope about three
fathoms long, with an eye-splice, used for string-
ing seal-blubber to be 'towed to a whaling-ves-
sel. A raft-rope is also sometimes used by a
blubber-logged vessel for rafting or towing
whale-blubber.
Thehorse-pieces [blubber of the sea-elephant] are strung
on a raft-rope . . . and taken to the edge of the surf.
C. .!/. Scamtnon, Marine Mammals, p. 119.
raftsman (rafts'man), n.; pi. raftumcii (-men).
[< raft's, poss. of raft1, + man.] A man em-
ployed in the management of a raft.
rafty (rafti), «. [< raffi + -01.] 1. Musty;
stale. — 2. Damp: muggy. — 3. High-tempered;
violent. [Prov. Eng. in all senses.]
rag1 (rag), ». and a. [< ME. ragge, pi. ranges,
shred of cloth, rag; cf. AS. 'ratjyiy, in neut. pi.
raggie, shaggy, bristly, ragged, as applied to
the rough coat of a horse (as if from an AS.
noun, but prob. from the Scand. adj.); < Icel.
rogg, shagginess (raggatlir, shaggy), = Sw. rayy,
rough hair (Sw. raggig, shaggy, Sw. dial, rag-
gi, having rough hair, slovenly), = Norw. raggt
rough hair (raggad, shaggy); root unknown.
The orig. sense 'shagginess' or 'roughness' is
now more obvious in uses of ragged.'] I. M.I.
A sharp or jagged fragment rising from a sur-
face or edge : as, a rag on a metal plate ; hence,
a jagged face of rock; a rocky headland; a cliff;
a crag.
And taking up their standing upon the craggie rockes
and ragges round about, with all their might and maine
defended their goods.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus llarcellinus (1609). (Narei.)
2. A rock having or weathering with a rough
irregular surface. [Eng.]
The material is Kentish ray, laid in regular courses,
with fine joints. Quoted In N. and Q., 7th 8er., V. 466.
We wound
About the cliffs, the copses, out and in,
Hammering and clinking, chattering stony names
Of shale and hornblende, rag and trap and tuff.
Tennyson, Princess, iti.
3. In hot.: (a) A lichen, Htictu imlniHiiaria (see
luccl-crottles). (V) Another lichen, I'armelia
rag
xitjcatilix (stone-rag). (<•) A catkin of the hazel,
or of the willow, tialixcajiri'ii. Also »•««•. [Prov.
Eng.] — 4. A torn, worn, or formless fragment
or shred of cloth; a comparatively worthless
pircc of any textile fabric, either wholly or part-
ly detached from its connection by violence or
abrasion: as, his coat was in ruyx; cotton and
linen rays are used to make paper, and woolen
1'ttijx to make shoddy.
Hlr raggei thei anone of drawe, . . .
She had bathe, she had reste,
And was arraied to the beste.
Goicer, Conf. Amant. , i.
Cowls, hoods, and habits with their wearers toss'd,
And flutter'd into rajs. Milton, P. L., UL 491.
5. A worn, torn, ormean garment; in the plural,
shabby or worn-out clothes, showing rents and
patches.
If you will embrace Christ in his robes, you must not
think scorn of him in his rays.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 111.
Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags.
Prov. xxiii. 21.
Trust me, I prize poor virtue with a ray
Better than vice with both the Indies.
Beau, and Ft. (7), Faithful Friends, IT. 4.
The poore inhabitants were dispers'd, . . . some un-
der tents, some under miserable hutts aud novella, many
without a rag or any necessary utensills.
Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 5, 1666.
The man forget not, though in rags he lies,
And know the mortal through a crown's disguise.
Akenside, Epistle to Curio.
6. Any separate fragment or shred of cloth,
or of something like or likened to it : often
applied disparagingly or playfully to a hand-
kerchief, a flag or banner, a sail, the curtain
of a theater, a newspaper, etc.
It cost three men's lives to get back that four-by-three
flag — to tear it from the breast of a dead rebel — for the
name of getting their little rag back again.
Walt Whitman, The Century, XXXVI. 827.
7. Figuratively, a severed fragment ; a rem-
nant ; a scrap ; a bit.
So he up with his rusty sword,
And chopped the old saddle to rays.
Saddle to Rags (Child's Ballads, VIII. 267).
They [fathers] were not hearkened to, when they were
heard, but heard perfunctorily, fragmentarily, here and
there a rag, a piece of a sentence. Donne, Sermons, v.
Not hairing otherwise any rag of legality to cover the
shame of their cruelty. Fuller.
8. A base, beggarly person; a ragamuffin; a
tatterdemalion. [Colloq.]
Lash hence these overweening rays of France,
These famish'd beggars, weary of their lives.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3. 328.
Out of my doore, you Witch, you Ragge, you Baggage I
Shak., M. W. of W. (folio 1623), iv. 2. 194.
9. A farthing. Hallitcell. [Eng. cant.]
Jac. 'Twere good she had a little foolish money
To rub the time away with.
Host. Not a raff,
Not a denier. Beau, and Ft., Captain, Iv. 2.
10f. A herd of colts. Mrutt. [Prov. Eng.] — 11.
In type-founding, the bur or rough edge left on
imperfectly finished type — Coral rag, one of the
limestones of the Middle Oolite, consisting in part of con-
tinuous beds of petrified corals.— Hag, tag, and ragt.
See hags.— Kentish rag. See Kentish.— Litmus on
rags. See litmus.— Rag, tag, and bobtail, a rabble; ev-
erybody indiscriminately. See rag-tat/. [Colloq.] — Row-
ley rag, a basaltic rock occurring in the South Stafford-
shire coal-field, much quarried for road-mending. See rag-
stone.
II. a. Made of or with rags; formed from or
consistingof ref usepieces or fragments of cloth :
as, rag pulp for paper-making; a rag carpet. —
' baby, (a) A doll made entirely of rags or scraps of
cloth, usually in a very artless manner, (fo) In U. S.
political slang, the paper currency of the government;
greenback money : so called with reference to the con-
tention of the Greenback party, before and after the re-
sumption of specie payments in 1879, in favor of mak-
ing such money a full legal tender for the national debt
and all other purposes.
Fortunately, the "specie basis "of the national banks is
now chiefly paper — the rag-baby — three hundred and
forty-six millions of greenbacks ! X. A. Hen., CXLI. 207.
Rag carpet, a cheap kind of carpeting woven with strips
or shreds of woolen and other cloth, usually from worn-
out garments, for the weft. A better kind is made with
strips of list from new cloth, when it is also called list
carpet.— Rag money, rag currency, paper money ; cir-
dilating notes issued by United States banks or by the gov-
ernment : so called in depreciation or contempt, in allu-
sion to the origin of the material, to the ragged appear-
ance of paper money when much handled, and to its in-
trinsic worthlessness. [Slang.]
All true Democrats were clamorous for "hard-money"
and against rag-money. The Nation, July29, 1875, p. 66.
Rag paper. See paper.
rag1 (rag), «'. ; pret. and pp. ragged, ppr. raggiiit/.
[< rag1, «.] I. intrants. 1. To become ragged ;
fray: with out.
rag
Leather thus leisurely tanned and turned many times
in the fat will prove serviceable, which otherwise will
quickly fleet and ray out.
Fuller, Worthies, .Middlesex, II. 312.
2. To dress; deck one's self: in the phrase to
rag out, to dress in one's best. [Slang, U. S.]
A finely dressed woman rags out.
S. Bowles, Our New West, p. 506.
II. trans. 1. To make ragged ; abrade ; give
a ragged appearance to, as in the rough-dress-
ing of the face of a grindstone.
In straggling or ragging [a grindstone] the stone is kept
running as usual. 6. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 422.
2. In mining, to separate by ragging or with
the aid of the ragging-hammer. See ragging, 2.
rag2 (rag), »•. t. ; pret. and pp. ragged, ppr. rag-
ging. [Prob. < rag1, n., 5. In another view, <
Icel. rtegja, calumniate, = AS. wregan, accuse:
see wray.] To banter; badger; rail at; irri-
tate; torment. Compare buuyrag. [Local.]
To rag a man is good Lincolnshire for chaff or tease. At
school, to get a boy into a rage was called getting his rag
out. K. and Q.,7thser., VI. 38.
rag3 (rag), «. [< Icel. liregg, storm and rain.]
A drizzling rain. [Prov. Eng.]
rag4 (rag), «. An abbreviation of raginee.
ragabash (rag 'a -bash), n. [Also raggabasli,
ragabrasli, Sc. rag-a-buss, ragabush; appar. a
made word, vaguely associated with rag1 or
ragamuffin.] I. A shiftless, disreputable fel-
low; a ragamuffin. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
The most unalphabetical raggabmhes that ever bred
louse. Discov. of a New World, p. 81. (Naret.)
2. Collectively, idle, worthless people. Halli-
well. [Prov. Eng.]
ragamuffin (rag'a-muf-in), n. and a. [Early
mod. E. also raggemuffin, ragamofin, ragomofin;
erroneously analyzed rag-a-muffin, rag of Muf-
fins; < ME. Hagamoffyn, the name of a demon,
prob., like many other names of demons, mere-
ly fanciful. The present sense has been partly
determined by association with rag1. For the
sense 'demon,' of. ragman?.] I. n. If. [cap.]
The name of a demon.
Ac rys vp, Ragamoffyn, and reche me alle the barren
The Belial thy bel-syre beot with thy damme.
Piers Plowman (C), xxi. 283.
2. An idle, worthless fellow; a vagabond; now,
especially, a disreputably ragged or slovenly
person : formerly used as a general term of rep-
rehension.
I have led my ragamuffin* where they are peppered.
Shot., 1 Hen. IV., v. 3. so.
Did that same tiranicall-tongu'd rag-a-mu/in
Horace turne liald pates out so naked?
Dekker, Humorous Poet.
Once, attended with a crew of rayt/amuffins, she broke
into his house, turned all things topsy-turvy, and then
set it on flre. Swifl, story of an Injured Lady.
3. A titmouse: same as mufflin.
II. a. Base; beggarly; ragged or disorderly.
Here be the emperor's captains, you ragamuffin rascal,
and not your comrades. B. Joneon, Poetaster, 1. 1.
Mr. Aldworth . . . turned over the rest of this raga
muffin assembly to the care of his butler.
Graves, Spiritual Quixote, viii. 23. (Dane*.)
ragamuffinly (rag'a-muf-iu-li), a. [< ragamuf-
fin + -ly1.] Like" a ragamuffin; marked by
raggedness or slovenliness. [Rare.]
His attire was . . . shabby, not to say ragamujfulu in
the extreme, ... as to inherent disreputableness of ap-
pearance. J. FothtryOl, March in the Ranks, x.
rag-bolt (rag'bolt), H. An iron pin with a barb-
ed shank, chiefly used where a com-
mon bolt canuo't be clinched. Also
called barb-bolt and sprig-bolt.
rag-bush (rag'bush), •». In some hea-
then countries, a bush in some special
locality, as near a sacred well, on
which pieces of cloth are hung to pro-
pitiate the spirits supposed to dwell RaB'bo
there. The rags are generally pieces torn from
the garments of pilgrims or wayfarers.
There is usually a rag-bush by the well, on which bits of
linen or worsted are tied as a gift to the spirits of the
waters. C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist, p. 285.
rag-dust (rag'dust), «. The refuse of woolen
or worsted rags pulverized and dyed in various
colors to form the flock used by paper-stainers
for their flock-papers.
rage (raj), n. [< ME. rage, < OF. rage, raige,
F. rage, F. dial, raige = Pr. rabia, ratfe = Sp.
rabia = Pg. raira, rabia = It. rabbia, dial, rag-
gia, madness, rage, fury, < ML. (and prob. LL.)
rabia, a later form of L. rabies, madness, rage,
fury, < rabere, be mad, rave, = Skt. •/ rabh,
seize. Cf. rage, v., enrage, rave1, rabies, rabid.
4938
etc.] If. Madness; insanity; an access of ma-
niacal violence.
Now, out of doubt Antipholus is mad. . . .
The reason that I gather he is mud,
Besides this present instance of his rage,
Is a mad tale he told to-day.
Shak.,C. of E., iv. 3.88.
2. Violent anger manifested in language or ac-
tion ; indignation or resentment excited to fury
and expressed in furious words and gestures,
with agitation.
Words well dispost
Have secrete powre t' appease inflamed rage.
Spenser, V. Q., II. viii. 26.
So he [Naaman] turned and went away in a rage.
2 KL v. 12.
Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned,
Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned.
Congrevt, Mounting Bride, ili. 8.
3. Extreme violence of operation or effect; in-
tensity of degree, force, or urgency : used of
things or conditions: as, the rage of a storm
or of the sea; the rage of fever or of thirst.
And in wynter, and especially in lente, it ys mervelows
flowyng with rage of watir that comyth with grett violence
thorow the vale of Josophat.
TorHngtan, Diarie of Eng. Travel!, p. 27.
Fear no more the heat o' the sun,
Nor the furious winter's rages.
Shale., Cymbeliue, iv. 2 (song).
Ere yet from rest or food we seek relief,
Some rites remain, to glut our rage of grief.
Pope, Iliad, xxii. 14.
4. Vehement emotion; generous ardor or en-
thusiasm; passionate utterance or eloquence.
Thurgh which her grete sorwe gan aswage ;
She may not alwey duren in swich rage.
Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, 1. 108.
And your true rights be term'd a poet's rage,
And stretched metre of an antique song.
Shot., Sonnets, xvii.
The soldiers shout around with generous rage,
And in that victory their own presage.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., i. 117.
Chill penury repressed their noble rage,
And froze the genial current of the soul.
Gray, Elegy.
5. Vehement desire or pursuit; ardent eager-
ness, as for the attainment or accomplishment
of something; engrossing tendency or propen-
sity: as, the rage for speculation, for social
distinction, etc.
So o'er this sleeping soul doth Tarqiiln stay,
His rage of lust by gazing qualified.
Shale., Lucrece, 1. 424.
What rage for fame attends both great and small !
Better be d— d than mentioned not at all.
Woleot (P. Pindar), To the Royal Academicians.
In our day the rage for accumulation has apotheosized
work. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 178.
Croquet, which is now so far lost in the mists of an-
tiquity that men of thirty are too young to remember the
rage for it, was actually not yet [1837] invented.
IT. Reliant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 88.
6. An object of general and eager desire or
pursuit ; fashion ; vogue ; fad : as, music is now
all the rage . [Colloq.]— 7f. A violent wind.
Tin t. nit cam a rage and such a vese
That it made al the gates for to rese.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1127.
= 8yn. 2. Vexation, Indignation, etc. (neeangeri); frenzy,
madness, raving.
rage (raj), p.; pret. and pp. raged, ppr. raging.
[< ME. ragen, < OF. ragier.rager, be furious,
rage, romp, play, F. rager, Picard dial, rattier,
be furious,rage, = Pr.rafiar,ratjar = Sp.rnWar
= Pg. rairar = Olt. rabbiare, be furious, < ML.
ralriarc, be furious, rage, < rabia. L. rabies, mad-
ness, fury, rage: see rage, n. Cf. enrage, rave1,
rabiate.'] I. intrans. 1. To be furious with an-
ger; be excited to fury; be violently agitated
with passion of any kind.
He inly raged, and, as they talk'd,
Smote him into the midriff with a stone.
Milton, P. L., xi. 444.
2. To speak with passionate utterance, or act
with furious vehemence ; storm ; rave.
The fool rageth, and is confident. Prov. xiv. 16.
Poets, when they rage,
Turn gods to men. and make an hour an age.
Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, L 2.
As bee was thus madde and raging against the true Re-
ligion. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 84.
I expect Mr. Tickler this evening, and he will rage if he
miss MB free-and-easy. Nodes Ambrosiana, Feb., 1832.
3. To act violently; move impetuously; be vio-
lently driven or agitated; have furious course
or effect : said of things : as, a raging fever; the
storm rages ; war is raging.
The chariots shall rage in the streets, they shall justle
one against another in the broad ways. Nahnm ii. 4.
Like the hectic in my blood he rages.
Shale., Hamlet, iv. 3. 68.
ragged
If the Sickness rage in such Extremity at London, the
Term will be held at Reading, lloteett. Letters, I. iv. Si.
The storm of cheers and counter-cheers rages around
him (Mr. Gladstone], as it can rage nowhere except in the
House of Commons. T. W. Reid, Cabinet Portraits, p. 24.
4t. To frolic wantonly ; play; frisk; romp.
When sche seyth galantys revell yn hall,
Yn here hert she thynkys owtnige,
Desyrynge with them to pley anil rage,
And stelyth fro yow full prevely.
Kelig. Antig., i. 29. (Hnlliutll.)
On a day this hende Nicholas
FU with this yonge wyf to rage and pleye.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 87.
She bygan to plaie and rage,
As who safth, I am well enough.
Oouxr, Conf. Amant., i.
5. To be very eager or anxious. [Rare.]
II. trans. To enrage; chafe: fret.
Deal mildly with his youth;
For young hot colts being raged do rage the more.
S/iak., Rich. II., II. 1. 70.
ragee, n. See raggce.
rageful (raj'ful), a. [< rage. + -ful.] Full of
rage; furious.
With rageful eyes she bad him defend himself.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
Nor thou be rageful, like a handled bee.
Tennyton, Ancient Sage.
ragemant, n. See ragman^.
rag-engine (rag'en'jin), n. In miper-manuf., a
tank fitted with rotating cylindrical cutters or
other devices for the rapid disintegration of
rags to form paper-pulp.
rageoust (ra'jus), a. [Also ragions; < rage +
-ous, perhaps by association with the unrelated
outrageous.] Full of rage ; furious.
Our Sauypur whiche redeemed vs with so great a price
may not thincke that it longeth to hym to se vs peryshe,
neyther to suffer the shippe of his churche to bee so
shaken with many great and ragioug nodes.
Bp. Fisher, Seven Penitential Psalms.
rageousnesst (ra'jus-nes), «. The quality of
being rageous ; fury. Also ragiousness.
What a ragimumes Is it, to set thy chastity common like
an harlot, that thou maiest gather riches !
Vices, Instruction of a Christian Woman, ili. 7.
rageryt (ra'jer-i), w. [< ME. ragerie,< OF.
ragerif, rage, anger, < rager, rage: see rage, r.]
1. Rage; an ebullition of fury.
Plucked off ... In a ragery.
W. Browne, Shepherd's Pipe, I.
2. Wantonness; frolic.
He was al coltissh, ful of ragerye.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 603.
rag-fair (rag'far), «. A market for vending old
clothes and cast-off garments.
raggt, «. See ragi.
raggabash, «. See ragabosli.
ragged (rag'ed), a. [< ME. ragged, raggyd,
shaggy, tattered, torn; < Icel. raggathr (=
Norvf.raggad), shaggy, < Icel. rtigg, shagginess,
= Norw. ragg, rough, uneven hair: see JY'j/1.]
1. Having a rough shaggy coat, as a horse or
sheep; shaggy.
A ragged colt. King Alisaunder, I. 684.
What shepherd owns those ragged sheep?
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Eclogues, 111. 1.
2. Rough, uneven, or rocky, as a sea-bottom.
— 3. Roughly broken, divided, or disordered;
having disjointed parts, or a confusedly irregu-
lar surface or outline ; jagged ; craggy ; rug-
gedly uneven or distorted : often used figura-
tively.
My rolce is ragged; I know I cannot please you.
Shale., As you Like it, ii. 5. 16.
I am so bold as to call so piercing and so glorious an
Eye as your Grace to view those poore raqged lines.
Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 57.
Then, foraging this Isle, long-prorais'd them before,
Amongst the ragged cleeves those monstrous Giants
sought. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 471.
We went somewhat out of y way to see the towne of
Bourbon I'Archambaut, from whose antient and ragged
castle is deriv'd the name of the present Royal Family of
France. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 24, 1644.
Ragged clouds still streamed the pale sky o'er.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 162.
4. Rent or worn into rags or tatters ; tattered ;
frayed : as, a ragged coat ; ragged sails.
He [the sheik] came out to us in a ragged habit of green
silk, lined with fur.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 166.
5. Wearing torn or frayed clothes ; dressed in
rags or tatters.
Since noble arts in Rome have no support,
And ragged virtue not a friend at court.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, 111.
He . . . perhaps thinks that after all gipsies do not
look so very different from other ragged people.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 58.
6. Shabby
ragged
ill-furnished.
In a small, low, ragged room . . . Margaret saw an old
woman with a dish of coals and two tallow candles burn-
ing before her on a table. S. Judd, Margaret, i. 15.
7. In her., same as niguly, especially of any-
thing which is raguly on both sides. See ragged
Staff, below.— Ragged staff, in her., a pale couped at
each end and ragnly on each side : more commonly repre-
sented as an actual knotted stick, or stout staff with short
stumps of branches on each side.
The Earl of Warwick's ragged Rtaff is yet to he seen
pourtrayed in their church steeple.
R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
ragged-lady (rag'ed-la"di), n. A garden flower,
Aigella Dunidscena.
raggedly (rag'ed-li), adr. In a ragged condi-
tion or manner ; roughly; brokenly.
Raggedly and meanly apparelled.
Bp, Hacket, Abp. Williams (1693), p. 219. (Latham.)
Sometimes I heard the foxes as they ranged over the
snow crust in moonlight nights, . . . barking raggedly
and demoniacally like forest dogs.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 293.
raggedness (rag'ed-nes), n. The state or char-
acter of being ragged, in any sense.
Poor naked wretches, . . . How shall
Your loop'd and window'd raggedness defend you
From seasons such as these? Shak., Lear, iii. 4. 31.
ragged-robin (rag'ed-rob"in), n. The cuckoo-
flower, Lychnis
Flos-cu.ev.li.
ragged-sailor
(rag'ed-sa'lor),
n. A plant of
the genus Poly-
gonum: same as
j trin ce's-fea ther, 2.
ragged-school
(rag'ed-skol), ».
See school*.
ragged-staff
(rag'ed-staf), n.
A kind of poly-
zoan, Alcyonidi-
iini glutinosum.
Also called mer-
maids-glove.
raggee (rag'e),
n. [Also raggy,
ragee; < Hind.
Canarese rdgi.]
A grass, Eleusine
coracana, a pro-
lific grain-plant
Pllltivnrpd in Ta Ragged-robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi).
CUltnatea in Ja- 1<llppa part of stem with inflorescence;
pan and parts Ot 2. lower part of stem with rhizome ; a, a
India.
raggery (rag'er-i), n. [< rag* + -ery.~\ Kags
collectively; raggedness. [Bare.]
Grim, portentous old hags, such as Michael Angelo
painted, draped in majestic raggery.
Thackeray, Newcomes, xxxv.
ragging (rag'ing), n. [Verbal n. of rag\ r.]
1. A method of fishing for the striped-bass,
etc., in which a red rag is used as a fly. [U. S.]
— 2. In mining, the first and roughest separa-
tion of the ore (mixed with more or less vein-
stone), by which the entirely worthless portion
is selected and rejected. Nearly the same as spall-
ing; but sometimes the latter term is used to designate
a second and more thorough ragging, while cobbing may
mean a still more thorough separation ; but all are done
with the hammer, without special machinery.
ragging-frame (rag'ing-fram), n. Same as rack-
ing-table.
raggle (rag'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. raggted, ppr.
raggling. [Freq. of rag1.'] To notch or groove
irregularly.
raggle (rag'l), ». [< raggle., r.] A ragged piece ;
a torn strip.
Striding swiftly over the heavy snow, he examines each
trap in turn, to find perhaps in one a toe, in another a nail,
and in a third a splendid ermine torn to raggles by "that
infernal carcajou." Cosmopolitan, Feb., 1888.
raggyt (rag'i), a. [< ME. *raggy, < AS. rag-
gig (pi. raggie), rough, shaggy, < Sw. raggig,
shaggy, Sw. dial, raggi, rough-haired, sloven-
ly, < ragg, rough hair, = Icel. rogg, shagginess:
see rag1.'] Rough; rugged; rocky.
A stony and raggy hill. Holland.
raghtt. Same as raughft for rfarln-d.
ragi (rag'e), n. See ragee.
raginee (rag'i-ne). «. [Hind, ragini, a mode
in music (= Skt. ragini, possessing color or pas-
sion), cf. rag, a mode in music, < Skt. raga, color-
ing, color, feeling, passion; < Vroj, be colored.]
One of a class of Hindu melodies founded on
fixed scales. Often contracted to rag.
4939
ragingly ( ra' jing-li), adv. In a raging manner :
with fury ; with violent impetuosity.
ragioust, ragiousnesst. See rageous, rageous-
nesx.
rag-knife (rag'nif), H. In a rag-engine, one of
the knives in the cylindrical cutter, working
against those in the bed or bottom-plate.
raglan (rag'lan), >i. [So called after Lord Rag-
lan, commander-in-chief of the British forces
in the Crimea.] A kind of loose overcoat, hav-
ing very full sleeves, or a sort of cape covering
the arms, worn about 1855 and later.
As it was quite dark in the tent, I picked up what was
supposed to be my raglan, a water-proof light overcoat,
without sleeves. The Century, XXXIX. 5C6.
rag-lopper (rag'lo"per), n. An apparatus for
knotting together strips and pieces of fabrics
in making a rag carpet.
ragman1 (rag'man), n. ; pi. ragmen (-men).
[< ME. ragmann; <ragl + man.'] If. A ragged
person.
Ragmann, or he that goythe wythe iaggyd [var. raggyd}
clothys, pannicius vel pannicia. Prompt. Pare., p. 421.
2. A man who collects or deals in rags,
ragmau'-'t, n. [ME. "ragman, rageman, ragge-
man, prob. < Icel. ragmenni, a craven (cf . regi-
madhr, a craven), < ragr, craven, cowardly (ap-
par. a transposed form of argr, craven, coward-
ly, = AS. earg, cowardly: see arch?), + madhr
(*inan»r), mail, = E. man. Cf. ragman-roll.] 1.
A craven. [Not found in this sense, except as
in ragman-roll and the particular application
in definition 2 following.] — 2. The devil.
Filius by the faders wil flegh with Spiritus Sanctus,
To ransake that rageman and reue hym hus apples,
That fyrst man deceyuede thorgh frut and false by-heste.
Piers Plowman (0), xix. 122.
ragmanst (rag'man), n. [ME. ragman, ragman,
rageman, ragemon, ragment, a deed sealed, a
papal bull, a list, a tedious story, a game so
called: an abbr. of ragman-roll, q. v.] 1. Same
as ragman-roll, 1.
He blessed hem with his breuet, and blered hure eyen,
And raghte with hus ragman rynges and broches.
Piers Plowman (CX i. 72.
Rede on this ragmen, and rewle yow theraftur.
MS. Cantab. If. v. 48, f. 7. (Hallimll.)
The records in connexion with the financial operations
of Richard II. and Richard III. make it clear that a rag-
man or rageman — I believe the word is spelled both ways
— meant simply a bond or personal obligation.
The Academy, Jan. 18, 1890, p. 47.
2. Same as ragman-roll, 2.
Mr. Wright . . . has printed two collections of ancient
verses used in the game of ragman. Halliwett.
ragman-rollt (rag'man-rol), n. [ME. "ragman-
rolle, ra
ragman's roll,
by abbr. ragman^, by corruption rig-my-roll, rig-
marole: see rigmarole."] 1. A parchment roll
with pendent seals, as an official catalogue or
register, a deed, or a papal bull; hence, any
important document, catalogue, or list. The
name was applied specifically, and perhaps originally
(in the supposed invidious sense 'the Cravens' Roll1), to
the collection of those instruments by which the nobility
and gentry of Scotland were tyrannically constrained to
subscribe allegiance to Edward I. of England in 1296, and
which were more particularly recorded in four large rolls
of parchment, consisting of thirty-five pieces bound to-
gether, and kept in the Tower of London. (Jamieson.)
What one man emong many thousandes . . . hath so
moche vacaunte tyme, that he maie bee at leasure to
tourne ouer and ouer in the bookes of Plato the rag-
mannes rolles . . . whiche Socrates doeth there vse?
Erasmus, Pref. to Apophthegms, tr. by Udall.
The list of names in Fame's book is called ragman roll
in Skelton, i. 420. Halliwdl.
2. A game played with a roll of parchment
containing verses descriptive of character, to
each of which was attached a string with a
pendant. The parchment being rolled up, each player
selected one of the projecting strings, and the verse to
which it led was taken as his description.
3. A written fabrication; a vague or rambling
story ; a rigmarole.
Mayster parson, I marvayll ye wyll gyve lycenc
To this false knave in this audience
To publish his ragman rdO.es with lyes.
The Pardoner and the Frere (1533). (Halliwell.)
ragman's rewet. Same as ragman-roll, 2.
These songes or rimes (because their orlginall beginnyng
issued out of Fescenium) wer called in Latine Fescennina
Carmina or Fescennini rythmi or versus ; whiche I doe
here translate (according to our English prouerbe) a rag-
man's rewe or a bible. For so dooe we call a long jeste
that railleth on any persone by name, or toucheth a bodie's
honestee somewhat nere.
UdaU's Erasmus's Apophth., p. 274.
ragman's roll* (rag'manz rol), n. See ragman-
roll.
raguly
'i), «.
See rag money,
le, ragmane-roelle ; < ragman2 + roll, «. Also
iman's roll, ragman's rewe (i. e. row). Hence
rag-money (rag'mun1
under nii/l.
Kagnarok (rag'njl-ivk'), ». [< Icel. ragnu riikr,
'twilight of the gods' (G. gotlerddnniiening):
rai/iia, gen. of riign, regin, neut. pi., the gods
(= Goth, ragiii, counsel, will, determination,
> ragineis, counselor) ; rokr, twilight, dimness,
vapor (see reck^); but orig. ragnti rijk, the his-
tory of the gods and the world, esp. with ref. to
the last judgment, doomsday: rok, reason, judg-
ment.] In Scaml. myth., the general destruc
tion of the gods in a great battle with the evil
powers, in which the latter and the earth also
perish, followed by regeneration of all things
through the power of the supreme God, and the
reappearance of those gods who represent the
regenerative forces of nature.
ragoa (ra-go'a), ». Same as goa, 1.
ragondin, w. The pelt or fur of the La Plata
beaver or coypou, Myopotamus coypus; nutria.
ragoot, n. An obsolete English spelling of
ragout.
ragout (ra-gi)'), «. [Formerly spelled ragoo or
ragou, in imitation of the F. pron., also ragousl,
< OF. ragoust, F. ragout, a stew, a seasoned
dish, < ragouster, ragouter, bring back to one's
appetite; < re- (< L. re-), again, + a- (< L. ad),
to,+ gouster, F. goiiter, < L. gustare, taste: see
gust2.] 1. A dish of meat (usually mutton or
veal) and vegetables cut small, stewed brown,
and highly seasoned.
Spongy Morells in strong Jiagousts are found,
And in the Soupe the slimy Snail is drown'd.
Gay, Trivia.
And thus they bid farewell to carnal dishes,
And solid meats, and highly-spiced ragouts,
To live for forty days on ill-dress'd fishes.
Byron, Beppo, st. 7.
When he found her prefer a plain dish to a ragout, had
nothing to say to her.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, p. 29.
2. Figuratively, a spicy mixture ; any piquant
combination of persons or things.
I assure you she has an odd Ragovtol Guardians, as you
will find when you hear the Characters.
Mrs. Centilitre, Bold Stroke, ii.
rag-picker (rag'pifer), ». 1. One who goes
about to collect rags, bones, and other waste ar-
ticles of some little value, from streets, ash-
pits, dunghills, etc. — 2. A machine for tearing
and pulling to shreds rags, yarns, hosiery, old
carpet, and other waste, to reduce them to cot-
ton or wool staple; a shoddy-machine Bag-
pickers' disease malignant anthrax.
ragshag (rag'shag), n. [A riming variation of
rag, as if < rag1 + shag.] A very ragged per-
son ; especially, one who purposely dresses in
grotesque rags for exhibition. [Colloq.J
While the Kagshags were inarching, . . . [he] caught his
foot in his ragged garment and fell.
Conn. Courant, July 7, 1887.
rag-shop (rag'shop), n. A shop in which rags
and other refuse collected by rag-pickers are
bought, sorted, and prepared for use.
rag-sorter (rag'sor'ter), n . A person employed
in sorting rags for paper-making or other use.
The subjects were grouped as follows : six ragsorters,
four female cooks, etc. Medical Sews, LIII. 600.
ragstone (rag'ston), «. [< rag1 + stone.] 1.
In Eng. geol., a rock forming a part of a series
of rough, shelly, sandy limestones, with layers
of marl and sandstone, occurring in the Low-
er or Bath Oolite. The shale series is some-
times called the Ragstone or Bagstone series. —
2. In masonry, stone quarried in thin blocks
or slabs.
rag-tag (rag' tag), ». [Also tag-rag, short for tag
and rag : see rag1, tag, n., tag-rag.] Ragged
people collectively ; the scum of the populace ;
the rabble : sometimes used attributively. [Col-
loq.]— Rag-tag and bobtail, all kinds of shabby or
shiftless people ; persons of every degree of worthless-
ness ; a disorderly rabble. [Colloq.]
Rag-tag and bobtail, disguised and got up with make-
shift arms, hovering in the distance, have before now de-
cided battles. Gladstone, Gleanings of Past Years, I. 169.
rag-turnsol (rag'tern"sol), n. Linen impreg-
nated with the blue dye obtained from the juice
of the plant Chrozophora tinctoria, used as a test
for acids. See turnsol, 2.
ragulated (rag'u-la-ted), a. In her., same as
raguly.
ragule (rag-u-la'), a. Same as raguly.
raguled (rag'uld), a.
as raguly.
raguly ( rag'u-li), a.
E. ragl + -id- + -e.]
[< ragul-y + -erf2.] Same
[< Heraldic F. ragule; <
In her., broken into regu-
lar projections and depressions like battle-
A Cross Raguly.
raguly
merits, except that the lines make oblique an-
gles with one another: said of one of the lines
in heraldry, which is used to
separate the divisions of the
field or to form the boundary of
any ordinary.
Ragusan(ra-g6'san),fl. andn.
Ragusa (see def . ) '+ -an. Cf. ar-
gouy.] I. a. Of or pertaining to
Kagusa in Dalmatia, on the Adri-
atic, a city belonging to Austria,
but for many centuries prior to the time of
Napoleon I. an independent republic.
II. «. A native or an inhabitant of Kagusa.
ragweed (rag' wed), «. 1 . Any plant of the com-
posite genus Ambrosia; especially, the common
North American species A. trifida, the great
ragweed or horse-cane, and A. artemisieefolia,
the Koman wormwood or hogweed. Both are
sometimes called bittenceed. The former is commonly
found on river-banks, has three-lobed leaves, and is
sometimes 12 feet high. The latter, a much-branching
plant from 1 to 3 feet high, with dissected leaves, grows
everywhere in waste places, along roads, etc., and is trou-
blesome in fields. Its pollen is regarded as a cause of hay.
fever. The plants of this genus are monoecious, the flow-
ers of the two sexes borne in separate heads, the female
heads producing a single flower with the ovoid involucre
closed over it. The flowers are greenish and inconspicu-
ous. See Ambrosia, 2.
2. The ragwort or St.- James- wort, Senecio Jaco-
biea. [Prov. Eng.J
rag-wheel (rag'hwel), B. 1. In «!«c/i.,awheel
having a notched or serrated margin. — 2. A
cutlers' polishing-wheel or soft disk made by
clamping together a number of disks cut from
some fabric — Rag-wheel and chain, a contrivance
for use instead of a band or belt when great resistance is
to be overcome, consisting of a wheel with pins or cogs on
the rim, and a chain in the links of which the pins catch.
See cut under chain-wheel.
rag-wool (rag' wul),H. Wool from rags ; shoddy.
rag-work (rag'werk), B. 1. Masonry built with
undressed flat stones of about the thickness of
a brick, and having a rough exterior, whence
the name. — 2. A manufacture of carpeting or
similar heavy fabric from strips of rag, which
are either knitted or woven together. Compare
rag carpet, under ragl.
ragworm (rag'werm), n. Same as mud-worm.
ragwort (rag'wert), n. The name of several
plants of the genus Senecio; primarily, S. Ja-
eobsea of Europe and
northern Asia. This is
an erect herb from 2 to 4
feet high, with bright-yel-
low radiate heads in a corn-
Ct terminal corymb ; the
res are irregularly lobed
and toothed, whence the
name. Also called benweed,
cankerweed, St.~Ja)nes-wort,
kadle-dock, jacob&a, etc. ; in
Ireland fairies'-horse. Some-
times ragweed. — African
ragwort. See Othomta.—
Golden ragwort, a North
American plant, Senecio
aureug, from 1 to 3 feet
high, sometimes lower,
bearing corymbs of golden-
yellow heads in spring:
verycommon and extremely
variable. It is said to have
been a favorite vulnerary
with the Indians, and is by
some regarded as an em*
menagogue and diuretic.
Also called squaw-weed
and lijeroaL— Purple rag-
wort, the purple jacobaja,
Senecif) elegans, a handsome
garden species from the
Cape of Good Hope : a
smooth herb with pinnatifld leaves and corymbed heads,
the rays purple, the disk yellow or purple. — Sea-ragwort.
Same as dusty -miller, 2. —Woolly ragwort, Senecio tomen-
toms of the southern United States, a plant covered with
scarcely deciduous hoary wool.
rahatet, «• t. An erroneous form of rate1.
He neuer tinned rahatyng of those persones that oifred
sacrifice for to haue good health of bodie.
Udatt, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 86. (Dories.)
Rahu (rii'ho), n. [Skt. Rdlru; derivation ob-
scure.] In Hindu myth., the demon that is sup-
posed to be the cause of the eclipses of the sun
and moon.
Baia (ra'a), n. [NL., also Raja, < L. raw,, a ray:
see ray2.] A genus of batoid selachians: used
with various limits, (a) By the old authors it was ex-
tended to all the species of the order or suborder Raise.
(6) By modern authors it is restricted to those Raiidae (in
the narrowest sense) which have the pectorals separated
by the snout, the caudal rudimentary, and the ventrals
distinct and notched. It comprises nearly 40 species,
generally called skates or rays. See cuts under skate and
ray*.
Raise (ra'e), ». pi. [NL., pi. of L. rala, a ray:
see Baia.'] An order or suborder of selachians,
4940
comprising the rays or skates, and distinguished
by the position of the branchial apertures on the
lower surface of the body, and the depressed and
disk-like trunk in combination with the out-
spread pectorals. Also called B/ttni/ld.
raian (ra'an), a. and w. [< NL. Rai(a) + -«».]
Same as raioid.
raible (ra'bl), v. A Scotch form of rabble1.
Wee Miller neist the guard relieves,
And orthodoxy raibles. Burns, Holy Fair.
raid (rad), M. [Also ratle; < ME. rade. Northern
form of rode, < AS. rad, a riding, = Icel. rcitlh,
a riding, a raid : see road, of which raid is a va-
riant, prob. in part from the cognate Icel. form.]
1. A hostile or predatory incursion; especially,
an inroad or incursion of mounted men; a
swooping assault for injury or plunder; a foray.
Then he a proclamation maid,
All men to meet at Inverness,
Throw Murray land to mak a raid.
Battle of Harlaw (Child's Ballads, VII. 184).
So the ruffians growl'd,
Fearing to lose, and all for a dead man,
Their chance of booty from the morning's raid.
Tennyson, Qeraint.
Hence — 2. A sudden onset in general; an ir-
ruption for or as if for assault or seizure ; a de-
scent made in an unexpected or undesired man-
ner: as, a police raid upon a gambling-house.
[Chiefly colloq.]
raid (rad), v. [< raid, w.] I. intrans. To go
upon a raid ; engage in a sudden hostile or dis-
turbing incursion, foray, or descent.
The Saxons were perpetually raiding along the confines
of Gaul. The Atlantic, LXV. 153.
II. trans. 1. To make a raid or hostile attack
upon ; encroach upon by foray or incursion.
Hence — 2. To attack in any way ; affect inju-
riously by sudden or covert assault or invasion
of any kind : as, to raid a gambling-house. [Col-
loq.] — To raid the market, to derange prices or the
course of trade, as on the stock-exchange, by exciting dis-
trust or uncertainty with regard to values ; disturb or de-
press prices by creating a temporary panic. [Colloq.}
raider (ra'der), ii. [< raid + -erl.] One who
makes a raid ; one engaged in a hostile or pred-
atory incursion.
raign't, <•• t. [ME. re^weii ,• by apheresis for ar-
raign^ (ME. araynen, etc.).] To arraign.
And many other exstorcioners and promoters in dyuers
contreys within the reame was broght to London, and put
in to prysons, and reyned at the Gyld Halle with Empson
and Dudley. Arnold's Chronicle, p. xliv.
raign-t, n. and c. An obsolete spelling of reign.
i, the upper part of the stem
with the heads of golden ragwort
(Senecio aureus} ; z, the rhizome
with the lower part of the stem
and the leaves ; a, the achene.
Rafidae (ra'i-de), ... pi. [NL., < Raia + -<(?*.]
A family of hypotreme selachians, or Raise,
typified by the genus Raia ; the skates and rays
proper. The species have a moderately broad rhombic
disk, a more or less acute snout, the tail slender but not
whip-like, and surmounted by two small dorsals without
spines, and no electrical apparatus. The females are
oviparous, eggs inclosed in quadrate corneous capsules
being cast. In this respect the linli<l;i differ from all the
other ray-like selachians. The species are quite numer-
ous, and every sea has representatives. Formerly the
family was taken in a much more extended sense, em-
bracing all the representatives of the suborder except the
saw-fishes. Also Jiajulffi.
Raiinae (ra-i'ne), w. pi. [NL., < Raia + -iwa?.]
A subfamily of rays, coextensive with the fam-
ily Raiidee in its most restricted sense.
raikt, v. i. See rake'*.
rail1 (ral), M. [< ME. mil, raile, rayl, 'regel,
*regol (in comp. rcgolstifke, a ruler), partly <
AS. reffol (not found in sense of 'bar' or 'rail'
except as in reyolstieea (> ME. regoteticke), a
ruler, a straight bar, but common in the de-
rived sense 'a rule of action,' = MD. reghel,
rijglicl, rijcliel, ricliel, a bar, rail, bolt, later rich-
gel, a bar, shelf, D. riijctiel, a bar, = MLG. regel,
LG. regel, a rail, cross-bar, = OHG. rigil, MHG.
rigel, G. riegel, a bar, bolt, rail, = Sw. regel =
Dan. rigel, a bar, bolt ; partly < OF. reille, raille,
roille, roile, reilhe, relle, rele, a bar, rail, bolt,
board, plank, ladder, plow-handle, furrow, row,
etc.,F. dial, reille, ladder, reille, raille, plowshare
(< LG.); < L. regula, a straight piece of wood,
a stick, bar, staff, rod, rule, ruler, hence a rule,
pattern, model : see rule1. Rail1 is thus a doub-
let of rule1, derived through AS., while rule1 is
derived through OF., from the same L. word.
Cf . r««2.] 1. A bar of wood or other material
passing from one post or other support to an-
other. Rails, variously secured, as by being mortised to
or passing through slots in their supports, etc., are used
to form fences and barriers and for many other purposes.
In many parts of the United States rail fences are com-
monly made of rails roughly split from logs and laid zig-
zag with their ends resting upon one another, every inter-
section so formed being often supported by a pair of cross-
stakes driven into the ground, upon which the top rails
rest.
rail
2. A structiire consisting of rails and their
sustaining posts, balusters, or pillars, and con-
stituting an inclosure or line of division : often
used in the plural, and also called a railing. The
rails of massive stone, elaborately sculptured, which form
the ceremonial inclosures of ancient Buddhist topes, tem-
ples, sacred trees, etc., in India, are among the most char-
acteristic and important features of Buddhist architec-
ture, and are the most remarkable works of this class
known.
The Orownd within the Baylei must bee coveryd with
blake Cloth.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 33.
There lyeth a white marble in form of a graves-stone,
environed with a rale of brasse. Sandys, Travailes, p. 127.
The Bharhut rail, according to the inscription on it,
was erected by a Prince Vadha Pala. . . . The Buddh
Gaya rail is a rectangle, measuring 181 ft. by 98 ft.
J. Ferijumm, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 85.
3. In joinery, a horizontal timber in a piece of
framing or paneling. Specifically— (o) In a door,
sash, or any paneled work, one of the horizontal pieces be-
tween which the panels lie, the vertical pieces being
called stile*. See cut under door. (6) The course of pieces
into which the upper ends of the balusters of a stair are
mortised, (c) In furniture-making and fine joinery, any
piece of the construction passing between two posts or
other members of the frame : as, the head-rail or foot-rotf
in a bedstead. Hence— (d) A corresponding member in
construction in other materials than wood, as a tie in
brass or iron furniture.
4. Naut., one of several bars or timbers in a
ship, serving for inclosure or support. The rail,
specifically so called, is the fence or upper part of the
bulwarks, consisting of a course of molded planks or small
timbers mortised to the stanchions, or sometimes to the
timber-heads. The part passing round the stern is the
ta/rail. The forecasUe-raU, poop-rail, and top-rail are bars
extended on stanchions across the after part of the fore-
castle-deck, the fore part of the poop, and the after part
of each of the tops, respectively. A pin-rail fs part of a
rail with holes in it for belaying-pins ; and a fife-rail is a
rail around the lower part of a mast, above the deck, with
similar holes. The ratts of the head are curved pieces of
timber extending from the bows on each side to the hull
of the head, for its support
5. One of the iron or (now generally) steel bars
or beams used on the permanent way of a rail-
way to support and guide the
wheels of cars and motors. The
general form now most in use for steam-
railways is that known as the T-rail. But,
though these rails all have a section vague-
ly resembling the letter T, the proportions
of the different parts and the weights of
the rails are nearly as various as the rail- ,
ways themselves. In the accompanying ' " ":
diagram is shown a section of a rail weigh- ^J;. c . JJJj. £
ing 76 pounds per yard in length, the part' rf is at' ihc
weight of the length of one yard being the inner side of the
common mode of stating the weights of J""1'1' and "iad=
rails. These weights are in modern rails »ith the thSS"^
sometimes as great as 80 or 85 pounds the car-wheel.
per yard, the more recent tendency having
been toward heavier locomotives and heavier rails. The
cut shows the comparative dimensions of the various
parts. (Compare Ash-joint, fish-plate, and fishl, v. t, 8.)
The curved junctions of the web with the head and the
base are called the fillets.
6. The railway or railroad as a means of trans-
port : as, to travel or send goods by rail. [Col-
loq.]
French and English made rapid way among the drago-
manish officials of the rail.
W. a. Jtussell, Diary In India, I. 24.
On the question of rail charges a good deal might be
written. Quarterly Rev., CXLV. 319.
The tourists find the steamer waiting for them at the
end of the rail. C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 270.
7. In cotton-spinning, a bar having an up-and-
down motion, by which yarn passing through is
guided upon the bar and is distributed upon
the bobbins — Adhesion of wheels to rails. Seeod-
hesian.— Capped rail. See capi.— Compound rail, a
railway-rail made in two longitudinal counterparts bolted
together in such manner that opposite ends of each pro-
ject beyond the other part to produce a lapping joint when
the rails are spiked to the ties or sleepers. Also called
grattnma ro«. — Double-headed rail, a railway-mil
without flanges, with two opposite heads united by a web.
It is always used with chairs, and by turning it upside
down it can be used after the upper head has become so
worn as to be useless.— False rail, in ship-carp., a thin
piece of timber attached inside of a curved head-rail in
order to strengthen it.— Fish-bellied rail, a cast-iron
railway-rail having a convex or downwardly arching un-
der surface to strengthen its middle part, after the man-
ner of some cast-iron beams and girders. It was intro-
duced in 1805. — Flat rail, a railway-rail of cast-iron or
wrought-iron fastened by spikes to longitudinal sleepers.
The cast-iron flat rail was first used in 1776.— Middle rail,
in carp., that rail of a door which is on a level with the
hand, and on which the lock is usually fixed, whence it is
sometimes called the lock-rail. See cut under door. — Pipe
rail, a rail of iron pipe joined by fittings as in pipe-fitting.
Such rails, of iron or brass, are now much used in engine-
rooms of ships, at the sides of locomotives, on iron bridges,
elevated railways, etc. -Pipe-rail fittings, the screw-
threaded fittings, including couplings, elbows,crosses,tees,
flanges, etc., used in putting together pipe- rail ings, and
usually of an ornamental pattern. — Point-rail, a pointed
rail used in the construction of a rail way-switch. — Rail-
drilling machine, a machine for drilling holes in the web
of steel rails for the insertion of fish-plate bolts. — Rail-
rail
straightening machine, a portable screw-press for
straightening bent or crooked rails or iron bars.— Kail
under (iuiut.), with the lee rail submerged : as. the vessel
sailed mil muter. -Rolled rail, a rail made of wrought-
iron or steel by rolling.— Steel-headed rail, a railway-
rail having a wrought-iron base and web anil a steel
head. Such rails were too expensive for general use,
and have given place to the Bessemer-steel rails. Also
called steel-tapped rail.— Steel rail, a rolled-steel railway,
rail. The first steel rails were manufactured in England
by Mushet In 18S7. The development of the use of steel
rails, stimulated by the invention of the celebrated Besse-
mer process for making cheap mild steel from which rails
of far greater durability than those of wrought-iron can
be manufactured, has been rapid, and has resulted in the
substitution of steel rails for wrought-iron rails on near-
ly all important railways in the world. — To ride on a
rail. See ride.— Virginia rail fence. Same as make
fence (which see, under fence),
rail1 (ral), v. [< ME. railen, rayleii (= OHG.
riiiildii, MHU. rigelen, G. riegeln), rail: cf. OF.
reillier, roillier, raillier, inclose with rails, bar;
from the noun. Cf. raiP, »;.] I. trans. 1. To
inclose with rails: often with in or off.
The sayd herse must bee raylyd about, and hangyd with
Make Cloth.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.X i. 83.
It is a spot railed in, and a piece of ground is laid out like
a garden bed. Pococtce, Description of the East. II. ii. 101.
Mr. Langdon . . . has now reached the railed space.
IT. X. Bolter, New Timothy, p. 150.
2. To furnish with rails ; lay the rails of, as a
railway ; construct a railway upon or along, as
a street. [Recent.]
Fifty miles of new road graded last year, which was to
receive its rails this spring, will not be railed, because it
is not safe for the company to make further investments
in that State. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 126.
II. intrans. To fish with a hand-line over the
rail of a ship or boat. [Colloq.]
In England, the summer fishing for mackerel is carried
on by means of hand lines, and small boats may be seen
railing or " whiffing" amongst the schools of mackerel.
Nature, XLI. 180.
rai!2t (ral), v. t. [< ME. ratten, raylen, < AS. as
if "regolian (= D. regelen = G. regeln), set in
order, rule, < regol = D. G. Sw. Dan. regel, < L.
regula, a rule: see rail1, and cf. rule1. Cf. OF.
reillier, roillier, rail, bar, also stripe, from the
noun.] To range in a line ; set in order.
Al watz rayled on red ryche golde naylez,
That al glytered & glent as glem of the sunne.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 603.
They were brought to London all railed in ropes, like a
team of horses in a cart, and were executed, some at Lon-
don, and the rest at divers places. Bacon, Hist Hen. VII.
Audley, Flammock, Joseph,
The ringleaders of this commotion,
Hailed in ropes, fit ornaments for traitors,
Wait your determinations.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, ill. 1.
rail3! (ral), n. [Early mod. E., also rayle ; <
ME. rail, reil, regel, < AS. hreegel, hrsegl, a gar-
ment, dress, robe, pi. clothes, = OS. hregil =
OFries. hreil, reyl, reil = OHG. Jiregil, clothing,
garment, dress; root unknown.] 1. A gar-
ment ; dress ; robe : now only in the compound
night-rail. — 2. A kerchief.
Rayle for a womans neck, crevechief, en qnarttre dou-
bles. Palsgrave.
And then a good grey frocke,
A kercheffe, and a raUe.
Friar Bacon's Prophesie (1604). (HaUiweU.)
rail«t (ral), ». *. [ME. railen; < raift, i'.] To
dress; clothe.
Real! raffled with wel riche clothes.
WiUiam of Palerne (E. E. T. S.X 1. 1618.
rail4 (ral), ii. [Early mod. E. rai/ie; < OF. raate,
rasle, F. rdle (> G. ralle. ML. rallus), F. dial.
reille, a rail; so called from its cry; cf. OF.
ra&le, F. rdle, a rattling in the throat; < OF.
ratter, F. niler, rattle in the throat, < MD.
ratelen, rattle, make a noise: see rattle. Cf.
also D. railen, rellen, make a noise, Sw. ralla,
chatter (rallfagel, a rail), Dan. ralle, rattle.] A
bird of the subfamily Rallinee, and especially
of the genus Ballitu ; a water-rail, land-rail,
marsh-hen, or crake. Rails are small marsh-lov-
ing wading birds, related to coots and gallinules. They
abound in the marshes and swamps of most parts of the
world, where they thread their way in the mazes of the
reeds with great ease and celerity, the body being thin
and compressed, and the legs stout and strong with long
toes. They nest on the ground, and lay numerous spotted
eggs ; the young run about as soon as hatched. The com-
mon rail of Europe is Rallus: aquaticus; the clapper-rail
or salt-water marsh-hen of the United States is R. crept-
ttins; the king-mil or fresh-water marsh-hen is R. eleyans ;
the Virginia rail is It. mr;finianus, also called red rail,
little red-breasted rail, lesser clapper-rail, small mud-hen,
etc. Very generally, in the I'nited States, the word rail
used absolutely means the sora or soree, Porzana caro-
!!n(i . more fully called rail-bird, chicken-billed rail, English
fail. Carolina rail, American rail, common rail, sora-rail,
ortfilan, Carolina crake, crake -yallinule, etc. See Crex,
Porzana, and cut under Rallus.— Golden rail, a snipe
of the genus Rhynchiea; a painted-snipe or rail-snipe. —
4041
Spotted rail, the spotted crake, Porzana maruetta, also
called spotted OcMy and spotted water-hen.— Weka rail.
See Ocydromus.
rail5 (ral), *'. [Early mod. E. rayle; < OF. rail-
Irr, F. miller, jest, deride, mock, = Sp. rrtUar,
grate, scrape, vex, molest, = Pg. ralar, scrape,
rub, vex, < L. as if "nidulan; dim. or freq. of
niilere, scrape, scratch: see raw1, race1. Cf.
L. rallitm (contr. of 'radium), a scraper, railiiln,
a scraping-iron : see radula. Hence rally2, rail-
lery.'] I. intrans. To speak bitterly, opprobri-
railroad
pilot serves the same purpose. — 2. A guard-
rail.
railing (ra'ling), M. [< ME. i-iii/li/iit/i'; verbal n.
of raw1, r.] 1. Rails collectively; a combina-
tion of rails ; a construction in which rails form
an important part. Hence — 2. Any openwork
construction used as a bamer, parapet, or the
like, primarily of wood, but also of iron bars,
wire, etc.— post and railing.
Seejxwti.
railingly (ra'ling-li), adv.~ In a railing manner ;
sSi-ssrssB.- -**• - Jtesra^sriTEs. «-
Thou rajileat on, right withouten reason,
And blamest hem much for small encheason.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.
Angels . . . bring not railing accusation against them.
2 Pet. ii. 11.
A certain Spaniard . . . railed . . . extremely at me.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 126.
With God and Fate to rail at suffering easily.
M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
= Syn. of rail at. To upbraid, scold or scold at or scold
about, inveigh against, abuse, objurgate. Railing and
scolding are always undignified, if not improper ; literally.
abusing is improper; all three words may by hyperbole
be used for talk which is proper.
Il.t trans. To scoff at ; taunt ; scold ; banter ;
affect by railing or raillery.
Till thou canst rail the seals from off my bond,
Thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud.
Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. 130.
Such as are capable of goodness are railed into vice,
that might as easily be admonished into virtue.
Sir T. Browne, Iteligio Medici, ii. 4.
rail°t (ral), v. i. [Early mod. E. rayle; < ME.
railen, reilen, roilen, flow, prob. a var. of rotten,
roll, wander: seerort1.] To run; flow.
Whan the Geaunte felt hym wounded and saugh the
blode raile down by the lifte iye, he was nygh wode oute
of witte. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 342.
I saw a spring out of a rocke forth rayle,
As clear as Christall gainst the Sunnie beanies.
Spenser, Visions of Bellay, 1. 155.
rail-bender (ral'ben//der), ». A screw-press or
hydraulic press for straightening rails, or for
bending them in the construction of railway-
curves and -switches. The rail is supported
upon two bearers, between which the pressure
is applied. Also called rail-bending machine.
rail-bird (ral'berd), n. The Carolina rail or
sora, Porsana Carolina. [U. S.]
rail-bittern (rarbifern), n. One of the small
bitterns of the genus Ardetta, as A. neoxena,
which in some respects resemble rails. Cones.
rail-board (ral'bord), ». A board nailed to
the rail of a vessel engaged in fishing for mack-
erel with hand-lines.
rail-borer (ral'bor'er), n. A hand-drill for
making holes in the web of rails for the fish-
plate bolts.
rail-brace (ral'bras), n. A brace used to pre-
vent the turning over of rails or the spreading
of tracks at curves, switches, etc., on railways.
rail-chair (ral'char), w. An iron block, used
especially in Great
Britain, by means of
which railway-rails
are secured to the
sleepers. With the flat-
bottomed rail common in
the United States, chairs
are not required, the rails
being attached to the
sleepers by spikes.
rail-clamp (ral'-
klamp), H. A wedge
or tightening-key for „ up „„„ OI „„. „ , „,
Clamping a rail firmly head ?? 'ail; «. chair; r, sleep
Double-headed Rail and Rail-
chair, as used on the London and
North- Western Railway, England.
:r head of rail ; a', lower
c' , wedge of wood; d, wood-screws;
c, spikes.
in a rail-chair, so as to
prevent lateral play.
rail-coupling (ral'kup"ling), n. A bar or rod
connecting the opposite rails of a railway to-
gether at critical points, as curves or switches,
where a firmer connection than is afforded by
the sleepers is needed.
railer1 (rii'ler), •». [< rail1 + -er1.] One who
makes or furnishes rails.
railer2 (ra'ler), «. [Early mod. E. rai/ler, < F.
rnilleur, railer, jester, < railler, rail, jest, mock:
sci- rail6.'] One who rails, scoffs, insults, cen-
sures, or reproaches with opprobrious language.
I am so far off from deserving you,
My beauty so unfit for your affection,
That I am grown the scorn of common railtrg.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1.
.Tunius is never more than a railer, and very often he is
third-rate even as a railer. John Morley, Burke, p. 47.
rail-guard (ral'giird), H. 1. In English loco-
motives, one of two stout rods, reaching down
to about two inches from the track, before a
front wheel. In America the cow-catcher or
.
railipotent (ra-lip'o-tent), a. [Irreg. < rail* +
potent, as in omnipotent.} Powerful in railing
or vituperation, or as incentive to railing; ex-
tremely abusive. [Rare.]
The most preposterous principles have, in requital,
shown themselves, as an old author phrases it, valiantly
railipotent. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., Pref.
rail-key (ral'ke), n. A wedge-piece used to
clamp a rail to a chair by driving it in between
the rail and the chair. Compare rail-clamp.
raillery (ral'- or ral'er-i), «. [Early mod. E.
raillerie, raillery, rallery; < F. raillerie, jesting,
mockery, < railler, jest : see rail6 and rally%. ] 1 .
Good-humored pleasantry or ridicule ; satirical
merriment ; jesting language ; banter.
Let raillery be without malice or heat B. Jonson.
When you have been Abroad, Nephew, you'll understand
Rallery better. Congreve, Way of the World, iii. 16.
That conversation where the spirit of raillery is sup-
pressed will ever appear tedious and Insipid.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
2f. A jest. [Rare.]
They take a pleasing raillery for a serious truth.
Gentleman Instructed, p. 13. (Davies.)
railleur (ra-lyer'), ». [F. railleur, railer, jester,
mocker: see railer^.] One who turns what is
serious into ridicule; a jester; abanterer; a
mocker.
The family of the railleurs is derived from the same
original with the philosophers. The founder of philoso-
phy is confessed by all to be Socrates ; and he was also
the famous author of all irony.
Bp. Sprat, Hist. Koyal Soc.
railly (ra'li), «.; pi. raillies (-liz). [Dim. of
rail"."] Same as rail3. [Scotch.]
rail-post (ral'post), »• In carp. : (a) A balus-
ter for a stair-rail, hand-rail, or a balustrade.
(b) A newel. Also called railing-post.
rail-punch (ral'punch), H. A machine for
punching holes m the webs of rails, and for
analogous uses.
railroad (ral'rod), «. [< rail1 + road.] A road
upon which are laid one or more lines of rails to
guide and facilitate the movement of vehicles
designed to transport passengers or freight, or
both. [In this sense the words railroad and railway
(which are of about equal age) are synonymous ; but the
former is more commonly (and preferably) nsed in the
United States, the latter now universally in England.
In both countries steam- railroads are called roads, seldom
ways. For convenience, the subject of railroads, and the
various compound words, are treated in this dictionary
under railway. ]
The London "Courier," in detailing the advantages of
rail-roads upon the locomotive steam engine principle,
contains a remark relative to Mr. Rush, our present minis-
ter in London . . . : " Whatever parliament may do, they
cannot stop the course of knowledge and improvement !
The American government has possessed itself, through
its minister, of the improved mode of constructing and
making railroads, and there can be no doubt of their im-
mediate adoption throughout that country."
Nttes's Register, April 2, 1825.
Alas ! even the giddiness attendant on a journey on this
Manchester rail-road is not so perilous to the nerves as
that too frequent exercise In the merry-go-round of the
ideal world.
Scott, Count Robert of Paris, Int., p. xi. (Oct. 15, 1831).
On Monday I shall set off for Liverpool by the railroad,
which will then be opened the whole way.
Macaulay, in Trevelyan, II. 20.
Lady Buchan of Athlone writes thus in 18S3 : "I have a
letter from Sir John, who strongly recommends my going
by the railroad." If. and Q., 7th ser., VIII. 379.
Commissioner of Railroads. See commissioner.— Ele-
vated railroad. Si-rrofliroi/.— Railroad euchre, see
euchre.— Underground railroad, (a) See underground
railway, under railway, (b) In the United States before
the abolition of slavery, a secret arrangement for enabling
slaves to escape into free territory, by passing them along
from one point of concealment to another till they reached
Canada or some other place of safety.
railroad (ral'rod), ». t. [< railroad, «.] To
hasten or push forward with railroad speed;
expedite rushingly ; rush: as, to railroad a bill
through a legislature. [Slang, U. S.]
A New York daily some time ago reported that a com-
mon thief . . . was railroaded through court in a few
days. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXII. 758.
The Alien act, that was railroaded through at the close
of the last session. Sci. Amer., N. S., LVII. 37.
railroader
railroader (ral'ro-der), «. A person engaged
in the management or operation of a railroad
or railroads; one employed in or about the run-
ning of railroad-trains or the general business
of a railroad. [U. S.]
The Inter-State Commerce Commission is endeavoring
to harmonise the interests of shippers and railroaders.
The Engineer, LXVI. 18.
railroading (ral'ro-ding), «. [< railroad +
-(HI/I.] The management of or work upon a
railroad or railroads ; the business of construct-
ing or operating railroads. [U. S.]
Wonders in the science of railroading that the tourist
will go far to see.
Harper's Weekly, XXXIII., Supp., p. 60.
railroad-worm (ral'rod-werin), «. The apple-
maggot (larva of Trypeta pomonrlhi) : so called
because it has spread along the lines of the rail-
roads. [New Eng.]
rail-saw (ral'sa), «. A portable machine for
sawing off railway-rails in track-laying and -re-
pairing. The most approved form clamps to the rail to
be sawn, its frame carrying a reciprocating segmental
saw working on a rock-shaft, which is operated by later-
ally extending detachable rock-levers. It has mechanism
which slowly muves the saw toward the rail. A rail can
be cut off by it in fifteen minutes.
rail-Snipe (ral'snip), «. A bird of the genus
Khynchsea (or lioxtratula), as R. cajiensix. the
Cape rail-snipe, also called painted Cape snipe
and golden rail.
rail-splitter (ral'splifer), n. One who splits
logs into rails for making a rail fence. Abraham
Lincoln, President of the United States from 1861 to 1S6B,
who In his youth had occasionally split rails, was some-
times popularly called the rail-tplitter, and clubs of his
partizans assumed the name Rail- splitters. [U. 3.]
Yes : he had lived to shame me from my sneer,
To lame my pencil, and confute my pen;
To make me own this hind of princes peer,
This rail-splitter a true-born king of men.
Tom Taylor, Abraham Lincoln.
railway (ral'wa), ». [< rail1 + tcay.] 1. In
mech. enain., broadly, a way composed of one or
more rails, or lines of rails, for the support, and
commonly also for the direction of the motion,
of a body carried on wheels adapted to roll on
the rail or rails, or lines of rails. The wheels of
railway-cars are now more usually flanged ; but In railways
forming parts of machines they are sometimes grooved,
or they may run in grooves formed in the rails.
2. A way for the transportation of freight or
passengers, or both, in which vehicles with
flanged or grooved wheels are drawn or pro-
pelled on one or more lines of rails that sup-
port the wheels of the vehicles, and guide their
course by the lateral pressure of the rails against
the wheels; a railroad. (See railroad.) The parts
of an ordinary passenger- and freight- railway proper are
the road-betl, ballast, sleepers, mils, rail-chairs, splices,
spikes, switches and switch mechanism, collectively called
permanent way, and the signals ; but in common and
accepted usage the meaning of the terms railway and rail-
road has been extended to include not only the perma-
nent way, but everything necessary to its operation, as
the rolling-stock and buildings, including stations, ware-
houses, round-houses, locomotive-shops, car-shops, and
repair-shops, and also all other property of the operating
company, as stocks, bonds, and other securities. Most ex-
isting railways employ steam-locomotives ; but systems of
propulsion by endless wire ropes or cables, by electric
locomotives, and by electromotors placed on individual
. cars to which electricity generated by dynamos at suitable
stations is supplied from electrical conductors extending
along the line, or from storage-batteries can-led by the
cars, have recently made notable progress. Horse-rail-
ways or tramways, in which the cars are drawn by horses
or mules, are also extensively used for local passenger and
freight traffic ; but in many places such railways are now
being supplanted by electric or cable systems.
Railway. — A new iron railway has been invented in
Bavaria. On an exactly horizontal surface, on this im-
provement, a woman, or even a child, may, with apparent
ease, draw a cart loaded with more than six quintals. . . .
It is proved that those iron railings are two-thirds better
than the English, and only cost half as much.
Niles's Register, Jan. 26, 1822.
Abandonment of railway. See abandonment.— Aerial,
Archimedean, atmospheric, centripetal, electric
railway. See the adjectives.— Elevated railway, or ele-
vated railroad, in contradistinction to surface railway, an
elevated structure, in form analogous to a bridge, used in
New York and elsewhere for railway purposes, to avoid
obstruction of surface roadways. The elevated structures
are usually made of a good quality of steel and iron, and
cars are moved on them either by steam-locomotives or
by cable-traction, more commonly the former. Electricity
has also been applied to the propulsion of cars on elevated
railways.— Inclined railway, a railway having such a
steep grade that special means other than ordinary loco-
motive driving-wheels are necessary for drawing or pro-
pelling cars on it. The use of locomotives with gripping-
wheels engaging a rail extending midway between the
ordinary rails, or having a pinion engaging the teeth of a
rack-rail similarly placed, is a feature of many such rail-
ways. Cables operated by a stationary enginu are also used.
— Marine railway. See marine. — Military railway, a
railway equipped for military service. Armored locomo-
tives, and armor-plated cars having port-holes for rifles and
some of them carrying swivel-guns, are prominent features
4942
of a military railwayoutftt.— Pneumatic railway, (u) A
railwayin which cars are propelled by air-pressure behind
them. In one form of pneumatic railway the cars were
pushed like pistons through a tunnel by pressure of air
on the rear. The system failed of practical success from
the difficulties met with in the attempt to carry it out on
a large scale. Also called atmospheric railway (which see,
under atmospheric). (6) A railway in which cars are drawn
by pneumatic locomotives. Scarcely more success has
been reached in this method than in that described above.
—Portable railway, or portable railroad, a light rail-
way-track made in detachable sections, or otherwise con-
structed so that it may be easily taken up, carried about,
and transported to a distance, for use in military opera-
tions, in constructing roads, in building operations, in
making excavations, etc. The rails are frequently of
wood, or of wood plated with iron. — Prismoidal rail-
way, a railway consisting of a single continuous beam
or truss supported on posts or columns. The engine and
cars run astride of the beam, the former being provided
with grip-wheels to obtain the hold on the track requisite
for draft — Railway brain, a term applied to certain
cases developed by railway accident, in which a trau-
matic neurosis is believed to be of cerebral origin.— Rail-
way Clauses Consolidation Act, an English statute of
1845 (8 and 9 Viet, c. 20) consolidating the usual statutory
provisions applicable to railway corporations, enabling
them to take private property, and giving them special
rights or special duties.— Railway cut-off saw. See
wrai.— Railway post-office. See pout-office.— Railway
scrip. See scrip. — Railway spine, an affection of the
spine resulting from concussion produced by a railway
accident. See under spine.
The railway spine has taken its place in medical nomen-
clature. Sei. Ainer., N. S., LX. 22.
Underground railway, a railway running through a
continuous tunnel, as under the streets or other parts of
a city ; a subterranean railway.
railway-car (ral'wa-kar), «, Any vehicle in
general (the locomotive or other motor and its
tender excepted) that runs on a railway, whe-
ther for the transportation of freight or of
passengers.
railway-carriage (ral'wa-kar'aj), n. A rail-
way-car for passenger-traffic. [Eng.]
railway-chair (ral'wa-char), n. Same as rail-
chair.
railway-company (rarwa-kum'"pa-ni), H. A
stock company, usually organized under a char-
ter granted by special legislative enactment,
for the purpose of constructing and operating
a railway, and invested with certain special
powers, as well as subject to special restric-
tions, by the terms of its charter.
railway-crossing (ral'wa-kros'ing), H. 1. An
intersection of railway-tracks. — 2. The inter-
section of a common roadway or highway with
the track of a railway.
railway-frog (ral'wa-frog), «. See frog*, 2.
railway-slide (ral'wa-slid), ». A tnrn-table.
[Eng.]
railway-stitch (ral'wa-stich), H. 1. In crochet,
same as tricot-stitch. — 2. In embroidery, a sim-
ple stitch usually employed in white embroi-
dery, or with floss or filoselle. — 3. In worsted-
work or Berlin-wool work, a kind of stitch used
on leviathan canvas, large and loose, and cov-
ering the surface quickly.
railway-switch (ral' wa-swich), «. See switch.
railway-tie (ral'wa-tl), H. See tie.
railway-train (ral'wa-tran), n. See train.
raim (ram), r. t. Same as ream2.
raiment (ra'ment), n. [Early mod. E. rayment;
< ME. raiment, rayment, short for arayment,
later arraiment, mod. arrayment: see arrayment.
Cf. ray, by apheresis for array.] That in
which one is arrayed or clad; clothing; vesture;
formerly sometimes, in the plural, garments.
[Now ouly poetical or archaic.]
On my knees I beg
That you'll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food.
Shale., Lear, ii. 4. 158.
Truth's Angel on horseback, his rai^nent of white silk
powdered with stars of gold.
Middleton, Triumphs of Troth.
= Syn. Clothes, dress, attire, habiliments, garb, costume,
array. These words are all in current use, while raiment
and vesture have a poetic or antique sound.
raimondite (ra'mon-dit), n. [Named after A.
Raimondi, an Italian scientist who spent many
years in exploring Peru.] A basic sulphate of
iron, occurring in hexagonal tabular crystals of
a yellow color.
rain1 (ran), n. [Early mod. E. rayne, < ME. rein,
reyn, reyne, reane, regn, rien, ren, ran, < AS.
ref/n (often contr. ren) = OS. regan, regin =
OFries. rein = D. regen = MLG. regen = OHO.
regan, MHG. regen, G. regen = Icel. Sw. Dan.
rcgn = Goth, rign, rain; cf. L. rigare, moisten
(see irrigation), Gr. /3pexc'v, wet (see embroca-
tion).'] 1. The descent of water in drops
through the atmosphere, or the water thus fall-
ing. In general, clouds constitute the reservoir from
which rain descends, but the fall of rain in very small
quantities from a cloudless sky is occasionally observed.
The aqueous vapor of the atmosphere, which condenses
rain
into cloud, and falls us rain, is derived from the evapora-
tion of water, partly from land, but chiefly from the vast
expanse of the ocean. At a given temperature, only a
certain amount of aqueous vapor can be contained in a
given volume, and when this amount is present the air
is said to be saturated. If the air is then cooled below
this temperature, a part of the vapor will be condensed
into small drops, which, when suspended in the atmo-
sphere, constitute clouds. Under continued cooling and
condensation, the number and size of the drops increase
until they begin to descend by their own weight. The
largest of these, falling fastest, unite with smaller ones
that they overtake, and thus drops of rain are formed
whose size depends on the thickness and density of the
cloud and on the distribution of electrical stress therein.
Sometimes the rate of condensation is so great that the
water appears to fall in sheets rather than in drops, and
then the storm is popularly called a cloud-burst. It is now
generally held that dynamic cooling (that is, the cooling
of air by expansion, when raised in altitude, and thereby
brought under diminished pressure), if not the sole cause
of nun, is the only cause of any importance, and that other
causes popularly appealed to — such as the intermingling
of warm and cold air, contact with cold mountain-slopes,
etc. — are either inoperative or relatively insignificant.
The requisite ascent of air may lie occasioned eilher by
convection currents, a cyclonic circulation, or the upward
deflection of horizontal currents by hills or mountains ;
and rain may be classified as connective, ci/clonic, or oro-
graphic, according as the first, second, or third of these
methods is brought into operation to produce it. The
productiveness of the soil and the maintenance of life in
most parts of the earth depend largely upon an adequate
fall of rain. In some regions it is more or less evenly dis-
tributed throughout the year, in others it is confined to a
part of the year (the rainy season), and in others still it is
entirely absent, or too slight for need, according to varia-
tion of local atmospheric conditions. In a ship's log-book
abbreviated r.
A muchel wind altth mid a lutel rein.
A ncren Riwle, p. 246.
Also a man that was born in thys yle told vs that they
had no Rayne by the space of x months; they sow ther
whete with owt Rayne.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travel!, p. 61.
2. Figuratively — (a) A fall of any substance
through the atmosphere in the manner of rain,
as of blossoms or of the pyrotechnic stars from
rockets and other fireworks. Blood-rain is a fall
of fragments of red algae or the like, raised in large quan-
tities by the wind and afterward precipitated. Sulphur-
rain or yellow rain is a similar precipitation of the pollen
of fir-trees, etc. (6) A shower, downpour, or abun-
dant outpouring of anything.
Whilst Wealth it self doth roll
In to her bosom in a golden Rain.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, 1. 88.
The former and the latter rain, in Palestine, the rains
of autumn and of spring ; hence, rain in its due season.
—The Rainst, a tract of the Atlantic ocean formerly so
called. See the quotation.
Crossing toward the west, from Africa, it is now known
that between about five and fifteen north latitude is a
space of ocean, nearly triangular, the other limit being
about twenty (long.) and ten (lat.), which used to be called
by the earlier navigators the Rains, on account of the calms
and almost incessant rain always found there.
Fitz Roy, Weather Book, p. 115.
= Syn. 1. Rain, Haze, Fog, Mist, Cloud. A cloud resting upon
the earth is called mist or .fog. In mid the globules are
very fine, but are separately distinguishable, and have a
visible motion. In fog the particles are separately indis-
tinguishable, and there is no perceptible motion. A dry
fog is composed largely of dust-particles on which the
condensed vapor is too slight to occasion any sense of
moisture. Haze differs from fog and cloud in the greater
microscopic minuteness of its particles. It is visible only
as a want of transparency of the atmosphere, and in gen-
eral exhibits neither form, boundary, nor locus. Thus,
among haze, fog, mist, and rain, the size of the constituent
particles or globules is a discriminating characteristic,
though frequently cloud merges into fog or mist, and mist
into rain, by insensible gradations.
rain1 (ran), r. [< ME. raynen, reinen, reynen,
regnen, rinen, rynen (pret. rainde, reinede, rinde;
sometimes strong, ran, roon), < AS. rignan, rare-
ly reynan, usually contracted rinan.rynan (pret.
rinde; rarely strong, ran), = D. regenen = MLG.
regenen = OHG. reganon, regonon, MHG. rege-
nen, G. regnen = Icel. regna, rigmi = Sw. regua
= Dan. regne = Goth, rignjan, rain ; from the
noun: see rain1, n.] I. intrans. 1. To fall in
drops through the air, as water: generally used
impersonally.
There it reyneth not but litylle in that Contree ; and for
that Cause they have no Watre, but zif it be of that flood
of that Ryvere. MandecUle. Travels, p. 45.
Evermore so sternliche it ran,
And blew therwith so wonderliche loude,
That wel neighe no man heren other koude.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 677.
And in Elyes tyme heuene was yclosed,
That no reyne ne rone.
Piers Plowman (B), xiv. CO.
The rain it raineth every day. Shot., T. N., v. 1. 401.
2. To fall or drop like rain : as, tears rained
from their eyes.
The Spaniards presented a fatal mark to the Moorish mis-
siles, which rained on them with pitiless fury.
Prescott, 1'erd. and Isa., ii. 7.
Down rained the blows upon the unyielding oak.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 252.
rain
II. trans. To pour or shower down, like vain
from the clouds ; pouror send down abundantly.
Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you.
Ex. xvi. 4.
Does he rain gold, anil precious promises,
Into thy lap'/ Fletcher, Wife for a Month, i. 1.
Why, it rains princes; though some people are disap-
pointed of the arrival of the Pretender.
Walpnle, Letters, II. 24.
To rain cats and dogs. See ca(i .
rain2 (ran), n. [Origin obscure.] 1. A ridge.
.Halliicell. — 2. A furrow. [Prov. Eng. in both
senses.]
They reaped the corne that grew in the mine to serve
that turne, as the corne In the ridge was not readie.
Wynne, History of the Owedir Family, p. 87. (Encyc. DM.)
rain3t, «• An obsolete spelling of rein1.
rainball (ran'bal), ». One of the festoons of
the mammato-eumulus, or pocky cloud: so
called because considered to be a sign of rain.
[Prov. Eng.]
rainband (ran'baud), «. A dark band in the
solar spectrum, situated on the red side of the
D line, and caused by the absorption of that
part of the spectrum by the aqueous vapor of
the atmosphere. The intensity of the rainband va-
ries with the amount of vapor in the air, and is thus of
some importance as an indication of rain. Direct-vision
spectroscopes of moderate dispersion are best adapted for
observing it. Pocket instruments of this kind, designed
for the purpose, are called rainband-spectroscopes.
At every hour, when there is sufficient light, the inten-
sity of the rainband is observed and recorded.
Nature, XXXV. 589.
rain-bird (rau'berd), u. [< ME. reyue-bryde ; <
rain1 + bird1.'] A bird supposed to foretell
rain by its cries or actions, as the rain-crow.
Many birds become noisy or uneasy before rain, the pop-
ular belief having thus considerable foundation in fact,
(a) The green woodpecker, Oecinun viridis. Also rain-fowl,
rain-pie. [Eng.] (o) The large ground-cuckoo of Jamai-
ca, Saurothera vetula; also, a related cuckoo, Piaya plu-
vialis.
rainbow (ran'bo), ». [< ME. reinbowe, reinboge,
renboge, < AS. regn-boga, renboga (= OFries.
reinboga = D. regenboog = MLG. regenboge, re-
gensboge (of. LG. water-boog) = OHG. reganbo-
go, MHG. regenboge, Gr. regenbogeii, = Icel. regn-
bogi = Sw. regnbdge = Dan. regiibue), < regu,
rain, + boga, bow: see rain1 and bow3, «.] 1.
A bow, or an arc of a circle, consisting of the
prismatic colors, formed by the refraction and
reflection of rays of light from drops of rain or
vapor, appearing in the part of the heavens op-
posite to the sun. When large and strongly illumi-
nated, the rainbow presents the appearance of two con-
centric arches, the inner being called the primary and
the outer the secondary rainbow. Each is formed of the
colors of the solar spectrum, but the colors are arranged
in reversed order, the red forming the exterior ring of the
primary bow and the interior of the secondary. The pri-
mary bow is formed by rays of the sun that enter the up-
per pail of falling drops of rain, and undergo two refrac-
tions and one reflection ; the secondary, by rays that enter
the under part of rain-drops, and undergo two refractions
and two reflections. Hence, the colors of the secondary
bow are fainter than those of the primary. The rainbow
is regarded as a symbol of divine beneficence toward man,
from its being made the token of the covenant that the
earth should never again be destroyed by a flood (Gen. ix.
13-17). Smaller bows, sometimes circular and very bril-
liant, are often seen through masses of mist or spray, as
from a waterfall or from waves about a ship. (See fog-bow.)
The moon sometimes forms a bow or arch of light, more
faint than that formed by the sun, and called a lunar
rainbow.
Thanne ic ofe[r]-te"o hefenes mid wlcne. thanne bith
atiiwed min rtn boge. betwuxe than folce [vel wlcne].
thanne beo ic gemene'ged mines weddes. that ic nelle
henon forth mancyn. mid watere adrenche.
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), 1st ser., xxiv. 225. (Kick.)
Taunede [showed] him in the wa[l]kene a-buuen
Rein-bowe. Genesis and Exodus, 1. 637.
When in Heav'n I see the Rain-borne bent,
I hold it for a Pledge and Argument.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 2.
Intersecting rainbows are not uncommon. They require,
of course, for their production, two sources of parallel
rays ; and they are seen when, behind the spectator, there
is a large sheet of calm water. Tm'i, Light, § 165.
2. In her., the representation of a half-ring di-
vided into seven concentric narrow rings and
arched upward, each end resting on a clump of
clouds. To avoid the difficulty of finding seven different
tinctures, the number of concentric rings is sometimes di-
minished to three, usually azure, or, tuid gitles — that is,
blue, gold, and red.
3. In ornith., a humming-bird of the genus
Diphlogcna, containing two most brilliantly
plumaged species, D. iris of Bolivia, and D. Tins-
perns of Ecuador. — 4. The rainbow-fish Rain-
bowstyle, a method of calico-printing in which the colors
are blended with one another at the edges.— Spurious or
supernumerary rainbow, a bow always seen in connec-
tion with a fine rainbow, lying close inside the violet of the
primary bow, or outside that of the secondary one. Its
colors are faintrr and less pure, as they proceed from the
4943
principal bow, and finally merge in the diffused white light
of the primary l>ow, and outside the secondary.
rainbow-agate (ran'bo-ag'at), H. An irides-
cent variety of agate.
rainbow-darter (ran'bo-dar'ter), «. The sol-
dier-fish or blue darter, Ptecilicli Hi //.< i-ierulcux,
of gorgeous and varied colors, about 2^ inches
long, found in the waters of the Mississippi ba-
sin ; as a book-name, any species of this genus.
rainbowed (ran'bod), a. [< rainbow + -erf'2.]
1. Formed by or like a rainbow. — 2. Encir-
cled with a rainbow or halo. Davies.
See him stand
Before the altar, like a rainbowed. saint.
Kingdey, Saint's Tragedy, i. 3.
rainbow-fish (ran 'bo-fish), n. One of several
different fishes of bright or varied coloration,
(o) The blue darter, PoecUichthys aeruleus. [U. 8.] (6)
A sparoid fish, Scants or Pseudoscarus quadrispinosu*.
[Bermuda.]
rainbow-hued, rainbow-tinted (ran'bo-hud,
-tin"ted), a. Having hues or tints like those
of a rainbow.
rainbow-quartz (ran'bo-kwarts), «. An iri-
descent variety of quartz.
rainbow-trout (ran'bo-trout), n. A variety or
subspecies of the Californian Salmo gairdneri,
specifically called >S*. irideits. It is closely related
rain-water
means of the pluviometeror rain-gage. The average rain-
fall of a district includes the snow, if any, reduced to its
equivalent in water. — Rainfall chart, an isohyetal chart.
SI-L- iHnttyetal.
rain-fowl (rSn'fonl). H. [< ME. rei/n fmric;
< ruin1 + fowl1.'] 1. Same as rain-bird (a).
[Eng.] — 2. The Australian Seytlirops norie-
Rainbow-trout (Salmo iridtus).
to the brook-trout of Europe, but not to that of the United
States. It has been quite widely distributed by piscicul-
turists. In the breeding season its colors are resplendent,
giving rise to the popular name.
rainbow-worm (ran'bo-wfcrm), «. A species of
tetter, the herjies iris of Bateman.
rainbow-wrasse (ran'bp-ras), n. A labroid fish,
Com Julia, the only British species of that ge-
nus : so called from its bright and varied colors.
rain-box (ran'boks), n. A device in a theater
for producing an imitation of the sound of
falling rain.
rain-chamber (ran'cham"ber), n. An attach-
ment to a furnace, hearth, or smelting-works
in which the fumes of any metal, as lead, are
partly or entirely condensed by the aid of water.
rain-chart (ran'chart), n. A chart or map
giving information in regard to the fall and
distribution of rain in any part or all parts of
the world. Also called rain-map.
rain-Cloud (ran'kloud), «. Any cloud from
which rain falls: in meteorology called nimbus.
Two general classes may be distinguished — (a) cumulo-
nimbus, where rain falls from cumulus clouds, generally
in squalls or showers, and (6) strato-nimbus, where rain
falls from stratus clouds. The name is sometimes espe-
cially given, in a more restricted sense, to the ragged, de-
tached masses of cumulus (called by Poey fracto-cumvlus),
or to the low, torn fragments of cloud called scud, which
are characteristic associates of rain-storms. See cut un-
der cloud.
rain-crow (ran'kro), «. A tree-cuckoo of the
genus Coceygus, either C. americanus or C. ery-
throphthalmus : so named from its cries, often
heard in lowering weather, and supposed to
predict rain. [Local, U. 8.]
raindeert, ». See reindeer.
rain-doctor (rau'dok"tor), ». Same as rain-
maker.
rain-door (ran'dor), «. In Japanese houses,
one of the external sliding doors or panels in
a veranda which are closed in stormy weather
and at night.
raindrop (ran'drop), «. [< ME. raindrope (also
reines drope), < AS. regiidropa (= D. dim. re-
gendroppel, regendruppel = OHG. regentropho,
MHG. G. regentropfeii = Sw. regndroppe = Dan.
regndraabe, raindrop), < regn, rain, + dropa,
drop: see rain1 and drop, «.] A drop of rain.
— Raindrop glaze, in ceram., a glaze with very slight
drop-like bosses, used for porcelain.
rainet, «. An obsolete spelling of reign.
raines1t, "• pi- An obsolete spelling of reins.
raines2t, »• [Also raynes, reins; < Remies (see
def.).] A kind of linen or lawn, manufactured
at Eeunes in France.
She should be apparelled beautifully with pure white
silk, or with most fine raines.
Bale, Select Works, p. 542. (Davies.)
rainfall (ran'fal), H. 1. A falling of rain; a
shower. — 2. The precipitation of water from
clouds; the water, or the amount of water,
coming down as rain. The rainfall is measured by
rain-gage (ran'gaj), w. An instrument for i-ol-
lecting and measuring the amount of rainfall
at a given place. Many forms have been used; their
size has been a few square inches or square feet in area,
and their material has been sheet-metal, porcelain, wood,
or glass. The form adopted by the I'nited States Signal
Service consists of three parts— (a) a funnel-shaped rr-
ceiver, having a turned brass rim 8 inches in diameter:
(b) a collecting tube, made of seamless brass tubing of 2.53
inches inside diameter, making its area one tenth that of
the receiving surface; and (c) a galvanized iron overflow-
cylinder, which in time of snow is used alone as a snow-
gage. A cedar measuring-stick is used to measure the
depth of water collected in the gage. By reason of the
ratio between the area of the collecting tube and that of
the receiving surface, the depth of rain is one tenth that
measured on the stick. See cut under pluviometer.
rain-goose (ran'gos), n. The red-throated diver
or loon, Vrinator or Cotymbus septentrionalis,
supposed to foretell rain by its cry. [Local,
British.]
rain-houndt (ran'hound), n. A variety of the
hound. See the quotation.
Mastiffs are often mentioned in the proceedings at the
Forest Courts [in England], in company with other breeds
which it is not easy now to identify, such as the rain-
hound, which keeps watch by itself in rainy weather.
The Academy, Feb. 4, 1888, p. 71.
raininess (ra'ni-nes), it. [< rainy + -ness.] The
state of being rainy.
rainless (ran'les), a. [< rain1 + -less.'] With-
out rain: as, a rainless region; brainless zone.
rain-maker (ran'ma"ker), «. Among super-
stitious races, as those of Africa, a sorcerer who
pretends to have the power of producing a fall
of rain by incantation or supernatural means.
Also called rain-doctor.
The African chief, with his rain-makers and magicians.
The Century, XL. 303.
rain-map (ran'map), «. Same as rain-chart.
rainmentt (ran'ment), «. An aphetic form of
arraignment.
rain-paddock (ran'pad"pk), «. The batrachian
Breviceps gibbosus, of South Africa, which lives
in holes in the ground and comes out in wet
weather.
rain-pie (ran'pl), •«. Same as rain-bird (a).
[Eng.]
rainpOUT (ran'por). «. A downpour of rain ; a
heavy rainfall. [Colloq.]
The red light of flitting lanterns blotched the steady
rainpowr. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 572.
rain-print (ran'print), n. In geol., the print of
raindrops in some aqueous rocks, formed when
they were in a soft state, such as may be seen
on a muddy or sandy sea-beach after a heavy
shower. It is possible for the geologist to tell by in-
spection of the prints from what direction the wind was
blowing at the time of their formation.
rain-proof (ran'prof), n. Proof against rain;
not admitting the entrance of rain or penetra-
tion by it ; rain-tight ; water-proof in a shower.
Their old temples, . . . which for long have not been
rain-proof, crumble down. Carlyle, Sartor Kesartus, ii. 7.
rain-quail (ran'kwal), w. The quail Cotiirnix
coromandelicus, of Africa and India, whose mi-
grations are related in some way to rainy sea-
sons.
rain-storm (ran'stonn), «. A storm of rain; a
rain.
The fells sweep skyward with a fine breadth, freshened
by strong breezes ; clouds and suushine, ragged rainstorms,
thunder and lightning, chase across them forever.
The Atlantic, LXV. 824.
rain-tight (ran'tit), «.
rain.
So tight as to exclude
rain-tree (ran'tre), n . The genisaro or guango,
Pithecolobiuni Saman. It is said to be so called be-
cause occasionally in South America, through the agency
of cicadas which suck its juices, It sheds moisture to such
an extent ab to wet the ground. Another explanation is
that its foliage shuts up at night, so that the rain and dew
are not retained by it. See genisaro.
rain-wash (ran'wosh), ». See wash.
rain-water (ran'wa/ter), n. [< ME. reyne wa-
ter, reinwater, < AS. *regnwseter, remcseter (=
OHG. reganwazar), < regn, ren, rain, + water,
water: see rain1 and water.'] Water that has
fallen from the clouds in rain, and has not sunk
into the earth.
No one has a right to build his house so as to cause the
rain water to fall over his neighbour's land, . . . unless
he has acquired » right by a grant or prescription.
Banner, Law Diet., II. 419.
rainy
rainy (ra'ni), a. [< late ME. rayiic, < AS. "rra-
iiiil. i-fiiii/. rainy, < rf/jn. rfn, rain: see ratal'.]
Abounding with or giving out rain ; dropping
with or as if with rain; showery: as, mini/
weather; a rainy day or season; a rainy sky.
A continual dropping in a very rainy day.
Prov. xxvii. 15.
Both mine eyes were rainy like to his.
Shak., Tit. And., v. 1. 117.
A rainy day, figuratively, a time of greater need or of
clouded fortunes; a possible time of want or misfortune
In the future : as, to lay by something for a rainy day.
The man whose honest industry just gives him a com-
petence exerts himself that he may have something
against a rainy day. Everett, Orations, I. 285.
raioid (ra'oid), a. and «. [< L. ?-aia, ray, + Gr.
eloof, form.] I. a. Resembling or related to
the ray or skate.
II. n. A selachian of the family Kaiidee or
suborder liaise.
Raioidea (ra-oi'de-a), n. pi. [NL. : see raioid.}
A superfamily of rays represented by the fam-
ily Ha i idee.
raip (rap), H. A dialectal form of rope.
rair (rar), p. and ». A dialectal form of roar.
rais (ra'is), ». Same as reis1.
raisable (ra'za-bl), a. [<rais(e)l + -a&/e.] Ca-
pable of being raised or produced ; that may be
lifted up. [Rare.]
They take their sip of coffee at our expense, and cele-
brate us In song ; a chorus is raisable at the shortest pos-
sible notice, and a chorus is not easily cut off In the mid-
dle. C. W. Stoddard, Mashallah, xviii.
raise1 (riiz), r. ; pret. and pp. raised, ppr. rais-
ing. [Early mod. E. also rause ; < ME. raiseii,
rayaen, return, reysen, < Icel.' reisa (= Sw. resa
= Dan. reise = Goth, raisjan = AS. rieran, E.
rear1), raise, cause to rise, causal of risa, rise,
= AS. man, E. rise: see rise1. Cf. rear1, the
native (AS.) form of raise.] I. trans. 1. To
lift or bring up bodily in space; move to a
higher place ; carry or cause to be carried up-
ward or aloft; hoist: as, to raise one's hand
or head; to raise ore from a mine; to raise &
flag to the masthead.
When the morning sun shall raise his car
Above the border of this horizon,
We'll forward towards Warwick.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 7. 80.
The oxen raise the water by a bucket and rope, without
a wheel, and so by driving them from the well the bucket
is drawn up. Pocoeke, Description of the East, II. i. 81.
The high octagon summer house you see yonder is
raised on the mast of a ship, given me by an East^India
captain. Caiman and Garriek, Clandestine Marriage, ti.
2. To make upright or erect; cause to stand
by lifting ; elevate on a base or support ; stand
or set up : as, to raise a mast or pole ; to raise
the frame of a building ; to raise a fallen man.
He wept tendirly, and reined the kynge be the hande.
Merlin (E.V. T. S.), ii. 354.
The elders of his house arose and went to him, to raise
him up from the earth. 2 Sam. xii. 17.
3. To elevate in position or upward reach ;
increase the height of; build up, fill, or em-
bank; make higher: as, to raise a building by
adding a garret or loft; to mine the bed of a
road ; the flood raised the river above its banks.
— 4. To make higher or more elevated in state,
condition, estimation, amount, or degree; cause
to rise in grade, rank, or value ; heighten, ex-
alt, advance, enhance, increase, or intensify:
as, to raise a man to higher office ; to raise one's
reputation ; to raise the temperature ; to raise
prices ; to raise the tariff.
Merrick said only this : The Earl of Essex raised me, and
he hath overturned me. Baker, Chronicles, p. 392.
Those who have carnal Minds may have some raised and
spiritual Thoughts, but they are too cold and speculative.
Stillingfleet, Sermons, III. viii.
I was both weary and hungry, and I think my appetite
was rained by seeing so much food.
Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 93.
The duty [on salt] was raised by North, in the war of
American Independence, to 6«. the bushel.
5. Dmtell, Taxes in England, IV. 4.
Steam-greens after printing are frequently brightened
or raised as it is technically called, by passing through a
weak bath of bichrome.
W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 607.
5. To estimate as of importance; cry up;
hence, to applaud ; extol.
Like Cato, give his little Senate laws.
And sit attentive to his own applause ;
While wits and templars every sentence raise,
And wonder with a foolish face of praise.
Pope, Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, 1. 211.
6. To form as a piled-up mass, or by upward
accretion; erect above a base or foundation;
build or heap up: as, to raise a cathedral, a
4944
raise
monument, or a mound; an island in the sea
rnixi-il by volcanic action.
I will raw forts against thee.
Isa. xxix. 3.
He sow'd a slander in the common ear, . . .
RatMd my own town against me in the night.
Tennyson, Geraint.
All these great structures were doubtless raised under 16> T,°,.™"Se to arise °J .come forth as a "»>ss
the bishops of Damascus, when Christianity w:i- 1 h, estab- or multitude ; draw or bring together ; gather ;
lished religion here. collect; muster: as, to rai.sc a company or an
Pocoeke, Description of the East, II. i. 121. ««»«". 4-~ ~~*-~~ — j-x; —
7. To lift off or away ; remove by or as if by
lifting; take off, as something put on or im-
posed: as, to mini' a blockade.
Once already have you prisoned me,
To my great charge, almost my overthrow,
And somewhat raisde the debt by that advantage.
Heywood, Fair Maid of the Exchange!; Works, ed. Pearson,
[1874, II. 28).
The Sorbonne raised the prohibition it had so long laid
upon the works of the Grecian philosopher [Aristotle].
Mind, XII. 257.
army; to i-iiixr an expedition.
The Lord .Mayor Walworth llad none into the City and
raited a Thousand armed Men. Raker, Chronicles, p. 139.
» Hje 5*? by hia • • • needless raising of two Armies, in-
tended for a civil Warr, beggerd both himself and the
Milinn, Eikonoklastes, v.
Send off to the Baron of Meigallot ; he can raise three-
score horse and better. Scott, Monastery, xxxiv.
17. To take up by aggregation or collection;
procure an amount or a supply of; bring to-
gether for use or possession : as,' to raise funds
, . . ,. . -» — T -- ,
8. To cause to rise in sound; lift up the voice for a" enterP™e; to raixe money on a note;
in ; especially, to utter in high or loud tones. *** revenue-
When I raised the psalm, how did my voice quaver for
'ear ! Swift, Mem. of P. P.
In sounds now lowly, and now strong,
To raise the desultory song.
.Scott, Marmion, Int., iii.
They Ixith, as with one accord, raised a dismal cry.
Dickens, Haunted Man.
9. To cause to rise in air or water; cause to
move in an upward direction : as, to raise a kite ;
to raise a wreck.
The dust
Should have ascended to the roof of heaven,
Raised by your populous troops.
Shak., A. and f., iii. C. M.
10. To cause to rise from an inert or lifeless
condition; specifically, to cause to rise from
death or tMe grave ; reanimate : as, to raise the
dead.
Also In ye myddes of that chapell is a rounde marble
stone, where the very hooly crosse was pronyd by reysinge
of a deed woman, whanne they were in double whi'che it
was of the thre. Sir R. Oui/lforde, Pylgrymage, p. 25.
We have testified of Ood that he raised up Christ • whom
he raised not up, if so be that the dead rise not.
1 Cor. xv. 15.
Thou must restore him flesh again and life.
And raise his dry bones to revenge this scandal.
Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, Iv. 1.
11. -To cause to rise above the visible horizon,
or to the level of observation ; bring into view ;
sight, as by approach: chiefly a nautical use:
as, to raise the land by sailing toward it.
When first seeing a whale from the mast-head or other
place, it is termed raising a whale.
C. M. Scammon, Marine Mammals (Glossary), p. 311.
In October, 1832, the ship Hector of New Bedford raised
a whale and lowered for it. The Century, XL. 562.
12. To cause to rise by expansion or swelling;
expand the mass of; puff up; inflate: as, to
raise bread with yeast.
I learned to make wax work, japan, paint upon glass, to
raise paste, make sweetmeats, sauces, and everything that
was genteel and fashionable.
Quoted in J. Ashton. Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne
[I. 23.
The action of the saltpetre on the hides or skins, It is
claimed, is to plump or raise them, as it is called.
C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 240.
13. To cause to rise into being or manifesta-
tion; cause to be or to appear; call forth;
evoke: as, to raise a riot; to raise a ghost.
I will raise up thy seed after thee, which shall be of thy
sons. i Chron. xvii. 11.
He commandeth and raiseth the stormy wind.
Ps. evil. 25.
I'll learn to conjure and raise devils.
Shak., T. and 0., II. 3. 6.
Come, come, leave conjuring ;
The spirit you would raise is here already.
Beau, and FL, Custom of the Country, iii. 2.
14. To promote with care the growth and de-
velopment of; bring up; rear; grow; breed:
as, to raise a family of children (a colloquial
use); to raise crops, plants, or cattle.
A bloody tyrant and a homicide ;
One raised in blood. Shak., Rich. III., v. 3. 247.
Most can raise the flowers now,
For all have got the seed.
Tennyson, The Flower.
"Where is Tina?" . . .
"Asphyxia 's took her to raise."
"To what?" said the boy, timidly.
'• Why, to fetch her up — teach her to work," said the
little old woman. H. B. Stom, Oldtown, p. Hi
15. To cause a rising of, as into movement or
activity ; incite to agitation or commotion ;
rouse ; stir up : as, the wind raised the sea; to
raise the populace in insurrection ; to raise a
covey of partridges.
We are betray'd. Fly to the town, cry " Treason ! "
And raise our faithful friends !
Fletcher, Double Marriage, v. 1.
Raise up the city ; we shall be murder'd all !
Ford, Tis Pity, v. i;.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 17.
He was commissioned to raise money for the Hussite
crusade. Stubts, Const. Hist., § 334.
These young men find that they have to raise money by
mortgaging their land, and are often obliged to part with
the land because they cannot meet the interest on the
mortgages. W. F. Roe, Newfoundland to Manitoba, vi.
18. To give rise to, or cause or occasion for;
bring into force or operation ; originate ; start :
as, to raise a laugh ; to raise an expectation or
a hope ; to raise an outcry.
The plot I had, to raise in him doubts of her,
Thou hast effected.
Bean, ami Fl., Knight of Malta, Hi. 2.
This will certainly give me Occasion to raise Difficulties.
Steele, Conscious Lovers, ii. 1.
There, where she once had dwelt 'mid hate and praise,
No smile, no shudder now her name could raise.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 161.
19. To hold up to view or observation; bring
forward for consideration or discussion; ex-
hibit ; set forth : as, to raise a question or a
point of order.
Moses' third excuse, raised ont of a natural defect.
Donne, Sermons, v.
They excepted against him for these 2. doctrins raised
from 2 Sam. xii. 7. Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 177.
What a beautiful Description has our Author raised
upon that Hint In one of the Prophets !
Addition, Spectator, No. 389.
20. To rouse; excite; inflame. [Scotch.]
The herds that came set a' things here asteer,
And she ran aff as rais'd as ony deer.
Ross, Helenore, p. 45. (Jamieson.)
N ahum was raised, and could give no satisfaction in his
answers. Gait, Ringan Gllhaize, II. 138. (Jamieson.)
He should been tight that daur' to raise thee
Ance in a day.
Burns, Auld Farmer's Salutation to his Auld Mare.
21. To incite in thought; cause to come or
proceed ; bring, lead, or drive, as to a conclu-
sion, a point of view, or an extremity.
I cannot but be raised to this persuasion, that this third
period of time will far surpass that of the Gnecian and
Roman learning.
Baton, Advancement of Learning, II. 358.
22. In the arts, to shape in relief, as metal
which is hammered, punched, or spun from a
thin plate in raised forms. See spin, repousse.
—Raised bands, battery, beacb. See &<mdi, etc.—
Raised canvas-work. See cani'as-u'ork, 2.— Raised
couching. Heeeomhingt, 5.— Raised crewel- work, or-
namental needlework done with crewel-wool in raised
loops.— Raised embroidery, (a) Embroidery in which
the pattern is raised in relief from the ground, usually by
applying the main parts of the pattern to the ground in
locks of cotton or wool or pieces of stuff , and covering
these with the embroidery-silk. (b) Embroidery by means
of which a nap or pile like that of velvet is produced, the
pattern being worked in looped stitches and thus raised in
relief from the background.— Raisedloop-stitch.a stitch
in crochet-work by which a soft surface of projecting loops
of worsted is produced.— Raised mosaic, (n) Mosaic in
which the inlaid figures are left in relief above the back-
ground, instead of being polished down to a uniform sur-
face, as in some examples of Florentine mosaic, (b) Mo-
saic of small tessera-, in which the principal surface is
modeled in relief, as in stucco or plaster, the tessera; be-
ing afterward applied to this surface and following its
curves : a variety of the ail practised under the Roman
empire, but not common since. — Raised panel. See
panel.— Raised patchwork, patchwork in which some
or all of the pieces are stuffed with wadding, so that
they present a rounded surface.— Raised plan of a
house. Same as elevation, ft— Raised point, in laee-
inalang, a point or stitch by means of which a part of the
pattern is raised in relief. Compare rose-point, and Venice
point, under pninn.— Raised roof. See roof.— Raised
stitch, in worsted-work or Berlin work, a stitch by means
of which a surface like velvet is produced, the wool being
first raised in loops, which are then cut or shaved and
combed until the pile is soft and uniform. — Raised vel-
vet. SeewJref.— Raised work, in lace- maleiivi, work done
in the point or stitch used in some kinds of bobbin-lace, by
means of which the edge or some other part of the pattern
is raised in relief, as in Honlton lace.— To have one's
dander raised, see dander^. — To raise a bead, to cause
raise
a bead or mass of bubbles to rise, as on a class of liquor,
by agitation in pouring or drawing. See bead, it., 6. — To
raise a blockade. See Modcade.— To raise a bobbery,
Cain, the devil, hell, the mischief, a racket, a row,
a rumpus, etc., to make mischief or trouble; create con-
fusion, disturbance, conflict, or riot. [Slang.]
Sir, give me an Account of my Necklace, or I'll make
such a Noise in your House I'll raise the Demi in it.
Vanbrugh, Confederacy, v.
The head-editor has been in here raising the mischief
and tearing his hair.
Mark Tieain, Sketches, i. (Mr. Bloke's Item).
I expect Susy's boys '11 be raining Cain round the house ;
they would if it wasn't for me.
U. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 242.
To raise a check or a note, to make a cheek or a note
larger by dishonestly altering the amount for which it
was drawn. —To raise a dust. See dustt.— To raise a
house, to raise and join together the parts of the frame
of a house built of wood. See house-raisiny and raising-
bee. [Rural, U. S.]— To raise a purchase (naut.\ todis-
pose or arrange appliances or apparatus in such a way as
to exert the required mechanical power. — To raise a
siege, to relinquish the attempt to capture a place by be-
sieging it, or to cause the attempt to be relinquished. —
To raise bread, cake, etc., to render bread, etc., light,
porous, and spongy by the development of carbonic-acid
gas in the substance of the dough, as by the use of yeast
or leaven.— To raise money on (something), to procure
money by pledging or pawning (something). — To raise
one's bristles or one's dander, to excite one to anger
or resentment; make one angry. [Vulgar, U. S.]
They began to raise my dander by belittling the Yankees.
Ualiburton, Sam Slick, The Clockmaker, 1st ser., xidi.
To raise the curtain. See curtain.— To raise the
dust. Same as to raise the wind (b). [Slang.]— To raise
the land. See landi.— To raise the market upon,
to charge more than the current or regular price. [Col-
loq.]
Sweyn Erickson had gone too far in mixing the market
upon Mr. Mertoun. Scott, Pirate, ii.
To raise the wind, (a) To make a disturbance. [Col-
loq.] (b) To obtain ready money by some shift or other.
(Colloq.] — To raise upt, to collect.
To reysen up a rente
That longeth to my lordes duetee.
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 90.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Raise, Lift, Erect, Elevate, Exalt, Height-
en, Heave, Hnitt. Raise is the most general and the most
freely figurative of these words, and in its various uses
represents all the rest, and also many others, as shown in
the definitions. Lift is peculiar in implying the exercise
of physical or mechanical force, moving the object gener-
ally a comparatively short distance upward, but breaking
completely its physical contact with the place where it
was. To lift a ladder is to take it wholly off the ground,
if only an inch ; to raise a ladder, we may lift one end and
carry it up till it is supported in some way. To lift one's
head or arm is a more definite and energetic act than to
raise it. We l(ft a child over a place ; we raise one that
has fallen. To erect is to set up perpendicularly : as, to
erect a flagstaff. To elevate is to raise relatively, general-
ly by an amount not large ; the word is often no more than
a dignified synonym for raise. To exalt is to raise to dig-
nity ; the word is thus used in a physical sense in Isa. xl.
4, "Every valley shall be exalted," and elsewhere in the
Bible ; but the figurative or moral sense has now become
the principal one, so that the other seems antique. To
heighten is to increase in height, either physically or mor-
ally : he whom we esteem already is heightened in our es-
teem by an especially honorable act. To heave is to raise
slowly and with effort, and sometimes to throw in like
fashion. To hoist is to raise a thing of some weight with
some degree of slowness or effort, generally with mechan-
ical help, to a place: as, to hoist a rock, or a flag.— 14.
Rear, firing up, Raise. To rear offspring through their
tenderer years till they can take care of themselves ; to
bring up a child in the way he should go ; to raise oats and
other products of the soil ; to raise horses and cattle.
Where were you brought up? not, where were yon raised ?
The use of raise in application to persons is a vulgarism.
Rear applies only to physical care ; bring up applies more
to training or education in mind and manners.
II. intrans. To bring up phlegm, bile, or blood
from the throat, lungs, or stomach. [Colloq.]
raise1 (raz), n. [< raise1, v.~\ 1. Something
raised, elevated, or built up; an ascent; a
rise ; a pile ; a cairn. [Prov. Eng.]
There are yet some considerable remains of stones which
still go by the name of raises.
Hutchinson, Hist. Cumberland. (Hattiwell.)
That exquisite drive through Ambleside, and ... up
Dunmail Raise by the little Wythburn church.
Congregationalist, July 14, 1887.
2. A raising or lifting ; removal by lifting or
taking away, as of obstructions. [Colloq.]
No further difficulty is anticipated in making permanent
the raise of the freight blockade in this city [St. Louis].
Philadelphia Times, April 6, 1886.
3. A raising or enlarging in amount; an in-
crease or advance : as, a raise of wages ; a raise
of the stakes in gaming. [Colloq.] — 4. An
acqtiisition; a getting or procuring by special
effort, as of money or chattels: as, to make a
raise of a hundred dollars. [Colloq.]
raise2 (raz). A dialectal (Scotch) preterit of
rise,
raiser (ra'zer), H. [< raise1 + -er1.] 1. A per-
son who raises or is occupied in raising any-
thing, as buildings, plants, animals, etc.
A rawer of huge melons and of pine.
Tfnniison, Princess, Conclusion.
311
4946
The head of the Victor Verdiertype [of roses] originated
with the greatest of all the raisers, Lacharme, of Lyons.
The Century, XXVI. 3M.
2. That .which raises; a device of any kind used
for raising, lifting, or elevating anything : as,
a water-raisec. Specifically — (o) In carp., same as
riser, (b) In a vehicle, a support or stay of wood or metal
under the front seat, or some material placed under the
trimmings to give them greater thickness, (c) In whale-
fishing, a contrivance for raising or buoying up a dead
whale.
raisin (ra'zn), «. [< ME. raisin, rcisiii, rei/«i/n.
rcysone, reysynge, a cluster of grapes, also a dried
grape, raisin, = D. razijn, rozijn = MLG. rosin =
MHG. rasin, roftine, G. ro/tinc = Dan. rosin = Sw.
russin (ML. rosina), raisin ; < OF. raisin, rvixiit.
a cluster of grapes, a grape, a dried grape (rai-
sins de cabas, dried grapes, raisins), F. raisin,
dial, rasin, roisin, rosin, grapes (mi grain de rai-
sin, a grape ; raisins de caisse, raisins), = Pr. ra-
zim, rozim, razain = Cat. ratiim = Sp. racimo =
Pg. racimo = It. raccmo (dim. racimolo), a clus-
ter of grapes, < L. racemus, a cluster of grapes:
see raceme, a doublet of raisin.'] If. A cluster
of grapes ; also, a grape.
Nether in the vyneyerd thou schalt gadere reysyns and
greynes fallynge doun, but thou schalt leeve to be gaderid
of pore men and pilgryms.
Wyclif, Lev. xix. 10. (Trench.)
2. A dried grape of the common Old World
species, Vitis vinifera. Only certain saccharine va-
rieties of the grape, however, thriving in special localities,
are available for raisins. The larger part of ordinary
large raisins are produced on a narrow tract in Mediter-
ranean Spain. These are all sometimes classed as Malaya
raisins, but this name belongs more properly to the "des-
sert-raisins " grown about Malaga : they are also called
muscatels from the variety of grape, blooms from retaining
a glaucous surface, and, in part at least, raisins of the mm
or sun-raisins because dried on the vine, the leaves being
removed, and sometimes the cluster-stem half-severed.
When packed between sheets of paper, these are known as
layer raisins. Raisins suitable for cookery, or "pudding-
raisins," sometimes called lexias, are produced especially
at Valencia. These are cured, after cutting from the vine,
in the sun, or in bad weather in heated chambers, the
quality in the latter case being inferior. The clusters
are often dipped in potash lye to soften the skin, favor
drying, and impart a gloss. Excluding the "Corinthian
raisin " (see below), the next most important source of
raisins is the vicinity of Smyrna, including Chesme, near
Chios. Here are produced nearly all the sultanas, small
seedless raisins with a golden-yellow delicate skin and
sweet aromatic flavor. Raisins are also a product of Per-
sia, of Greece, Italy, and southern France, of the Cape
of Good Hope, Australia, and California. No variety of
native American grape has yet been developed suitable
for the preparation of raisins. See raisin-wine.
Then Abigail made haste, and took ... an hundred
clusters of raisins. 1 Sam. XXT. 18.
I must have saffron to colour the warden pies ; . . .
four pounds of prunes, and as many of raisins o the sun.
Shak., W. T., iv. 3. 51.
Black Smyrna raisin, a small black variety of raisin
with large seeds.— Corinthian raisin, the currant, or
Zante currant, the dried fruit of the variety Corinthiaca
of the grape. The cluster is about three inches long, and
the berry is not larger than a pea. It is produced in very
large quantities in the Morea and the neighboring islands,
and is consumed in baking and cookery. — Eleme raisin,
a Smyrna raisin of good size and quality, hand-picked from
the stem, used chiefly for ships' stores or sent to distant
markets.
raising (ra'zing), n. [< ME. reysynge; verbal
n. of raise1, v.~\ 1. The act of lifting, elevat-
ing, etc. (in any sense of the verb). Specifically
— (o) An occasion on which the frame of a new building,
the pieces of which have been previously prepared, but re-
quire many hands to put into place, is raised with the help
of neighbors. See house-raising and raising-bee. [Rural,
U. S.] (6) In metal-work, the embossing or ornamentation
of sheet-metal by hammering, spinning, or stamping, (c)
A method of treating hides with acids to cause them to
swell and to open the pores in order to hasten the process
of tanning, (d) In dyeing, the process or method of inten-
sifying colors.
2. Same as raising-piece.
Franke-posts, raisins, beames . . . and such principals.
W. Harrison, Descrip. of England, if. 12.
3. That with which bread is raised ; yeast or
yeast-cake ; leaven. Gayton, Festivous Notes
on Don Quixote (cited by Lowell, Biglow
Papers, 2d ser., Int.). [Old or pvov. Eng. and
U. S.] — 4. In printing, the overlays in a press
for woodcut-printing.
raising-bee (ra'zing-be), n. A gathering of
neighbors to help in putting together and
raising the framework of a new building. Such
gatherings are nearly obsolete. Compare liusk-
ing-bee, quilting-bee. [U. S.]
Raising-bees . . . were frequent, where houses sprung
up at the wagging of the fiddle-sticks, as the walls of
Thebes sprang up of yore to the sound of the lyre of
Aiii|iliion. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 405.
raising-board (ra'/.ing-bord), «. In Icather-
iii/iinif., a corrugated board used to rub the
surface of tanned leather to raise the grain ; a
crippler. K. H. Knight.
rake
raising-gig (ni'zing-gig), M. Iii /•/o/li-iiiciiiiij'.,
a machine for raising a nap on cloth ; a gig-
machine. E. H. Knight.
raising-hammer (ra'zing-ham"er), «. A ham-
mer with a long head and a rounded face, used
by silversmiths and coppersmiths to form a
sheet of metal into a cup or bowl shape.
raising-knife (ra'zing-nif ), n. A coopers' knife
used to set up staves in form for a cask.
raising-piece (ra'zing-pes), n. In carp., a piece
of timber laid on a brick wall, or on the top of
the posts or puncheons of a timber-framed
house, to carry a beam or beams ; a templet.
raising-plate (ra'zing-plat), «. In carp., a
horizontal timber resting on a wall, or upon
vertical timbers of a frame, and supporting the
heels of rafters or other framework; a wall-
plate.
raisin-tree (ra'zn-tre), ». The common cur-
rant-shrub, Kibes rubrum, the fruit of which is
often confounded with the Corinthian raisin, or
currant. [Prov. Eng.]— Japanese raisin-tree, a
small rhamnaceous tree, Hovenia aulcis. The peduncle of
its fruit is edible.
raisin-wine (ra'zn-wln), «. Wine manufac-
tured from dried grapes. Malaga wine is mostly of
this kind, and the Tokay of Hungary is made from partly
dried fruit. Raisin-wine was known to the ancients.
raison d'§tre (ra-zon' da'tr). [F.: raison, rea-
son; ff for de, of, for; etre, being, (.fare, be.]
Reason or excuse for being; rational cause or
ground for existence.
raisonne (ra-zo-na'), a. [< F. raisonne, pp. of
raisonner, reason, prove or support by reason-
ing, arguments, etc.: see reason^, r.] Reason-
ed out ; systematic ; logical : occurring in Eng-
lish use chiefly in the phrase catalogue rai-
sonne (which see, under catalogue).
raivel (ravl), «. A Scotch form of rarel1, 3.
raj (raj), n. [Hind, raj, rule, < Skt. y raj, rule.
Cf. ra/a2.] Rule; dominion. [India.]
But Delhi had fallen when these gentlemen threw their
strength into the tide of revolt, and they were too late
for a decisive superiority over the British raj.
Capt. M. Thomson, Story of Cawnpore, xvi.
Raja1, n. Same as Saia.
raja2, rajah (ra'ja), n. [Hind, raja, < Skt. raja,
the form in comp. of rajan, a king, as in malid-
rdja, great king; akin to L. rex, king (see rex) ;
<y raj, rule: see regent.] In India, a prince of
Hindu race ruling a territory, either indepen-
dently or as a feudatory ; a king; a chief: used
also as a title of distinction for Hindus in some
cases, without reference to sovereignty, as wa-
bob is for Mohammedans. The power of nearly all
the rajas is now subordinate to that of British officials
resident at their courts. Those who retain some degree of
actual sovereignty are commonly distinguished by the title
maharaja (great raja).
Bajania (ra-ja'ni-a), n. [NL. (Linnseus, 1737),
an adapted form ol Jan-Raja (Plumier, 1703), so
called after John Ray (Latinized Sains), 1628-
1705, a celebrated English naturalist, founder
of a natural system of classification.] A genus
of monocotyledouous plants of the order Dios-
coreacess, the yam family, it is characterized by
dioecious bell-shaped or flattened six-lobed flowers, with
six stamens and a three-celled ovary, ripening into a flat-
tened broad-winged and one-celled samara. The 6 species
are all natives of the West Indies. They are twining vines
resembling the yam, and bear alternate leaves, either hal-
berd- or heart-shaped or linear, and small flowers in ra-
cemes. Several species are occasionally cultivated under
glass. R. pleioneura, common in woods of the larger West
Indies, is there called u-ild yam and waic-waw.
rajaship, rajahship (ra'ja-ship), ». [< raja?
+ -ship.] The dignity or principality of a raja.
Ra.jidse, ». pi. Same as Raiidee.
Rajput, Rajpoot (raj-pot'), «• [< Hind, rajput,
a prince, son of a raja, < Skt. rdjaputra, a king's
son, a prince, < rajan, a king, + putra, son.] A
member of a Hindu race, divided into numer-
ous clans, who regard themselves as descen-
dants of the ancient Kshatriya or warrior caste.
They are the ruling (though not the most numerous) race
of the great region named from them Kajputana, consist-
ing of several different states. Their hereditary profes-
sion is that of arms, and no race in India has furnished so
largo a number of princely families. The Rajputs are uot
strict adherents of Brahmanism.
rake1 (rak), n. [< ME. rake, < AS. raca, racu,
rsece = MD. ral-e, raecke, D. rake, dim. rakcl =
MLG. rake, LG. rake, a rake, = Sw. raka, an
oven-rake, = Dan. rage, a poker; in another
form, MD. reke, D. reek = LG. reek = OHG. re-
cho, reliho, MHG. recite, G. rechen, a rake, = Icel.
reka, a shovel ; from the verb represented by
MD. reken, OHG. rechan, relilian, MHG. rechen,
scrape together, = Goth, rikan (pret. rak), col-
lect, heap up (cf. rake1, v., which depends on
thenoim).] 1. An implement of wood or iron,
or partly of both, with teeth or tines for drawing
rake
or scraping tilings together, evening a surface
of loose materials, etc. in its simplest form, for use
by hand, it consists of a bar in which the teeth are set, and
which is fixed firmly at right angle* to a handle. Kakes are
made in many ways for a great variety of purposes, and the
111 1C,
Thy thunders roaring rnl;r tin- skirs.
Thy fatal lightning swiftly flies.
fiiiiuliix, Paraphrase of 1's. K\\ii.
Every mast, as it passed,
Seemed to rake the passing clouds.
l.HiiuMInu-. sir Hninphrejr Gilbert
5. Milit., to fire upon, as a ship, so that the
shot will pass lengthwise along the deek ; tire
in the direction of the length of, as a file of
soldiers or a parapet ; enfilade.
They made divers shot through her (being hut inch
hoard), and so rated her fore and aft as they must needs
kill or hurt some of the Indians.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 226.
Jtaking & ship is the act of cannonading a ship on the
stern or head, so as that the halls shall scour the whole rake*1 (rak), H.
rakehellonian
I he perpendicular or the horizontal. :is1 he mast,
stem, or stem of a ship, the rafters of a roof,
the end of a tool, etc. See the noun.
The stem, when viewed in the sh« r plan, rule* aft, tlu:
bounding line being straight, and making an cibtnsi •: I.
With the lino forming III'' lummlary <>£ tli<; Initlui k.
T/ieitrle, Xavul Arch., S HIT.
II. Imiis. To give a rake to; cause to incline
or slope. [Rare.]
Every face in it |the theater] commanding the stage,
and the whole so admirably raked and turned to that cen-
tre that a hand can scarcely move in the great assemblage
without the movement being seen from thrnce.
Dickens, Uncommercial Traveller, Journey iii.
[< rake8, v.~\ 1. Inclination or
Horse-rake. A and B show details of dumping-apparatus.
a, backpiece for holding clearer-sticks; A. steel teeth; r . pawl
encaged with ratchet ; c , pawl disengaged from ratchet ; rf, trip for
pawl ; e, pawl acting by its gravity to disengage ratchet ; _/", clearer-
sticks, which clear the rake when dumping ; g, ratchet ; A, wood
axle and cap for axle and tooth-holder; I, counter-balance for pawl ;j,
axle ; fc, "hand-up," by which the driver can raise the teeth and keep
them from the ground; /, trip-rod for self-dump; m, foot-lever for
holding down teeth ; n, trip-lever attached to trip-rod / for dumping
the rake. Pressure of the foot on » locks the pawls into the ratchet
g ; then axle and cap trim with the wheels until the pawls automati-
cally disengage from the ratchet by striking d, when the teeth fail
back agaic into original position.
length of her decks ; which is one of the most dangerous
incidents that can happen in a naval action.
Falconer, Marine Diet. (ed. 1778).
6f. To cover with earth raked together ; bury.
See to rake up, below.
Whanne thi soule is went out, & thi bodi in erthe rakid,
Than thi bodi that was rank & Vndeuout, Of alle men is
bihatid. Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. S9.
To rake hell, to search, as it were, among the damned,
implying that the person or thing referred to in the con-
text is so bad or so extreme that an equal could scarcely
be found even in hell.
This man I brought to the general, assuring his excel-
lency that if I had raked hell I could not find his match for
his skill in mimicking the covenanters.
Swtft, Mem. of Capt. Creichton.
To rake up. (a) To cover with material raked or scraped „ . „„
together; bury by overlaying with loose matter: as, to rake r»lr«4 Oakl n FAhrir nf rnlvlirll iilt
up a fire (to cover it with ashes, as in a fireplace^ , • ,5 j ' i LADDr' OI »«*'««<> ult.
An idle, dissolute person ; one who goes about
slope away from a perpendicular or a horizontal
line. The rake of a ship's mast is its inclination back-
ward, or rarely (in some peculiar rigs) forward ; that of
its stem or its stern (the fore rake and the rake aft (if the
ship) is the slope inward from the upper works to the keel :
also called hang. (See cut under patamar.) The rake of
a roof is its pitch or slope from the ridge to the eaves. The
rake of a saw-tooth is the angle of inclination which a
straight line drawn through the middle of (he base of the
tooth and its point forms with a radius also drawn through
the middle of the base of the tooth ; of a cutting-tool, the
slope backward and downward from the edge on either
side or both sides. Rake in a gi hiding-mill is a sloping
or want of balance of the runner, producing undue pres-
sure at one edge.
2. In coal-mining, a series of thin layers of
ironstone lying so near each other that they
can all be worked together. [Derbyshire, Eng. |
S
teeth are inserted either perpendicularly or at a greater
or less inclination, according to requirement. Their most
prominent uses are in agriculture and gardening, for
[rawing together hay or grain in the field, leveling beds,
etc. For fann-work on a large scale horse-rakes of many
forms are used ; the above figures represent the so-called
sulky-rake.
2. An instrument of similar form and use with
a blade instead of teeth, either entire, as a gam-
blers' or a maltsters' rake, or notched so as to
form teeth, as a furriers' rake. See the quota-
tions.
Here, in the sands,
Thee [a corpse] I'll rate up, the post unsanctifled
of murderous lechers. Shak., Lear, iv. 6. 281.
The Bellowes whence they blowe the fire
Of raging Lust (before) whose wanton flashes
A tender brest rak't-vp in shamefac't ashes.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 2.
(6) To draw from oblivion or obscurity, as something for-
gotten or abandoned ; bring to renewed attention ; resus-
citate ; revive : used in a more or less opprobrious sense :
as, to rake up a forgotten quarrel.
Nobody thinks any more of the late King than if he had
been dead fifty years, unless it be to abuse him and to
rake up all his vices and misdeeds.
Grenlle, Memoirs, July 16, 1830.
^^^^^^^^^^ i-d a mssoi^deb^ra^ S^EE
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. iii., p. 438. ness.
in search of vicious pleasure ; a libertine ; an
idle person of fashion.
We have now and then rakes in the habit of .Roman sen-
ators, and grave politicians in the dress of rakes.
Steele, Spectator, No. 14.
I am in a fair Way to be easy, were it not for a Club of
Female Rake* who, under pretence of taking their inno-
cent rambles, forsooth, and diverting the Spleen, seldom
fail to plague me twice or thrice a day to Cheapen Tea,
or buy a Skreen. . . . These Rakes are your idle Ladies
of Fashion, who, having nothing to do, employ themselves
in tumbling over my Ware. Steele, Spectator, No. 336.
rake4 (rak), r. i. ; pret. and pp. raked, ppr. rak-
ing. [< rake*, «.] To play the part of a rake ;
lied lift
The rake [for malt] ... is an iron blade, about 30 inches II. intrant. I . To use a rake ; work with a 'Ti8 his own fault> tnat wil1 ralfe and drink when ho is
long and perhaps 2 inches broad, fixed at each end by rake, especially in drawing together hav or but lust crawled out of his S^ve
holders to a massive wood head, to which is attached a OTfti, K Tft £., „ if ^L,a Sutft, Journal to Stella, xx.
strong wood shaft, with a cross-head handle.
lire, Diet., III. 188.
The skin is first carded with a rake, which is the blade
of an old shear or piece of a scythe with large teeth notched
into its edge. Ure, Diet., IV. 380.
Clam-rake, an instrument used for collecting the sea-
clam, Mactra gulidissitna. — Under-rake, a kind of oyster-
rake, used mostly through holes in the ice, with handle
15 to 20 feet long, head 1 to 2 feet wide, and iron teeth 6
to 10 inches long. [Rhode Island.]
rake1 (rak), p.; pret. and pp. raked, ppr. raking.
[< ME. raken, scrape, < AS. "racian = MD.
rakeii = MLG. raken = Icel. Sw. raka = Dan.
rage, rake; from the noun: see rakel, n. Cf.
MD. reken, OHG. rechan, relihau, MHG. rechen,
scrape together, G. reclien, rake, Goth, rikan
(pret. rak), collect, heap up: see rakel, «.] I.
trans. 1. To gather, clear, smooth, or stir with rake2 (rak), r.
or as if with a rake ; treat with a rake, or some-
thing that serves the same purpose: as, to rake
up hay ; to rake a bed in a garden; to rake the
fire with a poker or raker.
They rake these coales round in the forme of a cockpit,
and in the midst they cast the offenders to broyle to death.
Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 144.
Rake well the cinders, sweep the floor,
And sift the dust behind the door.
Coicper, Epistle to Robert Lloyd.
2. To collect as if by the use of a rake ; gather
assiduously or laboriously ; draw or scrape to-
gether, up, or in.
All was rak'd up for me, your thankful brother,
That will dance merrily upon your grave.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 1.
Who had hence raked some objections against the Chris-
tians, for these things which had not authoritie of Scrip-
ture. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 68.
Times when chimney-corners had benches in them,
where old people sat poking into the ashes of the past and
raking out traditions like live coals.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xviii.
3. To make minute search in, as if with a rake ;
look over or through carefully ; ransack: as,
to rake all history for examples.
The statesman rakes the town to find a plot.
„,.„;, _o To make sfiftrpli with or as if with n
rake > seek diligently for something; pry ; peer
llere ailtl tnere-
Those who take pleasure to be all thir life time rakeing
in the Foundations of Old Abbies and Cathedrals.
Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
But what pleasure is it to rake into the sores or to re-
prove the Vices of a degenerate age?
StUKngfleet, Sermons, II. iii.
rake2t (rak), n. [< ME. rake (also raike), < AS.
racu, a path (ed-racu, a river-path), from the
root of rackl; see rack&. Cf. rake2, ?.] A
course, way, road, or path.
Rydes one a rawndoune, and his rfiyke holdes.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2986.
Out of the rake of rijtwysnes renne suld he nevire.
Women hid their necks, and veil'd their faces,
Nor romp'd, nor rak'd, nor star'd at public places.
Shenstane, Epil. to Dodsley's Cleone.
'drej), n. A combined rake
illecting specimens in nat-
ural history. It is a heavy A-shaped iron frame, to the
arms of which bars of iron armed with long, thin, sharp
teeth, arranged like those of a rake, are bolted back to
back. A rectangular frame of round iron, supporting a
deep and fine dredge-net, is placed behind the rake, to re-
ceive and retain the animals raked from the mud or sand.
rakee, ». See raki.
rake-head (rak'hed), n. In lier., a bearing rep-
resenting the head of a rake, or, more usually,
four or five hooks or curved teeth inserted in a
short rod.
King Alisaunder, p. 115. rakehell (rak'hel), «. and n. [A corruption of
pret. and pp. raked, ppr. rakel, simulating rakel, ,-v 4- obj. IK-U, as if one
rakimj. [Early mod. E. (Sc.) also raik; < ME. so bad as to be found only by raking hell, or
raken, < AS. racian, run, take a course, = Sw. one so reckless as to rake hell (in double allu-
raka, run hastily; mixed with ME. raiken,rmj- siontothe "harrowing of hell": see/V«mw2and
ken, rci/ken, < leel. reika, wander: see rake%, n.] harrotci): see rakel, and cf. to rake hell, under
1. To take a course ; move; go; proceed. [Ob- rakel, r.] I. a. Dissolute; base; profligate,
solete or prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
Then Paris aprochyt, the Percians hym with:
Radii on the right syde rakit he furth,
And bounet into batell with a brym will.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S-X 1. 6904.
.Vow pass we to the bold beggar
That raked o'er the hill.
RoUn Hood and the Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 196).
2. In hunting : (a) Of a hawk, to range wildly ;
fly wide of the game.
And farre away, amid their rakehell bands,
They spide a Lady left all succourlesse.
Spenser, F. Q., V. xi. 44.
II. >i. An abandoned fellow; a wicked wretch;
especially, a dissolute fellow ; a rake.
Their talk was all of training, terms of art,
Diet and seeling, jesses, leash and lure.
" She is too noble," he said, " to check at pies,
Nor will she rake; there is no baseness in her."
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
(b) Of a dog, to follow a wrong course. See
the quotation.
All young dogs are apt to rake : that is, to hunt with
their noses close to the ground, following their birds by
the track rather than by the wind.
I thought it good, necessary, and my bounden duty to
acquaint your goodness with the abominable, wicked, and
detestable behaviour of all these rowsey, ragged rabble-
mentof rake-hells, that under the pretence of great mis-
ery, diseases, and other innumerable calamities, which
they feign through great hypocrisy, do win and gain
great alms in all places where they wily wander, to the
utter deluding of the good givers.
Harman, Caveat for Cursetors, p. ii.
A sort of lewd rake-hell*, that care neither for (Jod nor
the devil. B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iv. 1.
A rakehell of the town, whose character is set off with
no other accomplishment but excessive prodigality, pro-
faneness, intemperance, and lust, is rewarded with a lady
of great fortune to repair his own, which his vices had
almost ruined. Sicift, Against Abolishing Christianity.
Swift, On Dreams.
4. To pass along with or as if with a scraping reach over, project), = Dan. rayc, project, pro-
motion; impingel^ghtlyuponinrnoving; hence, trude, jut out; allied to AS. reccan, stretch:
see rack1, retell.'] I. iittraiix. To incline from
rake» (rak)
inn. [<
to pass over swiftly; s'eour.
I have been a man of the town, or rather a man of wit,
and have been confess'd a beau, and admitted into the
family of the rakehellonian*.
Tom Broim, Works, II. 313. (Dames.)
rakehelly
rakehelly (rak'hel-i),«. t<''"'r/"'" + -.'/'• t'f. raking1 <ra'king),;».«. [Ppr.ofr«/,rl,r.] Such
niki'li/.] Like or characteristic of :i rakehell. as to rake: an, :i r<tl:ni</ (ire.
iKomeandipaeoattlwraUM^iRMitaofaarnaed raking2 (ra'king), p. a. [Ppr .of HI !.•<••• . r.J
rymers. ,v;.:,,..v,, shc.p. dil., Dnl. dining; having a rake or inclination.- Raking
Dissipated. n,,t to sav rakehell,/, countenances. bond, molding, ete. See the nouns.
J. Payn, Mystery of Mirbriilge, p. :ii rakmg-piece (ra king-pes), it.
centering, a piece laid upon the sill supported
by the footing or impost of a pier. I'pon the rak-
ing-pieces rest the striking-plates, which support the ribs
of the centering, and are driven in to allow the centering
to drop clear when the arch is completed.
2. Ill a theater,a low and pointed bit of scenery
. _ , , .. . . used to mask an incline.
see rake?. Cf. Icel. rxkall, Sw. rakel, Dan. rakish1 (ra'kish), o. [<rakc3 + -ish1.] Naut.,
rally
in nearly all parts of the world, in swamps ami marshes.
See cuts under ami. gattiimle, Pnrzana, and Jlallux.
rallier1 (ral'i-or), n. [< i-<i//.i/l + -trl.] One
who rallies or reassembles; one who reunites,
as disordered or scattered forces.
1. In a bridge- rallier-' (ral'i-.-r), „. [< wit,,* + -erl.] One
" . ° , ...i.,. ....n;...- .... l ..,,.* ..,.^. ruoaui \ IMMI /I*/-/
rakelt, "• and «. [Early mod. E. also
Si-, nifkcl; < ME. rakel, raklc, rni-h-, rakyl, rakil.
hasty, rash, wild, < Icel. rcikull, reikull, wan-
dering, unsettled (< Icel. reika, wander, roam:
see rake*) ; cf. Sw. dial, rakkel, a vagabond, <
rakkla, wander, rove, freq. of raka, run hastily :
see rake*. Cf. Icel. reekall, Sw. rakel, Dan. ,, _ . ,„„„._,. _, r „ ..
rxkcl, a hound, lout, used as a term of abuse.] having an unusual amount of rake or mclina- pa]u(Jicolo precocial grallatorial birds, repre-
tion of the masts, as a vessel. The piratical gente(j Dy the family Rattldse in a broad sense
..,,., i't ,-,-P (', , i.i . n ,1- f imoo T*r*it>ti Hiat.lTKTIlieVl Afl TOT i- • • il ;i~ . . 1 , \ ..'... . , M I . , . »in /I Joii-n
wlio rallies or banters. [Bare.] Imp. Diet.
ralliform (ral'i-form), a. [{ NL. rullij'intii*,
< JlnlliiK, a rail, + L. forma, form.] Having
the structure of or an affinity with the rails ; ral-
line in a broad sense ; of or pertaining to the
RalliJ or in (:•••.
Ralli'formes (ral-i-for'mez), n. pi. [NL. , pi. of
ralliformis: see ralliform.} A superfamily of
I. a. Rash; hasty.
0 rakel hand, to doon so foule amys.
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 174.
craft of former times were distinguished for
their rakish build.
But when they found, as they soon did, that the beauti-
ful, roHsA-looking schooner was averse to piracy, and care-
less of plunder, . . . they declared first neutrality, then
adhesion. Whyte Melvitte, White Rose, II. i.
Macaulay.
II. n. A dissolute man. See rakehell.
rakelt, *'• *• [ME. raklen; < rakel, a.] To act
rashly or hastily.
Ne I nyl not ratde as for to greven here.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 1642. rakish2 (ra'kish), o. [<rake* + -tsh1.] 1. Re-
rakelnesset, «. [< ME. rakelnesse, haste, rash- sembling or given to the practices of a rake;
ness; < rakel + -ness.} Hastiness; rashness. given to a dissolute life; lewd; debauched.
O every man, be war of rakelnees, The arduous task of converting a rakish lover.
Ne trowe no thyng withouten strong witnesse.
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 179. 2. Jaunty.
rakelyt, a. [< rake* + -ly1. Cf. rakehelly.] rakishly(ra'kish-li),a<fc. ..
Rakish- rakehelly I" a rakish or dissolute manner.— 2. Jauntily.
Our rakely young Fellows live as much by their Wits rakishneSS1 (ra'kish- nes), n [< rakish1 +
as ever. C. Shadwell, Humours of the Army (1713). -ness.] The aspect of a rakish vessel.
raker (ra'ker), n. [< ME. rakere, rakyer; <
rake1 + -er1.] 1 . One who or that which rakes.
Specifically— (o) A person who uses a rake; formerly, a
scavenger or street-cleaner.
Their business was declared to be that they should hire
persons called rakers, with carts, to clean the streets and
carry away the dirt and filth thereof, under a penalty of
40«. ~Mayheu>, London Labour and London Poor, II. 232.
rakishness- (ra'kish-nes), ». [< rakish2 +
-ness.] 1. The character of being rakish or
dissolute ; dissoluteness.
II the lawyer had been presuming on Mrs. Transome's
ignorance as a woman, or on the stupid rakiihness of the
original heir, the new hen- would prove to him that he
had calculated rashly. George Eliot, Felix Holt, ii.
2. Jauntiuess.
(6) A machine for raking hay, straw, etc., by hone or other rattet » A Middle English form of rack1.
power, (c) An instrument for raking out the ashes from 'rrr'v' , , A,r -or.t of™;.,,/
a fire or grate; in locomotives, a self-acting contrivance raklet, r. I. A variant ot rakel.
for cleaning the grate, (d) A gun so placed as to rake an rakshas, rakshasa (rak shas, rak sha-sa), It.
enemy's vessel. [Skt.] In Hind, myth., one of a class of evil
Down ! she 's welcome to us : spirits or genii. They are cruel monsters, frequenting
Every man to his charge ! man her i' the bow well, cemeteries, devouring human heings, and assuming any
And place your rakers right. shape at pleasure. They are generally hideous, but some,
Fletcher, Double Marriage, ii. 1. especially the females, allure by their beauty.
(e) A piece of iron having pointed ends bent at right Rakllsian (ra-ku'si-an), H. [Ar.] A member
S^^^^'^^^^^^^^irA^
2. A rake-like row of internal branchial arch Little is known of it, but its tenets appear to
appendages of some fishes. See gill-raker. be a further corruption of those of the Men-
rakery (ra'ker-i), it. [< rake* + -e'ry.} The con- dseans or Sabians. Blunt.
duct or practices of a rake ; dissoluteness, rale (ral), n. [< F. rdle, OF. male, rasle, rat-
tling in the throat, < F. raler, OF. ratter, rattle,
< LG. ratelen, rateln, rattle: see rattle. Cf.
rail*.] In palliol., an abnormal sound heard
on auscultation of the lungs, additional to and
not merely a modification of the normal re-
spiratory murmur — Cavernous rale. See cavern-
out.— Crepitant rale, a very fine crackling rale heard
during inspiration in the first stage of pneumonia. Also
called vesicular rale.—'Drj rale, a non-bubbling respira-
tory rale, caused by constriction of a bronchial tube or
larger air-passage. The high-pitched whistling dry rale is
called a sibilant rdle, and the low-pitched snoring dry rale
containing the rails and their allies, as distin-
guished from the Gruiformes, or related birds
of the crane type.
Rallinae (ra-H'ne), n.pl. [NL., < Rallus + -inae.]
The leading subfamily of Rallidse, including the
genus Rallus and related genera ; the rails. The
species are strictly paludicole ; the body is greatly com-
pressed ; the form tapers in front, and is thick-set behind,
with a short tipped-up tail; the wings are short and
rounded ; the tail has twelve feathers ; the thighs are very
muscular, and the flank-feathers are notably colored ; the
tibise are naked below ; the tarsi are scutellate in front ;
and the toes are long, cleft to the base, and not lobed or
obviously margined. Besides Kallus, the leading genera
are Ponana and Crex. There are about 60 species, found
in most countries.
ralline (ral'in), a. [NL.,<BaH«s + -inei.] Per-
taining or related to the genus Rallus or fam-
ily Rallidee; resembling a rail; ralliform in a
narrow sense.
rallum (ral'um), ».; pi. ralla (-a). [L., < ra-
dere, scrape, scratch: see rase*, raw*.] An
implement used as a scraper by husbandmen
among the Romans, consisting of a straight
handle and a triangular blade — Rallum-shaped,
growing wider toward the end and terminating squarely,
as the blade of a stylus.
Kallus (ral'us), «. [NL., < F. rdle, OF. rasle, a
rail: see rail*.] The leading genus of Rallinx,
containing the true rails, water-rails, or marsh-
practices
[Rare.]
He ... instructed his lordship in all the rakery and
intrigues of the lewd town.
Roger North, Lord Guilford, II. 300.
rakeshamet (rak'sham), n. [< rakel, v.t + Obj.
shame, n., as if ' one who gathers shame to him-
self; formed in moral amendment of rakehell.]
A vile, dissolute wretch.
Tormentors, rooks, and rakeshames, sold to lucre.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
VitKlnia Rail (Rallus virf inianusl.
[Also dial, rnkestele;
A rake-handle.
rakestalet (rak'stai), ».
< rake1 + stale'i, steal2.]
That tale is not worth a rakeslele.
Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 93.
rake-vein (rak' van), H. In lead-mining, in Eng-
land, a vortical or highly inclined fissure-vein,
is called 3 sonorous rale.— Moist rales, bubbling rales, fine
, _____________
as distinguished from the flat-vein, or flat, and Ralfsia (ralf 'si-a), H. [NL. (Berkeley), named
hens, having the bill longer than the head, slen-
„ , - . . der, compressed, and decurved, with long nasal
or coarse, produced by liquid or semiliquid in the bron- groove and linear subbasal nostrils, and the
^S^^^^^&^SS^^ coloration plain below, but with conspicuously
tion sound, or metallic tinkling, or a succnssion sound.— banded flanks, bee nut*.
Subcrepitant rale, a very fine bronchial bubbling rale, rally1 (ral'i), v. ; pret. and pp. rallied, ppr. ral-
— Vesicular rale. Same as crepitant rdle. i-n__i i ™ .._i7.-. s rvn — u.- — —
the pipe-vein (a mass of ore filling an irregu-
larly elongated cavern-like opening). [Derby-
shire, Eng.]
raki rakee (rak'e), n. [< Turk. raki. spirits,
.™,n,rf.-i..] A,«i.ri.,,.,o-
in honor of Jotin Rolfs, an English botanist.]
A small genus of olive-brown seaweeds of the
class Plifeosporex, type of the order Ralfsiacese.
They are rather small homely plants, growing on stones,
weeds, typified by the genus Ralfsia. The fronds
are horizontally expanded, sometimes crustaceous; and
fructification is in raised spots, composed of a few club-
shaped paraphyses and spheroidal sporangia.
An abbreviation of rallentando.
matic
spirit,
juice, as in the Levant.
The hill-men on such occasions consume a coarse sort of
rakee made from corn.
IF. H. Russell, Diary in India, II. 181.
Raw grain spirit, which is used in the country for mak-
ing raki U. S Com. Rep No. Ixviii. (1886X p. «40 --j- (ral-len-tan'do), a. [It., ppr. of ralr
raking1 (ra'king), n. [< ME. rakynge ; verbal hntarc _ F. ralcntir, slacken, relent, abate, re-
n. of rake1, v.] I. The art of using a rake ; a
gathering or clearance with or as if with a
rake ; also, that which is raked or raked up.
But such a raking was never seen
As the raking o' the Rullien Green.
Battle of Pentland Hills (Child's Ballads, VII. 242).
2. The act of raking into or exploring some-
thing; hence, a rigid scrutiny or examination;
a depreciatory overhauling; censorious criti-
tard: see relent.] In music, becoming slower;
with decreasing rapidity. Also rallentato. Ab-
breviated roll. Compare ritardando and ritni it In.
ralliancet (ral'i-ans), n. [< rally1 + -ance.]
The act of rallying. [Rare.] Imp. Diet.
Rallidae (ral'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Rallus +
-idee.] A family of paludicole grallatorial pre-
cocial birds, typified by the genus Rallus, and
divided into RalUnie, Galliniilins1, and l-'ulicinir,
lying. [Early mod. E. rallie, < OF. rallier. ra-
Herj F. rallier, rally, < re-, again, + alier, allier,
bind, ally : see ally1, and cf. rely1 and rely2.] I.
trans. 1 . To bring together or into order again
by urgent effort ; urge or bring to reunion for
joint action; hence, to draw or call together
in general for a common purpose: as, to rally
a disorganized army; to rally voters to the
polls.
There 's no help now ;
The army 'B scatter'd all, through discontent,
Not to be rallied up in haste to help this.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iii. 1.
2. To call up or together, unite, draw, gather
up, concentrate, etc.. energetically.
Prompts them to rally all their sophistry.
Decay of Christian Piety.
Grasping his foe in mortal agony, he rallied his strength
for a final blow. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 7.
Philip rallied himself, and tried to speak up to the old
standard of respectability.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xxiiv.
II. in trans. 1. To come together or into or-
der again with haste or ardor ; reunite ener-
getically; hence, to gather or become conjoined
The average common school received a rakiny which
would even gratify the sharp-set critical appetite.
Jour, of Education, XVIII. 136.
or vails, gallinules, and coots, to which some add tor a common end; cohere for aid or support.
, .
Oci/<lroiHi>t;r and Hii/ifiHtornitliiiise; the rails and
their allies. There are upward of 150 species, found
And then we rally'd on the hills.
Up'and War Them A', Willie (Child's Ballads, VII. 2SO>
rally
They rallied round their flags, and renewed the assault.
The Century, XXIX. 297.
2. To come into renewed energy or action; ac-
quire new or renewed strength or vigor; un-
dergo restoration or recovery, either partial or
complete : as, the market rallied from its de-
pression ; the patient rallied about midnight.
Innumerable parts of matter chanced then to rally to-
gether and to form themselves into this new world.
Tillotson.
Catholicism had rallied, and had driven back Protestant-
ism even to the German Ocean.
Macatday, Von Ranke's Hist. Popes.
rally1 (ral'i), n. ; pi. rallies (-iz). [< rattyl, v.]
1. A rapid or ardent reunion for effort of any
kind; a renewal of energy in joint action; a
quick recovery from disorder or dispersion, as
of a body of troops or other persons. — 2.
Theat., specifically, the general scramble or
chase of all the players in a pantomime; a
mele'e of pantomimists, as at the end of a
transformation scene.
The last scene of ail, which in modern pantomime fol-
lows upon the shadowy chase of the characters called the
rally. Kncyc. Brit., XVIII. 216.
3. In lawn-tennis, the return of the ball over
the net from one side to the other for a number
of times consecutively. — 4. A quick recovery
from a state of depression or exhaustion; re-
newal of energy or of vigorous action: return
in disease, trade, active exertion of any kind,
etc.: as, a rally in the course of a disease; a
ratty in prices.
The two stand to one another like men ; rally follows
rally in quick succession, each flghting as if he thought
to ilnish the whole thing out of hand.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 5.
rally2 (ral'i), «'.; pret. and pp. rallied, ppr. ral-
lying. [< F. raider, rail: see rail6.] f. trans.
To attack with raillery; treat with jocose, sa-
tirical, or sarcastic pleasantry; make merry with
in regard to something; poke fun at; quiz.
Strephon had long confess'd his amorous pain,
Which gay Corinna rallied with disdain.
Gay, The Fan, i. 40.
Snake has just been rallying me on our mutual attach-
Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
494 «
the head of the pile : same as monkey, X. (d) The piston
in the large cylinder of a hydraulic press, (e) A hooped
spar used in ship-building for moving timbers by a jolt-
ramble
A brancher, n ramage hawke.
ing blow on the end. (/) In metal-working, a steam-ham-
mer used in forming a bloom.
2. A steam ship of war armed at the prow be-
low the water-line with a heavy metallic beak
Ram. a, bow-rudder.
to or toward the prior or normal condition, as similar object against; batter: 'as the two ves-
™^o „„*;,,„ „,„.*: * ...... ,^_j 8e,g tried to fam each other _2 To force .jj.
drive down or together: as, to ram down a car-
tridge; to ram a charge; to ram piles into the
earth.
Cotgrave.
Nor must you expect from high antiquity the distinc-
tions of eyes and ramage hawks.
Sir T. Browne, Misc. Tracts, v.
Hence — 2. Wild or savage ; untamed.
Longe ye gan after hym abydc,
Cerching, enquering in wodes ramage,
A wilde swine chasing at that houred tyde.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 527.
Ellis he is not wise ne sage,
No more than is a gote ramage.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 5384.
Yet If she were so tickle as ye would take no stand so
ramage as she would be reclaimed with no leave.
Greene, Gwydonius (1593). (Halliwell.)
Also ramish, rammish.
H. n. 1. The branching of trees or plants;
branches collectively. — 2. The warbling of
birds among branches ; bird-song.
When immelodions winds but made thee [a lute) move,
And birds their ramage did on thee bestow.
Drwmmond, Sonnet*, it 10.
3. A branch of a pedigree ; lineage ; kindred.
Cotgrave.— 4. Courage. Prompt. Parv., p. 422.
'. ramage'-'t, n. Same as rummage.
ramagioust (ra-ma'jus), a. [< ME. ramai/onx,
ramagious. < ramage, wild: see ramage1.] Un-
^ ; tamed; wild. Coles, 1717.
ram, drive); from the noun: see ram1,' n.] l[ ramal (ra'mal), a. [< NL. 'ramalis, < L. ramus, a
trans. 1. To strike with a ram ; drive a ram or branch: see ramus.] 1. In hot., of or belonging
to a branch ; growing or originatingon a branch ;
rameal. — 2. In anat. and zool., pertaining to
a ramus ; of the character of a ramus : as, the
ramal part of the jaw-bone.
Ramalina (ram-a-li'na), ». [NL. (Acharius),
< L. ramale, twigs, shoots, < ramus,* branch:
or spur, intended to destroy an enemy's ship
by the force of collision. The beak Is often so far
independent of the vital structure of the ship that, in the
event of a serious collision, it may be carried away with-
out essential injury to the ship to which It belongs. See
also cuts under beak.— Hydraulic ram. See hydraulic.
ram, bore or drive in (> Dan. ramme, hit, strike,
Somewhat of trepidation might be observed in his man-
ner as he rammed down the balls.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 143.
3. To fill or compact by pounding or driving.
iMdy Ijen. No man shall ever come within my gates
Men. Fm. Wilt thou ram up thy porch-hold?
Marston and Barlated, Insatiate Countess, 1.
A Ditch
ramm'd to
see ramus.] A genus of crustaceous lichens of
the tribe Parmeliacei and family Usneei. The
thallus Is fruticulose or finally pendulous, mostly com-
pressed or at length subfoliaceons ; the apothecia are
scutellifonn ; the spores are ellipsoid or oblong, bllocu-
lar, and colorless. Jl. tcojndorvm furnishes a dye com-
parable with archil.
. . . was filled with some sound materials, and ramasst (ra-mas'), r. t. [< V . ramasser, bring to-
make the foundation solid gether, gather, < re-, again, + amasser, heap up :
^rfc,*/™,, Ancient Coin,, p. 76. see am,,*,.] To bring together; gather up;
ment.
=8:
4. To stuff as if with a ram; cram.
By the Lord, a buck-basket ! rammed me in with foul
unite.
And when they have ramast many of several kindes and
Banter etc rsee
' *
' " Z>
intrans. To use pleasantry or satirical
merriment.
Juvenal has railed more wittily than Horace has rallied.
Dryden, Orig. and Prog, of Satire.
This gentleman rallies the best of any man I know ;
for he forms his ridicule upon a circumstance which you
are in your heart not unwilling to grant him : to wit, that
you are guilty of an excess in something which is in itself
laudable. Steele, Spectator, No. 422.
rally2 (ral'i), n. [< rfl////2, v.] An exercise of
good humor or satirical merriment. [Bare.]
rallyingly (ral'i-ing-li), adv. In a rallying,
bantering, or quizzical manner. [Bare.]
"What! tired already, Jacob's would-be successor?"
asks she rallyingly. R. Brouyhton, Doctor Cupid, ix.
rallying-point (ral'i-ing-point), «. A place,
person, or thing at or about which persons rally,
or come together for action,
ralph (ralf), n. [Appar. from the personal
name Ralph.] 1. An alleged or imagined evil
spirit who does mischief in a printing-house.
[Printers' slang, Bug.]— 2. A familiar name
of the raven, Corvus corax.
ralstonite (ral'ston-lt), «. [After J. Grier
Ralston, of Norristown, Pennsylvania.] A flu-
shirts and smocks, socks, foul stockings, greasy napkins. tastes, according to the appetite of those they treat thev
Shak., M. W. of W., Hi. 5. 90. open one vessel, and then another.
Comical Hist, of the World in the Moon (1659). (HalliweU.)
ramastrumt (ra-mas 'trum), n. ; pi. ramastra
(-tra). [NL., < L. ramus, a branch, + dim. -as-
ter.] In bot., one of the secondary petioles, or
petiolules, of compound leaves. Lindley.
They ramme in great piles of woode, which they lay very
deep. Cort/at, Crudities, I. 206.
Do not bring your *sop. your politician, unless you can
ram up his mouth with cloves.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, iii. 1.
II .intrans. To beat or pound anything, in Kamayana (ra-ma'ya-na), n. [Skt.Rdmdyana,
any of the transitive senses of ram.
So was it impossible that the wals of lericho should fall
downe, being neither vndermined nor yet rammed at with
engines. HaHuyt's Voyages, II. 184.
Finding that he could do no good by ramming with
logs of timber, he set one of the gates on fire.
Bacon, Hist Hen. VII.
With all the watchfulness and all the skill in the world,
it would be futile to attempt to pass through the real ice- ramDaae (ram bad), n.
pack without a ship built for ramming.
Schley and Soley, Rescue of Oreely, p. 160.
ram3 (ram), a. [< Icel. ramr, strong (ramliga,
strongly), = Sw. ram, strong, perfect, mere
< Kama (see def. ) + ayana, a going, course, pro-
gress, expedition, < i, go: see go.] The name
of one of the two great epic poems of ancient
India, the other being the Mahabharata. Itgives
the history of Rama, especially of his expedition through
the Deccan to Ceylon, to recover, by the aid of the monkey-
god Hanuman, his wife Sita, carried away thither by Ra-
vana.
[< F. rambatle, "the
bend or wale of a gaily" (Cotgrave), also ram-
bate; cf. Pg. ar-rombada, a platform of a gal-
ley.] A'aiit., the elevated platform built across
the prow of a galley for boarding, etc.
(en ram bonde, 'a perfect boor'), = Dan. ram. ram.Deh(ram'be),n. [Said to be connected with
sharp, acrid, rank, mere (ramjydsl; 'pure Jut-
ish').] 1. Strong; as a prefix, very: used as
a prefix in ramshackle, rumbustious, etc. — 2.
Strong-scented; stinking: as, ram as a fox.
Latham.
ram1
ram, ramm, rom; = D. ram = MLG. LG. ram
= OHG. ram, ram mo, MHG. ram, G. ramm, a
ram, male sheep. Hence r<ra2. Cf. ram'4.] The
male of the sheep, Ovis aries, and other ovine
madan, the name of the 9th month of the Moslem
year, < rained (ramad), be heated or hot.] The
ninth month of the Mohammedan year, and the
period of the annual thirty days' fast or Moham-
.,
quadrupeds ; a tup. See cuts under Ovis and medan Lent, rigidly observed daily from dawn raTt.i.i0 /
uadricornoiis — until when all
Malay rambutan, < rambut, hair: see rambutan.]
The fruit of a middle-sized tree, Baccaurea sa-
nida, of the Euphorbiacese, found in Malacca,
Burma, etc. The fruit is globose, half an inch long,
yellowish in color, several-celled, with a pleasant subacid
pulj).
[Also remberge; <
obscure.] A long, nar-
ad easily managed, for-
merly used on the Mediterranean.
By virtue thereof, through the retention of some aerial
gusts, are the huge ramberges, mighty gallions, &c., launch-
ed from their stations.
Ozett, tr. of Rabelais, iii. 51. (Hares.)
quadricornous — The Ram, Aries, one of the signs and
constellations of the zodiac. See Aries.
ram2 (ram), n. [< ME. raj», ramme, < AS. ram,
ramm = D. ram, m., = MHG. G. ramme, f., a
battering-ram; orig. a particular use of ram1,
in allusion to the way a ram uses his head in
fighting.] 1. An instrument for battering,
until sunset, when all restrictions are removed.
The lunar reckoning of the Mohammedan calendar brings
its recurrence about eleven days earlier each year, so that
it passes through all the seasons successively in a cycle
of about thirty -three years ; but it is supposed that when
it was named it was regularly one of the hot months,
through lunisolar reckoning. The close of the fast is fol-
lowed by the three days' feast called the Lesser Bairam.
crushing, butting, or driving by impact. Specifl ramageH (ram'aj), a. and H. [I. a. < ME. ram-
cally— (o) Same as battering-ram.
Bring up your rams,
And with their armed heads make the fort totter.
Fletcher, Bonduca, iv. 4.
(6) A solid pointed projection or beak jutting from the
bow of a war-vessel, used both in ancient and in recent
times for crushing in an enemy's vessel by being driven
against it. See def. 2, and cut under embvlon. (c) The
heavy weight of a pile-driving machine, which falls upon
age,< OF. ramage, of or belonging to branches,
wild, rude, < LL. *ramaticus, of branches, < ra-
mus, a branch : see ramus. II. ». < OF. ramage,
branches, branching, song of birds on the
branches, etc., < LL. "ratnuticum, neut. of 'rti-
maticus, of branches: see I.] I. a. 1. Hav-
ing left the nest and begun to sit upon the
branches: said of birds.
. . v. i. ; pret. and pp. rambled,
ppr. rambling. [An altered form (with dissimi-
lation of mm to mb) of dial, rammle, < ME.
"ramelen, freq. of rumen, E. dial, rame, roam,
ramble: see roam.] 1. To roam or wander
about in a leisurely manner; go from point to
point carelessly or irregularly; rove: as, to
ramble about the city or over the country.
Bold Robin Hood he would ramble away.
Robin Hood and the Ranger (Child's Ballads, V. 207).
My first Entrance upon this Rambling kind of Life.
Dampitr, Voyages, II., Pref.
2. To take a wavering or wandering course;
proceed with irregular turns, windings, or
transitions; show a lack of definite direction
or arrangement: as, a rambling path or house;
ramble
a rambling discourse; the vine rambles every
way; he rambled on in his incoherent speech.
But wisdom does not lie in the rambling imaginations
of men's minds. Stillingjket, Sermons, I. ii.
O'er his ample sides the rambling sprays
Luxuriant shoot. Thomson, Spring, 1. 794.
Our home is a rambling old place, on the outskirts of a
country town. The Century, XL. 278.
3. To reel ; stagger. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
=Syn. 1. Ramble, Strott, Saunter, Rove, Roam, Wander,
Range, Stray. Ramble, by derivation, also stroll and
saunter, and stray when used in this sense, express a less
extended course than the others. To ramble or stroll is to
go about, as fancy leads, for the pleasure of being abroad.
To saunter is to go along idly, and therefore slowly. One
may saunter or stroll, stray or wander, along one street aa
far as it goes. To ramble, rove, or roam is to pursue a course
that is not very straight. One may rove, roam, or wander
with some briskness or for some object, as in search of a
lost child. One may wander about or stray about because
he has lost his way. The wild beast ranges, roves, or roams
in search of prey. Roam expresses most of definite pur-
pose : as, to roam over Europe.
ramble (ram'bl), «. [< ramble, v.~\ 1. A roving
or wandering movement; a going or turning
about irregularly or indefinitely; especially, a
leisurely or sauntering walk in varying direc-
tions.
Coming home after a short Christmas ramble, I found a
letter upon my table. Sieift.
In the middle of a brook, whose silver ramble
Down twenty little falls, through reeds and bramble.
Tracing along, it brought me to a cave.
Keats, Endymion, i.
On returning from our ramble, we passed the house of
the Governor. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. S7.
2. A place to ramble in; a mazy walk or tract.
— 3. In coal-mining, thin shaly beds of stone,
taken down with the coal, above which a good
roof may be met with. Gresley.
rambler (ram'bler), n. [< ramble, v., + -er1.]
One who rambles ; a rover; a wanderer.
There is a pair of Stocks by every Watch house, to secure
night ramblers in. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 77.
rambling (ram'bling), «. [Verbal n. of ram-
ble,v.] 1. The act of wandering about, or from
place to place.
Rambling makes little alteration in the mind, unless
proper care be taken to improve it by the observations
that are made.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 277.
2. A roving excursion or course ; an indefinite
or whimsical turning back and forth.
Thy money she will waste
In the vain ramblings of a vulgar taste.
Crabbe, Works, I. 73.
And oft in ramblings on the wold . . .
I saw the village lights below.
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter.
ramblingly (ram'bling-li), adv. In a rambling
manner.
rambooset, ramboozet, «. See rumbooze.
ram-bow (ram'bou), n. A ship's bow of such
construction that it may be efficiently used in
ramming.
rambunctious (ram-bungk'shus), a. Same as
rumbustious. [Colloq., U. S.]
rambustious (ram-bus'tyus), a. [Also ram-
bunctious; a slang term of no definite forma-
tion, as if < ram,s + bustf + -ious. Cf. E. dial.
rumbustical, rumgumptious, rumbumptious, etc.,
boisterous, slang forms of the same general
type.] Boisterous; careless of the comfort of
others; violent; arrogant. [Low.]
And as for that black-whiskered alligator, ... let me
first get out of those rambustious unchristian filbert-
shaped claws of his. Bulwer, My Novel, xi. 19.
rambutan, rambootan (ram-bo'tan), n. [Also
rambostan ; < Malay rambutan, so called in al-
lusion to the villose covering of the fruit, < ram-
but, hair.] The fruit of Nephelium lappaceum,
a lofty tree of the Malay archipelago. It is of an
oval form, somewhat flattened, 2 inches long, of a reddish
color, and covered with soft spines or hairs. The edible
part is an aril, and is of a pleasant subacid taste. The
tree is related to the lichi and longan, and is cultivated in
numerous varieties.
rambyt, a. [ME. ; cf. ramp.] Spirited ; pran-
cing; ramping (f).
I salle be at journee with gentille knyghtes,
On a ratnby stede fulle jolyly graythide.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 373.
ram-cat (ram'kat), n. A tom-cat.
Egad ! old maids will presently be found
Clapping their dead ram-cote in holy ground,
And writing verses on each mousing devil.
Wolcot (P. Pindar), Peter's Pension.
Ram-cat is older than Peter. Smollett uses the word in
his translation of Oil Bias : " They brought me a ragout
made of ram cat" (vol. i. ch. vii.).
N. and g., 7th ser., V. 361.
ram6 (ra-ma'), ii. [OF. rame, branched, < L.
"ramatttx, branched, < ramus, a branch: see ra-
;»«.•..] In her., same as attired.
4949
rameal(ra'me-al),a. [(.rame-oiix + -<tl.] Grow-
ing upon or otherwise pertaining to a branch.
Also raiucouK.
Bamean (ra'me-an), •«. [< llann'e or li<i»m*
(see Kannxt) + -nw.] A Ramist.
ramed (ramd), a. [Appar., with E. suffix -«/-,
< Y. rame, pp. of rawer, prop, support (creep-
ing plants), < rame, f., OF. raim, m., a branch,
stake, F. dial, rain, mime = Pr. raw, ramp =
It. ramo, < L. ramun, a branch: see rawiHx.J
Noting a vessel on the stocks when all the
frames are set upon the keel, the stem and
stern-post put up, and the whole adjusted by
the ram-line.
ramee, «• See ramie.
ramekin (ram'e-kin), n. [Also rammekin, rame-
quin ; < F. ramcquin, a sort of pastry made with
cheese, < OFlem. rammeken, toasted bread.]
Toasted cheese and bread, or toast and cheese ;
Welsh jabbit; also, bread-crumb baked in a
pie-pan with a farce of cheese, eggs, and other
ingredients. E. Phillips, 1706.
ramelt, «• See rammel.
ramellose (ram'el-os), a. [< ramellus + -ose.]
In algology, bearing or characterized by ra-
melli. See ramellns.
Fasciculi of extreme branches densely ramellose.
H. C. Wood, Fresh- Water Algse, p. 207.
ramellus (ra-mel'us), H. ; pi. ramelli (-1). [NL.,
dim. of L. ramus, a branch: see ramus, ramu-
lus.] In algology, a ramulus, or, more specifi-
cally, a branch smaller and simpler than a ram-
ulus, occurring at the growing tip.
lament (ra-menf), n. [< L. ramentum, usually
in pi. ramenta, scrapings, shavings, chips, scales,
bits, < radere, scrape, shave: see rase1, ro^c1.]
1. A scraping; shaving. — 2. In hot., same as
ramentum. [Rare.]
ramentaceous (ram-en-ta'shius), a. [(.rament
+ -aceous.] In bot., covered with ramenta.
ramentum (ra-men'tum), n.; pi. ramenta (-ta).
[NL. : see rdment.'] 1. Same as rament, l" —
2. In bot., a thin, chaffy scale or outgrowth
from the epidermis, sometimes appearing in
great abundance on young shoots, and par-
ticularly well developed on the stalks of many
ferns: same as palea (which see for cut).
ramepus (ra'me-us), o. [< L. rameus, of or be-
longing to boughs or branches, < ramus, a
branch : see ramus. Cf. ramous, ramose.'] Same
as rameal.
ramequint, »• See ramekin.
Bameside (ram'e-sid), a. and n. [< Kamesen
+ -irfe2.] I. a. Pertaining or relating to any
of the ancient Egyptian kings named Barneses
or Ramses, or to their families or government.
The principal kings of the name were Barneses II. of the
nineteenth dynasty and Kaiuesea III. of the twentieth.
II. n. A member of the line or the family of
Bameside kings.
ramfeezle (ram-fe'zl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ram-
feezled, ppr. ramfeezling. [Appar. < ram3 +
feeze.'] To fatigue ; exhaust. [Scotch.]
My awkward muse sair pleads and begs
I would na write.
The tapetless ramfeezl'd hizzie,
She 's sat t at best, and something lazy.
turns, Second Epistle to John Lapraik.
ram-goat (ram'got), n. A low, tortuous, leafy
shrub, Xanilioxylum spinifex (Fagara microphyl-
/«»»), found on'arid shores in the West Indies
and South America.
ramgunshock (ram-gvm'shok), a. [Also ram-
gunshoch, rangunshoek, rugged ; origin obscure.]
Bough; rugged. [Scotch.]
Our ramgunshock, glum gudeman
Is out and owre the water.
Burns, Had I the Wyte.
ram-head (ram'hed), n. 1. An iron lever for
raising up great stones. — 2f. Naut., a halyard-
block. — 3f. A cuckold.
To be called ram-head is a title of honour, and a name
proper to all men. John Taylor.
ram-headed (ram'hed"ed), a. Bepresented
with the head of a ram, as a sphinx; furnished
with ram's horns, as a sphinx's head; crioceph-
alous (which see).
rami, ». Plural of ramus.
ramicorn (ra'mi-korn), n. and a. [< NL. rami-
cornis, < L. ramus, a branch, + cornu, horn.]
I. n. In ornith., the horny sheath of the side of
the lower mandible, in any way distinguished
from that covering the rest of the bill.
The ramicorn, which covers the sides of the rami of the
lower mandible. Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. (1806), p. 276.
II. a. In entom., having ramified antenna;,
as a hemipterous insect; pertaining to the
Ramicornes.
Ramilie
ramicorneous (ra-mi-kor'no-us), <(. [< ram/corn
+ -enim.] Of or pertaining to the ramicorn.
Ramicornes (ra-mi-kor'nez), H. pi. [NL., pi.
oframictinii.t: see ramicorn. 1 luc«<o»«.,agroup
of liemipterous insects, having ramified anten-
nsB. See ramose.
ramie (ram'e), «. [Also ramee; Malay.] A
plant, the so-called China grass, Ba-hmeriti iii-
vea, or its fiber. The plant is a perennial shrub with
herbaceous shoots, native in the Malay islands, China, and
Japan. It has long been cultivated in parts of the East
Indies to supply fiber for fish-nets and cloths, and in China
and Japan textiles of great beauty are made from this
material. (See grass-cloth.) In length, thickness, and
woodiness the steins most nearly resemble hemp. The
ilber is unsurpassed in strength, is in an exceptional de-
gree unaffected by moisture, in fineness rivals flax, and
has a silky luster shared only by jute. The plant can be
grown in any moderate climate — in the southern United
States and aa far north as New Jersey, as demonstrated by
experiment. Also called cambric, silk-grass, and ramie-
hemp; in India, rhea. See cut under Bcehmeria.
ramie-fiber (ram'e-fi"ber), n. See ramie.
ramie-plant (ram'e-plant), «. See ramie.
ramification (ram"i-n-ka'shon), n. [= F. rami-
fication = Sp. ramifieacion = Pg. ramificayao
= It. ramificaeione, < ML. *ramifcatio(n-), <
ramificare, ramify: see ramify. ,] 1. The act or
process of ramifying, or the state of being rami-
fied; a branching out ; division into branches,
or into divergent lines, courses, or parts, as of
trees or plants, blood-vessels, a mountain-chain,
a topic or subject, etc. — 2. The manner or re-
sult of ramifying or branching; that which is
ramified or divided into branches; a set of
branches: as, the ramification of a coral; the
ramifications of an artery or a nerve ; the rami-
fications of the capillaries, or of nerves in an
insect's wing. See cuts under Deiidrocoela and
embryo.
Infinite vascular ramifications, . . . revealed only by
the aid of the highest powers of the microscope.
Is. Taylor.
3. In bot., the branching, or the manner of
branching, of stems and roots. — 4. One of the
branches or divergent lines or parts into which
anything is divided ; a division or subdivision
springing or derived from a main stem or source :
as, the ramifications of a conspiracy ; to pursue
a subject in all its ramifications.
When the radical idea branches out into parallel rami-
fications, how can a consecutive series be formed of senses
in their nature collateral ? Johnson, Eng. Diet. , Pref .
5. The production of figures resembling
branches.— Point of ramification, in the integral cal-
culus, a point on the plane of imaginary quantity where
two or more values of the function become equal. Also
called critical point.
ramified (ram'i-fid), a. In zodl. and anat.,
branched; having branches; dividing and re-
dividing: as, ramified nervures of the wings.
— Ramified corpuscle, a lacuna of bone, having long
slender processes which ramify and inosculate with those
of other lacunee ; an ordinary bone-cell.
ramiflorous (ra-mi-flo'rus), a. [< L. ramns,
branch, + flos (flor-), flower.] Flowering on
the branches. Gray.
ramiform (ra'mi-form), a. [= F. ramiforme, <
L. ramus, a branch, T forma, form.] In bot.
and zoo'l., resembling a branch. Henslow.
ramify (ram'i-fi), r. ; pret. and pp. ramified,
ppr. ramifying. [< F. ramifier = Pr. Sp. Pg.
ramificar = It. ramificare, < ML. *ramificare (in
pp. ramificatus), branch, ramify, < L. ramus, a
branch (see ramus), + -ficare, < facere, make.]
1. intrans. 1. To form branches; shoot into
branches, as the stem of a plant, or anything
analogous to it; branch out.
When they [asparagus-plants] are older, and begin to
ramify, they lose this quality. Arbulhnot, Aliments, p. 61.
The " test " has a single round orifice, from which, when
the animal is In a state of activity, the sarcodic substance
streams forth, speedily giving off ramifying extensions.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 397.
2. To diverge in various ways or to different
points ; stretch out in different lines or courses ;
radiate.
The establishments of our large carriers ramify through-
out the whole kingdom. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 441.
II. trans. To divide into branches or parts ;
extend in different lines or directions.
Whoever considers the few radical positions which the
Scriptures afforded him will wonder by what energetic
operations he expanded them to such an extent, and
ramified them to so much variety. Johnson, Milton.
It is also infinitely ramified, diversified, extending every-
where, and touching everything.
D. Webster, Speech, March 18, 1834.
Ramilie (ram'i-le), w. [< Ra willies : see def.]
A name given to various articles or modes of
dress, in commemoration of Maryborough's vic-
tory at Ramillies in Belgium over the French
Ramilie
under Villeroi. in ]70(i: chiefly used attribu-
tively. The Ramilie hat was a form of cocked hut worn
in the time of George I. Its peculiarity consisted in the
adjustment of the hat-brim — apparently the one in which
tile three cocks are nearly equal in length and similar in
arrangement. The Ramilie wig, worn as late as the time
of George III., had a long, gradually diminishing plait,
called the Ramilie plait or tail, with a very large bow at
the top and a smaller one at the bottom.
A peculiar-shaped hat was known as the " Ramilie cock. "
X. and <?., etli ser., XII. 35.
While in this country, the natural hair tied in a pig-
tail and powdered passed for as good as the Jtamilie wig
and Ramilie tail. S. DoweU, Taxes in England, III. 290.
ramiparous (ra-mip'a-rus), a. [< L. ramiis,
a branch, + faren, produce.] Producing
branches.
raiuisht, a. [A corruption of ramagei.] Same
as ramagei.
The plaintiff had declared for a ramish hawk, which is
a hawk living inter ramos (amongst the boughs), and by
consequence fenc naturae.
Nelson, Laws Cone. Game, p. 151. (Encyc. Diet.)
Ramism (ra'mizm), »». [< Ramus (see def.) +
-ism.] The logical doctrine of Petrus Eamus,
or Pierre de la Ram6e (born in Picardy, 1515 ;
massacred on St. Bartholomew's day, 1572). The
doctrine was that of Aristotle, with the omission of the
more difficult and metaphysical parts, and with a lew ad-
ditions drawn from rhetoric and from Platonic sources
(such as the doctrine of dichotomy). It was characterized
by simplicity and good sense, and was set forth with some
literary skill. It attracted considerable attention, owing to
the unbounded hostility to Aristotle professed by Ramus,
and was taught for many years in the Scottish universi-
ties and at Cambridge. John Milton wrote a Ramist logic.
In England, Cambridge alone, always disposed to reject
the authority of Aristotle, and generally more open to new
ideas than the sister university, was a stronghold of Ra-
mi',,1. R. Adamson, Encyc. Brit., XIV. 803.
Ramist (ra'mist), n. and a. [< F. ramiste, a Ra-
mist, pertaining to Ramus, < Ramus (see Sa-
mfem).] I. ». A follower of Peter Ramus. See
Ramism. The main position of Ramus was that "every-
thing that Aristotle taught was false," but there was no-
thing original in his writings. He introduced into logic
the dilemma, which had always been taught as a part of
rhetoric, to which he greatly inclined.
II, a. Pertaining to Ramus or Ramism; char-
acterized by or characteristic of Ramism. —
Ramist consonants (French consonnes ramistes), the let-
ters^ and v: so called by French writers, because Ramus
was the first, in his grammatical writings, to distinguish
them as consonants from the vowels t and u.
ram-line (ram'lin), n. [< rain (f) (see ramed)
+ HneV.] 1. In sliip-buildiiig, a small rope or
line used for setting the frames fair, assisting
in forming the sheer of the ship, or for other
similar purposes. — 2. In s/xtr-makinij, a line
used to make a straight middle Hue on a spar.
rammed (ranul), a. [Pp. of ram2, v.] Exces-
sive. Halliaell. [Prov. Eng.]
rammekint, "• See ramekin.
rammel (vain'el), «. [Also ramell, ramel; < late
ME. ramel, rubbish, < OF. ramaille, ramiltc, usu-
ally in pi. raiiittilles, ramillcs, Y.raniilles, branch-
es, twigs, < LL. ramale, usually in pi. ramalia,
branches, twigs, sticks, < L. ramus, a branch:
see ramus.] 1. Refuse wood, as of twigs or
small branches, or decayed woody matter.
Rubbish, rammel, and broken stones. Holland.
2. Rubbish, especially bricklayers' rubbish.
The Pictes ridding away the earth and ramell wherewith
it was closed up.
Holinshed, Hist. Scot, M. b, col. 1, c. (Sares.)
[Obsolete or prov. Eng. in both senses.]
rammelt (ram'el), r. i. [< rammel, n.] To turn
to rubbish ; molder.
Franare [It.], ... to rammell or moulder in pieces, as
sometimes mud walles or
great masses of stone will
doe of themselves.
Florio (1611), p. 195.
rammelsbergite
(ram'elz-berg-it), 11.
[After K. F. Bam-
melsberg (born 1813),
a German chemist.]
An arsenide of nick-
el, like chloanthite
in composition, but
crystallizing in the
orthorhombic sys-
tem.
rammel-woodt
(ram 'el -wild), n.
Natural eopsewood.
There growyth many
allers and other ramett-
wood, which servethe
muche for the buyldinge
of suehe simdl houses.
Raimners.
a, wooden rammer, with iron band or
MS. Cotton. Calif,, B.viii. 3 tt'<£S£?££SS7*,f%Z.
M'-sti'MOS, CtC.
40 r. ii
rammer (ram'tr), H. (_= <;- rummer: as nun-,
v., + -(/I'1.] An instrument for ramming, or
driving l>y impact. The pavers' rammer, used in set-
tling stones or compacting earth, is a heavy mass of iron-
bound wood, (if tapering form, with handles at the top
and on one or hoth sides. (See beetle^, 1.) Founders' ram-
mers are made in different ways, for various purposes, as
forcing the sand into the pattern, solidify ing it in the flask,
etc. A gunners' rammer Is a staff with a cylindrical head,
for driving home the charge in a cannon, usually having
for field-artillery a swab (called a sponge) at the other end
for cleaning out the gun after firing. Ramrods, and some
kinds of ram, as that of a ship of war, are also somethm-s
called rammers. See rantf, 2, and ramrod ; see also cut in
preceding column, and cut under gun carriage.
The earth is to bee wel driven and beaten downe close
with a rammer, that it may be fast about the roots.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvii. 11.
rammish1 (ram'ish), a. [< ME. rammish; < raw1
+ -ish1.] Resembling or characteristic of a
ram; rammy; strong-scented; hence, coarse;
lewd; lascivious: used like goatish in the same
sense. Compare tiirrine.
For al the world, they st ink™ as a goot :
Her savour is so rammish and so hoot,
That though a man from hem a myle be,
The savour wol infecte him, trusteth me.
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, L 834.
Whose father being a mmmixh ploughman, himself a
perfumed gentleman. Middleton, Phoenix, i. •'.
rammish2! (ram'ish), a. Same as ramage1.
rammishness (rain'ish-nes), ». [< rammish* +
-ness.] The state or character of being ram-
mish.
rammy (ram'i), a. [< rum1 + -yl.~\ Like a ram ;
rammish.
Galen takes exception at mutton, but without question
he means that rammy mutton which is in Turkic and Asia
Minor. Burton, Anat. of Mel., ii. §2.
ramollescence (ram-o-les'ens), n. [< F. r<i-
mollir, soften, refl. become soft (< re-, again, +
amollir, soften: see amollish), + -escence. Cf.
L. remollescere, become soft again, become
soft.] A softening or mollifying; mollification.
Imp. Diet. [Rare.]
ramollissement (ra-mo-les'mou), «. [< F. ra-
mollissemetit, < rtnnollir, soften, become soft:
see ramollescence.] In patliol., a morbid condi-
tion of some part of the body, as the brain or
the liver, in which it becomes softened.
ramoon (ra-mou'), ». [< Sp. ramon, the top of
branches cut as food for sheep in siiowy wea-
ther (= F. ramon, a broom of twigs or branches ),
< ramo, < L. ramus, a branch: see ramus. ] A
low West Indian tree, Tropliis Americana, be-
longing to the mulberry tribe, with milky juice
and drupe-like fruit. Its leaves and twigs are
sometimes fed to cattle.
ramose (ra'mos), a. [< L. ramosus, full of
branches: see ra mous.] 1 . Same as ramous. — 2.
In £007. : («) Branching; much-branched; rami-
fying frequently, as corals and other zoophytes ;
ramous. (6) Resembling a branch or branches ;
shooting out like a branch: as, the ramose spines
of some shells — Ramose antennSB, antenna; in which
the joints are rather long, a few of them emitting from
the base or apex — generally on the outer side, rarely on
both sides — long cylindrical processes or branches.
ramosely (ra'mos-li), adr. In a ramose or
branching manner. H. C. Wood, Fresh- Water
Algre, p. 21.
ramous (ra'mus), a. [< F. rameux = Pr. ra-
mos = Sp. Pg. It. ramoxo, < L. ramosus, full
of branches, < ramus, a branch: see ramus.]
Branched or branchy, or full of branches ; hav-
ing branches, or divisions of the character of
branches; ramifying; ramose.
Which vast contraction and expansion seems unintelli-
gible, by feigning the particles nf air to be springy and
ramous. Newton, Opticks, iii. query 31.
A rammis efflorescence of a fine white spar found hang-
ing from a crust of like spar, at the top of an old wrought
cavern. Woodward, Fossils.
ramp (ramp), r. [Also romp (now partly differ-
enced in use : see romp) ; < ME. rampen, < OF.
ramper, raumper, creep, crawl, also climb, F.
ramper, creep, crawl, cringe (cf. rampe, a flight
of stairs ( > G. rampe), = It. ramparc, clutch (ram-
pa, a claw, a grip, rampo, a grappling-iron),
a nasalized form of "rappare, in comp. ar-rap-
pare, = Pr. Sp. Pg. rapar, snatch up, carry off,
seize upon ; of Teut. origin : LG. rappen, rapen,
snatch up hastily; Bavar. dial, rampfen, G.
raffen, snatch, etc.: see rap2, rape2, raff.] I.
intrans. 1. To rise by climbing or shooting up,
as a plant ; run or grow up rapidly ; spring up
in growth.
Some Sorts of Plants ... are either endued with a
Faculty of twining about others that are near, or else fur
nish'd with ('Jaspers and Tendrils, whereby . . . they
catch Hold of them, and so ramping upon Trees, Shrubs,
Hedges ur Poles, they mount up to a great Height.
Jtay, Works of Creation, p. 111.
rampacious
TIVI.-S of every sort-
On three sides, slender, spiralling, luni,' iiml short;
Each grew as it contrived, the puphir ramped,
The ng-tree reared itself. Browning, Sordello.
2. To rise for a leap or in leaping, as a wild
beast ; rear or spring up ; prepare for or make
a spring; jump violently. See ra mpunt.
Tho, rearing up his former feete on hight,
He rampt upon him with his ravenous pawes.
Spenser, F. (?., VI. xii. 29.
Surely the Prelates would have Saint Paul's words rampe
one over another, as they use to clime into their Livings
and Bishopricks. Milton, On L'ef. of Humb. Remonst.
Thither I climb'd at dawn
And stood by her garden-gate ;
A lion ramps at the top,
He is claspt by a passion-flower.
Tennyson, Maud, xiv. 1.
3. To move with violent leaps or starts; jump
or dash about ; hence, to act passionately or
violently; rage; storm; behave with insolence.
Whan she comth hoom, she rampeth in my face,
And cryeth, "False coward, wreek thy wyf."
Chaucer, Prol. to Monk's Tale, 1. 18.
The Gov, hearing y« tumulte, sent to quiet it, but he
ramped more like a furious beast then a man.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 174.
For the East I-ynn (which is our river) was ramping
and roaring frightfully.
Ii. D. Bladcmore, Lorna Dooue, xh iii.
4. To spring about or along gaily ; frolic ; gam-
bol ; flirt ; romp. See romp.
Good wenches would not so rampe abrode ydelly.
Udatt, Roister Doister, ii. 4.
Then the wild Ixwir, being so stout and strong, . . .
Thrashed down the trees as he ramped him along.
Jovial Hunter of Bromsgrote (Child's Ballads, VIII. 146).
Peace, you foul ramping Jade !
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, iv. 3.
[This verb, although still employed in litera-
ture, is not common in colloquial use.]
II. trans. 1. To hustle; rob with violence.
[Thieves' slang.] — 2. To bend upward, as a
piece of iron, to adapt it to the woodwork of a
gate or the like. Ualliwell.
Mr. R. Phipps Is Introducing at Campbell Road, Bow,
Messrs. Parkin and Webb's patent ramped wheel tire.
The Engineer, LXVIII. 535.
To ramp and reavet, to get (anything) by fair means
or foul. Halliwell.
ramp (ramp), n. [< ME. rampe; < ramp, r.
Cf. romp, n.] 1. A leap; a spring; a bound.
[Obsolete or archaic.]
The bold Ascalonlte
Fled from his lion ramp. MMm, 8. A., L 139.
2. A rising passage or road; specifically {milit.),
a gradual slope or ascent from the interior
level of a fortification to the general level be-
hind the parapet.
The ascent is by easy ramps.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 400.
We crossed literallya ramp of dead bodies loosely cov-
ered with earth. W. U. RusseU, Diary in India, I. 312.
3. In masonry and carp., a concave bend or
slope in the cap or upper member of any piece
of ascending or descending workmanship, as
in the coping of a wall; the concave sweep
that connects the higher and lower parts of a
railing at a half- or quarter-pace. — 4. In arch.,
etc., any slope or inclined plane, particularly
an inclined plane affording communication
between a higher and a lower level.
In some parts [of the temple at Khorsabad] even the
parapet of the ramp still remains in situ.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., 1. 164.
5f. A coarse, frolicsome woman; a jade; a
romp.
Nay, fy on thee, thou rampe, thou ryg, with al that take
thy part. Bp. Still, Gammer Gurton's Needle, iii. 3.
Although that she were a lusty bouncing rampe, some-
what like Gallimetta, or Maid Marian. G. Harvey.
The bouncing ramp, that roaring girl my mistress.
Midaletan and DeWcer, Roaring Girl, iii. 3.
6. The garden rampion, or its root. — 7t. A
highwayman ; a robber. Halliwell. — 8. In the
game of pin-pool, a stroke by which all the
pins but the center one are knocked down.
A player making a ramp at any stage of the
game wins the pool.— Ramp and twist, in carp.,
any line that rises and winds simultaneously,
rampt (ramp), a. [< ramp, i:] Ramping; leap-
ing; furiously swift or rushing.
Ride out, ride out, ye ramp rider !
Your steed 's baith stout and strang.
The Broom of Cowdenknows (Child's Ballads, IV. 46).
rampacious (rwn-pft'ihns), a. [A var. of ?•««-
/Hii/ronx, prob. confused with rapacious.] Same
as rauijMti/i'tiiis. [Colloq.]
rampacions
A stone statue of MHne finnj>ir>-i',iiH animal with flowing
mane and tail, distantly resembling an insane cart-horse.
Dickens, Pickwick, xxii.
rampadgeon (rnin-piVjon), «. [<
+ -on.] A furious, boisterous, or quarrelsome
fellow. HalliirHI. [Prov. Kug.]
rampage (ram'pfij or rani-pfij'), n. [< ramp +
-age.'] A leaping or jumping about, as from
auger or excitement; violent or furious move-
ment; excited action of any kind: as, to be on
the rampagf : to go on a rampage. [Colloq.]
She 's been on the ram-paye this last spell about five
minutes. IMckem, Great Expectations, ii.
A diplomatist like Prince Bismarck, possessed of that
faculty of plain speech, and out for the time on the ram-
page, seems to Continental Courts a terror.
Spectator (London), June 28, 1890.
rampage (ram'paj or ram-paj'), v. i. ; pret. and
pp. rampaged, ppr. rampaging. [Also (Be.)ram-
pauge; < rampage, n.] 1. To act or move in
a ramping manner; spring or rush violently;
rage or storm about. [Colloq.]
Were I best go to finish the revel at the Griffin? But
then Maudie will rampauge on my return.
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth, xvi.
Now we will see how these rampaging Hurons lived
when outlying in ambushments.
J. F, Cooper, Last of Mohicans, xii.
2. To run or prance about; move spriugily or
friskily; romp; riot. [Colloq.]
An' they rampaged about [on horseback] wi' their grooms,
and was 'untin' arter the men.
Tennyson, Village Wife, vii.
How do you propose to go rampaging all over Scotland,
and still be at Oban on the fifteenth?
W. Black, Princess of Thule, xxvii.
rampageous (rain-pa 'jus), a. [Also rampa-
gious (and rampacious, q. v.); < rampage +
-OMS.] 1. Of a ramping character; behaving
rampantly; unruly; raging; boisterous; stormy.
[Colloq.]
The farmers and country folk [had] no cause to drive in
their herds and flocks as in the primitive ages of a ram-
payeous antiquity. Oalt, Provost, xv. (Dames.)
A lion — a mighty, conquering, generous, rampageous
Leo Belgians.
Thackeray, Roundabout Papers, A Week's Holiday.
There 's that Will Maskery, sir, as is the rampageousest
Methodis as can be. Qeorge Eliot, Adam Bede, v.
Hence — 2. Glaring or "loud" in style or taste;
"stunning." [Colloq.]
There conies along a missionary, . . . with a rampa-
gious gingham.
Daily Telegraph, Oct. 6, 1885. (Encyc. Diet.)
The ornamentation is for the most part in rampageous
rocaille style, bright burnished gold on whitewash or
white imitation marble. Harper's Mag. , LXXIX. 200.
rampageonsness (ram-pa'jus-nes), n. The
character of being rampageous. [Colloq.]
One there is, a lover-cousin, who out-Herods every one
else in rampagiousness and lack of manners.
Athenteum, No. 3249, p. 145.
rampairt, v. t. [< F. remparer, fortify, inclose
with a rampart : see rampire, rampart. ] To
make secure; intrench; shield; cover.
Theyr frame is raysed of excedynge hyghe trees, sette
close together and fast rampaired in the grounde, so stand-
yng a slope and bending inward that the toppes of the trees
ioyne together.
Peter Martyr (tr. in Eden's First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 68).
rampalliant, rampalliont (ram-pal'yan, -yon),
n. [< ramp + -allian, -allion, a vague termina-
tion of contempt, as in rapscallion, rumgallion.]
Rapscallion ; villain ; rascal : a vituperative
word.
Away, you scullion ! you rampallian, you fustilarian !
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 1. 65.
Out upon them, rampallions! Ill keep myself safe
enough out of their fingers.
Beau, and FI-, Honest Man's Fortune, ii. 2.
I was almost strangled with my own band by twa ram-
pallians, wha wanted yestreen ... to harle me into a
change-house. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel, xxvi.
rampancy (rain'pan-si), n. [< rampan(t) +
-ci/.] The state or quality of being rampant; ex-
cessive activity; exuberance; extravagance.
The pope had over mastered all, the temporal! power be-
ing quite in a manner evacuated by the rampancy of the
spiritual.
Dr. a. More, Epistles to the Seven Churches, Pref.
This height and rampancy of vice. South.
rampant (ram'pant), a. [< ME. *rampant, also
rampand, rampe'iid, < OF. rampant, ppr. otram-
JM-I; creep, climb: see ramp.'] 1. Climbing or
springing unchecked; rank in growth; exu-
berant: as, rampant weeds.
The cactus is here very abundant and rampant.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 95.
2. Overleaping restraint or usual limits; un-
bridled: unrestricted.
4951
He is tragical! on the Stage, but rampant in the Tyring-
housc, and sweares oathes there which he neuer con'il.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Player.
The custom of street-hawking is rampant in Spain.
Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 19.
Happily the love of red rags which is so rampant on
either side of Parenzo, at Trieste and at Zara, seems not
to have spread to Parenzo itself.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 104.
The style of the pulpit in respect of imagery, I conceive,
should be grave, severe, intense, not luxuriant, not ram-
pant. A. Phelps, English Style, p. 144.
They were going together to the Doncaster spring meet-
ing, where Bohemianism would be rampant.
Miss Braddon, Only a Clod, xxvi.
3. Ramping; rearing.
The tawny lion . . . springs, as broke from bonds,
And rampant shakes his brinded mane.
Milton, P. L., vii. 466.
When he chaseth and followeth after other beasts, hee
goeth alwaies saltant or rampant; which he neuer useth
to doe when he is chased in sight, but is onely passant.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, viii. 16.
4. In her., rising with both fore legs elevated,
the dexter uppermost, and the
head seen sidewise, the dexter
hind leg also higher than the
sinister, as if the weight of the
creature were borne upon the lat-
ter : noting a lion or other beast
of prey. Also ramping, effraye.
See also cut under affronte. Lion Rampant.
Old Nevil's crest,
The rampant bear chaiu'd to the ragged staff.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. 208.
Rampant affronte, rampant combatant. See coun-
ter-rampant.—
Rampant arch, in
arch., an arch whose
imposts or abut-
ments are not on the
same level. — Ram-
pant bandage, a
bandage applied in
such a manner that
the turns of the
spiral do not touch
each other, but
leave uncovered "^3
spaces between.— iS3
Rampant dis-
played, in her.,
lacing directly out
from the shield
and seated on the
haunches or raised
erect on the hind
legs, the fore paws
extended : noting a
lion or other beast
of prey. — Ram-
pant gardant, in
ner., having the
same attitude as in
rampant, but with
the head turned so Rampant Arches,
as to look directly d staircase of ,he Nouvel o ^
out from the Shield Paris; /,. crowning arcade in facade of Sta!
— that is, affront^. Maria del Orto, Venice.
—Rampant in-
dorsed. See counter-rampant.— Rampant in full as-
pect. Same as rampant displayed. — Rampant passant,
said of an animal when walking with the dexter fore paw
raised somewhat higher than the mere passant position.
—Rampant regardant, in her., rampant, but with the
head turned round, so that the creature looks In the di-
rection of its tail.— Rampant sejant, in her., seated
on the hind quarters, but with the fore paws raised, the
dexter above.— Rampant vault. See vault.
rampantly (ram'pant-li), adv. In a rampant
manner.
rampart (ram'part), n. [Early mod. E. also
rampar, ramper, rampare, rampire, rampier; <
OF. rempnrt (with excrescent t), rempar (F.
rempart), a rampart of a fort, < remparer, de-
fend, fortify, inclose with a rampart (F. rem-
parer, refl., fortify oneself), < re-, again, + cm-
parer, defend, fortify, surround, seize, take
possession of (F. emparer, seize, take posses-
sion of), < en- + purer, defend : see pare1, par-
ry. Cf. It. riparo (= Pg. reparo), a defense, <
riparare, defend, = Pg. reparar, repair, shel-
ter: see repair*. Cf. parapet, which contains
the same ult. verb.] 1. In fort., an elevation
or mound of earth round a place, capable of
resisting cannon-shot, and having the parapet
raised upon it; a protecting enceinte; also,
this elevation together with the parapet. The
rampart is built of the earth taken out of the dftch. but
the lower part of the outer slope is usually constructed of
masonry. The top of the rampart behind the parapet
should have sufficient width for the free passage of troops,
guns, etc. See cut under parapet.
Thrice . . . did he set up his banner upon the rampier
of the enemy. Sir P. Siilneii, Arcadia, iii.
When bands
Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe arm'd,
Forerun the royal camp, to trench a field,
Or cast a rampart. Hilton, P. L., i. 678.
rampier
The term rampart, though strictly meaning the mound
on which the parapet stands, generally includes the para-
pet itself.
Brande and Cox, Diet, of Sci., Lit., and Art, III. 205.
Hence — 2. Something that serves as a bulwark
or defense ; an obstruction against approach or
intrusion ; a protecting iuclosure.
What rampire can ray human frailty raise
Against the assault of fate?
Fletcher (and Massinger '!), Lovers' Progress, iv. 2.
At length they reached an open level, encompassed on
all sides by a natural rampart of rocks.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 7.
Rampart gun. Seegwii.=8yn. See fortification.
rampart (ram'part), v. t. [Formerly also ram-
pire, ramper; < rampart, rampire, «.] To forti-
fy with ramparts ; protect by or as if by a ram-
part; bolster; strengthen.
Set but thy foot
Against our rampired gates, and they shall ope.
Shak., T. of A., v. 4. 47.
Those grassy hills, those glittering dells,
Proudly ramparted with rocks.
Coleridge, Ode to the Departing Year, vii.
'Neath rampired Solidor pleasant riding on the Rauce !
Browning, Herve Riel.
rampart-grenade (ram'part-gre-nad*'), n. See
grenade.
rampart-slope (ram'part-slop), «. In fort., the
slope which terminates the rampart on the in-
terior, connecting the terre-plein with the pa-
rade; the ramp or talus.
rampet, «• and n. An obsolete form of ramp.
ramper1 (ram'per), it. 1. An obsolete or dia-
lectal form of rampart. — 2. A turnpike road.
Balliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
Tamper2 (ram'per), »(. [<ramp + -erl.] A ruf-
fian wh o infests race-courses. [Slang. ] Encyc.
Diet.
ramph-. Forwords beginning thus, see rliamnh-.
rampick, rampike (ram'pik, ram'pik), n. [For-
merly also ranpick, ranpike; appar. < ran- (iden-
tified by some with ran- in ran-tree, roan-tree,
mountain-ash (cf. rantle-tree)) + pick1 orpike1.]
A tree having dead boughs standing out of its
top; any dead tree: also used attributively (in
this use also rampicked). [Old and prov. Eng. ;
U. S. and New Brunswick, in the form rampike.]
When their fleeces gin to waxen rough,
He combes and trims them with a rampicke bough.
The Affectionate Shepheard (1594). (Halliwell.)
The aged ranpick trunk where plow-men cast their seed.
Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 205.
The march of the fire was marked next morning by ...
hundreds of blackened trees which would never bud
again. The sight of these bare and lifeless poles is a com-
mon one here ; the poles are termed ram-pikes.
W. F. Roe, Newfoundland to Manitoba, iii.
rampicked (ram'pikt), a. [< rampick + -ed2.]
See rampick.
According to Wilbraham, a rampicked tree is a stag-
headed tree, i. e. like an overgrown oak, having the stumps
of boughs standing out of its top. Halliwell.
rampiert, n. An obsolete form of rampart.
rampike, n. See rampick.
ramping (ram'ping),^. a. In her., same as ram-
pant,^ 4.
rampion (ram'pi-pn), n. [Appar. corrupted
from It. ramponzolo, raperonzolo, raperonzo =
Sp. reponche, ruiponce = Pg. raponto, ruiponto
= OF. raiponce, reponce, raiponse = LG. rapnns-
je = G. rapunzel = Sw. Dan. rapunzel (ML. ra-
puncium), a plant, the Campanula Kapunculus,
also the Phyteuma spicatum, < ML. rapuncultts,
dim. of L. rapa, rapum, a turnip: see rape9.
For the form, cf. Sp. rampion, a species of lo-
belia.] 1. One of the bellflowers, Campanula
Bapuneulus, a native of central and southern
Europe, formerly much cultivated in gardens
for its white tuberous roots, which were used as
a salad. More fully garden rampion. — 2. Auame
of several plants of other genera Horned ram-
pion, a general name of the species of Phyteuma, plants
related to the bellflowers, and called horned because the
slender corolla-lobes in some species remain long coherent
in a conical beak.— Large rampion, said to be a name of
the evening primrose, (Enothera biennis,
rampire, ». and r. An obsolete or archaic vari-
ant of rampart (which see).
rampired (ram'plrd), «. [< rampire + -ed2.]
Furnished with ramparts. See quotations un-
der rampart, v.
rampishf (ram'pish),a. [< ramp + -ink*.] Ram-
pant. Palsgrare. (Halliwell.)
rampier (ramp'ler), n. and a. [Also ramplor;
appar. equiv. to ramper2, lit. one who ramps, or
to rambler, one who rambles or roves: see nim-
per2, rambler.] I. n. A gay, roving, or unset-
tled fellow. [Scotch.]
He 's , a mischievous clever ramplor, and never
devals with cracking his jokes on me.
Gait, Sir Andrew Wylie, I. 226.
rampler
II. a. Roving; unsettled. Gait. [Scotch.]
Kampoor chudder. A soft shawl of fine wool
of the kind made at Rampoor in the Northwest
Provinces, India. Such shawls are called in
England and America simply rlnidiU'i: See
chudder,
rampostan, n. Same as rtimliiitini.
ramps1 (ramps), ti.pl. Same as ramsons. [Prov.
Eng.]
ramps2 (ramps), n. Same as tampion.
rampse (ramps), e. «. ; pret. and pp. rampsed,
ppr. rampsing. [Variant of ramp.] To climb.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
ranipsman (ramps'man), n. ; pi. rampsmen
(-men). [Appar. < ramp + poss. gen. -8 +
man. Cf. cracksman.] A highway robber who
uses violence when necessary. The Slang Dic-
tionary, p. 211.
ram-riding (ram'ri"ding), ». See the quota-
tion.
One summer evening, when the scandalised townsmen
and their wedded wives assembled, and marched down to
the cottage with intent to lead the woman in a Ram-rid-
ing, i. e. in a shameful penitential procession through the
streets, the sight of Kit playing in the garden, and his
look of innocent delight as he ran in to call his mother out,
took the courage out of them.
The Speaker, April 19, 1800, I. 427.
ramrod (ram'rod), n. [< ram2 + rod.] A rod
for ramming down the charge of a gun, pistol,
or other firearm, especially for small hand-fire-
arms. (Compare rammer.) Now that most small-
arms load at the breech, ramrods are much less used than
formerly. The ordinary ramrod for shot-guns, rifles, and
the like was an unjointed wooden or iron rod, enlarged at
the head or there fitted with a metal cap, and furnished
at the other end with a screw or wormer for extracting a
charge ; when not in use it was carried In thimbles on tin-
under side of the barrel.
ramrod-bayonet (ram'rod-ba/o-net), n. A steel
rod one end of which is fitted for cleaning the
bore of a rifle, while the other is pointed to serve
as a bayonet : when intended for use as a wea-
pon, the bayonet end is drawn a certain dis-
tance beyond the muzzle, and is held by a
catch.
ramroddy (ram'rod-i), a. [< ramrod + -y1.]
Like a ramrod ; stiff or unbending as a ramrod ;
prim; formal ; obstinate. [Colloq.]
The inevitable English nice middle-class tourist with his
wife, the latter ramroddy and uncompromising.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 60.
Ramsden's eyepiece. See eyepiece.
ramshackle1 (ram'shak-1), a. and «. [Also, as
adj., ramshackled, Sc. ramshackled; < Icel. ram-
Hkakkr, quite wrong, absurd (Cleasby and Vig-
fusson); otherwise defined as "ramshackle,
crazy"; < ramr, strong, very, as intensive pre-
fix, very, + skakkr, wry, distorted, unequal,
> Sc. shach, distort: see shach. The second
element in the E. word is appar. conformed to
shackle; cf. leel.skokull, Sw. skakel, Dan. skagle,
the pole of a carriage that shakes about: see
shackle.] I. a. Loose-jointed ; ill-made ; out of
gear or repair ; crazy ; tumble-down ; unregu-
lated; chaotic.
There came . . . my lord the cardinal, in his rainshaclde
coach, and his two, nay three, footmen behind him.
Thackeray, Newcomes, xxxv.
To get things where you wanted them, until they shook
loose again by the ram-shackle movements of the machine.
Bramuiett, Wool-Carding, p. 136.
In the present complex, artificial, and generally ram-
shackle condition of municipal organization in America.
The American, IX. 229.
II. ». A thoughtless fellow. [Scotch.]
Gin yon chield had shaved twa niches nearer you, your
head, my man, would have lookit very like a bluidy pan-
cake. This will learn ye again, ye young ramshackle.
Lockhart, Reginald Dalton, I. 199.
ramshackle2 (ram'shak-1), v. A corrupt form
of ransack, confused with ramshackle*.
ramshackled (ram'shak-ld), a. [Sc. ram-
shackled, < ramshackle* + -erf2.] Same as riim-
shackle*.
ramshackly (ram'shak-li), a. [< ramshackle1 +
-y*.] Same as ramshackle*.
This old lady was immeasurably fond of the old ram-
sftaclcly house she lived in.
C. Reade, Clouds and Sunshine, p. 15.
ram's-head (ramz'hed), n. 1. A species of
lady's-slipper or moccasin-flower, Cypripedium
arietinum, a rare plant of northern swamps in
North America. The solitary flower has the three
sepals distinct, is smaller than that of the common lady's-
slipper, is colored brownish and reddish, and is drooping
and of an odd form suggesting the name.
2. A seed of the chick-pea, i'icer arietinum.
ram's-horn (ramz'horn), «. 1. A semicircular
work in the ditch of a fortified place, swoep-
1952
ing the ditch, and itself commanded by the
main work. — 2. An ammonite: a general name
of fossil cephalopods whose shells are spiral,
twisted, or bent. — 3. A winding net supported
by stakes, to inclose fish that come in with the
tide. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
ramskin (ram'skin), «. [Prob. a corruption
of ramekin."] A species of cake made of dough
and grated cheese. Also called Sefton cake, as
said to have been invented at Croxteth Hall,
England, the seat of Lord Sefton. Imp. Diet.
ramsons (ram'zonz), n. pi. [Formerly also ram-
sens, ramsins, sometimes corruptly ramshorns;
irreg., with additional plural suffix -s, for "ram-
son, 'ramsen, itself a plural in ME.,< ME. "ram-
sen (< AS. hramsan), pi. (for which are found
ramsis, ramzys, ramseys, with pi. -s) of singu-
lar "ramse (> E. dial, "ramsc, ramps, ramsh,
also ramsy, ramsey), < AS. hranisa (pi. hramsan),
broad-leafed garlic, = Bav. dial, ramsen, ram-
sel = Sw. "rams (in comp. rams-Uik (lok = E.
leek), bear-garlic) = Dan. rams, also in comp.
rams-log (log = E. teek), garlic; cf. Lith. kre-
musze, kremuszis, wild garlic, Ir. creamh, garlic,
Gr. Kptifivov, an onion.] A species of garlic,
Allium umiiium, of the northern parts of the
Old World.
Eate leekes in Lide and ramrint in May,
And all the yeare after physicians may play.
Aubrey'f Wilts, MS. Royal Hoc., p. 124. (HaUiwell.)
ram-Stag (ram'stag), n. A gelded ram. Halli-
well. [Prov. Eng-J
ram-stam (ram'stam), a. and n. [A riming com-
pound, < ram3 + stam, var. of stamp.] I. a.
Forward; thoughtless; headstrong. Halliwell.
[Scotch and North. Eng.]
The hairnm-scairum, ram gtam boys.
Burnt, To James Smith.
H. n. A giddy, forward person. [Scotch.]
Watty is a lad of a methodical nature, and no a hurly-
burly ram-gtam, like yon flea-luggit thing, Jamie.
Hull. The Entail, III. 70.
ram-stam (ram'stam), adv. [< ram-stum, a.]
Precipitately; headlong. [Scotch.]
The least well get, if we gang ram-gtam in on them,
will be a broken head, to learn us better havings.
Scott, Rob Roy, nviii.
ramstead, ramsted (ram'sted), n. Same as
ranstead.
ramstead-weed (ram'sted-wed), n. Same as
ranstead.
ramtil (ram'til), «. [E. Ind.] A plant, Guizo-
tia Abyssinica, with oleiferous seeds.
ramule (ram'ul), n. [< F. ramule, < L. ramulus,
a little branch: see ramulus.] In bot., same as
ramulus.
ramuli, n. Plural of ramulus.
ramuliferous (ram-u-lif 'e-rus), a. [< L. ramulus,
a little branch, + ferre = E. bear*.] In bot.,
bearing ramuli or branchlets.
ramulose (ram'u-los), a. [< L. ramulosus : see
ramiilous.] Same as ramulous — Ramulose cell
or areolet of the wing, in eiitom., a cell or areolet emitting
a short nervure from the outer or posterior Bide.
ramulous (ram'u-lus), a. [= F. ramuleuz,
< L. ramulosus, full of little branches (ap-
plied by Pliny to veined leaves), < ramulus, a
little branch : see ramulus.] 1. In bot., having
many small branches. — 2. In entom., having
one or more small branches ; ramulose.
ramulus (ram'u-lus), n.; pi. ramuli (-11). [L.,
a little branch, dim. of ramux, a branch : see ra-
mus. Cf. ramule.] 1. In bot., anat., and zool.,a.
branchlet or twig; a small ramus or branch, as
of an artery. — 2. [cap.] [NL.] Agenusofor-
thopterous insects. Saussure, 1861 — Ramulus
carotico-tympanicus, one of the small branches of the
internal carotid artery given off in the carotid canal to the
mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity.
ramus(ra'mus),H.; pl.ramj(-mi). [= F. rame, f . ,
OF. raim, m., = Sp. Pg. It. ramo, m., < L. rdmus,
a branch, bough, twig, club, orig. "radmus =
Gr. />d6a/ioc, a young branch ; cf. Gr. ^ddVf, a
branch, = L. radix, a root : see radix.] In biol.,
a branch or branching part, as of a plant, vein,
artery, or forked bone. The rami of the ischium and
pubis are their narrowed projecting parts. The rami of
the lower jaw, as in man, are the ascending branches at
each end, as distinguished from the intermediate hori-
zontal part, called the body; but in any case where such
distinction is not marked, as in birds and reptiles, a ramus
is either half of the mandible, or one of the gnathidia,
usually composed of several distinct bones. See diagram
under IriU, and cuts under Felidx and pleurodnnt. — Man-
dibular, pubic, etc., ramus. See the adjectives.
ramuscule (ra-mus'kul), n. [= F. ramuscute,
< LL. rauMMOuitM, dim. of L. ramus, a branch:
see ramus.] 1. A branchlet; a small spray. —
2. In anat., a ramulus, branchlet, or twig, as of
ranarium
the arteries of the pia mater, which penetrate
the substance of the brain.
ran1 (ran). Preterit of run.
ran'-'t (run), n. [< ME. "ran, < AS. ran, rob-
bery, open rapine, < Icel. ran = Dan. ran, rob-
bery, depredation.] Open robbery and rapine :
force; violence.
ran3 (ran), 11. [Also rann ; < ME. raw, ron, < W.
rhan, a part, division, share, portion, section,
= Ir. Gael, rann, part, division, verse, poem.]
A song.
ran4 (ran), n. [Perhaps a confused form of
rand1, strip of leather.] 1. The hank of a
string. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. In r»j>c-
making, twenty cords of twine wound on a reel,
every cord being so parted by a knot as to be
easily separated from the others. — 3. Naut.,
yarns coiled on a spun-yarn winch. Encyc.
Diet.
ran8 (ran), «. Same as num.
Bana1 (ra'na), n. [NL., < L. 7-awa, frog, prob.
orig. *rac«aj'a croaker: cf. raccare, cry as a ti-
ger.] 1 . An extensive Linnean genus of aquat-
««.- Skull of the Frog; upper figure
from above, lower from below.
<. nirdle-bone. or os-en-ceinture ; „. ex
Brain of Kana ttcu-
lettta, from above, X4.
Lol, olfactory lobe,
or rhinencephalon,
with /, olfactory
nerves ; He, cerebral
hemisphere, or prosen-
cephalon ; Fho, thal-
amencephalon ; /'».
pineal body ; /. op, op-
tic lobe ; C, cerebel-
lum ; S rtt, fourth ven-
tricle : Mo, medulla
oblongata.
ic salient anu-
rous batrachi-
ans, typical of
fjjg family Ra-
Ii" e
<. nre-one. or os-en-cenure ; „. ex •"*• / tne tr°gs
occipital ;/. frontal part of frontoparietal proper. It WftS
bone ; mx, maxillary ; ». nasal ; ffofis fnrmoylv mnrB
thotic; /.parietal part of frontoparietal; eriy I
far, parasphenoid ; fnt, premaxilla ; fo, than COnter-
prootic; pi, pterygoid ; j, quadratojugal : _.;_„„« „,!*>,
sg. squamosal ; sus, suspensonum of lower IIJ1I1UUS Wltll
jaw ; i>. vomer ; i. optic foramen ; a, fora- ^Qe present
men ovale ; 3, condyloid foramen.
family Ramdte.
See frog*, and also cuts under bullfrog, girdle-
bone, Jnura2, and temporomastoid. — 2. A ge-
nus of mollusks. Humphreys, 1797.
Bana2 (ra'na), ». [Hind. ra«a, a prince, < Skt.
rajanya, princely, royal,< rajan, a king, prince:
see raja2. Cf. rani.] Prince : the title of some
sovereign princes or ruling chiefs in Rajputana
and other parts of India.
Rdnd Bhim Sink [of Dholpur], the tenth in descent f mm
Rilnd Singan Deo, seized upon the fortress of Owalior.
Encyc. Brit., VII. 147.
Kanae (ra'ne), n.pl. [NL., pi. of L. rawa, frog:
see liana*.] The salient batrachians as an or-
der of reptiles. Wagler, 1830.
Banales(ra-na'lez),n.^. [NL. (Lindley, 1833),
< I{an(unculus), the type of the cohort.] A co-
hort of dicotyledonous plants of the polypeta-
lous series Tlialamiftorie. It is characterized by the
commonly numerous stamens and pistils, all distinct and
inserted on the receptacle or within it, and by the fleshy
and usually copious albumen, surrounding a small or mi-
nute embryo. It includes about 1,800 species, grouped in
8 orders, of which the Ranunculacex, the leading family,
and the DiUeniace« have generally one row of petals and
one of five sepals. The other orders are remarkable among
plants in having their petals commonly in two or more
rows, and include the calycanthus and barberry families,
the leaves In the first opposite, in the second usually com-
pound ; the magnolia and custard-apple families, trees with
alternate leaves, in the first mainly stipulate ; the moon-
seed family, consisting of vines; and the water-lilies, a
family of aquatics.
ranarium (ra-na'ri-um), »». ; pi. ranaria (-a).
[NL., < L. rawa, frog (see Rand*), + -arium.]
A collection of live frogs; a place where frogs
are kept alive, to study their transformations,
for vivisection iu physiological experiments,
etc.
The institute also contains a large room full of rabbits
and guinea-pigs, for which a little lawn is provided in
summer. It also possesses a ranarium, in which are 700
frogs, divided into thirty-one departments, to prevent the
spread of the frog disease. Lancet, Mo. 3428, p. 862.
Needle-bug (Ranatra fus-
r«),two thirds natural size.
Ranatra
Ranatra (ran'a-trii), M. [NL.] 1. A Fabri-
cian (1794) geiiiisof hemipterous insects of the
family Nepidie. In these
curious water-btitfs the body is
extremely long ami cylimlrir,
the short acute rostrum Is di-
rected forward, there is a long
anal respiratory tube, and the
fore legs are raptorial. The
species are aquatic and carniv-
orous. They are found ill fresh-
water ponds, and feed on flsh-
eggs, fry, and other water-bugs.
R. linearii of Europe is an ex-
ample; R. fmca is common in
North America, where it is
called needle-bug.
2. [(. c.] A bug of this
genus ; a needle-bug.
ranee1 (rang), ». [< OF.
ranehe, a stick, wooden
pin, F. rancltc, a round
(of a ladder), rack, prop,
or brace; cf. OF. ratirliivr,
rancher, F. rancher, arack,
ladder, a crosspiece of
wood placed in front of or behind a cart ; <
L. r/imcj- (ramie-), a staff, < ramus, a branch,
bough, twig, club: see ramm.] 1. A shore or
prop acting as a strut for the support of some-
tiling, as of a Congreve rocket.— 2. One of the
cross-bars between the legs of a chair.
ranee1 (rans), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ranted, ppr.
ranting. [< OF. rancer, prop, < ranee, a prop:
see ranee1.] To shore or prop. [Scotch.]
Rance2t (rans), a. An obsolete form of Rhenish.
Ane great pels of Ranee wyne.
Aberdeen Reg., 16th cent. (Jamteson.)
rance3t, rauncet, »'• [Early mod. E. ranee,
rauuee (?), a kind of fine stone; < F. ranee,
ranee marbre, defined by Larousse as a white
and red-brown marble veined with ashen-white
and blue; prob. lit. 'Rhenish' « Ranee*), be-
longing to the Rhine, as it were a sort of ' Rhine-
stone.'] An unknown hard mineral or fine
gtone, supposed to be some sort of marble.
What liuing Ranee, what raptlng Ivory,
Swims in these streams?
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Trophies.
She 's empty ; hark ! she sounds ; there 's nothing in 't ;
The spark-engendering flint
Shall sooner melt, and hardest munce shall first
Dissolve and quench thy thirst.
(friaries, Emblems, u. 10.
rancescent (ran-ses'ent), a. [< LL. ranees-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of rancescere, inceptive of L.(ML.)
rancere, stink: see rancid and rancor.'] Becom-
ing rancid or sour. Imp. Diet.
ranch1 (ranch), v. t. [Also rauncli ; prob. a
var. form of "rench for wrench.] To wrench;
tear; wound. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
Hasting to raunch the arrow out.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., August.
Against a stump his tusk the monster grinds, . . .
And ranched his hips with one continued wound.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Stetamorph., i.
ranch1 (ranch), n. [< ranch1, «.] A deep scratch
or wound. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
Qri/ade IF.], a ranehe or clinch with a beast's claw.
Cotgrave.
ranch2 (ranch), n. [AlsororccTie; < Sp. raneho:
see raneho.] 1. In the western part of the
United States, especially in the parts former-
ly Mexican, on the great plains, etc., a herd-
ing establishment and estate; a stock-farm;
by extension, in the same regions, any farm or
farming establishment. The tract of land over which
the animals of a ranch or of several ranches roam for pas-
turage is called a range. See range, ^ (a).
2. In a restricted sense, a company of ranch-
ers or rancheros ; the body of persons employed
011 a ranch.
The Spanish raucho means a mess, and so the American
4953
rancheria(ran-che-re'a), n. [Mex. Sp.,<r««c/i»,
:i raiic'h: see rawc/i2.] "In Mexico, the dwelling-
place of arancheroorof rancheros; a herdsman s
hut, or a village of herders ; hence, a settle-
ment, more or less permanent, of btdfauu.
Prior to the occupation of California by the Europeans
the Indians dwelt, more or less, in temporary villages, later
called rancherias, where they had an imperfect govern-
ment controlled by chiefs, councils, and priests.
Johns Hi>iMiu< Univ. Studies, 8th ser., IV. 36.
By evening all the Indians had betaken themselves to
their own rancherias, and the agency was comparatively
deserted for another week. The Century, XXXVIII. 898.
ranchero (ran-cha'ro), n. [< Mex. Sp. ranchero,
steward of a raneho or mess, ranchman, hrnls-
man, also owner of a raneho or small farm, <
nnirlio, a ranch: see raneho.] In Mexico, a
herdsman; a person employed on a raucho;
herder speaks of his companions collectively as the ranch
or the "outfit" L. Swinburne, Scribner's Mag., II. 509.
ranch2 (r.anch), v. i. [< ranch?, n.] To con-
duct or work upon a ranch; engage in herding.
[Western U. S.]
Ranchiiuj is an occupation like those of vigorous, primi-
tive pastoral peoples, having little in common with the
humdrum, workaday business world of the nineteenth cen-
tury. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 600.
Patients who have exchanged the invalid's room at
home for cattle ranching in Colorado.
Lancet, No. 3481, p. 1079.
rancher (ran'cher), n. [< ranchV + -erl. Cf.
raurliero.] A person engaged in ranching ; one
who carries on or works upon a ranch ; a raiich-
ui.-i n. [Western U. S.]
To misdirect persons was a common enough trick among
,.,,„•/„•«. II' Sl,,'i>hrnl, Prairie Experiences, p. 117.
specifically, one who has the oversight of a
raneho, or the care of providing for its people ;
by extension, same as ranchman.
A fancy scrape hanging on a hook, with a ranchero's bit
and lariat. J. W. Palmer, The New and the Old, p. 85.
ranch-house (raneh'hous), ». The principal
dwelling-house on a ranch ; the abode of a ranch-
man. [Western U. 8.]
Meanwhile the primitive ranch-home, outbuildings, and
corrals are built. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 499.
ranching (ran'ching), n. [Native name.] A
slender dagger used in the Malay Islands.
ranchman (ranch ' man), n. ; pi. ranchmen
(-men). A man who is employed on a ranch ;
one of the herdsmen of a ranch; specifically,
one who owns or who has the charge or control
of a ranch ; a rancher.
At the main ranch there will be a cluster of log build-
ings including a separate cabin for the foreman or ranch-
,nan. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 499.
raneho (ran'cho), n. [< Sp. raneho, a mess,
small farm, clan, hamlet, a clear passage, = Pg.
raneho, mess on a ship, soldiers' quarters ; cf.
ranchar, divide seamen into messes, Sp. arran-
charse, dwell together; origin doubtful.] In
Spanish America, a rude hut or cluster of huts
where herdsmen or stockmen live or only lodge ;
hence, an establishment for breeding cattle and
horses; a stock-farm. It is thus distinguished
from a hacienda, which is a cultivated farm or
plantation. See ranclft, n.
rancid (ran'sid), a. [= OF. rancide, F. ranci,
ranee (> MD. ranst, ranstigh, D. rans, ransig =
G. ranzig) = Pr. ranc — Sp. raneio = Pg. It. ran-
cido, < L. rancidus, stinking, rank, rancid, of-
fensive, < rancere (ML.), stink, in L. used only
in ppr. rancen(t-)s, stinking; cf. rancor, from
the same verb. The adj. rerofc1 is not related.]
1. Rankly offensive to the senses; having a
tainted smell or taste; fetid or soured from
chemical change.
The oil with which fishes abound often tunis rancid, and
Randallite
rancidity (ran-sid'i-ti), n. [=F. ranciditf (cf.
Sp. nnicidi::, It. nmoideeea), < L. as if *ran-
i-iiliin(t-)n, < rtnicidus, rancid: see rancid.]
The quality of being rancid; a rankly sour or
tainted smell and taste, as of old oil.
rancidly (ran'sid-li), adv. With a rancid odor;
mustily.
rancidness (ran'sid-nes), ». The quality of
being rancid ; rancidity.
ranckt, «• and r. An obsolete spelling of ran*1.
rancor, rancour (rang'kor), «. [Formerly
also rankor; < ME. rancor, rancour, rankowre,
< OF. rancor, ram-iicr, rancoriir, dial, rancour,
disgust, rancor, hatred, = Pr. rancor = OSp.
rancor, Sp. rencor = Pg. rancor = It. ranmre,
< LL. rancor, a stinking smell or flavor, rancid-
ness, also bitterness, grudge, < L. (ML.) ran-
cere, stink, be rancid : see rancid. Cf. the var.
form OF. "rancure, rancune, F. rancune = OPg.
rancura = It. rancura, < ML. rancitra, rancmia,
rancor.] If. Sourness; bitterness.
For Banquo's issue . . . Duncan have I murder'd ;
Put rancours in the vessel of my peace
Only for them. Shak., Macbeth, in. 1. «7.
2. Rankling malice or spitefulness; bitter ani-
mosity; in general, a soured or cankered dispo-
sition, inciting to vindictive action or speech;
a nourished hatred or grudge.
In her corage no rancour dooth abide.
Bailees Boot (E. E. T. S.), p. 33.
.Some whom emulation did enrage
To spit the venom of their rancour's gall.
Ford, Fame's Memorial.
The rancor of an evill tongue.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
= Syn. 2 Asperity, Harshness, etc. (see acrimony'), Ill-
mil, Enmity, etc. (see animosity), gall, spleen, spite, spite-
fulness, rankling, hate, hatred, malevolence, bad blood.
rancorous, rancourous (rang'kor-us), a. [<
OF. rancuros, rancorus, rancurus = Sp. rencoro-
so. < ML. rancorosus, rancorous, full of hate or
spite, <L. rancor, rancor: see rancor.'] Full of
rancor; implacably spiteful or malicious; in-
tensely virulent.
lies heavy on the stomach, and affects the very sweat with
a rancid smell. Arbuthnat, Aliments, p. 79.
2. Repulsive to the moral sense; disgusting;
loathsome. [Rare.]
Can you in words make show of amity,
And in your shields display such rancorous minds?
Marlowe, Edward II., il. 2.
He [Warren Hastings] was beset by rancorous and un-
principled enemies. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
=Syn. See rancor.
rancorously, rancourously (rang'kor-us-h),
adv. In a rancorous manner; with spiteful mal-
ice or vindictiveness.
rand1 (rand), 11. [< ME. rand, border, margin,
edge, strip, slice, < AS. rand, rond, border, edge,
brink, margin, shore, the rim or boss of a shield,
a shield, buckler, = D. rand = MLG. rant, edge,
border, etc., = OHG. rant, MHG. rant, border,
rim or boss of a shield, a shield, G. rand, bor-
der, brim, rim, edge, etc., = Icel. rond, a stripe,
a shield, = Sw. Dan. rand, a stripe, = Goth.
*randa (prob. found in the derived Sp. randa,
lace or edging on garments) ; cf . Lith. rumbas,
OBulg. reby, border, edge, rind, seam; akin to
rtroi, q. v. Hence ult., through OF., E. ran-
dom.] It. A margin, border, or edge, as the
bank of a stream.— 2f. A strip or slice of flesh
cut from the margin of a part or from between
two parts.
A great bolle-full of benen were betere in his wombe,
And with the randes of bakun his haly for to flllen,
Than pertriches or plouers or pekokes y-rosted.
Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 763.
Qiste de boeuf [F.], a rand of beef ; a long and fleshie piece
cut out from between the flank and buttock. Colgrave.
They came with chopping knives
To cut me into rands, and sirloins, and so powder me.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, v. 2.
3. A hank of line or twine; a strip of leather.
Halliwell. [Local, Eng.]— 4. Rushes on the
borders and edges of land near a river. Halli-
well. [Prov. Eng.] — 5. In shoemaking : (at)
The edge of the upper-leather; a seam of a
shoe. Bailey. (6t) A thin inner shoe-sole, as of
cork. Simmonds. (c) One of the slips beneath
the heel of a sole to bring the rounding surface
to a level ready to receive the lifts of the heel :
distinctively called heel-rand. See cut under
boot.
rand2t (rand), v. i. [Avar, of rant.] To storm;
rant.
One of the most rancid and obnoxious pieces that have
ever disgraced the stage.
New York Tribune, May 10, 1890.
raneidify (ran-sid'i-fi), v. i. and t. ; pret. and pp.
raiicidtfleil, ppr. rancidifi/ing. [< rancid + -«-///.]
To become or make rancid. [Rare.]
The oxidation or rancidifuing of the cacao butter.
Therapeutic Gazette, XI. 314.
He was born to fill thy mouth, ... he will teach thee
to tear and rand. B. Jonsou, Poetaster, in. 1.
randall-grass (ran'dal-gras), w. The meadow-
fescue. See f'cxtuca" [Virginia.]
Randallite (ran'dal-it), w. [After Benjamin
llandall (1749-1808), founder of the body of
Freewill Baptists at New Durham, New Hamp-
shire, in 1780.] A Freewill Baptist. [Rare.]
randan
randan (ran'dan), n. [Cf. rand2; perhaps in
part duo to rtntdon, random: see random. In
the 3d and 4th senses uncertain ; perhaps with
ref . to quick movement ; but in def . 3 possibly
a corrupt form, connected witli range, <•., 6.] 1 .
A noise or uproar. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] —
2. A spree : used only in the phrase on tli/: ran-
dan (also on the randy), on a spree. [Prov.
Eng.] — 3. The finest part of the bran of wheat ;
the product of the second sifting of meal.
[Prov. Eng.] — 4. A boat impelled by three
rowers, the one amidships using a pair of sculls,
and the bowman and strokesman one oar each.
Also called randan-gig. [Eng.]
randan-gig (ran'dan-gig),w. Same as randan, 4.
A sort of boat, ... a randan-gig built for us by Searle
of Putney, where . . . we used to keep her.
Yates, Fifty Years of London Life.
randanite (ran'dan-it), w. [< Randan, Puy de
Dome, Auvergne, France, where it is found, +
-jfe2.] The name given in France to infusorial
silica, or kieselguhr, found under the soil in
peat-bogs in the department of Puy de Dome,
at Randan and in other localities in the neigh-
borhood of Clermont.
Randia (ran'di-a), n. [NL. (A. A. Houston,
1737, in Linneeus's "Genera Plantarum"),
named after Isaac Rand, a London botanist of
the 18th century.] A genus of gamopetalous
plants of the order Rubiucese and tribe Garde-
niese. It is characterized by hermaphrodite and axillary
flowers, united style-branches bearing a club-shaped or fu-
siform stigma, a two-celled ovary with many ovules, seeds
with membranaceous coats, and short intrapetiolar stip-
ules which are almost connate. There are about 100 spe-
cies, natives of tropical regions, especially in Asia and Afri-
ca. They are trees and shrubs, erect or climbing, with or
without thorns, and bearing opposite leaves which are obo-
vate or narrower, and either small or large flowers, which
are solitary or in clusters, and white or yellow, rarely red.
The fruit is a many-seeded, two-celled roundish berry,
yielding a blue dye in the West Indian species, as R. acu-
leata, known as indigo-berry and inkberry. These species
also furnish a valuable wood, used for cask-staves, ladders,
etc. Ji. dumetontm, a small thorny tree, widely distributed
from Africa to Java, is used as a hedge-plant in India,
while its fruit, called emetic nut, is there a current drug,
said also, like Cocculus Indicus, to have the property of
stupefying fish.
randie, «. and w. See randy.
randing-machine (ran'ding-ma-shen'"), n. In
shoe-manvf., a machine for fitting rands to
heel-blanks for shoes, after the rands have
been formed from rand-strips in a rand-forming
machine.
randing-tool (ran'ding-tol), n. In slioc-manuf.,
a hand-tool for cutting out strips of leather for
rands.
randle-balk (ran'dl-bak), n. Same as randlc-
bar.
randle-bar (ran'dl-biir), n. The horizontal bar
built into the walls of an open chimney, from
which to hang hooks for supporting cooking-
vessels. See back-bar.
randle-tree, «. See rantle-tree.
random (ran'dum), w.l [An altered form (as-
similated to whilom, seldom, ransom, the latter
also with orig. n) of the early mod. E. randon,
< ME. randon, randun, randoun, force, impetu-
osity, < OF. randon, force, impetuosity, im-
petuous course, as of a torrent (grands randans
de pluie, great torrents of rain); esp. in the
phrases a randon, a grand randon, with force
or fury, very fast, with great force (eoiirir du
grant randon, run with great fury); cf. It. dim.
raiidello, a randello, at random ; a randa, near,
with difficulty, exactly; cf. Sp. de rendon, de
rondon, rashly, intrepidly, abruptly (nearly like
E. at random); perhaps < OHG. MHG. rant,
G. rand, edge, brim, rim, margin: see rand1.}
If. A rushing, as of a torrent; an impetuous
course; impetuosity; violence; force: espe-
cially with great, as in the phrase a great ran-
dom, with great speed or force.
And thei rennen to gidre a gret randoun.
Mandevtfle, Travels, p. 238.
The two kynges were rierce and hardy, and mette with
so grete raundon with speres that were grete and shorte
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 628.
But of hym thought he to faill in no wise,
With gret raundon cam to hym in his gise.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5866.
Coragiously the two kynges newely fought with great
randtm and force. Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 12.
2+. A rush; spurt; gush.
Whan thei saugh come the dragon that Merlin bar,
that caste oute of his throte so grete raundon of flere in to
the aire, that was full of duste and powder, so that it
semed all reade . . . Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 219.
3f. A continuous flow of words ; a harangue.
Random, or longe renge of wurdys, or other thyngys.
haringga, etc. Prompt, fan:, p. 4-2:i.
4954
4. An indeterminate course or proceeding;
hence, lack of direction, rule, or method ; hap-
hazard; chance: tised only in the phrase at
random — that is, in a haphazard, aimless, and
purely fortuitous manner.
You flee with winges of often change at random where you
please. TurbervUle, The Lover to a Gentlewoman.
Sitli late mischaunce had her compeld to chaunge
The land for sea, at randon there to raunge.
Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 20.
Come not too neere me, I at random strike.
For gods and men I now hate both alike.
Heywood, Dialogues (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874, VI. 178).
Like orient pearls at random strung.
Sir n: Jones, Song of Haflz.
5. The distance traversed by a missile ; range ;
reach.
The angle which the missive is to mount by, if we will
have it go to its furthest random, must be the half of a
right one. Sir K. Digby.
random (ran'dum), a. and w.2 [By ellipsis from
at random.] I. a. Proceeding, taken, done, or
existing at random; aimless; fortuitous; hap-
hazard; casual.
In common things that round us lie
Some random truths he can impart.
W ordsuiorth, A Poet's Epitaph.
I would shoot, howe'er in vain,
A random arrow from the brain.
Tennyson, Two Voices.
You feel that the whole of him (Dryden] was better than
any random specimen, though of his best, seems to prove.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 8.
Random choice, the selection of objects, subject to the
condition that they shall belong to a given class or col-
lection, but not voluntarily subject to any other condition.
The assumption is that objects so selected will in the
long run occur as objects of the same kind occur in gen-
eral experience. This assumption is natural, it leads to
no difficulty, and no serious doubt has ever been thrown
upon it. It is the fundamental postulate of the theory of
probability. See probability.— Random courses, in ma-
sonry and paving, courses of stones hi horizontal beds,
the stones being of unequal thickness, but exactly fitted
together.— Random line, (a) In local probability, an in-
finite straight line supposed to be chosen in such a man-
ner that the infinitesimal probability of its cutting any
limited straight line is proportional to the length of the
latter. (6) In United States public land-surveying, a trial
line on which temporary mile and half-mile stakes are set,
for the purpose of getting the data for rerunning the same
line and setting permanent stakes at the corners.— Ran-
dom point, in local probability, a point supposed to be so
chosen that the infinitesimal probability of its lying within
any closed surface is proportional to the solid contents of
that surf ace. —Random-range ashler, random-tooled
ashler. See ashler, 3.— Random shot, a shot not inten-
tionally directed to any point ; also, a shot with the muzzle
of the gun elevated above the horizontal line. — Ran-
dom stonework, in masonry, a construction formed of
squared stones varying in thickness and not laid in courses.
See cut under ashler.— Random tooling, the act of bring-
ing the face of a stone to a nearly smooth surface by hew-
ing it over with a broad-pointed chisel, which produces a
series of minute waves at right angles to its path. It is
called droving in Scotland.— Random work, random
stonework.— Random yarn, in dyeing, yarn dipped into
a bath of water with a layer of color at the top, so as to
produce a clouded effect ; clouded yarn.
On the large scale the random yarns are coloured in ma-
chines. W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-Printing, p. 102.
II. n. Something done or produced without
definite method, or with irregular or haphazard
effect, (a) In masonry, one of a number of dressed
stones of irregular or unmatched sizes. See random
stonework, under I.
SO tons squares, 250 tons dressed randoms, and 1000 tons
2 in. ringsmall. Engineer, LXVII. 117.
(6) In dyeing, clouded yarn. See random yarn, under I.
randomly (ran'dum-li), ode. [< random + -Jy2.~\
In a random manner; at random, or without
aim, purpose, or guidance.
An infusorium swims randomly about.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 4.
randont, ». An obsolete form of random.
randont (ran'don), v. i. [< OF. randonner, run
swiftly, < randon, a swift course: see random.']
To stray in a wild manner or at random.
Shall leave them free to randon of then- will.
Norton and Sackrille, Ferrex and Porrex, L 2.
randy (ran'di), a. and n. [Also randie, ranty;
< rand?, rant, + -yl. Cf. randan.'] I. a. Dis-
orderly ; boisterous ; obstreperous ; riotous ;
also, noisily wanton. [Scotch and North. Eng.]
A merry core
0' randie, gangrel bodies.
Burns, Jolly Beggars.
II. «.; pi. randies (-diz). 1. A sturdy beggar
or vagrant ; one who exacts alms by threaten-
ings and abusive language. Also called randy-
beggar. [Scotch.] — 2. A romping girl ; a noisy
hoyden ; a scold ; a violent and vulgar quarrel-
some woman. Jamieson. [Scotch and North.
Eng.]
That scandalous randy of a girl.
Carlyle, in Kroude (Life in London, xviii.).
range
3. A spree : as, to be on the randy. UaUhn-ll.
[Prov. Eng.]
ranedeert, '<• An obsolete form of reindeer.
ranee, it. See rani.
Ranelagli mobt, Ranelagh capt. A cap worn
by women in the eighteenth century, apparent-
ly a form of the mob-cap: the name is taken
from Ranelagh, a place of fashionable resort
near Dublin.
ranforcet, ''• t. Same as reinforce. Sidli-ij.
rang1 (rang). Preterit of rinij".
rang'2t, »• and c. An old form of rani:-.
range (rang), ». ; pret. and pp. ranged, ppr.
ranying. [Early mod. E. also raunge; < ME.
rengen, < OF. rcngcr, F. ranger (= Pr. rengar),
range, rank, order, array, < rang, a rank, row :
see rank?. Cf. arrange, derange.] I. trans. 1.
To make a row or rows of; place in a line or
lines ; hence, to fix or set in any definite order ;
dispose with regularity ; array; arrange.
Than two of hem renged hem, and priked after the mes-
sagers as faste as the horse myght hem here.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 127.
They had raunged their ships broad in a front ranke.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 957.
For all the Etruscan armies
Were ranged beneath his eye.
Macaulay, Horatius.
2. To rank or class; place or reckon as being
of or belonging to some class, category, party,
etc.; fix the relative place or standing of; clas-
sify; collocate.
The late Emperour Augustus all the world ravngeth in
this ranke of men fortunate. Holland, tr. of Pliny, vii. 45.
So they ranged all their youth under some family, and set
upon such a course, which had good success, for it made
all hands very industrious.
N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 93.
The great majority of the Indians, if they took part in
the war, ranged themselves on the side of the Crown.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent, xiv.
Among those inhabitants of the Roman dominion who
were personally free, there were four classes, ranged in an
ascending scale — provincials, Italians, Latins, Romans.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 320.
3t. To rank or reckon ; consider; count.
The .Ktliiups were as fair
As other dames ; now black with black despair :
And in respect of their complexions changed,
Are eachwhere since for luckless creatures ranged.
B. Jonson, Masque of Blackness.
4f. To engage ; occupy.
That, of all other, was the most fatal and dangerous ex-
ploit that ever I was ranged in.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 1.
5. To pass over or through the line, course, or
extent of ; go along or about , especially for some
definite purpose ; rove over or along : as, to
range the forest for game or for poachers ; to
range a river or the coast in a boat.
I found this credit,
That he did range the town to seek me out.
Sltak., T. N., iv. 3. 7.
As they ranged the coast at a place they named Whitson
Bay, they were kindly vsed by the Natiues.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 108.
To range the woods, to roam the park.
Tennyson, In llemoriam, Conclusion.
6. To sift; pass through a range or bolting-
sieve. [Obsolete or local.]
They made a decree, and tooke order that no come
maisters that bought anil sold grain should beat this mule
away from their raunging sives.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, viiL 44.
H. intrans. 1. To constitute or be parallel
to a line or row ; have linear course or direction ;
be in or form a line : as, a boundary ranging
east and west ; houses ranging evenly with the
street.
Than thei rode forth and renged close that wey where
as the childeren foughten full sore, ffor the Saianes were
mo than vij'»i in a flote. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 198.
Direct my course so right as with thy hand to show
Which way thy forests range.
Drayton, Polyolbion, i 14.
The stones are of the same thickness as the walls, and
the pilasters have no capitals ; there is a cornish below that
ranges round, which might belong to a basement
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 135.
2. To be on a level; agree in class or position ;
have equal rank or place ; rank correspond-
ingly.
'Tis better to be lowly horn,
And range with humble livers in content,
Than to be perk'd up in a glistering grief,
And wear a golden sorrow.
Shale., Hen. VIIL, ii. 3. 20.
This was cast upon the board,
When all the full-faced presence of the Gods
Hanged in the halls of Peleus. Tennyson, (Enone.
3. To go in a line or course; hence, to rove
freely; pass from point to point; make a course
or tour ; roam ; wander.
range
Let reason range beyonde his crcede.
Putteithaiu. i'artheniailes, xiii.
The Gaules from the Alhane Gliimes . . . raunged all
over the champion and the sea coaste, and wasted the
countrie. llolland, tr. of l.ivy, p. 265.
How wild his [man's] thoughts ! how apt to raivjr .'
How apt to vary ! apt to change !
Quarles, Emblems, iv. 5.
Watch him, for he ranges swift and far.
Jf. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
4. To move in a definite manner, as for start-
ing game ; beat about ; of dogs, to run within
the proper range.
All shrank — like boys who, unaware,
Ranging the woods to start a hare.
Come to the mouth of the dark lair
Where, growling low, a fierce old bear
Lies amidst bones and blood.
Maeaulay, Horatius.
Next comes the teaching to range, which is about the
moat difficult part of breaking.
Dogs of Great Britain and America, p. 226.
Down goes old Sport, ranging a bit wildly.
The Field (London), March 27, 1886. (Encyc. Diet.)
5. To have course or direction; extend in
movement or location; pass; vary; stretch;
spread: as, prices range between wide limits;
the plant ranges from Canada to Mexico.
Man ranges over the whole earth, and exists under the
most varied conditions.
A. R. Wallace, Nat. Select., p. 226.
In temperate climates, toward the higher latitudes, the
quicksilver ranges, or rises and falls, nearly three inches.
Fitz Roy, Weather Book, p. 13.
The Cyprinoids also afford an instance of an Indian
species ranging into Africa. Encyc. Brit., XII. 673.
6. In gun., to have range : said of a missile, and
denoting length of range and also direction:
as, that shot ranged too far, or too much to the
right: rarely, of the gun itself — To range by,
to sail by; pass ahead of, as a vessel. =Syn. 3. Roam,
Rove, etc. See ramble, v.
range (rauj), ». [Early mod. E. also raunge; <
late ME. range, reenge, order,range, row (cf . OF.
rangie, P. rangee, range, row, etc.); < range, v.
The noun prob. in part involves ME. reng, pi.
renges, ringes, rank, series, row : see rank2. Cf.
also (in def. 10) rung1*.] 1. A line or row (usu-
ally straight or nearly straight) ; a linear series ;
a regular sequence; a rank; a chain: used es-
pecially of large objects permanently fixed or
lying in direct succession to one another, as
mountains, trees, buildings, columns, etc.
Ther be iiij rowes orRangesot pylers thorow the Chirche.
Tortington, Diarie of Bug. Travel], p. 47.
There is a long row or range of buildings.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 192.
Altogether this arcade only makes us wish for more, for
a longer range from the same hand.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 247.
A row of Corinthian columns, standing on brackets, once
supported the archivolts of a range of niches.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 367.
Specifically — (a) A line or chain of mountains; a cordil-
lera: as, to skirt the range; to cross the ranges. [In
mountainous regions, as parts of Australia and America,
this specific use is common.] (6) In United States sur-
veys of public land, one of a series of divisions numbered
east or west from the prime meridian of the survey, con-
sisting of townships which are numbered north or south
in every division from a base-line. See township, (c) In
geom., a series of points lying in one straight line.
2. A rank, class, or order; a series of beings
or things belonging to the same grade or hav-
ing like characteristics. [Rare.]
The next range of beings above him are the immaterial
intelligences. Sir M. Hale.
3. The extent of any aggregate, congeries, or
complex, material or imrfiaterial; array of
things or sequences of a specific kind; scope;
compass: as, the range of industries in a coun-
try; the whole range of events or of history;
the range of prices or of operations ; the range
of one's thoughts or learning.
The range and compass of his [Hammond's] knowledge
filled the whole circle of the arts.
Up. Fell, Hammond, p. 9!).
A man has not enough range of thought to look out for
any good which does not relate to his own interest.
Addison.
When I briefly speak of the Greek school of art with ref-
erence to questions of delineation, I mean the entire range
of the schools from Homer's days to our own.
Rwkin, Aratra Pentelici, p. 157.
In the range of historical geography, the most curious
feature is the way in which certain political names have
kept on an abiding life in this region, though with singu-
lar changes of meaning. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 4.
4. Extent of operating force or activity; scope
or compass of efficient action; space or distance
over or through which energy can be exerted;
limit of effect or of capability ; extent of reach :
as, the rinii/i- of a «iin or a shot; the range of a
thermometer or a barometer (the extent of its
variation in any period, or of its capacity for
marking degrees of change); the range of a
sinner or of a musical instrument. Range in
shunting is the horizontal distance to which a projectile
is or may be thrown by a gun or other arm under existing
conditions : distinguished from trajectory, or the curvilin-
ear distance traversed by the projectile when the arm is
elevated out of a horizontal line. The effective range de-
pends upon the amount or the absence of elevation and
the consequent trajectory. (Compare point-blank.) To get
the range of a point to be fired at is to ascertain, either
by calculation or by experiment, or by both, the degree of
elevation for the muzzle of the piece necessary to bring
the shot to bear upon it.
Far as creation's ample range extends,
The scale of sensual, mental powers ascends.
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 207.
Her warbling voice, a lyre of widest range,
Struck by all passion, did fall down and glance
From tone to tone. Tennyson, Fair Women.
No obstacle was encountered until the gunboats and
transports -were within range of the fort.
U. S. (Jrant, Personal Memoirs, I. 439. ,
The proposal [advocating cremation] was not to be re- ^<inge (
garded as coming within the range of a practical policy. order :
Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 2.
5. Unobstructed distance or interval from one
point or object to another ; length of course for
free direct ranging through the air, as of a mis-
sile or of sight ; a right line of aim or of obser-
rangerine
The butt is first cut into long strips known as «•
of varying width according to the purposes for whieli 1 1 -
quired. {,'«, Diet., IV. 110.
13. A bolting-sieve for meal. Cutgrace; ffalli-
ir<-ll. [Old and prov. Eng.]- Battle-range. See
battle^ .—Broken-range stonework, i-aime stonework in
which thicker or thinner stones are occasionally inserted,
thusbreakingtheuniformity. Compare random rtmwvorfr,
under random.— Constituent of a range. See ciiuxiitn-
ent. —Double-oven range, a range which has two ovens,
one on each side of the tire-pot. — Point-blank range.
See point-blank.— Random-range ashler. See asMer'-t.
—Range curve. See curve.— Range stonework, ma-
sonry laid in courses. The courses may vary in height,
but in each a level joint is preserved. — Single-oven
range, a range having but one oven, usually at one side
of the fire-pot; in contradistinction to double-oven ratine.
—To get the range of anything, to find by experiment
and calculation the exact angle of elevation of the gun,
the amount of charge, etc., necessary to throw projectiles
so as to strike the object aimed at. =Syn. 1. Line, tier,
file. — 4. Sweep, reach.
' on-zha'), «• [F., pp. of ranger, range,
see range, v.~\ In her., arranged in
order : said of small bearings set in a row fesse-
wise, or the like. The epithet is not often needed:
thus, " six mullets in bend or bendwise " is sufficient with-
bend."
One of various
kilds of illstrments for ascertaining by sight
vation absolute or relative: as, the range is too the rai of an object from the potnt/of ob-
great for effective firing ; the range of vision. — servation
6. The act of ranging; a wandering or roving; range-heads (ranj'hedz),«,.p7. Naut., the wind-
movement from point to point in space. lass-bitts
He may take a ra^e all the world over. South, range-lights (ranj'lits), n.pl. 1. Two or more
7. An area or course of ranging, either in space lights, generally in lighthouses, so placed that
or in time ; an expanse for movement or exis- when kept in line a fair course can be made
tence; the region, sphere, or space over which through a channel: where two channels meet,
any being or thing ranges or is distributed : as, the bringing of two range-lights into line serves
the range of an animal or a plant within geo- to mark the turning-point into the new channel,
graphical limits or during geological time, or — 2. Lights placed aboard ship at a consider-
of a marine animal in depth ; the range of able horizontal distance from each other, and
ftnthif M«Mfeu>*m<> • tiio «•/>„„„ «f o »*,„„>= ir,fl,, jn the same vertical plane with the keel. They
are used to give a better indication of changes of course
to approaching vessels than is afforded by the ordinary
side and steaming lights.
Gothic architecture ; the range of a man's influ-
ence.
The free bison's amplitude of range.
Whittier, The Panorama.
Specifically— (a) A tract or district of land within which fangementt (ranj'ment), «. [< OF. rmigement,
domestic animals in large numbers range for subsistence ; < renger, ranger, range : see range, !).] The act
of ranging; arrangement.
an extensive grazing-ground : used on the great plains of
the United States for a tract commonly of many square
miles, occupied by one or by different proprietors, and
distinctively called a cattle-, stock-, or sheep-range. The
animals on a range are usually left to take care of them-
selves during the whole year without shelter, excepting
when periodically gathered in a " round-up " for counting
and selection, and for branding when the herds of several
Lodgement, rangement, and adjustment of our other
ideas. Waterland, Works, IV. 468.
ranger (rau'jer), n. [Early mod. E. also raun-
ger; < range + -er1. Cf. F. rangeur, one who
arranges.] 1. One who ranges, or roams, or
proprietors run together. In severe winters many are lost roves about; especially, one engaged in raug-
by such exposure. jng or going about for some specific purpose,
Cowboys from neighboring ranches will ride over, look-
ing for lost horses, or seeing if their cattle have strayed
off the range. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 500.
(6) A course for shooting at marks or target* ; a space of
ground appropriated or laid out for practice in the use
of firearms : distinctively called a rifle-range or shooting-
range.
8. A fire-grate.
He was bid at his first coming to take off the range, and
let down the cinders. Sir R. L' Estrange. (Latham.)
9. A cooking-stove built into a fireplace, or
sometimes portable but of a similar shape, hav-
ing a row or rows of openings on the top for
carrying on several operations at once. Fixed
ranges usually have two ovens, either on each side of the
fire-chamber or above it at the back, and in houses sup-
plied with running water a hot-water reservoir or perma-
nent boiler. The origin of the modern cooking-range may
be sought in the furnaces of masonry of the ancient Ro-
mans, arranged to receive cooking-utensils on the top.
Throughout the middle ages only open-chimney fires were
used, until in France, in the course of the fourteenth cen-
tury, built furnaces with openings above for pots began
to be added in great kitchens, for convenience in preparing
the soups and sauces then in greater favor than before.
The range in the modern sense, involving the application of
heat conducted by and reflected from iron plates, was first
advanced and practically improved by Count Kumford.
It [the kitchen] was a vaut ybuilt for great dispence,
With many raunges reard along the wall,
And one great chimney, whose long tonnell thence
The smoke forth threw. Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 29.
Every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth
shall be unclean ; whether it be oven, or ranges for pots,
•they shall be broken down. Lev. xi. 35.
And so home, where I found all clean, and the hearth
and range, as it is now enlarged, both up.
Pepys, Diary, May 25, 1661.
10. A step of a ladder ; a round ; a rung. [Ob-
solete or local.]
The first range of that ladder which should serve to
mount over all their customs. Clarendon, Great Rebellio
1 1 . Naut. : (at) A large cleat with two arms or
branches, bolted in the waist of ships to belay
the tacks and sheets to. (6) A certain quantity
of cable hauled up on deck from the chain-lock-
er, of a length slightly greater than the depth
of water, in order that the anchor, when let go, Tangerine (ran jer-in), n. Same as rangif<rin<:
may reach the bottom without being checked. Rangifer tarandus (Gray), the name usually given to
io J.. vb, „•„,„/•;„„ ., strin cut frorn a hntt nv the ol'' Wolld species Of rnniimne deer, of which the
L4. in .I,,,,. a, strip CHI from a butt 01 American womlland and barren ground caribou are be-
side ol sole-leather. |icvctl lo ll(, „„.,.,. va,.jeties. .1 „„.,-. <•„,.., xiv. aor,.
as search or ward.
0 where are all my rangers bold,
That I pay meat and fee
To search the forest far an' wide?
Young Akin (Child's Ballads, 1. 186).
Thus fare the shiv'ring natives of the north,
And thus the rangers of the western world.
Cowper, Task, i. 618.
Specifically — 2. In England, formerly, a sworn
officer of a forest, appointed by the king's letters
patent, whose business it was to walk through
the forest, watch the deer, prevent trespasses,
etc.; now, merely a go vernment official connect-
ed with a royal forest or park.
They [wolves] walke not widely as they were wont,
For feare of raungers and the great hunt.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., September.
The Queen, they say, is by no means delighted at her
elevation. She likes quiet and retirement and Bushy (of
which the King has made her ranger), and does not want
to be a queen. Greville, Memoirs, July 18, 1830.
3. One of a body of regular or irregular troops,
or other armed men, employed in ranging over
a region, either for its protection or as maraud-
ers: as, the Texan rangers. Military rangers are
generally mounted, but may fight on foot if occasion re-
quires. The name is sometimes used in the plural for a
permanent body of troops, as the Connaught Rangers in
the British army.
"Do you know, friend," said the scout gravely, . . .
"that this is a band of rangers chosen for the most des-
perate service?" J. F. Cooper, Last of Mohicans, xxxii.
A famous Texan Ranger, who had come out of the Mex-
ican war with a few scars and many honors.
J. W. Palmer, The New and the Old, p. 196.
4. One who roves forplunder; a robber. [Rare.]
— 5. A dog that beats the ground. — 6t. A sieve.
Holland. — 7. A kind of fish. See the quotation.
[At Gibraltar] the Sp. besugo, a kind of seabream, is
called In English ranger, which word, as the name of a
fish, I cannot find in any book.
N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 278.
8. A kind of seal, probably the young bay-
seal. [Newfoundland.]— partizan ranger. See
partizanl.
rangership
rangership (ran'jer-ship), n. [< .
-nlii/>.] The office of ranger or keeper of a for-
est or park. T»dd.
range-stove (ranj'stov), «. A cooking-stove
made like a range; a portable range.
range-table (ranj'ta"bl), n. A table for a par-
ticular firearm containing the range and the
time of flight for every elevation, charge of
powder, and kind of projectile.
Rangia (ran'ji-a), n. [NL., named after Rang,
a French conchbiogist.] 1. In conch., the typ-
ical genus of llangiidie. The S. cyrenoides is com-
mon in the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Also
called Onathodan. Des Moidins, 1832.
2. In Aetinosoa, a genus of cteuophorous aca-
lephs, ranking as the type of a family. Agassiz,
1860.
Rangifer (ran'ji-fer),». [NL. (Hamilton Smith),
perhaps accom. < OF. rangier, ranger, rancher,
ranglicr, a reindeer (appar. < Icel. hreinn =
OSw. Ten, reindeer), + L. fera, a wild beast.]
A genus of Cervidse, containing arctic and sub-
arctic species with large irregularly branching
horns in both sexes, the brow-antler of which is
highly developed, usually unsymmetrical, and
more or less palmate, and very broad spreading
hoofs; the reindeer. See cuts under reindeer
and caribou.
rangiferine (ran-jif'e-rin), a. [< Rangifer +
-twe1.] Belonging or relating to the genus Ran-
gifer; resembling a reindeer. Also Tangerine.
Rangiidae (ran-ji'i-de), ». pi. [NL., < Bangia
+ -»<te.] 1. A family of bivalves, typified by
the genus Bangia. The animal has short siphons con-
nected at the base, a large linguiform foot, long palpi, and
two pairs of gills, of which the outer is narrow and appen-
dicnlate. The shell is eqnivalve with salient iimbones, and
the hinge has two cardinal teeth and anterior and posterior
lateral teeth in each valve, as well as an internal median
fossa and cartilage.
2. A family of eurystomatous ctenophorans,
represented by the genus Rangia. it was based
on an African Species, and characterized by the deep in-
dentation between the rows of locomotive flappers and a
tentacle projecting from the angle of each indentation.
ranging-rod (rau'jing-rod), n. A surveyors'
rod or pole.
Rangoon creeper. See Quisqualis.
Rangoon tar. See tar.
rangy (ran'ji), «. [(range + -y1.] 1. InstocA-
l>reeding, adapted for ranging or running about,
or indicating such adaptation ; quick or easy in
movement; of roving character or capability:
as, a rangy yoke of oxen (that is, good travel-
ers, capable of making good speed, as in plow-
ing) ; rangy steers (that is, steers disposed to
wander away to a distance, as on a stock-range).
The word is also sometimes applied to a roving person, as
a lad who wanders from home, or who has a predilection
for a roving life, as that of a sailor. [U. S.]
The ponies . . . used for the circle-riding in the morn-
ing have need rather to be strong and ranyey.
T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, i.
2. Having or permitting range or scope; roomy;
commodious. [U. S.]
A large rangy shed for the horses.
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 452.
rani, ranee (ran'e), n. [Also rany, rannee,
ranny; < Hind, rani, < Skt. rdjfti, queen, fern, of
rdjan: see raja.] In India, the wife of a raja,
or a reigning princess; a queen.
Raniceps (ran'i-seps), n. [NL., < L. rana, a
frog, + caput, head.] 1. In ichth., aCuvierian
F"*-«al> (Rani**
natural size.
Tadpole-hake (Ritiiicefs raninHs).
genus of gadoid fishes, typical of the family
Banicipitidse. B. raninus is known as the tad-
pole-hake.— 2. Inherpet., a genus of fossil laby-
rinthodont amphibians of the Carboniferous.
Ranicipitidae (ran'i-si-pit'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Raniceps (Ranicipit-) + -id&.] A family of
gadoid fishes, represented by the genus Bani-
ceps. Their characters are mostly shared with the G«-
didie, but the suborbital chain is enlarged and continued
backward over the operculum, the suspensorium of the
lower jaw is very oblique, and the pyloric cseca are rudi-
mentary or reduced to two.
Ranidse (ran'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Rana1 + -id*.]
A family of firraisternal salient amphibians,
typified by the genus Rinia, with premaxillary
and maxillary teeth, subcylindrical sacral dia-
pophyses and precoracoids, and with omoster-
num ; the frog family. It is the most extensive fam-
ily of batrachians, about 250 species, of several genera,
4956
being known. See/ro0i, and cuts under omogternum and
raniform (ran'i-form), a. [< NL. raniformix, <
L. rana, a frog, + formn, form.] Frog-like;
resembling or related to a frog ; belonging to
the li'ii iiij'uniii's ; ranine: distinguished from
liiifo/i (form.
Raniformes (rau-i-for'mez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of
ni iiifnfiii i.i : sec niiiiforiii.] A division of ba-
trachians, including the true frogs : distin-
guished from Bnfoiiifoniiffi.
Ranina1 (ra-ni'na), n. [NL. (Lamarck, 1801),
fern. sing. 'of rd-
niinix: see ra-
nine.] In Crus-
tacea, the typical
genus of Jin ii in i-
'l.i . containing
such frog-crabs as
R. dorsipeda.
Ranina2 (ra-ni'-
na), n. pi. [NL.,
In Gunther's clas-
sification, a divi-
sion of oxydactyl
opisthoglossate
batrachians, con-
taining 6 families
of frogs.
Raninae (ra-ui'-
ne), n. pi. [NL.,
< Rana1 -t- -inee.]
The true frogs as
a subfamily of batrachians, corresponding to
the family Ranidse.
ranine (ra'nin), a. [< F. ranin, < NL. raninus,
< L. rana, a frog: see Rana1.] 1. In herpet.,
pertaining to frogs; related or belonging to the
lianidse ; raniform. — 2. In anat., pertaining to
the under side of the tip of the tongue, where
a tumor called a ranula is sometimes formed.
The ranine artery is the termination of the lingual artery,
running to the tip of the tongue ; it is accompanied by the
ranine vein.
raninian (ra-nin'i-an), a. and n. [< ranine +
-I«H.] I. a. Pertaining to the Raninidse.
II. ». A crab of the family Rainnidee.
Raninidae (ra-nin'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Ranina1
+ -idse.] A family of anomurous crustaceans,
typified by the genus Ranina. They have a smooth
ovate-oblong carapace, the last pair of legs reduced and
subdorsal, and the abdomen short, partially extended, and
not folded under the thorax. The species are almost en-
tirely confined to the tropics. See cut under Raninal.
raninoid (ran 'i- now), a. Pertaining to the
Raninoidea; raninian.
Raninoidea (ran-i-noi'de-a), n.pl. [NL.,</f«-
Hwm1 + -oidea.~\ A superfamily of anomurous
crustaceans, represented by the raninians.
ranite (ran'it), n. [< Icel. Ban, a giant goddess,
queen of the sea, + -i'te2.] A hyttrated silicate
of aluminium and sodium, derived from the
alteration of eleeolite: it occurs in southern
Norway, and is essentially the same as hydro-
nephelite.
ranivorous (ra-niv'o-rus), a. [< L. rana, a frog,
+ rorare, devour.] Frog-eating; subsisting
habitually or chiefly upon frogs : as, the marsh-
hawk is ranirorous.
rank1 (rangk), a. [< ME. rank, ranc, rank,
raunk, renk, strong, proud, also rancid (influ-
enced by OF. ranee, rand, rancid : see rancid) ;
< AS. ranc, proud, forward, arrogant, showy,
bold, valiant, = D. MLG. LG. G. rank, slender,
projecting, lank, = Icel. rakkr (for *rankr),
straight, slender, bold, valiant, = Sw.rani, long
and thin, = Dan. rank, straight, erect, slender.]
If. Strong; powerful; capable of acting or of
being used with great effect ; energetic ; vigor-
ous; headstrong.
There arof all the rowte with there Ranke shippes.
Cast ancres with cables that kene were of byt.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4701.
Socha rancke and full writer must vse, if he will do wise-
lie, the exercise of a verie good kinde of Epitome.
Ascham, The Scholeniaster, p. 112.
When folke bene fat, and riches rancke,
It is a signe of helth. Spenser, Shep. Cal., July.
Her rank teeth the glittering poisons chaw.
Middleton, Entertainment to King James.
2. Strong of its kind or in character; unmiti-
gated ; virulent ; thorough ; utter : as, rank poi-
son ; rank treason ; rank nonsense.
The renke rebelle has been un-to my rounde table,
Redy aye with Romaynes!
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2402.
Whose sacred filletes all besprinkled were
With filth of gory blod, and venim rank.
Surrey, -Bneid, ii.
rank
Willie mourns o'er her in vain,
And to his mother he has gane,
That vile rank witch, o' vilest kind !
WMie'n Ladye (Child's Ballads, I. 163).
Rank corruption, mining all within,
Infects unseen. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4. 148.
Run, run, ye rogues, ye precious rogues, ye rank rogues !
Fletcher, Bonduca, iv. 2.
What are these but rank pedants?
Addison, The Man of the Town.
3. Strong in growth ; growing with vigor or ra-
pidity; hence, coarse or gross: said of plants.
Seven ears of corn came up upon one stalk, rank and
good. Gen. xli. 5.
Rank weeds, that every art and care defy,
Reign o'er the land, and rob the blighted rye.
Craboe, Works, I. 5.
As o'er the verdant waste I guide my steed,
Among the high rank grass that sweeps his sides.
Bryant, The Prairies.
4. Suffering from overgrowth or hypertrophy;
plethoric. [Rare.]
I know not, gentlemen, what you intend,
Who else must be let blood, who else is rank.
Shak., 3. C., ill. 1. 162.
5. Causing strong growth; producing luxuri-
antly ; rich and fertile.
Where land is rank, 'tis not good to sow wheat after a
fallow. Mortimer, Husbandry.
6. Strong to the senses; offensive; noisome;
rancid : as, a rank taste or odor.
To thy fair flower add the rank smell of weeds.
Shak., Sonnets, Ixlx.
And because they [the Caphrarians] alwaysannoint them-
selues with grease and fat, they yeeld a ranke smell.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 693.
Whence arise
Bat weeds of dark luxuriance, tares of haste,
Rank at the core, though tempting to the eyes.
Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 120.
A number held pipes between their teeth, filling the
room with the rank smoke of the strongest and blackest
tobacco. C. ./. Bellamy, Breton Mills, ii.
Hence — 7. Coarse or gross morally; offensive
to the mind; obscene; indecent; foul.
My wife 's a hobby-horse, deserves a name
As rank as any flax-wench. Shak., W. T., L 2. 277.
The London Cuckolds, the most rank play that ever suc-
ceeded, was then [in the time of King Charles II.) In the
highest court favour. Life of (,""'" (reprint 1887), p. 14.
The euphemisms suggested by the American Revisers
were certainly desirable, instead of the rank words which
offend American sensibilities.
BMiotheca Sacra, XLIII. 557.
8f. Kuttish ; in heat.
The ewes, being rank,
In the end of autumn turned to the rams.
Shak., M. of V., L 3. 81.
9. In law, excessive; exceeding the actual
value: as, a rank modus. — 10. In mech., cutting
strongly or deeply, as the iron of a plane set so
as to project more than usual.
A roughing tool with ranifeed or a finish tool with fine
feed. Sci. Amer., N. S., LI. 32.
11. Eager; anxious; impatient: as, he was
rank to dp it. [Slang, U. S.] — 12. Very angry ;
in a passion. [Prov. Eng.]
rankH (rangk), adv. [< rank1, a.] Rankly;
strongly ; furiously.
The seely man, seeing him ryde so ranck,
And ayme at him, fell flatt to ground for feare.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 6.
He 's irrecoverable ; mad, ranke mad.
MarOon, What you Will, i. 1.
rank'f (rangk), v. i. [ME. "ranken, ronken; <
rank^, a.] To beffome rank.
Kr hit ronke on rote. Anglia, iv. 19.
rank2 (rangk), n. [Early mod. E. also ranck,
ranke; < ME. renk, usually reng, pi. renges,
ringes, a row or line of soldiers, class, order,
grade, station, < OF. renc, reng, later rang, F.
rang (> D. G. Dan. Sw. rang), F. dial, ringue,
raing = Pr. renc = OCat. renc, a rank, row,
range ; < OHG. hring, lirinc, MHG. rinc, G. ring,
a ring, = E. ring: see ringl, n. Cf. harangue,
from the same ult. (OHG.) source. The Bret.
renk is < F. ; Ir. ranc < E.] 1. A line, row, or
range. [Obsolete or archaic except in specific
uses. See range, 1.]
And all the fruitful! spawne of fishes hew
In endlesse ranclcs along enrauged were.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vi. 35.
If therefore we look upon the rank or chain of things
voluntarily derived from the positive will of God, we be-
hold the riches of his glory proposed as the end of all.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v., App. 1.
The rank of osiers by the murmuring stream.
Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3. 80.
Two equal! ranks of Orient Pearls impale
The open throat.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 1. 6.
rank
In my juvenile days, :ind even long since, there was,
hereabouts, a hackney-coach rank that had endurtil linn-
out of mind, but was in latter years called a cab-stand.
2f. and Q., 6th ser., X. 398.
Specifically —(a) One of the rows of a body of troops, or
of any persons similarly ranged in a right-and-left line ; a
line of soldiers or other persons standing abreast in a
formation : distinguished from Jile'*, 5. See rank and fie,
under Jtte'A.
And Merlin that rode fro oo renge to a-nother ascride
hem often "ore auaunt." Merlin (E. E. T. S.), HI. 588.
Olotocara, which had not learned to keepe his ranke, or
rather moued with rage, lept on the platformc, and thrust
him through the bodie with his pike and slew him.
Bakluyt's Voyages, III. 368.
Meanwhile the Tuscan army,
Right glorious to behold,
Came flashing back the noonday light,
Rank behind rank, like surges bright
Of a broad sea of gold. Macaulay, Horatius.
Hence— (6) pi. The lines or divisions of an army or any
armed force ; organized soldiery ; the body or class of
common soldiers : as, the ranks are full ; to rise from the
ranks ; to reduce an officer to the ranks.
The Knight of Rokehy led his ranks
To aid the valiant northern Earls
Who drew the sword for royal Charles.
Scott, Rokeby, i. 28.
In 1887 the number was flfty-one ; and in 1888, up to the
1st September, forty-nve commissions were given to men
from the ranks. Harper's May., LXXX. 340.
(c) In organ-building, a row or set of pipes, one for each
digital of the keyboard. A mixture-stop is said to be of
two, three, four, or five ranks, according to the numbers
of pipes sounded at once by a single digital, (a) One of
the lines of squares on a chess-board running from side to
side, in distinction from the flies, which run from player
to player, (e) A row, as of leaves on a stem.
2f. A continuous line or course ; a stretch.
Presently after he was baptized, hee went to fast in the
desert, xl. dayes & xL nights on a raneke.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 360.
3. A class, order, or grade of persons; any
aggregate of individuals classed together for
some common reason, as social station, occu-
pation, character, or creed : as, the Prohibition
ranks; the ranks of the Anarchists.
Thou wert honest,
Ever among the rank of good men counted.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, v. 1.
All ranks and orders of men, being equally concerned
in public blessings, equally join in spreading the infec-
tion. Bp. Atterbury.
Then from his Lordship I shall learn
Henceforth to meet with unconcern
One rank as weel 's another.
Burns, On Meeting Basil, Lord Daer.
The nearest practical approach to the theological esti-
mate of a sin may be found in the ranks of the ascetics.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 117.
4. Grade in a scale of comparison; class or
classification ; natural or acquired status ; rel-
ative position; standing.
Not i' the worst rank of manhood.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1. 103.
These are all virtues of a meaner rank. Addison.
Specifically, of persons —(a) Titular distinction or dig-
nity ; gradation by hereditary, official, or other title : as,
civil, judicial, or military rank; the rank of baron or
marquis ; the rank of general or admiral ; the rank of
ambassador or governor. The relative rank of officers of
the United States army and navy is as follows : General
ranks with admiral ; lieutenant-general with vice-admiral;
major-general with rear-admiral ; brigadier-general with
commodore ; colonel with captain ; lieutenant-colonel
with commander; major with lieutenant-commander;
captain with lieutenant(senior grade); first lieutenant with
lieutenant (junior grade) ; second lieutenant with ensign.
The rank of an ambassador has nothing to do with the
transaction of affaire.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 94.
(b) Eminent standing or dignity ; especially, aristocratic
station or hereditary distinction, as in European mon-
archies ; inherited or conferred social eminence.
Respect for Hank, fifty years ago universal and profound,
is rapidly decaying. There are still many left who believe
in some kind of superiority by Divine Right and the Sov-
ereign's gift of Rank, even though that Rank be but ten
years old, and the grandfather's shop is still remembered.
W. Besant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 118.
5f. A ranging or roving; hence, discursive
wandering; divagation; aberration.
Instead of a manly and sober form of devotion, all the
extravagant ranks and silly freaks of enthusiasm !
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. ii.
6. In geom., the degree of a locus of lines, (a)
The number of lines of a singly infinite system which cut
any given line in tridimensional space. (6) The number
of lines of a triply infinite system which lie in one plane
and pass through one point in that plane. —A split in the
ranks, dissension and division in a party, sect, society,
or the like. [Colloq.]
They must submit to the humiliation of acknowledging
a split in their own ranks.
ffineteejith Century, XXVI. 749.
Rank and file. See file*.— Rank of a complex, the
number of its rays lying in an arbitrary plane and passing
through an arbitrary point in that plane. Rank Of a
curve, the rank of the system of its tangents, or the num-
ber of tangents which cut any arbitrarily taken line in
4957
rankness
space.— Rank of a surface, the number of tangent lines rank-axis (rangk'ak sis), n. A line considered
to the surf ace whichlie in a Kivrri phuieaml pass through :i ;ls j|lo envelop of planes.
given point in that plane. -To break ranks. Beeftrmfc ' i.. hrai-nertl frMiK'k'hriiidl n Wronir hp-id-
-To nil the ranks, to make up the whole number, ..r ranK-Drain !(!),«. 1
a competent number.— To keep rankt, to be in keeping ; edj c r;t<- k-brained.
be consistent. rank-curve (rangk'kerv), n. A curve consid-
Some strange effect which will not well keep ranck ered as the envelop of its tangents.
With the rare temperance which is admired ranker (rang'ker), H. [< rnwfc2 + -«'l.] 1.
"erj£a«. and Fl., Knight of Malta, iii. 3. U™ who ral'ks. or arranges ; one who disposes
i have rank or consideration ; be classed
, A .. ,
in ranks.— 2. Amilitary officer who has risen or
»7ne been promoted from ranks. [Collo,,., Eng.]
takes rank as a very original poet.— To take rank 01, to
have the right of taking a higher place than ; outrank :
as, in Great Britain the sovereign's sons take rank of all
other nobles. Compare ranlft, v. t., 3.— To take rank . .
with, to have the same or coordinate rank with ; be en- ranking (rang king), »
titled to like official or social consideration : as, a captain
in the navy takes rank with a colonel in the army.
rank2 (raugk), ». [Early mod. E. also ranck; <
rank'l, n., q. v.] I. trans. 1. To arrange in a
rank or ranks ; place in a rank or line.
And every sort is in a sondry bed
Sett by it selfe, anAranckt in comely rew.
Spenser, ¥. Q., III. vi. 35.
A many thousand warlike French
That were embattailed and rank'd in Kent.
Shak., K. John, iv. 2. 200.
The new coast battalion, most of whose officers are
rankers.
SL James's Gazette, June 2, 1886, p. 12. (Encyc. Diet.)
[Verbal n. of rank?,
«.] The act of one who ranks — Ranking and
sale, or ranking of creditors, in Scots law, the process
whereby the heritable property of an insolvent person is
his ci "
d pi
This is the most complex and comprehensive process
redi-
references.
judicially sold and the price divided among
tors according to their several rights and
This is the most complex and comprehen
known in the law of Scotland, but is now practically ob-
solete. It corresponds to the English process of mar-
shaling securities in an action for redemption or fore-
closure.
rankle (rang'kl), ». ; pret. and pp. rankled,
ppr. ranklimj^ [Early mod. E. also rankill,
These as enemies tooke their stands a musket shot one runkyll ; < ME. randen, freq. of rank1, ».] I.
from another ; ranked themselues 15 a breast, and each intrans. 1 . To operate rankly or with painful
ranke from another 4 or 5 yards. effect; cause inflammation or irritation; pro-
Capt. John SmM, Works, I. 135. du(je &> fegter; wound. use(j „, eithel. pfcy&al
Horse and chariots rank'd in loose array. „_ mpllf ai influences
Hilton, P. L., ii. 887.
Look, when he fawns, he bites ; and when he bites,
His venom tooth will rankle to the death.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. 291.
[He] looked the rage that rankled in his heart.
Crabbe, Works, I. 78.
2. To assign to a particular class, order, or
division ; fix the rank of ; class.
Thou hor'st the face once of a noble gentleman,
Rank'd in the first file of the virtuous.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, ii. 2.
I will not rank myself in the number of the first.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 40.
How shall we rank thce upon glory's page?
Thou more than soldier and just less than sage !
Moore, To Thomas Hume.
3. To take rank of or over; outrank: as, in
the United States army, an officer commis-
sioned simply as general ranks all other gen-
erals. [U. S.] — 4. To dispose in suitable or-
der; arrange; classify.
Antiently the people [of Magnesia] were ranked accord-
ing to their different tribes.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 55.
By ranking all things under general and special heads,
it [Logic) renders the nature or any of the properties,
powers, and uses of a thing more easy to be found out
when we seek in what rank of beings it lies.
Watts, Logic, I. vi. § 13.
5f. To fix as to state or estimation; settle; es-
tablish.
We cannot rank you in a nobler friendship
Than your great service to the state deserves.
Beau, and VI., Laws of Candy, 1. 2.
I, that before was ranked in such content.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 3.
6f. To range; give the range to, as a gun in
firing.
Their shot replies, hut they were rank'd too high
To touch the pinnace.
Leyend of Captain Jones (1659). (HalliweU, under range.)
II. intrans. 1. To move in ranks or rows.
[Rare.]
Your cattle, too; Allah made them; serviceable dumb rankly (rangk'li), adv.
Or jealousy, with rankling tooth,
That inly gnaws the secret heart.
Gray, On a Distant Prospect of Eton College.
Say, shall I wound with satire's rankling spear
The pure warm hearts that bid me welcome here?
0. W. Holmes, A Rhymed Lesson.
Resentment long rankled in the minds of some whom
Endicott had perhaps too passionately punished.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S.,I. 322.
2. To continue or grow rank or strong; con-
tinue to be painful or irritating ; remain in an
inflamed or ulcerous condition ; fester, as a
physical or mental wound or sore.
My words might cast rank poison to his pores,
And make his swoln and rankling sinews crack.
Peele, David and Bethsahe.
A leper shut up in a pesthouse rankleth to himself, in-
fects not others. Rev. T. Adams, Works, III. 19.
A wound i' the flesh, no doubt, wants prompt redress ; . . .
But a wound to the soul? That rankles worse and worse.
Browning, Ring and Book, 1. 197.
II. trans. 1. To irritate; inflame; cause to
fester.
Then shall the Britons, late dismayd and weake,
From their long vassalage gin to respire,
And on their Paynim foes avenge their ranckled ire.
Spenser, Y. Q., III. iii. 38.
2f. To corrode.
creatures ; ... they come ranking home at evening time.
Carlyle.
2. To be ranged or disposed, as in a particular
order, class, or division ; hold rank or station ;
occupy a certain position as compared with
others: as, to rank above, below, or with some
other man.
Here, because his mouth waters at the money, his [Ju-
das's] teeth rankle the woman's credit, for so I find ma-
lignant reprovers styled; corrodunt, non corrigunt; cor-
reptores, immo corruptorcs — they do not mend, but make
worse ; they bite, they gnaw.
Rev. T. Adams, Works (Sermon on John xii. 6), II. 224.
[< ME. rankly, rnnkly;
+ -fy2.] ' If. With great strength or
force; fiercely; rampantly.
Herk rcnk ! is this ryjt, so ronkly to wrath
For any dede that I haf don other denied the set?
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 431.
2. In an excessive manner or degree; inordi-
nately; intensely; profusely; exuberantly: as,
There is reason to believe that he [William of Orange] rankly poisonous; rankly treasonable; weeds
was by no means equal as a general in the field to some that grow rankly. — 3. Offensively; noisomely;
who ranked far below him in intellectual powers.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
Gorizia ranks as an ecclesiastical metropolis.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 50.
3f. To range ; go or move about ; hence, to
bear one's self ; behave.
His men were a' clad in the grene ;
The knight was armed capapie,
With a bended bow, on a milk-white steed ;
And I wot they rank'd right bonnilie.
Sang of the Outlaw Murray (Child's Ballads, VI. 25).
Harke ! they are at hande ; ranke handsomly.
Marslon, Dutch Courtezan, iv. 1.
4. In British law : (a) To have rank or standing
as a claim in bankruptcy or probate proceed-
ings
iy-
The smoking of incense or perfumes, and the like, smells
rankly enough, ill all conscience, of idolatry.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Idolatry, viii. (Latham.)
4. Grossly; foully.
The whole ear of Denmark
Is by a forged process of my death
Rankly abused. Shak., Hamlet, I. 5. 38.
rankness (rangk'nes), n. [< ME. ranknesse;
< rank1 + -ness.'] If. Physical strength; ef-
fective force ; potency.
The crane's pride is in the rankness of her wing.
Sir It. L'Estrange, Fables.
2. Strength of kind, quality, or degree, in a
disparaging sense; hence, extravagance; ex-
£19,534 is expected to ran* against assets estimated at cess ; grossness ; repulsiveness : as, rankness of
£18,120 15s. M.
Daily Telegraph, April 8, 1886.
(b) To put in a claim against the property of a
bankrupt person or a deceased debtor : as, he
ranked upon the estate.
growth; the ranknessot H poison, or of one's
(Encyc. Diet.) pri(je or pretensions. — 3f. Insolence; presump-
tion.
I will physic your rankness, and yet give no thousand
crowns neither. Shak., As you Like it, L 1. 91.
rankness
4. Strength of growth: rapid or excessive in-
• •rease: exuberance: extravagance; excess, as
of plants, or of tin- wood of trees. rv!itikm^s is a
condition often incident to fruit-trees in gardens anil or-
chards, in consfijiu-nce of ultidi >,rreat shoots or feeders
are given out with little or no hearing wood. Excessive
richness of soil and a too copious supply of manure are
generally the inducing causes.
I am stifled
With the mere rankness of their joy.
Shale., Hen. VIII., iv. 1. 59.
5. Excessive fertility; exuberant productive-
ness, as of soil.
By reason of the rankenesse. and frutefulnesse of the
grounde, kyne, swyne, and horses doo maruelously in-
crease in these regions.
I'eter Martyr (tr. of Eden's First Books on America, ed.
[Arber, p. 164).
Bred by the rankness of the plenteous land.
Drayton, Legend of Thomas Cromwell.
6. Offensive or noisome smell or taste ; repul-
siveness to the senses.
The native rankneis or offensiveness which some persons
are subject to, both in their breath and constitution.
./••(•. Taylor (-•), Artificial Handsomeness, p. 46.
rank-plane (rangk'plan), «. The plane of a
plane pencil.
rank-point (rangk'point), n. The focus of a
plane pencil.
rank-radiant (rangk'ra"di-ant), M. A point
considered as the envelop of lines lying in a
plane.
rank-ridingt (rangk'ri"ding), «. Riding furi-
ously; hard-riding.
And on his match as much the Western horseman lays
As the rank-riding Scots upon their Galloways.
Drayton, Polyolbion, iii. 28.
rank-scented (rangk'sen'ted), a. Strong-scent-
ed; having a coarse or offensive odor.
The mutable, rank-scented many. Shalt., Cor., iii. 1. 66.
rank-surface (rangk'ser"fas), H. A surface con-
sidered as the envelop of its tangents.
rann, «. See ran3.
rannee, ». See rant.
rannelt (ran'el), ». [< F. ranelle, toad, dim. of
L. rana, frog.] A strumpet; a prostitute.
such a roinish rannel, such a dissolute Gillian-flirt.
Q. Harvey, Pierce's Supererogation (1600).
rannel-balk (ran'el-bak). «. Same as raiidlc-
bar.
rannent. A Middle English preterit plural of
run. Chaucer.
rannyt (ran'i), ». [Also runney ; supposed to be
ult. a corruption (through OF. ) of L. araneus, sc.
mus, a kind of mouse : see slirew and araneons.]
Tlie shrew or shrew-mouse, Sorex araneus.
Sainmonicus and Nicander do call the mus araneus, the
shrew or ranney, blind. Sir T. Broicne, Vulg. Err., iii. 18.
ranoid (ra'noid), a. [< L. ra»a, a frog, + Gr.
rMof, form.] In lierpet., same as raiiine: dis-
tinguished from bufonoid.
ranpickt, ranpiket, "• Same as rampick.
ransack (ran'sak), ». [Prop, ransake, the form
rannack being due in part to association with
sack'2, pillage (see def. 2); < ME. ransakeu.
ransakyn, raunnaken, < Icel. rannsaka (= Sw.
Norw. ransaka = Dan. ransage), search a house,
ransack, < rann (for *rasn), a house, abode (=
AS. reesn, a plank, ceiling, = Goth, rncn, a
house), + saka, fight, hurt, harm, appar. taken
in this compound with the sense of the related
xeekj/i, seek, = AS. secan, seek: see seek and
snAr.] I. trans. 1. To search thoroughly ; seek
carefully in all parts of ; explore, point by point,
for what is desired; overhaul in detail.
In a morwenyng
When Phehus, with his flry torches rede,
Ransaked hath every lover in hys drede.
Chaucer, Complaint of liars, 1. 28.
All the articlis there in conteynid they shall ransakyn
besyly, and discnssyn soo discretly in here remembraunce
that both in will . . . shal not omyttyn for to complishe
the seyd articles. Ponton Letters, I. 458.
In the third Year of his Reign, he ransacked all Monas-
teries, and all the Gold and Silver of either Chalices or
Shrines he took to his own use. Baker, Chronicles, p. 26.
Cicero . . . ramacks all nature, and pours forth a re-
dundancy of figures even with a lavish hand.
Goldsmith, Metaphors.
2f. To sack; pillage completely; strip by
plundering.
Their vow is made
To ransack Troy.
5Ao*., T. and (:, Prol., i., 1. &
I observed only these two things, a village exceedingly
ransacked and ruinated by meanes of the civil warres.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 23.
3f. To obtain by ransacking or pillage ; seize
upon; carry off; ravish. — 4f. To violate; de-
flower: as, "rtnisiiekt chastity," Spenser.
4958
II. inlrtins. To make penetrating seaivh or
inquisition: pry; ruiiimugc. [Obsolete or rare.]
With sacrilegious Tools we rudely n-nil In r.
And ransack deeply in her bosom tender.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas s Weeks, i. 6.
Such words he gaue, but deepe with dynt the sword
enforced furst
Had rauxakl through his ribs and sweete white brest at
once had burst. Phaer, MneiA, ix.
ransack (ran'sak), n. [C'f. Icel. niininiil:. ruini-
sokn, a ransacking; from the verb.] 1. De-
tailed search or inquisition ; careful investiga-
tion. [Rare.]
What secret corner, what unwonted way,
Has scap'd the raneack of my rambling thought?
(fuarles, Emblems, iv. 12.
To compile, however, a real account of her [Madame
R^camier) would necessitate the ranmct of all the
memoirs, correspondence, and anccdotage concerning
French political and literary life for the first half of this
century. Encyc. Brit,, XX. 309.
2f. A ransacking; search for plunder; pillage;
sack.
Your Highness undertook the Protection of the English
VesselsputtingintothePortof Leghorn for shelter, against
the Dutch Men of War threatning 'em with nothing but
Ransack and Destruction.
Milton, Letters of State, Sept., 1652.
Even your father's house
Shall not be free from ransack. J. Webster.
ransackert (ran'sak-er), n. [< ME. raunxukir;
< rauxark + -er1.] One who ransacks; a care-
ful searcher; a pillager.
That e» to say, Rauwaker of the myghtc of Godd and of
His Maieste with-owttene gret clennes and meknes sail be
onerlayde and oppresside of Hym-selfe.
Ilampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 42.
ransaket, ''• An obsolete form of ruiixack.
ranshacklet (ran'shak-1), r. t. A variant of
ranxack, simulating ramshackle1.
They loosed the kye out, ane and a'.
And ranshackled the house right wel.
Jamie Telfer (Child's Ballads, VI. 106).
ransom (ran'sum), n. [Early mod. E. also raw-
some, rannsom; < ME. ransome, raunsom, rawn-
some, ransoii, ransoun, raunson, raunsun, rawni-
K<m (for the change of n to m, cf. random) =
D. rantsoeti = MLG. LG. ranzun, raiisun = G.
rnnsion = Dan. ranxon = Sw. ranson, < OF.
r««f0», renqon, mention, raenchon, F. ranfon =
Pr. recmsoft, resempto,raoA. ra>«;oun,<. L. redemp-
tio(n-), ransom, redemption : see redemption, of
which ransom is a much shrunken form.] 1.
Redemption for a price ; a holding for redemp-
tion ; also, release from captivity, bondage, or
the possession of an enemy for a consideration ;
liberation on payment or satisfaction of the
price demanded.
And Galashin seide than sholde he dye with-oute raun-
som. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 571.
Yon beseche and pray.
Fair sir, saue my life, lete me on-lif go,
Taking this peple to ranson also !
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4205.
Then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever
is laid upon him. Ex. xxi. 30.
The Money raised for his Ransom was not so properly
a Taxation as a Contribution. Baker, Chronicles, p. 66.
2. The money or price awarded or paid for the
redemption of a prisoner, captive, or slave, or
for goods captured by an enemy ; payment for
liberation from restraint, penalty, or punish-
ment.
Vpon a crosse naylyd I was for the,
Soffred deth to pay the ravrnison.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 111.
Even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto,
but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many.
Mark x. 45.
3f. Atonement; expiation.
If hearty sorrow
Be a sufficient ransom for offence,
I tender 't here. Shot., T. G. of V., v. 4. 75.
ransom (ran'sum), r. t. [Early mod. E. also
raunsome; < ME. *raunsonen, raunceounen, <
OF. ranfouiier, ransom; from the noun.] 1.
To redeem from captivity, bondage, forfeit, or
punishment by paying or giving in return that
which is demanded ; buy out of servitude ; buy
off from penalty.
A robbere was yraunceouned rather than thei alle,
With-outen any penaunce of purgatorie, to perpetuel
blisse. Piers Plowman (B), x. 420.
This was hard fortune ; but, if alive and taken,
They shall be ransom'd, let it be at millions.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, ii. 4.
Walk your dim cloister, and distribute dole
To poor sick people, richer in His eyes
Who rantom'd us, and haler too. than I.
Tennyson, Guinevere.
2f. To redeem; rescue; deliver.
I will ransom them from the power of the grave ; I will
redeem them from death. Ho*, xiii. 14.
rant
3t. To hold at ransom; demand or accept a
ransom for: exact payment on.
And he and hys company . . . dyilc great domage to
the countre, as well by rrt/rii*"/u///»!/i t>f tlic !m\ nrs as by
pillage imcr all the countrey.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. (Kiehuntani.)
4f. To set free for a price; give up the cus-
tody of on receipt of a consideration.
I would . . . ransmn him to any French courtier for a
new-devised courtesy. Shak., L. L. I.., i. 2. lift.
5f. To atone for; expiate.
Those tears are pearl which thy love sheds,
And they are rich and ransom all ill deeds.
Shak., Sonnets, xxxiv.
ransomable (ran'sum-a-bl), a. [< ransom +
-alili'.] Capable of being ransomed or redeemed
for a price.
I passed my life in that bath with many other gentle-
men and persons of condition, distinguished and ac-
counted as rantomable.
Jarvis, tr. of Don Quixote, I. iv. 13. (Dailies.)
ransom-bill (ran'sum-bil), n. A war contract
by which it is agreed to pay money for the
ransom of property captured at sea and for its
safe-conduct into port.
ransomer (ran'sum-er), n. [Early mod. E.
ruiinsomer, < OF. rangonneur, < rani; onner, ran-
som: see ransom, ».] One who ransoms or
redeems.
The onlie sauior, redeemer, and raunsomcr of them
which were lost in Adam our forefather.
Foxe, Martyre, an. 1565.
ransom-free (ran'sum-fre), a. Free from ran-
som; ransom less.
Till the fair slave be render'd to her sire,
And ransom-free restor'd to his abode.
Dryden, Iliad, i. 147.
ransomless (ran'sum-les), a. [< ransom +
-less.] Free from ransom; without the pay-
ment of ransom.
Cosroe, Cassana, and the rest, be free,
And ransomless return !
Fletcher (and another T), Prophetess, iv. 5.
For this brave stranger, so indear'd to thee,
Passe to thy country, ranmmleste and free.
Ueywood, Fair Maid of the West (Works, ed. Pearson,
[1874, II. 423).
ranstead (ran'sted), «. [Also ranxted; fre-
quently also ramstfad, ramsted; said to have
been introduced at Philadelphia as a garden
flower by a Welsh gentleman named Sanstead.']
The common toad-flax, Linnria rulyaris, a weed
with herbage of rank odor, erect stem, narrow
leaves, and a raceme of spurred flowers, col-
ored light-yellow, part of the lower lip bright-
orange.
rant (rant), v. i. [< OD. ranten, also ratidcn,
dote, be enraged, = LG. randen, attack any
one, call out to any one, = G. ranzen, toss
about, make a noise; cf. G. dial, rant, noise,
uproar; root uncertain.] 1. To speak or de-
claim violently and with little sense; rave:
used of both the matter and the manner of
utterance, or of either alone: as, a ranting
preacher or actor.
Viy. an thou'lt month,
I'll rant as well as thou.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 1. 307.
They say you're angry, and rant mightily,
Because I love the same as you.
Couley, The Mistress, Rich Rival.
Make not your Hecuba with fury rage,
And show a ranting grief upon the stage.
Dryden and Soames, tr. of Boileau s Art of Poetry, iii. 563.
2. To be jovial or jolly in a noisy way ; make
noisy mirth. [North. Eng. and Scotch.]
Wi' quaffing and laughing,
They ranted and they sang.
Burnt, Jolly Beggars.
rant (rant), n. [< rant, r.] 1. Boisterous,
empty declamation; fierce or high-sounding
language without much meaning or dignity of
thought; bombast.
This is stoical rant, without any foundation in the na-
ture of man or reason of things. Atterbury.
2. A ranting speech; a bombastic or boisterous
utterance.
After all their rants about their wise man being happy
in the bull of Phalaris, Ac., they yet allow'd him to dis-
patch himself if he saw cause. Sialiivjfleet, Sermons, I. v.
He sometimes, indeed, in his rants, talked with Norman
haughtiness of the Celtic barbarians ; but all his sympa-
thies were really with the natives.
Macavlay, Hist. Eng., vi.
3. The act of frolicking; a frolic; a boister-
ous merrymaking, generally accompanied with
dancing. [Scotch.]
Thou art the life o' public haunts ;
But [without] thee, what were our fairs and rants ?
Burns, Scotch Drink.
rant
I hue a £oiid conscience, . . . unless it be about a railt
amain; I In hisses, or a splore at a fair.
K-iitt, Black Dwarf, ii.
4. A kind of (lance, or the music to which it was
danced. = Syn. 1. J-'uxtian, Tunjidnea, etc. See boinlmxt.
ran-tan (ran'tan), n. [Prob. an imitative var.
of randan.] Same as randan.
ranter1 (ran'ter), «. [<r(t>it+ -<•)•!.] 1. One
who rants ; a noisy talker ; a boisterous preach-
er, actor, or the like. — 2. [cap.] A name ap-
plied— (a) By way of reproach, to the mem-
bers of an English Antinomian sect of the
Commonwealth period, variously associated
with the Famitists, etc. (6) Also, opprobrious-
ly, to the Primitive Methodists, who formed
themselves into a society in 1810, although the
founders had separated from the old Methodist
society some years before, the ground of dis-
agreement being that the new body favored
street preaching, camp-meetings, etc. — 3. A
merry, roving fellow ; a jolly drinker. [North .
Eng. and Scotch.]
Mistake me not, custom, I mean not tho,
Of excessive drinking, as great ranters do.
Praise of Yorkshire Ale (1697), p. 5. (HallilveU.)
Yours, saint or sinner, Rob the Ranter.
Burns, To James Tennant.
ranter2 (ran't6r), n. [Origin obscure.] A largo
beer-jug.
ranter- ( ran'ter), r.i. [Of . ran ter%, n. ] To pour
liquor from a large into a smaller vessel. [Prov.
Eng.]
ranter3 (ran'ter), v. t. Same as renter'*.
ranterism (ran'ter-izm), ». [< ranterl + -imn.]
The practice or tenets of the Ranters ; rantism.
ranterst (rau'terz), n.pl. A woolen stuff made
in England in the eighteenth century. Dra-
perif Diet.
rantingly (ran'tiug-li), adv. In a rautingman-
uer. (a) With sounding empty speech; bombastically.
(&) With boisterous jollity ; frolicsomely.
Sae rantingly, sae wantonly,
Sae dauntingly gaed he ;
He play'd a spring, and danc'd it round.
Below the gallows-tree.
Burns, Macpherson's Farewell.
rantipole (ran'ti-pol), a. and u. [Appar. < run-
ty + pole, = poll*, head : see poll1. Of. dodi-
poll.] I. a. Wild; roving; rakish.
Out upon 't, at years of discretion, and comport your-
self at this rantipole rate !
Congreve, Way of the World, iv. 10.
This rantipole hero had for some time singled out the
blooming Katrina for the object of his uncouth gallantries.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 431.
II. n. A rude, romping boy or girl; a wild,
reckless fellow.
What strange, awkward rantipole was that I saw thee
speaking to? J. Baittit.
I was always considered as a ranlipole, for whom any-
thing was good enough.
Marryat, Frank Mildmay, xv. (Dairies.)
rantipole (ran'ti-pol), v. i. ; pret. and pp. raii-
tipoled, ppr. ranlipoUng. [< rantipole, n.] To
run about wildly.
The elder waa a termagant, imperious wench ; she used
to rantipole about the house, pinch the children, kick the
servants, and torture the cats and dogs. Arbuthnot.
rantism1 1 (ran'tizm), n. [< Gr. fxivTia/io^, a
sprinkling, < bavri^etv, sprinkle, besprinkle.]
A sprinkling; hence, a small number; a hand-
ful. [Rare.]
We, but a handful to their heap, a rantisin to their bap-
tism. Up. Andrews.
rantism2 (ran'tizm), ». [< rant + -ism.'] The
practice or tenets of the Ranters ; ranterism.
Johnson.
rantle-tree, randle-tree (ran'tl-tre, -dl-tre),
n. [Cf. raii-trce, a dial, form of roan-tree; cf.
also ranpick, rampick.] 1. A tree chosen with
two branches, which are cut short, and left
somewhat in the form of the letter Y, set close
to or built into the gable of a cottage to sup-
port one end of the rooftree. — 2. A beam which
runs from back to front of a chimney, and from
which the crook is suspended.— 3. Figurative-
ly, a tall, raw-boned person.
If ever I see that auld randle-tree of a wife again, I'll gie
her something to buy tobacco.
Scott, Guy Mannering, xxvi.
[Scotch in all uses.]
rantock (ran'tok), n. The goosander, Merynx
merganser. [Orkneys.]
ran-tree (ran'tre), ii. A dialectal variant of
r<Htii-trcr. Also ranlrH.
ranty (rau'ti), <i. and «. [< rant + -i/1.] Same
.•is nniili/. [Prov. Eng.]
ranula (nu:'u-l;'i),».: |>1. ramilie (-le). [=F.r«-
imli', < L. I'tiinilii, a litt le frog, also a small swell-
l!>59
ing on the tongue of cattle, dim. of rand, a frog:
see Itini/i^.} A cystic tumor canned by the ob-
struction of the duct of a small mucous gland on
the under surface of the tongue, the so-called
Blandin-Nulm gland. The term has been applied,
however, with considerable looseness, to other tumors in
or near this place presenting some resemblance to true
ranulrc.
ranular (ran'u-lar), a. [= F. ranulairc; as rtm-
ula + -ar3.] Of or pertaining to a ranula; of
the character of a ranula.
Ranunculace»(ra-imng-ku-la'8e-e),H.»Z. [NL.
(A. L. de Jussieu, 1789), (.Ranunculus + -accse.]
Ail order of polypetalous plants of the cohort l!a-
nales, characterized by the numerous stamens
inserted on the receptacle, five deciduous and
commonly colored sepals, not more than one
complete circle of petals, and seeds with a mi-
nute embryo in flesny albumen, and without an
aril. They have usually many separate pistils which ma-
ture into distinct dry fruits, either achenes or follicles, or
coalesce into berries. The species, estimated by some at
1,200, by Durand at 680, are included in 5 tribes and 30 gen-
era. They occur throughout the world, but in the tropics
more rarely and chietly on mountains, elsewhere forming
a conspicuous part of the flora of almost every region,
especially in Europe, which contains one fifth, and in
North America, which has one seventeenth, of all the
species. Their wide distribution is aided by the long-
continued vitality of the seeds, many of which are also re-
markably slow to germinate after planting, those of sev-
eral species requiring two years. They are annual or
perennial herbs — rarely undershrubs, as Xanthorhiza.
Many havedissected alternate or radical leaves, the petiole
with an expanded sheathing base, but without stipules ;
Clematis is exceptional in its opposite leaves and climbing
stem. The order is often known as the buttercup or crow-
foot family, from the type, and contains an unusually large
proportion of other characteristic plants, as the hepatica
of America, the Christmas rose of Germany, and the lesser
celandine of England. It includes also many of the most
beautiful flowers of garden cultivation. Most of the spe-
cies contain in their colorless juice an acrid and caustic
principle, which sometimes becomes a dangerous nar-
cotic poison, is often of great medicinal value (see hellebore,
aconite, Hydrastis,Actsea, Ctmtc\A^5ra),isusuallymost con-
centrated in the roots, but very volatile in the foliage and
stems, and is dissipated by drying or in water, but intensi-
fied by the action of acids, alcohol, etc. The order was one
of the earliest to be denned by botanists with substantially
its present limits (as Brlultisttiqiix by Linnseus, 1751), and
has long been placed at the head of the polypetalous fami-
lies of dicotyledons, standing as the first order of plants in
the most widely accepted classifications, from De C'andolle
in 1819 to Durand in 1S88.
ranunculaceous (ra-nung-ku-la'shius), a. [<
NL. ranunculaceun, < Ranunculus, q. v. Cf.
Ranunculaceee.] Of or pertaining to the Ra-
nunculacese ; resembling the ranunculus.
Ranunculeae (ra-nung-ku'le-e), n. pi. [NL. (A.
P. de Candolle, 1818), < Ranunculus + -ese.] A
tribe of plants of the order Ranunculaceee. it is
characterized by carpels with one ascending ovule, be-
coming achenes in fruit, by numerous radical leaves, and
(excepting in the two species of Oxyyraphw) by the addi-
tional presence of alternate stem-leaves. ' It includes the
type genus Ranunculus, and 3 other genera embracing 8
species.
Ranunculus (ra-nung'ku-lus), n. [NL. (Kas-
pard Bauhin, 1623), < L. ranunculus, a medicinal
plant, also called batrachion, perhaps crowfoot
(> It. ranuncolo, Sp. ranunculo, Pg. ranunculo, D.
ranonkel, Gr. Dan. Sw. ranunkel, crowfoot), dim.
of rana, a frog: see Rana1.] 1. A large germs
of polypetalous plants, type of the order Rannn-
culaceee and of the tribe Ranunculese. It is charac-
terized by the perfect flowers with from three to five cadu-
cous sepals, three to five or even fifteen conspicuous petals,
each marked at the base by
a nectar-bearing scale or pit,
and by the many achenes in
a head or spike, each beaked
with a short persistent style.
There are about 200 species,
scattered throughout the
world, abundant in temper-
ate and cold regions, with a
few on mountain-tops in the
tropics ; 15 species are Brit-
ish, and about 47 occur in the
United States, besides at least
9 others in Alaska ; 23 are
found in the Atlantic States.
The genus is remarkable for
its development northward,
extending to the Aleutian
Islands and Point Barrow,
and even to Fort Conger,
81° 44' north. Others extend
well to the south, as the Fue-
gian /(. biternatus. The spe-
cies have usually a perennial
base or roptstock, and bear
deeply divided leaves, entire
in a few species, and yellow
or white terminal flowers
(pink in Ii. Andersoni of Ne-
vada), which are generally
bright and showy, and have
numerous and conspicuous
short yellow stamens and a
smaller central mass of yellow
or greenish pistils. The more common species, with bright-
yellow flowers and palmately divided leaves, are known
werine Plant of Ranuttci
ttulboSHs (buttercup).
rap
as buttercup and crmcfutit, especially Ii. aerie and 11. Imllm-
.^'.-•, uhh'h havr also tin- uM local names of btinrf-i!nu',-,\
imiii •r-iiuitii, iiitxiff iitiini crmc-fmcer, and in Scotland ijd-
i'Kf yntrilu. (See al.v .'/'.W'-i'/'/anil cut under ooaryl.) A
nilnilier of yellow spirits are cultivated under the name
. /iinii'H. ninuneufaf, as A', speciatiu, a favorite sourer of
cut flowers, and especially the Persian A'. Atsiaticux, with
three-parted leaves, parent of a hundred varieties, mostly
double, and including scarlet and other colors. If. acont-
ttfoltus, a tall European species with five-parted leaves, is
cultivated in white double-llowered varieties under the
names bachelor's-button* and fair-tnaids-of- France or -of-
Kent. The bright-yellow tlowcrs of Ii. insignia, a densely
woolly New Zealand species, are nearly 2 inches across.
Several white-flowered species are remarkable for their
growth in rock-crevices amid perpetual snow, especially
Jt. alacialis of the Alps, and also the yellow-flowered It.
Thora, the mountain wolf's-bane. A few weedy species
have prickly fruit, as R. anensis of England (for which see
huiigerweed, hedgehog, 3, and joy, 4). Many species are
so acrid as to raise blisters when freshly gathered, but
are sometimes eaten, when dried, by cattle. K. sceleratus,
said to be the most acrid species, is eaten boiled as a
salad in Wallachia, as are also the roots of K. tnilbosus,
the acridity disappearing on boiling. K. auricomus (see
goldilocks) is exceptional in the absence of this acrid prin-
ciple, as also R. aquatilis, which sometimes forms almost
the entire food of cattle. This and several other species,
the water-crowfoots, are immersed aquatics with finely dis-
sected foliage, forming deep-green feathery masses which
bear white emersed flowers; among them is R. Lyalii of
New Zealand, one of the most ornamental species, there
known as water-lUy. The yellow water-crowfoot, R. mul-
tifidits, found from North Carolina to Point Barrow, has
kidney-shapedandcutlloating leaves. Several species with
long and mainly undivided leaves are known as spearwort.
For R. Ficaria, celebrated as one of the earliest English
flowers, and as Wordsworth's Jlower, see celandine, 2, pile-
wort, eaidjigwort, 2. See also cut under achenium.
2. [/. c. ; pi. ranunculi (-15).] A plant of the
genus Ranunculus.
ranverset, ». *. See retiverse.
Ranvier's nodes. See nodes ofRanvier, under
node.
Ranzania (rau-za'ni-a), n. [NL., named (in
def. 1 by Nardo, 1840) after C. Ranzani, an
Italian naturalist.] 1. In ichtli., a genus of
gymnodont fishes of the family Solidse. —
2. In entom., a genus of coleopterous in-
sects.
ranz des vaches (rons da vash). [Swiss F.
(see def.), explained as lit. (a) 'the lowing
of the cows': Swiss dial, ranz, connected, in
this view, with G. ranzen, make a noise, drum
with the fingers (cf. ranken, bray as an ass);
des, comp. of de, of, and les, pi. of def. art.;
vaches, pi. of vaclie, < L. vacca, a cow (see vac-
cine); (l>) in another view, 'the line of cows,'
ranz being taken as a var. of rantjs, pi. of
rang, row, line (because the cows fall into line
when they hear the alpenhorn): see rank'*.]
One of the melodies or signals of the Swiss
herdsmen, commonly played on the alpenhorn.
It consists of irregular phrases made up of the harmonic
tones of the horn, which are singularly effective in the open
air and combined with mountain echoes. The melodies
vary in the different cantons. They are sometimes sung.
Raoulia (ra-6'li-a), ». [NL. (Sir J. D. Hooker,
1867), named after E. Raoul, a French naval
surgeon, who wrote on New Zealand plants in
1846.] A genus of composite plants of the tribe
Inuloidese and subtribe Gnaplialicse. It is charac-
terized by the solitary, sessile, and terminal heads of many
flowers, which are mostly perfect and fertile, the outer
circles of pistillate (lowers being only one or two, or less
than in the related genus Gnaphalium (the everlasting),
but more than in the other next-allied genus, llelichrysunt.
All the flowers bear a bifid style and a pappus which is
not plumose. The 14 species are mostly natives of New
Zealand, and are small densely tufted plants of rocky
mountainous places, resembling mosses, with numerous
branches thickly clothed with minute leaves. They bear
white starry flower-heads, one at the end of each short
twig, closely surrounded with leaves, and in R. grandifora
and others ornamented by an involucre with white bracts.
R. eximia and R. mammttlaris are known in New Zealand
as sheep-plants, from their growth in sheep-pastures in
large white woolly tufts, readily mistaken for sheep even
at a short distance.
rap1 (rap), v. ; pret. and pp. rapped or rapt,
ppr. rapping. [< ME. rappen, < Sw. rappa,
strike, beat, rap ; of. ropl, n. Cf. MHG. freq.
raffeln, G. rappeln, intr., rattle. Perhaps con-
nected with rap*.] I. trans. 1. To beat upon;
strike heavily or smartly ; give a quick, sharp
blow to, as with the fist, a door-knocker, a
stick, or the like ; knock upon.
His hote newe chosen love he chaunged into hate,
And sodainly with mighty mace gan rap hir on the pate.
Gascoigne, In Praise of Lady Sandes.
With one great Peal they rap the Door,
Like Footmen on a Visiting Day.
Prior, The Dove, st. 9.
2. To use in striking; make a blow or blows
with. [Rare.]
Dunstan, as he went along through the gathering mist,
was always rapping his whip somewhere.
George Eliot, Silas Marner, iv.
3. To utter sharply; speak out: usually with
o«/.(see phrase below).
rap
One raps an oath, another deals a curse;
He never better how I'd ; this never worse.
Quarles, Emblems, i. 10.
TO rap out. (a) To throw out violently or suddenly in
speech ; utter in a forcible or striking manner: as, to rap
out an oath or a lie.
He could roumllie rap mil so manic vgle othes.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 57.
The first was a judge, who rapped out a great oath at
his footman. Addison, Freeholder, No. 44.
(6) To produc«.or indicate by rapping sounds; impart by a
series of significant raps: as, to rap out a communication
or a signal : used specifically of the supposed transmis-
sion of spiritual intelligence in this way through the in-
strumentality of mediums. =Syn. 1. To thump, whack.
II. intrans. If. To deal a heavy blow or
heavy blows ; beat.
The elementes gonne to rusche & rappe,
And smct downc ehirches & templis with crak.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 20«.
2t. To fall with a stroke or blow; drop so as
to strike.
Now, by this time the tears were rapping down
Upon her milk-white breast, aneth her gown.
Rots, Helenore, p. 70. (Janrieson.)
3. To strike a quick, sharp blow ; make a sound
by knocking, as on a door: as, to nip for ad-
mittance.
Villain, I say, knock me at this gate,
And rap me well. Shalt., T. of the S., 1. 2. 12.
Whan she cam to the king's court.
She rappit wi' a ring.
Earl Richard (Child's Ballads, III. 397).
Comes a dun in the morning and raps at my door.
Shenstone, Poet and Dun.
4. To take an oath ; swear ; especially, to
swear falsely: compare to rap out (a), above.
[Thieves' cant.]
It was his constant maxim that he was a pitiful fellow
who would stick at a little rappiny for his friend.
Fielding, Jonathan Wild, i. 13. (Danes.)
rap1 (rap), u. [< ME. rap, rappe = Sw. Norw.
rapp = Dan. ran, a rap, tap, smart blow; cf.
rap1, v.~\ 1. A heavy or quick, smart blow; a
" sharp or resounding knock ; concussion from
striking.
The right arme with a rappe reft fro the shuldnrs.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.X 1. 7680.
And therewith (as in great anger) he clapped his fyste
on the horde a great rappe. Uall, Edw. V.
Bolus arriv'd, and gave a doubtful tap,
Between a single and a double rap.
Colman the Younger, Broad Grins, The Newcastle Apoth-
[ecary.
2. A sound produced by knocking, as at a door,
or by any sharp concussion; specifically, in
modern spiritualism, a ticking or knocking
noise produced by no apparent physical means,
and ascribed to the agency of disembodied
spirits.
We may first take the raps and the "astral bells." which
Mr. Sinnett seems to regard as constituting important test
phenomena.
K. Hodijson, Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, III. 261.
rap2 (rap), r. t. : pret. and pp. rapped or rapt,
ppr. rapping. [< ME. rappcn, < Sw. rappa, snatch,
seize, carry off, = MHG. G. raffru, snatch ; dial.
(LG.) ranpf n, snatch up, take up (> ult. E. raff).
Cf. rape1 and rape'2. The pp. rapped, rapt, be-
came confused with rapt, < L. raptus, pp. of
rapere, snatch, which is not connected with the
Tent, word: see rapt1, rapt'2.} If. To snatch
or hurry away; seize by violence; carry off;
transport; ravish.
Some shall be rapt and taken alive, as St. Paul saith.
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
Think ye that . . . they will not pluck from you what-
soever they can rap or reave ?
Apostolic Benediction of Adrian VI., Nov. 25, 1522
[(Foxe's Martyrs, II. 59).
He ever hastens to the end, and so
(As if he knew it) raps his hearer to
The middle of his matter.
B. Jonson, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry.
But when these people grew niggardly in their offerings,
it [the room] was rapt from thence.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 160.
Rapt in a chariot drawn by fiery steeds.
Milton, P. L., ill. 522.
2. To transport out of one's self; affect with
ecstasy or rapture ; carry away ; absorb ; en-
gross.
What, dear sir,
Thus raps you? Are you well?
Shale., Cymbeline, !. 6. 51.
I found thee weeping, and . . .
Am rapt with joy to see my Marcia's tears.
Addison, Cato, Iv. X.
Rapt into future times, the bard begun.
Pope, Messiah, 1. 7.
To rap and rend (originally to rape and ren : see rape'2),
to seize and strip ; fall on and plunder ; snatch by violence.
4960
All they riMilil ra^. nntl rt-mf, and pilfer,
To scraps and ends of gold and silver.
N. liiitler, Ilmlibras, II. ii. 789.
Kn >in foe and from friend
He 'd rap and he 'd rend, . . .
That Holy Church might have more to spend.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 206.
rap:! (rap), v. t. ; pret. and pp. rapped, ppr. rap-
pin;/. [Also rape ; prob. due in part to rap1, but
in part representing ME. repen, < AS. hrrpian,
touch, treat, = OFries. reppa, touch, move, =
MD. rcppen, move, = LG. reppeii, touch, move,
> G. rappen, scrape, = Icel. lireppa, catch,
obtain, = Sw. repa, scratch. Cf. ropc^.] To
scratch. HaUitcell. [Prov. Eng.]
rap4 (rap), n. [Perhaps a particular use of
rap1. There is nothing to connect the word
with MHG. G. rappe, a coin so called: see
' A counterfeit coin of bad metal which
passed current in Ireland for a half penny in the
reign of George I., before the issue of Wood's
halfpence. Its intrinsic value wag half a farthing.
Hence the phrases not worth a rap, to care not a rap, im-
plying something of no value.
It having been many years since copper halfpence or
farthings were last coined in this Kingdom, they have
been for some time very scarce, and many counterfeits
passed about under the name of raps.
Swift, Drapier's Letters, letter i.
They [his pockets] was turned out afore, and the devil
a rap 's left Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 76.
I don't care a rap where I go.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 201.
Rap halfpenny, a rap.
It is not of very great moment to me that I am now and
then imposed on by a rap halfpenny.
Bladcwood's Mag., XCVI. 392.
rap5!, «. A Middle English form of rope.
rap°t. A Middle English preterit of reap,
iri/elif.
rap7 (rap), ». [Origin obscure.] A lay or skein
of yarn containing 120 yards. K. H. Knight.
Rapaces (ra-pa'sez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. ra-
par, rapacious: see rapacious.} 1. In mam-
mal., the beasts of prey ; carnivorous quadru-
peds; the Carnivora, now called Fei-fe. Also
Rapacia. — 2. In oriiith., the birds of prey; rapa-
cious birds; the Accipitres or Raptores.
Rapacia (ra-pa'shi-a), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
Ij.rapax: see Rapacen.~] Rapacious mammals;
beasts of prey: synonymous with Rapaces, 1.
rapacious (ra-pa'shus), a. [= F. rapace = Pr.
rapats = Sp. rapaz = It. rapace, < L. rapax
(rapac-), rapacious, < rapere, seize : see rape'2.'}
1. Of a grasping habit or disposition; given
to seizing for plunder or the satisfaction of
greed, or obtaining wrongfully or by extor-
tion; predatory; extortionate: as, a rapacious
usurer ; specifically, of animals, subsisting by
capture of living prey ; raptorial ; predaceous :
as, rapacious birds or fishes.
What trench can intercept, what fort withstand
The brutal soldier's rude rapacious hand.
Rowe, tr. of Lucan's Pharsalia, vii.
A rapacious man he [Warren Hastings] certainly was not.
Had he been so, he would infallibly have returned to his
country the richest subject in Europe.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
2. Of a grasping nature or character; charac-
terized by rapacity; immoderately exacting;
extortionate: as, a rapacious disposition; ra-
pacious demands.
WeU may then thy Lord, appeased,
Redeem thee quite from Death's rapacious claim.
Milton, P. L., xi. 258.
There are two sorts of avarice ; the one is but of a bas-
tard kind, and that is the rapacious appetite of gain.
Cowley, Avarice.
= Syn. 1. Rapacious, Ravenous, Voracious. Rapacious, lit-
erally disposed to seize, may note, as the others do not, a
distinctive characteristic of certain classes of animals ;
the tiger is a rapacious animal, but often not ravenous
or voracious. Ravenous implies hunger of an extreme
sort, shown in eagerness to eat. Voracious means that
one eats or is disposed to eat a great deal, without refer-
ence to the degree of hunger : a glutton is voracious. Sam-
uel Johnson tended to be a voracious eater, because in his
early life he had often gone hungry till he was ravenous.
rapaciously (ra-pa'shus-li), adv. In a rapa-
cious manner ; by rapine ; by violent seizure.
rapaciousness (ra-pa'shus-nes), ». The char-
acter of being rapacious ; inclination to seize
violently or unjustly.
rapacity (ra-pas'i-ti), re. [< F. rapacite = Pr.
rapacitat = Sp. rapacidad = Pg. rapacidade =
It. rapacitd, < L. rapacita(t-)n, rapacity. < rnpar
(rapac-), rapacious: see rajiacious.] The char-
acter of being rapacious ; the exercise of a ra-
pacious or predaceous disposition; the act or
practice of seizing by force, as plunder or prey,
or of obtaining by extortion or chicanery, as
unjust gains: as, the rapacity of pirates, of
usurers, or of wild beasts.
rape
Our wild profusion, the source of insatiable rn/mrili/.
Bolintf broke, To Pope.
In the East the rapacity of monarchs has sometimes
gone to the extent of taking from cultivators so much of
their produce as to have afterwards to return part for seed.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 443.
rapadura (rap-a-do'ra), n. [Also ruppinliirn :
< Sp. Pg. rapadura, shavings or scrapings, <
rapar, shave, scrape, = F. rdper, OF. rasper,
scrape : see rasp1, «.] A coarse unclarified
sugar, made in Mexico and some parts of South
America, and cast in molds.
raparee, »• See rapparee.
Rapatea (ra-pa'te-a), n. [NL. (Aublet, 1775),
from a native name in Guiana.] A genus of
monocotyledonous plants, the type of the or-
der Kapateaccit. It is characterized by an ovary with
three cells and three ovules, six anthers each with a spi-
ral appendage, and numerous flowers in a globose head
with an involucre of two long leaf-like bracts dilated at
the base, and each flower provided with many closely
imbricated obtuse appressed bractlets. There are 6 or 6
species, natives of Guiana and northern Brazil. They
bear long and narrow radical leaves from a low or robust
rootstock, and flowers on a leafless scape, each with three
rigid and chaff-like erect sepals, and three broad and
spreading petals united below into a hyaline tube.
Rapateaceae (ra-pa-te-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL.
(Koernicke, 1871 ), < Rapatea + -«<«#.] An or-
der of monocotyledonous plants of the series
Coronariex, typified by the genus Rapatea. it is
characterized by regular flowers with three greenish se-
pals and three petals, six stamens with long anthers open-
ing by a pore, a three-celled ovary with few or solitary
anatropous ovules, and a lenticular embryo in farinaceous
albumen. It includes about 22 species, of 6 genera, once
classed among the rushes, and now placed between them
and the spiderworts. They are perennial herbs, natives
of Brazil, Guiana, and Venezuela, and are mostly robust
marsh-plants, with long radical tapering leaves, sessile
or petioled, and flowers on a naked scape, commonly In
dense involucrate heads resembling those of the Com-
positfe.
rape1! (rap), v. i. [< ME. rapen, < Icel. Itrapa,
fall, rush headlong, hurry, hasten, = Norw.
rapa, slip, fall, = Dan. rappe, make haste; cf.
MLG. reppen, hasten, hurry, G. ren. rappelii,
hasten, hurry. Cf. rape1, a. and »., also rape"2,
rap?, of which rape1 is in part a doublet.] To
make haste ; hasten ; hurry : often used reflex-
ively.
Pas fro my presens on payne of thi lytfe,
And rape of [from] my rewme in a rad haste,
Or thou shall lelly be lost and thou leng oghter.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1898.
" For I may noujt lette," quod that leode, and lyarde he
bistrydeth,
And raped hym to-Iherusalem-ward the rigte waye to ryde.
Piers Plowman (B), xvii. 79.
rape1! (rap), n. [ME., < rape1, r.] Haste; pre-
cipitancy; a precipitate course.
Row forthe in a rape right to the banke,
Tit vnto Troy, tary no lengur.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5633.
So oft a day I mote thy werke renewe,
It to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape ;
And al is thorgh thy necligence and rape.
Chaucer, Scrivener, 1. 7.
rape1! (rap), a. [< ME. rape = D. rap, < Sw.
Norw. rapp = Dan. rap, quick, brisk: see rape1,
r.] Quick; hasty.
Than byspak his brother, that rape was of rees.
Tale of Oamelyn,
[ME., < rape1, a.]
101.
Quickly ;
rape1! (rap), adv.
hastily.
I sey and swere hym ful rape.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6516.
rape2 (rap), i>. ; pret. and pp. raped, ppr. raping.
[< ME. rapen (= MD. rapen, raepen, D. rapen,
gather, = MLG. LG. rapen, snatch, seize, =
Norw. rapa, tear off), a var. of rappen, seize:
see raifi. This verb has been partly confused
with L. rapere, seize, whence ult. E. rapid,
rapine, rapacious, rapt2, etc. : see rap2, rapt1,
rapt'2, etc.] I. intrana. 1+. To seize and carry
off; snatch up; seize; steal.
Ravenows fiches han sum mesure ; whanne the! hungren
thei rapyn; whanne thei ben ful they sparyn.
WimbcUon's Sermon, 1388, MS. Hatton 57,p. 16. (Halliimll.)
2. To commit the crime of rape.
There 's nothing new, Menippus ; as before,
They rape, extort, forswear.
Heytvood, Hierarchy of Angels (1635X p. 349. (Latham.)
II. trans. 1. To carry off violently; hence,
figuratively, to enrapture; ravish.
To rape the fields with touches of her string.
Drayton, Eclogues, v.
My son, I hope, hath met within my threshold
None of these household precedents, which are strong,
And swift to rape youth to their precipice.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, ii. 3.
2. To commit rape upon ; ravish To rape and
rent, to seize and plunder. Compare to rap and rend,
under rap2.
rape
KIT, though ye loke never so brode anil stare,
Ye shul imt winne a niyte in thiit rhaltai-e.
But wasten al tliat ye may rape t»ul n'm"'.
t'liiiucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 411.
rape- (rap), n. \<. rape'*, t'.] 1. The act of
snatching by force ; a seizing and carrying away
by force or violence, whether of persons or
things; violent seizure aud carrying away: as,
the rape of Proserpine; the rape of the Sabine
women ; Pope's ''Rape of the Lock."
Death is enu'll, suffering none escape ;
Olde, young, rich, poore, of all he makes his rape.
Times' Whittle (E. E. T. S.), p. 128.
Pear grew after pear,
Fig after tig came ; time made never rape
Of any dainty there. Chapman, Odyssey.
2. Ill law, the violation or carnal knowledge of
a woman forcibly and against her will. Forcibly
is usually understood not necessarily to mean violence,
hut to include negative consent. Statutes in various juris-
dictions modify the definition, some by extending it to in-
clude carnal knowledge of a girl under 10 either with or
without her consent. Rape is regarded as one of the worst
felonies. The penalty for it was formerly death, as it is
still in some jurisdictions, but is now generally imprison-
ment for life or for a long term of years. It is now often
called criminal asffaidt.
3. Something taken or seized and carried away;
a captured person or thing. [Rare.]
Where now are all my hopes? oh, never more
Shall they revive, nor Death her rapes restore !
Sandys.
Rape of the forest, in /•;////. law, trespass committed in
the forest by violence.
rape3 (rap), n. [< Icel. hreppr, a district, prob.
orig. ' share ' or ' allotment, ' < Icel.hreppa, catch,
obtain, = AS. hrepian, hreppan, touch : see
rap3.] A division of the county of Sussex,
in England, intermediate between a hundred
and the shire. The county is divided into six
rapes.
The Rape ... is ... a mere geographical expression,
the judicial organisation remaining in the hundred.
Stubbs, Const. Hist, §45.
rape4 (rap), n. [< ME. rape, also rave, < OF.
*rape, also rabe, later rave, F. dial, retire, rei-e,
rabe, rova = Pr. Sp. raba, rape, turnip (cf.
Pg. rabSo, horse-radish), = D. raap = OHG.
raba, MHG. rabe, rape, rappe, rape, turnip, G.
rapps, rape-seed, = LG. raap, rape; akin to
OHG. ruoba, ruoppa, MHG. ruobe, riiebe, G.
rube, rape, turnip, etc., = LG. rove, rowe =
Dan. roe = Sw. rofua, turnip ; cf. OBulg. riepa
= Serv. repa = Bohem. rzhepa = Pol. rzepa =
Buss, riepa = Lith. rope, rape = Albanian repe,
a turnip, < L. rapa, also rapum, a turnip, rape,
= Gr. fraKve, fMijivf, turnip; cf. Gr. fmifiavif, fxujtan/,
a radish; fm<j>avof, a cabbage; root unknown.]
If. A turnip. Halliivell. — 2. The colza, cole-
seed, or rape-seed, a cruciferous plant includ-
ing the BrasKica campestris and B. Napus of
Linnffius, the latter form now considered to be
a variety, together with the common turnip, of
B. campestris, which occurs in a wild state as a
weed throughout Europe and Asiatic Russia.
Of the two forms named, the former, sometimes called
summer rape, has rough leaves, and the latter, called
winter rape, smooth leaves. Rape is extensively grown in
Europe and in India for its oleaginous seeds, the source
of rape-oil. It is also sown for its leaves, which are used
aa food for sheep, and are produced in gardens for use as
a salad.
rape5 (rap), n. [< ME. rape = MHG. rappe,
rape, G. rapp, a stalk of grapes, < OF. rape, F.
rdpe = Pr. raspa = It. raspo, a stem or stalk
of grapes.] 1. The stem or stalk of grapes.
Til grapes to the presse beo set
Ther renneth no red wyn in rape.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.X p. 135.
2. pi. The stalks and skins of grapes from
which the must has been expressed. E. H.
Knight. — 3. Loose or refuse grapes used in
wine-making.
The juice of grapes is drawn as well from the rape, or
whole grapes plucked from the cluster, and wine poured
upon them in a vessel, as from a vat, where they are
bruised. Ray.
4. A filter used in a vinegar-manufactory to
separate the mucilaginous matter from the vin-
egar. It derives its name from being charged
with rapes. E. S. Knight.
rape8 (rap), v. t. ; pret. and pp. raped, ppr. rap-
ing. [Prob. a var. of raps, perhaps affected
by F. mpcr (= Sp. Pg. rapar), rasp: see rasp1."}
To scratch ; abrade ; scarify. [Prov. Eng.]
Interesting reading; wasn't it? I wish they'd rape the
character of some other innocent — ha !
The Money-makers, p. 78.
rape7 (rap), ». An obsolete or dialectal form
of rope.
rape-butterfly (rap'but"er-fli), it. A pierian,
1'irrin ni/ife, known in the United States as the
312
4961
imported cabbage-butterfly, to distinguish it from
several similar native species. See cut under
oabbage-butterfly, and compare figures under
I'ii-ris. [Bug.]
rape-cake (rap'kak), w. A hard cake formed of
the residue of the seed and husks of rape (see
ra]>i4) after the oil has been expressed. It is
used for feeding oxen and sheep, but is inferior to linseed-
cake and some other kinds of oil-cakes ; it is also used in
considerable quantity as a rich manure.
rapefult (rap'ful), a. [< rope2 + -ful.~\ Given
to rape or violence. [Rare.]
To teach the rapefvl Hyeans marriage.
Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, iv. 1. (Nares.)
ra]
pi
riedly; quickly ;~rapidly.
Then seih we a Samaritan cam syttynge on a mule,
Rydynge full raply the way that we wente.
Piers Plowman (C), xx. 48.
Upsterte the champioun rapely anon.
Tale of Gamelyn, 1. 219.
rape-oil (rap'oil), n. A thick brownish-yellow
oil expressed from rape-seed. It was formerly, as
in India still, applied chiefly to illumination, but is now
largely consumed for lubricating and in india-rubber
manufacturing. Also called cabbage-oil, calm-oil, rape-
ipelyt (rap'li), adv. [ME., also raply, rap-
pliche, etc. ; < rape1, a., + -ly2.] Hastily; hur-
rape-seed (rap'sed), re. The seed of the rape,
or the plant itself; cole-seed — Rape-seed oil.
Same as rape-oil.
rape-wine (rap'wln), «. A poor thin wine pre-
pared from the murk or stalks, skins, and other
refuse of grapes which have been pressed.
rap-full (rap'ful), a. and ». [< rapi + /««!.]
I. a. Full of wind : applied to sails when on a
wind every sail stands full without lifting.
II. ». A'sailfullof wind: also called a smooth
full.
rapfullyt (rap'ful-i), adv. With beating or
striking; with resounding blows ; batteringly.
[Rare.]
Then far of vplandish we doe view thee flrd Sicil JStna,
And a seabelch gronnting on rough rocks rapfvlye trap-
ping. Stanihurst, JEaeid, iii.
Raphaelesque (raf'a-el-esk'), a. [Also Saf-
faelesqne; < Raphael (It. Raffaello), a chief
painter of the Italian Renaissance (see Raph-
aelism), + -esque.'] Of or resembling the style,
color, or art of the great Renaissance painter
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino).
A strange opulence of splendour, characterisable as
half-legitimate half-meretricious — a splendour hovering
between the ra/aelegque and the japannish.
Carlyle, Sterling, i. 6.
Raphaelism (raf 'a-el-izm), «. [< Raphael (see
def.) + -ism.] The principles of art introduced
by Raphael, the famous Italian painter (1483-
1520) ; the style or method of Raphael.
Raphaelite (raf'a-el-it), n. [< Raphael + -ite"2:
see Raphaelism.^ One who adopts the princi-
ples or follows the style of the painter Raphael.
Raphaelitism (raf'a-el-i-tizm), n. [< Raphael-
ite + -ism.'] The principles or methods of the
Raphaelites ; pursuit of or adherence to the
style of the painter Raphael.
Raphaneae (ra-fa'ne-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. P. de
Candolle, 1821), < Raphanus 4- -ete."\ A tribe of
polypetalous plants of the order Cruciferx. It
is characterized by an elongated unjointed indehiscent
pod, which is a cylindrical or moniliform one-celled and
many-seeded silique, or is divided into many small one-
seeded cells (in one or two rows), which at length fall
apart. It includes 9 genera, of which Raphanus is the
type, all of them plants of the Old World, and chiefly
Asiatic.
Raphanus (raf'a-nus), it. [NL. (Tournefort,
1700), < L. rapKanus, < Gr. /M^arof, cabbage,
radish, ^a^aw'f, radish, akin to JMWVS, ftdtive,
turnip, L. rapa, rapum, turnip: see rape*.]
A genus of cruciferous plants, including the
radish, type of the tribe Raphanese. it is charac-
terized by globose seeds, solitary in the single row of cells
formed by constrictions of the pods, which are closed by a
pithy substance or sometimes remain continuous through-
out. The 6 species are natives of Europe and temperate
parts of Asia, and are branching annuals or biennials, with
fleshy roots, lyrate lower leaves, and elongated bractless
racemes of sfender-pediceled white or yellow purplish-
veined flowers, followed by erect spreading, thick, and
corky or spongy pods. Some species (genus Raphanigtrum,
Tournefort, 1700) have a short seedless joint below, forming
a stalk to the long inflated necklace-like cell which com-
poses the rest of the pod, as R. Landro^, a yellow -flowered
Italian weed with large radical leaves, eaten as a salad, and
R. Raphanwtrum, a coarse weed, the wild or field radish.
See radish.
raphe (ra'fe), «. [NL., prop, rhaphe; < Gr.
a seam, suture, < /timretv, sew: see
1. In bot.: (a) In an anatropousoramphitropous
(hemitropous) ovule or seed, the adnate cord
which connects the hilum with the chalaza,
commonly appearing as a more or less salient
ridge, sometimes completely embedded in a
raphigraph
fleshy testa of the seed. See cuts under tiHiit-
I-II/IIII/K and lii-iii itropous. (b) A longitudinal line
or rib on the valves of many diatoms, connect-
ing the three nodules when present. (See rtod-
ii I/-.) The usual primary classification of gen-
era depends upon its presence or absence. —
2. In anat., a seam-like union of two lateral
halves, usually in the mesial plane, and consti-
tuting either a median septum of connective
tissue or a longitudinal ridge or furrow ; specif-
ically, in the brain, the median lamina of de-
cussating fibers which extends in the tegraen-
tal region from the oblongata up to the third
ventricle — Raphe of the corpus callosum, a longi-
tudinal furrow on the median line of its dorsal surface,
bounded by the mesial longitudinal striae. — Raphe Of
the medulla oblongata, the median septum, composed
of fibers which run In part dorsoventrally, in part lon-
gitudinally, and in part across the septum more or less
obliquely, together with nerve-cells — Raphe of the
palate, a linear median ridge extending from a small
papilla in front, corresponding with the inferior opening
of the anterior palatine foramen, back to the uvula. —
Raphe of the penis, the extension of the raphe of the
scrotum forward on the under side of the penis.— Raphe
of the perineum, the extension of the raphe of the scro-
tum backward on the perineum. — Raphe of the phar-
ynx, the median seam on the posterior wall of the phar-
ynx.—Raphe of the scrotum, a slight median ridge ex-
tending forward to the under side of the penis, and back-
ward along the perineum to the margin of the anus. —
Raphe of the tongue, a slight furrow along the middle
of the dorsal surface, terminating posteriorly in the fora-
men ccecum.
Raphia (ra'fi-a), H. [NL. (Palisot de Beauvois,
1804), < raffia, the native name of the Madagascar
species.] A genus of palms of the tribe Lepi-
docaryese, type of the subtribe Raphieie (which
is distinguished from the true ratan-palms,
Calamese, by a completely three-celled ovary).
It Is characterized by pinnately divided leaves crown-
ing an erect and robust trunk, and by a fruit which be-
comes one-celled, is
beaked with the
three terminal stig-
mas, and has a thick
pericarp tessellated
with overlapping
scales, spongy with-
in and containing a
single oblong fur-
rowed seed with
very hard osseous
albumen. There are
5 species, natives of
tropical Africa and
Madagascar, with
one, R. tfedigera,
the jupati - palm
(which see), native
in America from the
mouths of the Ama-
zon to Nicaragua.
All inhabit low
swampy lands and
banks near tide- wa-
ter. Their trunks
are unarmed and of
little height, but
their leaves are
spiny and often
over 50 feet in
length, the entire
tree becoming thus
60 or 70 feet in
height to their erect tips. The large pendulous flower-
spikes reach 6 feet in length, contain flowers of both sexes,
and have their numerous branches set in two opposite rows,
their flower-bearing branchlets resembling flattened cat-
kins. In fruit the spike sometimes becomes 15 feet long,
and weighs 200 or even 800 pounds, bearing numerous egg-
like brown and hard fruits often used as ornaments. R.
R-uffia, which produces the largest spadices, is known as
the raffia-palm. (See raffia.) R. vinifera supplies the tod-
dy of western tropical Africa, and its leafstalks are used
in various ways.
raphides, ». Plural of raphix.
Raphidia (ra-fid'i-a), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1748),
<Gr. /xz0<f (pa^i6-), a needle, a pin: see raphis.]
A notable genus of neuropterous insects, of the
family Sialidse or giving name to the family Ra-
phidiidx. The prothorax is cylindrical, and the wings
are furnished with a pterostigma. The larvie differ from
all other Sialidfe in not being aquatic ; they live under
bark. The genus is represented in North America only
on the Pacific coast, although common in Europe.
raphidian (ra-fid'i-au), a. 1. In bot., of the
nature of or containing raphides: as, raphidian
cells in a plant.— 2. In zool., of or pertaining
to the genus Raphidia.
raphidiferOUS (raf-i-dif'e-rus), «. [< Gr. /Mifiif
(fra<t>i<5-), a needle, pin, +'L. J'erre, bear, carry.]
In bot., containing raphides.
Raphidiidae (raf-i-dl'i-de), n. pi. [NL. (Leach,
1824), < Raphidia + -idx.~] A family of neu-
ropterous insects: now merged in the Sinlidee.
raphigraph (raf'i-graf), ». [< Gr. fxupif, a nee-
dle, pin, + ypdipeiv, write.] A machine intend-
ed to provide a means of communication with
the blind, by the use of characters made by
pricking paper with ten needle-pointed pegs,
Raphia vinifera.
raphigraph
actuated by a keyboard, and operating in con-
junction with mechanism for shifting the paper.
s The machine has proved practically valueless from its com-
plication and its extreme slowness of operation, resulting
from the requisite number of motions.
raphis (ra'fis), n. ; pi. raptiides (raf 'i-dez). [NL. ,
< Gr. /xupit;, />a7r/f, a needle, pin, < frairretv, sew,
stitch. Cf. raplie.] In bot., one of the acicular
crystals, most often composed of oxalate of lime,
which occur in bundles in the cells of many
plants. The term has less properly been used to include
crystals of other forms found in the same situations. Also
rhaphig.
rapid (rap'id), a. and n. [I. a. F. rapide (OF.
vernacularly rade, ra) = Sp. rapido = Pg. It.
rapido, swift, < L. rapidus, snatching, tearing,
usually hasty, swift, lit. 'quick, '< rapere, snatch,
akin to Gr. apTra(,uv, seize (see harpy): see rap2,
rape2. II. n. F. rapide. a swift current in a
stream, pi. rapides, rapids; from the adj.] I.
a. 1. Moving or doing swiftly or with celer-
ity; acting or performing with speed; quick in
motion or execution : as, a rapid horse ; a rapid
worker or speaker.
Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal
With rapid wheels. Milton, F. L., ii. 632.
Be flx'd, you rapid orbs, that bear
The changing seasons of the year.
Carew, Coelum Britannicum, iv.
Against his Will, you chain your frighted King
On rapid Rhine's divided Bed.
Prior, Imit. of Horace, ill. 2.
2. Swiftly advancing; going on or forward at
a fast rate ; making quick progress : as, rapid
growth; rapid improvement; a rapid conflagra-
tion.
The rapid decline which is now wasting my powers.
Farrar, Julian Home, xiv.
3. Marked by swiftness of motion or action;
proceeding or performed with velocity; exe-
cuted speedily.
My father's eloquence was too rapid to stay for any
man ; — away it went. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, v. 3.
Thus inconsiderately, but not the less maliciously, Old-
mixon filled his rapid page.
/. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 416.
It pleased me to watch the curious effect of the rapid
movement of near objects contrasted with the slow mo-
tion of distant ones. 0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 20.
4. Gay. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] =8yn. 1-3. Fast,
Ili-rt, expeditious, hasty, hurried.
II. ». A swift current in a river, where the
channel is descending; a part of a river where
the current runs with more than its ordinary
celerity ; a sudden descent of the surface of a
stream, more or less broken by obstructions,
but without actual cataract or cascade : usually
in the plural.
No truer Time himself
Can prove you, tho' he make you evermore
Dearer and nearer, as the rapid of life
Shoots to the fall. Tennyson, A Dedication.
The rapids above are a series of shelves, bristling with
jutting rocks and lodged trunks of trees.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 310.
rapidamente (ra-pe-da-men'te), adv. [It.,< ra-
pido, rapid: see rapid.'] In music, rapidly; in
a rapid manner.
rapidity (ra-pid'i-ti), n. [< F. rapidite(ef. Sp.
Pg. rapidez) = It. rapiditA, < L. rapidita(t-)s, ra-
pidity, swiftness, < rapidus, rapid: see rapid.']
The state orproperty of being rapid; celerity of
motion or action; quickness of performance or
execution; fast rate of progress or advance.
Where the words are not monosyllables, we make them
so by our rapidity of pronunciation. Addition.
The undulations are present beyond the red and violet
ends of the spectrum, for we have made them sensible
through their actions on other reagents, and have mea-
sured their rapidities.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, n. 20&
= Syn. Speed, Swiftness, etc. (see quickness), haste, expedi-
tion, despatch.
rapidly (ran'id-li), adv. In a rapid manner;
swiftly ; quickly ; at a fast rate.
rapidness (rap'id-nes), n. The condition of
being rapid, or of acting or proceeding rapidly;
rapidity.
rapido (rap'i-do), adv. [It.: see rapid.'] In
music, with rapidity or agility: commonly ap-
plied to a running passage.
rapier (ra'pier), n. [= D. rapier, rappier = LG.
rapier = G. rappier = 8w. Dan. rapier, < OF. ra-
piere, raspiere,!?. rapiere, F. dial, raipeire (ML.
rapperia), a rapier; prpb., as the form raspiere
and various allusions indicate, of Spanish ori-
gin, a name given orig. in contempt, as if ' a
poker,' < Sp. raspadera, a raker, < raspar, rapar
= Pg. rapar = OF. rasper, F. rdper, scrape,
scratch, rasp, < OHG. raspon, rasp, etc. : see
rasp1.'] 1. A long, narrow, pointed, two-edged
4962
sword, used, especially in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, with a guard for the
hand, adapted for both cutting and thrusting,
but used chieflv for thrusting. Rapier practice
was usually with a dagger or hand-buckler held in the left
hand to parry the thrust. See cut under sword.
And I will turn thy falsehood to thy heart,
Where it was forged, with my rapier's point.
Skat., Rich, n., iv. 1. 40.
Who had girt vnto them a Rapyer and Dagger, gilt, point
pendante. Greene, Quip for an Upstart Courtier.
Some . . . will not sticke to call Hercules himselfe a
dastard, because forsooth he fought with a club and not
at the rapyer and dagger.
Sir J. Harington, tr. of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso.
The offense . . . caused her Majesty [Queen Elizabeth]
to ... place selected grave citizens at every gate to cut
the ruffes and break the rapiers' points of all passengers
that exceeded a yard in length of their rapiers.
Stowe, quoted in Encyc. Brit., IX. 70.
2. In later English usage, a fencing-sword used
only for thrusting.
By a rapier is now always meant a sword for the thrust,
in contradistinction to one adapted for cutting.
Encyc. Brit., IX. 70.
rapier-dancet (ra'pier-dans), n. A dance for-
merly practised in Yorkshire, England, by men
in costume who represented ancient heroes and
flourished rapiers, ending with a mock execu-
tion of one of their number by uniting their
rapiers round his neck. See sword-dance. Hal-
liiretl.
rapier-fish (ra'pier-fish), n. A sword-fish.
rapillo (ra-pil'6), n. [< F. rapille (Cotgrave) =
It. rapillo, dross and ashes from a volcano, a
kind of sand used in making mortar.] Pulver-
ized volcanic substances.
rapine (rap'in), n. [Early mod. E. also rapin;
< OF. rapine, F. rapine = Pr. rapina = Sp. rapitta
= Pg. It. rapina, < L. rapina, rapine, plunder,
robbery, < rapere, seize : see rapid, rape%. Cf.
rai'ine*, raven%, from the same source.] 1. The
violent seizure and carrying off of property;
open plunder by armed or superior force, as in
war or by invasion or raid.
They lived therefore mostly by rapin, pillaging their
Neighbours, who were more addicted to trafnck than fight-
ing. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 107.
Plunder and rapine completed the devastations which
war had begun. /;/.. Atteroury, Sermons, II. riii.
2f. Violence; force; ravishment.
Her graceful innocence, her every air
Of gesture, or least action, overawed
His malice, and with rapine sweet bereaved
His fierceness of the fierce intent it brought.
Milton, F. L, Ix. 461.
= Syn. 1. Plunder, spoliation, robbery, depredation. See
pillage.
rapinet (rap'in), v. t. [< F. rapiner, rapine,
plunder; from the noun. Cf. raven?, r., from
the same source.] To plunder violently or by
superior force.
A Tyrant doth not only rapine his Subjects, but spoils
and robs Churches. Sir 0. Buck, Hist. Richard III., v.
raping (ra'ping),4>. a. [Ppr. of rape?, v.] 1. In
her., devouring or tearing its prey: said of any
carnivorous beast used as a bearing, it is neces-
sary to mention the position of the creature, as rampant,
etc., and also the nature of the prey.
2. Eavishing.
Or had the Syrens, on a neighbour shore,
Heard in what raping notes she did deplore
Her buried glory. W. Browne, Pastorals, i. 5.
rapinpust (rap'i-nus), a. [= It. rapinoso, < ML.
"rapinosus, < L. rapina, rapine : see rapine. Cf .
ravenous, a doublet of rapinous.] Committing
or characterized by rapine ; rapacious.
All the close shrouds too, for his rapinota deedes
In all the caue, he knew.
Chapman, Homeric Hymn to Hermes.
raplach (rap'lach), n. Same as raploch.
raploch, raplock (rap 'loch, -lok), n. and a.
[Also raplach, raplack; origin obscure.] I. n.
Coarse woolen cloth, made from the worst kind
of wool, homespun, and not dyed. '[Scotch
and North. Eng.]
II. a. Unkempt; rough; coarse. [Scotch.]
My Muse, poor hizzie !
Tho' rough an' raploch be her measure,
She *s seldom lazy.
Burns, Second Epistle to Davie.
raplyt (rap'li), adv. See rapely.
rappt, r. t. An obsolete form of rap2.
rappadura, n. See rapadura.
rapparee, raparee (rap-a-re'), n. [< Ir. ra-
paire, a noisy fellow, sloven, robber, thief, =
Gael, repair, noisy fellow ; cf . Ir. rapal, noise ;
rapaeh, noisy: see rabble'1.'] An armed Irish
plunderer; in general, a vagabond.
Obverse. Reverse.
Rappen of Billon, 1803; British Mu-
seum. (Size of original)
rapprochement
The frequent robberies, murders, and other notorious
felonies committed by robbers, rapparees, and tories, upon
their keeping, hath greatly discouraged the replanting of
this kingdom.
Laws of Will. III. (1695), quoted in Ribton-Turner's Va-
[grants and Vagrancy, p. 396.
The Irish formed themselves into many bodies . . .
called rapparees. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1690.
The confiscations left behind them many "wood kerns,"
or, as they were afterwards called, rapparees, who were
active in agrarian outrage, and a vagrant, homeless, half-
savage population of beggars.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., vi.
rappet, v. A Middle English form of rap1,
rap2, etc.
rappee (ra-pe'), n. [= G. rapee, rappeli = Dan.
rupee, < F. rdpe, a kind of snuff, < rape, pp. of
roper, rasp, scrape, grate : see rasp1.'] A strong
kind of snuff, coarser than maccouba, of either
a black or a brown color, made from the darker
and ranker kinds of tobacco-leaves.
In early times the duly sauced and fermented leaves
were made up into "carottes"— tightly tied up spindle-
formed bundles, from the end of which the snuffer, by means
of a "snuff rasp," rasped off his own supply, and hence the
name "rapd," which we have still as rappee, to indicatea
particular class of snuff. Encyc. Brit., XXin. 427.
rappel (ra-pel'), n. [< F. rappel, OF. rapiel
(ML. rapellum), verbal n. of rapeler, F. rap-
peler, repeal, revoke: see repeal.] 1. The roll
or beat of the drum to call soldiers to arms. —
2. An ancient musical instrument, still used
in Egypt, consisting of a ring to which are
attached small bells or metal plates, forming a
sort of rattle.
rappen (rap 'en), n.\ pi. rappen. [Swiss G.
rappen, a coin of Basel, of small value, bearing
the impress of a raven, < MHG. rappe, a coin
first struck at Frei-
burg in Baden, with
the head of a bird on
it representing the
Freiburg coat of
arms, < rappe, a col-
lateral form of robe
= E. raven: see ra-
ven1.] A Swiss coin
and denomination of money. At the present day
the rappen is equivalent to a centime : thus, 100 rappen
(equal to 100 centimes) make 1 franc.
rapper (rap'er), n. [< rap1 + -er1.] 1. One
who raps or knocks ; specifically, a spirit-rap-
per.— 2. The knocker of a door. [Rare.] — 3.
In coal-mining, a lever with a hammer attached
at one end, placed at the mouth of a shaft or
incline for giving signals to the banksman, by
rapping on an iron plate. — 4. An extravagant
oath or lie; a "whopper." See to rap out (a),
under rap1, v. t. [Prov. Eng.]
Bravely sworn t though this is no flower of the sun, yet
I am sure it is something that deserves to be called a
rapper.
Bp. Parker, Reproof of Rehearsal Transposed, p. 200.
rapping (rap'ing), n. [Verbal n. of rap1, ».]
The production of sound by a rap ; specifically,
the sound of significant raps or knocks sup-
posed to be produced by spirits through the
instrumentality of mediums or spirit-rappers;
spirit-rapping.
rapping (rap'ing), a. [Ppr. of rap1, «.] Re-
markably large; of striking or astonishing
size; "whopping." [Prov. Eng.]
Rappist (rap'ist), «. [< Rapp, name of the
founder (see Harmonist, 4), + -ist.~] Same as
Harmonist, 4.
Rappite (rap'It), n. [< Rapp (see Rappist) +
-4te*.~] Same as Harmonist, 4.
rapport (ra-port'), v. i. [< F. rapporter, relate,
refer: see report, v.] To have relation or
reference; relate; refer. [Rare.]
When God hath imprinted an authority upon a person,
. . . others are to pay the duty which that impression
demands ; which duty, because it rapports to God, and
touches not the man, . . . extinguishes all pretences of
opinion and pride. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 142.
rapport (ra-por'), n. [F. rapport, OF. raport,
account, also resemblance, correspondence,
accord, agreement, = Pg. raporte = It. rap-
porto, report, relation: see report, n.] 1.
Harmonious relation ; correspondence ; accord
or agreement; affinity; analogy: used as a
French word, often in the phrase en rapport,
in or into close relation, accord, or harmony.
It is obvious enough what rapport there is, and must
ever be, between the thoughts and words, the conceptions
and languages of every country.
Sir W. Temple, Anc. and Mod. Learning.
2. In French law, a report on a case, or on a
subject submitted ; a return,
rapprochement (ra-pr6sh'mon),». [F., reunion,
reconciliation, < rapprociier, approach again, <
or
rapprochement
re-, back, + approcher, approach : see approach.]
A coming or bringing together or into accord;
establishment of harmonious relations ; recon-
ciliation.
The present rapprochement between the Turk and the
Muscovite. The Academy, Dec. 15, 1888, p. 379.
He [Lewes] here seeks to effect a rapprochetnent between
metaphysic and science. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 491.
rapscallion (rap-skal'yon), n. [A modified form
of rascalUon.~\ A rascally, disorderly, or despi-
cable person ; a wretch or vagabond ; a rascal-
lion.
Well, rapscallions ! and what now !
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 87.
There isn't any low, friendless rapscallion in this town
that hasn't got me for his friend.
Howellg, Annie Kilburn, xi.
rapscallionry (rap-skal'you-ri), n. [< rapscal-
lion + -ry.] Rascals collectively. [Bare.]
rapt1 (rapt). A preterit and past participle of
rap1.
rapt2 (rapt), p. a. [Early mod. E. spelling of
rapped, pp. of rapt, confused with L. raptus,
pp. of rapere, seize: see rap2, and cf. rapt3.']
Seized with ecstasy; transported; exalted;
ecstatic ; in a state of rapture.
More dances my rapt heart
Than when I first my wedded mistress saw
Bestride my threshold. Shak., Cor., iv. 6. 122.
Looks commercing with the skies,
Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes.
Millon, II Penseroso, I. 40.
Their faces wore a rapt expression, as if sweet music
were in the air around them.
Hawthorne, Hall of Fantasy.
rapt3t (rapt), v. t. [< L. raptare, seize and
carry off, freq. of rapere, pp. raptus, seize : see
rapt2, and cf. rap2, rape2.] 1. To seize or
grasp ; seize and carry off ; ravish.
The Lybian lion, . . .
Out-rushing from his den, rapts all away.
Daniel, Civil Wars, vii. 97.
We are a man distinct . . .
From those whom custom rapteth in her press.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
2. To transport as with ecstasy; enrapture.
So those that dwell in me, and live by frugal toil,
When they in my defence are reasoning of my soil,
As rapted with my wealth and beauties, learned grow.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. 411.
rapt3t (rapt), n. [< F. rapt, OF. rat, rap = Pr.
rap = Sp. Pg. rapto = It. ratto, < L. raptus, a
seizure, plundering, abduction, rape, ML. also
forcible violation, < rapere, pp. raptus, seize,
snatch: see rapt2, a., and cf. rapture.] 1.
Transporting force or energy; resistless move-
ment.
And therefore in this Encyclopedic and round of know-
ledge, like the great and exemplary wheels of heaven, we
must observe two circles : that while we are daily carried
about, and whirled on by the swing and rapt of the one,
we may maintain a natural proper course in the slow and
sober wheel of the other. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Pref.
2. An ecstasy; a trance.
Dissimulyng traunces and raptes.
Ball, Hen. VIII., an. 25.
He seemeth to lye as thoughe he were in great payne or
in a rapte, wonderfully tormentynge hym selfe.
R. Eden, tr. of Gonzalus Oviedus (First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 215).
An extraordinary rapt and act of prophesying.
Bp. Morton, Discharge of Imput. (1633), p. 174.
Raptatores (rap-ta-to'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of
raptator, < L. raptare, seize and carry off,
waste, ravage, plunder: see rapt2, rapfi.] In
ornith., same as Eaptores. Illiger, 1811.
Raptatoria (rap-ta-to'ri-a), n. pi. [NL. : see
Baptatores.] In entom., same &s Raptoria.
raptatorial (rap-ta-to'ri-al), «. [< raptatory
+ -al.] Same as raptorial.
raptatory (rap'ta-to-ri), a. [< NL. "raptatorius,
< raptator, a robber, plunderer : see Baptatores.]
In entom., formed for seizing prey; raptorial.
raptert (rap'ter), n. Same as raptor, 1.
raptor (rap'tor), n. [= Sp. Pg. raptor = It.
rattore, < L. 'raptor, robber, plunderer, abduc-
tor, < rapere, pp. raptus, seize, carry off: see
rapt2, rapt3.] If. Aravisher; a plunderer.
To have her harmless life by the lewd rapter spilt.
Drayton, Polyolbion, x. 149.
2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of coleopterous in-
sects.
Raptores (rap-to'rez), «. pi. [NL., pi. of L.
raptor, robber, plunderer: see raptor,] An
order of Aves, the Accipitres of Linneeus, the
Baptatores, Bapaces, or Aetomorplise of some
authors ; the raptorial or rapacious birds ; the
birds of prey. They have an epignathous cered beak,
and talons generally fitted for grasping live prey. The
bill is hooked and often also toothed. The toes are four,
three in front and one behind, with large crooked claws ;
4963
the outer toe is sometimes versatile. The plumage is
aftershafted or not ; the oil-gland is present and usually
tufted. The carotids are two ; the syrinx has not more
than one pair of intrinsic muscles. Cceca are present
(except in Cathartid&). The maxillopalatines are united
to an ossified septum ; the angle of the mandible is not
recurved. The Raptores are found in every part of the
world. There are upward of 500 species, mostly belong-
Raptorcs.
I, head and foot of golden eagle (Aqnila chrysattos); a, head
and foot of gerfalcon (Fctlco gyrfalco).
ing to the two families Falconidee and Strigidse. The
Raptores are divided into 4 suborders or superfamilies :
(1) the African Oypogeranides ; (2) the American Cathar-
tides; (3) the cosmopolitan diurnal birds of prey, Acci-
pitres ; and (4) the cosmopolitan nocturnal birds of prey,
the owls, Striges.
Baptoria (rap-to'ri-a), n.pl. [NL., < L. raptor,
robber: see Baptores.] In entom., in West-
wood's system (1839), a division of orthopterous
insects; the Mantidse (which see). Westwood's
Raptoria were a part of Latreille's Cursoria, the rest of
which Westwood called Ambulatoria and Cursoria. Also
Raptatoria.
raptorial (rap-to'ri-al), a. and n. [< raptori-ous
+ -al.] I. a. 1. Rapacious; predatory; preying
upon animals ; of or pertaining to the Eaptores
or Raptoria. — 2. Fitted for seizing and hold-
ing; prehensile: as, the raptorial beak or claws
of birds ; the raptorial palps of insects — Rap-
torial legs, in entom., legs in which the tibia? and tarsi
turn back on the femur, often fitting into it like the blade
of a pocket-knife into a handle ; the tibia) may also be
armed with teeth or spines, thus forming very powerful
seizing-organs. This type is found only in the front legs,
and it is most fully developed in the Mantidee. See cut
under Mantis.
II. n. A bird of prey ; a member of the Bap-
tores.
raptorious (rap-to'ri-us), a. [< NL. *raptorius,
< L. raptor, a robber, plunderer: see raptor.]
In entom., same as raptorial. Kirby. [Bare.]
rapture (rap'tur), n. [< rapfl- + -lire.] If. A
violent taking and carrying away; seizure;
forcible removal.
Spite of all the rapture of the sea,
This jewel holds his building on my arm.
Shale., Pericles, ii. 1. 161.
When St. Paul had his rapture into heaven, he saw fine
things. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 131.
2. Violent transporting movement; a rapid
carrying or going along; moving energy.
Wave rolling after wave, where way they found ;
If steep, with torrent rapture; if through plain,
Soft ebbing. Milton, P. L., vii. 299.
With the rapture of great winds to blow
About earth s shaken coignes.
Lowell, Agassiz, vi. 1.
3. A state of mental transport or exaltation ;
ecstasy, (a) Ecstatic pleasure ; rapt delight or enjoy-
ment ; extreme joy over or gladness on account of some-
thing.
I have never heard
Praise of love or wine
That panted forth a flood of rapture so divine.
Shelley, To a Skylark.
To exercise a devilish ingenuity in inventions of mutual
torture became not only a duty but a rapture.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 426.
(i>) Ecstatic elevation of thought or feeling ; lofty or soar-
ing enthusiasm ; exalted or absorbing earnestness.
This man, beyond a Stolck apathy, sees truth as in a rap-
ture, and cleaves to it. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus
You grow correct that once with rapture writ.
Pope, Epil. to the Satires, L 3.
There is a rapture on the lonely shore . . .
By the deep sea, and music in its roar.
Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 178.
4. A manifestation of mental transport; an
ecstatic utterance or action ; an expression of
exalted or passionate feeling of any kind ; a
rhapsody.
Her [Cassandra's] brain-sick raptures
Cannot distaste the goodness of a quarrel
Which hath our several honours all engaged
To make it gracious. Shak., T. and C., il. 2. 122.
rare
Are not groans and tears
Harmonious raptures in th' Almighty's ears?
Quarles, Emblems, iv. 15.
5f. An ecstasy of passionate excitement; a
paroxysm or fit from excessive emotion. [Bare.]
Your prattling nurse
Into a rapture lets her baby cry.
Shak., Cor., Ii. 1. 223.
= Syn. 3. Transport, bliss, exaltation.
raptured (rap'turd), a. [< rapture + -ed2.] In
a state of rapture ; characterized by rapture or
ecstasy; enraptured.
Raptur'd I stood, and as this hour amaz'd,
With rev'rence at the lofty wonder gaz'd.
Pope, Odyssey, vi. 199.
The latent Damon drew
Such maddening draughts of beauty to his soul,
As for a while o'erwhelm'd his raptured thought
With luxury too-daring. Thomson, Summer, 1. 1333.
That favored strain was Surrey's raptured line.
Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 19.
rapturist (rap'tur-ist), n. [< rapture + -ist.]
One who habitually manifests rapture ; an en-
thusiast. [Bare.]
Such swarms of prophets and rapturists have flown out
of those hives in some ages.
J. Spencer, Vanity of Vulgar Prophecies (1665), p. 43.
rapturous (rap'tur-us), a. [< rapture + -ous.]
Oi the character of rapture ; marked by rapture ;
exciting or manifesting rapture; ecstatically
joyous or exalted : as, rapturous exultation ; a
rapturous look; a rapturous scene.
His welcome, before enthusiastic, was now rapturous.
Everett, Orations, I. 480.
rapturously (rap'tur-us-li), adv. In a raptur-
ous manner; with rapture; ecstatically.
raptus melancholiCUS (rap'tus mel-an-kol'i-
kus). [NL. : L. raptus, a seizure ; melancholicus,
melancholic: see rapt2, n., and melancholic.]
A motor crisis or outbreak of uncontrollable
violence developed in a melancholic person
from the intensity of his mental anguish.
raquet, n. See racket2.
raquette (ra-kef), »• [F.] A racket — Ra-
quette head-dr6S8, a kind of head-dress in use toward
the close of the sixteenth century, in which the hair is
drawn back from the forehead and temples, and raised
in a sort of crest ; a kind of chignon was arranged at the
back of the head and covered by a cap of fine linen, darned
net embroidery, or some similar material.
rara (ra'ra), n. [S. Amer. ; imitative of its
cry.] A bird, the South American plant-cut-
ter, Phytotoma rara. Also called rarita. See
cut under Phytotoma.
rara avis (ra'ra a' vis); pi. rarse aves (ra're a'-
vez). [L. , in full rara avis in terris, ' a rare bird
on earth' — a phrase applied by Horace (Sat. ii.
2, 26) to the peacock: rara, fern, of rarus, rare,
uncommon; aois, bird: see rare1 and Aves.] A
rare bird ; hence, a person or an object of a rare
kind or character ; a prodigy.
rare1 (rar), a. [< ME. rare = D. raar = MLGK
rar, LG. raar = Gr. Dan. Sw. rar, < OF. rare,
fere, F. rare, dial, raire, rale, rase = Sp. Pg.
It. raro, < L. rarus, thin, not dense, thinly scat-
tered, few, rare, uncommon ; root unknown.]
1. Thin; porous; not dense; of slight consis-
tence; rarefied; having relatively little matter
in a given volume : as, a rare substance ; the
rare atmosphere of high mountains.
The fiend
O'er bog or steep, through strait, rough, dense, or rare,
With head, hands, wings, or feet pursues his way.
Milton, P. L., ii. 948.
Water is nineteen times lighter, and by consequence
nineteen times, rarer than gold. Newton, Optlcks, II. iii. 8.
2. Thinly scattered; coming or occurring at
wide intervals ; sparse ; dispersed.
Cucumber in this moone is sowen rare.
PaHadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 110.
The cattle in the fields and meadows green :
Those rare and solitary, these in flocks
Pasturing at once, and in broad herds upsprung.
Milton, P. L., vii. 461.
He left the barren-beaten thoroughfare,
Chose the green path that show'd the rarer foot.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
3. Very uncommon or infrequent ; seldom oc-
curring or to be found ; hardly ever met with.
She calls me proud, and that she could not love me
Were man as rare as phoenix.
Shale., As you Like it, iv. 3. 17.
It is the rarest thing that ever I saw in any place, ney-
ther do I thinke that any citie of Christendome hath the
like. Coryat, Crudities, I. 192.
When somany have written too much, we shall the more
readily pardon the rare man who has written too little or
just enough. Lowell, New Princeton Rev., I. 161.
Hence — 4. Bernarkable from uncommonness;
especially, uncommonly good, excellent, valua-
ble, fine, or the like ; of an excellence seldom
met with.
rare
Good discent, rare features, vertuous paries.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 43.
I think my love as rare
As any she belied with false compare.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxx.
They write to me from England of rare News in France.
Uowell, Letters, I. vi. 37.
Ha ! ha ! ha ! yes, yes, I think it a rare joke.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3.
She 's a rare hand at sausages ; there 's noane like her
in a' the three Ridings. Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, viii.
= Syn. 3. Rare, Scarce, infrequent, unusual. Bare im-
plies that only few of the kind exist : as, perfect diamonds
are rare. Scarce properly implies a previous or usual con-
dition of greater abundance. Bare means that there are
much fewer of a kind to be found than may be found
where scarce would apply.
A perfect union of wit and judgment is one of the rarest
things in the world. Burke.
Where words are scarce, they are seldom spent in vain.
Shak., Eich. II., 11. 1. 7.
Then touch'd upon the game, how scarce it was
This season. Tennyson, Audley Court.
4. Singular, extraordinary, incomparable, choice.
rare2 (rar), a. [A dial, form of rear2, q. v.]
Not thoroughly cooked ; partly cooked ; under-
done: applied to meat: as, rare beef; a rare
chop. [In common use in the United States,
but now only dialectal in Great Britain.]
Ni-w-laiil eggs, which Baucis' busy care
Turned by a gentle fire, and roasted rare.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., viii. 98.
Scanty mutton scrags on Fridays, and rather more sa-
voury, but grudging, portions of the same flesh, rotten-
roasted or rare, on the Tuesdays. Lamb, Christ's Hospital.
The word rare, applied to meat not cooked enough, did
sound really strange to me ; but an eminent citizen of
yours presently showed me that it had for it the authority
of Dryden. E. A. Freeman, AMU i. LecU., p. 69.
rare3 (rar), adv. [Also rear; prob. a reduction
of rather (with sense of the positive rath) : see
rather, rath1, adv. Cf. rareripe for rathripe.]
Early. [Prov. Eng.]
rare4 (rar), v. A dialectal form of rear1. [U. S.]
rarest, v. An obsolete form of roar.
rarebit (rar'bit), n. [An altered form of rabbit*
in the phrase Welsh rabbit, simulating an ab-
surd derivation from rare1 + bit, as if ' a rare
delicacy.'] See Welsh rabbit, under rabbit1.
raree-SnOW (rar'e-sho), «. [Appar. contract-
ed from "rarity-show, < rarity + sliow, n. (cf. G.
raritateti-kabittet, a 'cabinet of curiosities or
rarities,' raritdtenkasten, peep-show, D. rare-
kykkas, a 'rare show,' show-box).] A peep-
show ; a show carried about in a box.
Thou didst look into it with as much tnnocency of heart
as ever child look'd into a raree-show box.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, viii. 24.
rarefaction (rar-e-fak'shqn), n. [< F. rarefac-
tion = Pr. rarefdccio = 8p. rarefaccion = Pg.
rarefacgSo = It. rarefazione, < L. as if "rarefac-
tio(n-),<. rarefaeere, pp. rarefactus, rarefy: see
rare/!/.] The act or process of rarefying or
making rare, or of expanding or distending a
body or mass of matter, whereby the bulk is
increased, or a smaller number of its particles
occupy the same space ; also, the state or con-
dition so produced: opposed to condensation.
The term is used chiefly in speaking of gases, the terms
dilatation and expansion being applied in speaking of solids
and liquids. There was formerly a dispute as to whether
rarefaction consisted merely of an increase In the mean
distance of the particles (as it is now held to do), or in
an enlargement of the particles themselves, or finally in
an intrusion of foreign particles. In the strictest sense,
the word was understood to signify the second action.
Either we must say . . . that the selfsame body does
not only obtain a greater space in rarefaction, . . . but
adequately and exactly filled it, and so when rarefied ac-
quires larger dimensions without either leaving any vacui-
ties betwixt its component corpuscles or admitting be-
tween them any new or extraneous substance whatsoever.
Now it is to this last (and, as some call it, rigorous) way
of rarefaction that our adversary has recourse.
Boyle, Spring of the Air, I. iii.
When the rarefaction of a gas is extreme (one-millionth)
its matter becomes radiant.
A. DanieU, Prin. of Physics, p. 684.
rarefactive (rar-e-fak'tiv), a. [= P. rarejactif
= Pr. rarefactiu = Sp. Pg. rarefactivo; as rare-
fact(ion) + -ive.~] Causing rarefaction ; making
rarer or less dense. [Bare.]
The condition of the bone was not a tumour, but a rare-
factive disease of the whole bone accompanied by new
growth. Lancet, No. 3423, p. 684.
rareflable (rar'e-fi-a-bl), a. [< rarefy + -able.']
Capable of being rarefied.
rarefy (rar'e-fi), v.; pret. and pp. rarefied, ppr.
rarefying. [Also, incorrectly, rar ify; <F. rare-
fier = Pr. rareficar = Sp. rarificar = It. rarifi-
care, < ML. as if "rareficare, < L. rarefaeere (> Pg.
rarefazer), make thin or rare, < rarus, thin, rare,
+ /acere, make.] I. trans. To make rare, thin.
4964
porous, or less dense ; expand or enlarge without
adding any new matter ; figuratively, to spread
or stretch out; distend: opposed to condense.
Presently the water, very much rarifted like a mist, be-
gan to rise. Court and Times of Charles /., I. 113.
For plain truths lose much of their weight when they
are rartfy'd into subtillities. Stillingjteet, Sermons, I. iv.
A body is commonly said to be rarefied or dilated (for I
take the word in a larger sense than I know many others
do) . . . when it acquires greater dimensions than the
same body had before. Boyle, Works, 1. 144.
Rarefying osteitis, an osteitis in which the Haverslan
canals become enlarged and the bone rarefied. Also called
osteoporosis.
II. intrans. To become rare ; pass into a thin-
ner or less dense condition.
Earth rarefies to dew ; expanded more,
The subtil dew in ah- begins to soar. Dryden.
rarely1 (rar'li), adv. [< rare1, a., + -ly2.] 1.
Seldom; not often: as, things rarely seen.
His friend alwayes shall doe best, and you shall rarely
heare good of his enemy.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Partial! Man.
The good we never miss we rarely prize.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 406.
2. Finely; excellently; remarkably well ; with
a rare excellence.
I could play Ercles rarely, or a part to tear a cat in, to
make all split Shalt., M. N. D., 1. 2. 31.
Argyll has raised an bunder men,
An hunder harness'd rarely.
Bonnie House of Airly (Child's Ballads, VI. 186).
You can write rarely now, after all your schooling, I
should think. Qeorge Eliot, Mill on the Floes, iii. 3.
3. In excellent health: in quasi-adjective use.
Compare purely in like use. [Prov. Eng. and
U. S.]
rarely2 (rar'li), adv. [< rare2, a., + -Zy2.] So
as to be underdone or only partially cooked :
said of meats : as, a roast of beef rarely cooked.
rareness1 (rar'nes), n. [< rare1, a., + -ness.']
1. Thinness; tenuity; rarity: as, the rareness
of air or vapor. — 2. The state of being scarce,
or of happening seldom; uncommonness; in-
frequency.
If that the follye of men hadde not sette It [gold] In
higher estimation for the rarenesse sake.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 6.
Bareness and difficulty give estimation
To all things are i' th world.
Webster, Devil's Law-Case, v. 6.
3. Uncommon character or quality; especial-
ly, unusual excellence, fineness, or the like.
[Rare.]
Roses set in the midst of a pool, being supported by
some stay ; which is matter of rareness and pleasure,
though of small use. Baton, Nat. Hist, § 407.
His providences toward us are to be admired for the
rareness and graciousness of them. Sharp, Sermons, II. i.
rareness2 (rar'nes), n. [< rare2, a., + -ness.]
The state of being rare or underdone in cooking.
rareripe (rar'rip), a. and n. [A reduction of
rathripe, q. v.] I. a. Early ripe; ripe before
others, or before the usual season : as, rareripe
peaches.
U. n. An early fruit, particularly a kind of
peach which ripens early.
ratify (rar'i-fi), r. ; pret. and pp. rarified, ppr.
rarifying. A common but incorrect spelling of
rarefy.
rarita (ra-re'ta), n. [S. Amer.] Same as rara.
rarity (rar'i-tij, ». ; pi. rarities (-tiz). [= OF. ra-
rite, rarete,'V. rarete= Pr. raritat, rareta< = Sp.
raridad = Pg. raridade = It. rarita = D. rariteit
= G. raritat = Dan. Sw. raritet, < L. rarita(t-)s,
the state of being thin or not dense, looseness of
texture, tenuity, also fewness, rarity, a rare or
curious thing, esp. in pi., < rarus, thin, rare: see
rare1.] 1. The condition of being rare, or not
dense, or of occupying, as a corporeal sub-
stance, much space with little matter; thin-
ness; tenuity: opposed to density: as, the rar-
ity of a gas.
This I do ... only that I may better demonstrate the
great rarity and tenuity of their Imaginary chaos.
BenUey, Sermons.
A few birds . . . seemed to swim in an atmosphere of
more than usual rarity.
B. L. Stevenson, Treasure of Franchard.
2. The state of being uncommon or of in-
frequent occurrence ; uncommonness ; infre-
quency.
Alas, for the rarity
Of Christian charity
Under the sun !
Hood, Bridge of Sighs.
3. Something that is rare or uncommon; a
thing valued for its scarcity or for its unusual
excellence.
rascal
Gon. But the rarity of it is— which is indeed almost be-
yond credit.
Seb. As many vouched rarities are.
Shak., Tempest, ii. 1. «o.
How ignorant had we been of the beauty of Florence, of
the monuments, urns, and rarities that yet remain.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 34.
In climates where wine is a rarity intemperance
abounds. Macaulay, Milton.
ras1 (ras), «. [< Ar. ras, head ; cf. r«i«, rrix, head,
chief: see rei's2.] 1. Apromontory; cape ; peak :
a term prefixed to the names of promontories
or capes on the Arabian and African coasts, etc/
— 2. In Abyssinia, the title of the viziror chief
minister, and also of generals and governors.
The ras of the empire was for a long period — down to
the accession of the usurping King Theodore in 1856 — the
actual ruler, the nominal Negus being merely a puppet.
The ras commonly owed his position to superior military
strength as governor of some province.
ras2 (ra), n. [F. : see r««ft*.] A smooth ma-
terial of wool, and also of silk: a French term
used in English, especially in certain combina-
tions.
rasamala (ras-a-ma'la), H. [Native name.]
A tree of Java and parts of India, Alttngia
excelsa, of the Hamamelidese, closely related to
the liquidambars. It has a tall straight trunk,
ascending 90 or 100 feet before branching.
f
kin
fire Is a flanking fire that impinges on or grazes the face
which It defends, or a low fire that sweeps along near the
ground. A rasant line is a direct line of fire of this kind.
A rasant flank is the flank of a bastion the fire from which
passes along the face of an adjoining bastion.
rasberryt, «. An obsolete form of raspberry.
Rasbora (ras-bo'rii), n. [NL. (Hamilton) ; from
a native name.] " The typical genus of Bas-
borina, containing numerous small cyprinoids
of the Oriental and African waters. The lateral
line runs along the lower half of the caudal
part.
Rasborina (ras-bo-ri'nii), n. pi. [NL., < Ras-
bora + -«na2.] A division of Cyprinidae, repre-
sented by Rasbora and four other genera.
rascabiliant (ras-ka-bil'yan), n. [A perverted
form of rascallion.] A rascal.
Their names are often recorded in a court of correction,
where the register of rogues makes no little gaine of ras-
cabttians. Breton, Strange News, p. (i. (Davies.)
rascaillet, »• A Middle English form of rascal.
rascal (ras'kal), n. and a. [Early mod. E. ras-
call; < ME. rascall, raskalle, rascaile, rascaille,
rascayle, raskaille, rasskayle, rascalie, rascalye,
< OF. (AF.) rascaille, raskaylle, raskayle, a rab-
ble. mob, F. racaille, "the rascality or base
and rascall sort, the scumme, dregs, offals,
outcasts, of any company" (Cotgrave), lit.
' scrapings,' < OF. "rasquer, scrape. = Sp. Pg.
rasear, scratch, rasgar, tear, rend, scrape, =
OK. rascare, burnish, rub, furbish (see rash6),
< LL. "rasicare, freq. of L. radere, pp. rasus,
scrape: see rose1, raze'1.'] I. n. If. The com-
monalty of people ; the vulgar herd ; the gen-
eral mass.
So rathely they rusche with roselde speris
That the raskaille was rade, and rane to the grefes.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2882.
Lo ! here the fyn and guerdon for travaille,
Of Jove, Apollo, of Mars and swich rescaitte.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 1853.
The church is sometime taken for the common rascal of
all that believe, whether with the mouth only, and carnal-
ly without spirit, neither loving the law in their hearts.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., I860),
[p. 114.
2. In hunting, a refuse or despicable beast or
class of beasts ; an animal, or animals collec-
tively. unfit to chase or to kill, on account of
ignoble quality or lean condition ; especially, a
lean deer.
I wondir not hyly thouj heed-dere thou ffailid ;
ffor litill on soure lyf the list ffor to rewe
On rascaile that rorid with ribbis so lene,
ffor ffaute of her ffode that fflatereris stelen.
Richard the Redeless, ii. 119.
nther bestys all,
Where so ye theym fynde, rascall ye shall them call.
Quoted in Walton's Complete Angler, p. 31.
Horns? Even so. Poor men alone? No, no; the noblest
deer hath them as huge as the rascal.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 3. 58.
3f. A low or vulgar person ; one of the rabble :
a boor or churl.
Tis true, I have been a rascal, as you are,
A fellow of no mention, nor no mark,
Just such another piece of dirt, so fashion'd.
Fletcher (and another'!), Prophetess, v. 5.
4. A low or mean fellow; a tricky, dishonest
person; a rogue; a knave; a scamp: used in
rascal
objurgation with much latitude, and often, like
rogue, with slight meaning. Compare rascally.
I have matter in my head . . . against your cony-catch-
ing rascal*, Bardolpl), Nym, and Pistol.
Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1. 128.
Shall a rascal, because he has read books, talk pertly to
me? Cibber.
There were many men who wore green turbans, he said,
that were very great rascals; but he was a Saint, which
was better than a sherrin'e. Bruce, Source of the N tie, 1. 76.
H. (i. 1. Paltry; worthless; unworthy of con-
sideration ; in a special use, unfit for the chase,
as a lean deer : used of things or animals. [Ob-
solescent.]
When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous,
To lock such rascal counters from his friends,
Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts !
Shak., J. C.( iv. 3. 80.
2. Low; mean; base; common; ignoble; vulgar;
knavish : used of persons, formerly with refer-
ence to class or occupation, but now only with
an implication of moral baseness or dishonesty.
[Not now common as an adjective.]
Paul, being in prison in Rome, did write divers epistles,
in which he expresseth the names of many which were in
comparison of Peter but rascal personages ; but of Peter
he speaketh never a word.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 145.
Metaphore ... as one should in reproch say to a poore
man, thou raskall knaue, where raskall is properly the
hunter's terme giuen to young deere, leane and out of sea-
son, and not to people.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesio (ed. Arber), p. 191.
Clodius shrieked for help. His rascal followers rushed
in with lighted torches. Froude, Ctesar, xv.
rascaldom (ras'kal-dum), »i. [<rascal + -dom.]
1. The sphere or'domain of rascals; a class or
body of rascally persons.
How has this turbulent Alexandrian rascaldom been be-
having itself iu my absence? Kingdey, Hypatia, ii.
View of the rascaldom of Paris, tragical at this time (for
where is now that reiving and stealing, that squeaking
and jabbering — of lies?), otherwise unprofitable.
Carlyle, iu Froude (First Forty Years, II. xvii.).
2. Rascally character or action ; the spirit or
practice of rascals ; rascalism. [Rare.]
The "three R's," if no industrial training has gone along
with them, are apt, as Miss Nightingale observes, to pro-
duce a fourth R — of rascaldom.
Froude, at St. Andrews, March, 1869.
Falstaff . . . is a character of the broadest comedy, . . .
enjoying the confusion betwixt reason and the negation of
reason — in other words, the rank rascaldom he is calling
by its name.
Emerson, Letters and Social Aims, The Comic.
rascaldryt (ras'kal-dri), n. [For "rascalry, <
rascal + -n/.] A body or the class of rascals;
the common herd ; the rabble. [Rare.]
So base a rascaldry
As is too farre from thought of chyualry.
Breton, Pasquil's Fooles-cappe, p. 21. (Dames.)
rascalism (ras'kal-izm), n. [< rascal + -ism.~\
The spirit or practice of a rascal or of rascals ;
rascally character or quality.
A tall handsome man with ex-military whiskers, with a
look of troubled gaiety and rascalism.
Carlyle, Diamond Necklace, xiv. (Davies.)
rascality (ras-kal'i-ti), n. [< rascal + -«&/.]
1. Low or mean people collectively; rascals
in general; rascaldom: now used chiefly in the
moral sense. See rascal, a., 2.
Your baboons, and your jackanapes, being the scum and
rascality of all hedge-creepers, they go in jerkins and man-
dilions. Dekker, Gull's Hornbook, p. 69.
Pretended philosophers judge as ignorantly in their way
as the rascality in theirs. Olanrille.
A favorite remedy [expulsion] with the Scotch for the
purpose of disembarrassing themselves of their superflu-
ous rascality.
Ribton-Twrner, Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 129.
2. The character or an action of a rascal ; the
quality of being a rascal ; low or mean trick-
ery; base or dishonest procedure; villainy;
fraud.
Why, goodman Hobby-hoise, if we out of our gentility
offer'd you to begin, must you out of your rascality needs
take it? R. Taylor, Hog hath Lost its Pearl, iii.
This letter (full of rascallilies against King Ch. II. and
his Court). Wood, Athenee Oxon., II. 629.
rascal-like (ras'kal-llk), «. Like a rascal, in
any sense; in the quotation, like a lean deer.
If we be English deer, be then in blood ;
Not rascal-like, to fall down with a pinch.
Shale., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2. 49.
rascallion (ras-kal'ypn), n. [< rascal + -ion.
Hence var. rapscallion.] A low, mean wretch ;
a rapscallion.
Used him so like a base ratcallion.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. iii. 327.
rascally (ras'kal-i\«. [< nixi-itl + -///1.] Like
or characteristic of a rascal : base ; mean ;
4965
trickish ; scampish : used of persons or things
with much latitude, often with slight meaning.
These same abominable, vile. . . . rascally verses.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 3.
Well, Mr. Sharper, would you think it? In all this
time — as I hope for a Truncheon — this rascally liazette-
writt'r never so much as once mention'd me.
Congreve, Old Batchelor, ii. 2.
None of your rascally "dips" — but sound,
Round, ten-penny moulds of four to the pound.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 94.
rasclet, ''• «'• See raxle.
rase1, raze1 (raz), «. t. ; pret. and pp. rased,
ppr. rasing. [Early mod. E. also race (con-
fused with racc6); < ME. rasen, racen (= D.
rasen = G. rasiren = Sw. rasera), < OF. raser,
F. raser = Sp. Pg. rasar = It. rasare, < ML.
rasare, freq. of L. radere, pp. rasus, scrape,
scratch, shave, rub, smooth, level, graze,
touch, strip ; akin to rodere, gnaw (see rodent).
Hence ult. erase, razor, razee, rascal, rash6,
abrade, etc.] 1. To scrape or glance along
the surface of; scratch; graze; shave.
A friendly checke killeth thee, when a rasor cannot rase
thee. Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 381.
Have you been stung by wasps, or angry bees,
Or rased with some rude bramble or rough briar?
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, iL 2.
His breast 's of such well tempered proofe
It may be rac'd, not pearc't, by savage tooth
Of foaming malice.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, II., ii.2.
Nor miss'd its aim, but where the plumage danc'd
Raz'd the smooth cone, and thence obliquely glanc'd.
Pope, Iliad, xi. 454.
This inside line is rased or scratched in.
Thearle, Naval Arch., § 39.
2. To obliterate by scraping; erase; cancel;
hence, to strike out of existence; annul; de-
stroy: often with out. [Obsolete or archaic.]
I have a licence and all ; it is but razing out one name
and putting in another.
B. Jansan, Bartholomew Fair, v. 2.
I write, indite, I point, I rase, I quote,
I interline, I blot, correct, I note.
Drayton, Matilda to K. John.
And in derision sets
Upon their tongues a various spirit, to rase
Quite out their native language.
Milton, P. L., xii. 53.
He razeth all his foes with fire and sword.
Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great, I., iv. 1.
3. To level with the ground or the supporting
surface; tear down or demolish; reduce to
ruins : in this sense now always spelled raze.
Bellona storms,
With all her battering engines bent to rate
Some capital city. Stilton, P. L., ii. 923.
We touch'd with joy
The royal hand that razed unhappy Troy.
Dryden, Mueid, xi. 378.
Sacrilegious and rebellious hands had razed the church,
even to the foundation thereof, and laid the honour of the
crown low in the dust. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. xvii.
The strangers . . . who found a fiendish pleasure in
razing magnificent cities. Macaulay, Machiavelli.
= Syn. 3. Raze, Demolish. See demolish.
rase1, raze1 (raz), n. [< rase1, ».] A scratch ;
an abrasion ; a slight wound.
They whose tenderness shrinketh at the least rase of a
needlepoint. Hooker, Eccles. Polity. (Latham.)
rase2t, n. A Middle English form of race1.
rase3t, v. t. Same as race&.
rased (razd), a. [< rase1 + -ed?.] In her., same
as raguly.
rasee (ra-za'), a. [< F. rust, pp. of raser, rase:
see rose1.] In her., same as raguly.
rasgado (ras-ga'do), n. [Sp., a rent, break, la-
ceration^ rasgar, rend, break: see rascal. "\ In
guitar-playing, an effect produced by sweeping
the strings with the thumb ;- a kind of arpeggio.
rash1 (rash), a. [< ME. rash, rasch, hasty,
headstrong; not found in AS. except in the
rare verb rxscan, move quickly (of light), quiv-
er, glitter, rsescettan, crackle, sparkle (= OHG.
raskezzaii, sparkle) ; = D. rasch, quick, swift, =
MLG-. rasch = OHG. rase, also roscli, MHG.
rasch, also resch, risch, G. rasch, quick, swift,
= Dan. Sw. rask, brisk, quick, rash, = Icel.
riiskr. strong, vigorous (> roskir, quick); with
adj. formative -sk (-sh), from the root of AS.
rsede, quick (> rsednes, quickness), = MD. rade,
raede, D. rod = MLG. rat (rod-), quick (see
rath1), and of OFries. reth, rad = MD. D. rad =
MLG. rat, LG. rad = OHG. rad, MHG. rut, G.
rad, wheel, = Ir. roth = L. rota = Lith. ratax,
wheel, = Skt. ratlia, a wagon, chariot, war-
chariot. Cf. ras/(2.] If. Quick; sudden; hasty.
Ouer meruelous meres so mad arayed,
Of raas [race, way, course] thag I were rasch & ronk,
get rapely ther-inne I watz restayed.
Alliterative 7)o«n«(ed. Morris\ i. 1166.
rash
As strong
Aa aconitum or rash gunpowder.
Shak., -i Hen. IV., iv. 4. 48.
2. Hasty in council or action; precipitate;
headstrong; impetuous; venturesome: as, a
rash statesman or minister; a rash commander.
In her faire eyes two living lamps did flame, . . .
That quite bereav'd the rash beholders sight.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 23.
Be not rash with thy mouth. Eccl. v. 2.
For, though I am not splenitive and rash,
Yet have I something in me dangerous.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 1. 284.
Her rash hand in evil hour
Forth reaching to the fruit, she pluck'd, she eat !
Milton, P. L, ix. 780.
Of the dead what hast thou heard
That maketh thee so rash and unafeared?
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 240.
3. Marked by or manifesting inconsiderate
haste in speech or action; resulting from te-
merity or recklessness: as, rash words; rash
measures.
Of all my rash adventures past
This frantic feat must prove the last !
Scott, L. of the L., iv. 28.
The plan is rash; the project desperate.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 62.
4f. Requiring haste ; urgent.
My lord, I scarce have leisure to salute you,
My matter is so rash. Shak., T. and C., iv. 2. 62.
=Syn. 2 and 3. Enterprising, Foolhardy, etc. (see adven-
turous), precipitate, hasty, headlong, inconsiderate, care-
less, heedless. See list under reckless.
rash1 (rash), v. t. [<rashl,a. Cf. AS. rtescan
= G. raschen = Sw. raska, move quickly, =
Dan. raske, refl., rise; from the adj.] If. To
put together hurriedly ; prepare with haste.
In my former edition of Acts and Monuments, so hastily
rashed [var. raked] vp at that present, in such shortnesse
of time. Foxe, Martyrs, p. 645, an. 1439. (Richardson.)
2. To publish imprudently; blab. Jamieson.
[Scotch.] — 3. To cook too rapidly ; burn from
haste : as, the beef has been rashed in the roast-
ing. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
rasa2 (rash), a. and n. [Prob. < Sw. Dan. rask,
quick, = Icel. riiskr, strong, vigorous ; cf . Icel .
rosJcvask, refl., ripen (said of persons): see
rash1."] I. a. So ripe or dry as to break or fall
readily, as corn from dry straw in handling.
[Local, Eng.]
II. n. Corn in the straw, so dry as to fall out
with handling. [Local, Eng.]
rashst (rash), «. t. [By apheresis from *arash,
var. otarace, < ME. aracen, araseti, also arachen,
< AF. aracer, OF. aracier, arachier, mixed with
erachier, esrachier, F. arracher, uproot, tear up,
eradicate: see arace1 and eradicate, and ef.
race6. But the form and sense seem to be due
in part to the verb rash1. Hence perhaps rash-
er1.] To tear or slash violently; lacerate; rend;
hack; hew; slice.
Lfke two mad mastiffes, each on other flew,
And shields did share, and mailes did rash, and helmes
did hew. Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 17.
He dreamt the boar had rashed off his helm.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 2. 11. (Hares.)
He strikes Clarindo, and rashes off his garland.
Daniel, Hymen's Triumph, iv. 3. (Nares.)
I mist my purpose in his arm, rashed his doublet-sleeve,
ran him close by the left cheek, and through his hair.
B.*Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, iv. 4.
rash4 (rash), n. [(a) = D. LG. ras = G. rasch,
woolen cloth, = Dan. rask, serge, = Sw. rask,
a kind of cloth ; prob. < OF. ras, a woolen stuff,
F. ras, shorfr-nap cloth, = Sp. It. raso, a smooth
cloth material ; cf. Sp. dim. rasilla, serge; per-
haps < L. rasus, pp. of radere, scrape, rub:
see rase1, (b) Cf. It. rascia, serge, 'rash,'
said by Muratori to be < Eascia, a region in
Bosnia where this stuff is said to have origi-
nated, (c) Cf. also arras, tapestry, = It. arazzo
= MHG. arras, arras (ML. arrasium, arracium),
also, by apheresis, It. razzo = Pg. raz, arras, <
F. Arras, alsoAras, a town in northern France
where arras was first made. Some confusion
of these forms seems to have occurred.] A
kind of inferior manufacture of silk or of silk
and stuff.
Be it therefore enacted, for the maintenance of the same
trade in velvets, satins, sylkes, rashe, and other stuffs, as
fltt for tearing as fine for wearing . . .
Sixth Decree of Christmas Prince, p. 21. (Nares.)
Sleeveless his jerkin was, and it had been
Velvet, but 'twas now (so much ground was seen)
Become tufftaffaty ; and our children shall
See it plain rash awhile, then nought at all.
Donne, Satires, iv. 34.
I see it, mistress ; 'tis good stuff indeed ;
It is a silk rash ; I can pattern it.
Middletnn, Anything for a Qniet Life, Iv. 3.
rash
rash0 (rash), K. [< OF. rasche, also rasque, rash,
scurf, F. ruche, an eruption on the head, scurf,
= Pr. rasea, itch; < Pr. rasfar = Sp. Pg. rascar,
scratch, rasgar, tear, rend, scrape, etc., < LL.
"rasicare, scratch (cf. L. rasitare, shave often),
freq. of L. radere, pp. rasus, scrape, shave : see
rase1, raze1, and cf . rascal.'] A more or less ex-
tensive eruption on the skin.
rash6 (rash), n. An obsolete or dialectal form
of rush1.
They biggit a bower on yon burn brae,
And theekit it o'er wi' rashes.
Bessy Bell and Mary Gray, in Aitken's Scottish Song, p. 20.
rasher1 (rash'er), n. [(a) < rash1 + -er1 (cf.
"rasher on the coals, quasi rashly or hastily
roasted" — Minsheu) (see rash1, v.)-, or (6) <
rasJfi, slice, + -er1 ; the suffix -er being taken
passively in either case.] In cookery, a slice
of bacon, and formerly of any meat, for frying
or broiling.
Carbonate, a carbonado, meat broiled vpon the coles, a
rasher. Florio, 1598.
This making of Christians will raise the price of hogs ;
If we grow all to be pork-eaters, we shall not shortly have
a rasher on the coals for money. Shalt. , M. of V. , iii. 5. 28.
He that eats nothing hut a red herring a-day shall ne'er
be broiled for the devil's rasher.
Beau, and Fl., Love's Cure, ii. 1.
He had done justice to a copious breakfast of fried eggs
and broiled rashers. Thackeray, Pendennis, I. 313.
rasher2 (rash'er), n. [Perhaps < Sp. rascacio =
Pg. rascacio, also raseas, names of the Euro-
pean Scorpsma scrofa and related fishes.] A
scorpcenoid fish of California, Sebastichthys or
Sebastodes miniatas, of a red color variously
marked. It is one of a large group of rock-fish
or rock-cod, others of which no doubt have the
same name.
rashfult (rash'ful), a. [< rash1 + -/««.] Rash ;
hasty; precipitate. [Bare.]
Then you with hastie doome and rashfull sentence straight
Will vaunt that women in that age were all with vertue
fraught.
TurberMle, Dispraise of Women that allure and love not.
rashlingt (rash'ling),«. [< rash1 + -ling1."] A
rash person. [Rare.]
What rashlings doth delight, that sober men despise.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
rashly (rash'li), adv. In a rash manner; has-
tily ; with precipitation ; inconsiderately ; pre-
sumptuously; at a venture.
rashness (rash'nes), ». 1. The character of be-
ing rash ; inconsiderate or presumptuous haste ;
headstrong precipitation in decision or action ;
temerity; unwarranted boldness.
Such bold asseverations as in him [the apostle Paul] were
admirable should in your mouths but argue rashness.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., vi.
And though he stumbles in a full career,
Yet rashness is a better fault than fear.
Dryden, Tyrannic Love, ProL, 1. 21.
2. A rash act ; a reckless or foolhardy deed.
Why not set forth, if I should do
This rashness, that which might ensue
With this old soul in organs new ?
Tennyson, Two Voices.
= Syn. 1. Rashness, Temerity. Rashness has the vigor of
the Anglo-Saxon, temerity the selectness and dignity of
the Latin. Temerity implies personal danger, physical or
other : as, the temerity of undertaking to contradict Samuel
Johnson ; temerity in going upon thin ice. Rashness is
broader in this respect Rashness goes by the feelings
without the j udgment ; temerity rather disregards the J udg-
ment. Temerity refers rather to the disposition, rashness
to the conduct. See adventurous.
For rashness is not courage. Rashness flings itself into
danger without consideration or foresight. But courage
counts the cost, and does not make any display of itself.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 336.
As the note of warlike preparation reached them [the
Moors] in their fastnesses, they felt their temerity in thus
bringing the whole weight of the Castilian monarchy on
their heads. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 7.
rasint, n. An obsolete form of resin.
rasing (ra'zing), n. [Verbal n. of rase1, F.] In
ship-building, the act of marking by the edges
of molds any figure upon timber, etc., with a
rasing-knife, or with the points of compasses.
rasing-iron (ra'zing-I"ern), n. A kind of calk-
ing-iron for clearing the pitch and oakum out
of a vessel's seams, preparatory to recalking.
rasing-knife (ra'zing-mf), «. A small edged
tool fixed in a handle, and hooked at its point,
used for making particular marks on timber,
lead, tin, etc.
rasion (ra'zhon), n. [< L. ra&io(n-), a scraping,
shaving, < radere, pp. rasus, scrape, shave : see
rase1.] If. A scraping or shaving; rasure.
Bailey, 1731.— 2. Inphar., the division of sub-
stances by the rasp or file. Dunglison.
raskailet, »• An obsolete form of rascal.
4966
Raskqlnik (ras-kol'uik), «. [Russ.] In Russia,
a schismatic ; a dissenter. There are many sect*
of Kaskoluiks, most of them differing from the Orthodox
Church by even greater conservatism in ritual, etc. Some
sects retain the office of priest, while others are Presby-
terian or Independent in polity ; others, again, are of wild-
ly fanatical and antiuomian character.
rasoo (ra-so"), n. [E. Ind.] A flying-squirrel
of India, a species of Pteromys.
Basores (ra-so'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. rasor,
a scraper (applied to a fiddler), < radere, pp. ra-
sus, scrape, scratch: see rase1, raze1."] If. In
Uliger's system (1811), the rasorial birds, or
scratchers, an order of Aves, including the gal-
linaceous and columbaceous birds. — 2. The
I, t, head and foot of dunghill-cock ; z, a, head and foot of moor-
fowl ( /.<t f of its scoticta).
same excluding the pigeons : now usually called
(lallinse (which see).
rasorial (ra-so'ri-al), a. [NL., < Basores +
-ial.] Given to scratching the ground for food,
as poultry ; belonging to the Rasores, especially
in the second sense of that word ; gallinaceous.
rasp1 (rasp), v. [< ME. raspen, rospen, < OF.
rasper, F. rdpcr, scrape, grate, rasp, = Sp.
Pg. raspar = It. raspare, scrape, rasp, < ML.
raspare, scrape, rake, < OHG. rasjuon, MHG.
raspen, scrape together (cf. D. MLG. raspen =
MHG. freq. raspelen, G. raspeln, rasp, = Dan.
raspe = Sw. raspa, rasp, in part from the noun);
cf. OHG. hrespan, MHG. respen, rake together,
pluck; Icel. rispa, scratch (> Sc. risp); prob.
from the root of OHG. 'ra/on, MHG. G. raffen,
etc., seize: see rap2. Cf. rasp1, n. Hence ult.
(prob. ) rapier.] I. trans. 1 . To abrade by rub-
bing or grating with a coarsely rough instru-
ment; grate, or grate away, with a rasp or some-
thing comparable to it.
Al that thise first vii [years of plenty] maken,
Suleu this othere vii [years of famine] rospen & raken.
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2132.
That fellow . . . who insists that the shoe must fit him
because it lilted his father and grandfather, and that, if
his foot will not enter, he will pare and rasp it.
Landor, Imaginary Conversations, Solon and Pisistratus.
When the cane [in sugar-making] has been rasped to
shreds [by a rasper], it is reduced to pulp by disintegrating
apparatus. Spans' Encyc. Manuf., II. 1879.
2. Figuratively, to affect or perform harshly,
as if by the use of a rasp; grate upon; utter
with a rough and jarring effect : as, to rasp one's
feelings ; to rasp out a refusal.
Through all the weird September- eves
I heard the harsh, reiterant katydids
Rasp the mysterious silence.
./ . 0. Holland, Kathrina, i.
Grating songs a listening crowd endures,
Rasped from the throats of bellowing amateurs.
0. W. Holmes, An After-Dinner Poem.
II. intrans. To rub against something grat-
ingly ; produce a rasping effect : as, the vessel
rasped against the quay : literally or figuratively.
Rasped harshly against his dainty nature.
Lowell, Vision of Sir Launfal, i. 5.
rasp1 (rasp), n. [= D. Dan. Sw. rasp = G. raspe,
< OF. raspe, F. rape (> G. rappe) (= It. raspa),
a rasp, grater, < rasper, F. rdper, grate, rasp,
file: see rasp1, v.] 1. A coarse form of file,
having its surface dotted with separate pro-
truding teeth, formed by the indentations of
a pointed punch. In cabinet-rasps, wood-rasps, and
farriers' rasps the teeth are cut in lines sloping down from
the left- to the right-hand side ; in rasps for use in making
boot, and shoe-lasts the teeth slope in the opposite way ;
raspberry
and rasps for makers of gun-stocks and saddletrees are
cut with teeth arrayed in circular lines or in crescent
form : sometimes used figuratively.
The horses from the country were a goodly sight to see,
with the rasp of winter bristles rising through and among
the soft summer-coat.
R. D. Blackinore, Lorna Doone, Ixix.
2. A machine or large instrument for use in
rasping; a rasper.
The juice [of beet-roots] from the rasp and the press is
brought into a boiler and heated by steam.
Spans' Encyc. Manuf., I. 210.
3. The radula or odontophore of a mollusk;
the lingual ribbon. See cut under rtitlula. — 4.
A rasping surface, (at) The steel of a tinder-box.
[Prov. Eng.] (6) The rough surface of the tongue of some
animals.
He dismounted when he came to the cattle, and walked
among them, stroking their soft flanks, and feeling in the
palm of his hand the rasp of their tongues.
The Century, XXXV. 947.
rasp2 (rasp), n. [Formerly also respe, also ras-
pis, raspise, raspice, respass (with occasional pi.
raspisses), appar. orig. pi., prop, raspes (the ber-
ries), used as sing, (the bush, and later trans-
ferred to a single berry ?), prob. < rasp1, n.,
or abbr. of raspberry, < ram1 4- berry1, with ref.
to its rough outside ; cf. It. raspo, a raspberry
(Florio): see rasp1.] The fruit of the common
(European) raspberry. See raspberry. [Obso-
lete or prov. Eng.]
The soyle of this playne bryngeth foorth feme and bram-
ble busshes bearynge blacke berries or wylde raspes, which
two are tokens of coulde regions.
Peter Martyr (tr. in Eden's First Books on America,, ed.
[Arber, p. 172).
For kindes of fruites, they haue . . . rasps, strawberies,
and hurtilberies. Sakluyfs Voyages, I. 477.
Rosey had done eating up her pine-apple, artlessly con-
fessing . . . that she preferred it to the raspe and hinny-
blobs in her grandmamma's garden.
Thackeray, Newcomes, xxiii.
rasp3 (rasp), r. «'. [Cf. G. rausnern, hawk or clear
the throat; prob. imitative.] To belch; eject
wind from the stomach. [Old and prov. Eng.]
Let them bind gold to their aching head, drink Cleopa-
tra's draught (precious stones dissolved), to ease their rasp-
ing stomach. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 424.
This man of nice education hath a feeble stomacke, and
(rasping since his last tnealc) doubts whether he should
eat of his laste meale or nothing.
Bp. Hall, Heaven upon Earth, § 20.
raspatory (ras'pa-to-ri), n. ; pi. raspatories (-riz).
[< ML. raspatorium (cf. Sp. Pg. raspador, a
scraper), < raspare, rasp, scrape: see rasp1, r.]
A surgeons' rasp; an instrument for scraping
or abrading bones in surgical or anatomical
operations.
raspberry (raz'ber'i), «.; pi. raspberries (-iz).
[Formerly also rasberry and raspis-berry ; <
rasp1, or rasp2 (see rasp2), + berry1.'] 1. The
fruit of several plants of the genus Biibus, con-
sisting of many small juicy grains or drupes,
which, unlike those of the blackberry, separate
from the convex receptacle together when ripe,
thus giving the fruit the shape of a thimble.
Besides its extensive use as a dessert fruit, the raspberry
is used for jellies and jam, and its juice for flavoring, for
cooling drinks, and in wines and brandies.
Herewith (at hand) taking her home of plentie,
Fill'd with the choyse of every orchard's daintie,
As peares, plums, apples, the sweet raspis-berry.
W. Browne, Britannia s Pastorals, L 6.
2. The plant that produces this berry. The com-
mon garden raspberry, the first of the name, is Kubus Ida-
us, a native of Europe and Asiatic Russia — a shrub with
perennial creeping rootstock; nearly erect, prickly, biennial
stems, and a red pleasant fruit. It was cultivated by the
Romans in the fourth century, and is the source of the best
raspberries, affording many varieties, some of them yel-
low-fruited. The wild red raspberry, R. strigosus, of North
America, is a very similar plant, but not quite so tall, the
leaves being thinner, and the fruit not so firm, large, or
well-flavored. It is common northward, especially on new-
ly cleared grounds, and its fruit is much gathered ; while
under cultivation it has yielded several good varieties.
The black raspberry, thimbleberry, or blackcap is the
American R. occidentalis, a shrub with long recurved bi-
ennial stems, rooting at the tips, and a black fruit. It is
very productive with little care, and affords good garden
varieties.— Dwarf raspberry, an unimportant Ameri-
can species, Rubus triflorus, with herbaceous trailing or
ascending stems, resembling a blackberry. — Flowering
raspberry, a name of two American species, Rubus odo-
rattts, the purple, and It. Nutkanus, the white flowering
raspberry. The former is a rather ornamental shrub of
the eastern United States, with ample three- to flve-lobed
leaves, and showy purple or pink flowers blooming all
summer, the fruit of little worth. In England it is some-
times called Virginian raspberry. R. Sutkanus is a similar
western species with white flowers ; also, and better, called
salmon-berry.— Himalayan raspberry, Rubus rosstfoli-
us, an East Indian species widely naturalized and culti-
vated in warm countries, and often grown as a greenhouse
shrub, on account of its profusion of white, often double,
flowers. The large fruit consists of many minute orange-
red grains. — Raspberry vinegar, a drink made with
sugar, vinegar, and the juice of raspberries.— Virginian
raspberry. Nee flowering raspberry.
raspberry-borer
raspberry-borer (raz'ber-i-bqr"er), n.
The
larva of one of the clear-winged sphinxes
or hornet - moths,
Bembecia maei;/<ita,
common in the
United States, it
bores the roots of rasp-
berries and blackber-
ries. The larva of a
beetle, Oberea bimacu-
lata, which also bores
into the same plants,
is often called by this
name.
raspberry-bush
(niz'ber-i-bush), n.
The shrub, bush, or
bramble producing
any of the kinds of
raspberry,
raspberry-jam tree
(raz'ber-i-jam tre).
One of the Austra-
lian wattle - trees,
Acacia acuminata.
Its wood is used in cabinet-work, and has the
odor of jam made from raspberries,
rasped (raspt), a. [Pp. of rasp1, i>.] 1. Affected
Raspberry-borer (Bembecia
mafulata).
male; *, female. (Natural size.)
4967
capsules, covered with tubercles and used as
graters.
rasp-punch (rasp'punch), «. A tool, rather more
like a cold-chisel than a punch, used for form-
ing the teeth of rasps by cutting into, and turn-
ing upward above the surface, parts at the metal
before it has been hardened and tempered.
raspy (ras'pi), a. [< ra.sp1 + -y1.] Grating;
harsh ; rough.
Such a raspy, untamed voice as that of his I have hardly
heard. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 197. (Dames.)
rasse1 (ras), n. [< Javanese rasa, smell, taste,
< Skt. rasa, sap, taste, savor.] A kind of civet-
cat; the lesser civet, a viverrine quadruped
of the genus Viverricula, V. malaccensis, widely
distributed in China, India, the Malay penin-
sula, Java, etc. It is about 20 inches long without the
tail, and is sometimes called the Malacca weasel. Its per-
fume, called by the natives dedes, is secreted in a double
pouch like that of the civet; it is much valued by the
.Javanese. For its sake the animal is often kept in cap-
tivity. It is savage and irritable, and can inflict a very
severe bite.
rasse2t, ». [ME.] An eminence; a mound; a
summit.
On a rasse of a rok hit reste at the laste,
On the mounte of Mararach of Armene hilles.
__T ____ ... _ . ... Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 446.
as if byrasping; hoarse orraucous, as the voice; rastrai (ras'tral), n. [< rostrum + -«*.] Same
raspy ; nervous or irritable, as from continued ^ rostrum
slight provocations.— 2. In bookbinding, said of rastri'te (ras'trlt), n. A zoophyte of the genus
book-covers which have the sharp angles taken Bastrites; a graptolite.
off, but are not beveled. Eastrltes (ras-tri'tez), n. [NL., < L. rostrum,
rasper (ras'per), n. [< rasp* + -er1.] 1. One a rak +v ^n A" nu£ of 'fossil Sllurian
who or that which rasps ; a cutting scraper ZO6phytes: same as Graptolifhus.
Specifically— (<i) A coarse file for removing the burnt crust +* *_ , 00,f _,m\ fi ~n«trf, / +,.x\ rMT
from over-baked bread. (6) A rasping-machine ; an in- rastrum (ras trum), n, ; pl. rostra (-tra). [WL,.,
strument for rasping sugar-cane, beet-root> or the like to < L. rostrum, a rake, hoe, mattock, < radere,
shreds ; a large grater.
The typical representative of the internal system of grat-
ing is Champonnois' rasper.
scrape: see rase1.] 1. A five-pointed pen for
ruling staffs for music; a music-pen. — 2. A
herse.
rt Kncyc. Manuf II 1838. rasur(; (rg/^r), n. [Early mod. E. also razure;
fence. [Colloq.] < F rasure "— sp. pg. it. rastira, a shaving, a
2. In hunting, a difficult
Three fourths of our fences . -. . average somewhat
better than four feet in height, with an occasional rasper
that will come well up to five. The Century, XXXII. 336.
3. A contrivance for taking fish, consisting of
several bare hooks fastened back to back, to
be jerked through the water with a line ; a
pull-devil. [Canada.]
rasp-house (rasp'hous), re. A place where wood
is dressed or reduced to powder by rasping, for
use in dyeing, etc.
We went to see the Rasp-house, where the lusty knaves
are compell'd to worke, and the rasping of Brasill and
Logwood is very hard labour.
Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 19, 1641.
raspicet, «. Same as rasp2.
rasping (ras'ping), re. [Verbal n. of rasp1, «.] rati (rat) w- [Formerly also ratt; < ME. *atte,
A particle rasped off from a body or mass of rotte pl rattes < AS. rtet (reett-) = MD. ratte,
matter. Compare filing^, 2.
The wood itself, either reduced to shavings, raspings, or
powder. W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 887.
rasping (ras'ping), p. a, [Ppr. of rasp1, 0.] 1 .
Characterized by grating or scraping: as, a
rasping sound; hence, irritating; exasperating.
— 2. In hunting, said of a fence difficult to take.
You cannot . . . make him keep his seat over a rasping
fence.
blotting off, also the priest's tonsure, < L. ra-
sura, a shaving, scraping, < radere, pp. rasus,
scrape: see rase1. Cf . erasure.] 1. The act of
scraping or shaving; a rasing or erasing; a
scratch. [Rare.]
With the tooth of a small beast like a rat they race some
their faces, some their bodies, after diners formes, as if it
were with the scratch of a pin, the print of which rasure
can neuer be done away againe during life.
Hdkluyt's Voyages, III. 674.
A forted residence 'gainst the tooth of time
And razure of oblivion. Shak., M. for M., v. 1. 13.
2f. Same as erasure.
There were many ramrei in the book of the treasury.
Bp. Burnet.
D. rat = OLG. ratta, MLG. ratte, LG. rattc,
also rat, rot = OHG. rato, m., ratta, f., MHG.
rat, rate, m., ratte, rate, f., MHG. also rate,
ratze, G. raize, m., = Icel. rotta = Sw. ratta
= Dan. rotte, a rat; cf. F. Pr. rat = Sp. Pg.
rato = It. ratio = ML. ratus, rattus; cf. also
Ir. Gael. radan, Bret, raz, a rat. The relations
of the Teut., Bom., and Celtic groups to one an-
. . 11KIHC null utep ilia Beat uvci a. tuejsnty aji. tiio AVUVM ivvyiii., «uuvt vyx/iu»v/ g* \j\+^/a w v.
Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 60. other, and the ult. source of the word, are un-
raspingly (ras ' ping -li), adv. With a harsh,
rasping sound or effect; in a coarse, harsh
manner; gratingly; irritatingly ; exasperat-
ingly.
I told him to stay at home, quite raspingly, and he was
very ready to admit that I had done him a good turn in
doing so. F. H. Burnett, Pretty Polly Pemberton, vii.
rasping-machine (ras'ping-ma-shen'''), re. 1. A
known. Some refer the word to the root seen
in L. radere, scratch, scrape (see rase1, rare1),
rodere, gnaw (see rodent). The forms of the
word cat are equally wide-spread.] 1. A ro-
dent of some of the larger species of the ge-
nus Mus, as M. rattus, the black rat, and M.
decumanus, the gray, brown, or Norway rat :
distinguished from mouse. The distinction between
ies to animals
and familiar.
•" _ ' . * . ' a ' t_* i_ i DUI ineBc art) simpiv icu'ticr <iuu bmuiier species of the
— 2. A machine for grating beet-root, for mak- 8ame genu8i very (fiosely related zoologically, and in the
ing sugar. E. H. Knight. application of the two names to the many other species of
rasping-mill (ras'ping-mil), re. A saw-like the same genus all distinction between them is lost,
machine for reducing a substance to shreds or 2. Any rodent of the family Mundee ; a mu-
fine particles, as a bark-cutter or a grinding-mill rine ; in the plural, .the Muridee. in this sense, rat
• • Includes mouse. American rats or mice are a particular
section of the subfamily Murinse, called Sigmodontes, con-
fined to America, where no other Murinse are indigenous.
Field-rats, water-rats, meadow-mice, or voles are Muridsf
of the subfamily Anicolinse. See cuts under Arvicola,
Muridse, muskrat, Neotoma, Nesokia, and Nesomys.
„„:, 0 v r 0 _ ,, .
machine for rasping wood and bark for making rat and mouse, in the application of the name
rlTTQo tinntni-oo oto • a Viavlf nutriTiir mnphiriR everywhere parasitic with man, is obvious a
dyes, tinctures, etc., a DarK-ci line. But'thcse ar^ 8l j l r and 8maller 8p
- -
for beet-roots ; a rasping-machine ; a rasper,
raspist, n. Same as rasp2.
The raspis is planted in gardens. Gerard.
Raspis are of the same vertue that common brier or
bramble is of. It were good to keepe some of the Juyce
of raspis-berries in some wooden vessel, and to make it, as
it were, raspis wine. Langham, Garden of Health, p. 522.
3. Any rodent of the suborder Myomorpha.
Different animals of several families, as Dipodidx, Zapo-
didse, Saccomyidse, Oemnyidee, Spalacidee, are often known
— r r * —i f-- ,. - as rats of some kind distinguished by qualifying words
the Amazon region, Iriartea exorhizo, notable or compound names. See cut under mole-rat.
in that its stem is supported by a cone of aerial 4. Some other rodent, or some insectivore,
roots, of sufficient height for a man to pass be- marsupial, or other animal like or likened to a
rat. Thus, among hystricomorphic rodents, many spe-
cies of Octodontida are called rats: as, the spiny rats of
the subfamily Echinamyinse. Some large aquatic shrews
are known as muskrats. (See Myonale.) Some rat like
neath. These roots are covered with hard tu-
bercles, and are used by the natives as graters,
whence the name.
rasp-pod (rasp 'pod), «. An Australian tree,
FMnaersi
raid uustralis: so named from its woody
marsupials are known as kangaroo-rats. (See bettong, and
cuts under kangaroo-rat and Echimys.)
rat
5. A person who is considered to act in some
respect in a manner characteristic of rats: so
called in opprobrium . Specifically — (a) A man who
deserts a party or an association of any kind for one op-
posed to it in order to gain some personal advantage or
benefit ; a self-seeking turncoat ; a renegade. [Colloq. ]
He [Wentworth] was the first of the Rats, the first of
those statesmen whose patriotism had been only the co-
quetry of a political prostitution, and whose profligacy has
taught governments to adopt the old maxim of the slave-
market, that it is cheaper to buy than to breed, to import
defenders from an Opposition than to rear them in a Min-
istry. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
(b) A workman who accepts lower wages than those cur-
rent at the time and place or required by an authorized
scale, or one who takes a position vacated by a striker, or
one who refuses to strike when others do. [Colloq.]
The men who agree to go into the strike are always the
more united and determined class. The rats who refuse
suffer accordingly. The American, III. 181.
(ct) A clergyman : so called in contempt. Halliwell.
6. Something suggesting the idea of a rat, as
a curving roll of stuffed cloth or of crimped
hair-work, with tapering ends, formerly (about
1860-70) and still occasionally used by women
to puff out the hair, which was turned over it.
At one time even a small amount of natural hair easily
served the purpose of covering the crescent-shaped pillows
on which it was put up, the startling names of which were
rats and mice. The Century, XXXVI. 769.
Alexandrian rat, a gray or rufous-backed and white-bel-
lied variety of M us rattus, to which the name M. alexan-
drinus has been applied, owing to its having been first dis-
covered at Alexandria in Egypt, but which is not specifi-
cally distinct from the black rat.— Bamboo-rat, an Indian
murine rodent mammal of the genus Rhizomys, as R. suma-
tranus. The bay bamboo-rat is R. badiux. The species
are also called canets. See cut under Rhiiomys.— Ban-
dicoot rat. (a) The Anglo-Indian name of the large
murine rodents of India, of the family Muridse, subfamily
Phloemnyinee, and genus Nesokia, of which there are several
species, all Indian. N. griffithi is an example. See cut
under Nesokia. (b) Same as bandicoot, 2. — Black rat,
Mus rattus, one of the most anciently known rats, now
almost cosmopolitan, and typically of a blackish color, but
very variable in this respect. It is rather smaller than the
Norway gray rat. In one of its varieties it is known as roof-
rat (Mus tectorum) and white-bellied rat. See cut under Mu-
ridse.— Hare-tailed rat. See lemming.— Maori rat, the
black rat, Mus rattus, introduced and naturalized in New
Zealand.— Mountain rat, the large bushy-tailed wood-
rat of the Rocky Mountain region, Neotoma cinerea; the
pack-rat. [U. S. ] — Norway rat, the common rat, Mus de-
cumanus.— Pack-rat, the mountain rat, Neotoma cinerea :
so called on account of its curious and inveterate habit of
dragging off to its hole any object it can move. [Western
U. 8.) — Pharaonlc rat, Pharaoh's rat, the ichneumon :
a phrase traceable back at least to Belon (about 1555). See
Herpestes. Also called Pharaoh's mouse.— Pouched rat.
See pouched.— To have a rat in the garret, to be
slightly crack-brained : same as to have a bee in one's bon-
net (which see, under bee).— To smell a rat, to be sus-
picious that all is not right ; have an inkling of some mis-
chief, plot, or underhand proceeding.
Quoth Hudibras, " I smell a rat :
Ralpho, thou dost prevaricate."
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 821.
rat1 (rat), ».; pret. und pp. ratted, ppr. ratting.
[< rat1, «.] I.intrans. 1. To catch or kill rats ;
follow the business of a ratter or rat-catcher.
— 2. To go over from one party or cause to
another, especially from a party or cause that
is losing or likely to lose, as rats run fron: a
falling house ; desert one's party or associates
for advantage or gain ; become a renegade.
[Colloq.]
His ci-devant friends curse the hour that he ratted.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 885.
I am fully resolved to oppose several of the clauses. But
to declare my intention publicly, at a moment when the
Government is in danger, would have the appearance of
ratting. Xacaulay, in Trevelyan, I. 275.
3. To work for less than current wages, to re-
fuse to strike with fellow-workmen, or to take
the place of one who has struck: often with
indefinite it. See rati, n., 5 (6). [Colloq.]
II. trans. 1 . To puff out (the hair) by means
of a rat. See rat1, n., 6. [Rare.]
Next morning, at breakfast, Sin Saxon was as beautifully
ruffled, ratted, and crimped —as gay, as bewitching, and
defiant— as ever. Mrs. Whitney, Leslie Goldthwaite, x.
2. To displace or supplant union workers in:
as, to rat an office or a shop. [Colloq.]
rat'2t (rat), re. [Usually in pl. rats, < ME. rattes,
rags ; either from the verb, ME. ratten, tear (see
rat2, ».), or < Icel. hrat, hrati, rubbish, trash, =
Norw. rat, rubbish : cf. Sw. Norw. rato, reject,
refuse (see rate1).] A rag; tatter. [Prov.Eng.]
I rattes and i clutes. Old Eng. Homilies, L 227.
rat'2t (rat), v. t. [< ME. ratten = MHG. rateex,
tear; cf. rat2, ».] To tear.
How watj thou hardy this hous for thyn vnhap [to] neje,
In on so ratted a robe & rent at the sydesV
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 144.
rat3 (rat), r. t. [Prob. a var. of rot; cf. drat2,
in similar use.] A term of objurgation, used
in the imperative.
rat
rat4t. A Middle English contracted form of
redeth, the third person singular present indica-
tive of read1. Piers Plowmnn.
rata (rii'ta), M. [New Zealand.] A tree of
New Zealand, Metrosideros robusta, growing
from 60 to 80 feet high, the wood of which is
used in cabinet-work, and in civil and naval
architecture. The name belongs also to M. fiarida, a
stout-trunked climber ascending the highest trees ; it is
also more or less extended by settlers to other species of
the genus. Besides in several cases yielding valuable
wood, these trees are notable for their profusion of bril-
liant flowers, which are generally, as in M. robugta, scar-
let. See fire-tree and Metrosideros.
ratability (ra-ta-bil'j-ti), n. [< ratable + -ity
(see -bility),~\ The quality of being ratable.
Athenseum, No. 3261, p. 535.
ratable (ra'ta-bl), a. [Also rateable; < rate2 +
-able.'] 1. Capable of being rated, or set at a
certain value.
I collect out of the abbay booke of Burton, that 20 One
were ratable to two markes of siluer.
Carnden, Remains, Money.
2. Reckoned according to a certain rate ; pro-
portional.
In conscience and credit [poets were] bound, next after
the diuine praises of the immortal! gods, to yeeld a like
ratable honour to all such amongst men as most resembled
the gods by excellencie of function.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 28.
A ratable payment of all the debts of the deceased, in
equal degree, is clearly the most equitable method.
Mackstone, Com., III. il
3. Liable or subjected by law to be rated or as-
sessed for taxation.
ratableness (ra'ta-bl-nes), n. Ratability.
ratably (ra'ta-bli), adv. According to rating
or valuation ; at a proportionate rate ; propor-
tionally.
I will thus charge them all ratablye, according to theyr
abilityes, towardes theyr maintenaunce.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
The shareholders of every national banking association
shall be held individually responsible, equally and ratably.
National Bank Act, U. S. (ed. 1882), p. 14.
ratafia (rat-a-fe'a), n. [Formerly also ratifia,
ratifie, ratifee, also ratafias; = I)., etc., ratafia,
< F. ratafia, formerly also ratafiat (cf. F. tafia,
rum, arrack), = Sp. ratafia = Pg. ratafia, < Ma-
lay araq, a distilled spirit, arrack (< Ar. 'araq,
juice, distilled spirit: see arrack). + tafia, taffia,
a spirit distilled from molasses.] 1. A sweet
cordial flavored with fruits: sometimes limited
to those the flavor of which is obtained from
black currants, bitter almonds, or peach- and
cherry-kernels.
It would make a Man smile to behold her Figure in a
front Box, where her twinkling Eyes, by her Afternoon's
Drams of Ratifee and cold Tea, sparkle more than her Pen-
dants. Quoted in Ashton's Social Life in Reign of
[Queen Anne, I. 201.
2. A kind of fancy cake or biscuit.
Give him three ratafias, soaked in a dessert-spoonful of
cream. . George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 1.
ra+an, rattan2 (ra-tan'), «. [Formerly also rat-
toon, rotan, rotang, rottang; = D. Sw. Dan. rot-
ting (NL. Botang), < F. rotin, rotang = Sp. rota,
< Malay rotan, ratan. The E. accent, on the
last syllable, is appar. in imitation of the F. ;
the Malay word is accented on the first sylla-
ble.] 1. A palm of one among numerous spe-
cies, mostly of the genus Calamus, a few of the
genus Bhapis ; a ratan-palm. The species of Cala-
mus are prevailingly climbing palms, attaining a length
sometimes of 500 feet, with a thickness not exceeding an
inch — ascending the tallest trees, falling in festoons, and
again ascending. A few species are found in Africa and
Australia, but they abound chiefly in the East Indies, on
the mainland and islands. The species of Rhapis are erect
slender canes growing in dense tufts, and are natives of
China and Japan. Katans of this habit are commercially
distinguished from the climbing ones as yround-ratans.
2. The stems of the ratan collectively as an
economic material. Among its chief commercial
sources are Calamus Rotang, C. rudentum, C. vena, C.
erectus, and C. Koyleanus. The most valuable ratan is
produced in Borneo. On account of its length and light,
tough, flexible, and fissile character, ratan is applied to
very numerous uses. In native regions the product of
C. rudentum and other species is split and twisted in
vast quantities into all sizes of cordage from cables to
fishing-lines. Basket-making is another common use.
In some places the stems of climbing ratans are used
for the suspension of foot-bridges of great length. In
China whole houses are made of ratan, there afforded
chiefly by Rhapis flabelUfarmis. Matting made of split
ratan is exported thence to all parts of the world. The
same fiber serves also to make hats, the bottoms of rice-
sieves, thread for sewing palm-leaves, etc. In recent
times ratan has become an important article in western
commerce. It is now not only used for walking-sticks,
but extensively made into chairs and chair-bottoms, bod-
ies for fancy carriages, fine and coarse basket-work, etc.
It has almost superseded willow in making the large
baskets required in manufacturing and other industries.
4968
3. A switch or stick of ratan, especially a walk-
ing-stick.
Mr. Hnmley did give me a little black rattoon, painted
and gilt. Pepy*, Diary, an. 1660.
ratan, rattan2 (ra-tan'), v. t. [< ratan, rattan?,
«.] 1. To use ratan in making; cover or fonn
with interlaced lengths of ratan.
The second class coach is finished in native ash with
Moorish designed ceilings, rattaned sofa seats, and closet
and toilet rooms. Sei. Amer., N. S., LIX. 3.
2. To use a ratan upon; beat with or as with a
ratan-caue. [Colloq.]
ratan-cane (ra-tan'kan), n. Same as ratan, 3.
ratanhine (rat'an-in), n. [< Braz. Pg. ratanhia
(see ratany) •(•' -ine2.] An alkaloid (CinH13
NOs) occurring in small quantity in the ex-
tract of ratany-root.
ratany (rat'a-ni), n. [Alsora/fanjr, ratanhy, and
rhatany; ='F. ratanhia, < Braz. Pg. ratanhia, <
Peruv. ratana, native name.] 1. A procum-
bent South American
shrub, Krameria tri-
andra, yielding a
medicinal root, its
foliage IB silver-gray with
silky hairs, and it bears
star-like lake-colored
flowers singly in the up-
per axils. See Krameria
and ratany-mt.
2. A medicinal sub-
stance procured from
this plant: same as
ratany-root. — Para,
Brazilian, or Ceara
ratany, a substitute for
the true ratany, obtained
from Kramena argentea Katany (Kramiria trtaiUra).
of northeastern Brazil.
ratany-root (rat'a-ui-rot), n. The root-sub-
stance of the ratany, used in medicine for its
astringent, diuretic, and detergent properties,
and in the adulteration of port-wine.
rataplan (rat-a-plon'),»i. [F.; imitative. Cf.
rattan^, rat-a-tat.'] The sound or music of
the military drum; a tattoo or "rub-a-dub."
rat-a-tat (rat'a-taf), n. [Imitative. Ct.rat-
tat, rat-tat-too.] A rattling sound or effect, as
from the beating of a drum.
rat-catcher (rat'kach'er), n. One whose busi-
ness is the catching of rats ; a ratter.
rat-catching (rat'kach'ing), «. The catching
of rats, now pursued as a business by rat-
catchers, and formerly to a large extent in
Great Britain, with dogs or ferrets, as a popu-
lar amusement.
ratch1 (rach), r. [An assibilated form of rack1,
or in part a var. of retch1 or reach1: see rack1,
v.] L. trans. 1. To stretch or pull asunder. — 2.
To spot or streak. Halliwell.
[Prov. Eng. in both uses.]
II. intrans. Naut., to make a stretch or vary-
ing stretches in sailing; sail by the wind or by
tacks ; stand off and on.
There was a fleet of smacks ratching to the eastward on
our port bow. W. C. Rustett, Jack's Courtship, xxiii.
ratch1 (rach), n. [An assibilated form of rack1:
see rack1, n. In defs. 3 and 4, directly from the
verb. Cf. dim. ratchet.] 1. In a machine, a bar
having angular teeth, into which a pawl drops,
to prevent the machine from being reversed in
motion. A circular ratch is a ratchet-wheel. —
2. In clockwork, a sort of wheel having fangs,
which serve to lift the detents and thereby
cause the clock to strike. — 3. A straight line.
[Prov. Eng.] — 4. A white mark on the face of
a horse. [Eng.]
ratch2t (rach), n. [Early mod. E. also rach,
rache; < ME. racche, rache,< AS. race, a dog, =
Icel. rakki, a dog.] A dog that hunts by scent.
As they ryde talkynge,
A rach ther come flyngynge
Overtwert the way.
Thanne seyde old and yonge,
From her first gynnynge,
They ne sawe honde never so gay.
Lybeaue Mseomw(Rit8on's Metr. Rom., II.).
There are in England and Scotland two kinds of hunt-
ing dogs : the first is called a rache; and this is a foot-
scenting creature, both of wild beasts, birds, and fishes
also which lie hid among the rocks ; the female hereof is
called in England a brache, Qentleman's Recreation, p. 28.
ratch3 (rach), v. t. Same as rash*. [Scotch.]
ratch4 (rach), n. [Origin obscure. Cf . ratchel.]
A subsoil of stone and gravel mixed with clay.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
ratched (racht), p. a. [Pp. of ratchZ, v.] Rag-
ged; in a ruinous state. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
ratchel (rach'el), n. [Also ratchell, ratchil: cf.
ratch*, ratcher. Perhaps < G. rutschel, the frag-
ments from two masses of rock sliding one on
rate
the other, < rvtschen, slide, slip.] Fragments
of stone; gravelly stone; also, a hard, rocky
crust below the soil. Jamii-xon. [Prov. Eng.
and Scotch.]
ratcher (rach'er), n. [Cf. ratcli*, ratchel.] A
rock. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
ratchet (rach'et), n. [< ratch1 + -et.] A de-
tent or pivoted piece designed to fit into the
teeth of a ratchet-wheel, permitting the wheel
to rotate in one direction, but not in the other.
A similar device so arranged as to move the wheel is termed
a pallet, (see ratchet-wheel, cfiefri, 3, paui, and detent.)
Combined with the ratchet-wheel as a means of convert-
ing a reciprocating into a rotary motion, the ratchet ap-
pears in a number of tools and gives its name to each : as,
the ratchet bed-key, etc.
ratchet-brace (rach'et-bras), n. See brace1.
ratchet-burner (rach'et-b£r"ner), n. A burner
for a lamp in which the wick is moved up and
down by means of a wheel with notched points.
ratchet-COUpling (rach'et-kup"ling), n. A de-
vice for uncoupling machinery in the event of
a sudden stoppage of the motion of a driving-
wheel, as by an obstruction . It consists of a ratchet-
wheel inserted in a sleeve on the exterior shaft of a driv-
ing-wheel. The ratchet is efficient as long as it transmits
the initial motion ; bat if the revolution of the driver is
checked, the sleeve slips over the ratchet until the ma-
chinery loses its momentum, thus avoiding a shock.
ratchet-drill (rach'et-dril), n. A tool for drill-
ing holes by means of a ratchet in a narrow
plane where there is no room for the common
brace.
ratchet-jack (rach'et-jak), n. A form of screw-
jack in which the lever-socket is fitted with a
pallet engaging a ratchet-wheel, so that flie jack
may be operated by oscillation of the lever.
ratchet-lever (rach'et-lev'er), n. A lever with
a collar fitted around a ratchet-wheel which en-
gages a pallet on the lever, used for operating
a drill or screw by oscillation of the lever.
ratchet-pedal (rach'et-ped'al), n. See pedal.
ratchet-post (rach'et-post), n. Milit., a metal-
lic post fastened f o the rear transom of the top-
carriage of a heavy gun, to serve as a support
or fulcrum for the elevating-bar.
ratchet-punch (rach'et -punch), n. A punch
worked by a screw which is revolved by means
of a ratchet-lever.
ratchet-wheel (rach'et-hwel), n. A wheel with
pointed and angular teeth, against which a
ratchet abuts, used either for converting a re-
ciprocating into a rotatory motion on the shaft
to which it is fixed, or for admitting of its mo-
tion in one direction only.
For both purposes an arrangement
similar to that shown in the cut is
employed, a is the ratchet-wheel,
and b the reciprocating lever, to
the end of which is jointed a small
ratchet or pawl c, furnished with a
catch of the same form as the teeth
of the wheel, which, when the lever
ismovedinonedirectjon, slidesover
the teeth, but in returning draws
the wheel with it The pawl c is
forced into engagement with the
teeth of the ratchet-wheel by the
spring /. The other ratchet, d,
which may be used either separately
or in combination with the first, permits of the motion of
the wheel in the direction of the arrow, but opposes its re-
turn in the opposite direction. Also called click-wheel.
See also cut under pawl.
ratchet-wrench (rach'et-rench), n. A ratchet
bed-key wrench.
ratchety (rach'e-ti), a. [< ratchet + -y1.] Like
the movement of a ratchet ; jerky; clicking.
Ratchet-wheel.
. poured out a ratchety but vehement pane-
Tke Money-Makers, p. 128.
Raikes
gyric.
ratchil, «. See ratchel.
ratchment (rach'ment), n. [< ratch1 + -ment.]
In arch., a flying-buttress which springs from
the principals of a herse and abuts against the
central or chief principal. Oxford Glossary.
rate1 (rat), t'. ; pret. and pp. rated, ppr. rating.
[< ME. raten, chide, scold, in comp., < Sw. rata,
reject, refuse, slight, find fault with (cf. rat-
gods, refuse goods), = Norw. rata, reject, cast
aside as rubbish; akin to Norw. rat, refuse,
rubbish, trash, = Icel. hrat, hrati, rubbish, trash,
skins, stones, etc., of berries; Norw. rata, bad,
worthless: see ro*2.] I. trans. 1. To chide
with vehemence ; reprove; scold; censure vio-
lently.
He shal be rated of his studying.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 277.
Go, rate thy minions, proud insulting boy !
S*ot.,3Hen. VI.,ii. 2. 84.
His mother is angry, rates him.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, Arg.
2t. To affect by chiding or reproving ; restrain
by vehement censure.
rate
No words may rate, nor rigour him remove
From greedy hold ot that his blouddy feaBt.
Spenser, V. Q., IV. ix. 31.
II. intrant. To utter vehement censure or
reproof; inveigh scoklingly: with at.
Yea, the Moores, meeting with this beast, doe rate and
braule at him. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 42.
Such a one
As all day long hath rated at her child,
And vext his day.
Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.
rate2 (rat), »i. [<OF. rate, price, value,=Pr. Sp.
Pg. It. rata = Or. rate, < ML. rate, rate, pro-
portion (L. pro rata par te, or pro ruta portion?,
or simply pro rata, according to a certain part
or portion (see pro rata, pro-rate)); fern, of L.
ratits, determined, fixed, settled, pp. of rerl (ind.
rear), think, deem, judge, orig. reckon, calcu-
late. From the same L. verb are ult. derived
E. rote3, ratio, ration^reason, areason, arraign1,
etc., ratify, etc.] 1. A reckoning by compara-
tive values or relations ; proportional estima-
tion according to some standard; relative
amount, quantity, range, or degree : as, the rate
of interest is 6 per cent, (that is, $6 for every
$100 for every year) ; the rate per mile of rail-
road charges, expenses, or speed ; a rapid rate
of growth or of progress.
He lends out money gratis, and brings down
The rate of usance here with us in Venice.
Shale., M. ofV., i. 3. 46.
One of the necessary properties of pure Motion is Velo-
city. It is not possible to think of Motion without think-
ing of a corresponding Rate of motion.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 52.
As regards travelling, the fastest rate along the high
roads was ten miles an hour.
W. Bezant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 6.
It was no longer practicable to levy the duties on the
old plan of one rate for unrefined and another rate for re-
fined sugars. S. Dowell, Taxes in England, IV. 31.
2. Charge or valuation according to a scale or
standard ; comparative price or amount of de-
mand ; a fixed measure of estimation.
A Jewel that I have purchased at an infinite rate.
Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2. 213.
I am not . . . content to part with my commodities at
a cheaper rate than I accustomed ; look not for it.
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
They have no Goods but what are brought from Manilo
at an extraordinary dear rate. Dumpier, Voyages, I. 308.
Servants could be hired of their nominal owners at a
barley-corn rate. The Century, XXXTX. 139.
3. A fixed public tax or imposition assessed on
property for some local purpose, usually ac-
cording to income or value : as, poor-rates or
church-rotes in Great Britain.
They paid the Church and Parish Rate,
And took, but read not the Receit.
Prior, An Epitaph.
The empowering of certain boards to borrow money re-
payable from the local rates, to employ and pay those out
of work. H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 9.
A sewers rate, however, was known as early as the sixth
year of llenry VI. (1427).
Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, II. 477.
4f. A proportion allotted or permitted ; an al-
lotment or provision ; a regulated amount or
supply.
The one right feeble through the evill rate
Of food which in her duresse she had found.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. viii. 19.
The people shall go out and gather a certain rate every
day. Ex. xvi. 4.
5. A relative scale of being, action, or conduct ;
comparative degree or extent of any mode of
existence or procedure ; proportion in manner
or method: as, an extravagant rate of living or
of expenditure. See at any rate, at no rate, below.
With wyse men there is rest & peace, after a blessed rate.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 92.
With might and delight they spent all the night,
And liv'd at a plentiful rate.
Robin Hood and the Ranger (Child's Ballads, V. 210);
Tom hinting his dislike of some trifle his mistress had
said, she asked him how he would talk to her after mar-
riage, if he talked at this rate before. Addison.
Hence — 6f. Mode or manner of arrangement;
order; state.
Thus sate they all around in seemely rate.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. x. 52.
7f. Degree, rank, or estimation; rating; ap-
praisement: used of persons and their qualities.
I am a spirit of no common rate.
Shak., M. N. D., iii. 1. 157.
With the common rate of men there is nothing com-
mendable but what they themselves may hope to be par-
takers of. Steele, Spectator, No. 188.
8. The order or class of a vessel, formerly reg-
ulated in the United States navy by the num-
ber of guns carried, but now by the tonnage
displacement. Vessels of 5,000 tons displacement and
4969
over are of the first rate, of 3,000 and above but below
5,000 tons of the second rate, of 1,000 and above but be-
low 3,000 tons of the third rate, of less than 1,000 tons of
the fourth rate. In classifying the navies of England,
France, and the other principal European powers the
term claw is used instead of rate, and relates not so much
to the actual weight or power of the ships as to arbi.
trary divisions of types of vessels, and to their relative
importance as battle ships, cruisers, etc.
9. In the United States navy, the grade or po-
sition of any one of the crew: same as ratim/-,
2. — 10. In horology, the daily gain or loss of a
chronometer or other timepiece. A losing rate is
called by astronomers a positive rate, because it entails a
positive correction to the difference of readings of the
clock-face. — At any rate, in any manner, or by any means :
in any case; at all events; positively; assuredly: as, I
shall stay at any rate ; at any rate the claim is a valid one.
I have no friend,
Project, design, or country but your favour,
Which I'll preserve at any rate.
Fletcher (and another). False One, L 1.
At no rate*, in no manner ; by no means ; not at all.
[Rare.]
This day at no rate
Shalt thou performe thy worke, least thou doe draw
My heavy wrath vpon thee.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 16.
County rates, landing-rates, police rate, etc. See
county!, landing, etc. — Kate of change, in math., the
ratio of an infinitesimal increment of any function to that
of the independent variable. Thus, the rate of change of
z2 relatively to x is :'r. Rate Of exchange. Same as
course of exchange (which see, under exchange}. — Rate of
profit. Seeprofit. (See also church-rate, poor-rate. )=Syn.
3. Asse&rment, Impost, etc. See tax.
rate2 (rat), v. ; pret. and pp. roteo", ppr. rating.
[< rate2, n.~\ I. trans. 1. To reckon by com-
parative estimation ; regard as of such a value,
rank, or degree ; hold at a certain valuation or
estimate ; appraise ; fix the value or price of.
If thou be'st rated by thy estimation.
Shak., M. ofV., ii. 7. 26.
The frigid productions of a later age are rated at no more
than their proper value. Macaulay, Dryden.
2. To assess as to payment or contribution; fix
the comparative liability of, for taxation or the
like ; reckon at so much in obligation or capa-
bility ; set a rate upon.
Tell us (I pray you) how ye would have the sayd landes
rated, that both a rente may rise thereout unto the
Queene, and also the souldiours paye.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
Look on my George ; I am a gentleman ;
Hull1 me at what thou wilt, thou shall be paid.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1. 30.
Charles S. What do you rate him at, Moses ?
Moses. Four guineas. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1.
3. To fix the relative scale, rank, or position
of: as, to rate a ship; to rate a seaman. — 4.
To determine the rate of, or rate-error of, as a
chronometer or other timepiece. See rate1, ».,
10.
Our chronometers, rates' but two weeks ago at Uper-
navik. Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., 1. 68.
Rating-instrument, a rude transit-instrument for de-
termining time accurately to half a second, in order to
rate watches.
II. intrans. To have value, rank, standing, or
estimation: as, the vessel rates as a ship of the
line.
When he began milling in a small way at the Falls of St.
Anthony, Minneapolis flour rated very low.
The Century, XXXII. 46.
rate3! (rat), ». [< ML. rata, f., a stipulation,
contract, ratum, neut., a decision, fem. or neut.
of L. ratus, pp. of reri, think, deem, judge: see
rote2.] A ratification.
Neuer without the rates
Of all powers else. Chapman, Iliad, i. 508.
rate3t, v. t. [< rote3, n. Cf. ratify.'] To ratify.
To rate the truce they swore. Chapman.
rateable, a. See ratable.
rate-book (rat'buk), w. A book in which a rec-
ord of rates is kept; a book of valuations.
Horses by papists are not to be ridden ;
But sure the Muses' horse was ne'er forbidden ;
For in no rate-book was it ever found
That Pegasus was valued at five pound.
Dryden, Don Sebastian, Prol., 1. 43.
rateen, «. See ratteen.
rate! (ra'tel), n. [< F. rate?, dim. of rat, a rat :
see rat1.'] A carnivorous quadruped of the
family Mustelidse and subfamily Mettivorinse,
as Mellivora capensis or M. ratellus, the honey-
ratel of the Cape of Good Hope, and M. indica,
that of India ; a honey-badger. See Mellivora,
and cut in next column.
ratepayer (rat'pa/er), n. One who is assessed
and pays a rate or local tax. [Great Britain.]
In the vestry-meeting the freemen of the township, the
ratepayers, still assemble for purposes of local interest,
not involved in the manorial jurisdiction.
Stubbx, Const. Hist, $ 43.
rath
Ratel (Mttlfixra cafentisl.
They have already in many towns supplied us, at the
expense of the ratepayers, with hospitals, museums, free
libraries, art galleries, baths, and parks.
Westminster Rev., CXX.V. 17.
ratepaying (rafpa/'ing), a. Paying a local tax ;
relating to taxation by assessment.
In addition to the . . . eccentricity from an Australian
point of view of a ratepaying or property basis for the par-
liamentary franchise, Tasmania has another legislative
peculiarity which she copied from Victoria, and shares
only with that colony and with New Zealand.
Sir C. W. bake, Probs. of Greater Britain, il. 4.
rater (ra'ter), n. [< rate2 + -fr1.} One who
rates or sets a value ; one who makes an esti-
mate.
rate-tithe (rat'tlTH), n. In old Eng. law, a
tithe paid for sheep or cattle which are kept in
a parish for less than a year, in which case the
owner must pay tithe for them pro rata, accord-
ing to the custom of the place. Sir A. Fitzher-
bert, Natura Brevium (1534 and later).
rat-fish (raffish), n. A selachian fish, the
Chimsera collisei. [Pacific coast, U. S.]
rat-goose (rat'gos), n. [< rat-, said to be imi-
tative, + goose. Cf. clack-goose, another name
of the same bird.] The brent- or brant-goose,
Sernicla brenta: so called from its cry.
rath1 (ra5H), a. [Also improp. rathe; < ME.
rath, rad, reed, quick, early, < AS. hraeth, hreth,
also hrxd (pi. lirade), quick, swift, fleet, sud-
den, active, = D. rad = MLG. rat (rad-) =
OHG. hrad, hrat, rat, MHG. rad, rat = Icel.
hradhr, quick, swift, fleet ; root uncertain ; the
forms without the aspirate merge with simi-
lar forms mentioned under rash1, q. v. Hence
rotffl, adv., and rather.] If. Quick; swift;
speedy. — 2. Early; coming before others, or
before the usual time ; youthful. [Obsolete or
archaic.]
Last of all, vnto quhose actionis, in special!, suld Kyngis
geue rathest actendence.
Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.X To the Redar.
The rather lambes bene starved with cold.
Spenser, Shep. CaL, Februarie.
Bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies.
Milton, Lycidas, 1. 142.
Thy converse drew us with delight,
The men of rathe and riper years.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, ex.
3f. Near; proximate.
rath1 (raTH), adv. [Also rathe; < ME. rathe, <
AS. hrathe, quickly, < hreeth, quick: see rath1,
a.] If. Quickly; swiftly; speedily.
With hise sal te teris gan he bathe
The ruby in his signet, and it sette
Upon the wex deliverliche and rathe.
Chaucer, Troilus, il. 1088.
Thane this ryche mane rathe arayes his byernez,
Rowlede his Romaynez, and reaUe knyghtez.
J/orte Arthure (E. E. T. ».\ L 2022.
2. Early; soon. [Obsolete or archaic.]
Dobet is hir damoisele sire Doweles dougter,
To serue this lady lelly bothe late and rathe.
Piers Plowman (B), ix. 13.
What eyleth yow so rathe for to ryse?
Chaucer, Shipman's Tale, 1. 99.
But lesynges with her false flaterye . . .
Accepte ben now rathegt unto grace.
Lydgate, Complaint of the Black Knight, 1. 427.
Itntlii' she rose, half-cheated in the thought
She needs must bid farewell to sweet Lavaine.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
Rath ripe, early ripe. See rathripe.
rath2 (rath), n. [Early mod. E. also rathe; ^
Ir. rath, an earthen fort or fortified dwelling.]
A fortified dwelling of an ancient Irish chief.
The word occurs as the initial element in many
Irish place-names, as liathkeale, Itathlin, etc.
There is a great use amongst the Irish to make great as-
semblyes togither upon a rath or hill, there to parley (they
say) about matters of wronge betwene towneship and
towneship, or one private person and another.
Spenser, State of Ireland, p. 642.
The Rath was a simple circular wall or enclosure of
raised earth, enclosing a space of more or less extent, in
which stood the residence of the chief and sometimes the
dwellings of one or more of the officers or chief men of
rath
the tribe or court. Sometimes also the Rath consisted of
two or three concentric walls or circumvallations ; but it
does not appear that the erection so called was ever in-
tended to be surrounded with water.
O'Curry, Anc. Irish, II xix.
rath3 (rat), «. [E. Ind.] A name given to cer-
tain rock-cut Buddhist temples in India.
The oldest and most interesting group of monuments
at Mahavellipore are the so-called five raths or monolithic
temples standing on the sea-shore.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 328.
rath4 (rat), TO. [Hind, rath, a carriage, < Skt.
ratha, chariot.] A Burmese state carriage.
Every day the State rath, or chariot, of the Bhavnagar
Dunbar is drawn by two oxen about the Upper Gardens.
Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886, p. SO.
rat-hare (rat'har), n. Same as pika.
rathe, a. and adv. See rath1.
rathelt, v. t. [ME. rathelen; origin obscure.]
To fix; root.
Gawayn graythely hit bydez & glent with no membre,
Bot stode stylle as the ston, other a stubbe author,
That ratheled is in roche grounde, with rotez a hundreth.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2292.
rathelyt, adv. See rathly.
rather (raTH'er), adv. [< ME. rather, rether,
< AS. hrathor, more quickly, sooner, earlier,
compar. of hrathe, quick, soon, early: see rath1,
adv. Cf. superl. rathest (obs.), < ME. rathest,
ratheste, soonest, earliest, < AS. hrathost: see
rath1.'] If. More quickly; quicker. See rath1,
adv., 1. — 2f. Earlier; sooner.
Thilke sterres that ben cleped sterres of the north
arisen rather than the degree of hire longitude, and alle
the sterres of the south arisen after the degree of hire
longitude. Chaucer, Astrolabe, i. 21.
And 3it schal erthe vn-to erthe rather than he wolde.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 88.
3. More readily or willingly; with better lik-
ing; with preference or choice ; in preference,
as compared with something else.
Men loved darkness rather than light, because their
deeds were evil. John ill. 19.
4. In preference ; preferably ; with better rea-
son; better.
Give us of your oil. . . . Not «o ; . . . but go ye rather
to them that sell, and buy for yourselves. Mat x \ v. 9.
Dye rather, dye, then ever from her service swerve.
Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 46.
Had he who drew such gladness ever wept?
Ask rather could he else have seen at all,
Or grown in Nature's mysteries an adept?
Lowell, To a Friend.
5. More properly; more correctly speaking;
more.
The Doctor by this oversight (or cunningness, rattier)
got a supply of money. Howell, Letters, IV. 2.
A certain woman . . . had spent all that she had, and
was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse. Mark v. 26.
This is an art
Which does mend nature, change it rather, but
The art itself is nature. Shot., W. T., iv. 4. 96.
Covered with dust and blood and wounds, and haggard
with fatigue and horror, they looked like victims rather
than like warriors. Irving, Granada, p. 92.
6. On the contrary; to the contrary of what
has been just stated. — 7. In a greater degree ;
much ; considerably ; also, in colloquial use, in
some degree; somewhat: qualifying a verb.
He sought her through the world, but sought in vain,
And, no-where finding, rather fear'd her slain.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., 1. 799.
Wai, of course he made his court to Ruth ; and the Gin-
eral, he rather backed him up in it.
H. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 37.
8. In some degree or measure ; somewhat ; mod-
erately: usually qualifying an adverb or an ad-
jective : as, she is rather pretty. [Chiefly col-
loq.]
An Indian camp is a rather interesting, though very
dirty, place to visit. The Century, XXXVI. 39.
[In this sense often used ironically, in answering a ques-
tion, as an emphatic affirmative.
"Do you know the mayor's house?" " Rather," replied
the boots significantly, as if he had some good reason to
remember it. Dickens.]
Had rather. See to have rather, under have.— Leet ra-
ther. See leet*.— Rather better than, somewhat in ex-
cess of ; rather more than.
Five hundred and fifty musketeers, rather better than
three to one. Cf. P. R. James, Arrah Neil, p. 60.
Rather . . . than otherwise. See otherwise.— The
rather, by so much the more ; especially ; for better rea-
son ; for particular cause.
You are come to me in happy time ;
The rather for I have some sport in hand.
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., L 91.
This I the rather write, that we may know there are other
Parts of the World than those which to us are known.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 60.
ratherish (raTH'er-ish), adv. [< rather +
-is*1.] Slightly; to a small extent; in some
degree. [Colloq.]
4970
Lavalette is ratherish against Popish temporality ; Gen.
Guyon is rather favorable to it.
New York Tribune, April 22, 1862.
Rathke's duct. The Miilleriau duct when it is
persistent in the male.
Eathke's trabeculse. See trabecula.
rathlyt, adv. [ME., also rathely, radly, rad/icln .
< AS. hrasdlice, quickly, hastily, speedily, <
hrseth, quick: see rath1.] In a rath manner;
quickly; suddenly.
Thomas rathely vpe he rase.
Thomas of Ersseldoune (Child's Ballads, 1. 100).
Ryee we now full radly, rest here no longer,
And I shall tell you full tyte, and tary no thing.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 772.
rat-hole (rat'hol), TO. 1. A hole gnawed in
woodwork, etc., by a rat or rats. — 2. In print-
ing, same as pigeonhole, 6.
ratholite (rath'o-lit), n. Same a,Bj>ectolite.
r athripe (raTH'rip), o. and n. [< ME. *ra thripe, <
AS. reedripe, hreedripe, early ripe,< hrseth, quick,
+ ripe, ripe: see rath1 and ripe. Cf. rareripe.']
I. a. Early ripe ; ripe before the season ; rare-
ripe. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
Such as delight in rathript fruits. Putter.
Rathripe barley, barley derived from a long succession
of crops on warm gravelly soil, so that it ripens earlier
than common barley under different circumstances.
II. n. A rareripe. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
ratifiat, ratiflet, n. Obsolete forms of ratafia.
ratification (raf'i-fi-ka'shon), n. [Early mod.
E. ratification, < OF. ratification, ratification, F.
ratification = Pr. ratification = Sp. ratification
= Pg. ratificacjto = It. ratificazione, < ML.
ratificatio(n-), < ratificare, ratify: see ratify.']
1. The act of ratifying; the act by which a
competent authority gives sanction and valid-
ity to something done by another ; also, the state
of being ratified ; confirmation: as, the ratifica-
tion of a treaty, or of a contract or promise.
The kyng of England sent Sir Nicholas Carew, knight,
master of his horses, and Doctor Sampson, to Bononie, for
the ratification of the league concluded at Cambray.
Ball, Hen. VIIL, an. 21.
It was argued by Monroe, Gerry, Howel, Ellery, and
myself that by the modern usage of Europe the ratification
was considered as the act which gave validity to a treaty,
until which it was not obligatory.
Je/erson, Autobiography, p. 46.
2. In law, the adoption by a person, as binding
upon himself, of an act previously done in his
name or on his behalf, or in such relation that
he may claim it as done for his benefit, al-
though done under such circumstances as
would not bind him except by his subsequent
consent, as in the case of an act done by a
stranger having at the same time no authority
to act as his agent, or by an agent not having
adequate authority to do the act. intention to
ratify is not necessary in order to constitute a ratification,
for an acceptance of the results of the act may its. -If be
conclusive upon the party. But a knowledge of all the
material circumstances is usually necessary in order to
make a ratification binding. — Ratification by a wife, in
Scots law, a declaration on oath made by a wife in presence
of a justice of the peace (her husband being absent) that a
deed she has executed has been made freely, and that she
has not been induced to make it by her husband through
force or fear.— Ratification meeting, in the United
States, a political meeting called for the purpose of ex-
pressing approval of the nominations made by a political
party, and of creating enthusiasm for their support.
ratifier (rat'i-fl-er), n. One who or that which
ratifies or sanctions.
Antiquity forgot, custom not known.
The rotifers and props of every word.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 5. 105.
ratify (rat'i-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ratified,
ppr. ratifying. [< OF. ratefier, F. ratifier = Pr.
Sp. Pg. ratificar = It. ratificare, < ML. ratificare,
confirm, ratify, < L. ratus, fixed, settled, +
-ficare, < facere, make : see rate2 and -/y.] 1 .
To confirm ; establish ; settle conclusively or
authoritatively ; make certain or lasting.
We have ratified to them the borders of Judea.
1 Mac. xi. 34.
Covenants will be ratified and confirmed, as it were by
the Stygian oath. Baton, Political Fables, li., ExpL
Shaking hands with emphasis, ... as if they were rati-
fying some solemn league and covenant.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xvii.
2. To validate by some formal act of approval ;
accept and sanction, as something done by an
agent or a representative ; confirm as a valid
act or procedure.
This Accord and final Peace signed by both Kings was
ratified by their two eldest Sons.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 125.
A solemn compact let us ratify,
And witness ev'ry power that rules the sky.
Pope, Odyssey, xiv.
ratio
The unfortunate king, unable to make even a protest
for the rights of his son, was prevailed on to ratify the
agreement. ««///«, Const. Hist., s 677.
Ratifying convention, a convention held for the pur-
pose of ratifying certain measures, acts, etc. : specifically
used in United States politics of the conventions held by
the several States of the American Union for the purpose
of ratifying the Federal Constitution of 1787.
ratihabitiont (rat*i-ha-bish'on), n. [= Sp. mti-
lidbii'iini = Pg. ratihabifSo = It. ratiaoMone,
< LL. ratihabitio(n-), ratification at law, < L.
ratus, fixed, settled (see rate2), + haoerc, have:
see habit.'] Approval, as of something done or
to be done ; precedent or subsequent consent ;
sanction ; confirmation of authority or of action.
In matters criminal ratihabition, or approving of the
act, does always make the approver guilty. Jer. Taylor.
To assure their full powers, they Had letters of commis-
sion or of ratihabition, or powers of attorney, such as were
usually furnished to proctors or representative officers.
StuWw, Const. Hist., § 747.
rating1 (ra'ting), TO. [Verbal n. of rate1, v.~\ A
scolding.
rating2 (ra'ting), n. [Verbal n. of rate2, ».] 1.
A fixing of rates ; proportionate distribution as
to charge or compensation; determination of
relative values or rights.
The loss by any railway company of its whole share of
this traffic, in consequence of being crippled in competi-
tion by regulations as to rating.
Contemporary Rev., LI. 78.
The following table of ratings and of the number pen-
sioned at each rate shows how the allowance is distributed
among invalid survivors. The Century, XXXVIII. 636.
2. Classification according to grade or rank ;
determination of relative standing; hence,
rank or grade. The rating of men in the navy signifies
the grade in which they are rated or entered in the ship's
books. The rating of ships is the division into grades (see
riiif-, n., 8) by which the complement of officers and cer-
tain allowances are determined.
ratio (ra'shio), TO. [< L. ratio, a reckoning, ac-
count, calculation, relation, reference, reason,
etc., < reri, pp. ratus, think, deem, estimate:
see rate2, and cf. ration and reason, from the
same L. noun.] 1. The relation between two
similar magnitudes in respect to quantity; the
relation between two similar quantities in re-
spect to how many times one makes so many
times the other. There is no intelligible difference
between a ratio and a quotient of similar quantities ; they
are simply two modes of expression connected with differ-
ent associations. But it was contrary to the old usage to
speak of a ratio as a quantity— a usage leading to intoler-
able complications. Thus, instead of saying that the mo-
mentum of a moving particle is the product of its mass
into its velocity— a mode of expression both convenient
and philosophical— the older writers say that the momenta
of two particles are in the compound ratio of their masses
and velocities. This language, which betrays several er-
rors of logic, is now disused ; although some writers still
persist in making numbers the only subjects of addition
and multiplication. By mathematicians ratio is now con-
ceived and spoken of as synonymous with yuotient.
The numbers which specify a strain are mere ratios,
and are therefore independent of units.
J. D. Everett, Units and Physical Constants, p. 45.
2. Proportion of relations or conditions ; coin-
cident agreement or variation; correspon-
dence in rate; equivalence of relative move-
ment or change.
There has been a constant ratio kept between the
stringency of mercantile restraints and the stringency of
other restraints. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 327.
3. Reason ; cause : often used as a Latin word
in current Latin phrases.
In this consists the ratio and essential ground of the
gospel doctrine. Waterland.
4. In musical acoustics, the relation between
the vibration-numbers of two tones. It is the
physical or mathematical representation of the
interval between them. — 5. In civil law, an ac-
count ; a cause, or the giving of judgment there-
in.—Alternate ratio, the ratio of the first to the third
or the second to the fourth term of a proportion. — All-
harmonic ratio, see anharmonic.— Arithmetical ra-
tio. See arithmetical.— Change-ratio. See change.—
Composition of ratios, the uniting of two or more sim-
ple ratios into one, by taking the product of the antece-
dents and the product of the consequents.— Compound
ratio. See compound^.— Consequent of a ratio. See
consequent.— Direct ratio, (a) A ratio not inverse. (o)
Loosely, a direct and simple ratio : as, the weights of bodies
are in the direct ratio of their masses — that is, the weight
of one is to that of another as the mass of the former is
to that of the latter. Also direct proportion.— Direction
ratio, duple ratio. See the qualifying words.— Dis-
similar ratios, unequal quotients. — Division of a ra-
tio. See division.— Duplicate ratio, a ratio of squares.
The old writers, instead of saying that the distance passed
over by a falling body is proportional to the square of the
time, say that the spaces are in the duplicate ratios of the
times.— Inverse or reciprocal ratio, in math., the ratio
of the reciprocals of two quantities. — Irrational ratio,
a ratio of surds.— Measure of a ratio. See measure.—
Mixed ratio. Seemtedi.— Modular ratio. Seew«Z-
ular.— Multipllcate ratio, a ratio of powers.— Oxygen
ratio, in mineral. , the ratio between the number of oxygen
ratio
atoms belonging to the different groups of acidic or basic
compounds in the composition of a mineral. The oxygen
ratio of silica, sesquioxid, and protoxid in garnet is 2 : 1 : 1.
— Pedal ratio, in anc. pros., the proportion of the num-
ber of times in the arsis to that in the thesis, or vice versa.
The pedal ratio (Aoyos iro$i«6«) is usually either equal or
isorrhythmic ratio (1 : 1), diplasic or double ratio (1 : 2),
or hemiolic ratio (2:8 = 1: 1J). Besides these three, the
ordinary pedal ratios, two others were anciently recog-
niZL'd — the triplasic or triple ratio (1 :3), and the epitritic
ratiu (3 : 4 = 1 : 1J). The dochmius, regarded as a sin-
gle foot^ had a pedal ratio different from all these (3 : f, ;
w — I -* ^ — ). Isorrhythmic, diplasic, hemiolic, triplasic.
epitritic, and dochmiac feet are feet having thepedal ratios
just named. See foot, 11, irrational, rhythm. — Prime and
ultimate ratios, phrases first introduced, at least in a
system, by Newton, who preferred them to the terms
suggested by his own method of fluxions. The method
of prime and ultimate ratios is a method of calculation
which may be considered as an extension of the ancient
method of exhaustions. It may be thus explained : let
there be two variable quantities constantly approaching
each other in value, so that their ratio or quotient con-
tinually approaches to unity, and at last differs from
unity by less than any assignable quantity; the ultimate
ratio of these two quantities is said to be a ratio of equal-
ity. In general, when different variable quantities re-
spectively and simultaneously approach other quantities,
considered as invariable, BO that the differences between
the variable and the invariable quantities become at the
same time less than any assignable quantity, the ultimate
ratios of the variables are the ratios of the invariable
quantities or limits to which they continually and simul-
taneously approach. They are called prime ratios or ulti-
mate ratios according as the ratios of the variables are
considered as receding from or approaching to the ratios
of the limits. The first section of Newton's "Principia"
contains the development of prune and ultimate ratios,
with various propositions. — Progression with n ra-
tios. See progression.— Quadruple ratio, the ratio of 4
to 1.— Quadruplicate ratio, a ratio of fourth powers.—
Quintuple ratio, the ratio of 6 to i.— Ratio cogno-
scendl (L.), a reason.— Ratio decidendi (L.\ in law,
the ground or reason on which a judicial decision is con-
ceived as proceeding. The effect of such a decision as a
precedent or evidence of the law is largely dependent on
the ratio decidendi, which is usually indicated in the opin-
ions of the court, but often obscurely or with conflict;
hence what was the ratio decidendi is often a question for
commentators and text-writers. — Ratio essendi (L.\ a
cause.— Rational ratio, a ratio between rational quanti-
ties.—Ratio of equality. See equality.— Ratio of ex-
change, in polit. econ., the proportion in which a given
quantity of one commodity may be exchanged for a given
quantity of another, especially when the commodities cor-
respond in form and mode of measurement: as, the ratio
of exchange between gold and silver, or between wheat and
barley.
When I proposed in the first edition of this book to use
Ratio of Exchange instead of the word value, the expres-
sion had been so little if at all employed by English Econ-
omists that it amounted to an innovation. . . . Yet ratio
is unquestionably the correct scientific term, and the only
term which is strictly and entirely correct.
IT. S. Jevons, Theory of Polit. Econ., p. 89.
Ratio of greater (or lesser) inequality, the ratio of a
greater quantity to a lesser one (or of a lesser to a great-
er).—Ratio of similitude, in geom., the ratio between
corresponding dimensions of similar figures. See homo-
thetic.— Ratio sufflciens (L.). Same as sufficient reason
(which see, under reason).— Reciprocal ratio. Same as
inverse ratio.— Simple ratio, (a) A ratio between first
powers. (b) A ratio not compound.— Subduple ratio.
See duple.— Subduplicate ratio, an inverse ratio of
squares (sub in all names of ratio indicating the inver-
sion of the ratio) : as, the gravity of two equal masses is
in the subduplicate ratio of their distances from the grav-
itating center.— Submultiple ratio, the ratio which
exists between an aliquot part of any number or quantity
and the number or quantity itself : thus, the ratio of 3 to
21 is submultiple, 21 being a multiple of 3.— To cut a
line in extreme and mean ratio. See extreme.—
Triple ratio, the ratio of 3 to 1.
ratiocinant (rash-i-os'i-nant), a. [< L. ratio-
cinan(t-)s, ppr.of ratiocinari, reason: see ratio-
cinate.] Reasoning — Ratiocinant reason. See
reason.
ratiocinate (rash-i-os'i-nat), v. 1 ; pret. and
pp. ratiocinated, ppr. ratiocinating. [< L. ratio-
cinate, pp. of ratiocinari ( > It. raziocinare = Sp.
Pg. raciocinar = F. ratioeiner), reckon, compute,
calculate, consider, deliberate, meditate, rea-
son, argue (cf. ratiocinium, a reckoning, a com-
putation, > It. raziocinio = Sp. Pg. raciocinio,
reasoning), < ratio(n-), reckoning, reason : see
ratio, reason.] To reason; from two judg-
ments to infer a third. The word usually im-
plies an elaborate deductive operation.
ratiocinate (rash-i-os'i-nat), a. [< L. ratioci-
natus, pp. of ratiocinari, reason: see the verb.]
Reasoned about. — Ratiocinate reason. See rea-
son.
ratiocination (rash-i-os-i-na'shon), n. [< F.
ratiocination = Pr. raciocinacio = Sp. raciocina-
eion = Pg. raciociitaqa'o (cf. It. raziocinamento,
raziocinio, reasoning), < L. ratiocinatio(n-), rea-
soning, argumentation, a syllogism, < ratioci-
nari, pp. ratiocinatus, reason: see ratiocinate.']
1. The mental process of passing from the cog-
nition of premises to the cognition of the con-
clusion ; reasoning. Most writers make ratiocination
synonymous with reasoning. J. S. Mill and others hold
that the word is usually limited to necessary reasoning.
The Latin word is especially applied by Cicero to proba-
ble reasoning.
4971
The great instrument that this work [spiritual medita-
tion] is done by is ratiocination, reasoning the case with
yourselves, discourse of mind, cogitation, or thinking ; or,
if you will, call it consideration.
liaxti'r, Saints' Rest, iv. 8.
The schoolmen make a third act of the mind, which they
call ratiocination, and we may stile it the generation of a
judgement from others actually in our understanding.
A. Tucker, Light of Nature, I. i. 11.
Ratiocination is the great principle of order in thinking ;
it reduces a chaos into harmony ; it catalogues the ac-
cumulations of knowledge ; it maps out for us the rela-
tions of its separate departments ; it puts us in the way to
correct its own mistakes.
J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 273.
2. A mental product and object consisting of
premises and a conclusion drawn from them ;
inference ; an argumentation.
Can any kind of ratiocination allow Christ all the marks
of the Messiah, and yet deny him to be the Messiah ?
South.
Ratiocination denotes properly the process, but, improp-
erly, also the product of reasoning.
Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, xv.
= Syn. Reasoning, etc. See inference.
ratiocinative (rash-i-os'i-na-tiv), a. [< F. ra-
tiocinatif, < L. ratiocinaticus, of or belonging to
reasoning, syllogistic, argumentative, < ratioci-
nari, reason: see ratiocinate.] Of the nature
of reasoning; pertaining to or connected with
the act of reasoning. The word is misused by
some modern writers. See ratiocination, 2.
The conclusion is attained quasi per saltum, and with-
out any thing of ratiocinative process.
Sir It. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 51.
The ratiocinative meditativeness of his character.
Coleridge.
Again, itnotunfrequently happens that, while the keen-
ness of the ratiocinative faculty enables a man to see the
ultimate result of a complicated problem in a moment, it
takes years for him to embrace it as a truth, and to recog-
nize it as an item in the circle of his knowledge.
J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 159.
ratiocinatory (rash-i-os'i-na-to-ri), a. [< ra-
tiocinate + -ory.] S&mea&raiiocinatire. [Rare.]
ration (ra'shon or rash'on), ». [< F. ration =
Sp. radon = Pg. racSo, reqao = It. razione, a
ration, a rate or allowance, < L. ratio(n-), a
calculation, reckoning, hence in ML. a com-
puted share or allowance of food : see ratio, rea-
son (which are doublets of ration), and cf . rate2.]
1. An allowance of means of subsistence for a
fixed period of time ; specifically, in the army
and navy, an allotment or apportionment of
provisions for daily consumption to each offi-
cer and man, or of forage for each horse. Offi-
cers' rations are generally commuted for a money pay-
ment at a prescribed rate ; and soldiers' and sailors' rations
may be partly or wholly commuted under some circum-
stances.
2. Any stated or fixed amount or quantity dealt
out ; an allowance or allotment.
At this rate [two years and a half for three vowels], to
master the whole alphabet, consonants and all, would be
a task fitter for the centurial adolescence of Methuselah
than for our less liberal ration of years.
Lowell, Harvard Anniversary.
ration (ra'shon or rash'on), v. t. [< ration,
n.] 1. To supply with rations ; provision.
It had now become evident that the army could not be
rationed by a wagon train over the single narrow and almost
impassable road between Milliken's Bend and Perkins'
plantation, U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 471.
2. To divide into rations ; distribute or appor-
tion in rations. [Rare.]
The presence of hunger began ; they began to ration out
the bread. The Nation, March 9, 1871, p. 160.
rationability (ragb/on-a-biri-ti), n. [= Sp.
racionabilidad = Pg. racionabilidade = It. ra-
zionabilita,<.'LL.rationabiUta(t-)s,<,rational}ilis,
reasonable : see rationable.] The possession of
reason, as the distinctive attribute of man.
Rationability, being but a faculty or specifical quality,
is a substantial part of a man, because it is a part of his
definition, or his essential difference.
Bramhall, ii. 24. (Dailies.)
rationable (rash'on-a-bl), a. [= OF. rationable
= Sp. rationable = Pg. racionavel = It. razion-
abile, < LL. rationabilis, reasonable, rational, <
L. ratio(n-), reason: see reason.] Reasonable,
as an agent or an act.
She was, I take it, on this matter not quite rationable.
Miss Edgeworth, Belinda, xxvi.
rational (rash'on-al), a. and re. [I. a. < OF.
rationel, rational, F\ rationnel = Pr. Sp. Pg. ra-
tional = It. razionale, < L. rationalis, of or be-
longing to reason, rational, reasonable, < ra-
tio(n-), reason: see ratio, ration, reason. II. n.
< OF. rational, < ML. rationale, a pontifical stole,
a pallium, an ornament worn over the chasuble,
neut. of L. rationalis, rational: see I.] I. a. 1.
Of, pertaining to, or springing from the reason,
in the sense of the highest faculty of cognition.
rational
He confesses a rational sovrantie of soule, and freedom
of will in every man. Milton, Eikonoklastes, vi.
Devout from constitution rather than from rational con-
viction. Macaulay, Kssays, liistory, p. 394.
Contradiction . . . must be absurd when it is regarded
as fixed, and rational when it is regarded as superable.
Veiteh, Introd. to Descartes's Method, p. clxxviii.
2. Endowed with reason, in the sense of that
faculty which distinguishes man from the
brutes : as, man is a rational animal.
It is our glory and happiness to have a rational nature.
Law.
Are these men rational, or are not the apes of Borneo
more wise? Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, let x.
He [man] is rational and moral according to the organic
internal conformation of his mind.
Swedenborg, Christian Psychol. (tr. by Gorman), p. 72.
There has been an idea of good, suggested by the con-
sciousness of unfulfilled possibilities of the rational nature
common to all men.
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 207.
3. Conformable to the precepts of reason, es-
pecially of the practical reason; reasonable;
wise.
You are one
Of the deepest politics I ever met,
And the most subtly rational.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, iii. 4.
He had his Humour as other Men, but certainly he was
a solid rational Man. Howell, Letters, I. vi. 17.
His bounties are more rational and moderate than be-
fore. Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
4. In aritli. and alg. : (a) Expressible in finite
terms: applied to expressions in which no ex-
traction of a root is left, or, at least, none such
indicated which cannot be actually performed
by known processes. The contraries of these are
called turd or irrational quantities. Thus 2, 12}, -9, are ra-
tional quantities, and y1^ VT, etc., are irrational or surd
quantities, because their values can only be approximately
and not accurately assigned, (ft) In Euclid's "Ele-
ments" and commentaries, etc., on that work,
commensurable with a given line. In senses (a)
and (b) rational (Latin rationalis) translates Greek p>jT6«,
expressible. It may be remarked that some inconvenience
arises from the fact that words derived from Latin ratio,
originally signifying an account, are used to translate
words connected with Greek Aoyoc, whose original mean-
ing (a word) is entirely different.
5. In anc. pros., capable of measurement in
terms of the metrical unit (semeion or mora).
A rational time (xpovw PTT<K) is a time divisible by this
unit without remainder. Thus, disemic times (times of
two semeia) are rational, while irrational times (XP<J"<H
aAoyot) can be expressed only by fractions (as f, 1J, 2$, 2J0
of a semeion.— Geometrically rational, algebraic.—
Rational and Integral function. See function.—
Rational certainty, cognition, cosmology. See the
nouns.— Rational class of functions, a class which is
relative to a group of operations produced by combina-
tions of additions, subtractions, multiplications, and divi-
sions.—Rational composition, in logic: (a) The compo-
sition of elements which only differ as viewed by the mind,
and not as they exist, as the composition of essence and
existence, of being and relation, etc. (b) The union of
several objects so far as they are brought together into or
under one concept. — Rational derivative. See deriva-
tive.— Rational formula. See chemical formula, under
chemical.— Rational fraction, function. See the nouns.
— Rational horizon, (a) The astronomical horizon.
(6) The limits of rational knowledge.— Rational infer-
encet, a ratiocinative inference or syllogism.— Rational
instinct, an innate idea, or natural belief.— Rational
knowledge, (a) Knowledge of an object through its
cause or causes.
The knowledge why or how a thing is is termed the
knowledge of the cause ; philosophical, scientific, rational
knowledge. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., iii.
(b) Knowledge springing directly or indirectly from rea-
son, and not from experience. — Rational mechanics,
the science which establishes and puts into shape the
laws of motion.— Rational number, a number expressi-
ble as an ordinary fraction, in contradistinction to a
continued fraction.— Rational power, proposition,
ratio, etc. See the nouns.— Rational psychology.
See psychology.— Rational theology, theology so far
as drawn from a priori ideas.— Rational transforma-
tion, the transformation of a geometrical continuum
into another, so as to make a one-to-one correspondence
between the points of the two, except for a finite num-
ber of exceptional points. =Syn. Rational, Reasonable,
sensible, enlightened, discreet, intelligent, sane, sound.
The first two words ore somewhat different, according
as they refer to persons or things. As to persons, ration-
al is the more speculative, reasonable the more practi-
cal term ; rational means possessing the faculty of reason,
while reasonable means exercising reason in its broader
sense, in opposition to unreasonable — that is, guided by
prejudice, fancy, etc. In fever the patient may become ir-
rational and give irrational answers ; when he is rational
he may through weakness and fretfulness make unreason-
able demands of his physician. As to things, the distinc-
tion continues between the narrower and the broader
senses : a rational proposition is one that might proceed
from a rational mind ; a reasonable proposition is one that
is marked by common sense and fairness. It is irrational
to look for a coal-mine in a granite-ledge ; It Is unreason-
able to expect good work for poor pay. See absurd.
II. n. 1. A quiddity; a universal; a nature.
Thus, in the first quotation "the world of rationale" is the
rational world, the system of general or possible entities.
The conception is Platonic.
He, the great Father, kindled at one flame
The world of rational*. Young, Night Thoughts, iv.
rational
This absolute end, prescribed by Reason necessarily and
a priori, winch is for all rational beings as such, can be
nothing but Reason itself, or the Universe of Rational*.
H. Sidgwiek, Methods of Ethics, p. 382.
2. Eccles. : (a) The breastplate of the Jewish
high-priest. The name rational for the Jewish high-
priest's breastplate (Hebrew choshen, an 'ornament/ ac-
cording to others a 'pouch' or 'receptacle') comes from
the Latin rationale, a mistaken translation in the Vulgate
of the word Aoyioc or Ao-yeioi' in the Septuagint, etc., mean-
ing an 'oracle' or 'oracular instrument,' with allusion to
the consultation of the Urim and Thummim. Hence —
(6) A square plate of gold, silver, or embroi-
dery, either jeweled or enameled, formerly
worn on the breast over the chasuble by bish-
ops during the celebration of mass. Also pec-
toral and rationale in both senses.
But upon the English chasuble there was to be seen,
more or less often, up to the fourteenth century, an appen-
dage, the mii'iinil, as beautiful as becoming, which is never
found adorning the same Anglo-Saxon vesture.
Sock, Church of our Fathers, L 363.
rationale (rash-o-na'le), n. [L., neut. sing. of ra-
tionalis, of or belonging to reason, rational : see
rational.] 1. The rational basis or motive of
something ; that which accounts for or explains
the existence of something; reason for being.
The rationale of your scheme is just :
"Pay toll here, there pursue your pleasure free."
Browning, King and Book, II. 292.
Thoroughly to realize the truth that with the mind as
with the body the ornamental precedes the useful, It Is
needful to glance at its rationale.
H. Spencer, Education, p. 25.
2. A rational explanation or statement of rea-
sons ; an argumentative or theoretical account ;
a reasoned exposition.
I admire that there is not a rationale to regulate such
trifling accidents, which consume much time, and is a re-
proch to the gravity of so greate an assembly of sober men.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 23, 1966.
Since the religion of one seems madness unto another,
to afford an account or rationale of old rites requires no
rigid reader. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, iv.
Theological dogma is nothing in the world but a rationale
of the relations in which God places Himself towards us in
the very act of revealing Himself.
Contemporary Ret:., XLIX. 345.
3. Same as rational, 2.
rationalisation, rationalise, etc. See ration-
alization, etc.
rationalism (rash'on-al-izm), n. [= P. ratio-
nalisme = Sp. Pg. racionalismo = It. razionalis-
mo = Gr. rationalismus ; &s rational + -ism.~\ 1.
In general, adherence to the supremacy of rea-
son in matters of belief or conduct, in contradis-
tinction to the submission of reason to author-
ity ; thinking for one's self.
From the infinite variability of opinion our great writers
deduced the necessity of toleration in the place of perse-
cution and of rationalism in place of obedience to author-
ity. Leslie Stephen, Bug. Thought, ii. 1 4.
2. In theol.: (a) In general, the subjection of
religious doctrine and Scriptural interpretation
to the test of human reason or understanding;
the rejection of dogmatic authority as against
reason or conscience ; rational latitude of reli-
gious thought or belief.
What seemed most to protect the dogma of the Church
from depravation really left it without defence against the
scholastic rationalism. Caird, Fhilos. of Kant, p. 25.
(6) More specifically, as used with reference to
the modern school or party of rationalists, that
system of doctrine which, in its extreme form,
denies the existence of any authoritative and
supernatural revelation, and maintains that the
human reason is of itself, and unaided by spe-
cial divine inspiration, adequate to ascertain
all attainable religious truth. As a theological sys-
tem rationalism regards the reason as the sole, final, and
adequate arbiter of all religious questions, and is thus op-
posed to mysticism, which maintains the existence in man
of a spiritual power transcending observation and the
reasoning faculty. As a doctrinal system, it includes the
doctrines founded upon rationalistic philosophy as a pos-
tulate, and embraces a denial of the authority of the Scrip-
ture and the supernatural origin of Christianity, but main-
tains as at least probable opinions the existence of a God
and the immortality of the soul, and as indisputable facts
the great principles of the moral law. As an interpreta-
tion of Scripture, it holds that the Scriptures themselves,
rightly interpreted, corroborate rationalism, and thus it
eliminates from them all supernatural elements. The
term is, however, one of somewhat vague import, and is
used with various modified meanings in modern polemical
theology.
3. In metaph., the doctrine of a priori cogni-
tions; the doctrine that knowledge is not all
produced by the action of outward things upon
the senses, but partly arises from the natural
adaptation of the mind to think things that are
true.
The form of Rationalism which is now in the ascendant
resembles the theory of natural evolution in this, that as
the latter finds the race more real than the Individual, and
4972
the individual to exist only in the race, so the former looks
upon the individual reason as but a finite manifestation of
the universal reason.
W. R. Sorley, Ethics of Naturalism, p. 18.
rationalist (rash'on-al-ist), ii. [= F. rtitioiHi-
IMc = Sp. Pg. racionalista = It. mzionalista =
D. G. Dan. Sw. rutioiialixt ; as rational + -ist.]
1 . One who follows reason and not authority in
thought or speculation ; a believer in the su-
premacy of reason over prescription or prece-
dent.
There is a new sect sprung up among them, and these
are the rationalists; ana what their reason dictates them
in church or state stands for good, until they be convinced
with better. Clarendon, State Papers, II. xi., Introd.
2. In theol., one who applies rational criticism
to the claims of supernatural authority or rev-
elation ; specifically, one of a school or party,
originating in Germany in the eighteenth cen-
tury, who maintain as an ultimate conclusion
that the human reason is of itself, and unaided
by special divine inspiration, adequate to ascer-
tain all attainable truth, and who accordingly,
in interpretation of the Scripture, regards it as
only an illustration and affirmation, not as a
divine revelation, of truth. See rationalism, 2
(6). — 3. A believer in metaphysical rationalism.
rationalistic (rash'on-a-lis'tik), a. [< ration-
alist + -ic. ] Of or pertaining to rationalists or
rationalism ; conformable to or characterized
by rationalism : as, rationalistic opinions ; a ra-
tionalistic interpretation.
From the publication of the essays of Montaigne we
may date the influence of that gifted and ever enlarging
rationalistic school who gradually effected the destruction
of the belief in witchcraft Leaky, Rationalism, 1. 114.
Rationalistic Monarchians. See Monarchian.
rationalistical (rash»on-a-lis'ti-kal), a. [< ra-
tionalistic + -al.~] Same as rationalistic.
rationalistically (rash'gn-a-lU'ti-kal-i), adv.
In a rationalistic manner.
rationality (rash-o-nal'i-ti), n, [< F. rationa-
lite = Sp. racionalidad "= Pg. racionalidade =
It. razionalita, < LL. rationalita(t-)s, reasona-
bleness, rationality/ L. rationalis, reasonable:
see rational.'] 1. The rational faculty; the
power of reasoning ; possession of reason ; in-
telligence.
God has made rationality the common portion of man-
kind. Dr. H. More.
Yea, the highest and most improved parts of rational-
ity are frequently caught in the entanglements of a tena-
cious imagination, and submit to its obstinate but delu-
sory dictamens. Glannlle, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xi.
2. The character of being rational ; accor-
dance with reason; reasonableness; congru-
ity; fitness.
Well directed intentions, whose rationalities will not
bear a rigid examination. Sir T. Browne.
"It may do good, and it can do no harm," is the plea for
many actions which have scarcely more rationality than
worship of a painted stone.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., App. A.
3. The exercise, result, or manifestation of rea-
son ; rational principle, motive, or causation ;
basis in reason.
An essay on the "Rationality of History," . . . in which
history is represented as a " struggle towards rational free-
dom." H. Sidcririclr, Mind, XIII. 406.
The solid black vote, cast, we said, without rationality at
the behest of a few scoundrels. The Century, XXX. 676.
rationalization (rash"on-al-i-za'shon), n. [<
rationalize + -ation.] 1. The act of rational-
izing; a making rational or intelligible; sub-
jection to rational tests or principles.
Lysons argues very strongly in favour of the famous
story of "Whittington and his Cat,"and rejects the ration-
alizatirm which explains the legend by supposing Whit-
tington 's fortunes to have been made in the voyages of a
mediasval cat or merchant-vessel. Encyc. Brit, XXIV. 556.
2. In a/o., the process of clearing an equation
from radio nl signs.
Also spelled rationalisation.
rationalize (rash'on-al-iz), r.; pret. and pp.
rationalized, ppr. "rationalizing. [< F. ratio-
naliser; as rational -f -ize.~] I. trans. 1. To
make conformable to reason ; give rationality
to ; cause to be or to appear reasonable or in-
telligible.
Eusebius tells us that religion was divided by the Ro-
mans into three parts : the mythology, or legends that had
descended from the poets ; the interpretations or theories
by which the philosophers endeavoured to rationalise, fil-
ter. or explain away these legends ; and the ritual or offi-
cial religious observances. Lecky, European Morals, I. 429.
When life has been duly rationalized by science, it will
be seen that among a man's duties care of the body is im-
perative. H. Spencer, in Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 357.
The faculties of the mind have been rationalised into
functions of the mind ; so many sorts of operations, classi-
fied as observation demands.
Uodgton, Phil, of Reflection, n. 247.
ratline
2. To subject to the test of reason ; explain or
interpret by rational principles; treat in the
manner of a rationalist: as, to rationalize reli-
gion orthe Scriptures. — 3. In altj., to free from
radical signs.
II. intrans. To think for one's self; employ
the reason as a supreme test; argue or specu-
late upon the basis of rationality or rational-
ism; act as a rationalist.
If they [certain theologians] rationalise as the remark-
able school of Cambridge Platonists rationalised, it Is with
a sincere belief that they are only bringing out the full
meaning of the doctrine which they expound.
Leslie Stephen, Eng. Thought, ii. H 60.
To rationalise meant to apply the canons of our limited
enlightenment to the unlimited ranges of actuality.
W. Wallace, Logic of Heigel, Prolegomena, vi.
In order to know, in any wide and large sense, we must
rationalize.
Henry Calderwood, New Princeton Rev., III. 28.
Also spelled rationalise.
rationalizer (rash'on-al-i-zer), n. One who
rationalizes, or practises the methods of the
rationalists; one who tests doctrines, princi-
ples, etc., by the light of abstract reason, or
who employs reason alone in interpretation or
explanation. Also spelled rationaliser.
Like many other rationalisers, he [Thomas Burnet] fan-
cied himself to be confirming instead of weakening Scrip-
tural authority. /..-'/.• ,•-•/.•/./„ ,/, Eng. Thought, I. • 8.
rationally (rash'on-al-i), adv. In a rational
manner; in consistency with reason; reason-
ably: as, to speak rationally; to behave ra-
tionally.
rationalness (rash'on-al-nes), n. The state of
being rational, or consistent with reason.
rationary (rash'on-a-ri), a. [= F. rationnaire,
one who receives rations, one who receives a
salary, < ML. rationarius, relating to accounts,
an accountant, < L. ratio(n-), a reckoning, an
account, ML. allowance: see ration.'] Of or
pertaining to accounts. [Rare.]
ration-money (ra'shon-mun'i), n. Money paid
as commutation for rations.
Ratitae (ra-ti'te), n. pi. [ML., fern. pi. (so. Ayes,
birds) of ratitus : see ratite."] One of the prime
divisions of birds, including the ostriches, cas-
sowaries, emus, and kiwis ; the group of stru-
thipus birds, as contrasted with Connate, to
which all other existing birds belong. The Jiati-
iff are flightless, with more or less rudimentary wings;
the sternum is a flattened or concavo-convex buckler-like
bone, without a keel, developing from paired lateral cen-
ters of ossification. Associated with this condition of the
sternum is a special configuration of the scapular arch,
the scapula and coracoid meeting at a very obtuse angle,
or with nearly coincident axes, and clavicles being absent
or defective. The bones of the palate are peculiarly ar-
ranged, the pterygoids articulating with the basisphenoid
in a manner only paralleled in Carinata in the tinamous.
The Cretaceous genus Hesperornis was ratite in sternal
characters, but is excluded from Xatittt by the possession
of teeth. The families of living Ratitie usually recognized
are the Struthionidte, Rheidte, Casuariidse, and Apterygida;
the genera are Struthio, Rhea, Casuarius and Dromxus,
and Apteryx; the species are few. The extinct New Zea-
land moas (Dinomithidx and Palapteryyidx) and the
Madagascar jEpyomilhidee are also Ratitie. The name
was introduced by B. Merrem in 1813 ; it passed almost
unnoticed for some years, but has lately come into almost
universal use.
ratitate (rat'i-tat), a. [< ratite + -ate1.] Same
as ratite. [Rare.]
ratite (ra'tit), a. [< NL. ratitus, < L. ratitus,
marked with the figure of a raft, < ratis, a raft.]
Raft -breasted, as a bird ; having a flat breast-
bone or sternum with no keel ; having no keel,
as a breast-bone ; ecarinate ; of or pertaining
to the Ralitee.
ratiuncule (ra-shi-ung'kul), n. [< NL. "ratiiin-
culiis, dim. of L. ratio(n-), a ratio: see ratio.']
A ratio very near unity.
rati- weight, ». Same as retti-weignt.
rat-kangaroo (rafkang-ga-re*), n. A kangaroo-
rat ; any species of
Hypsiprymnus. See
cut under kangaroo-
rat.
ratline, ratlin (raf-
lin), n. [Also cor-
ruptly ratling, rat-
tling; formerly also
rare-line ; appar. <
rat1 + line2 (cor-
rupted to rare-line,
as if 'thin line'?);
a seamen's jocular
name, as if forming
ladders for the rats
to climb by. Cf. I).
weeflijn, ratline, lit.
'web-line.'] Mlltl., Ratlines (*, «l.
ratline
one of a series of small ropes or lines which
traverse the shrouds horizontally, thus form-
ing the steps of ladders for going aloft Sheer
ratline, every fifth ratline, which is extended to the
swifter and after shroud.
ratline-Stuff (rat'lin-stuf), ii. Naut., small
tarred rope, of from 12 to '24 threads, from
which ratlines are made.
ratling (rat'ling), «. A corruption of ratlin/:
ratmara (rat'ma-rii), «. [Native name.] An
East Indian lichen, used iu dyeing.
rat-mole (rat'mol), ». Same as mole-rat.
ratont, ». An obsolete form of ratten.
ratonert, »•. See rattener.
Ratonia (ra-to'ni-ii), M. [NL.] A former genus
of Niipirxlaceie, now referred to Mataybu. See
Imxtnrd maluMjauy, under mahogany.
ratoon (ra-ton'), n. [Also rattoon; = Sp. retoiio,
a new sprout or shoot (> retoitar, sprout anew,
put forth shoots again), < Hind, ratun, a second
crop of sugar-cane from the same roots.] 1.
A sprout or shoot springing up from the root
of a plant after it has been cropped ; especial-
ly, a new shoot from the root of a 8ugar-cane
that has been cut down. Compare plant-cane.
Plant canes generally take more lime than ratoons to
cause the juices to granulate.
T. Roughley, Jamaica Planter's Guide (1823X p. 344.
Next year [second crop] the cane sprouts from the stub-
ble, and is called first ratoons. . . . The second year it
sprouts again, and is called second ratoons.
The Century, XXXV. 111.
2. The heart-leaves in a tobacco-plant. Imp.
Diet.
ratoon (ra-ton'), v. i. [= Sp. retoitar, sprout or
spring up anew; from the noun : see ratoon, «.]
To sprout or send up new shoots from the root
after being cropped or cut down : said of the
sugar-cane and some other plants.
The cocos, cassavas, and sweet potatoes will ratoon in
two or three years ; the negro yams are a yearly crop, but
the white yams will last in the ground for several years.
T. Roughley, Jamaica Planter's Quide, p. 317.
On the Upper Coast, above New Orleans, it is customary
to let the stubble ratoon but once. In Cuba it often ra-
toons six successive years, but the cane becomes constantly
more woody and poorer in saccharine matter.
The Century, XXXV. 111.
ratount, ». An obsolete form of ratten.
rat-pit (rat'pit), n. An inclosure in which rats
are baited or killed. The object is to ascertain how
many rats a dog can kill in a given time, or which of two
or more dogs can kill them most rapidly.
rat-poison (rat'poi"zn), n. 1. Something used
to poison rats with, as a preparation of arsenic.
— 2. A West African shrub, Chailletia toxicaria,
whose seeds are used to destroy rats. The genus
belongs to the Chailletiacese, a small order allied to the
Celastrinese and Rhamnacese. In the West Indies Hame-
lia patem is called rat-poison.
ratsbane (rats'ban), ». [< rat's, poss. of rat1,
+ bane1, as in henbane, etc.: see bane1."] 1.
Rat-poison. Arsenious acid is often so called.
Wherefore . . . you see by the example of the Romans
that playes are ratsbane to government of common-weales.
Prynne, Histrio-Mastix, I., iv. 1.
We live like vermin here, and eat up your cheese —
Your mouldy cheese that none but rats would bite at ;
Therefore 'tis just that ratsbane should reward us.
Fletcher, Sea Voyage, iv. 3.
2. A plant, Chailletia toxicaria. See rat-poison,2.
ratsbane (rats'ban), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ratx-
baned, ppr. ratsbaning. [< ratsbane, n.] To
poison with ratsbane.
rat-Snake (rat'snak), n. A colubrine serpent
of the genus Ptyas, P. mucosus, a native of In-
dia, Ceylon, etc., attaining a length of 7 feet,
frequently entering houses. Some similar
snakes are also called by the same name.
rat's-tail (rats'tal), n. 1. Same as rat-tail.—
2. A slender rib or tongue tapering to a point,
used to reinforce or stiffen a bar, plate, or the
like, as on the back of a silver spoon.
rattt, ». An obsolete form of rat1.
rat-tail (rat'tal), H. and a. I. n. la. farriery:
(a) An excrescence on a horse's leg, growing
from the pastern to the shank. (6) A disease
which causes the hair of a horse's tail to fall
off; also, a horse's tail thus denuded of hair.
Also rat's-tail.
II. a. Same as rat-tailed — Rat-tall flle, radish,
etc. See the nouns.— Kat-tail maggot. See under rnt-
tailcd.
rattail (rat'tal), «. 1. A fish of the genus Mu-
i-nn-iis, as M.fabricii or M. rupestris ; the onion-
fish or grenadier. See cut under Macrnrus. —
2. A horse which has a tail bare or nearly
bared of hair. — 3. One of various plants hav-
ing tail-like flower-spikes, as the common
plantain and the ribwort plantain, and vari-
ous grasses, including species of llottlmlliti in
4973
the United States and Iscneemum laxum (An-
(IrojHH/on iit'rrnxii/t) in Australia,
rat-tailed (rat'tald), «. 1. Having a tail like
a rat's ; having a rat-tail, as a horse.
Here comes the wonderful one-hoss shay,
Drawn by a rat-tailed, ewe-necked bay.
O. W. Holmes, The Deacon's Masterpiece.
2. Like a rut's tail in shape Rat-tailed kanga-
roo-rat, B^gMANVMMM murinus, an Australian marsu-
pial.— Rat-tailed larva or maggot, the larva of certain
syrphid flies, ending in a long slender stigmatophorous
Rat-tailed Maegot and Fly of /-ristalis tenax.
(Line shows natural size of fly.)
tail of two telescopic joints, forming an organ which en-
ables the larva to breathe from the surface while lying
hidden in mud, etc. The larva of ErMalix tenax is an
example.— Rat-tailed serpent, Bothrops lanceolatus, a
very venomous American pit-viper. — Rat- tailed snrew.
See shrew.
rattan1, n. See ratten.
rattan2, «. and v. See ratan.
rattan3 (ra-tan'), n. [Imitative; cf. F. rata-
plan, imitation of the sound of a drum ; cf . also
rat-tat.~\ The continuous beat or re verberation
of a drum; rataplan; rat-a-tat. [Bare.]
They had not proceeded far, when their ears were saluted
with the loud rattan of a drum. W. S. Ainsworth.
rattanas (rat'a-nas), n. [Native name.] A
kind of coarse sacking made in Madagascar and
Mauritius.
rattany, ». See ratany.
rat-tat (rat-tat'), n. Same as rat-a-tat.
A breeze always blowing and playing rat-tat
With the bow of the ribbon round your hat.
Lowell, Appledore.
rat-tat-too (rat'tat-to"), ». An intensified form
of rat-a-tat.
The rat-tat-too of a drum was heard in the distance.
Philadelphia Times, Oct. 24, 1886.
ratteen (ra-ten'), M. [Alsorateen; = T>.ratijn
= G. Sw. Dan. ratin, < F. ratine, a kind of cloth,
= Sp. Pg. ratina =It. rattina; origin uncer-
tain ; prob. (like F. rate, milt, spleen) so called
from its loose cellular texture and likeness to
a honeycomb, < LG. rate, honeycomb.] A kind
of stuff, usually thick and resembling drugget
or frieze : it is chiefly employed for linings.
ratten (rat'n), H. [Also rattan, ration, rattin,
rotten, rotton; < ME. raton, ratoun, ratone, <
OF. (and F.) raton, a rat, = Sp. raton, a mouse,
< ML. rato(n-), a rat: see rat1. Cf. kitten as
related to cat.'} A rat. [Obsolete or prov.
Eng. and Scotch.]
Thanne ran ther a route of ratones, as it were,
And smale ruys with hem mo than a thousand.
Piers Plowman (C), i. 165.
I comawnde alle the ratons that are here abowte,
That non dwelle in this place with-inne ne with-owte.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 23.
The bald rattans
Had eaten his yellow hair.
Young Be/tie (Child's Ballads, IV. 11).
"A Yorkshire burr, " he affirmed, "was as much better
than a Cockney's lisp as a bull's bellow than a rattan's
squeak." Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, p. 64.
ratten (rat'n), v. t. [< ratten, n. Cf. raf1,*.] To
play mischievous tricks upon, as an obnoxious
person, for the purpose of coercion or intimida-
tion. The members of a trades-union ratten a fellow-
workman who refuses to join the union, to obey its behests,
or to pay his dues, by secretly removing or breaking his
tools or machinery, spoiling his materials, or the like, and
ironically ascribing the mischief to rats. The practice
was at one time prevalent in some of the manufacturing
districts of Great Britain.
For enforcing payment of entrance-fees, contributions
towards paying the fermes (dues), as well as of fines, the
Craft-Gilds made use of the very means so much talked of
in the case of the Sheffield Trade-Unions, namely ratten-
ing: that is, they took away the tools of their debtors.
EnglM GU<ts(E. E. T. S.), Int., p. cxxvii.
A piece of sulphate of copper put into an indigo-vat
throws it out of order, by oxidising the white indigo and
sending it — in an insoluble state — to the bottom. This
is a method of rattening not unknown in dye-works.
W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 548.
Rattening, as defined by the Report of the Royal Com-
mission, is "the abstraction of the workman's tools, so
as to prevent him from earning his livelihood until he has
rattle
obeyed the arbitrary orders of the union." It is satisfac-
tory to know that this system . . . was chiefly confined
to Sheffield ami Manchester.
George Hou-rll, Conflicts of Capital and Labor, vii. § 13.
rattenert, rattonert, »• [< ME. ratmicr, r<a-
oncrr, rat-catcher, < OF. raton, a rat: see rat-
ti'ii.~] A ratter or rat-catcher.
A rybidour and a ratoner, a rakere and hus knaue.
Piers Plowman (C), vii. 371.
ratter1 (rat'er), n. [< rat1, v., + -er1.] 1. One
who catches rats ; a rat-catcher. — 2. An ani-
mal which catches rats, as a terrier.
ratter2 (rat'er), n. [< rat1, »., 2, + -er1.] One
who rats, or becomes a renegade ; also, a work-
man who renders himself obnoxious to a trades-
union. See ratting, '2. [Colloq.]
The Essay on Faction is no less frank in its recognition
of self-interest as a natural and prevailing motive, and al-
most cynical in its suppression of resentment against rat-
ters and traitors. E. A. Abbott, Bacon, p. 84.
rat-terrier (rat'ter"i-er), «. A small active dog
used to kill rats,
rattery (rat'er-i), ». [< ratter2 + -y (see -ery).]
The qualities orpractices of a ratter ; apostasy ;
tergiversation. [Rare.]
Such a spectacle refreshes me in the rattery and scoun-
drelism of public life.
Sydney Smith, Letters, 1822. (Dailies.)
rattinet (rat-i-nef), n. [< F. ratine, a kind of
cloth (see ratteen), + dim. -et.~\ A woolen stuff
thinner than ratteen.
ratting (rat'ing), ». [Verbal n. of rat1, v., li.]
1. The act of deserting one's principles, and
going over to the opposite party. — 2. In the
trades, the act of working for less than estab-
lished or demanded prices, or of refusing to
strike, or of taking the place of a striker. — 3. A
low sport consisting in setting a dog upon a
number of rats confined in a tub, cage, or pit,
to see how many he will kill in a given time.
rattish (rat'ish), a. [< rat1 + -«*7ji.] Charac-
teristic of rats; having a rat-like character;
like a rat.
rattle1 (rat'l), v.; pret. and pp. ratth'd. ppr. rat-
tling. [< ME. ratelen, rattle, clatter, etc., < AS.
"lirsetelan (cf. Ursetelwyrt, 'rattlewort') = D.
ratelen, rattle, = LG. rateln, rateln = MHG.
razzeln, rage, roar, G. rasseln (> Dan. rasle =
Sw. rasla), rattle; freq. of a simple verb seen
in MHG. razzen, ratzen, rattle; perhaps akin
to Gr. Kpa&aiveiv, swing, wave, brandish, shake ;
perhaps in part imitative (cf. rat-a-tat, rat-tat,
in imitation of a knock at a door, rattan^, F.
rataplan, in imitation of a drum, etc.), and in
so far comparable with Gr. /tpArof, a rattling
noise, Kporelv, knock, rattle, KpoTaliav, a rattle,
KporaUl^uv, rattle (see Crotalus, rattlesnake).
Cf . dial, rackle, a var. of rattle. Hence ult. rail*,
Ralhts, rdle.~\ I. intrans. 1. To give out a
rapid succession of short, sharp, jarring or
clattering sounds; clatter, as by continuous
concussions.
The quiver raltleth against him. Job xxxix. 23.
To the dread rattling thunder
Have I given fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak
With his own bolt. Shak., Tempest, v. 1. 44.
"Farewell !" she said, and vanished from the place;
The sheaf of arrows shook, and rattled in the case.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., iii. 282.
Swift Astolpho to the rattling horn
His lips applies.
Boole, tr. of Orlando Furioso, xxxiii.
One or two [rattlesnakes] coiled and rattled menacingly
as I stepped near. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXVI. 201.
2. To move or be carried along with a continu-
ous rapid clatter; go or proceed or bear one's
self noisily : often used with reference to speed
rather than to the accompanying noise.
And off my mourning-robes ; grief, to the grave ;
For I haue gold, and therefore will be brave ;
In silks I'll rattle it of every colour.
J. Cook, Green's Tu Quoque.
I'll take a good rattling gallop.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 20.
Wagons . . . rattling along the hollow roads, and over
the distant hills. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 446.
We rattled away at a merry pace out of the town.
R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, xiv.
3. To speak with noisy and rapid utterance ;
talk rapidly or in a chattering manner: as. to
rattle on about trifles.
The rattling tongue
Of saucy and audacious eloquence.
Shak., M. N. D., v. 1. 102.
The girls are handsome, dashing women, without much
information, but-rattling talkers.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 188.
II. tratiK. 1. To cause to make a rattling
sound or a rapid succession of hard, sharp, or
jarring sounds.
rattle
Her chain she rattles, and her whip she shakes.
Dryden.
Rattle his bones over the stones !
He 's only a pauper whom nobody owns !
T. Nod, The Pauper's Drive.
2. To utter in sharp, rapid tones ; deliver in a
smart, rapid manner: as, to rattle off a string
of names.
He rattles it out against Popery and arbitrary power.
Xu-ift, Against Abolishing Christianity.
The rolls were rattled off ; the short, crisp commands
went forth. The Century, XXXVII. 466.
3. To act upon or affect by rattling sounds ;
startle or stir up by any noisy means.
Sound but another, and another shall
As loud as thine rattle the welkin's ear.
Shak., K. John, v. 2. 172.
These places [woodlands] are generally strongholds for
foxes, and should be regularly rattled throughout the sea-
son. Eneyc. Brit., XII. 895.
4. To scold, chide, or rail at noisily; berate
clamorously.
If my time were not more precious
Than thus to lose it, I would rattle thee,
It may be beat thee.
lien u. and Fl., Honest Man's Fortune, v. 3.
I to Mrs. Ann, and, Mrs. Jem being gone out of the
chamber, she and I had a very high bout. I rattled her
up, she being in bed; but, she becoming more cool, we
parted pretty good friends. Pepys, Diary, Feb. 6, 1660.
5. To shake up, unsettle, or disturb by censure,
annoyance, or irritation; bring into an agi-
tated or confused condition. [Colloq. or slang.]
The king hath so rattled my lord-keeper that he is now
the most pliable man in England.
CoUington, To Strafford (1633), quoted in Hallam's Const.
[Hist., II. 89.
Unpleasant stories came into my head, and I remember
repeating to myself more than once (candor is better than
felicity of phrase), " Be careful, now ; don't get rattled I "
Atlantic Monthly, LXIV. 110.
rattle1 (rat'l), «. [< ME. ratele, a rattle, < AS.
*hnetele, in comp. hrxtelwyrt, 'rattlewort,' a
plant in whose pods the seeds rattle; = MD.
ratele, T>. ratel = G. rassel, a rattle; from the
verb: see rattle*, v. Cf. G. ratsche, a rattle,
clapper; Sw. rassel, clank, clash, clatter, etc.]
1. A rapid succession of short, sharp, clatter-
ing sounds, as of intermitting collision or con-
cussion.
I'll hold t«n Pound my Dream is out ;
I'd tell it to you but for the Rattle
Of those confounded Drums.
Prior, English Ballad on tr. of Boileau's Taking of Namur,
[sU 10.
I aren't like a bird-clapper, forced to make a rattle when
the wind blows on me. George Eliot, Adam Bede, Hi.
2. A rattling clamor of words; sharp, rapid
talk of any kind ; hence, sharp scolding or rail-
ing.
This rattle in the crystal hall
Would be enough to deaf them all.
Cotton (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 218>
Receiving such a rattle for his former contempt by the
Bishop of London that he came out blubbering.
Heylin, Life of Laud, p. 257. (Danes.)
I chid the servants and made a rattle.
Sw\ft, Journal to Stella, Ix.
3. An instrument or toy contrived to make a
rattling sound. The watchman's rattle, formerly used
for giving an alarm, and the child's toy resembling it, con-
sist of a vibrating tongue slipping over the teeth of a
rotating ratchet-wheel, and producing much noise when
rapidly twirled by the handle. Other toy rattles for
children, and those used by some primitive races for vari-
ous purposes, commonly consist of a box or casing, or even
a hollow gourd or shell, with or without a handle, contain-
ing loose pebbles or other hard objects.
The rattles of Isis and the cymbals of Brasilea nearly
enough resemble each other. Raleigh.
They vse Jiattles of the shell of a certaine fruite, in which
they put Stones or (i mines, and call them Maraca, of which
they haue some superstitious conceit.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 837.
Behold the child, by Nature's kindly law,
Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw.
Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 276.
4. One who talks rapidly and without mod-
eration or consideration ; a noisy, impertinent
talker ; a jabberer.
She had not been brought up to understand the propen-
sities of a rattle, nor to know to how many idle assertions
and impudent falsehoods the excess of vanity will lead.
Jane Austen, Northauger Abbey, ix.
They call me their agreeable Rattle.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer.
It may seem strange that a man who wrote with so much
perspicuity, vivacity, and grace should have been, when-
ever he took a part in conversation, an empty, noisy, blun-
dering rattle. Maeaulay, Goldsmith.
5. The crepitaculum of the true rattlesnake,
consisting of a series of horny epidermic cells
of an undulated pyramidal shape, articulated
one within the other at the extremity of the
tail. See rattlesnake.— Q. (a) An annual herb,
4974
HJiinantliiis Crista-t/alli, of meadows and pas-
tures in Europe and northern Asia, it attaches
itself by its fibrous roots to the roots of living grasses,
etc., thus doing much damage. Its calyx in fruit is or-
bicular, inflated but flattened, containing a capsule of
similar form with a few large flat, generally winged seeds.
This is the common or yellow rattle, also called locally
penny-gram, penny-rattle, ratttebaas, rattlebox, and rattle-
penny, (b) One of the Old World louseworts,
Pedieularis palustris, the red rattle The rattles
(a) Croup. (6) The death-rattle.
rattle2 (rat'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. rattled, ppr.
rattling. [A back formation from rattling, a
corruption of ratline but taken as a verbal
noun in -ing, whence the assumed verb rattle.]
Naut., to furnish with ratlines — TO rattle down,
to seize or fasten ratlines on (the shrouds of a vessel).
rattlebags (rat'1-bagz), «. See rattle1, 6 (a).
rattle-barrel (rat'l-bar'el), n. la founding, a
tumbling-box for castings, used to free them
from sand, and sometimes to remove the cores.
rattlebox (rat'l-boks),». 1. A toy that makes a
rattling noise ;
a rattle.— 2. (a)
Aplant,theyel-
low rattle. See
rattle*, 6 (a),
(b) Any of the
North Ameri-
can species
of Crotalaria;
chiefly, C. sa-
gittalis, a low
herb of sandy
soil in the east-
ern half of the
United States.
The seeds rat-
tle in the in-
flated leathery
pod. (c) The
calico - wood,
snowdrop-, or
silverbell-tree,
Halesia tetrap-
tera: so named
from its large
dry fruit, which
is bony within
and contains a
single seed in
each of its 1 to
4 cells. See
Halesia and
calico-wood.
A giddy, chatter-
rattlesnake-grass
rattleskull (rat'1-skul), ». Same as rattli-jmti:
rattlesnake (rat'1-snak), ». [< rattle* + mill;,:]
A venomous serpent of the family Cntalidte,
whose tail ends in a rattle or crepitaculum ; a cro-
taliformorsolenoglyphicserpent,orpit-viper,of
either of the genera Crotalus anA Crotahpnorus.
These poisonous reptiles are confined to America, where
there are many species. Those whose head is covered on
top with scales like those of the back belong to the genus
Cmtalue; others, with the top of the head plated, belong
to Crotalophorus, Caudisona, or Sistrurus. The former
are the larger species ; both are equally venomous. In pro-
portion to their size, and both have the pit between the
eyes and nose characteristic of all the pit-vipers. (See cut
under pitrriper.) The rattle is an epidermal or cuticular
Plant, with Flowers and Pods, of Rattlebox
(Crotalaria sagittatis).
rattlebrain (rat'1-bran), ».
ing person ; a rattlepate.
rattle-brained (rat'l-brand), a. Giddy; chat-
tering; whimsical; rattle-headed.
rattlebush (rat'l-bush), «. The wild indigo,
Baptisia tinctoria, a bushy herb with inflated
pods.
rattlecap (rat'1-kap), n. A giddy, volatile per-
son ; a madcap: generally said of a girl. [Col-
loq.]
rattled (rat'ld), a. 1. Confused; flurried. [Col-
loq. or slang.] — 2. Affected by eating the loco
or rattleweed ; locoed. [Western U. S.]
rattlehead (rat'1-hed), ». A giddy, chattering
person ; a rattlepate.
rattle-headed (rat'l-hed'ed), a. Noisy; giddy;
trifling.
rattle-mouset (rat'1-mous), ». [< rattle* +
mouse. Cf. flittermonse, reremouse.] A bat.
Not vnlike the tale of the rattle mouse.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, ii. 13 [18].
rattlepate (rat'1-pat), n. A noisy, empty fel-
low; a trifling or impertinent chatterer.
rattle-pated (rat'l-pa*ted), a. Same as rattle-
headed.
rattler (rat'ler), w. [< rattle* + -er*.'] 1. One
who rattles, or talks away without reflection or
consideration; a giddy, noisy person. — 2. Any-
thing which causes a person to become rattled,
as a smart or stunning blow. [Slang or colloq.]
And once, when he did this in a manner that amounted
to personal, I should have given him a rattler for himself
if Mrs. Boffin had not thrown herself betwixt MS.
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend.
3. A rattlesnake. [U. S.]
We have had rattlers killed every year ; copperheads less
frequently. Sei. Amer., N. S., LVI. 85.
4. A big or bold lie. [Colloq.] — 6. Among
cutlers, a special form of razor with a very thin
blade, the faces of which are ground to an "angle
of fifteen degrees — Diamond rattler, the diamond
rattlesnake.
rattleran (rat'1-ran), n. The lower half of a
fore quarter of beef; a plate-piece. [U. S.]
Hinder Part of a Rattlesnake, showing the rattle, with Seven
" rings" and a " button."
structure, representing the extreme of development of the
horn or spine in which the tail of many other serpents
ends. It consists of several hard horny pieces loosely ar-
ticulated together, so that when rapidly vibrated they make
a peculiar whirring or rattling noise. Rattlesnakes are
sluggish and naturally inoffensive reptiles, only seeking
to destroy their prey, like other animals. When alarmed
or irritated they prepare to defend themselves by coiling
in the attitude best adapted for striking with the fangs, at
the same time sounding the warning rattle, during which
process both the head and the tall are held erect. The
Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) coiled to strike.
snake can strike to a distance of about two thirds of its
own length. The mechanism of the jaws is such that, when
the mouth is wide open, the fangs are erected in position
for piercing ; and, when the mouth closes upon the wound
the fangs have made in the flesh, a tiny stream of venom
is spirted through each fang into the bitten part. (See cuts
under Crotalus and poison-fang.) The poison, which is
specially modified saliva, is secreted in avenom-gland near
the angle of the jaw, and is conveyed by a venom-duct to the
tooth. It is extremely dangerous, readily killing the small
animals upon which the snake feeds, and is often fatal to
man and other large animals. It has an acid reaction,
neutralizable by an alkali, and is harmless when swallow-
ed, if there is no lesion of the mucous membrane, though ex-
ceedingly poisonous when introduced into the circulation.
The flesh of the rattlesnake is edible, and some animals,
as hogs and peccaries, habitually feed upon these snakes.
Among the best-known species are the banded and the
diamond rattlesnakes, which inhabit eastern as well as
other regions of the United States, and sometimes attain
a length of 6 or 6 feet ; many similarly large ones are found
in the west, among them Crotalus pyrrhus, of a reddish
color. The commonest species of the west is the Missouri
rattlesnake, C. conjluentus, very widely distributed from
the British to the Mexican boundary. Among the smaller
species are the massasauga, Crotalophorwt tergeminus(Sis-
trurus catenatux\ also known as the sideu'iper, from its
habit of wriggling obliquely. One species, C. cerastes, has
a small horn over each eye.
rattlesnake-fern (rat'1-snak-fern), n. One of
the moonworts or grape-ferns, Botrycnimn Vir-
ginianum, found through a large part of North
America and in the Old World. The sterile seg-
ment of the frond is broadly triangular, thin and finely
divided, and of ample size or often reduced. The name
is apparently from the resemblance of the fruit to the rat-
tles of a rattlesnake.
rattlesnake-grass ( rat'l -snak-gras), n. An
American grass, Glyceria Canadensis, a hand-
some stout species with a large panicle of
drooping spikelets, which are ovate, and flat-
tish but turgid, like those of Briza, the quak-
rattlesnake-grass
ing-grass. It is a useful forage-grass in wet
places. Sometimes called tall quaking-grass.
rattlesnake-herb (rat'l-
snak-erb), «. The banc-
berry or cohosh. See Ac-
txa.
rattlesnake-master
(rat'l-suak-max"ter), n.
One of several Ameri-
can plants at some time
reputed to cure the bite
of the rattlesnake, (a)
The false aloe, Agave Virgin
nica, said to be so called in
South Carolina. A tincture of
this plant is sometimes used
for flatulent colic. (6) Accord-
ing to 1'ursh, Liatris scariosa
and L. squarrosa, in Virginia,
Kentucky, and the Carolinas.
(c) A species of eringo, Eryn-
gium ifiiccxfolium, also called,
like
Liatris, button- snakeroot ;
but the plants are quite unlike.
See the generic names.
rattlesnake-plantain
(rat'l-snak-plan'tan), ».
Any one of the three
American species of
(roodyera.
rattlesnake-root (rat'l-
snak-rb't), ». A plant, Prenanthes serpentaria,
also P. alba and P. altissima. the first at least
Rattlesnake-master (Eryngi*
um yuccstfolium},
i, upper part of the stem
with the heads; a, a leaf; a,
Rattlesnake-root (PrenanthfS alba).
j, the inflorescence ; 2, lower part of stem with root ; a , a head, after
anthesis; b, the acheniura with the pappus.
having some repute in North Carolina, etc., as
a remedy for snake-bites. See Prenanthes and
cancer-weed.
rattlesnake-weed (rat'1-snak-wed), ». Ahawk-
weed, Hieracium venosum, of the eastern half
of the United States. It has a slender stem a foot
or two high, forking above into a loose corymb of a few
yellow heads. The leaves, which are marked with purple
veins, are situated mostly at the base. These and the root
are thought to possess an astringent virtue.
rattletrap (rat'1-trap), n. A shaky, rattling ob-
ject ; especially, a rattling, rickety vehicle j in
the plural, objects clattering or rattling against
each other. [Colloq.]
Hang me if I'd ha' been at the trouble of conveying her
and her rattle-traps last year across the channel.
Mrs. Gore, Castles In the Air, xxxiv.
"He'd destroy himself, and me too, if I attempted to
ride him at such & rattletrap w that." A. rattletrap! The
quintain that she had put up with so much anxious care.
Trottope, Barchester Towers, viii.
rattleweed (rat'1-wed), ». A plant of the ge-
nus Astragalus, in numerous species. It in-
cludes various loco-weeds, and is presumably
extended to Oxytropis in the Kooky Mountain
region.
rattlewing (rat'1-wing), ». The golden-eyed
duck, or whistlewing, Clangula glaucion. Also
called whistler. [Eng.]
rattlewort (rat'1-wert), n. [Not found in
ME.; < AS. hrsetelwyrt, rattlewort. < "nrietele,
a rattle, + wyrt, wort: see rattle1, wort*."] A
plant of the genus Crotalaria. Compare rattle-
luu: 2 (6).
rattling1 (rat'ling), n. [Verbal n. of rattle*, ».]
1. The act of making a rattle, clatter, or con-
tinuous jarring noise.
The noise of a whip, and the noise of the rattling of the
wheels, and of the pransing horses, and of the jumping
chariots. Nahum iii. 2.
2. The act of berating or railing at or other-
wise assailing or attacking: as, to give one a
rattling.
4975
rattling1 (rat'ling), p. a. [Ppr. of rattle*, «.]
1. Making or adapted for making a rattle;
hence, smart; sharp; lively in action, move-
ment, or manners : as, ar«M/iH<jf rider; Brattling
pace ; a rattling game ; a rattling girl.
He ance tell'd me ... that the Psalms of David were
excellent poetry ! as if the holy Psalmist thought o' rat-
tling rhymes in ablether, like his ain silly clinkum-clankum
things that he ca's verse. Scott, Kob Roy, xxi.
2. Bewilderingly large or conspicuous: as, rat-
tling stakes or bets. [Colloq. or slang.]
rattling2 (rat'ling), n. A corruption of ratline.
ratton, n. See ratten.
rattonert, «• See rattener.
rattoon1, n. See ratoon.
rattoon'2}, »• Same as ratan.
rat-trap (rat'trap), n. A trap for catching rats;
also, something resembling or suggesting such
a trap — Rat-trap pedal See pedal.
rauchwacke(rak'wak; G.pron.rouch'va//ke),«.
[G., < rauch, smoke (= E. reek), + wacke, a sort
of stone consisting of quartz, sand, and mica :
see wacke. Cf. graywaeke.'] Dolomite or dolo-
mitie limestone, containing many small irregu-
lar cavities, frequently lined with crystals of
brown-spar: a characteristic mode of occur-
rence of the Zechstein division of the Permian
in various parts of Germany.
raucid (ra'sid), a. [< li.*raucidus, LL. dim.
raucidulns, hoarse, < raucus, hoarse: see rau-
cous.'] Same as raucous.
Methinks I hear the old boatman [Charon] paddling by
the weedy wharf, with rancid voice, bawling "sculls."
Lamb, To the Shade of Elliston.
raucity (ra'si-ti), n. [< F. raucite, hoarseness,
< L. raucita(t-)s, hoarseness, also snoring, <
raucus, hoarse : see raucous.] Eoughness or
harshness of utterance ; hoarseness.
The purling of a wreathed string, and the raucity of a
trumpet. Boom, Nat. Hist., § 700.
raucle (ra'kl), a. [A var. of rackel, rackle, rash,
fearless, also stout, firm, strong: see Tackle,
rakel.~\ Coarse; harsh; strong; firm; bold.
[Scotch.]
Auld Scotland has a raucle tongue.
Burns, Prayer to the Scotch Representatives.
raucous (ra'kus), a. [= F. rauque = Pr. rauc,
rauch = Cat. rone = Sp. ronco, rauco = Pg. rouco
= It. rauco,<. L. raucus, hoarse ; cf . Skt. •/ ru,
cry out.] Hoarse; harsh; croaking iu sound:
as, a raucous voice or cry.
raucously (ra'kus-li), adv. In a raucous man-
ner; with a croaking sound ; hoarsely.
Taught1!. An obsolete preterit and past parti-
ciple of reach*.
raught'2t. An obsolete preterit and past parti-
ciple of reck.
raun (ran), n. A dialectal form of ro«2.
rauncet, »• See ranee3.
raunceount, v. t. A Middle English form of
ransom.
raunch (ranch), v. t. Same as ranch*.
raunsont, raunsount, n. and v. Middle English
forms of ransom.
rauracienne (ro-ras-ien'), ». In dyeing, same
as orseillin.
Rausan (F. pron. ro-zon'), n. [F.: see def.]
A wine of Bordeaux, of the commune of Mar-
gaux : its best variety is the wine of Chateau
Rausan, often exported under the name of Rau-
san-Mnrgaux.
Rauwolfia (rau-wol'fi-a), n. [NL. (Plumier,
1703), named after Leonhard Sauwolf, a Ger-
man botanist and traveler of the sixteenth
century.] A genus of gamopetalous plants of
the order Apocynacese, the dogbane family, tribe
Plumerieee, and type of the subtribe Bauwolfiese.
It is characterized by a salver-shaped corolla with in-
cluded stamens, an annular or cup-shaped disk, and an
ovary with two carpels, each with two ovules, in fruit
becoming drupaceous and united, often beyond the mid-
dle. There are about 42 species, natives of the tropics in
America, Asia, and Africa, also in South Africa. They are
trees or shrubs, commonly with smooth whorled leaves
which are three or four in a circle, and finely and closely
feather-veined. The small flowers and fruit are in cymose
clusters which become lateral and commonly resemble
umbels. Most species are actively poisonous ; some, as
J{. nitida, are In repute as cathartics and emetics. Sev-
eral medicinal species, with remarkably twisted roots and
stems, were formerly separated as a genus Ophioxylan (Lln-
nseus, 1767X on account of their producing both sterile
flowers with two stamens and fertile flowers with five :
as R. eerpenlina, the East Indian serpentwood, a climber
with handsome leaves, the root of which is used in India
and China as a febrifuge. R. Sandwicensin, the hao of
the Hawaiians, a small milky tree with white scarred
branches, is unlike all other species in its leafy sepals.
ravage (rav'aj), «. [< F. ravage, ravage, havoc,
spoil^ < ravir, bear away suddenly : see ravish.']
rave
Desolation or destruction wrought by the vio-
lent action of men or beasts, or by physical or
moral causes; devastation; havoc; waste; ruin:
as, the ravage of a lion ; the ravages of fire or
tempest ; the ravages of an invading army ; the
ravages of passion or grief.
Would one think 'twere possible for love
To make such ravage in a noble soul? Additon.
And many another suppliant crying came
With noise of ravage wrought by beast and man.
Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.
= Syn. Pillage, plunder, spoliation, despoilment. These
words all apply not to the treatment of people directly, but
to the destruction or appropriation of property.
ravage (rav'aj ), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ravaged, ppr.
ravaging. [< F. ravager, ravage ; from the
noun.] To desolate violently ; lay waste, as by
force, storm, etc. ; commit havoc on ; devas-
tate; pillage; despoil.
Cjesar
Has ravaged more than half the globe, and sees
Mankind grown thin by his destructive sword.
Addison, Cato i. 1.
While oft in whirls the mad tornado flies,
Mingling the ravaged landscape with the skies.
Goldsmith, Des. ViL, L 368.
=Syn. To plunder, waste. See the noun,
ravager (rav'aj-er), n. [< F. ravageur, < rav-
ager, ravage : see ravage.'] One who ravages ;
a plunderer; a spoiler; one who or that which
lays waste.
Ravaton's operation. See operation.
rave1 (rav), v. ; pret. and pp. raved, ppr. raving.
[< ME. raven, rave, talk like a madman (cf.
MD. freq. ravelen, D. revelen, dote, etc.), < OF.
raver, resver, rave, dote, speak idly, F. rfver,
dream (cf. OF. ravasser, rave, talk idly, reve,
madness), = Sp. rabiar, rave, = Pg. raivar,
rage (ef. It. ar-rabbiare, rage, go mad), < LL.
*rabiare, rave, rage,< L. rabies, ML. rabia, rage,
< L. rabere, rave, rage: see rage, n., andcf. rage,
v., practically a doublet of rave*. Cf. also
reverie. ] I. intrans. 1. To talk like a madman;
speak with delirious or passionate extrava-
gance; declaim madly or irrationally; rage in
speech.
Peter was angry and rebuked Christ, and thought ear-
nestly that he had raued, and not wist what he sayde.
Tyndale, Works, p. 25.
Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast?
Addison, Cato, iv. 3.
Three days he lay and raved
And cried for death.
WOliam Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 336.
2. To talk about something with exaggerated
earnestness, and usually with little judgment
or coherence; declaim •ithusiastieally, im-
moderately, or ignorantly.
He must fight singly to-morrow with Hector ; and is so
prophetically proud of an heroical cudgelling that he raves
in saying nothing. Shalt., T. and C., iii. 3. 249.
Fire in each eye, and papers in each hand,
They rave, recite, and madden round the land.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 6.
3. To produce a brawling or turbulent sound ;
move or act boisterously: used of the action
of the elements.
His bowre is in the bottom of the maine,
Under a mightle rocke, gainst which doe raw
The roringbillowes in their proud disdaine.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vlil. 37.
On one side of the church extends a wide woody dell,
along which raves a large brook among broken rocks and
trunks of fallen trees. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 444.
II. trans. To utter in frenzy ; say in a wild
and excited manner.
Pride, like the Delphic priestess, with a swell
/.'"<•*(/ nonsense, destin'd to be future sense.
Young, Night Thoughts, vii. 596.
rave'2t (rav). An obsolete preterit of rive.
rave3t (rav), v. t. [< ME. raven; a secondary
form of riven, after the pret. rave : see rive*.']
To rive.
And he worowede bun, and slowhe him ; ande thanne he
ranne to the false emperes, ande ravide hir evine to the
bone, but more harme dide he not to no mane.
Gesta Romanorwn, p. 202. (Hattiwett.)
rave4 (rav), v. t. [A dial, form of reave.] 1.
Same as reave, 3.
Thairtoir I hald the subject vaine,
Wold rave us of our right.
Battle of Balrinnes (Child's Ballads, VII. 220).
2. To tear up; pull or tear the thatch or cover-
ing from (a house): same &B reave, 4. Salliwell.
[Prov. Eng.]— To rave up, to pull up; gather toge-
ther. [Prov. Eng.]
rave4 (rav), «. [< rave*, v.~] A tearing; a hole
or opening made by tearing out or away : as, a
rave in an old building. Hattiwett, [Prov. Eng.]
rave5 (rav), «. [Origin obscure.] One of the
side pieces of the body of a wagon or other ve-
hicle.
rave
The rave bolts [in a bob-sleigh] extend upward from the
runners in front and rear of the knees, and the raves rest
between their ends on the bottom of the recess.
Sri. Amer., N. S., LIV. 130.
Floating raves, a light open frame of horizontal bars,
attached along the top of the sides of wagons, and sloping
upward and outward from them. They are convenient
for supporting and securing light bulky loads. Farrow,
Mil. Encyc., L 679.
raveet (rav), n. [ME., < OF. rave, < L. rapa,
rapum, a turnip: see rape*.'] A turnip.
Rave, as brassik for vyne as ille is fonde.
Palladia, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.\ p. 173.
rave-hook (rav'huk), «. In ship-carp., a hooked
iron tool used when enlarging the butts for re-
ceiving a sufficient quantity of oakum ; a rip-
ping-iron.
ravel1 (rav'el or rav'l), r. ; pret. and pp. rareled
or ravelled, ppr. raveling or ravelling. [Former-
ly also reavel and (as a var. of the noun) revel;
early mod. E. also "rivel, ryvell((. OF. riuler, un-
ravel, < LG.); < MD. ravelen, entangle (L. in-
tricare, Kilian), ravel (Hexam, Sewel) (uit ra-
velen, ravel out, unravel), D. rafelen, unravel,
unweave, = LG. reffeln, rebeln-rebbeln, unravel,
unweave ; origin unknown. There is no obvi-
ous connection with G.raffeln, snatch up, rake,
raffel, a rake, grate for flax, < raffen, snatch:
see raff, raffle^.] I. trans. 1. To tangle; en-
tangle ; entwine confusedly ; involve in a tan-
gled or knotted mass, as thread or hair mingled
together loosely.
Sleepe that Knits vp the rauel'd Sleeue [that Is, floss-silk]
of Care. Shak. , Macbeth (folio 1628), li. 2. 37.
I've reavell'd a' my yellow hair
Coming against the wind.
Blenkindie (Child's Ballads, II. 12).
Minute glands, which resemble ravelled tubes, formed
of basement membrane and epithelial scales.
J. R. Nichols, Fireside Science, p. 186.
Hence — 2. To involve; perplex; confuse.
What glory 's due to him that could divide
Such ravel d int'rests, has the knot untied? Waller.
3f. To treat confusedly ; jumble ; muddle.
They but ravel it over loosely, and pitch upon disputing
against particular conclusions. Sir K. Digby.
4. To disentangle; disengage the threads or
fibers of (a woven or knitted fabric, a rope, a
mass of tangled hair, etc.); draw apart thread
bythread; unravel: commonly with out: in this
sense (the exact contrary of the first sense),
originally with out, ravel out being equivalent
to unravel.
Must I ravel out
My weaved-up folly ?
« Shak., Rich. II., iv. 1. 228.
The fiction pleas'd ; their loves I long elude ;
The night still ravell'd what the day renew'd.
Fenton, in Pope's Odyssey, xix.
A favorite gown had been woven by her maids, of cot-
ton, striped with silk procured by raveling the general's
discarded stockings. The Century, XXXVII. 841.
II. intrans. 1. To become entangled or
snarled, as the ends of loose and dangling
threads, or a mass of loose hair. Hence — 2.
To become involved or confused; fall into per-
plexity.
As you unwind her love from him,
Lest it should ravel and be good to none,
You must provide to bottom it on me.
Shak., T. Q. of V., iii. 2. 52.
Till, by their own perplexities involved,
They ravel more, still less resolved.
Milton, S. A., 1. 305.
3. To curl up, as a hard-twisted thread.
Jamieson. [Scotch.] — 4. To become untwisted
or disjoined, as the outer threads of a loosely
made fabric or the strands of a rope ; become
disjoined thread by thread j fray, as a garment
at the edges : commonly with out.
I ryvell out, as sylke doth, je rivle. Palsgrave.
Hence — 5. To suffer gradual disintegration
or decay.
Do's my lord ravell out? do's he fret?
Marston, The Fawne, li. 1.
And this vast Work all ravel out again
To its first Nothing. CmvUy, Davideis, i.
6f. To make a minute and careful examination
in order to straighten what is confused, unfold
what is hidden, or clear up what is obscure;
investigate; search; explore.
It can be little pleasure to us to rave [sic ed. 1660, 1671 ;
rake, ed. 1681, 1686: read ravel] into the infirmities of God's
servants, and bring them upon the stage.
Bp. Sanderson, Works, I. 100.
It will be needless to ravel far into the records of elder
times. Decay of Christian Piety.
The humour of ravelling into all these mystical or en-
tangled matters . . . produced infinite disputes.
Sir W. Temple.
4976
ravel1 (rav'el or rav'l), «. [Formerly or dial.
alsorerel; < ravel1, r.] 1. A raveled thread;
a raveling. [Bare.]
Life goes all to ravels and tatters. Carlyle, in Froude.
2. pi. The broken threads cast away by women
at their needlework. Halliwell (spelled revels).
— 3. In weaving, a serrated instrument for guid-
ing the separate yarns when being distributed
and wound upon the yarn-beam of a loom, or
for guiding the yarns wound on a balloon ; an
evener; a separator.
Also, in Scotch spelling, rairt-l.
ravel2 (rav'el), t'. Same as rabble1. [Prov.
Eng.]
ravel-bread (rav'el-bred), ». Same as raveled
bread. See raveled. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
raveledt, ravelledt, a. [< OF. ravale, ravalle,
brought low, abated, lessened in price, pp. of
ravaler, ravaller, ravailler, bring down, bring
low, abate, diminish, lessen in price, < re-, back,
+ avaler, let down, come down: see avale.]
Lower-priced: distinctively noting wheaten
bread made from flour and bran together.
The raveled is a kind of cheat bread, but it reteineth
more of the grosse and lesse of the pure substance of the
wheat. Harrison, p. IBS. (Ualliicett.)
They had four different kinds of wheaten bread : the
finest called manchet, the second cheat or trencher bread,
the third ravelled, and the fourth in England called mes-
celin [see nuuh'n-'], in Scotland mashloch. The ravelled
was baken up just as it came from the mill, flour, bran, and
all. Arnot, Hist, of Edin. (Jamieson.)
ravelin (rav'lin), ». [Formerly also rav'lin,
corruptly raveling; < OF. ravelin, F. ravelin,
m., OF. also raveline, t., = Sp. revellin = Pg.
revelim, < Olt. ra-
vellino, revellino,
It. rivellino, a
ravelin ; origin
unknown; hard-
ly, as supposed,
< L. re-, back, +
vallum, a wall,
rampart: see
ira/fi. Cf. F.
dial. ravelin,
dim. of ravin, a
ravine, hollow:
see ravine^.] A
detached trian-
gular work in
fortification, with two embankments which
form a projecting angle. In the figure SB is the
ravelin, with .1 its redout, and CC its ditch. DD is the
main ditch of the fortress, and E the passage giving ac-
cess from the fortress to the ravelin.
We will erect
Wals and a raveling that may safe our fleet and us pro-
tect Chapman, Iliad, vii.
This book will live, it hath a genius ; . . .
. . . here needs no words' expence
In bulwarks, rav'lins, ramparts for defence.
B. Jonson, On the Poems of Sir John Beaumont.
raveling1, ravelling (rav'el-ing), «. [Verbal
n. of ravel1, v.~] A raveled thread or fiber; a
thread drawn out from a woven,' knitted, or
twisted fabric : as, to use ravelings for basting.
raveling2!, "• An obsolete form of rarelin.
raveling-engine (rav'el-ing-en'jin), n. In pa-
per-man u f., a machine for tearing rags for
making into pulp; a rag-engine or tearing-
cylinder.
ravelledt, ravelling. See raveled, raveling!.
ravelly (rav'el-i), a. [< ravel1 + -y1.] Show-
ing loose or disjoined threads; partly raveled
out. [Colloq.]
Dressed in a dark suit of clothes that looked seamed and
ravelly, as if from rough contact with thorny undergrowth.
The Century, XXXIX. 444.
ravelment (rav'el-ment), n. [< ravel1 + -meat.']
A pulling or drawing apart, as in raveling a
fabric; hence, disunion of feeling; disagree-
ment; embroilment.
raven1 (ra'vn), «. and a. [< ME. raven, reven,
revin; pi. ravenes, refnes, remes; < AS. hrsefn,
hrefn, hrsemn, nrenin = D. raven, rave, raaf =
MLG. raven, rave, LG. rave = OHG. rabo, also
hraban, raban, hram, ram, MHG. rabe, also
rappe, raben, ram, ramm (forms remaining in
the proper names Bapp and Wolf-ram) = Icel.
tirafn = OSw. rafn, ramn = Dan. ravn (not re-
corded in Goth.), a raven; perhaps, like the
crow and owl, named from its cry, namely
from the root seen in L. crepare, rattle: see
crepitation, discrepant. The alleged etymologi-
cal connection with L. connw, Gr. xopaf, raven,
L. cornix, Gr. Kopuvy, crow, Pol. kritk, a raven.
Skt. kdrava, a raven, is not made out.] I. «.
1. A bird of the larger species of the genus
Ravenala
t, having the feathers of the throat lance-
olate and distinct from one another. The plu-
mage is entirely black, with more or less lustrous or me-
tallic sheen ; the hill and feet are ebony-black ; the wings
are pointed, the tail is rounded, and the nostrils are con
cealed beneath large tufts of antrorse plumules. The
voice is raucous. The common raven is C. corax, about
Raven (Corvttr corax).
2 feet long and 50 inches in extent of wings. It inhabits
Europe, Asia, and some other regions, and the American
bird, though distinguished as C. carnivorus, is scarcely
different. There are several similar though distinct spe-
cies of various countries, among them C. cryptoleucus of
western North America, which has the concealed buses
of the feathers of the neck snowy- white. Ravens are easi-
ly tamed, and make very intelligent pets, but are thievish
and troublesome. They may be taught to imitate speech
to some extent. In the wild state the raven is omnivo-
rous, like the crow ; it nests on trees, rocks, and dills,
S referring the most inaccessible places, and lays four or
ve greenish eggs heavily speckled with brown and black-
ish shades. The American raveri is now almost unknown
in the eastern parts of the United States, but is still
abundant in the west. Ravens have from time immemo-
rial been viewed with superstitious dread, being supposed
to bring bad luck and forebode death.
The nii-rii himself is hoarse
That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan
Under my battlements. Shak., Macbeth, i. 6. 40.
2. A kind of fish. See sea-raven and Hemi-
trinteridfe.
n. a. Black as a raven ; evenly and glossily
or lustrously black: as, raven locks.
Smoothing the raven down
Of darkness till it smiled.
Milton, Comus, 1. 251.
raven2 (rav'n), «. [Also ravine; early mod. E.
also ravin; < ME. ravin, ravine, ravyne, ra-
veyne, < OF. ravine, raveine, rabine, prey, plun-
der, rapine, also rapidity, impetuosity, prob. =
Pr. rabina, < L. rapina, plunder, pillage : see
rapine, a doublet of roeen2.] 1. Plunder;
rapine; robbery; rapacity; furious violence.
[Archaic.]
And whan thei herde the horne a-noon tin i slaked
thelre reynes and spored theire horse and smote in to the
hoste with grete ravyne. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), ii. 824.
Oh gods !
Why do we like to feed the greedy raven
Of these blown men? Fletcher, Valentinlan, v. 4.
2. Plunder; prey; food obtained with rapacity.
That is to seyn, the foulis of ravyne
Were heyest set.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 323.
Egles, Oledes, Ravenes, and othere Foules of raveyne,
that eten Flesche. Mandeville, Travels, p. 809.
The lion . . . filled his holes with prey, and his dens
with ravin. Nah. U. 12.
raven2 (rav'n), v. [Also ravin; < OF. raviner,
seize by force, ravage, < L.Voptnare (in deriv.),
plunder, < rapina, plunder, impetuosity: see
raven2, ».] I. trans. If. To seize with rapa-
city, especially food; prey upon; ravage. See
ravined. — 2. To subject to rapine or ravage;
obtain or take possession of by violence.
Master Carew of Antony, in his Survay of Cornewall,
wftnesseth that the Sea hath ravened from that Shire that
whole Country of Lionease. UakeuiU, Apology, i. 3, § 2.
Woe to the wolves who seek the flock to raven and de-
vour! WhUKer, Cassandra Southwick.
3. To devour with great eagerness; eat with
voracity; swallow greedily.
Our natures do pursue,
Like rats that ravin down their proper bane,
A thirsty evil. Shak., M. for M., i. 2. 133.
They rather may be said to rauen then to eate it ; and,
holding the flesh with their teeth, cut it with rasors of
stone. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 778.
II. intrant. To prey with rapacity ; show ra-
pacity.
Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf. Gen. xlix. 27.
Ravenala (rav-e-na'la), «. [NL. (Adanson,
1763), from a native name in Madagascar.] A
genus of monocotyledonous plants, of the onler
Ravenala
MimaceiB, the banana family. It is characterized
by a loculicidally tnree-valved anil tliree-celled capsule
with numerous seeds in six rows, and by separate long
and narrow sepals and petals, three of each, all similar
and unappendaged. There are but 2 species, natives one
of Madagascar, the other of northern Brazil and Ouiana.
In both the stem is sometimes short, with the leaves almost
all radical, at other times forming a tall woody trunk
reaching 30 feet high, ringed by leaf-scars. The handsome
oblong and two-ranked leaves resemble those of the ba-
nana, and are of immense size, being considered the largest
undivided leaves known, with the exception perhaps of
the Victoria lily. The long concave leafstalks are divid-
ed within into small cubical chambers, about a half-inch
square, filled with a clear watery sap which forms a re-
freshing drink, whence the name traveler' s-tree, used in
botanic gardens for II. Madagascariensis. The leaves are
also used as a thatch for the nat ive huts. The large flow-
ers form a short many-flowered raceme within the spathe,
and are followed by woody capsules and edible seeds with
a lacerate and pulpy blue aril which yields an essential
oil. See traveler's-tree.
raven-cockatoo (ra'vn-kok-a-to'1'), ». A black
cockatoo. See cockatoo.
ravenert (rav'n-er), re. [< ME. raviner, rav-
inere, ravyner, ravinour, ravynour, raveynour, <
OF. ravineor, ravinour, < L. rapinator, a plun-
derer, robber, < "rapinare, plunder, rob: see
raven2."] 1. One who ravens or plunders; a
greedy plunderer ; a devourer or pursuer.
We scorne swich raviners and honters of fouleste
thinges. Chaucer, Boethiua, i. prose S.
And then he is such a ravener after fruit.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1.
2. A bird of prey. Holland.
ravening (rav'n-'ing), n. [Verbal n. of raven?,
v.~\ Eagerness for plunder ; rapacity.
Your inward part is full of ravening [extortion, B,. V.]
and wickedness. Luke xi. 39.
raveningly (rav'n-ing-li), adv. In a ravening
or ravenous manner; voraciously; greedily.
Liguirire somtymes is auide and helluose, that is gried-
ily and rawninglye or gluttonously to devour very much.
Udall, Flowers, fol. 98.
ravenous (rav'n-us), a. [< OF. ravinos, ravi-
nous, ravineus, F. ravineux, violent, impetuous,
= It. rapinoso, ravenous, etc., < ML. "rapino-
sus, < L. rapina, rapine : see raven2. Of. rapi-
nous.] 1. Furiously voracious ; hungry even
to rage; devouring with rapacious eagerness:
as, a ravenous wolf, lion, or vulture ; to be rave-
nous with hunger.
I will give thee unto the ravenous birds of every sort,
and to the beasts of the field, to be devoured.
Ezek. xxxix. 4.
I wish some ravenous wolf had eaten thee !
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4. 31.
2. Greedily eager for gratification ; tending to
rapacity or voracity: as, ravenous appetite or
desire.
Thy desires
Are wolvish, bloody, starved, and ravenous.
Shak., M. of V., IT. 1. 138.
=Syn. Voracious, etc. See rapacious.
ravenously (rav'n-us-li), adv. In a ravenous
manner ; with raging voracity.
ravenousness (rav'n-us-nes), n. The state or
character of being ravenous; furious avidity;
rage for prey.
The ravenousiiess of a lion or bear are natural to them.
Sir M. Hale.
ravenry (ra'vu-ri), «.; pi. ravenries (-riz). [<
raven1 + -ry.] A place where ravens nest and
breed or are kept.
Nothing short of a reward given on the hatching-off of
a ravenry . . . would insure protection.
Nature, XXXVII. 602.
Ravensara (rav-en-sa'ra), n. [NL. (Sonnerat,
1782), < Malagasy ravin-dzara, said to mean
'good leaf.'] A genus of trees of the order
Laurinex and tribe Perseacex. It is distinguished
by having the parts of the flower in threes, two-celled an-
thers, an enlarged perianth-tube closed over the ovary in
fruit, and a seed with six lobes descending into as many
false cells of the pericarp. The 3 or 4 species are smooth
aromatic trees of Madagascar. R. aromatica has a clove-
like fragrance throughout, and its fruit, called clove-nut,
meg or ravensara-nut, is used in Madagascar as a spice.
raven's-duck (ra'vnz-duk), ». A fine kind of
hempen sail-cloth.
ravenstone (ra'vn-ston), ». [Tr. G. rabenstein, a
gallows (also a black stone), < rabe, = E. raven, +
stein = E. stone: so called as a place where ravens
(birds of ill omen) and vultures congregate.
Cf. D. raven-kop, hangman, lit. 'raven-head':
see raven1 and stone1.] A gallows. [Rare.]
To and fro, as the night-winds blow,
The carcass of the assassin swings ;
And then alone, on the raven-stone,
The raven flaps his dusky wings.
Byron, Manfred (first MS.), iii.
raver (ra'ver), i,. [< ME. ravare; < ravel + .erl.
Cf. F. revnir, dreamer.] One who raves or is
furious ; a maniac.
313
4977
As old decrepitc persons, yong Infantes, fooles, Madmen,
and Ravers. Touchstone of Complexions, p. 94. (Davies.)
raveryt (rii'vOr-i), ». [< OF. resveric, raving,
dreaming: see rave1, and ef. reverie.'] The act
or practice of raving; extravagance of speech
or expression ; a raving.
Reject them not as the raveries of a child.
Sir J. Sempill, Sacrilege Sacredly Handled, Int. (Davies.)
ravint (rav'in), H. and v. See raven2.
ravine1, «. Same as raven2.
ravine2 (ra-ven'), n. [< ME. ravine, rauyne, <
OF. ravine, rabine, a raging flood, a torrent, an
inundation, a hollow worn by a torrent, a ra-
vine, F. ravine, ravin, a ravine; a particular
use of ravine, violence, impetuosity, plunder, <
L. rapina, rapine, violence, plunder : see rapine,
and cf. raven2.] If. A raging flood.
A ravine, or inundation of waters, which overcometh all
things that come in its way. Cotgraoe.
2. A long deep hollow worn by a stream or tor-
rent of water; hence, any deep narrow gorge,
as in a mountain; a gully. =syn. 2. Glen, Gorge,
etc. See valley.
ravinedt (rav'ind), a. [Irreg. < ravin, raven2,
+ -ed2.] Ravenous.
Witches' mummy, maw and gulf
Of the ravin'd salt-sea shark.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1. 24.
ravine-deer (ra-ven'der), «. The goat-antelope
of the Deccan, which inhabits rocky places.
Ravine-deer (Tftractros gtudricornis't.
It has many names, vernacular and technical, as blacktail,
chikara, chousingha, kalsiepie, Antilope chtfcara or quadri-
cornis, Tetraceros quadricornis, and Tragops bennetti.
raving (ra'ving), ». [< ME. ravynge; verbal
n. of rave1, v.] Furious exclamation; irra-
tional incoherent talk.
They are considered as lunatics, and therefore tolerated
in their ravings. Steele, Tatler, No. 178.
raving (ra'viug), p. a. 1. Furious with deliri-
um; mad; distracted. — 2. Fit to excite admi-
ration or enthusiasm ; hence, amazing, intense,
superlative, or the like. [Colloq. or slang.]
A letter of raving gallantry, which Orlando Furioso
himself might have penned, potent with the condensed
essence of old romance. /. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 262.
The veterans liked to recall over the old Madeira the
wit and charms of the raving beauties who had long gone
the way of the famous vintages of the cellar.
New Princeton Rev. , I. 6.
ravingly (ra'ying-li), adv. In a raving man-
ner; with furious wildness or frenzy; distract-
edly.
The swearer is ravingly mad ; his own lips so pronounce
him. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 283.
ravisablet, «• [ME., < OF. ravissable, < ravir,
ravish: see ravish.] Ravenous.
And inward we, withouten fable,
Ben gredy wolves ravisable.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 7016.
ravisantt, a. [ME., also ravisaunt; < OF. ravi-
sant, ravissant, ppr. of ravir, ravish : see ravish.
Cf. ravissant.] Ravishing; ravening; preda-
tory.
The wolf, wilde and ravisaunt,
With the schep jeode so milde so lomb.
MS. Laud. 108, f. 11. (HalUweU.)
ravish (rav'ish), v. t. [< ME. ravisshen, rav-
ischen, ravisen, ravichen, < OF. (and F.) ravins-,
stem of certain parts of ravir, ravish, snatch
away hastily, = It. rapire, < L. rapere, snatch,
seize: see rape2 and rapid. Cf. ravage.] 1.
To seize and carry off; transport or take away
forcibly; snatch away. [Obsolete or archaic.]
Thanne the! seyn that he is ravissht in to another
world, where he is a grettre Lord than he was here.
MandevUle, Travels, p. 254.
raw
And the gret fray that the [they] mad in the tyme of
masse it ravyched my witts and mad me fnl lu-vyly dys-
posyd. Faston Letters, II. 81.
These hairs, which thou dost ravish from my chin,
Will quicken, and accuse thee. Shak., Lear, iii. 7. 38.
2. To transport mentally; enrapture; bring
into a state of ecstasy, as of delight or fear.
Sore were all their mindes rauished wyth feare, that in
maner half beside themselves they said . . .
Golding, tr. of Ceesar, fol. 173.
Thou hast ravished my heart. Cant. iv. 9.
The view of this most sweet Paradise [Mantua] . . . did
even ravish my senses. Coryat, Crudities, I. 145.
My friend was ravished with the beauty, innocence, and
sweetness that appeared in all their faces.
Addison, Freeholder, No. IT.
3. To deprive by seizure ; dispossess violently :
with of.
They may ravish me o' my life,
But they canna banish me fro' Heaven hie.
Hughie the Graeme (Child's Ballads, VI. 57).
And am I blasted in my bud with treason?
Boldly and basely o/rny fair name ravish'd ?
Beau, and Ft., Knight of Malta, ii. 5.
4. Toviolatethechastityof; commit rape upon;
deflower.
Their houses shall be spoiled, and their wives ravished.
Isa. xiii. 16.
My heroes slain, my bridal bed o'erturn'd,
My daughters ravish'd, and my city burn'd,
My bleeding infants dash'd against the floor.
Pope, Iliad, ndl. 89.
ravisht (rav'ish), re. [< ravish, v.] Ravishment ;
ecstasy ; a transport or rapture.
Most of them . . . had builded their comfort of salva-
tion upon unsound grounds, viz. some upon dreams and
ravishes of spirit by fits ; others upon the reformation of
their lives. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 219, an. 1836.
ravisher (rav'ish -er), n. [< ME. ravischour,
ravissour, < OF. raviseor, raviseur, F. ravisseur,
ravisher, < ravir, ravish: see ravish.] 1. One
who ravishes or takes by violence.
Gods ! shall the ravisher display your hair,
While the fops envy and the ladies stare?
Pope, K. of the L., iv. 103.
2. One who violates the chastity of a woman.
Thou ravisher, thou traitor, thou false thief !
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 888.
3. One who or that which transports with de-
light,
ravishing (rav'ish-ing), n. [< ME. ravisshing,
ravyschynge; verbal n. of ravish, v.] Ecstatic
delight; mental transport. [Rare.]
The ravishings that sometimes from aboue do shoot
abroad in the inward man. Feltham, Resolves, ii. 66.
ravishing (rav'ish-ing),^. a. 1. Snatching;
taking by violence ; of or pertaining to ravish-
ment.
Tarquin's ravishing strides. Shak., Macbeth, it 1. 65.
2. Exciting rapture or ecstasy; adapted to en-
chant; exquisitely lovely ; enrapturing.
Those delicious villas of St. Pietro d'Arena, which pre-
sent another Genoa to you, the ravishing retirements of the
Genoese nobility.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 17, 1644.
He [Emerson] . . . gave us ravishing glimpses of an ideal
under the dry husk of our New England.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 380.
3f. Moving furiously along; hurrying. Chau-
cer, Boethius, i. meter 5.
ravishingly (rav'ish-ing-li), adv. In a ravish-
ing manner; so as to delight or enchant.
ravishment (rav'ish-ment), n. [< OF. (and F. )
ravissement, a ravishing, ravishment, < ravir,
ravish: see ravish.] 1. The act of seizing and
carrying off, or the act or state of forcible ab-
duction ; violent transport or removal. — 2.
Mental transport ; a carrying or being carried
away with delight ; ecstasy; rapture.
All things joy, with ravishment
Attracted by thy beauty slill to gaze.
Hilton, P. L., v. 46.
The music and the bloom
And all the mighty ravishment of Spring.
Wordsworth, Sonnets, ii. 18.
3. Violation of female chastity; rape.
In bloody death and ravishment delighting.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 430.
ravissant (ray'i-sant), a. [See ravisant.] In
her., leaping in a position similar to rampant:
usually noting the wolf.
ravisset, "• t. A Middle English form of ravish.
Chaucer.
raw1 (ra),_a. and H. [< ME. raw, rau, ra, < AS.
hredw, lirxw, raw, uncooked, unprepared, sore,
= OS. lira = D. raauiv = MLG. rauw, ro, LG. rau
= OHG. ran, ro, rou (raw-), MHG. ro (raw-),
G. roll = Icel. hrdr = Sw. ra = Dan. raa, raw.
crude ; akin to L. crudus, raw, cruentus, bloody,
cruor, gore, blood (see crude), Gr. npiaf, flesh,
Skt. Jcravis, raw meat, krura, cruel, hard, OSlav.
raw
Awir?, Ljith.frrniyVw, blood.] I. a. 1. Existingin
the state of natural growth or formation; un-
changed in constitution by subjection to heat
or other alterative agency ; uncooked, or chemi-
cally unaltered : as, raw meat, fish, oysters, etc.;
most fruits are eaten raw; raw medicinal sub-
stances; raw (that is, unburnt) umber.
Distilled waters will last longer than raw waters.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 347.
On this brown, greasy napkin ... lie the raw vege-
tables she ia preparing for domestic consumption.
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 166.
2. In an unchanged condition as regards some
process of fabrication ; unwrought or unman-
ufactured. In this sense ram is used either of sub-
stances in their primitive state, or of partly or wholly fin-
ished product* fitted for working into other forms, accord-
ing to the nature of the case : as, the raw materials of a
manufacture ; raw silk or cotton (the prepared fiber) ; raw
marble ; raw clay.
Eight thousand bailes of raw silke are yearly made in
the Island. Sandys, Travailee, p. 192.
Like a cautious man of business, he was not going to
speak rashly of a raw material in which he had had no
experience. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, iii. 5.
It (the German mindj has supplied the run- material in
almost every branch of science for the defter wits of other
nations to work on.
Lowell, Among ray Books, 1st ser., p. 293.
3. In a rudimeiital condition ; crude in quality
or state; primitively or coarsely constituted;
unfinished; untempered; coarse; rough; harsh.
Her lips were, like raw lether, pale and blew.
Spenser, f. Q., V. xii. 29.
The coast scene of Hoguet . . . copied in water-color,
. . . and blind-haltered with a blazing space of rail-white
all around it. The Nation, Feb., 1875, p. 84.
The raw vessels fresh from the wheel, which only re-
quire a moderate heat to prepare them for being glazed,
are piled in the highest chamber. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 638.
The glycerine is of a brownish colour and known as raw,
in which state it is sold for many purposes.
Workshop Receipts, 2d sen, p. 310.
4. Harshly sharp or chilly, as the weather;
bleak, especially from cold moisture; charac-
terized by chilly dampness.
Once, upon a raw and gusty day. Shalt., 3. C., i. 2. 100.
Dreadful to me was the coming home in the raw twi-
light, with nipped fingers and toes.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, i.
A raw mist rolled down upon the sea.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 15.
5. Crude or rude from want of experience,
skill, or reflection ; of immature character or
quality; awkward; untrained; unfledged; ill-
instructed or ill-considered: said of persons
and their actions or ideas.
No newelie practised worshipplnges alloweth he for hys,
but vtterlye abhorreth them aU as thinges rawe and unsa-
uerye. Bp. Bale, Image, ii.
An opinion hath spread itself very far in the world, as
if the way to be ripe in faith were to be raw in wit and
judgment. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 8.
I have within my mind
A thousand raw tricks of these bragging Jacks,
Which I will practise. Shak., M. of V., iii. 4. 77.
He had also a few other raw Seamen, but such as would
have made better Landmen, they having served the King
of Siam as Soldiers. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 112.
His [Sherman's] division was at that time wholly raw, no
part of it ever having been in an engagement.
U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 338.
6. Looking like raw meat, as from lividness or
removal of the skin ; deprived or appearing des-
titute of the natural integument: as, a raw
sore; a raw spot on a horse.
His cheeke-bones raw, and eie-pits hollow grew,
And brawney armes had lost their knowen might.
Spenser, V. Q., IV. xii. 20.
When raw flesh appeareth in him [a leper], he shall be
unclean. Lev. xiii. 14.
Since yet thy cicatrice looks raw and red
After the Danish sword. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 3. 62.
7. Feeling sore, as from abrasion of the skin;
harshly painful ; galled.
And all his sinews waxen weak and raw
Through long imprisonment.
Spenser, F. Q., L x. 2.
Sec. Gent. Have you no fearful dreams?
Steph. Sometimes, as all have
That go to bed with raw and windy stomachs.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, ill 7.
8. In ceram . , unbaked — that is, either fresh from
the potters' wheel or the mold, or merely dried
without the use of artificial heat Raw edge,
that edge of any textile fabric which is not finished with
a selvage, nor hemmed or bound or otherwise secured,
and which is therefore liable to ravel out. — Raw hide.
See Aid«2 and rawhide.—- Raw material oil, sienna,
Silk, etc. See the nouns. = Syn. Raw, Crude. These
words, the same in ultimate origin and in earlier mean-
ing, have drawn somewhat apart. Raw continues to ap-
ply to food which is not yet cooked, as raw potatoes ; but
4978
crude has lost that meaning. Raw is applied to material
not yet manufactured, as cotton, silk ; crude rather to that
which is not refined, as petroleum, or matured, as a theory
or an idea.
II. w. 1. A raw article, material, or product.
Specifically— (o) An uncooked oyster, or an oyster of a
kind preferred for eating raw: as, a plate of raws. [Col-
loq.] (6) Raw sugar. {Colloq. or trade use.)
The stock of raws on hand on the 31st of December, 1884,
amounted to 1,000,000 kilograms.
U. S. Cons. Rep., No. Ix. (1886X p. 98.
2. A raw, galled, or sore place ; an established
sore, as on a horse; hence, soreness or sensi-
tiveness of feeling or temper. [Colloq.]
Like savage hackney coachmen, they know where there
is a raw. De Quincey. (Webster.)
It's a tender subject, and every one has a raw on it.
Lever, Davenport Dunn.
Here is Bayneg, . . . in a dreadfully wicked, murderous,
and dissatisfied state of mind. His chafing, bleeding tem-
per is one raw ; his whole soul one rage and wrath.
Thackeray, Philip, xxvii.
3. In bot., same as rag1, 3 (6). [Prov. Eug.]
— To touch one on the raw, to irritate one by alluding
to or joking him about any matter in respect to which he
is especially sensitive.
raw- (ra), n. An obsolete or dialectal form of
row2.
Clarers and his Highlandmen
Came down upo' the raw.
Battle of EUliecrankie (Child's Ballads, VIL 153).
rawbonet (ra'bon), o. [<.rawl + bone,n.] Same
as raw-boned. Spenser, F. Q., IV. v. 34.
raw-boned (ra'bond), a. Having little flesh on
the bones ; lean and large-boned ; gaunt.
Lean raw-boned rascals ! who would e'er suppose
They had such courage and audacity?
Shak., IHen. VI., i. 2.35.
rawhead (ra'hed), «. 1. A specter; a nursery
bugbear of frightful aspect: usually coupled
with bloody-bones.
I was told before
My face was bad enough ; but now I look
Like Bloody-Bone and Raw-Head, to fright children.
Fletcher (and another"!), Prophetess, iv. 4.
The indiscretion of servants, whose usual method is to
awe children, and keep them in subjection, by telling
them of raw-head and Moody-bones.
Locke, Education, § 138.
2. The cream which rises on the surface of
raw milk, or milk that has not been heated.
Halliicell. [Prov. Eng.]
rawhide (ra'hid), n. and a. [< raw1 -I- hidel, n.]
I. n. 1. The material of un tanned skins of
cattle, very hard and tough when twisted in
strips for ropes or the like, and dried. — 2. A
riding-whip made of twisted rawhide.
II. a. Made of rawhide : as, a rawhide whip.
rawish (ra'ish), a. [< rate1 + -is*1.] Some-
what raw; rather raw, in any sense of that
word.
The rau-ifh dank of clumsy winter.
Marston, Prol. to Antonio's Revenge.
rawly (ra'li), adv. 1. In a raw, crude, un-
finished, immature, or untempered manner;
crudely; roughly.
Nothing is so prosaic as the rawly new.
W. W. Story, Roba di Roma, i.
2f. In an unprepared or unprovided state.
Some crying for a surgeon, some upon their wives left
poor behind them, some upon the debts they owe, some
upon their children rawly left. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1. 147.
rawness (ra'nes), n. [< ME. rawenes, rawnesse,
rownes ; \ raw1 + -ness.] 1. The state or qual-
ity of being raw, in any sense.
Of what Comodity such vse of arte wilbe in our tounge
may partely be seene by the scholasticall rawnesse of some
newly Commen from the vniuersities.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 2.
Much if not most of this rawness in the use of English
must come, not merely from defective training In schools,
but from defective training at home.
The Nation, XLVin. S92.
2t. Unprepared or precipitate manner; want
of provision or foresight.
Why in that rawness left you wife and child, . . .
Without leave-taking? Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. 26.
rawnsaket, v. t. An old form of ransack.
raw-port (ra'port), «. A port-hole in a small
sailing vessel through which in a calm an oar
can be worked.
raw-pot (ra'pot), n. A young crow. [Local,
Irish.]
The crows . . . feeding the young rawpots that kicked
up such a bobbery in their nests wid hunger.
Mrs. S. C. Hall, Sketches of Irish Char., p. 36.
rax (raks), v. [< ME. raxen, roxeti, ranken,
rosken, stretch oneself, < AS. *racsan, raxan,
stretch oneself after sleep; with formative -s
(as in cleanse, rinse, etc.), from the root of rack1,
stretch: see rack1.] I. trans. To stretch, or
ray
stretch out ; reach out ; reach or attain to ; ex-
tend the hand to; hand: as, rax me ower the
pitcher. [North. Eng. and Scotch.]
He raise, and raxed him where he stood,
And bade him match him with his marrows.
Raid of the Reidswire (Child's Ballads, VI. 134).
When ye gang to see a man that never did ye nae ill
raxing a halter [that is, hanging],
Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, v.
So he ra.cc* his hand across t' table, an' mutters summat
as he grips mine. Mrs. GaskeU, Sylvia's Lovers, xliii.
II. intrans. To perform the act of reaching
or stretching; stretch one's self; reach for or
try to obtain something. [North. Eng. and
Scotch.]
raxlet, v. i. [ME. raxlen, roxlen, rasclen, a var.
or f req. of raxen, stretch : see rax.] To stretch
one's self ; rouse up from sleep. Compare rax.
I railed & fel in gret affray [after a dream].
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 1173.
Benedicite he by-gan with a bolke and hus brcst knokede,
Rascled and remed and routte at the laste.
Piers Plowman (C), viii. 7.
ray1 (ra), n. [< ME. raye, < OF. ray, rai, raid,
F". rai«, a spoke, ray, = Pr. rai, raig, rait,
spoke, ray, = Sp. rayo, a spoke, ray, thunder-
bolt, right line, radius, radio, radius, = Pg. raio,
a spoke, ray, thunderbolt, radio, radius, = It.
razzo, a spoke, ray, beam, raggio, a ray, beam,
radius, radio, ray; also in fern., OF. rate, F.
rate, a line, stroke, = Pr. Sp. raya, a line,
streak, stroke, limit, boundary (see ray2); (. L.
radius, a staff, rod, a beam or ray, etc. : see
radius.] 1. Light emitted in a given direc-
tion from a luminous body; a line of light,
or, more generally, of radiant energy; tech-
nically, the straight line perpendicular to the
wave-front in the propagation of a light- or
heat-wave. For different waves the rays may have
different wave-lengths. Thus, in a pencil or beam of
light, which is conceived to be made up of an indefinite
number of rays, the rays all have the same wave-length if
the beam is monochromatic ; but if it is of white Tight,
the wave-lengths of the rays vary by Insensible degrees
from that of red to that of violet light. (See radiant energy
(under energy\ spectrum.) A collection of parallel rays
constitutes a beam; a collection of diverging or converg-
ing rays a pencil.
Full many a gem of purest ray serene
The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear.
Gray, Elegy.
2. A beam of intellectual light.
A ray of reason stole
Half through the solid darkness of his soul.
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 225.
3. A stripe; streak; line.
Wrought with little rates, streames, or streaks.
Baret, Alvearie, 1580.
4. In geom., an unlimited straight line. As it is
desirable to give the line different names according as it
is conceived (1) as a locus of points, (2) as an intersection
of planes, or (3) as an element of a plane, in 1865 the prac-
tice was begun of calling the unlimited straight line con-
sidered as a locus of points a ray. But as it was found
that the word did not readily suggest that idea, owing to
other associations, the practice was changed, and the line
so considered is now called a range, while the word ray is
taken to mean an unlimited straight line as an element
of a plane. In older geometrical writings ray is synon-
ymous with radius, while a line considered as a radial
emanation is called a beam.
5. In bot. : (o) One of the branches or pedicels
in an umbel. (6) The marginal part as opposed
to the central part or disk in a head, umbel, or
other flower-cluster, when there is a difference
of structure, as in many Composite and in wild
hydrangeas, (c) A ray-flower, (d) A radius.
See medullary rays, under medullary. — 6. One
of the ray-like processes or arms of the Badiata,
as of a starfish ; a radiated or radiating part or
organ ; an actinomere. See cuts under Asterias
and Aster iidse. — 7. One of the hard spinous or
soft jointed processes which support and serve
to extend the fin of a fish ; a part of the skele-
ton of the fin ; specifically, one which is articu-
lated, thus contradistinguished from a hard or
inarticulated one called specifically a spine; a
fin-ray. — 8. In entom., one of the longitudinal
nervures or veins of an insect's wing. — 9. jil.
In her. : (a) Long indentations or dents by
which a heraldic line is broken, whether di-
viding two parts of the escutcheon or bound-
ing any ordinary. Compare radiant, 3 (a).
(6) A representation of rays, whether issuing
from the sun or from a corner of the escutch-
eon, a cloud, or an ordinary. They are sometimes
straight, sometimes waving, and sometimes alternately
straight and waving; it is in the last form that they
are usually represented when surrounding the sun. —
Branchial ray, branchiostegal rays. See the ad-
jectives.— Calorific rays, heat-rays. See heat and spec-
trum.—Cone of rays. See cone.— Deviation of a ray
of light. See deviation.— Direct rays. See direct illu-
mination, under direct. — Divergent rays. See divergent.
ray
—Extraordinary ray. See njmctwn.— Herschelian
rays of the spectrum. See iirrschelian.— Medullary
rays, (a) See medullary, (b) Bundles of straight or col-
lecting tubules of the kidney contained in the cortex;
the pyramids of Ferrein. See tubule.— Obscure rays.
See obscure and spectrum.— Ordinary ray. See refrac-
tion.— Principal ray. see principal.— Ritteric rays.
See Ritteric. — Visual rays. See visual.
ray1 (ra), v. [< OF. raier, F. rayer, mark with
lines, streak, stripe, mark out, scratch, = Pr.
raiar = Sp. rayar, form lines or strokes, streak,
= Pg. raiar, radiate, sparkle, = It. raggiare,
razzare, radiate, also Sp. Pg. radiar = It. ra-
diare, radiate, sparkle; < L. radiare, furnish
with spokes or beams, radiate, shine forth. <
radius, a staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, ray, etc. :
see ray1, n., and cf. radiate.] I. trans. 1. To
mark with long lines ; form rays of or in.
Unloved, the sun-flower, shining fair,
Ray round with flames her disk of seed.
Tennyson,, In Memoriam, ci.
2. To shoot forth or emit; cause to shine out.
Shines o'er the rest, the pastoral queen, and rays
Her smiles, sweet-beaming, on her shepherd-king.
Thomson, Summer, L 401.
3f. To stripe.
I wil yif him a feder bedde
Rayed with golde.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 262.
II. intrans. To shine forth or out as in rays.
In a molten glory shrined
That rays off into gloom. Mrs. Browning.
ray2 (ra), u. [< ME. raye, < OF. raie, raye, F.
rale = OCat. raja = Sp. raya = It. raja, razza,
(cf. ML. ragadia),<. L. raia, a ray; prob. orig.
"ragia, akin to D. roch, rog = LG. ruche (> LG.
roche), a roach, a ray, = Dan. rokke, a ray, =
AS. reohhe, reohche (glossed by ML. fanrms),
ME. relive, rohge, a roach: see roach1.] 1.
One of the elasmobranchiate fishes constitut-
ing the genus Baia, recognized by the flatten-
ed body, which becomes a broad disk from
Ray (Raia batis).
its union with the extremely broad and fleshy
pectorals, which are joined to each other be-
fore or at the snout, and extend behind the two
sides of the abdomen as far as the base of the
ventrals, resembling the rays of a fan. — 2.
Any member of the order Hypotremi, Batoidei,
or liaise, such as the sting-ray, eagle-ray, skate,
torpedo, etc. See cuts under Elasmobranchii,
skate, sting-ray, and torpedo Beaked rays, Rhi-
nobatidee.— Clear-nosed ray, Raia eglanteria.— Cow-
nosed ray, Rhinoptera quadriloba. Also called clam-
cracker, corn cracker, whipperee, etc. — Fuller or fuller's
ray, Raiafullonica.— Horned ray, a ray or batoid fish of
the family Cephalopterid.se or Mantidse : so called from the
horn-like projections on the head. See cut under devil-fish.
— Painted ray. See painted.— Sandy ray, Raia cirm-
laris.— Starry ray or skate, Raia radiate.— Stingless
rays, Anacanthidx.— Torpedo rays, Torpedinidse. See
torpedo. (See the generic and family names ; also bishop-
ray, butterfly-ray, eagle-ray, sting-ray.)
ray3t (r&)> "• [< ME. raye,_ ray, < OF. rei, rai,
roi, array : see array, of which ray& is in part an
aphetic form.] Array; order; arrangement;
rank; dress.
Wee brake the rayes of all the Romayne hoast.
And made the mighty Csesar leaue his boast.
Yet hee [C»sar], the worthyest Captaine euer was.
Brought all in ray and fought agayne a new.
Mir. for Mags., I. 237.
And spoyling all her geares and goodly ray.
Spenser, F. Q., V. ii. 60.
ray3t (ra), «>. t. [< ME. rayen; < ro.i/3, re. Cf.
array, v., of which ray3 is in part an aphetic
form. In def. 2, the same verb used (as ar-
ray also was used) in an ironical application;
hence, in comp., beray.] 1. To array. — 2. To
beray with dirt or filth ; daub ; defile.
Fie on ... all foul ways ! Was ever man so beaten ?
was ever man so rayed ? Shak. , T. of the 8., IT. 1. 3.
ray4t (ra), n. [Early mod. E. also rey ; < ME.
raye; prob. a particular application of ray1, a
stripe, line, etc.] A kind of striped cloth.
4979
Ich drow me among drapers, . . .
Among the ricbe rayes ich rendered a lesson.
Pien Plowman (C), vil. 217.
1525. More, in the sixteenth of Henry the eighth, Sir
William Bayly then being Maior, made a request, for that
clothes of Ray (as hee alleaged) were evill wrought, his
Officers might bee permitted (contrary to custome) for
that yeere to weare Gounes of one colour.
Stow, Survey of London, p. 652.
Foure yards of broad Cloth, rowed or striped thwart
with a different colour, to make him a Goune, and these
were called Key Gounes. Stow, Survey of London, p. 652.
ray5 (ra), n. [Cf. MHG. reige, reie, rei, G. rei-
lien, reigen, a kind of dance.] A kind of dance.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
ray6 (ra), n. [Origin obscure.] A certain dis-
ease of sheep, also called scab, shab, or rubbers.
ray7t, ». Same as ray.
Scho tuke hir lave and went hir waye,
Bothe at barone and at raye.
Perceval, 179. (Halliwell.)
Raya1, Rayah (ra'ya), «. [= F. rayah, rma, <
Ar. raiya, pi. ra'aya, people, peasants, subjects,
cattle, < ra'a, pasture, feed; cf. rdaya, flocks,
herds. Cf. ryot, ult. the same word.] Any
subject of the Sultan of Turkey who is not a
Mohammedan.
raya2 (ra'ya), n. [E. Ind.] An Indian broad-
throat of the family Euryleemidee, Psarisomus
dalhousise, inhabiting the Himalayas. The term
is also one of the several generic designations
which this species has received.
Rayah, «. See Bay a1.
rayat, rayatwari. See ryot, ryotwar.
rayed (rad), a. [< ME. rayed, rayyd, rayid; <
ray1 + -ed2.] 1. Having rays or ray-like pro-
cesses, as a flower-head or an animal; spe-
cifically, in zool., radiate.— 2. Having rays (of
this or that kind): as, a many-rayed fin; a
soK-rayed fish.
The third is an octagonal chapel, of which we can see
but little more than the roof with its rayed tiling. Ruskin.
3f. Striped.
The sheriffs of London should give yearly rayed gowns
to the recorder, chamberlain, etc.
Archseologia, XXXIX. 367.
Rayed animals. See Radiata.
rayert (ra'er), n. [< ME. rayere, < raye, striped
cloth: see ray*.] A seller of ray-cloth. Piers
Plowman.
rayey (ra'i), a. [< ray1 + -ey = -g1.] Having or
consisting of rays.
The rayey fringe of her faire eyes. Cotton, Song.
ray-floret (ra'flo"ret), n. A ray-flower: used
chiefly of Compositie.
ray-flower (ra'flou"er), n. One of the flowers
which collectively form the ray (see ray1, 5
(6)) ; most often, one from the circle of ligulate
flowers surrounding a disk of tubular flowers
in the heads of many Composites.
ray-grass (ra'gras), ». A good forage-grass,
Lolium perenne. Also rye-grass.
rayket, »• and v. A Middle English form of
rate2.
raylet. A Middle English form of rail1, rail'2,
etc.
rayless (ra'les), a. [< ray1 + -less.'] 1. With-
out rays or radiance; unillumined; lightless;
dark; somber; gloomy.
Night, sable goddess, from her ebon throne,
In rayless majesty, now stretches forth
Her leaden sceptre o'er a slumb'ring world.
Young, Night Thoughts, i. 19.
Such a rayless and chilling look of recognition.
0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, iv.
2. In bot. and zool., having no rays or ray-like
parts.
raymet, »• »• A Middle English form of roam.
Raymond's blue. See blue.
Raynaud's disease. See disease.
Raynaud's gangrene. Same as RaynaucPs dis-
ease.
rayneM, «• A Middle English form of rain1.
rayne2!, »• and n. A Middle English form of
reign.
ray-oil (ra'oil), ». Oil prepared from the livers
of batoid fishes or rays.
razorbill
bounded by the radii and by arcs of larger and smaller
circles.
rayonned (ra'ond), a. [< rayon + -ed2.] Same
as rayonnant.
raze1 (raz), ». t. See rase1.
raze2t, »• An obsolete form of race*.
raze3 (raz), re. [Origin obscure.] A swinging
fence set up in a watercourse to prevent the
passage of cattle. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
razed (razd), p. a. [Pp. of raze1, v.] In her.,
same as ragged, 7.
razee (ra-ze'), n. [< F. rase', cut down (vaisseau
rase, a vessel cut down), pp. of rawer, shave,
rase : see rase1, raze1.] A ship of war cut down
to a smaller size by reducing the number of -
decks.
razee (ra-ze'), »'. t. [< razee, n.] To cut down
or reduce to a lower class, as a ship; hence, to
lessen or abridge by cutting out parts : as, to
razee a book or an article. '
The few greatcoats remaining were materially razeed
for repairing rents in other garments.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 402.
razor (ra'zpr), n. [Early mod. E. also rasour,
raser; < ME. rasour, rasoure, ra-
sowre, rastire, a razor, < OF. (and
F.) rasoir = Pr. razor = OCat.
raso = It. rasoio, < ML. rasorivm,
a razor (cf. rasoritis, razor-fish),
< L. radere, pp. rasus, scrape,
shave: see rase1, raze1.] 1. A
sharp-edged instrument used for
shaving the face or head. The
blade is usually made with a thick round-
ed back, sides hollowed or sloping to a
very thin edge, and a tang by which it is
pivoted to and swings freely in a two-
leafed handle. The tang has a prolonga-
tion by the aid of which the razor is flrmly
grasped and controlled. There are also
razors formed on the principle of the car-
penters' plane, by the use of which the
risk of cutting the skin is avoided. In
Eastern countries razors are made with
an immovable handle continuous with
the blade. Compare rattler, 5.
My herd, myn heer that hongeth long adoun,
That nevere yet ne felte offensioun
Of raeour nor of shere.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1569.
2. A tusk : as, the razors of a boar. Johnson.
— Occam's razor, the principle that the unnecessary sup-
position that things of a peculiar kind exist, when the ob-
served facts may be equally well explained on the suppo-
sition that no such things exist, is unwarranted (Entia non
sunt multiplicanda prseter necessitatem). So called after
William of Occam (died about 1349); but, as a historical
fact, Occam does not make much use of this principle,
which belongs rather to the contemporary nominalist Wil-
liam Durand de St. Pouryain (died 1332).
razorablet (ra'zor-a-bl), a. [< razor + -able.]
Fit to be shaved.
Till new-born chins
Be rough and razorable.
Shak., Tempest, ii. 1. 250.
razorback (ra'zor-bak), n. 1. A rorqual, fin-
fish, or finner-whale, of the family Baleenoptc-
ridse. — 2. A hog whose back has somewhat the
form of a sharp ridge. This formation, accompanied
by long legs, is characteristic of breeds of hogs that have
long been allowed to run wild in woods and waste places
and feed upon mast, wild fruits, etc. The flesh of such
swine, particularly that of the hams, is usually of superior
quality for the table.
The razor-back of our Southern forests is only semi-civil-
ized, and is altogether a more picturesque animal. In for-
aging for succulent roots he has developed a snout that
will turn a double furrow with the ease and expedition of
a steam-ditcher. . . . But the razor-back lacks the high
courage of his untamed progenitors.
New York Tribune, Aug. 16, 1886.
razor-backed (ra'zor-bakt), a. 1. Having a
sharp back; hog-backed: as, the razor-backed
buffalo, a fish, Ictiobus tints, of the Mississippi
valley. — 2. Having a long sharp dorsal fin
which cuts the water like a razor, as the rorqual.
razorbill (ra'zor-bil), n. 1. The razor-billed
auk, or tinker, Alca or Utamania torda, so called
from the deep, compressed, and trenchant bill.
The bill isfeathered for alum tone half its length, in the rest
of its extent being vertically furrowed, and hooked at the
Cross-sections of
Razors.
a and 6, ordi-
nary fonns; C,
section known as
"half -rattler" \d,
backed razor.
rayont (ra'pn), re. [< F. rayon, a ray, beam, <
rais, a ray :" see ray1.] A beam or ray.
Shining christall which from top to base
Out of her wombe a thousand rayons threw
[Out of a deepe vaute threw forth a thousand rayes(ed.
1569)]. Spenser, Visions of Bellay (ed. 1591), ii.
rayonnant (ra'o-nant), a. [< F. rayonnant, ppr.
of rayonner, radiate, shine, < rayon, a ray: see
rayon .] Radiating ; arranged in the direction
of rays issuing from a center. Decoration is often
said to be rayonnant when, as in the case of a round dish
or other circular object, the surface is divided into panels
growing larger as they approach the circumference, and
Razorbill (Alca torda), in winter plumage.
in summer, and from the bill in winter, being white ; there
is a narrow white line from the bill to the eye, and the
tips of the secondaries are white. The bird is about 18
inches long, and 27 in extent of wings. It inhabits arctic
and northerly regions of both hemispheres, subsists chief-
ly on fish, and nests on rocky sea-coasts, laying a single egg
about 3 by 2 inches, white
razorbill 4080
!iip;JTi,ofnhe/u?'ow.8 ls whlV'.the I","1 bcln? °therw'8e erallv red-, but later also re- (the form red- also
hi,,,*, .like Ihe feet; the mouth is yellow. The plumage occurring in rfrf^erf? render; and, assimilated,
in rel-ligio, religion, rel-liquise, relics, ree-cidere,
fall back, and with a connecting vowel in redi-
rint.t, living again), an inseparable prefix, back,
again, against : see def. The OF. and It. form
_. ,-„...„ „.--„,, re- of ten appears as ra- by confusion with the
or whitish, spotted and blotched true ra- (< L. re- + ad-), and the following con-
with different shades of brown. The flesh is eatable. sonant is often doubled, as in OF. renpiller, <
1lT\«7ilTOf If It II )1/>ll/,)l It 1) IllffI T ti i -r. .-t J
2. The skimmer or cutwater, Rhynchops wgra. L. repettere repel ; It. rappresc,, tore. < L. reprie-
B skimmer and lil^chops. gerttere> represent; etc. Words witn the prefix
razor-billed (ra zor-bild), a. Haying a bill hk- ra. in OF. usually appear with re- in E., except
ened to a razor many way: specifically noting when the accent has receded, as in roWiA.] An
certain birds.-Eazor-DlUed auk. See razorbill, i.- inseparable prefix of Latin origin (before a vow-
• SSSSS&gSr*' " blrd °' the 8enUS """• " "1 4»«y & the form remaning 'back,'
•tS^rc^n^SS:^1 "• A long> 8lim oys- J^2X^£StSS£3^?&£
I1B*J. . mon as an English formative. Itdenotes(a)aturningback
razor-clam (ra'zor-klam), n.
lusk of the family
genera Ensis, Solen
razor-shell : so called
under Ensis.
razor-fish (ra'zor-fish), n. 1. A fish of the
family Labridee, XyricMhijs Hneatus, of the West
Indies, occasional on the southern coast of the
United States.— 2. A related fish, Xyrichthys
novacula, of the Mediterranean. — 3. A razor-
clam: so called from the shape of the shell,
which resembles a razor. The common razor-fish
of Great Britain is Ensis siliqua, also called spout-fish and
razor-shell. Siliqua pattda is a Californian species, used
for food.
razor-grass (ra'zor-gras), n. A West Indian
nut-rush, Scleria scindens, with formidable cut-
ting leaves.
razor-grinder (ra'zor-grin'der), n. The night-
jar: same as grinder, 3.
razor-hone (ra'zor-hon), n. A fine hone used
for sharpening or setting razors. See hone1.
razor-paper (ra'zor-pa'pdr), n. Smooth unsized
paper coated on one side with a composition of
powdered crocus and emery, designed as a sub-
etc.; (d) transition to an opposite state, as in reprobate
retract, reveal, etc. ; (e) repetition of an action (' again 'X
as in rente, resume, etc., becoming In this use an extreme-
ly common English formative, applicable to any English
verb whatever, whether of Latin origin, as In react, reen-
ter, recreate, readdress, reappear, reproduce, reunite, etc.,
or of Anglo-Saxon or other origin, as in rebind, rebuild,
redye, refill, reft, reheat, relight, reline, reload, retet, re-
write, etc. In many words taken from the Latin, either
directly or through the Old French, the force of re- (red-)
has been lost, or is not distinctly felt, in English, as in re-
ceive, reception, recommend, recover®, reduce, redeem, recu-
perate, recreate^, refer, rejoice, relate, reliyion, remain, re-
nown, repairi, repair*, report, request, require, and other
words containing a radical element not used in the par-
ticular sense concerned, or not used at all, in English.
Some of these words, as recover^, recreate^, are distinguished
from English formations with the clear prefix re-, again,
often written distinctively with a hyphen, as in re-cover, re-
create, etc. In many instances the prefix, by shifting of ac-
cent and change of sound, or loss of adjacent elements, loses
the character of a prefix, as in rebel, a., relic, relict, remnant,
run, restive, etc., and in words from Old French in which
the prefix re- combines with the prefix a- in the form ra-,
not recognized as an English prefix, as in rallyi, robot*,
etc. In some other words also re- is reduced to r-, as in
rantom (doublet of redemption\ rampart, rencounter, etc.
The prefix re- is found in many wordsformed in Old French
stitute for a strop,
razor-paste (ra'zor-past), w. A paste of emery- .
powder or the like, for spreading on the surface V'om non-Latin elements, as in regret, regard, reward, etc.
of a razor-strop to give it its sharpening prop- JlfclJsffiLr'lISSIIf!iSMIEfi!?ClB*ffi!?
erty.
razor-shell (ra'zor-shel), n. The shell of a ra-
zor-fish ; a bivalve mollusk of the genera Ensis,
Solen, or Siliqua : so called from the shape of
the shell, which resembles a razor.
razor-stone (ra'zor-ston), n. Same as novacu-
and such secondary forms as reeslablishment, reaction, etc.,
may be analyzed either as re- + establishment, re- -t- action,
etc., or as reestablish + -ment, react + -ion, etc. Prefixed
Compare has a dieresis over it : as, reestablish, reembarlr, etc. The
hyphen is also sometimes used to bring out emphatically
the sense of repetition or iteration : at, sung and re-sung.
The dieresis is not used over other vowels than e when re-
_ , -/ i8 prefixed : thus, reinforce, reunite, reabolisk.
razor-strop (ra zor-strop), „ An implement reabsorb (re-ab-sorb'), v. t. [= F. reabsorber;
for sharpening razors, bee strop. Also called a.s re- + absorb.] To draw or take in anew
razor-strap. i — -i A; f-
razuret (ra'zhur), n. [= F. rasure, < L. rasura,
< radere, pp. rasus, scrape: see rowel, raze*.]
See rasure.
razzia (rat'si-a), n. [< F. razzia = Pg. gazia,
by absorption, imbibition, or swallowing, as
something previously ejected, emitted, or put
forth.
. ,
gaziva, a raid, < Algerian Ar. gliazia (Turk.
ffhazya) (pron. nearly razia in Algiers, the in-
During the embryo stage of the higher vertebrata tem-
porary organs appear, serve their purpose awhile, and are
subsequently rtabsorbed.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 458.
itial letter gh being represented by the F. r reabsorption (re-ab-sorp'shon), n. [= F. re-
grasseye), a military expedition against infidels, absorption; as re-+ absorption.'] The act of
a crusade, a military incursion.] Properly, a reabsorbing, or the state of being reabsorbed.
military raid intended for the subjection or reaccommodatet (re-a-kom'o-dat), ». t. [< re-
punishment of hostile or rebellious people by + accommodate.] To readjust; resettle; bring
the carrying off of cattle, destruction of crops, into renewed order.
etc. ; by extension, any plundering or destruc- King Edward, . . . discovering the Disturbance made
tive incursion m force. Razzias were formerly com- b* *« Change of Place, instantly sends to charge that
mon in Arabian countries. They were practised by the Part> without giving them Time to re-accommodate them-
Turkish authorities in Algeria and other provinces against selves. Baker, Chronicles, p. 121.
tribes or districts which refused to pay taxes; and the rparmsp Crp a. \mr') r t T< re 4- «/•/•),«• 1 Tr.
word was adopted, and the practice continued for a time reaccuse I re-a-KUZ ;, V. t. |1 re- -r aCCtwe.J 1 o
by the French in Algeria after it* conquest accuse again or afresh ; make a renewed accu-
sation against.
Her'ford, . . . who re-accus'd
Norfolk for words of treason he had us'd.
Daniel, Civil Wan, L 60.
reach1 (rech), v.; pret. and pp. reached (for-
merly raught), ppr. reaching. [Also dial., with
shortened vowel, retch, and unassibilated reek;
< ME. rechen (pret. raughte, raghte,jaght, rehte,
reahte, pp. raught, raugf), < AS. riecan, rsecean
' * reehte), reach, get into one's power, =
It was probable he should hand the troops over to John
Jones for the razzia against the Moulvie.
W. H. Russell, Diary in India, n. 27.
Rb. The chemical symbol of rubidium.
R. C. An abbreviation of Roman Catholic.
R. D. An abbreviation (o) of Boi/al Dragoons ;
(b) of Rural Dean.
R. E. An abbreviation (a) of Royal Engineers;
(b) of Royal Exchange.
re1 (ra), n. [See gamut.'] In solmization, the
syllable used for the second tone of the scale.
In the scale of C this tone is D— a tone which
is therefore sometimes called re in France and
Italy.
' (re), n. [L., abl. of res, thing, case, matter,
•e«2.} A word used '
in the phrase in re : as, 'in re
wick,' in the case of Bardell against Pickwick:
often elliptically re: as, re Bardell vs. Pick-
wick; re Brown.
re-. [ME. re- = OF. re-, F. re-, re- = Sp. Pg. re-
reiken = MLG. reken, LG. reiken = OHG. reihhen,
reichen, MHG. G. reichen, reach, extend, stretch
out. The word has been more or less associat-
with *he gjoup to which belong rack\rake\
v \*vj,,, n. L-^-J »««« w* 'ca, LIHIIK. case, mailer, „„_. ^ 1.1 /-• it » • ,-, J
affair : see res*.} A word used in legal language T ' C ' etC-'- Goth- r«*3«"- etc-. stretch, and
;„ tu« _i .• _ ,,__-». ?„ n~. i Li.reg-ere,por-rigere, Gr. opc-yetv, stretch, but an
orig. connection is on phonetic grounds improb-
able.] I. trans. 1. To hold or stretc
^-reg-ere, por-rigerc, Gr. bpeyuv, stretch, but an
ounds improb-
J stretch forth;
extend outward.
Reach hlther thy fl"Ker' and behold my hands; and
. . - = . -, - __ D i? re- '
= It. re-, ri-, < L. re-, before a vowel ?r ^gen- **"* Wther ^ ha"d' and thruat " int° my 8Jt,
x, w.
reach
He shall flourish,
And, like a mountain cedar, reach his branches
To all the plains about him.
SAak., Hen. VIII., v. 6. S3.
To his
She reached her hands, and in one bitter kiss
Tasted his tears.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 307.
2. To deliver by or as if by the outstretched
hand; hand out or over; extend out to.
First, Christ took the bread in his hands ; secondarily,
he gave thanks ; thirdly, he broke it ; fourthly, he rauuht
it them, saying, Take it.
Tyndate, Ans. to Sir T. More, et«. (Parker Soc., 1850),
[p. 241.
The prince he reacht Robin Hood a blow.
Jiobin Hood and the Stranyer (Child's Ballads, v. 415).
Reach a chair ;
So; now, methinks, I feel a little ease.
Shalt., Hen. VIII., iv. 2. 3.
I stand at one end of the room, and reach things to her
woman. Steele, Spectator, No. 137.
3. To make a stretch to ; bring into contact by
or as if by stretching out the hand; attain to
by something held or stretched out : as, to reach
a book on a shelf; to reach an object with a
cane.
He slough man and horse whom that he raught with his
axe that he heilde with bothe hondes.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), li. 288.
Wilt tliou reach stars, because they shine on thee ?
Shot., T. G. of V., iii. 1. 156.
4. To take, seize, or move by stretching out
the hand, or by other effort.
Than Troiell with tene the tourfer beheld, . . .
Jteichct his reynis & his roile [rowel] strykes,
Calres to the kyng with a kant wille.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 10215.
The damesell hym thanked, and raught hym vp be the
honde. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), HI. 697.
Lest therefore his now bolder hand
Reach also of the tree of life, and eat,
And live for ever. Milton, P. L., xi. 94.
6. To attain to by movement or progress ; ar-
rive at, physically or mentally; come or get to :
as, to reach a port or destination; to reach
high office or distinction; to reach a conclu-
sion by study or by reasoning.
And through the Tyrrhene Sea, by strength of toiling oars,
Raught Italy at last. Drayton, Polyolbion, I 325.
He must have reached a very advanced age.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 98.
He [Dante] has shown us the way by which that coun-
try far beyond the stars may be reached.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 124.
6. To extend to in continuity or scope ; stretch
or be prolonged so as to extend to, literally or
figuratively; attain to contact with or action
upon ; penetrate to.
There is no mercy in mankind can reach me.
Fletcher, Bonduca, iv. 3.
Thy desire . . . leads to no excess
That reaches blame, but rather merits praise.
Milton, P. L., iii. 697.
The loss might be repaired again ; or, if not, could not
however destroy us by reaching us In our greatest and
highest concern. South, Sermons, II. L
When he addresses himself to battle against the guar-
dian angels, he stands like Teneriffe or Atlas ; his stature
reaches the sky. Carlyle.
7. To come or get at ; penetrate or obtain ac-
cess to; extend cognizance, agency, or influ-
ence to : as, to reach a person through his van-
ity.
The fewness and fulness of his [George Fox's] words have
often struck even strangers with admiration, as they used
to reach others with consolation.
Penn, Rise and Progress of Quakers, v.
It is difficult indeed in some places to reach the sense of
the inspired writers. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. ix.
He [Atterbury] could be reached only by a bill of pains
and penalties. Macaulay, Francis Atterbury.
8f. To attain to an understanding of ; succeed
in comprehending.
But how her fawning partner fell I reach not,
Unless caught by some springe of his own setting.
Middleton, Women Beware Women, v. 1.
Sir P. I reach you not.
Lady P. Right, sir, your policy
May bear it through thus.
B. Jonmn, Volpone, iv. 1.
II. intrans. 1. To stretch; have extent in
course or direction ; continue to or toward a
term, limit, or conclusion.
By hym that ratihte on rode [the cross].
Piers Plowman (C), v. 179.
And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the
earth, and the top of It reached to heaven.
Gen. xxviii. 12.
Thus far the fable reaches of Proteus, and his flock, at
liberty and unrestrained.
Bacon, Physical Fables, vii., Expl.
reach
They [consequences] reach only to those of their poster-
ity who abet their forefathers' crime, and continue in
their infidelity. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. v.
There are the \\\&e-reachiny views of fruitful valleys
and of empurpled hill-sides.
D. O. Mitchell, Wet Days at Edgewood, Pliny's Country
[Places.
In the distance . . . the mountains reach away in faint
and fainter shades of purple and brown.
Harper's Weekly, Jan. 19, 1889.
2. To extend in amount or capacity; rise in
quantity or number ; amount ; suffice : with to
or unto.
What may the king's whole battle [army] reach unto ?
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1. 129.
Every one was to pay his part according to his propor-
tion towards y« purchass, & all other debts, what y^1 proftte
of y« trade would not reach too.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 215.
A very exceptional grant was made, two fifteenths and
tenths first, and then another sum of the same amount,
reaching, according to Lord Bacon, to £120,000.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 3UO.
3. To make a stretch to or toward something,
as with the hand or by exertion ; stretch for-
ward or onward ; make a straining effort : as,
to reach out for an apple ; to reach at or after
gain.
Ful semely after hire mete she raughte.
Chaucer, Uen. Prol. to C. T., L 136.
He slytte the shelde as fer as that he raught, and the
kynge Ban sente hym a stroke with Corsheuse, his goode
swerde. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 344.
One may reach deep enough, and yet
Find little. Shak., T. of A., UL 4. 15.
Oft the first that (without right or reason)
Attempt Rebellion and do practice Treason,
And so at length are iustly tumbled down
Beneath the foot, that raught aboue the Crown.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 1.
Why was I not contented? Wherefore reach
At things which, but for thee, 0 Latmian !
Had been my dreary death? Keats, Endymion, iii.
4. To attain ; arrive ; get, as to a point, desti-
nation, or aim.
Festus, . . . whose ears were unacquainted with such
matter, heard him [the apostle Paul], but could not reach
unto that whereof he spake. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 8.
The wind being very great at S. W., he could reach no
farther than Cape Ann harbour that night.
Winffirop, Hist. New England, I. 116.
5f. To turn ; start forth.
Up he sterte, and on his weye he raughte,
Til she agayn hym by the lappe caughte.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 447.
6. Naut., to sail with the wind free.
reach1 (rech), »i. [Xreac/i1, ».] 1. A continuous
stretch or course; an uninterrupted line of
extension or continuity: as, a reach of level
ground; an inland reach of the sea; a reach of
a river (a straight course between bends); a
reach of a canal (the part between locks, hav-
ing a uniform level).
And, on the left hand, hell
With long reach interposed. Milton, P. L., x. 322.
The silver Phea's glittering rills they lost,
And skimm'd along by Elis' sacred coast,
Then cautious through the rocky reaches wind.
And, turning sudden, shun the death designed.
Pope, Odyssey, xv.
We walk'd
Beside the river's wooded reach.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Ixxi.
2. Limit or scope of stretch or extension;
power of reaching by the outstretched hand or
any other agency; the act of or capacity for
reaching : as, the reach of the arm ; to be within
one's reach, or within the reach of the law.
All others have a dependent being, and within the reach
of destruction. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, v.
Out of the reach of danger, he [Junius] has been bold ;
out of the reach of shame, he has been confident
Johnson, Thoughts on late Trans, in the Falkland Islands.
Poor the reach,
The undisguised extent, of mortal sway 1
Wordsworth, Canute and Alfred, on the Sea-Shore.
The study of spectra has opened a new world of research,
and added some such reach to our physics and chemistry
as the telescope brought to vision.
C. A. Young, The Sun, p. 67.
Most of the villages of Egypt are situated upon emi-
nences of rubbish, which rise a few feet above the reach
of the inundation. K. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 24.
3. Effective extent or scope; range of capa-
city or ability ; power of accomplishment ;
grasp; penetration; comprehension.
Men moie audacious and precipitant then of solid and
deep reach. Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
Be sure yourself and your own reach to know,
How far your genius, taste, and learning go.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 153.
Groves that inspire the Nightingale to trill
And modulate, with subtle reach of skill
Elsewhere unmatched, her ever-varying lay.
Wordsworth, Sonnets, iii. 6.
4081
His [Wordsworth's] mind had not that reach and ele-
mental movement of Milton's.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 241.
4. A reaching out for something; forecast in
aim or purpose ; a scheme of effort for some end.
I have brains
That beat above your reaches.
Fletcher, Mad Lover, i. 1.
The Duke of Parma had particular reaches and ends of
his own underhand to cross the design. Bacon.
Others
Think heaven a world too high for our low reaches.
Chapman, Caesar and Pompey, iv. 3.
5. The pole connecting the rear axle to the
bolster of a wagon or other vehicle; a cou-
pling-pole. See cut under hound, 7. — 6. Naut.,
the distance sailed between tacks: same as
board, 13 (c). — 7. An extended point of land;
a promontory. [Local, U. S.] —Head reach, the
distance to windward traversed by a vessel while tacking.
reach2 (rech), v. A variant of retell. [Prov.
Eng.]
reachable (re'cha-bl), a. [< reach1 + -able.'}
Capable of being reached ; within reach,
reacher (re'cher), ». 1. One who or that which
reaches, or is capable of or serves for reach-
ing.
Hold in your rapier; for, though I have not a long reach-
er, I have a short hitter.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
He . . . spoke to Jennings, the reacher of the records,
that he should let him have any record.
Life of A. Wood, p. 205.
2t. An exaggeration ; a "stretcher." [Slang.]
I can hardly believe that reacher, which another writeth
of him, that " with the palms of his hands he could touch
his knees, though he stood upright."
Fuller, Worthies, Monmouthshire, II. 435.
reaching-post (re'ching-post), ». In rope-mak-
ing, a post fixed in the ground at the lower end
of a rope-walk.
reachless (rech'les), a. [< reach1 + -less.~\ Be-
yond reach ; unattainable ; lofty.
To raise her silent and inglorious name
Unto a reachlesse pitch of praises bight.
Bp. Hall, A Defiance to Envy.
reach-me-down (rech'me-doun'), a. [< reach1,
v., + me, indirect object, + down1, adv. Cf.
pick-me-up.] Beady-made. [Colloq., Eng.]
You know in the Palais Koyal they hang out the most
splendid reach-me down dressing gowns, waistcoats, and
so forth. Thackeray, Philip, xxiv.
reacquitet (re-a-kwlf), v. t. [< re- + acquite.]
To pay back; give a return to or for; requite.
You shall assuredly find the gentleman very honest and
thankful, and me ready to re-acquite your courtesy and fa-
vour to him so shewn, in that I possibly may.
G. Harvey, Four Letters, i.
react (re-akf), v. [< re- + act, v. Cf. F. reagir,
react.]' I. trans. To act or perform anew; re-
enact: as, to react a play.
II. intrans. 1. To exert, as a thing acted
upon, an opposite action upon the agent.
If fire doth heate water, the water reacteth againe . . .
upon the fire and cooleth it.
Sir K. Digby, Treatise of Bodies (1644), xvi.
Great minds do indeed re-act on the society which has
made them what they are ; but they only pay with inter-
est what they have received. Macaulay, Dryden.
Every opinion reacts on him who utters it. It is a thread-
ball thrown at a mark, but the other end remains in the
thrower's bag. Einerson, Compensation.
2. To act, after being acted upon, in a manner
directly opposed to the first action, and in in-
creased measure. Thus, when the body has been
chilled by a bath, it is said to react in becoming warmer
than before ; and, in like manner, when misfortune stimu-
lates the mind to greater efforts, the mind is said to react.
S. To act mutually or reciprocally upon each
other, as two or more chemical agents.
reaction (re-ak'shon), n. [= F. reaction = Sp.
reaccion = Pg. reacq&o = It. reazione; as re- +
action.'] 1. Any action in resistance or re-
sponse to the influence of another action or
power; reflexive action or operation; an op-
posed impulse or impression.
Of reaction in locall motion, that each agent must suffer
in acting and act in suffering.
Sir K. Digby, Treatise of Bodies (1644), xvi.
Sense being nothing else, as some conceit, but motion,
or rather re-action of a body pressed upon by another
body. Dr. H. More, Immortal, of Soul (1662), i. 12.
Attack is the re-action ; I never think I have hit hard,
unless it re-bounds. Johnson, in Boswell, an. 1775.
Every trespass produces a reaction, partly general and
partly special — a reaction which is extreme in proportion
as the trespass is great. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 484.
2. In dynamics, a force called into being along
with another force, being equal and opposite
to it. All forces exist in pairs ; and it is a fundamental
law (Newton's third law of motion) in mechanics that
"action and reaction are always equal and contrary," or
read
that the mutual actions of two bodies are always equal
and exerted in opposite directions. This law was an-
nounced, in the form that the quantity of motion is pre-
served in all percussion, simultaneously in 1C09 by Chris-
tian Huygens, John Wallis, and Sir Christopher Wren,
but was experimentally proved by Wallis only.
3. Action contrary to a previous influence, gen-
erally greater than the first effect; in politics,
a tendency to revert from a more to a less ad-
vanced policy, or the contrary.
The violent reaction which had laid the Whig party
prostrate was followed by a still more violent reaction in
the opposite direction. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii.
4. In chem., the mutual or reciprocal action of
chemical agents upon each other — Achilles ten-
don reaction, the contraction of the calf-muscles evoked
by tapping the Achilles tendon.— Amphigenous, am-
photeric, etc., reaction. See the adjectives.— Color-
reaction, in chem., a reaction which causes a character-
istic development or change of color: used in testing. —
Diazo-reactlon. Same as Ehrlich's reaction. — Ehrlich's
reaction, a reaction in the urine of typhoid and other
patients in which it strikes a deep dark red on being
treated with a mixture containing sodium nitrite, sul-
phanilic acid, and hydrochloric acid, and alkalinized with
ammonia. Also called Ehrlich's test, and diazo-reaclion.—
Law of action and reaction. See action.— Paradox-
ical reaction. See paradoxical.— Reaction of degen-
eration, a modification of the normal reaction of nerve
and muscle to electric stimuli, observable in cases where
the lesion lies in the motor nerve or its immediate central
or peripheral terminations. The complete form presents
(a) total loss of Irritability of the nerve below the lesion ;
(6) on direct stimulation of the muscle, (1) loss of irrita-
bility for very brief currents, such as induction-shocks;
(2) retention and even increase of Irritability for making
and breaking of currents of longer duration (this galvanic
irritability also becomes lost in the terminal stages of the
severest forms) ; (3) increase of irritability for making cur-
rents at the anode as compared with the cathode, so that
the anode closing contraction may exceed the cathode
closing contraction ; (4) a sluggishness of contraction and
relaxation.
reactionary (re-ak'shon-a-ri), a. and ». [= F.
reactionna ire ; ' as reaction + -ary.~] I. a. 1.
Of or pertaining to reaction in general ; con-
sisting of or characterized by reflex or recipro-
cal action ; reactive.
The reactionary excitement that gave her a proud self-
mastery had not subsided.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 10.
Specifically— 2. Of or pertaining to political
reaction; favoring reaction: as, reactionary
principles or movements.
The poverty and suffering of millions of the working
e in
classes came in aid of the reactionary party and the more
egotistical line of policy.
W. K. Greg, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 33.
II. '*•! pl> reactionaries (-riz). A promoter
of reaction ; specifically, one who attempts to
check, undo, or reverse political action.
The reactionaries and conservatives of Sweden — and
there are many of them in this old country — are afraid that
free Norway will lead Sweden into the path of reforms.
Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 804.
reactionist (re-ak'shon-ist), ». [< reaction +
-ist.] A favorer of reaction; an advocate of old
methods or principles ; a reactionary.
Those who are not afraid of the nickname of reactionists
will be slow to condemn her [Austria] for the maintenance
of a principle on which she has grown into power.
Stubbt, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 239.
reaction-period (re-ak'shon-pe"ri-od), «. Same
as reaction-time.
reaction-time (re-ak'shon-tim), «. The time
between the application of a stimulus and some
reaction, as when a signal is rendered on the
perception of some sensation. The reduced reaction-
time is the part of this which is consumed in perception
and willing, as distinct from what is consumed in trans-
mission and in the period of muscular latency.
reaction-wheel (re-ak'shon-hwel), n. See tur-
bine.
reactive (re-ak'tiv), a. [= F. reacitf; as re-
act + -ive.]' Pertaining to or causing reaction ;
acting reflexively or reciprocally; resulting
from reflex action.
Ye fish, assume a voice, with praises fill
The hollow rock and loud reactire hill.
Sir R. Blackmore, Creation, vii.
Knowledge of Sanscrit . . . will be kept alive by the
reactive influence of Germany and England.
Maine, Village Communities, p. 25.
This equilibration between new outer forces and reac-
tive inner forces, which is thus directly produced in indi-
viduals. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., §296.
reactively (re-ak'tiv-li), adc. By reaction.
reactiveness (rf-ak'tiv-nes), ii. The quality
of being reactive.
reactivity (re-ak-tiv'i-ti), n. [< reactive + -ity.}
The state of being reactive; the process or
course of reaction, as from a diseased condition.
The occurrence of colour, therefore, is more frequently
than not concomitant with a high degree of reactivity.
Satnre, XXXVII. 503.
read1 (red), c.; pret. and pp. read (red), ppr.
readitHj. [Early mod. E. also reed, reede, rede; <
read
ME. reden, earlier rseden, rathen, rothen (a weak
verb, piet.j-edde, radde, pp. red, rad, i-md),
<JAS. (a) rxdan (a weak verb, pret. radde, pi.
reeddon, pp. rieded, riedd, gerxd), mixed with
(6) riedan, Anglian also redan, rethan (a strong
redupl. verb, pret. reord, pp. rsede,n; found only
in poet, or Anglian use), counsel, advise, con-
sult, etc., read (a writing, whether aloud or to
oneself), = OS. rddan (pret. red, pp. girddan),
counsel, take counsel upon, provide, = OFries.
reda (pret. red), counsel, = MD. D. raden, coun-
sel, advise, interpret, guess, = MLG. rdten, LG.
ratcn, counsel, advise, = OHG. rdtan, MHG. ra-
ten, G. raten, rathen (pret. riet, rieth, pp. geraten,
gerathen), counsel, advise, interpret, guess, =
Icel. rddha (pret. redh, pp. radhinn), counsel,
advise, etc., = Sw. rdda, counsel, advise, pre-
vail, ra, can, may, = Dan. raade, counsel, rule,
control, also interpret, = Goth, 'redan, in comp.
ga-redan (pret. ya-rairoth), provide for; per-
haps akin (having then an orig. present forma-
tive -d) to L. reri (pp. ratus), think, deem, con-
sider: see rate%, ratio, reason. Some compare
Skt. %/ rddh, be successful, Russ. radii, glad,
happy, ready, Lith. rodas, willing, etc. Hence
read1, «., riddle*, aread, etc. The verb read in
the already obsolete sense ' counsel, advise,' was
much affected by Spenser, and in the early mod-
ern and ME. spelling rede which he used has
likewise been much affected by his archaizing
imitators ; but there is no historical ground for
a difference in spelling. The pret. read (red)
should be written red, as it was formerly; it is
exactly parallel with ted, pret. of lead1, and
with let, pret. of lefl (inf. formerly lete, with
long vowel).] I. trans. If. To counsel; ad-
vise; recommend.
And she thus brenneth bothe in love and drede,
So that she nyste what was best to rede.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 679.
And seththe he radde religioun the rule for to holde —
"Leste the kyug and his counsel! jor commits aneire,
And beo stiward in oure stude til ge be stouwet betere."
1'itrs Plowman (A), v. 38.
We may read constancy and fortitude
To other souls. B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1.
If there 's a hole in a' your coats,
I rede you tent it.
Burnt, Captain Grose's Peregrinations.
My Ladye reads you swith return.
Scott, L. of L. M., iv. 22.
2. To teach ; instil, as a lesson.
Are these the arts,
Robin, you read your rude ones of the wood,
To countenance your quarrels and mistakings ?
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, 11. 2.
3. To explain the meaning of; explain; inter-
pret ; make out ; solve : as, to read a riddle ;
to read a dream.
Joseph, ... he that redde so
The kynges raetynge, Pharao.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 281.
Did you draw bonds to forfeit, sign to break ?
Or must we read you quite from what you speak?
Donne, Expostulation (ed. 1819).
"I'll read your dream, sister," he says,
"I'll read it into sorrow."
The Braes o' Yarrow (Child's Ballads, III. 71).
I can read my uncle's riddle. Scott, Waverley, Ixil.
4f. To declare; tell; rehearse.
That hast my name and nation redd aright.
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 67.
5f. To suppose ; guess ; imagine ; fancy.
Right hard it was for wight which did it heare
To read what manner musicke that mote bee.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 70. (Kares.)
6. To understand by observation or scrutiny ;
acquire a knowledge of (something not other-
wise obvious) by interpreting signs or indica-
tions; study out; interpret: as, to read the signs
of the times ; to read the sky or a person's
countenance.
Who is 't can read a woman ?
Shale., Cymbeline, v. 5. 48.
Let thy ambitions eye
Read noble objects. Qttarles, Emblems, T. 8.
7. To discover by observation or scrutiny ; per-
ceive from signs or indications.
Those about her
From her shall read the perfect ways of honour.
Shale., Hen. VIII., v. 6. 38.
Let vs looke backe to Adam, who in this wicked fruit of
his bodie might reade continuall lectures of repentance
for the sinne of his soule. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 34.
All the gazers on the skies
Head not in fair heaven's story
Expresser truth, or truer glory,
Than they might in her bright eyes.
B. Jonson, Epigrams, xl.
4982
If once the reality of the phenomena were established,
we should all be able to read each other's secrets.
Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, II. 10.
8. (a) To observe and apprehend the meaning
of (something written, printed, inscribed, or
stamped in letters or other significant charac-
ters) ; go over with the eyes (or, in the case of
the blind, with the fingers) and take in the
meaning of (significant characters forming or
representing words or sentences) ; peruse : as,
to read a book, newspaper, poem, inscription,
or piece of music.
He ... radde it over, and gan the letre fold.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1085.
A man of Ethiopia . . . sitting in his chariot read Esaias
the prophet. Acts viii. 27, 28.
I heard of a late Secretary of State that could not read
the next Morning his own Hand-writing.
HoweU, Letters, I. v. 37.
In his short life, and without ostentation, he [Shelley]
had in truth read more Greek than many an aged pedant
who, with pompous parade, prides himself upon this study
alone. Hogg, in Dowden's Shelley, I. 73.
(6) To note the indication of (a graduated in-
strument): as, to read a thermometer or a
circle. — 0. To utter aloud: said of words or
sounds represented by letters or other signifi-
cant characters.
The king . . . read in their ears all the words of the
book of the covenant. 2 Ki. xxiii. 2.
In their Synagogues they make one of the best sort to
read a Chapter of Moses. HoweU, Letters, I. vL 14.
10. To peruse or study (a subject in the books
written about it); learn through reading: as,
to read law or philosophy ; to read science for
a degree; to read the news; we read that the
meek shall inherit the earth.
Chyffe of folis, men yn bokys redythe,
Able yn his foly to holde residence,
Ys he that nowther God louethe nor dredethe,
Nor to his chyrche hathe none aduertence.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 79.
At Iherico, as it is red, our Lord dyde many grete myra-
cles. Sir Jt. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 41.
11. To perceive or assume in the reading or
study of a book or writing (something not ex-
pressed or directly indicated) ; impute or import
by inference : as, to read a meaning in a book
which the author did not intend ; to read one's
own notions into a book; to read something
between the lines.
Nascent philosophy and dawning science are read into
the sacred literature. Maine, Early Law and Custom, i.
After their usual manner of speculating about primitive
practices, men read back developed ideas into undeveloped
minds. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 346.
12. To affect by reading so as to bring into a
specified condition: as, to read a child asleep;
to read one's self blind.
No, no ; give him a Young Clark's Guide. What, we
shall have you read yourself into a Humour of rambling
and fighting, and studying military Discipline and wear-
ing red Breeches. Wycherley, Plain Dealer, ill. 1.
13f. To read about.
Of the fynest stones faire
That men rede in the Lapidaire.
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1352.
To read (one) a chapter. See chapter.— To read one's
self in, in the Church of England, to read the Thirty-nine
Articles of Religion, and repeat the Declaration of Assent
(to the Articles, Prayer-book, and Ordinary) prescribed by
law, which is required of every incumbent on the first
Sunday on which he officiates in the church of his bene-
fice, or on some other Sunday appointed and allowed by
the ordinary.
On the following Sunday Mr. Arabiu was to read him-
self in at his new church.
Trottope, Barchester Towers, xxii.
To read out Of, to expel from, or declare no longer to
belong to (some organization), by proclamation of any
kind : as. to read a person out of a political party.
II. intrans. If. To counsel ; advise ; give ad-
vice or warning.
"Syr," he seyd, "now haue I redd;
Ete we now. and make vs glad,
And euery man fie care."
The Horn of King Arthur (Child's Ballads, I. 22).
A monster vile whom God and man does hate :
Therefore I read beware. Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 13.
As for this carping girl, Iphigena,
Take her with thee to bear thee company.
And in my land I rede be seen no more.
Greene, Alphonsus, iii.
2f. To speak; discourse; declare; tell.
Sojourned hath this Mars, of which I rede,
In chambre amyd the paleys prively.
Chaucer, Complaint of Mars, 1. 78.
3. To peruse something written or printed;
acquire information from a record of any kind.
I have read of Caligula's Horse, that was made Consul.
Hmcell, Letters, I. v. 37.
To read well —that is, to read true books in a true spirit
— is a noble exercise. Thoreau, Walden, p. 110.
readable
4. To utter aloud the words of something writ-
ten or printed ; enunciate the words of a book
or writing.
So they read in the book of the law of God distinctly,
and gave the sense. Neh. viii. 8.
5. In mimic: (a) To perform or render music
at first sight of the notes : applied to either vo-
cal or instrumental performance: as, he plays
well, but reads very slowly. (6) To perform or
render music in a particular way ; put a certain
expression upon it ; interpret it : used of a per-
former or conductor. — 6. To give a recital or
lecture; rehearse something written or learned:
as, to read before a public audience.
For, if I take ye in hand, I shall dissect you,
And read upon your phlegmatic dull carcases.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, iv. 8.
7. To study systematically from books or writ-
ings : sometimes with up.
The Bachelors, most of them Scholars, reading for Fel-
lowships, and nearly all of them private tutors.
C. A. Bruited, English University, p. 36.
Men should ... be compelled to read up on questions
of the time, and give in public a reason for the faith which
is in them. Harper's Mag., LXXVIH. 209.
8. To appear on reading; have a (specified)
meaning. — 9. To have a certain quality or ef-
fect in perusal ; used absolutely, to be suitable
or desirable for perusal.
Then again, his [Sheridan's] works, unlike those of
Burke, do not read, possess no attractions, are not indis-
pensable to the library. Jon Bee, Samuel Foote.
The following passage, however, with some historical
basis, reads rather curiously. Mind, XII. 624.
To read between the lines, to detect a meaning or pur-
pose not specifically expressed in a book or other writing ;
discover some recondite motive or implication in what is
read.— To read by sound, in teleg., to make out the
words or terms of a message from the sounds made by the
instrument in transmitting it
read1 (red), p. a. [Pp. of readl, e.] Having
knowledge gained from reading; instructed by
reading; in general, versed: now usually with
well : as, well read in the classics.
You are all read in mysteries of state.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, 1L 8.
An Oxford-Man, extremely read in Greek,
Who from Euripides makes Phtedra speak.
Prior, Epilogue to Phaedra,
One cannot be trell read unless well seasoned in thought
and experience. A. B. Alcott, Tablets, p. 134.
read1 (red), «. [Early mod. E. also rede; < ME.
rede, < AS. rxd = OS. rdd = OFries. red = D.
raad = MLG. rdd, LG. rad = OHG. MHG. rat,
G. rat, rath = Icel. rddh = Sw. rad = Dan. raad,
counsel, advice ; from the orig. verb : see read1,
r. In the sense ' counsel, advice,' the noun is
used archaically, in the spelling rede, like the
verb.] If. Counsel; advice.
But who so wol nat trowen rede ne lore,
I kan not sen in hym no remedie,
But lat hym worchen with his fantasie.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 327.
And whan the kynge was come to Cardoel, he sente after
the men of hys counseile, and asked what was theire rede
in this thinge. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 81.
To whose wise read she hearkning sent me streight
Into this land. Spenser, F. Q., VI. ii. SO.
May yon better reck the rede
Than ever did th' adviser !
Burns, Epistle to a Young Friend.
2f. Interpretation.
I repeated
The read thereof for guerdon of my paine,
And taking downe the shield with me did it retaine.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. i. 10.
3f. Speech; tale; narrative.
Why then a final note prolong,
Or lengthen out a closing song.
Unless to bid the gentles speed,
Who long have listened to my rede?
Scott, Marmion, L'Envoy.
4f. A saying; a proverb.
This reede is ryfe, that oftentime
Great clymbers fall unsoft.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., July.
5. Reading; perusal. [Colloq.]
My first read of the newspaper.
Thackeray, Great Hoggarty Diamond, x.
I got the other day a hasty read of your "Scenes of Cler-
ical Life." E. Ball, in Cross's George Eliot, II. ix.
read'-'t, ". An obsolete form of red1.
read3 (red), t\ t. A dialectal form of red3.
readability (re-da-bil'i-ti), n. [< readable +
-tty (see -wMrjr).] Readableness.
readable (re'da-bl), a. [< readl + -able.] 1.
Capable of being read ; legible. — 2. Of suffi-
cient interest to be read ; worth reading; easy
or interesting to read : as, a readable story.
Nobody except editors and school-teachers and here and
there a literary man knows how common is the capacity of
rhyming and prattling in readable prose.
0. W. Holmes, Poet at the Breakfast- Table.
readable
3. Enabling to read ; capable of being read by.
[Rare.]
Those who have been labouring to Introduce into our
railway carnages not only a good readable light, but a light
generally acceptable to everyone.
Elect. Rev. (Eng.X XXV. 601.
readableness (re'da-bl-nes), n. The state or
character of being readable.
A book remarkable (or its succinctness, Its vividness,
and its eminent readableness. Harper's May., LXXVI. 805.
readably (re'da-bli), adv. In a readable man-
ner; legibly.
readdress (re-a-dres'), v. 1. [< re- + address.]
To address or direct again.
He ... re-addressed himself to her.
Boyle, Works, VI. 290.
readeptt(re-a-dept'), v. t. [< re- + adept] To
regain; recover.
The which Duchie if he might by their meanes readept
and recover, he would never let passe out of hys memorie
so great a beniflte. Hall, Edward IV., f. 25. (HalliweU.)
readeption (re-a-dep'shon), ». [< re- + adep-
tion.] A regaining; recovery of something lost.
In whose begynnyng of raedepcion \rea-], the erle of
Worcester, whiche for his cruelnesse was called thebochier
of Engla[n]de, was taken and put in streyght pryson.
Fabyan, Chron., II. 659, an. 1570.
Will any say that the readeption of Trevigi was matter
of scruple? Boom.
reader (re'der), n. [< ME. reder, redere, redare,
redar, reader, counselor, adviser, < AS. rsedere,
redere, a reader, scholar, church reader (lec-
tor), reader of riddles, diviner (= D. rader,
adviser, = OHG. ratari, rdtiri, MHG. rdtsere,
counselor, adviser, guesser, diviner), < riedan,
advise, read: see read1.] If. One who coun-
sels ; a counselor ; an adviser.
Loke . . . uram [from] kueade [evil] rederes, and neakse
no red at foles. Ayenbite oflnwyt (E. E. T. 8.), p. 184.
2. One who interprets ; one who acquires know-
ledge from observation or impression ; an inter-
preter: as, a reader of weather-signs or of proba-
bilities. See mind-reader. — 3. One who reads;
a person who peruses, studies, or utters aloud
that which is written or printed.
And the reader droned from the pulpit,
Like the murmur of many bees,
The legend of good Saint Guthlac.
Longfellow, King Wltlaf's Drinking-Horn.
Readers are multiplying daily ; but they want guidance,
help, plan. Nineteenth Century, XXIV. 499.
Specifically— (a) One who reads for examination or criti-
cism ; an examiner of that which is offered or proposed
for publication: as, an editorial or a publisher's reader. (6)
One who is employed to read for correction for the press ; a
proof-reader, (c) One who recites before an audience any-
thing written : as, an elocutionary reader. Particularly—
(d) One whose office it is to read before an audience ; an
officer appointed to read for a particular purpose ; a lec-
tor ; a lecturer. (1) In the early church, the Greek Church,
the Roman Catholic Church, and some other churches, a
member of one of the minor clerical orders, appointed to
read Scripture lections in the church. The order of reader
existed as early as the second century. At an early date
it was not unusual to admit young boys, even of five or six,
to the office of reader, but by the sixth century the age of
eighteen was required by law. In the Roman Catholic
Church this order is little more than one of the steps to
the priesthood. The reader (lector) ranks above a door-
keeper and below an exorcist, and the form of ordination
is the delivery to him of the book from which he is to read.
In the Greek Church the reader (anagnost) ranks below a
subdeacon, and it is his office, as it was in the early church,
to read the Epistle, the deacon reading the Gospel. In
the Church of England the order fell into abeyance after
the Reformation, but lay readers were frequently licensed,
especially in churches or chapels without a clergyman.
They could not minister the sacraments and other rites of
the church, except the burial of the dead and the church-
ing of women, nor pronounce the absolution and benedic-
tion. Of late years, however, bishops have regularly admit-
ted candidates to the office of reader by delivery of a copy
of the New Testament. lu the American Episcopal Church
lay readers conduct services in vacant churches or under
a rector by his request with license from the bishop for a
definite period (a year or less). They cannot give absolu-
tion or benediction, administer sacraments, nor use the
occasional offices of the church except those for the burial
of the dead and visitation of the sick and prisoners, nor
deliver sermons of their own composition. (2) One who
reads the law in a Jewish synagogue. (3) In the Universi-
ties of Oxford and Cambridge, the English Inns of Court,
etc. , a lecturer, or, where there are two grades of lecturers,
a lecturer ot the higher grade, the others being called sub-
lectors or lecturers.
4. A reading-book for schools ; a book contain-
ing exercises in reading — Gentle reader, lay
reader, etc. See the adjectives,
readership (re'der-ship), n. [< reader + -ship.]
The office of reader. See reader, 3 (d) (3).
Oxford has decided to establish a Readership in Ge-
ography. Nature, XXXV. 475.
readily (red'i-li), adv. [< ME. redely, reddely,
redili, rediliche; < ready + -ly2.] 1. In a ready
manner; with facility; quickly; speedily;
promptly; easily.
4983
On hir fete wexen saugh I
Partriches winges redely.
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1392.
Mr. Carlyle is for calling down fire from Heaven when-
ever he cannot readily lay his hand on the match-box.
LoweU, Study Windows, p. 128.
2. With readiness or alacrity; without delay
or objection ; willingly.
She answered that she could readily obey what her father
and mother had done. Pepys, Diary, July 17, 1665.
I readily grant that one truth cannot contradict another.
Locke.
3f. Just now; at once.
A tydynge for to here , . .
That shal uat now be told for me,
For it no nede is redely.
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 2137.
=Syn. See ready.
readiness (red'i-nes), ». [Early mod. E. readi-
nes, redynes ; < ME. redinesse, redynesse; (.ready
+ -ness.] 1. The condition of being ready ; the
state of being adapted or in condition for im-
mediate use or action ; present preparedness or
fitness ; ready availability or qualification.
At the Archynale there be closed within, alwaye in a
redynesse to set forth whan they woll.
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 7.
If it [death] be not now, yet it will come ; the readiness
is all. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. 234.
Probed many hearts, beginning with his own,
And now was far in readiness for God.
Browning, Ring and Book, L 16.
2. Ready action or movement ; instant facility
or aptitude ; promptness ; quickness : as, readi-
ness of thought or of speech ; readiness in off-
hand drawing.
I thought, by your readiness in the office, you had con-
tinued in it some time. Shak., M. for M., ii. 1. 275.
Good abstractive power shows itself in a superior readi-
ness to frame any kind of concept.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 385.
3. Eeady disposition; present willingness;
mental preparedness.
They received the word with all readiness of mind.
Acts xvii. 11.
Digby made his peace with Cromwell, and professes his
readiness to spend his blood for him.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 274.
= Syn. 2. Readiness, Facility, Expertness, Knack, prompti-
tude, aptness, preparation, preparedness, inclination. The
first four words agree in meaning that the person can do
a thing with ease and quickness. Readiness emphasizes
promptitude : as, readiness in repartee. Facility by deri-
vation emphasizes ease, whether partly natural or wholly
acquired. (See ease, n.) Expertness is facility acquired :
as, expertness with the pen, at figures, in working a sewing-
machine; it Is primarily physical, and especially manual,
but also mental. Knack is a familiar word, applying to
facility or expertness viewed as a happy and rather sur-
prising possession of skill or faculty.
reading (re'ding),_w. [< ME. redynge, reeding,
reading, < AS. raiding, reading, a reading, a
passage or lesson, also rule, government ; ver-
bal n. of riedan, counsel, rule, read: see read^.]
1. The act of interpreting; interpretation; ex-
position, as of a riddle or dream; interpreta-
tion of signs, marks, or the like ; a rendering
or discovery of what is signified by the state or
marking of an instrument, by arbitrary signs
of any kind, or by the existing condition or ac-
tion of anything: as, the readings of a steam-
indicator ; a correct reading of the sky (as to
weather), or of a person's countenance or pro-
ceedings.
For instance, if the freezing-point is lowered, we must
subtract the amount of fall from each reading.
J. Trowbridge, New Physics, p. 187.
Take the readings of the two pegs [in adjusting a field
level], which will give their true difference of level.
Set. Amer. Supp., p. 8905.
2. The particular interpretation given to a
composition of any kind, an event or a series
of events, etc. ; also, a rendering in speech, act,
or performance ; delineation ; representation.
You charm me, Mortimer, with your reading of my weak-
nesses. By-the-by, that very word Reading, in its critical
use, always charms me. An actress's reading of a cham-
ber-maid, a dancer's reading of a hornpipe, a singer's read-
ing of a song, a marine-painter's reading of the sea, the
kettle-drum's reading of an instrumental passage, are
phrases ever youthful and delightful.
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, ill. 10.
For Englishmen in their own tongue to have from such
a man [Von Ranke] a reading of the most critical period of
English history would be a boon of incalculable value.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 58.
His reading of Bach's Italian Concerto was a scramble,
so far as the first aud last movements were concerned^
The Academy, June 29, 1889, p. 456.
3. The act of perusing that which is written or
printed ; perusal.
You write with ease to show your breeding,
But easy writing '8 curst hard reading.
Sheridan, Olio's Protest.
readjust
4. The utterance or recital of recorded words.
either from the record (as a printed page) or
from memory ; specifically, a public lection or
lecture: as, to give readings from the poets,
or upon law or philosophy. See read1, v. i., 6.
The Jews had their weekly readings of the law.
The readings [in the Inns of Court] were from the very
first deemed of vital importance, and were delivered in the
halls with much ceremony. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 88.
5. That which is read or to be read ; any writ-
ten or printed medium of thought or intelli-
gence ; recorded matter or material.
It is in newspapers that we must look for the main
reading of this generation. De Quincey, Style, i.
Remembering his early love of poetry and fiction, she
unlocked a bookcase, and took down several books that
had been excellent reading in their day.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix.
6. The indication of a graduated instrument :
as, the reading of a barometer. — 7. Textual
structure or construction ; a form, expression,
or collocation in a writing, or in a particular
copy or impression of it ; a version : as, the
various readings of a passage in Shakspere ; the
reading seems to be corrupt.
When you meet with several Readings of the Text, take
heed you admit nothing against the Tenets of your Church.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 22.
Disjunctor reading. See disjunctor.— Penny reading,
an amateur entertainment consisting of readings, recita-
tions, music, etc., admission to which is only one penny :
common in the British Islands, where such entertainments
seem to have been introduced about I860.— Reading
segrotat. See aegrotat.— Beading notice. See notice.
reading (re'ding),j). a. Inclined to read ; hav-
ing a taste for reading ; of a studious disposi-
tion: as, a reading community __ Beading man.
See man.
William himself was not a reading man.
Macaulay, Hist Eng., vii.
reading-book (reMing-buk), n. [< ME. *red-
ing-bok, < AS. rseding-boc, reading-book, lec-
tionary, < reeding, reading, + Me, book.] 1.
A lectionary. — 2. A book containing selections
to be used as exercises in reading.
reading-boy (re'ding-boi), n. In printing, a
boy employed to read copy to a proof-reader;
a reader's assistant: in the United States called
copy-liolder.
reading-desk (re'ding-desk), n. A desk adapt-
ed for use in reading; specifically, a high desk
for holding a book or manuscript to be read by
a person while standing; in a church, same as
lectern, 1.
He feared he should acquit himself badly in St. Ewold's
reading-desk. TroUope, Barchester Towers, xxiii.
reading-glass (re'ding-glas), n. A magnifying
lens set in a frame with a handle, for use in
reading fine print, or for persons with defec-
tive vision.
reading-lamp (re 'ding-lamp), n. A lamp es-
pecially adapted for use in reading; specifi-
cally, a form of lamp for use in public reading
or speaking, arranged so that its light is con-
centrated upon the reading-desk.
reading-pew (re'ding-pu), «. In English
churches, a pew from which to read part of
the service; especially, after the Reformation,
an inclosure in the body of a church, with a
door, seat, and desk or desks, used instead of
the older and later form of reading-desk or
stalls.
reading-room (re'ding-rom), n. 1. An apart-
ment appropriated to reading ; a room furnished
with newspapers, periodicals, etc., to which per-
sons resort for reading. — 2. A room or closet set
apart for the use of professional proof-readers.
reading-stand (re'ding-stand), «. A stand to
support a book, (a) Same as reading-table, (b) Same
as reading-desk.
reading-table (re'ding-ta"bl), n. A table pro-
viding support for a heavy book or books, when
in use, and frequently space for other books
needed for consultation, and the like. There
are many patterns, some having a revolving top.
readjourn (re-a-jern'), v. t. and i. [< F. rta-
jonrner, readjourn; as re- + adjourn. Cf. re-
journ.] To adjourn again.
Parliament assembling again . . . was then re-adjourned
by the king's special command till Tuesday next.
Sir U. Wotton, Reliquire, p. 443.
readjournment (re-a-jern'ment), «. [< F. re-
ajournement, readjoiirnment;' as readjourn +
-ment.] A succeeding adjournment; adjourn-
ment anew.
readjust (re-a-jusf), v. t. [< re- + adjust.] 1 .
To settle again ; put in order again, as what had
been discomposed.
readjust
The beau sheathed his hanger, and readjusted his hair.
Fieldiny.
2. To adjust in a new way; make a different
adjustment, arrangement, or settlement of.
The problem these gentlemen had to solve was to re-
adjust the proportion between their wants and their in-
come. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, ii. 4.
Sly scheme, your better knowledge broke,
Presently readjusts itself, the small
Proportioned largelier, parts and whole named new.
Bromiiny, Ring and Book, II. 221.
readjuster (re-a-jus'ter), «. [<readjust + -eri.]
1. One who readjusts, or takes part in a re-
adjustment of something. — 2. [cap."] Specifi-
cally, a member of a party in Virginia, formed
about 1878, under the leadership of General
William Mahone, and originally composed prin-
cipally of Democrats, for the forcible readjust-
ment of the debt on terms dictated by the State
without the consent of the bondholders. The
exceptional losses of the State in the civil war made the
large debt previously contracted very burdensome ; and
the amount of its liability was in dispute with the State
of West Virginia, which had been set off from Virginia
without a decision of this question. The Readjusters
elected the State government in 1879, and also United
States senators for the terms 1881-7 and 1883-9, in op-
position to the Conservative Democrats, or Funders ; but
the party failed to effect a permanent settlement of the
debt, and was merged in the Republican party about 1882.
Further news from Virginia indicates that the Repudia-
tors, or Readjusters, as they call themselves, have elected
a majority of the General Assembly.
The Nation, Nov. 13, 1879, p. 317.
readjustment (re-a-just'ment), n. [< readjust
+ -ment.J 1. The act of readjusting, or the
state of being readjusted. — 2. Specifically, in
U. S. politics, the political schemes of the Re-
adjusters.
readmission (re-ad-mish'qn), n. [< F. rtadmis-
sion = Sp. readmision = Pg. readmiss&o; as re-
+ admission."] The act of admitting again ; the
state of being readmitted ; renewed admission.
In an exhausted receiver, animals that seem as they were
dead revive upon the readmission of fresh air. Arbuthnot.
readmit (re-ad-mif), v. t. [= F. readmettre =
Sp. readmitir = Pg. readmittir = It. riammettere,
readmit; as re- + admit."] To admit again.
Whose ear is ever open, and his eye
Gracious to re-admit the suppliant.
Milton, S. A., 1. 1178.
readmittance (re-ad-mit'ans), «. [< re- + ad-
mittance. ] Permission to enter again ; readmis-
sion.
Humbly petitioning a readmittance into his college.
T. Warton, Sir T. Pope, p. 84. (Latham.)
readvance (re-ad-vans' ), v. i. [< re- + advance,
v.~\ To advance again or afresh.
Which if they miss, they yet should readvance
To former height.
B. Jonson, Epigrams, xxxv., To Sir H. Goodyere.
readvertency (re-ad-ver' ten-si), n. [< re- +
advertency.~\ The act of adverting to or re-
viewing again. [Rare.]
Memory he does not make to be a recovery of ideas that
were lost, but a readvertency or reapplicatlon of mind to
ideas that were actually there, though not attended to.
Norris, Reflections on Locke, p. 9.
ready (red'i), a. and n. [< ME. redy, redi,
riedi, rsedig, i-redi, ready, prepared, prompt,
near, < AS. rsedc (rare and uncertain), usually
gersede, ready, swift, prompt, easy, plain (suffix
-e becoming -i by confusion with the common
adj. suffix ME. -i, -ij, > E. -#l); = OFries. rede,
red = D. ree = MLG. rede, reide, ret, reit, LG.
rede, reed = OHG. bi-reiti, MHG. bereite, be-reit,
G. be-reit, ready, prepared, = Icel. g-reithr (*ga
reithr), ready (whence ult. E. graith, grade'*),
= OSw. reda, Sw. be-red = Dan. rede, be-redt,
ready ; perhaps = Goth, garaids, set, appointed ;
cf. raidjan, appoint, ga-raidjan, enjoin, com-
mand, ga-raideins, an ordinance, rule, author-
ity. Otherwise akin to Icel. reithi, harness,
outfit, gear, implements; or to AS., etc., ridan
(pret. rad), ride, rod, a riding, expedition: see
ride, road, raid. Hence, in comp., already, and
ult. array, curry"^, rayS, raiment, etc.] I. a. I.
Completely prepared, as for immediate action
or use, or for present requirement; suitably
equipped, ordered, or arranged ; in proper trim
or condition.
Comannd, sir kyng, that a clene nauy
Be redy to rode on the rugh see,
4984
reafforestation
Up ryseth fresshe Canacee hir selue, ... A good ready, a state of being fully ready or prepared •
Noon hyer was he [the sun] whan she rady was. a good condition of readiness, [('olloq ]
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 379. ready (red'i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. readied, ppr.
All well for the werre, with wight men ynogh.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2549.
My oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are
ready. Mat, xxii. 4.
Be ready, Claudio, for your death to-morrow.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. 107.
3f. Dressed.
The French leap over the walls in their shirts. Enter,
several ways, . . . Alenfon and Reignier, half ready, and
half unready. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 1 (stage direction).
Bid my wife make herself ready handsomely,
And put on her best apron.
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, ii. 4.
3. Suitably disposed in mind; mentally pre-
pared; willing; inclined; not reluctant.
The spirit truly is ready, but the flesh is weak.
Mark xiv. 38.
A persecutor who inflicts nothing which he is not ready
to endure deserves some respect.
Macaulay, Hallam's Const Hist.
4. Prepared by what has gone before ; brought
to a fit state or condition ; not unlikely; imme-
diately liable : with an infinitive.
The blessing ol him that was ready to perish came upon
me. Job xxix. 13.
Our king, being ready to leap out of himself for joy of
his found daughter, . . . cries, "0, thy mother!"
Shak., W. T., v. 2. 54.
The miserable prisoner is ready to famish.
Dekker, Seven Deadly Sins, p. 45.
5. Already prepared or provided ; available for
present use or requirement; immediately at
hand or within reach ; opportune : as, a ready
means of escape ; a ready way.
And the olde knyght seide that he sholde do sette ther
a cheyer, that euer more sholde be redy tor the knyght in
to sitte that sholde be so trewe in lovynge whan he were
come. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii 382.
It sometimes cometh to pass that the readiest way which
a wise man hath to conquer is to fly.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref.
Nine-score and seventeen pounds ; of which he made
five marks, ready money. Shak,, M. for M., Iv. 3. 7.
rriidymg. [< ME. redien, rcdi/eit (= D. recdcti,
prepare, dress, = MLG. reden, reiden = MHG.
reiten, reiden ; cf . ME. beredien = G. be-reiten =
Sw. be-reda = Dan. lie-rede, prepare, get ready,
etc.); < ready, a."] 1. To make ready; put into
proper condition or order; dispose; arrange;
prepare. [Obsolete or archaic. J
Thare-fore what-so-euer thou bee that redies the for to
lufe Gode, . . . haue in mynde besely f orto halde the name
of Ihesu in thi mynde.
llampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 3.
And, having readied all these costly things,
In a poore pedlers trusse he packs his wares.
Heyu-ood, Troia Britannica (1609). (Nares.)
2f. To direct.
For, for the gretnesse of the Erthe and of the See, men
may go be a 1000 and a 1000 other weyes, that no man
cowde redye him perfltely toward the parties that he cam
fro, hut zif it were be aventure and happ, or be the grace
of God. llandemlte, Travels, p. 185.
ready-made (red'i-mad), a. 1. Previously
made and now ready for use ; furnished or ob-
tained in a formed state; specifically, in trade,
made ready for chance sale, and not made to
order for a particular person : as, ready-made
clothing; ready-made opinions or excuses.
When he hears
The tale of horror, to some ready-made face
Of hypocritical assent he turns.
Shelley, Queen Mab, iii.
The provision-man had honestly the effect of having got
for the day only into the black coat which he had bought
ready-made for his first wife's funeral.
Hou'ells, Annie Kilburn, xxii.
2. Pertaining to articles prepared beforehand :
as, the ready-made department of a tailor's or
shoemaker's business.
He pays in ready guineas very liberally.
a „ Sinrt, Letter, May 13, 1727. shoemaker's business." [Trade use.]
6. Prompt in action or movement; expert; dex- ready-man (red'i-man), ». One of the men
terous ; facile. Bent aloft in a man-of-war to prepare for evo-
Ready in gibes, quick-answer'd, saucy, and lutions with spars or sails.
As quarrelous as the weasel. ^ ^ ^ ^ r dy.pole (red'i-pol), n. A bar fixed across a
Reading rnaketh a full man, conference a ready man, chlmney *<> support the pot-hook. It is now
. . . and therefore, if a man . . . confer little, he had need commonly of iron, but was formerly made of
have a present wit. Bacon, Studies, wood. Salliicell. [Prov. Eng.]
There 's a sudden turn now I You have a ready wit for in- ready-reckoner (red"i-rek'ner), n. A book of
trigue, I find. Caiman, Jealous Wife, i. tabulated calculations, giving the value of any
number of things from the lowest monetary
unit upward, as also the interest on any sum of
money for any period from a day upward, etc. ;
a book of tables to facilitate calculations.
7. Prompt; quick; offhand: as, a ready reply
or retort; a ready admission ; a ready welcome.
My tongue is the pen of a ready writer. Pa. xlv. 1.
Unless he had done this with great dexterity and ready
address, he would frequently have been involved in immi-
nent danger. Bacon, Physical Fables, x., Expl.
8t. Present; at hand; here: used in answering
a call.
Duke. What, is Antonio here?
Ant. Ready. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. 2.
[Heady is much used in compounds, with participles and
sometimes nouns, or in combinations that are properly
compounds: as, ready-made ; ready-cooked, etc.] — Mak-
ing ready, in printing, the process of preparation for tak-
ing regular impressions from a form on the press. It in-
cludes the adjustment of the form on the press, the proper
distribution of the pressure on type and cuts by means of
underlays and overlays, and the adaptation of ink to pa-
I could almost think from the preface (but such deduc-
tions are very deceptive) that the earliest of the books
which are now called ready reckoners, meaning those which
have totals at given prices ready cast up, was the follow-
ing : London 1693. Wm. Leyborn. Panarithmologia ; be-
ing a mirror for merchants, a brieviate for bankers, a trea-
sure for tradesmen, a mate for mechanics, and a sure
guide for purchasers, sellers, or mortgagers of land, leases,
annuities, rents, pensions, etc., in present possession or
reversion, and a constant concomitant fitted for all men's
occasions. De Morgan.
The Clerk in Eastcheap cannot spend the day in verify-
ing his Ready- Reckoner; he must take it as verified, true
and indisputable. Carlyle.
per.— Ready about See about.— Ready money. See reaft, »• [Usually in Sc. spelling reif, rief; <
money.— To make ready, (a) To prepare ; set in order.
Whiche the ffryers kepte and ther thei mode the redy
in ornaments and began ther a very solempne procession.
Torkintjton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 41.
They sit downe at tables, and then must the Bridegrome
make triall of his breast in singing a long prayer : others
in the ineaue time call to make readie the hens.
Purchas. Pilgrimage, p. 214.
(fit) To dress.
ME. ref, reef, reaf, reve, < AS. reaf, spoil, plun-
der: see reave."] Spoil; plunder; robbery.
Meaning to live by reifot other mennes goodes, wherein
they have no maner of propertie.
Holinshed, Chron. (Nares.)
The man that wons yon foreste intill,
He lives by reif and felonie !
Sana of the Outlaw Murray (Child's Ballads, VI. 82).
While Master Mathew reads, Bobadill makes himself reaffirm (re-a-ferm'), v. t. [=F. reaffirmer ; as
ready. B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 4. re- + affirm'.] To affirm again.
I close with re-affirming the truth that I have aimed to
impress. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 26.
In all thy best attire. B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 3.
A man may make him ready in such clothes
Without a candle.
Middleton (and others), The Widow, iii. 3.
= Syn. Ready, Easy; disposed, apt, expert handy, skil-
ful, clever, smart ; expeditious, unhesitating. So many of
the meanings of ready convey the idea of a movement of
mind, and especially a consent of the will, that there is a
tendency to use other words where disposition is not in-
cluded. Hence it is better to say this may easily be seen,
than this may readily be seen. See quotation from Locke
under readily. Easy of approach ; easy to be done ; ready
to hear. All the senses of ready, active or passive, grow
out of that of being prepared.
II, n. 1. Ready
the definite article.
reaffirmance (re-a-fer'mans), n. [< reaffirm +
-ante."] Renewed affirmation ; reaffirmation.
A reaffirmance after such revocation. Ayli/e, Parergon.
the meanings of ready convey the idea of a" movement of reaffirmation (re-af-er-ma'shpn), n. [< reaf-
firm -f -ation."] ' Renewed affirmation; a re-
peated affirmation.
The great movement of thought which characterises the
nineteenth century is a movement through negation to
reaffirmation, through destruction to reconstruction.
E. Caird, Hegel, p. 1.
reafforest (re-a-for'est), v. t. [< re- + afforest."]
To convert anew into a forest ; renew the forest-
Lord Strutt was not flush in ready, either to go to law, ,,,+i, .f. „_«„,„
or clear old debts. Arbuthnot, Hist. John Bull. (Latham.) gr°wtl 3St.
2. The condition of being ready. [Colloq.] —
. .
3. The position of a soldier's weapon following
the command "Make ready!" or "Ready!" reafforestation (re-a-for-es-ta'shon), n.
[Colloq.]
[The hunter] beats patiently and noiselessly from the
leeward . . . with his rifle at the ready.
T. Rooseeelt, Hunting Trips, p. 119.
The Legislature was obliged to take steps to rea/orest
considerable tracts. The American, VII. 229.
[< re-
afforest + -ation."] A second afforestation ; pro-
motion of renewed forest-growth.
Even partial reafforestation in Brescia.
The Century, XXXI. 536.
reagency
reagency (re-ii'jen-si), H. [< re- + agency. 1 Ac-
tion of or as of a reagent ; reflex agency or ac-
tivity; counter-agency; reaction.
Still, the mind, when acted on, is only excited to self,
agency, to manifest what it is in itself, in the way of re-
agency. H. B. Smith, Christian Theology, p. 173.
reagent (re-a'jent), «. [< re- + agent. Cf. re-
(«•/.] 1. One who or that which exerts reflex
action or influence ; an agency that produces
reciprocal effects ; a cause or source of counter-
results.
These tools have some questionable properties. They
are reagents. Machinery is aggressive. The weaver be-
comes a web, the machinist a machine.
Emerson, Works and Days.
2. In diem., a substance used to effect chemical
change in another substance for the purpose of
identifying its component parts or of ascertain-
ing its percentage composition . Thus, the infusion
of galls is a reagent which indicates iron in solution by
a dark purple precipitate. Barium chlorid is a reagent
which separates sulphuric acid from a solution in the in-
soluble form of barium sulphate which can be weighed,
and from the weight of which the actual amount of sul-
phuric acid can readily be deduced.
3. Anything used for the treatment of a sub-
stance under investigation to render its nature
or condition more evident. Ordinarily the object is
to see what changes are thus produced, but the word is
used more loosely, as in hardening; reagents.— Nessler's
reagent, a reagent used to detect and determine minute
quantities of ammonia, particularly in water. It consists
of a strongly alkaline solution of potassium iodide and mer-
curic chlorid. A few drops added to a few fluidounces of
water will cause a slight reddish-yellow tinge if one part
of ammonia is present in twenty million parts of water.
reaggravation (re-ag-ra-va'shon), n. [< reag-
gravate + -ion.] In Bom. Catti. eccles. law, the
last monitory, published after three admoni-
tions and before the excommunication.
reagree (re-a-gre'), v. [< re- + agree.] I. in-
trans. To agree again; become reconciled.
Il.t trans. To cause to agree again; recon-
cile.
And fain to see that glorious holiday
Of union which this discord reagreed.
Daniel, Civil Wars, vii. 111.
reakt, v. i. An obsolete spelling of reek1.
reaket, »• [Perhaps an erroneous form for wrack
or wreck, or an error for reate, q. v.: see wrack,
wrecfc.] A kind of plant. [The word occurs only
in the passage quoted, where it is used as a translation of
Latin viva, seaweed.]
The bore is yll in Laurente soyle,
That feedes on reate and reedes ;
Somtymes frome goodly pleasant vine
A sower tendrell speedes.
Drant, tr. of Horace's Satires, ii. 4.
reakst. See to play rex, under rex.
reaks-playert, n. One who plays reaks (rex).
Cotgrave.
4985
real
real, and independent of what we may think about it. Heal interest in lands, etc., except some minor, temporary, or
, .
objects are either external to the mind, when they are in-
dependent altogether of our thought, or they are internal.
when they depend upon thought, but not upon thought
about them.
The term real (realis), though always importing the exis-
tent, is used in various significations and oppositions. . . .
1. As denoting existence, in contrast to the nomenclature
of existence — the thing as contradistinguished from its
name. Thus we have definitions and divisionsraiJ, and defi-
nitions and divisions nominal or verbal. 2. As expressing
the existent as opposed to the non-existent — a something
in contrast to a nothing. In this sense the diminutions of
existence, to which reality in the following significations
is counterposed, are all real. 3. As denoting material or
external, in contrast to mental, spiritual, or internal, exis-
tence. This meaning is improper. ... 4. As synonymous
with actual; and this (a) as opposed to potential, (b) as op-
posed to possible existence. 5. As denoting absolute or ir-
respective, in opposition to phenomenal or relative, exis-
tence ; in other words, as denoting things in themselves
and out of relation to all else, in contrast to things in re-
lation to, and as known by, intelligences, like men who
know only under the conditions of plurality and differ-
ence. In this sense, which is rarely employed and may
inchoate rights which by the laws of most jurisdictions
are deemed to be personal estate. " At common law, any
estate in lands, etc., the date of the termination of which
is not determined by or ascertainable from or at the date
of the act which creates it, is real estate." (Robinson.) The
line between the two classes of property is differently
drawn in detail, according as the object of the law is to
define what shall be taxed, or what shall go to the heir in
case of intestacy as distinguished from what shall go
through the administrator to the next of kin, or what
shall come within the rules as to recording titles, or other
purposes.— Real evidence, exchange, focus, fugue.
See the nouns.— Real horse-power. Same as indicated
horse-power (which see, under horse-power). — Real iden-
tity, the non-difference in reality of the extremes of a re-
lation.—Real immunity (eccles.). See immunity, 3.—
Real induction. See induction, 5.— Real laws', laws
which directly and indirectly regulate property, and the
rights of property, without changing the state of the per-
son.—Real noon. Same as apparent noon (which see,
under apparent).— Real partition, the mental separa-
tion of an object into parts which might be physically
separated. -Real poinding, possibility, power,
cision, presence, privilege. See the nouns.—
pre-
be neglected, the real is only another term for Uie"unc'on'- Property. Same 'as real extaie.— Real quality, quan-
considered as a representation in thought. In this sense,
reale, in the language of the older philosophy (Scholastic,
Cartesian, Gassendian), as applied to esse or ens, is opposed
to intentionale, notionale, conceptibile, imaginarium, ra-
tionis, cognilionis, in anima, in intellectu. prout coanitum,
ideate, etc. ; and corresponds with a parte rei as opposed
to a parte intelleclus, with subjectimtm as opposed to 06-
jectivum, with proprium, principale, and fundamental as
opposed to vicarium, witn materiale as opposed to for-
male, and with formale in seipso and entitativum as op-
posed to representativum, etc. Under this head, in the
vacillating language of our more recent philosophy, real
approximates to, but is hardly convertible with, objective,
in contrast to subjective in the signification there preva-
lent. 7. In close connection with the sixth meaning,
real, in the last place, denotes an identity or difference
founded on the conditions of the existence of a thing in
itself, in contrast to an identity or difference founded
only on the relation or point of view in which the thing
may be regarded by the thinking subject. In this sense
it is opposed to logical or rational, the terms being here
employed in a peculiar meaning. Thus a thing which
really (re) or in itself is one and indivisible may logically
(ratione) by the mind be considered as diverse or plural.
Sir W. Hamilton, Reid's Works, Note B, § 1, 5, foot-note.
Ideas of substances are real when they agree with the
existence of things.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxx. 6.
We substitute a real for a dramatic person, and judge
him accordingly. Lamb, Artificial Comedy.
For the first time the ideal social compact was real.
Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord.
4f. Sincere; faithful; loyal.
Then the governor told them, if they were real, as they
professed, he should expect their ready and free concur-
rence with him in all affairs tending to the public service.
Memoirs of Colonel Ilutchinson (1643). (Nares.)
made is a real one.— Real science or philosophy, (o)
A science or philosophy that is caused in the mind by a
real thing, as physics, mathematics, metaphysics ; a spec-
ulative science: opposed to practical science, which is
caused in the mind by an idea of a thing to be brought
about. (b) A science which has a determinate reality for
its object, and is conversant about existences other than
forms of thought : in this sense, mathematics is not a real
science.— Real services. Same as predial services (which
see, under predial). — Real things, in law, things substan-
tial and immovable, and the rights and profits annexed to
or issuing out of them.— Real truth, the agreement of a
judgment with its object: opposed informal truth, which
consists in the agreement of a reasoning with the prin-
ciples of logic.— The real stuff, the genuine thing; that
which is really what is represented or supposed : used es-
pecially of liquors. [Colloq.]
In this exhibition there are, of course, a certain number
of persons who make believe that they are handing you
round tokay— giving you the real imperial stuff, with the
seal of genuine stamped on the cork.
Thackeray, Men and Pictures.
Real warran dice. Seeu>arra)idic«.=Syn.land2. Real,
Actual, Positive, veritable, substantial, essential. Heal
applies to that which certainly exists, as opposed to that
which is imaginary or feigned : as, real cause for alarm ;
a real occurrence ; a real person, and not a ghost or a shad-
ow ; real sorrow. Actual applies to that which is brought
to be or to pass, as opposed to that which is possible, proba-
ble, conceivable, approximate, estimated, or guessed at.
Actual has a rather new but natural secondary sense of
present. Positive, from the idea of a thing's being placed,
fixed, or established, is opposed to uncertain or doubtful.
H. n. 1. That which is real; a real existence
or object ; a reality.
While it is true that correlatives imply each other, it is
not true that all correlatives imply Seals. . . . The only
meaning we can attach to Reality is that every Jteal has
K, y» T i" J-1 - lll'.llllllfi TTV ^.UI llLKll.ll lu 1H-JILILV ID LIlilL CV
5f. Kelating to things, not to persons; not a corresponding feeling or group of feelings.
the disputes of the Nominalists and Realists),
< L. res, a thing; perhaps allied to Skt. •/ ra,
give. Hence realize, realization, realism, real-
ist, reality, etc.; also, from L. res, E. rebus, repub-
lic, republican, etc.] I. a. 1. Actual; genu-
ine; true; authentic; not imaginary, artificial,
counterfeit, or factitious : as, real lace.
I waked, and found
Before mine eyes all real, as the dream
Had lively shadow'd. Milton, P. L., viii. 310.
Homer tells us that the blood of the gods is not real
blood, but only something like it.
Addison, Spectator, No. 275.
The hatred of unreality was uppermost with Carlyle ;
the love of what Is real with Emerson.
0. W. Holmes, Emerson, iv.
It is probable that the American inventor of the first
anesthetic has done more for the real happiness of man-
kind than all the moral philosophers from Socrates to
Mill. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 91.
The Teutonic words are all of them real words, words
which we are always wanting.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 163.
2. Of genuine character; not pretended or pre-
tending ; unassumed or unassuming.
Phoebe's presence made a home about her. . . . She was
real! Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix.
Heal kings hide away their crowns in their wardrobes,
and affect a plain and poor exterior.
Emerson, Works and Days.
3. Specifically, in pltilos., existing in or per-
taining to things, and not words or thought
merely; being independent of any person's
thought about the subject ; possessing charac-
ters independently of the attribution of them
by any individual mind or any number of minds ;
not resulting from the mind's action: opposed
to imaginary or in ten Hoiuil. Jteal differs from actual,
inasmuch as whiit is only in germ or in posse in so far as
it has a power of developing into a definite actuality, is
personal.
Many are perfect in men's humours that are not greatly
capable of the real part of business. Bacon.
6. In law, pertaining to or having the quality
of things fixed or immovable. See real estate,
O. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 19.
2f. A realist.
Scotists, Thomists, Reals, Nominals.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 677.
, The real (a) Reality, (b) The real thing ; the genuine
etc., below — Chattel real See chattel.— Covenant article- [Colloq.]
real. See covenant.— Real abstraction. See abstrac- A cynic might suggest as the motto of modern life this
turn.— Real action, in law. Seeactton, 8.- Real assets, simple legend,— "Just as good as the real."
See assets, 1. — Real attribute, an attribute known by C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies p 4
ordinary observation, generalization, and abstraction, n / -/ i\ j rx it i •
and signified by a term of first intention: opposed to a real1 (re al), art?'. [< real1, a.] Really; truly;
— !i- [Colloq., Eng. and U. S.]
notional attribute, which is signified by a term of second very; quite. [Colloq., Eng. and U. S.]
intention.— Real burden, in Scotslaw, a burden in money real2* (re'all a K ME real rinll rial rimll
imposed on the subject of 'a right, as on an estate, in the "SS* £; J ^±,1 ie-ftl '< AF r%, ,1 r^nl^V
deed by which the right is constituted, and thus distin- ; ?/««>™za(, royal, regal, <. A* . > etal, ratal, Ur .
, , . , , .
finished from a personal burden, which is imposed merely real, * • Teal (used only in certain antique locu-
on the receiver of the right.— Real character. Seechar- tions), = Sp. Pg. real = It. reale, regale, < L.
acter. — Real component of a force. See component. — rpnnlis rpfral Icintrlv rnvnl- «PO vtvunl onrl w
Jm, W^'a '
doublets
see component.
Real composition, (a) The union of objects having ex-
istences distinct from one another. (6) In Eng. eccles. law,
«PO vtvunl onrl
1 1 i j ,
loyal, legal,
an agreement made between the owner of lands and the similarly related.] Royal; regal; royally ex-
parson or vicar, with consent of the ordinary, that such
lands shall be discharged from payment of tithes, in con-
sequence of other land or recompense given to the parson
in lieu and satisfaction thereof. Also called composition
of tithes.— Real concordance. See concordance, S.—
Real contract. See contract.— Real conveniencet, the
agreement of a thing with itself.— Real definition, the
definition of a thing— that is to say, of a species— by stat-
ing the components of its essence, or its place in natural
classification. For the nominalists there could be no real
definition, in the proper sense; hence, finding the defini-
tions so called useful, they invented new definitions of the
phrase. The real definition, for Leibnitz and Wolf, is the rea!3(ra-al'), "•', pi- ra/frw(ra-a'les). [AlsonaZ;
definition from which the possibility of the thing defined < Sp. real, a coin so called.lit. 'royal, '< L.reaalis,
follows; for Kant, the definition which sets forth the pos- -„„„] rovnl-BBnw«72
sibility of the thing from its essential marks ; for M ill, the ? ,' rova' • *ee real*,
definition of a name with an implied assumption of the ex- royal, regal1.] A sub-
istenceof the thing.— Real degradation. Seedegrada- sidiary silver coin
tion,l (a). —Real distinction, (a) A distinction indepen- andmonevofaccount
dent of any person's thought, (b) A distinction between ; ;„ OT,ri c,,,
real objects. The Scotists made subtle and elaborate defl- i »pam and fcpan-
nitions of this phrase.— Real diversity, division, ens, ish-Amencan coun-
essence. See the nouns.— Real estate, in law: (a) Land) tries. The current real
cellent or splendid.
Thus, real as a prince Is in his halle,
Leve I this chauntecleer in his pasture.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 364.
Sir, I could wish that for the time of your vouchsafed
abiding here, and more real entertainment, this my house
stood on the Muses' hill.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii 1.
Reall, magnanimous, bountious.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, I., ii. 1.
. . , ,
including with it whatever by nature or artificial annexa-
tion inheres with it as a part of it or as the means of its
enjoyment, as minerals on or in the earth, standing or
running water, growing trees, permanent buildings, and
fences. In this sense the term refers to those physical
objects of ownership which are immovable. (6) The own-
ership of or property in lands, etc. ; any legal or equitable
Obveree. Reverse.
Silver Real of Isabella II.— British
MuSei""- (Size °' orig"""')
of Spain (real de vellon) is
one quarter of the peseta
or franc, and worth about 5 United States cents. The Mex-
ican real, corresponding to the old Spanish real de plata,
is one eighth •" a dollar (Mexican pern), and reckoned at
124 cents. The latter coin, both Spanish and .Mexican, cir-
culated largely in the United States down to about 1850,
real
being called a Spanish or Mexican shilling in New York, a
levy (Bee levy*, \) in the South, etc.
real4 (re'al), w. [Cuban, perhaps < Sp. real, roy-
al: see reap*, real3. Cf. OF. real, a kind of stur-
geon.] The big-eyed herring, or saury. Slops
saurus. [Cuba.]
reales, ». Plural of real9.
realgar (re-al'gar), n. [Also resalgar, < ME. re-
salgar, rysalgar, rosalgar; = OF. realyal, reagal,
riagal, realgal, risigal, F. realgar = Sp. rejalgar
= Pg. rosalgar = It. risigallo (ML. risigallum),
< Ar. rahj al-ghar, realgar, lit. 'powder of the
mine,' mineral powder (so called because de-
rived orig. from silver-mines) : ralij, relij, dust,
powder; al, the ; ghar (gar), cavern, mine. Cf.
Ar. rahj asfar, orpiment.] Arsenic disulphid
(Aso82), a combination of an equal number of
sulpnur and arsenic atoms; red sulphuret of
arsenic, which is found native in transparent
crystals, and also massive. Realgar differs from
orpiment in that orpiment la composed of two equivalents
of arsenic and three of sulphur, and has a yellow color.
Realgar, also called red arsenic or ruby sulphur, is pre-
parea artificially for use as a pigment and for making white
fire, which is a mixture of 2 parts of ruby sulphur and 10
parts of niter.
realisation, realise. See realization, realize.
realism (re'al-izm), n. [= F. realistHe = Sp. Pg.
It. realismo = Gr. realismiis, < NL. realismus;
as real1 + -ism."] 1 . The doctrine of the realist,
in any of the senses of that word. See espe-
cially realist, n.,1.
(1) Extreme realism taught that universals were sub-
stances or things, existing independently of and separate-
ly from particulars. This was the essence of Plato's the-
ory of ideas. ... (2) Moderate realism also taught that
universals were substances, but only as dependent upon
and inseparable from Individuals, in which each inhered :
that is, each universal inhered in each of the particulars
ranged under It. This was the theory of Aristotle, who
held that the roSt TI or individual thing was the first es-
sence, while universals were only second essences, real in
a less complete sense than first essences. He thus reversed
the Platonic doctrine, which attributed the fullest reality
to universals only, and a merely participative reality to
individuals. ... (3) Extreme nominalism taught that
universals had no substantive or objective existence at all,
but were merely empty names or words. [See nominal-
ism.} (4) Moderate nominalism or conceptualism taught
that universals have no substantive existence at all, but
yet are more than mere names signifying nothing ; and
that they exist really, though only subjectively, as con-
cepts in the mind, of which names are the vocal symbols.
... (5) [The medieval schoolmen] Albertus Magnus,
Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and others fused all these
views into one, and taught that universals exist in a three-
fold manner: universalia ante rein, as thoughts in the
mind of God ; universalia in re, as the essence [quiddity]
of things, according to Aristotle: and universalia post rem,
as concepts in the sense of moderate nominalism. This
is to-day the orthodox philosophy of the Catholic Church,
as opposed to the prevailingly exclusive conceptualism of
the Protestant world. ... In contrast with all the views
above presented, another and sixth view will now be
stated. ... (6) Relationism or scientific realism teaches
that universals, or genera and species, are, first, objective
relations of existence among objectively existing things ;
secondly, subjective concepts of these relations, deter-
mined in the mind by the relations themselves ; and third-
ly, names representative both of the relations and of the
concepts, and applicable alike to both. This is the view
logically implied in all scientific classifications of natural
objects, regarded as objects of real scientific knowledge.
F. E. Abbot, Scientific Theism, Int.
2. In literature and art, the representation of
what is real in fact; the effort to exhibit the
literal reality and unvarnished truth of things;
treatment of characters, objects, scenes, events,
circumstances, etc., according to actual truth
or appearance, or to intrinsic probability, with-
out selection or preference over the ugly of what
is beautiful or admirable: opposed to idealism
and romanticism. Compare naturalism.
I wish the reader particularly to observe, throughout all
these works of Tintoret, the distinction of the imaginative
verity from falsehood on the one hand, and from realism
on the other. Ruskin, Modern Painters, III. ii. 8.
A far fuller measure of the ease and grace and life of
the realism which Giotto had taught.
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, ii.
By realism I mean simply the observation of things as
they are, the familiarity with their aspect, physical and
intellectual, and the consequent faculty of reproducing
them with approximate fidelity.
Contemporary Sev., L 241.
Exact realism. See Herbartian — Hypothetic real-
ism. See hypothetic.— Natural realism, the doctrine
that in sensation (if not also in volition) we have a direct
consciousness of a real object other than ourselves, so that
we are as sure of the existence of the outer world as we
are of our own, or even of the presence of ideas.
In the act of sensible perception, I am conscious of two
things ;— of myself as the perceiving subject, and of an ex-
ternal reality . . . as the object perceived. . . . I am con-
scious of knowing each of them, not mediately, in some-
thing else, as represented, but immediately in itself, as ex-
isting. . . . Each is apprehended equally, and at once, in
the same indivisible energy . . . ; and . . . each is appre-
hended out of, and in direct contrast to, the other. . . . The
contents of the fact of perception, as given in conscious-
ness, being thus established, what are the consequences to
4986
philosophy, according as the truth of its testimony is, or
is not, admitted V On the former alternative, the veracity
of consciousness, in the fact of perception, being uncondi-
tionally acknowledged, we have established at once, with-
out hypothesis or demonstration, the reality of mind and
the reality of matter; while no concession is yielded to
the sceptic, through which he may subvert philosophy in
manifesting its self-contradiction. The one legitimate
doctrine, thus possible, may be called natural realism or
natural dualism. ... If the testimony of consciousness
to our knowledge of an external world existing be rejected
with the idealist, but with the realist the existence of
that world be affirmed, we have a scheme which — as it
by many various hypotheses endeavours on the one hand
not to give up the reality of an unknown material universe,
and on the other to explain the ideal illusion of its cogni-
tion—may be called the doctrine of cosmothetic idealism,
hypothetical realism, or hypothetical dualism. This last
[system] . . . is the one which . . . has found favour with
the immense majority of philosophers.
Sir W. Hamilton, Reid's Works, Note A, <j 1, 10.
realist (re'al-ist), «. and a. [= F. realiste =
Sp. Pg. It.' realista = G. realist, < NL. realis-
ta; as real1 + -ist.] I. n. 1. A logician who
holds that the essences of natural classes have
some mode of being in the real things : in this
sense distinguished as a scholastic realist : op-
posed to nominalist. As soon as Intellectual devel-
opment had reached the point at which men were ca-
pable of conceiving of an essence, they naturally found
themselves realists. But reflection about words inclined
them to be nominalists. Thus, a controversy sprang up
between these sects in the eleventh century (first in the
Irish monasteries, and then spread through the more civ-
ilized countries of northern Europe), and was practically
settled in favor of the realists toward the end of the
twelfth century. During the fourteenth century a reac-
tion from the subtleties of Scotus produced a revival of
nominalistic views, which were brought into a thorough-
going doctrine by Occam, his followers being distinguish-
ed as terminists from other schools of nominalists. At the
time when scholasticism came to a rather violent end,
owing to the revival of learning, the terminists were in
the ascendant, though some of the universities were
Scotist. The Cartesians did not profess to be realists ; and
Leibnitz was a decided nominalist ; while the whole weight
of the English school (Occam, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley,
Hume, Hartley, Reid, Brown, the Mills, and others) went
hi the same direction. At the present day philosophy
seems to be, and science certainly is, prevailingly realistic.
See quotation under realism, 1.
2. A philosopher who believes in the real ex-
istence of the external world as independent
of all thought about it, or, at least, of the
thought of any individual or any number of
individuals. — 3. In literature and art, a be-
liever in or a practiser of realism; one who
represents persons or things as he conceives
them to be in real life or in nature ; an oppo-
nent of idealism or romanticism.
How hard and meagre they seem, the professed and
finished realists of our own day, ungraced by that spiritual
candor which makes half the richness of Ghirlandaio !
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 29S.
4. One who advocates technical as opposed
to classical education ; one who upholds the
method of the real-schools. [A German use.]
II. a. Of or pertaining to realism ; realistic ;
naturalistic.
realistic (re-a-lis'tik), a. [< realist + -ic.~\ 1.
Of or pertaining to the realists in philosophy ;
characteristic of speculative realism.
The realistic tendency— the disposition to mistake words
for things— is a vice Inherent in all ordinary thinking.
J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 122.
2. Exhibiting or characterized by realism in
description or representation ; objectively real
or literal ; lifelike, usually in a bad or depre-
ciatory sense : as, a realistic novel or painting ;
a realistic account of a murder.
A bit of realistic painting, in the midst of a piece of
decorative painting, would offend us, and yet the realistic
bit would add a certain amount of veracity.
P. G. Hamtrton, Graphic Arts, v.
Realistic they are in the nobler sense : that is, they are
true to nature without being slavish copies of nature.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 91
Realistic dualism. See dualism.
realistically (re-a-lis'ti-kal-i), adv. In a re-
alistic manner; in a manner that has regard to
the actual appearance of objects or circum-
stances, or the real facts of existence.
reality1 (re-al'i-ti), n. ; pi. realities (-tiz). [= F.
realite = Sp. realidad = Pg. realidade = It. re-
alitd, < ML. realita(t-)s, < realis, real: see real1.
Cf. realty^.] l. The being real; truth as it is
in the thing; objective validity; independence
of the attributions of individual thought ; posi-
tively determinate being.
Hee exhorted him to beleeve the reality of the sacra-
ment after the consecration.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 1159, an. 1543.
Reality shall rule, and all shall be as they shall be for-
ever. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ill. 24.
For this, in reality, is the port of Acre, where ships lie
at anchor. Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 56.
realize
In the English plays nlone is to be found the warmth,
the mellowness, and the reality of painting.
Macaulay, Dryden.
Nothing can have reality for us until it enters within
the circle of Feeling, either directly through perception,
or indirectly through Intuition. Conception is the sym-
bolical representation of such real presentation.
G. II. Lewes, Probs. of Life und Mind, II. 11.
2. That which is real or genuine: something
that really is or exists, as opposed to what is
imagined or pretended ; an essential verity or
entity, either in fact or in representation.
Of that skill the more thou kitow'st,
The more she will acknowledge thee her head,
And to realities yield all her shows.
Milton, P. L., viiL 575.
Only shadows are dispensed below,
And Earth has no reality but woe.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 68.
They who live only for wealth, and the things of this
world, follow shadows, neglecting the great realities which
are eternal on earth and in heaven.
Sumner, Orations, 1. 194.
3. In law, sameasreaZfy1. [Now rare.]— Abso-
lute reality. See absolute.— Empirical reality, the re-
ality of an object of actual or conditional expenence.
What we insist on is the empirical reality of time, that
is, its objective validity, with reference to all objects
which can ever come before our senses. What we deny
is that time has any claim to absolute reality, so that,
without taking into account the form of our sensuous con-
dition. It should by itself be a condition or quality inherent
in things ; for such qualities as belong to things by them-
selves can never be given to us through the senses.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Miiller.
Objective reality, truth ; reference to a real object
This Is the sense in which this phrase is used by Kant.
At an earlier date it would have meant existence in the
mind. With later writers it means nearly the same as
absolute reality.— Practical reality, in the Kantian phi-
los., that force In a postulate of the practical reason by
which it becomes the source of the possibility of realizing
the summum bonum.
I have, indeed, no intuition which should determine its
objective theoretic reality of the moral law, but not the
less it has a real application, which is exhibited in con-
creto in intentions or maxims : that is, it has a practi-
cal reality which can be specified, and this is sufficient to
justify it even with a view to noumena.
K<int, Critique of Practical Reason, tr. by T. K. Abbott,
[p. 146.
Reality of laws, a legal phrase for all laws concerning
property and things.— Subjective reality, real existence
In tne mind.
Time has subjective reality with regard to internal ex-
perience ; that is, I really have the representation of time,
and of my determinations in it.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Miiller, p. 37.
Theoretical reality, in the .Kantian phUos., validity
as a hypothesis.— Transcendental reality. Same as
absolute reality. = Syn. 1 and 2. Verity (see reoJi).
Reality means that a thing certainly is ; truth applies to
the correctness of what is said or believed about the thing,
the conformity of such report or belief to reality. The
reality of a danger : the actuality of the arrival of help ;
the truth about the matter.
reality2t, «• Same as realty2.
Our reality to the emperor. filler.
readability (re-a-H-za-bil'i-ti), n. [< reali-
zable + -ity (see -f>ili1y).~\ Capability of being
realized. [Rare.]
realizable (re'a-li-za-bl), a. [< F. realisable;
as realize + -able.'} Capable of being realized.
realization (re'al-i-za'shpn), n. [< OF. reali-
sation, F. realisation; as realize + -ation.'] 1.
A bringing or coming into real existence or
manifestation, as of something conceived or
imagined : as, the realization of a project.
The realization of the rights of humanity in the nation
is the fulfillment of righteousness.
E. Mulford, The Nation, vt
The desire is the direction of a self-conscious subject
to the realisation of an idea.
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, } 151.
2. Perception of the reality or real existence
of something; a realizing sense or feeling: as,
the realization of one's danger.
An intrinsic and awful realization of eternal truths.
Islay Burns, Memoir of W. C. Burns, p. 98.
3. The act of realizing upon something; con-
version into money or its equivalent ; exchange
of property for its money value. [Trade use.]
— 4. The act of converting money into land
or real estate. Imp. Diet.
Also spelled realisation.
realize (re'al-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. realized, ppr.
realizing. '[< OF. realiser, F. realiser = Sp. Pg.
realizar; as real1 + 4ze.~\ I. trans. 1. To make
or cause to become real ; bring into existence
or fact : as, to realize a project, or a dream of
empire.
His [dive's] dexterity and resolution realised, in the
course of a few months, more than all the gorgeous visions
which had floated before the imagination of Dupleix.
Macaulay, Lord Clive.
realize
4987
All art is the endeavour to realise hi material forms and really'Jt ( re'al-i), adv. [< ME. realyclie, realy,
rially, realliche; < real2 + -ly2. Ct. royally.]
Royally; in a royal or regal manner; like a
king.
It is ful fair to ben yclept madame,
And gon to vigilies al liyfore,
And nan a mantel riallyche ibore.
Chaucer, (Jen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 378.
reanimate
A huge pewter measuring pot,
colours an idea of beauty latent in the human spirit from
the beginning. Faiths of the World, p. 6.
Children are, as it were, fresh blocks of marble, in which,
if we have any ideal, we have a new chance of realizing
it after we have failed In ourselves.
J. K. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 128.
2. To perceive or comprehend the reality of;
guage of the hostess, reamed
make real or distinct to one's self; recognize really3 (re-a-lT), v.t. [<re- + ally. Ct.raUy1.]
the real nature or the actual existence of: as,
to realize the horrors of war; to realize one's
danger or one's deficiencies.
Intrenched within these many walls, the people of this
annot realize war. W. Ware, Zenobia, II. xi.
gay capital can
In order to pity suffering we must realise it.
Lesley, Eurap. Morals, 1. 188. realm (relm), n. [< ME. rcalme, ri/alme, roialme,
To form or arrange again ; recompose.
That whil'st the Oods . . .
Were troubled, and amongst themselves at ods,
Before they could new counsels re-allie,
To set upon them in that extasie.
Spenser, F. Q., VH. vi. 23.
He [Samuel Adams] wanted the whole world to realize
that the rule of a republic is a rule of law and order.
J. Fiske, Critical Period of Amer. Hist, iv.
3. To manifest as real or as a reality; exhibit
the actual existence or character of; cause to
appear real or distinct.
To put these materials to poetical use is required an
imagination capable of painting nature, and realizing fic-
tion. Johnson, Milton.
The child realizes to every man his own earliest remem-
brance, and so supplies a defect in our education, or en-
ables us to live over the unconscious history with a sym-
pathy so tender as to be almost personal experience.
Emerson, Domestic Life.
Correggio appears to have been satisfied with realising
the tumult of heaven rushing to meet earth, and earth
straining upwards to ascend to heaven in violent commo-
tion. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 274.
4. To bring or get into actual possession ; make
one's own ; clear as a profit or gain ; obtain a
return of : as, to realize a fortune from specu-
lation.
Send me an account of the number of crowns you real-
ize. Shelley, To H. Reveley, Oct. 18, 1819.
Pope was the first Englishman who, by the mere sale of
his writings, realised a sum which enabled him to live in
comfort and in perfect independence.
Macaulay, Montgomery's Poems.
Man begins with nothing realized(ta use the word), and
he has to make capital for himself by the exercise of those
faculties which are his natural inheritance.
J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, ix.
The question of imposing upon what has been termed
realised income a higher poundage than that for what
has been termed precarious income has been frequently
raised. 5. Dowell, Taxes in England, III. 136.
5. To bring into form for actual or ready use ;
exchange for cash or ready means : as, to realize
one's stock or securities. [Trade use.] — 6.
To fetch as a price or return; bring in ex-
change or as compensation; make a return of: real-school (re'al-skSl), n.
as, how much did the cargo realize? his labor < real, real, practical, =
realizes but little.
. . which, in the lan-
with excellent claret.
Scott, Waverley, xi.
2. To appear like foam ; be fleecy. [Rare.]
Farewell the flax and reaming wooll
With which thy house was plentiful!.
Herrick, The Widdowes Teares.
ream2 (rem), v. t. [Also reem, dial, rim, rime;
< ME. remen, rimen, rumen, < AS. ryman, widen,
extend, spread, enlarge, etc. (= OS. rumian =
OFries. rema = MD. D. ruimen = MLG. rumen
= OHG. rumian, ruman, MHG. rumen, yield,
give way, make room, retire, relax, G. raumen,
make room, etc. , = Icel. rijma, make room, clear,
quit, = Sw. rymma = Dan. romme, quit), < rum,
wide, roomy: see room1.] If. To make wide;
widen; extend; extend by stretching; stretch
or draw out.
His full growne stature, high his head, lookes higher rise ;
His pearchlng homes are ream'd a yard beyond assise.
A Herrings Tayle (1598). (Nares.)
Specifically— 2. To widen or enlarge by the
use of a rotatory cutter: often with out: used
especially of a hole or an opening in metal, and
most commonly in connection with splayed or
funnel-shaped holes. — 3. JVattt.,toopen (seams)
for calking. — 4f. To leave; quit.
Thu makedest me fleme [flee],
And thi lond to reme.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.X p. 36.
ream3 (rem), «. [Early mod. E. reme; < late
ME. reeme = D. riem, < OF. rayme, raime, rame,
F. rame (ML. reflex rama) = It. risma, formerly
also risima,< Sp. Pg. resma (ML. risma) (cf. late
MHG. ris, riz, rist, G. ries, riess = Dan. Sw. ris,
with loss of final syllable), < Ar. rizma (pi. ri-
zam), a bundle, esp. of clothes, also of paper.
The word was brought into Europe by the Moors,
who introduced the manufacture of cotton pa-
per into Spain.] A quantity of paper, consist-
ing, for ordinary writing-paper, of 20 quires of
24 sheets each, or 480 sheets; for some kinds of
drawing-paper, of 472 or 500 sheets ; for print-
ing-paper, of 21$ quires, or 516 sheets. Writing-
paper is usually put up in half- or quarter-ream packages,
printing-paper in bundles of two reams. — A ream Of ill-
sides, 480 sheets of perfect paper. — Perfect ream, an
improper use for printers' ream — Printers' ream, or
printing ream. See printer.
reamet, «• A Middle English form of realm.
being or appearing real ; manifest genuine- reamer (re'mer), „. [Also rimer (= G. riiumer,
royalme, reaume, retime, rewme, reame, reme, rent
< OF. realme, reaume, roialme, royaume, F.
royaume = Pr. realme, rei/alme, reialme = OSp.
reame, realme = It. reame, < ML. as if "regali-
men, a kingdom, < L. regalis, of a king: see
real2, royal, regal.] 1. A royal jurisdiction or
extent of government ; a king's dominions ; a
kingdom.
Fes among the puple he put to the reaume.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S-X 1. 5240.
Sydrak, MIsak, and Abdenago: that is to seye, God
glorious, and God victorious, and God over alle Thinges
and Remee. Mandeville, Travels, p. 35.
Whoso wol seken actes of sondry remes
May rede of dremes many a wonder thing.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 316.
Which Salique land the French unjustly glose
To be the realm of France. Shalt., Hen. V., i. 2. 41.
Thou great Anna ! whom three realms obey.
Pope, R. of the L., 111. 7.
These are our realms, no limit to their sway—
Our flag the sceptre all who meet obey.
Byron, Corsair, 1. 1.
2. Figuratively, a jurisdiction or domain in
general; a sphere of power, influence, or opera-
tion; province; arena.
The Goddess goes exulting from his sight,
And seeks the seas profound, and leaves the realms of light.
Dryden, Iliad, i.
3. In zoogeog., a prime division of the earth's
surface ; a faunal area of the largest extent ; a
zoological region of the first order — To abjure
the realm. See abjure.
i (re'al-nes), n. The state or condition
ness; freedom from artifice or any deception.
There is such ft rmlneti to his narration that one is will-
ing to overlook his many deficiencies in the art of expres-
sion. Science, VI. 472.
[Tr. G. realsehule,
person who or an instrument that makes clean) ;
< ream2 + -er1.] One who or that which reams;
specifically, a tool used for reaming out holes.
Reamers have a variety of forms, of which triangular,
square, or pentagonal shafts or bodies with sharp angles,
A farm he sold realised less than was anticipated.
Whyte Melville, White Rose, II. xxvi.
7. To convert into real estate ; make real prop-
erty of. Imp. Diet.
II. intrans. To obtain ready money or profits
by sale of property.
Also spelled. realise.
realizedness (re'al-i-zed-nes), n. The state of
being realized. [Rare.]
But taking pleasure to be the feeling of the realizedness of
the will or self, we should doubt if apart from some pres-
ent function or activity pleasure could exist.
F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, p. 119.
One who realizes.
So as to real-
realizer (re'al-l-zer), «.
Coleridge.
realizingly (re'al-I-zing-li), adv.
ize. [Rare.]
reallege (re-a-lej'), «• *• [= OF- realleguer, F.
realleguer ; as re- + allege1.] To allege again.
Cotgrave.
realliance (re-a-li'ans), n. [< re- + alliance.]
A renewed alliance,
reallicht, adv. See really1*.
really1 (re'al-i), adv. [< real1 + -If.] 1. In
a real manner; with or in reality; in fact, and
not in appearance only; in truth; actually; reami (rem) n.
truly.
The bread therefore changeth not to his essence, but is
bread reallie, and is the bodie of Christ sacramentallie.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 450.
school, = E. school1.] One of a class of pre-
paratory scientific or technical schools in Ger-
many, corresponding in grade to the gymnasia
or classical schools.
realty1 (re'al-ti), n. [< OF. "realte = It. realta,
< ML. realita(t-)s, reality: see reality1. Cf.
lealty and legality, specialty and speciality, per-
sonalty and. personality, etc.] If. Reality. — 2.
In law: (a) Immobility, or the fixed, permanent
nature of that kind of property termed real, (ft)
Landed property; real estate. See real1 and
personalty.
realty2t (re'al-ti), n. [< ME. realte, rielte, reaute,
roialtee. < O"F. realte, reaute, royaulte, F. roy-
aute, royalty, =It. realta, < ML. regalita(t-)s, <
L. regalis, regal : see regal, real2. Cf. reality2,
royalty.] 1. Royalty.
Whi sholdys thou my realte oppress ?
Chaucer, Fortune, 1. 60.
Kings do ... hazard infinitely
In their free realties of rights and honours,
Where they leave much for favourites' powers to order.
Chapman and Shirley, Admiral of France, i.
Reamers.
,r and 6, machinists' reamers ; c , section of fluted reamer, for pro-
ducing salient edges ; d and e, flat-sided reamers, or broaches.
fluted bodies with sharp edges, and bodies formed with
intersecting right and left spiral grooves with sharp edges
are prominent types. The bodies are of uniform thick-
ness for reaming straight holes, and tapered for reaming
tapered holes or for enlarging holes. Compare reamS, v. t.,
2.— Expanding reamer, a reamer having a device which
can be extended after the insertion of the reamer into a
hole, so as to make an undercut.
reamer-bit(re'mer-bit), n. Same as reaming-bit.
reamlness (re'mi-nes), n. [< reamy + -ness.]
A creaming or foaming condition ; an appear-
ance as of foaming or frothing. [Rare.]
Reaminess, or wavy marks, of uneven thickness in the
film . . . are most likely to occur in thick viscous samples
of collodion. Silver Sunbeam, p. 457.
A bit used for
2. Loyalty; fealty.
O heaven '. that such resemblance of the Highest reaming-bit (re'ming-bit), «.
Should yet remain, where faith and realty enlarging or splaying holes in metal.
Remain not. Milton, P. L., vi. 115. reaming-iron (re'ming-i"ern), n. Naut., an
, ,, [Also reem, raim; < ME. rem, iron instrument used for opening the seams of
reme, < AS. ream = D. room — MLG. rom, LG. planks so that they may be more readily calked.
rom = MHG. roum,Qr. raum, rahm=. Icel. rjomi, ream-kit (rem'kit), n. A cream-pot. Halli-
cream; origin unknown.] Cream; also, the weii, [Yorkshire, Eng.]
James . . . hoped to obtain a law, nominally for the
removal of all religious disabilities, but really for the ex-
cluding of all Protestants from all offices.
Macaulay, Sir J. Mackintosh.
2. Indeed; to tell the truth; as a fact: often
used as a slight corroboration of an opinion or
declaration, or interrogatively or exclamatorily
to express slight surprise. [Colloq.]
cream-like froth on ale or other liquor; froth reamy (re 'mi), a. [< ream1 + -y1.] Creamy;
or foam in general. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] creaming; in a foaming condition ; appearing
frothy. [Rare.]
rean1 (ren), ». [< ME. rent, a watercourse : see
rine, run1.] A watercourse ; a gutter; specifi-
cally, the furrow between ridges of plowed
land to take off the water. Halliwell. [Prov.
Eng.]
Soone aftlr 36 schal se as it were a liqour of oyle as-
cende vp fletynge aboue in maner of a skyn or of a reme.
Boole of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 9.
Cristened we weore in red rem
Whon his bodi bledde on the Beeni
Of Cipresse and Olyue.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. 9.), p. 146.
Why, really, sixty five is somewhat old. Young, ream1 (rem), V. i. [< ream1, n.] 1. To cream; rean2t, «. and r. An old spelling of rein1.
Really, no; a dyspeptic demigod it makes one dyspeptic mantle; foam; froth. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] reanimate (re-an Mnlft^V.
to think of ! De Quincey, Homer, ii.
=Syn. 1. Truly, absolutely, certainly, verily, positively.
Wi' reaming swats [ale] that drank divinely. Cf . F. reanimer = Sp. Pg. reanimar = It. riani-
Burns, Tarn o' Shanter. mare.] I. trans. 1. To revive ; resuscitate ;
reanimate
restore to life, as a person dead or apparently
dead: as, to reanimate a person apparently
drowned.
We are our re-animated ancestours, and antedate their
resurrection. Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xv.
We may suppose that the creative power returns and
reanimates some among the dead.
Isaac Taylor, Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm, p. 66.
2. To revive when dull or languid ; invigorate ;
infuse new life or courage into : as, to reani-
mate disheartened troops ; to reanimate drowsy
senses or languid spirits.
Variety reanimates the attention, which is apt to lan-
guish under a continual sameness.
Sir J. Reynolds, Discourses, viii.
II. intrans. To revive ; become lively again.
[Rare.]
"There spoke Miss Beverley !" cried Delvile, reanimat-
ing at this little apology. Mits Burney, Cecilia, ix. 5.
reanimation (re-an-i-ma'shon), n. [< reani-
mate + -ion.'] The act or operation of reani-
mating, or reviving from apparent death; the
act or operation of giving fresh spirits, courage,
or vigor ; the state of being reanimated.
Having opened his father's casque, he was rejoiced to
see him give symptoms of reanimation.
Scott, Anne of Geiersteln, xxxvi.
reannex (re-a-neks'), "• t. [< ft- + annex.] To
annex again ; annex what has been separated ;
reunite.
King Charles was not a little inflamed with an ambition
to repurchace and re-annex that duchie.
Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 40.
reannexation (re-an-ek-sa'shon), n. [< rean-
nex + -ation.] The act of annexing again.
reanoint (re-a-noinf), i>- t. [< re- + anoint.']
To anoint again or anew.
And Edward, . . .
Proud in his spoils, to London doth repair,
And, reanointed, mounts th' imperial chair.
Drayton, Miseries of Queen Margaret.
reanswer (re-an'ser), v. t. [< re- + answer."] 1.
To answer again ; make a renewed reply to. —
2f. To answer or satisfy as a return ; corre-
spond to; equal; balance.
Bid him therefore consider of his ransome ; which must
proportion the losses we have borne, . . . which In weight
to re-answer, his pettiness would bow under.
Shalt., Hen. V., ill. 6. 136.
reap (rep), »'. [< ME. repen, reopen, ripen (pret.
rap, rep, pi. repen, ropen, pp. repen, ropen,
later reaped), < AS. ripan, a variable verb, be-
ing in part strong (pret. pi. ripon), also geripan
(pret. pi. geripon), also with short vowel ripan,
Anglian riopan,_ rioppan, lirioppan, hrippan
(pret. *nep, pi. riepon), and in part (and appar.
orig. ) weak, rypan, (pret. *rypte, not found), reap
(cf. rip, ryp, a reaping, harvest) : appar. a par-
ticular use of ripan, prop.rypun (pret.pl.rypton,
rxpton), plunder, spoil, = OHG. roufen, MHO.
roufen, reufen, roufen, G. raiifen, pluck, pull,
etc., = Goth, raupjan, pluck. Cf. D. rapen, reap,
gather.] I. trans. 1. To cut with a sickle or
other implement or machine; cut down and
gather: used specifically of cutting grain: as,
to reap wheat or rye.
When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not
wholly reap the corners of thy field. Lev. xlz. 9.
That which they reapt on the land was put into store-
houses built for that purpose.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 876.
And no Man ever reapt his Corn,
Or from the Oven drew his Bread,
Ere Hinds and Bakers yet were born,
That taught them both to sow and knead.
Prior, Alma, i.
2. To cut a crop of grain, or something likened
to such a crop, from ; clear by or as if by reap-
ing.
His chin new reap'd
Show'd like a stubble-land at harvest-home.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., 1. 3. 34.
3. Figuratively, to gather in by effort of any
kind ; obtain as a return or recompense ; gar-
ner as the fruit of what has been done by one's
self or others.
They have sown the wind, and they shall reap the whirl-
wind. Hos. viiL 7.
Of our labours thou shalt reap the gain.
Shah., 3 Hen. VI., v. 7. 20.
He cannot justly expect to reape aught but dishonour
and dispraise. Milton, Eikonoklastes, v.
Do thou the deeds I die too young to do,
And reap a second glory in thine age !
M. Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum.
II. intrans. 1. To perform the act or opera-
tion of reaping ; cut and gather a harvest.
Yf y repe, [I] ouere-reche, other jaf hem red that repen
To sese to me with here sykel : that ich sew nenere.
Fieri Plowman (C), vii. 270.
lit 8 8
Thou shalt sow, but thou shalt not reap. MJcah vi. 15.
I would the globe from end to end
Might sow and reap in peace.
Tennyson, Epilogue.
2. Figuratively, to gather the fruit of labor or
works ; receive a return for what has been done.
For wel I wot that ye han herbeforne
Of makynge [poetry] ropen, and lad awey the corne.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 74.
They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. Ps. cxxvt 5.
reapt (rep), ». [Early mod. E. also repe; < ME.
reepe, rep, rip, < AS. rip, ryp, a reaping, a crop,
harvest (also iu comp., as rip-man, harvester,
rip-tima, harvest), also a sheaf of grain, etc., <
ripan, rypan, reap: see reap, v.] A sheaf of
grain. [Prov. Eng.]
As mych a> oone reepe.
Tomicley Mysteries, p. 13. (HalliweU.)
reaper (re'per), n. [< ME. repare, ripere, < AS.
ripere, a reaper, <. ripan, reap: see reap, v.] 1.
One who reaps ; one who cuts grain with a sickle
or other implement or machine; hence, one
who gathers in the fruits of his own or others'
labor or work.
When brown August o'er the land
Call'd forth the reapers' busy band.
Scott, Rokeby, vl. 35.
In the vast field of criticism on which we are entering,
innumerable reapers have already put their sickles.
JHacaiilai/.
Only reapers, reaping early
In among the bearded barley.
Hear a song that echoes cheerly.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, i.
2. A machine for cutting grain; a reaping-ma-
chine— The reaper, an ancient sophism, to the follow-
ing effect : If you are to reap, it is not true that perhaps
you will reap and perhaps not, but you will certainly reap.
On the other hand, if you are not to reap, it is not true
that perhaps you will reap and perhaps not, but you will
certainly not. Thus you will either necessarily reap, or
necessarily not reap, and the statement that there is a
"perhaps" is false.
reap-hook (rep'huk), n. Same as reaping-Tiook.
HalliweU. fProv. Eng.]
reaping-hook (re'ping-huk), n. A curved blade
with a short handle for reaping; a sickle; spe-
cifically, a sickle without the notched edge
which formerly distinguished that implement.
The reapers in Palestine and Syria still make use of the
reaping-hook in cutting down their crops: and "fill their
hand" with the corn, and those who bind up the sheaves
their "bosom."— Ps. cxxix. 7; Ruth ii. 6. Kitto.
reaping-machine (re'ping-ma-shen/), n. A
harvesting-machine for grain-crops ; a mechan-
ical reaper drawn over a field of standing grain
by horses. The reaping-machine is a modified mow-
ing-machine or mower, both mower and reaper being
harvesters ; the two machines are identical In their
mechanism for cutting down the standing grain, of which
mechanism the essential feature is the reciprocating knife
moving within the fingers of a finger-bar. The reaper is
distinguished from the mower by the addition of a reel
for bending the grain down upon the knives, and by a
platform, a raking mechanism, a discharging mechanism
or dropper (by which the gavels or sheaves are thrown out
of the machine), and a binding mechanism ; of these de-
vices any or all may be present in one machine. Reaping-
machines are often distinguished according to their at-
tachments: thus, a dropper is a reaping-machine that au-
tomatically throws out the cut grain at intervals ; a self-
raker or a self-binder, sometimes called a harvester and
binder, is one with a raking or a binding attachment The
discharging mechanism or dropper is a device for causing
the platform upon which the grain falls when cut to throw
off Its load. The raking attachment consists of a series
of rakes moving over the platform to gather the grain into
gavels and sweep it off upon the ground. The binding at-
tachment consists essentially of an endless-belt elevator
for lifting the cut grain, and a pair of curved arms for
gathering and compressing it into a bundle and holding it
while the binding mechanism proper draws wire or twine
around it, twists the wire or loops and knots the twine,
cuts the bundle from the wire or twine, and discharges
the bound sheaf.
rear
reanmant (rep'man), n. [< ME. rcpman, <. AS.
"ripman (Anglian liripemdii), a harvestmaii, <
rip, harvest, 4- man, man.] A reaper; a har-
vestman.
Oon daywerk of a gpode repman may gete
V gtrik, a febbler for III may swete.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. ».), p. 158.
reapparel (re-a-par'el), r. t. [< re- + apparel,
i'. Cf. reparvl.*] To apparel or clothe again or
anew.
Then [at the resurrection] we shall all be invested, re-
apparelled, in our own bodies.
Dunne, Devotions, Expostulation, xiv.
reapparition (re-ap-a-rish'on), n. [< re- + ap-
parition.] A renewed apparition ; a coming
again; reappearance. [Rare.]
There would be presented the phenomena of colonies,
reapparitions, and other faunal dislocations in the verti-
cal and horizontal distribution of fossil remains.
WincheU, World- Life, p. 281.
reappear (re-a-per'), v. i. [= It. riapparire; as
re- + appear. Cf. OF. rapparoitre, F. reappa-
raitre, reappear.] To appear again or anew;
return to sight or apprehension ; be seen again,
in either the same or a different example.
The law of harmonic sounds reappears in the harmonic
colors. Emerson, Nature, v.
Energy . . . only vanishes to reappear under some other
form. W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature, p. 12.
The river that reappears at Ombla Is an old friend.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 238.
reappearance (re-a-per'ans), n. [< reappear +
-ttnce.] A new appearance; another coming
into view or apprehension: as, the reappear-
ance of Encke's comet.
reapplication (re-ap-li-ka'shon), n. JX re- +
application.'] The act of applying again, or the
state of being reapplied.
A readvertency or reapplication of mind to ideas that
are actually there.
Norris, Reflections on Locke, p. 9. (l.«th«in.}
reapply (re-a-pli'), 1. 1. and i. [< re- + apply.]
To apply again.
reappoint (re-a-poinf), v. t. [< re- + appoint.]
To appoint again.
reappointment (re-a-point'ment), n. [< reap-
point + -meitt.] A renewed appointment.
reapportion (re-a-por'shon), t>. t. [< re- + ap-
portion.] To apportion again; make a new
apportionment.
reapportionment (re-a-por'shon-ment), n. [<
reapportion + -ment.]" A renewed apportion-
ment; a new proportional distribution or ar-
rangement: as (in the United States), the re-
apportionment of members of Congress or of
Congressional districts under a new census.
reapproach (re-a-proch'), v. [< re- + approach.]
1. intrans. To come near again.
II. trans. To bring near together again.
We were able to produce a lovely purple, which we can
destroy or recompose at pleasure, by sevei Ing and re-ap-
proachinu the edges of the two irises.
Boyle, Works, I. 738.
reap-silvert (rep'siHver), ». [ME. repsilver;
< reap, n., + silver.] Money paid by feudal
serfs or tenants to their lord as a commutation
for their services in reaping his crops.
rear1 (rer), v. [Early mod. E. also reer, rere,
also dial, rare; < ME. reren, < AS. rseran (= Icel.
reisa = Goth, raisjan), cause to rise, lift up,
establish, rouse, elevate, etc.; causative of
risan (pret. rds), rise : see rise1, and cf . raise1,
which is from the Icel. form (reisa) of the same
verb. The change of the orig. medial « to r oc-
curs also in were (pi. of was), ear1, iron, lorn,
etc.] I. trans. 1. To raise, lift, or hoist by or
as if by main strength ; bring to or place in an
elevated position ; set or hold up; elevate; bear
aloft.
Off with the traitor's head,
And rear it in the place your father's stands.
Shale., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 6. 86.
And higher yet the glorious temple rear'd
Her pile. Milton, P. R., iv. 546.
2. To form by raising or setting up the parts
of; lift up and fix in place the materials of;
erect; construct; build.
Seiut dauid aboute this holi jerde a strong wal let rere.
Holy Hood (E. E. T. S.\ p. 28.
O'er his Grave a Monument they rear'd.
Congreve, Iliad.
3f. To raise from a prostrate state or position ;
uplift ; exalt.
The Ladle, hearing his so courteous speach.
Oan reare her eyes as to the chearefull light.
Spenser, y. Q., VI. ii. 42.
In adoration at his feet I fell
Submiss ; he rear'd me.
MUtvn, P. L., viii. 316.
rear
Charity, decent, modest, easy, kind,
Softens the high, and ream the abject mind.
Prior, Charity.
4t. To lift or carry upward; give an upward
bent or turn to.
Up to a hill anon his steps he rear'd,
From whose high top to ken the prospect round.
Milton, P. R., ii. 285.
5f. To cause to rise into view; approach (an
object) so that it appears above the visible
horizon. See raise1, 10.
And in .xv. degrees, we dydc reere the crossiers ; and we
myght haue rered them sooner if we had loked for theym.
H. Eden. First three Eng. Books on America (ed. Arber),
[p. 380.
6f. To carry off, as by conquest; take away by
or as if by lifting ; wrest. See raise1, 6.
He, in an open Turney lately held,
Fro me the honour of that game did ream.
Spemer, F. Q., IV. vi. 6.
It rereth our hearts from vain thoughts.
Barrow. (Webster.)
7t. To cause to rise to action ; stir up ; rouse.
Item, the Kyng cometh to London ward, and, as it is
seyd, rereth the pepyll as he come. Paston Letters, I. 506.
Into the naked woods he goes,
And seeks the tusky boar to rear,
With well-mouthed hounds and pointed spear.
Dryden, tr. of Horace's Epode ii.
They were not in any hope that the citye wold hastelye
consent to rcre war. Ooldiny, tr. of Ca>sar, fol. 201.
The waves come rolling, and the billowes rore,
For not one puffe of winde there did appeare.
That all the three thereat woxe much afrayd,
Unweeting what such horrour straunge did reare.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 22.
8f. To raise in amount; make a rise in; in-
crease.
He stirs men up to outrageous rearing of rents.
Latimer, 6th Sermon bef. Edw. VI.
9. *To develop or train physically or mentally
or both, as young; care for while growing up;
foster; nurture; educate: used of human be-
ings, and less frequently of animals and plants.
See raise1.
The pokok men may rere up esily
Yf bestes wilde or theves hem ne greve.
PaUadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 23.
She [Pharaoh's daughter] takes him vp, and rears him
royal-like ;
And his quick Spirit, train'd in good Arts, is like
A wel breath'd Body, nimble, sound, and strong.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Lawe.
Delightful task ! to rear the tender Thought,
To teach the young Idea how to shoot.
Thomson, Spring, 1. 1150.
10. To mock; gibe. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
= 6yn. 9. Bring up, etc. Seerotsei.
II. intraiis. 1. To rise up; assume an ele-
vated posture, as a horse or other animal in
standing on its hind legs alone.
Ofte hit [the ark] roled on-rounde, and rered on ende.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 423.
Anon he rears upright, curvets, and leaps.
SAa*., Venus and Adonis, 1. 279.
2. To rise up before the plow, as a furrow.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]— Rearing vein, in coal-
mining, a vein that seems to rear like a horse or mule.
See rearer, 3.
rear2 (rer), a. [Early mod. E. also reer, rere,
also dial, (now in common use in the U. S.)
rare; < ME. rere, < AS. hrer, underdone (said
only of eggs) :_ iirer henne »</,_' a rear hen's
egg,' lirerenbrseden_ seg, hrerebrad leg, 'a rear
roasted egg,' gebrseddan hrere segeran, 'roasted
rear eggs'; appar. not an independent adj., but
the stem of a verb, in comp. *hrer-seg (= G.
riihr-ei, a scrambled egg, buttered egg; cf. eier
riihren, beat eggs), < hreran, move, shake, stir,
+ seg, egg: see rear*.] Underdone; nearlyraw;
rare : formerly said of eggs, now (in the United
States, in the form rare) of meats. Compare
rear-boiled, rear-roasted. [Obsolete or provin-
cial.]
Rere, or nesche, as eggys. Mollis, sorbilis.
Prompt. Pan., p. 430.
If they [eggs] be rere, they do dense the throte and brest.
Sir T. Elyot, Castle of Health, ii. 13.
Maces and ginger, rere egges, and poched eggs not hard,
theyr yolkes be a cordiall. Horde, Breviary of Health.
Can a soft, rear, poor poach'd iniquity
So ride upon thy conscience?
Middleton, Game at Chess, iv. 2.
rear3 (rer), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also reer,
rere; < ME. rere, in comp. rereward, rearward
and arere, arrear (see arrear2, adv.), < OF. rere,
riere, back, < L. retro, back, backward, < re,
back, + compar. suffix (in abl.) -tro. But in
ME. and mod. E. rear as a prefix is rather an
aphetic form of amir, arrear: see arrear2, adv.]
I. H. 1. The space behind or at the back; atract
4989
or a position lying backward ; the background
of a situation or a point of view.
Tom 1'ipes, knowing his distance, with great modesty
took his station in the rear. Smollett, Peregrine Pickle, ii.
Crook . . . conducted his command south in two paral-
lel columns until he gained the rear of the enemy's works.
P. II. Sheridan, Personal Memoirs, II. 37.
2. The back or hinder part ; that part of any-
thing which is placed or comes last in order or
in position.
His yeomen all, both comly and tall,
Did quickly bring up the rear.
Robin Hood, and Maid Marion (Child's Ballads, V. 375).
Like a gallant horse fall'n in first rank,
Lie there for pavement to the abject rear,
O'er-run and trampled on.
Shall., T. and C., iii. 3. 162.
While the cock, with lively din,
Scatters the rear of darkness thin.
Milton, L'Allegro, 1. 60.
Were they in the front or in the rear of their generation?
Macaulay, Sir J. Mackintosh.
3. In specific military use, the hindmost body
of an army or a fleet ; the corps, regiment,
squadron, or other division which moves or is
placed last in order : opposed to van : as, the
rear was widely separated from the main body.
The Vanguard he commits to his Brother the Count de
Alanson, the Seer to the Earl of Savoy.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 121.
To bring up the rear. See bring. [In comp. rear is
practically a prefix. In older words it is always rere; for
such words, see entries in rere-.]
II. a. Pertaining to or situated in the rear ;
hindermost; last: as, the rearrank — Rear front,
the rear rank of a company or body of men when faced
about and standing in that position.— Rear supper I.
See rere-supper. — Rear vault, in arch., a small vault
over the space between the tracery or glass of a window
and the inner face of the wall.
rear3t (rer), v. t. [< rear3, v.] To send to or
place in the rear.
rear4t, v. t. [< ME. reren, < AS. hreran, move,
shake, stir, = OS. hrorian, hrorien, hruorian,
shake, = OHG. hruorjan, hrorjan, ruoran, MHG.
rueren, G. riihren, shake, touch, = Icel. hrcera
= Sw. riira = Dan. rore, move, stir ; perhaps =
Goth, 'hrozjan (not recorded), akin to hrisjan,
shake. Hence, in comp., rearmouse, reremouse,
and uproar. Cf. rear2.] 1. To move; stir. —
2. To carve : applied to the carving of geese.
Halliwell.
Rere that goose. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 265.
rear5t, adv. Same as rare3.
O'er yonder hill does scant the dawn appear,
Then why does Cuddy leave his cot so rear ?
Gay, Shepherd's Week, Monday, 1. 6.
rear-admiral (rer'ad'mi-ral), u. See admiral, 2.
rearaget (rer'aj), n. [ME., by apheresis for
arerage : see arrearage.'} Arrearage.
Such dedes I did wryte, jjif he his day breke.
I haue mo maneres [manors] thorw rerages than thorw
miseretur et comodat. Piers Plowman (B), v. 246.
ffor he wylle gyfe a rekenyng that rewe salle aftyre, . . .
Or the rereage be requit of rentez that he claymez !
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1680.
rear-boiledt (rer ' boild), a. [Formerly rere-
boiled; < rear2 + boiled.} Partly boiled.
A rere-boiled egg, Een half gaar gekookt ey.
Sewel, Eng.-Dutch Diet.
reardt, n. [< ME. rerd, rend, reorde, rorde, rurd,
< AS. reord (for *reard), voice, speech, language,
= OHG.rarta= Icel. rodd (gen. raddar) = Goth.
razda, a voice, sound.] A voice; sound.
Ecko ... is the rearde thet ine the heje belles [high
hills] comth ayen. Ayenbite of Inwit (E. E. T. S.), p. 60.
reardorset, ». [< ME. reredors: see rercdos.]
1. An open fireplace against the rear wall of
a room, without a chimney, the smoke rising
and escaping through the louver.
In their [the old men's] yoong dales there were not ahoue
two or three [chimneys], if so manie, in most vplandish
townes of the realme (the religious houses, manour places
of their lords, alwaies excepted, and peraduenture some
great personages), but ech one made his flre against a
reredosse in the hall, where he dined and dressed his meat.
Harrison, Descrip. of Eng., ii. 12. (Holinshed.)
Also, you shall inquire of all armorers aud other artifi-
cers using to work in mettal, which have or use any rear-
dorses, or any other places dangerous or perillous for flre.
Calthrop's Reports (1670). (Hares.)
2. A piece of armor for the back.
Ane hole brest-plate, with a rere-dors
Behynde shet, or elles on the syde.
Clariodes, MS. (HalKweU.)
rear-eggt, «• An underdone egg. See rear2, a.
rearer (rev'fer), n. 1. One who rears or raises ;
one who brings up.
Pholoe, . . . the rearer of the steed.
Lewis, tr. of Statius's Thebaid, x.
2. A rearing horse, ass, or mule; an animal
that has a habit of rearing. — 3. In coal-mining,
Rearing-bit.
rearward
a seam of coal having an inclination of more
than thirty degrees.
rear-guard (rer'gard), w. [Early mod. E. rere-
gtirtlt; for *areregarde, < OF. "ariere-garde, ar-
riere-garde, F. arrieregarde, rear-guard ; as rear3
+ guard, n. Cf. rearward.] Part of an army
detached during a march for the protection of
the rear, especially in retreating when the at-
tacks of a pursuing enemy are feared.
We can nat se abonte vs, nor haue knoledge of your
reregarde nor vowarde.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. cxiii.
reargue (re-iir'gu), v. t. [< re- + argue.'} To
argue over again.
reargument (re-ar'gu-ment), n. [< re- + ar-
gument.} A renewed argumentation, as of a
case in court; a new arguing or pleading upon
the same matter.
rear horse (rer'hors), «. A gressorial and rap-
torial orthopterous insect of the family Uanti-
dee; a praying-mantis, camel-insect, or devil's
coach-horse : so called from the way in which
it rears upon its hind legs.
The common rearhorse of the Unit-
ed States is Phasmomantis Carolina.
See Empusa, and cut under mantis.
rearing-bit (rer'ing-bit), H.
A bit intended to prevent a
horse from lifting his head
when rearing. In the accompa-
nying cut, a, a are rings for cheek-
straps, to which also the chain & is
attached, in use passing under the
horse's lower jaw ; c, c are rings for
attachment of curb-reins. The side-
pieces, d, d act as levers when the
reins are pulled, and force open the
horse's jaw, the curved part of the
bit pressing forward and downward upon the tongue of
the animal, thus causing him pain when he attempts to
rear,
rearing-box (rer'ing-boks), n. In fish-culture,
ft fish-breeder.
rearly (rer'li), adv. [< rear6 + -fy2.] Early.
[Prov. Eng.]
Jailer's Brother. I'll bring it to-morrow.
Jailer's Daughter. Do, very rearly, I must be abroad else,
To call the maids.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, iv. 1.
rearmost (rer'most), a. superl. [< rear3 + -most.}
Furthest in the rear; last of all.
The rest pursue their course before the wind,
These of the rear-most only left behind.
Bowe, tr. of Lucau's Pharsalia, iii.
rearmouse, »«. See reremouse.
rearrange (re-a-ranj'), ». *• [< re- + arrange.}
To arrange anew; make a different arrange-
ment of.
rearrangement (re-a-ranj'ment), n. [< rear-
range + -merit.} A new or different arrange-
ment.
rear-roastedt (rer'rdVted), a. Partly roasted.
Compare rear2.
There we complaine of one reare-roasted chick,
Here meat worse cookt nere makes us sick.
SirJ. Harington, Epigrams, iv, 6. (Nares.)
reart (rert), v. t. [A corruption of rcet, a dial,
var. of right, v.} To right or mend. Halliwell.
[Local, Eng.]
rearward1! (rer'ward), 11. [Early mod. E. rere-
ward; < ME. rcrewarde, short for arere-warde,
< OF. arere-warde, < arere, back, + ward, garde,
ward, guard: see arrear2 and ward. Cf. dou-
blet rear-guard.} 1. A rear-guard; a body or
force guarding the rear.
The standard of the camp of the children of Dan set
forward, which was the rereward [rearward, R. V.] of all
the camps. Num. x. 25.
The God of Israel will be your rereward [rearward, E.V.].
Isa. Iii. 12.
Because ... it was bootlesse for them [the Turks] to
assaile the forefront of our battell, . . . they determined
to set vpon our rereward. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 20.
Hence — 2. Any company or body of persons
bringing up the rear ; the rear.
He . . . speaks to the tune of a country lady, that comes
ever in the rearward or train of a fashion.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
rearward2 (rer'ward), adv. [< rearS + -ward.]
At or to the rear ; toward the hinder part ; back-
ward from anything.
Rearward extended the curtain of mountains, back to
the Wolkenburg. Longfellow, Hyperion, i. 1.
rearward2 (rer'ward), a. and n. [< rearward1*,
adv.] I. a. Situated at or toward the rear;
being or coming last.
II. H. Place or position at the rear; the part
that comes last ; rear; end; conclusion; wind-
up.
'A came ever in the rearward of the fashion.
Shale., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2. 389.
rearwardly
rearwardly (rer'ward-li), adv. In a rearward
direction; toward the rear; rearward. [Objec-
tionable.]
Having a handle . . . extending rearwardly beyond the
suction tube. The Engineer, LXV. 374.
reascend (re-a-send'), v. i. and t. [< re- +
ascend.] To ascend, mount, or climb again.
Taught by the heavenly Muse to venture down
The dark descent, and up to reascend.
Milton, P. L., ill. 20.
He mounts aloft and reascends the skies. Addison.
reascension (re-a-seu'shon), n. [< re- + ascen-
sion.] The act of reascending; a remounting.
reascent (re-a-senf), n. [< re- + ascent.] A
rise of ground following a descent.
Hence the declivity is sharp and short,
And such the reascent. Cowper, Task, i. 827.
reason1 (re'zn), «. [< ME. reson, resun, resoun,
raisottn, reisun, < OF. reson, resoun, reison, rea-
soun, reason, raisou, raisoun, raisun, F. raison, F.
dial, roison = Pr. razo, raxio = Cat. raho = Sp.
reason = Pg. rasSo = It. ragione, < L. ratio(n-),
reckoning, list, register, sum, affair, relation,
regard, course, method, etc., also the faculty of
reckoning, or of mental action, reason, etc., <
reri, pp. ratus, think: see rate'1'. Reason1 is a
doublet of ratio and ration."] 1. An idea acting
as a cause to create or confirm a belief, or to
induce a voluntary action ; a judgment or be-
lief going to determine a given belief or line
of conduct. A premise producing a conclusion is said
to be the reason of that conclusion ; a perceived fact or re-
flection leading to a certain line of conduct is said to be a
reason for that conduct ; a cognition giving rise to an emo-
tion or other state of mind is said to be a reason of or for
that state of mind.
And be ready always to give an answer to every man
that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you.
1 Pet. iii. 15.
Give you a reason on compulsion ! If reasons were as
plentiful as blackberries, I would give no man a reason
upon compulsion. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 264.
2. A fact, known or supposed, from which an-
other fact follows logically, as in consequence
of some known law of nature or the general
course of things ; an explanation.
No sooner sighed but they asked one another the reason;
no sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy.
Shak., As you Like it, v. 2. 39.
Not even the tenderest heart, and next our own,
Knows half the reasons why we smile or sigh.
KeMe, Christian Year, 24th Sunday after Trinity.
3. An intellectual faculty, or such faculties col-
lectively, (o) The intellectual faculties collectively
(b) That kind and degree of intelligence which distin-
guishes man from the brutes.
And at the end of the days I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up
mine eyes unto heaven, and mine understanding returned
unto me, and I blessed the most High. ... At the same
time my reason returned unto me. Dan. iv. 36.
O judgement ! thou art fled to brutish beasts,
And men have lost their reason.
Shak., J. C., iii. 2. 110.
For smiles from reason flow,
To brute denied. Milton, P. L., ix. 239.
(c) The logical faculties generally, including all that is
subservient to distinguishing truth and falsehood, except
sense, imagination, and memory on the one hand and the
faculty of intuitively perceiving first principles, and other
lofty faculties, on the other.
The knowledge which respecteth the Faculties of the
Mind of man is of two kinds: the one respecting his Un-
derstanding and Reason, and the other his Will, Appetite
and Affection ; whereof the former produceth Position or
Decree, the later Action or Execution. . . . The end of Logic
is to teach a form of argument to secure reason, and not
to entrap it ; the end of Morality is to procure the affec-
tions to obey reason, and not to invade it ; the end of Rhet-
oric is to fill the imagination to second reason, and not
to oppress it. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii.
But God left free the will ; for what obeys
Reason is free, and reason he made right,
But bid her well be ware, and still erect ;
Lest, by some fair-appearing good surprised,
She dictate false, and misinform the will
To do what God expressly hath forbid.
Milton, P. L., ix. 352.
We may in reason discover these four degrees : the first
and highest is the discovering and finding out of proofs •
the second, the regular and methodical disposition of
them, and laying them in a clear and fit order, to make
their connection and force be plainly and easily per-
ceived ; the third is the perceiving of their connection ;
and the fourth is a making a right conclusion.
Locke, Human Understanding, iv. 17, § 3.
@) The faculty of drawing conclusions or inferences, or
of reasoning.
When she rates things, and moves from ground to ground
The name of reason she obtains by this;
But when by reason she the truth hath found,
And standeth flx'd, she understanding is.
Sir J. Davits, Immortal, of Soul, § 25.
The Latins called accounts of money rationes and ac-
counting ratiocinatio; and that which we in books of ac-
ouiits call items they call nomina, that is, names ; and
4990
Greeks have but one word, Advos, for both speech and
reason; not that they thought there was no speech with-
out reason, but no reasoning without speech. . . . Out of
all which we may define, that is to say determine, what
that is which is meant by this word reason when we
reckon it amongst the faculties of the mind. For reason,
in this sense, is nothing but reckoning.
Uobbes, Leviathan, i. 4.
(e) The faculty by which we attain the knowledge of first
principles ; a faculty for apprehending the unconditioned.
Some moral and philosophical truths there are so evident
in themselves that it would be easier to imagine half man-
kind run mad, and joined precisely in the same species of
folly, than to admit anything as truth which should be ad-
vanced against such natural knowledge, fundamental rea-
son, and common sense. Shaftesbury.
Reason is the faculty which supplies the principles of
knowledge a priori.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Muller, p. 11.
4. Intelligence considered as having universal
validity or a catholic character, so that it is
not something that belongs to any person, but
is something partaken of, a sort of light in °'Rcaso
which every mind must perceive. — 5. That
reason
O God ! a beast, that wants discourse of reason
Would have mourn'd longer. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2. 150.
Discursive reason, reason in the sense 3 (d) ; the diano-
etic faculty, or faculty of drawing conclusions and infer-
ences. Compare intuitive reason, below.
Whence the soul
Reason receives, and reason is her being,
Discursive or intuitive ; discourse
Is oftest yours, the latter most is ours,
Differing but in degree, of kind the same.
Milton, P. L., v. 487.
Diversity of reason*. See diversity.— Ens of reason.
See ens.— False reason, an inconclusive reason.— Feast
Of reason, (a) Delightful intellectual discourse.
There St. John mingles with my friendly bowl
The /east of reason and the flow of soul.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 128.
(6) [caps. } In French hist., an act of worship of human rea-
son, represented by a woman as the goddess of Reason, per-
formed on November 10th, 1793, in the cathedral of Notre
Dame, and also in other churches (renamed temples of Rea-
son) in France on that and succeeding days. The worship
" - designed to take the place of the suppressed
which every mind must perceive.-5. That SE^ttrS^&ilffi™™crfE*e;^SSLto
which recommends itself to enlightened in- tive reason. See generative.— Inreason. (o) In th
telligence; some inward intimation for which or estimation of reason; reasonably; justly; prope
ic view
. . properly.
great respect is felt and which is supposed to Hl» unjust unkindness, that in all reason should have
be common to the mass of mankind; reason- iut:"ched her i°»e- Shak., M. for M., iii. i. 250.
able measure ; moderation ; right ; what mature . The Oath whlcn bmdB n|m to performance of his ought
and cool reflection, taking into account the f " ««*"'' to contai» th« »"'''«><>' "hat his chief trust and
highest considerations, pronounces for, as op- ^eeable to reason ; ,_JR5£S5l
posed to the prompting of passion. will do anything in reason.- Intuitive reason, reason in
the sense 3 (e) ; the noetic faculty, or sense of primal truth.
You shall find me reasonable ; If it be so, I shall do that
that is reason. Shak., M- W. of W., 1. 1. 218.
Reason is the life of the law ; nay, the common law it-
self is nothing else but reason. Sir E. Coke, Institutes.
To subdue
By force who reason for their law refuse,
Right reason for their law, and for their King
Messiah, who by right of merit reigns.
Milton, P. L., vL 41.
Many are of opinion that the most probable way of
bringing France to reason would be by the making an
attempt upon the Spanish West Indies.
Addison, Present State of the War.
6. A reasonable thing; a rational thing to do;
an idea or a statement conformable to com-
mon sense.
And telle he moste his tale as was resoun,
By forward and by composicionn,
As ye han herd.
Chaucer, Prol. to Knight's Tale (ed. Morris), 1. 847.
It is not reason that we should leave the word of God
and serve tables. Acts vi. 2.
Men cannot retire when they would, neither will they
when it were reason. Bacon, Great Place.
7. The exercise of reason; reasoning; right
reasoning; argumentation; discussion.
Your reasons at dinner have been sharp and sententious.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 1. 2.
I follow'd her ; she what was honour knew,
And with obsequious majesty approved
My pleaded reason. Milton, P. L., viii. 510.
, .
See quotation under discursive reason. — Logical reason
discursive reason.— Objective reason. See objective.—
Out of reason, without or beyond reason ; devoid of cause
or warrant
If we desyre no redresse of dedis before,
We may boldly vs byld with bostis out of Reason.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2222.
Practical reason. See practical.— Principle of suffi-
cient reason, the proposition that nothing happens with-
out a good and sufficient reason why it should be m it is
and not otherwise. This doctrine denies, first, that any-
thing happens by chance or spontaneity, and, second, that
anything happens by irrational and brute force. It is in-
extricably bound up with the principle of the identity of
indiscemibles. It requires that there should be a general
reason why the constants of nature should have the pre-
cise values they have. It is in conflict with every form of
nominalism, teaching that general reasons are not only
real, but that they exclusively govern phenomena ; and it
appears to lead logically to an idealism of a Platonic type.
It is not the mere statement that everything has a cause
but that those causes act according to general and rational
principles, without any elementof blind compulsion. The
principle was first enunciated by Leibnitz in 1710, and has
met with extraordinary favor, the more so as it has often
been misunderstood. — Pure reason, reason strictly a pri-
ori; reason quite independent of experience. See pure, 8.
Reason is pure if in reasoning we admit only definitions
and propositions known a priori.
liauineister, Philosophia Definitiva (trans.), 2d ed , 1738,
[1823.
Pure reason is that faculty which supplies the principles
of knowing anything entirely a priori.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Muller, p. 11.
8. The intelligible essence of a thing or spe- Ratiocinant reason, (a) A reason or cause as it exists
cies; the quiddity.
That other opinion, that asserts that the abstract and
universal rationes, reasons, of things, as distinct from
phantasms, are nothing else but mere names without any
signification, is so ridiculously false that it deserves no
confutation at all.
Cuduxrrth, Eternal and Immutable Morality, iv. 1.
9. In logic, the premise or premises of an ar-
gument, especially the minor premise.
A premiss placed after its conclusion Is called the Rea-
son of it, and is introduced by one of those conjunctions
which are called causal : viz., "since," " because," <tc.
Whately, Logic, I. j 2.
By reason!, (o) For the reason that; because.
'Tis not unusual in the Assembly to revoke their Votes,
by reason they make so much hast.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 108.
(6) By right or Justice ; properly ; justly.
And, as my body and my beste oujte to be my liegis,
So rithflully be reson my rede shulde also.
Richard the Redeless, Prol.
By reason Of, on account of ; for the cause of.
And by reson of gentill fader ought come gentill issue
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), lit 660.
The days of our years are threescore years and ten ; and
if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their
strength labour and sorrow. ps. xc. 10.
Mr. Bradford and Mr. Collier of Plimouth came to Bos-
ton, having appointed a meeting here the week before,
but by reason of foul weather were driven back.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 166.
The Parliament is adjourned to Oxford, by reason of the
Sickness which increaseth exceedingly.
HoiceU, Letters, I. Iv. 20.
I cannot go so fast as I would, by reason of this burden
that is on my back. Banyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 89.
We elected a president, as many of the ancients did
their kings, by reason of his height.
Addison, Spectator, No. 108.
,
in the mind : opposed to ratiocinate reason.
I have not asked this question without cause causing,
and reason truly very ratiocinant.
Urquhart, Rabelais, III. vi. (Davies.)
(b) The human understanding ; the discursive reason.—
Ratiocinate reason, a reason as an element of the quid-
dity of things, according to the Aristotelian conception:
opposed to ratiocinant reason. — Reason of State, a po-
litical motive for a public act which cannot be accounted
for publicly ; a concealed ground of action by a govern-
ment or a public officer in some matter concerning the
state's welfare or safety, or the maintenance of a policy.—
Relation of reason. See relation. — Right reason, rea-
son in sense 5, above. — Rime nor reason. See rimel.—
Speculative reason, reason employed about supersensu-
ous things.— Subjective reason, reason which is deter-
mined by the subject or agent— Sufficient reason. See
principle of sufficient reason, above. — Theoretical rea-
son, reason as productive of cognition.— There is no
reason butt, there is no reason why not ; it is inevitable ;
it cannot be helped.
There is no reason but I shall be blind.
Shak., T. G. ofV.,iL4. 212.
To do one reasont. (a) To do what is desired, or what
one desires ; act so as to give satisfaction.
Lord Titus, by your leave, this maid is mine.
. . . [I am) resolved withal
To do myself this reason and this right
Shak., Tit. And., i. 1. 279.
Strike home, and do me reason in thy heart. Dryden.
(6) See rfoi.— To have reason, to have reason or right on
one's side ; be in the right. [A Gallicism.]
Mr. Mechlin has reason. Foote, Commissary, iii. 1.
To hear reason, to yield to reasoning or argument ; ac-
cept a reason or reasons adduced ; act according to ad-
vice.
Con. You should hear reason.
D. John. . . . What blessing brings it 1
Con. If not a present remedy, at least a patient suffer-
ance. Shak., Much Ado, i. 3. 6.
To stand to reason. See stand. = Syn. 1. Inducement,
etc. (see motive), account, object, purpose, design.
'At o/tv* 1 Ivct^rm \ *« T/TVTT7 ««.! *— / f\\^ . -..'
reason
speak, F. raisonner, reason, argue, reply, = Pr.
razonar, rasonar = Cat. raJionnr = Sp. 'ra:ouar
= Pg. razoar = It. ragionare, reason, < ML. ra-
lionare, reason, argue, discourse, speak, cal-
culate, < L. ratio(n-), reason, calculation: see
reason1, >i. Cf. areason.] I. intrans. 1. To
exercise the faculty of reason ; make rational
deductions ; think or choose rationally ; use in-
telligent discrimination.
He [the serpent] hath eaten and lives,
And knows, and speaks, and reasons, and discerns,
Irrational till then. Milton, P. L., ix. 705.
We only reason in so far as we note the resemblances
among objects and events.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 416.
2. To practise reasoning in regard to some-
thing; make deductions from premises; en-
gage in discussion ; argue, or hold arguments.
Let us dispute again,
And reason of divine Astrology.
Marlowe, Doctor Faustus, ii. 2.
Come now, and let us reason together, saith the Lord.
Isa. L IS.
3f. To hold account; make a reckoning; reckon.
Since the affairs of men rest still incertain,
Let 's reason with the worst that may befall.
Shak., J. C., v. 1. 97.
4. To hold discourse ; talk ; parley.
They reasoned among themselves, saying, This is the
heir: come, let us kill him. Luke xx. 14.
But reason with the fellow.
Before you punish him. Shak., Cor., iv. 6. 51.
II. trans. 1. To reason about; consider or
discuss argumentatively ; argue; debate.
Why reason ye these things in your hearts? Mark ii. 8.
Condescends, even, to reason this point. Brougham.
2. To give reasons for; support by argument;
make a plea for: often with out: as, to reason
out a proposition or a claim.
This boy, that cannot tell what he would have,
But kneels and holds up hands for fellowship,
Does reason our petition with more strength
Than thou hast to deny 't. Shak., Cor., v. 3. 176.
3. To persuade by reasoning or argument.
Men that will not be reasoned into their senses may yet
be laughed or drolled into them. Sir R. L Estrange.
4f. To hold argument with; engage in speech
or discussion; talk with; interrogate.
reason2!, re. An obsolete spelling of raisin1. In
the following passage it is apparently applied
to some other fruit than the grape.
A medlar and a hartichoke,
A crab and a small reason.
Cotgrave, Wits Interpreter (1671), p. 219. (ffares.)
reasonable (re'zn-a-bl), «. [< ME. resonable,
resunable, resnabyl, resnable, renablt, runnable, <
OF. resonable, raisonnable, regnable, resnable, ra-
tionable, F. raisonnable = Pr. razonable = Cat.
returnable = Sp. razonable = Pg. razoavel = It.
razionabile, < L. rationabilis, reasonable, < ra-
tio(n-), reason, calculation: see reason1 and
-able.] 1. Having the faculty of reason; en-
dowed with reason; rational, as opposed to
brute.
If he have wit enough to keep himself warm, let him
bear it for a difference between himself and his horse ; for
it is all the wealth that he hath left, to be known a reason-
able creature. Shak., Much Ado, i. 1. 71.
4991
5. Moderate in amount or price ; not high or
dear: as, reasonable charges or prices ; reason-
able goods. — 6. In law, befitting a person of
reason or sound sense ; such as a prudent man
would exercise or act upon in his own affairs:
as, reasonable care; reasonable diligence; rea-
sonable cause. — 7t. Calculable; computable;
hence, detailed; itemized.
And rekene byfore reson a resonable acounte,
What one hath, what another hath, and what hy hadde
bothe. Piers Plowman (C), xiv. 35.
8f. Talkative ; ready in conversation.
Lo ! how goodly spak this knight . . .
I ... gan me aqueynte
With him, and fond him so tretable,
reassure
Chain of reasoning. See chain.— Deductive, dia-
grammatic, dilemmatic, Fermatian reasoning. See
the adjectives. =Syn. Reasoning, Argumentation. Rea-
x'lin'iiii is miii'h broader than argumentation. The lat-
ter is confined to one side of the question, or, in another
sense, supposes a proposition, supported by arguments on
the affirmative side and attacked by arguments on the
negative. Reasoning may be upon one side of a proposi-
tion, and is then the same as argumentation; but it may
also be the method by which one reaches a belief, and
thus a way of putting together the results of investigation :
as, the reasoning in Euclid, or in Butler's Analogy ; the
reasoning by which a thief justifies himself in stealing.
A piece of reasoning is like a suspended chain, in which
link is joined to link by logical dependence.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 168.
A poem does not admit argumentation, though it does
admit development of thought. Coleridge, Table-Talk.
Right wonder skilful and resonable.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 534. reasonless (re'zn-les), a.
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt, such proof as will
produce an abiding conviction to a moral certainty, so
that a prudent man would feel safe to act upon that con-
viction in matters of the highest concern to his personal
interests. — Reasonable aid, a euphemistic expression
for aid\, 3, corresponding to the term benevolence as used
forforced loans or gifts.— Reasonable alms. See alms. 2. Deficient in reason or judgment ; lacking
[< reason* + -less.]
1. Lacking the faculty of reason; irrational,
as an animal. [Rare.]
The reasonless creatures [the two kine] also do the will
of their maker.
Bp. Uall, Contemplations (ed. Tegg, 1836X II. 144.
—Reasonable doubt, in few, doubt for which a pertinent
reason can be assigned; that state of a case which, after
the entire comparison and consideration of the evidence,
leaves the minds of jurors in that condition that they can-
not say they feel an abiding conviction, to a moral cer-
tainty, of the truth of the charge. Shaw, C. ./.—Rea-
sonable dower. See dower?, 2. = Syn. Rational, Rea-
sonable. See rational.
reasonable! (re'zn-a-bl), adv. [< reasonable, a.]
Reasonably.
in good sense ; unreasoning. [Archaic.]
When any of them [animals] dieth, it is ... buried in
a holy place, the reasonlesse men howling and knocking
their breasts in the exequies of these vnreasonable beasts.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 574.
3. Not marked or justified by reason ; sense-
less; causeless; unwarranted.
This proffer is absurd and reasonless.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4. 187.
toKd'thffi? g00d e" 'S.:'M. K D8, iva.Vf £' reason-piece (re'zn-pes), n. [A corruption of
The Library of the Sorbonne is a very long and large ™ising-piece.] In bmldmg, a timber lying un-
Gallery, reasonable well stored with Books. der the ends of beams in the side of a house ; a
Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 128. wall-plate.
reasonableness (re'zn-a-bl-nes), re. The char- reassemblage (re-a-sem'blaj), n. [< re- + as-
acter of being reasonable; conformity to or semblage.] A renewed assemblage.
compliance with the requirements of reason; New beings arise from the reassemblage of the scattered
agreeableness to rational ideas or principles. parts. Harris, Three Treatises, Note 7 on Treatise I.
The method of inwardness and the secret of self-re- reassemble (re-a-sem'bl), v. [< re- + assem-
^SSH!^LJ^SaS.^.S!L^^.*^J^ly!f* °* We- Cf. F. rassembler, reassemble.] I. trans.
mildness, produced the total impression of his [Jesus's]
"epieikeia," or sweet reasonableness.
M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, vii. § 5.
.
To assemble or bring together again; gather
anew.
Reassembling our afflicted powers.
Consult how we may henceforth most offend.
Milton, P. L., i. 186.
II. intrans. To assemble or meet together
again.
reasonably (re'zn-a-bli), adv. [ME. resonably,
reuably; < reasonable + -ly2.] I. In a reason-
able manner; agreeably to reason ; with good
sense or judgment.
And speke as renably and faire and wel
As to the Fhitonissa did Samuel.
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 211. . . - ,.
The abuse of the judicial functions that were properly reass< rt )) ?• *•
and reasonably assumed by the House was scandalous and
notorious. Leclcy, Eng. in 18th Cent., iii.
2. Within the bounds of reason; with good
reason or cause ; justly; properly.
Whate'er Lord Harry Percy then had said . . .
May reasonably die. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3. 74.
It might seem that an egg which has succeeded in being
fresh has done all that can reasonably be expected of it.
U. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 248.
The forces of Surajah Dowlah were dispersed, never to
reassemble. Macaulay, Lord Clive.
... [< re- + assert.] To
assert again ; proclaim or manifest anew.
With equal fury, and with equal fame,
Shall great Ulysses reassert his claim.
Pope, Odyssey, xvii. 147.
reassertion (re-a-ser'shon), «. [< reassert +
-ion.] A repeated assertion of the same thing ;
the act of asserting anew,
reassess (re-a-ses'), v. t. [< re- + assess.] To
assess again.
3. To a reasonable extent; in a moderately reassessment (re-a-ses'ment), n. [< reassess +
good degree ; fairly ; tolerably. -ment.] A renewed or repeated assessment.
Verely she was heled, and left her styltes thore, reassign (re-a-sln'), v. t. [= F. reassigner; as
And on her fete wente home resonably well. re- + assign.] To assign again ; transfer back
Joseph ofArimathie (E. E. T. S.), p. 47. or to another what has been assigned.
As a general rule, Providence seldom vouchsafes to reassignment (re-a-sin'ment), n. [< reassif/u
mortals any more than just that degree of encouragement + -ment.] A renewed or repeated assignment
)n reassume (re-a-sum'), ». t. [= Sp. reasnmir =
ish, or extravagant in thought or action.
Hir maners might no man amend ;
Of tong she was trew and renable,
And of hir semblant soft and stabile.
Ywaine and Oawaine (Riteon's Metr. Rom., 1. 10), 1. 208.
[(Piers Plowman, Notes, p. 17.)
The adjective '.reasonable . . . denotes a character in which
reason (taking it in its largest acceptation) possesses a de-
cided ascendant over the temper and passions ; and im-
plies no particular propensity to a display of the discursive
power, if indeed it does not exclude the idea of such a pro-
pensity. D. Stewart, Human Mind, ii. 10, note.
3. Conformable to or required by reason; due
sound, sensible, natural, etc.
Ther doth no wyghte nothing so resonable
That nys harme in her (jealousy's] ymagynynge.
Chaucer, Complaint of Venus, 1. 85.
I beseech you . . . present your bodies a living sacri-
fice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable
8cl'vice. Rom. xii. 1.
A law may be reasonable in itself, though a man does not
"'low it. Swift.
The terrors of the child are quite reasonable, and add to
his loveliness. Emerson, Courage.
4. Not exceeding the bounds of reason or com-
mon sense; moderate; tolerable.
I will marry her upon any reasonable demands.
Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1. 233.
reasoner (re'zn-er), n. [< reason! + -erl. Cf.
F. raisonne,,,- = Pr. razonador = Sp razonador
'—>
nator, a reasoner, < rationare, reason : see rea-
son1, v.] One who reasons or argues, or exer-
cises his reasoning powers ; one who considers
a subject argumentatively.
They are very bad reasoners, and vehemently given to
opposition. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iii. 2.
reasonfullyt (re'zn-ful-i), adv. [ME., < reason1
+ -ful + -ly2.] With full reason ; most reason-
ably.
So then reasonfulK maye we sey that mercy both right
and lawe passeth. Testament of Love, iii.
reasoning (re'zn-iug), re. [Verbal n. of reason1,
v.] 1. The use of the faculty of reason; dis-
criminative thought or discussion in regard to
a subject; rational consideration.— 2. A pres-
entation of reasons or arguments; an argu-
mentative statement or expression; a formal
discussion.
Hear now my reasoning, and hearken. Job xiii. 6.
3f. Discussion; conversation; discourse.
Then there arose a reasoning among them, which of them
should be greatest. Luke ix. 46.
And when the sayd v. dayes were expyred, y« kynge re-
assumyd the crowne of Pandulph.
Fabyan, Chron., II., an. 1212.
reassumption (re-a-sump'shon), n. [< re- +
assumption.'] A resuming; a second assumption.
reassurance (re-a-shor'ans), w. [= F. reassu-
rance; as reassure + -aiice.] 1. Assurance or
confirmation repeated.
A reassurance of his tributary subjection.
Prynne, Treachery and Disloyalty, iii. 25.
O' the face of her— the doubt that first paled joy,
Then, final reassurance.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 49.
3. Same as reinsurance.
No re-assurance shall be lawful, except the former in-
surer shall be insolvent, a bankrupt, or dead.
Blackstone, Com., II. xxx.
reassure (re-a-shor'), v. t. [= F. reassurer =
Pg. reassegufar = It. riassicurare ; as re- +
assure.] 1 . To assure or establish anew ; make
sure again ; confirm.
Let me fore-warn'd each sign, each system learn,
That I iny people's danger may discern,
Ere 'tis too late wish'd health to reassure.
Churchill, Gotham, iii.
reassure
But let me often to these solitudes
Retire, and in thy presence reassure
My feeble virtue. Bryant, Forest Hymn.
2. To give renewed assurance to ; free from
doubt or apprehension ; restore to confidence.
They rose with fear, and left the unfinished feast,
Till dauntless Pallas re-assured the rest.
Dryden, /Eneid, viii. 146.
3. Same as reinsure.
reassurer (re-a-shor'er), n. One who reassures,
or assures or insures anew.
reassuringly (re-a-shor'ing-li), adv. In a re-
assuring manner ; so as to reassure.
reast1 (rest), ». [Also reest (and reuse, rceze,
in pp. reused, reezed), So. reist (as v. t.); prob.
< Dan. riste, broil, grill ; ef . Sw. rogta, roast :
see roast."] I. trans. To dry (meat) by the heat
of the sun or in a chimney; smoke-dry.
Let us cut up bushes and briars, pile them before the
door and set fire to them, and smoke that auld devil's
dam as if she were to be related for bacon.
Scott, Black Dwarf, ix.
They bequeath so great suras for masses, and dirges, and
trentals, . . . that their souls may at the last be had to
heaven, though first for a while they be reezed in purgatory.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 65.
II. intrans. If. To become rusty and rancid,
as dried meat. Cath. Any., p. 304.
The scalding of Hogges keepeth the flesh whitest,
plumpest, and fullest, neither is the Bacon so apt to reast
as the other ; besides, it will make it somewhat apter to
take salt. Markham, Countrey Farme (1616), p. 107.
2. To take offense, ffalliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
reast'2t, v. An obsolete spelling of rest1.
reasted (res'ted), p. a. [Also reested, reestit,
"reused, reeeed, rezed, reised; < ME. rested, eontr.
reate; pp. of reast1, v.~] Become rusty and ran-
cid, as dried meat. Cath. Aug., p. 304.
Or once a weeke, perhaps, for novelty,
Reez'd bacon soords shall feaste his family.
Bp. Hall, Satires, IV. ii.
What accademick starved satyrist
Would gnaw rez'd bacon ?
Martian, Scourge of Villanie, ill. (Ifares.)
Of beef and reised bacon store,
That is most fat and greasy,
We have likewise to feed our chaps,
And make them glib and easy.
King Alfred and the Shepherd. (Naret.)
reastiness (res'ti-nes), re. [< rcasty + -ness."]
The state or quality of being reasty ; rancid-
ness. [Prov. Eng.]
reasty1 (res'ti), a. [Also rest;/ and rusty (simu-
lating rust) ; < reast1 + -y1. Of. the earlier adj.
reasted."] Same as reasted.
Through folly, too beastly,
Much bacon is reasty.
Tusser, Husbandry, November Abstract.
And than came haltynge Jone,
And broughte a gambone
Of bakon that was resty.
Stellon, Elynour Rummyng, 1. 328.
Thy flesh is restie or leane, tough & olde,
Or it come to borde unsavery and colde.
Barclay, Cytezen & Uplondyshman (Percy Soc.), p. 39.
((Cath. Any., p. 304.)
reasty2 (res'ti), a. Same as resty1.
reata (re-a'ta), re. [Also riata; < Sp. reata, a
rope, also a leader mule (= Pg. reata, ar-riata,
a halter), < Sp. reatar, tie one beast to another,
retie (= Pg. reatar, ar-riatar, bind again), < re-
(< L. re-), again, back, -t- Sp. Pg. Cat. atar,
bind, < L. aptare, fit on, fit together, etc. : see
apt."} A rope, usually of rawhide, with or
without a noose, used in western and Spanish
America for catching or picketing animals ; a
lariat.
Dick jingled his spurs and swung his riata. Jovita
bounded forward.
Bret Harte, Tales of the Argonauts, p. 17.
reate (ret), re. [Also reit; prop, reat or reel;
origin obscure. Of. razfce.] The water-crow-
foot, Ranunculus aquatilis: probably applied
also to fresh-water algse and various floating
plants. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
This is the onely fish that buildeth upon the reites and
mosse of the sea, and laieth her egs, or spawneth, in her
nest. Holland, tr. of Pliny, is. 26.
fleits. sea weed, of some called reits, of others wrack,
and of me Thanet men-wore. Bp. Kennett.
The soft tree-tent
Guards with its face of reate and sedge.
Browning, Bordello.
reattach (re-a-tach' ),v.t. [< re- + attach. Cf.
F. rattacker, attach again.] To attach again,
in any sense.
reattachment (re-a-tach'ment), ». [< reat-
tach + -ment.~] A second or repeated attach-
ment.
reattempt (re-a-tempf), v. t. [< re- + attempt."]
To attempt again.
4992
His voyage then to be re-attempted.
Hattuyt'x Voyages, III. 158.
reaumet, »• An obsolete form of realm.
Reaumuria (re-o-rnu'ri-a), n. [NL. (Linnaeus,
1762), named after Kene A. F. de Reaumur
(1683-1757), a French naturalist.] 1. A genus
of polypetalous shrubs of the order Tamarisci-
nese and type of the tribe Reaumuriese. it is
characterized by numerous stamens which are free or
somewhat united into five clusters, from five to ten bracts
close to the calyx, five awl-shaped styles, and densely
hairy seeds. There are about 12 species, natives of the
Mediterranean region and of central Asia. They are gen-
erally very branching and procumbent undershrubs, with
small or cylindrical crowded leaves and terminal solitary
flowers, which are sometimes showy and red or purple.
Several species are occasionally cultivated as ornamental
shrubs. K. vermiculata, a pink-flowered species, is used
as an external remedy for the itch.
2. In entom., a genus of dipterous insects.
Desvoldy, 1830.
Reaumurieas (re'o-mu-ri'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (Ehr-
enberg, 1827), < Reaumuria + -««.] A tribe
of polypetalous plants of the order Tamarisci-
nex, the tamarisk family, characterized by free
petals, long-haired seeds, and solitary axillary
or terminal flowers. It includes 2 genera, Hololachne,
a monotypic undershrub of the salt marshes of central
Asia, and Reaumuria.
Reaumur's porcelain. See porcelain1.
Reaumur's scale. See thermometer.
reave (rev), v.; pret. and pp. reaved, reft (for-
merly also raft), ppr. reaving. [Early mod. E.
also reve, reeve (Sc. reive, etc.), dial, rave; < ME.
reven (pret. revede, reved, refde, rafte, refte, pp.
raft, reft), < AS. reafian, rob, spoil, plunder, =
OS. *robhdn (in comp. bi-robhon) = OFries. ra-
via, rava = D. rooven = MLG. LG. roven = OHG.
rouboit, MHG. rouben, G. rauben, rob, deprive,
= Icel. raufa = Sw. rofva = Dan. ritve, rob, =
Goth, "raubon, in comp. bi-raubon, rob, spoil; a
secondary verb associated with the noun, AS.
redf, spoil, plunder, esp. clothing or armor taken
as spoil, hence clothing in general, = OFries.
rdf = D. roof = MLG. rof = OHG. roub, roup,
raup, MHG. roup, G. raub = Icel. rauf= Sw.
ro/=Dan. rov, spoil, plunder (see reaf); from
the primitive verb, AS. *reofan, in comp. be-reo-
fan, bi-redfan, deprive, =Icel. rjtifa (pp. rofinn),
break, rip, violate, = L. rumpere (-\frup), break:
see rupture. Hence, in comp., bereave. From
the Teut. are It. ruba, spoil, etc., rubare, spoil,
= OF. rober, robber, rob, whence E. rob, etc. ; It.
roba = OF. (and F.) robe, garment, robe, whence
E. robe, rubble, rubbish: see robe and rob. From
the D. form are E. rove1, rover."] I. trans. 1. To
take away by force or stealth; carry off as
booty; take violently; purloin, especially in a
foray: with a thing as object. [Now rare.]
Aristotill sals that the bees are feghtande agaynes hyrn
that will drawe thaire hony fra thaym, swa sulde we do
agaynes deu ells that afforces tham to reue fra vs the hony of
poure lyfe. Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. 8.), p. 8.
Since he himself is reft from her by death.
Shak, Venus and Adonis, L 1174.
A good cow was a good cow, had she been twenty times
reaved. 0. MacDonald, What's Mine's Mine, p. 303.
2. To take away; remove; abstract; draw off.
[Obsolete or archaic.]
Hir clothes ther scho raft hlr Iro,
And to the wodd pane scho go.
Perceval, 2157. (BalKtcell.)
And ffrom joure willif nil werkis joure will was chaungid,
And rafte was joure riott and rest, ffor soure daiez
Weren wikkid thoru goure cursid counceill.
Richard the Reddest, i. 6.
The derke nyght
That remth bestis from here besynesse.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 86.
Sith nothing ever may redeeme nor reave
Out of your endlesse debt so sure a gage.
Spenser, F. Q., To Lord Grey of Wilton.
We reave thy sword,
And give thee armless to thy enemies.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, v. 2.
3. To rob; plunder; dispossess; bereave: with
a person as object. [Obsolete or archaic.]
And sitthe he is so leel a lorde, ich leyue that he wol nat
Reuen ous of cure ryght. Piers Plowman (C), xxi. 310.
To ream the orphan of his patrimony.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. 187.
So reft of reason Athamas became.
Longfellow, tr. of Dante's Inferno, xxx. 4.
Then he reft us of it
Perforce, and left us neither gold nor field.
Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.
4. To tear up, as the rafters or roof of a house.
[Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
Agaynst them Troians down the towres and tops of houses
rold.
And rafters vp they reaue. Phaer, JSneid, ii.
5. To ravel; pull to pieces, as a textile fabric.
—To ramp and reavet. See ramp.
rebate
II. iiitraiiK. To practise plundering or pil-
laging; carry off stolen property. [Now only
Scotch.]
Where we shall robbe, where we shall reve,
Where we shall bete and bynde.
Lytell Geste of Robyn Hode (Child's Ballads, V. 46).
To slink thro' slaps, an' reive an' steal
At stacks o' peas, or stocks o' kail.
Burns, Death of Poor Mailie.
reavelt, r. An obsolete form of ravel1.
reaver (ve'ver), «. [Early mod. E. also reever
(So. reiver); < ME. revere, < AS. redf ere (=
OFries. rdvere, raver = D. roover = MLG.
rover = OHG. roubare, MHG. roubsere, G. ra'ii-
ber = Icel. raufari, reyfari = Sw. rofvare = Dan.
rover), a robber, < reafian, rob,j-eave : see reave.
Cf. rover, from the D. cognate of reaver. ] One
who reaves or robs; a plundering forager; a
robber. [Obsolete or archaic, or Scotch.]
To robbers and to reueres. Piers Plowman (B), xiv. 182.
Those were the days when, if two men or three came
riding to a town, all the township fled for them and weened
that they were reavers.
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, V. 189.
reavery (re'ver-i), n. [= D. rooverij = MLG.
roverie = G. rauberei = Sw. rdfveri = Dan.
roveri; as reave + -cry."] A carrying off, as
of booty; a plundering or pillaging; robbery.
[Bare.]
Wallace was ner, quhen he sic reuerf saw.
Wallace, iv. 40. (Jamieson.)
reballing (re-ba'ling), re. [< re- + ball1 + -ing1."]
The catching of eels with earthworms attached
to a ball of lead which is suspended by a string
from a pole. Halliicell. [Prov. Eng.]
rebaptism (re-bap'tizm), n. [< re- + baptism.]
A new or second baptism. It has always been the
generally accepted teaching that to perform the ceremony
on one known to have been really baptized already is
sacrilegious ; and what is or may be rebaptism is permis-
sible only because the validity of the previous ceremony
has been denied, or because the fact of its administration,
or the manner in which it was performed, is disputed
or doubtful. Conditional or hypothetical baptism is ad-
ministered in the Roman Catholic Church to all candi-
dates coming from Protestant churches, under a form
beginning "If thou hast not been baptized," the question
of the validity of Protestant baptism being held in abey-
ance. Such rebaptism is also administered in the Angli-
can churches in special cases, as where the candidate him-
self desires it. Baptist churches require rebaptism of all
who have not been immersed on profession of faith.
rebaptist (re-bap'tist), re. [< re- + baptist."]
One who baptizes again, or who undergoes
baptism a second time ; also, a Baptist or Ana-
baptist.
Some for rebaptist him bespatter,
For dipping rider oft in water.
T. Brown, Works, IV. 270. (Daviei.)
rebaptization (re-bap-ti-za'shon), re. [= F. re-
baptisation; as rebaptize + -ation."] The act of
rebaptizing; renewed or repeated baptism.
St. Cyprian . . . persisted in his opinion of rebaptiza-
tion until death. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 313.
rebaptize (re-bap-tlz'), v. t. [< OF. rebaptiser,
rebaptizer, F. rebaptiser = Sp. rebautizar = Pg.
rebaptizar = It. ribattezzare, < LL. rebaptizare,
baptize again, < re-, again, + baptizare, baptize :
see baptize."] 1 . To baptize again or anew ; re-
peat the baptism of.
Cyprian was no hereticke, though he beleeued rebaptis-
ing of them which were baptised of hereticks.
F oxe, Martyrs, p. 1468, an. 1555.
2. To give a new name to, as at a second bap-
tism.
Of any Paganism at that time, or long before, in the Land
we read not, or that Pelagianisra was rebaptijd.
Milton, Hist Eng., iii.
rebaptizer (re-bap-t!'zer), re. One who rebap-
tizes, or who believes in rebaptism; also, an
Anabaptist.
There were Adamites in former Times and Rebaptizers.
Howell, Letters, iv. 29.
rebate1 (re-bat'), v.; pret. and pp. rebated, ppr.
rebating. ' [< ME. rebaten, < OF. rebatre, re-
battre, beat or drive back again, repel, repulse,
F. rebattre, beat again, repeat (= It. ribattere,
beat again, beat down, blunt, reflect, etc.),< re-,
back, again, + batre-battre, beat : see bate1, bat-
ter1. Cf.rabate.] 1. trans. If. To beat back;
drive back by beating; fend or ward off; re-
pulse.
This is the city of great Babylon,
Where proud Darius was rebated from.
Greene, Orlando Furioso.
This shirt of mail worn near my skin
Rebated their sharp steel.
Beau, and Fl. (?), Faithful Friends, iii. 3.
2t. To beat down; beat to bluntness; make
obtuse or dull, literally or figuratively; blunt;
bate.
rebate
One who . . .
. . . doth rebate and blunt his natural edge
With profits of the mind, study and fast.
Shak., M. forM., i. 4. 60.
Thou wilt belie opinion, and rebate
The ambition of thy gallantry.
Beau, and Fl., Laws of Tandy, i. -1.
But the broad belt, with plates of silver bound,
The point rebated, and repelled the wound.
Pope, Iliad, xi. 304.
3. To set or throw off; allow as a discount or
abatement; make a drawback of. See the
noun. [Bare or obsolete.]
Yet was I verie ill satisfied, and forced to rebate part [of
a debt], and to take wares as payment for the rest.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 332.
Il.t intrans. To draw back or away; with-
draw; recede.
He began alittle to rebate from certain points of popery.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 1021, an. 1565.
rebate1 (re-bat'), M. [< rebate1, v. Cf.rabate,n.]
Diminution; retrenchment; specifically, an al-
lowance by way of discount or drawback ; a
deduction from a gross amount — Rebate and
discount, in arith., a rule by which abatements and dis-
counts upon ready-money payments are calculated.
rebate2 (re -bat'), n. [An altered form of
rabate: see rabate and rabbet.'] 1. A longi-
tudinal space or groove cut back or sunk in a
piece of joinery, timber, or the like, to receive
the edge of some other part.
On the periphery at the socket end [of the brush] a shal-
low rebate is formed, to receive the binding string.
Spons' Encyc. Manuf., I. 544.
2. A kind of hard freestone used in pavements.
Slices. — 3. Apiece of wood fastened to a han-
dle, used for beating mortar. Elwes.
rebate13 (re-bat'), v. t.; pret. and pp. rebated,
ppr. rebating, [(rebate2, «.] To make a rebate
or rabbet in, as a piece of joinery or other work ;
rabbet.
rebated (re-ba'ted),/i. a. 1. In her., cut short:
noting any ordinary, especially a cross, charac-
terized by having one or more of its arms too
short to reach the edge of the field.— 2. Blunt.
rebatement (re-bat'ment), ». [<C rebate^- +
• ment.~\ 1. The act of rebating, or the state of
being rebated ; a blunting ; abatement ; draw-
back. [Rare.] — 2. Inlter.: (a) A cutting off, or
shortening, as of one arm of a cross, or the
like. (b) Same as abatement, in the sense of
degradation of or dishonorable addition to a
coat-armor. — 3. A narrowing.
For without in the wall of the house he made narrowed
rests [margin : narrowings, or rebatements] round about,
that the beams should not be fastened in the walls of the
house. 1 Ki. vi. 8.
In the description of the side-chambers of the temple,
the rebatement signifies the narrowing of the walls which
left a ledge lor the joists of the upper chambers to rest
on. W. A. Wright, Bible Word-Book, p. 497.
rebatot, «• Same as rabato.
rebaudt, rebawdet, rebaudryt. Obsolete forms
of ribald, ribaldry.
rebec, rebeck (re'bek), n. [(a) Early mod. E.
also rebeke; < ME. rebeeke, rebckke, rebeke, < OF.
rebec, rebeke, F. rebec = Pg. rabeca = It. ribeca,
ribecca (ML. rebeea, rebecca) ; also with diff. ter-
minations, (b) F. dial, relay = Pr. rabey; (c) Sp.
rabel = Pg. rabil, arrabil; (a) ME. rebibe, ribibe,
rubibe, ribible, < OF. rebebe, rebesbe, reberbe, It.
ribeba, ribebla, < Ar. rababa = Hind, rabdb, rn-
bab, Pers. rabdb, rubdb, a rebec, a fiddle with
one or two strings.] 1 . A musical instrument,
the earliest known form of the viol class. It had
a pear-shaped body, which was solid above, terminating in
a slender neck and a carved head, and hollow below, with
sound-holes and a sound-post. The number of strings was
usually three, but was sometimes only one or two. They
were tuned in fifths, and sounded by a bow. The tone was
harsh and loud. The rebec is known to have been in use in
Europe as early as the eighth century. Its origin is dis-
puted, but is usually attributed to the Moors of Spain. It
was the precursor of the true viol in all its forms, and con-
tinued in vulgar use long after the latter was artistically
established.
When the merry bells ring round,
And the jocund rebecks sound
To many a youth, and many a maid.
Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 94.
2t. An oldwoman: socalledin contempt. Com-
pare ribibe, 2.
"Brother," quod he, "heere woneth an old rebekke,
That hadde almoost as lief to lese hire nekke
As for to geve a peny of hir good."
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 275.
Rebeccaism (re-bek'a-izm). n. [< Rebecca(ite)
+ -ism.] The principles and practices of the
Rebeccaites.
Rebeccaite (re-bek'a-It), «. [< Rebcccti (see def.)
+ -/<c'A] A member of a secret anti-turnpike
society in Wales, about 1843 - 4. The grievance of
the Kebeccaites was the oppressive number of toll-gates,
314
4993
and they turned out at night in large parties, generally
mounted, to destroy them. Their leader, dressed in wo-
man's clothes, received the title of Rebecca from a fanci-
ful application of the Scriptural passage Gen. xxiv. 60 ; and
the parties were called "Rebecca and her daughters."
rebel (reb'el), a. and n. [< ME. rebel, rebele,
< OF. rebel/e, rebele, F. rebelte = Sp. Pg. rebeldr
= It. ribello, rebellious, a rebel, < L. rebellis,
adj., making war again, insurgent, rebellious;
as noun, a rebel ; < re-, again, -t- bell-urn, war : see
belligerent, duel. Cf, rebel, v.] I. a. 1. Resist-
ing authority or law; rebellious.
Qwo-so be rebele of his tonge ajein the aldirman, or dis-
pise the aldirman in time that he holden here mornspeche,
seal paien, to amendement of the gilde, vj. d.
English, Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 95.
His pride
Had cast him out from heaven, with all his host
Of rebel angels. Milton, P. L., i. 38.
2. Of a rebellious nature or character ; char-
acteristic of a rebel. [Rare.]
Thow drowe in skorne Cupide eke to recorde
Of thilke rebel worde that thow hast spoken,
For which he wol no lenger be thy lorde.
Chaucer, Envoy of Chaucer to Scogan, 1. 23.
II. ». 1. A person who makes war upon the
government of his country from political mo-
tives ; one of a body of persons organized for
a change of government or of laws by force
of arms, or by open defiance.
Know whether I be dextrous to subdue
Tliyrebels, or be found the worst in heaven.
Milton, P. L., T. 742.
For rebellion being an opposition not to persons, but
authority, which is founded only in the constitution and
laws of the government, those, whoever they be, who by
force break through, and by force justify their violation
of them, are truly and properly rebels.
Locke, Civil Government, i.
Kings will be tyrants from policy, when subjects are
rebels from principle. Burke.
Hence — 2. One who or that which resists au-
thority or law ; one who refuses obedience to
a superior, or who revolts against some con-
trolling power or principle.
As reason is a rebel unto faith, so passion unto reason.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 19.
She shall die unshrived and unforgiven,
A rebel to her father and her God.
Shelley, The Cenci, iv. 1.
= Syn. 1. Traitor, etc. See insurgent, n.
rebel (re-bel'), v. i. ; pret. and pp. rebelled, ppr.
rebelling. [< ME. rebellen, < OF. rebeller, rebeler,
reveler, F. rebeller = Sp. rebelar = Pg. rebellar =
It. ribellare, < L. rebellare, wage war again (said
of the conquered), make an insurrection, revolt,
rebel, < re-, again, + bellare, wage war, < bell-urn,
war. Cf . rebel, a."] To make war against one's
government, or against anything deemed op-
pressive, by arms or other means; revolt by
active resistance or repulsion.
In his days Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came up,
and Jehoiakim became his servant three years : then he
turned and rebelled against him. 2 Ki. xxiv. 1.
The deep fall
Of those too high aspiring, who rebell'd
With Satan. Milton, P. L., vi. 899.
Our present life, in so far as it is healthy, rebels once for
all against its own final and complete destruction.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 231.
rebeldom (reb'el-dum), n. [< rebel + -dom.]
1. A seat of rebellion; a region or sphere of
action controlled by rebels. [Rare.] — 2. Re-
bellious conduct. [Rare.]
Never mind his rebeldom of the other day ; never mind
about his being angry that his presents were returned.
Thackeray, Virginians, li.
rebellert (re-bel'er), n. [(.rebel, v.,+ -er1.] One
who rebels'; a rebel.
God . . . shal . . . scourge and plague this nacion, bee-
ing nowe many a long dale a continuall rebeller agaynste
God. J. UdaU, On Luke xxi.
rebellion (re-bel'yon), n. [< ME. rebellion, <
OF. rebellion, F. rebellion = Sp. rebelion = Pg.
rebelliao = It. ribellione, < L. rebellio(n-), a re-
newal of war, revolt, rebellion, < rebellis, mak-
ing war again: see rebel, a.] 1. War waged
against a government by some part of its sub-
jects; armed opposition to a government by a
party of citizens, for the purpose of changing
its composition, constitution, or laws; insur-
rectionary or revolutionary war.
He told me that rebellion had bad luck,
And that young Harry Percy's spur was cold.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1. 41.
Then shall you find this name of liberty
(The watch-word of rebellion ever us'd . . .) •
But new-turn'd servitude.
Daniel, Civil Wars, ii. 15.
2. The act of rebelling or taking part in a re-
bellious movement ; open or armed defiance to
one's government ; the action of a rebel.
reboation
Baling. On what condition stands it [my fault), and
wherein?
York. Even in condition of the worst degree,
In gross rebellion, and detested treason.
Shak., Rich. II, li. 3. 109.
From all sedition, privy conspiracy, and rebellion, . . .
Good Lord, deliver us. Book of Common Prayer, Litany.
Hence — 3. Revolt against or defiance of au-
thority in general; resistance to a higher
power or to an obligatory mandate ; open dis-
obedience or insubordination; determination
not to submit.
For he addeth rebellion unto his sin ; he ... multipli-
eth his words against God. Job xxxiv. 37.
Civil rebellion, in Scot* law, disobedience to letters of
horning. See horning.— Commission of rebellion, in
law. See commission^.— Shavs's rebellion, an insur-
rection in Massachusetts, under the lead of Daniel Shays,
directed against the State authorities, which broke out In
1786 and was suppressed in 1787.— The Great Rebellion,
in Eng. hist., the war waged by the Parliamentary army
against Charles I. from 1642 till his execution in 1649, and
the subsequent maintenance by armed force of a govern-
ment opposed to the excluded sovereign Charles II. till
the Restoration (1660).— The Rebellion, in U. S. hist.,
the civil war of 1861-6. See civil.— Whisky Insurrec-
tion or Rebellion. See insurrection. = Syn. Sedition,
Revolt, etc. See insurrection.
rebellious (re-bel'yus), a. [< rebellion) +
-ous.] 1. Acting as a rebel, or having the dis-
position of one ; defying lawful authority ;
openly disobedient or insubordinate.
Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace,
Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel.
Shak., R. and J., i. 1. 88.
2. Pertaining to or characteristic of a rebel or
rebellion; of rebel character, relation, or use.
These are his substance, sinews, arms, and strength,
With which he yoketh your rebellious necks.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 3. 64.
3. Hard to treat or deal with; resisting effort
or operation; refractory: applied to things.
—Rebellious assembly, in old Eng. law, a gathering
of twelve persons or more, intending, going about, or
practising unlawfully, and of their own authority, to
change any laws of the realm, or to destroy any property,
or do any other unlawful act. = Syn. 1. Insubordinate,
disobedient. See inwrgent, n., and insurrection.
rebelliously (re-bel'yus-li), adv. In a rebellious
manner ; with violent or obstinate disobedience
or resistance to lawful authority.
rebelliousness (re-bel'yus-nes), «. The state
or character of being rebellious.
rebellow (re-bel'6), v. i. [< re- + bellow.] To
bellow in return ; echo back as a bellow ; re-
sound loudly.
And all the aire rebellowed againe,
So dreadfully his hundred tongues did bray.
Spenser, F. Q., V. xii. 41.
rebelly (reb'el-i), «. [< rebel + -y1.] Inclined
to rebellion ; rebellious. [Rare.]
It was called "Rebelly Belfast" in those days [of 1798,
etc.]. The American, VIII. 198.
rebibet, rebiblet, «• Same as rebec.
rebind (re-bind' ), o. <!. [<re- + bind.] To bind
anew; furnish with a new binding, as a book
or a garment.
rebirth (re-berth'), «. [< re- + birth.] 1. Re-
newed birth; a repeated birth into temporal
existence, as of a soul, according to the doctrine
of metempsychosis ; a new entrance into a liv-
ing form : now oftener called reincarnation.
Gautama Buddha's main idea was that liberation from
the cycle of rebirths (Samsara) was to be by means of
knowledge. The Academy, Feb. 4, 1888, p. 84.
2. Renewed life or activity; entrance into a
new course or phase of existence ; reanimation ;
resuscitation; renascence; regeneration.
This rebirth of the spirit of free inquiry.
Quizot, Hist. Civilization (trans.), p. 148.
rebite (re-bit'), v. t. [< re- + bite.] In engrav-
ing, to deepen or restore worn lines in (an en-
graved plate) by the action of acid.
rebiting (re-bi'ting), n. [Verbal n. of rebite, v.]
In etching, a repetition of the process of biting,
in order to restore or freshen worn lines, or
to deepen lines which have been but imper-
fectly attacked.
reboant (reb'6-ant), a. [< L. reboan(t-)s, ppr.
of rcboare, bellow back, resound, reecho, < re-,
back, + boare, bellow: see boation.~\ Rebel-
lowing; loudly resounding. [Rare.]
The echoing dance
Of reboant whirlwinds.
Tennyson, Supposed Confessions.
reboation (reb-p-a'shon), n. [< ML. reboatio(n-),
reboacio(n-), < L. reboare, resound, bellow back :
see reboant.] A resounding; the return of a
loud sound.
I imagine that I should hear the reboation of an univer-
sal groan.
Bp. Patrick, Divine Arithmetick (1659), p. 2. (Latham.)
reboil
reboil (re-boil'), r. [< ME. reboylen, < OP. re-
bouitlir, rtaboutiUr. F. rebouillir = It. riboJIirc,
< L. rebullire, bubble up, cause to bubble up, <
re-, again, + bullire, bubble, boil: see boil-.}
I. intrans. If. To bubble up; effervesce; fer-
ment.
Also take good hede of your wynes euery nyght with a
candell, bothe rede wyne and swete wyne, & loke they re-
boyle nor leke not, & wasshe y1' pype hedes euery nyght
with colde water. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 267.
4994
I do feel,
By the rebound of yours, a grief that smites
My very heart at root. Shale., A. and C., v. 2. 104.
Xenophon. The fall of a king is terrible.
Cyrus. The rebound is worse. When your Saturn fell
from ht'aven, did any god or mortal lend a hand to raise
him up again?
Landor, Imaginary Conversations, Xenophon and Cyrus
[the Younger.
i 'iniu-ily often springs from the deepest melancholy, as
if in sudden rebound. G. U. Lewes.
SomeofhiscompanyonstheratrciK>>/ktA,infamyiigehym reboZO (Sp. re-bo'tho; Sp.-Am. -zo), ».
Ho o Itlanna i.-it li. .nt ..!..L. i t I,.
muffler, short mantle, <
to be a manne without charytie.
Sir T. Elyot, Governour, ii. 7.
2. To boil again.
II. trans. To cause to boil again; subject
again to boiling.
reboise (re-boiz'), v. t. [< F. reboiser, reforest,
< re-, = E. re-, + bate, a wood, forest : see bush1.]
To reestablish a growth of wood upon, as a
tract of land; reforest; reafforest. [A recent
Gallicism.]
reboisement (re-boiz'ment), n. [< F. reboise-
mcnt, < reboiser, reforest: see reboise.] A re-
planting of trees on land which has been de-
nuded of a former growth of wood, especially
with a view to their effect on climate and moist-
ure ; reforestation : used chiefly with reference
to French practice. [A recent Gallicism.]
reborn (re-born'), a. [< re- + born.] Bom
again or anew; reappearing by or as if by a
new birth ; endowed with new life. See rebirth.
[Sp., a
reboso, rebosa, ». Same as rebozo.
Reboulleau's blue. See blue.
rebound (re-bound'), «. [< ME. rebounden, <
OF. rebundir, rebondir, F. rebondir, leap back,
rebound, < re-, back, + bondir, leap, bound,
bundir, resound: see re- and Sound2, i>.] I.
intrans. 1. To bound or spring back; flyback
from force of impact, as an elastic or free-mov- r!>?U u kus), a.
ing body striking against a solid substance.
As cruel waves full oft be found
Against the rockes to rore and cry,
So doth my hart full oft rebound
^ rebuff (re-buf), ,. t
Bodies whieh are either absolutely hard, or so soft as to > =
oes weh are either absolutely hard, or so soft as to '
be void of elasticity, will not rebound from one another /ar«)> check, chide, repulse, < re- + buffer (= It.
Newton, Opticks, iii. query 31. buffare), puff, blow: see buff2 and buffS.] To
2. To bound or bounce again ; repeat a bound
or spring; make repeated bounds or springs.
Clamours from Earth to Heav'n, from Heav'n to Earth,
rebound. Congreve, On the Taking of Namure.
Along the court the flery steeds rebound.
rebus
In grete anger rebukyng hym full soore.
tienerydes (E. E. T. S.), L 144:!.
Thus the duke was at the same time superseded and
publicly rebuked before all the army.
Surift, Mem. of Capt. Creichton.
2. To treat or affect reprehendingly ; check or
restrain by reprimand or condemnation.
He stood over her, and rebuked the fever; and it left
her. Luke iv. 30.
To spread his colours, boy, in thy behalf,
And to rebuke the usurpation
Of thy unnatural uncle. Shak., K. John, ii. 1. 9.
The manna dropping from God's hand
Rebukes my painful care. Whittier, My Psalm.
3f. To buffet ; beat ; bruise.
A head rebuked with pots of all size, daggers, stools, and
bed-staves. Beau, and Fl.
= Syn. 1. Reprove, Reprimand, etc. See censure.
rebuke (re-buk'), ». [< rebuke, v.] 1. A di-
rect reprimand; reproof for fault or wrong;
reprehension; chiding.
And refuse not the sweete rebuke
Of htm that is your friend.
Babees Book(E. E. T. 8.), p. 102.
But yet my caution was more pertinent
Than the rebuke you give it Shale., Cor., li. 2. 68.
2. A manifestation of condemnation ; a repre-
hending judgment or infliction ; reprobation in
act or effect.
They perish at the rebuke of thy countenance.
Ps. Ixxx. 16.
And who before the King of kings can boast?
At his rebuke behold a thousand flee.
Jones Very, Poems, p. 76.
3. A check administered ; a counter-blow.
He gave him so terrible a rebuke upon the forehead
with his heel that he laid him at his length.
Sir R. L'Estrange.
The gods both happy and forlorn
Have set in one world each to each to be
A vain rebuke, a bitter memory.
W. Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 109.
4f. Behavior deserving rebuke ; rudeness.
[Rare.]
She would not in discourteise wise
Scome the faire offer of good will profest ;
for great rebuke it is love to despise.
_ _ Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 55.
repel; make inflexible resistance to; check; = Syn. 1. Monition, Reprehension, etc. See admonition.
put off with an abrupt and unexpected denial, rebukeful (re-buk'ful), a. [Early mod. E. also
Marvelling that he who had neuer heard such speeches rebukful; < rebuke + -ful.] Of a rebuking
from any knight should be thus rebuffed by a woman. ' " " " "
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
rebozar, muffle, overlay,
< re-, back, + bozo, a
headstall.] A shawl or
long scarf worn by Mex-
ican and other Spanish-
American women, cover-
ing the head and shoul-
ders, and sometimes part
of the face, one end be-
ing thrown over the left
shoulder; a kind of man-
tilla. Also written re-
boso, rebosa, and ribosa.
The ladies wear no hats,
but wind about their beads
and shoulders a graceful scarf
called the reborn. This is pass-
ed across the face, leaving only
one eye of the lady exposed.
J. Jefferson, Antobiog., p. 292.
rebrace (re -bras'), v. t.
brace up anew ; renew the strength or vigor of.
Oh ! 'tis a cause
To arm the hand of childhood, and rebrace
The slacken'd sinews of time-wearied age.
dray, Agrippina, i. 1.
[< re- + brace.] To
. . ., [< rebuke + -0113.]
Of the nature of rebuke ; rebuking ; reproving.
She gaue vnto hym many rebucous wordys.
Fabyan, Chron. (ed. Ellis), p. 557, an. 1399.
[< OF rebuff*- (also ra-
"buffare &\so rabbuf-
3. To fall back; recoil, as to a starting-point
or a former state ; return as with a spring.
Make thereof no laugheng, sporte, ne lape ;
For ofte tymes it doith rebounde
Vppon hym that list to crie and gape.
Bootee of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 110.
When it does Hardness meet and Pride,
My Love does then rebound V another side.
Cowley, The Mistress, Resolved to be Beloved, ii.
4f. To send sounds back and forth ; reverber-
ate; resound; reecho.
Every hall where In they stay'd
Wi' their mirth did reboun'.
Sir Patrick Spent (Child's Ballads, III. 340).
Where the long roofs rebounded to the din
Of spectre chiefs.
T. Warton, On his Majesty's Birthday, June 4, 1788.
Rebounding lock. See lock*. =8yn. 1. Rebound, Rever-
berate, Recoil. Rebound and reverberate apply to that which
strikes an unyielding object and bounds back or away ;
recoil applies to that which springs back from a position
I'one Odvssev iv •><¥> ."»* i " repel, repulse, inrow DacK. see refusei.
: "buff (re-buf '), n. [< OF.rebuffe = It. rebuffo,
character; full of or abounding in rebuke.
Therfore he toke vpon him the rebukjul miserle of our
mortalitee, to make us partakers of his godlye glorie.
J. UdaU, On John i.
ribuffo; from the verb.] 1. A repelling; a re- rebukefully (re-buk'ful-i), adv. With reproof
percussion. u *_• •
percussion
The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud,
Instinct with flre and nitre, hurried him
As many miles aloft. Milton, P. L., ii. 936.
2. An interposed check ; a defeat.
or reprehension.
Unto euery man disclose nat thy harte, leest ... he
. . reporte rebukefutty of the.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governonr, ill. 28.
These perplexing rebuffs gave my uncle Toby Shandy
more perturbations than you would imagine.
of rest, as a cannon or rifle when discharged, or a man and , ...
a rattlesnake when they discover their proximity to each rebuild (re-blld )
other. Reverberate, by onomatopoeia, applies chiefly to
heavy sounds, but has other special uses (see the word) ;
it has no figurative extension. Recoil is most freely used
in figure : as, a man's treachery recoils upon himself ; in
sudden fright the blood recoils upon the heart
H.t trans. To throw or drive back, as sound ; to rebuild one's credit,
make an echo or reverberation of; repeat as rebuilder (re-bil'der), n. One who reconstructs
an echo or echoes. or builds again.
When I returned to the hotel that night, Smith stood
rebuke/idly . . . before the parlor fire.
T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 187.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. i. rebuker (re-bu'ker), n. One who rebukes.
The rebuffs we received in the progress of that expert- These great Rebukers of Nonresidence
Burke, A Regicide Peace, Iii. Milton, Hist. Eng., ill.
3. A holding off or in check; repulsion, as of rebukingly (re-bu'king-li), adv. In a rebuking
inquiry or solicitation; peremptory denial or manner; by way of rebuke.
A certain stillness of manner, which, as my friends often
rebukingly declared, did but ill express the keen ardour of
my feelings. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, ii. 4.
.... [< L. rebullire,
pp. rebullitus, bubble up, also cause to bubble
up: see reboil.] A renewed ebullition, effer-
vescence, or disturbance.
refusal.
Who listens once will listen twice ;
Her heart, be sure, is not of ice,
And one refusal no rebuff. Byron, Mazeppa, vi.
Alleyesmetherwithaglanceofeagercuriosity.andshe rebullltlpnt (re-bu-lish'on), n.
met all eyes with one of rebuff and coldness.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xviii.
,».<.; pret. and pp. rebuilt,
ipr. rebuilding. [< re- + build.] To build or
uild up again ; build or construct after having
There may be a rebullition in that business.
Sir H. Wotton, Reliquue, p. 582.
been demolished; reconstruct or reconstitute: reburset (re-bers'), v. t. [< re- + burse. Cf.
as, to rebuild a house, a wall, a wharf, or a city ; reimburse.] To pay over again ; expend anew.
t.r\ tvTii/i//? inn.'-: rtTo/lit
The dogge tyger . . . rored soo terrybly that it grated
" suche as harde hym, and the wooddes and
the bowels of su
the n°yse * the
The rebuilders of Jerusalem after the captivity.
Bp. Bull, Works, I. 240.
rebukable (re-bu'ka-bl), a. [< rebuke + -able.]
Deserving of rebuke or reprehension.
Peter Martyr (tr. in Eden's First Books on America, ed.
[Arber, p. 144).
Through rocks and caves the name of Delia sounds ;
Delia each cave and echoing rock rebounds.
Pope, Autumn, 1. 50.
rebound (re-bound'), n. [< rebound, i:] The rebuke^ (re-buk'^), v^J. ; pret. andj>p. rebuked,
Rebukeable
And worthy shameful check it were to stand
On more mechanic compliment
Shak., A. and C., iv. 4. 30.
, . ,, [< rebound, r.]
act of flying back on collision with another
body ; a bounding back or in reverse ; resili-
ence; recoil; reecho; reverberation.
Ye haue another figure which by his nature we may call
the Rebound, alluding to the tennis ball which being
smitten with the racket reboundes backe againe.
Ptittenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 173.
ppr. rebuktng. [< ME. rebuken, < OF. rebouguer,
later reboueher, dull, blunt (a weapon), < re-,
back, + bouquer, F. boucJier, stop, obstruct, shut
up, also hoodwink, < bouque, F. bouctie, mouth,
< L. bucca, cheek: see bouche, bucca.] 1. To
As he was robbed on ; ay, and pay his hurts.
B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, iii. 1.
rebus (re'bus), n. [< OF. rebus, F. rebus, a re-
bus ; derived, according to Manage, from sa-
tirical pieces which the clerics of Picardy com-
posed at the annual carnival, and which, as
they referred to current topics, follies, etc.,
were entitled de rebus quse geruntur, 'of things
which are going on'; otherwise explained as
words represented 'by things'; < L. rebus, abl.
pi. of res, a thing, an object: see real1.] 1. A
puzzle or riddle consisting of words or phrases
represented by figures or pictures of objects
whose names resemble in sound those words
or phrases or the syllables of which they are
composed; an enigmatical representation of
reprove directly and pointedly; utter sharp dis- words by means of figures or pictures sug-
approval of; reprimand; chide, gestive of them.— 2. In her.: (a) A bearing or
rebus
succession of bearings which make up the name
or a word expressing the profession or office
of the bearer. The origin of
many bearings in early heraldry
is such an allusion ; and on the
other hand many proper names
have been derived from the
bearings, these having been
granted originally to persons
having a name or territorial
designation which a descendant,
perhaps of a younger branch,
abandoned for the allusive sur-
name suggested by the bearing :
thus, in the case of the name
Tremain, and the bearing of three human hands, either
the bearing or the name may have originated the other.
Also called allusive arms.
Excellent have been the conceipt[s] of some citizens,
who, wanting armes, have coined themselves certaine
devices as neere as may be alluding to their names, which
we call rebus.
H. Peacham, The Gentleman's Exercise (1634), p. 155.
KSkeat.)
4995
ii!i IP noneompliance or nonconformity; refrac-
toriness.
recalcitrant (re-kal'si-trant), «. [= F. recal-
citrant = U.rifiitcitrantc, •( TL*. recalcitran(t-)s, <
recapitulation
4. A musical call played on a drum, bugle, or
trumpet to summon back soldiers to the ranks
or to camp. — 5. A signal-flag used to recall a
boat to a ship.
Rebus of Bishop Oldham
' owldoin "), Exeter Cathe-
,ral.
recalcitrare, kick back: see recalcitrate.'] Be- recallable (re-kal'a-bl), a. [< recall + -able.]
fusing to submit; exhibiting repugnance or op- Capable of being recalled, in any sense,
position ; not submissive or compliant ; refrac- Delegates recallable at pleasure. Madison.
The glow of a gorgeous sunset continues to be recalla
recalcitrate (re-kal'si-trat), V.; pret. and pp. ble long after faintly coloured scenes of the same date have
recalcitrated, ppr. recalcitrating. [< L. recalci- been forgotten. H. Spencer, Prln. of Psychol., §9».
tratus, pp. of recalcitrare (> OF. recalcitrer, F. recallment, recalment (re-kal'ment), n. [<
recalcitrer = Sp. Pg. recalcitrar = It. ricalci- recall + -ment.] The act of recalling, or the
trare), kick back, deny access, < re-, back, +
calcitrare, kick.] I. intrans. To show repug-
nance or resistance to something; refuse sub-
state of being recalled. [Bare.]
mission or compliance; be refractory.
Wherefore recalcitrate against that will
From which the end can never be cut off?
Lomjfellow, tr. of Dante's Inferno, ix. 94.
H. trans. To kick against; show repugnance
(b) A motto in which a part of the phrase is ex- or opposition to. [Bare.]
pressed by representations of objects instead The more heartily did one dl8dain hja disdam and re_
of by words. In a few rare cases the whole motto is calcitrate his tricks. De Quincey.
thus given. Such mottos are not commonly borne with , .. . .
the escutcheon and crest, but form rather a device or im- recalCltratlOU (re-kal-si-tra'shon), ». [< recal-
citrate + -ion.] The act of recalcitrating ; op-
presa, as the figure of a sun-dial preceded by the words "we
must," meaning "we must die all."
position; repugnance.
You will have your rebus still, mine host.
B. Jonson, New Inn, i. 1.
rebus (re'bus), v. t. [< rebus, n.] To mark
with a rebus ; indicate by a rebus. Fuller, Ch.
Hist., IV. iv. 34.
rebut (re-but'), v.; pret. and pp. rebutted, ppr. recalesce (re-ka-les'), v. i.-. pret. and pp. reca-
rebutting. [Earlymod. ~E>.rebutte; < OF. rebouter, lesccd, ppr. recalescing. [< L. re-, again, + co-
repulse, drive back, reject, F. rebouter, also
Inwardly chuckling that these symptoms of recalcitra-
tion had not taken place until the fair malecontent was,
as he mentally termed it, under his thumb, Archibald
coolly replied, "That the hills were none of his making."
Scott, Heart of Mid- Lothian, xlL
rebuter = Pr. rebotar = It. ributtare, repulse, re-
ject; as re- + butt?.] I. trans. If. To repel
by force; rebuff; drive back.
He ... nislit upon him with outragious pryde ;
Who him rencountring fierce, as hauke in flight,
Perforce rebutted backe. Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 53.
Philosophy lets her light descend and enter wherever
there is a passage for it; she takes advantage of the
smallest crevice, but the rays are rebutted by the smallest
obstruction.
Landor, Imaginary Conversations (Epicurus, Leontion, and
[Ternissa).
2. To thrust back or away, as by denial ; re-
fuse assent to ; repel ; reject.
The compliment my friend rebutted as best he could,
but the proposition he accepted at once.
Foe, Tales, I. 218.
3. To repel by evidence or argument; bring
counter-arguments against ; refute, or strive to
refute : much used in legal procedure.
Some of them he has objected to ; others he has not at-
tempted to rebut; and of others he has said nothing.
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, June 27, 1834.
4f. To withdraw : used reflexively.
Themselves . . .
Doe backe rebutte, and ech to other yealdeth land.
Spenser, F. Q., I. it 15.
H. intrans. 1. In law, to make an answer, as
to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. Compare surrebut.
The plaintiff may answer the rejoinder by a sur-re-
joinder ; upon which the defendant may rebut.
Blackstone, Com., HI. xx.
2. Iii curling, to make a random stroke with
great force, in the hope of gaining some advan-
tage in the striking and displacement of the
stones about the tee.
rebuttable (re-but'a-bl), a. [< rebut + -able.]
That may be rebutted.
rebuttal (re-but'al), ». [< rebut + -al.] 1.
The act of rebutting; refutation; confutation;
contradiction.
There is generally preserved an amazing consistency
in the delusion, in spite of the incessant rebuttals of sen-
sation. Warren, Diary of a Physician, xiv.
2. In law, that part of a trial in which the
lescere, grow hot, inceptive of calere, be hot : see
calid.] To show renewed calescence; resume
a state of glowing heat.
recalescence (re-ka-les'ens), n. [< recalesce +
-ence.] Benewed calescence; reglow; specif-
ically, in physics, a phenomenon exhibited by
iron as it cools gradually from a white heat
(point of high incandescence): at certain tem-
peratures, as at 1,000°, the cooling seems to be
arrested, and the iron glows more brilliantly
for a short time. It has also been found that certain
other properties of the metal, magnetic and electrical, un-
dergo a sudden change at these points of recalescence.
recall (re-kal'), v. t. [< re- + calfl.] 1. To
call back from a distance ; summon or cause to
return or to be returned ; bring back by a call,
summons, or demand : as, to recall an ambassa-
dor or a ship ; we cannot recall our lost youth.
If Henry were recall'd to life again,
These news would cause him once more yield the ghost.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1. 66.
At the expiration of six years he was suddenly recalled
to his native country by the death of his father.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., 11. 5.
I followed after,
And asked, as a grace, what it all meant ?
If she wished not the rash deed's recalment !
Browning, The Glove.
recant (re-kanf), v. [< OF. recanter, rechan-
ter, sing again, = Pr. rechantar = Pg. reeantar
= It. ricantare, sing again, < L. recantare, sing
back, reecho, also sing again, repeat in singing,
recant, recall, revoke, charm back or away, <
re-, back, + cantare, sing : see chant and canfi.]
1. trans. If. To sing over again ; utter repeat-
edly in song.
They were wont ever after in their wedding songs to
recant and resound this name — Thalassius.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 704.
2. To unsay; contradict or withdraw formally
(something which one had previously assert-
ed); renounce; disavow; retract: as, to recant
one's opinion or profession of faith.
Which duke ... did recant his former life.
Fabyan, Chron. (ed. Ellis), n. 712, an. 1553.
We haue another manner of speech much like to the re-
pentant, but doth not as the same recant or vnsay a word
that hath bene said before.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 180.
He shall do this, or else I do recant
The pardon that I late pronounced here.
Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. 391.
= Syn. 2. Abjure, Forswear, etc. See renounce.
II. intrans. To revoke a declaration or propo-
sition ; unsay what has been said ; renounce or
disavow an opinion or a dogma formerly main-
tained; especially, to announce formally one's
abandonment of a religious belief.
And many, for offering to maintain these Ceremonies,
were either punish'd or forced to recant.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 304.
It is against all precedent to burn
One who recants ; they mean to pardon me.
Tennyson, Queen Mary, iv. 2.
recantation (re-kan-ta'shon), n. [= Sp. re-
cantation = Pg. recantafSo = It. ricantazione ;
< L. as if *recantatio(n-), < recantare, recant:
see recant.'] The act of recanting ; retraction;
especially, solemn renunciation or abjuration
How soon
Would highth recall high thoughts !
MUton, P. L., Iv. 95.
I recall it, not see it ;
Could vision be clearer?
Lowell, Fountain of Youth.
plaintiff endeavors to meet the defendant's recall (re-kill'), n. [< recall, v.] 1. A calling
evidence by counter-evidence.
rebutter1 (re-but'er), n. [< rebut + -eri.] One
who rebuts or refutes. [Bare.]
rebutter'2 (re-but'er), n. [< OF. rebouter, inf.
used as noun : see rebut.'] An act of rebutting ;
specifically, in law, an answer, such as a de-
fendant makes to a plaintiffs surrejoinder.
Compare surrebutter.
recadency (rf-ka'den-si), ». [< re- + cadency.
Cf. L. recidere, fall ¥>ack: see recidivous.] The
act of falling back or descending again; re-
lapse. [Bare.]
Defection is apt to render many sincere progressions in
the first fervor suspected of unsoundness and recadency.
W. Xontaytie, Devoute Essays, Address to the Court.
recalcitrance (re-kal'si-trans), «. [< recalci-
tran(t) + -ce.] Befusal of submission; obsti-
2. To call back to mind or perception; renew of a d<?ctrine or religious system previously
the memory or experience of ; bring again, as maintained, with acknowledgment that it is
something formerly experienced. erroneous.
Your lord and master did well to make his recantation.
Shak., All's Well, ii. 3. 195.
Cranmer, it is decided by the Council
That you to-day should read your recantation
Before the people in St. Mary's Church.
Tennyson, Queen Mary, IT. 2.
3. To revoke; take back, as something given recanter (re-kan'ter), n. One who recants,
or parted with ; countermand ; abrogate ; can- The public body, which doth seldom
eel : as, to recall a decree or an order; to recall 1>lay tne recanter. Shak., T. of A., v. 1. 149.
an edition of a book. recapacitate (re-ka-pas'i-tat), v. t. [< re- +
Passed sentence may not be recall'd. capacitate.] To qualify again ; confer capacity
Shak., C. of E., i. 1. 148. on ag_ain. Bp.Atterbury, To Bp. Trelawney.
The doore of grace turnes upon smooth hinges wide recapitulate (re-ka-pit'u-lat), v. [< LL. reca-
opening to send out ; but soon shutting to recall the pre- pitulatus, pp. of recapitulare ( > It. ricapitolare
= Sp. Pg. Pr. recapitular = F. re'capituler), go
over the main points of a thing again, < L. re-,
again, + eapitulum, a head, main part, chapter
(> ML. capitulare, capitulate): see capitulate.]
I, trans. To repeat, as the principal things men-
tioned in a preceding discourse, argument, or
essay; give a summary of the principal facts,
clous offers of mercy to a nation.
Milton, Church-Government, i. 7.
The Gods themselves cannot recall their gifts.
Tennyson, Tithonus.
= Syn. 3. Recant, Abjure, etc. (see renounce); Repeal,
Rescind, etc. (see abolish).
back ; a summons to return ; a demand for re-
appearance, as of a performer after he has left
the stage (usually indicated by long-continued
applause): as, the recall of an ambassador; the
recall of an actor. — 2. A calling back to mind ;
the act of summoning up the memory of some-
thing; a bringing back from the past.
The recall, resuscitation, or reproduction of ideas al-
ready formed takes place according to fixed laws, and not
at random. Mind, XII. 161.
3. Bevocation; countermand; retraction; ab-
rogation.
Those indulgent laws
Will not be now vouchsafed; other decrees
Against thee are gone forth without recall.
Milton., P. L., v. 885.
'Tis done, and, since 'tis done, 'tis past recall.
Dryden, Spanish Friar, ill. 3.
points, or arguments of; mention or relate in
brief.
When they met, Temple began by recapitulating what
had passed at their last interview.
Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
= Syn. Recapitulate, Repeat, Recite, Rehearse, Reiterate.
Recapitulate is a precise word, applying to the formal or
exact naming of points that have been with some exact-
ness named before : as, it is often well, after an extended
argument, to recapitulate the heads. In this it differs from
repeat, recite, rehearse, which are freer in their use. To
reiterate is to say a thing a second time or oftener.
II. intrans. To repeat in brief what has al-
ready been said.
recapitulation (re-ka-pit-u-la'shon), n. [< OF.
recapitulacion, recapitulation, F ." recapitulation
= Sp. recapitulacion = Pg. recapitulaySo = It.
ricapitulazione, < LL. recapitulatio(n-) (techni-
recapitulation
cal as trans, of Gr. avaxxfttiaiuotf), < L. recapitu-
lare, recapitulate: see recapitulate.] 1. The
act or process of recapitulating.
D. Fer. Were e'er two friends engag'd in an adventure
So intricate as we, and so capricious?
Z>. Jut. Sure never in this world ; methinks it merits
A special recapitulation. Diffby, Elvira, iii.
2. In rket., a summary or concise statement or
enumeration of the principal points or facts in
a preceding discourse, argument, or essay. Also
anacephalseosis, enumeration. See epanodos.
Such earnest and hastie heaping vp of speaches be made
by way of recapitulation, which commonly is in the end of
euery long tale and Oration, because the speaker seemes
to make a collection of all the former materiall points, to
binde them as it were in a bundle and lay them forth to en-
force the cause. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 198.
recapitulative (re-ka-pit'u-la-tiy), «. [< re-
capitulate + -ive.] Of or pertaining to recapit-
ulation; resulting from or characterized by re-
capitulation; giving a summary of the chief
parts or points.
It has been shown that these [rudimentary structures]
are the last recapitulative remnant of an independent
series of structures developed outside the spore in the
fern. Nature, XLI. 816.
recapitulator (re-ka-pit'u-la-tor), n. [< reca-
pitulate + -or1.] One who recapitulates.
recapitulatory (re-ka-pit'u-la-to-ri), a. [< re-
capitulate + -ory.] Of the nature of or con-
taining recapitulation.
This law is comprehensive and recapitulatory (as it were)
of the rest concerning our neighbour, prescribing univer-
sal justice toward him. Barrow, Expos, of the Decalogue.
recaption (re-kap'shon), n. [< re- + caption.]
The act of retaking ; reprisal ; in law, the retak-
ing, without force or violence, of one's own
goods, chattels, wife, or children from one who
has taken them and wrongfully detains them.
Also called reprisal — Writ of recaption, a writ to
recover property taken by a second distress pending a re-
plevin for a former distress for the same rent or service.
recaptor (re-kap'tor), n. [< re- + captor.] One
who recaptures; one who takes a prize which
had been previously taken.
recapture (re-kap'tur), n. [< re- + capture, «.]
1 . The act of retaking ; particularly, the retak-
ing of a prize or goods from a captor. — 2. That
which is recaptured; a prize retaken.
recapture (re-kap'tur), v. t. [< re- + capture,
v.~\ To capture back or again ; retake, partic-
ularly a prize which had been previously taken.
recarburization (re-kar"bu-ri-za'shon), n. [<
recarburize + -ation.] The adding'of carbon
to take the place of that removed.
recarburize (ve-kar'bu-riz), v. t. [< re- + car-
burize.] To restore to (a metal) the carbon
previously removed, especially in any metal-
lurgical operation connected with the manu-
facture of iron or steel.
recarnify (re-kar'm-fi), «•. t. [< re- + caniify.]
To convert again into flesh.
Looking upon them [a herd of kinel quietly grazing up
and down, I fell to consider that the Flesh which is daily
dish'd upon our Tables is but concocted Grass, which is
recarnified in our Stomachs and transmuted to another
Flesh. Howell, Letters, ii. 50.
recarriage (re-kar'aj), «. [< re- + carriage.]
A carrying back or again ; repeated carriage.
Another thing there is in our markets worthie to be
looked vnto, and that is the recariaye of graine from the
same into lofts and sollars.
Harrison, Descrip. of Eng., ii. 18 (Holinshed's Chron.,1.).
recarry (re-kar'i), v. t. [< re- + carry.] To
carry back, as in returning ; carry again or in
a reversed direction.
When the Turks besieged Malta or Rhodes, . . .pigeons
are then related to carry and recarry letters.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, L 1.
recast (re-kasf), t'. t. [< re- + casft.] I. To
throw again.
In the midst of their running race they would cast and
recast themselves from one to another horse.
Florio, tr. of Montaigne, p. 155.
2. To cast or found again: as, to recast can-
non.— 3. To cast or form anew; remodel; re-
mold : as, to recast a poem.
Your men of close application, though taking their
terms from the common language, find themselves under
a necessity of recasting them in a mould of their own.
A. Tucker, Light of Nature, I. L 6.
Not painlessly doth God recast
And mould anew the nation.
Whittier, "Bin FesteBurg 1st unser Gott."
4f. To cover anew with plaster: said of an old
wall or building. — 5. To compute anew; re-
calculate : as, to recast an account,
recast (re-kasf), n. [< recast, v.] A fresh
molding, arrangement, or modification, as of a
work of art, a writing, etc.
4996
Popular feeling called for a dlaskeue', or thorough re-
cast. Ve Q,mncey, Homer, iii.
recaulescence (re-ka-les'ens), n. [< re- +
caulescen(t) + -ce.] In bot., the adiiation of a
petiole to a peduncle or a leafy branch : a term
of Schimper's.
recchet, ?• A Middle English form of reck.
recchelest, «• A Middle English form of n <•/. •-
less.
recede1 (re-sed')( ».»'.; pret. and pp. receded,
ppr. receding. [< OF. receder, F. receder = It.
recedere, < L. recedere, go back, withdraw, re-
treat, < re-, back, + cedere, go: see cede.] 1.
To move back ; retreat ; withdraw ; fall away.
The world receded from her rising view,
When heaven approach'd as earthly things withdrew.
Craobe, Works, IV. 186.
2. To withdraw an affirmation, a belief, a de-
mand, or the like ; turn back or aside.
It is plain that the more you recede from your grounds,
the weaker do you conclude.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 369.
3. To have a backward inclination, slope, or ten-
dency: as, a receding coast-line ; arecerft«<7chin.
= Syn. 1. To retire, retrograde, give way. See retread.
recede2 (re-sed' ),v.t. [< re- + cede.] To cede
back ; grant or yield to a former possessor : as,
to recede conquered territory.
recedence (re-se'dens), n. [< recede1 + -ence.]
Same as recession*'. [Bare.]
The beaded brown kelp deepens to bronze in ... the
wet, rich, pulpy recedence of the ebb.
Harper's Mag., LXXII. 94.
receipt (re-set'), ». [Formerly also receit (the
p being inserted in imitation of the L. original,
and the proper spelling being receit, like conceit,
deceit) ; (a) < ME. receit, receyt, receite, receipt,
recipe, < AF. receite, OF. recete, recepte, reyoite,
F. recette = Pr. recepta = Sp. receta = Pg. re-
ceite = It. ricetta, t., receipt, recipe, < ML.
recepta, f., receipt, recipe, money received,
a treasury, a right of pasture, lit. (sc. res, a
thing) ' a thing received,' fern, of L. receptus,
pp. of recipere, receive ; (6) in defs. 5 and 6,
also reset (see reset1), < ME. recet, reset, resset,
rescet, resale, < OF. recet, receit, recept, reset, rc-
yoit, rechet, recliiet, etc., = Sp. recepto = It. ri-
cetto, m., a retreat, refuge, abode, asylum (see
recheat), < L. receptus, m., a receiving, place of
retreat, refuge, < recipere, pp. receptus, receive :
see receite. Cf. reset1 and rectteat, doublets of
receipt; cf. also recept.] 1. A thing received ;
that which is received by transfer ; the amount
or quantity of what is received from other
hands: as, the receipts of cotton at a port.
Three parts of that receipt I had for Calais
Disbursed I duly to his highness' soldiers.
Shah., Rich. II., i. 1. 126.
He wintered for the second time in Dublin ; where his
own pieces, and Macklin's " Love-a-la-Mode," brought
great receipts to Crow-Street theatre.
W. Cooke, Memoirs of S. Foote, I. 51.
2. The act or state of receiving by transfer or
transmission; a taking of that which is de-
livered or passed over; a getting or obtaining:
as, the receipt of money or of a letter; he is in
the receipt of a good income.
Christ in us is that receipt of the same medicine where-
by we are every one particularly cured.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 55.
Villain, thou did'st deny the gold's receipt.
Shale., C. of K, it 2. 17.
3. A written acknowledgment of having re-
ceived something specified, with date, source,
signature, and such other particulars as the
case requires. A receipt may be for something re-
ceived as a trust or a purchase, or for money or other
valuable thing taken either in part or in full payment of
a debt. At common law a mere unsealed receipt, though
expressed to be in full for a debt, does not by its own
force operate to discharge the debt if the payment in fact
be of a part only. A receipt is not deemed a contract
within the rule that a written contract cannot be varied
by oral evidence.
4. A formula or prescription for the making of
something, or the production of some effect;
a statement of that which is to be taken or done
for some purpose : distinguished from recipe by
the common restriction of that word to medical
or related uses: as, a receipt for a pudding; a
receipt for gaining popularity.
Come, sir, the sight of Golde
Is the most sweet receit for melancholy,
And will reuiue your spirits.
Heywood, Woman Killed with Kindness (Works, ed. Pear-
[son, 1874, II. 107).
We have the receipt of fern-seed, we walk invisible.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 1. 96.
No Receipt can Human-kind relieve,
Doom'd to decrepit Age without Reprieve.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
receive
5f. Reception ; admittance ; a granting of en-
trance or admission.
He wayted hym aboute, & wylde hit hym thost,
& sege no syngne of resette.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2164.
Ther [in heaven] entrej non to take reset,
That bereg any spot.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 1066.
Come, cave, become my grave; come, death, and lend
Receipt to me within thy bosom dark.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
6f. A place for the reception of persons or
things ; a place where anything is received or
taken in; a station or a receptacle for lodg-
ment.
Men han made a litylle Resceyt, besyde a Pylere of that
Chirche, for to resceyve the Offrynges of Pilgrymes.
MandeviUe, Travels, p. 112.
Go forth, tary we not behynd,
Vnto som receit nye the wodes lynde,
Wher we mow thys tym receyued to be.
JKom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 159.
He saw L«vi . . . sitting at the receipt of custom [place
of toll, E. V.]. Mark II. 14.
Memory, the warder of the brain,
Shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason
A limbeck only. Shak., Macbeth, L 7. 66.
7f. Power of receiving or taking in; extent of
accommodation ; fitness for holding or contain-
ing.
The f oresald ships were of an huge and Incredible capa-
cltie and receipt. Hakluyt'i Voyages, I. 693.
In things of great receipt with ease we prove
Among a number one is reckon'd none.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxxvi.
Such be the capacity and receipt of the mind of man.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 9.
Accountable receipt. See accountable. = Syn. Recipe,
etc. See reception.
receipt (re-set'), f. t. [Also in technical legal
use reset (see resell); < ME. recetten, reseten;
from the noun: see receipt, n.] It. To receive;
harbor.
And 36 hit make, and that me grevcs,
A den to reset inne theves.
Cursor Mundi, MS. Coll. Trin. Cantab., f. 91. (HaUiwett.)
My lorde hym recetted in hys castell
For the dewkya dethe oton.
MS. Cantab., ft. ii. 38, f. 220. (Halliwell.)
2. To give a receipt for; acknowledge in
writing the pavment of: as, to receipt a bill
(usually by writing upon the bill "Received
payment" and the creditor's signature).
receiptable (re-se'ta-bl), a. [<receipt + -able.]
Capable of being receipted ; for which a receipt
may be granted.
receipt-book (re-set'buk), «. A book contain-
ing receipts, in either sense 3 or sense 4.
receiptment (re-set'ment), «. [< receipt +
•ment.] In old Eng. law, the receiving or har-
boring of a felon with knowledge on the part
of the harborer of the commission of a felony.
Burritt.
receiptor (re-se'tor),H. [< receipt + -or1.] One
who gives a receipt; specifically, in laic, a per-
son to whom property is bailed by an officer,
who has attached it upon mesne process, to
answer to the exigency of the writ and satisfy
the judgment, the obligation of the receiptor
being to have it forthcoming on demand.
Wharton.
receitt, «. A former spelling of receipt (and of
the ultimately identical recheat).
receivability (re-se-va-bil'i-ti), «. [< receivable
+ -ity (see -biliiy).] The quality of being re-
ceivable. Imp. Diet.
receivable (re-se'va-bl), a. [< F. recevable (cf.
Pg. recebivel = It. ricevevole), receivable; as re-
ceive + -able.] 1. Capable of being received ;
fit for reception or acceptance. — 2. Awaiting
receipt of payment ; that is to be paid : as,
bills receivable. See bill payable, bill receivable,
under MV?.
receivableness (re-se'va-bl-nes), n. The char-
acter of being receivable ; capability of being
received.
receive (re-sev'), r. ; pret. and pp. received, ppr.
receiving. ' [Early mod. E. also receeve, receave ;
< ME. receiven, receyven, reseyven, resseyven, re-
sceyven, resayven, resacen, < OF. recever, recevoir,
refoivre, F. recevoir = Pr. recebre = Sp. recibir
= Pg. receber = It. ricerere. receive, < L. reci-
pere, pp. receptus, take back, get back, regain,
recover, take to oneself, admit, accept, receive,
take in, assume, allow, etc., < re-, back, + ca-
pere, take : see capacious. Cf . conceive, deceive,
perceive. Hence ult. (from the L. verb) receipt,
receptacle, recipe, etc.] I. trans. 1. To take
from a source or agency of transmission; get
receive
by transfer: as, to receive money or a letter; to
receive gifts.
They be like Gray Friars, that will not be seen to receive
bribes themselves, but have others to receive for them.
Latimer, 5th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy
good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things.
Luke xvi. 25.
2. To take or get from a primary source : as,
to receive favors or a good eduoatiou ; to receive
an impression, a wound, or a shock.
Receives not thy nose court-odour from me?
S/>ak.,W. T.,iv. 4. 757.
The idea of solidity we receive by our touch. Locke.
No Norman or Breton ever saw a Mussulman, except to
give and receive blows on some Syrian field of battle.
Macaulay, Von Rauke's Hist. Popes.
3. To take notice of on coming or appearing ;
greet the advent of; salute or treat upon ap-
proach: as, to receive an actor with applause;
to receive news joyfully.
To Westmynstur the kyng be water did glide,
Worshypfully resayvid with procession in frett,
Resaynd with reverence, his dewte notdenye.
MS. KM. Reg. 17 D. xv. (Halliwell.)
My father was received with open arms by all his old
friends. Lady Holland, Sydney Smith, vi.
4. To take or consider favorably; admit as
credible, worthy, acceptable, etc. ; give ad-
mission or recognition to : as, to receive a per-
son into one's friendship; a received authority.
What he hath seen and heard, that he testifleth ; and
no man receiveth his testimony. John iii. 82.
He is a Gentleman so receiv'd, so courted, and so trusted.
Steele, Tender Husband, i. 1.
Every person who should now leave received opinions
. . . might be regarded as a chimerical projector.
Qolaxmtth, The Bee, No. 4.
5. To admit for intercourse or entertainment ;
grant audience or welcome to ; give a friendly
reception to : as, to receive an ambassador or
guests.
The quen with hire companie com him a-jens,
& resseyued as real! as swiche rinkes ougt.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3989.
It was so fre that Men resceyved there alle manere of
Fugityfes of other places for here evyl Dedis.
lUandemlle, Travels, p. 66.
They kindled a fire, and received us every one, because
of the present rain, and because of the cold. Acts xxviii. 2.
6. To take in or on ; give entrance to ; hold ;
contain; have capacity for: as, a box to re-
ceive contributions.
The brasen altar that was before the Lord was too little
to receive the burnt offerings. 1 Ki. viii. 64.
This cave, fashion'd
By provident Nature in this solid rock
To be a den for beasts, alone receives me.
lli'iui. and Ft., Knight of Malta, iv. 1.
7f. To perceive; comprehend; take into the
mind.
To be received plain, I'll speak more gross.
Shak., M. for M., ii. 4. 82.
8. In law : (a) To take by transfer in a crimi-
nal manner ; accept the custody or possession
of from a known thief: as, to receive stolen
goods.
You must restore all stoln goods you receiv'd.
Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, v. 2.
(6) To admit as pertinent ; take into consider-
ation; permit the reception of: as, the court
refused to receive the evidence, and ordered it
to be stricken out — To receive the canvas*. See
canvas.— To receive the COlf. See co\f.=&yn. 1 and
2. Receive, Take, Accept. These words are in the order
of strength in regard to the willingness with which the
thing in question is received, etc., but none of them is
warm. One may receive a letter, a challenge to a duel, a
remittance, detriment, or a wound ; the word thus may be
wholly neuter. One may take cold, but, more often, take
that which he might refuse, as a present, a bribe, offense,
a pinch of snuff, or an orange. One may accept one's fate,
but even then the word means a mental consent, a move-
ment of mind ; more often it means to receive with some
willingness, as to accept a proposition, an invitation, or an
offer. An offer, etc., may be received and not accepted.
II. intrans. 1. To be a receiver or recipient;
come into custody or possession of something
by transfer.
Every one shall receive of thy words. Deut. xxxiii. 3.
Freely ye have received, freely give. Mat. x. 8.
2. To give, or take part in holding, a reception ;
greet and entertain visitors, especially at cer-
tain fixed times.
As this name was called the person presented advanced,
bowed first to the prince and then separately to the two
members of the royal family who were receiving with him.
T. C. Crawford, English Life, p. 3S.
received (re-sevd'), a. In entom., projecting be-
tween other parts — Received acutellum, a scutel-
lum which lies between the bases of the elytra, as in most
beetles.
4997
receivedneSS (re-se'ved-nes), n. The state of
being received; general allowance or belief.
Others will, upon account of the receivedness of this
opinion, think it rather worth to be examined, than ac-
quiesced in. Boyle.
receiver (re-se'ver), M. [Early mod. E. also
receever, re'ceaver; < ME. resaver, receyvour, <
OF. recevour, receveur, F. receveur, < recevoir,
receive: see receive.'] 1. One who or that which
receives, in any general sense ; a recipient ; a
receptacle ; a taker or container of anything
transmitted : as, a receiver of taxes ; a receiver
for odds and ends.
We are receivers through grace and mercy, authors
through merit and desert we are not, of our own salva-
tion. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v., App. 1.
But in this thankless World the Givers
Are envy'd ev'n by the Receivers.
Cou-ley, Pindaric Odes, i. 11.
This invention covers a combined grass receiver and
dumper to catch and carry the grass while the lawn mower
is being operated. Sei. Amer., N. 8., LXII. 364.
2. An officer appointed toreceive public money ;
a treasurer ; specifically, a person appointed by
a court of equity or other judicial tribunal to
take, pending litigation, the custody and man-
agement or disposal of property in controversy,
or to receive the rents and profits of land or the
produce of other property. — 3. One who, for
purposes of profit or concealment, takes stolen
goods from a thief, knowing them to be stolen,
thus making himself a party to the crime.
Were there noe receavers, there would be noe theeves.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
4. liicheni.: (a) A vessel for receiving and con-
taining the product of distillation. (6) A vessel
for receiving and containing gases. — 5. The
glass vessel placed on the plate of an air-pump,
in order to be exhausted of air: so named be-
cause it is the recipient of those things on which
experiments are made. See air-pump. — 6. The
receiving magnet of an electric telegraph, the
receiving apparatus of a telephone, or the like.
—Exhausted receiver. Seeexhaust.— Florentine re-
ceiver. See Florentine.— Knitting-needle receiver, an
apparatus consisting of a magnetizing coil with a knitting-
needle in its axis, used by Reis as a telephonic receiver. The
action of this receiver depends on Page's discovery that an
iron bar gives a sharp click when magnetized ; the rapid
succession of clicks in the receiver, corresponding to the
successive make-and-breaks of the Reis transmitter, repro-
duces the sound.— Mall-Dag receiver and discharger.
See man-catcher.— Receiver and manager. See man-
ager, 4.— Eeceiyer Of the fines, formerly, in England, an
officer who received the money of all such as compounded
with the crown on original writs sued out of Chancery. —
Receiver's certificates, evidences of debt, issued by a
receiver of property in litigation, for the discharge of ob-
ligations incurred in the management of it, to be redeemed
out of its proceeds when finally disposed of or restored to
its owners. Such certificates may be authorized by the
proper court, and made a lien upon the property, when the
expenses connected with it cannot be otherwise met with-
out detriment.— Receivers Of wreck, officers appointed
by the British Board of Trade for the preservation of
wreck, etc., for the benefit of the shipping interests. They
were formerly called receivers of droits of admiralty.
receiver-general (re-so'ver-jen'e-ral), n. In
some countries or states, an officer wno receives
the public revenues in general or in a particu-
lar territory: in some of the United States, an
additional title of the State treasurer.
receivership (re-se'ver-ship), n. [< receiver +
-ship.] The office of a receiver of public
money, or of money or other property in liti-
gation ; the collection and care of funds await-
ing final distribution by legal process.
receiving (re-se'ving), n. [< ME. receyving;
verbal n. oi receive, «'.] The act of one who
receives, in any sense of that verb.— Receiving
apparatus or Instrument, in teles/., any appliance used
at a telegraph-station, by the action of which the signals
transmitted from another station are rendered perceptible
to any of the senses of the receiving operator.— Receiv-
ing tubes of the kidney, the straight tubules of the
kidney.
receiving-house (re-se'ving-hous), n. A house
where letters or parcels are received for trans-
mission; a place of deposit for things to be
forwarded; a depot. [Great Britain.]
receiving-magnet (re-se'ving-mag"net), n. See
magnet.
receiving-office (re-se'ving-of'is), n. In Great
Britain, a branch post-office where letters, par-
cels, etc., may be posted, but from which no
delivery is made to persons addressed.
receiving-ship (re-se'yirig-ship), «. A ship
stationed permanently in a harbor to receive
recruits for the navy until they can be trans-
ferred to a cruising ship.
receiving-tomb (re-se'ving-tom), n. Same as
I'fi'i-ii -ing-raulf.
receiving-vault (re-se'ving-valt), n. A build-
ing or other structure in which the bodies of
recent
the dead may be placed temporarily when it is
impossible or inconvenient to inter them in the
usual manner.
recency (re'sen-si), «. [< ML. recentia, < L.
recen(t-)s, new, fresh: see recent.] The state
or quality of being recent; recentness; new-
ness; lateness; freshness.
So also a scirrhus in its recency, whilst it is in its aug-
ment, requireth milder applications than the confirmed
or inveterate one. Wiseman, Surgery, i. 19.
An impression of recency is given which some minds
are clearly unable to shake off.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 198.
recense (re-sens'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. recensed,
ppr. recensing. [< OF. recenser, number, count,
peruse, muster, review, F. recenser, number,
take the census of, = Pr. recensar = Pg. reeen-
sear, examine, survey, < L. recensere, recount,
examine closely, review, muster, revise, etc., <
re-, again, -f censere, think, deem, judge: see
census."] To review ; revise. [Rare.]
Slxtus and Clemens, at a vast expence, had an assembly
of learned divines to recense and adjust the Latin Vulgate.
Bentley.
recension (re-sen'shon), n. [< F. recension, <
L. recensio(n'-), an enumeration, reviewing, re-
cension, < recensere, review: see recense.] 1.
Review; examination; enumeration. [Obsolete
or rare.]
In this recension of monthly flowers, It is to be under-
stood for the whole period that any flower continues,
from its first appearing to its final withering.
Evelyn, Calendarium Hortense, January.
2. A critical or methodical revision, as of the
text of a book or document; alteration of a
text according to some authority, standard, or
principle ; a reediting or systematic revisal.
He who . . . spends nine years in the elaboration and
recension of his book . . . will find that he comes too late.
G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xxi.
3. A text established by critical or systematic
revision ; an edited version.
The genuine ballad-book thus published was so success-
ful that in less than ten years three editions or recensions
of it appeared. Ticknor, Span. Lit., 1. 115.
Using the ancient versions in this way, we can recover
a recension (or recensions) differing more or less widely
from that represented by the traditional Hebrew text.
Contemporary Rev,, L. 695.
4. A critical examination, as of a book ; a re-
view; a critique.
He was . . . bitterly convinced that his old acquain-
tance Carp had been the writer of that depreciatory recen-
sion which was kept locked in a small drawer of Mr. Ca-
saubon's desk, and also in a small dark closet of his verbal
memory. George Eliot, Middlemarch, xxix.
recensionist (re-sen'shon-ist), «. [< recension
+ -ist.] One who reviews or revises, as the text
of an ancient author ; an editor.
recent (re'sent), a. [< OF. recent, F. recent =
Pr. recent ="Sp. reciente = Pg. It. recente, < L.
recen(t-)s, fresh, new ; (a) in one view, < re- +
-cen(t-)s, supposed to be allied to W. cynt, first,
earliest, Skt. kaniyans, smaller, Tfanistha, small-
est (cf. Russ.j>o-c/M'«a?», begin); (6) in another
view, orig. ppr. from a root *rec = Zend •/ rac,
come (cf. recens a victoria, 'just coming from a
victory'; Bhodo recentes Somam venenmt, 'they
came to Rome just from Rhodes,' etc.: see def.
5).] 1. Of or pertaining to time just before
the present; not long past in occurrence or
existence; lately happening or being; newly
appearing, done, or made: as, recent events;
recent importations; recent memories; recent
news; a recent speech. — 2. Of modern date,
absolutely or relatively; not of primitive or
remote origin ; belonging to or occurring in
times not far removed. — 3. Still fresh in quality
or existence ; not old or degenerate ; unchanged
by time : said of things liable to rapid change,
as newly gathered plants or specimens in nat-
ural history.
The odour [of essential oils] is seldom as pleasant as that
of the recent plant. Ure, Diet., III. 456.
4. In geol., of or pertaining to the epoch re-
garded as the present from a geological point
of view. Strata so called contain few, if any, fossils be-
longing to extinct species. The alluvial formations in the
valleys are generally of recent formation, as well as most
of the superficial detrital material. The deposits which
belong to the Post-tertiary, or which are more recent than
the Tertiary, are with difficulty classified, except for pur-
poses of local geology. In glaciated regions, the traces
of the former presence of ice adds variety to the phenom-
ena, and complexity to the classification, of the various
forms of detrital material. The existence of very ancient
remains and works of man is a further element of inter-
est In the geology of the recent formations.
5. Lately come; not long removed or sepa-
rated. [Poetical and rare.]
recent
Shall I not think that, with disorder'd charms,
All heav'n beholds me recent from thy arms?
Pope, Iliad, xiv. 382.
Amphitryon recent from the nether sphere.
Lewis, tr. of Statius's Thebaid, viii.
= Syn. 1. Late, Fresh, etc. See new.
recently (re'sent-li), adv. At a recent time;
newly; lately'; freshly; not long since: as,
advices recently received; a town recently built
or repaired; an isle recently discovered.
recentness (re'sent-nes), n. The state or qual-
ity of being recent; newness; freshness; re-
cency; lateness of origin or occurrence: as,
the recentness of alluvial land ; the recentness of
news or of events.
4998
borne. (3) In Fueacese, a part of the thallus in
which conceptacles (see conceptacle) are con-
gregated. They are either terminal portions of
receptrix
or delivery ; a taking into custody or possession
of something tendered or presented; an in-
stance of receipt: as, the reception of an invi-
branches or parts sustained above water by air- tation; a taking into place, position, or asso-
iiiarMo™ n.\jr> fu«m o™,,at™™ „„„,„„„„*,.,. ciation ; admission to entrance or insertion; a
taking or letting in: as, a groove or socket for
the reception of a handle ; the reception of food
in the stomach ; reception of a person into so-
ciety.— 2. Admission into the mind; a taking
into cognizance or consideration ; a granting
of credence; acceptance: as, the reception of
a doctrine.
bladders. (4) In fungi, sometimes same as stro-
ma; in Ascomycetes, same as jii/ciiidiinii, 1 (also
the stalk of a discocarp); in I'lialloidese, the
inner part of the sporophore, supporting the
gleba. (5) In lichens, the cup containing the
soredia. The term has some other analogous
applications. — 3. In zool. and anat., a part or
an organ which receives and contains or detains
a secretion ; a receptaculum : as, the gall-blad-
der is the receptacle of the bile.
recept (re'sept), ». [< L. reeeptum, neut. of receptacula, n. Plural of receptaculum.
receptus, pp. of reclpere, receive: see receive, receptacular (re-sep-tak'u-lar), a. [= F. re-
• - ceptaculaire, '
Of. receipt."] That which is received ; especial-
ly, something taken into the mind from an ex-
ternal source; an idea derived from observa-
tion. [Recent.]
The bridge between recept and concept is equally im-
passable as that between percept and concept
Mli, n;i 11,11, No. 3193, p. 12.
receptacle (re-sep'ta-kl, formerly also res'ep-
ta-ki), n. [< OF. receptacle, F. receptacle = Pr.
receptacle = Sp. receptdculo = Pg. receptaculo
= It. ricettacolo, recettaculo, < L. receptaculum,
a receptacle, place to receive or store things
< L. receptaculum, a receptacle:
see receptacle.] \. In bot., of or pertaining to
a receptacle. — 2. In zool. and anat., serving
as a receptacle or reservoir; pertaining to a
receptaculum.
receptaculite (re-sep-tak'u-lit), n. [< NL. Re-
eeptaculites.~\ A fossil of the genus Recepta-
culites.
Receptaculites (re-sep-tak-u-li'tez), n. [NL.
(Defrance, 1827), < L. receptaculum, a recepta-
cle (see receptacle), + -ites (see -ite2).] The
God never intended to compel, but only to persuade,
us into a reception of divine truth.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. vii.
3. A receiving into audience, intercourse, or
entertainment; treatment of a person on ap-
proach or presentation ; greeting or welcome,
as of a visitor: as, a cordial reception. — 4.
An occasion of ceremonious or complimentary
greeting; an assemblage of persons to be in-
dividually received or greeted by an enter-
tainer or by a guest selected for special atten-
tion: as, to give weekly receptions.
He assembled all his train,
Pretending so commanded, to consult
About the great reception of their King,
Thither to come. Milton, P. L., v. 769.
-f , , „„ typical genus of Receptaculitidie.
in, < recipere, pp. receptus, receive, hold, con- Receptaculitidae (re-sep-tak-u-lit'i-de), n. pi. "t- A retaking; recapture; recovery,
tain: see receive."] 1. That which receives or [NL., < Receptaculites + -idte.] A family of He was right glad of the French King's reception of those
holds anything for rest or deposit ; a storing- fossil organisms, typified by the genus Recepta- Townes from Maximilian. Bacon, Hist. Hen. vil., p. 44.
place ; a repository ; a container
open or closed, that serves for
eepmg. are tne regl£jt of f088uiMtion. They are of a spherical or
*• in a vault, an ancient receptacle, pyriform shape, with a central closed cavity and an upper
Where, for these many hundred years, the bones and lower pole, and the wall is composed of pillar-like
Of all my buried ancestors are pack'd. spicules at right angles to the surface and expanded at
their outer ends into rhomboidal summit-plates forming
a mosaic-like outer layer. The species lived in the seas
of the Silurian and Devonian epochs. Also called Recepta-
culidx.
>su; a storing- J u«», typuieu uy uie genus aecepia-
er; any space, culites, of a very doubtful nature. They have been
reception and referred by many to the silicious sponges ; but the skele-
ton was originally calcareous, and the silicious examples
Shak., R. and J., iv. 3. 39.
Least his neighbor's countrey might be an harborugh
or receptacle of his foes and aduersaries.
Hall, Kdw. III., an. 10.
2. In bot.: (a) In a single flower, the more or receptaculum (re-sep-tak'u-lum), «.; pi. recep-
less enlarged and peculiarly developed apex of taeula ^: _&.: Bee receptacle.] In zool.,
the peduncle or pedicel, upon which all the or-
gans of the flower are directly or indirectly
6t. Power or capacity of receiving; receptiv-
ity; susceptivity.
That were to extend
His sentence beyond dust and nature's law,
By which all causes else, according still
To the reception of their matter, act,
Not to the extent of their own sphere.
Jfilton, P. L., x. 807.
7. In astral., the interchange of the dignities of
two planets, owing to each being in the other's
house or exaltation. =Syn. 1 and 3. Reception, Re-
ceipt, Recipe. Reception is used of a person or a thing :
. . ., , —„ ,„ — ., , ,
««<»<., and 6o<., a receptacle ; a reservoir of ", hf Rot a very gracious re«p«ion; rwrfjx of a thing
,, '. .-.-..i ' _ -,.,. "> *"« neeytim or, better the receit of news or a letter
fluid; asaccular or vesicular organ to receive
and retain a fluid — Receptaculum chyll.a dilatation
as, the reception or, better, the receipt of news or a letter ;
recipe, in medicine or, latterly, in cooking. We say a re-
ceipt or recipe for making a cake, a receipt for money paid.
A room
the lower extremities and the lacteals of the intestine .
discharge. Also called receptaculum Pecqueti, cistern or receptive (re-sep tiv), a.
reservoir of Pecquet, lacteal inc.— Receptaculum ganglil
petrosl, a depression in the lower border of the petrous
portion of the temporal bone, for the lodgment of the pe-
trous ganglion.— Receptaculum Pecqueti. Same as
receptaculum chyli.— Receptaculum seminls.in zool., a
spermatheca in the female ; any kind of seminal vesicle
which may receive semen from the male and store it up.
See cut under Xemataidea.
[<OF. rece^ti/ = Sp.
Pg. recepth'o = It. rieettiro, recettivo = G. re-
ceptir, < NL. 'receptivus, < L. recipere, pp. recep-
tus, receive: see receive.] Having the quality of
or capacity for receiving, admitting, or taking
in; able to hold or contain.
.
receptaryt (res'ep-ta-ri), a. and «. [= OF.
rectntaire = Sp. recetario = It. ricettario, a
book of prescriptions or receipts, < ML. *re-
ceptarius, adj. (as a noun receptarius, m., a
receiver, collector), < recepta, a receipt, pre-
scription: see receipt."] I. a. Commonly re-
ceived or accepted but not proved ; uncertain.
[Rare.]
Baptista Porta, in whose works, although there be con-
tained many excellent things, and verified upon his own
experience, yet are there many also receptary and such as
will not endure the test Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 8.
U. M. 1. A collection of receipts.
Receptaire |F.], a receptary: a note of physical receits.
Cotgravc.
2. A thing commonly received but not proved ;
an assumption ; a postulate. [Rare.]
Various Forms of Receptacle (r).
a. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinal?, \ o, Frafaria elatior (lon-
gitudinal section) ; c, Clcome ifttefrtfol ta (longitudinal section) ; a
Geranium maculatum ; e, Rosa rtibipiriosa (longitudinal section)
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., To the Reader,
receptibility (re-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [< F. recep-
tibilite = Pg. recepHUlidade = It. recettibilita ;
as receptible + -ity (see -bility).] 1. The qual-
ity of being receptible; receivableness.
The peripatetick matter is a pure unactuated power,
and this conceited vacuum a mere receptibility.
Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xvi.
2f. Something that may be received or be-
,.-,-. — , lieved in. Imp. Diet.
*L«ant1u rtfC2nje'_thea;xisiorrachi8 receptible (re-sep'ti-bl), a. [< OF. receptible
LL. recepti-
borne : the Liuneean and usual name : same as
the more specific and proper torus of De Can-
dolle and the thalamus of Tournefort. The recep-
tacle varies in size and texture. In form it may be convex
or conical (as most oft™ ), elongated, as in Magnolia, or con-
cave, as in the rose ; it may develop into a stipe, gynobase
disk, carpophore, or hypanthium (see these words), or it
may greatly enlarge in fruit, as in the strawberry. As be-
longing to a single flower, sometimes termed proper recep
tacle. (ft) ln an inflorescence, the axis or rachis receptible (re-sep'ti-bl), a. [<
°f a head or other short dense cluster; most = Pg. receptiiiel = It. recettibile,
The soul being in this sort, as it is active, perfected by
love of that infinite good, shall, as it is receptive, be also
perfected with those supernatural passions of joy, peace,
and delight. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 11.
To acquire knowledge is to receive an object within the
sphere of our consciousness. The acquisitive faculty may
therefore, also, be called a receptive faculty.
Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xxi.
I am somehow receptive of the great soul. . . . More
and more the surges of everlasting nature enter into me.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser. , p. 289.
The outer layer of rods and cones (bacillary) is un-
doubtedly the true receptive layer. Le Conte, Sight, p. 58.
Receptive power. See poweri.— Receptive spot, in
bot., the hyaline spot in an oosphere at which the male
gamete enters. Ooebel.
receptiveness (re-sep'tiv-nes), n. Power or
readiness to receive ; receptivity.
Many of her opinions . . . seemed too decided under
every alteration to have been arrived at otherwise than by
a wifely receptiveneis. Oeorge Eliot, Daniel Deronda, ill.
[= F. recey-
receptmta(t-)s, <
receptivus, receptive : see receptive."] The state
or property of being receptive ; ability to re-
ceive or take in ; specifically, a natural passive
power of the mind.
We call sensibility the receptivity of the soul, or its power
of receiving representations whenever it is in any wise af-
fected. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Muller, p. 51.
Objectivity, with subjectivity, causativity, plasticity, re-
ceptivity, and several other kindred terms, have come into
vogue, during the two last generations, through the influ-
ence of German philosophy and aesthetics.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 308.
In our social system, so marked by the dovetailing of
classes, the quality of receptivity for these influences .
• , , , j jj. ^^ '•*&•' "WJJVIVM — j.v. , vuvvvtwiv, \ _i_j j_j, i vixftbt— VJinaoeo, tile ljuaiitj ui teix^n*VM,H lui LIICBC iiiiiucii^cn ...
ten, tne expanded disk-like summit of the pe- bilis, that may be acquired again, recoverable, '" raised to its maximum. Gladstone, Gleanings, I. 46.
duncle in Composites (dandelion, etc. ), on which < L. recipere, pp. receptus, acquire, recover, re- receptoryt (re-sep'to-ri), n. [< LL. receptorius,
are borne the florets of the head, surrounded by ceive: see receive.] Capable of or suited for fit for receiving (neut. receptorium, a place of
i involucre of bracts; a clmauthium. In con- being received ; receivable. Imp. Diet. shelter), < L. recipere, pp. receptus, receive:
trast with the above, sometimes called common reception (re-sep'shon), n. [< ME. reception see receive.] A receptacle. Holland,
receptacle, (c) In an ovary, same as placen to, 4.
(d) Among cryptogams- '
class, the placenta.
one of the umbrella „.
lus, upon which the reproductive organs are
receive."] 1. The act of receiving by transfer mechanical energy the electrical energy pro-
receptrix
duced by a generatrix ; an electric motor. See
genera tru:.
receptual (re-sep'tu-al), a. [< L. receptns (>•<•-
ceptu-), a receiving'(see receipt, recept), + -a?.]
Relating or pertaining to that which is received
or taken in ; consisting or of the character of a
recept or recepts. [Recent.]
The difference between a mind capable of however lim-
ited a degree of conceptual ideation and one having only
receptual ideation is usually agreed to be the possession of
language by the first, and its absence in the other.
Science, XV. 90.
receptually (re-sep'tu-al-i), adv. In a recep-
tual manner; by receiving or taking in. [Re-
cent.]
There is then the denotative stage, in which the child
uses names receptually by mere association.
Science, XV. 90.
recerce!6 (re-ser-se-la'), a. [OF., also recercelU,
pp. of recerceler, recerceller, curl up, curve, also
hoop, encircle, < re-, back, + eerceler, hoop, en-
circle, < cercel, cercean, hoop, ring, < L. cir-
cellus, dim. of circus, a ring: see circus.] In
her. : (a) Curved at the ends more decidedly
than in other forms, such as mpline: noting
a cross each end of which is divided into two
points rolled backward into a spiral. (6)
Same as moline.
recercelled (re-ser'seld), a. In her., same as
recereeU.
recess (re-ses'), n. [< OF. reces, recez, a de-
parture, retreat, recess (as of a school), setting
(of a star), repose, = Sp. receso = Pg. It. reeesso,
recess, retreat, < L. recessus, a going back, re-
treat, departure, also a retired place, corner,
retreat, etc., < recedere, pp. recessus, recede, re-
treat, etc.: see recede1.] 1. The act of reced-
ing, or going back or away; withdrawal; re-
tirement; recession. [Obsolete or archaic.]
Men . . . have made too untimely a departure and too
remote a recess from particulars.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 164.
Every day of sin, and every criminal act, is a degree of
recess from the possibilities of heaven.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 182.
Pliny hath an odd and remarkable passage concerning
the death of men and animals upon the recess or ebb of
the sea. Sir T. Browne, To a Friend.
The access of frost in the autumn, and its recess in the
spring, do not seem to depend merely on the degree of
cold. Jeferson, Notes on Virginia (1787), p. 132.
2f. A state of being withdrawn or retired ; se-
clusion; privacy.
In these are faire parks or gardens call'd villas, being
onely places of recesse and pleasure, at some distance from
the streetes, yet within the walls.
Evelyn, Diary, May 6, 1645.
Good verse recess and solitude requires. Dryden.
3. A time of withdrawal or retirement; an in-
terval of release from occupation ; specifically,
a period of relief from attendance, as of a
school, a jury, a legislative body, or other as-
sembly; a temporary dismissal.
Before the devolution the sessions of Parliament were
short and the recesses long. Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
It was recess as I passed by, and forty or fifty boys were
creating such a hubbub in the school-yard.
The Century, XXVIII. 12.
4. A place of retirement or seclusion ; a remote
or secret spot or situation ; a nook ; hence, a hid-
den or abstruse part of anything: as, the re-
cesses of a forest ; the recesses of philosophy.
Departure from this happy place, our sweet
Recess. Milton, P. L. , ii. 304.
I went to Dorking to see Mr. Charles Howard's amphi-
theatre, garden, or solitary recess, environed by a hill.
Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 1, 1655.
Every man who pretends to be a scholar or a gentleman
should . . . acquaint himself with a superficial scheme of
all the sciences, . . . yet there is no necessity for every
man of learning to enter into their difficulties and deep
recesses. Watts, Improvement of Mind, I. n. § 10.
The pan-
Frequent the still recesses of the realm
Of Hela, and hold converse undisturb'd.
M. Arnold, Balder Dead.
5. A receding space or inward indentation or
depression in a line of continuity ; a niche, al-
cove, or the like : as, a recess in a room for a
window or a bed ; a recess in a wall or the side
of a hill. See cut under ambry.
A bed which stood in a deep recess. Irving. (Webster.)
Inside the great portal at Koyunjik was a hall, 180 ft.
in length by 42 in width, with a recess at each end, through
which access was obtained to two courtyards, one on the
right and one on the left. J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch. , 1. 178.
6. A treaty, law, decree, or contract embody-
ing the results of a negotiation ; especially, a
decree or law promulgated by the Diet of the
old German empire, or by that of the Hanseatic
League.— 7. In lot., a sinus of a lobed leaf.—
4999
8. In anat. and zool., a receding or hollowed-
out part; a depression or sinus; a recessus.
— Contrariety of access and recess. Same as contra-
riety of motion (which see, under contrarirty). — Lateral
recess. See recessus lateralis KeiUriculi quarti, under re-
cessus.— Peritoneal recesses. Same as peritoneal fossa
(which see, umltir peritoneal). =8yn. 3. Prorogation, Disso-
lution, etc. (see adjournment), intermission, respite,— 4.
Retreat, nook, corner.
recess (re-ses'), v. [< recess, n.~\ I. trans. 1.
To make a recess in ; form with a space sunk
beyond the general sxirface : as, to recess a wall.
Cutters for boring bars should be, if intended to be of
standard size, recessed to fit the bar.
J. Rose, Pract. Machinist, p. 218.
2. To place in a recess ; form as a recess; make
a recess of or for ; hence, to conceal in or as if
in a recess.
Behind the screen of his prodigious elbow you will be
comfortably recessed from curious impertinent*.
Miss Edyewood, Manoeuvring, xiv.
The inscription is engraved on a recessed tablet, cut in
the wall of the tunnel a few yards from its lower end.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 233.
The head of Zeus on these interesting coins is of the
leonine type, with deeply recessed eye.
B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 88.
Recessed arch. See orcAi.
II. intrans. To take a recess; adjourn or
separate for a short time : as, the convention
recessed till the afternoon. [Colloq.]
recession1 (re-sesh'on), n. [< F. recession, go-
ing back, withdrawing, < L. recessio(n-), a go-
ing back, receding, < recedere, recede: see re-
cede1 and recess.] 1. The act of receding or
going back; withdrawal; retirement, as from
a position reached or from a demand made.
Our wandering thoughts in prayer are but the neglects
of meditation, and recessions from that duty.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 73.
2. The state of being put back; a position rela-
tively withdrawn.
But the error is, of course, more fatal when much of the
building is also concealed, as in the well-known case of
the recession of the dome of St. Peter's. Ruslcin.
recession2 (re-sesh'on), n. [< re- + cession.] A
cession or granting back ; retrocession : as, the
recession of conquered territory to its former
sovereign.
We believe a large sentiment in California would sup-
port a bill for the recession [of the Yosemite Park] to the
United States. The Century, XXXIX. 475.
recessional (re-sesh'pn-al), a. and «. [< reces-
sion1 + -al.] I. a. Pertaining to or connected
with recession, or a receding movement, as that
of the choir or congregation at the close of a
service: as, a recessional hymn.
II. n. A hymn sung while the clergy and
choir are leaving a church at the end of a ser-
vice of public worship.
recessive (re-ses'iv), a. [< recess + -ive.] Tend-
ing to recede; receding; going back: used espe-
cially of accent regarded as transferred or
moved backward from the end toward the be-
ginning of a word. In Greek grammar the accent is
said to be recessive when it stands as far back from the
end of the word as the laws of Greek accentuation per-
mit — that is, on the antepenult if the ultimate is short, or
on the penult if the ultimate is long.
recessively (re-ses'iv-li), adv. In a recessive
or retrograde manner; with a backward move-
ment or course.
As she [Greece] passes recessively from the grand Attic
period to the Spartan, the Theban, the Macedonian, and
the Asiatic. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIV. 494.
see
recidivation
3. A member of a society composed of total
abstainers from intoxicating drinks, called the
Independent Order of Rechabites.
Rechabitism (rek'a-bi-tizm), n. [< Ileclitihit,
+ -ixm.] 1 . The practice of the ancient Recha-
bites in respect to abstinence from strong drink.
The praises of Rechabitism afford just as good an oppor-
tunity for the exhibition of sportive fancy and a lively
humor as lyrical panegyrics on the most exquisite vintage
of France or the Rhine.
B. J. Hinton, Bug. Radical Leaders, p. 220.
2. The principles and practice of the Indepen-
dent Order of Rechabites.
The advantages which Rechabitism offered above other
friendly societies.
Rechabite Mag., July, 1886, p. 175. (Encyc. Diet.)
rechantt (re-chant'), v. t. and i. [< re- + chant.
Cf . recant.] To chant in alternation ; sing an-
tiphonally.
Hark, hark the cheerfull and re-chaunting cries
Of old and young singing this ioyfull Dittie.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Handy-Crafts.
rechase (re-chas'), v. t. [< ME. rechasen,<. OF.
(and F.) rechasser, drive back, < re-, back, +
chasser, drive : see chase1.] 1 . To chase or drive
back or away, as to a forest or covert ; turn back
by driving or chasing: as, to rechase sheep by
driving them from one pasture to another. Hal-
tiwell. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
Withynne a while the herte y-founde ys,
I-hallowed, and rechased faste
Longe time. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 379.
Then these assail ; then those re-chase again ;
Till stay'd with new-made hills of bodies slain.
Daniel, Civil Wars, iv. 47.
2. To call back (hounds) from a wrong scent.
rechaset, n. [< rechase, v.] A call (in hunting).
Seven score raches at his rechase.
Squyr of Lowe Degre, 1. 772. (HalliweU.)
rechatet, ». and v. Same as recheat.
rechauffe (ra-sho-fa'), n. [F., pp. of rechauffer,
dial, recaufer, recofer, warm up, warm over, <
re-, again, + echauffer, warm, < L. excalfacere,
warm: see excalf action, and cf. eschaufe, chafe.]
A warmed-up dish ; hence, a new concoction of
old materials ; a literary rehash.
We suffer old plots willingly in novels, and endure with-
out murmur rfchau/fs of the most ancient stock of fiction.
Saturday Rev.
rechet, «'• An old spelling of reach1.
recheatt (re-chef), «. [Early mod. E. also re-
chate, receii; < OF. recet, receit, etc., also recliet,
redact, a retreat, refuge : see receipt.] In hunt-
ing, a melody which the huntsman winds on the
horn to call back the dogs from a wrong course,
or to call them off at the close of the hunt ; a
recall on the horn.
In hunting I had as leeve stand at the receit as at the
loosing. Lyly, Euphues. (Nares.)
That I will have a recheat winded in my forehead, or
hang my bugle in an invisible baldrick, all women shall
pardon me. Shak., Much Ado, i. 1. 242.
recheatt (re-chef), v. i. [Early mod. E. also re-
chnte; < ME. rechaten, < OF. receter, recheter,
rechaiter, receive, give refuge, refl. take refuge,
retreat, < recet, rechet, etc., reeheat: see re-
cheat, n.] In hunting, to play the recheat ; call
back the hounds by the tones of the recheat on
the horn.
Huntes hyjed hem theder, with hornez ful mony
Ay rechatande aryjt til thay the renk sejen.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. 8.), 1.
BUS (re-ses'us), n. ; pi. recessus. [L. :
s.] In anat. and zool., a recess Rece
recessus
recess.] In anat. and zool., a recess Recessus
chiasniatis. Same as recessus opticus.— Recessus in-
frapinealis, a small cleft extending from the third ven-
tricle into the conarium. Also called ventriculus conarii.
— Recessus lnfundibuli,the funnel-shaped cavity at the
bottom of the third ventricle ; the cavity of the infundi-
bulum.- Recessus labyrlntM. Same as ductus endo-
lymphaticus (which see, under ductus).— Recessus late-
rails ventriculi quarti, the lateral recess of the fourth
ventricle, containing the lateral choroid plexus.— Re-
cessus opticus, a V-shaped recess of the floor of the third
ventricle, in front of the infundibulum, bounded ante-
riorly by the lamina terminalis, posteriorly by the optic
chiasm. Also called recessus chiasinatis. Mihalcovics. —
Recessus prsepontills, a name given by Wilder in 1881
to the median pit formed by the overhanging of the front
border of the pons Varolii.
Rechabite (rek'a-blt), n. [= F. Rechabite; <
Kechab, father of Jonadab, who founded the
sect, + -ite%.] 1. A member of a Jewish fam-
ily and sect descended from Rechab, which,
in obedience to the command of Jouadab, re-
fused to drink wine, build or live in houses, sow
seed, or plant or own vineyards. Jer. xxxv.
6, 7. Hence — 2. A total abstainer from strong
drink.
A Rechabite poor Will must live,
And drink of Adam's Ale.
Prior, Wandering Pilgrim.
1911.
Rechating with his horn, which then the hunter chears,
Whilst still the lusty stag his high-palm'd head up-bears.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. 127.
recherche (re-sher'sha), a. [F., pp. of recher-
cher, seek again : see research.] Much sought
after; hence, out of the common; rare; dainty.
We thought it a more savoury meat than any of the re-
cherche culinary curiosities of the lamented Soyer.
Capt. M. Thomson, Story of Cawnpore, v.
rechristen (re-kris'n), v. t. [< re- + christen.]
To christen or name again ; fix a new name
upon.
Abbeys which have since been . . . reehristened with
still homelier names.
Trevelyan, Early Hist. Chas. Jas. Fox, p. 47.
The faculties ... are in part reehristened, and also re-
arranged. Nature, XXXIX. 244.
recidivatet (re-sid'i-vat), r. i. [< ML. recldim-
tus, pp. of recidivare (> F. recidiver), fall back,
relapse, < L. reeidivus, falling back, etc. (cf. re-
cidivattts, a restoration) : see recinii-ous.] To
fall back, relapse, or backslide; return to an
abandoned course of conduct.
To recidivate, and to go against her own act.
Sp. Andrews, Opuscula, Speech, p. 79 (1629). (Latham.)
recidivationt (ye-sid-i-va'shpn), n. [< OF. re-
cidivation, F. recidiratioii, < ML. recidivatio(n-),
recidivation
falling back, < reeidirare, fall back: sec rrriili-
nite."] A falling back; relapse; return to an
abandoned course ; backsliding.
Recidiwtion is so much more dangerous than our first
sickness, as our natural strength is then the more feebled,
and unable to endure means of restoring.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 447.
recidivist (re-sid'i-yist), 11. [< F. recidivists,
< recidive, a repetition of a fault or crime, <
L, recidii-us, falling back: see recidivous.'] In
l''ri'»ch law, a relapsed criminal; one who falls
back into the same criminal course for which
he has already been condemned.
The French Cabinet offered a pledge that no recidivists
should be sent to the islands.
Appletan'i Ann. Cyc., 1886, p. 00.
recidivOUSt (re-sid'i-vus), a. [= OF. recidif =
It. recidiro, < L. recidirxs, falling back, return-
ing, recurring, < recidere, reccidere, fall back, <
re-, back, + cadere, fall: see cadent.] Liable
to backslide to :i former state. Imp. Diet.
recipe (res'i-pe), r. /. [L., impy. of recipere,
take: see receive.'] Take: a Latin imperative
used (commonly abbreviated R. or R) at the
beginning of physicians' prescriptions, as for-
merly and in part still written in Latin.
recipe (res'i-pe), n. [= OF. recipe, F. recipf =
Sp. recipe = Pg. It. recipe, a recipe, < L. recipe,
take, used as the first word in a prescription,
and hence taken as a name for it : see recipe, r.j
1. A formula for the compounding of a remedy,
with directions for its use, written by a phy-
sician ; a medical prescription.
He deals all
With spirits, he ; lie will not hear n word
Of Galen or his tedious recipes.
B. Joiaon, Alchemist. II. 1.
2. A prescribed formula in general, but espe-
cially one having some relation or resemblance
to a medical prescription; a receipt.
There was a greatness of mind in Paracelsus, who, hav-
ing furnished a recipe to make a fairy, had the delicacy to
refrain from its formation.
/. D'ltraeli, Curios, of Lit., IV. 186.
The one grand recipe remains for you — the be-all and
the end-all of your strange existence upon earth. Move
on I Dickens, Bleak House, xix.
= 8yn. Receipt, etc. See reception.
recipiangle (re-sip'i-ang-gl), n. [< F. rccipi-
angle, irreg. < L. recipere, receive, + angulus,
angle: see receive, and angle3, ».] In engirt., an
instrument formerly used for measuring angles,
especially in fortification. Buchanan.
recipience (re-sip'i-ens), 11. [< recipien(t) +
-ce.j A receiving; "the act of or capacity for
receiving; receptivity. [Rare.] Imp. Diet.
recipiency (re-sip'i-en-si), n. [As recipience
(see -cy)?\ Same as recipience.
We straggle — fain to enlarge
Our bounded physical recipiency,
Increase our power, supply fresh oil to life.
Browning, Cleon.
recipient (re-sip'i-ent), «. and n. [= F. recipi-
ent, a receiver, water-clock, = Sp. Pg. It. recipi-
ents, receiving, a receiver, < L. recipien(1-)s, ppr.
of recipere, receive: see receive.'] I. a. Receiv-
ing; receptive; acting or serving as a receiver;
capable of receiving or taking in.
The step from painting on a ground of stanniferous
enamel to a similar surface on a metallic recipient body is
an easy and obvious one. Cat. Soulages Coll., p. 99.
Recipient cavity, inentmn., a cavity in which an organ
or part is received at the will of the insect; specifically,
a cavity of the mesosternum which corresponds to a spine
of the prosternum, the spine and cavity forming in the
Elateridee a springing-organ. See spring.
II. n. 1. A receiver or taker; especially,
one who receives or accepts something given
or communicated ; a taker of that which is of-
fered or bestowed: as. recipients of charity or
of public education; the recipients of the eu-
charist.
Whatever is received is received according to the ca-
pacity of the recipient.
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 725.
Something should have been inserted to signify that,
when the recipient is fitly qualified and duly disposed,
there is a salutary life-giving virtue annexed to the sac-
rament. Waterland, Works, V. 423.
The first recipients of the Revelation.
J. H. Nemnan, Development of Christian Doctrine, ii. § 1.
2. That which receives; formerly, the receiver
in an apparatus or instrument.
The form of sound words, dissolved by chymical prepa-
ration, ceases to be nutritive, and, after all the labours
of the alembeck, leaves in the recipient a fretting corro-
8've. Decay of Christian Piety.
recipiomotor (re-sip'S-o-mo'tpr), (i. [Irreg. <
L. recipere, receive, + motor, mover.] Re-
ceiving a motor impulse or stimulus ; afferent,
5000
as a nerve, in an ordinary sense: correlated
with lilifromotor and dirigomotor. See motor.
Each afferent nerve is a recipio-nwtor agent.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., f 18.
reciprocal (re-sip'ro-kal), «. and n. [< NL. as
if "recijimcaiis, < L. reciprocus, returning, al-
ternating, reciprocal (> It. Pg. reciproco= Sp.
reciproco = OF. reciproque, > obs. E. reciprofk) ;
perhaps lit. 'moving backward and forward,' <
*recw (< re-, back, + adj. formative -CM*: see
-ic) + procus (< pro, forward, + adj. formative
-cus). Cf. reciproeous, reciprock.] I. a. 1. Mov-
ing backward and forward; alternating; re-
ciprocating.
The stream of Jordan, south of their going over, was
not supplied with any reciprocal or refluous tide out of
the Dead Sea.
Fuller, Plsgah Sight, II. 1. 17. (Varies, under refhuna.)
Obedient to the moon, he spent his date
In course reciprocal, and had his fate
Link'd to the mutual flowing of the seas.
Milton, Second Epitaph on Hobson the Carrier.
2. Mutually exchanged or exchangeable; con-
cerning or given or owed by each (of two or
more) with regard to the other or others: as,
reciprocal aid ; reciprocal rights, duties, or ob-
ligations ; reciprocal love or admiration.
Let our reciprocal vows be remembered.
Shale., Lear, iv. 6. 267.
The Liturgy or service . . . conslgteth of the reciprocal
acts between God and man.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 878.
I take your gentle offer, and withal
Yield love again for love reciprocal.
Beau, and /•'/.. Knight of Burning Pestle, 1. 2.
The king assured me of a reeiprncal affection to the king
my master, and of my particular welcome to his court.
Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Life (ed. Howells), p. 129.
The liberty of the enemy's fishermen in war has been
protected by many French ordinances, and the English
observed a reciprocal indulgence.
Wooltey, Introd. to Inter. Law, f 170.
There is much the same relation of reciprocal depen-
dence between judgment and reasoning a> between con-
ception and judgment.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 414.
3. Having an interchangeable character or re-
lation ; mutually equivalent or correspondent ;
concordant; agreeing.
Knowledge and power are reciprocal.
Bacon, Physical Fables, x., Eipl., note.
Sometimes a universal affirming maybe converted saving
the quantity, to wit when consisting of reciprocal terms :
as, every man is a rational animal, and therefore every
rational animal is a man.
Burgertdiciug, tr. by a Gentleman, I. 32.
He [the king) must guide the vast and complicated
machine of government, to the reciprocal advantage of all
his dominions. A. Hamilton, Works, II. 66.
Thence came her friends of either sex, and all
With whom she lived on terms reciprocal.
Cra&e, Works, V. 51.
Reciprocal consecution. See consecution.— Recipro-
cal cross, a reciprocal hybrid.
A reciprocal crofts is a double cross between two species
or varieties, one form being used in one case as the father
and in the other case as the mother.
W. K. Brooks, Law of Heredity, p. 126.
Reciprocal determinant, diagrams, equation. See
determinant, diagram, etc. — Reciprocal ellipsoid Of
expansion, see ellipsoid.— Reciprocal figures in
geom., two figures of the same kind (triangles, parallelo-
grams, prisms, pyramids, etc.) so related that two sides of
the one form the extremes of an analogy of which the
means are the two corresponding sides of the other. — Re-
ciprocal functions, hybrids, matrix. See function, etc.
— Reciprocal polars, two curves such that the polar of
any point on either (with respect to a fixed conic) is a tan-
gent of the other. — Reciprocal pronoun, a pronoun ex-
pressing mutual or reciprocal relation, such as Greek a\-
ArjAou'(of each other, of one another).— Reciprocal pro-
portion. See proportion.— Reciprocal quantities, in
math,, those quantities which, multiplied together, pro-
duce unity.— Reciprocal ratio. See ratio.— Reciprocal
screws, a pair of screws so related that a wrench about
one produces no twist al>ont the other. Given any five
screws, a screw reciprocal to them all can be found. —
Reciprocal terms, in logic, those terms that have the
same signification, and consequently are convertible and
may be used for each other. = Syn. Reciprocal, Mutual.
There is a theoretical difference between these words,
although it often is not important. That is mutual which
is a common act on the part of both persons at the same
time. Mutual is not properly applicable to physical acts
or material things, as blows or gifts. Reciprocal means
that one follows another, being caused by It, with empha-
sis upon that which is viewed as caused : as, reciprocal
love or hate. See remarks under mutual as to the propri-
ety of using mutual for common.
II. n. 1. That which is reciprocal to another
thing.
Iso more
Ye must be made your own reciprocals
To your loved city and fair severals
Of wives and houses.
Chapman, tr. of Homer's Hymn to Apollo.
Love is ever rewarded either with the reciprocal, or with
an Inward or secret contempt Bacon, Love (ed. 1887).
2. In math., the quotient resulting from the
division of unity by the quantity of which the
reciprocate
quotient is said to be the reciprocal. Thus, the re
ciprocal of 4 is J. and conversely the reciprocal of } is 4 ;
the reciprocal of 2 is ^, and that of a -f 3; is I/ (a + x). A
fraction made by inverting the terms of another fraction
is called the reciprocal of that other fraction : thus, ? is
the reciprocal of j.— Polar reciprocals. Same as re-
ciprocal polars. See I.
reciprocality (re-sip-ro-kal'i-ti), n. [< recipro-
cal + -iti/.'] The state or character of being
reciprocal.
An acknowledged reciprocality in love sanctifies every
little freedom. Richardtton, Clarissa Harlowe, II. i.
reciprocally (re-sip'ro-kal-i), flrfr. 1. In a re-
ciprocal manner; with reciprocating action or
effect; alternatingly ; interchangeably; corre-
spondingly.
The Aristotelians . . . believe water and air to be re-
ciprocally transmutable. Boyle, Works, n. 342.
Virtue and sentiment reciprocally assist each other.
Oddmiith, Cultivation of Taste.
Faults in the life breed errors in the brain,
And these reciprocally those again.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 565.
2. In a reciprocal ratio or proportion ; inverse-
ly. Thus, in bodies of the same weight the density is
reciprocally as the magnitude — that Is, the greater the
magnitude the less in the same proportion the density,
and the less the magnitude the greater in the same pro-
portion the density. In geometry two magnitudes are
said to be reciprocally proportional to two others when
one of the first pair is to one of the second as the re-
maining one of the second is to the remaining one of the
first.
reciprocalness (re-sip'ro-kal-nes), n. The state
or character of being reciprocal.
reciprocant (re-sip'ro-kant), n. [< L. recipro-
can(t-)n, ppr. of reciprocare, move back and
forth: see reciprocate.'} 1. The contra variant
expressing the condition of tangency between
the primitive quantic and an adjoint linear
form. — 2. A differential invariant ; a function
of partial differential coefficients of » variables
connected by a single relation, this function be-
ing such that, if the variables are interchanged
in cyclical order, it remains unchanged except
for multiplication by some «th root of unity into
some power of the same root of the continued
product of the first differential coefficients of
one of the variables relatively to all the others.
For an example, see Schtcartzian, n Absolute
reciprocant, one whose extrinsic factor reduces to unity,
so that the interchange of variables produces no change
except multiplication by a root of unity.— Binary recip-
rocant, one having two variables.— Characteristic of
a reciprocant, the root of unity with which it becomes
multiplied on interchange of the variables.— Character
Of a reciprocant, its kind with respect to it» characteris-
tic.— Circular reciprocant, areciprocant which, equated
to zero, gives the equation of a locus which is its own in-
verse with respect to every point— Degree of a recip-
rocant, the number of factors (differential coefficients)
in that term which has the greatest number. Thus, if
that term is (D^t/)* (H£y)* (D'yX, 'he degree is a + b + e.
— Even reciprocant, one whose characteristic is 1.— Ex-
tent of a reciprocant, the weight of the most advanced
letter which it contains.— Homogeneous reciprocant,
a reciprocant all the terms of which are of the same de-
gree in the differential coefficients.— Homographic bi-
nary reciprocant, one which remains unaltered when
z ana y are changed respectively into (Lx - M) / (x f N)
and (Vy + Q) / (y + R), where the capitals are con-
stants.—Integrable reciprocant, a reciprocant which,
equated to zero, gives an equation which can be integrated.
— Isobarlc reciprocant, a reciprocant having the sum
of the orders of the differential coefficients the same in
all the terms. — Odd reciprocant, one whose character-
istic is not 1.— Orthogonal reciprocant, one which re-
mains unchanged by an orthogonal transformation of the
variables. — Type of a reciprocant, the combination of
its character, weight, degree, and extent— Weight Of a
reciprocant, the sum of the orders, each diminished by
two, of the factors (differential coefficients) of the term
having the greatest weight. Thus, if that term is (0^)^
(DJ»)* (D£yX (PJvK the weight is— a + e -I 2d.
reciprocantiye (re-sip'rp-kan-tiv), a. [< re-
ciprocant + -ire.] Pertaining to a reciprocant.
reciprocate (re-sip'ro-kat), r. ; pret. and pp.
reciprocated, ppr. reciprocating. [< L. recipf o-
catint, pp. of reciprocare, move back and forth,
reverse (> It. reciprocare = Sp. Pg. reciprocar
= F. rfciproquer, reciprocate, interchange), <
reciprocus, reciprocal: see reciprocal.'] I. trans.
1 . To cause to move back and forth ; give an
alternating motion to.
The sleeve Is reciprocated from a rock shaft journaled
in the lower aligning ends of the main frame.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LXII. 7r>.
2. To give and return mutually; yield or per-
form each to each; interchange: as, to recip-
rocate favors.
For 'tis a union that bespeaks
Reciprocated duties.
Cowper, Friendship, 1. 48.
At night men crowd the close little caffe, where they re-
ciprocate smoke, respiration, and animal heat.
Hoteells, Venetian Life, iii.
3. To give or do in response ; yield a return of;
requite correspondingly.
reciprocate
It must happen, no doubt, that frank and generous wo-
men will excite love they do not reciprocate.
Margaret Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 140.
II. infrtnix. 1. To move backward and for-
ward; have an alternating movement; act in-
terchangeably; alternate.
One brawny smith the putting bellows plies,
And draws and blows reciprt,ratiit<i ;iir.
llri/den, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv. 249.
2. To act in return or response; do something
equivalent or accordant : as, I did him many fa-
vors, but he did not reciprocate. [Colloq.] —Re-
ciprocating engine, a form of engine in which the piston
and piston-rod move back and forth in a straight line, ab-
solutely or relatively to the cylinder, as In oscillating-cyl-
inder engines : in contradistinction to rotatory engine.
See rotatory. —Reciprocating force. See force*.— Re-
ciprocating motion, in mack., a contrivance frequently
employed in the transmission of power from one part of
a machine to another. A rigid bar is suspended upon a
center or axis, and the parts situated on each side of the
axis take alternately the positions of those on the other.
See cut under pitman.— Reciprocating propeller, a
propeller having a paddle which has a limited stroke and
returns in the same path. — Reciprocating proposi-
tion. See proposition.
reciprocation (re-sip-ro-ka'shon), «. [< F. re-
ciprocation = Sp. reciprocation = Pg. recipro-
cacao = It. reciprocazione. < L. reciprocatio(n-),
a going back upon itself, a returning by the
same way, a retrogression, alternation, reflux,
ebb, < reciprocare, pp. reciprocatus, move back
and forth: see reciprocate.'] 1. A going back
and forth ; alternation of movement.
When the bent spring is freed, when the raised weight
falls, a converse series of motions must be effected, and
this . . . would lead to a mere reciprocation [of force].
W. R. Orove, Con. of Forces, p. 24.
2. The act of reciprocating; interchange of
acts; a mutual giving and returning: as, the
reciprocation of kindnesses.
We do therefore lie, in respect of each other, under a
reciprocation of benefits.
Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, Prol.
3. In logic, the relation of two propositions
each the converse of the other. — Polar recipro-
cation, in geom., the process of forming the polar recip-
rocal of a figure.
reciprocative (re-sip'ro-ka-tiv), a. [< recipro-
cate + -ire.] Of a reciprocating character ; giv-
ing and taking reciprocally.
Our four-handed cousins apparently credit their biped
kinsmen with reciprocating tendencies.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIV. 111.
reciprocatory (re-sip'ro-ka-to-ri), a. [< recip-
rocate + -on/.] Going backward and forward ;
alternating in direction or in action ; recipro-
cating: opposed to rotatory.
Impart a reciprocatory motion to the carriage.
C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 457.
A rotatory movement could be combined with the recip-
rocatory one. Dredge'* Electric Illumination, I. 388.
reciprocity (res«upros'i.-ti), n. [< F. reciprocite
= Sp. reciprocidad = Pg. reciprocidade = It. re-
ciprocitd, < ML. *reciprotita(t-)s, < L. recipro-
cus, reciprocal: see reciprocal.] 1. Recipro-
cal action or relation ; free interchange ; mu-
tual responsiveness in act or effect: as, reci-
procity of benefits or of feeling; reciprocity of
influence.
By the Convention of 1815 a reciprocity of intercourse
was established between us and Great Britain.
D. Webster, Speech, Jan. 24, 1832.
2. Equality of commercial privileges between
the subjects of different governments in each
other's ports, with respect to shipping or mer-
chandise, to the extent established by treaty.
On the Continent, after the fourteenth century, a system
of reciprocity was frequently established between the sev-
eral towns, as for instance in 1365 at Tournay.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. cxxix.
The reciprocity stipulations in our previous treaties were
thought to operate disadvantageously to American navi-
gation in the case of the Hanse towns, especially in regard
to tobacco. E. Schuyler, Amer. Diplomacy, p. 432.
Another illustration maybe found in the history of reci-
procity with Canada.
0. F. Edmunds, Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 428.
3. In the Kantian pliilos., mutual action and re-
action in the strict mechanical sense.
Reciprocity, which, as a pure conception, is but the re-
lation of parts or species in a generic whole, becomes . . .
invariable coexistence, or coexistence according to a uni-
versal rule. E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 412.
Glance once again at reciprocity and causality. The one
is a necessary to and fro ; the other only a necessary fro.
J. II. Stirling, Mind, X. 85.
4. In geom., the mutual relationship between
points and straight lines in a plane, or points
and planes in space, etc.; duality — Hermite's
law Of reciprocity (named from the French mathemati-
cian Charles Hermite, born 1822], the proposition that the
number of invariants of the nth order in the coefficients
possessed by a hinarj Atlantic of the pth degree is equal
5001
to the number of invariants of the order p in the coeffi-
cient* possessed by a quantic of the nth degree.— Law of
reciprocity of prime numbers. See iawi.— Plane bi-
rational reciprocity, a one to one correspondence be-
tween the elements of a field of points and those of a field
of rays.— Quadratic reciprocity. See quadratic.— Re-
ciprocity treaty, a treaty granting equal privileges of
commercial intercourse in certain specified particulars to
the people of the countries concerned. The reciprocity
treaty between Great Britain and the United States, exist-
ing from 1854 to 1866, provided forfreedom of trade in cer-
tain commodities, chiefly raw or half-manufactured prod-
ucts, between the latter country and the Canadian prov-
inces. It was abrogated on previous notice given under
its terms by the United States. The United States govern-
ment formed a similar treaty with that of Hawaii in 1876.
= Syn. 1. Exchange, Interchange, reciprocation.
reciprockt, "• [Also reriproque ; < OF. reci-
proqnc, F. reciproque = Pr. reciproc = Sp. re-
ci/iroco = Pg. It. reciproco, < L. reciprocus, re-
ciprocal : see reciprocous and reciprocal.] Re-
ciprocal.
Twixt whom and them there is this reciprock commerce.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Bevels, v. 2.
reciprocornous (re-sip-ro-kor'nus), a. [< L. re-
eiprocicornis, having horns curved backward, <
reciprocus, turning back the same way (see re-
ciprocal), + cornv, a horn: see corn2 and horn."]
Having horns turned backward and then for-
ward, as a ram. This form is characteristic of the
sheep tribe, though not peculiar to it. See arietifonn, and
cuts under bighorn, argali, aoudad, and Ovis.
reciprocoust (re-sip'ro-kus), a. [< L. recipro-
nix, turning back the same way: see recipro-
cal.'] Reciprocal.
For the removing of which imparity, the cardinal ac-
quainted Taylor "That he had devised to make the band
reciprocous and egal."
Strype, Memorials, Hen. VIII., I. 1. 5.
reciproquet, a. See reciprock.
recision (re-sizh'on), n. [< OF. recision, F. rc-
cision = Sp. recision = Pg. recisao = It. recisione,
< L. recisio(n-), a cutting off, retrenchment,
diminution, < recidere, pp. recisus, cut off, < re-,
back, again, -I- csedere, cut.] 1 . The act of cut-
ting off. Cotgrave. — 2. Specifically, in surg.,
same as resection.
recital (re-si'tal), n. [< recite + -al] 1.
The reciting or repeating of something pre-
viously prepared ; especially, an elocutionary
recitation; the rhetorical delivery before an
audience of a composition committed to mem-
ory: as, the recital of a poem; a dramatic re-
cital. — 2. A telling over ; a narration ; a
relation of particulars about anything, either
orally or in writing : as, the recital of evidence.
Some men , . . give us in recttofc of disease
A doctor's trouble, hut without the fees.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 313.
He poured out a recital of the whole misadventure.
Howetts, Undiscovered Country, p. 154.
3. That which is recited ; a story; a narrative:
as, a harrowing recital. — 4. In law : (a) That
part of a deed which rehearses the circum-
stances inducing or leading to its execution.
(b) Any incidental statement of fact in a deed
or contract: as, a recital is evidence of the
fact recited, as against the party making it.
— 5. A musical performance or concert, vocal
or instrumental, especially one given by a single
performer, or a concert consisting of selections
from the works of some one composer : as, a
Wagner recital; a piano recital. =Syn, 2 and 3.
Relation, Narrative, etc. (see account), repetition, speech,
discourse.
recitation (res-i-ta'shon), n. [< OF. recitation,
F. recitation = Sp. recitacion = Pg. recitaeSo
= It. rccitazione, < L. recitatio(n-), a reading
aloud of judicial decrees or literary works, <
recitare, pp. recitatus, read aloud, recite: see
recite.] 1. The act of reciting or repeating
what has been committed to memory ; the oral
delivery of a composition without the text, es-
pecially as a public exercise or performance.
— 2. The rehearsal by a pupil or student of a
lesson or exercise to a teacher or other person ;
a meeting of a class for the purpose of being
orally examined in a lesson. — 3. In music: (a)
Same as rcritaliri'. (b) Same as retitintj-note .
—My stic recitation. See mystic.
recitationist (res-i-ta'shon-ist), n. [< recita-
tion + -1st.'] One who practises recitation ; a
public reciter of his own or others' compo-
sitions.
The youth who has heard this last of the recitationists
deliver one of his poems will recall in future years the
fire and spirit of a veteran whose heart was in his work.
Slfdman, Poets of America, vili. § 3.
recitation-room (res-i-ta'shon-rom), n. A room
for college or school recitations.
recitative (res"i-ta-tev'), a. and n. [< F. reci-
tatif, n..< It. recitatiro, n., arecitative in music ;
recite
as recite + -ati're.] I. a. In music, in the style
of a recitative; as if spoken.
II. n. In music: (n) A form or style of song
resembling declamation — that is. in which reg-
ularity of rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic
structure is reduced to the minimum, it is a
union of song and speech, with the emphasis sometimes on
one element and sometimes on the other, but with a care-
ful avoidance of technical "form" in the musical sense.
The division into phrases is properly governed by rhetor-
ical reasons only. The strictly tonal and metrical quali-
ties of a balanced melody are usually but meagerly repre-
sented. The sequence of harmoniesand of tonalities isoiten
entirely unrestricted. An unaccompanied recitative (reci-
tatiro secco) has only a few detached instrumental chords,
or a basso continuo, to suggest or sketch the harmonic
liasis of the melody. Accompaniments of this sort have
been given at different periods to different instruments,
such as the harpsichord, the violoncello, or the string or-
chestra alone. An accompanied recitative (recitativo stro-
menlato) has acontinuous instrumental background, which
occasionally becomes highly descriptive or dramatic, and
may be assigned to a full orchestra. This variety of reci-
tative passes over insensibly into the arioso and the aria
parlante. The recitative was invented, in the latter part
of the sixteenth century, in the course of an attempt by
certain Florentine musicians to recover the dramatic dec-
lamation of the ancient Greeks. Its recognition as a le-
gitimate style of composition opened the way for the de-
velopment of the dramatic forms of the opera and the
oratorio, in both of which it has always retained a prom-
inent place. Its value in such extended forms is due to
its adaptability todescriptive, explanatory, and epic matter
generally, as well as to strictly dramatic utterance of every
kind. It has been customary to introduce lyric arias by
recitatives ; but in the operatic works of the present cen-
tury the formal distinction between recitative and aria
has been more or less abandoned as arbitrary. The melon
of Wagner is an intermediate form, capable of extension
in either direction. Also recitation.
What they call Recitative in Musick is only a more tune-
able Speaking ; it is a kind of Prose in Musick.
Congreve, Semele, Arg.
Ballads, in the seventeenth century, had become the de-
light of the whole Spanish people. . . . The blind beggar
gathered alms by chanting them, and the puppet-showman
gave them in recitative to explain his exhibition.
Ticknor, Span. Lit, III. 77.
(6) A section, passage, or movement in the style
described above.
recitatively (res'i-ta-tev'li), adv. In the man-
ner of recitative.
recitativo (ra-che-ta-te'vo). n. [It., a recitative
in music : see recitative.] Recitative.
She tripp'd and laugh'd, too pretty much to stand ; . . .
Then thus in quaint recitativo spoke.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 62.
recite (re-sit'),c. ; pret. and pp. recited, ppr. re-
citing. '[< OF. reciter, F. reciter = Pr. Sp. Pg.
reciiar = It. recitare, < L. recitare. read aloud,
recite, repeat from memory, < re-, again, +
citare, cite: see cite1.] I. trans. 1. To repeat or
say over, as something previously prepared or
committed to memory; rehearse the words of;
deliver orally: as, to recite the Litany ; to recite
a poem.
All the parties concerned were then called together ; and
the fedtah. or prayer of peace, used in long and dangerous
journies, was solemnly recited and assented to by them all.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 504.
2. In music, to deliver in recitative.
The dialogue [in the first operas] was neither sung in
measure, nor declaimed without Music, but recited in sim-
ple musical tones. Burney, Hist. Music, IV*. 18.
3. To relate the facts or particulars of ; give an
account or statement of; tell: as, to recite one's
adventures or one's wrongs.
Till that, as comes by course, I doe recite
What fortune to the Briton Prince did lite,
Pursuing that proud Knight.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. vi. 17.
Lest the world should task you to recite
What merit lived in me. Shale., Sonnets, Ixxii.
"I make," cries Charley, reciting the shield, "three
merions on a field or, with an earl's coronet."
Tltackeray, Virginians, xxxii.
4. To repeat or tell over in writing ; set down
the words or particulars of; rehearse; cite;
quote.
Which booke (de Ratione Studii et de Liberis Educandis)
is oft recited, and moch praysed, in the fragmentes of
Nonius, even for authoritie sake.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, ii.
Lucianus, the merry Greeke, reciteth a great number of
them [prophecies], deuised by a coosening companion, one
Alexander. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 218.
The thoughts of gods let Granville's verse recite.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 425.
To recite one's beads. See to bid beads, under bead.
= Syn. 3. Cite, Adduce, etc. (see quote) ; Rehearse, Reiterate,
etc. (see recapitulate); enumerate, detail.
II. intrans. To make a recitation or rehearsal;
rehearse or say over what has been learned : as,
to recite in public or in a class.
They recite without book.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 126.
recitet (re-sit'), n. [< recite, r.] Recital.
All former recites or observations of long-liv'd races.
Sir W. Temple, Health.
reciter
reciter (re-si'ter), n. [< OF. reeiteur, recita-
teur, F. recitateur = It. recitatore, < L. recita-
tor, a reciter, < recitare, recite : see recite.]
One who recites or rehearses: a narrator or
declaimer, especially of what has been previ-
ously written or told.
Narrative songs were committed to memory, and de-
livered down from one reciter to another.
Up. Percy, On Anc. Metrical Romances, § 1. (Latham.)
reciting-note (re-si'ting-not), ». In chanting,
a note or tone on which several or many sylla-
bles are recited in monotone. In Gregorian music
this tone is regularly the dominant of the mode, but in
Anglican chants it may be any tone. Usually every chant
contains two, or a double chant four, reciting-notes.
reck (rek), v.; pret. and pp. recked (formerly
r aught). [Formerly also reak, sometimes mis-
spelled wreak; < ME. recken, rekken, assibilated
recchen, later forms, with shortened vowel, of
reken, assibilated rechen (pret. roughte, rouMe,
rogte, roghte, rohte), < AS. recan, reccan (pret.
rohte), care, reck, = OS. rokian = MLG. roken,
ruken, LG. roken, ruken, rochen = OHG. ruoMt-
jan, ruochan, ruochen, MHG. ruochen (also, in
comp., OHG. gemochan, MHG. gervochen, G.
geruhen) = Icel. reekja, reck, regard, etc. (cf.
Dan. rot/te, care, tend, etc.); cf. AS. *roc (not
recorded) = OHG. ruoh, ruah, MHG. ruocti, care,
heed ; perhaps akin to Gr. dAeye<v (for *ap£yeiv),
have care, heed, reck.] I. intrans. 1. To take
heed ; have a care ; mind ; heed ; care : usually
in a negative clause, often followed by of.
And whether thei had good ansuere or euell, the! raught
neuer. Book of the Knight of La Tour Landry, p. 2.
Sith that he myghte do her no companye,
He ne roghte not a myte for to dye.
Chaucer, Complaint of Mars, 1. 126.
He recketh not, be so he wynne,
Of that another man shall lese.
Gower, Conf. Amant., ii.
I reck not though I end my life to-day.
Shak., T. andC., v. 6. 26.
Of God, or hell, or worse,
He reek'd not. Hilton, P. L., ii. 60.
Light recking of his cause, but battling for their own.
Scott, Vision of Don Roderick, The Vision, st. 45.
2f. To think.
Forthe ther ys oon, y reke,
That can well Frensche speke.
MS. Cantab. Ft. ii. 38, f. 115. (HaUiweU.)
II. trans. To take heed of ; care for ; regard ;
consider; be concerned about. [Obsolete or
poetical.]
This son of mine, not recking danger, . . . came hither
to do this kind office, to my unspeakable grief.
Sir P. Sidney.
An' may you better reck the rede
Than ever did th' adviser !
Burns, Epistle to a Young Friend.
It recks (impersonal), it concerns.
Of night, or loneliness, it recks me not
Milton, Comus, 1. 404.
reckent, v. An obsolete (the more correct) form
of reckon.
reckless (rek'les), a. [Formerly also assibilated
reckless, retchless, and misspelled wreckless,
wretchless; < ME. rekles, reckeles, rekkeles, as-
sibilated recheles, reccheles, rechlesse, < AS. rece-
leds, recceleds, careless, reckless, thoughtless,
heedless, etc., = D. roekeloos, reckless, rash,
= MLG. rokelos, rocelos = OHG. ruahchalos,
MHG. ruochelos, G. ruchlos, careless, untrou-
bled, wicked, notorious ; < *roc or *rece (not re-
corded) = OHG. ruoh, MHG. ruoch, care (see
reck, v.), + -leas = E. -less.'] If. Not recking;
careless; heedless; inattentive: in amild sense.
A monk, whan he is reccheles,
Is likned to a nssch that is waterles —
This is to seyn, a monk out of his cloystre.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to 0. T., 1. 179.
First when thu spekist be not rekles,
Kepe feete and nugeris and handes still in peso.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 26.
2. Not recking of consequences; desperately
heedless, as from folly, passion, or perversity;
impetuously or rashly adventurous.
I am one, my liege,
Whom the vile blows and buffets of the world
Have so incensed that I am reckless what
I do to spite the world. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1. 110.
Unhappily, James, instead of becoming a mediator, be-
came the fiercest and most reckless of partisans.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
=Syn. 2. Enterprising, Rash, etc. (see adventurous), in-
cautious, unwary, unconcerned, indifferent, thoughtless.
See list under rashi.
recklessly (rek'les-li), adv. [< ME. reklesly,
reklcelesly, < AS. *receledsliee, recceledslice, <
receleds, reckless: see reckless and -fy2.] In a
reckless manner ; with rash or desperate heed-
lessuess.
5002
recklessness (rek'les-nes), n. [Formerly also
assibilated rtchlessness, retchlessness ; < ME. rek-
lesnex, rechelesnesse, recchelesnes, < AS. receledn-
nes, < receleds, reckless: see reckless and -ness.]
The state or quality of being reckless or heed-
less ; perverse or desperate rashness.
reckling (rek'ling), n. and a. [Also ruckling;
prob. < Icel. reklingr, an outcast, < reka, drive,
toss, drift, etc. (= wreak), + -lingr = E. -liiif/^.
Cf . wretchcock, the smallest of a brood of fowls.]
1. •«. 1 . The smallest and weakest one in a lit-
ter, as of puppies, kittens, or pigs; the runt.
Hence — 2. A helpless babe.
There lay the reckling, one
But one hoar old ! What said the happy sire?
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
II, «. Small; puny; stunted.
A mother dotes upon the reckling child
More than the strong.
Sir H. Taylor, Ph. van Artevelde, II., v. 3.
reckmastert (rek'mas"ter), n. [Irreg.< reck(on)
+ master.] A professional computer and ac-
countant. [Rare.]
The common legist, reckmafter, or arithmetician.
Dr. John Dee, Preface to Euclid (1570).
reckon (rek'n), v. [Early mod. E. recken; < ME.
reckenen, rekenen, reknen, count, account, reck-
on, esteem, etc., < AS. *recenian, found only in
the once-occurring comp. ge-recenian, explain,
= OFries. rekenia, reknia = D. rekenen = MLG.
LG. rekenen = OHG. rehhanon, MHG. rechenen,
G. rechnen = Icel. reikna (for *rekna ?) = Sw.
rdkna = Dan. regne, reckon, = Goth, rahnjau
(for *raknjan^), reckon; a secondary verb,
with formative -n (see -era1), parallel with an-
other verb (the common one in AS.), AS.
reccan (pret. reahte, relite), narrate, tell, say,
explain, expound, = OS. rekkian, narrate, ex-
plain, = OHG. rachjan, recchen, narrate, ex-
plain, reckon ; these verbs being derived from a
noun, AS. racu, f., an account or reckoning, an
account or narrative, an exposition, explana-
tion, history, comedy, = OHG. rahha, f., a sub-
ject, thing, = Icel. rok, neut. pi., a reason,
ground, origin; prob. akin to Gr. /toyof, an ac-
count, saying, word, reason, Uyeiv, say: see
Logos, logic, legend, etc. The AS. verb reccan,
narrate, is generally confused with reccan, di-
rect, rule, also stretch: see rackl, retch1. The
former spelling recken is historically the proper
one, the termination -on, as with beckon, being
prop, -en: see -en1.] I. trans. 1. To count, or
count up; compute; calculate; tell over by
items or one by one : often with up.
No man vpon molde schuld now deuise
Men richlier a-raid to rekene alle thinges.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1934.
I have not art to reckon my groans.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. 121.
If we reckon up only those days which God hath accepted
of our lives, a life of good years will hardly be a span long.
Sir T. Browne, To a Friend.
To reckon right it is required, (1.) That the mind dis-
tinguish carefully two ideas which are different one from
another only by the addition or subtraction of one unit.
(2.) That it retain in memory the names or marks of the
several combinations from an unit to that number.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xvi. 7.
2. To take into account ; include in an account
or category; set to one's account; impute;
charge or credit.
Faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.
Rom. iv. 9.
.Also these Yles of Ynde, which beth evene azenst us,
beth noght reckned in the Climates ; for thei ben azenst
us that ben in the lowe Contree.
Mandemtte, Travels, p. 186.
Was any man's lust or intemperance ever reckoned among
the Titles of his honour? StUlingJleet, Sermons, I. ii.
Among the costs of production have to be reckoned taxes,
general and local. //. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 23.
3f. To take account of ; inquire into; consider.
Thane salle we rekkene fulle rathe whatt ryghte that he
claymes. Morte Arthure (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1275.
4. To hold in estimation as; regard; consider
as being.
We ought not to recken and coumpt the thynge harde
That bryngeth ioye and pleasure afterwarde.
Babees Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. 339.
For that they reckened this demeanoure attempted, not
so specially againste the other Lordes, as agaynste the
Einge hymselfe. Sir T. More, Works, p. 43.
Though it be not expressly spoken against in Scripture,
yet I reckm it plainly enough implied in the Scripture.
Latimer, Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
This is reckoned a very polite and fashionable amuse-
ment here. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, Ixxxvi.
A friend may well be reckoned the masterpiece of nature.
Emerson, Friendship.
= Syn. 1. To enumerate, cast, cast up.- -1 and 2. Compute,
Count, etc. (see calculate).
reckoning
II. intrans. 1. To. make a computation; cast
up an account; figure up.
And when he had begune to recken, won was browghte
vnto hym whiche ought hym ten thousande talenttes.
Tyndale, Mat. xviii. 24.
2. To make an accounting; settle accounts;
come to an adjustment or to terms: commonly
followed by with.
"Parfay," seistow, " som tyme he rekne anal, . . .
For he noght helpeth needfulle in her nede."
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 12.
The lorde of those servauntes cam, and reckened u-ith
them. Tyndale, Mat. xxv. 19.
Know that ye shall to-morrow be placed before God,
and reckoned with according to your deeds.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 104.
3f. To give an account of one s self; make an
explanation.
Pandarus, withouten rekenynge,
Out wente anon to Eleyne and Deiphebus.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1640.
4f. To take account of the points or details of
a subject ; reason ; discriminate.
Nothing at all, to rekin rycht,
Different, in to Goddis sycht,
Than bene the purest Creature
That euir wes formit of nature.
Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.), 1. 63.
5. To base a calculation or expectation ; rely;
count ; depend : with on or upon.
My Lord Ambassador Aston reckons upon you, that you
will be one of his Train at his first Audience in Madrid.
Uowett, Letters, I. vi. 28.
Thus they [men] adore the goodly scheme by which
they brought all these things to pass, and reckon upon it
as sure and infallible for the future.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. vii.
In the whole corporation [of Newcastle-on-Tyne], the
government could not reckon on more than four votes.
Mm n uln ii, Hist. Eng., viii.
6. To hold a supposition or impression ; have
a notion; think; suppose; guess: as, I reckon
a storm is coming. [The use of reckon in this sense,
though regularly developed and found in good literature,
like the corresponding sense of the transitive verb (defini-
tion 4), has by reason of its frequency in colloquial speech
in some parts of the United States, especially in the South
(where it occupies a place like that of guess in New Eng-
land), come to be regarded as provincial or vulgar.]
I reckoned [thought, R. V., margin] till morning that as a
lion so will he break all my bones. Isa. xxxviii. 13.
For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are
not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be
revealed in us. Rom. viii. 18.
What, you are a courtier, I reckon? No wonder you
wish the press was demolished. Foote, The Bankrupt, iii.
There is one thing I must needs add, though I reckon
it will appear to many as a very unreasonable paradox.
Swift, Nobles and Commons, v.
I reckon you will be selling out the whole — it's needless
making twa bites of a cherry. Scott, St Ronan's Well, x.
I reckon they will always be "the girls" to us, even if
they're eighty. Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 444.
7. To expect; intend. [Obsolete or colloq.]
Another sweet invention,
The which in brief I reckon to name.
Undaunted Londonderry (Child's Ballads, VII. 249).
To reckon for, to give an account for; be answerable
for.
If they fail in their bounden duty, they shall reckon for
it one day. Bp. Sanderson.
To reckon without one's host. See /»•.-•'-.
reckoner (vek'n-er), n. [< ME. rekenere, rek-
nare (= D. rekenaar = G. rechner = Sw. be-
raknare = Dan. oc-regner) ; < reckon + -cc1.]
1. One who reckons or computes: as, a rapid
reckoner.
But retrospects with bad reckoners are troublesome
things. Warburton, On Occasional Reflections.
In Ireland, where the reckoner would begin by saying
"The two thumbs is one." Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 489.
2. Something that assists a person to reckon
or cast up accounts, as a book containing a se-
ries of tables ; a ready-reckoner.
reckoning (rek'n-ing), n. [Early mod. E. also
reckning; < ME. rekeninge; rekninge, rekning,
recning (= D. rekening, a bill, account, reckon-
ing, = MLG. rekeninge = OHG. rechenunga,
MHG. rechenunge, G. rechnuiig = Sw. rakmng
= Dan. regning, a reckoning, a computation) ;
verbal n. of reckon, v.~\ 1. The act of count-
ing or computing; hence, an account or cal-
culation ; an adjustment of accounts.
For it pleaseth a Mayster much to haue a true reckon-
ing. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 66.
I am ill at reckoning. Shak., L. L. L., i. 2. 42.
The way to make reckonings even is to make them often.
South.
2. A bill of charges, especially in a hotel, tav-
ern, inn, or other place of entertainment; an
itemized statement of what is due ; a score.
reckoning
Cervieiua pales for all, his purse
Deiraii-s ull recknings.
Times' Whittle (E. E. T. 8.), p. 61.
We were treated in the most friendly manner by these
good people, and had no reason to complain of our reckon-
ing on leaving. E. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 360.
He paid the goodwife's reckoning
In the coin of SOUR and tale.
Whitiifr, Cobbler Keezar's Vision.
Till issuing arm'd he found the host, and cried,
"Thy reckoning, friend?" Tennyson, lieraint.
3. An account of time.
Truth is truth
To the end of reckoning.
Shale., M. for M., v. 1. 46.
4. The estimated time of a cow's calving.
[Now only Scotch.]
Canst thou their reck'nings keep, the time compute ?
Sandys, Paraphrase upon Job, xxxix.
5. A summing up in general ; a counting of
cost or expenditure ; a comparison of items or
particulars in any matter of accountability.
Let us care
To live so that our reckonings may fall even
When we're to make account.
Ford, Broken Heart, ii. 3.
The waste of it [time) will make you dwindle, alike in
intellectual and moral stature, beyond your darkest reck-
onings. Gladstone, Might of Bight, p. 21.
6. An accounting for action or conduct; ex-
planation; inquisition; scrutiny.
We two to rekenynge must be brougt ;
Biwaare ! free wille wole make thee woode.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 60.
7. A holding in estimation; assignment of
value; appreciation.
You make no further reckoning of it [beauty] than of
an outward fading benefit nature bestowed.
Sir P. Sidney.
8. Standing as to rank, quality, or worthiness ;
rating; consideration; reputation.
Neither ought they [certain men] to be of such reckon-
ing that their opinion or conjecture should cause the
laws of the Church of England to give place.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., iv.
Of honourable reckoning are you both.
Shak., R. and J., i. 2. 4.
One M. Harvey, a right honest man, of good reckoning;
and one that above twenty years since bare the chiefest
office in Walden with good credit.
<?. Harvey, Four Letters, i.
9. Naut., the calculation of the position of a
ship from the rate as determined by the log,
and the course as determined by the compass,
the place from which the vessel started being
known. See dead-reckoning — Astronomical reck-
oning, a mode of stating dates before Christ, used by as-
tronomers. The year B. c, 1 is called 0 ; B. c. 2 is called
—l, etc.— Count and reckoning. See counts.— The
day Of reckoning, the day of judgment ; the day when
account must be rendered and settlement made.— To be
astern of the reckoning. See astern.— To run ahead
of one's reckoning (naitt.), to sail beyond the position
erroneously estimated in the dead-reckoning.
reckoning-book (rek'n-ing-buk), n. A book
in which money received and expended is set
down. Johnson.
reckoning-penny (rek'n-ing-pen''!), ». [= G.
rechenpfennig.'] Ametallic disk or counter, with
devices and inscriptions like a coin, formerly
used in reckoning or casting up accounts.
reclaim (re-klam'), v. [Early mod. E. also re-
clame; < ME. reclaimen, reclaymen, recleimen, re-
cleymen, < OF. reclaimer, recleimer, reclamer, F.
reclamer, claim, reclaim, cry out against, ex-
claim upon, sue, claim, = Pr. Sp. Pg. reclamar
= It. riehiamare, < L. reclamare, cry out against,
exclaim against, contradict, call "repeatedly, <
re-, again, + clamare, call: see claim1.'] I.
intrans. If. To cry out ; exclaim against some-
thing.
Hereunto Polomar reclaiming againe, began to aduance
and magnine the honour and dignitie of generall conncels.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 637, an. 1438.
"I do not design it," says Tom, " as a reflection on Vir-
gil ; on the contrary, I know that all the manuscripts re-
claim against such a punctuation." Addison, Tom Folio.
2. In Scots law, to appeal from a judgment of
the lord ordinary to the inner house of the
Court of Session. — 3f. To draw back; give way.
Ne from his currish will a whit reclaim.
Spenser. (Webster.)
4. To effect reformation.
They, harden'd more by what might most reclaim,
Grieving to see his glory, at the sight
Took envy. Hilton, P. L., vi. 791.
II. trimy. If. To cry out against; contradict;
gainsay.
Herod, instead of reclaiming what they exclaimed, em-
braced and hugged their praises.
Fuller, Pisgah Sight, ii. 8. (Trench.)
2t. To call back; call upon to return ; recall;
urge backward.
5003
And willed him for to reclayme with speed
His scattred people, ere they all were slaine.
Spenser, F. Q., V. xii. 9.
3. To claim the return or restoration of; de-
mand renewed possession of ; attempt to re-
gain: as, to reclaim one's rights or property.
A tract of land [Holland] snatched from an element per-
petually reclaiming its prior occupancy. Coxe.
A truly great historian would reclaim those materials
which the novelist has appropriated. Macaulay, History.
4. To effect the return or restoration of; get
back or restore by effort; regain; recover.
So shall the Briton blood then- crowne agayn reclame.
Spenser, F. Q., III. iii. 48.
This arm, that hath reclaim 'd
To your obedience fifty fortresses.
Shak., 1 Hen. VT., iii. 4. 5.
5f. In falconry, to draw back ; recover.
Another day he wol, peraventure,
Reclayme thee and brlnge thee to lure.
Chaucer, Prol. to Manciple's Tale, 1. 72.
To the bewits was added the creance, or long thread,
by which the bird in tutoring was drawn back, after she
had been permitted to fly ; and this was called the reclaim-
ing of the hawk. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 91.
6f. To bring under restraint or within close
limits; check; restrain; holdback.
By this means also the wood is reclaimed and repressed
from running out in length beyond all measure.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvii. 22.
Or is her tow'ring Flight reclaim'd
By Seas from Icarus' Downfall nam'd ?
Prior, Carmen Seculare (1700), st 23.
It cannot be intended that he should delay his assis-
tance till corruption is reclaimed.
Johnson, Debates in Parliament (ed. 1787), II. 375.
7. To draw back from error or wrong-doing;
bring to a proper state of mind; reform.
If he be wild,
The reclaiming him to good and honest, brother,
Will make much for my honour.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, i. 1.
Tis the intention of Providence, in its various expres-
sions of goodness, to reclaim mankind. Rogers, Sermons.
8. To bring to a subdued or ameliorated state ;
make amenable to control or use; reduce to obe-
dience, as a wild animal; tame; subdue; also,
to fit for cultivation, as wild or marshy land.
Thou [Jason] madest thy reclaymynge and thy lures
To ladies of thy staately aparaunce,
And of thy wordes farsed with plesaunce.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1371.
The elephant is never won with anger,
Nor must that man that would reclaim a lion
Take him by the teeth. Fletcher, Valentinian, i. 3.
Upon his nst he bore, for his delight,
An eagle well reclaimed, and lily white.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., iii. 89.
A pathless wilderness remains
Yet unsubdued by man's reclaiming hand.
Shelley, Queen Mab, ix.
9t. To call or cry out again ; repeat the utter-
ance of ; sound back; reverberate.
Melt to teares, poure out thy plaints, let Eccho reclame
them. Greene, The Mourning Garment.
Reclaimed animals, in law, those animals, naturally
wild, that are made tame by art, industry, or education,
whereby a qualified property is acquired in them. = 8301.
4 and 6. To recover, regain, restore, amend, correct.
reclaim (re-klam'), n. [< ME. reclayme, re-
cleyme, < OF. reclaim, F. reclame = Sp. Pg. It.
reclame, calling back (in falconry); from the
verb.] The act of reclaiming, or the state of
being reclaimed, in any sense ; reclamation ; re-
call; restoration; reformation.
Non of hem all that him hide mygh
But cam with him a reclayme ffro costis aboute,
And (fell with her ffetheris fflat vppon the erthe.
Richard the Redeless, ii. 182.
I see you are e'en past hope
Of all reclaim.
B, Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 1.
reclaimable (re-kla'ma-bl), a. [< reclaim +
-able.] Capable of being reclaimed, reformed,
or tamed.
He said that he was young, and so reclaimable : that this
was his first fault. Dr. Cuckburn, Hem. on Burnet, p. 41.
reclaimably (re-kla'ma-bli), adv. So as to be
capable of being reclaimed.
reclaimantt (re-kla'mant), «. [< OF. recla-
mant, F. reclamant (= Pg. It. reclamante), ppr.
of reclamer, reclaim: see reclaim.'] One who
reclaims, or opposes, contradicts, or remon-
strates.
reclaimer (re-kla'mer), n. One who reclaims.
reclaiming (re-kla'ming), p. a. [< ME. re-
cleymynye; ppr. of reclaim, v.] 1. Serving or
tending to reclaim ; recalling to a regular course
of life; reforming. — 2. In Scots law, appealing
from a judgment of the lord ordinary to the
inner house of the Court of Session Reclaim-
recline
ing days, in Scots law, the days allowed within which to
take an appeal.— Reclaiming note, In Scots law, the
petition of appeal in a case of reclaiming,
reclaimless (re-klam'les), a. [< reclaim +
-less.] Incapable of being reclaimed ; that can-
not be reclaimed; not to be reclaimed; irre-
claimable. [Rare.]
And look on Guise as a reclaimleis Rebel.
Lee, Duke of Guise, ii. 1.
reclamation (rek-la-ma'shon), «. [< OF. re-
clamation, F. reclamation = Sp. reclamacion =
Pg. redamactto = It. richiamazione, a contra-
diction, gainsaying, < L. reclamatio(n-), a cry
of opposition or disapprobation, < reclamare,
cry out against: see reclaim.] 1. A reclaim-
ing of something as a possession ; a claim or
demand for return or restoration; a require-
ment of compensation for something wrongly
taken or withheld; also, a claim to a discovery
as having been previously made.
When Denmark delivered up to Great Britain three
prizes, carried into a port of Norway by Paul Jones In the
revolutionary war, we complained of it, and continued
our reclamations through more than sixty years.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. iii., p. 448.
2. A calling or bringing back, as from aberra-
tion or wrong-doing ; restoration ; reformation.
Not for a partnership in their vice, but for their recla-
mation from evill.
/;/'. Hall, Satan's Fiery Darts Quenched, iii. § 6.
3. The act of subduing to fitness for service or
use; taming; amelioration: as, the reclamation
of wild animals or waste land.
A thorough course of reclamation was then adopted
with this land, which was chiefly bog and cold boulder
clay. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 205.
4. A remonstrance; representation made in
opposition ; a cry of opposition or disapproba-
tion.
I suspect yon must allow there is some homely truth
at the bottom of what called out my worthy secretary's
admonitory reclamation. Noctes Ambrosianx, Sept., 1832.
reclamation-plow (rek-la-ma'shon-plou), n.
A heavy plow used for breaking new land and
clearing it of roots and stones. Some forms
are drawn by a steam-plow engine, others by
oxen or horses.
reclinant (re-kli'nant), a. [< F. reclinant, ppr.
of recliner: see recline.] In her., bending or
bowed.
reclinate (rek'li-nat), a. [= F. recline = Sp.
Pg. reclinado = It. reclinato, < L. reclinatus, pp.
of reclinare, bend back, recline : see recline.]
Bending downward, (a) In bot., said of stems or
branches when erect or ascending at the base, then turn-
ing toward the ground ; of leaves in the bud in which the
blade is bent down upon the petiole or the apex of the
blade upon its base ; of a cotyledon doubled over in the
seed, (i) In entom., said of parts, processes, hairs, etc.,
which curve down toward a surface, as if to rest on it.
reclination (rek-li-na'shon), n. [= F. reclinai-
son = Sp. reclinacion = Pg. reclinacSo, < L. re-
clinare, pp. reclinatus, bend back: see recline
and reclinate.] 1. The act of leaning or re-
clining ; the state of reclining or beingreclined.
— 2. In dialing, the angle which the plane of
the dial makes with a vertical plane which it
intersects in a horizontal line. — 3. In surg.,
one of the operations once used for the cure of
cataract. It consists in applying a specially constructed
needle in a certain manner to the anterior surface of the
lens, and depressing it downward or backward into the
vitreous humor.
reclinatoryt (re-kll'na-to-ri), n. [ME. reelina-
torye; < ML. reclinatbrium, a place for reclin-
ing, a pillow, < L. reclinare, recline : see recline]
Something to recline on ; a rest.
Therinne sette his reclynatorye.
Lydgate, MS. Soc. Antiq. 134, f. 8. (HalKweU.)
recline (re-klm'), v. ; pret. and pp. reclined, ppr.
reclining. [< OF. recliner, F. recliner = Sp. Pg.
reclinar = It. reclinare, lean back, < L. recli-
nare, lean back, recline, < re-, back, + "clinare,
lean: see dine and lean*, v.] I. intrans. 1. To
lean backward or downward upon something ;
rest in a recumbent posture. — 2. To bend
downward; lean; have a leaning posture.
[Rare.]
Eastward, in long perspective glittering, shine
The wood-crowned clilfs that o'er the lake recline.
Wordsworth, Descriptive Sketches.
Reclining dial. See <ZioZ.=Syn. Recline is always as
strong as lean, and generally stronger, indicating a more
completely recumbent position, and approaching lie.
II. trans. To place at rest in a leaning or
recumbent posture ; lean or settle down upon
something : as, to recline the head on a pillow,
or upon one's arm.
The mother
Reclined her dying head upon his breast. Dryden.
recline
In a shadow}- saloon,
On silken cushions half reclined,
I watch thy grace. Tennyson, Eleiinore.
recline (re-klin'), a. [< L. reclinis, reclinus,
leaning back, bent back, reclining, < recliiinn-.
lean back, recline: see recline, v.] Leaning;
being in a reclining posture. [Rare.]
They sat recline
On the soft downy bank damask'd with flowers.
Milton, P. L., iv. 333.
recliner (re-kli'ner), ». One who or that which
reclines ; specifically, a reclining dial.
reclining-board (ve-kll'ning-bdrd), n. A board
to which young persons are sometimes strapped,
to prevent stooping and to give erectness to the
figure. Mrs. S. C. Sail.
reclining-chair (re-kli'ning-char), «. A chair
the back of which' can be tilted as desired, to
allow the occupant to assume a reclining posi-
tion ; an invalid-chair.
reclivate (rek'li-vat), a. [< LL. reclivis, lean-
ing backward, < L. re-, back, + clivus, sloping :
see clivous.] In entom.. forming a double curve ;
curving outward and then inward : noting mar-
gins, parts of jointed organs, and processes.
reclotne(re-kloTH'), v. t. [< re- + clothe.] To
clothe again.
The varying year with blade and sheaf
Clothes and reclothes the happy plains.
Tennyson, Day Dream, The Sleeping Palace.
recludet (re-klod'), v. t. [= OP. reclure, re-
clorre, F. reclure = Pr. reclaure, resclure = Sp.
Pg. recluir, shut up, seclude, = It. richiudere,
unclose, open, < LL. recludere, shut up or off,
close, < L. recludere, unclose, open, also in LL.
shut up, <re-, back, + claudere, shut: see close1,
and cf. conclude, exclude, include, preclude, se-
clude, occlude.'] To open ; unclose.
Hem softe enclude,
And towarde nyght hir yates thou recliide.
Patladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 39.
recluse (re-klos'), a. and n. [I. < ME. recluse,
n.,< OF. reclus, F. reclus, fern. recluse = Pr. reclus
= Sp. Pg. recluso = It. richiuso, < LL. reclusus,
shut up (ML. reclusus, m., reclitsa, f., a recluse),
pp. of recludere, shut up, L. unclose, open, etc. :
see reclude. 2. < ME. recluse, < OF. recluse, a
convent, monastery, < LL. reclusa, fern, of reclu-
sus, shut up : see above.] I. a. Shut up or apart
from the world ; retired from public notice ; se-
questered; solitary; existing or passed in a soli-
tary state : as, a recluse monk or hermit ; a re-
cluse life.
Here, as recluse as the Turkish Spy at Paris, I am almost
unknown to every body.
Goldsmith, To Rev. Thomas Contarine.
II. ». 1. A person who withdraws from the
world to spend his days in seclusion and medi-
tation; specifically, a member of a religious
community who is voluntarily immured for life
in a single cell. The life of a monastic recluse was a
privilege accorded only to those of exceptional virtue,
and only by express permission of the abbot, chapter, and
bishop. In earlier monasticism, the recluse was immured
in a cell, sometimes underground, and usually within the
precincts of the monastery. He was to have no other ap-
parel than that which he wore at the time of his incarce-
ration. The doorway to the cell was walled up, and only
a sufficient aperture was left for the conveyance of provi-
sions, but so contrived as not to allow the recluse to see
or be seen. Later monasticism greatly modified this rigor.
2f. A place of seclusion; a retired or quiet
situation ; a hermitage, convent, or the like.
It is certain tl-at the church of Christ is the pillar of
truth, or sacred reel-use and peculiar asylum of Religion.
J. Wise, The Churches' Quarrel Espoused.
recluset (re-kloV), v. t. [< ME. reclwsen; < re-
cluse, a.] To shut up ; seclude ; withdraw from
intercourse.
Religious out-ryders reclined in here cloistres.
Piers Ploumum (C), v. 116.
I had a shrewd Disease hung lately upon me. proceed-
ing, as the Physicians told me, from this long recluset Life.
Bowell, Letters, ii. 29.
reclusely (re-klos'li), adv. In a recluse man-
ner; in retirement or seclusion from society;
as a recluse. Lee, Eccles. Gloss,
recluseness (re-klos'nes), H. The state of be-
ing recluse; retirement; seclusion from society.
A kind of calm recluseness is like rest to the overlaboured
man. Feltham, On Eccles. ii. 11. (Resolves, p. 349.)
reclusion (re-klo'zhon), n. [< F. reclusion =
Sp. reclusion = Pg. reclusSo = It. reclugione, <
ML. reclusio(n-), < LL. recludere, pp. reelusus,
shut up : see reclude and recluse.] 1 . A state of
retirement from the world ; seclusion. Johnson.
— 2. Specifically, the life or condition of a re-
cluse or immured solitary.
reclusive (re-klo'siv), a. [< recluse + -ire.']
Affording retirement from society ; recluse.
5004
And if it sort not well, you may conceal her . . .
In some reclusive and religious life.
Shale., Much Ado, iv. 1. 244.
reclUSOry(re-klo'so-ri),M.; pi.
[= Sp. It. r'eelusor'io, < ML. reclitsiirinni, < LL.
recludere, pp. reclusus, shut up, close: see re-
cluse.'] The abode or cell of a recluse.
recoctt (re-kokf), r. t. [< L. recoctus, pp. of
rccoquere, cook again, < re-, again, + coquere,
cook: see coot1, r.] To cook over again;
hence, to vamp up or renew.
Old women and men, too, . . . seek, as it were, by
Medea's charms, to recoct their corps, as she did ^Eson's,
from feeble deformities to sprightly handsomeness.
Jer. Taylor (V), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 71.
recoction (re-kok'shon), w. [< recoct + -ion.]
A second coction or preparation. Imp. Diet.
recognisable, recognise, etc. See recognizable,
etc.
recognition1 (rek-og-nish'qn), n. [< OF. re-
cognition, P. recognition = It. ricognizione, re-
cognizione, < L. recognitio(n-), < recognoscere,
pp. recognitus, recognize, know again : see rec-
ognize1.] 1. The act of recognizing; a know-
ing again; consciousness that a given object is
identical with an object previously cognized.
Every species of fancy hath three modes : recognition of
a thing as present, memory of it as past, and foresight of
it as to come, JV. Qrew.
Sense represents phenomena empirically in perception,
imagination in association, apperception in the empirical
consciousness of the identity of these reproductive repre-
sentations with the phenomena by which they were given
therefore in recognition.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Miiller, p. 115.
A person's recognition of a colour is in part an act of in-
ference. ./. Sulla, Sensation and Intuition, p. 67.
2. A formal avowal of knowledge and ap-
proval or sanction ; acknowledgment : as, the
recognition of one government by another as
an independent sovereignty or as a belligerent.
The lives of such saints had, at the time of their yearly
memorials, solemn recognition In the church of Ood.
Hooker.
This Byzantine synod assumed the rank and powers of
the seventh general council ; yet even this title was a
recognition of the six preceding assemblies.
Gibbon, Decline and Fall, xlix.
On the 4th he was received in procession at Westmin-
ster, seized the crown and sceptre of the Confessor, and
was proclaimed king by the name of Edward IV. . . .
From the 4th of March the legal recognition of Edward's
royal character begins, and the years of his reign date.
Stubbs, Const, Hist, § 35fi.
Tiiat a man's right to the produce of his brain is equally
valid with his right to the produce of his hands is a fact
which has yet obtained but a very imperfect recognition.
U. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 155.
3. Cognizance; notice taken; acceptance.
The interesting fact about Apollonius Is the extensive
recognition which he obtained, and the ease with which
his pretensions found acceptance in the existing condition
of the popular mind. Frou.de, Sketches, p. 103.
4. Iii Scots law, the recovery of lands by the
proprietor when they fall to him by the fault
of the vassal ; or, generally, any return of the
feu to the superior, by whatever ground of evic-
tion. =Syn. 1. See recognize*.
recognition2 (re"kog-nish'on), M. A repeated
cognition.
recognitive (re-kog'ni-tiv), a. [< L. recognitus,
pp. of recognoscere, recognize, + -iir. Cf. cog-
recognize
recognizance (re-kog'ni-zans or re-kon'i-zans),
n. [< ME. recni/nixinirr. ' rrrniii/xiuiunce, < OF.
n cminoisance, reconoisance, rc-
, ffroiiiiuiHcc, etc., F. reconnaissance
(> E. reconnaissance) = Pr. reconaissensa, rego-
iiiii/.tnensa = Pg. reconheceiifa = It. riconoscenza,
< ML. rccognoscentia, a recognizing, acknow-
ledgment, an obligation binding one over to do
some particular act, < L. recognoscen(t-)s, ppr.
of recognoscere, recognize: see recognize1. Cf.
cognizance.] 1. The act of recognizing; ac-
knowledgment of a person or thing; avowal;
recognition.
The great bell that heaves
With solemn sound— and thousand others more.
That distance of recognizance* bereaves,
Make pleasing music and not wild uproar.
Keats, Sonnet, " How many Bards."
2. Mark or badge of recognition; token.
Hue did gratify his amorous works
With that recognizance and pledge of love
Which I first gave her [a handkerchief].
Shak., Othello, v. 2. 214.
3. In late: (a) An obligation of record entered
into before some court of record or magistrate
duly authorized, conditioned to do some par-
ticular act, as to appear at court, to keep the
peace, or pay a debt.
He was bounden in a reconyssaunce
To paye twenty thousand sheeld anon.
Chaucer, Shipman's Tale, 1. 330.
This fellow might be in '» time a great buyer of land,
with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double
vouchers, his recoveries. Shot., Hamlet, v. 1. 113.
(6f) The verdict of a jury impaneled upon as-
size— To enter into recognizances. Seeenteri.
recognizant (re-kog'ni-zant or re-kon'i-zant),
a. [< OF. recognoissant, ppr. of recognotstre,
etc., recognize: see recognize1."] Recognizing;
perceiving.
The laird did his best to help him ; but he seemed no-
wise recognizant.
George MacDonald, Warlock o' Glenwarlock, xv.
nitive."] Recognizing; recognitory.
recognitort (re-kog'ni-tor), n. [< AF. reco-
gnitor, < ML. recognitor, < L. recognitus, pp. of
recognoscere, recognize: see recognize1.] ialaw,
one of a jury impaneled on an assize : so called
because they acknowledge a disseizin by their
verdict. The recognitor was a witness rather
than a juror in the modern sense.
The inquests by Recognitors which we hear of from the
time of the Conqueror onwards — the sworn men by whose
oaths Domesday was drawn up— come much more nearly
[than compurgators] to our notion of Jurors, but still they
are not the thing itself.
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, V. 303.
recognitory (re-kog'ni-to-ri), a. [< L. recog-
nitus, pp. of recognoscere, recognize, + -ory1.']
Pertaining to or connected with recognition.
A pun and its recoynitory laugh must be co-instanta-
neous. Lamb, Distant Correspondents.
recognizability (rek-og-m-za-biri-ti), n. [< rec-
ognizable + -ity (see -bilitjj).] The state of
being recognizable ; capacity for being recog-
nized.
recognizable (rek'og-ni-za-bl or re-kog'ni-
za-bl), a. [< recognize1 + ^able. Cf. OF. recon-
noissable, F. reconnaissable.] Capable of being
recognized, known, or acknowledged. Also
spelled recognisable.
recognizably (rek'pg-m-za-bli or re-kog'ni-za-
bli), adr. So as to be recognized. '
recognization (re-kog-ni-za'shpn), ». [< recog-
nize^ + -ation.] The act of recognizing.
recognize1 (rek'og-mz), v. ; pret. and pp. recog-
nized, ppr. recognizing. [With accom. term.
-tee (as if from recognizance), after OF. reco-
gnoistre, F. reconnoitre (> E. reconnoiter) = Pr.
recognoscer, reconoscer = Sp. reconocer = Pg.
rcconhecer = It. riconoscere, < L. recognoscere,
know again, recall to mind, recognize, examine,
certify, < re-, again, + cognoscere, know: see
cognition. Cf. cognize.'] I. trans. 1. To know
(the object) again ; recall or recover the know-
ledge of; perceive the identity of with some-
thing formerly known or in the mind.
Then first he recognis'd the tcthereal guest ;
Wonder and joy alternate fire his breast.
Fenton, in Pope's Odyssey, L 415.
To recognise an object is to identify it with some object
previously seen. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 226.
2. To avow or admit a knowledge of, with
approval or sanction; acknowledge or accept
formally : as, to recognize one as ambassador ;
to recognize a government as an independent
sovereignty or as a belligerent.
He brought several of them . . . to recognize their sense
of their undue procedure used by them unto him.
Bp. Fell, Life of Hammond. (Latham.)
Only that State can live in which injury to the least
member is recognized as damage to the whole.
Emerson, Address, Soldiers' Monument, Concord.
Holland, immediately after the surrender of Yorktown,
had recognised the independence of America, which had
as yet only been recognised by France.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xv.
3. To indicate one's acquaintance with (a per-
son) by a salute: as, to pass one without recog-
nizing him. — 4. To indicate appreciation of:
as, to recognize merit. — 5. To review; ree'x-
amine; take cognizance of anew.
However their causes speed in your tribunals, Christ
will recognize them at a greater. South.
6. To acknowledge; admit or confess as an
obligation or duty.
It is more to the purpose to urge that those who have
so powerful an engine | as the press] in then* hands should
recognize their responsibility in the use of it.
H. S. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 87.
= Syn.2-4. Recognize, Acknowledge. The essential dif-
ference between these words lies in the difference be-
tween letting in to one's own knowledge (recognize) and
letting out to other people's knowledge (acknowledge).
Hence the opposite of recognize is disown or some kindred
word; tl) at of acknowledge ii conceal ot deny, torecognize
an obligation and to acknowledge an obligation differ pre-
cisely in this way. The preacher may be able to make a
man recognize, even if he cannot make him acknowledge.
his need of moral improvement. See acknowledge.
recognize
II, intrans. In law, to enter an obligation of
record before a proper tribunal : as, A. B. rec-
i>!/>ii:ed in the sum of twenty dollars.
Also spelled recognise.
recognize2 (re-kog'mz), v. t. To cognize again.
By the aid of Reasoning we are guided in our search,
and by it n-cnynize known relations under somewhat dif-
ferent attendant circumstances.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 172.
recognizee (re-kog-ni-ze' or re-kon-i-ze'), •«.
[< recognize! + -eel.] ln fa«:,'the person to
whom a recognizance is made.
The recognizance is an acknowledgment of a former debt
upon record, the form whereof is "that A. B. doth ac-
knowledge to owe to our lord the king, to the plaint ill.
to C. D., or the like, the sum of ten pounds" . . . : in
which case the king, the plaintiff, C. D., Ac., is called the
recognizes, "is cui cognoscltur" ; as he that enters into
the recognizance is called the cognizor, "isquicognoscit."
Blackftane, Com., II. xx.
recognizer (rek'og-ni-zer), n. [< recognize^ +
-er1. Cf. recognisor.] One who recognizes,
recognizingly (rek'og-nl-zing-li), adv. With
recognition; consciously; appreciatively.
I know not if among all his "friends " he [John Wilson]
has left one who feels more recognizingly what he was . . .
than I. Carliflc, in Froude, Life in London, xxii.
recognizer (re-kog'ni-zor or re-kon'i-zor), n.
[< OF. "recognoisseur, F. reconnaisseur ; as rec-
ognizel + -or1.] In law, one who enters into a
recognizance,
recognoscet, »'• t. [< L. recognoscere, recognize :
see recognize^.] Same as recognize^. Boyle.
The Examiner [Boyle] might have remembered . . .
who it was that distinguished his style with "ignore" and
"recognosce," and other words of that sort, which nobody
has yet thought fit to follow him in.
Bentley (quoted in F. Hall's Mod. Eng., p. 118).
recoil1 (re-koil'), v. [Early mod. E. also recoyle,
recule; <'ME. recoilen, reculen, < OF. reculer, F.
reculer, draw back, go back, recoil, retire, defer,
drive off (= Pr. Sp. recular = Pg. recwar = It.
reculare, rincitlare), < ML. reculare, go back-
ward, < L. re-, back, + ctilus(~> F. CM/), the hind-
er parts, posteriors; cf. Ir. Gael, cul, the back,
hinder part, = W. cil, back, a retreat.] I. in-
trans. 1 . To draw back ; go back ; retreat ; take
a sudden backward motion after an advance.
Sodalnely he blewe the retraite, and remled almoste a
myle backewarde. Hall, Hen. V., an. 6.
We were with vyolence and rage of the sayde tempest
constreyned to recoyle and turne backwardes, and to seke
some hauyn vpon the coste of Turkey.
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 59.
Ye both forwearied be ; therefore a whyle
I read you rest, and to your bowres recoyle.
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 17.
Looking on the lines
Of my boy's face, methoughts I did recoil
Twenty-three years, and saw myself unbreech'd.
Shak., W. T., L 2. 154.
Their manner is, when any will inuade them, to allure
and drawe them on by flying and reculiny (as if they were
afraide). Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 489.
His men were compelled to recoil from the dense array
of German pikes. Preecott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 12.
2. To start or draw back, as from anything
repulsive, distressing, alarming, or the like;
shrink.
First Fear his hand, its skill to try,
Amid the chords bewildered laid,
And back recoiled, he knew not why,
E'en at the sound himself had made.
Cottim, The Passions.
The heart
Recoils from its own choice.
Cowper, Task, i. 487.
3. To fall, rush, start, bound, or roll back, as
in consequence of resistance which cannot be
overcome by the force impressed; return after
a certain strain or impetus : literally or figura-
tively.
These dread curses, like the sun 'gainst glass,
Or like an overcharged gun, recoil.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii a. 331.
Revenge, at first though sweet.
Bitter ere long, back on itself recoils.
Milton, P. L., ix. 172.
4t. To fall off; degenerate.
Be revenged ;
Or she that bore you was no queen, and you
Recoil from your great stock.
Shak., Cymbeline, i. 6. 128.
Il.t 'ran*. To drive back.
Mariners and merchants with much toyle
Labour'd in vaine to have secur'd their prize, . . .
But neither toyle nor trareill might her backe recoyle.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 19.
recoil1 (rp-koil'), M. [Earlymod. E. also recule;
< OF. recul, recoil, backward movement, re-
treat, F. recttl, recoil, rebound, = Pg. recuo, a
recoil ; from the verb.] If. A drawing back ;
retreat.
5005
Where, having knowledge of Omore his recule, he pur-
sued him. Uolinehed, Descrip. of Ireland. (Nares.)
2. A backward movement ; a re bound: literally
or figuratively.
On a sudden open fly
With impetuous recoil and jarring sound
The infernal doors. MUton, P. L., ii. 880.
The recoil from formalism is scepticism.
F. W. Robertson.
Who knows It not — this dead recoil
Of weary fibres stretched with toil?
0. W. Holmes, Midsummer.
3. Specifically, the rebound or resilience of a
firearm or a piece of ordnance when discharged.
Like an unskilful gunner, he usually misses his aim, and
is hurt by the recoil of his own piece.
Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 3.
Energy of recoil. See energy. — Recoil-Check. See
check*.
recoil2 (re-koil'), c. t. [< re- + coifl.] To coil
again.
He [the driller] then reverses the motion, uncoils it
[the cable], and recoils it up the other way.
Set. Amer., N. S., LV. 118.
recoiler (re-koi'ler), «. One who recoils or falls
back. Jl/l. Hacket, Abp. Williams, p. 98.
recoil-escapement (re-koil'es-kap"ment), n.
In horol., an escapement in which after each beat
the escape-wheel recoils, or moves backward
slightly: opposed to a dead-beat escapement, in
which the escape-wheel rests dead, or without
motion in the interval between the beats.
recoilment (re-koil'ment), «. [Formerly also
recuilment ; < OF. (and F.) reculement, < reculer.
recoil : see recoifi.] The act of recoiling.
The sharp pains of the stone were allay'd by that heavi-
ness of sense which the recuilment of serous moisture into
the habit of the body and insertions of the nerves occa-
sion'd. Hammond, in Bp. Fell.
recoil-pallet (re-koil'pal"et), it. One of the
pallets which form an essential part of the
mechanism of a recoil-escapement.
RecoU pallets — and dead ones too — should only just
clear the teeth. Sir E. Beckett, Clocks and Watches, p. 79.
recoil-wave (re-koil'wav), H. A dicrotic wave,
recoin (re-koin*), v. t. [< re- + coin1.] To coin
again : as, to recoin gold or silver. Locke.
recoinage (re-koi'naj), «. [< recoin + -age."]
1. The act of coining anew. — 2. That which
is coined anew.
recoiner (re-koi'ner), n. One who recoins.
recollect1 (re-ko-lekf), t'. [< L. recollectus,
pp. of recolligere (> It. raccogliere, raccorre, ri-
cogKere, ricorrc = Pg. reeolher = Sp. recolegir
= F. recueillir, also recolliger), gather up again,
recollect, < re-, again, + colligere, pp. collectus,
gather, collect : see collect. Cf. recollect2 and re-
cueil.~\ I. trans. 1. To collect or gather again;
collect what has been scattered: often written
distinctively re-collect: as, to re-collect routed
troops.
So oft shalt thou eternal favour gain,
Who recollectedst Ireland to them twain.
Ford, Fame's Memorial.
The Lake of Zembre, . . . now dispersed into ample
lakes, and againe recollecting his extravagant waters.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 73.
He [Gray] asks his friend Stouehewer, in 1760, "Did you
never observe (while rocking winds are piping loud) that
pause as the gust is re-collecting itself?"
Lowell, New Princeton Rev., I. 163.
2f. To summon back, as scattered ideas; re-
duce to order ; gather together.
" Young man " (qnoth she), " thy spirites recollect ;
Be not amazde mine vncouth shape to see."
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 138.
Recollecting of all our scattered thoughts and exterior ex-
travagances ... is the best circumstance to dispose us to
a heavenly visitation. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 29.
3. To recover (one's self) ; collect (one's self) :
used reflexively in the past participle.
Thor. You'll be temperate,
And hear me.
Ger. Speak, I am re-collected,
Shirley, Love in a Maze, ii. 3.
Now if Joseph would make one of his long speeches, I
might recollect myself a little.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, v. 3.
4f. To gather; collect.
These fishers . . . from their watery empire recollect
All that may men approve or men detect.
Shak., Pericles, it 1. 54.
II. intrans. To come together again; reunite.
Though diffus'd, and spread in infinite,
Shall recollect, and in one all unite.
Donne, To Lady Bedford.
recollect2 (rek-o-lekf), f. t. [In form and ori-
gin same as recollecft, but in pronunciation and
sense depending upon the noun recollection.]
To recover or recall knowledge of ; bring back
to the mind or memory ; remember.
recomfort
Conscious of age, she recollects her youth.
Cowper, Truth, 1. 153.
Perchance
We do but recollect the dreams that come
Just ere the waking. Tennyson, Lucretius.
= Syu. To call up, call to mind. See remember and mem-
or*/.
Recollect3 (rek'o-lekt), «. Same as Kecollet.
The Recollects were uninfected by Jansenism.
Rom. Cath. Diet., p. 709.
recollectedness (rek-q-lek'ted-nes), ». 1. The
result of searching the memory, as putting a
person into complete possession of what he re-
members.
Recollectedness to every good purpose ; unpremeditated-
ness to every bad purpose.
Unit/in, n, Judicial Evidence, II. iv.
2. Self-possession ; mastery of what is in one's
mind.
I spoke with recollectedness and power.
Bp. Wilberforce, Diary, March 3, 1857.
recollection (rek-o-lek'shon), w. [< OF. recol-
lection, F. recollection = Sp. recoleccion, recollec-
tion, = Pg. recoleiqSo, retirement, < L. reeollec-
tio(n-), < recolligere, pp. recollectus, collect again:
see recollecft, recollect'*.] 1. The act of recol-
lecting, or recalling to the memory ; the act by
which objects are voluntarily recalled to the
memory or ideas are revived in the mind; the
searching of the memory; reminiscence; re-
membrance.
If it [the idea] be sought after by the mind, and with pain
and endeavour found, and brought again in view, it is rec-
ollection. Locke, Human Understanding, II. xix. 1.
2. The power of recalling ideas to the mind,
or the period over which such power extends;
remembrance: as, the events mentioned are
uot within my recollection.
When I think of my own native land,
In a moment I seem to be there ;
But alas ! recollection at hand
Soon hurries me back to despair.
Cowper, Alexander Selkirk.
How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood,
When fond recollection presents them to view !
S. Woodworth, The Bucket.
3. That which is recollected; something re-
called to mind.
One of his earliest recollections. Macaulay.
Thinks I, "Aha!
When I can talk, I'll tell Mamma."
— And that's my earliest recollection.
F. Locker, A Terrible Infant.
4. The operation or practice of collecting or
concentrating the mind; concentration; col-
lectedness.
From such an education Charles contracted habits of
gravity and recollection which scarcely suited his time of
life. W. Robertson, Charles V.
= Syn. 1-3. Remembrance, Reminiscence, etc. See memory.
recollective (rek-o-lek'tiv), a. [< recollect2
+ -ire.] Having the power of recollecting.
foster.
Recollet (rek'o-let), n. [Sometimes spelled
Recollect; < OF. recollet, F. recollet = Sp. Pg.
recoleto = It. recolletto, m. (F. recollette = Sp.
Pg. recoleta = It. recolletta, f.), < L. recollectus,
pp. of recolligere, recollect : see recollect1.'] A
member of a congregation of a monastic order
which follows an especially strict rule. The most
noted Recollets belong to the Franciscan order, and form
a branch of the Observantines. See Franciscan.
recolor. recolour (re-kul'or), v. [< re- + color,
colour. j I. trans. To color or dye again.
The monuments which were restored . . . may also in
part have been recoloured. A thenxum, No. 3237, p. 643.
II. intrans. To reassume a color ; flush again.
[Rare.]
The swarthy blush recolours in his cheeks.
Byron, Lara, i. 13.
recomandt, v. A Middle English form of rec-
ommend.
recombine (re-kom-bin' ),v.t. [= F. recombiner
= Sp. recombinar; as re- + combine.] To com-
bine again.
Which when to-day the priest shall recmnbine,
From the mysterious holy touch such charms
Will flow. Carew, On the Marriage of P. K. and C. C.
recomfort (re-kum'fert), r. (. [< ME. reeom-
forten, reconforten, recounforten, < OF. recon-
forter, recwiforter, F. rdxmforter = It. ricon-
fortare, strengthen anew; as re- + comfort.]
If. To give new strength to.
The kynge Pyngnores com with vij"1' Saisnes, that hem
recotmforted and moche sustened, for thei smyten in
among the kynge Ventres meyne.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.X ii. 245.
In strawberries ... it is usual to help the ground with
muck, and likewise to recomfort it sometimes with muck
put to the roots. Bacon, Nat Hist., | 403.
recomfort
2. To comfort again ; console anew.
And hym with al hire wit to reconforte,
As sche best koude, she can hym to disport.
Chaucer, Troilus, iL 1672.
Recomfort thyself, wench, in a better choice.
Middleton, Family of Love, ii. 4.
recomfortlesst (re-kum'fert-les), «. [< 'recom-
fort, 11. (< F. rccoiifort, succor, consolation), +
-less.] Without comfort.
There all that night remained Britomart,
Restlesse, recomfortlesse, with heart deepe grieved.
Spenser, F. Q., V. vi. 24.
recomforturet (re-kum'fer-tur), n. [< recom-
fort + -ure.~\ Renewal or restoration of com-
fort.
They shall breed
Selves of themselves, to your recomforture [orig. recom-
ftture]. Shale., Rich. III., iv. 4. 425.
recommence (re-ko-mens'), v. [< F. recom-
mencer = Pr. recomensar = It. ricominciare ;
as re- + commence."] I. intrans. To begin
again to be; begin again.
He seemed desirous enough of recommencing courtier.
Johnson, Swift.
The transport of reconciliation was soon over ; and the
old struggle recommenced.
Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
II. trans. To cause again to begin to be ; be-
gin again.
I could be well content, allow'd the use
Of past experience, . . .
To recommence life's trial. Cowper, Four Ages.
recommencement (re-ko-mens'ment), «. [<
OF. (and F.) recommencement = It. ricomincia-
mento; as recommence + -ment.] A commence-
ment anew.
recommend (rek-o-mend'), v. t. [Early mod.
E. also recommaund ; < ME. rccommenden, reco-
manden, recomaunden, < OF. recommander, re-
cumander, F. recommaitdcr = Pr. recommandar
= Cat. recomanar = Sp. recomendar = Pg. re-
commendar = It. raccomandare, < ML. recom-
mendare, recommend, < L. re-, again, + com-
mendare, commend: see commend.] 1. To
commend to another's notice ; put in a favor-
able light before another; commend or give
favorable representations of ; bring under one's
notice as likely to be of service.
Custance, your child, hlr recomandeth of te
Un-to your grace.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 180.
And we praye the kynge of Fraunce that he wyll vs
recommaunde to the myghty kyng of Englande.
R. Eden, tr. of Amerigo Vespucci (First Books on Amer-
ica, ed. Arber, p. .\\ \\i >.
In my most hearty wise I recommend me to you.
Sir T. More (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 297).
He recommends a red striped silk to the pale complex-
ion, white to the brown, and dark to the fair.
Addison, Spectator, No. 265.
2. To make acceptable ; attract favor to.
Conversing with the meanest of the people, and choos-
ing such for his Apostles, who brought nothing to recom-
mend them but iunocency and simplicity.
StiUingfleet, Sermons, I. iii.
As shades more sweetly recommend the light,
So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 301.
3. To commit or intrust, as in prayer.
Alle the bretherin and sistrin . . . ban recomoundid in
here mynde the stat of holi Chirche, and for pesand vnite
in the lond. English Oilds (E. E. T. 8.), p. 37.
Paul chose Silas, and departed, being recommended by
the brethren unto the grace of God. Acts xv. 40.
4. To advise, as to an action, practice, mea-
sure, remedy, or the like; advise (that some-
thing be done).
If there be a particular inn ... where you are well ac-
quainted, . . . recommend your master thither.
Swift, Advice to Servants, To the Groom.
He recommended that the whole disposition of the camp
should be changed. Irving, Granada, p. 67.
I was . . . strongly recommended to sell out by his
Royal Highness the Commander-in-chief.
Thackeray, Fitz-Boodle's Confessions.
5t. To give or commit in kindness.
Denied me mine own purse,
Which I had recommended to his use
Not half an hour before. Shak., T. N., T. 1. 94.
To recommend itself, to be agreeable ; make itself ac-
ceptable.
This castle hath a pleasant seat ; the air
Nimbly and sweetly recommends itsetf
Unto our gentle senses. Shak., Macbeth, i. 6. 2.
recommendable (rek-o-men'da-bl), a. [< OF.
(and F.) recommandable = Sp. recomendable =
Pg. recommendavel ; as recommend + -able.]
Capable of being or suitable to be recom-
mended; worthy or deserving of recommenda-
tion or praise. Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatiz-
ing, Pref .
5006
recommendableness (rek-o-men'da-bl-nes), n.
The quality of being recommendable. Dr. H.
More.
recommendably (rek-o-men'da-bli), adi\ In a
recommendable manner; so as to deserve rec-
ommendation.
recommendation (rek"o-men-da'shgn), «. [<
ME. recomendacyoii, < OF. (and F.)"recomman-
tlution = Pr. recomandatio = Sp. recomendacion
= Pg. recommendag&o = It. raccommandazione,
< ML. recommendatio(n-), < recommendare, rec-
ommend: see recommend.] 1. The act of rec-
ommending or of commending; the act of rep-
resenting in a favorable manner for the pur-
pose of procuring the notice, confidence, or
civilities of another.
My wife . . . referred her to all the neighbors for a
character ; but this our peeress declined as unnecessary,
alleging that her cousin Thornhill's recommendation would
be sufficient Goldsmith, Vicar, xi.
2. That which procures a kind or favorable
reception; any thing, quality, or attribute,
which produces or tends to produce a favor-
able acceptance, reception, or adoption.
PopUcola's doors were opened on the outside, to save
the people even the common civility of asking entrance ;
where misfortune was a powerful recommendation.
Dryden.
3f. Favor; repute.
Whome I fonnde a lorde of hyghe rccomendacyon, no-
ble, lyberall, and curtesse.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. xxvil.
It [the barylng of the dead] hath always been had in an
extraordinary recommendation amongst the ancients.
North, tr. of Plutarch, ii.
4. A letter of recommendation. [Colloq.] —
Letter of recommendation, a letter given by one per-
son to another, and addressed to a third or " to whom it
may concern," in which the bearer is represented as
worthy of consideration and confidence.
recommendativet (rek-o-men'da-tiv), n. [=
OF. recommandatif = It. raccomandativo ; as
recommend + -a tire.] That which recommends ;
a recommendation. Imp. Diet.
recommendatory (rek-o-men'da-to-ri), a. [=
Sp. recomendatorio = It. raccomandatorio ; <
recommend + -at-ory. Cf. commendatory.] Serv-
ing to recommend; recommending.
If you . . . send us withal a Copy of your Recommen-
datory Letters, we shall then take care that you may with
all speed repair to us upon the Public Faith.
MUton, Letters of State (Works, VIII. 271).
recommender (rek-p-men'der), n. [< OF. (and
F.) recommandeur =: Pg. recommendador = It.
raccomandatore ; from the verb.] One who or
that which recommends.
This letter Is in your behalf, fair maid ;
There 's no denying such a recommcnder.
Digby, Elvira, i 1.
recommit (re-ko-mif), v. t. [= It. ricommet-
tere; as re- + commit. Cf. ML. recommittere,
commend.] 1. To commit again: as, to recom-
mit persons to prison.
When they had bailed the twelve bishops who were in
the Tower, the House of Commons expostulated with them,
and caused them to be recommitted. Clarendon.
2. To refer again as to a committee.
I shall propose to yon to suppress the Board of Trade
and Plantations, and to recommit all its business to the
council. Burke, Economical Reform.
If a report is recommitted before it has been agreed to
by the assembly, what has heretofore passed in the com-
mittee is of no validity.
Gushing, Manual of Parliamentary Practice, § 291.
recommitment (re-ko-mit'ment),n. [< recom-
mit + -ment.] 1. A second or renewed com-
mitment.— 2. A renewed reference to a com-
mittee.
recommittal (re-ko-mit'al), n. [< recommit +
-al.] Same as recommitment.
recompact (re-kom-pakf), ». *• [< re- + com-
pact1, v.] To compact or join anew.
Repair
And recompact my scatter'd body.
Donne, A Valediction of my Name,
recompencet, v. and n. An old spelling of rec-
ompense.
recompensation (re-kom-pen-sa'shon), n. [<
ME. recompensacioti, recompensacioun, < OF. re-
compensation = Sp. recompensacion = Pg. re-
compensayao = It. ricompensazione, < ML. re-
compensatio(n-), a rewarding, < recompensare,
reward: see recompense.] If. A recompense.
They ne owhte nat ryht for the recompensacyon for to
geten hem bounte and prowesse.
Chaucer, Boe thins, iv. prose 4.
And that done, he shuld geue vnto the duke, in recom-
pensacion of his costys, so many wedgys of golde as shulde
charge or lade viii. charettis.
Fabyan, Chron., II., an. 1391.
2. In Scots law, a case in which the plaintiff
pursues for a debt, and the defendant pleads
recompletion
compensation, to which the pursuer replies by
pleading compensation also.
recompense (rek'om-pens), r. ; pret. and pp.
recompenxed, ppr. recom in'imiuij. [Formerly also
recompence; < ME. recompensen, < OF. recomjn n-
ser, F. reeompenscr = Pr. Sp. Pg. recomjiensar
= It. ricompenxare, < ML. recompensare, reward,
remunerate, < L. re-, again, + compensare, com-
pensate: see compensate.] I. trans. 1. To make
a return to; give or render an equivalent to, as
for services or loss ; compensate: with a person
as object.
For they cannot recompence the, butt thou shalt be re-
compensed at the resurreccion of the iuste men.
Tyndale, Luke xiv. 14.
Vet fortune cannot recompense me better
Than to die well and not my master's debtor.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 3. 75.
2. To return an equivalent for; pay for; re-
ward; requite.
I will recompense their iniquity. Jer. xvi. 18.
He means to recompense the pains you take
By cutting off your heads. Shak., K. John, v. 4. 15.
He shall recompense them their wickedness, and destroy
them in their own malice.
Book of Common Prayer, Psalter, xciv. 23.
3. To pay or give as an equivalent; payback.
Recompense to no man evil for evil. Rom. xii. 17.
4. To make amends for by some equivalent;
make compensation for ; pay some forfeit for.
If the man have no kinsman to recmnpeiae the trespass
unto. Num. v. 8.
So shall his father's wrongs be recompensed.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 1. 161.
The sun, whose presence they are long depriued of in
the winter (which is recompensed in their nightlesse Sum-
mer), is worshipped amongst them.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 434.
Where thou mightst hope to change
Torment with ease, and soonest recompense
Dole with delight. Milton, P. L., iv. 893.
He is a very licentious translator, and does not recom-
pense his neglect of the author by beauties of his own.
Johnson, Stepney.
5. To serve as an equivalent or recompense for.
The tenderness of an uncle recompensed the neglect of
a father. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 2.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Remunerate, Reimburse, etc. (see indem-
ntfu\ repay.
H.t intrans. To make amends or return.
Chaucer.
recompense (rek'om-pens), n. [Formerly also
recompence; < OF. recompense, F. recompense =
Sp. Pg. recomj>ensa = It. ricompensa, I., ricom-
penso, m., < ML. recompensa, recompense ; from
the verb.] An equivalent returned for anything
given, done, or suffered; compensation; re-
ward; amends; requital.
To me belongeth vengeance and recompence.
Deut. xxxii. 35.
Is this a child's love? or a recompense
Fit for a father's care?
Beau, and Ft., Captain, i. 3.
Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere ;
Heaven did a recompense as largely send.
Gray, Elegy.
recompensementt (rek'om-pens-ment), n. [<
OF. recompensement = It. r icompensamento ; as
recompense + -ment.] Recompense; requital.
Edfryde had great summes of money in recompencement
of his brother's deth. Fabyan, Chron., I. cxxxv.
recompenser (rek'om-pen-ser), n. [< OF. re-
compenseur, F. recompenses = Pg. recompensa-
dor, < ML. recompensator, < recompensare, rec-
ompense: see recompense.] One who or that
which recompenses.
recompensive (rek'om-pen-siv), a. [< recom-
pense + -ire.] Having the character of a rec-
ompense ; compensative.
Reduce those seeming inequalities and respective distri-
butions in this world to an equality and recompensive jus-
tice in the next. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 5 47.
recompile (re-kom-pll'), v. t. [< re- + compile.]
To compile anew. Bacon.
recompilement (re-kpm-pil'ment), n. [< re-
compile + -ment.] A new compilation or digest.
Although I had a purpose to make a particular digest or
recompilement of the laws, I laid it aside.
Bacon, A Compiling an Amendment of the Laws.
recomplete (re-kom-plef), v. t. [< re- + com-
plete.] To complete anew; make complete
again, as after an injury.
The ability of an organism to recomplete itself when one
of its parts has been cut off is of the same order as the
ability of an injured crystal to recomplete itself.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 64.
recompletion (re-kom-ple'shon), ii, [< re- +
completion.] Completion again, as after an in-
jury which has caused incompleteness.
recompletion
In this way, by successive destruction nnd re-completion.
J. D. Dana, Text-book of Ueology (3d ed.), p. 33.
recompose (re-kom-poz'), v. t. [< OF. (and P.)
riTiimjHi.ii-r: as IT- 4- cimi/ioaf. Cf. Sp. recoin-
poner = Pg. recompttr = It. ricoiaporre, recom-
pose.] 1. To quiet anew; compose or trun-
quilize that which is ruffled or disturbed: as,
to recompose the mind.
By music he was recomposed and tamed.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 3.
2. To compose anew ; form or adjust again.
We were able to produce a lovely purple, which we can
destroy or recompose at pleasure. Boyle, Works, I. 788.
recomposer (re-kom-po'zer), «. One who or
that which recomposes.
No animal figure can off er to move or wagge amisse but
it meets with a proper corrector and re-composer of its
motions. Dr. H. Wore, Moral Cabbala, i.
recomposition (re-kom-po-zish'on), n. [< F.
recomposition = Sp. recomposicion = Pg. recom-
posicao ; as re- + composition.'] The act of re-
composing ; composition renewed.
I have taken great pains with the recomposition of this
scene. Lamb, To Coleridge. (Latham.)
recomptt, »'• t. An obsolete form of recount1.
reconcilable (rek'on-si-la-bl), a. [Also recon-
cileable; < reconcile + -able. Cf. F. reconciliable
= Sp. reconciliable = Pg. reconciliavel = It. ri-
conciliabile, <L. as if "reconciliabilis, < reconcili-
are, reconcile : see reconcile.] Capable of be-
ing reconciled. Specifically- (a) Capable of being
brought again to friendly feelings ; capable of renewed
friendship. (b) Capable of being made to agree or be con-
sistent; able to be harmonized or made congruous.
Acts not reconcileable to the rules of discretion, decency,
and right reason. Bp, Atterbury, Sermons, I. ii.
The different accounts of the Numbers of Ships ... are
reconcileable by supposing that some spoke of the men of
war only and others added the Transports.
Arbuthnot, Ancient Coins, p. 260.
So reconcilable are extremes, when the earliest extreme
is laid in the unnatural. De Quincey, Plato.
= Syn. (a) Appeasable, placable. (b) Consistent (with).
reconcilableness (rek'on-sl-la-bl-nes), «. The
quality of being reconcilable, (a) Possibility of
being restored to friendship and harmony. (6) Consisten-
cy ; harmony. Also spelled reconcileableness.
Discerning how the several parts of Scripture are fitted
to several times, persons, and occurrences, we shall dis-
cover not only a reconcilableness, but a friendship and per-
fect harmony, betwixt texts that here seem most at vari-
ance. Boyle.
reconcilably (rek'on-sl-la-bli), adv. In a recon-
cilable manner. Also reconcileably. Imp. Diet.
reconcile (rek'on-sil), v. ; pret. and pp. recon-
ciled, ppr. reconciling. [< ME. reconcilen, recon-
sylen, recounselen, < OF. reconcilier, rcconseiller,
F. reconcilier = Pr. Sp. Pg. reconciliar = It.
rlconciliare, < L. reconciliare, bring together
again, reunite, reconcile, < re-, again, + concili-
are, bring together, conciliate : see conciliate."]
1. trans. 1. To conciliate anew; restore to
uuipn and friendship after estrangement or
variance ; bring again to friendly or favorable
feelings.
First be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and
offer thy gift. Mat. v. 24.
We pray you, in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God.
2 Cor. v. 20.
To be friends for her sake, to be reconciled.
Tennyson, Maud, xix.
2. To adjust; pacify; settle: as, to reconcile
differences or quarrels.
You never shall, so help you truth and God !
Embrace each other's love in banishment ; . . .
Nor never write, regreet, nor reconcile
This louring tempest of your home-bred hate.
Sfiak., Rich. II., i. 3. 186.
3. To bring to acquiescence, content, or quiet
submission: with to.
The treasurer's talent in removing prejudice, and recon-
ciling himself to wavering affections. Clarendon.
I found his voice distinct till I came near Front street.
. . . This reconciled me to the newspaper accounts of his
having preached to twenty-nve thousand people in the
fields. B. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 169.
Men reconcile themselves very fast to a bold and good
measure when once it is taken, though they condemned
it in advance. Emerson, Amer. Civilization.
4. To make consistent or congruous ; bring to
agreement or suitableness: often followed by
Kith or to.
Such welcome and unwelcome things at once
'Tis hard to reconcile. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. 139.
If it be possible to reconcile contradictions, he will praise
him by displeasing him, and serve him by disserving him.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxv.
5. To rid of apparent discrepancies ; harmo-
nize : as, to reconcile the accounts of a fact given
by two historians : often with with or to.
Howeuer, it breeds much difficulty to reconcile the an-
cient Historic of the Babylonian and Assyrian great and
5007
long continued Empire with the kingdomes and Kings in
that Chapter by Moses mentioned.
I'urchax, Pilgrimage, p. 71.
6. Ecdcit., to restore to sacred uses after dese-
cration, or to unity with the church, by a pre-
scribed ceremonial : as, to reconcile a church or
a cemetery which has been profaned, as by mur-
der ; to reconcile a penitent (that is, to restore to
communion one who has lapsed, as into heresy
or schism).
Oure righte Heritage before seyd [Palestine] scholde be
recansyled and put in the Hondes of the righte Heires of
Jesu Crist. MandevUle, Travels, p. 4.
The chirche is entredited til it be reconciled by the
bysshop. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
Innocent III. ordered that the remains of the excom-
municated person . . . should ... be exhumed ; if not,
that the cemetery should be reconciled by the aspersion of
holy water solemnly blessed. Horn. Cath. Diet., p. 134.
7t. To recover; regain.
Othir kynges of the kith, that comyn fro Troy,
That were put fro there prouyns, Kepairet agayne,
Recounseled to there cuntre, comyns & other.
And were welcom, I-wis, to wyuis & all.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 12931.
8. In ship-building, to join (a piece of work)
fair with another. The term refers particularly
to the reversion of curves. = Syn. 1. Reconcile, Con-
ciliate, pacify, appease. Reconcile may apply to one or
both parties to a quarrel ; conciliate to only one. With
either word, if only one side is meant, the person or per-
sons seem to be rather in a position of superiority.— 2. To
compose, heal.
II. t intrans. To become reconciled.
Your thoughts, though much startled at first, reconcile
to it. Abp. Sancro/t, Sermons, p. 104. (Latham.)
reconcilement (rek'on-sll-ment), n. [< OF. re-
conciliement, F. reconciliement = Pr. reconcilia-
mcnt=It. riconciliamento; as reconcile + -ment.~\
1 . The act of reconciling, in any sense ; recon-
ciliation ; renewal of interrupted friendship.
Reconcilement is better managed by an amnesty, and
passing over that which is past, than by apologies and ex-
cusations. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 316.
2. Adjustment.
By reconcilement exquisite and rare,
The form, port, motions, of this Cottage-girl
Were such as might have quickened and inspired
A Titian's hand. Wordsviorth, Excursion, vi.
reconciler (rek'on-si-ler), n. One who recon-
ciles ; especially, one who brings parties at va-
riance into renewed friendship.
reconciliation (rek-on-sil-i-a'shon), n. [< OF.
reconciliation, F. reconciliation = Pr. reconcili-
atio = Sp. reconciliacion = Pg. reconciliacSo =
It. riconciliazione, < L. reconciliatio(n-), a resto-
ration, renewal, reconciliation, < reconciliare,
reconcile: see reconcile."] 1 . The act of recon-
ciling parties at variance; renewal of friend-
ship after disagreement or enmity.
A man that languishes in your displeasure,
. . . your lieutenant, Cassio. Good my lord,
If I have any grace or power to move you,
His present reconciliation take.
Shale., Othello, iii. 3.47.
I have found out a Pique she has taken at him, and
have fram'd a letter that makes her sue for Reconciliation
first. Congreve, Old Batchelor, ill. 11.
2. The act of harmonizing or making consis-
tent ; an agreement of things seemingly oppo-
site, different, or inconsistent.
These distinctions of the fear of God give us a clear and
easy reconciliation of those seeming inconsistencies of
Scripture with respect to this affection. D. Rogers.
3. Eccles.: (a) Removal of the separation made
between God and man by sin ; expiation ; pro-
pitiation; atonement. 2 Chron. xxix. 24. (b)
Restoration to sacred uses after desecration, or
to communion with the church. See reconcile, 6.
The local interdict is quite peculiar to the Church of
Rome. It is removed by what is termed reconciliation.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 188.
= Syn. 1. Atonement, Expiation, etc. (see propitiation) ;
reconcilement, appeasement, pacification, reunion.
reconciliatory (rek-pn-sil'i-a-to-ri), a. [= OF.
reconciliatoire, F. rtconciUatoire = Sp. reconcili-
atorio, < L. reconciliare, pp. reconciliatus, recon-
cile : see reconcile."] Able or tending to recon-
cile.
Those reconciliatory papers fell under the eyes of some
grave divines on both parts.
Bp. Hall, Specialties of the Life of Bp. Bull.
recondensation (re-kon-den-sa'shon), «. [<
recondense + -ation.] The act of recondens-
ing.
recondense (re-kon-dens'), v. t. [= OF. recon-
denser = It. ricondensare ; as re- + condense.]
To condense again.
recondite (re-kon'dit or rek'pn-dit), a. [< ME.
*recoin/it, ri'ri,iidft,<OF. recondit = Sp.rec6iii/iti>
= Pg. It. rcmiitlito, hidden, secret, etc., < L. re-
reconnoiter
i-omlitHx, put away, hidden, secret, pp. of recon-
iltre, put back again, put away, hide, < re-, back,
miidt-iT, put together: see condiment, con-
itfi.] 1. Hi
idden from mental view; secret;
abstruse : as, recondite causes of things.
When the most inward and recondite spirits of all things
shall be dislodged from their old close residences.
GlanvUle, Pre-existence of Souls, xiv. (Latham.)
Occasionally, . . . when a question of theological or po-
litical interest touches upon the more recondite stores of
history, we have an industrious examination of ancient
sources. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 55.
2. Profound; dealing with things abstruse.
Men of more recondite studies and deep learning.
Felton, On Reading the Classics. (Latham.)
It is this mine of recondite quotations in their original
languages, most accurately translated, which has im-
parted such an enduring value to this treasure of the an-
cient theology, philosophy, and literature.
/. D'Jsraeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 400.
The most trivial passages he regards as oracles of the
highest authority, and of the most recondite meaning.
Macaulay, Dryden.
3. In hot., concealed; not easily seen. — 4. In
entom., said of organs which are concealed in
repose : opposed to exserted. Specifically applied
to the aculeus or sting of a hymenopterous insect when
it is habitually withdrawn into the body.=Syn. 1. Oc-
cult, mystical, mysterious, deep.
reconditeness (re-kon'dit-nes or rek'on-dit-
nes), n. The character or state of being recon-
dite; profound or hidden meaning.
recqnditory (re-kon'di-to-ri), ». ; pi. recondi-
tories (-riz). [= Pg. It. reconditoho, a hiding-
place, < ML. reconditorium, a repository for
archives, < L. recondere, pp. reconditus, put or
hide away: see recondite.] A repository; a
storehouse or magazine. [Rare.] Imp. Diet.
reconduct (re-kon-dukf), v. t. [< L. recon-
ducttis, pp. of reconducere, bring back, hire anew
(> It. ricondurre, prorogue, continue, = Sp. re-
conducir, renew a lease, = Pg. reconduzir =
F. reconduire, reconduct), < re-, back, + condtt-
cere} lead: see conduct."] To conduct back or
again.
Amidst this new creation want'st a guide
To reconduct thy steps ?
Dryden, State of Innocence, ii. 1.
reconduction (re-kon-duk'shon), n. [= F. re-
conduction = Sp. reconduccion, renewal of a
lease, = Pg. reconduccclo, prorogation, con-
tinuance, < NL. *reconductio(n-), < L. recon-
ducere, pp. reconductvs, hire anew: see recon-
duct.] In law, a renewal of a lease.
reconfirm (re-kon-ferm'), v. t. [<OF. (and F.)
reconfirmer, < ML. reconflrmare, confirm anew,
< L. re-, again, + confirmare, confirm : see con-
firm.] To confirm anew. Clarendon, Life, III.
835.
reconjoin (re-kon-join'), v. t. [= It. ricon-
gingnerc, < WL."reconjungere, join again, < L.
re-, again, + conjungere, conjoin : see conjoin.]
To conjoin or join anew. Boyle, Works, I. 739.
reconnaissance (re-kon'a-sans), n. [Also re-
connaissance; < F. reconnaissance, formerly re-
connaissance, recognition, reconnaissance: see
recognizance.] The act or operation of recon-
noitering; preliminary examination or survey.
Specifically— (a) An examination of a territory or of an
enemy's position, for the purpose of directing military
operations, (b) An examination or survey of a region in
reference to its general geological character, (c) An ex-
amination of a region as to its general natural features,
preparatory to a more particular survey for the purposes
of triangulation, or of determining the location of a public
work, as a road, a railway, or a canal. — Reconnaissance
in force (milit.), a demonstration or attack by a consid-
erable body of men for the purpose of discovering the
position or strength of an enemy.
reconnoissance (rek-o-noi'sins), n. Same as
reconnaissance.
reconnoiter, reconnoitre (rek-o-noi'ter), v. ;
pret. and pp. reconnoitered, reconnoitred, ppr.
reconnoitering, reconnoitring. [< OF. recognois-
tre, reconoistre, F. reconnoitre, recognize, take
a precise view of: see recognize1.] I. trans. 1+.
To know again ; recognize.
So incompetent has the generality of historians been for
the province they have undertaken, that it is almost a
question whether, if the dead of past ages could revive,
they would lie able to reconnoitre the events of their own
times as transmitted to us by ignorance and misrepresen-
tation. Walpolc, Historic Doubts, Pref.
He would hardly have reconnoitred Wildgoose, however.
in his short hair and his present uncouth appearance.
Grams, Spiritual Quixote, iv. 1. (Davies.)
2. To examine with the eye ; make a prelimi-
nary survey of; specifically, to examine or
survey, as a tract or region, for military, engi-
neering, or geological purposes. See recon-
naissance.
reconnoiter
These gardens also seem to he those where Titus was in
such great danger when he came to reconnoitre the city.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 19.
An aged, sour-visaged domestic reconnoitered them
through a small square hole in the door.
Scott, Kenilworth, lii.
II. intruns. To make a survey or inspection
preliminary to taking some action ; examine a
position, person, opinion, etc., as a precaution.
He ... thrust out his head, and, after recormotterinij for
a couple of minutes, drew it in again.
Barham, in Mem. prefixed to Ingoldsby Legends, I. 51.
She saw a tardigrade slowly walking round a bladder
[of Utricularia clandestina], as if reconnoitring.
Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 40S.
reconnoiter, reconnoitre (rek-o-noi'ter), «.
[< reconnoiter, reconnoitre, v.] A preliminary
survey; a reconnaissance.
Satisfied with his reconnoitre, Losely quitted the skele-
ton pile. Bulwer, What Will He Do with It? x. 1.
reconquer (re-kong'ker), v. t. [< OF. reconque-
rir, recontjuerre, F. reconquerir (cf. Sp. Pg. recon-
quistar = It. riconquistare) ; as re- + conquer.]
1 . To conquer again ; recover by conquest.
Belisarius has reconquered Africa from the Vandals.
Brougham.
2. To recover ; regain.
Nor has Protestantism in the course of two hundred
years been able to reco>tquer any portion of what she then
lost. Macaulay, Von Kanke's Hist. Popes.
reconquest (re-kong'kwest), «. [< OF. recon-
queste, F. reconguete = Sp. Pg. reconquista =
It. riconquista; as re- + conquest.] A second
or repeated conquest. Hall.
reconsecrate (re-kon'se-krat), c. t. [< re- +
consecrate.'] To consecrate anew.
If a church should be consumed by flre, it shall, in such
a case, be reconsecrated. Aylife, Parergon.
reconsecration (re-kon-se-kra'shon), «. [< re-
+ consecration."] A renewed consecration.
reconsider (re-kon-sid'er). r. t. [< OF. recon-
siderer, F. neontUUrer = It. riconsiderare ; as
re- + consider.] 1. To consider again; turn
over in the mind again ; review.
Reconsider from time to time, and retain the friendly
advice which I send you. Chesterfield.
He had set himself ... to reconsider his worn suits of
clothes, to leave on* meat for breakfast, to do without pe-
riodicals. Oeorge Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxir.
2. In parliamentary language, to take into con-
sideration a second time, generally with the
view of rescinding or of amending: as, to re-
consider a motion in a legislative body; to re-
consider a vote.
It is believed the motion to reconsider, as in use in this
country [the United States], is of American origin.
Gushing, Manual of Parliamentary Practice, § 257
reconsideration (re-kon-sid-e-ra'shon), n. [<
reconsider + -ation.] The act of reconsidering.
(a) A renewed consideration or review in the mind.
Unless on reconsideration it should appear that some
of the stronger inductions have been expressed with
greater universality than their evidence warrants, the
weaker one must give way. J. S. Mill, Logic, III. iv. § 3.
(b) A second consideration ; specifically, in deliberative
assemblies, the taking up for renewed consideration that
which has been passed 01 acted upon previously, as a mo-
tion, vote, etc. Usually a motion to reconsider can be
made only by a person who voted with the majority.
The inconvenience of this rule (that a decision by vote
cannot be again brought into question] . . . has led to
the introduction into the parliamentary practice of this
country (the United States] of the motion for reconsidera
tion. Cushimj, Manual of Parliamentary Practice, § 254.
reconsolatet (re-kon'so-lat), v. t. [< re- + con-
solate. Cf. OF\ (and'F.) reconsoler = It. ri-
consolart;.] To console or comfort again.
That only God who can reconmlate us both.
Sir H. Wotton, Reliquiae, p. 439.
reconsolidate (re-kon-sol'i-dat), r. t. [< re- +
consolidate. Cf. F. reconsolider, reconsolidate.]
To consolidate anew.
reconsolidation (re-kon-sol-i-da'shon), n. [<
reconsolidate + -tore.] The act of reconsolidat-
ing, or the state of being reconsolidated; a
second or renewed consolidation.
recqnstituent (re-kon-stit'u-ent), a. Reconsti-
tuting; forming anew; giving a new character
or constitution to. Nature, XL. 636. [Bare.]
reconstitute (re-kon'sti-tut), r. t. [< re- +
constitute.] To constitute anew; furnish again
with a constitution, whether the original or a
different one.
reconstitution (re-kon-sti-tu'shon), it. [= F.
reconstitution ; as reconstitute + -/««.] The act
or process of forming anew, or of bringing to-
gether again the parts or constituents of any-
thing that has been broken up or destroyed.
No thorough reconstitution of the council was, however,
made during the reign. Stubbs, Const Hist., $ 367.
5008
reconstruct (re-kon-strukf), c. t. [< re- + con-
struct. Cf. OF. (and F.) rcconstruire = Pg. re-
construir, reconstruct.] To construct again:
rebuild.
The aim of the hour was to reconstruct the South ; but
first the North had to be reconstructed.
h'nierson. Address, Soldiers' Monument, Concord.
Out of an enormous amount of material, Carlyle recon-
struct* for us Frederick William I. of Prussia, a living,
moving, tantalising reality.
Stubbi, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 9i
reconstruction (re-kon-struk'shon), n. [= F.
reconstruction = Sp. reconstruccion = Pg. recon-
strucqdlo; as reconstruct + -ion.] 1. The act
of constructing again.
Goethe . . . has left an interesting memorial of Euri-
pidean study in his attempted reconstruction of the lost
Phaethon. Encyc. Brit., Vni. 679.
2. Specifically, in U. S. hist., the process by
whicn, after the civil war, the States which had
seceded were restored to the rights and privi-
leges inherent in the Union. The period of re-
construction extended from 1865 to about 1870.
— 3. That which is reconstructed. [Bare.]
A fleet of above thirty vessels, all carrying cannon, was
in about three months little less than created, though a
few of the largest were reconstructions, having been first
framed and sent over from Great Britain.
Beliham, Hist. Great Britain, an. 1777.
Reconstruction Acts, two acU of Congress, of which the
first, entitled "an act to provide for the more efficient
government of the rebel States," was passed over the
President's veto on March 2d, 1867 ; and the second, a sup-
plementary act, was passed later in the same month.
These acts embodied the congressional plan of reconstruc-
tion, providing that every State should remain under mili-
tary government until certain acte should be performed.
The principal conditions were that each State should hold
a convention and frame a constitution ; that this constitu-
tion must be ratified by popular vote and approved by Con-
gress ; that the new State legislature must ratify the Four-
teenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; and
that when the requisite number of States had ratified this
amendment, any State which had fulfilled all requirements
should be readmitted to the Union, and entitled to con-
gressional representation. By 1870 all the seceding States
were readmitted, but they were not all represented in Con-
gress until 1871.
reconstructionary (re-kon-struk'shon-a-ri), a.
[< reconstruction + -art/."] Of or pertaining to
reconstruction, especially to reconstruction in
the southern United States: as, " reconstruc-
tionary influence," Congregationalist, June 17,
1886. [Rare.]
reconstructionist (re-kon-struk'shon-ist), n.
[< reconstruction + -int.] An adherent of re-
construction ; specifically, in U. S. politics, an
adherent of the policy of reconstruction in the
South.
The Republican rcconxtructionixtx . . . barred the way.
J. C. Harris, Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 703.
reconstructive (re-kou-struk'tiv), a. andn. [<
reconstruct + -ive.] " I. «. Tending to recon-
struct ; having the power of reconstructing.
II. n. In med., that which is adapted or ser-
viceable for reconstructing.
Oysters, on the other hand, are extremely useful as nerve
reconstructive!. Science, XV. 219.
recontinuance (re-kon-tin'u-ans), n. [< recon-
tinue + -ance.] The state of recontinuing ; re-
newed continuance. [Rare.]
Of which course some have wished a reconiinuance.
Selden, Illustrations of Drayton's Polyolbion, iv. 177.
recontinue (re-kon-tin'u), v. t. and i. [< OF.
(and F.) recontiriuer; as re- + continue.] To
continue again or anew. [Rare.]
All at an instant shall together go,
To recontinue, not beginning so.
Stirling, Doomesday, The Fourth Hour.
reconvalescence (re-kon-va-les'ens), n. [< re-
+ convalescence.] Complete restoration of
health.
reconvene (re-kon-ven' ), v. [< ML. reconvenire,
make an additional demand in a suit at law, lit.
'come together again,' < L. re-, again, + conve-
nire, come together : see convene.] I. intrans.
To come together again.
II. trans. To call together again.
reconventt (re-kon-vent'), v. t. [< ML. rcetm-
ventus, pp. of reconvenire, in lit. sense • come
together again': see reconvene, convent.] To
bring together, assemble, or collect again.
He reconnecting armes therefore.
Warner, Albion's England, v. 27.
reconvention (re-kon-ven'shon), n. [< OF.
(and F.) reconvention = Sp.'reconvencion =
Pg. reconven^ao = It. riconvenzione, < ML. re-
conventio(n-), a contrary action brought by a
defendant, < reconvenire: see reconvene.] In
law, an action by a defendant against a plaintiff
in a previous or pending action ; a cross-bill or
counter-claim. Thus, one who could not be made rte-
record
fendant in an original action, by reason of not being sub-
ject to the jurisdiction, may in some cases, if he sues as
plaintiff, be compelled to respond to a cross-action or
counter-claim, by way of reconvention in reduction or ex-
tinction of his demand.
reconversion (ro-kon-ver'shon), n. [< re- +
conversion.] A seconder renewed conversion ;
also, a conversion back to a previous belief.
reconvert (re-kou-vert'), «. '• [< OF. (and F.)
rmnirertir = It. riconvertire ; as re- + convert,
v.] To convert a second time ; also, to convert
back to a previously abandoned belief.
About this time the East Saxons, who . . . had expell'd
their Bishop Mellitus, and renounc'd the Faith, were by
the means of Oswi . . . reconverted. Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
reconvey (re-kon-va'), r. t. [< OF. (and F.)
reconvier, also reconvoyer, reeonvey, reconvoy ;
as re- + convey.] 1. To convey back or to its
former place : as, to reconvey goods.
As rivers, lost in seas, some secret vein
Thence reconeeys, there to be lost again.
Sir J. Denham, Cooper's Hill.
2. To transfer back to a former owner: as, to
reconvey an estate.
reconveyance (re-kon-va'ans), «. [< reconvey
+ -«»«•.] The act of reconvey ing; especially,
the act of transferring a title back to a former
proprietor.
record (re-kdrd'), r. [< ME. recorden, < OF. re-
corder, repeat, recite, report, F. recorder = Pr.
Sp. Pg. recordar = It. ricordare, < L. recordari,
LL. also recordare, call to mind, remember,
recollect, think over, meditate upon, ML. also
recite, record, revise, < re-, again, + cor(d-),
heart, = E. heart : see cordial. Cf. accord, con-
cord, discord.] I. trans. If. To call to mind;
recall; remember; bear in mind.
Preyeth to God, lord of misericorde,
Our olde glltes that he nat recorde.
Chaucer, Mother of God, 1. 119.
In solitary silence, far from wight,
He gan record the lamentable stowre
In which his wretched love lay day and night.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. xii. 19.
2f. To recall (to another's mind) ; remind.
Ye woote youre forward, and I it you recorde.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 829.
3f. To bring to mind; suggest.
For every other wey ye kan recorde,
Myn herte ywis may therwith noght acorde.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1518.
4f. To see or know by personal presence ; bear
witness to; attest.
For thei that misseden here mete wold make gret noyse,
& record it redeli in Rome al a-boute.
WiUiam of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), I. 1828.
And alle ryghtful recordeden that Reson treuthe seyde.
Piers Plowman (C), v. 151.
I call heaven and earth to record this day against you,
that I have set before you life and death. Deut. xxx. 19.
How proud I am of thee and of thy gifts
Rome shall record. Shalt., Tit. And., i. 1. 255.
5. To recite; repeat; sing; play.
Lay al this mene while Troylus
ttecordynge his lesaon in this manere :
"Ma fey I" thoght he, "thus wol I seyeand thus."
Chaucer, Troilus, ill. 51.
And to the nightingale's complaining notes
Tune my distresses and record my woes.
Shak., T. G. of V., v. 4. 6.
For you are fellows only know by rote,
As birds record their lessons.
Fletcher, Valentinian, U. 1.
6. To preserve the memory of by written or
other characters ; take a note of; register; en-
roll ; chronicle ; note ; write or inscribe in a
book or on parchment, paper, or other mate-
rial, for the purpose of preserving authentic or
correct evidence of: as, to record the proceed-
ings of a court ; to record a deed or lease ; to re-
cord historical events.
The Levites were recorded . . . chief of the fathers.
Neh. xii. 22.
That he do record a gift,
Here in the court, of all he dies possess'd,
Unto his son Lorenzo and his daughter.
Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. 3S8.
And I recorded what I heard,
A lesson for mankind.
Cowper, The Doves.
7. To mark distinctly. [Rare.]
So even and mom recorded the third day.
Milton, P. L., vii. 338.
8. Figuratively, to imprint deeply on the mind
or memory: as, to record the sayings of another
in the heart — Recording bell, secretary, tele-
graph, etc. See the nouns.— Recording gage, a gage
provided with means for leaving a visible record of its in-
dications. =Syn. 6. Record, Register, Chronicle, Enroll, En-
list. To record events, facts, words : to register persons,
voters, things ; to enroll volunteers, scholars ; to chronicle
record
event* ; to enlist soldiers, marines. To record a mortgage
or deed ; to register a marriage.
- II. intmns. If. To reflect; meditate; ponder.
Praying all the way, and recording upon the words which
he before had read. Fuller.
2. To sing or repeat a tune : now only of birds.
She had no sooner ended with the joining her sweet lips
together but that he recorded to her music like rural poesy ;
and with the conclusion of his song he embraced her.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
Sweet robin, linnet, thrush,
Record from every bush.
B. Jonson, The Penates.
The young males [birds] continue practising, or, as the
bird-catchers say, recording, for ten or eleven months.
Darwin, Descent of Man, I. 53.
record (rek'prd, formerly also re-kord'), «. [<
ME. record," recorde, < OF. record, recort, wit-
ness, record, mention, = Pr. recort = Cat. record
= Sp. recuerdo, remembrance, = It. ricordo, re-
membrance, warning, instruction, < ML. recor-
ilinn, witness, record, judgment ; from the verb :
see record, ?.] 1. Attestation of a fact or
event; testimony; witness.
Purely Mr symple recorde
Was founde as trewe as any bonde.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 934.
Though I bear record of myself, yet my record is true.
John viii. 14.
Heaven be the record to my speech !
Shale., filch. II., i. 1. 30.
The record of a nameless woe
In the dim eye's imploring stare.
Whittier, The Human Sacrifice.
2t. Memory; remembrance.
Via. My father . . . died that day when Viola from her
birth
Had number'd thirteen years.
Seb. O, that record is lively in my soul !
Shale., T. N., v. 1. 263.
3. That which preserves remembrance or mem-
ory; a memorial.
Nor Mars his sword nor war's quick flre shall burn
The living record of your memory. Shak. , Sonnets, Iv.
4. Something set down in writing or delineated
for the purpose of preserving memory ; specif-
ically, a register; an authentic or official copy of
any writing, or an account of any facts and pro-
ceedings, whether public or private, usually en-
tered in a book for preservation ; also, the book
containing such copy or account: as, the rec-
ords of a court of justice ; the records of a town
or parish; the records of a family, in law the
term is often used, even without qualification, to designate
the records of a family, a corporation, a priest or church,
etc., but these, except when rendered public by law or le-
gal sanction, are really private records.
He commanded to bring the book of records of the chron-
icles ; and they were read before the king. Esther vi. 1.
Burn all the records of the realm
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 7. 16.
Probably the very earliest record which we possess of
any actual event is the scene depicted on a fragment of
an antler, which was found in the rock shelter at Laugtrie
Basse, in Auvergne. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 16.
5. The aggregate of known facts in a person's
life, especially in that of a public man ; person-
al history: as, a good record; a candidate with
a record.
Because in America party loyalty and party organiza-
tion have been hitherto so perfect that any one put for-
ward by the party will get the full party vote if his char-
acter is good and his record, as they call it, unstained.
J. Bryce, American Commonwealth, I. 76.
6. In racing, sports, etc., the best or highest
recorded achievement of speed, distance, en-
durance, or the like : as, to beat the record in
leaping. — 7t. Same as recorder, 4. [Rare.]
Melodious instruments, as Lutes, Harpes, Regals, Records
and such like. Puttenham, Arte or Eng. Poesie, p. 58.
Assurances or conveyances toy record, those made or
evidenced by the authority of a court of record, as a con-
veyance by private act of Parliament or royal grant, or
a fine and recovery. - Closing the record, in Scots law,
the judicial declaration that the pleadings in a cause are
at issue for trial.— Contract Of record. See contract.—
Court of record. See court, 7. — Debt of record, a debt
which is shown by public record to exist. — Estoppel by
record. See estoppel. —In record, on record, upon rec-
ord, set down ; registered ; recorded.
Mine were the very cipher of a function,
To fine the faults whose fine stands in record,
And let go by the actor. Shak., M. for M., ii. 2. 40.
Convicted fools they are, madmen upon record.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 75.
Judgment record. See judgment.— Matter of record.
See matter.— Nisi prius record. See nisi prius.— Pub-
lic records, official entries of facts, transactions, or doc-
uments, made by public officers pursuant to law, for the
purpose of affording public notice or preserving a public
memorial or continuing evidence thereof. More specifl-
ivilly — (a) In old Eng. law, authentic documents in official
i1"]!.- "f parchment, particularly of judicial proceedings,
and preserved in a court of record, (b) In modern use,
the original process and pleadings in an action or suit, with
the judgment and such other proceedings as are involved
therein and required to be included by the law of the
315
5009
forum, which are filed and registered as containing a per-
manent memorial of the essential features of the adjudi-
cation.—To beat, break, or cut the record, in contests
of speed, skill, endurance, etc. , to surpass any recorded ex-
ploit in the line in question : as, to break the record for the
running jump. [Colloq.]— To discharge of record. See
discharye.— 'Co falsify a record, see falsify.— Trial by
record, a common-law mode of trial, had when a matter
of record is pleaded and the opposite party pleads that
there is no such record. The trial is by inspection of the
record itself ; no other evidence is admissible. = Syn. 4.
Note, chronicle, account, minute, memorandum.
recordable ( re-kor'da-bl ), a. 1 . Capable of rec-
ordation or being known as past. — 2. Worthy
of being recorded; deserving of record.
Of very important, very recordable events, it was not
more productive than such meetings usually are.
Jane Austen, Emma, xxxviii.
recordancet (rf-k&r'dans), n. [< OF. recor-
dancc, remembrance, < recorder, remember: see
record.'] Remembrance; recollection. Howell,
Letters.
recordari facias loquelam (rek-6r-da'ri fa'shi-
as lo-kwe'lam). [So called from these words
in th'e writ, in the L. (ML.) form, lit. 'cause the
complaint to be recorded': L. recordari, pass, of
recordnre, usually deponent recordari, remem-
ber, ML. also recite, record; facias, 2d pers.
sing. pres. subj. (in impv. use) of facere, make,
cause; loquelam, ace. of loquela, complaint.]
In law, an old writ directed to the sheriff to
make a record of the proceedings of a cause
depending in an inferior court, and remove the
same to the King's (Queen's) Bench or Common
Pleas.
recordation (rek-or-da'shon), «. [Early mod.
E. recordacion; < OF. recordation, recordacion,
F. recordation = Pr. recordacio = Sp. recorda-
cion = Pg. recordacao = It. ricordazione, < L.
recordatio(n-), recalling to mind, recollection,
remembrance, < recordari, remember: see rec-
ord.'} If. Recollection; remembrance.
For suche as be in sorowe, care, or peyne can not sleape
soundely, for the often recordacion of theyr euils.
Udall, Flowers, fol. 138.
To rain upon remembrance with mine eyes,
That it may grow and sprout as high as heaven,
For recordation to my noble husband.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 3. 61.
Sinfull man, whose very heart should bleed
With recordation of soe straunge a deed.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 68.
2. The act of recording; also, a record; a re-
gister.
I think that the wittes of many readers haue diuerted
from the weyght of great affaires, to the recordation of
such pleasaunt thynges.
Peter Martyr (tr. in Eden's First Books on America, ed.
[Arber, p. 200).
Ulyss. Why stay we, then ?
Tro. To make a recordation to my soul
Of every syllable that here was spoke.
Shak., T. and C., v. 2. 116.
Papers pertaining to the probate and recordation of
wills. Code of Virginia, 1873, civ. § 7.
recorder (re-k6r'der), n. [< ME. recorder, a
pipe, "recor'dour, recordowre, a witness, < OF.
recordeor, recordeour, recordeur, one who re-
cords or narrates, a witness, a judge, a min-
strel, = Sp. recordador, recorder, = It. ricor-
dalore, remembrancer, < ML. recordator, a re-
corder, < L. recordari, remember: see record."]
It. One who bears witness ; a witness. Prompt.
Pan., p. 426. — 2. One who records; specifi-
cally, a person whose official duty is to register
writings or transactions, as the keeper of the
rolls of a city, or the like.
Elihoreph and Ahiah, . . . scribes ; Jehoshaphat the
son of Ahilud, the recorder. 1 Ki. iv. 3.
I ... asked the mayor what meant this wilful silence ;
His answer was, the people were not wont
To be spoke to but by the recorder.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7. 30.
3. A judge having local criminal jurisdiction
in a city or borough. [The designation is little
used in the United States except in the State of
New York.] — 4t. A musical instrument of the
flageolet family, having a long tube with seven
holes and a mouthpiece. In some cases an eighth
hole, covered with gold-beaters' skin, appears near the
mouthpiece, apparently to influence the quality of the
tone. The compass of the instrument was about two oc-
taves. Also record.
O, the recorders.' let me see one. . . . Will you play upon
this pipe? Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. 360.
Anon they move
In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood
Of flutes and soft recorders. Milton, P. L, i. 551.
5. A registering apparatus ; specifically, in te-
leg., a receiving instrument in which a perma-
nent record of the signals is made. In the earlier
form, as invented by Horse, the record was made by em-
bossing on a ribbon of paper by means of a style fixed to
one end of a lever, which carried at the other en
recountal
ink were afterward substituted for the style. In Bain's
chemical recorder the dots and dashes were registered by
Morse Recorder or Register.
a, base ; b, electromagnet ; c, screws for terminals of the wires ; rf,
armature : e, armature-lever ;/, stylus, earned by lever e; f, paper
tape ; ft, mechanism for unwinding the tape from the spool r, and
feeding it between the rolls./,./"/ £, armature-lever spring.
the chemical decomposition of some substance with which
the paper was impregnated, the decomposition being pro-
duced on the passage of a current of electricity. In Thom-
son's siphon recorder, used principally on long cable-lines,
a fine glass tube bent into the shape of a siphon is attached
to the movable part of the receiving instrument, one arm
armature of an electromagnet.
id the
Several devices for using
Siphon Recorder, a, siphon ; *, reel.
of which dips into a vessel of ink, and the other moves
back and forth at right angles to a strip of paper which is
regularly moved by clockwork. The electrification of the
ink causes it to be projected from the end of the tube in
minute drops, so that the movementsof the coil are record-
ed on the slip of paper in very fine dots very near one an-
other. The principal advantage of this instrument is that
only a very feeble current is required to give a permanent
record of the_signals.
recordership (re-kor'der-ship), n. [< recorder
+ -ship.'] The office of recorder; also, the pe-
riod during which a person holds this office.
record-office (rek'ord-of'is), ». A place where
public records are kept and may be consulted,
recorporification (re-k6r"po-ri-fi-ka'shon), n.
[< re- + corporification.'] The act of embody-
ing again, or the state of being reembodied;
the state of being invested anew with a body.
Boyle, Works, III. 53. [Rare.]
recouch (re-kouch'), v. i. [< OF. (and F.) re-
coucher = It. ricollocare, replace ; as re- +
couch, v."] To lie down again ; retire again to a
couch. SirH. Wotton, Reliquise, p. 386. [Rare.]
recounselt, v. t. A Middle English form of
reconcile.
recount1 (re-kounf), v. t. [Early mod. E. also
recompt; < ME. recompten, < OF. reconter (cf. F.
raconter) = Sp. Pg. recontar = It. ricontare, <
ML. recomputare, recall to mind, narrate, count,
relate, < L. re-, again, + computare, count, com-
pute: see eott»iA.] 1. To relate in detail; recite;
tell or narrate the particulars of; rehearse.
The greatest enimyes to discipline, as Plato recompteth,
are labours and sleepe.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat of Wit, p. 143.
I must
Once in a month recount what thou hast been.
Shak., Tempest, i. 2. 262.
The lawyer . . .
Went angling down the Saco, and, returning,
Recounted his adventures and mishaps.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook.
2t. To account ; consider.
Thy wordes as japes ought wel to be recompted.
Lydgate, The Bayte.
= Syn. 1. To narrate, repeat, detail.
recount2 (re-kounf), v. t. [< re- + count1. ] To
count again,
recount* (rfi-konnf), ». [< recounts, r.] \
counting anew ; a second or repeated count.
recountal (re-koun'tal), n. [< recount1 + -at.']
The act of recounting; a detailed narration.
[Rare.]
recountal
A mere recountal of facts.
A. V. J. Allen, Jonathan Edwards, p. v.
recountment (re-kount'ment), n. [< recoil >i ft +
-mcnt.~\ Relation in detail ; recital. [Rare.]
When from the first to last betwixt us two
Tears our recoupments had most kindly bathed.
Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3. 141.
recoup (re-kop'), v. t. [< OF. recouper, recoup-
per, recotper, recoper, cut again, cut back, cut
off, strike, F. recouper, cut again, < re-, again,
+ eonper, cut: see coupon, couj>e.~\ 1. In law,
to keep back as a set-off or discount; diminish
by keeping back a part : as, to recoup from a
servant's wages the damages caused by his
negligence; to recoup from the price of goods
sold a claim for breach of warranty as to qual-
ity. — 2. To reimburse or indemnify for a loss
or damage by a corresponding advantage : com-
monly used reflexively.
Elizabeth had lost her venture ; but, if she was bold, she
might recoup herself at Philip's cost. Froude.
It was necessary for parliament to intervene to compel
the landlord to recoup the tenant for his outlay on the
land. W. S. Gregg, Irish Hist, for Eng. Headers, p. 161.
3. To return or bring in an amount equal to.
Why should the manager be grudged his ten per cent.
. . . when it would be the means of securing to the share-
holders dividends that in three or four years would recoup
their whole capital?
Saturday Rev., Aug. 1, 1868, p. 151. (Latham.)
recoup ( re-kop'), n. [< OF. rccoupe, recouppe,
something cut off, a shred, < recouper, cut off:
see recoup, v.~\ In law, the keeping back of
something which is due ; a deduction ; recoup-
ment; discount. Wharton.
recoup^ (re-ko-pa'), a. [< F. recoupe, pp. of re-
couper, cut again: see recoup, !•.] In her., cut
or divided a second time : especially noting an
escutcheon which, being divided per fesse, is
divided again barwise, usually in the base.
recouped (re-kopf), a. [< recoup + -ecft, after
F. recoupe: see recoup, v."] In her. : (a) Same
as couped. (b) Same as recoup^.
recouper (re-ko'per), «. In law, one who re-
coups or keeps back. Story.
recoupment (re-kop'ment), n. [< OF. (and F.)
recoupement, < recouper, recoup : see recoup, *>.]
In law, the act of recouping or retaining a part
of a sum due by reason of a legal or equitable
right to abate it because of a cross-claim aris-
ing out of the same transaction or relation.
recourt, recouret, ''• t. Obsolete forms of re-
5010
2. To have recourse.
The Court rf-courst to Lakes, to Springs, and Brooks :
Brooks, Springs, and Lakes had the like taste and looks.
Sylvester, tr. of l>u Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Lawe.
recoursefult (re-kors'fiil), ii. [< recourse +
-/»/.] Returning; moving alternately.
Thetis' handmaids still in that recourse/ill deep
With those rough Gods of sea continual revels keep.
Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 279.
recover1 (re-kuv'er), r. t. [< OF. (and F.) rc-
coumr, cover again, cover up, = Pr. reeobrir =
OCat. ricobrir = It. ricoprirc, cover again, < L.
re-, again, + cooperire, cover, hide: see cover1,
r>.] To cover again or anew. Sometimes writ-
ten distinctively re-cover.
When they [old shoes] are in great danger, I recover
them. SAo*., J. C., L 1. 28.
recover2 (re-kuv'er), r. [< ME. recoveren, re-
coevreii, recoeuren, rccouren, recuren, rekevereu,
rekeureit, < OF. recovrer, recouvrer, recuvrer, re-
coevrer, recoverer, recouverer, regain, recover,
get, obtain, etc., F. recoucrer, recover, = Pr. Sp.
recobrar = Pg. recuperar = It. recuperare, < L.
recuperare, reciperare, get again, regain, recov-
er, revive, restore; in ML. also intr., revive, con-
valesce, recover; < re- + -cnperare, -ciperare,
.
recourse (re-kors'), »>• [< ME. recours, < OF.
(and F.) recount = Pr. raws = Sp. Pg. recurso
= It. ricorso, recourse, retreat, <. L. recursus,
a running back, return, retreat, < recurrere,
pp. recursus, run back, retreat: see recur. Cf.
course^.] 1. Resort for help or protection, as
when in difficulty or perplexity.
As I yow saie, so schall it bee,
Ye nedis non othir recours to craue.
York Plays, p. 237.
Hippomenes, therefore, had recourse to stratagem.
Bacon, Physical Fables, iv.
Though they (the Italians] might have recourse to bar-
barity as an expedient, they did not require it as a stimu-
lant. Macavlay, Machiavelli.
2. Resort; customary visitation or communi-
cation.
Vpon their countrye bordered the Kerutans, of whose
nature and condicions Cesar founde thus muche by en-
quirye, that there was no recourse of merchants vnto them.
Qolding, tr. of Caesar, fol. 53.
3f. Access; admittance.
I'll give you a pottle of burnt sack to give me recourse
to him, and tell him my name is Brook.
Shot., M. W. of W., ii. 1. 223.
4f. Return ; new attack ; recurrence.
Preventive physick . . . preventeth sickness in the
healthy, or the recourse thereof in the valetudinary.
Sir T. Browne.
5f. Repeated course : frequent flowing.
Priamus and Hecuba on knees,
Their eyes o'ergalled with recourse of tears.
Shak., T. and C., v. 3. 55.
6. In Scots law, the right of an assignee or dis-
ponee under the warrandice of the transaction
to recur on the vendor or cedent for relief in
case of eviction or of defects inferring war-
randice — Indorsement without recourse. See in-
dorsement.
recourset (re-kors'), v. i. [< L. recursare, run
back, freq. of recurrere, run back: see recur,
and cf. recourse, v.~\ 1. To return ; recur.
The flame departing and recoursiny thrise ere the wood
took strength to be the sharper to consume him.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 924.
Kecoursiny to the thinges forepaste, and divining of
thinges to come. Spenser, F. Q., To the Reader.
cuperate, and recure1, a contracted form, and
cover'*, a reduced form, of recover?.] I. trans.
1 . To regain ; get or obtain again (after it has
been lost).
And some to ryde and to rectteure that vnrigtfully was
wonne. Piere Plowman (B), xix 239.
Than com alle the Bretouns oute of the wode. and haue
recouered the felde. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 654.
And David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried
away. 1 Sam. xxx. 18.
I spier'd for my cousin fu' couthy and sweet,
Gin she had recover'd her hearin'.
Burnt, Last May a Braw Wooer.
2. To restore from sickness, faintness, or the
like; cure; heal.
Am I God, . . . that this man doth send unto me to
recover a man of his leprosy? 2 Kl. v. 7.
He 's most desperate ill, sir ;
I do not think these ten months will recotwrhim.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, v. 3.
3. To repair the loss or injury of; retrieve;
make up for : as, to recover lost time.
" For los of catel may recovered be,
But los of tyme shendeth us," quod he.
Chaucer, Prol. to Man of Law's Tale, 1. 27.
Yet this loss,
Thus far at least recover'd, hath much more
Establish'd in a safe unenvied throne.
Milton, P. L., il. 22.
Diligence . . . gives great advantages to men : it loses
no time, it conquers difficulties, recovers disappointments,
gives dispatch, supplies want of parts.
Penn, Advice to his Children, iii. § 10.
Jamaica society has never recovered the mixture of Buc-
caneer blood.
Dr. Arnold, lite and Correspondence, p. 505.
He had given a shake to her confidence which it never
could recover. J. H. Newman, Loss and Gain, p. 263.
4. To rescue ; save from danger.
That they may recover themselves out of the snare of the
deviL 2 Tim. ii. 2e.
If you will not undo what you have done— that is, kill
him whom you have recovered [saved from drowning] —
desire it not. Shak., T. N., it. 1. 39.
He fell into the water, near the shore, where it was not
six feet deep, and could not be recovered.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 291.
5f. To reach by some effort; get; gain; find;
come to ; return to.
With cormerantes make thy nek long,
In pondys depe thy pray to recouere.
Political Poems, etc. <ed. Furnivall), p. 25.
If she be lost, we shal recovere another.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 406.
Sir And. If I cannot recover your niece, I am a foul way
out. Shak., T. N., ii. 3. 200.
The forest is not three leagues off ;
If we recover that, we are sure enough.
Shak., T. G. of V., v. 1. 12.
Your son-in-law came to me so near the time of his go-
ing away as it had been impossible to have recovered him
with a letter at so far a distance as he was lodged.
Donne, Letters, lix.
6f. To reconcile ; reestablish friendly relations
with.
What, man ! there are ways to recover the general again :
you are but now cast in his mood ; . . . sue to him again,
and he 's yours. Shak., Othello, ii. 3. 273.
7. In law, to obtain by judgment in a court of
law or by legal proceedings: as, to recover
lands in ejectment; to recover damages for a
wrong, or for a breach of contract. It does not
recoverable
necessarily imply the actual gain of satisfaction or pos-
session, but ordinarily only the obtaining of judgment
therefor.
There is no luge y-sette of suche trespace
By which of right one may reroifr/'tl he.
Political Poems, etc. (r<l. Km-nivall), p. 74.
8. In hunting, to start (a hare) from her cover
or form. Hiilliirrll.—Q^. To fetch; deal.
He [Pounce] . . . smote the kynge vpon the helme, . . .
and whan Pounce wolde have recovered a-nother stroke,
the kynge spored his horse in to the stour.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 391.
10f. To restore to a previous state.
To hiden his desire al in mewe
From every wyght yborne, alle outrely,
But he myghte aught recovered be therby.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 383.
Recover arms (miltt.), a word of command, in Bring, re-
quiring the piece to be brought back or recovered from
the position of aim to that of ready. — To recover one's
self. («) To regain one's strength, consciousness, com-
posure, or the like.
He fell down for dead ; . . .
But Robin he soon recovered himself,
And bravely fell to it again.
Robin Hood and the Ranger (Child's Ballads, V. 209).
(M) To recoup one's self.
I shall pay the Wager in the Place appointed, and try
whether lean recover mysetf at Gioco d'amore, which the
Italian saith is a Play to cozen the Devil.
Howell, Letters, I. v. 26.
To recover the wind of, to cause (an animal pursued)
to run with the wind, that it may not perceive the snare.
Why do you go about to recover the wind of me, as if
you would drive me into a toil? Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. 361.
= Syn. 1 and 2. To get back, repair, recruit, recuperate,
reestablish.
II. intrans. 1. To regain health after sick-
ness; grow well again: often followed byo/or
from.
Go, enquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether
I shall recover of this disease. 2 Ki. i. 2.
With the help of a surgeon he might yet recover.
Shak., M. N. D., v. 1. 317.
2. To regain a former state or condition, as
after misfortune or disturbance of mind: as,
to recover from a state of poverty or depres-
sion. In this sense formerly and still some-
times used elliptically without from.
Twelue of the men in the flyboat were throwne from the
Capstern by the breaking of a barre, and most of them so
hurt that some never recovered it.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith'i Works, 1. 102.
Two of ... [the men] fell into the ice, yet recovered
again. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 302.
As soon as Jones had a little recovered his first surprise.
Fielding, Tom Jones, v. 6.
Just as we were recovering the effects of breakfast, the
sound of firing from Outram's position summoned all idlers
to the front. W. H. Russell, Diary in India, I. 284.
3f. To come; arrive; make one's way.
With much ado the Christians recovered to Antioch.
Fuller.
4. To obtain a judgment at law ; succeed in a
lawsuit: as, the plaintiff has recovered in his
suit.
recover2 (re-kuv'er), «. [< ME. recover, recure ;
from the verb.] If. Recovery.
He was in peril to deye,
And but if he hadde recnurere the rather that rise shulde
he neure. Piers Plowman (B), xvii. 67.
I'le witness when I had recovered him,
The prince's head being split against a rocke
Past all recover. Tragedy of Hoffman (1631)i
2. In boating, the movement of the body by
which a rower reaches forward from one stroke
in preparation for the next: as, the bow oar is
slow in the recover.
recover ability (re-kuv'er-a-biri-ti), n. [< re-
coverable + -ily (see -MM*).] The state or
property of being recoverable.
recoverable (re-kuv'er-a-bl), a. [< OF. (and
F.) recouvrable'; as recover2 + -able. Cf. recu-
perable."] 1. Capable of being regained or re-
covered.
You have lost nothing by missing yesterday at the trials,
but a little additional contempt for the High Steward ; and
even that is recoverable, as his long paltry speech is to be
printed. Walpole, Letters, II. 43.
2. Restorable from sickness, faintness, dan-
ger, or the like.
It is a long time ... to spend in [mental] darkness;
... If I am recoverable, why am I thus?
Cowper, To Rev. John Newton, Jan. 13, 1784.
3. Capable of being brought back to a former
condition.
A prodigal course
Is like the sun's; but not, like his, recoverable.
Shak.,1. of A., iii. 4. 13.
4. Obtainable from a debtor or possessor: as,
the debt is recoverable.
recoverable
Being the only case in which damages were recoverable
in any possessory actions at the common law.
BlacMnne, Com., III. x.
5. That may be recovered from. [Rare.]
Whether the sicknesse or disease be curable and recover-
able, yea, or no? J. Oaule, IIv«-pai>Ti'a, an. 1652, p. 240.
recoverableness (re-kuv'er-a-bl-nes), «. The
state of being recoverable; capability of being
recovered.
recoverancet (re-kuv'er-ans), n. [< OF. re-
coverance, recovrance, recuvrance, rccoucrance,
F. recouvrant, pp. of reeouvrer, recover : see re-
cover2.] Recovery. York Plays, p. 223.
recoveree (re-kuv-er-e' ), n. [< recover^ + -ee1.]
In law, the tenant or person against whom a
judgment is obtained in common recovery. See
common.
recoverer1 (re-kuv'er-er), n. [< ME. recoverer,
< OF. recovrebr, recouvreur, < recovrer, recover:
see recover'2.] One who recovers; a recoveror.
recoverer2!, »• [ME.,< OF. recovrier, aid, help,
recovery, < recovrer, recover: see recover2.]
Aid; help; recovery.
And by that Castell where-of I speke hadde the saisnes
all her recnuerer and all her socour of the contrey.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 185.
recoveror (re-kuv'er-or), n. [< OF. recovreor,
etc.: see recoverer1.] In law, the demandant
or person who obtains a judgment in his favor
in common recovery. See common.
recovery (re-kuv'er-i), n.; pi. recoveries (-iz).
[Early mod. E. recovery, recoverie; < AF. re-
covery (Littleton), OF. recovree, recuvree, re-
couvree, recoveree, recovery, < recovrer, recover:
see recover2, v. Cf. recover2, n., and discovery.]
1. The act or power of recovering, regaining,
retaking, conquering again, or obtaining re-
newed possession : as, to offer a reward for the
recovery of stolen goods.
What the devil should move me to undertake the re-
covery of this drum? Shak., All's Well, iv. 1. 38.
Mario Sanudo, a Venetian, . . . lived about the 14th Age,
a Man full of zeal for the recovery of the Holy Land.
Arbuthnot, Ancient Coins, p. 269.
2. Restoration from a bad to a good condition ;
especially, restoration from sickness, faintness,
or the like ; also, restoration from low condition
or misfortune.
Let us come in, that we may bind him fast,
And bear him home for his recovery.
Shak., C. of E., v. 1. 41.
This year much of the wheat is destroyed, . . . but the
Lord hath sent much rain for the recovery of the remainder.
N. Morton, New England s Memorial, p. 321.
Pray tell me how you are, and if you are making a good
recovery. Sydney Smith, To Countess Grey.
3f. Attainment; reaching.
To thintent that his adversaryes showld not have ready
recovery of the shore, and coome a land.
Polydore Vergil, Hist. Eng., xxv. (Camden Soc.), p. 213.
4. In law, the obtaining of right to something
by a verdict or judgment of court from an op-
posing party in a suit: as, the recovery of debt,
damages, and costs by a plaintiff ; the recovery
of costs by a defendant ; the recovery of land in
ejectment. Compare fine1, n., 3. — 5. In fen-
cing, the return of the fencer to his original
position "on guard" after extending himself in
the lunge (which see). It is done by raising the left
hand sharply, withdrawing the right foot from its place
in extension, and flexing the right elbow more or less till
the foil or sword is in the proper position to await the
opponent's riposte (which see). — Abolition Of Fines
and Recoveries Act. See finei.— Common or feigned
recovery. See common.
recrayedt, «• [ME., < OF. recreii (= It. ricre-
duto), pp. of recroire, be recreant (see recreant),
+ E. -ed2.] Recreant.
Ac reddestow neuere Regum, thow recrayed Mede,
Whi the veniaunce fel on Saul and on his children?
Piers Plowman (B), iii. 257.
recreance (rek're-ans), n. [< ME. recreance, <
OF. recreance, weariness, faintness, faint-heart-
edness, < recreant, weary, faint-hearted, cow-
ardly : see recreant.] Recreancy. Chaucer.
recreancy (rek're-an-si), n. [As recreance
(see -ci/).] The quality of being recreant; a
cowardly yielding; mean-spiritedness.
Amidst the poignancy of her regrets, her shame for her
recreancy was sharper still.
HoweUs, Annie Kilburn, xxvii.
recreandiset, «• [ME. recreaundise, < OF. re-
t:reandiKC,recreantise, weakness, cowardice, rec-
reancy, < recreant, recreant: see recreant.]
Recreancy; apostasy; desertion of principle.
I seye nought for recreaundise,
For I nought doute of youre servise.
Rom. of the Rose, \. 2107.
recreant (rek're-ant), «.. and n. [< ME. recre-
ant, recreaunt, 'recrai/haiid, < OF. recreant, re-
6011
creaunt, giving up the contest, acknowledging
defeat, weary; as a noun, one who acknow-
ledges defeat, a craven, recreant; < ML. recre-
den(t-)s, ppr. (cf. equiv. recreditus, a recreant,
prop, pp.) of recredere (> OF. recroire), give in,
recant; se recredere, own oneself beaten in a
duel or judicial combat; lit. 'believe again, '< L.
re-, again, + credere, believe: see credent. Cf.
miscreant.'] I. a. 1. Ready to yield in fight ; ac-
knowledging defeat ; hence, craven ; cowardly.
Compare craven.
He that despeireth hym is lyke the coward champioun
recreant, that seith "recreaunt" withoute nede.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
Thou wear a lion's hide ! doff it for shame,
And hang a calf's-skin on those recreant limbs.
Shale., K. John, iii. 1. 128.
2. Unfaithful to duty ; betraying trust.
And if I eny man it graunte,
Holdeth me for recreaunte.
Rom. of the Rote, 1. 4090.
Who, for so many benefits received,
Turn'd recreant to God, ingrate and false.
Milton, F. E.., iii. 138.
Then and there I ... offered up a vow . . . that I
would in no manner prove recreant to her dear memory, or
to the memory of the devout affection with which she had
blessed me. Poe, Tales, I. 449.
II. n. One who yields in combat and cries
craven; one who begs for mercy; hence, a mean-
spirited, cowardly, or unfaithful wretch.
With his craftez ganne he calle,
And callede thame recrayhandes alle,
Kynge, knyghtes in-with walle.
Perceval, 610. (Hattiwett.)
You are all recreants and dastards.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 8. 28.
We find St. Paul
No recreant to this faith delivered once.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 84.
recreantly (rek're-ant-li), adv. [< ME. recre-
antly ; < recreant •¥• -ly2.] In a recreant or
cowardly manner; basely; falsely.
That he wold be dede ful recreantly,
Or discomflte wold this cruell geant.
Rom. ofPartcnay(E. E. T. S.), 1. 4436.
recreate1 (rek're-at), v. [< L. recreatns, pp. of
recreare (> It. ricreare = Sp. Pg. Pr. recrear =
OF. recreer, F. recreer), create or make again,
revive, refresh, recruit, < re-, again, + creare,
create : see create.] I. trans. To revive or re-
fresh after toil or exertion; reanimate, as lan-
guid spirits or exhausted strength ; amuse ; di-
vert; gratify.
Sweete sauers [savors] greatly recreatynge and comfort-
ynge nature.
Peter Martyr (tr. in Eden's First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 151).
Go, recreate yourselves abroad ; go, sport.
B. Jonson, Volpone, v. 3.
Painters, when they work on white grounds, place be-
fore them colours mixed with blue and green to recreate
their eyes. Dryden.
As every day brought her stimulating emotion, so every
night yielded her recreating rest.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xx.
= Syn. To reanimate, enliven, cheer, entertain.
H. intrans. To take recreation.
They suppose the souls in purgatory have liberty to
recreate. L. Addison, State of the Jews, p. 121. (Latham.)
recreate2 (re-kre-af), v. t. [< L. recreatus,
pp. of recreare, create again: see recreate1.]
To create anew: often written distinctively
re-create.
On opening the campaign of 1776, instead of reinforcing,
it was necessary to recreate the army.
Marshall. (Webster.)
The mass of men, whose very souls even now
Seem to need re-creating.
Browning, King and Book, IL 225.
recreation1 (rek-re-a'shon), n. [< ME. recre-
ation, recreacyon, recreacioun, < OF. recreation,
F. recreation = Pr. recreacio = Sp. recreacion
= Pg. recreacao = It. ricreazione, recreation,
diversion, < L. recreatio(n-), recovery from ill-
ness, restoration, < recreare, pp. recreatns, re-
fresh, revive: see recreate1."] 1. The act of
recreating, or the state of being recreated; re-
freshment of the strength and spirits after toil ;
amusement; diversion; also, some occupation
which serves to recreate or amuse.
Vnkyndely thei kidde them ther kyng for to kenne.
With carefull comforth and colde (poor] recreacioun.
Ynrk Plays, p. 481.
God never did make a more calm, quiet, innocent recre-
ation than angling. /. Walton, Complete Angler, i. 6.
Soft Recreations fit the Female-kind :
Nature for Men has rougher Sports design'd.
Conyreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
2. A short piece of music introduced among
technical exercises for variety and practice in
style. — 3f. Dinner; refreshment; refection.
recrimination
We will to our recreation. Shak., \,. T,. L., iv. •>. 173.
= Syn. 1. Anuuenunt, Entertainment, etc. (see pastime),
sport, play.
recreation2 (re-kre-a'shon), n. [< L. rccrea-
ti/>(n-), in lit. sense: see recreation1 and recre-
ate2.] The act of creating or forming anew; a
new creation ; specifically, in theol., regenera-
tion. Also written re-creation.
recreational (rek-re-a'shon-al), a. [< rrrrea-
tion1 + -al.] Of, pertaining to, or conducing to
recreation. The Century, XL. 176.
recreation-ground (rek-re-a'shpn-ground), n.
A place set apart for sports and other recrea-
tions.
recreative (rek're-a-tiv), a. [< OF. recreatif,
F. recreatif, diverting, amusing, = Sp. Pg. re-
creativo — It. ricreativo, < L. recreare, pp. recre-
ate, recreate, revive, restore, etc. : see recre-
ate1.] Tending to recreate; refreshing; giv-
ing new vigor or animation ; giving relief after
labor or pain ; amusing ; diverting.
Another Vision happned to the same Authoure, as com-
fortable recreatyve as the former was dolorous.
Puttenham, Partheniades.
Let not your recreations be lavish spenders of your time ;
but choose such which are healthful, short, transient,
recreative. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, L 1.
In this "Manual of Sins" . . . our recreative monk has
introduced short tales, some grave and some he deemed
facetious, which convey an idea of domestic life and do-
mestic language. /. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 1S8.
recreatively (rek're-a-tiv-li), adv. In a rec-
reative manner; with recreation or diversion.
Imp. Diet.
recreativeness (rek're-a-tiv-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being recreative, refreshing, or diverting.
recrement (rek're-ment), n. [< OF. recrement,
F. recrement = Sp. Pg. recremento, refuse, < L.
recrementum, dross, slag, < "recernere, < re-,
back, •+• cernere, pp. cretus, separate: see con-
cern, concrete, and cf. excrement1.] 1. Super-
fluous matter separated from that which is
useful; dross; scoria; spume.
Of all the visible creatures that God hath made, none is
so pure and simple as light ; it discovers all the foulness
of the most earthly recrements, it mixeth with none of
them. /•'/'- Hall, Remains, p. 41.
2. In med., a fluid which, after having been
separated from the blood, is returned to it, as
the saliva, the secretion of serous membranes,
etc.
recremental (rek-re-men'tal), a. [< recrement
+ -al.] Consisting of or pertaining to recre-
ment ; recrementitious. Armstrong, Art of Pre-
serving Health, iii. 254.
recrementitial (rek"re-men-tish'al), a. [< F.
recrementitiel ; as recrement + -ii-ial.] Same
as recrementitious.
recrementitious (rek're-men-tish'us), a. [=
Sp. Pg. recrementicio ; as recrement + -it-iotis."]
Drossy; consisting of superfluous matter sepa-
rated from that which is valuable. Boyle,
Works, I. 643.
recrewt(re-kro'), »• '• [< *recrew, < OF. recreue,
recrue, a supply, spare stores, recruit, F. re-
crue, supply, addition, recruit, levy: see re-
cnrit.] To recruit.
One intire troop with some other odd troopers, and some
stragling foot, that were to recrew other companies.
Prince Rupert's beating up of the Rebel Quarters at Post-
[comb and Chinner (1643), p. xvi. (Davies.)
recriminate (re-krim'i-nat), v. [< ML. recri-
minatus, pp. of recriminare (> It. rear iminare =
Sp. Pg. recreminar = OF. recriminer, F. recrimi-
ner), accuse in return, < L. re-, back, + crimi-
nari, accuse: see criminate.] I. intrans. To
return one accusation with another; retort a
charge; charge an accuser with a like crime.
Such are some of the personalities with which Decker
recriminated. I. D'lsraeli, Calamities of Authors, II. 339.
II. trans. To accuse in return. [Rare.]
Did not Joseph lie under black infamy ? he scorned so
much as to clear himself, or to recriminate the strumpet,
South.
recrimination (re-krim-i-na'shpn), n. [< OF.
recrimination, F. 'recrimination = Sp. recrimi-
nacion = Pg. recriminacSo = It. recrimination c,
< ML. recriminatio(n-), < recriminare, recrimi-
nate: see recriminate.] 1. The act of recrim-
inating; the meeting of an accusation by a
counter-accusation: as, to indulge in mutual
recriminations.
Let us endeavour to remove this objection, not by re-
crimination (which is too easie in such cases), but by living
suitably to our holy Religion.
Stillinfffleet, Sermons, II. vi.
Short-sighted and injudicious, however, as the conduct
of England may be in this systi:m of aspersion, recrimina-
tion on our part wonld be equally ill-judged.
Ircing, Sketch-Book, p. 76.
recrimination
2. In law, an accusation, brought by an accused
person against the accuser, of being in a simi-
lar guilt as charged, or derelict in a correspond-
ing duty; a counter-accusation.
recriminative (re-krim'i-na-tiv), «. [< recrimi-
nate + -ive.] Of the nature of or pertaining to
recrimination ; indulging in recrimination ; re-
criminatory. Imp. Met.
recriminator (re-krim'i-na-tor), «. [Cf. F. re-
criminateur = Sp. reeriminador, one who recrim-
inates, recriminating; as recriminate + -or1."]
One who recriminates; one who accuses the
accuser of a like crime.
recriminatory (re-krim'i-na-to-ri), a. [= F.
recrimitiatoire = Pg. recriminatorio ; as recrimi-
nate + -on/.] Retorting accusation; recrimi-
nating.
They seem to have been so entirely occupied with the
defence of the French directory, BO very eager in finding
recriminatory precedents to justify every act of its intol-
erable insolence. Burke, A Regicide Peace, ill.
recrossed (re-krosf), a. In her. : (a) Having
the ends crossed. (6) Same as crossed when
noting a crosslet: thus, a cross crosslet re-
crossed is the same as a cross crosslet crossed.
recrucify (re-kro'si-fi), v. t. [< re- + crucify.']
To crucify again.
By it [wilful sin) we do, as the Apostle teaches, recrucify
the Son of God, and again expose Him to open shame.
Borrow, Works, VI. 79.
recrudency (re-kro'den-si), n. [As recrud(esce)
+ -ency."] Same as recrudescence.
recrudesce (re-krp-des'), «'• »•; pret. and pp.
recrudesced, ppr. recrudescing. [= Pg. recrv-
descer, < L. recrudescere, become raw again,
< re-, back, again, 4- crudescere, grow harsh, <
crudiis, raw: see crude.] 1. To become raw
or exacerbated again. — 2. To revive; become
alive again ; be renewed.
Ideas which have made no part of the waking life are
apt to recrudesce in the sleep-waking state.
Mind, IX. 118.
recrudescence (re-krij-des'ens), ». [< F. recru-
descence = Sp. Pg. recrudescencia ; as recrudes-
cen(t) + -ce.] 1. The state of being recrudes-
cent, or becoming raw or exacerbated again.
Hence — 2. A reopening; renewal; a coming
into existence anew; a fresh outbreak.
The king required some regulations should be made for
obviating the recrudescence of those ignoramus abuses for
the future that had been so scandalous before.
Roger North, Examen, p. 032. (Dames.)
That recrudescence of military organization which fol-
lowed the Conquest. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 525.
3. In mcd., increased activity of a disease or
morbid process after partial recovery.
A kind of recrudescence [of scarlet feverl but without
the reappearance of the rash, would seem possible up to
the eighth week. Quain, Med. Diet., p. 1392.
4. In but., the production of a fresh shoot from
the top of a ripened spike.
recrudescency (re-krij-des'en-si), n. [As re-
crudescence (see -cy).] Same as recrudescence.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 578.
recrudescent (re-krij-des'ent), a. [= Pg. re-
crudescente, < L. recrudescen(t-)s, ppr. of recru-
descere, break out afresh, become raw again,
< re-, again, + crudescere, become raw.] 1.
Growing raw, sore, or painful again. — 2. Com-
ing into existence or renewed vigor again.
recruit (rf-krof), v. [Formerly also recrute;
= D. recruteren = G. recruticren = Dan. rekru-
tere = Sw. rekrytera, < OF. recruter, levy, prop.
recluter, mend, = Pg. recrutnr, reclutar, levy, =
Sp. reclutar, complete, supply, also recruit, =
It. reclutare, complete, levy,< ML. reclutare (af-
ter Rom.), recruit, orig. mend, patch, < L. re-
+ Teut. (AS.) clut (> OF. clut), clout, lit. 'rag,'
'piece': see clout1. The orig. sense was forgot-
ten, and confusion ensued with OF. recreue, re-
crue, a supply, spare stores, etc., recrue, a levy
of troops, prop, an addition, supply, fern, of
reereu, F. recru, pp. of recroitre, recroistre,
grow again, < L. re-, again, + crescere, grow,
increase : see crease^, increase, etc. Cf . accrew,
recrew, crew1.] I. trans. 1. To repair by fresh
supplies; supply lack or deficiency in.
Her cheeks glow the brighter, recruiting their colour.
Granville, Phyllis Drinking.
2. To restore the wasted vigor of ; renew the
health, spirits, or strength of; refresh: as, to
recruit one's health.
And so I began the world anew ; and by the blessing
of God, was again pretty well recruited before I left this
town. R Enox (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 886).
I sat down and talked with the family while our guide
recruited himself with a large dish of thick sour milk.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 419.
5012
3. To supply with new men ; specifically, to sup-
ply with new men for any deficiency of troops ;
make up by enlistment : as, to recruit an army.
His [Amurath's] forces, . . . though daily recruited by
the new supplies which came to them, yet mouldred
away. North, tr. of Theuet's Lives.
The Frank population of Cyprus . . . was either con-
stantly diminishing or recruited by arrivals from the West.
Stubts, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 168.
4. To provision ; take supplies on board of, as
a vessel: as in the phrase to recruit nlii]>. = &yn.
Reinforce, replenish.
II. intrans. 1. To gain new supplies of any-
thing lost or wasted ; gain flesh, health, spirits,
etc.
My master, said I, honest Thomas ... is come to Bath
to recruit. Yes, sir, I said to recruit — and whether for
men, money, or constitution, you know, sir, is nothing to
him, nor any one else. Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1.
2. To gain new supplies of men for any object ;
specifically, to raise new soldiers.
When a student in Holland he there met Carstairs, on
a mission into that country to recruit for persons qualified
to fill the chairs in the several universities of Scotland.
Sir W. Hamilton.
3. To enter port for supplies, as a vessel,
recruit (re-kr<it'),tt. [=D. recruut = Q. recrut =
Dan. rekrut = Sw. rekryt, < OF. recreate = Sp.
recluta = Pg. recrttta = It. recluta, recruit;
from the verb, confused in OF. with recreue,
a supply, recrue, a levy of troops.] 1. A fresh
supply of anything wasted or used, as of pro-
visions and supplies on shipboard, etc.
Carrying also plentiful recruits of provisions.
Beverlcy, Virginia, L It 9.
A Recruit of new People. Hoteett, Letters, I. i. 38.
The state is to have recruits to its strength, and reme-
dies to its distempers. Burke.
2. A soldier or sailor newly enlisted to supply
the deficiency of an army or a navy; one who
has newly filled a vacancy in anybody or class
of persons.
The powers of Troy
With fresh recruits their youthful chief sustain.
Dryden.
3. A substitute for something wan ting. [Rare.]
Whatever Nature has in worth deny'd,
She gives in large recruits of needful pride.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 20&
Port Of recruit (nawt.), a recruiting-station.
recruital (re-kro'tal), n. [< recruit + -al.~\ A
renewed supply of anything lost or exhausted,
especially of strength or vigor, bodily or men-
tal. [Rare.]
Shortly after this communion Mr. Chalmers sought re-
lief and recruital in an excursion to Fifeshire.
IF. Banna., Chalmers, II. 65.
recruiter (re-kro'ter), n. One who recruits.
recruithood (re-krot'hud), n. [< recruit +
-Aoorf.] The condition of a recruit; the state
or the period of being a recruit. [Rare.]
Old soldiers who read this will remember their green
recruithood and smile assent. The Century, XXIX. 108.
recruiting-ground (re-kro'ting-ground), n. A
place or region where recruits are or may be
obtained.
The murderers of C«esar had turned the provinces which
they governed into one vast recruiting -ground for a last
decisive struggle. W. W. Capes, The Early Empire, Int.
recruiting-party (re-kro'ting-par'ti), n. A
number of soldiers, in charge of an officer or
a non-commissioned officer, who are detached
from their regiment or post for the purpose of
enlisting recruits.
recruiting-sergeant (re-kro'ting-sar<'jent), n.
A sergeant deputed to enlist recruits.
recruitment (re-krot'ment), n. [< F. recrute-
ment = Sp. reclutamiento = Pg. recrutamento,
the act of recruiting ; as recruit + -ment.~] The
act or business of recruiting; the act of rais-
ing new supplies of men for an army or a navy.
The theoretical recruitment is partly voluntary and part-
ly by lot for the militia. Fortnightly Rev., N. 8., X LIII. 40.
Rec. Sec. An abbreviation of Recording Sec-
retary.
rectt, a. [ME., < L. rectus, straight, direct,
right: see right."] Direct; immediate.
Thus ys mede and mercede as two manere relacions,
Rect and indyrect. Piers Plmcman (C\ iv. 336.
rect. An abbreviation of (a) in pharmacy,
(rectificatus) rectified; (b) rector.
recta, «. Plural of rectum.
rectal (rek'tal), a. [< rectum + -al.~] Pertain-
ing to or connected with the rectum or straight
gut : as, rectal parts or organs ; rectal disease,
operation, instrument; rectal action, evacua-
tion— Rectal alimentation, the administration of
enemeta containing food specially prepared for absorp-
tion by the mucous membrane of the large intestine. —
rectification
Rectal anaesthesia, the administration of ether or other
anesthetics by the rectum. — Rectal chemise. See che-
mise.— Rectal crises, paroxysms of pain in the rectum,
often with teiiesinus, and sensations asot a foreign body,
met with in cases of locomotor ataxia. — Rectal dia-
phragm, the sheet of muscles closing the rectal outlet
of the pelvis, consisting of the sphincter ani exteruus
superficially, and a deeper layer composed of the levator
ani and coccygeus.— Rectal nssure, a very painful crack-
like opening in the mucous membrane of the lower part of
the rectum. — Rectal glands. See gland.
rectalgia (rek-tal'ji-a), n. [NL., < rectum, rec-
tum, + Gr. o/ljof, pain.] Neuralgia of the rec-
tum: same as proctalnin.
rectangle (rek'tang-gl), a. and n. [< OF. (and
F.) rectangle = Sp. rectdngulo = Pg. rectangulo
= It. rettangolo, rectangular, a rectangle, <
LL. rectiangulum, having a right angle, < rec-
tus, right, T angulus, an angle : see right and
angle3.'] I.t a. Rectangular; right-angled.
If all Athens should decree that ... in rectangle tri-
angles the square which is made of the side that sub-
tendeth the right angle is equal to the squares which are
made of the sides containing the right angle, . . . geo-
metricians . . . would not receive satisfaction without
demonstration thereof. .Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 7.
II. n. 1. A quadrilateral plane figure having
all its angles right angles
and its opposite sides conse-
quently equal. When the adja-
cent sides are equal, it is a square.
The area of a rectangle is equal to
the product of two adjacent sides ;
thus, if its sides measure 6 feet and
4 feet, its area is 24 square feet.
Rectangle.
2. The product of two lengths. Thus, especially
in old books, "the rectangle under two lines " is spoken of,
meaning substantially the product of their lengths.
3f. A right angle.
Th' acute, and the rtct-Angles too,
Stride not so wide as obtuse Angles doo.
Sylvester, tr. of Du BarUts's Weeks, li., The Columnes.
rectangled (rek'tang-gld), a. [< rectangle +
-ed%.~] 1. Having a right angle or right an-
gles ; right-angled. — 2. In
her., forming a right angle,
or broken twice, forming two
right angles: said of a he-
raldic line and also of a di-
vision of the field so bounded
by it: as, a chief rectangled. —
Fesse rectangled. BMJMI,
rectangular (rek - tang ' gli - Arjent, » Chief Rec-
liir), «. [= F. rectangulaire ta"K|ed Kules-
= Sp. Pg. rectangular, < L. rectangulus, rectan-
gled: see rectangle.] Right-angled; having an
angle or angles of ninety degrees — Rectangular
coordinates, in analytical geom. See coordinate. — Rec-
tangular hyperbola, a hyperbola whose asymptotes
are at right angles to one another.
— Rectangular map - proj ectlon.
See projectvm.— Rectangular solid,
in geom., a solid whose axis is perpen-
dicular to its base.
rectangularity (rek -tang- gu-
lar'i-ti), n. [< F. rectaiigularite ;
as rectangular + -ity.] The qual-
ity or state of being rectangu-
lar or right-angled; rectangu-
larness.
rectangularly (rek-tang'gu-lar-li), adv. In a
rectangular manner; with or at right angles.
— Rectangularly polarized, in optics, oppositely po-
larized.
rectangularness (rek-tang'gu-lar-nes), n. Rec-
tangularity. Imp. Diet.
rectascension (rek-ta-sen'shon), n. [< L. rectus,
right, -f ascensio(n-), ascension.] In astron.,
right ascension.
recti, ". Plural of rectvs.
recticruraeus (rek'ti-krij-re'us), «.; pi. recticru-
rsei (-1). [NL., < L. rectus, straight, + cms (crur-),
leg: see crursms.~] The straight muscle of the
front of the thigh ; the rectus femoris. Coves.
rectifiable (rek'ti-fl-a-bl), a. [< F. rectifiable
= Sp. rectificable = Pg. rectificavel; as rectify
+ -able.] 1. Capable of being rectified, cor-
rected, or set right: as, a rectifiable mistake. —
2. In geom., said of a curve admitting the con-
struction of a straight line equal in length to
any definite part of the curve.
rectification (rek'ti-fi-ka'shon), n. [< OF. (and
F.) rectification = Pr. rectifcatio = Sp. rectift-
cacion = Pg. reclificafSo = It. rettificazione, <
ML. rectificatio(n-), < rectificare, rectify: see
rectify.'} The act or operation of rectifying.
(a) The act of correcting, amending, or setting right that
which is wrong or erroneous : as, the rectification of errors,
mistakes, or abuses.
The proper rectification of the expression would be to
insert the adverb as. H. Blair, Rhetoric, xxii.
(b) The process of refining a substance by repeated or
fractional distillation : it is in this way freed from other
substances which are either more or less volatile than
rectification
itself, or from non-volatile matters : as, the rectification
of spirits. The concentration of sulphuric acid in platinum
or glass vessels is sometimes (improperly) called rectifica-
tion.
The process of rectification is generally done by redis-
tilling, and filtering through alternate layers of woolen
blankets, sand, and granulated Imne or maple charcoal.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 80.
(c) In geom., the determination of a straight line whose
length is equal to a given portion of a curve ; the finding
a formula for the length of the arc of a given curve. —
Rectification of a globe, in astron. and tjeoy., the ad-
justment of it preparatory to the solution of a proposed
problem.
rectified (rek'ti-fid), p. a. [Pp. of rectify.] 1.
Made right; corrected.
Be just therefore to thyself all the way, pay thyself, and
take acquittances of thyself, all the way, which is only-
done under the seal and in the testimony of a rectified
2. Iii hort., developed in a desired direction, as
when plain tulips are propagated till they sport
into variegated forms.
5013
plane with the curve to which it belongs, the latter is un-
rolled into a right line : it is perpendicular to the normal
and the osculating planes. - Rectifying edge, the cuspi-
dal edge of the rectifying developable.— Rectifying line,
the line common to two consecutive rectifying planes. —
Rectifying plane, a plane tangent to the rectifying sur-
face.—To rectify alcoholic liquors. See def. 2.— To
rectify a sun-dial. See the quotation.
To rectify the dial (using the old expression, which means
to prepare the dial for an observation).
Encyc. Brit., VII. 161.
To rectify the course of a vessel, in nav., to determine
its true course from Indications of the ship's compass, by
correcting the errors of the compass due to magnetic va-
riations and local attractions. — To rectify the globe, in
I., to bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on
astron. mtigeog., to bring the sun's place in the ecliptic
order to prepare it for the solution of any proposed prob-
lem. = Syn. 1. Improve, Better, etc. (see amend), redress,
--, „ pi. [NL. : see
rectigrade.] A group of spiders ; the rectigrade
spiders. Also Sectigrada, Eectigrades.
rectigrade (rek ' ti - grad), a. [< L. rectus,
Some of the progeny "break," that is, produce flowers straight, + gradi, step : see grade!.] Walking
^^^^^r^^mat^L^°S straigy forward, as'a spiSer; pertaining t?
rectifier (rek 'ti-fi-er), „. [< rectify + -er^ ' COmilated Wlth
Peel! ™°ndshat WMch rectifies' <°> One who <"»"
ac
rectilineal (rek-ti-lin'e-al), a. [Cf . It. rettilineo
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. ii. 432.
vaint*u uii, w uuuuviuv me i n j u< 'i .inn increase ILS aieonoiic
strength, or to flavor it by exposing the flavoring substance
to the vaporized spirit. (2) A cylindrical vessel continu-
ous with a primary still, in which repeated distillations
occur till the alcohol reaches the desired strength. Also
called rectifying column, and simply column, ((it) An in-
strument formerly used for indicating the errors of the
compass. Falconer.
rectify (rek'ti-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. rectified,
ppr. rectifying. [Early mod. E. rectifie, rectyfye:
/ /~\T1 /« — ,] TJ1 \ *.'j;_.. T»- n_. ts ..j.
right, 4- linea, a line : see right and' line2, n.]
Same as rectilinear.
adv. Same as
rectilineal (see rectilineal), + -ars.] Straight-
lined; bounded by straight lines; consisting
of a straight line or of straight lines ; straight :
as, a rectilinear figure or course. Also recti-
lineal.
Whenever a ray of light is by any obstacle turned out
of its rectilinear way, it will never return to the same rec-
rr ..jy...... L^«.v .„„„. „. ,<,„„,„,,•, c^«,«c. <*'»«<"• >™y, unless perhaps by very great accident.
< OF. (and F.) rectifier = Pr. Sp. Pg. rectificar Hewton, Opticks.
= It. rettificare, < ML. rectificare, make rieht Rectilinear lens motion, etc. Seethenouns.-Recti-
false; amend: as, to rectify errors, mistakes, —
or abuses : sometimes applied to persons.
I meant to rectify my conscience rectiiinearness" (rek-tT-irn'^-ar-nes)/ 1?. The
Shak Hen. VIII., n. 4. 203. quality or condition of being rectilinear. W.
To rectifie abuses which dep™ Lm*! Mi?°/ ^T5?' ?? **?•' P' ?3°™
The Gospell of his propagation rectllmeoUSt (rek-ti-lm'e-us), a. [= OF. (and
F.) rectiligne = Sp. rectilineo = Pg. rectilineo =
It. rettilineo. < ML. "rerMlitunts • RR« rertiHwpal 1
ti li
And plentif nil encrease.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.X p. 16.
To
imposi
When an authentic watch is shown,
Each man winds up and rectifies his own.
Suckling, Aglaura, Epil.
This morning I received from him the following letter
which, after having rectified ""'- — "---
mistakes, I shall make a prese
Add
* ,„**, „ ,„*„* VJa. r.. i. o.A v. 10. It. rettilineo, < ML. "rectilineus : see rectilineal.]
rectifie a common-wealth with debaushed people is Rectilinear. Bay, Works of Creation, i
«8lbie. Capt. John Smith, Works, if. 106. rectinerved (rek'ti-nervd), a. [< L. rectus,
straight, + nervus, nerve, + -ed?.] In bot., hav-
ing nerves running straight from their origin
to the apex or to the margin: said mostly of
»me 'little "orthographicai Parallel-nerved leaves.
>nt of to the public. rection (rek shon), «. [< L. rectio(n-), a lead-
jiudison, Husbands and Wives, ing, guiding, government, direction, < regere,
Specifically — 2. In distilling: (a) To remove PP- rectus, rule, govern: see regent.] Ingram.,
impurities from (an alcoholic distillate) and the influence or power of a word in consequence
raise to a required proof or strength by repeat- °' which another word in the sentence must
ed distillation. As flavoring materials are often added have a certain form, in regard to number, case,
during rectification in the manufacture of gin, cordials, person, mode, or the like ; government,
factitious brandy, etc., the term rectify has been extended roM-.inot.alitTr OAlr«t;-T>«._tol'i_tl\ » r/
ill glu, coruiais ^CIQV/IJ, uxvucj \JL line IIKI . guvtJIillilollL.
jrandy, etc., the term rectify has been extended rectipetality (rek"ti-pe-tal'i-ti), n. [< L. rec-
to the performance of these processes. Hence-(6) tus, straight, + petere, seek Repetition), + -al
To bring (a spirit) by repeated distillation to + -ity.] In bot., the inherent tendency of stems
the strength required, and at the same time to to grow in a right line, as indicated by Voech-
impart to it the desired flavor. See rectifier, ting's experiments with the clinostat. Even parts
- d. In chemical maniif. and in pnar. : (a) To grown crooked incline to straighten when freed from de-
separate impurities from (a crystalline body) fleeting influences. This general tendency is modified,
by dissolving and recrystallizing it, sometimes however. by »" irregularity called hetemuxesis (which see).
repeatedly, and sometimes also with intermedi- rectirostral (rek-ti-ros'tral), a. [Cf. F. reb-
ate washing of the crystals. (6) To raise (a li- rostre! < L. rectus, straight, + rostrum, beak, +
quid) to a prescribed strength by extraction of ""'•] Having a straight bill or beak, as a bird,
some part of its liquid components. Distillation rectiscniac (rek-tis'ki-ak), «. [< NL. rectum
under ordinary atmospheric pressure or in a vacuum and "*" ischium + -ac.] Same as ischiorectal.
absorption of water by substances having strong affinity rectiserial (rek-ti-se'ri-al). a. [< L. rectus,
for water, as caustic lime, calcium chlorid, etc., when such straight + leries a row'' ; SPB <w>ri,.; 1 1 TW
substances do not atfect the chemical constitution of the ' ' ' ./!,.' a OW- .??e serial-l 1- Llis-
substances under treatment, are common processes em- Posed ln a rig«t line ; rectilinear or straight, as
ployed in rectification. (c) To remove impurities a row or 8eries of parts.— 2. In hot., disposed
from (solutions) by filtering them through sub- in one or ™™ straight ranks : specifically used
stances absorbent of dissolved impurities, but ^-v Bravais, in contrast with curvinerial (which
non-absorbent of, and chemically inactive up- see'' to describe those forms of phyllotaxy in
on, the substance to be purified. Of such ma- wllich a second leaf soon stands exactly over
teriiils bone-black is a typical example, espe- any given leaf, and thus all fall into right lines,
cially in sugar-refining, (d) To purify by one rectitic (rek-tit'ik), a. [< rectitis + -ic.] Per-
cially in sugar-refining. (<7) To purify by one rec.llT' ; IK;, a. |_<. rectitis -t- -ic.] Pe
or more resublimations.— 4. In math., to deter- tail»ng to or affected with rectitis.
mine the length of (a curve, or a part of a curve) recti*is (rek-ti'tis), n. [NL., < rectum + -itis.
included between two limits.— 5 In the use of Inflammation of the rectum.
j. 111 me use 01 :.. ^ T —
such a position rectitude (rek'ti-tud), n. [< OF. rectitude, ret-
.!„„ T e titude. F. rectitude— Pr. rer.tp.tu.t — Pot vf^H-ttii
the globes, to place (a globe) in
titude, F. rectitude = Pr. rectetut= Cat. rectitut
rector
Straightness : as, the rectitude of a line. John-
son.
Young pines, bent by ... snowfalls or other accident,
in seeking to recover their rectitude, describe every grace-
ful form of curve or spiral. A. B. Alcott, Tablets, p. 12.
2. Eightness of principle or practice ; upright-
ness of mind; exact conformity to truth, or to
the rules prescribed for moral conduct by ei-
ther divine or human laws ; integrity ; honesty ;
justice.
Of the rectitude and sincerity of their life and doctrine
to judge rightly, wee must judge by that which was to be
their rule. Milton, Reformation in Eng., L
Provided they "keep o' the windy side of the law," the
great majority are but little restrained by regard for strict
rectitude. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 465.
3. Correctness; freedom from error, as of con-
duct.
Perfectly conscious of the rectitude of her own appear-
ance, [she] attributed all this mirth to the oddity of mine.
Goldsmith, The Bee, >"o. 2.
= Syn. 2. Integrity, Uprightness, etc. (see honeety), prin-
ciple, equity.
recto (rek'to), n. [1. < L. recto, abl. of rectum,
right: see right, n. 2. For recto folio, 'the
right page,' opposed to verso folio, 'the oppo-
site page': L. recto, abl. of rectus, right; folio,
abl. of folium, a leaf, sheet: see/oZio.] 1. In
law, a writ of right, now abolished. — 2. Imprint-
ing, the right-hand page of an open book: op-
posed to the left-hand, reverso or rerso. In books
as commonly printed, the odd folios, pages 1, 3, 5, 7, etc.,
are the rectos; the even folios, pages 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., the
reverses.
Junius had seen books of this kind printed by Coster
(the beginnings of his labours) on the rectos of the leaves
only, not on both sides. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 689.
recto-. In composition, rectal ; of the rectum.
rectocele (rek'to-sel), n. [< NL. rectum, rec-
tum, + Gr. Krfi.ri, tumor.] Prolapse of the rec-
tovaginal wall through the vagina. Compare
proetocele.
rectogenital (rek-to-jen'i-tal), a. [< NL. rec-
tum, rectum, + L. genitalis, genital.] Of or per-
taining at once to the rectum and to the geni-
talia: as, the rectogenital chamber.
rector (rek'tor), n. [= OF. retteur, recteur, F.
reeteur = Pr. Sp. rector = Pg. rector, reitor = It.
rettore, < L. rector, a ruler, director, rector, < re-
gere, pp. reetus, rule: see regent.] 1. A ruler
or governor. [Rare.]
The rector of the vniuersitie called to counsel! all the
doctors regentes that were that tyme at Tholose
Ball, Hen. VIII., an. 22.
Reason (which in right should be
The special rector of all harmony).
B. Jomon, Poetaster, v. 1.
Who shall be the rectors of our daily rioting?
Milton, Areopagitica (ed. Hales), p. 24.
2. In the Ch. of Eng., a clergyman who has
the charge of a parish and full possession of
all the rights and privileges attached thereto.
He differs from the vicar in that the latter is entitled only
to a certain proportion of the ecclesiastical income spe-
cially set apart to the vicarage. The latter, again, differs
from the curate (in the narrower or popular sense of that
word), who is subject to the incumbent, whether rector or
vicar, and the amount of whose salary Is determined not
by the law, but by the patron of the benefice or by the
incumbent employing him. Abbreviated Beet.
The bishops that are spoken of In the time of the primi-
tive Church, all such as parsons or rectors of parishes are
witn us- Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 13.
3. In the United States, a clergyman in charge
of a parish in the Protestant Episcopal Church.
— 4.. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., an ecclesiastic in
charge of a congregation, a college, or a reli-
gious house; specifically, the superior of a
Jesuit seminary or college.
His wife . . . fled ... to Saint Jaques le Grand ; .
her death . . . was faithfully confirmed by the rector of
the place. Shale., All's Well, iv. 3. 69.
6. The chief elective officer of some universi-
ties, as in France and Scotland. In Scotland rector
is also the title of the head master of an academy or impor-
tant public school ; in England, of the heads of Exeter and
Lincoln colleges, Oxford. In the United States it is a title
assumed by the principals of some private schools : as, the
rectors of St. John's and St. Paul's. In Germany rector is
the title of the head of a higher school ; the chief officer of
a university is styled rector magnificus or, when the prince
of the country is the titular head, rector magmficentissimui.
The rector ... in the first instance was head of the
faculty of arts. ... It was not until the middle of the
14th century that the rector became the head of the col-
lective university [of Paris]. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 835.
6. The presiding officer or chairman of certain
gilds and associations.
Many artists ... as rectors represented the greater and
lesser art guilds in the city government [of Siena].
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 51.
Lay rector, in the Ch. of Eng., a layman who receives and
jwssesses the rectorial tithes of a benefice. Lee Glossary
- Missionary rector, in the Horn. Cath. Ch., a priest
rector
appointed by the bishop to certain parishes in England,
in the United States to the charge of any parish. — Rec-
tor of a Board Of Trustees, the presiding officer.
rectorage (rek'tor-aj), H. [OF. rectirrage, < rector
+ -aye.] A rector's benefice. Compare vicaraye.
Sic pastoris wyll be weill content
To leif vpon the fer lea rent,
Nor lies sum Vicare for his waige,
Or Hector for his Rectoraige.
Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.), 1. 326.
rectoral (rek'tor-al), a. [< F. rectoral = Sp. rec-
toral, < ML. "rectoralis, < L. rector, a rector : see
rector.] Same as rectorial. Blackstone.
rectorate (rek'tor-at), 11. and a. [< F. rectorat
= Sp. rectorado"= Pg. reitorado= It. rettorato,
< ML. rectoratus, the office of a rector, < L. rec-
tor, a rector: see rector.'] I. n. The office or
rank of rector ; the period of incumbency of a
rector.
His two rectorates in our city, from 18'29 to 1845, saw the
beginning of a successful revolt against the leadership of
Evangelicals. The American, X. 297.
II. a. Same as rectorial.
His very instructive rectorate address on The Backward-
ness of the Ancients in Natural Science.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 263.
rectoress, rectress (rek'tqr-es, -tres), n. [< rec-
tor + -ess.] 1. A female rector or ruler; a
governess. [Bare.]
Be them alone the rect'rea of this isle.
With all the titles I can thee enstile.
Urayton, Legend of Matilda, st. 39.
Great mother Fortune, queen of human state,
Rectress of action, arbitress of fate.
B. Jansm, Sejanus, v. 4.
2. A rector's wife. [Humorous.]
In this way the worthy Rectoress consoled herself.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xlviii.
Also rectrix.
rectorial (rek-to'ri-al), a. [< rector + -ial.~\ Of
or pertaining to a rector or a rectory — Recto-
rial tithes, tithes payable to the rector, ordinarily those
of corn, hay, and wood. Also yreat tithes.
The tithes of many things, as wood in particular, are
in some parishes rectorial, and in some vicarial tithes.
Blackstone, Com., I. xl.
rectorship (rek'tor-ship), n. [< rector + -ship.]
1. The office or" rank of a rector.— 2f. Rule;
direction; guidance.
Why, had your bodies
No heart among you V or had you tongues to cry
Against the recturMp of judgement?
Shak., Cor., 1L 3. 213.
rectory (rek'tpr-i), n. ; pi. rectories (-iz). [<OF.
rectorie = Sp. rectoria = Pg. reitoria = It. ret-
toria, (. ML. rectoria, the office or rank of a rec-
tor, < L. rector, a rector : see rector.] 1 . A par-
ish church, parsonage, or spiritual living, with
all its rights, tithes, and glebes. — 2. A rector's
mansion or parsonage-house.
The Sectary was on the other side of the river, close
to the church, of which it was the fitting companion.
Georye Eliot, Vela. Holt, xxiii.
rectOSCOpe (rek'to-skop), n. [< NL. rectum, rec-
tum, + Gr. ovcoTTfiv, view.] A speculum used for
rectal examination.
rectostenosis (rek'to-ste-no'sis), n. [NL., <
rectum (see rectum) + Gr. arivuoic, stricture:
see stenosis.] Stricture of the rectum.
rectotomy (rek-tot'o-mi), n. [< NL. rectum, rec-
tum, + Gr. -roula, <. rcuveiv, ra/ielv, cut.] The
operation for dividing a rectal stricture.
recto-urethral (rek"td-u-re'thral), a. Pertain-
ing to the rectum and to the urethra : as, the
recto-urethral space (a vertical triangular inter-
val between the membranous urethra above
and the rectum below, with the apex at the
prostate gland). -Recto-urethral fistula, a fistula
connecting the rectum and the urethra.
redxwiterine (rek-to-u'te-rin), a. Of or be-
longing to the rectum and the uterus— Recto-
uterine folds or ligaments, semilunar folds of perito-
neum passing one on each side from the rectum to the
posterior upper surface of the uterus, forming the lateral
walls of the rectovaginal pouch.— Recto-uterine fossa,
the space between the uterus and the rectum above the
borders of the recto-uterine folds.— Recto-uterine
pouch. See pouch.
rectovaginal (rek-to-vaj'i-nal), a. Of or be-
longing to the rectum and the vagina.— Recto-
vaginal fistula, a list 11] r MIS opening between the rectum
and the vagina. Rectovaglnal hernia. Same as rec-
tocele.— Rectovaginal pouch. See pouch.— Rectovagi-
nal septum, the tissues separating the rectum and the
vagina.
rectovesical (rek-to-ves'i-kal), a. [< NL. rectum
+ E. vesical.] Of or belonging to the rectum
and the bladder.- Rectovesical fascia. See/a«aa.
—Rectovesical folds, the posterior false ligaments of
the bladder, lunate folds of peritoneum between the blad-
der and the rectum in the male. Also called semilunar
folds of Douylass.— Rectovesical fossa, the pouch of
peritoneum lying between the bladder and the rectum.—
Rectovesical pouch, see pouch.
5014
rectress, «. See rectoress.
rectrices. »• Plural of rectrix.
rectricial (rek-trish'al), a. [< NL. rectrix (rec-
tric-), a tail-feather' (see n-ctrir), + -inl.] Of
or pertaining to rectrices.
rectrix (rek'triks), «.; pi. rectrices (rek-tri'sez).
[< L. rectrix, directress, governess, mistress,
fern, of rector, ruler, governor: see rector.] 1.
Same as rectoress.
A late queen rectrix prudently commanded.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa. (Latham.)
2. In ornith., a tail-feather; one of the long
or large quill-feathers of a bird's tail : so call-
ed from its use in directing or steering the
course of a bird in flight, like a rudder. The rec-
trices are comparable to the similar large flight-feathers
of the wing, called remio.es. In the Saururte, or Jurassic
birds with long lizard-like bony tail, the rectrices are bi-
serlally or distichously arranged in a row on each side of
the caudal vertebrae. In all modern birds they are set
together in a fan-like manner upon the pygostyle. (See
Eurhipidura.) In a few birds they are rudimentary, as
in grebes. The most frequent number by far is twelve,
which prevails (with few anomalous exceptions) through-
out the great order Paweres, and also In very many other
birds of different orders. In many picarian birds the
number Is ten ; in a very few eight. In various water-
birds the rectrices run up to higher numbers, twenty-four
being probably the maximum. There is normally always
an even number, these feathers being paired. In size,
shape, and texture they are endlessly varied, giving rise
to ail the different shapes a bird's tail presents.
rectum (rek'tum), n.; pi. recta (-ta). [= F.
rectum = Sp. Pg. recto = It. retto, <t NL. rec-
tum, abbr. of L. rectum intestinum, the straight
intestine: rectum, neut. of rectus, straight: see
right.] In anat. and zoo'l., a terminal section
of the intestine, ending in the anus: so called
from its comparatively straight course in man ;
the lower bowel: more fully called intestinum
rectum. In man the rectum is the continuation of the
sigmoid flexure of the colon, beginning about opposite the
promontory of the sacrum, a little to the left side, and run-
ning through the pelvis to the anus. It is supported by a
proper duplication of peritoneum, the mesorectum, and
other fasciic. Its structure includes well-developed longi-
tudinal and circular muscular fibers, the latter being ag-
gregated into a stout internal sphincter muscle near the
lower end. In animals whose colon has no special sigmoid
flexure there is no distinction of a rectum f lorn the rest of
the large intestine ; and the term applies only to any given
or taken terminal section of the bowel, of whatever char-
acter. In mammals above monotremes the rectum is en-
tirely shut off from the urogenital organs, ending in a dis-
tinct anus ; but in most animals it ends in a cloaca com-
mon to the digestive and urogenital systems. The rectum
receives the refuse of digestion, and retains the feces until
voided. See cuts under intestine, peritoneum, Pulmonata,
Pycnogonida, Appendicularia, and Blattidsc. — Columns
Of the rectum. See column.
rectus (rek'tus), «.; pi. recti (-ti). [NL., abbr.
of L. rectus musculus, straight muscle: rectus,
straight: see right.] In anat., one of several
muscles so called from the straightness of their
course, either in their own axis or in the axis of
the body or part where they lie — Recti capltis,
five pairs of small muscles, the anticus major and minor,
posticus major and minor, and the lateralis, all arising
from the lower part of the occipital bone and inserted into
the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebra. —
Rectus abdominis externus. Sam e as pyramidalis (a).
— Rectus abdominis internus, the straight muscle of
the abdomen, in the middle line in front, mostly inclosed
in an aponeurotic sheath formed by the tendons of other
abdominal muscles, usually intersected by several trans-
verse tendons, and extending from the pubis to the ster-
num, in some animals to the top of the sternum.— Rectus
femoris, the anterior part of the quadriceps extensor. It
is a fusiform, bipennate muscle, arising by two heads from
the ilium, and inserted into the base of the patella. See
cut under muscle^. — Rectus lateralis, the lateral straight
muscle of the head, arising from the transverse process of
the axis, and inserted into the jugular process of the occip-
ital.— Rectus medialis oculi. Same as rec(w«ocw/i inter-
ims.— Rectus oculi externus, Inferior, Internus, su-
perior, the external, inferior, internal, superior straight
muscle of the eyeball, turning the ball outward, down-
ward, inward, or upward. See cut under eyeball.— Rec-
tus sternalis, in man, an occasional slip lying length-
wise upon the sternum, representing the prolongation up-
ward of the rectus abdominis externus, as is normal in
many animals Rectus thoracis, in man, an occasional
slip, similar to the last, but lying deep-seated, supposed
to represent the continuation upward of the rectus ab-
dominis interims.
recubant (rek'u-bant), o. [< L. recuban(t-)s,
ppr. of recuoare, lie back : see recubation.] Ly-
ing down ; reclining ; recumbent.
recubation (rek-u-ba'shon), n. [< L. recubare,
pp. recubatus, lie upon the back, lie back, re-
cline: see recumbent.] The act of lying down
or reclining. [Rare.]
The French and Italian translations, expressing neither
position of session or recubation, do only say that he placed
himself at the table. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 6.
recueil (re-key'), ». [F., a collection: see re-
cule'l.] A collection of writings,
recuilet, «'. and «. An obsolete form of recoil1.
recuilementt, «. An obsolete form of recoil-
HH'llt.
recuperative
recule't, «'. and n. An obsolete form of rcrnili.
recule2t, »• [ME., also recuyell, < OF. recueil,
F. recueil, a collection, < recueillir, collect: see
recollect.] A collection of writings ; a book or
pamphlet. Caxton; Hallitcell.
recultivate (re-kul'ti-vat), v. t. [< re- + ciilti-
ruti. Cf. OF. recultifer, recultivate.] To cul-
tivate anew.
recultivation (re-kul-ti-va'shon), n. [< reculti-
rate + -ion.] The act of cultivating anew, or
the state of being cultivated anew.
recumbt (re-kum'), v. i. [< L. recumbere, lie
back, recline: see recumbent.] To recline; lean;
repose.
The king makes an overture of pardon and favour unto
you, upon condition that any one of you will reeumbe, rest,
lean upon, or mil himself upon the person of his son.
Barrow, Works, II. iv.
recumbence (re-kum'bens), «. [< recumben(t)
+ -ce.] Same as recumbency.
A recumbence or reliance upon Christ for justification
and salvation. Lord North, Light to Paradise, p. 64.
recumbency (re-kum'ben-si), n. [As recum-
bence (see -cy).]' 1. The state of being recum-
bent ; the posture of reclining, leaning, or lying.
But relaxation of the languid frame,
By soft recumbency of outstretched limbs,
Was bliss reserved for happier days.
Cowper, Task, 1. 82.
2. Rest; repose; idleness.
When the mind has been once habituated to this lazy
recumbency and satisfaction, ... it is in danger to rest
satisfied there. Locke.
3. The act of reposing or resting in confidence.
There are yet others [Christians] who hope to be saved
by a bare act of recumbency on the merits of Christ.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. rlv.
recumbent (re-kum'bent), a. [< L. recum-
ben(t-)s, ppr. of recumbere, lie back, recline, <
rc-,back, T cubare, lie: see cumbent.] 1. Lean-
ing; reclining.
The Roman recumbent . . . posture in eating was intro-
duced after the first Punic war.
Arbuthnot, Ancient Coins, p. 184.
2. Reposing; inactive; idle; listless.
What smooth emollients in theology
Recumbent virtue's downy doctors preach!
Young, Night Thoughts, iv. 644.
3. In zool. and bot., noting a part that leans
or reposes upon anything — Recumbent hairs, in
entom. , hairs that lie partly against the surface, but are
not pressed close to it.
recumbently (re-kum'bent-li), adv. In a re-
cumbent manner or posture,
recuperability (re-ku'pe-ra-bil'i-ti), n. [< re-
cuperable + -ity (see -bility).] Ability to re-
cuperate ; power of recuperation. [Rare.]
A state of almost physiological recuperability.
Alien, and Neural., VII. 463.
recuperable (re-ku'pe-ra-bl), a. [< ME. re-
cuperable, < OF. recuperablt = Sp. recuperable =
Pg. recuperarel, < ML. "recuperabilis, < L. re-
cuperare, recover, recuperate: see recuperate,
recover?. Cf . recoverable.] Recoverable ; that
may be regained.
And hard it is to ravysshe a treasour
Which of nature is not recuperable.
LydgaU, The Tragedies.
Thertore, If thou yet by counsaile arte recuperable,
Flee thou from idlenesse and alway be stable.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, 1. la
recuperate (re-ku'pe-rat), r. ; pret. and pp. re-
cuperated, ppr. recuperating. [< L. recupera-
tus, pp. of recuperare, reciperare ( > It. recuperare
= Sp. Pg. recuperar = F. recuperer), get again,
regain, recover, revive, restore, ML. also intr.,
revive, convalesce, recover: see recover^, the
older form in E.] I. trans. 1. To recover; re-
gain: as, to recuperate one's health or spirits.
— 2. To recoup. [Rare.]
More commonly he [the agent] paid a fixed sum to the
clergyman, and recuperated himself by a grinding tyranny
of the tenants. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xvi.
II. intrans. To recover; regain strength or
health. [U. S.]
recuperation (rf-ku-pe-ra'shon), n. [< OF. re-
cuperation, F. recuperation = Sp. recuperation
= Pg. recuperacao = It. recuperazione, < L. re-
cuperatio(n-), a getting back, regaining, recov-
ery, < recuperare, pp. recuperatus, regain, re-
cover: see recuperate and recover^.] 1. Re-
covery, as of something lost.
The reproduction or recuperation of the same thing that
was before. Dr. H. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 225.
2. Specifically, recovery of strength or health.
recuperative (re-ku'pe-ra-tiv), a. [= Sp. Pg.
i-i-ctiiiarativo, < L. reciipertttiriix, recoverable, <
recuperare, pp. recuperutux. recover: see re-
cover"2 and recuperate.] Tending to recovery;
recuperative
pertaining to recovery, especially of strength
or health.
The seasons being in turn recuperative, . . . even the
frosts of winter impart virtues that pass into summer,
preserving the mind s vigor and fertility during the reign
of the dog-star. A. B. Alcott, Table-Talk, p. 68.
recuperator (re-ku'pe-ra-tor), n. [= Sp. Pg. re-
cuperador, < L. recuperator, a recoverer, < re-
cuperare, pp. recuperatus, recover: see renii )><'>•-
ate.} 1. One who or that which recuperates
or recovers. — 2. That part of the Ponsard fur-
nace which answers the same purpose as the
regenerator of the Siemens regeneration fur-
nace. See regenerator.
recuperatory'(re-ku'pe-ra-to-ri), «. [= Sp. Pg.
recuperaturio, < L. recuperatorius, < recuperator,
a recoverer, < recuperare, pp. recuperatus, re-
cover: see recuperate.'} Same as recuperative.
Bailey.
recur (re-ker'), v. i. ; pret. and pp. recurred, ppr.
recurring. [< OF. recourer, recorir, recourre,
recourir, F. recourir = Pr. recorre = Cat. recorrer
= Sp. recurrir = Pg. recorrer = It. ricorrere, <
L. recurrere, run back, return, recur, < re-, back,
+ currere, run : see current^.] 1. Togo or come
back ; return : literally or figuratively.
When the fear of Popery was over, the Tories recurred
to their old principles. Brougham.
And Fancy came and at her pillow sat, . . .
And chased away the siil\-remrring gnat.
Tennyson, Three Sonnets to a Coquette, i.
2. To return in thought or recollection.
He ... had received a liberal education at a charity
school, and was apt to recur to the days of his muffin-cap
and leathers. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 25.
3. To return to the thought or mind.
When any word has been used to signify an idea, that
old idea will recur in the mind when the word is heard.
Watts, Logic, I. vi. § 3.
Acted crime,
Or seeming-genial venial fault,
Recurring and suggesting still.
Tennyson, Will.
4. To resort ; have recourse ; turn for aid.
For if his grace were minded, or would intend to do a
thing inique or unjust, there were no need to recur unto
the pope's holiness for doing thereof.
Bp. Burnet, Records, I. ii., No. 22.
5. To occur again or be repeated at stated in-
tervals, or according to some rule.
Food, sleep, amusement recur in uniform succession.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 272.
In volcanic archipelagos . . . the greater eruptions
usually recur only after long intervals.
Darwin, Geol. Observations, i. 144.
recure1! (re-kur'), v. [< ME. recuren, < OF. re-
curer, < L. recurare, restore by taking care of,
make whole again, cure, also take care of, pre-
pare carefully, < re-, again, + curare, care, cure :
see cure, v. The verb was partly confused with
recure2, ME. recouren, a form of recoveren, re-
cover: see recure2, recover2.} I. trans. To cure
again; cure; heal.
Which [ills] to recure, we heartily solicit
Your gracious self to take on you the charge
And kingly government of this your land.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7. 130.
Jarumannus, a Faithful! Bishop, who with other his fel-
low Labourers, by sound Doctrin and gentle dealing, soon
recur'd them Ithe East-Saxonsj of thir second relaps.
Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
II. intrans. To recover; get well.
Rabert Lauerawns is wcle amendyd, and I hope xall re-
cure. Paston Letters, I. 112.
recure1! (re-kur'), H. [< ME.recMre; < recure2,
partly < recure1, v.} Recovery.
Recure to fynde of myn adversite.
Lydgate, Complaint of a Lover's Life, 1. 681.
Had she been my daughter,
My care could not be greater than it shall be
For her recure. Middleton, Spanish Gypsy, iii. 2.
recure2t (re-kur'), v, t. [Early mod. E. also re-
mure; < ME. recuren, recouren, var. of recoveren,
recover : see recover2.'} To recover ; get again .
Fredom of kynde BO lost hath he
That never may recured be.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4920.
But Hector fyrst, of strength most assured,
His stede agayne hath anone recured.
Lydgate, Troye (1555), sig. P, v. (Halliwell.)
For sometimes Paridell and Blandamour
The better had, and bet the others baeke :
Eftsoones the others did the Held recoure.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ix. 25.
recurefult (re-kur'fiil), a. [< recurcl + -fill.}
Curative;
Let me forever hide this staine of beauty
With this recureful maske.
Chapman, Gentleman I'sher, v. 1.
5015
recurelesst (re-kur'les), (i. [< ME. rekcurlcx;
< reciire1 + Jess.} Incapable of recovery or
remedy; incurable.
Ye are to blame to sette yowre hert so sore,
Sethyn that ye wote that hyt [ys] rekeurles.
MS. Cantab, ft. i. fl, f. 14. (Hattiu'elt.)
My recureless sore. G. Ferrars.
"Us foolish to bewail recureless things.
Greene, James the Fourth, ii.
recurelesslyt (re-kur'les-li), adv. So as not to
be cured.
Recurclesly wounded with his own weapons.
Greene, Groats-worth of Wit(Works, ed. Dyce, Int.,p. xxvi.).
recurrence (re-kur'ens), ». [= F. recurrence;
as recurren(t) + -ce.] 1. The act of recurring,
or the state of being recurrent; return.
Atavism, which is the name given to the recurrence of
ancestral traits, is proved by many and varied facts.
a. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 83.
2. Eesort ; the having recourse.
In the use of this, as of every kind of alleviation, I shall
insensibly go on from a rare to a frequent recurrence to the
dangerous preparations. Jer. Taylor.
recurrency (re-kur'en-si), n. [As recurrence
(see -cy).\ Same &s recurrence. Bailey.
recurrent (re-kur'ent), a. and n. [< OF. recur-
rent, F. reeur'ren t = Pg. recurrente = It. ricorreitte,
< L. recurren(t-)s, ppr. of recurrere, run back,
return, recur: see recur.} I. a. 1. Recurring;
returning from time to time ; reappearing ; re-
peated: as, recurrent pains of a disease. Prof.
Blackie.
The music would swell out again, like chimes borne on-
ward by a recurrent breeze.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 1.
Nature, with all her changes, is secure in certain noble
recurrent types. Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 150.
2. In crystal., noting a crystal which exhibits
an oscillatory combination of two sets of planes.
See oscillatory. — 3. In anat., turned back in its
course, and running in a direction the opposite
of its former one : specifically noting the infe-
rior laryngeal branch of the pneumogastric.
See the following phrases. — 4. In entom., turn-
ing back toward the base : as, a recurrent pro-
cess— Posterior interosseous recurrent artery, a
branch of the posterior interosseous artery which gives off
branches in the region of the olecranon which anastomose
with the superior profunda, posterior ulnar recurrent, and
radial recurrent arteries.— Radial recurrent artery.
See radial.— Recurrent arteries of the deep palmar
arch, branches which pass from the upper side of the pal-
mar arch and anastomose with branches of the anterior
carpal arch.— Recurrent branch of the ophthalmic
nerve, a small branch arising near the Gasserian gan-
glion, and running backward across the fourth nerve to be
distributed in the tentorium.— Recurrent fever. See
feverl. — Recurrent fibroid tumor. Same as small spin-
dle-cell sarcoma. See sarcoma.— Recurrent laryngeal.
See laryngeal. — Recurrent mania. Same as periodical
mania. — Recurrent nerve. Same as meningeal nerve
(which see, under nerve).— Recurrent nerve Of the In-
ferior maxillary, a branch from the inferior maxillary
as it passes through the foramen ovale, which passes
back into the skull through the foramen spinosum, giv-
ing rise to two branches, one going to the great wing of
the sphenoid, the other to the mastoid cells.— Recur-
rent nerve of the superior maxillary, a branch giv-
en off from the superior maxillary near its origin, which
passes to the dura mater and middle meningeal artery.—
Recurrent nervure of an insect's wing, (a) A branch
which is more or less turned toward the base of the wing,
in a direction contrary to the nervure from which it
arises. Many of these recurrent nervures are distin-
guished, (b) A vein of the wing which, after running to-
ward the apex, is bent or curved back toward the base, as
in many Coleoptera.— Recurrent pulse. See pulsei.—
Recurrent radial artery, an artery which arises from
the radial artery near its origin, and anastomoses with the
anterior terminal branch of the superior profunda. — Re-
current sensibility, the sensibility manifested by the
anterior root of a spinal nerve. This is due to fibers de-
rived from the posterior root.— Recurrent tibial ar-
teries, (a) The posterior, arising near the perforation of
the interosseous membrane, and anastomosing with the
lower articular popliteal arteries, (b) The anterior, a larger
branch, arising just behind the perforation of the inter-
osseous membrane, and anastomosing with the lower ar-
ticular popliteal arteries. — Recurrent ulnar arte-
ries, (a) The anterior, arising from the upper part of the
ulnar. and joining the anastomotic branch of the brachial.
(b) The posterior, arising a little lower than the anterior
(though they often have a common origin), and communi-
cating with the inferior profunda, the anastomotic, and
posterior iuterosseous recurrent.
II. n. Any recurrent nerve or artery,
recurrently (re-kur'ent-li), adv. In a recurrent
manner; with'recurrence.
For a long time I had under observation a middle-aged
man who, throughout his life, has recurrently been tor-
mented by this parasite.
B. W. Richardson, Preventive Medicine, p. 5G8.
recurring (rf>-k<'>r'ing), l>. a. Returning again.
— Recurring continued fraction. See continued frac-
tion, under continued. Recurring decimal. .See deci-
mal,— Recurring series, in (tig., a series in which the
coefficients of the successive powers of x are formed from
a certain number of the preceding coefficients accord-
inp to some invariable law. Thus, a + bx — (a + b)x- -]-
recusance
(o i 26>r3 + (2o f 36>c* + (3o + 56X1 + ... is a recurring
series.— Recurring utterances, a form of aphasia i:i
which the patient can repeat only the word last uttered
when taken ill.
recursant (re-ker'sant), a. [< L. yrr/i)1.wn('-X
ppr. of reeursare, run or hasten back, come
back, return, recur, freq. of recurrere, run back,
recur: see recur.} In her., turned in a way con-
trary to the usual position, or with the back
displayed instead of the front. Thus, an eagle
recursant shows the back of the bird with
the wings crossed — Displayed recursant. See dis-
played.
recursion (re-ker'shon), «. [< L. reeursio(n-) ,
a running back, return, < recurrere, pp. recursim,
run back, return: see recur.] Return. [Rare.]
When the receiver was full of air, the included pendu-
lum continued its recursions about fifteen minutes.
Boyle, Works, I. 61.
recurvant (re-ker'vant), a. [< L. recurvan(t-)s,
ppr. of recurvare, bend or curve backward, turn
back: see recurve.} In her., of a serpent, coiled
up, with the head projecting from the folds;
bowed-embowed.
recurvate (re-ker'vat), v. t. [< L. recurvatus,
pp. of recurvare, bend backward, curve back:
see recurve.} Same as recurve. Imp. Diet.
recurvate (re-ker'vat), a. [< L. recurvatus, pp.:
see recurvate, v.} In hot. and eodl., recurved.
recurvation (re-ker-va'shon), n. [< recurvate
+ -ion.} The act or process of recurving; the
state of being curved up or back: opposed to
decurvation: as, the recurvation of a bird's bill.
Also recurvature, recurvity.
By a serpentine and trumpet recunation, it [the wind-
pipe] ascendeth again into the neck.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Hi. 27.
recurvature (re-ker' va-tur), n. [< recurvate +
-ure.} Same as recurvation.
recurve (re-kerv'), v. [= OF. recorber, recurber,
recourber, F. recourber = Pr. Pg. recurvar, < L.
recurvare, bend or curve backward, turn up or
back, < re-, back, + curvare, curve : see curve,
v.} I. trans. To curve back; turn backward.
Also recurvate.
II. intrans. To be recurved.
recurved (re-kervd'), p. a. 1. In lot., curved
back or downward : as, a recurved leaf, petal,
etc. — 2. In zool., bent upward : the opposite of
decurved: as, the recurved beak of the avoset.
recurviroster (re-ker-vi-ros'ter), n. [< NL. re-
curvirostrus, < L.' recurv us, bent or curved back,
crooked (see recurvous), + rostrum, beak, bill :
see rostrum.} A bird of the genus Becurviros-
tra; an avoset.
Recurvirostra (re-ker-vi-ros'tra), n. [NL.,
fern, of recunnrostrus : see recurviroster.} A
genus of precocial limicoline grallatorial birds,
type of the family Becurvirostridss, having a
long and very slender depressed and recurved
bill, extremely long slender legs, and four toes,
the three front ones of which are webbed; the
avosets. The body is depressed, and the under parts
are clothed with thick plumage like a duck's, so that the
birds swim with ease by means of their webbed feet. See
avoset. Also called Avocetta.
recurvirostral (re-ker-vi-ros'tral), a. [As recur-
viroster + -al.} "Having a recurved bill, as an
avoset ; belonging to the genus Eecurvirostra ;
pertaining to a recurviroster.
Recurvirostridae (re-ker-vi-ros'tri-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Recurvirostra + -idee.} A family of
wading birds with long and slender bill and
legs, typified by the genus Eecurvirostra, and
divided into the Becurvirostrinse and Himanto-
podinse; the avosets and stilts.
Recurvirostrinse (re-ker*vi-ros-tri'ne), n. pi.
[NL., < Recurvirostra + -inie.} A subfamily of
Eecurvirostridx, having the characters of the
genus Becurvirostra, as distinguished from
those of Himantopus, and including only the
avosets.
recurvity (re-ker'vi-ti), n. [< L. recurrus, bent
back (see recurvous), + -ity.} Same as reeurra-
tion. Bailey.
recUTVO-patent (re-ker'v6-pat"ent), a [< L. re-
curvus, bent back, + paten(t-)s, open, spread-
ing: seepatenft.} In bot., bent back and spread-
ing.
recurvous (re-ker'vus), a. [= Pg. recurro =
It. ricurvo, < L. recurvus, bent or curved back, <
re-, back, + curvus, curve : see curve.} Bent
backward.
recusance (rek'u-zans), «. [< recusan(t) + -ce.}
Same as recusancy.
The parliament now passed laws prohibiting Catholic
worship, and imposing a fine of one shilling, payable each
Sunday, for reruxnncc.
II'. ,y. Grc'jij, Irish Hist, for Eng. Readers, p. M.
recusancy
recusancy (rek'u-zan-si), n. [As recusance (see
-cy).~] 1. Obstinate refusal or opposition.
It is not a recusancy, for I would come ; but it is an ex-
communication, I must not.
Donne, Devotions, III., Expostulation.
If anyone, or two, or ten, or twenty members of con-
gress should manifest symptoms of recusancy, , . . the
weird sisters of ambitious hearts shall play before their
eyes images of foreign missions, and departments, and
benches of justice. It. Choate, Addresses, p. 339.
2. The state of being a recusant.
The papists made no scruple of coming to our churches ;
recusancy was not then so much as a chrisom, not an em-
bryo. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 98.
There is also an inferior species of recusancy (refusing
to make the declaration against popery enjoined by stat-
ute 80 Car. II. st. 2, when tendered by the proper magis-
trate). Blackstone, Com., IV. iv.
We shall see that mere recusancy was first made punish-
able, later on in the reign, by the Second Act for Unifor-
mity of Edward.
K. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xv., note.
3. The tenets of the recusants, or adherence to
those tenets.
The penalties of recusancy were particularly hard upon
women, who . . . adhered longer to the old religion than
the other sex. Hattam, Const. Hist., viL, note.
recusant (rek'u-zant or re-ku'zant), a. and n.
[< OP. recusant, F. recusant = Sp. Pg. recusante
= It. ricusante, < L. recusan(t-)s, ppr. of recu-
sare, reject, object: see recuse.'} I. a. Obsti-
nate in refusal; specifically, in Eng. hist., re-
fusing to attend divine service in Anglican
churches, or to acknowledge the ecclesiastical
supremacy of the crown.
No recusant lord might have a vote in passing that act.
Clarendon.
II. ». 1. One obstinate in refusing; one who
will not conform to general opinion or practice.
The last rebellious recusants among the family of na-
tions. De Quincey.
He that would not take the oath should be executed,
though unarmed; and the recusants were shot on the
roads, ... or as they stood in prayer.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II. 411.
2. Specifically, in Eng. hist., one who refused
to attend divine worship in Anglican churches,
or to acknowledge the ecclesiastical supremacy
of the crown. Heavy penalties were inflicted on such
persons, but they pressed far more lightly on the simple
recusant or nonconformist than on the Roman Catholic
recusant, the chief object being to secure national unity
and loyalty to the crown, in opposition to papal excom-
munications, which declared British subjects absolved
from their allegiance (as in 1570), and to plots against the
government. The name recusant, though legally applied
to both Protestants and Roman Catholics, was in general
given especially to the latter.
As well those restrained ... as generally all the pa-
pists in this kingdom, not any of them did refuse to come
to our church, and yield their formal obedience to the
laws established. And thus they all continued, not any
one refusing to come to our churches, during the first ten
years of her Majesty's [Queen Elizabeth's) government.
And in the beginning of the eleventh year of her reign
Cornwallis, Bedingfleld, and Silyarde were the first recu-
sants, they absolutely refusing to come to our churches.
And until they in that sort began, the name of recusant
was never heard of amongst us.
Sir Edward Coke [in 1607], in Blunt, Annotated Book of
[Common Prayer, p. 24.
recusation (rek-u-za'shon), n. [< OF. realisation,
F. recusation = Pr. recusation = Sp. reousacion
= Pg. recusac.Ho = It. ricusazione, < L. recusa-
tio(n-), a declining, refusal, objection, protest,
also nausea, rejection, < recusare, pp. recusatus,
object, decline, reject: see recuse.] In laic,
the interposition of an objection or challenge
for cause to a judge or arbitrator, or to an ex-
pert appointed by a court ; also, the objection
or challenge so presented.
He [Bonner], to deface his Authority (as he thought)
did also then exhibit in writing a Recusation of the Sec-
retaries Judgment against him.
Foxe, Martyrs, II. 35, an. 1549.
recusative (re-ku'za-tiv), a. [< recuse + -ative.']
Tending or prone to recuse or refuse ; refusing-
denying; negative. [Rare.]
The act of the will produces material and permanent
events ; it is acquisitive and effective, or recusative and
destructive, otherwise than it is in any other faculties
Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, IV. i. 1.
recuse (re-kuz'), v. t.; pret. and pp. recused,
ppr. refusing. [< OF. rceuser, F. recuser = Pr.
Sp. Pg. recusar = It. ricusare, < L. recusare,
object, decline, reject, refuse, protest against,
plead in defense, < re-, back, + causa, a cause :
see cause. Cf. accuse.'] To refuse; reject;
specifically, in law, to reject or challenge (a
judge or juror) as disqualified to act.
Yet she [the queen] nevertheless persisting in her for-
mer wilfulness and in her Appeal, which also by the said
Judges was likewise realised, incontinently departed out of
the Court. Bp. Burnet, Records, I. ii., No. 28.
5016
A judge may proceed notwithstanding my appeal, un-
less I recuse him as a suspected judge. Ayli/e, Parergon.
recussion (re-kush'on), «. [< L. recutere, pp. re-
cussus, strike back, beat back, etc., < re-, back,
+ quatere, strike, shake: see quash1. Cf. con-
cussion, discussion, percussion."] The act of beat-
ing back. Bailey.
red1 (red), a. and n. [< ME. red, reed, rede, ear-
lier read, read, < AS. redd = OS. rod = OFries.
rdd = D. rood = MLG. rot, LG. rod = OHG.
MHG. rot, G. rot, roth = Icel. rauthr = Sw. Dan.
rod = Goth, rauths (raud-), red; cf. AS. reod
(= Icel. rjodlir), red, rud, rudu, redness (see
rud) ; < AS. reodan, make red, kill, = Icel. rjo-
dha (pret. raudh), redden (see raJl; v.); akin to
L. ruber (rubr-, for ruthr-, = Gr. tpv8p6f), red,
rufus, red, rubidtis, dark-red, rubere, turn red,
blush, ritbicundus, red, reddish, russus, reddish,
rutilus, reddish, robigo. rust, etc. ; Gr. epv6p6f,
red, Ip£v6of, rediiess, enevfieiv, redden; Ir. Gael.
ruadh = W. rhudd, red; OBulg. rudru, red, ru-
dieti, blush, etc., ruda, metal, etc., = Bohem.
Pol. ruda, ore, rust, mildew, etc., = Russ. ruda,
ore, mineral, a mine, blood, etc. ; Lith. rudas,
rusvas, red-brown, raudas, raudonas, red, raudd,
red color; Skt. rudhira, red, blood, rohita (for
'rodhita), red. From the E. root, besides red-
den, reddish, etc., are derived rud, ruddle, rud-
dock, ruddy, rust, etc. ; from the L. are derived
E. ruby, rubescent, rubric, rubicund, rufous, rus-
set, rutilate, rutilant; from the Gr. are Erythreea,
erythric, etc. Bed, like lead2 (led), with which
it is phonetically parallel, had in ME. a long
vowel, which has become shortened. The long
vowel remains, however, in the surnames Head,
Reade, Heed, Seid, which represent old forms
of the adj., and the existence of which as sur-
names explains the almost total absence of the
expected surname Red, parallel to Black, Brown,
White, etc. As a noun, cf. ME. rede, redness, =
OHG. roti, G. rotlie, redness, red ; from the adj.]
1. a. 1. Of a bright, warm color resembling
that of blood or of the highest part of the pri-
mary rainbow. See II.
Dropes rede as ripe cherrees,
That fro his flesshe gan lave.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. 9,.\ p. 217.
The ladye blushed scarlette redde,
And fette a gentill sighe.
Sir Cauline (Child's Ballads, III. 181).
Your colour, I warrant you, is as red as any rose.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 28.
2. Ultra-radical; revolutionary; violent: from
the use of a red flag as a revolutionary em-
blem: as, a red republican.
Ev'n tho' thrice again
The red fool-fury of the Seine
Should pile her barricades with dead.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxxvii.
The Social Democratic Federation has degenerated into
a red Anarchist organization. The Nation, XLVII. 450.
Black-breasted red game. See gamei.— Neitherflesh
fowl, nor good red herring, nondescript ; lacking dis-
tinctive character; neither one thing nor another : same as
neither hay nor grass.— Order Of the Red Eagle. See
eagle.— Red adder. S&me as copperhead, l.ISarilett.—
Red admiral See admiral, 5.— Red algae, red or pur-
plish seaweeds constituting the class Floridese. Also
known as the Rhodosporeie and Rhodomermefe. See Rho-
dospermea and Algee.— Red ant, a small ant of a red color,
as Pharaoh's ant and some similar species. See cut under
Monomorium.— Red antimony. Same as kermesite.—
Red arsenic. Same as realgar.— Red ash, band-fish
bark,bay. Seethenouns.— Red bat, the common New
York bat, Lasiurusor Atalaphanoveboracensis, a small red-
dish bat of wide distribution In North America, and one of
the most abundant in eastern parts of the United States.
It is rather larger than the brown bat, VesperKKo gubula-
tus, and easily recognized by its coloration and the dense-
ly furry interfemoral membrane.— Red bead-vine. See
Rhynchoria.— Red bear-cat, the panda or wah. See cut
under panda.— Red beds, a conspicuous formation in the
Rocky Mountains ; a series of deep-red, sandy, gypsiferous
strata lying upon the Carboniferous, and generally consid-
ered to be of Triassic age. They are often eroded Into fan-
tastic and picturesque forms.— Red beech, beefwood
birch, bird's-eye. See the nouns.— Red body, in ichth.,
an aggregation of capillaries forming a gland-like body.
These tufts of radiating capillaries are much localized
at various places, as in Esocidse ; or the tufts are so aggre-
gated as to form gland-like red bodies, the capillaries re-
uniting into larger vessels, which again ramify freely
round the border of the red body.
Giinther, Study of Fishes, p. 147.
Red Book, (a) A book containing the names of all the
persons in the service of the state, (b) The Peerage. See
peerage, 3. [Colloq.]
I hadn't a word to say against a woman who was inti-
mate with every duchess in the Red Book.
Thackeray, Book of Snobs, xxv.
Red Book of the Exchequer, an ancient record in which
are registered the names of all the holders of lands per
baroniam in the time of Henry II.— Red buckeye a
shrub or low tree, ^Esculus Pavia, of the southern United
States. Its flowers are red, and showy in cultivation.— Red
button. Same as red rosette. — Red cabbage, a strongly
red
marked variety of the common cabbage, with purple or
reddish-brown heads, used chiefly for pickling. — Red C6-
dar. See cedar, 2.— Red cent, a copper cent. The cop-
per cent is no longer current, but the phrabe red cent re-
mains in use as a mere emphatic form of cent : as, it is not
worth a red cent. [Colloq., U. S.]
Every thing in New Orleans sells by dimes, bits, and
picayunes; and as for topper money, I have not seen the
ttrst red cent. B. Taylor, in S. Y. Tribune. (Bartlett.)
Red chalk, duckweed, copper, coral. See the nouns.
— Red cock, an incendiary fire. [Scottish Gipsies' slang.]
Well see if the red cock craw not in his bonnie barn yard
ae morning before day dawning. Scott, Guy ilaunering.
Red crab. See crabi, 1.— Red Crag, the local name of a
division of the Pliocene in England. It is a dull-red iron-
stained shelly sandstone of inconsiderable thickness, con-
taining a large number of fossils— molluscan, coralline,
and mammalian remains — among which last are the ele-
phant, mastodon, rhinoceros, tapir, hog, horse, hyena, and
stag.— Red cross. Seecrossi.and union j'<K*(under union).
— Red crossbill, currant, deal See the nouns —Red
cusk. See red-cusk.— Red cypress. See Taxodium.—
Red dace. See red-dace.— Red deer, ear, elder. See
the nouns.— Red ensign, in England, the usual British
flag— that is, a plain red nag with the canton filled by the
union jack. It is used at sea for all British vessels not be-
longing to the navy, but previous to 1864 was also the spe-
cial flag of the so-called Red Squadron of the navy.— Red
fever, dengue.— Red fir, a name of the Oregon pine, and
of Abies nobilis and A. magnified of the western United
States : the last two are trees sometimes 200 feet high, but
of moderate economic worth. — Red flag. SeeflagV. — Red
flamingo, fog, fox, game, gilthead, goose, grouper.
See the nouns.— Red grouse. Same as red game.— Red.
gum. See red-gum.— Red gurnard, hand, hat, hawk.
See the nouns. — Red hay, mowburnt hay, in distinc-
tion from green hay, or hay which has taken a moderate
heat,andfromvinnyor moldy hay. Hattiu'ell. [Prov.Eng.]
—Red heat, hematite, hepatlzatlon, herring, In-
dian. See the nouns.— Red iodide of mercury oint-
ment. See ointment.— Red iron ore. Seeinro.— Red
ironwood. See Darling plum, under^mHi.— Red jas-
mine, land. See the nouns.— Red lane, the throat. See
tenei,3. [Slang.]— Red latticet, lead. linnet. Seethe
nouns.— Red lead ore. Same as crocoite.— Red liquor
lump-flsh, magnetism, mahogany. See the nouns.—
Red man. Same as Red Indian.— Red manganese,
mangrove, maple, marlin, meat. See the nouns.—
Red Marl Series. See mo«i.— Red Men's Act, an act
of West Virginia (L. 1882, c. 135) prohibiting the carrying
of dangerous weapons, and providing for the punishment
of unlawful combinations and conspiracies to injure per-
sons and property, designated in the act as "Red Men,"
"Regulators,'' "Vigilance Committees," etc.— Red milk.
minnow, mulberry, mullet. See the nouns.— Red
murrain on. Same as plague on.
A red murrain o' thy jade's tricks !
Shak., T. and C., ii. 1. 20.
Red nucleus, ocher, oil, osier. See the nouns.— Red
orplment. Sameasreo^ar.— Red OWL the reddish phase
of the common gray screech-owl of tne United States,
Scop* (Megascops) agio, formerly considered a distinct spe-
cies, now known to be an erythrism. — Red OXid Of man-
ganese. See manganese.— Red oxid of mercury oint-
ment. See ointment.— Red pepper. See Capsicum.—
Red perch. Seeperchi.— Red pestilence. Sameasred
Now the red pestilence strike all trades in Home !
Shak., Cor., iv. 1. 18.
Red phalarope. See phalarope. — Red pheasant, a tra-
gopan; a pheasant of the genus Ceriarnis. — Red phos-
phorus. See phosphorus, 2. — Red pimpernel. Seepim-
pernel, 4. —Red pine. See pinel.— Red plague, a form
of the plague characterized, according to the physicians
of the middle ages, by a red spot, boil, or bubo. Compare
Mack death, under death.
You taught me language, and my profit on 't
Is, I know how to curse. The red plague rid you !
Shak., Tempest, L 2. 364.
Red pole, poppy, precipitate. See the nouns.— Red
porphyry. See pelbleware.— Red puccoon. See puc-
com, 1. —Red rail. Same as Virginia rail (which see, un-
der roa4)._Red republican, Ribbon, rosette. See the
nouns.— Red rock-cod. See cod%. — Red roncador
See roncador.— Red ruffed grouse. See ruffed grouse,
under grouse.— Red rust. Seerusd.— Red sandalwood,
red sanderswood. See the nouns. — Red sandstone
See sandstone. — Red saunders, the sliced or rasped heart-
wood of Pterocarpus santalinus. It imparts a red color to
alcohol, ether.and alkaline solutions. It is used for coloring
alcoholic liquors, and in pharmacy for coloring tinctures.
— Red seaweeds. Same as red olgx.— Red silver. See
proustite and pyrargyrite.— Red snapper. See mapper.
— Red snow. See Protococcus. — Red softening, a form
of acute softening of the cerebral substance characterized
by a red punctiform appearance due to the presence of
blood. See softening.— Red. sword-grass moth, Colo-
campa vetusta: a British collectors' name. — Red tape.
See tape.— Red tiger. Same as cougar.— Red tincture
Same as great elixir (which see, under elixir, 1).— Red
twin-spot carpet-moth, a British geoinetrid moth, Co-
remia ferrugata.— Red venison. See venison.— Red vi-
per. Same as copperhead, 1.— Red vitriol. Same as col-
cothar.— Red wind. See wind?.— The red chop. See
the grand chop, under chop*.— To fly the red flag. See
jlyi.—To paint the town red. See paint. =Syn. Flash-
ing, flaming, flery, bloody.
II. n. 1. A color more or less resembling that
of blood or the lower end of the spectrum. Red
is one of the most general color-names, and embraces col-
ors ranging in hue from rose aniline to scarlet iodide of
mercury and red lead. A red yellower than vermilion is
called scarlet ; one much more purple is called crimson.
A very dark red, if pure or crimson, is called maroon; if
brownish, chestnut or chocolate. A pale red — that is, one of
low chroma and high luminosity — is called a pink, rang-
ing from rose-pink, or pale crimson, to salmon-pink, or
pale scarlet.
red
5017
redback
2. A red pigment. The most useful reds for paint- red2 (red), v. t. A dialectal form of rid1.
•ed3 (red), v. t. ; pret. and pp. red, ppr. rediliiig.
[Also redd, dial, rid / (. ME. reden, put in order ;
in part same as reden redien, make ready, but This fresh Ma doeg uot furnlsh U8 wjth the date
prob. from the related Sw. reda, prepare, put Of the story, but it gives us the date of one of its redactions,
in order (reda ut sit hdr, comb out one's hair), and shows it must have existed in the middle of the four-
ing are carmine, obtained from the cochineal-insect ; the
lakes and madders, of vegetable origin ; vermilion, chrome-
red, Indian red, and burnt sienna.
3. An object of a red color, as wine, gold, etc.
Now kepe yow fro the whyte and fro the rede,
And namely fro the whyte wyn of Lepe,
That is to selle in Fish strete or in fhepe.
In an early redaction of the well-known ballad of Lord
Ronald . . . the name of the unfortunate victim to "eels
boil'd in brue" is Laird Rowland.
.iV. and (/., 6th ser., XII. 134.
= Dan. rede, prepare : see ready, v. This verb teenth century.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 100. has become confused with red?, var. of
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIV. 192.
No pint of white or red
Had ever half the power to turn
This wheel within my head.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
4. Specifically, a red cent. See under I.
[Slang, U. S.] — 5. A red republican (which
see, under republican). — 6. pi. The catameuial
discharges; menses — Adrianople red. Same as
Turkey red. — Alizarin red, iii leather-manuf., a pale
flesh-color produced by rubbing the cleansed and trodden
skins with a solution of alizarin or extract of madder in
weak soda-lye, and rinsing in water. C. T. Davit, Leather,
p. 735.— Aniline red. Same as fuctuin.— Anisol red, a
coal-tar color of the oxy-azo group, formerly used in dyeing
silk and wool, but not now a commercial product. — Anti-
see n'f/l.] 1 . To put in order; tidy: often with
up : as, to red tip a house or one's self.
When the derke was done, and the day sprange,
All the renkes to row redyn hor shippes,
Halit out of hauyn to the hegh see,
There plainly thaire purpos put to an end.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5648.
When you rid up the parlour-hearth in a morning,
throw the last night's ashes into a sieve.
Ionic redaction of Cynaithos of Chios about the middle
of the sixth century. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 233.
3. The staff of writers on a newspaper or other
periodical; an editorial staff or department.
/»/;;. Diet. — 4f. The act of drawing back; a
withdrawal.
It ... takes away all reluctation and redaction, infus-
eth a pliable willingness ; of wolfish and dogged, makes
the will lamb-like and dove-like.
Rev. S. Ward, Sermons, p. 81.
Jeanie, my
that winna be redd
Swift, Advice to Servants (House-Maid).
woman, gang into the parlour-but stay, redactor (re-dak tor), n. [Also,asF
redd up yet. < F. redacteur = Sp. Pg. redactor = It.
. ._ redattore,
Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xxvi. < NL. redactor, an editor, < L. redigere, pp. redac-
The fire ... was redd up for the afternoon— covered tus, lead back, collect, reduce to a certain state :
monyred, a sulphid of antimony suggesfed as a pigment, "'Hi "black mass of coal, over which the equally black see redact.] One who redacts; one who pre-
but not permanent: used for coloring rubber and the Kettle nung on tn> 3OK. narpR Tnnt.tpi. fm- miKli^Qtwm • o-n oHiti™
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xvi.
2. To disentangle; clear; put a stop to, as a
quarrel, by interference ; adjust.
Up rose the laird to red the cumber.
Raid of the Reidswire (Child's Ballads, VL 135).
He maun take part wi' hand and heart ; and weel his
heads of friction-matches.— Aurora red, a light red, like
that of the spinel ruby.— Barwood red. See bamood.
— Bengal red, a coal-tar color used in dyeing. It pro-
duces brilliant reds similar to those of eosin, but more blue
in tone. It is the alkali salt of tetraiododichloro-fluores-
cei'n. Also called rose bengale. — Bristol red, a dye for
stuffs, in favor in the sixteenth century.
Her kyrtel Brystaw red.
Skelton, Elynour Rummyng, 1. 70.
., ... _ -PMt.J *_*i WJ |M I lulillll^ w d, lcu«»VH/l VL IT
Brownred. Same as red ocher (which see, under ocher). -S. lo separate, as two combatants.-To red tion ; having the character of a redaction
— Cadmium red, an artists pigment composed of the one s feet, to free one's self from entanglement : used
pares matter for publication ; an editor.
Each successive singer and redactor furnishes it [the
primeval mythus] with new personages, new scenery, to
please a new audience. Carlyle, Nibelungen Lied.
Distrust of Dorothea's competence to arrange what he
had prepared was subdued only by distrust of any other
redactor. George Eliot, Middlemarch, 1.
part it is, for redding his quarrel might have cost you redactorial (re-dak-to'ri-al), a. [< redactor +
Scott, Guy Mannenng, liii. _ial-^ Qt QJ. pertaining t5 £ redactor or redac-
cadmium sulphid. It is more" orange in hue than ver-
milion, but is very brilliant and permanent.— Chica or
.
chico red. See chico, 1.— Cobalt red, a phosphate of
cobalt sometimes used as an artists'
,
chiefly in reference to moral complications.— To red the
hair, specifically, to comb the hair
Three chief dpcuments.viz. the Yahwistic, the Elohistic,
an<* ">e Editorial or Redactorial.
i red, a phosphate of [Now chiefly colloquial in all uses.]
but poor in hue.- Congo red, a coTlTar color "uTd" hi "dMred), ,, [Perhaps < mJS.] In coal-mining,
dyeing. It may be applied to cotton and wool, produ- _ru,™'sh,\attlei. waste. ^ [Prov. Eng.]
. —
Corallin red, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, produced
by treating aurin with ammonia at a high temperature.
It is used by calico- and woolen-printers, but is quite fugi-
tive. See coralline, 3. — English red. Same as Venetian
red.— fast red, a coal-tar color used in dyeing a garnet-
red on woolen. "• -
,
I. In field fort., the
The Academy, Feb. 11, 1888, p. 92.
redan (re-dan'), 11. [More prop, redent; < OF.
=. f rr ,,.„.„- redan, redent, F. redan = Pg. reden te, a double
cfng sTbright scarlet fast to soap, but not to light 'oracids. red5 (red), n. [Also redd; perhaps" < red2, ».] notching or jagging, as in a saw, < L. re-, back,
It is _a sodium salt of a tetrazo dye from benzidine.- The nest of a fish ; a trench dug by a fish in
which to spawn. [Prov. Eng.]
A trout's redd or nest is a mound of gravel which would
till one or even two wheelbarrows.
„ _ „ Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, II. 105.
to the azo-group" ' Tl'soTown iTcSSSM rSS, «d«. r. and „. An obsolete or dialectal form of
orseillin, rubidin, and rauracienne.— French red, a coal- read1.
tar color used in dyeing, being a mixture of claret-red and red-. A form of re- used before vowels.
+ den(t-)s = E. tooth.]
simplest kind of
work employed,
consisting of
two parapets of
earth raised so
as to form a
salient angle,
.,1 ,. 1^1 -u,l IIS
with the apex
natural* earth 'rich'Sn oxiTotTron^Droug^from India"8!? condition> rule, reckoning, estimation, occur- toward the enemy and unprotected on the rear,
is now prepared artificially by heating iron sulphate in ring as second part of about 25 compounds, Two redan» connected form a queue d'aronde, and three
a reverberatory furnace. The sulphuric acid is driven being a form, with suffix -en of r&d counsel connecje<! *°rm iff"? d (°r de) Prftre. Several redans
off, and the iron is immediately oxidized to the red oxid. advice etc (- OHG MHfi rat ad vinp «mr *P! °onnAec^d ^ curt^"8 fo™ ' nes of Intrenchment
The color varies from a purple to a light-yellowish red 1«V1CJ' etc. (. ytltr. Mllli. rat, advice, counsel, 2. A downward projection in a wall on uneven
ji , i . , P. •* i*-", ofrt TVJmiOflT in rtrtTMTv net Iisi,iin wsif V, n-,-, n nV. ^1 rl t .
, re an -. - use eore vowes.
naphthol orange.— Indian red, an important pigment .rod K MF, -reflp rpflrn ra>Hfn ( AC! «.m
used by artists and house-painters. Originally it was a V*- i ' , • ' '*<*?"> \. rx
pigment. — Madder-red. See madderi . — Magdala red,
, , . -
uire = Sp. Pg. redargnir = It. redarguire, <
prepared SimSirfy'S Indian red." It'is" "also"sWe'tim"es of Anelo-Saxon origin, meaning ' condition,' gued,~prjr. redarguing. t<OF.redarguer,'F.
made by calcining Oxford ocher. It is used as an artists' state/ occurring in hatred, kindred (for *kin- redargue); blame, reprehend, = Pr. redar-
red), gosnipred, etc. It is analogous to -hood,
-Mars red, a pigment used by artists. 'it'Ts'Tome: **™ brotherhood, neighborhood.
what similar in composition and color to Indian red — redact (re-dakt ), V. t. [< OF. redacter = Sp.
Mock Turkey red. See barwood.— Naphthalene red. redaclar, redact, edit, < L. redactus, pp. of re-
Srs^ssr^ts^irfi^S^: "^ <v- ™TT = D- < r^™ = G- /edi-
- Persian red. Same HS t™ T normal format Indian !"re!t = §w- red,gera = Dan. redigere), drive,
red.— Phenetpl red. Same as coccinin.— Piccolpasso 'ead, or bring back, call in, collect, raise, re-
red, a name given to the deep red of the Italian majoli- ceive, reduce to a certain state, < red-, back,-f-
agere,-_ drive, do: see act.] If. To bring to a
ca, obtained by the use of silicate of alumina, in which
there is much oxid of iron, and applied up^n the yelow •« p ' ««««-J JT. i
enamel already fired: so called from Piccolpasso a six- sPecl"ed form or condition; force or compel to
assume a certain form ; reduce.
tradict, < red-, back, against, + arguere, argue :
see argue.] 1. To put down by argument; dis-
prove ; contradict ; refute.
Sir, I'll redargue you
By disputation.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, iii. 4.
Wherefore, says he, the libel maun be redargued by the
panel proving her defences.
, -
teenth-century writer on Italian potteries.— Pompadour
red. See rose pompadour, under rose-. — Pompeian red.
See Pmnpeian.— Prussian red. Same as Venetian red.
—Saturnine red. Same as red lead (which see, under
(ead2).— Spanish red. Same as Venetian red.— Turkey
red, an intense scarlet red produced on fabrics by dye-
ing with the color-giving principles of the madder-root.
This has been almost entirely superseded by exactly the
same color produced on fabrics by means of artificial ali-
zarin. See alizarin. Also called Adrianople red. — Tur-
-
Then was the teste or potsherd [the brasse, golde, and
syluer] redaite into dust. Joye, Expos, of Daniel ii.
They were now become miserable, wretched, sinful, re-
dact to extreme calamity.
Bacon, Works, p. 46. (Hattiwell.)
Plants they had, but metals whereby they might make
use of those plants, and redact them to any form or in-
struments of work, were yet (till Tubal Cain) to seek.
Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xii.
Consciousness cannot be explained nor redargued from
without. Sir w. Hamilton.
2f. To accuse; blame.
When he had redargued himself for his slothfulness, he
began to advise how he should eschew all danger.
Piticottie, Chron. of Scotland, p. 19. (Jamieson.)
How shall I be able to suffer that God should redargue
me at doomsday, and the angels reproach my lukewarm-
Jer. Taylor. (Allibone.)
washed away with a solution of common salt, and the
fatty acids saponified with ammonia. The oil consists
chiefly of ammonium sulpho-ricinoleate. Compare Gal-
lipolioil, under oil.— Venetian red, an important pig-
key-red oil, an oil with which cloth is treated in dyeing " Bu Hall Character of Mar
the color called Turkey red. It is prepared by mixing „ m , . . . redargutiont (red-ar-gu'shon), «. [ME. redar-
castor-pil with dilute sulphuric acid; the acid is then »• *0 bring into a presentable literary form; guation, < OF. redarguacion, redargation (prop.
pc''t- redargudon, redargutionj = Sp. redargucion =
I saw the reporters' room, in which they redact their It. redarguizione, < L. redargutio(n-), a refuta-
Emerson, Eng. Traits, p. 265. tion, < redarguere, disprove, refute : see redar-
gue.] Refutation; conviction.
To pursue all tho that do reprobacion
Agayns our lawes by ony redarguacion.
Digby Mysteries, p. 33. (HalliweU.)
what darker than brick-red 'in color, and is very pernia- = Sp. redaction = Pg. reddccSo = It. redazione, The more subtile fomis of sophisms and illaqueations
nent (See also chrome-red, claret-red.) < NL. redactio(n-) redaction < L redioere m) with their rp</arjrM«i<»is, which is that which is termed
red1 (red), ,- f, pret. and pp. redded, ppr. red- redactus, lead back, collect, prepare, reduce to elenches- Bacm- Advancement of Learning, ii. 224.
< ME. reden, readen, redden, < AS. red- a certain state : see redact.] 1. The act of re- redarglltoryt (re-dar'gu-to-ri), a. [< redargu-
an, a strong verb (pret. read, pi. nidon), red- ducing to order : the act of preparing for pub-
dcn stain with blood, also wound, kill, = Icel. lication : said of literary or historical matter.
ffii^»^»(r.^r^^ , - r^=awft»i«
guages only) weak, AS. reddian, also reddiiui, and the operation performed on it is exactly expressed by the privy lodgings. Carew, Ccelum Britannicum.
= G. roten rothen, become red; from the adj. redaction. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 310. redback (red'bak), n. 1. The red-backed sand-
en.\ lo make red; redden. 2. A work thus prepared ; a special form, edi- piper, or American dunlin. A. Wilson. See cut
For he did red and die them with their own blood. tioni or version of a work as digested, revised, under dunlin. [New Jersey.] —2. The pectoral
Foxe, Martyrs, I. 664. or rewritten. sandpiper, Tringa maailafti. [Local, U. S.]
t(ion) + -ory.] Tending to redargue or refute ;
pertaining to refutation ; refutatory.
My privileges are an ubiquitary, circumambulatory,
speculatory, interrogatory, redargutory immunity overall
the privy lodgings. Carew, Ccelum Britannicum.
red-backed
5018
1. The goldfinch, 1'ar-
red-backed (red'bakt),". Having a red back : redcap (red'kap), H. 1. The goldfinch, '',„•-
as, the red-backed sandpiper, Tringa alpiiia : ilnfli.ii -legans, more hilly called hi «;/ Hurry red-
the red-backed shrike, Laniits riifus: the red- cap. [Local, British.]
liiii-!:ed humming-bird, Selasphorvs rufus.
red-bass (red'bas), «. The redfish, Seixnopx
ocellatiis.
red-beaked (red'bekt), n. Same as red-billed:
as, the m/-/»v(to/ hornbill, Biiceros erythrorliyii-
ehidt, of Africa.
The redcap whistled ; and the nightingale
Sang loud. Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
2. A variety of the domestic hen, of English
origin . The plumage resembles that of the golden-span-
"
reddle
of redden-, return, render, give up or back: see
i -i IK/I •/•-.] In laic, a reservation in a deed where-
by the grantor creates or reserves some new
thing to himself, out of what he had granted be-
fore. (Broom and Hartley.) Thus, the clause in a
lease which specifies the rent or other service to be ren-
dered to the lessor is termed the reddendum, or reddendum
clause.
ided Hamburg, but is duller; the fowl is larger than the redder (red'er), n. [< red3 + -er1.] One who
Hamburg ; and the flat rose-comb is very large.
3. A specter having long teeth, popularly sup-
posed to haunt old castles in Scotland.
oysters, forming a beard on the shell.- [Local, 'fgfgff^SSSA StV±S£
/i tukl14*4l /wad'HAl'iill n Hflvinj?a red bellv Australian species. Brachysowa dtitdenia.
£ the un.tr Tarts red-: as, the red-bellied nut- red-carpet (red'kar'pet), n. A British geomet- reddidit (red'i-dit). [L. reddiiKt, 3d pers. sing.
hatch, Sitta canadensis; the red-bellied snipe, rid moth, Corenita mumtata. pret. ind. of reddere, give up render: see ren-
MacrorhamphKS scolopace,,s; the red-bellied red-cheeked (red'chekt I, a In ornith. having der*.\ In taw, .a term use< in cases where ;a
woodpecker, Centurusearolinus; the red-bellied red lores: as, the red-cteeked coly, Coitus ery-
n,,i.-o,, nf if^oa nerrnmthfaux friitliroaaxter : thromelas.
settles or puts in order; especially, one who
endeavors to settle a quarrel. [Scotch.]
"But, father," said Jenny, "if they come to lounder ilk
ither as they did last time, suldna I cry on you;" "At
no hand. Jenny ; the redder gets aye the warst lick in the
fray." Scott, Old Mortality, Iv.
monkey of Africa,
man delivers himself in discharge of his bail.
Uu.^»<,*.y,...~y~,~., redding1 (red'ing), n. [< ME. redynge; verbal
, Chrysemys or Pseude- red-chestnut (red^ches"nut),«. ABntishmoth, n. of redi, ».] 1. Reddle. [Prov. Eng.]
us erythrogaster;
m,,s rubriventris.- Red-bellied perch. See^rcM. Ttenioeampa rubricosa.
redbelly (red'bel'i), ». 1. The slider, potter, redcoat (red'kot), n. A British soldier,
or red-fender. Chri/semys rubricentris, an edible 1O1-J
terrapin of the United States. See red-fender.
— 2. The torgoch, a Welsh variety of the char,
Salvelinus mnbla.—3. The red-bellied minnow,
[Col-
King Shames' red-coats should be hung up.
Battle of KUliecranlcie (Child's Ballads, VII. 155).
Redynge colowre. Eubiculum, rubiatura.
Prompt. Pan., p. 427.
The traveller with the cart was a reddleman — a person
whose vocation it was to supply farmers with redding for
their sheep. T. Hardy, Return of the Native, i. 1.
You know the redcoats are abroad ; .
must be looked to.
. these English
Cooper, Spy, xii.
Chrosomus erythrogaster. [Southern U. S.]— red-cockaded (red'ko-ka/ded), a. Having a
4. The red-bellied perch or sunfish, a centrar- tuft of red feathers on each side of the back of
choid, Lepomis auritus. [South Carolina.]— the head : only in the phrase red-coetoded wood-
5. The red grouper, Epintphelus mono. [U. S.] peekerf a b^ of the southern United States,
red-belted (red'bel'ted), a, Belted or banded picus horealis or queridus.
with red: as, the red-belted clearwing, a moth, re(j.CO(l (red'kod), n. A fish of the family Ga- order.
Trochilium myopseforme.
redberry (red'ber'i), ». ; pi. redberries (-iz).
plant of the genus Ehagodia. [Australia.]
2. A compound used to redden the jambs and
hearth of an open wood-fireplace. Bartlett.
[U. S.]
The brick hearth and jambs aglow with fresh redding.
Mrs. Whitney, Leslie Goldthwaite, viL
redding2 (red'ing), n. [Verbal n. of red3, ».]
The act or process of clearing up or putting in
did«, Pseudophycis bacchus, having two dorsal redding-COmb(red'ing-k6m),«. A large-toothed
A fins ami one anal, of a reddish-silvery color, comb for combing the hair. (See red?.) Trans.
[New Zealand.]
Amer. Phitol. Ass., XVII. 42.
^ ., D -- ^ - TT • J T-'ll 1*1 WW UVMUHJHUUJ AHVOTi L IPMWVl J3.QO,, *V T J.J
red-billed (red'bild), a. Having a red bill or red-corpuscled (red'kdr'pus-ld), a. Having reddingite (red'ing-it), n. [< Bedding (seedef.)
, as a bird: as, tbe red-billed curlew Ibi- red blood-disks. + -ite*.] A hydrous j
beak, as a bird: as, the red-billed curlew, I bt- rea blood-disks. + -ite°.~\ A hydrous phosphate of iron and
dorhi/nchus struthersi, of Asia; the red-billed red-Crested (red'kres'ted), a. Having a red manganese, resembling scorodite in form, found
crest : as, the red-crested duck or pochard, Fit- at Branchville, in the town of Bedding, Con-
ligula rufina. necticut.
wood-hoopoe, Irrisor erythrorhynehus. See cut
under Irrisor.
tCMMtt* / l(/b>[tt. IICVULVUI.
redbird (red'berd), ». A name of sundry red reij_cross (red'kros), a. Wearing or bearing a redding-straik (red'ing-strak), n. A stroke re-
or partly red birds. Specifically — (a) The common red cross, such as the badge of the Order of the ceived in attempting to separate combatants
s&RsttdSn&sn •^•u^iESsM""*** ™»{^»™°™!y^?*™»^^
religious, social, or national meaning: as, a red-
cross knight (which see, below); the red-cross
banner, the national flag of Great Britain.
And their own sea hath whelm'd yon red-cross Powers 1
cardinal-bird, and cut under Cardinalis. (c) The sum-
mer tanager, Piranga eestirn, or scarlet tanager, P. rubra,
both of the United States, (d) Pericrocotus speciosw.
All day the red-bird warbles
Upon the mulberry near.
Bryant, Hunter's Serenade.
red-blooded (red'blud'ed), a. Having red or
reddish blood: specifically noting the higher
worms, or annelids, in which, however, the
blood is often greenish.
redbreast (red'brest), a. and n. [< ME. red-
breste; < red + breast.] I. «. Bed-breasted.
II. n. 1. A small sylviine bird of Europe, Eri-
thacits rubecula; the robin, or robin redbreast.
See robin. [Eng.]
To relish a love-song like a robin-redbreast.
Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 1. 21.
The redbreast warbles still, but is content
With slender notes. Camper, Task, vi. 77.
2. The American robin or migratory thrush, _ .
Meritla migratoria or Turdiis migratorius. See redd2, n. See red->.
robin. [U.'S.] — 3. The red-breasted sandpiper, red-dace (red'das), n. A common fish of the
or knot, Tringa canutus. See robin-snipe.— 4. eastern United States, Notropis megalops, for-
The red-bellied sunfish, Lepomis auritus. merly named Leuciscus cornutus. Also called
red-breasted (red'bres"ted), a. Having a red redfin and rough-head.
or reddish breast—Little red-breasted rail. Same reddet. A Middle English preterit of readi.
as Virginia rail (which see, under rail*).— Red-breasted redden (red'n), r. [< red1 + -en1. Ct. Icel.
flncht. See tfncAi.— Red-breasted goose, Anser rufi- rodhna = Dan. rodme, redden.] I. intrans. 1.
collis.— Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator.—
ence. Compare red3, 2, 3, and redder. [Scotch.]
Said I not to ye, Make not, meddle not?— Beware of the
redding streak! You are come to no house o' lair-strae
death. Scott, Guy Mannering, xxvii.
1 UW1I »ctt J J,u J I *T11G111I U Jl/u IVI*-VI l«» ^ wnvlu . ^ -Til
Scott, Vision of Don Roderick, Conclusion, at. 2. reddish (red'ish), a. and n. [< red1 -r -JSH1.]
I. o. Of a color approaching red.
A bright snot, white, and somewhat reddish.
Lev. xiii. 19.
Reddish egrets. See egret.— Reddish light-arches, a
British noctuid moth, Xylophasia sublustris.
II. «. A reddish color.
reddishness (red'ish-nes), n. The state or
quality of being reddish; redness in a moderate
degree.
The reddishness of copper. Boyle, Works, I. 721.
Red-cross knight, a knight bearing on his shield or
crest a red cross as his principal cognizance, whether as
being a Templar or with religious significance, as in Spen-
ser's "Faerie Queene," I. i. 2.
A red-cross knight for ever kneel'd
To a lady in his shield.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott.
Red-Cross Society, a philanthropic society founded to
carry out the views of the Geneva Convention of 1864. Its
objects are to care for the wounded in war, and secure the
neutrality of nurses, hospitals, etc., and to relieve suffer-
ingoccasioned by pestilence, floods, fire, and other calam- re(jaition (re-dish'on), n. [< F. reddition = It.
red-CUSk (red'kusk), n. A brotuloid fish, Dine
reddi:iune, < L. redditio(n-), a giving back, re-
turning, rendering, also (in gram.) the apodo-
matichthys or Brosmophycis marginal, of the Burning reiu ring a so Ui un ., ine ap
coast of California, of a pale-reddish color. «s, < reddere, pp. redditus, give back return,
rodHl r t Spfiiw/3 render: see render2. Cf. rendition.] 1. Are-
J.CUU * "• '• *-*^3C /l/«l - . • il.;.- ... Hj*K*l*wM.JMK I iMii*n>nnH^n
Red-breasted plover. Same as redbreast, a— Red-
breasted sandpiper, Tringa canutus.— Red-breasted
snipe, (ft) MacrorJiamphiut ffriseux, the dowitcher: also
called gray snipe, brown snipe, quail-snipe, German snipe
(compare doivitcher), robin-snipe, ffrayback, brownback,
driver, sea-pigeon, and New York ffodwit. (b) A misnomer
of the American woodcock, Philohela minor. [Local, U. S.]
(c) Same as redbreast, 3.
redbuck (red'buk), n. The roodebok, Cepha-
lophus natalensis. See roodebok.
redbud (red'bud), n. Any tree of the American
species of Cercis; the Judas-tree. The best-known,
common in the interior and southern United States, is
C. Canadensis, a small tree, the branches clothed in early
To become red ; grow red.
For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow,
The coral redden, and the ruby glow.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 394.
Hence — 2. To blush; become flushed.
Sir Roderick, who to meet them came,
Jtedden'd at sight of Malcolm Greme.
Scott, L. of the L., ii. 27.
II. trans. 1. To make red.
And this was what had redden'd her cheek
When I bow'd to her on the moor.
Tennyson, Maud, xix. 6.
2. To cure (herrings). Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
sprlng"wm, fascicIes'orslnaU floweraof "nearly'peach- *•.* » c,urt; U^™^- —»»'"
blossSm color, followed by rather large heart-shaped reddendo (re-den'do), «. [So called from the
pointed leaves. In southwestern woods it is very con-
spicuous when in blossom, and it is often cultivated for
ornament. The flowers have an acid taste, and are said
to be used, like those of the Old World Judas-tree, in
salads, etc. The name is from the color of the flowers,
and doubtless from their bud-like aspect even when open.
C. reniformis, a Texan and Mexican species, is a smaller
tree or a shrub often forming dense thickets, and C. ocd-
dentalis is a California]] shrubby species.
red-bug (red'bug), n. A heteropterous insect,
Dysdercus saturellus, which damages cotton in
the southern United States and in the West
Indies. Also called cotton-stainer.
first word of the clause in the Latin form, red-
dendo inde annuatim, etc.: L. reddendo, abl. of
reddendum, neut. gerundive of reddere, render, reddle (red'l), «.
return, give up or back : see render2.} In Scots
law, a clause indispensable to an original char-
ter, and usually inserted in charters by progress.
It specifies the feu-duty and other services which have
been stipulated to be paid or performed by the vassal to his
superior.
reddendum (re-deii'dum), «. [So called from
tlio first word in the Latin form of the deed or
clause (seedef.): L. reddendum, neut. gerundive
turning of something ; restitution ; surrender.
She [Ireland] Is ... reduc'd ... to a perfect obedi-
ence, . . . partly by voluntary reddition ana desire of pro-
tection, and partly by conquest.
Howell, Vocall Forrest, p. 32.
2. Explanation; rendering.
When they used (to cany branches] in procession about
their altars, they used to pray " Lord, save us ; Lord, pros-
per us" ; which hath occasioned the rendition of "Hoschi-
annah " to be, amongst some, that prayer which they re-
peated at the carrying of the "Hoschiannah,"as if itself
did signify "Lord, save us."
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 288.
3. In law, a judicial acknowledgment that the
thing in demand belongs to the demandant, and
not to the adversary. [Bare.]
redditive (red'i-tiv), a. [< L. redditivus, of or
belonging to the apodosis (in gram.), conse-
quential (cf. redditio, the apodosis of a clause),
(reddere, pp. redditus, give back : see reddition.]
Conveying a reply; answering: as, redditire
words.
For this sad sequel is, if not a relative, yet a reddititx
demonstration of their misery; for after the infection of
sin follows that infliction of punishment.
Hen. T. Adams, Works, I. 261.
[Also raddle; var. of ruddle1,
q. v.] An earthy variety of hematite iron ore.
It is flne-grained, and sufilciently compact to be cut into
strips, which are used for various purposes, as for marking
sheep and drawing on board. This material is found in
several localities in England, and much more rarely in
the United States, where it is generally called red chalk.
Reddle spreads its lively hues over everything it lights
on, and stamps unmistakably, as with the mark of Cain,
any person who has handled it for half an hour.
T. Hardy, Return of the Native, i. 9.
reddleman
reddleman(red'l-nmu),«.; \>\. mw/ri»c« (-meu).
[< reddle + -man.] " A dealer in reddle or red
chalk, usually a sort of peddler. Also raddlc-
miin, riiddlcmiin.
Raddleman then is a Reddleman, a trade (and that a
poor one) only in this county (Rutland J, whence men bring
on their backs a pack of red stones, or ochre, which they
sell to the neighbouring countries for the marking of
sheep. Fuller, Worthies, Rutlandshire, III. 38.
Reddlemenot the old school are now but seldom seen.
Since the introduction of railways Wessex fanners have
managed to do without these somewhat spectral visitants,
and the bright pigment so largely used by shepherds in
preparing sheep for the fair is obtained by other routes.
T. Hard:/, Return of the Native, L 9.
reddock (red'ok), «. Same as ruddock. [Prov.
Eng.]
red-dog (red'dog), ». The lowest grade of flour
produced in the roller-milling processes. Ori-
ginally the term was applied to a poor flour made from
middlings ; now it is applied to the lowest grade produced
by the new-process milling.
reddourt, "• See redour.
red-drum (red'drum), n. The southern red-
fish, or red-bass, Seisenops ocellatus, an impor-
tant food-fish of the Atlantic coast of the Unit-
ed States from Chesapeake Bay southward.
See cut under redfish.
rede1!, «• and w. See read1.
rede'2t, a-, n., and v. An obsolete form of red1.
rede3t, »• *• An obsolete form of red?.
rede4t, «• An obsolete variant of ready.
redecraft (red'kraft), n. [A pseudo-archaism,
purporting to represent a ME. "rede-craft or
AS. 'rxd-cr&ft, which was not in use.] The
art or power of reasoning; logic. Barnes.
red-edge (red'ej), ». A bivalve mollusk of the
family Lucinidse, Codakia tigerina. [Florida.]
redeem (re-dem'), v. t. [Early mod. E. redeme;
< OF. redimer, vernacularly raembre, reembre,
raimbre, raiembre, etc., F. redimer = Sp. redimir
= Pg. remir = It. redimere, < L. redimere, buy
back, redeem, < red-, back, + emere, buy, orig.
take : see emption, exempt, etc. Hence nit. re-
demption, ransom, etc.] 1. To buy back; re-
cover by purchase ; repurchase.
If a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he
may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold.
Lev. xxv. 29.
2. Specifically — («) In law, to recover or dis-
encumber, as mortgaged property, by payment
of what is due upon the mortgage. Commonly
applied to the property, as in the phrase "to redeem from
the mortgage " ; but sometimes applied, with the same
meaning, to the encumbrance : as, "to redeem the mort-
gage." (ft) In com., to receive back by paying
the obligation, as a promissory note, bond, or
any other evidence of debt given by a corpo-
ration, company, or individual. — 3. To ransom,
release, or liberate from captivity or bondage,
or from any obligation or liability to suffer or
be forfeited, by paying an equivalent : as, to re-
deem prisoners, captured goods, or pledges.
Alas, sweet wife, my honour is at pawn ;
And, but my going, nothing can redeem it.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 3. 8.
Prepare to die to-morrow ; for the world
Cannot redeem ye.
Fletcher (and another), Sea Voyage, v. 2.
Thrice was I made a slave, and thrice redeem'd
At price of all I had. Beau, and Fl., Captain, ii. 1.
One Abraham, found a Delinquent, redeems himself for
seven hundred Marks. Baker, Chronicles, p. 82.
If a pawnbroker receives plate or jewels as a pledge or
security for the repayment of money lent thereon on a
day certain, he has them upon an express contract or con-
dition to restore them if the pledger performs his part by
redeeming them in due time. Blackstone, Com., II. xxx.
4. To rescue; deliver; save, in general.
Redeem Israel, 0 God, out of all his troubles.
Ps. xxv. 22.
How if ...
I wake before the time that Romeo
Come to redeem me? Shak., R. and J., iv. 3. 32.
That valiant gentleman you redeem'd from prison.
Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, iv. 3.
Six thousand years of fear have made you that
From which I would redeem you.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
5. In theol., to deliver from sin and spiritual
death by means of a sacrifice offered for the
sinner. See redemption (c).
I learn to believe in ... God the Son, who hath re-
deemed me, and all mankind.
Soak of Common Prayer, Catechism.
Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, be-
ing made a curse for us. Gal. iii. 1:>.
6. To perform or fulfil, as a promise ; make
good by performance : as, to redeem an obliga-
tion.
Had he lived, I doubt not that he would have redeemed
the rare promise of his earlier years.
O. It', llobnei, Old Vol. of Life, p. 09.
5019
7. To make amends for; atone for; compen-
sate for.
This feather stirs ; she lives ; if it be so.
It is a chance which does redeem all sorrows
That ever I have felt. Shalt., Lear, v. 3. 266.
You have shewn much worth this day, redeem'd much
error. Fletcher, Bonduca, v. 5.
Passages of considerable beauty, especially in the last
two acts, frequently occur ; but there is nothing to redeem
the absurdity of the plot,
tii/ord, Int. to Ford's Plays, p. xxii.
To redeem defeat by new thought, by firm action, that
is not easy. Emerson, Success.
Detect at least
A touch of wolf in what showed whitest sheep,
A cross of sheep redeeming the whole wolf.
Brmvning, Ring and Book, I. 27.
8. To improve, or employ to the best advan-
tage.
Redeeming the time, because the days are evil.
Eph. v. 16.
He [Voltaire] worked, not by faith, but by sight, In the
present moment, but with indefatigable energy, redeem-
ing the time. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 78.
9f. To restore; revive.
Hee wyll redeme our deadly drowping state.
Oaicotffne, De Profundis, The Auctor.
redeemability (re-de-ma-bU'i-ti), n. [< redeem-
able + -ity (see -bility).] 'frede'emableness. Imp.
Diet.
redeemable (re-de'ma-bl), a. [< redeem + -able.]
1. Capable of being redeemed; admitting of
redemption. — 2. Capable of being paid off;
redemption
But at the coming of Cesar, when thinges were altered,
the Ueduanes had theyr hostages redeliuered, theyr old
alyes and confederaces restored, new brought in by Cesar.
Golding, tr. of Caisar, fol. 154.
My lord, I have remembrances of yours
That I have longed long to redeliver.
Shak., Hamlet, lit 1. 94.
Having assembled their forces, [they | boldly thrcatned
at our Ports to force Smith to redeliver seven Salvages,
which for their villanies he detained prisoners.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 171.
2. To deliver again; liberate a second time.
— 3. To report; repeat.
0«r. Shall I re-deliter you e'en so?
Ham. To this effect, sir. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. 186.
redeliverance (re-de-liv'er-ans), n. [< re- +
deliverance.} A second deliverance ; redelivery.
Imp. Diet.
redelivery (re-de-liv'er-i), n. [< re- + delivery.}
The act of delivering back ; also, a second de-
liverance or liberation.
They did at last procure a sentence for the redelivery of
what had been taken from them.
Clarendon, Life, an. 1665.
redemand (re-de-mand'), r. t. [< OF. (and F.)
redemander = Pr. redemandar = It. ridoman-
dare; as re- + demand, v.} To demand the re-
turn of ; also, to demand a second time.
They would say, God hath appointed us captains of
these our bodily forts, which, without treason to that
majesty, were never to be delivered over till they were
redemanded. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iv.
Our Long-boats, sent to take in fresh Water, were assail'd
in the Port, and one taken and detain'd : which being re-
subject to a right on the part of the debtor to demanded, answer was made, That neither the Skiff nor
discharge, satisfy recover, or take back by the Seamen should be resto^d
payment : as, a redeemable annuity. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ brUUant ^ ' J' t WM
Every note issued is receivable by any bank for debt redemanded. New York Tribune, March 8, 1887.
due, and is redeemable by the national government in coin , . i / \ ryjjn
if the local bank should fail. Harper', M ag., LXXX. 458. redemand (re-de-mand'), n. [< redemand v.}
Redeemable rights, in law, those conveyances in prop- The repetition of a demand ; also, a demand for
erty or in security which contain a clause whereby the the return ot anything.
grantor, or any other person therein named, may, on pay- redemlse (re-de-miz'), V. t. [< re- + demise.]
-
, , ,
ment of a certain sum, redeem the lands or subjects con-
r;dyeeemableness(re-de'ma-bl-nes),H. The state
ol ! being redeemable Johnson
redeemer (re-de'mer), «. [< redeem + -«i.]
1. One who redeems ransoms, or atones for
another. See redemptwn.
And his redeemer challenged for his foe,
Because he had not well maintemd hU right. ^ ^
., ,. r, r n mi, o • * fi,0
Specifically - 2. [eop.] The Saviour of the
world, Jesus Christ.
demjse back ; convey or transfer back, as
e> *" ^ *" "*"' " *"
(re-de-miz'), n. [< redemise, v.} Re-
the tran'sfer of an estat'e bJack to
The precious image of our dear Redeemer.
Shak., Rich. III. n. 1. 123.
^ hag demised it. fte demise
und redemise of an estate in fee simple, fee tail,
f ufe or years by mutual leases.
redemptible (^-demp'ti-bl), «. [< L. redemp-
tus, pp. of redimere, redeem: see redeem and
.^.fCaableolbei'ng Adeemed; redeemable.
redemption (re-demp'shon), «. [< ME. redemp-
,
cio», < OF. redemption, redemntiuti, F. rcdemp-
tiou _ pr rej cio = & redendon = Pg. re-
Christian libertie purchas d with the death of our Re- -, „/)•„_ i> «./v7««»iYiu» ( T, r/>rlemn1inln-\ a
deemer Milton, Eikonoklastes, xiii. aempgao - It. leaenzione, <. L,. reaempn* n ), a
buying back or off, a releasing, ransoming, re-
demption, < redimere, buy back, redeem: see
Cf . ransom, a reduced form of the same
My Redeemer and my Lord,
I beseech thee, I entreat thee,
Guide me in each act and word.
Longfellow, Golden Legend, ii.
Congregation of the Redeemer, one of several Roman
Catholic fraternities, the most famous of which is entitled
the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. See Redemp-
torist.— Order Of the Redeemer, an order of the king-
dom of Greece, founded in 1834.
redeeming (re-de'ming), p. a. [Ppr. of redeem.}
Saving; making amends; noting what is good
as exceptional to what is generally bad: as,
there is not a single redeeming feature in the
scheme.
redeemless (re-dem'les), a. [< redeem + -less.}
Incapable of being redeemed; without redemp- Specifically— (a) In law, the
tion; irrecoverable; incurable. ing of property bygone who ^
The duke, the hermit, Lodowick, and myselfe
Will change his pleasures into wretched
And redeemeleeae misery.
Tragedy of Ho/man (1631). (Nares.)
redelt, reddest, »• and v. Obsolete forms of
riddle^.
redelet, »• An obsolete form of riddle'^. _
redelesst, a. [ME. redeles, redles, < AS. rsedleds
(= OHG. ratilos, MHG. G. ratios = Icel. rddh-
lauss), without counsel, unwise, confused, <
rsed, counsel (see read1, n.), + -leas, E. -less.}
Without counsel or wisdom ; wild.
For drede of hire drem [she] deulfulli quaked, . . .
& romed than redli al redles to hure chapel,
& godly be-soujt God to gode turne hire sweuen.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2915.
Now, Richard the redeles, reweth [have pity] on sou-self,
That lawelesse leddyn genre lyf, and goure peple bothe.
Richard the Redeleis (ed. Skeat), I. 1.
The opponents of Eadward . . . dreaded that he would
" govern by his own unbridled will," that he would be, in
a word, what they afterwards called ^Ethelred — a king
redeless, or uncounselled.
J. R. Green, Conq. of England, p. 339.
redeliver (re-de-liv'er), r. (. [< OF.redelirn-r;
as iv- + di-lii'i'r^.} 1. To deliver back; return
to the sender ; restore.
redeem.
word.] The act of redeeming, or the state of
being redeemed ; ransom; repurchase; deliver-
ance; release: as, the redemption of prisoners
of war, of captured goods, etc.
But peaceful measures were also employed to procure
the redemption of slaves; and money sometimes accom-
plished what was vainly attempted by the sword.
Sumner, Orations, I. 232.
Such a sacrifice
Alone the fates can deem a fitting price
For thy redemption.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 318.
recovering or disencumber -
lad a right to it subject to
Jle conveyance, as where a
debtor by paying his debt gets back a pledge or a mort-
gaged estate ; also, the right of redeeming and reentering.
(b) In com., payment to the holders by the issuer of notes,
bills, or other evidences of debt, (c) In theol., deliverance
from sin and its consequences by the obedience and sacri-
fice of Christ the Redeemer. The word redemption pre-
supposes that man is in a state of bondage to the powers
of evil — either spiritual powers external to himself, or evil
passions and propensities within himself, or both — and
that he can be delivered from them only by the sacrifice and
suffering of another. Thissuffering isregardedastheprice
or ransom paid to redeem the captive. Thus, redemption is
substantially equivalent to salvation, but involves the idea
of a new and additional right over man acquired by God ;
and the doctrine of redemption includes the doctrines of
atonement, justification, regeneration, and sanctiflcation.
The Mounte of Caluery, where our Sauyour Criste was
crucyfyed and suffred dethe for our redemption.
Sir R. Guytforde, Pylgrymage, p. 26.
Plantagenet,
Which held thee dearly as his soul's redemption.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., II. 1. 102.
By sin man was principally bound to God, as relates to
punishment, because he had principally sinned against
God ; but he was bound to the devil as a tormentor, to
whom he was justly delivered by God's permission; but
the price of redemptiim ought to be paid to the principal.
not to the intervening agent, and therefore Christ ex-
hibited His death as the price of our redemption to God
the Father for our reconciliation, and not to the devil.
Durandus, in Owen's Dogmatic Theology, p. 279.
redemption
Brethren of the Redemption of Captives. See brother.
— Covenant of redemption, in New Eng. theol. See
covenant. — Equity of redemption. See equity.
redemptionary (re-demp'shon-a-ri), n.; pi. rr-
di-ui/itinniiricx (-riz). [< redemption T -ary.]
One who is or may be redeemed or set at liber-
ty by paying a compensation; one who is or
may be released from a bond or obligation by
fulfilling the stipulated terms or conditions.
None other then such as haue aduentured in the first
voyage, or shall become aduenturers in this supply at
any time hereafter, are to be admitted in the seid society,
but as redemptionaries, which will be very chargeable.
Hakluyt's Voyages, III. 17(i.
redemptionert (re-demp'shpn-er), n. [< re-
demption + -er1.] One who redeemed himself
or purchased his release from debt or obliga-
tion to the master of a ship by his services, or
one whose services were sold to pay the ex-
penses of his passage to America.
Sometimes they [indented servants] were called redejnp-
tioners, because, by their agreement with the master of
the vessel, they could redeem themselves from his power
by paying their passage. Jefferson, Correspondence, 1. 405.
Poor wretch ! ... he had to find out what the life of a
Itedemplioner really was, by bitter experience.
J. Ashton, Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne, II. 247.
redemptionist (re-demp'shpn-ist), ». [< re-
demption + -ist] See Trinitarian.
redemptive (re-demp'tiv), a. [< L. redemptus,
pp. of redimere, redeem: see redeem.] Re-
deeming; serving to redeem.
The redemptive and the completive work of Messiah.
Schajf, Hist. Christ. Church, I. 8 83.
redemptort, redemptourt, «• [< ME. redemp-
tour, < OF. redempteur, vernacularly raembeor,
raiembeur, F. redempteur = Pr. redemptor = Sp.
redentor = It. redentore, < L. redemptor, redeem-
er, < redimere, pp. redemptus, redeem, etc. : see
redeem.] A redeemer.
Record of prophets thou shall be redemptour,
And singuler repast of everlastyng lyf.
Candlemas Day, ap. Hawkins, i. 23. (Hares.)
redemptorict, «. [< redemptor + -ic.] Re-
demptory; redemptive. [Rare.]
Till to her loved sire
The black-ey'd damsell he resign 'd ; no redemtoric hire
Tooke for her freedome ; not a gift ; but all the ransome
quit. Chapman, Iliad, i.
Redemptorist (re-demp'tor-ist), n. [< F. re-
demptoriste; as redemptor + -ist.] A mem-
ber of a Roman Catholic order founded by
Alfonso Maria da Liguori of Naples in 1732.
The especial object of the order (which is called the Con-
gregation of the Most Holy Redeemer) is missionary work
among the poor. The Redemptorists exist in the United
States, in several European countries, etc. On account
of their cooperation with the Jesuits, they have been ex-
cluded in some countries, as in Germany at the time of the
Kulturkampf. Also Liyuorian, Liguorist.
Redemptoristine (re-demp-to-ris'tin), n. [<
Redemp torist + -ine2. ] A member of the Order
of the Most Holy Redeemer, a Roman Catholic
order of cloistered and contemplative nuns,
founded in connection with the congregation
of the Redemptorists.
redemptory (re-demp'to-ri), a. [< L. redemp-
tus, pp. of redimere, redeem, etc. : see redeem.]
1 . Serving to redeem ; paid for ransom.
Omega sings the exequies,
And Hector's redemptorie prise.
Chapman, Iliad, xxiv., Arg.
2. Of or pertaining to redemption.
Clinging to a great, vivifying, redemptory idea.
The Century, XXXI. 211.
redemptourt, «• See redemptor.
redempturet (re-demp'tur), w. [< L. redemp-
tura, an undertaking by'contract, a contract-
ing, < redimere, contract, hire, redeem : see re-
deem.] Redemption.
Thou moost mylde mother and vyrgyn moost pure,
That barest swete Jhesu, the worldys redempture.
Fabyan, Chron., II., an. 1326.
redentt, n. Same as redan.
redented (re-den'ted), a. [As redent + -ed*.]
Formed like the teeth of a saw ; indented.
redescend (re-de-send'), v. i. [="F.redescendre;
as re- + descend.] To descend again. Howell.
redescent (re-de-sent'), n. [< re- + descent.]
A descending or falling again. Sir W. Hamil-
ton.
redescribe (re-des-krib'), ». t. [< re- + describe.]
To describe a second time ; describe again : as,
Nasua nariea was redescribed by Von Tschudi
as N. leucorhynchus.
redetermine (re-de-ter'min), v. t. [< re- + de-
termine.] To determine again.
The titanium was then . . . redetennined in the solu-
tion by the calorinietric method.
Amer. Chem. Jour., X. 38.
5020
redhibition
which powdered ginger, black pepper, brandy, and pow-
rd r.ice..are added- The anchovy (Stolephurus or
redevablet,«. [< F. redevable, < win-oil; remain
in one's debt, < re-, back, again, + drroir, owe,
be in debt: see due1, devoir.] Beholden; under
Obligation. called Malacca fish. Cantor. "
I must acknowledge my self exceedingly redevalik to red-footed (red'fufed), a. Having red feet: as,
Fortunes kindnesse (continued he) for addressing me into the i'«l-l'imli il <\aUTOUCOu}i,Nyct>J)ithecusrnliit< s
the company of a man whose acquaintance I shall be proud - Red-footed falcon See falcon J
to purchase. Comical H istory of Francion (1655). (Sares.) redgoundt, ». [Also redgown (and, by further
redevelop (re-de-vel'up), v. [< re- + develop.] corruption, red-gum, q. v.), early mod. E. reed
I. intrans. To develop again. gmnulr; < ME. redgownd, radegounde, < rede,
II. trans. To develop again or a second time ; red, + gownde, < AS. gund <= OHG. gund,
specifically, in photog., to intensify by a sec- gunt), matter, pus, virus: see red1 and pound1.]
ond developing process. A corruption of red-gum2. [Prov. Eng.]
redevelopment (re-de-vel'up-ment), «. [< re- Reed gounde, sickuesseof chyklren. Palsgrave
f d™L°l™n!-l *g&f$?>-*.*£!!»'L,1& red-green (red'gren), «. O£ a reddish-green
act or process of redeveloping : a form of in-
tensification in which the negative is bleached
with cupric or mercuric chlorid and then sub-
jected anew to the action of the developer.
redeye (red'i), n. 1. A cyprinoid fish, Leucis-
cus erythropJithalmus, having a red iris; the
rudd. — 2. The blue-spotted sunfish, Lepomis
cyanellus. — 3. The rock-bass, Ambloplites rupes-
tris. See cut under rock-bass. [Ohio.] — 4. The
red-eyed vireo or greenlet, Vireo olitiaceus, hav-
ing the iris red. See cut under greenlet. — 5.
A strong and fiery whisky : so called from its
effect upon the eyes of drinkers. [Low, U. S.]
red-eyed (red'id), a. [= Icel. raudheygdhr; as
red -f eye + -ed2.] 1. Having red eyes, the iris
being of that color: as, the red-eyed vireo or
greenlet or flycatcher, Vireo olivaceus. See cut
under greenlet. — 2. Having a bare red space
about the eves, as some birds. — 3. Having con- _?j8e8' etc.> / j/
gested eyelids, as after shedding tears—Red- r<
eyed pochard. See pochard. U&JKI'lLa
red-faced (red'fast), «. 1. Having a red face.
— 2. In ornith.. having the front of the head
red: as, the red-faced or I '.-i lias's cormorant,
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus.
red-fender (red'fen'der), «. The red-bellied
salt-water terrapin of the United States, Chry-
semys or Pseudemys rubriventris, also called pot-
ter, redbelly, and slider. It grows much larger than
the true diamond-back, often attaining a length of eighteen
or twenty inches, but the meat is coarse and fishy. The
market value is much less than that of the diamond-back,
and this terrapin is much used to adulterate dishes of the
Utter.
color: as, the red-green carpet (a British moth).
- Red-green blindness, a form of color-blindness in
which there is inability to recognize either the red of the
spectrum or the complementary color bluish-green — the
former appearing blackish-gray and the latter whitish-
gray. Also called i
„,,!.[< red1 + <7«m2.] 1.
A disease of grain : same as rust. [Prov. Eng.]
— 2. The resinous product of several eucalypts;
Australian kino. — 3. A red-gum tree. — 4. See
cornur, E. rontrata, and others : so named from the red gum
which they exude. E. resintfera, next to the blue-gum, is
most frequently planted in Europe for sanitary purposes.
E. rostrata is exceptionally 200 feet high, and its timber is
one of the best of eucalyptus woods, being heavy, hard,
and strong, and very durable in all situations. It is em-
ployed for railway-ties, piles, many ship-building pur-
poses, etc.
, n. [A corruption of red-
unimportant red papular
eruption of infants. Also called gum-rash and
strophulus.
Their heads are hid with skalls,
Their Limbs with Red-gums.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Furies.
I found Charlotte quite in a fuss about the child : she
was sure it was very ill ; it cried and fretted, and was all
over pimples. So I looked at it directly, and " Lord ! my
dear, ' says I, " it is nothing in the world but the red-gum.
Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility, xxxvii.
red-haired (red 'hard), a. [= Icel. raudh-
hssrdhr; as red1 + hair + -ed*.] Having red
or reddish hair.
red-fighter (red'fi"ter), n. The common bull- red-hand (red'hand), «. Same as red-handed,
finch, Pyrrhula vulgaris. See cut under bull- red-handed (red'han'ded), a. With red or
finch.
_, bloodyhauds; hence, in the very act, as if with
red-figured (red'fig'urd), n. Bearing or marked red or bloody hands : said originally of a per-
— :" J c— :.!a..ii x- it i- son taken in the act of homicide, but extended
figuratively to one caught in the perpetration
of any crime : generally in the phrase to be taken
red-handed.
with red figures : specifically noting the class
of Greek pottery bearing red figures or orna-
ment on a solid black ground, which succeeded
the archaic black-figured pottery about the
second quarter of the fifth century B. t'., and
includes the vases of the highest artistic type.
See vase, and cuts under Poseidon, psykter, and
pyxis.
Chachryliou painted none but red-figured rases, but he
is one of the earliest masters of the style, and must be
placed early in the fifth century.
Harrison and Verratt, Ancient Athens, p. cxi.
redfin (red'fin), n. 1. The red-dace, Notropis
megalops. [U. S.] — 2. The common yellow
perch of the United States, Perca flavescens,
Also yellowfin. [Southern U. S.] —3. The red-
cusk, LUnematichthys or Brosmojihycis margina-
tus. [California.] — 4. The cyprinoid fish No-
tropis or Lytlirurus ardens.
redfish (red'fish), ». 1. The blue-backed sal-
mon, Oneorhynchus nerka. [Idaho.] — 2. The
red perch or rose-fish, Sebastes marinus or vi-
viparus. — 3. The labroid fish Trochocopus or
Pimelometopon pulcher; the fathead. See cut
under fathead. [Pacific coast, U. S.]— 4. The
red-drum, Scisma ocellata or Scisenops ocellntiix;
Redfish (Sciscnofs octllatus).
the southern red-horse.
I was pushed over by Pumblechook, exactly as if I had
that moment picked a pocket, or fired a rick ; indeed it was
the general impression in court that I had been taken
red-handed ; for as Pumblechook shoved me before him
through the crowd I heard some people say, " What 's he
done?" and others, "He's a young 'un too."
Dickens, Great Expectations, xiii.
redhead (red'hed), n. [< redl + head, n.] 1.
A person having red hair. — 2. A red-headed
duck, the pochard, Fuligula or ^Ethyia ferina, a
common bird of Europe, a variety of which
bears the same name in America and is called
more fully red-headed duck, red-headed raft-
duck, red-headed broadbill, also grayback, Wash-
ington canvasbacl', and American pochard, in
the male the head is of a bright chestnut-red with coppery
or bronzy reflection. It is a near relative of the canvas-
back, for which it is sometimes sold, and is much esteemed
for the table. See pochard.
3. The red-headed woodpecker, Melanerpes
erythrocephalus. See cut under Melanerpes. —
4. A tropical milkweed, Asclepias Curassamca,
with umbels of bright-red flowers. The root and
the expressed juice are emetic, or in smaller doses cathar-
tic. Also called blood-flower and bastard ipecacuanha.
(West Indies.]
red-headed (red'hed^ed), a. 1. Having red
hair, as a person. — 2. Having a red head, as
a bird: as, the red-headed woodpecker, Mela-
nerpes erythrocephalus. See cut under Melaner-
pes— Red-beaded curre, duck, pochard, poker,
raft-duck, or widgeon. Same as redhead, 2.— Red-
headed finch or linnet, the redpoll.— Red-headed
smew, the female smew or white nun, Meryellus albellus.
— Red-headed teal. Same as greenunng.
redhibition (red-hi-bish'on), w. [= F. redlii-
bition = Sp. redhibicion = Pg. redhibi^So = It.
[Florida and Gulf redibi:ione, < L. redhibitio(n-), a taking back,
Coast.]— 5. A preparation of fish, very popular tj16 giv'ng or receiving back of a damaged ar-
among the Malays. After the heads have been re-
moved, the fish are cleaned, salted in the proportion of
one part salt to eight parts of fish, and deposited in flat,
glazed earthen vessels, in which they are for three days
submitted to the pressure of stones placed on thin boards
or dried plantain-leaves. The fish are next freed from
salt and saturated with vinegar of cocoa-palm toddy, after
ticle sold, < redhibere, give hack, return, < red-,
back, -f habere, have : see habit.] In law, an
action by a buyer to annul the sale of a mov-
able and oblige the seller to take it back be-
cause of a defect or of some deceit. Also re-
hibition.
redhibitory
redhibitory Oed-hib'i-to-ri), n. [= OF. rrd-
hibitoirr, F. n'dhibitniri' = Sp. I'g. rrd/iihiforio =
5021
red-morocco
It. redibitorio, < LL. rnlliihitorhis, < L. redMbrri;
give back, return: see rcdhihition.] In /««-,
pertaining to redhibilion. Also reliihitory.
redhorn (red'horn), «. An insect of the fam-
ily BJwdoeeridse.
red-horse (red'hors), «. 1. The common
white or lake sucker, a catostoraoid fish, Mn.ro-
Htonid maoroiepidotum, or any other of the
same genus; a stone-roller or white mullet.
The golden red-horse is M. aureolum. The
long-tailed red-horse is M. (iiiixiinnn. — 2. The
red-drum, Scixnops ocellatus. See cut under
ml/i.i/i. [Florida and Gulf States.]
red-hot (red'hot), a. 1. Red with heat; heat-
ed to redness: as, red-hot iron; red-hot balls.
Hence — 2. Extreme; violent; ardent: as, a
red-hot political speech. [Slang.]— Red-hot
POker. Same as fame-flower.- Red-hot shot, cannon-
balls heated to redness and fired at ahipping, magazines,
wooden buildings, etc., to combine destruction by fire with
battering by concussion.
red-humped (red'humpt), a. Having a red
hump: noting a bombycid moth of the genus
Notodonta: as, the red-humped prominent, N.
concinna. See cut under Notodonta.
redit, «. A Middle English form of ready.
redia (re'di-a), n. ; pi. rediie (-e). [NL., so
called after Sedi, an Italian naturalist.] The
second larval stage of some fluke-worms or
Trematoda, as Distoma, intervening between the
condition of the ciliated embryo and the more
advanced form known as cercaria. A redia is a
sporocyst, containing the germs of other redia) which
eventually develop into cercariae. The redia of Distoma
is also known as king's yellow worm. See cercaria (with
cut) and Distoma.
From each ovum [of DMoma] issues a ciliated larva
showing the rudiments of ... a Redia. The perfect
Redia . . . bursts, and these new zobids [cercariae] are set
free. . . . Several generations of Rediie may intervene
between the third and fourth stages ; or the mature ani-
mal may appear at the close of this stage, having under-
gone no Cercarian metamorphosis.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 180.
redient (re'di-ent), a. [< L. redien(t-)s, ppr. of
redire, go back, return, < red-, back, + ire, go :
see iteri.] Returning. E. H. Smith. [Rare.]
redifferentiate (re-dif-e-ren'shi-at), v. i. [< rc-
+ differentiate.] To differentiate a differential
or differential coefficient.
redifferentiation (re-dif-e-ren-shi-a'shon), n.
[< re- + differentiation.] " The differentiation
of a result of differentiation,
redigest (re-di-jesf), v. t. [< re- + digest, v.]
To digest or reduce to form a second time.
redingkingt, «. [ME. redyngkynge, prob. erro-
neously for *redyngiinge', lit. 'riding-man,' <
"redyng, for ridyng, riding, + -ynge, E. -ingS, in-
dicating a dependent. Cf . AS. rddcniht, E. as if
"roadknigh t, one of " certain serui tours who held
their lands by seruiug their lord on horseback "
(Minsheu, under rodknights, radkniglits).] One
of a class of feudal retainers ; a lackey.
Beynald the reue, and redyngkynges menye,
Munde the mylnere, and meny mo othere.
Piers Plowman (C), iii. 112.
redingote (red'iug-got), n. [= Sp. redingote,
< F. redingote, a corruption of E. riding-coat.]
1. A double-breasted outside coat with long
plain skirts not cut away at the front. — 2. A
similar garment for women, worn either as a
wrap or as part of the house dress, frequently
cut away at the front.
. , , . ._ - .
again, but the redintegrated limb is formed on the same *° d.lvlde or apportion again, as a State, into
type as those which were lost. insl nets or other electoral units. [U. S.]
Hwdey, Lay Sermons, p. 261. redistrictmg (re-dis'trik-ting), ». [Verbal n.
redinte- of redistrict, v.] The act or practice of rear-
ranging (a State or other territory) into new
electoral districts. [U. S.]
redition (re-dish'pn), n. [< L. reditio(n-), a re-
turning, going or'coming back, < redire, pp. re-
ditus, go or come back, return: see redient.]
The act of going back; return. [Rare.]
Address suite to my mother, that her meane
make the day of your redition scene.
Chapman, Odyssey, vi.
re- + divide.] To
redintegrate (re-din'te-grat), a. [< ,^,,^-
grate,v.] Renewed; restored to wholeness or
a perfect state.
The ignorances and prevarications and partial aboli-
tions of the natural law might be cured and restored, and
by the dispersion of prejudices the state of natural reason
be redintegrate. Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, Pref., p. 11.
redintegration (re-din-te-gra'shou), n. [< F.
redintegration = Pg. redmtegrag&o = It. redin-
tegrazione, < L. redintegratio(n-), restoration,
renewal, < redintegrare, pp. redintegratus, re- redivide(re-di-vid'), v. t. [<
restoration to a whole or sound state.
Let us all study first the redintegration of that body of
which Christ Jesus hath declared himself to be the head.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I. 181.
They . . . absurdly commemorated the redintegration
of his natural body by mutilating and dividing his mysti-
Decay of Christian Piety,
[< L. redivivuf, liv-
„ _„__ v — _,, (• -erf2.] Made to
live again; revived.
New-devised or redivived errours of opinion.
Bp. Hall, Revelation Unrevealed, § 11.
redivivus (red-i-vl'vus), a. [L., living again,
< red-(i-), again, + yivus, living : see » ivid. Cf.
revive.] Alive again; renewed; restored.
The Napoleonic empire redivivug.
G. W. Curtis, Potiphar Paper?.
- redknees (red'nez), «. The water-pepper,
2. In client., the restoration of any mixed body folugonum Hydropiper. [Prov. Eng.]
or matter to its former nature and constitution, red-lac (red'lak), n. The Japan wax-tree, Hints
— 3. In psycliol., the law that those elements succedanea. See wax-tree.
which have previously been combined as parts red-legged (red'leg"ed or -legd), «. Having red
of a single mental state tend to recall or sug- Ie8s °' feet> as a bird: specifically noting sev-
gest one another — a term adopted by many eral birds. — Red-legged crow. See crow*.— Red-
psychologists to express phenomena of mental }eSS,ed gull, the black-headed gull, Chroicocephalvs ridi-
association. £?j£ !L»ca^Britisli.]- Red-legged ham-beetle.
redirect (re-di-rekf), v. t. [< re- + direct.] To ro«ri«,T thretto«l gu!f rf th^Nortb^kcm^haTint
direct again or anew: as, the parcel was sent coral-red legs.— Red-legged mew. Same as redshank, 3.
to Boston and there redirected to Cambridge. —Red-legged partridge, Caccabis ruja.— Red-legged
"prlirppf A-A Hi vplri-M /-/ rY w 4- jV^*»*n Plover, zeeplover.
?SSrr*. r™«"vf:lV.' . :„ A\,re~,_ ,t ,ec'- redlegS(red'legz),n. 1. Inornith.: (a) The red-
• legged partridge. (6) The red-legged plover
Direct a second time: used only in the legai
phrase redirect examination (which see, under
examination, 2).
redisburse (re-dis-bers'), v. t. [Early mod. E.
also redisbourse; < re- + disburse.] To repay
or refund.
--oo — r-~ — — o~- -
or turnstone, Strepsiins ititerpres. [Massachu-
setts.] (c) The purple sandpiper, Tringa niari-
tima. [Caermarthen.] (d) The redshank.—
2. In bot., the bistort, Polygonwn Bistorta, so
named from the redness of its stems. The
name is applied also to some other species of
^^ re Polygonum. [Prov. Eng.]
And tribute eke withail, as to his SoverSne."' redlcst, ft. See redeless.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iii. 27. red-letter (red'let'er), a. Having red letters ;
'•
But when the floud is spent, then backc againe,
His borrowed waters forst to redisbourse,
He sends the sea his owne with double gaine,
rediscover (re-dis-kuv'er), v. t. [< re- + dis-
cover.] To discover again or afresh.
rediscovery (re-dis-kuv'er-i), n. [< re- + dis-
covery.] A discovering again or afresh: as,
the rediscovery of Encke's comet.
redispose (re-dis-poz'), v. t. [< re- + dispose.]
To dispose or adjust again.
redispositipn (re-dis-po-zish'on), n. [< redis-
pose + -ition.] The act or process of redis-
posing; a disposing afresh or anew; a rear-
rangement.
redisseize (re-dis-sez'), v. t. [< re- + disseise.]
In laic, to disseize anew or a second time.
redisseizin (re-dis-se'zin), n. [< re- + dis-
seizin.] In law, a writ to recover seizin of
lands or te:
redisseizor
» _wvwd. ^*v_>. V w*/) nn JM-0V-U1H 1CT* iCutVIB <
marked by red letters.- Red-letter day. (a) Eccles.,
one of the more important church festivals • so called be-
cause formerly marked in the calendar of the Book of
Common Prayer (as still in some copies, and in Roman
Catholic missals and breviaries) by red-letter characters.
Only the red-letter days have special services provided for
them in the Prayer-book. Opposed to black-letter day.
The Calendar was crowded with Red-Letter Days, nom-
inally indeed consecrated to Saints ; but which by the en-
couragement of Idleness and Dissipation of Manners, gave
every kind of countenance to Sinners.
Bourne's Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. viii.
The red-letter days now become, to all intents and pur-
poses, dead-letter days. Lamb, Oxford in the Vacation.
Hence— (b) A fortunate or auspicious day.
It is the old girl's birthday ; and that is the greatest holi-
day and reddest-letter day in Mr. Bagnet's calendar.
Dickens, Bleak House, :
T,zi7t,.j in taw, a writ to recover seizin of * ™ Mr- nagnet s calendar.
inds or tenements against a redisseizor. Dickens, Bleak House, xlix.
lisseizor (re-dis-se'zpr), n. [< re- + dis- redlichet, Hdr. A Middle English form of rathly.
..izor.] A person who disseizes lands or tene- red-litten (red'lif'n), a. [< red* + lit, pp. at
ments a second time, or after a recovery of the light'1; "litten, an extended form with suffix -e«l,
The existing redingote. which has been fashionable for
the last few years, and is highly popular just now, is a
garment of silk, plush, or cloth, cut somewhat after the
manner of a gentleman's tail-coat, richly trimmed, and
adorned with very large buttons.
Fortnightly Jtev., N. S., XLII. 287.
redingtonite (red'ing-ton-it), n. [< Sedington
+• -ite?.] A hydrous chromium sulphate, oc-
curring in fibrous masses having a pale-pur-
ple color. It is found at the Redington mine,
Knoxville district, California.
red-ink plant. See Phytolacca.
redintegrate (re-din'te-grat), v. f.; pret. and
pp. redintegrated, ppr. redintegrating. [< L.
n-dintegratus, pp. of redintegrare (> It. redintr-
i/rrtre = Pg. redintegrar), restore, make whole
again, < red-, again, -f- integrare, make whole :
see integrate. Cf. reiiitraralr.] Tobringback
to an integral condition ; recombine or recon-
struct; renew; restore to a perfect state.
Redintegrate the fame first of your house,
Restore your ladyship's quiet.
B. Ju
ments a second time, or after a recovery of the "fl'"1, 'atten, an extended form with suffix -e«l,
same from him in an action of novel disseizin, after the analogy of hidden.] Exhibiting a red
redissolution (re-dis-o-lu'shon), n. [< re- + H«** «» tH"""*""**— ru — T
dissolution.] A dissolving again or anew; a
second dissolution.
After the protoplasm in a tentacle has been aggregated,
S t'<'il mnl iitinn nlwilvs hwrina in th.. l,.\i-,.i- . ..!,.(
light or illumination. [Rare.]
And travellers, now, within that valley,
Through the red-litten windows see
Vast forms, that move fantastically
To a discordant melody.
Poe> Haunte<i Palace.
W?0*** (red'lukt), a. Having a red look ;
causing or indicated by a red face. [Rare.]
Let my tongue blister,
And never to my red-look'd anger be
The trumpet any more. Shak., W. T ii 2 34
redistribute (re-dis-trib'ut), v.t. \_<re- + dis- red-louse (red'lous), «. See lousei (i).
tribute. Cf. F redtstnbuer, redistribute.] To redly (red'li), adv. [< rail + -Zy2.] With red-
distribute again; deal back; apportion afresh, ness; with a red color or glow,
redistribution (re-dis-tn-bu'shon), n. [= F. red-mad (red'mad), a. [< redl + madl. Cf
redistribution ;*,sre- + distribution.] A dealing redwood*.-} Quite mad. Balliicell. [Prov Ene 1
back; a second or new distribution. redman (red'man), n.; pi. redmen (-men). A
A state of raised molecular vibration is favourable to holocentroid fish, Holocentnis ascensionis, of a
its redissolution always begins in the lower part."
Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 243.
redissolve (re-di-zolv' ), v. t. [= F. redissoudre;
as re- + dissolve.] To dissolve again.
The protoplasm last aggregated is first redissolced.
Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 243.
, . .
Christendom shuuld be no longer rent in pieces, but
would be redintegrated in a new pentecost.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), II. 304.
^Magnetic* Lady, iv. 2. 5*™""?* Of Seats Act, an English statute of 1885 w^rk" "^ ""^ ^ * d6COrative metal-
(48 and 49 Viet., c. 23) making extensive changes in the _.j ._ , , ,
subdivision of the country into districts entitled to elect rea"morocco (reti mo-rok o), n. The plant
members of Parliament, mostly with the object of equal- pheasant's-eye, Adonis autumnalis : so called
izmg them as regards the number of electors. from its red petals
red-morocco
It is one of those plants which are annually cried about
our streets under the name Hed Morocco.
Curtis, Flora Londinensls.
redmouth (rod'mouth), n. and a. I. n. A fish
of the genus Hiemultm (or Diabasis) ; a grunt.
Also called redgullet. See Hiemulnn, and cut
under grunt.
II. a. Having a red mouth or lips; red-
mouthed : as, the redmouth buffalo-fish, Ictiobus
biibaluis. I), fi. Jordan.
red-necked (red'nekt), «. Having a red neck.
— Red-necked footman, Lithosia rubrtcollis, a British
moth. — Red-necked grebe, Podiceps griseigena or P.
rubricollis, one of the largest species of the family. — Red-
necked phalarope, Lobipes hyperboreus, the northern
phalarope.
redness (red'nes), n. [< ME. rcdnesse, rednes,
< AS. reddness, reddnyss, reddnes, redness, < redd,
red: see red1."] The quality of being red; a
red color.
There was a pretty redness in his lip.
Shak., As you Like it> ill. 5. 120.
red-nose (red'noz), a. Same as red-nosed.
The red-nose innkeeper of Daventry.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 2. 51.
red-nosed (red'nozd), a. 1. Having a red nose,
as a toper. — 2. Having a red beak : as, the red-
nosed a,vAilet,Simorliynchuspygmeeus, also called
whiskered auklet.
redo (re-do'), v. t. [< re- + do1.] To do over
again.
Prodigality and luxury are no new crimes, and ... we
doe but re-doe old vices. Sandys, Travailes, p. 204.
red-oak (red'ok), n. 1. An oak-tree, Quercun
rubra, common in eastern North America,
there extending further north than any other
species. Its height is from 70 to 90 feet. Its wood is
of a light-brown or red color, heavy, hard, strong, and
coarse-grained, now much employed for clapboards and
cooperage, and to some extent for inside finish A Texan
variety is smaller, with the wood much closer-grained.
Also black-oak.
2. Another American species, Q. falcata, the
Spanish oak. See Spanish.
redolence (red 'o -lens), ». [OF. redolence, <
redolent, redolent: see redolent.] The state of
being redolent; sweetness of scent; fragrance;
perfume.
We have all the redolence of the perfumes we burn upon
his altars. Boyle.
= 8yn. SeesmeK.
redolency (red'o-len-si), n. [As redolence (see
-cy).] Same as redolence.
Their flowers attract spiders with then- redolency.
Mortimer.
redolent (red'o-lent), a. [< ME. redolent, < OF.
redolent = It. redulente, < L. redolen(t-)s, ppr. of
redolere (> It. redolcre, OF. redoler), emit odor,
be redolent, < red-, again, -I- olere, be odorous :
see olid.'] Having or diffusing a sweet scent;
giving out an odor; odorous; smelling; fra-
grant : often with of.
In this graue full derke nowe is her bowre,
That by her lyfe was sweete and redolent.
Fabyan, Chron., I. ccxxxviii.
Thy love excells the joy of wine ;
Thy odours, O how redolent !
Sandys, Paraphrase of Song of Solomon, i.
Gales . . . redolent of joy and youth.
Gray, Prospect of Eton College.
redolently (red'o-lent-li), ode. In a redolent
manner- fragrantly.
redondilla (red-on-de'lya), ». [< Sp. rcdondilla
(= Pg. redondilha), a roundel or roundelay, dim.
of redondo, round, < L. rotundus, round: see
rotund, and cf. round, roundel, roundelay, ron-
deau.] A form of versification formerly used
in the south of Europe, consisting of a union
of verses of four, six, and eight syllables, of
which generally the first rimed with the fourth
and the second with the third. At a later period
verses of six and eight syllables in general, in Spanish and
Portuguese poetry, were called redondillas, whether they
made perfect rimes or assonances only. These became
common in the dramatic poetry of Spain.
redorse (re-dors' ), n. [A reduction of reredorse,
as if < re- + dorse1.] The back or reverse
side of a dorsal or dorse. See quotation under
dorsel, 2.
redoss (re-dos'), n. Same as redorse.
redouble (re-dub'l), v. [< OF. (and F. ) redoubler
= Sp. redoblar = Pg. redobrar = It. raddoppiare,
< ML. reduplicare, redouble, double, < L. re-,
again, + duplicare, double : see double, v. Cf.
reduplicate.] I. trans. 1. To double again or
repeatedly; multiply; repeat often.
So they
Doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 2. 38.
5022
Often tymes the omittynge of correction redoubleth a
trespace. Sir T. Elyut, The Governour, iii. 21.
2. To increase by repeated or continued addi-
tions.
And *tna rages with redmMed heat.
Addwon, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph.
Each new loss redoubles all the old.
Lon-ell, Nightwatches.
3f. To repeat in return.
So ended she ; and all the rest around
To her redoubled that her undersong. Spenser.
Redoubled interval, in music, same as compound inter-
val. See interval, 5.
II. intrans. To become twice as much; be
repeated; become greatly or repeatedly in-
creased.
Envy ever redoubleth from speech and fame.
Bacon, Envy (ed. 1887), p. 92.
Peal upon peal redoubling all around.
Cowper, Truth, 1. 240.
redoubt1 (re-douf), v. t. [< ME. redouten, re-
dowten, < OF. redouter, redoter, reduter, later re-
doubter, F. redouter (= Pr. redoptar = It. ridot-
tare), fear, < re- + douter, fear: see doubt, v.]
1. To fear; dread. [Obsolete or archaic.]
Shotde I thanne redoiete my blame?
Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 3.
The more superstitious crossed themselves on my ap-
proach ; ... it began at length to dawn upon me that if
1 was thus redoubted it was because I had stayed at the
residencia. R. L. Steoenson, Ulalla.
2t. To venerate ; honor.
Sholde thilke lioniiur maken hym worshipful and re-
doirted of straunge folk? Chaucer, lioetbius, iii. prose 4.
redoubt2, n. See redout?.
redoubtable (re-dou'ta-bl), a. [Also redouta-
ble; < ME. reddutable, redoictable, < OF. redou-
table, redotable, later redoubtable, F. redouta-
ble (= Pr. redoptable), feared, redoubtable, <
redouter, redoubter, fear: see redoubt1.] 1.
That is to be dreaded; formidable; terrible:
as, a redoubtable hero; hence, valiant: often
used in irony or burlesque.
The Queen growing more redoubtable and famous by the
Overthrow of the Fleet of Eighty eight.
IlmceU, Letters, I. vi. 3.
The enterprising Mr. Lintot, the redoubtable rival of Mr.
Tonson, overtook me. Pope, To Earl of Burlington, 1718.
This is a tough point, shrewd, redoubtable ;
Because we have to supplicate the judge
Shall overlook wrong done the judgment-seat.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 104.
2f. Worthy of reverence.
Jiedoutable by honour and strong of power.
Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 5.
redoubted (re-dou'ted), p. a. [ME. redouted;
< redoubt^ + -ed2.] Dreaded; formidable;
honored or respected on account of prowess;
valiant ; redoubtable.
Lord regent and redoubted Burgundy.
SAo*.,lHen. VI., ii. 1. 8.
redoubtingt (re-dou'ting), n. [ME. rcdoutyng;
verbal n. of redoubt^, v.] Honor; reverence;
celebration.
With sotyl pencil depeynted was this stone
In redoutyng of Mars and of his glorie.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1192.
redound (re-dound'), v. i. [< OF. redonder, ren-
donder, F. redonder, redonder = Pr. redondar =
Sp. Pg. redundar = It. ridondare, < L. redun-
dare, overflow, abound, < red-, again, back, +
undare, surge, flow, abound, < undo, a wave :
see red- and ound, and cf . abound, surround. Cf .
redundant.] If. To overflow; be redundant;
be in excess ; remain over and above.
For every dram of hony therein found
A pound of gall doth over it redound.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. x. 1.
The gates wide open stood, . . . and, like a furnace mouth,
Cast forth redounding smoke and ruddy flame.
Milton, P. L., ii. 889.
2. To be sent, rolled, or driven back; roll or
flow back, as a wave ; rebound.
Indeed, I never yet took box o' th' ear,
But it redounded, I must needs say so.
Fletcher (and another1!), Nice Valour, iv. 1.
The evil, soon
Driven back, redounded as a flood on those
From whom it sprung. Milton, P. L., vii. 57.
3. To conduce; result; turn out; have effect.
I will, my lord ; and doubt not so to deal
As all things shall redound unto your good.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 9. 47.
Whenever he imagines the smallest advantage will re-
dound to one of his foot-boys by any new oppression of
me and my whole family and estate, he never disputeth
it a moment. Sufyt, Story of the Injured Lady.
He thinks it will redound to his reputation.
Ooldsmith, Criticisms.
redpoll
redound (re-dound'), «. [< redound, r.] 1.
The coming back, as of consequence or effect;
result; reflection; return.
Hot without redound
Of use and glory to yourselves ye come,
The first-fruits of the stranger.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
2. Reverberation ; echo. [Rare.] Imp. IHct.
redoundingt (re-doun'ding), w. [Verbal n. of
redound, r.] Reverberation; resounding.
Such as were next to the abby herde clerely the re-
doundynge of the Naueroyse, for, as they went, their har-
neys clatteredde and made some noyse.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., I. clxxxv.
redourt, reddourt, ». [< ME. redour, redur,
also raddour, rcddour, redduf, < OF. rador, ra-
dour, radeur, violence, rapidity, < rade, < L.
rapidus, rapid (see rapid) ; prob. confused also
with raidour, raideur, roideur, stiffness, < L. ri-
gidus, stiff, rigid : see rigid.] Violence; rough-
ness.
His londes, his legemen, out of lyue broght ;
His Blister into seruage & to syn put ;
And other redurs full ryfe in his rewme dyd.
Destruction o.f Troy (E. E. T. S-X 1. 1806.
But trewely no fors of thi reddotir
To hym that over hymself hath the maystrye.
Chaucer, Fortune, 1. 14.
redout't, c. See redoubft.
redout-, redoubt'2 (re-douf), «. [The form re-
doubt is erroneous, due to confusion with re-
doubt1 and redoubtable; prop, redout (= D. G.
redoute = Sw. redutt = Dan. redute), formerly
also reduit (and, after L., reduct) ; < OF. reduit,
m., reduite, t., F. reduit, also (fern. It.) redoute
= Sp. reducto = Pg. reducto, reduto = It. ridotto,
a retreat, refuge, redout, < ML. reductus (> E.
reduct), a retreat, refuge, redout, < L. reducere,
bring back: see reduce.] In fort., a general
name for nearly every class of works wholly in-
closed and undefended by reentering or flank-
ing angles. The word is, however, most generally used
for a small inclosed work of various form — polygonal,
square, triangular, or even circular — serving mainly as a
temporary field-work. The name Is also given to a cen-
tral or retired work constructed within another, to serve
as a place of retreat for the defenders : in this sense gen-
erally reduit. Redouts are usually provided with para-
pet, ditch, scarps, banquette, etc., as in regular forti-
fication. They are especially useful in fortifying the
tops of hills, in commanding passes, or in feeling the
way through a hostile or wooded country. — Demilune
redout, a redout placed within the demilune. = Syn. See
fortification.
redout3 (re-douf), a. [< OF. reduit, < L. reduc-
tus, brought back, pp. of reducere, bring back:
see reduce. Cf. redout1*, n.] In her., bent in
many angles: noting a cross with hooked ex-
tremities, in the form of the fylfot or swastika.
redoutable, «. See redoubtable.
redowa (red'6-a), H. [< F. redowa, < Bohem.
rejdoicdk, rejdowaclika, the dance so called, <
rejdoirati, turn, turn around, bustle about.] 1.
A Bohemian dance, which has two forms — the
rejdowdk, resembling the waltz or the mazurka,
and the rejdowaclika, resembling the polka. —
2. Music for such a dance or in its rhythm,
which is properly triple and quick, but in an-
other form is duple, and readily assimilated to
that of the polka.
red-paidle, »• The lumpsucker. [Scotch.]
redpoll (red'pol), n. [Also redpole : so called
from the red color on the head ; < rerf1 + polfi.]
1. A small fringilline bird of the genus JEf/io-
thus (or Acanthis), the male of which has a crim-
Redpoll (sffio
son poll, a rosy-red breast, and the plumage
streaked with flaxen and dusky brown and
white. The bill is small, conic acute, with a nasal ruff ;
the wings are pointed ; the tail is emarginate. Several
species inhabit the arctic and north temperate regions of
Europe, Asia, and America. The common redpoll is JR.
linarta; the mealy redpoll is ^-f?. canescens; the American
mealy redpoll is Jfe. exilipes.
redpoll
2. The red-polled warbler, or palm-warbler, of
North America, Deiidrarn /niliiinriini, having a
chestnut-red poll : more fully called yellow red-
poll. See pal Hi-ica rblrr.
red-polled (red'pold), a. Having a red poll, or
the top of the head red.
redraft (re-draff), r. t. [< re- + draft.'] To
draft or draw anew.
redraft (re-draff), «. [< redraft, r.] 1. A sec-
ond draft or copy. — -2. A new bill of exchange
which the holder of a protested bill draws on
the drawer or indorsers, by which he reimburses
to himself the amount of the protested bill with
costs and charges.
redraw (re-dra'), ». [< re- + draw.] I. trans.
To draw again ; make a second draft or copy of.
II. ii< tra HK. In com., to draw a new bill of ex-
change to meet another bill of the same amount,
or, as the holder of a protested bill, on the draw-
er or indorser.
redress1 (re-dres'), r. [< ME. redresscn, < OF.
redrescer, redrecer, redrecier, redresser, F. re-
dresser, set up again, straighten, < re-, again, +
dresser, direct, dress: see areas.] I. trans. If.
To set up or upright; make erect; reerect.
Right as floures, thorgh the cold of nyghte
Yclosed, stoupen on her stalkes lowe,
Redressen hem agein the sonne brighte.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 969.
2. To set right again ; restore; amend; mend.
Redresse me, mooder, and me chastise ;
For certeynly my Faderes chastisinge,
That dar I nought abiden in no wise.
Chaucer, A. B. C., 1. 129.
As broken glass no cement can redress,
So beauty blemish'd once 's for ever lost.
Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, 1. 178.
In yonder spring of roses intermix'd
With myrtle, find what to redress till noon.
UiLton, P. L, ix. 219.
3. To put right, as a wrong; remedy; repair,
relieve against, as an injury : as, to redress in-
juries ; to redress grievances. See redress1, n., 2.
And redresse vs the domage that he don has,
By Paris his proude son, in our prise londis.
Destruction of Troy(B. E. T. 8.), 1. 4917.
Orisouns or preyers is for to seyn a pitous wyl of herte
that redresseth it in God and expresseth it by word out-
ward to remoeven harmes. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
The state of this unconstant world . . . bringeth forth
daily such new evils as must of necessity by new reme-
dies be redrest. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vi. 2.
Their duty
And ready service shall redress their needs,
Not prating what they would be.
Fletcher, Valentinian, ii. 3.
He who best knows how to keep his necessities private
is the most likely person to have them redressed.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3.
4. To relieve of anything unjust or oppressive ;
bestow relief upon ; compensate ; make amends
to.
Hedres mans sowle from alle mysery,
That he may enter the eternal glorye.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 82.
Will Gaul or Muscovite redress ye ?
Byron, Childe Harold, ii. 76.
Il.t iii trans. To rise again; reerect one's
self.
Yet like the valiant Palme they did sustaine
Their peisant weight, redressing vp againe.
Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's Judith, ii.
redress1 (re-dres'), «. [< OF. redresse, redresce,
redrece, redress; from the verb: see redress1,
v.] If. A setting right again ; a putting into
proper order; amendment; reformation.
The redreise of boistrous & sturdie courages by perswa-
sion. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 19.
The father, with sharpe rebukes sesoned with Zoning
lookes, causeth a redresse and amendment in his childe.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 150.
For us the more necessary is a speedy redress of our-
selves. Hooker.
2. Deliverance from wrong, injury, or oppres-
sion ; removal of grievances or oppressive bur-
dens; undoing of wrong; reparation; indem-
nification. In its most general sense redress includes
whatever relief can be afforded against injustice, whether
by putting an end to it, by compensation in damages, by
punishing the wrong-doer, or otherwise.
Is not the swoord the most violent redress that may be
used for any evill? Spenser, State of Ireland.
Be factious for redress of all these griefs.
Shak., J. C., i. 3. 118.
Fair majesty, the refuge and redress
Of those whom fate pursues and wants oppress.
Dryden, ^Eneid, i. 838.
Think not
But that there is redress where there is wrong,
Se we are bold enough to seize it.
Shelley, The Cenci, iii. 1.
Ring in redress to all mankind.
Tennyson. In Memoriam, cvi.
To every one o' my grievances law gave
Redress. Browning, Ring and Book, I. 237.
= Syn. 2. Relief, amends, compensation.
redress2 (re-dres'), r. t. [< re- + dress.'] To
dress again, in any sense: as, to redress furni-
ture or leather; to redress a wound.
redressal (re-dres'al), n. [< redress1 + -«/.]
The act of redressing. Imp. Diet.
redresser (re-dres'er), n. One who gives re-
dress.
Don Quixote of the Mancha, the righter of wrongs, the
redresser of injuries.
Shelton, Don Quixote, iv. 25. (Latham.)
redressible (re-dres'i-bl), a. [< redress1 +-ible.]
Capable of being redressed. Imp. Diet.
redressive (re-dres'iv), a. [< redress1 + -ive.]
Affording redress ; giving relief. [Rare.]
Can I forget the generous band
Who, touch'd with human woe, redressive search'd
Into the horrors of the gloomy jail?
Thomson, Winter, 1. 360.
redressless (re-dres'les), a. [< redress1 + -less.]
Without redress or amendment ; without relief.
redressment (re-dres'ment), n. [< OF. redrece-
meiit, redresscm'ent, F. redressement; as redress
+ -ment.] Redress; the act of redressing.
red-ribbon (red'rib'on), n. The band-fish.
redrive (re-driy'), v" t. [< re- + drive.] To
drive back; drive again. Southey.
red-roan (red'ron), a. See roan1.
red-robin (red'rob"in), ». The red-rust, Pucci-
nia graminis. [Eng.]
redroot (red'rot), ». 1. An American shrub,
Ceanotlnis Americanus, the New Jersey tea.
The stems are from 1 to 3 feet high from a dark-red root,
the leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, the small white flowers
gathered in rather pretty dense clusters at the ends of
leafy shoots. The name is more or less extended to other
members of the genus.
2. A herbaceous plant, Laclinanthes tinctoria,
of the Heemodoracese, or bloodwort family, it
grows in wet sandy places in the eastern United States
near the coast. It has a simple stem with sword-shaped
leaves mostly from near the base, and woolly flowers, yel-
low within, crowded in a dense compound cyme. The root
is red, and has been used in dyeing. Upon authority ad-
duced by Darwin ("Origin of Species," ch. i.), the root of
this plant is fatally poisonous to white pigs which eat it,
but not to black ; the statement, however, requires con-
firmation. Also paintroot.
3. The alkanet, Alkanna tinctoria. — 4. One of
the pigweeds, Amarantus retroflexus. [U. S.]
redruthite (red'roth-it), ». [< Bedruth, in Corn-
wall, England, + -ite2.] Copper-glance: same
as chalcocite.
redsear (red'ser), v. i. [< red + sear (?).]
To break or crack when too hot, as iron under
the hammer: a word used by workmen. Also
redshare.
red-seed (red'sed), n. Small crustaceans, as os-
tracodes, copepods, etc., which float on the sur-
face of the sea, and upon which mackerel, men-
haden, etc., feed. Some red-seed is said to in-
jure the fish.
red-shafted (red'shafted), a. Having red
shafts of the wing- and tail-feathers : specifically
applied to Colaptes mexicanus, the red-shafted
woodpecker or Mexican flicker, related to the
common flicker or yellow-shafted woodpecker.
It abounds in western North America.
redshank (red'shangk), n. [< red1 + shank.]
1. The fieldfare, Turdus pilaris. [Local, Eng.]
— 2. A wading bird of the family Scolopacidss
and genus Totanus, haying red shanks. The
common redshank is T. calidris, about 11 inches long, com-
redstart
Trisli, in allusion to their dress leaving the legs
exposed.
ManuTtinus . . . dooth note the Redshanks and the
Irish (which are properlie the Scots) to be the onlie enimies
of our nation.
Harrison, Descrip. of Britain, p. 6 (Holinshed's Chron., I.).
And when the Redshanks on the borders by
Incursions made, and rang'd in battell stood
To beare his charge, from field he made them die,
Where flshie Moine |in Galway] did blush with crimson
blood. Mir. fur Mays. (England's Eliza, St. 106).
They lay upon the ground covered with skins, as the
red-shanks do on heather. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 527.
Though all the Scottish hinds would not bear to be com-
pared with those of the rich counties of South Britain, they
would stand very well in competition with the peasants of
France, Italy, and Savoy, not to mention the mountaineers
of Wales, and the red-shanks of Ireland.
Kmollett, Humphrey Clinker, ii. 41. (Dames.)
redshanks (red'shangks), «. 1. Same as herb-
roliert. — 2. See Polygonum.
redshare (red'shar), v. i. A variant of redsear.
red-short (red'sh6rt), a. Noting iron or steel
when it is of such a character that it is brittle
at a red heat.
The former substance [sulphur] rendering the steel
more or less brittle when hot (red-short or hot-short).
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 283.
red-shortness (red'sh6rt"nes), n. In metal.,
the quality or state of being red-short.
Red-shortness is often the result of the presence of an
undue proportion of sulphur in the metal.
W. H. Greenwood, Steel and Iron, p. 10.
The cold-shortness or red-shortness of iron or steel is
due principally to an admixture of oxide of iron.
Sa. Amer., N. S., LX. 408.
red-Shouldered (red'shoFderd), a. Having
the "shoulder" — that is, the carpal angle or
bend of the wing — red, as a bird. The red-shoul-
dered blackbird is Agel&us gubernator, common in west-
ern North America, where it replaces to some extent the
common red-winged blackbird, from which it differs in
having the scarlet patch on the wing not bordered with
buff. The red-shouldered buzzard is Buteo lineatus, one
of the commonest of the large hawks of the United .States,
having the lesser wing-coverts reddish when adult. —
Red-Shouldered falcon*, the adult red-shouldered buz-
zard.
red-sided (ved'sl"ded), a. Having red on the
sides : specifically noting the red-winged thrush,
Turdus iliacus.
redsides (red'sidz), n. A small cyprinoid fish,
Notrnpis or Lythrurus ardens, common in the
streams of the southern United States. Also
called redfin.
redskin (red'skin), n. A Red Indian; a North
American Indian.
The Virginia frontiersmen were angry with the Penn-
sylvania traders for selling rifles and powder to the red-
skins. The Atlantic, LXIV. 819.
red-spider (red'spl^der), n. A small red mite
or acarine, Tetranychtts telarins, formerly called
Acants telaritts, now placed in the family Tetra-
nychidx : found in conservatories.
red-Staff (red'staf ), «. A millers' straight-edge,
used in dressing millstones. The true edge, red-
dened by ocher, is gently rubbed on the stone, and the
projecting points are thus detected, even when the irregu-
larity of surface is very minute.
redstart (red'start), n. [< red1 + start1.]
One of several entirely different birds which
have the tail more or less red. (o) A small sylviine
bird, Ititticilla phwnicura, of Europe, Asia, and Africa, re-
•
Redshank ( Toianus calidris].
mi in in many parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The spot-
ted redshank, T.fuscus, is a related species of similar dis-
tribution. Compare greenshank, ydloicshank.
3. The hooded or black-headed gull, Chroico-
i'i'//ltiilns riililiniiiliix : so called from its red legs:
more fully called rcdxliaiik if/ill and red-l«/</< il
(/nil or nieir. — 4. pi. A name given in contempt
to Scottish Highlanders, and formerly to native
European Redstart (Ruticilla
latcd to the redbreast and bluethroat. \\iofretail, red-
tail, etc. A similar species, Jl. titys or Kthys, is known its
the black redstart. (6) In the United States, a fly-catching
warbler, Setophaga rtiticilla, of the family Sylvicolidx
or Mniotiltidx. The male is lustrous blue-black, with
white belly and vent, the sides of the breast, the lining of
the wings, and much of the extent of the wing- and tail-
feathers fiery orange or flame-color, the bill and feet
black. The female is mostly plain olivaceous, with the
parts which are orange in the male clear pale yellow.
The length is 5J inches, the extent 7ij. This beautiful
bird abounds in woodland in eastern North America: it
is migratory and insectivorous, has a singular song, builds
redstart
"•V V i
American Redstart (Sftofhaga rutlciila).
a neat nest in the fork of a branch, and lays four or five
eggs, which are white, speckled with shades of reddish
brown. — Blue-throated redstart. Same as bluethroat.
redstreak (red'strek), «. 1. A sort of apple,
so called from the color of the skin.
The redstreak, of all cyder fruit, hath obtained the
preference. Mortimer, Husbandry.
2. Cider pressed from redstreak apples.
Herefordshire redstreak made of rotten apples at the
Three Cranes, true Brunswick Mum brew'd at S. Kath-
erines. Character nf a Coffee-house (1W3), p. 3. (HattiieeU.)
redtail (red'tal), ». and a. I. 11. 1. Same as
redstart (a). — 2. The red-tailed buzzard, Buteo
borealis, one of the commonest and largest
hawks of North America, when adult having
the upper side of the tail bright chestnut-red.
The plumage otherwise is very variable, not only with age,
but also according to geographical distribution, there be-
ing several varieties or local races in western parts of the
continent. It is commonly known as hen-haiek or chicken-
haick, and the young, without the red tail, is the white-
breasted hawk. The male is from 19 to 22 inches long, and
48 inches or more in spread of wing ; the female is 21 to
24 inches long, and spreads 56 inches. See cut under
Buteo.
II. o. Having a red tail.
red-tape (red'tap'), «• [< red tape: see 1f<pc.~\
Pertaining to or characterized by official rou-
tine or formality. See red tape, under tape.
Exposures by the press and criticisms in Parliament
leave no one in ignorance of the vices of red-tape routine.
H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 55.
We working men, when we do come out of the furnace,
come out not tinsel and papier mache, like those fops of
red-tape statesmen, but steel and granite.
Kiiujsley, Alton Locke, iv. (Davits.)
red-taped (red'tapf). a. [< red tape + -ed2.]
Same as red-tape. Nature, XLII. 106.
red-tapery (red'ta'pe-ri), n. [< red tape +
-ery.] Same as rcd-tapism.
red-tapism (red'tS'pirm), n. [< red tape +
-ism.] Strict observance of official formalities ;
a system of vexatious or tedious official rou-
tine.
He at once showed . . . how little he had of the official
element which is best described as red-tapeism.
T. II'. Reid, Cabinet Portraits, p. 52.
He loudly denounces the Tchinovnik spirit — or, as we
should say, red-tapeism in all its forms.
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 261.
red-tapist (red'ta'pist), ii. [< red tape + -int.]
1. A clerk in a public office. Quarterly Rev. —
2. One who adheres strictly to forms and rou-
tine in official or other business.
You seem a smart young fellow, but you must throw
over that stiff redtapixt of yours, and go with Public
Opinion and Myself. Bulwer, My Novel, x. 20. (Danes.)
In no country is the red-tapist so out of place as here
Every calling is filled with bold, keen, subtle-witted men,
fertile in expedients and devices, who are perpetually in-
venting new ways of buying cheaply, underselling, or
attracting custom.
W. Mathews, Getting on in the World, p. 99.
red-thighed (red'thid), «. Having or charac-
terized by red thighs.-Red-thlghed locust. See
locusti.
red-throated (red 'thro "ted), a. Having a
patch of red on the throat : as, the red-throated
diver, Colymbus or Urinator septentrional^.
red-thrush (red ' thrush), n. The redwing,
Turdus iliacus.
red-tipped (red'tipt), a. Having the wings
tipped with red: as, the red-tipped clearwing,
a British moth, Sexia formiceeformis,
redtop (red'top), n. A kind of bent-grass,
Agrostis vulgaris (A. alba, var. vulgariy). The
species is common throughout the northern parts of the
Old World, and is thoroughly naturalized in America. It
is marked to the eye by its large light panicle of minute
spikelets on delicate branches, which is of a reddish
hue. Other varieties, called Jiorin, white bent, etc., have a
whitish top and a longer ligule. Redtop, at least in the
United States, is a highly valued pasture grass, and is also
5024
sown for hay. It forms a fine turf, and is suitable for
lawns. Also called fine bent, finettip.rirass, and herd's-
grass. [U. S.] — False redtop, the fowl meadow-grass,
Poa serotina, which has somewhat the aspect of redtop. —
Northern or mountain redtop, Agrostis exarata, a spe-
cies found from Wisconsin to the Pacific, allied to the
common redtop, and giving promise of similar service in
its own range.— Tall redtop, a tall reddish wiry grass,
Triodia cuprea, found in the United States.
red-tubs (red'tubz), n. The sapphirine gur-
nard, Trigla hirundo. [Local, Eng.]
redubt (re-dub'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also re-
doub; < OF. redouber, redaubcr (also radauber,
radouber, F. radouber), repair, mend, fit, < re-,
again, + douber (adouber), mend, repair, etc. :
see rfwfii.] To repair or make reparation for;
make amends for; requite.
Whiche domage . . . neither with treasure lie with
powar can be redoubed.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, ii. 14.
I doubte not by Goddes grace so honestly to redubbe all
thynges that have been amys.
Ellis, Literary Letters, p. 4.
O Gods, redubbe them vengeaunce lust.
Phaer, ^Eneid, vi.
Whether they [monks] will conform themselves gladly,
for the redubbing of their former trespasses, to go to other
houses of their coat, where they shall be well received.
State Papers, I. 540, in R. W. Dixon's Hist Church of
[Eng., vii.. note.
redubbert (re-dub'er), n. [Also redubbor; <
OF. "redoubeur, radoubeur, one who mends or
repairs a ship, < redouber, radouber, mend : see
redub.] One who bought stolen cloth and so
altered it in color or fashion that it could not
be recognized.
reduce (re-dus'),».«.; pret. a nd pp. reduced, ppr.
reducing. [< ME. reducen, < OF. reducier, ver-
nacularly reduire, F. rcduire = Pr. reduzir, re-
duire= Cat. reduir = Sp. reducir = Pg. reduzir
= It. ridurre, < L. reducert, lead or bring back,
draw back, restore, replace, bring to a certain
condition, reduce, < re-, back, -f ducere, lead,
bring: see duct. Cf. reduct, reduit, redout^.']
If. To lead or bring back ; restore ; resolve to
a former state.
Therupon he reduced to their niemorle the battailes they
had fought. J. Brende, tr. of Qulntus Cnrtius, iv.
Ahiite the edge of traitors, gracious Lord,
That would reduce these bloody days again.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 5. 36.
A good man will go a little out of his road to reduce the
wandring traveller ; but if he will not return, it will be an
unreasonable compliance logo along with him to the end
of his wandring.
Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, II. ill. 19.
Mr. Cotton . . . did spend most of his time, both pub-
licly and privately, to discover . . . errors, and to reduce
such as were gone astray.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 304.
And 'cause I see the truth of his affliction,
Which may be your's, or mine, or any body's,
Whose passions are neglected, I will try
My best skill to reduce him.
Shirley, Hyde Park, v. 1.
It were but right
And equal to reduce me to my dust.
Milton, P. L., x. 748.
2. In surg., to restore to its proper place, or so
that the parts concerned are brought back to
their normal topographical relations: as, to re-
duce a dislocation, fracture, or hernia. — 3. To
bring to any specified state, condition, or form :
as, to reduce civil affairs to order; to reduce a
man to poverty or despair; to reduce glass to
powder; to reduce a theory to practice; to re-
duce a Latin phrase to English.
Being inspired with the holy spirite of God, they [the
72 Interpreters chosen by Eleazar out of each tribe] re-
duced out of Hebrue into Greeke all the partes of the
olde Testament.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 380.
Doe you then blame and flnde faulte with soe good an
Acte in that good pope as the reducing of such a greate
people to Christianitye? Spenser, State of Ireland.
He had beene a peace-maker to reduce such and such,
which were at oddes, to amitie.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 453.
Reduc'd to practice, his beloved rule
Would only prove him a consummate fool.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 139.
Holland was reduced to such a condition that peace was
her first necessity. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., p. 463.
4. In metal, and chem., to bring into the metal-
lic form; separate, as a metal, from the oxygen
or other mineralizer with which it may be com-
bined, or change from a higher to a lower de-
reducement
to reduce expenses; to redurr the quantity of
meat in diet ; to reduce the price of goods ; to
reduce the strength of spirit ; to reduce a figure
or design (to make a smaller copy of it without
changing the form or proportion).
He likes your house, your housemaid, and your pay ;
Reduce his wages, or get rid of her,
Tom quits you. Cowper, Truth, 1. 211.
7. To bring to an inferior condition ; weaken ;
impoverish; lower; degrade; impairin fortune,
dignity, or strength : as, the family were in re-
duced circumstances; the patient was much
reduced by hemorrhage.
Yet lo ! in me what authors have to brag on !
Reduced at last to hiss in my own dragon.
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 286.
The Chamber encroached upon the sovereign, thwarted
him, reduced him to a cypher, imprisoned him, and slew
him. W. R. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 93.
I dare say he was some poor musicianer, or singer, or a
reduced gentleman, perhaps, for he always came after
dusk, or else on bad, dark days.
Mauhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 331.
8. To subdue, as by force of arms ; bring into
subjection; render submissive: as, to reduce
mutineers to submission; Spain, Gaul, and
Britain were reduced by the Koman arms.
Charles marched northward at the head of a force suf-
ficient, as it seemed, to reduce the Covenanters to submis-
sion. Macaulay, Nugent's Hampden.
Montpensier was now closely besieged, till at length,
reduced by famine, he was compelled to capitulate.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 2.
The fortresses garrisoned by the French in Spain were
reduced ; but at what a prodigious expenditure of life was
this effected ! Encyc. Brit., IX. 467.
9. To bring into a class, order, genus, or spe-
cies; bring within certain limits of definition
or description.
I think it [analogy between words and reason) very
worthy to be reduced into a science by itself.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 236.
Zanchius reducetJi such infidels to four chief sects.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 598.
I shall . . . reduce these authors under then- respec-
tive classes. Addison, Of the Christian Religion, § i. 1.
The variations of languages are reduced to rules.
Johnson, Diet.
10. To show (a problem) to be merely a special
case of one already solved. — 11. To change
the denomination of (numbers) : as, to reduce a
number of shillings to farthings, or conversely
(see reduction («')); change the form of (an al-
gebraic expression) to one simpler or more con-
venient.— 12. To prove the conclusion of (an
indirect syllogism) from its premises by means
of direct syllogism and immediate inference
alone. — 13. To adjust (an observed quantity)
by subtracting from it effects due to the spe-
cial time and place of observation, especially,
in astronomy, by removing the effects of refrac-
tion, parallax, aberration, precession, and nu-
tation, changing a circummeridian to a me-
ridian altitude, and the like. — 14. In Scots
law, to set aside by an action at law ; re-
scind or annul by legal means: as, to reduce a
deed, writing, etc. — 15. Milit., to take off the
establishment and strike off the pay-roll, as a
regiment. When a regiment is reduced, the
officers are generally put upon half-pay Re-
duced eye, an ideal eye in which the two nodal points of
the refractive system are considered as united into one,
and also the two principal points : this simplifies the
mathematical treatment of certain problems. — Reduced
form of an Imaginary, the form r(cos * + i sin ,/>), first
used in 1828 by Canchy. — Reduced hub. See hub. 7.—
Reduced inertia of a machine. See inertia and ma-
chine.— Reduced Iron, metallic iron in a fine powder, ob-
tained by reducing ferric oxid by hydrogen at a dull-red
heat. Also called powder of iron, iron-powder, iron by hy-
drogen.—Reduced, latitude. Same as geocentric latitude
(which see, under latitude).— Reduced reaction-time.
See reaction-time. — Reducing flame, in blowpipe analy-
sis. Seejlame, 1.— Reducing square. See square.— To
reduce the square (milit.\ to bring back a battalion
which has been formed in a square to its former position
in line or column. Farrow.— To reduce to the ranks
< iin'lit.), to degrade, for misconduct, to the condition of a
private soldier. = Syn. 6. To lessen, decrease, abate, cur-
tail, shorten, abridge, contract, retrench.
reduceablet (re-du'sa-bl), a. [= OF. reduisa-
ble; as reduce + -able. Cf. reducible."} Same
as reducible.
They [young students] should be habituated to consider
every excellence as reduceable to principles.
Sir J. Reynolds, Discourses, I. viii.
Till they reduce the wrongs done to my father.
Marlowe.
6. To bring down; diminish in length, breadth,
thickness, size, quantity, value, or the like: as,
[= Sp. reduci-
• -ment.]
1. The act of reducing; a bringing back ; res-
toration.
This once select Nation of God . . . being ever since
incapable of any Coalition or Reducement. into one Body
politic. Ifinrrll, Letters, ii. 8.
a, reducer, connecting the pipe
of larger diameter t> with the pipe
of smaller diameter c.
reducement
By this we shall know whether yours be that ancient
Prelaty which you say was first constituted for the reduce-
ment of quiet and unanimity into the Church.
Milton, Church-Government, i. 6.
2. Reduction; abatement. •
After a little reducement of his passion, and that time
and further meditation had disposed his senses to their
perfect estate.
History of Patient Grisel, p. 40. (UaUiu'M.)
reducent (re-du'sent), a. and n. [< L. redu-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of reducere : see reduce.} I. a.
Tending to reduce.
II. H. That which reduces. Imp. Diet.
reducer (re-du'ser), n. 1. One who or that
which reduces, in any sense.
The last substances enumerated are those in general use
as reducers or developers in photography.
Stiver Sunbeam, p. 95.
An accumulator is indeed merely a chemical converter
which is unequalled as n pressure-rcdwcer.
Electric Ren. (Eng.), XXV. 583.
2. A joint-piece for connecting pipes of vary-
ing diameter. It may
be of any form, straight,
bent, etc. Also called
reducing-coupling .
reducibility (re-du-si-
bil'i-ti), n. [< reducible
+ -ity (see -bility).~\
Eeducibleness ; reduc-
tibility.
The theorem of the reducibility of the general problem
of transformation to the rational is, however, stated with-
out proof in this paper. Eitcyc. Brit., XIII. 70.
It was, however, quite evident, from . . . the history
and the complete reducibility of the tumour, that It must
be a pulmonary hernia. Lancet, No. S429, p. 1002.
reducible (re-du'si-bl), a. [< OF. reducible =
Sp. reducible = Pg. reduzivel = It. riditeibile; as
reduce + -ible. Of. reduceable.] Capable of be-
ing reduced; convertible.
In the new World they have a World of Drinks ; for there
is no Root, Flower, Fruit, or Pulse but is reducible to a
notable Liquor. Howell, Letters, ii. 54.
The line of its motion was neither straight nor yet re-
ducible to any curve or mixed line that I had met with
among mathematicians. Boyle, Works, III. 683.
I have never been the less satisfied that no cause reduci-
ble to the known laws of nature occasioned my sufferings.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 198.
Reducible circuit. See circuit.— Reducible hernia,
a hernia whose contents can be returned by pressure or
posture.
reducibleness (re-du'si-bl-nes), n. The quality
of being reducible.
The reduciMenesa of ice back again into water.
Boyle, Works, in. 60.
reducibly (re-du'si-bli), adv. In a reducible
manner.
reducine (re-du'sin), n. [< reduce + -inez.] A
decomposition product of urpchrome.
reducing-COUpling ( re - du ' sing -kup" ling), n.
Same as reducer, 2.
reducing-press (re-du'sing-pres), n. An aux-
iliary press used in sheet-metal work to com-
plete shapes that have been partially struck up.
reducing-scale (re-du'sing-skal), n. A form of
scale used by surveyors to reduce chains and
links to acres and roods by inspection, and also
in mapping and drawing to different scales ; a
surveying-scale.
reducing-T (re-du'sing-te), H. A T-shaped pipe-
coupling, having arms different from the stem
in diameter of opening. It is used to unite
pipes of different sections. Also written redu-
ciny-ti f.
reducing-valve (re-du'sing-valv), n. In steam-
engin., a peculiar 'valve controlled by forces
acting in opposite directions. The parts are so ar-
ranged that the valve opens to its extreme limit only when
the pressure on the delivery side is at a prescribed mini-
mum, closing the part in the valve-seat more or less when
this minimum is exceeded. The pressure on the delivery
side of the valve is thus kept from varying (except between
very narrow limits) from its predetermined pressure, al-
though the pressure on the opposite side may be variable,
and always higher than on the delivery side. Such valves
are much used for maintaining lower pressures in steam-
heating and -drying apparatus than is carried in the boiler.
They are also used in automatic air-brakes for railways
and in other pneumatic machines, and, in some forms, as
Kas-regulators for equalizing the pressure of gas delivered
to gas-burners, etc. Also called pressure-reducing valoe.
reductt (re-dukf), c. t. [< L. reducing, pp. of
reducere, lead or bring back: see reduce.'] To
reduce.
All the kynges host there beying assembled and reducte
into one eompanye. Hall, Edw. IV., an. 10.
Pray let mereduct sometwo or three shillingsfor points
and ribands.
B. Jonsoit, Every Man out of his Humour, iv. 5.
reduct (re-dukf), n. [< ML. reducing, a with-
drawing-place : see redout2.] In building, alit-
316
5025
tie piece or cut taken out of a part, member,
etc., to make it more uniform, or for any other
purpose; a quirk, (iieilt.
reductibility (re-duk-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. re-
iliirtibilitr; us reduct + -ibiliti/.] The quality
of being reducible ; reducibleness. Imp. Diet.
reductio ad abSurdum(re-duk'shi-6 ad ab-ser'-
dum). [L. : reductio, a leading, reduction ; ad,
to; absurdum, neut. of absitrdus, absurd: seeofc-
surd.] A reduction to an absurdity; the proof
of a proposition by proving the falsity of its
contradictory opposite : an indirect demonstra-
tion. In geometry the reductio ad absurdum consists in
drawing a figure whose parts are supposed to have certain
relations, and then showing that this leads to a conclusion
contrary to a known proposition, whence it follows that
the parts of the figure cannot have those relations. Thus,
in Euclid's "Elements" the proposition that if a triangle
has two angles equal the sides opposite those angles will
be equal is proved as follows. In the triangle ABC, let the
angles ABC and ACB be equal. Then, suppose AK to be
greater than AC. Lay off BD = AC and join
DC. Then, comparing the two triangles ACB
and 1>BC, we have in the former the sides AC
and BC and their included angle ACB equal
iu the latter to the sides DB and CB and their
included angle DEC. Hence, these two tri-
angles would be equal, or the part would be
equal to the whole. This proof is a reductio
ad absurdum. This kind of reasoning is con-
sidered somewhat objectionable as not show-
ing the principle from which the proposi- B
tion Hows; but it is a perfectly conclusive
mode of proof, and, in fact, is in all cases readily converted
into a direct proof. Thus, in the above example, we have
only to compare the triangle ABC with itself, considering
it as two triangles according as the angle B is named be-
fore C or vice versa. In the triangle ABC the angles B and
C with the included side BC are respectively equal in the
triangle ACB to the angles C and B with the included Bide
CB ; hence the other parts of the triangles are equal, and
the side AC opposite the first angle B in the first triangle
is equal to the side AB opposite the first angle C in the
second triangle.
reduction (re-duk'shon), «. [< OF. reduction,
F. reduction = Pr. reductio = Sp. reduccion =
Pg. reducqffo = It. ridueione, < L. reductio(n-),
a leading or bringing back, a restoring, restora-
tion, < reducere, lead or bring back: see reduce,
reduct.'] The act of reducing, or the state of
being reduced, (at) The act of bringing back or re-
storing.
For reduction of your majesty's realm of Ireland to the
unity of the Church. Bp. Burnet, Records, II. ii.
(6) Conversion into another state or form : as, the reduc-
tion of a body to powder ; the reduclionot things to order.
(c) Diminution : as, the reduction of the expenses of gov-
ernment ; the reduction of the national debt ; a reduc-
tion of 25 per cent, made to wholesale buyers.
Let him therefore first make the proper reduction in
the account, and then see what it amounts to.
Waterland, Works, VI. 186.
(d) Conquest ; subjugation : as, the reduction of a prov-
ince under the power of a foreign nation ; the reduction
of a fortress. («) A settlement or parish of South Amer-
ican Indians converted and trained by the Jesuits.
Governing and civilizing the natives of Brazil and Par-
aguay in the missions and reductions, or ministering, at
the hourly risk of his life, to his coreligionists in England
under Elizabeth and James I., the Jesuit appears alike
devoted, indefatigable, cheerful, and worthy of hearty ad-
miration and respect. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 649.
The Indians [under the Jesuits in Paraguay] were gath-
ered into towns or communal villages called bourgaden
or reductions, where they were taught the common arts,
agriculture, and the practice of rearing cattle.
Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, 8th ser., IV. 32.
(/) The bringing of a problem to depend on a problem
already solved. (17) The transformation of an algebraic
expression into another of a simpler kind. (A) The low-
ering of the values of the numerator and denominator of
a fraction, or of the antecedent and consequent of a ratio,
by dividing both by the same quantity, (t) The conver-
sion of a quantity expressed in termsof one denomination
so as to express it in terms of another denomination. As-
cending reduction is conversion to terms of larger units ;
descending reduction, conversion to terms of smaller units.
( f) The proof of the conclusion of an indirect syllogism
from its premises by means of a direct syllogism and im-
mediate inferences. This is said to be a reduction to the
redundant
Baroco.
All M is P.
Some S is not P.
Ergo, Some S is not M.
Reductio per impossibile.
All M is P.
All S is it.
Ergo, All S is P.
Chasles-Zeuthen reduction, a method of finding how
many figures fulfil certain conditions, by the considera-
tion of degenerate figures composed of simpler figures
with lower constants. Thus, in this way we readily find
that the number of conies touching five given conies in
a plane is 3,264.— Iron-reduction process. See pro-
cess.— Long reduction, in logic, a reduction in which the
major premise of the original syllogism becomes the minor
premise, and vice versa, and in which one of the premises
and the conclusion are converted. Example:
Long Reduction.
No P is S.
All SI is P.
Ergo, No M is 8.
mode of direct syllogism employed. (*) A direct syllogism
proving, by means of conversions and other immediate
inferences, that the conclusion of an indirect syllogism
follows from its premises. (I) The act or process of
making a copy of a figure, map, design, draft, etc., on a
smaller scale, preserving the original proportions; also,
the result of this process, (m) In surg., the operation of
restoring a dislocated or fractured bone to its former
place. (71) Separation of a metal from substances com-
bined with it: used especially with reference to lead,
zinc, and copper, and also applied to the treatment of iron
ore, as when steel is made from it by a direct process,
(o) In astron., the correction of observed quantities for
instrumental errors, as well as for refraction, parallax,
aberration, precession, and nutation, so as to bring out
their cosmical significance. A similar process is applied
to observations in other physical sciences, (p) In Scots
law, an action for setting aside a deed, writing, etc.—
Apagogical reduction, in logic, a reduction in which
the contradictory of the conclusion becomes one of the
premises, and the contradictory of one of the premises
the conclusion. Apagogical reduction is an application
of the reductio ad absurdum, and is also called reductio
per impossibile. Example:
Camestres.
All M is P.
No S is P.
Ergo, No S is M.
Ostensive reduction, that reduction which has for its
premises the original premises or their conversions, and
for its conclusion the original conclusion or its converse.
—Reduction and reduction-improbation.in Scots law,
the designations given to the two varieties of rescissory
actions. See improbation, 2. — Reduction reductive, an
action in which a decree of reduction which has been erro-
neously or improperly obtained is sought to be reduced.
—Reduction to the ecliptic, the difference between
the anomaly of a planet reckoned from its node and the
longitude reckoned from the same point. — Short reduc-
tion, in logic, a reduction which differs from the original
syllogism only in having one of its premises converted.
The following is an example :
Cesare. Short Reduction.
No 51 is P. No P is M.
All S Is P. All S is P.
Ergo, No S is II. Ergo, No S is M.
= Syn. (c) Lessening, decrease, abatement, curtailment,
abridgment, contraction, retrenchment.
reduction-compasses (re-duk'shon-kurn"pas-
ez), n. pi. Proportional dividers, or whole-and-
half dividers.
reduction-formula (re-duk'shon-f6r"mu-la), n.
In the integral calculus, a formula depending on
integration by parts, reducing an integral to
another nearer to one of the standard forms.
reduction-works (re-dnk'shpn-werks), n. sing.
&uApl. A metallurgical establishment ; smelt-
ing-works.
reductive (re-duk'tiv), a. and w. [= F. rdduc-
tif = Sp. Pg'. reductii-o = It. riduttivo, < L. re-
ductus, pp. of reducere, lead or bring back: see
reduct, reduce.] I. a. Having the property,
power, or effect of reducing ; tending to reduce .
Inquire into the repentance of thy former life particu-
larly ; whether it were of a great and perfect grief, and
productive of fixed resolutions of holy living, and reduc-
tive of these to act. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iv. 6.
Reduction reductive. See reduction.— Reductive
conversion, in logic, a conversion of a proposition in
which there is some modification of the subject or predi-
cate : as, no man is a mother, therefore no mother is some
man. See conversion, 2. — Reductive principle, a prin-
ciple by which an indirect syllogism is reduced to a direct
mood. The reductive principles were said to be conver-
sion, transposition, and reductio per impossibile.
II. «. That which has the power of reducing.
So that it should seem there needed no other reductive
of the numbers of men to an equability than the wars
that have happened in the world.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 215.
reductively (re-duk'tiv-li), adv. By reduction ;
by consequence.
Love.and simplicity, and humility,and usefulness: . . .
I think these do reductively contain all that is excellent
in the whole conjugation of Christian graces.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 44.
reduitt, «. See redout2.
redundance (re-dun 'dans), n. [< OF. redon-
dance, F. rcdondance, rddondancc = Sp. Pg. re-
dundancia == It. ridondanza, < L. redundantia,
an overflow, superfluity, excess, < redunda»(t-)s,
redundant: see redundant.] 1. The character
of being redundant; superfluity; superabun-
dance.
He is a poor unwieldy wretch that commits faults out
of the redundance of his good qualities.
Steele, Taller, No. 27.
2. That which is redundant or in excess; any-
thing superfluous.
redundancy (re-dun'dan-si), «. [As redundance
(see -cy).] Same as redundance.
The mere
Redundancy of youth's contentedness.
Wordsworth, Prelude, vi.
= Syn. Verbosity, Tautology, etc. (see pleonasm) ', surplus-
age.
redundant (re-dun'daut), a. [<OF. rcdoudant,
F. redundant, redondant = Sp. Pg. redundante
= It. ridondante, < L. redundan(t-)s, ppr. of re-
dinidare, overflow, redound: see redound.] If.
Rolling or flowing back, as a wave or surge.
On his rear,
Circular base of rising folds, that tower'd
Fold above fold, a surging maze ! his head , . .
Amidst his circling spires, that on the grass
Floated redundant. MHlun, P. L., ix. 503.
redundant
2. Superfluous ; exceeding what is natural or
necessary; superabundant; exuberant.
Notwithstanding the redundant oil In fishes, they do not
increase fat so much as flesh. Arbuthnot, Aliments, iv. 1.
With foliage of such dark redundant growth.
Cowper, Task, i. 226.
A farmer's daughter, with redundant health.
Crabbe, Works, VIII. 216.
3. Using or containing more words or images
than are necessary or useful: as, a redundant
style.
Where the author is redundant, mark those paragraphs
to be retrenched. Watts.
Redundant chord or Interval, in music, same as aug-
mented chard or internal — that is, one greater by a half -step
than the corresponding major chord or interval. Also
pluperfect, extreme, superfluous chord or interval. So re-
dundant fourth, fifth, sixth, etc.— Redundant hyper-
bola, a curve having three or more asymptotes.— Re-
dundant number, a number the sum of whose divisors
exceeds the number itself.
redundantly ( re-dun 'dant-li), adv. In a redun-
dant manner; with superfluity or excess; su-
perfluously; superabundantly.
red-underwing (red'un'der-wing), n. A large
British moth, Catoeala nupta, expanding three
inches, having the under wings red bordered
with black. See undenting.
reduplicate (re-du'pli-kat), v. [< ML. (LL. in
derived noun) reduplicatus, pp. of reduplicare
(> It. reduplicare = Sp. Pg. reduplicar), redou-
ble, < L. re-, again, + duplicare, double, dupli-
cate: see duplicate. Cf. redouble.] I. trans.
1 . To double again ; multiply ; repeat.
That reduplicated advice of our Saviour.
Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, xii.
Then followed that ringing and reduplicated laugh of
his, so like the joyous bark of a dog when he starts for a
ramble with his master.
Lowett, The Century, XXXV. 514.
2. In pMlol.,to repeat, as a syllable or the in-
itial part of a syllable (usually a root-syllable).
See reduplication.
II. intratts. In philol., to be doubled or re-
peated; undergo reduplication : as, reduplicat-
ing verbs.
reduplicate (re-du'pli-kat), a. [= F. reduplique
= Sp. Pg. reduplicado = it. reduplicate, < ML. re-
duplicatus, pp. : see the verb.] 1. Redoubled;
repeated ; reduplicative.
Reduplicate words are formed of repetitions of sound, as
in murmur, singsong. S. S. Haldeman, Etymology, p. 23.
2. In l)Ot.: (a) Valvate, with the edges folded
back so as to project outward: said of petals
and sepals in one form of estivation. (6) De-
scribing an estivation so characterized. Also
reduplicative.
reduplication (re-du-pli-ka'shon), n. [= F. re-
duplication = Sp. reduplicacion = Pg. redupli-
cacao = It. reduplicazione, < L. reduplicatio(u-),
< (ML.) reduplicare, redouble, reduplicate : see
reduplicate.] 1. The act of reduplicating, re-
doubling, or repeating, or the state of being
reduplicated.
Jesus, by reduplication of his desire, fortifying it with a
command, made it in the Baptist to become a duty.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I. 97.
The memory-train is liable to change in two respects,
which considerably modify its structure: viz., (1) through
the evanescence of some parts, and (2) through the partial
recurrence of like impressions, which produces reduplica-
tions of varying amount and extent in other parts.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 61.
2. In rhet., a figure in which a verse ends with
the same word with which the following begins.
— 3. In philol. : (a) The repetition of a sylla-
ble (usually a root-syllable), or of the initial
part, often with more or less modification, in
various processes of word-f ormation and inflec-
tion. In our languages, it is especially the perfect tense
that exhibits reduplication : thus, Gothic haihald, Latin
cecini, Greek ir«/>evya, Sanskrit babhara ; but also the pres-
ent tense: thus, Latin «i«to, Greek SuSojfii, Sanskrit dadami,
etc.; and elsewhere, (6) The new syllable formed
by reduplication. — 4. In logic, an expression
affixed to the subject of a proposition, showing
the formal cause of its possession of the predi-
cate: as, "man, as an animal, has a stomach,"
where the expression "as an animal" is the re-
duplication.— 5. In anat. and rod?., a folding
of a part ; a folded part ; a fold or duplication,
as of a membrane, of the skin, etc. Also re-
dnplicalure.— Attic reduplication, in Or. gram., re-
duplication in the perfect of some verbs beginning with
o, e, o, by prefixing the first two letters of the stem to the
same letters with temporal augment: as iAijJUin from
aAei'<frw, aicriKoa from OLKOIHO. A similar reduplication is
found in the second aorist (vyayov from aycu) and in the
present (apoptmw). This reduplication did not especially
characterize the Attic as distinguished from contemporary
dialects, but was called Attic by late grammarians as op-
posed to the less classic form used in their own days.
5026
Sinea diadema, one
of the Rtdtfltiidae.
( Line shows natural
size. )
reduplicative (re-du'pli-ka-tiv), a. [< F. re-
iln)ilicatif= Sp. Pg. redupllcativo = It. redupli-
cative, < NL. reditjilirtttirttH, < ML. reduplicare,
reduplicate: see reduplicate.] 1. Containing
or effecting reduplication, in any sense.
Some logicians refer reditplicatiee propositions to this
place, as '• Men, considered as men, are lational creatures "
— that is, because they are men. Watts, Logic, ii. 2.
2. In hot., same as reduplicate, 2.
reduplicature (re-du'pli-ka-tur), n. [< redu-
plicate + -lire.'] Same as reduplication, 5.
[Bare.]
The body [in Phyttopoda] Is either cylindrically elon-
gated and clearly segmented, without free reduplicature of
the skin, e. g. Branchipus, or it may be covered by a broad
and flattened shield. Claus, Zoology (trans.), p. 416.
Reduviidse (red-u-vi'i-de), n. pi. [NL. (Ste-
phens, 1829), < Reduvius + -idee.] An important
family of predaceous bugs,
named from the genus Redu-
vius. They have the thoracic seg-
ments concentrated, the coxse short,
two ocelli, four-jointed antennee, a
three-jointed rostrum, three-jointed
tarsi, and long strong legs, of which
the anterior are sometimes prehen-
sile. It is a large and wide-spread
family, containing a great variety of
forms grouped into nine subfamilies
and many genera. Throughout their
life they are predaceous and feed on
other insects. A very few species,
like Cimorhimts sanyuisugus, suck the
blood of warm-blooded animals. See
also cuts under Conorhinus, Harpac-
tar, firatei, and Reduvius.
reduyioid (re-du'vi-oid), a. and n. [< Reduvius
+ -aid.] I. 'a. Of or pertaining to the Redu-
riidte ; resembling a reduviid.
II. n. A member of the family Reduriidee.
Beduvius (re-du'vi-us), n. [N*L. (Fabricius,
1776), < L. r'edm-ia, a hangnail.] A genus of
heteropterous in-
sects, typical of the
family Reduriidte,
formerly of very
large extent, but
now restricted to
species which have
the postocular sec-
tion of the head
longer than the an-
. teocular section,
fi.tly ( parts of rieht side removed); c, and the first joint
of the head scarce-
ly shorter than the second. About 60 species are
now included, most of them African. A few are Euro-
pean, and one only is found in America. R. persoiialui
is a European species, an inch long, known as the fly-buy,
of a dark-brown color with reddish legs,
redux (re'duks), a. [L., that leads or brings
back, also led or brought back, < reducere, lead or
bring back: see reduce.] 1. Led or brought
back, as from a distance, from captivity, etc.:
as, "Astraaa Redux" (the title of a poem by
Dryden on the restoration and return of
Charles II.).
Lady Laura Standish is the best character In " Phineas
nn " and its sequel "Phineas Redux."
Trollope, Autobiog., xvii.
2. In med., noting the return of certain physi-
cal signs, after their disappearance in conse-
quence of disease.
redware (red'war), n. A seaweed, Laminaria
diaitata, the common tangle.
red-Wat (red' wot'), a. [< red* + wat, a So. form
of wet : see wet.] Wetted by something red, as
blood. [Scoteh.]
The hand of her kindred has been red-wot in the heart's
blude o' my name ; but my heart says, Let byganes be by-
ganes. Blackwood's Mag., VII. 384.
redwater (red'wa/ter), n. A disease of cattle,
also called Jiemoglobinuria, or hemogloMnemia,
because the coloring matter (hemoglobin) of
the red blood-corpuscles which have been
broken up in the system appears in the urine,
and imparts to it a pale-red or a dark-red, port-
wine color. The disease prevails in various countries
in undrained, unimproved meadows and in woods, whence
it is also called wood-evil. According to some, it Is caused
by the ingestion of food growing in such localities ; others
attribute it to rheumatic attacks, resulting from exposure.
Redwater is also a prominent symptom of Texas cattle-
fever, and occasionally accompanies anthrax in cattle. It
is rarely observed among sheep and swine.
red-water tree (red'wa/ter tre). The sassy-
bark tree. See Erythrophloeum.
redweed (red 'wed), n. 1. The corn-poppy,
Papaver Rlusas, whose red petals have been
used as a dye. Also applied locally to various
reddish-stemmed plants. [Eng.] — 2. A spe-
cies of Phytolacca, orpokeweed. [West Indies.]
reech
red-whelk (red'hwelk), H. A whelk, Chrysodo-
mus antiques. See cut under reversed. [Local.
Eng.]
red-whiskered (red'hwis"kerd), a. Having red
wniskers: applied in ornithology to several
birds: as, the red-whiskered bulbul, Otocompsa
jocosa of India.
redwing (red 'wing), n. 1. The red-winged
thrush of Europe, Turd us iliacus. — 2. The red-
winged marsh-blackbird of America, Agelseus
plueniceus. See Agelseus and blackbird.
red- winged (red' wingd), a. Having red wings,
or red on the wings.
red-withe (red'with), n. A high-climbing vine
of tropical America, Combretiim Jacqiiiui.
[West Indies.]
redwood (red'wud), «. 1. The most valuable of
Californian timber-trees, Sequoia sempen-irens,
or its wood. It occupies the Coast ranges, where ex-
posed to ocean fogs, from the northern limit of the State
to the southern borders of Monterey county, but is most
abundant north of San Francisco. It is the only congener
of the famous big or mammoth tree, which it almost rivals
in size. It grows commonly from 200 to 800 feet high, with
a straight cylindrical trunk, naked to the height of 70 or
Finn'
Branch with Cones of Redwood (Sequoia sempervireMS).
a, a cone ; /', a seed.
100 feet; the diameter is from 8 to 12 feet. The bark Is from
6 to 12 inches thick, of a bright cinnamon color ; the wood
is of a rich brownish red, light, straight-grained, easily
worked and taking a fine finish, and very durable fn con-
tact with the soil. It is the prevailing and most valuable
building-timber of the Pacific coast; in California it is
used almost exclusively for shingles, fence-posts, railway-
ties, telegraph-poles, wine-butts, etc.
2. The name is also applied to various other
trees. Thus, the East Indian redwoods are Soymidafeb-
rtfuffa, also called Eazt Indian mahogany ; Pterocarpus
santalinus, the red sandalwood (see mndaheond) ; and P.
Jndicug (including P. dalbergirrideg^, the Andaman red-
wood, or padouk. The last is a lofty tree of India, Burma,
the Andaman Islands, etc., with the heart-wood dark-red,
close-grained, and moderately hard, used to make furni-
ture, gun-carriages, carts, and for many other purposes.
Other trees called redwood are Contus mas, of Turkey ;
Ilhamnus Erythroxylon, the Siberian buckthorn ; JMelhania
Erythroxylon of the Sterculiacese. an almost extinct tree of
St. Helena ; the Jamaican Laplacea (Gordonia) Hsematoxy-
lon of the Ternstroymiacese ; Colubrinafemtyinosa, a rham*
naceous tree of the Bahamas: Ochna arborea of the Cape
of Good Hope ; Ceanothus spinosus, a shrub or small tree
of southern California ; and any tree of the genus Ery-
throxylon. Redwood is also a local name of the Scotch
pine. Seepinei.
red-wood (red'wud), a. [Also red-mud; < red*
intensive (cf. red-mad, etc.) + wood2, mad:
see wood2.] Stark mad. [Scotch.]
An' now she 's like to rin red-wud
About her Whisky.
Burns, Prayer to the Scotch Representatives.
fee1 (re), v. t. [Also rie; supposed to be a dial,
reduction of riddle^.] To riddle; sift; sepa-
rate or throw off. [Prov. Eng.]
After malt Is well rubbed and winnowed, you must then
ree it over in a sieve. Mortimer, Husbandry.
ree2 (re), a. [< ME. 'ree, reh,< AS. liredli, lirioli,
contr. Iire6, fierce, wild, stormy, troubled, = OS.
fere, wild.] 1 . Wild ; outrageous ; crazy. [Prov.
Eng.]— 2. Half-drunk; tipsy. [Prov. Eng.]
ree2 (re), n. [Cf. ree%, a.] A state of tempo-
rary delirium. [Prov. Eng.]
ree3 (re), n. [Origin obscure.] A river; a
flood. [Prov. Eng.]
ree* (re), interj. A reduction (as an exclamation)
of reet, dialectal form of right: used in driving
horses.
reebok (ra'bok), n. [< D. reebok = E. roebuck:
see roebuck.] A South African antelope, Pelea
capreola: so called by the Dutch colonists. The
horns are smooth, long, straight, and slender, and so sharp
at the point that the Hottentots and Bushmen use them
for needles and bodkins. The reebok is nearly 5 feet in
length . 2i feet high at the shoulder, of a slighter and more
graceful form than most other antelopes, and extremely
swift. Also reh-bok and rheebok.
reecht, »• [< ME. recite, recch, an assibilated
form of reek, smoke : see reek1.] Smoke.
Such a rothun of a reche ros.
Alliterative Pnem.t (E. E. T. S.), ii. 1009.
reechilyt, adv.
squalidly.
reechily
[< reechy + -ly'2.]
Smokily;
And wash his face, he lookt so reechilie.
Like Imcon hanging on the chimnie roofe.
D. Belchier, See me and See me not, sig. C. 2 b. (Xares.)
reecho (re-ek'6), v. [Early mod. E. re-eccho; <
re- + echo.'] I. intrans. To echo back; sound
back or reverberate again.
A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw ; . . .
And the high dome re-echoes to his nose.
Pope, B. of the L., v. 8«.
II. trans. To echo back; return; send back;
repeat; reverberate again: as, the hills reecho
the roar of cannon.
The consecrated roof
Re-echoing pious anthems ! Coioper, Task, 1. 343.
reecho (re-ek'6), n. [< reecho, !>.] The echo of
an echo ; a second or repeated echo.
The hills and vallies here and there resound
With the re-echoes of the deepe-mouth'd hound.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 4.
reechyt (re'chi), a. [An assibilated form of
reeky.'] Tarnished with smoke; sooty; foul;
squalid: filthy.
The kitchen malkin pins
Her richest lockram 'bout her reechy neck.
Shak., Cor., ii. 1. 225.
reed1 (red), «. [< ME. reed, red, read, irreg.
relied, reheed, < AS. hredd = OD. ried, D. riet
= MLG. ret, LG.
ried=OHG.hriot,
riot, MHG. riet,
G. ried, riet, a
reed ; root un-
known.] 1. Any
tall broad-leafed
grass growing on
the margins of
streams or in oth-
er wet places ;
especially, any
grass of one of the
genera Phragmi-
tes, Arundo, or
Ammophila. The
common reed is
Phragmites cominu-
nis, a stately grass
from 6 to 12 feet
high, found in near-
ly all parts of the
world. It serves by
its creeping root-
stocks to fix alluvial
banks ; its stems
form perhaps the
most durable thatch,
and are otherwise
useful ; and it is
planted for orna-
ment. See the generic names, and phrases below. Com-
pare reed-yraa.
He lleth under the shady trees, In the covert of the reed,
and fens. Job xl. 21.
We glided winding under ranks
Of iris, and the golden reed.
Tennyson, In Uemoriam, ciii.
2. Some one of other more or less similar
plants. See phrases below. — 3. A musical pipe
of reed or cane, having a mouthpiece made
by slitting the tube near a joint, and usually
several finger-holes; a rustic or pastoral pipe;
hence, figuratively, pastoral poetry. See cut
underripe1.
Ill . . . speak between the change of man and boy
With a reed voice. Shak., M. of V., iii. 4. 67.
Sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops.
Milton, Comus, L 346.
Now she tries the Reed, anon attempts the Lyre.
Congreve, Epistle to Lord Halifax.
4. In music : (a) In musical instruments of the
oboe and clarinet classes, and in all kinds of
organs, a thin elastic plate or tongue of reed,
wood, or metal, so fitted to an opening into
a pipe as nearly to close it, and so arranged
that, when a current of air is directed through
the opening, the reed is drawn into or driven
against it so as to close it, but immediately
springs back by its own elasticity, only to be
pressed forward again by the air, thus produ-
cingatone, either directly by its own vibrations
or indirectly by the sympathetic vibrations of
the column of air in the pipe. When the reed is of
metal, the pitch of the tone depends chiefly on its size ; but
when of reed or cane, it may be so combined with a tube
that the pitch shall depend chiefly on the size of the air-
column. A free reed is one that vibrates in the opening
without touching its edges ; a beating or striking reed is one
that extends slightly beyond the opening. In orchestral
instruments, the wood wind group includes several reed-
instruments, which have either double reeds (two wooden
reeds which strike against each other, as in the oboe the
bassoon, the English horn, etc.), or a single reed (a wooden
reed striking against an opening in a wooden mouthpiece
or beak, as in the clarinet, the basset-horn, etc.). A pipe-
Common Re<ul(Plirafmitescommunis).
i, flowering plant ; 2, the panicle ;
a, a spikelet.
5027
organ usually contains one or more sets of reed-pipes, the
tongues of which are nearly always striking reeds of brass.
(See reed-pipe.) A reeil-organ is properly a collection of
several sets of reeds, the tongues of which are free reeds
of brass, (deereed-oryan.) In the brass wind group of in-
struments, with but few exceptions, the tone is produced
by the player's lips acting as free membranous reeds witliin
the cup of the mouthpiece. The mechanism of the hu-
man voice, also, is essentially a reed-instrument, the vocal
cords being simply free membranous reeds which may be
stretched within the tube of the larynx. The quality of the
tone produced by a reed varies indefinitely, according to
the material and character of the reed itself, the method in
which it is set in vibration, and especially the arrangement
of the tube or cavity with
which it is connected. The
accompanying llg. 1 shows
the construction of an organ-
reed: a is the reed-block,
which in use is inserted in
its proper slot in the reed-
board ; b, the metal tongue,
which is set in sonorous vi-
bration when air is forced
through the opening c. Fig.
•2 shows the mouthpiece of
a clarinet, in which a Is the
reed, held to the body of
the mouthpiece by the split-
bands b, which are drawn
tight by the screws c. Air entering between the reed
and the margin of an opening which it covers causes it to
produce a musical tone, the pitch of which is varied part-
ly by the position of the mouthpiece in the mouth and
partly by the action of the keys. Fig. 3 shows the mouth-
piece of an oboe, and similar reeds are used for bassoons
and bagpipes. The reed is made of two counterparts of
the same shape bound together by the thread a. The
lower and middle parts of the mouthpiece are circular In
cross-section, but the upper part c, the reed proper, is flat-
tened. Air forced through this opening causes the reed
to emit a harsh tone, which is softened in quality by the
tube of the instrument, (ft) Jn reed-instruments
of the oboe class, and in both pipe- and reed-
organs, the entire mechanism immediately sur-
rounding the reed proper, consisting of the
tube or box the opening or eschallot of which
the reed itself covers or fills, together with
any other attachments, like the tuning-wire of
reed-pipes. (See reed-organ and reed-pipe.) In
the clarinet the analogous part is called the
beak or mouthpiece, (c) Any reed-instrument
as a whole, like an oboe or a clarinet: as, the
reeds of an orchestra, (d) In organ-building,
same as reed-stop. — 5. A missile weapon; an
arrow or a javelin : used poetically.
reediness
tity, and thus produce a greater uniformity of texture.
— Great reed, a reed of the genus Arundo, especially
Arundo Donax.— Harmonic reed. See harmonic.— In-
dian reed, the canna or Indian-shot.— New Zealand
reed, a tine ornamental grass, Arundo coiispicua, bloom-
ing earlier than pampas-grass. — Number of the reed,
set Of the reed, in uvanny. See numbrr.— Paper reed
8ee paper-reed.— Reed bent. .See bent*.— Reed bent-
grass. Same as small reed (which see, below).— Reed
meadow-grass. See meadow-grass.— Reed of hemp.
Same as boun.— Sea-reed, or sea-Sand reed, the marram
or mat-grass, Ammophila aruntlinacea. — Small reed, any
species of Calamagrostis or of Deyeuxia, including the use-
ful blue-joint grass.— Trumpet-reed, Arundo occiden-
talis, of tropical America (West Indies).— Wood-reed,
Writing-reed, Calamagrostis Epigeios, of the northern
parts of the Old World.
reed1 (red), v. t. [< ME. reden; < rmfl, «.] 1.
To thatch. Compare reed1, n., 6.
Where houses be reetled,
Now pare of the moss, and go beat in the reed.
Tusser, Husbandry.
2. In carp., arch., etc., to fashion into, or deco-
rate with, reeds or reeding.
reed2t, a. An obsolete form of red1 (still ex-
tant in the surname Heed).
reed3t, v. and ». An obsolete form of read1.
reedbeeret, «• [< reed1 + beer as inpUloic-beer,
etc.] A bed of reeds.
A place where reedes grow : a reedebeere.
Nomenclator. (Nures.)
reed-bird (red'berd), n. 1. The bobolink, Do-
lichonyx oryzmorm: so called in the late sum-
mer and early fall months, when the male
has exchanged, his black-and-buff dress for a
plain yellowish streaked plumage like that of
the female, and when it throngs the marshes
in great flocks, becomes very fat, and is highly
esteemed for the table. The name reed-bird obtains
chiefly in the Middle States, where the birds haunt the
fields of water-oats or wild rice (Zizania aqvatica) ; fur-
Indies, and is also called ortolan. See bobolink, Doli-
chonyx, ortolan,
2. A reed- warbler.
reedbuck (red'buk), n. [Tr. D. rietbok.~] A
name of several kinds of aquatic African an-
telopes; specifically, Eleotragus arundinacem.
Also rietbok.
reed-bunting (red'bun'ting), n. The black-
headed bunting, Emberiza schceniclus. it Is a
J, 8t 8.
The viewless arrows of his thoughts were headed
And wlng'd with flame,
Like Indian reeds blown from his silver tongue.
Tennyson, The Poet.
6. Eeeds or straw prepared for thatching;
thatch : a general term : as, a bundle of reed. —
7. A long slender elastic rod of whalebone, ra-
tan, or steel, of which several are inserted in a
woman's skirt to expand or stiffen it.— 8. In
mining, any hollow plant-stem which can be
filled with powder and put into the cavity left
by the withdrawal of the needle, to set off the
charge at the bottom. Such devices are nearly
or entirely superseded by the safety-fuse. Also
called spire. — 9. An instrument used for press-
ing down the threads of the woof in tapestry,
so as to keep the surface well together.— 10. A
weavers' instrument for separating the threads
of the warp, and for beating the weft up to the
web. It is made of parallel slips of metal or reed,
called dents, which resemble the teeth of a comb. The
dents are fixed at their ends into two parallel pieces of
wood set a few inches apart.
The reed for weaving the same is measured in an equally
complex manner, for the unit of length is 37 inches, and
according to the number of hundreds of dents or splits
it contains, so is the reed called. For instance, a " four-
teen-hundred reed " means that 37 inches of a reed of that
number, no matter what length, contains 1400 dents, or
about 38 per inch. A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 329.
11. In her., a bearing representing a weavers'
reed. See slay1*.— 12. A Hebrew and Assyrian
unit of length, equal to 6 cubits, generally taken
as being from 124 to 130 inches.
A measuring reed of six cubits long, of a cubit and a
handbreadth each. Ezek. xl. 6.
13. Same as rennet-bag. W. B. Carpenter. — 14.
In arch., carp., etc., a small convex molding;
in the plural, same as reeding, 2.
The thret pillars [of the temple] which stand together
are fluted ; and the lower part, tilled with cablins of reeds,
is of one stone, and the upper part of another.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 169.
Canary reed, the reed canary-grass. See Pfialaris.—
Dutch reeds, in the arts, the stems of several kinds of
horsetail or scouring-rush (Equisaum)nsed, on account of
-,
reed of a fly-shuttle loom, provided with springs which
limit the force with which the reed strikes the weft-
thread to a constant or very nearly a constant quail-
+ -e«2.]
or reeds ; made of reeds.
Through reeden pipes convey the golden flood,
1" invite the people [bees] to their wonted food.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv. 386.
reeder (re'der), u. [< ME. *redere, redare; <
reed1 + -eri.] 1. One who thatches with reeds ;
a thatcher. Prompt. Parr., p. 426. — 2. A
thatched frame covering blocks or tiles of dried
china-clay, to protect them from the rain while
permitting free ventilation.
A number of thatched gates or reeders.
Spans' Encyc. Sfamuf., I. 637.
reed-goundt, n. See redgound.
reed-grass (red'gras), «. [= D. rietgras = G.
riet- (ried-) gras ; as reed1 + grass.] If. The
bur-reed, Sparganimn ramosum. — 2. Any one
of the grasses called reeds, and of some oth-
ers, commonly smaller, of similar habit. See
phrases — Salt reed-grass. Spartina polystachya, a
tall stout salt-marsh grass with a dense oblong purplish
raceme, found along the Atlantic coast of the United
States.— Small reed-grass. Same as small reed (which
see, under reedi).— Wood reed-grass, either of the two
species of Cinna, C. anindinacea and C. pendula, northern
grasses in America, the latter also in Europe. They are
graceful sweet-scented woodland grasses, apparently of
no great value.
reedificationt (re-ed^i-fi-ka'shon), n. [== OF.
reedification, F. reedification = Sp. reedificacion
= Pg. reedificacSo = It. riedijicazione; as re- +
edification.] The act or operation of rebuild-
ing, or the state of being rebuilt.
The toun was compellid to help to the Reedificatian of it,
Leland, Itinerary (1789), III. 11.
reediftrt (re-ed'i-fi), v. t. [Early mod. E. also
rcsedify; mE.redifyen; <OF.reedifier,F.reedi-
fler = Sp. Pg. reedificar = It. riedificare, < LL.
retedificare, build again, rebuild, < L. re-, again,
+ sedificare, build: see edify."] To rebuild;
build again after destruction.
The ruin'd wals he did readifye.
Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 46.
Return'd from Babylon by leave of kings
Their lords, whom God disposed, the house of God
They first re-edify. Milton, P. L., xii. 350.
reediness (re'di-nes), n. The state or property
of being reedy, in any sense.
It [the Liszt organ] possesses great freedom from reedi-
nessin sound. Sci. Amer., N. S., LVIII. 402.
readiness
The greater number of these tests are to detect recdi-
ness, lamination, or looseness in the flbrous structure of
the iron, these defects occurring more frequently in an-
gle, T, and beam irons than in plates.
Thearle, Naval Arch., § 332.
reeding (re'ding), ». [< ME. redynge; verbal
n. of reed1, v.] 1. Thatching. [Obsolete or
prov. Eng.]
Redynge of howses. Arundinacio.
Prompt. Pan., p. 427.
2. In arch., a series of small convex or beaded
moldings designed for ornament ; also, the con-
vex fluting or cabling characterizing some types
of column.
These [external walls of Wuswus at Wurka] were plas-
tered and covered by an elaborate series of reedings and
square sinkings, forming a beautiful and very appropriate
mode of adorning the wall of a building that had no ex-
ternal openings. J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 162.
3. The milling on the edge of a coin. — 4. In
silk-weaving. See the quotation.
Reeding and harnessing are subsidiary processes in put-
ting the warp in proper shape on the loom. These consist
in putting each warp thread through its proper slit in the
reed and eyelet in the harness.
Harper's Mag., LXXI. 256.
reed-instrument (red'in"str<j-ment), n. A mu-
sical instrument the tone of which is produced
by the vibration of a reed; especially, an or-
chestral instrument of the oboe or of the clari-
net family.
reed-knife (red'nlf), H. A long knife-shaped
implement of metal for reaching and adjusting
the tuning-wires of reed-pipes in a pipe-organ.
Also called tuning-knife.
reedless (red'les), a. [< reed1 + -Jess."] Desti-
tute of reeds.
Youths tombed before their parents were,
Whom foul Cocytus' reedleis banks enclose. May.
reedling (red'ling), n. [< reed1 + -ling1."] The
bearded tit, Panurits or Calamophilus biarmicus,
a common bird of Europe and Asia: so called
from frequenting reeds. Also called reed-pheas-
ant.
reed-mace (red'mas), n. The cattail ; any plant
of the genus TypTia, chiefly T. latifolia and J.
angustifolia, the great and the lesser reed-mace,
the two species known in England and North
America. T. latifolia is the common plant. It is a tall,
straight, erect aquatic with long flag-like leaves and long
dense spikes of small flowers, brown when mature. The
abundant down of the ripened spikes makes a poor ma-
terial for stuffing pillows, etc. ; the leaves were formerly
much used by coopers to prevent the joints of casks from
leaking, and have been made into mats, chair-bottoms,
etc. It is so named either directly from its reed-like
character and the resemblance of its head to a mace
(club), or (Prior, "Popular Names of British Plants ") from
its being placed in the hands of Christ as a mace or scep-
ter in pictures and in statues. Less properly called bvl-
riish. In the United States known almost exclusively as
cattail or cattail flag.
reed-mote (red'mot), n. Same as fescue. 1.
Salliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
reed-moth (red'm6th), «. A British moth, Ma-
crogastcr arundiiiis.
reed-motion (red'mo'shon), w. In weaving, the
mechanism which, in power-looms, moves the
batten, carrying the reed for beating up the weft
between the threads of the warp. The term has
also been inappropriately applied to a "stop-motion"
whereby, when the shuttle is trapped in its passage
through the warp, the movement of the batten is stopped,
to prevent breaking warp-threads by the impact of the
reed against the shuttle. See stop-motion.
reed-organ (red'6r"gan), n. A musical instru-
ment consisting essentially of one or more grad-
uated sets of small free reeds of metal, which
are sounded by streams of air set in motion by
a bellows, and controlled from a keyboard like
that of the pianoforte. The two principal varieties
are the harmonium, which is common in Europe, and the
so-called Ainerican organ, the chief essential difference
between which is that the former is sounded by a com-
pression-bellows driving the air outward through the
reeds, and the latter by a suction bellows drawing it in-
ward through them. The tone of the harmonium is usu-
ally keener and more nasal than that of the American
organ. The apparatus for compressing or exhausting the
air, and for distributing the current among the various
sets of reeds and among the channels belonging to the
various digitals of the keyboard, is not essentially differ-
ent from that of a pipe-organ, though on a much smaller
scale. (See organ*.) The bellows, however, is usually
operated by means of alternating treadles. The keyboard
is exactly similar to that of the pipe-organ or the piano-
forte, and has a compass of about four or five octaves.
The tone-producing apparatus consists of one or more sets
of small brass vibrators or reeds (see illustration) ; the
pitch of the tone depends on the size of their vibratile
tongues, and its quality on their proportions and on the
character of the resonating cavities with which they are
connected. Each set of vibrators constitutes a stop, the
use of which is controlled by a stop-knob. The possible
variety of qualities is rather limited. The treadles operate
feeders, which are connected with a general bellows, so
that the current of air may be maintained at a constant
o028
tension ; but in the harmonium the waste-valve of the
bellows may be closed by drawing a stop-knob called the ex-
pression-si oj>, so that the force of the tones may be directly
varied by the rapidity of the treadling. In the American
organ the force of the tones is varied by a lever, operated
by the player's knee, which opens or closes a shutter in
the box inclosing the vibrators. The harmonium some-
times has a mechanism called the percussion, providing a
little hammer to strike the tongueof each reed as its digi-
tal is depressed, thus setting it into vibration very prompt-
Reed-organ.
(T, case ; 6, stop-rail and stops ; r, music-rack ; d, keyboard ; e, one
of the pedals or treadles ; /, one of the pedal- or treadle-straps which
operate the bellows £•/ h, pedal-spring which lifts the pedal after the
latter has been relieved from the pressure of the foot ; /, bellows-
spring which opens the bellows after compression ; / and k, upper
and lower boards of wind-chest, inclosing space into which air is deliv-
ered from the bellows: J , reed-board, which supports the reeds in
slots formed therein (see cut under reed1); k', k, swells (see cut
lielow) ; /, reed-valve; m. valve-spring which closes the valve after
the latter is opened by push-pin shown in the cut below. There is
one of these valves for each key. admitting wind to one or more
reeds of a set or such sets of reeds as are allowed to act by the stops
pulled out. and of a particular tone corresponding with the key ;
«, stop-arm ; o, key-frame. •
ly. A tremulant Is often Introduced, consisting of a re-
volving fan, by which the current of air is made to oscil-
late slightly. More than one manual keyboard and a pedal
keyboard, with separate stops for each, as in the pipe-
organ, occur in large instruments. Occasionally a set of
pipes is also added. Various devices for sustaining tones
Stop-action of Reed-organ.
6, stop-rail ; *', stop-knob ; *", stop-shank ; ft, stop-arm ; «', rock-
lever, connected at n" to the lever r, the latter being pivoted to a
rail at s. A downwardly projecting ann engages the crank of an-
other rock-lever /. connecting with and actuating the stop-valve u ;
*, k. swells ; /. reed-valve opened by the push-pin v, and closed by
the spring m.
in the bass after the fingers have left the digitals, or for
emphasizing the treble, are sometimes introduced. Piano-
fortes are made with a harmonium attached (sometimes
called an eeolian attachment). The reed-organ has become
one of the commonest of musical instruments. Its popu-
larity rests upon its capacity for concerted music, like the
pianoforte and pipe-organ, combined with simplicity,
portability, cheapness, and stability of intonation. Ar-
tistically regarded, its tone is apt to be either weak and
negative or harsh and unsympathetic. A variety of re-
cent invention, the vocalion, has a remarkably powerful
and mellow tone.
reed-palm (red'piim), n. A ratan-palm ; a palm
of the genus Calamus.
reed-pheasant (red'fez"ant), n. The bearded
titmouse or reedling, Panurus biarmicus: so
called in allusion to the long tail. Also called
simply pheasant. [Norfolk, Eng.]
reed-pipe (red'pip), «. In organ-buiMing, a pipe
whose tone is produced by the vibration of a
reed or tongue : opposed to flue-pipe. Such pipes
consist of a foot or mouthpiece containing the reed, and a
tubular body furnishing a column of air for sympathetic
vibration. The term reed is applied to both the vibratile
tongue and the mechanism immediately surrounding it.
reef
In the latter sense, a reed consists of a metal tube connect-
ing the foot and the body of the pipe ; at its lower end is
an oblong opening or eschallot, over or in which is flxed
the brass tongue or reed proper. The effective length of
the tongue is controlled by a movable spring or tuniny-
wire, the head of which projects outside the pipe-foot.
The pitch of the tone depends primal ily upon the vibrat-
ing length of the tongue, but is modified by the length of
the air-column in the body of the pipe. A reed-pipe, there-
fore, is tuned botli on the reed and on the top of the pipe.
The quality of the tone depends somewhat on the form of
the tongue, but chiefly on that of the body as a whole.
The force of the tone depends on the pressure of the air-
current, on the size of the inlet to the foot, and on the
exact adjustment of the tongue to the eschallot. Most
reed-pipes have striking reeds, but free reeds are occa-
sionally used. A set of reed-pipes is called a reed ttop.
reed-pit (red'pit), n. [ME. reedepytte; < reed1
+ nit1.] A fen. Prompt. Pun. (Halliwetl.)
reed-plane (red'plan),». In joinery, a concave-
soled plane used in making beads.
reed-sparrow (red'spar"6), «. Same as reed-
bun ting. [Local, Eng.]
reed-Stop (red'stop), n. In organ-building, a set
or register of reed-pipes the use of which is con-
trolled by a single stop-knob: opposed to flue-
stop. Each partial organ usually has one or more such
stops, though they are less invariable in the pedal organ
than in the others. They are generally intended to imitate
some orchestral instrument, as the trumpet (usually placed
in the great organ), the oboe (usually in the swell organ),
the clarinet (usually in the choir organ), the trombone
(usually in the pedal organ), the cornopean, the clarion, the
contrajagotto, etc. They may be of eight-feet, four-feet,
orsiiteen-feettone. (Seeori/oni.) Reed-slops are specially
valuable because of their powerful, incisive, and individual
quality, which is suited both for solo effects and for the
enrichment of all kinds of combinations. The most pecu-
liar reed-stop is the vox humana. A reed-stop is often
called simply a reed.
reed-thrush (red'thrush), ». The greater reed-
warbler, Acrocephalus titrdoides.
Specimens of the . . . reed-thrush, to use its oldest Eng-
lish name.
YarreU, Brit. Birds (4th ed.), I. 365. (Encyc. Diet.)
reed-tussock (red'tus"ok), ». A British moth,
Orgyia csenosa. See tussock.
reed-wainscot (red'wan"skot), ». A British
moth, Xonagria eannse.
reed-warbler (red' war"bler), n. One of a group
of Old World sylviine birds, constituting the ge-
nus Aerocephalus. The species to which the name
specially applies is A. streperus or A. arundinaceus, also
called Calamoherpe or Salicaria arundinacea. Another
species, A. turdoides, is known as the greater reed-zcarUer,
reed-thrush, and reed-uren.
reed-work (red'werk), n. In organ-building,
the reed-stops of an organ, or of a partial organ,
taken collectively: opposed to flue-work.
reed-wren (red'ren), n. 1. The greater reed-
warbler. — 2. An American wren of the family
Troglodytidif and genus Thryotlioms, as the
great Carolina wren, T. carolincnsis, or Bewick's
wren, T. bewicki. There are many species, chiefly of
the subtropical parts of America, the two named being
the only ones which inhabit much of the United States.
reedy (re'di),«. [<reed1 + -y1. Cf.AS.itreodiht,
reedy.] 1. Abounding with reeds.
Ye heathy wastes, immix'd with reedy fens.
Burns, Elegy on Miss Burnet.
2. Consisting of or resembling a reed.
With the tip of her reedy wand
Making the sign of the cross.
Longfellow, Blind Girl of Castel Cullle, 1.
3. Noting a tone like that produced from a
reed-instrument. Such tones are usually some-
what nasal, and are often thin and cutting.
The blessed little creature answered me in a voiceof such
heavenly sweetness, with that reedy thrill in it which you
have heard in the thrush's even-song, that I hear it at this
moment. O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, far.
4. Noting a quality of iron in which bars or
plates of it have the nature of masses of rods
imperfectly welded together.
reef1 (ref), ». [Formerly riff; < D. rif= MLG.
rif, ref, LG. riff, re/ (> G. riff), a reef, = Icel.
rif = Dan. rev, a reef, sand-bank ; akin to Icel.
rif a, a fissure, rift, rent, = Sw. rcfva, a strip,
cleft, gap; Sw. ref eel, a sand-bank, = Dan.
revle, a sand-bank, bar, shoal, a strip of land, a
lath; prob. from the verb, IceK rif a, etc., rive,
split: see rice1. Cf. rift1."] 1. A low, narrow
ridge of rocks, rising ordinarily but a few feet
above the water. A reef passes by increase of size
into an island. The word is especially used with refer-
ence to those low islands which are formed of coralline
debris. See atoll, and coral reef, below.
Atolls have been formed during the sinking of the land
by the upward growth of the reefs which primarily fringed
the shores of ordinary islands.
Darwin, Coral Reefs, p. 165.
The league-long roller thundering on the reef.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
2. Any extensive elevation of the bottom of
thesea; ashoal; abank: so called by fishermen.
reef
The riff, or hank of rocks, on which the French fleet
was lost, runs along from the east and to the northward
about three mik'S. Dumpier, Voyages, I., an. 1681, note.
3. In Australia, the same as lode, vein, or ledge
of the Cordilleran miner: as, a quartz-re(/(that
is, a quartz- vein).
Many a promising gold field has been ruined by having
bad machinery put up on it. Reefs that would have paid
handsomely with good machinery are abandoned as un-
payable, and the field is deserted.
II. Finch-Hatton, Advance Australia, p. 218.
4. A kind of commercial sponge which grows
on reefs. [A trade-name.]
British Consul Little of Havana says, according to the
"Journal of the Society of Arts," that the classes [of
sponges] included are sheep wool, velvet, hard-head, yel-
low, grass, and glova. Very little reef, if any, is found In
Cuba. Science, XIV. 351.
Coral reef, an accumulation of calcareous material which
has been secreted from the water of the tropical ocean,
and especially of the Pacific to the south of the equator,
by the reef-building corals. Such accumulations, which
are often of great dimensions, otfer curious peculiarities
of form and distribution. They have been classified un-
der the names of fringing and barrier reefg and atolltt.
Fringing reefs border the land ; barrier reefs extend paral-
lel with but at some distance from the shore ; atolls are
approximately circular or elliptical in form, and typical
atolls inclose a lagoon, which usually communicates with
the ocean by one or more passages through the reef. Bar-
rier reefs may be hundreds of miles in length ; that off the
shore of Australia is 1,250 miles long, and from 10 to 90
broad. Atolls vary from 1 to 50 miles and over in diameter.
The principal mass of a coral reef consists essentially of
dead coral, together with more or less of the skeletons and
shells of other marine organisms; this dead material is
mingled with debris resulting from the action of breakers
and currents on the coralline formation. The exterior of
such a reef, where conditions are favorable to the develop-
ment of the coral animals, especially on its seaward face,
is covered with a layer or mantle of living and growing
coral, and the rapidity and vigor of this growth depend
on the supply of food brought by the oceanic currents.
Where the conditions for this supply have not been favor-
able, there the reefs are not found ; where the conditions
have been such as to encourage growth, but have ceased
to have this character, there the formation of the reef has
slackened or been stopped altogether. Investigations
have shown that the reel-building corals cannot flourish
where the temperature of the surface-water sinks below
70° ; in the typical coral regions the temperature is decid-
edly higher than that, and its range very small. Neither
can the reef-builders workataconsiderabledepth.orabove
the level of low tide ; their entire vertical range is not
more than 15 or 20 fathoms at the utmost. These condi-
tions of coral-reef formation, coupled with the fact that
the carbonate of lime in the form in which it has been left
by the death of the organisms by which It was secreted is
decidedly soluble in sea-water, are sufficient to account
for all the peculiarities in the distribution and mode of oc-
currence of these remarkable structures. It is because
the currents sweeping toward the eastern shores of the
continents are warm and constant that, while the western
sides of Africa and South America exhibit only isolated
patches of coral, the eastern borders are abundantly sup-
plied with it. It is not now considered necessary to call
in the assistance of a general subsidence of the Pacific
Ocean bottom in order to account forthe form of the atolls ;
for it is the opinion of mostof the recent investigators that
all the characteristic features of the coral formations —
whether these occur as fringing or barrier reefs, or as atolls
— can be produced in regions of subsidence or of eleva-
tion, as well as in those where no change of level is taking
place.
reef2 (ref), ». [Formerly riff; < ME. riff, < MD.
rif (also rift), D. reef = LG. reff, riff (> G. reef,
reff) = Icel. rif = Sw. ref — Dan. reb, a reef of
a sail; of uncertain origin; perhaps of like ori-
gin with reef1. Hence reef'2, v.*, and reeve^.]
Naut., apartof asail rolled orfolded up, in order
to diminish the extent of canvas exposed to the
wind. In topsails and courses, and sometimes in top-
gallantsails, the reef is the part of the sail between the
head and the first reef-band, or between any two reef-bands ;
in fore-and-aft sails reefs are taken on the foot. There
are generally three or four reefs in topsails, and one or two
in courses.
Calms are our dread ; when tempests plough the deep,
We take a reef, and to the rocking sleep.
Crabbe, Works, I. 48.
Close reef. See rfoses.— French reef, reefing of sails
when they are fitted with rope jackstays instead of points.
reef2 (ref), v. [< reef'2, n. Cf. the doublet
reeve**.] I. trans. 1. Naut., to take a reef or
reefs in; reduce the size of (a sail) by rolling
or folding up a part and securing it by tying
reef-points about it. In square sails the reef-points
are tied round the yard as well as the sail ; in fore-and-aft
sails they may or may not be tied round the boom which
extends the foot of the sail. In very large ships, where
the yards are so large as to make it inconvenient to tie
the reef-points around them, the sails are sometimes
reefed to jackstays on the yards.
Up, aloft, lads ! Come, reef both topsails !
Dcaenanl and Dryden, Tempest, i. 1.
2. To gather up stuff of any kind in a way simi-
lar to that described in def . ] . Compare reefing.
— Close reefed, the condition of a sail when all Its reefs
have been taken in.— To reef paddles, in steamships, to
disconnect the float-boards from the paddle-arms and bolt
them again nearer the center of the wheel, in order tu di-
minish the dip when the vessel is deep.— To reef the
bowsprit, to rig in the bowsprit. The phrase usually has
5029
application to yachts; men-of-war are said to fi>j in their
bowsprits.
The bou-ipri/e on cutters can be reefed by being drawn
closer in and fiddcd. Yactttman's Guide.
II. iii trans. See the quotation. [Colloq.]
In some subtle way, however, when the driver moves the
bit to and fro in his mouth, the effect is to enliven and
stimulate the horse, as if something of the jockey's spirit
were thus conveyed to his mind. If this motion be per-
formed with an exaggerated movement of the arm, it is
called reefing. The Atlantic, LXIV. 115.
reef* (ref), a. and n. [Also (Sc.) reif, rief; < ME.
ref, < AS. lircof, scabby, leprous, rough (> hreo-
fol, lireofl, scabbiness, leprosy, hre6flig, lep-
rous, lircdfla, a leper), = OHG. riob, leprous, =
Icel. hrjuj'r, scabby, rough. Cf. Icel. rt/f, scurf,
eruption of the skin; perhaps connected with
rlfit, break: see rive.] I. a. Scabby; scurvy.
Kings and nations, swith awa !
Reif randies, I disown ye !
Burnt, Louis, What Beck I by Thee?
II. n. 1. The itch; also, any eruptive dis-
order. [Prov. Eug.] — 2. Dandruff. [Prov.
Eng.]
reef-band (ref band), n. A strong strip of can-
vas extending across a sail, in a direction par-
allel to its head or foot, to strengthen it. The
reef-band has eyelet-holes at regular intervals for the
reef-points which secure it when reefed.— Balance reef-
band, a reef-band extending diagonally across a fore-and-
aft sail. .See reefz, n.
reef-builder (ref 'bidder), «. Any coral which
builds a reef.
reef-building (ref bil'ding), a. Constructing
or building up a coral reef, as a reef-builder.
reef-cringle (refkring"gl), n. See cringle (a).
reef-earing (ref'er"ing), n. See earing1.
reefer1 (re'fer), n. [< reef1 + -er1.] An oyster
that grows on reefs in the wild or untransplant-
ed state ; a reef-oyster.
reefer2 (re'fer), n. [< reef1* + -er1.] 1. One
who reefs: a name familiarly applied to mid-
shipmen, because they attended in the tops
during the operation of reefing. Admiral Smyth.
The steerage or gun-room was ever heaven, the scene of
happiness unalloyed, the home of darling reefers who own
the hearts they won long years ago, the abode of briny
mirth, of tarry Jollity. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 166.
2. A short coat or jacket worn by sailors and
fishermen, and copied for general use by the
fashions of 1888-90.
reef-goose (ref'gos), ». The common wild
goose of North America, Bernicla canadensis.
See cut under Bernicla. [North Carolina.]
reefing (re'fing), «. [Verbal n. of ra>/2, v.] In
upholstery, the gathering up of the material of
a curtain, valance, or the like, as in short fes-
toons.
reefing-beckets (re'fing-bek"ets), ». pi. Sen-
net straps fitted with an eye and toggle, used
in reefing when sails are fitted with French
reefs. The toggle part is generally seized to the Iron
Jackstay on the yard, and the tail of the strap is taken
around the rope Jackstay on the sail, the eye being then
placed over the toggle.
reefing-jacket (re'fing-jak'et), n. A close-fit-
ting jacket or short coat made of strong heavy
cloth.
reeflng-point (re'fing-point), n. Naut., a reef-
point.
reef-jig, reef-jigger (ref jig, -jig"er), n. Naut.,
a small tackle sometimes used in reefing to
stretch the reef-band taut before knotting the
points.
reef-knot (ref not), n. Same as square knot
(which see, under knot1).
reef-line (ref '1m), n. Naut., a temporary means
of spilling a sail, arranged so that it can serve
when the wind is blowing fresh.
reef-oyster (ref 'ois"ter), n. A reefer. See reef-
er1 and oyster.
reef-pendant (ref 'pen"dant), n. Naut., in fore-
and-aft sails, a rope through a sheave-hole in
the boom, with a tackle attached, to haul the
after-leech down to the boom while reefing; in
square sails, a rope fastened to the leech of the
sail and rove up through the yard-arm, having
a purchase hooked to the upper end, to serve
as a reef-tackle.
reef-point (ref point), n. Naut., a short piece
of rope fastened by the middle in each eyelet-
hole of a reef-band, to secure the sail in reef-
ing.
reef-squid (ref'skwid), n. A lashing or earing
used aboard the luggers on the south coast of
England to lash the outer cringle of the sail
when reefing.
reef-tackle (ref tak"l), n. Naut., a tackle fas-
tened to the leeches of a sail below the close-
reel
reef band, used to haul the leeches of the sail
up to the yard to facilitate reefing.
reek1 (rek), v. [< ME. reken, reoken ; (a) < AS.
reocan (strong verb, pret. rede, pi. rucoii), smoke,
steam, = OFrics. riaka = D. rieken, ruiken =
MLGr. ruken, LG. ruiken, rieken = OHG. rinli-
l/an, riohlian, MHG. rieclten, G. rieclien (pret.
rocli), smell, raiichen, smoke, = Icel. rjuka (pret.
m ah', pi. ruku) = Sw. roka, ri/ka = Dan. riige,
ryge = Goth, "riukaii (not recorded), smoke;
(6) < AS. recan (pret. rente) (= OFries. rel'a =
D. rooken = MLG. roktu = OHG. roulian = Icel.
reykja), tr., smoke, steam. Hence reek1, n. No
connection with Skt. raja, rajas, dimness, sky,
dust, pollen, rajatii, night, ^/ ranj, dye.] I. in-
trans. To smoke; steam; exhale.
The encence out of the fyr reketh sote [sweet].
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2612.
Frae many a spout came running out
His reeking-het red gore.
Battle of Tranent-Muir (Child's Ballads, VII. 170).
I found me laid
In balmy sweat, which with his beams the sun
Soon dried, and on the reeking moisture fed.
Milton, P. L., viii. 256.
The reeking entrails on the fire they threw,
And to the gods the grateful odour flew.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's iletamorph., xii. 211.
The floor reeked with the recent scrubbing, and the god-
dess did not like the smell of brown soap.
Thackeray, Pendennis, Ixvi.
II. trans. To smoke ; expose to smoke.
After the halves [of the moulds] are so coated or reeked,
they are fitted together.
W. H. Greenwood, Steel and Iron, p. 428.
reek1 (rek), n. [< ME. reek, rek, rike, reik (also
assibilated recite, > E. reecli), < AS. rec, smoke,
vapor, = OS. rok = OFries. rek = D. rook =
MLG. roke, LG. rook = OHG. rouli, MHG. roucli,
G. ranch, smoke, vapor, = Icel. reykr, smoke,
steam (cf.rokr, twilight: see Eagnarok),= Sw.
rok = Dan. rog, smoke; from the verb. Cf.
Goth, rikwis, darkness, smoke.] 1. Smoke; va-
por; steam; exhalation; fume. [Obsolete, ar-
chaic, or Scotch.]
You common cry of curs ! whose breath I hate
As reek o' the rotten fens. Shak., Cor., iii. 3. 121.
As hateful to me as the reek of a lime-kiln.
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3. 86.
The reek it rose, and the flame it flew,
And oh the fire augmented high.
Quoted in Chad's Ballads, VI. 178.
The reek o' the cot hung over the plain
Like a little wee cloud in the world its lane.
Hogg, Kilmeny.
2f. Incense.
Reke, that is a gretyngful prayer of men that do pen-
ance. MS. Coll. Eton. 10, f. 25. (Hattiwell.)
Kale through the reek. See kale.
reek2t (rek), n. [< ME. reek, < AS. Jiredc = Icel.
hratikr, a heap, rick. Cf. the related rick and
ruck.] A rick; also, a small bundle of hay.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
I'll instantly set all my hinds to thrashing
Of a whole reek of corn.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 1. (Nares.)
reeky (re'ki), a. [Also in Sc. spelling reekie,
and assibilated reecliy ; < reek1 + -y1.] 1.
Smoky; soiled with smoke.
Now he [the devil] 's taen her hame to his ain reeky den.
Burns (1st ed.), There lived a Carle on Kellyburn Braes.
2. Giving out reek or vapor ; giving out fumes
or odors, especially offensive odors. See reek1.
Shut me nightly in a charnel-house, . . .
With reeky shanks, and yellow chapless skulls.
Shak., E. and J., iv. 1. 83.
Seeing the reeky
Repast placed before him, scarce able to spenk, he
In ecstasy mutter'd, " By Jove, Cocky-leeky I "
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 310.
reel1 (rel), n. [< ME. reel, rcele, rele, reyle, a
reel, < AS. rcdl, also hredl (glossing ML. ali-
brum), a reel; cf. Icel. lireell, reell, a weavers'
rod or sley; Gael. ruidJiil, a reel for winding
yarn on. Root unknown. Cf. rreP2.] A cylinder
or frame turning on an axis, on which thread,
yarn, string, rope, etc., are wound. Specifically
— (a) A roller or bobbin for thread used in sewing; a
spool.
Down went the blue-frilled work-basket, . . . dispers-
ing on the floor reels, thimble, muslin-work.
George Eliot, Felix Holt, v.
(6) A machine on which yarn is wound to form it into
hanks, skeins, etc.
Oh leeze me on my spinning-wheel,
Oh leeze me on my rock an' reel.
Burns, Bess and her Spinning- Wheel,
(c) In rope-making, the frame on which the spun-yarns
are wound as each length is twisted, previous to tarring
or laying up into strands, (d) The revolving frame upon
which silk-fiber is wound from the cocoon, (e) Anything
prepared for winding thread upon, as an open framework
reel
turning on a pivot at each end, upon which thread is wound
as it is spun, or when a skein is opened for use. (/) In
teleg.t a barrel on which
the strip of paper for re-
ceiving the message is
wound in a recording tel-
egraph. Encyc. Diet, (g)
A winch used by English
and Scotch whalemen for
regaining the tow-line. It
is not employed by Ameri-
cans, (h) Naut., a revolv-
ing frame varying in size,
used for winding up haw-
sers, hose, lead-line, log-
wind-
lines, etc. (i) A
lass for hoisting oyster-
dredges, (j) In milling,
the drum on which the
bolting-cloth is placed.
(k) In agri., a cylinder
formed of light slats and
radial arms, used with a
reaper to gather the grain
into convenient position
for the knives to operate
on it, and to direct its fall
on the platform. (I) In
baking, a cylindrical frame
carrying bread-pans sus-
pended from the horizon-
tal anns of the frame. It
is used in a form of oven
called a reel oven, (in) A
device used in angling,
attached to the rod, for
winding the line, consist-
ing of a cylinder revolv-
ing on an axis moved by
small crank or spring.
5030
reem
Nathelesse so sore a bun* to him It lent
That made him reele, and to his brest his bever bent.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 6. J?"% reelect, = Sp; reelegir = Pg. reeleger =
Flecked darkness like a drunkard reels
From forth day's path. Shak., E. and J., ii. 3. 3.
She (France] staggered and reeled under the burden of
reelect (re-e-lekf), v. t. [< re- +_elect. Cf. F.
reelire, reelect, = Sp. reeleyir =
It. rieleggere.'] To elect again.
The chief of these was the strategos or commander-in-
chief, who held his office for a year, and could only be re-
tee war. Bolingbroke, State of Europe, vliL elected "fter a ye"'s lnterv»l- Brougham.
3. To be affected with a whirling or dizzy sen- reelection (re-e-lek'shon), n. [= F. reelection
sation : as, his brain reeled. = SP- reelecaon = Pg. reelefyto = It. rielezione;
as re- + election.] Election a second time for
the same office : as, the reelection of a former
representative.
a, spool journaled in sides of
the frame or case b; c, pinion
on the axis of the spool ; d, small
gear meshing with c (in use these
wheels are covered by the cover ?) ;
/', axis of the wheel d (this axis is
squared on the outer end and fits
into the crank-socket e, when the
cover t is attached to the frame by
small screws O ; h, crank fitted to
crank-socket f; j, reel-seat ; *. i.
reel-bamls which fasten the reel-
seat to the rod r • s, click which,
when not pressed out of engage-
ment with a small serrated wheel
on the end of the spool-shaft op-
posite the pinion c, emits a sound
when the line is running out and
warns the sportsman that his bait
is taken; t, click-button, which
presses out the click from its en-
gagement with the serrated wheel,
as when winding in the line.
The salmon-reel is'about
four inches, and the trout reel about two inches in di-
ameter ; the length is about two inches. In angling the
reel plays an important part, its use and action requiring
to be in perfect accord or correspondence with the play of
the rod and line. To meet these requirements, clicks and
multipliers are employed. The click checks the line from
running out too freely, and the multiplier gathers in the
slack with increased speed, (n) A hose carriage.— Offthe
reel, one after another without a break ; in uninterrupted
succession : as, to win three games off the reel. [Colfoq.]
—Reel-and-bead molding, in arch., etc., a simple mold-
" Ties alter-
Your fine Tom Jones and Orandlsons,
They make your youthful fancies reel.
Bums, Oh leave Novels.
When all my spirit reels
At the shouts, the leagues of lights,
And the roaring of the wheels.
Tennyson, Maud, xxvi.
= 8yn. 2. Reel, Stagger, and Totter have in common the
idea of an involuntary unsteadiness, a movement toward
falling. Only animate beings reel or stagger; a tower or
other erect object may totter. Reel suggests dizziness or
other loss of balance ; stagger suggests a burden too great
to be carried steadily, or a walk such as one would have in
carrying such a burden ; totter suggests weakness : one
reels upon being struck on the head; a drunken man, a
wounded man, staggers; the infant and the very aged
totter.
Pale he turn'd, and reel'd, and would have fall'n,
But that they stay'd him up. Tennyson, Guinevere.
His breast heaved, and he staggered in his place,
And stretched his strong arms forth with a low moan.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 279.
He [Newcastle] thought it better to construct a weak and
rotten government, which tattered at the smallest breath,
. . . than to pay the necessary price for sound and durable
materials. Macaulay, William Pitt.
II. t trans. 1. To turn about; roll about.
Runischly his rede ygen [eyes] he reled aboute.
Sir Qawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. 6.), 1. 304.
2. To roll.
And Sisyphus an huge round stone did reele
Against an hill. Spenter, F. Q., I. v. 35.
3. To reel or stagger through.
Several acts have been made, and rendered ineffectual
by leaving the power of reelection open. Swift.
Several Presidents have held office for two consecutive
terms. . . . Might it not be on the whole a better system
to forbid Immediate re-election, but to allow re-election at
any later vacancy? E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 881.
reeler (re'ler), n. 1. One who reels, in any
sense ; specifically, a silk-winder.
The syndicate were able to advance somewhat the price
of cocoons, and to induce the reelers to provide themselves
liberally for fear of a further rise.
U. S. Com. Report, No. 73 (1887), p. Ixxxlv.
2. The grasshopper-warbler, Acroccphalus nte-
ritts: so called from its note. [Local, Eng.]
In the more marshy parts of England . . . this bird has
long been known as the Reeler, from the resemblance of
its song to the noise of the reel used, even at the begin-
ning of the present century, by the hand-spinners of wool.
But, this kind of reel being now dumb, in such districts
the country-folks of the present day connect the name
with the reel used by the fishermen.
1'arrell, Brit. Birds (4th ed.), I. 385. (Encyc. Diet.)
reel-holder (rel'hol'der), n. 1. A frame or
box with pins upon which reels of silk, cotton,
etc., for use in sewing can be put, free to re-
volve, and kept from being scattered. See spool-
holder. [Eng.] — 2. Naut., on a man-of-war,
one of the watch on deck who is stationed to
hold the reel and haul in the line whenever the
log is heaved to ascertain the ship's speed.
ing consisting of elongated or spindle-
You are too Indulgent. Let us grant, It Is not r - -f
Amiss to keep the turn of tippling with a slave ; reeligibility (re-el'i-ji-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. reeli-
lo reel the streets at noon. Shak., A. and C., L 4. 20. ^SXTT^^-SK-ji,-*^ ,STfll i..J?^.» -i V,,T
4. To cause to reel, stagger, totter, or shake.
reel2 (rel), n. [< ree/2, r.] A staggering mo-
tion, as that of a drunken mun ; giddiness.
(The attendant . . . carries off Lepidus [drunk].) . . .
Eno. Drink thou ; increase the reels.
Shak., A. and C., ii. 7. 100.
Instinctively she paused before the arched window, and
looked out upon the street, in order to seize it* permanent
objects with her mental grai
x — -»O»~. -*v^ \-~ ~- - J ...» I. - -
gwilite; as reeligible + -ity (see -bility).~\ Eli-
gibility for being reflected to the same office.
With a positive duration [of the presidency] of consid-
erable extent I connect the circumstance of re-eligibility.
A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. 72.
There is another strong feature in the new constitution
which I as strongly dislike. That is, the perpetual re-eli-
gibility of the President.
Reel-and-bead Molding.
. Greek (Erechtheum). a. Renaissance (Venice).
nating with beads either spherical or flattened in the di-
rection of the molding. — Keel of paper, a continuous
roll of paper as made for use on web printing-machines.
[Eng. ] — Reel oven. See oven.
reel1 (rel), «. t. [< ME. relen, reolen, relieti,
reel ; from the noun : see reel1, n. Cf. reel2, v.]
To wind upon a reel, as yarn or thread from
the spindle, or a fishing-line.
Je/erson, Correspondence, n. 291.
ital grasp, and thus to steady herself reglitrible (re-ri'i ii hi) n [— F rfelinihlp —
from the reel and vibration wnich affected her more imme- ft , w ; ; 1 Jl-Dl), «. l_-_ *. rtelt
dlate sphere. Hawthorne, Seven Gables xvi. "• rieleggilnle; as re- + eligible.] Capable of
reel" (rel), *. [Formerly also reitt; < Gael. •*• eleeted a^ain to tho 8ame °ffic<>-
righil, a reel (dance).] 1. A lively dance. One of his friends Introduced a bill to make the tribunes
danced by two or three couples, and consisting **** "'"^ Frmde' Ciesar' p' 29'
of various circling or intertwining figures, it reeling (re ling), n. [Verbal n. of reel*, u.] 1.
is very popular in Scotland. The strathspey (which see) is The act or process of winding silk, as from the
To kavde and to kembe, to clouten and to wasche,
der that, were it the fashion to reel lips as they do yarn,
one might make a skein of them.
Janis, tr. of Don Quixote, II. iii. 15. (Dames.)
Silk reeling is one of the industries.
Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 47.
or produce with ease and fluency, or in a rapid and con-
tinuous manner. [Colloq.]
Mr. Wark and Mr. Paulhamus [telegraphers], who sent
In the order named, reeled of exactly the same number of
words. Electric Ren. (Amer.), XVI. viii. 7.
slower, and full of sudden jerks and turns.
There 's threesome reels, there 's foursome reels,
There 's hornpipes and strathspeys, man. reeling-machine (re'ling-ma-shen*), n.
Burns, The Deil cam Fiddlin thro the Town. ™^.e ?._ jj_- _ Ai _B 3 •• .__,_'_'
Blythe an' merry we 's be a', ...
And dance, till we be like to fa'.
The reel of Tullochgorum.
Rev. J. Skinner, Tullochgorum.
2. Music for such a dance or in its rhythm,
cocoons. — 2. The use of the reel of an anglers'
rod. Forest and Stream.
1. A
machine for winding thread on reels or spools; a
spooling-machine or silk-reel. E. B. Knight. —
2. In cotton-manuf., a machine which takes the
yarn from the bobbins of the spinning- or twist-
~. , — ^ ,„ -,o ilv lllul, ins-frames, and winds it into lianks or skeins.
To rubbe and rely. Piers Plowman (C), x. 81. which is duple (or rarely sextuple), and charac- reel-keeper (rel ke'per), n. In anglinn, any de-
I say nothing of his_lips; for they are so thin and slen- terized by notes of equal length. X^!.?! * "!BnJ?i2.g !*5S et°;' f°r *Joldin£ a reel
Geilles Duncane did goe before them, playing this reill
or daunce upon a small trump.
Xewesfrom Scotland (1591), sig. B. iii.
Virginia reel, a country-dance supposed to be derived
from the English "Sir Roger de Coverley." [U. S.]
To reel In, in angling, to recover by winding on the reel reel3 (rel), r. i. [< reefi, «.] To dance the reel-OVen (reVuv'n). n. See oven.
(the line that has been paid out). -TO reel off, to give out reel; especially, to describe the figure 8 as in reel-pott (rel'pot), n. A drunkard. MiMleton.
a reel. (Encyc. Diet.)
The dancers quick and quicker flew ;
They reel'd, they set, they cross'd, they cleekit.
Burns, Tarn o' Shanter.
'eelable (re'la-bl), a. [< reel1 + -able.]
ble of being reeled, or wound on a reel.
At least six species of Bombyx . . . form reelable co-
coons.
firmly on the butt section of a i
reel-line (rel'lin), n. A fishing-line used upon
a reel by anglers ; that part of the whole line
which may be reeled, as distinguished from the
casting-line or leader.
To reel up, to wind up or take In on a reel (all the line).
reel2 (rel), v. [Early mod. E. also rele; < ME.
relen, turn round and round ; appar. a particu-
lar use of recn, v., but cf. Icel. ridhlask, rock,
waver, move to and fro (as ranks in battle), < reel-band (rel'band), n.
ritha, tremble. Not connected with roll.'] I.
intrans. 1. To turn round and round ; whirl.
Hit [the boat] reled on rounld] vpon the rose ythes [rough
waves). Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 147.
to confine a reel in the reel-bed of a fly-rod.
reel-bed (rel'bed), n. The place on an anglers'
2. To sway from side to side
walking ; stagger, especially as one drunk.
'chek), n. Anydeviceforcheck-
.»g the run of a fishing-line from the reel,
standing or reel-click (rel'klik), n. An attachment to an
reel-rail (rel'ral), adv. [Appar. a repetition
of reel; cf. whim-wham, rip-rap, etc.] Upside
down; topsy-turvy. [Scotch.]
The warld 's a' reel-roll but wi' me and Kate. There 's
nothing but broken heads and broken hearts to be seen.
Donald and Flora, p. 17. (Jamieson.)
•Encyc. Brit., XXII. 60. reel-seat (rel'set), n. 1. The plate, groove, or
A band of metal nsed bed on an anglers' rod which receives the reel.
— 2. A device used by anglers to fasten the
reel to the butt of the rod. It is a simple bed-plate
of sheet-brass, or of silver, screwed down upon the butt of
the rod. with a pair of clamps into which the plate of the
reel slides.
to the reel-seat at the
Adjusting a light . . . reel .
extreme butt of the [fishing- ]rod.
anglers' reel, by a light pressure of which the The Century, XXVI. 378.
movement of the line is directed, it checks the reel-stand (rel'stand), n. A form of reel-holder,
line from running out too freely. Some clicks graduate rp«mlT ,, ond ,. ATI ohsnlptp form of renml
the strain upon the line, checking it almost entirely, or ri "V' "' an° *" An ' B lorm ot reami-
permitting it to run without any check at all. The click reem^, ». t. bame as ream*.
also indicates to the ear what the fish is doing. reem3 (rem), v. i. [< ME. remen, < AS. hryman,
Hall, Hen. Vin., an. 6. reel-cotton (vel'kot'n), «. Sewing-cotton which lireman, cry, call out, boast, exult, also murmur,
The tinker he laid on so fast is sold on reels instead of being made up into complain, < hredm, cry, shout.] To cry or moan.
That he made Kobin reel. balls, including generally the finer grades. HalUwell. [North. Eng.]
Rubin Hood and the Tinker (Child's Ballads, V. 236). Compare spool-cotton. reem4 (rem), n. A dialectal variant of rime'*
To knyjtez he kest his yse,
& reled hym vp & doun.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), L 229.
But when they saw the Almayne rele and staggar then
they let fall the rayle betwene them.
reem
reem8 (rem), n. [< Heb.] The Hebrew name
of an animal mentioned in the Old Testament
(Job xxxix. 9, etc.), variously translated 'uni-
corn,' 'wild ox,' and 'ox-antelope,' now identi-
fied as
Will the tall reem, which knows no Lord but me,
Low at the crib, and ask an alms of thee?
Young, Paraphrase on Job, 1. 241.
reembark (re-em-bark'), i'. [= F. reinbnrqiier
= Sp. Pg. reembarcar; as re- + embark.] I.
trans. To embark or put on board again.
On the 22d of August, 1776, the whole army being re-em-
barked was safely landed, under protection of the shipping,
on the south-western extremity of Long Island.
Belsham, Hist. Great Britain, George III.
II. intrans. To embark or go on board again.
Having performed this ceremony [the firing of three vol-
leys] upon the island, ... we re-embarked in our boat.
Cook, First Voyage, II. v.
reembarkation (re-em-bar-ka'shon), n. [< re-
+ embarkation.] A putting on board or a going
on board again.
Reviews, re-embarkations, and councils of war.
Smollett, Hist. Eng., ill. 2. (Latham.)
reemingt, »». [Verbal n. of reem3, v.~\ Lament-
ing; groaning.
On this wise, all the weke, woke thai within,
With Jtemynq & rauthe, Renkes to be-hold.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 8696.
reenact (re-e-nakf), v. t. [< re- + enact.'] To
enact again, as a law.
The Construction of Ships was forbidden to Senators, by
a Law made by Claudius, the Tribune, . . . and re-enacted
by the Julian Law of Concessions.
Arbuthnot, Ancient Coins, p. 259.
The Southern Confederacy, in its short-lived constitu-
tion, re-enacted all the essential features of the constitution
of the United States.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 397.
reenactment (re-e-nakt'rnent), n. [< reenact +
-ment.~\ The enacting of a law a second time ;
the renewal of a law. Clarke.
ree'nforce, reenforcement, etc. See reinforce,
etc.
reengender (re-en-jen'der), v. t. [< re- + en-
gender.] To regenerate.
The renovating and reingendering spirit of God.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst, § 4.
reenslave (re-en-slav'), »• *• (X re~ + enslave.'}
To enslave again ; cast again into bondage.
reenslavement (re-en-slav'ment), n. [< reen-
slave + -ment.] The act of reenslaving, or sub-
jecting anew to slavery.
Consenting to their reenslavement, we shall pass . . .
under the grasp of a military despotism.
The Independent, April 24, 1862.
5031
reenthronize (re-en-thro'niz), r. t. [< re- +
entlironise.] To reenthrono. [Rare.]
This Mustapha they did re-inthronize, and place in the
Ottoman Empire. llowell, Letters, I. iii. 22.
reentrance (re-en 'trans), 11. [< re- + entrance1.]
The act of entering again.
Their repentance, although not their first entrance, is
notwithstanding the first step of their re-entrance into
life. Hooker.
It is not reasonable to think but that so many of their
orders as were outed from their fat possessions would
endeavour a re-entrance against those whom they account
heretics. Dri/den, Religio Laici, Pref.
reentrant (re-en'trant), a. [= F. rentrant =
Pg. reintranie = It. rientrante; as re- + en-
trant.] Same as reentering.
A reentrant fashion. Amer. Jour. Sci., XXX. 216.
Reentrant angle. See angle*.— Reentrant branch, in
geom. See branch, 2 (d).
reentry (re-en'tri), H. [< re- + entry.] 1. The
act of reentering ; a new or fresh entry.
A right of re-entry was allowed to the person selling any
office on repayment of the price and costs at any time be-
fore his successor, the purchaser, had actually been ad-
mitted. Brougham.
2. In law, the resuming or retaking possession
of lauds previously parted with by the person
so doing or his predecessors: as, a landlord's
reentry for non-payment of rent — Proviso for
reentry, a clause usually inserted in leases, providing
that upon non-payment of rent, public dues, or the like,
the term shall cease.
reenverset, v. t. [For renverse, < OF. renverser,
reverse: see renverse.] To reverse.
Reenversing his name.
Donne, Pseudo-Martyr, p. 274. (Encyc. Diet.)
reeper (re'per), «. A longitudinal section of
the Palmyra-palm, used in the East as a build-
ing-material.
reermouse, «. See reremouse.
reesH, «• See race1.
rees2 (res), n. A unit of tale for herrings (= 375).
reescatet, v. t. Same as reseat.
reesk (resk), n. [Also reysk, reyss; < Gael.
riasg, coarse mountain-grass, a marsh, fen. Cf.
rishl, rusliL.~] 1. A kind of coarse or rank
grass. — 2. Waste land which yields such grass.
[Scotch in both senses.]
reestH, «• See reasfl.
reest2 (rest), v. [Also reist, a dial, form of rest2 :
see rest2.] I. intrans. To stand stubbornly still,
as a horse ; balk. [Scotch.]
In cart or car thou never reestit,
The steyest brae thou wad ha'e fac'd it
Burns, Auld Farmer's Salutation to his Auld Mare.
II. trans. To arrest; stop suddenly; halt.
reenstamp (re-en-stamp'), v. t. [< re- + en- -HA vi- ». <•/
itainn 1 1 To ei fttrain Bedell reestablish (re-es-tab'lish), v. t. [< re- + es-
tablish. Cf. OF. restablir, rctablir, F. retablir,
Pr. restablir, Sp. restablecer, Pg. restabelecer, It.
ristabilire, reestablish.] To establish anew ; set
up again: as, to reestablish one's health.
And thus was the precious tree of the crosse reestab-
lyehid in his place, and thauncyent myracles renewid.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 164.
The French were re-established in America, with equal
power and greater spirit, having lost nothing by the war
which they had before gained.
Johnson, State of Affairs in 1766.
reestablisher (re-es-tab'lish-er), n. One who
reestablishes.
reenter (re-en'ter), v. [< re- + enter. Cf. F.
rentrer, reenter, = It. rientrare, shrink.] I.
intrans. 1. To enter again or anew.
That glory . . . into which He re-entered after His pas-
sion and ascension. Waterland, Works, IV. 66.
2. In law, to resume or retake possession of
lands previously parted with. See reentry, 2.
As in case of Disseisin, the law hath been, that the dis-
seisor could not re-enter without action, unless he had as
it were made a present and continual claim.
Selden, Illustrations of Drayton's Polyolbion, xvii. 128.
II. trans. 1. To enter anew: as, (a) to reenter
a house; (b) to reenter an item in an account
or record. — 2. In engraving, to cut deeper, as
lines of an etched plate which the aqua fortis
has not bitten sufficiently, or which have be-
come worn by repeated printing.
reentering (re-en'ter- ing), n. In hand-block
calico-printing, the secondary and subsequent
colors, which are adapted to their proper place
in the pattern on the cloth by means of pin-
points. Also called grounding-in. E. H. Knight.
reentering (re-en'te'r-ing), p. a. En-
tering again or anew — Reentering
angle, an angle pointing inward (see an-
gleA)', specifically, in fort., the angle of a
work whose point turns inward toward the Ref ntering
defended place.
All that can be seen of the fortress from the river, upon
which it fronts, is a long, low wall of gray stone broken
sharply into salient and reentering angles with a few can-
non en barbette. The Century, XXXV. 521.
Re entering polygon. See polygon.
reenthrone (re-en-thron'), v. t. [< re- + en-
throne.] To enthrone again; restore to the
throne.
He disposes in my hands the scheme
To reenthrone the king. Southerne.
reenthronement (re-en-thron'ment), n. [< re-
enthrone 4- -ment.] The act of enthroning
again; restoration to the throne.
Restorers of virtue, and re-establishersot a happy world.
Sir E. Sandys, State of Religion.
reestablishment (re-es-tab'lish-ment), n. [<
reestablish + -ment. Cf. OF. resiablissement,
retablissement, F. retablissement, Sp. restableci-
miento, Pg. restabelecimento, It. ristabilimcnto.]
The act of establishing again, or the state of
being reestablished ; restoration.
The Jews . . . made such a powerful effort for their re-
establishment under Barchocab, in the reign of Adrian, as
shook the whole Roman empire.
Addison, Of the Christian Religion, viii. 6.
The re-establishment of the old system, by which the
dean and chapter (jointly) may have the general conduct
of the worship of the church, and the care of the fabric.
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 183.
reBstatet (re-es-tat' ),v.t. [< re- + estate.] To
reestablish ; reinstate.
Had there not been a degeneration from what God made
us at first, there had been no need of a regeneration to
re-estate us in it. Wallis, Two Sermons, p. 26.
reested, reestit (res'ted, -tit), y. a. See reasted.
reet1 (ret), n. A dialectal variant of roofl.
The highest tree in Elmond's wood,
He 's pu'd it by the reet.
young Akin (Child's Ballads, I. 180).
reet2 (ret). «. and n. A dialectal variant of
right.
regxhibit
reet2 (ret), ». t. [A dialectal variant of right.]
To smooth, or put in order ; comb, as the hair.
Iliilliicen. [Prov. Eng.]
reetle, v. t. [A f req. of ree f2.] To put to rights ;
repair. Hallhrrll. [Prov. Eng.]
reeve1 (rev), ». [< ME. reeve, reve, < AS. gerefa
(rarely gereafa, with loss of prefix refa, with
syncope in Anglian graJfa), a prefect, steward,
fiscal officer of a shire or county, reeve, sher-
iff, judge, count; origin uncertain. The form
gerefa suggests a derivation (as orig. an hon-
orary title), < ge-, a generalizing prefix, + rof
(= OS. rof, ruof), famous, well-known or
valiant, stout, a poetical epithet of imprecise
meaning and unknown origin. But gerefa may
perhaps stand for orig. "grej'a (Anglian gr&fa)
= OFries. greva = D. graaf — OHG. grdvo,
MHG. grave, greeve, G. graf, a count, prefect,
overseer, etc. : see graf, grave6, greeye^.] 1. A
steward; aprefect; abailiff; a business agent.
The word enters into the composition of some titles, as
borough-reeve, hog-reeve, portreeve, sheriff {shire-reeve), town-
reeve, etc., and is itself in use in Canada and in some parts
of the United States.
Selde falleth the seruant so deepe in arerages
As doth the reyue other the conterroller that rekene mot
and a-counte
Of al that thei hauen had of by m that is here maister.
Piers Plowman (C), xii. 298.
His lordes scheep, his neet, his dayerie,
His swyn, his hois, his stoor, and his pultrie,
Was holly in this reeves governynge.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T. (ed. Morris), 1. 599.
In auncient time, almost every manor had his reve,
whose authoritie was not only to levie the lords rents, to
set to worke his servaunts, and to husband his demesnes
to his best profit and commoditie, but also to governe his
tenants in peace, and to leade them foorth to war, when
necessitie so required.
Lambarde, Perambulation (1596), p. 484. (Halliwell.)
A lord "who has so many men that he cannot person-
ally have all in his own keeping " was bound to set over
each dependent township a reeve, not only to exact his
lord's dues, but to enforce his justice within its bounds.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 217.
The council of every village or township [in Canada]
consists of one reeve and four councillors, and the county
council consists of the reeves and deputy-reeves of the
townships and villages within the county.
Sir C. W. DUke, Probs. of Greater Britain, i. 2.
2. A foreman in a coal-mine. Edinburgh Rev.
[Local.] — Fen reeve, in some old English municipal
corporations, an officer having supervision of the fens or
marshes.
The Fen Reeve [at Dunwich] superintends the stocking of
the marshes, and his emoluments are from 51. toGJ. a year.
Municip. Corp. Report (1835X p. 2222.
reeve2t (rev), v. i. An obsolete variant of reave.
reeve3 (rev), v. t. ; pret. and pp. reeved or rove,
ppr. reeving. [< D. rcven = Dan. rebe, reef or
reeve, < reef, a reef: see ree/2, n. Cf. reef'2, v.,
a doublet of reeve3. The pp. rove is irreg., ap-
par. in imitation of hove, pret. and pp. of heave.]
Naut., to pass or run through anv hole in a
block, thimble, cleat, ring-bolt, cringle, etc.,
as the end of a rope.
When first leaving port, studding-sail gear is to be rove,
all the running rigging to be examined, that which is un-
fit for use to be got down, and new rigging rove in its
place. R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 15.
reeve4 (rev),«. [Apr»ar. formed by irreg. vowel-
change from the original of ruffl; see rw^2.]
A bird, the female of the ruff, Machetes pugnax.
See Pavoncella, and cut under ruffi.
The reeves lay four eggs in a tuft of grass, the first week
in May. Pennant, Brit. Zobl. (ed. 1776), p. 458. (Jodrett.)
Beeves's pheasant. See Phasianus.
reexamination (re-eg-zam-i-na'shon), n. [=
Sp. reexaminacion = Pg. reexaminacSo ; as re-
+ examination.] A renewed or repeated ex-
amination; specifically, in law, the examina-
tion of a witness after a cross-examination.
reexamine (re-eg-zam'in), v. t. [= Sp. Pg. re-
examinar; as re- + examine.] To examine
anew; subject to another examination.
Spend the time in re-examining more duly your cause.
Hooker.
ree'XChange (re-eks-cbanj'), n. [< re- + ex-
change, n.] 1. A renewed exchange. — 2. In
com., the difference in the value of a bill of
exchange occasioned by its being dishonored
in a foreign country in which it was payable.
The existence and amount of it depend on the
rate of exchange between the two countries.
Wliarton.
reexchange (re-eks-chanj'), ». t. [< re- + ex-
clunif/e, v7] To exchange again or anew.
reexhibit (re-eg-zib'it), v. t. [< re- + ej-hibit.]
To exhibit again or anew.
reexhibit (re-eg-zib'it), «. [< reexhibit, r.] A
second or renewed exhibit.
reexperience
reexperience (re-eks-pe'ri-ens), ii. [< re- + ex-
/irrii'iicc, ».] A renewed or repeated experience,
reexperience (re-eks-pe'ri-ens), r. t. [< re- +
experience, v.~] To experience again.
reexport (re-eks-porf), v. t. [= F. reexporter;
as re- + export.] To export again; export
after having imported.
The goods, for example, which are annually purchased
with the great surplus of eighty-two thousand hogsheads
of tobacco annually re-exported from Great Britain, are
not all consumed in Great Britain.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Iv. 7.
reexport (re-eks'port), n. [< reexport, r.] 1.
A commodity that is reexported. — 2. Reexpor-
tation.
Foreign sugars have not been taken to Hawaii for re-ex-
port to the Pacific Coast. The American, VI. 387.
reexportation (re-eks-por-ta'shon), n. [= F.
reexportation; as reexport + -ation.] The act of
exporting what has been imported.
In allowing the same drawbacks upon the re-exportation
of the greater part of European and East India goods to
the colonies as upon their re-exportation to any indepen-
dent country, the interest of the mother country was sac-
rificed to it, even according to the mercantile ideas of that
interest. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, iv. 7.
reextent (re-eks-tenf), ». [< re- + extent.'] In
latr, a second extent on lands or tenements, on
complaint that the former was partially made,
or the like. See extent, 3.
reezet, r. t. See reasti.
reezedt, «• See reastcd.
ref. An abbreviation of (a) reformed; (b) ref-
erence.
refactiont (re-fak'shon), ». [= F. refaction =
Sp. refaccioi!, < L. as if *refactio(n-), for refec-
tio(n-), a restoring (cf. refactor, a restorer): see
refection.'] Retribution.
The Soveraigne Minister, who was then employed in
Elaiana, was commanded to require refaction and satis-
faction against the Informers or rather inventours and
forgers of the aforesaid mis-information.
Howell. Vocall Forrest, p. lia
refait (F. pron. re-fa'), ». [F., a drawn game, <
refait, pp. of refaire, do again, < re-, again, +
faire, do: see /eat*.] A drawn game; specifi-
cally, in rouge-et-noir, a state of the game in
which the cards dealt for the players who bet
on the red equal in value those dealt for the
players who bet on the black.
refashion (re-fash'on), ». t. [= OF. refagoner,
rcfafonner, F. refaeonner, fashion over, re-
fashion; as re- + fashion, v.] To fashion,
form, or mold into shape a second time or
anew.
refashionment (re-fash' on-ment), n. [< re-
fashion + -ment,~] The act of fashioning or
forming again or anew. L. Hunt.
refasten (re-fas'n), r. t. [< re- + fasten.'} To
fasten again.
refectt (re-fekf), v. t. [< L. refectus, pp. of
reficere, restore, refresh, remake, < re-, again.
+ facere, make : see fact. Cf. refete, refit.]
To refresh; restore after hunger or fatigue;
repair.
A man in the morning is lighter in the scale, because
in sleep some pounds have perspired ; and is also lighter
unto himself, because he is refected.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Iv. 7.
refectt (re-fekf), p. a. [ME., < L. refectus, re-
freshed, restored, pp. of reficere, restore, re-
fresh: see refect, v.] Recovered; restored;
5032
refectioner (re-fek'shou-er), n. [< refection +
-er'~.] One who has charge of the refectory
and the supplies of food in a monastery.
Two most important officers of the Convent, the Kitch-
ener and Refectioner, were just arrived with a sumpter-
mule loaded with provisions. Scott, Monastery.
refective (re-fek'tiv), a. and ». [< refect +
-ive.] I. a. Refreshing; restoring.
II. n. That which refreshes.
refectorer (re-fek'to-rer), ». [< F. refecturit ,•
= Sp. refitolero = Pg. refeitoreiro = It. rffetto-
riere, < ML. refectorarius, one who has charge
of the refectory, < refectorium, refectory: see
refectory.] Same as refectioner.
refectory (rf-fek'to-ri), n.; pi. refectories (-riz).
[= OF. refe'ctoir, refeitoir, also (with intrusive
r) refrectoir, refreitoir, refrictur, refretor, etc.,
F. rejectoire and refectoir = Pr. refector, refcitur
= Sp. refectorio, refitorio = Pg. refcitorio = It.
refettorio, < ML. refectorium, a place of refresh-
ment, < L. reficere, pp. refectus, refresh, restore,
refect: see refect.] A room of refreshment;
Tak thanne this drawht, and, whan thou art wel re-
fresshed and refect, thow shal be moore stydefast to stye
[rise] into heyere que&tiouns.
Chaucer, Boethlus, iv. prose 6.
refection (re-fek'shon), H. [< ME. refeccion,
refeccyon, < OF. refection, F. refection = Pr.
refectio = Sp. refeccion = Pg. refeifao, refec(So
= It. refezione, < L. refectio(n-), a restoring,
refreshment, remaking, < reficere, pp. refectus,
restore, remake : see refect.'} 1. Refreshment
after hunger or fatigue; a repast: applied es-
pecially to meals in religious nouses.
And whan we were retourned ayen into ye sayde chap-
ell of oure Lady, after a lytel refeccym with mete and
Sir X. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 27.
But now the peaceful hours of sacred night
Demand refection, and to rest invite.
Pope, Iliad, xxiv. 754.
Beside the rent in kind and the feudal services, the chief
who had given stock was entitled to come with a com-
pany . . . and feast at the Daer-stock tenant's house at
particularperiods. . . . This " right of refection " and lia-
bility to it are among the most distinctive features of an-
cient Irish custom.
Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 161.
2. In civil law and old Eng. law, repair; resto-
ration to good condition.
Refectory of the Monastery of Mont St. Michel. Normandy;
I3lh century.
an eating-room ; specifically, a hall or apart-
ment in a convent, monastery, or seminary
where the meals are eaten. Compare /miter.
Scenes
Sacred to neatness and repose, th' alcove.
The chamber, or refectory. Cmcper, Task, vi. 572.
To whom the monk : ..." a guest of ours
Told us of this in our refectory."
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
refelt (re-fel' ), v. t. [< OF. refeller, < L. refellere,
show to be false, refute, < re-, again, back, +
fallere, deceive C>falsus, false) : see /art1.] To
refute; disprove; overthrow by arguments; set
aside.
How I persuaded, how I pray'd and kneel'd,
How he reftll'd me, and how I replied.
Shale., M. for M., v. 1. 94.
I shall confute, refute, repel, refel,
Explode, exterminate, expunge, extinguish
Like a rush-candle this same heresy.
Chapman, Revenge for Honour, 1. 2.
refeoff (re-fef), v. t. [< ME. refeffen; as re- +
feoff.] To feoff again ; reinvest; reendow.
Kynge Arthur refe/ed hyrn a-gein in his londe that he
hftdde be-fore. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), iii. 479.
refer (re-fer'), r. ; pret. and pp. referred, ppr.
referring. [< ME. referren, < OF. referer, F.
referer = Pr. referre = Sp. referir = Pg. referir-
se, referir = It. riferire, < L. referre, bear back,
relate, refer, < re-, back, + ferre, bear, = E.
bear1. Cf. confer, defer, differ, infer, prefer,
transfer, etc. Cf. relate.] I. trans. If. To bear
or carry back ; bring back.
Alle thinges ben referred and browht to nowht.
Chaucer, Boethius, iii. prose 11.
He lives in heav'n, among the saints referred.
P. Fletcher, Eliza.
Cut from a crab his crooked claws, and hide
The rest in earth, a scorpion thence will glide,
And shoot his sting ; his tail, in circles tossed,
Refers the limbs his backward father lost.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xv.
2. To trace back; assign to as origin, source,
etc. ; impute ; assign; attribute.
Wo be to the land, to the realm, whose king is a child :
which some interpret and refer to childish conditions.
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1BBO.
Mahomet referred his new laws to the angel Gabriel, by
whose direction he gave out they were made.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 603.
In the political as in the natural body, a sensation is
often referred to a part widely different from that in which
it really resides. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
referee
3. To hand over or intrust for consideration
and decision ; deliver over, as to another per-
son or tribunal for treatment, information, de-
cision, and the like : as, to refer a matter to a
third person ; parties to a suit refer their cause
to arbitration ; the court refers a cause to in-
dividuals for examination and report, or for
trial and decision.
Now, touching the situation of measures, there are as
manie or more proportions of them which I referre to the
makers phantasie and choise.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 74.
I refer it to your own judgment.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, it 2.
4. Reflexively, to betake one's self to ; appeal.
I do refer me to the oracle. Skalr., W. T., 111. 2. 116.
My father's tongue was loosed of a suddenly, and he
said aloud, " I refer mysell to God's pleasure, and not to
yours." Scott, Redgauntlet, letter xt
5. To reduce or bring in relation, as to some
standard.
You profess and practise to refer all things to yourself.
Baoon.
6. To assign, as to a class, rank, historical posi-
tion, or the like.
A science of historical palmistry . . . that attempts to
refer, by distinctions of penmanship, parchment, paper,
ink, illumination, and abbreviation, every manuscript to
its own country, district, age, school, and even individual
writer. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 76.
7. To defer; put off; postpone. [Rare.]
Harry, all but the first (challenge] I put off with engage-
ment ; and, by good fortune, the first is no madder of light-
ing than I; so that that's referred: the place where it
must be ended is four days' journey off.
Beau, and !•'/.. King and no King, iii. 2.
My account of this voyage must be referred to the sec-
ond part of my travels. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, L 8.
8. To direct for information ; instruct to apply
for any purpose.
My wife . . . referred her to all the neighbors for a char-
acter. Goldsmith, Vicar, xi.
I would refer the reader ... to the admirable exposi-
tion in the August issue of the "Westminster Review."
Contemporary Ret!., LIV. 329.
= Svn. 2. Ascribe, Charge, etc. See attribute.
II. intrans. 1. To have relation ; relate.
Breaking of Bread : a Phrase which . . . manifestly re-
fers to the Eucharist. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. vii.
2. To have recourse ; apply ; appeal : as, to re-
fer to an encyclopedia ; to refer to one's notes.
Of man, what see we but his station here,
From which to reason, or to which refer!
Pope, Essay on Man, 1. 20.
3. To allude; make allusion.
I proceed to another affection of our nature which bears
strong testimony to our being born for religion. I refer
to the emotion which leads us to revere what is higher
than ourselves. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 11.
4. To direct the attention ; serve as a mark or
sign of reference.
Some suspected passages . . . are degraded to the bot-
tom of the page, with an asterisk referring to the places
of their insertion. Pope, Pref. to Shakspere.
5. To give a reference : as, to refer to a former
employer for a recommendation. =Syn.l. To be-
long to, pertain to, concern.— ! and 3. Allude, Hint, etc.
See advert.
referable (ref'er-a-bl), a. [< OF. referable, < re-
ferer, refer: see refer and -able. Cf. referrible.]
Capable of being referred; that may be as-
signed; admitting of being considered as be-
longing or related to.
As for those names of A^poitn), Ziiyio, &c., they are all
referable to To/ioj, which we have already taken notice of
in our defence of the Cabbala.
Dr. H. More, The Cabbala, iv. 4.
Other classes of information there were — partly ob-
tained from books, partly from observation, to some ex-
tent referable to his two main employments of politics
and law. R. Choate, Addresses and Orations, p. 304.
France is the second commercial country of the world ;
and her command of foreign markets seems clearly refer-
able, in a great degree, to the real elegance of her produc-
tions. Gladstone, Might of Bight, p. 47.
Isaac Barrow, Sir Thomas Browne, Henry More. Dr.
Johnson, and many other writers, down to our own time,
have referrible [instead of referable]. . . . Possibly it was
pronunciation, in part, that debarred preferrible, and dis-
couraged referrible. F. Hall, Adjectives in -able, p. 47.
referee (ref-e-re'), «. [< F. rffere, pp. of re-
ferer, refer: see refer.] I. One to whom some-
thing is referred ; especially, a person to whom
a matter in dispute has been referred for set-
tlement or decision; an arbitrator ; an umpire.
He was the universal referee; a quarrel about a bet or
a mistress was solved by him in a moment, and in a man-
ner which satisfied both parties. Disraeli, Conlngsby, i. 5.
2. Specifically, in late, a person selected by
the court or parties under authority of law to
try a cause in place of the court, or to exam-
referee
ine and report on a question in aid of the
court, or to perform some function involving
judicial or quasi-judicial powers.=Syn. Umpire,
Arbitrator, etc. See judge, n.
referee (ref-e-re'), «. '• [< referee, ».] To pre-
side over as referee or umpire. [Colloq.]
The boys usually asked him to keep the score, or to
referee the matches they played. St. Nicholas, XIV. 50.
reference (ref'er-ens), n. [< F. reference = Sp.
Pg. referenda = It. riferenza,<. ML. * referential
L. referen(t-)s, ppr. of referre, refer: see refer.']
1. The act of referring, (o) The act of assigning :
as, the reference of a work to its author, or of an animal to
Us proper class. (6) The act of having recourse to a work
or person for information; consultation: as, a work of
reference : also used attributively, (c) The act of mention-
ing or speaking of (a pel-son or thing) incidentally.
But distance only cannot change the heart ;
And, were I call'd to prove th' assertion true,
One proof should serve — a reference to you.
Coivper, Epistle to Joseph Hill.
(d) In law : (1) The process of assigning a cause pending in
court, or some particular point in a cause, to one or more
persons appointed by the court under authority of law to
act in place of or in aid of the court. (2) The hearing or
proceeding before such person. Abbreviated ref.
2. Relation; respect; regard: generally in the
phrase in or with reference to.
Ro». But what will you be call'd ?
Cel. Something that hath a reference, to my state ;
No longer Celia, but Aliena.
Shak., As you Like it, i. 8. 129.
I have dwelt so long on this subject that I must contract
what I have to say in reference to my translation.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal, Ded.
If we take this definition of happiness, and examine it
inth reference to the senses, it will be acknowledged won-
derfully adapt. Swift, Tale of a Tub, ix.
3. That which is or may be referred to. (a) A
written testimonial to character or ability. Hence — (6)
One of whom inquiries may be made in regard to a per-
son's character, abilities, or the like.
4. A direction in a book or writing to refer
to some other place or passage : often a mere
citation, as of book, chapter, page, or text. —
5f. Assignment; apportionment.
I crave fit disposition for my wife,
Due reference of place and exhibition [maintenance].
S/iak., Othello, i. 3. 238.
6f. An appeal.
Make your full reference freely to my lord,
Who is so full of grace that it flows over
On all that need. Shak., A. and C., v. 2. 23.
Book or work of reference, a book, such as a dictionary
or an encyclopedia, intended to be consulted as occasion
requires.— Reference Bible, a Bible having references
to parallel passages, with or without brief explanations,
printed on the margin. — Reference book, a book or
work of reference.— Reference library, a library con-
taining books which can be consulted only on the spot :
in contradistinction to a lending or circulating library. —
Reference-marks, in printing, the characters * 1 1 II § IT,
or figures, or letters, used in a printed page to refer the
reader from the text to notes, or vice versa.
referendar (ref"er-en-dar'), n. [G. : see refe-
rendary.] In Germany, a jurist, or one not
yet a full member of a judicial college, whose
functions vary in different states, in Prussia,
since 1869, two examinations are required in the judicial
service ; after passing the first the candidate becomes a
referendar, and serves generally without pay and without
a vote.
referendary (ref-e-ren'da-ri), n. [< OF. ref-
ferendaire, referenda-ire, F. referenduire = Sp.
Pg. referendario = It. riferendario, referendario
= Gr. referendar, < ML. referendarius, an officer
through whom petitions were presented to and
answered by the sovereign, and by whom the
sovereign's mandates were communicated to the
courts, commissions signed, etc., < L. referen-
dus, to be referred to, gerundive of referre, re-
fer: see refer.] 1. One to whom or to whose
decision anything is referred ; a referee.
In suits which a man doth not well understand, it is
good to refer them to some friend of trust and judgment ;
. . . but let him chuse well his referendaries, for else he
may be led by the nose. Bacon, Suitors (ed. 1887).
If I were by your appointment your referendary for
news, I should write but short letters, because the times
are barren. Donne, Letters, xxiv.
2. An officer acting as the medium of com-
munication with a sovereign. — 3. [Tr. Gr. pc-
<t>epcv<5dpiof.] An official who is the medium of
communication between the patriarch of Con-
stantinople and the civil authorities. This of-
fice has existed since the sixth century.
referendum (ref-e-ren'dum), n. [= G. refe-
rendum, etc., < NL". referendum, neut. of L. refe-
rendus, gerundive of referre, refer: see referen-
dary.'] 1. A note from a diplomatic agent ad-
dressed to his government, asking for instruc-
tions on particular matters. — 2. In Switzer-
land, the right of the people to decide on cer-
tain laws or measures which have been passed
by the legislative body. In one of its two forms,
facultative referendum (contingent on certain conditions)
5033
or obligatory referendum, it exists in nearly all the can-
tons, wince 1874 the facultative referendum forms part of
the federal constitution : if 8 cantons or 30,000 voters so
demand, a federal measure must be submitted to popular
vote,
referential (ref-e-ren'shal), a. [< reference
(ML. *referentia)"+ -at.] Relating to or hav-
ing reference ; relating to or containing a refer-
ence or references.
Any one might take down a lecture, word for word, for
his own referential use. Athen&-um, No. 2944, p. 411.
referentially (ref-e-ren'shal-i), adv. By way of
reference.
refermentH (rS-fer'ment), «. [= It. riferi-
tn/'iito ; as nj'i'r + -men't.] A reference for de-
cision.
There was a referinent made from his Majesty to my
Lord's Grace of Cant., my Lords of Durham and Roches-
ter, and myself, to hear and order a matter of difference in
the church of Hereford. Abp. Laud, Diary, Dec. 6, 1624.
referment- (re-fer-ment'X v. [= Pg. refcrmcn-
tar; as re- + ferment.'] I. it
again. Maunder.
, intrans. To ferment
II. trans. To cause to ferment again.
Th' admitted nitre agitates the flood,
Revives its fire, and referments the blood.
Sir JR. Blackmore, Creation, vi.
referrer (re-fer'er), ». One who refers.
referrible (re-fer'i-bl), a. [= Sp. referable =
Pg. referivel; as refer + -Me. Cf. referable.]
Same as referable.
Acknowledging . . . the secondary [substance] to be re-
ferrible also to the primary or centrall substance by way of
causall relation. Dr. H. More, Immortal, of Soul, i. 4.
I shall only take notice of those effects of lightning
which seem referrible . . . partly to the distinct shapes
and sizes of the corpuscles that compose the destructive
matter. Boyle, Works, III. 682.
Some of which may be referrible to this period.
Hattam.
refetet, »• t. [< ME. refeten, < OF. refeter, rc-
faiiter, < refait, < L. refectus, pp. of reficere, re-
fect : see refect. Cf. refit.'] To refect; refresh.
Thay ar happen also that hungeres after 173!,
For thay schal frely be refete ful of alle gode.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 20.
refigure (re-fig'ur), v. t. [<ME. refiguren; < re-
+ figure.]' 1. To go over again ; figure anew;
represent anew. .
Refigurynge hire shap, hire wommanhede,
Withinne his herte, and every word or dede
That passed was. Chaucer, Troilus, v. 472.
The child doth not more expresly refigure the visage of
his Father then that book resembles the stile of the Re-
monstrant Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
When the fog is vanishing away,
Little by little doth the sight reflmire
Whate'er the mist that crowds the air conceals.
Longfellow, tr. of Dante's Inferno, xxxi. 35.
Specifically — 2. In astron., to correct or re-
store the parabolic figure of: said of a para-
bolic mirror.
refill (re-fil' ), v. t. and i. [< re- + fiin.] To
fill again.
See i round the verge a vine-branch twines.
See ! how the mimic clusters roll,
As ready to refill the bowl !
Broome, tr. of Anacreon's Odes, 1.
refine (re-fin'), v. [= Sp. Pg. refinar; as re-
+ fine%. ' Cf . F. raffiner (= It. raffinare), refine, <
re- + affiner, refine, fine (metal) : see ajme2.] I.
trans. 1. To bring or reduce to a pure state;
free from impurities ; free from sediment ; defe-
cate ; clarify ; fine : as, to refine liquor, sugar,
or petroleum.
Wines on the lees well refined. Isa. xxv. «.
The temper of my love, whose flame I find
Fin'd and refin'd too oft, but faintles flashes,
And must within short time fall down in ashes.
Stirling, Aurora, Sonnet xxii.
Now the table was furnished with fat things, and wine
that was well refined. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 122.
2. In metal., to bring into a condition of purity
as complete as the nature of the ore treated
will allow. Used chiefly with reference to gold and
silver, especially with reference to the separation (parting)
of these two metals from each other and from the baser
metals with which they are combined in what are known
as bullion-bars or bricks of mixed metals, as they come
from the mills located at or near the mines. Refining is.
In general, the last stage or stages in the metallurgical
treatment of an ore. As the term refining is commonly
used with reference to the manufacture of iron, it means
the partial decarburization and purification of pig in the
open-hearth furnace, for the purpose of rendering it more
suitable for use in the puddling-furnace in which the
? recess of converting it into malleable iron is completed,
his method of puddling is called dry puddling. The op-
eration of converting pig- into wrought-iron in the open-
hearth furnace, when begun and completed without pud-
dling, is generally called fining, and in this process char-
coal or coke is used. There are many modifications of
the fining process, but the principle is the same in all. In
puddling, raw coal is used, and the fuel does not come in
contact with the metal ; in fining, the ore and fuel (either
charcoal or coke) are together upon the same hearth. The
refinement
various fining processes for converting pig- intowrought-
iiuii, with charoual as fuel, were of great importance be-
fore the invention of puddling, by which method much
the larger part of the wrought-iion now used in the world
is prepared, and this is done, for the most part, without
previous partial decarburization of the pig in the refinery,
by the process known as u'et puddling, or pig-boiling. See
puddle^ andyi/i^ri/-.
I will bring the third part through the fire, and will re-
fine them as silver is refined. Zech. xiii. 9.
To gild refined gold, to paint the lily.
Shah., K. John, iv. 2. 11.
3. To purify from what is gross, coarse, de-
basing, low, vulgar, inelegant, rude, clownish,
and the like ; make elegant ; raise or educate,
as the taste ; give culture to ; polish : as, to re-
fine the manners, taste, language, style, intel-
lect, or moral feelings.
So it more faire accordingly it [beauty] makes,
And the grosse matter of this earthly myne
Which clotheth it thereafter doth refyne.
Spenser, In Honour of Beautie, 1. 47.
Love refines
The thoughts, and heart enlarges.
Milton, P. L., viii. 590.
Refined madder. See madderi.
II. intrans. 1. To become pure ; be cleared
of feculent matter.
So the pure limpid stream, when foul with stains.
Works itself clear, and, as it runs, refines. Addison.
2. To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or in
anything that constitutes excellence.
Chaucer has refined on Boccace, and has mended the
stories which he has borrowed. Dryden, Pref. to Fables.
But let a lord once own the happy lines,
How the wit brightens ! how the style refines!
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 421.
A new generation, refining upon the lessons given by
himself [Shelley] and Keats, has carried the art of rhythm to
extreme variety and finish. Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 3SO.
3. To exhibit nicety or subtlety in thought or
language, especially excessive nicety.
You speak like good blunt soldiers ; and 'tis well enough ;
But did you live at court, as I do, gallants,
You would refine, and learn an apter language.
Fletcher (and another), False One, iii. 2.
Who, too deep for his hearers, still went on refining,
And thought of convincing, while they thought of dining.
Goldsmith, Retaliation, 1. 36.
refined (re-find'), p. a. Purified; elevated; cul-
tivated; subtle: as, a refined taste; a refined
discrimination; refined society.
There be men that be so sharp, and so over-sharpe or re-
fined, that it seemeth little unto them to interprete words,
but also they holde it for an office to diuine thoughts.
Guemra, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 133.
Modern taste
Is so refin'd, and delicate, and chaste.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 511.
refinedly (re-fi'ned-li), adv. With refinement;
with nicety or elegance, especially excessive
nicety.
Will any dog ...
Reftnedly leave his bitches and his bones,
To turn a wheel ?
Dryden, Essay upon Satire, 1. 135.
Some have refinedly expounded that passage in Matt. xii.
Calvin, On Jonah (Calv. Trans. Soc., 1847), p. 20.
refinedness (re-fi'ned-nes), n. The state of be-
ing refined ; purity ; refinement ; also, affected
purity.
Great semblances of peculiar sanctimony, integrity, scru-
pulosity, spirituality, refinedness. Barrow, Works, III. xv.
refinement (re-fm'ment), 11. [=Pg.refinamento;
as refine + -mcn t. Cf.F. ruffinemeHt = \t. raffina-
mento.~\ 1. The act of refining or purifying;
the act of separating from a substance ail ex-
traneous matter; purification; clarification:
as, the refinement of metals or liquors.
The soul of man is capable of very high refinements, even
to a condition purely angelical.
Dr. II. More, Immortal, of Soul, iii. 1.
2. The state of being pure or purified.
The more bodies are of a kin to spirit in subtilty and
refinement, the more diffusive are they. Harris.
3. The state of being free from what is coarse,
rude, inelegant, debasing, or the like; purity
of taste, mind, etc. ; elegance of manners or
language; culture.
I am apt to doubt whether the corruptions in our lan-
guage have not at least equalled the refinements of it.
Sicift, Improving the English Tongue.
This refined taste is the consequence of education and
habit ; we are born only with a capacity of entertaining
this refinement, us we are born with a disposition to re-
ceive and obey all the rules and regulations of society.
Sir J. Reynolds, Discourse?, xiii.
Refinement as opposed to simplicity of taste is not ne-
cessarily a mark of a good sesthetic faculty.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 544.
4. That which proceeds from refining or a de-
sire to refine ; a result of elaboration, polish, or
nicety : often used to denote an over-nicety, or
refinement
affected subtlety: as, the refinements of logic
or philosophy ; the refinements of cunning.
It is the Poet's Refinement upon this Thought which I
most admire. Addison, Spectator, No. 303.
From the small experience I have of courts, I have ever
found refinements to be the worst sort of all conjec-
tures ; ... of some hundreds of facts, for the real truth
of which I can account, I never yet knew any refiner to
be once in the right. Swift, Change in Queen's Ministry.
As used in Greece, its [the Doric column's] beauty was
very much enhanced by a number of refinements whose ex-
istence was not suspected till lately, and even now rail-
not be detected but by the most practised eye.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 249.
5f. Excessive or extravagant compliment; a
form of expression intended to impose on the
hearer.
I must tell you a great piece of refinement of Barley. He
charged me to come to him often ; I told him I was loth
to trouble him in so much business as he had, and desired
I might have leave to come at his levee ; which he imme-
diately refused, and said that was not a place for friends
to come to. Su-ift, Journal to Stella, v.
= Syn. 3. Cultivation, etc. See culture.
refiner (rf-fi'ner), «. 1. One who refines li-
quors, sugar, metals, etc.
And he shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver.
Mai. ill. 3.
2. An improver in purity and elegance.
As they have been the great refiners of our language, so
it hath been my chief ambition to imitate them. Swift.
3. An inventor of superfluous subtleties ; one
who is overnice in discrimination, or in argu-
ment, reasoning, philosophy, etc.
Whether (as some phantasticall refyners of phylosophy
will needes perswade vs)hell is nothing but error, and that
none but fooles and idiots and mechanicall men, that haue
no learning, shall be damnd.
Nashe, Pierce Penilesse, p. 66.
No men see less of the truth of things than these great
refiners upon incidents, who are so wonderfully subtle and
over wise in their conceptions. Addison.
4f. One who indulges in excessive compliment ;
one who is over-civil ; a flatterer.
The worst was, our guilded refiners with their golden
promises made all men their slaues in hope of recom-
pences. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, 1. 169.
For these people have fallen into a needless and endless
way of multiplying ceremonies, which have been extremely
troublesome to those who practise them, and insupporta-
ble to every body else ; insomuch that wise men are often
more uneasy at the over civility of these refiners than they
could possibly be in the conversation of peasants or me-
chanics. Swift, Good Manners.
5. An apparatus for refining; specifically, in
England, a gas-purifier.
refinery (re-fi'ner-i), n.; pi. refineries (-iz). [<
refine + -e'ry. Cf . F. raffinerie, a refinery,< raf-
finer, refine: see refine.] A place or establish-
ment where some substance, as petroleum, is
refined; specifically, in metal., a place where
metals are refined. See refine and finery2.
refit (re-fif), r. [< re- + fifl, v. Partly due to
ME. refeten, repair: see refete.] I. trans. 1. To
fit or prepare again; restore after damage or
decay; repair: as, to refit ships of war.
Permit our ships a shelter on your shores,
Refitted from your woods with planks and oars.
Dryden, Jineid, i. 777.
We landed, in order to refit our vessels and store our-
selves with provisions. Aildismt. Frozen Words.
2. To fit out or provide anew.
II. intrans. To repair damages, especially
damages of ships.
Having received some Damage by a Storm, we ... put
In here to refit before we could adventure to go farther.
Dumpier, Voyages, I. 418.
At each place [Tampa Bay and Pensacola Bay] we have
a railroad terminus, while at the latter harbor are ample
means for refitting. Jour, of Mil. Service Inst., X. 686.
refit (re-fif), n. [< refit, «.] The repairing or
renovating of what is damaged or worn out;
specifically, the repair of a ship: as, the vessel
came in for refit.
refitment (re-fit'ment), ». [< refit + -ment.]
The act of refitting!'
refl. An abbreviation of reflexive.
reflairt, ». [< ME. ; as re- + flair.] An odor,
gif hit watz semly on to sene,
A fayre refiayr jet fro hit Hot,
Ther wonys that worthyly I wot <fe wene.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), I. 46.
reflairt, «. i. [ME. reflaren; < reflair, n.] To
arise, as an odor.
Haill ! floscampy, and flower vyrgynall,
The odour of thy goodnes refiars to vs all.
York Plays, p. 444.
reflame (re-flam'), v. i. [< re- + flame.] To
blaze again; burst again into flame.
Stamp out the fire, or this
Will smoulder and re-fame, and burn the throne
Where you should sit with Philip.
Tennyson, Queen Mary, i. 5.
5034
reflect (re-flekf), v. [< OF. reflecter, F. refle-
ter (= Sp. reflector, reflejar), reflect; vernacu-
larly, OF. refleciiir, bend back, F. reflichir, re-
flect, etc., = Pr. Sp. Pg. reflectir = It. riflettere,
reflettere, reflect; \ii.reflectere, bend backward,
< re-, back, + flectere, bend : see flection.] I.
trans. 1. To bend back; turnback; cast back;
throw back again.
Reflect I not on thy baseness court-contempt?
Shak., W. T., iv. 4. 758.
And dazled with this greater light, I would reflect mine
eyes to that reflexion of this light.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 13.
Let me mind the reader to reflect his eye upon other
quotations. Fuller.
Do you reflect that Guilt upon me?
Gangrene, Way of the World, ii. 3.
2. Hence, figuratively, to bend the will of; per-
suade. [Rare.]
Such rites beseem ambassadors, and Nestor urged these,
That their most honours might reflect enraged (Eacides.
Chapman, Iliad, ix. 180. (Dames.)
3. To cause to return or to throw off after
striking or falling on any surface, and in ac-
cordance with certain physical laws: as, to
reflect light, heat, or sound; incident and re-
flected rays. See reflection, 2.
Then, grim in arms, with hasty vengeance flies,
Arms that reflect a radiance through the skies.
Pope, Iliad, xv. 137.
Like a wave of water which is sent up against a sea-
wall, aud which reflects itself back along the sea.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 40.
4. To give back an image or likeness of ; mirror.
Nature is the glass reflecting God,
As by the sea reflected is the sun.
Young, Night Thoughts, Ix. 1007.
Heav'n reflected in her face. Cowper, A Comparison.
The vast bosom of the Hudson was like an unruffled
mirror, reflecting the golden splendor of the heavens.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 344.
Among the lower forms of life there is but little varia-
tion among the units ; the one reflects the other, and spe-
cies axe founded upon differences that are only deter*
mined by using the micrometer.
Amer. Nat., June, 1890, p. 578.
II. intrans. 1. To bend or turn back; be re-
flected.
Let thine eyes
Reflect upon thy soul, and there behold
How loathed black it is.
Beau, and Fl., Captain, iv. 6.
Not any thing that shall
Kcflect injurious to yourself.
Shirley, Love's Cruelty, I 1.
2. To throw back light, heat, sound, etc. ; give
reflections; return rays or beams : as, & reflect-
ing mirror or gem.
She lifts the coffer-lids that close his eyes,
Where, lo, two lamps, burnt out, in darkness lies ;
Two glasses, where herself herself beheld
A thousand times, and now no more reflect.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 1130.
3. To throw or turn back the thoughts upon
something; think or consider seriously ; revolve
matters in the mind, especially in relation to
conduct; ponder or meditate.
Who saith, Who could such ill events expect?
With shame on his own counsels doth reflect.
Sir J. Denham, Prudence.
Content if hence the unlearn'd their wants may view,
The learn'd reflect on what before they knew.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 740.
We cannot be said to reflect upon any external object ex-
cept in so far as that object has been previously perceived,
and its image become part and parcel of our intellectual
furniture. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., x.
Let boys and girls in our schools be taught to think ;
let them not be drilled so much in remembering as in re-
flecting. J. F. Clarice, Self-Culture, p. 137.
4. To bring reproach ; cast censure or blame :
followed by on or upon.
This kind of language reflects with the same Ignominy
upon all the Protestant Reformations that have bin since
Luther. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xiiii.
She could not bear to hear Charles reflected on, notwith-
standing their difference.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
5f. To shine.
Lord Saturnine ; whose virtues will, I hope,
Reflect on Rome as Titan's rays on earth,
And ripen justice. Shak., Tit. And., i. 1. 226.
=Syn. 3. To consider, meditate upon, etc. (see list under
contemplate\ cogitate, ruminate, study.
reflectt, ». [< reflect, v.] A reflection. [Rare.]
Would you in blindnesse live? these rales of myne
Give that reflect by which your Beauties shine.
Heywood, Apollo and Daphne (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874,
[VI. 289).
reflected (rf-flek'ted), p. a. 1. Cast or thrown
back: as. reflected light. — 2. In anat., turned
back upon itself. See reflection, 10. — 3. In en-
torn., turned upward or back: as, a reflected
reflection
margin. — 4. In licr., same as reflexed,3 Fleeted
and reflected. See fleeted. — Reflected light, in paint-
ing, the subdued light which falls on objects that are in
shadow, and serves to bring out their forms. It is treated
as reflected from some object on which the light falls di-
rectly, whether seen in the picture or supposed to influ-
ence it from without.
reflectentt (re-flek'tent), a. [< L. reflecten(t-)n,
ppr. ofreflectere, reflect: see reflect.] 1. Bend-
ing or flying back; reflected.
The ray descendent, and the ray reflectent.
Sir K. LHgby, Nature of Man's Soul. (Latham.)
2. Capable of reflecting.
When light passes through such bodies, it finds at the
very entrance of them such resistences, where it passes,
as serve it for a reflecting body, and yet such a reflectent
body as hinders not the passage through, but only from
being a straight line with the line incident.
Sir K. Digby, Of Bodies, xiii.
reflectible (re-flek'ti-bl), o. [< reflect + -ible.
Cf. reflexible.] Capable of being reflected or
thrown back,
reflecting (re-flek'ting),^. a. 1. Throwing back
light, heat, etc., as a mirror or other polished
surface.
A perfectly reflecting body is one which cannot absorb
any ray. Polished silver suggests such a body.
Tail, Light, § 807.
2. Given to reflection ; thoughtful ; medita-
tive ; provident : as, a reflecting mind.
No reflecting man can ever wish to adulterate manly
piety (the parent of all that is good in the world) with
mummery and parade.
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii.
Reflecting Circle, an instrument for measuring altitudes
and angular distances, constructed on the principle of the
sextant, the graduations, however, being continued com-
pletely round the limb of the circle.— Reflecting dial.
See dial.— Reflecting galvanometer. See Thomson's
mirror galvanometer, under galvanometer.— Reflecting
goniometer. See goniometer.— Reflecting lamp, a
lamp with an upper reflector so arranged as to throw
downward those rays of light which tend upward.— Re-
flecting level, (a) An instrument for determining a
horizontal direction by looking at the reflection of an ob-
ject at a distance. Thus, in Mariotte's level, the level is
determined by bisecting the distance between the direct
Image of an object and Its reflection in a sort of artificial
horizon. In Cassini's level, a telescope hangs vertically,
carrying before its object-glass a plane mirror inclined
45° to the line of sight. (6) An Instrument in which a
slow-moving bubble is viewed by reflection, so that the
image of the middle of it can be seen by the side of the
direct image of a distant object. Such are Abney's and
Locke's levels, used by topographers. See /."•/;'. level,
under leveli.— Reflecting microscope. See microscope.
— Reflecting power, the power possessed by any surface
of throwing off a greater or less proportion of incident
heat. This power is a maximum for the polished metals
and a minimum for a surface of lampblack ; it is the re-
ciprocal of the absorptive (and radiating) power.— Re-
flecting quadrant. See quadrant, 4.— Reflecting
sight, in firearms, a reflecting surface placed at such an
angle as to reflect to the eye light from one direction only.
K. a. Knight.— Reflecting telescope. See telescope.
reflectingly (re-flek'ting-li), adv. 1. With re-
flection.— 2. AJVith censure; reproachfully; cen-
soriously. [Rare.]
A great indiscretion In the archbishop of Dublin, who
applied a story out of Tacitus very reflectinyly on Mr. Har-
ley. Suift, Journal to Stella, xx.
reflection, reflexion (re-flek'shgn), n. [< ME.
reflexion, reflexiotin, < OF. reflexion, F. reflexion,
reflection = Pr. reflexio = Sp. reflexion = Pg. re-
flex&o = It. riflessione, < LL. reflexio(n-), a bend-
ing or turning back, < L. reflectere, pp. reflextis,
bend back, reflect: see reflect.] 1. A bending
back ; a turning.
Crooked Erimanthus wyth hys manye tnrnynges and
reflexions is consumed by the inhabytours with wateryng
their ground. J. Srende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, fol. 232.
2. The act of reflecting, or the state of being
reflected; specifically, in physics, the change
of direction which a ray of light, radiant heat,
or sound experiences when it strikes upon a
surface and is thrown back into the same me-
dium from which it approached. Reflection fol-
lows two laws, viz.— (1) the angle of reflection is equal to
the angle of incidence ; and (2) the reflected and incident
rays are in the same plane with a normal to the surface. If
DE represents the surface of a mir-
ror and CB the incident ray, then HBC
is the angle ofincidence,&ud HBA, equal
to it, is the angle of reflection. This ap-
plies alike to sound, to radiant energy
(heat and light), and also to a perfectly
elastic body bounding from a perfectly
elastic rigid surface. The plane pass-
ing through the perpendicular to the
reflecting surface at the point of incidence and the path
of the reflected ruy of light or heat is called the plane of
reflection. (See mirror, echo.) For the total reflection of
rays when the critical angle is passed, see refraction.
Lights, by clear reflection multiplied
From many a mirror. Cowper, Task, iv. 268.
Refection always accompanies refraction ; and if one of
these disappear, the other will disappear also.
Tyndall, Light and Elect., p. 39.
reflection
3. That which is produced by being reflected ;
an image given back from a reflecting surface.
As the sun in water we can bear,
Yet not the sun, but his reflection, there.
Dryden, Eleonora, 1. 137.
Mountain peak and village spire
Retain reflection of his nre.
Scott, Eokeby, v. 1.
The mind is like a double mirror, in which reflexions of
self within self multiply themselves till they are undis-
tinguishable. J. 11. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 185.
4. The act of shining. [Bare.]
As whence the sun 'gins his reflection
Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 2. 25.
5. The turning of thought back upon past
experiences or ideas; attentive or continued
consideration; meditation; contemplation; de-
liberation : as, a man much given to reflection.
Education begins the gentleman ; but reading, good
company, and reflection must finish him.
Locke. (Allibone.)
Where under heav'n is pleasure more pursued,
Or where does cold reflection less intrude?
Cowper, Expostulation, 1. 8.
6. A mental process resulting from attentive
or continued consideration; thought or opinion
after deliberation.
A gentleman whose conversation and friendship furnish
me still with some of the most agreeable reflections that
result from my travels.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, Int., p. xxii.
He made very wise reflections and observations upon all
I said. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 3.
"I am sorry, but I must do it; I am driven to it; every
body has to do it; we must look at things as they are ;
these are the reflections which lead men into violations of
morality. J. S. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 57.
7. A kind of self-consciousness resulting from
an outward perception, whether directly or in-
directly; the exercise of the internal sense;
the perception of a modification of conscious-
ness; the faculty of distinguishing between a
datum of sense and a product of reason; the
consideration of the limitations of knowledge,
ignorance, and error, and of other unsatisfac-
tory states as leading to knowledge of self;
the discrimination between the subjective and
objective aspects of feelings. The Latin word re-
flexio was first used as a term of psychology by Thomas
Aquinas, who seems to intend no optical metaphor, but
to conceive that consciousness is turned back upon itself
by the reaction of the object of outward perception. Ac-
cording to Aquinas, pure thought in itself can know
nothing of singulars, or particular things ; but in percep-
tion there is a peculiar sense of reaction or reciprocation
which he calls reflection, and this first makes us aware of
the existence of actual singulars and also of thought as
being an action ; and this, according to him, is the first
self-consciousness. Scotus accepted reflection, not as af-
fording the first knowledge of singulars, but as a percep-
tion of what passes in the mind, and thus the original
meaning of the term was modified. Walter Burleigh, who
died in 1337, affords an illustration of this when he says that
the thing without is apprehended before the passion which
is in the soul, because the thing without is apprehended
directly, and the passion of the soul only indirectly, by
reflection. Ramus, in his dissertation on reflection, de-
fines it as "the successive direction of the attention to
several partial perceptions." A still further change of
meaning had come about when Goclenius, in 1618, defined
reflection as "the inward action of the soul, by which it
recognizes both itself and its acts and ideas." The impor-
tance of the word in the English school of philosophy (Ber-
keley. Hume, etc.) may be said to be due entirely to its use
by Locke, who explains it as follows :
The other fountain from which experience furnish eth the
understanding with ideas is the perception of the opera-
tions of our own mind within us, as it is employed about
the ideas it has got; which operations, when the soul
comes to reflect on and consider, do furnish the under-
standing with another set of ideas, which could not be
had from things without ; and such are perception,
thinking, doubting, believing, reasoning, knowing, willing,
and all the ditf erent actings of onr own minds ; which we
being conscious of, and observing in ourselves, do from
these receive into our understandings as distinct ideas as
we do from bodies affecting our senses. This source of
ideas every man has wholly in himself ; and though it be
not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects,
yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called
internal sense. But asl call the other sensation, so I call
this reflection, the ideas it affords being such only as the
mind gets by reflecting on its own operations within itself.
By reflection, then, in the following part of this discourse,
I would be understood to mean that notice which the mind
takes of its own operations, and the manner of them ; by
reason whereof there come to be ideas of these operations
in the understanding.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. i. 4.
Reid endeavored to revive the Ramist use of the word,
for which he is condemned by Hamilton. Kant, in his use
of the term, returns to something like the Thomist view,
for he makes it a mode of consciousness by which we are
made aware whether knowledge is sensuous or not. Kant
makes use of the term reflection to denote a mode of con-
sciousness in which we distinguish between the relations
of concepts and the corresponding relations of the objects
of the concepts. Thus, two concepts may be different,
and yet it may be conceived that their objects are Iden-
tical ; or two concepts may be identical, and yet it may
be conceived that their objects (say, two drops of water)
are different. Mr. shaclworth Hodgson, in his "Philoso-
5035
phy of Reflection," 1878, uses the term to denote one of
three fundamental modes of consciousness, namely that
in which the objective and subjective aspects of what is
present are discriminated without being separated as per-
son and thing.
The faculty by which I place the comparison of repre-
sentations in general by the side of the faculty to which
they belong, and by which I determine whether they are
compared with each other as belonging to the pure under-
standing or to sensuous intuition, 1 call transcendental re-
flection.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Miiller, p. 261.
The particular reflection that states of consciousness are
things, or that the Subject is its Objects, constitutes . . .
the reflective mode of consciousness. . . . Perception . . .
is the rudimentary function in reflection as well as in pri-
mary consciousness ; and reflective conception is a deriva-
tive from it. S. Hodgson, Philosophy of Reflection, i. 2, § 3.
8f. That which corresponds to and reflects
something in the mind or in the nature of any
one.
As if folkes complexiouns [constitutions, temperaments]
Make hem dreme of reflexiouns.
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 22.
9. Keproach cast ; censure ; criticism.
To suppose any Books of Scripture to be lost which con-
tained any necessary Points of Faith is a great Reflexion
on Divine Providence. Stillingfleet, Sermons, III. ii.
He bore all their weakness and prejudice, and returned
not reflection for reflection.
Penn, Rise and Progress of Quakers, v.
10. In anat. : (a) Duplication; the folding of
a part, as a membrane, upon itself; a bending
back or complete deflection, (b) That which is
reflected ; a fold : as, a reflection of the perito-
neum forming a mesentery. — 11. In zool., a
play of color which changes in different lights :
as, the reflections of the iridescent plumage of
a humming-bird. Cones — Axis of reflection. See
axisi.— Logical reflection. See logical.— Point of re-
flection. Seepointl.— Total reflection. See refraction!.
= Syn. B. Rumination, cogitation.— 6. See remark!, n.
reflection! (re-flek'shon), r. *. [< reflection, n."}
To reflect, t^are.] "
Butj reflecKoning apart, thou seest, Jack, that her plot
is beginning to work.
Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, IV. xxi.
reflectionist (re-flek'shon-ist), «. [< reflection
+ -ist.] An adherent of Shadworth Hodgson's
philosophy of reflection. The doctrine is that a
power of perceiving the relations of subjective and ob-
jective aspects and elements is the highest mode of con-
sciousness.
reflective (re-flek'tiv), a. [= F. reflectif; as
reflect + -ive'. Cf. reflexive."] 1. Thro wing back
rays or images ; giving reflections ; reflecting.
In the reflective stream the sighing bride
Viewing her charms impair'd. Prior.
A mirror ... of the dimensions of a muffin, and about
as reflective. L. M. Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. 62.
2. Taking cognizance of the operations of the
mind ; exercising thought or reflection ; capa-
ble of exercising thought or judgment.
Forc'd by reflective Reason, I confess
That human Science is uncertain Guess.
Prior, Solomon, i.
His perceptive and reflective faculties . . . thus acquired
a precocious and extraordinary development.
Motley. (Webster.)
3. Having a tendency to or characterized by
reflection.
The Greeks are not reflective, but perfect in their senses
and in their health, with the finest physical organization
in the world. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 23.
Several persons having the true dramatic feeling . . .
were overborne by the reflective, idyllic fashion which then
began to prevail in English verse.
Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 2.
4. Devoted to reflection; containing reflections.
[Rare.] — 5. In gram., reflexive — Reflective fac-
ulties, in phren., a division of the intellectual faculties,
comprising the two so-called organs of comparison and
causality.— Reflective judgment, in the Kantian termi-
nology, that kind of judgment that mounts from the par-
ticular to the general.
reflectively (re-flek'tiv-li), adv. In a reflective
manner; by reflection, in any sense of that
word.
reflectiveness (re-flek'tiv-nes), n. The state
or quality of being reflective.
The meditative lyric appeals to a profounder reflective-
ness, which is feelingly alive to the full pathos of life, and
to all the mystery of sorrow.
J. C. Shairp, Aspects of Poetry, p. 118.
reflectoire (ref-lek-twor'), ». [< F. reflectoire; as
reflect + -ory."\ A geometrical surface whose
form is that of
the appearance
of a horizon-
tal plane seen
through a layer
of water with air
above it. — Re-
flectoire curve,
a curve which is a
k,-H,.-a.,irc.
reflex
central vertical
section of the sur-
face called a re-
flectoire. It is a
curve of thefourth
order and sixth
class, having a tac-
node on the sur-
face of the water at infinity, and a double point at the eye.
reflector (re-flek'tor), M. [= F. reflecteur; as
reflect + -or1.] 1. One who reflects or con-
siders.
There is scarce anything that nature has made, or that
men do suffer, whence the devout reflector cannot take an
occasion of an aspiring meditation. Boyle, On Colours.
2. One who casts reflections ; a censurer.
This answerer has been pleased to find fault with about
a dozen passages ; ... the reflector is entirely mistaken,
and forces interpretations which never once entered into
the writer's head. Swi/t, Tale of a Tub, Apol.
3. That which reflects. Specifically —(a) A polished
surface of metal or any other suitable material, used
for the purpose of reflecting rays of light, heat, or sound
in any required direction. Reflectors may be either
plane or curvilinear; of the former the common mirror
is a familiar example. Curvilinear reflectors admit of a
great variety of forms, according to the purposes for
which they are employed : they may be cither convex or
concave, spherical, elliptical, parabolic, or hyperbolic,
etc. The parabolic form is perhaps the most generally
serviceable, being used for many purposes of illumina-
tion as well as for various highly important philosophi-
cal instruments. Its property is to reflect, in parallel
lines, all rays diverging from the focus of the parabola,
and conversely. A series of parabolic minors, by which
the rays from one or more lamps were reflected in a par-
allel beam, so as to render the light visible at a great dis-
tance, was the arrangement generally employed in light-
houses previous to the invention of the Fresnel lamp, or
dioptric light The annexed cut is a section of a ship's
lantern fitted with an Argand lamp and parabolic reflector.
a a is the reflector, b the
lamp, situated in the focus
of the polished concave
paraboloid, c the oil-cis-
tern, d the outer frame
of the lantern, and <• the
chimney for the escape of i
the products of combus-
tion. (6) A reflecting tele-
scope, the speculum of
which is an example of the
converse application of the
parabolic reflector, the par-
allel rays proceeding from
a distant body being in this
case concentrated into the
focus of the reflector. See
telescope, and cut under
catoptric.
Reflectors have been made as large as six feet in aper-
ture, the greatest being that of Lord Rosse.
Newconib and Holi.cn, Astron. , p. 68.
Double-cone reflector, a form of ventilating-reflector,
connected with a chandelier or a similar device for sup-
plying artificial light : used in the ceiling of a hall or other
place of public assembly.— Parabolic reflector, a re-
flector of paraboloidal shape : used either for concentrat-
ing rays upon an object at the focus, as in the microscope,
or, with a light at the focus, for reflecting the rays in
parallel lines to form a beam of light, as in lighthouse
and some other lanterns. See def. 3, and cut above.
reflectory (re-flek'to-ri), a. [< reflect + -ory.~\
Capable of being reflected.
reflet (F. pron. re-fla'), n. [F., reflection, < L.
reflectere, reflect : see reflect."} 1. Brilliancy of
surface, as in metallic luster or glaze on pot-
tery, especially when having an iridescent or
many-colored flash.
A full crimson tint with a brilliant metallic reflet or iri-
descence. J. C. Robinson, S. K. Spec. Ex., p. 421.
Parabolic Reflector.
2. A piece of pottery having such a glaze, es-
pecially a tile : sometimes used attributively.
There is in this place an enormous reflet tile. . . . The
reflet tiles in which a copper tint is prominent.
S. G. W. Benjamin, Persia and the Persians, pp. 285, 287.
Reflet metallique. See metallic luster, under luster®, 2.
—Reflet nacre, a luster having an iridescent appearance
like that of mother-of-pearl.
reflex (re-fleks'), v. t. [< L. reflexus, pp. of re-
flectere, reflect : see re/Zee*.] 1. To bend back;
turn back.
A dog lay, ... his head reflext upon his tail.
J. Gregory, Posthuma, p. 118.
2f. To reflect; cast or throw, as light; let
shine.
May never glorious sun reflex his beams
Upon the country where you make abode.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4. 87.
reflex (re'fleks or re-fleks'), a. [< L. reflexus,
pp. of reflectere, reflect : see reflect."] 1. Thrown
or turned backward ; having a backward direc-
tion ; reflective ; reactive.
A reflex act of the soul, or the turning of the intellec-
tual eye inward upon its own actions. Sir M. Hale.
The order and beauty of the inanimate parts of the world,
the discernible ends of them, do evince by a reflex argu-
ment that it is the workmanship, not of blind mechanism
or blinder chance, but of an intelligent and benign agent.
Bentley.
reflex
5036
refoot
2. In painting, illuminated by light reflected als, sepals, leaf-veins, etc. — 2. In cod/., bent r°r Israel to reflourish, and take new life by the influxes
from another part of the same picture. See back or up; reflex.— 3. In her., curved twice: »' the Holy Spirit. Walerland, Works, III. 421.
reflected lii/ht, under reflected. — 3. In &/»/., bent
back; reflexed.— Reflex action, motion, or move-
ment, in phytiol., those comparatively simple actions of
the nervous system in which a stimulus is transmitted
along sensory nerves to a nerve-center, from which again
it is reflected along efferent nerves to call into play some
muscular, glandular, or other activity. These actions
are performed involuntarily, and often unconsciously, as
the contraction of the pupil of the eye when exposed to
strong light.
There is another action, namely, that of aggregation,
which in certain cases may be called reflex, and it is the
only known instance in the vegetable kingdom.
Darurin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 242.
Reflex movements have slightly more of the appearance
of a purposive character than automatic movements,
though this Is in many cases very vague and ill-defined.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psycho!., p. 594.
same as bowed, but applied especially to the reflow (re-flo'), r. i.
chain secured to the collar of a beast, which back; ebb.
often takes an S-curve. Also reflected Re-
flexed antennse, antenna; carried constantly bent back
over the head and body.— Reflexed ovipositor, an ovi-
positor which is turned back so as to lie on the upper
surface of the abdomen, as in certain Chalcididte.
(re-flek-si-bil'i-ti), «. [= F. re-
[< re- + flow, t'.] To flow
------ „ iclillcu<ic , *„„.
flf?M'i* = kP- reftcMbil,darl = Pg. refletiM,- reflower (re-flou'er), r. [< re- +
««* = «• reflessibilita ; as reflexM* + -ity (see reflorescence, reflourish.] I. iiitr
-«"''<//)•] The quality of being reflexible, or agaiu
™pable °f g reflected : as, the reflexibiWy B ',,.««*. T
When any one blessed spirit rejoices, his joy goes round
the whole society ; and then all their rejoicings in his joy
reflow upon and swell and multiply it.
J. Scott, Christian Life, I. iii. § 3.
reflow (re-flo'), H. [< reflow. r.]
flowing backj refluence ; ebb.
- + flower, r. Cf.
in trans. To flower
A reflux; a
™pable r°f
Reflexibtlity of Rays is their disposition to be reflected
1 '""" *"" "^
n> ,,.««*. To cause to flower or bloom again.
Her footing makes the ground all fragrant-fresh ;
Her sight re-flowree th1 Arabian, Wildernes.
^ *' °' ** ^^^ Week8' "'' The M"Sniflce»ce-
L s. reflowing (re-flo'ing), H. A flowing back ; re-
flux.
ffewton, Opticks,
Reflex angle. "
pus.6— Reflex excitation,' m'uscuYa^ 'movement prod^ic'ed Sp. reflexible = Pg. reflexive! = It. reflessibile ;
by the irritation of an efferent nerve.— Reflex neuralgia, as reflex, v., + -ible (cf. flexible).] Capable of
neuralgia dependent on a source of irritation in some more bein<* reflected or thrown back
or less distant part.— Reflex paralysis. See paralysis.—
Reflex perception, (a) Consciousness of our states of R»y» »« more or less reflexible which are turned back
mind ; reflection ; Internal sense ; self-consciousness. (&) more or less easily. Newton, Opticks, I. i. 3. refluence (ret^lQ-ens), M.
rritation of rofle-riAn „ See reflection.
A sensation supposed to be
By ... working upon our spirits they can moderate
as they please the violence of our passions, which are
nothing but the flowings and refloating* of our spirits to
and fro from our hearts.
J. Scott, Christian Life, II. vii. f 10.
... [< refluen(t) -t- -ce.]
1. A flowing back; reflux; ebb. — 2. A back-
any one of the theories proposed to account for or explain
the phenomena of reflex action in physiology.— Reflex
vision, vision by means of reflected light, as from mirrors.
— Reflex zenith-tube, an instrument used at Greenwich
to observe the transit of v Draconis in an artificial hori-
zon, that star coining nearly to the zenith at that observa-
tory.
reflex (re'fleks, formerly also re-fleks'), n. [<
F. reflexe = Sp. rcflejo = Pg. reflexo = It. rifles-
so, a reflex, reflection, < L. reflexus, a bending
back, a recess, < reflecterc, pp. reflexus, bend
back: see reflect, reflex, v.~\ 1. Reflection; an
image produced by reflection.
Yon grey is not the morning's eye,
'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow.
Shale., R. and J., iii. 5.20.
To cut across the reflex of a star.
Wordsworth, Influence of Natural Objects (ed. of 1842;
[in ed. of 1820, reflection).
Like the reflex of the moon
Seen in a wave under green leaves.
Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, iii. 4.
2. A mere copy; an adapted form: as, a Mid-
dle Latin reflex of an Old French word. — 3.
Light reflected from an illuminated surface to
one in shade; hence, in painting, the illumina-
tion of one body or a part of it by light reflect-
ed from another body represented in the same
piece. See reflected light, under reflected.
Yet, since your light hath once enlumind me,
With my reflex yours shall encreased be.
Spenser, Sonnets, Ixvi.
4. Same as reflex action (which see, under re-
flex, a.).
These reflexes are caused by mechanical irritation of the
pleural surface. Medical News, LI I. 496.
flective; bending or turning backward; having
respect to something past.
irnpipe further, a refluence
Greene, James the Fourth, iv.
[As refluence (see
All things sublunary move continually in an interchange-
able flowing and refluencie.
W. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. vi. 2.
refluent
Pg. refluente = It. rifluente, < L. refluen(t-)s, ppr.
of refluere (> It. rifluire = Sp. Pg. refluir = F.
refluer), flow back, < L. re-, back, + fluere, flow:
see fluen t. ] Flowing or surging back ; ebbing :
as, the refluent tide.
And refluent through the pass of fear
The battle's tide was poured.
Scott, L. of theL.,vi. 18.
And in haste the refluent ocean
Fled away from the shore, and left the line of the sand-
beach
Covered with waifs of the tide.
Reflexive verb, in gram., a verb of which the action . Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 5.
turns back upon the subject, or which has for its direct reflUOUSt (ref lo-us), a. [= It. rcfluo, < L. re-
object a pronoun representing its agent or subject : as, I flwts, flowing back, <
The reflexive power of flame is nearly the same as that
of tracing-paper. A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 413.
2. Capable of reflection ; reflective.
In general, brute animals are of such a nature as is de-
void of that free and reflexive reason which is requisite to
acquired art and consultation.
Dr H. More, Immortal, of Soul, UL lit.
3f. Casting or containing a reflection or cen-
sure.
I would fain know what man almost there is that does
not resent an ugly reflexive word. South, Sermons, X. vi.
bethought myself; the witness forswore himself. "Pronouns
of this class are called reflexire pronouns, and in English
are generally compounds with self; though such examples
as he bethought him how he should act also occur.
I do repent me, as it is an evil,
And take the shame with joy.
SAo*., M. for M., ii. 8. 35.
II, H. A reflexive verb or pronoun.
What I wish to say is, that the reflexive which serves to
express the passive is a causal reflexive.
J. Hadley, Essays, p. 209.
reflexively (re-flek'siv-li), nrfi'. 1. In a reflex-
ive manner; in a direction backward: as, to
meditate rcflexively upon one's course. — 2. In
gram., after the manner of a reflexive verb. —
3f. Reflectingly; slightingly; with censure.
Ay, but he spoke slightly and reflexively of such a lady.
South, Sermons, VI. iii.
The state or
Abdominal reflex. See abdominal.— Cornea-reflex,
winking on irritation of the cornea.— Cremasteric re- reflexiveness (re-flek'siv-nes), )i
flex, contraction of the cremaster muscle on stimulation £ • ,„<!„,.,:..
of the skin on the inside of the thigh.-Deep reflexes, I"™*? °f J*11 g reflexive.
reflexes developed by percussion of tendons or bones! TCflexly (re fleks-h or re-fleks ll), adv. In a re-
as the knee-jerk.— Epigastric reflex, irritation of the flex manner.
fluus, flowing back, < refluere, flow back: see
refluent.] Flowing back; refluent; ebbing.
The stream of Jordan, south of their going over, was not
supplied with any reciprocal! or refluous tide out of the
Dead Sea, FuUer, Pisgah Sight, II. i. 17. (Danes.)
reflux (re'fluks), n. [< reflux = Sp. reflujo = F.
Pg. refluxo = It. riflusso, < ML. "refluxtis, a flow-
ing back, ebb, < L. refluere, pp. refluxus, flow
back: see refluent.'] A flowing back: as, the
flux and reflux of the tides.
If man were out of the world, who were then to search
out the causes of the flux and reflux of the sea, and the
hidden virtue of the magnet?
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism, ii. 12.
There will be disputes among its neighbours, and some
of these will prevail at one time and some at another, in
the perpetual flux and reflux of human affairs.
Bolingbrote, The Occasional Writer, No. 2.
The old miracle of the Greek proverb, . . . which adopted
the reflux of rivers towards their fountains as the liveliest
type of the impossible. De Quinceij, Homer, iii.
reflux-valve (re'fluks-valv), n. An automatic
valve designed to prevent reflux; a back-pres-
skin in the fifth orirxfnTnTe'rcostafspace" on the sVde'of rpflp-yoffpnif- (vc f c so ipn'ikl n f<1. rfftert iii''i r?' t
the chest, causing a contraction of the highest fibers r( K)' ' \-\L'-reJle3ms> refocillatet (re-fos'l-lat), v. t, [< LL. rejocilla-
ol the rectus abdominis muscle.-Gluteal reflex, con- reflex (see reflex, a.), + -genus, producing : see
traction of the gluteal muscles, due to irritation of the
skin of the nates. The center is in the spinal cord in th<
-genie.] Producing an increased tendency to
, reflex motions.
region of the fourth or fifth lumbar nerve.— Knee-reflex, rpflnart Cre-flofi n IX re + Unfit afrpr F rp
Same as Itnee-jerk.- Paradoxical pupilary reflex the r ,? j uJ' ^ •, J"""' al.te *-\c~
dilatation of the pupil on stimulation of the retina flot< renux, ebb : see float.] A flowing back ;
by light. Also called paradoxical pupilary reaction.— reflux ; ebb.
tfJf^SSl^h?n nefleXVi ^"^."s.^^-^^-PJan- of which kind we conceive the main float and refloat of
?£?« » H ?' t I f action producing movements in tne 8ea ig_ wnicn la by conaeut of the universe as part of
Also i^JlSl^to-M^M£tSl£ the '££. the dlurnal motion' Bacml' Nat' HUt" S m-
"it falls on the retina. The reflorescence (re-flo-res'ens), «. [< L. reflores-
i contracting though only cen(t-)s, ppr. of r'efloreiicere, begin to bloom
again, < re-, again, + florescere, begin to bloom:
see flourish. Cf. reflourish.'] A blossoming
anew; reflowering.
tug, pp. of refocillare (> It. rifocillare, refocillare
= Sp. refocilar = Pg. refocillar), warm into life
again, revive, revivify, < L. re-, again, + focil-
lare, focillari, revive by warmth, cherish, < fo-
cus, a hearth, fireplace: see focus.] To warm
into life again ; revive ; refresh ; reinvigorate.
The first view thereof did even refocillate my spirits.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 110.
refocillationt (re-fos-i-la'shon), n. [= Sp. re-
focilacion = Pg. refocillaqao,^ LL. as if "refoeil-
latio(n-). < refocillare, refocillate: see refocil-
late.] The act of refocillating or imparting
new vigor ; restoration of strength by refresh-
ment ; also, that which causes such restoration.
Marry, sir, some precious cordial, some costly ?
(ton, a com;
action is bilateral, both pupili
one retina is stimulated. The paradoxical pupilary re-
flex or reaction is the dilatation of the pupil when light
falls on the retina: it occurs in rare abnormal states.
—Pupilary skin-reflex, the dilatation of the pupil on
more or less intense stimulation of the skin. The motor
path is through the cervical sympathetic.— Reflex-cen-
ter, the collection of nerve-cells or nucleus in the brain , irertaii t of the Mpl
ihetfferentenfotoreilnfneulSs0ery 5££ri£?S«l?SS2 to "°»d°" ^ P^SS ofThrist, * tta rcfloretcene ot that
toffiyo*^^-ta5S5& SSS3to ofK - Ulortal part whlch he drew fr°™ "s st<^ # JtsseTv • ref°!d (rg-f61d/ )j "• *•
skinin the interscapular region.— Sole-reflex. Same as „ .. Horne, Works, IV. xvi. again.
en torn., replicate:
fluted or folded longi-
f . ., . 'd then turned back on
flexes.— Tendon-reflex. Same' ~&a~myoiatic"coiitraction rerp, bloom again (cf. Sp. Pg. refloi'ecer, < L. themselves, as in the earwigs,
(which see, under myotatic). reflorescere, begin to bloom again), < re-, again, refoot (re-fut'), «. t. [< re- + foot,] To repair
reflexed (re-fleksf), a. [<reflex,v., + -ed?.] 1. + florere, bloom: see flourish.'] To revive, by supplying with a new foot, as a boot or a
In hot., bent abruptly backward: said of pet- flourish, or bloom anew. stocking.
Wor
n, Mad World, ni. 2.
[< re- + /0/rf1 .] To fold
reforest
reforest (re-for'est), r. t. [< re- + forest.] To
replant with forest-trees; restore to the condi-
tion of forest or woodland; reafforest.
M'ithin the last twenty years, France has reforested
about two hundred and fifty thousand acres of mountain-
lands. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXII. 228.
The reforesting of the denuded areas in the lower hills.
Nature, XXXVII. «7.
reforestation (re-for-es-ta'shon), ii. [< reforest
+ -ation.] The act or process of reforesting ;
replanting with forest-trees.
Quite recently districts have been enclosed for reforesta-
tion, and the eucalyptus and other trees have been planted.
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 93.
reforge (re-forj'), r. t. [= F. reforger; &sre-
+ forye.] To forge or form again ; hence, to
fabricate or fashion anew; make over.
The kyngdome of God receiueth none but suche as be
reforged and chaunged according to this paterne.
J. Udall, On Luke xviii.
reforger (re-for'jer), n. One who reforges; one
who makes over.
But Ohriste, beyng a newe reforger of the olde lawe, in
stede of burnte otfreyng did substitute charitce.
J. Udall, On Luke xxiv.
reform (re-fdrm'), v. [Early mod. E. also re-
fourm; <lME. reformen, refourmen (= D. refor-
meren = G. reformiren = Sw. reformera = Dan.
reformere), < OF. reformer, reformer, refformer,
reffourmer, form anew, reform, rectify, etc., F.
reformer, form anew, reformer, reform, rectify,
correct, reduce, put on half-pay, = Pr. Sp. Pg.
reformar = It. riformare, reform, < L. reformare,
form anew, remodel, remold, transform, meta-
morphose, change, alter, amend, reform (as
manners or discipline), < re-, again, + formare,
form: see form.'] I. trans. 1. To form again
or anew; remake; reconstruct; renew, (inthis,
the original sense, and in the following sense, usually with
a full pronunciation of the prefix, and sometimes written
distinctively re-form.]
Then carppez to syr Gawan the knyjt in the grene,
"Refourme we cure forwardes [covenants], er we fyrre
passe."
Sir Gautayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 377.
And right so in the same forme,
In flesshe and bloud he shall reforme,
Whan time cometh, the quicke and dede.
Gower, Conf. Amant., il.
Beholde the buyldynge of the towre ; yf it be well I am
contente, and yf ony thynge be amysse yt shall be re-
fourmed after your deuyse.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. Ixxxiii.
She saw the bees lying dead in heaps. . . . She could
render back no life ; she could set not a muscle in motion ;
she could re-form not a filament of a wing.
S. Judd, Margaret, 1. 5.
Napoleon was humbled; the map of Europe was re-
formed on a plan which showed a respect for territorial
rights, and a just recognition both of the earnings of
force and of the growth of ideas.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 237.
2. To restore to the natural or regular order or
arrangement : as, to reform broken or scattered
troops.
In accustoming officers to seek all opportunities for
re-forming dispersed men at the earliest possible mo-
ment. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 354.
Then came the command to re-form the battalion.
The Century, XXXVII. 4«9.
3. To restore to a former and better state, or
to bring from a bad to a good state ; change
from worse to better; improve by alteration,
rearrangement, reconstruction, or abolition of
defective parts or imperfect conditions, or by
substitution of something better; amend; cor-
rect : as. to reform a profligate man ; to reform
corrupt manners or morals ; to reform the cor-
rupt orthography of English or French.
And now, forsooth, takes on him to reform
Some certain edicts, and some strait decrees
That lie too heavy on the commonwealth.
Shak, 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3. 78.
In the Beginning of his Reign, he refined and reformed
the Laws of the Realm. Baker, Chronicles, p. 56.
When Men have no mind to be reformed, they must
have some Terms of Reproach to fasten upon those who
go about to do it. Stillingfleet, Sermons, III. v.
Reforming men's conduct without reforming their na-
tures is impossible. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 384.
4. To abandon, remove, or abolish for some-
thing better. [Rare.]
1 Play. I hope we have reformed that [bombastic act-
ing] indifferently with us. sir.
IJamlet. O, reform it altogether.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. 40.
5f. To mend, in a physical sense ; repair.
He g-ive towardes the reforming of that church [St.
Helen's] five hundred markes.
Stowc, Survey of London, p. 181.
6. To correct. [Rare.]
5037
The prophet Esay also saith, " Who hath reformed the
Spirit of the Lord, or who is of His council to teach Him ': "
Becon, Works, ii. 39. (Dalies.)
To reform an instrument, in law, to adjudge that it
be read and taken differently from what it is impressed,
as when it was drawn without correctly expressing the
intent of the parties. =Syn. 3. Improve, Letter, etc. (see
amend), repair, reclaim, remodel.
II. iii trans. 1. To form again; get into order
or line again; resume order, as troops or a pro-
cession. [In this use treated as in I., 1, above.]
— 2. To abandon that which is evil or corrupt
and return to that which is good ; change from
worse to better; be amended or redeemed.
Experience shows that the Turk never has reformed, and
reason, arguing from experience, will tell us that the Turk
never can reform. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 422.
reform (re-f&rm'), n. [= D. reforme = G.
Sw. Dan. reform; < F. reforme = Sp. Pg. re-
forma = It. riforma, reform; from the verb.]
Any proceeding which either brings back a bet-
ter order of things or reconstructs the present
order to advantage ; amendment of what is de-
fective, vicious, depraved, or corrupt ; a change
from worse to better; reformation : as, to intro-
duce reforms in sanitary matters; to be an ad-
vocate of reform.
A variety of schemes, founded in visionary and imprac-
ticable Ideas of reform, were suddenly produced.
Pitt, Speech on Parliamentary Reform, May 7, 1783.
Great changes and new manners have occur'd,
And blest reforms. Cowper, Conversation, 1. 804.
Our fervent wish, and we will add our sanguine hope,
is that we may see such a reform of the House of Com-
mons as may render its votes the express image of the
opinion of the middle orders of Britain.
Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Government.
Revolution means merely transformation, and is accom-
plished when an entirely new principle is — either with
force or without it — put in the place of an existing state
of things. Reform, on the other hand, is when the prin-
ciple of the existing state of things is continued, and only
developed to more logical or just consequences. The
means do not signify. A reform may be carried out by
bloodshed, and a revolution in the profoundest tranquillity.
Lawalle, quoted in Rae's Contemporary Socialism, p. 66.
Ballot reform, reform in the manner of voting in popu-
lar elections. Since about 1887 several of the United States
have passed laws designed to promote secrecy in voting,
to discourage corruption at elections, and to provide for
an exclusively official ballot ; these laws are modeled more
or less on the so-called Australian system in elections. —
Civil-service reform, in U. S. politics, reform in the
administration of the civil service of the United States ;
more generally, reform in the administration of the entire
public service, federal, State, and local. The main ob-
jects of this reform are the abolition of abuses of pa-
tronage and the spoils system, discouragement of the in-
terference of office-holders iu active politics, abolition of
arbitrary appointments to and removals from office, quali-
fication by competitive examination for appointment to all
offices of a clerical nature, and promotion for merit. Since
the passage of the Civil-service Act in 1871 this reform has
been one of the leading questions for public discussion.
See Civil-service Act (under civil) and spoils system (under
spoil).— Reform Act. See Reform BiU.— Reform Bill,
specifically, in Eng. hist., a bill for the purpose of enlarg-
ing the number of voters in elections for members of the
House of Commons, and of removing inequalities in rep-
resentation. The first of these bills, passed in 1832 by
the Liberals after a violent struggle, and often called spe-
cifically The Reform Bill, disfranchised many rotten bor-
oughs, gave increased representation to the large towns,
and enlarged the number of the holders of county and
borough franchise. The effect of the second Reform Bill,
passed by the Conservatives in 1867, was in the direction of
a more democratic representation, and the same tendency
was further shown in the Franchise Bill (see franchise)
passed by the Liberals in 1884.— Reform school, a re-
formatory. [U.S.]— Spelling reform. See spelling.—
Tariff reform. See (on/. =syn. Amendment, etc. See
reformation.
reformable (re-for'ma-bl), a. [< ME. reforma-
ble, < OF. reformable, F. reformable = Sp. re-
formable = Pg. reformavel = It. riformabile, <
ML. *reformabilix, < L. reformare, reform: see
reform, ».] Capable of being reformed; inclined
to reform.
Yf ony of the said articlis be contrary to the liberte of
the said cite, or old custumes of the same, thath hit be
reformabyU and corrigabill by the Mayre, Bailiffs, and the
comen counsayle of the citee.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 337.
A seruaunt not reformable, that
Takes to his charge no heede,
Ofte tymes falleth to pouertye ;
In wealth he may not byde.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 83.
Woman [Eliz. Young], I have sued for thee indeed, and
I promise thee, if thou wilt be reformable, my Lord will be
good unto thee. Foxe, Martyrs, III. 769, an. 1568.
refprmadet (ref-6r-mad')> ». [Appar. an An-
glieization of reformado.'] A reduced or dis-
missed officer; a disbanded or non-effective
soldier.
They also that rode Reformades, and that came down to
see the Battle, they shouted . . . and sung. [Marginal
note by author, " The Reformades joy."]
Bunyan, Holy War, p. 123.
reformadot (ref-or-ma'do), «. and a. [< Sp.
reformado = Pg. reformado = It. riformato = F.
reformation
reformed, reduced, < L. reformatus,
l>j>. of reformare, reform, refashion, amend : see
rifiiriii, c.] I. n. 1. A monk who demands or
fjivors the reform of his order.
Amongst others, this was one of Celestin the pope's
caveats for his new rcformadoes. Weever. (Latham.)
2. A military officer who, for some disgrace, is
deprived of his command, but retains his rank
and perhaps his pay ; also, generally, an officer
without a command.
He had . . . writhen himself into the habit of one of
your poor infantry, your decayed, ruinous, worm-eaten
gentlemen of the round. . . . Into the likeness of one of
these refmnados had he moulded himself.
B. Jonson, Every Man In his Humour, Ui. 2.
II. a. 1. Penitent; reformed; devoted to
reformation.
Venus, and all her naked Loves,
The reformado nymph removes.
Fenton, The Fair Nun.
2. Pertaining to or in the condition of a refor-
mado; hence, inferior, degraded.
Although your church be opposite
To ours, as Black-friars are to White,
In rule and order, yet I grant
You are a reformado saint.
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. ii. 116.
reformalizet (re-for'mal-iz), v. i. [Irreg. < re-
form + -al + -ize; or { re- + formalize."] To
make pretension to improvement or to formal
correctness.
Christ's doctrine [is] pure, correcting all the unpure
glosses of the reformatting Pharisees.
Loe, Blisse of Brightest Beauty (1614), p. 25. (Latham.)
reformation (ref-or-ma'shon), n. [< OF. refor-
macion, reformation, F. reformation = Pr. refor-
mado = Sp. reformacion = Pg. reformagUo = It.
riformaaione, < L. reformatio(n-), a reforming,
amending, reformation, transformation, < re-
formare, pp. reformatus, reform: see reform, v.~]
1. The act of forming anew ; a second forming
in order: as, the reformation of a column of
troops into a hollow square. [In this literal sense
usually pronounced re-f6r-ma'shon, and sometimes writ-
ten distinctively with a hyphen.]
2. The act of reforming what is defective or
evil, or the state of being reformed; correction
or amendment, as of life or manners, or of a
government.
I would rather thinke (sauiug reformacion of other bet-
ter learned) that this Tharsis . . . were rather some other
countrey in the south partes of the world then this Thar-
sis of Cilicia.
R. Eden, First Books on America (ed. Arber), p. 8.
Never was such a sudden scholar made ;
Never came reformation in a flood
With such a heady currance, scouring faults.
Shak., Hen. V., I. 1. 33.
God has set before me two great objects, the suppres-
sion of the slave trade and the reformation of manners.
Wilberforce, Journal, Oct. 28, 1787 (Life, v.}.
Specifically, with the definite article — 3. [cap.]
The great religious revolution in the sixteenth
century, which led to the establishment of the
Protestant churches. The Reformation assumed dif-
ferent aspects and resulted in alterations of discipline or
doctrine more or less fundamental in different countries
and in different stages of its progress. Various reformers
of great influence, as Wyclif and HUBS, had appeared be-
fore the sixteenth centuiy, but the Reformation proper
began nearly simultaneously in Germany under the lead
of Luther and in Switzerland under Ihe lead of Zwingli.
The chief points urged by the Reformers were the need of
justification by faith, the use and authority of the Scrip-
tures and the right of private judgment in their interpre-
tation, and the abandonment of the doctrine of transub-
stantiation, the adoration of the Virgin Mary and saints,
the supremacy of the Pope, and various other doctrines
and rites regarded by the Reformers as unscriptural. In
the German Reformation the leading features were the
publication at Wittenberg of Luther's ninety-five theses
against indulgences in 1517, the excommunication of
Luther in 1520, his testimony before the Diet of Worms
in 1621, the spread of the principles in many of the Ger-
man states, as Hesse. Saxony, and Brandenburg, and the
opposition to them by the emperor, the Diet and Con-
fession of Augsburg in 1630, and the prolonged struggle
between, the Protestants and the Catholics, ending with
comparative religious equality in the Peace of Passau in
1552. The Reformation spread iu Switzerland under
Zwingli and Calvin, in France, Hungary, Bohemia, the
Scandinavian countries, Low Countries, etc. In Scotland
it was introduced by Knox about 1560. In England it led
in the reign of Henry VIII. to the abolition of the papal
supremacy and the liberation from papal control of the
Church of England, which, after a short Roman Catholic
reaction under Mary, was firmly established under Eliza-
beth. In many countries the Reformation occasioned an
increased strength and zeal in the Roman Catholic Church
sometimes called the Counter-Reformation. The term Ref-
ormation as applied to this movement is not of course
accepted by Roman Catholics, who use it only with some
word of qualification.
Prophesies and Forewarnings . . . sent before of God,
by divers and sundry good men, long before the time of
Luther, which foretold and prophesied of this Reforma-
tion of the Church to come.
Foxe, Martyrs (ed. 1684), n. 43.
reformation
Festival of the Reformation, an annual commemora-
tion in Germany, and among Lutherans generally, of the
nailing of the ninety-live theses on the doors of the Castle
church at Wittenberg on October 31st, 1517. — Reforma-
tion of the calendar, the institution of the Gregorian
calendar. See calendar. =Syn. 2. Amendment, Reform,
Reformation. Amendment may be of any degree, however
small ; reform applies to something more thorough, and
reformation to that which is most important, thorough,
and lasting of all. Hence, when we speak of temperance
reform, we dignify it less than when we call it temperance
reformation. Moral reform, religious reformation; tem-
porary amendment or reform, permanent reformation. He-
form represents the state more often than reformation.
reformative (re-for'ma-tiv), a. [= Sp. Pg. re-
formatiro; as reform + -atire.] Forming again;
having the property of renewing form.
reformatory (re-f&r'ma-to-ri), a. and n. [= F.
reformatoire ='8p. Pg/ rcformatorio ; as reform
+ -atory.] I. a. Having a tendency to reform
or renovate; reformative — Reformatory school,
a reformatory. See II.
II. n. ; pi. reformatories (-riz). An institution
for the reception and reformation of youths who
have already begun a career of vice or crime.
Reformatories,' or reformatory schools, are, in Great Brit-
ain, identical in character with certified industrial schools,
admission to either being determined by ditf erences of age
and criminality, and they differ from ragged schools in so
far as they are supported by the state, and receive only such
children or youths as are under judicial sentence.
reformed (re-formd'),p. a. [Early mod. E. also
refourmed;\ reform + -ed*.] 1. Corrected;
amended; restored to a better or to a good state:
as, a reformed profligate ; reformed spelling.
Very noble and refourmed knight, by the words of your
letter I understood howe quickly ye medicine of my writ-
ing came to your heart.
Gueuara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 181.
2t. Deprived of rank or position, or reduced in
pay. See reformado, 2.— Captain reformed t. See
captain.— Reformed Bernardines. See Feuillant, 1.—
Reformed Church, (a) A general name for the Protes-
tant bodies on the continent of Europe which trace their
origin to the Swiss reformation under Zwingli and Calvin,
as distinguished from the Lutheran Church. In France
the Reformed were known as Huguenots. In the Nether-
lands the Arminians afterward separated from the Cal-
vinists (Gomarists). In Germany, after 1817, the greater
part of the Reformed and Lutherans combined to
form the United Evangelical Church. Specifically — (b)
In the United states : (1) The Reformed (Dutch) Church
in America, growing out of a union among the Dutch
churches in America in 1770 and finally perfected in
1812. The territory of the denomination was at first
limited to the States of New York and New Jersey and a
small part of Pennsylvania, but was gradually extended
to the West. The affairs of each congregation are man-
aged by a consistory, consisting of elders and deacons
chosen for two years. The elders, with the pastor, receive
and dismiss members and exercise discipline ; the deacons
have charge of the alms. Both together are ex officio
trustees of the church, hold its property, and call its min-
ister. Ex-elders and ex-deacons constitute what is called
the Great Consistory, which may be summoned to give ad-
vice in important matters. The minister and one elder
from each congregation in a certain district constitute a
classis, which supervises spiritual concerns in that district.
Four ministers and four elders from each classis in a larger
district make a Particular Synod, with similar powers.
Representatives, clerical and lay, from each classis, pro-
portioned in number to the size of the classis, constitute
the General Synod, which has supervision of the whole,
and is a court of last resort in judicial cases. The church
is Calvinistic in its theological belief, and possesses a lit-
urgy the greater part of which is optional except the offices
for the sacraments, for ordination, and for church disci-
pline. (?) The Reformed (German) Church in the United
States. This church was constituted by colonies from
Germany in New York, Maryland, Virginia, and North and
South Carolina. The first synod was organized September
27th, 1747, under the care of the Reformed Classis of Am-
sterdam. The church holds to the parity of the ministry,
maintains a presbyterial form of government, is moder-
ately Calvinistic in its theology, and provides liturgical
forms of service, which are, however, chiefly optional (3)
The True Reformed Dutch Church, the result of a seces-
sion from the Reformed Dutch Church in America in 1822.
(4) The Reformed Episcopal Church, an Episcopal church
organized in the United States in 1878, by eight clergy-
men and twenty laymen previously members of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church. It maintains the episcopacy
as a desirable form of church polity, but not as of divine
obligation, continues to use the Book of Common Prayer,
but in a revised form, and rejects the doctrines of apos-
tolic succession, the priesthood of the clergy, the sacrifice
or oblation in the Lord's Supper, the real presence, and
baptismal regeneration.— Reformed officer, in the Brit-
ish army, one who is continued on full pay or half-pay
after his troops are broken up. Farrow, Mil. Encyc.— Re-
formed Presbyterian Church, a Presbyterian denomi-
nation originating in Scotland. See Cameronian, n., 1,
and Covenanter, 2.— Reformed procedure. See equity,
2 (&).— The Reformed, on the continent of Europe, Cal-
vinistic Protestants as distinguished from Lutherans.
reformedlyt (re-for'med-li), adv. In or after
the manner of a reform. [Bare.]
A fierce Reformer once, now ranckl'd with a contrary
heat, would send us back, very refarmedlg indeed, to learn
Reformation from Tyndarus and Rebulfus, two canonical
Promoters. Milton, Touching Hirelings.
reformer (re-for'mer), n. [< reform + -er1.]
1. One who effects a reformation or amend-
ment: as, a reformer of manners or of abuses;
specifically [cap.], one of those who instituted
5038
or assisted in the religious reformatory move-
ments of the sixteenth century and earlier.
God's passionless reformers, influences
That purify and heal and are not seen.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
2. One who promotes or urges reform: as, a
tariff reformer; a spelling refortm r.
They could not call him a revenue reformer, and still
less could they call him a civil-service reformer, for there
were few abuses of the civil service of which he had not,
during the whole of his life, been an active promoter.
The Nation, XV. 68.
reformist (re-f6r'mist), n. [= F. reformiste;
as reform + ^ist.] 1|. [cap."] One who is of the
reformed religion ; a Protestant.
This comely Subordination of Degrees we once had, and
we had a visible conspicuous Church, to whom all other
Reformists gave the upper Hand. Howett, Letters, iv. 36.
2. One who proposes or favors a political re-
form. [Rare.]
Such is the language of reform, and the spirit of a re-
formist ! I. D'Israeli, Calam. of Authors, p. 204.
refortify (re-for'ti-fi), v. t. [= OF. (and F.) re-
fortifier = It. rifortificare, < ML. refortificare,
< L. re-, again, -t- ML. fortificare, fortify: see
fortify.] To fortify anew.
refossiont (re-fosh'on), n. [< L. refossus, pp.
of refodere, dig up or out again, < re-, again, +
fodere, dig : see fossil.] The act of digging up
again.
Hence are . . . refossion of graues, torturing of the sur-
viving, worse than many deaths.
I;,,. Hall, St. hail's Combat.
refound1 (re-found'), i'. t. [< OF. (and F.) re-
fonder, found or build again, < re-, again, +
fonder, found : see found2.] To found again or
anew; establish on a different basis.
George II. refounded and reformed the Chair which I
have the honour to fill.
StiMi, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 4.
refound2 (re-found'), v. t. [< OF. (and F.) re-
fondre = Pr. refondre = Sp. Pg. refundir = It.
rifondere, cast over again, recast, < L. refun-
dere, pour back or out, < re-, back, + fundere,
pour: see found3.] To found or cast anew.
Perhaps they are all antient bells refounded.
T. Warton, Hist. Kiddington, p. 8.
refounder (re-foun'der), n. [trefound1 + -er1.]
One who refounds, rebuilds, or reestablishes.
Charlemagne, . . . the refmiader of that empire which
is the ideal of despotism in the Western world.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 142.
refract (re-frakf), v. t. [= F. refracter, < L.
refractus, pp. of refringere, break back, break
up, break open, hence turn aside, < re-, back,
+ frangere, break: see fraction. Cf. refrain?.]
To bend back sharply or abruptly ; especially,
in optics, to break the natural course of, as of a
ray of light ; deflect at a certain angle on pass-
ing from one medium into another of a differ-
ent density. See refraction.
Visual beams refracted through another's eye.
Selden, Pref. to Drayton's Polyolbion.
refractable (re-frak'ta-bl), a. [< refract +
-able.] Capable of being refracted; refrangi-
ble, as a ray of light or heat. Dr. H. More.
refractaryt (re-frak'ta-ri), a. [= OF. refrac-
taire, F. refraetaire = 'Sp. Pg. refractario = It.
rcfrattario, < L. refractarius, stubborn, obsti-
nate, refractory, < refringere, pp. refractus,
break in pieces: see refract and -aryi. Cf. re-
fractory.] The earlier and more correct form
of refractory. Cotgrave.
refracted (re-frak'ted), a. In bot., same as re-
flexed, but abruptly bent from the base. Gray.
refracting (re-frak'ting), p. a. Serving or tend-
ing to refract; turning from a direct course. —
Doubly refracting spar, Iceland spar. See calcite and
«P«r2.— Refracting angle of a prism, the angle formed
by the two faces of the triangular prism used to decom-
pose white or solar light.— Refracting dial See dial.
—Refracting surface, a surface bounding two trans-
parent media, at which a ray of light, in passing from one
into the other, undergoes refraction. — Refracting sys-
tem, in lighthouses, same as dioptric system (which see,
u nder dioptric). — Refracting telescope. See telescope.
refraction (re-frak'shon), ». [< OF. refraction,
F. refraction = Sp. refraccion = Pg. refracc,ao =
It. rtfrazione, refrazione, < ML. refractio(n-), lit.
a breaking up (in logic tr. Or. avdidaate), NL. re-
fraction, \ L. refringere, pp. refractus, break up,
break open, break topieces: seerefract.] 1. The
act of refracting, or the state of being refracted :
almost exclusively restricted to physics, and
applied to a deflection or change of direction
of rays, as of light, heat, or sound, which are ob-
liquely incident upon and pass through a smooth
surface bounding two media not homogeneous,
as air and water, or of rays which traverse a
refraction
medium the density of which is not uniform, as
the atmosphere. It is found (1) that, when passing
into a denser isotropic medium, the ray is refracted toward
the perpendicular to the surface, and bent away from it
when passing into one less dense ; (2) that the sines of the
angles of incidence and refraction bear a constant ratio to
each other for any two given media ; and (:i) that the inci-
dent ray and the refracted ray are in the same plane. Thus,
if (flg. 1) SP represents a ray
incident upon the surface of s\
water at P, it will be bent away
from its original direction SPL
toward the perpendicular Qq in
passing into the denser medium,
and make an angle }PR, such
that the 8!n-4^- is a constant
j R
Fig. i.
sin
quantity — that is, the perpen-
dicular distance of a point q
(such that the line from it to P,
the point of incidence, is normal
to the surface) from the refracted
path bears a constant ratio to its distance from the path
as it would be without refraction, however the angle of
incidence varies ; but this constant depends on the nature
of the two media. If the first medium is air, this con-
stant ratio is called the index of refraction or refractive
index of the given substance (or «). Again, if the ray
proceeded from R to P, it would be bent away from the
perpendicular in the direction PS. The latter case is pe-
culiar, however, in that for a certain angle of incidence
called the critical angle {whose sine = 1/n) the angle of re-
fraction of QPS is a right angle and a ray incident at P
at any greater angle cannot pass out into the rarer medium
at all, but suffers total reflec-
tion at P. In flg. 2, AHC is
the angle of incidence, and
EHKtheangle of refraction,
CD being the normal to the
surface ; if, further, the sec-
ond surface is parallel to the
first, the ray emerging into
the original medium at E
has a diiection EF parallel
with its first direction, AH.
If (flg. 3) the refracting me-
dium has the form of a prism (ABC), the incident ray LF
suffers a double change of direction, first (FE) in passing
into the prism, and second (EG) in emerging from it ; the
total angle of deviation IDL varies in value with a change
in the direction of LF. but has a definite minimum value
when the angles of incidence and emergence are equal.
If rf represents the angle of the prism BAC, and r the
angle of minimum deviation, LDI, then the refractive
index » of the material of which the prism is made is
given by the relation n = "",;,, i^ "n>e an8le °' de-
viation or refraction also increases as the wave-length of
the ray diminishes, and hence a beam of white light in
passing through a prism
is both refracted and dis- . A
persed, thus yielding a
spectrum. The phenom-
ena of the refraction of
light explain the proper-
ties of lenses (see lent)
and of prisms (see prism
and spectrum). Sound- i -
waves may also be re-
fracted when passing
from one medium to an-
other of different den-
sity, obeying the same
laws as light Double
refraction is the separa-
along the path LF, FE. EG.
tion of a ray of light into two rays, which are unequally
refracted upon passing through an anisotropic medium.
This property belongs to all transparent crystalline sub-
stances except those of the isometric system. A strik-
ing example Is calcite, hence called doubly refracting
spar. In uniaxial crystals (those belonging to the te-
tragonal and hexagonal systems) one of the rays follows
the ordinary law of refraction (see law (2), above), and is
called the ordinary ray; the other, which does not, is
called the extraordinary ray; both rays are polarized
(see polarization), the ordinary ray having vibrations
perpendicular to and the extraordinary ray vibrations
parallel to the vertical axis. If the index of refraction
is greater for the ordinary ray than for the extraordi-
nary ray, the crystal is said to be negative, and in the op-
posite case positive : otherwise expressed, a crystal is neg-
ative or positive according as the cry stall ographic axis
(optical axis) is the axis of greatest or of least elasticity.
In the direction of the vertical axis a ray suffers no double
refraction, and this direction is called the optic axis. In
biaxial crystals (those belonging to the orthoi hombic,
monuclinic, and triclinic systems) neither ray follows the
ordinary law of refraction, and there are two directions.
called optic axes, lying in the plane of the axes of greatest
and least elasticity, in which a ray suffers no double re-
fraction. There are also three indices of refraction, corre-
sponding to the rays propagated by vibrations parallel to
the three axes of elasticity. A biaxial crystal is called
negative or positive according as the acute bisectrix coin-
cides with the axis of greatest or of least elasticity. Ac-
cording to the degree of difference between the two indices
of refraction of a uniaxial crystal and between the greatest
and least of the three indices of a biaxial crystal, the double
refraction is said to be strong or weak; upon this difference
depends the brilliancy of color of thin sections of a crystal
as seen in polarized light. Amorphous substances like
glass do not show double refraction, except under abnor-
mal conditions, as when subjected to unequal strains, as
in glass suddenly cooled. This is also true of crystals be-
longing to the isometric system, which, however, some-
times show secondary or abnormal double refraction (as
garnet), due to internal molecular strain or other cause.
For the refraction of the eye, see eye*, and crystalline hu-
mor (under crystalline). Errors of refraction in the eye are
tested by trial with lenses, test types, etc., by the ophthal-
moscope, or by skiascopy or the shadow-test, and are cor-
reeled by appropriate glasses.
refraction
2. In logic, the relation of the Theophrastian
moods to the direct moods of the first figure. —
Astronomical or atmospheric refraction, the appa-
rent angular elevation of the heavenly bodies above their
true places, caused by the refraction of the rays of light in
their passage through the earth's atmosphere, so that in
consequence of this refraction those bodies appear higher
than they really are. It is greatest when the body is on
the horizon, and diminishes all the way to the zenith,
where it is zero. — Axis of double refraction. See
optic axis (b\ under optic. — Axis of refraction. See
axiai.— Caustic by refraction. See diacamtic.— Coni-
cal refraction, the refraction of a single ray of light,
under certain conditions, into an infinite number of rays
in the form of a hollo\v luminous cone, consisting of
two kinds, external conical refraction and internal coni-
cal refraction, the ray in the former case issuing from the
refracting crystal as a cone with its vertex at the point of
emergence, and in the latter being converted into a cone
on entering the crystal, and issuing as a hollow cylinder.
—Double refraction. See def. l.— Dynamic refrac-
tion, refraction of the eye as increased in accommoda-
tion.—Electrical double refraction, the double refrac-
tion produced in an isotroplc dielectric medium, as glass,
under the action of an electrical strain. — Index of re-
fraction. See index, and def. 1.— Plane of refrac-
tion, the plane passing through the normal or perpen-
dicular to the refracting surface at the point of incidence
and the refracted ray.— Point of refraction. Bee point!.
— Refraction equivalent, a phrase used by Landolt to
express in the case of a liquid the quantity obtained by
multiplying the molecular weight of the liquid by the
so-called specific refractive energy, as defined by Glad-
stone and Dale (namely, the refractive index less unity
divided by its density referred to water). The refraction
equivalent of a compound is said to be equal to the sum of
the equivalents of its component parta.— Refraction of
altitude and declination, of ascension and descen-
sion, of latitude and longitude, the change in the
altitude, declination, etc., of a heavenly body due to the
effect of atmospheric refraction. — Refraction of sound,
the bending of a beam of sound from its rectilinear course
whenever it undergoes an unequal acceleration or retar-
dation, necessarily turning toward the side of least ve-
locity and from the side of greatest velocity. — Static re-
fraction, refraction of the eye when the accommodation
is entirely relaxed.— Terrestrial refraction, that re-
fraction which makes terrestrial objects appear to be
raised higher than they are in reality. This arises from
the air being denser near the surface of the earth than it
is at higher elevations, its refractive power increasing as
the density increases. The mirage is a phenomenon of
terrestrial refraction.
refractive (re-frak'tiv), a. [< F. refractif= Pg.
refractive; as refract + -ive.] Of or pertaining
to refraction ; serving or having power to re-
fract or turn from a direct course Refractive
index. Same as index of refraction. See index and re-
fraction.— Refractive power, in optics, the degree of in-
fluence which a transparent body exercises on the light
which passes through it : used also in the same sense as
refractive index.
refractiveness (re-frak'tiv-nes), n. The state
or quality of being refractive.
refractivity (re-frak-tiv'i-ti), ». [< refractive
+ -ity.~\ See the quotation.
The refracticity of a substance is the difference between
the index of refraction of the substance and unity.
Philosophical Mag., 5th ser., XXVIII. 400.
refractometer (re-frak-tom'e-ter), n. [Irreg. <
L. refractus, pp. of refringere, break up (see re-
fract), + Gr. fierpov, measure.] An instrument
used for measuring the refractive indices of
different substances. Many forms of this have been
devised ; and the term is specifically applied to an in-
strument which employs interference fringes and which
allows of the measurement of the difference of path of
two interfering rays — the immediate object of observa-
tion being the displacement produced by the passage of
the ray through a known thickness of the given medium,
from which its refractive power can be found. Such re-
fractometers (inferential refractometers) may also be em-
ployed for other purposes, for example, in certain cases
of linear measurement.
refractor (re-frak'tor), n. [= P. rcfracteur;
as refract 4- -or1.]' A refracting telescope.
See telescope.
refractorily (re-frak'to-ri-li), adv. In a refrac-
tory manner ; perversely ; obstinately. Imp.
Diet.
refractoriness (re-frak'to-ri-nes), n. The state
or character of being refractory, in any sense.
refractory (re-frak'to-ri), a. and n. [Errone-
ously for the earlier refractory. < L. refractarius,
stubborn, obstinate, refractory: see refractory.']
La. 1. Resisting; unyielding; sullen or per-
verse in opposition or disobedience; obstinate
in non-compliance ; stubborn and unmanage-
able.
There is a law in each well-order'd nation
To curb those raging appetites that are
Most disobedient and refractory.
Shak., T. and C., ii. 2. 182.
Our care and caution should be more carefully employed
in mortification of our natures and acquist of such virtues
to which we are more refractory.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), H. 8.
He then dissolved Parliament, and sent its most refrac-
tory members to the Tower.
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834.
2. Resisting ordinary treatment or strains, etc. ;
difficult of fusion, reduction, or the like: said
6039
especially of metals and the like that require
an extraordinary degree of heat to fuse them,
or that do not yield readily to the hammer.
In metallurgy an ore is said to be refractory when it is
with difficulty treated by metallurgical processes, or when
it is not easily reduced. Stone, brick, etc., are refractory
when they resist the action of fire without melting, crack-
ing, or crumbling. Refractory materials are such as can
be used for the lining of furnaces and crucibles, and for
similar purposes.
3. Not susceptible; not subject; resisting (some
influence, as of disease). [Rare.]
Pasteur claimed to so completely tame the virus that a
dog would, in being rendered refractory to rabies by hy-
podermic inoculation or trepanning, show no sign of ill-
ness. Science, III. 744.
Refractory period of a muscle, the time after a first
stimulus when the muscle is not irritable by a second stim-
ulus. This has been found for striated frog's muscle, after
a maximal first stimulation, to be about ,,',,, scruml. =Syn.
1. Stubborn, Intractable, etc. (see obstinate), unruly, ungov-
ernable, unmanageable, headstrong, mulish.
II. ».; pi. refractories (-riz). If. One who is
obstinate in opposition or disobedience.
Render not yourself a refractory on the sudden.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
2f. Obstinate opposition.
Glorying in their scandalous refractories to public order
and constitutions.
Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 138.
3. In pottery, a piece of ware covered with a
vaporable flux and placed in a kiln to communi-
cate a glaze to other articles. E. S. Knight.
refracture (re-frak'tur), n. [< re- + fracture. In
def. 2 with ref. to refractory.] 1. A breaking
again, as of a badly set bone. — 2f. Refractori-
ness; antagonism. [Rare.]
More veniall and excusable may those verbal! reluctan-
cies, reserves, and refractures (rather than anything of
open force and hostile rebellions) seem.
Bp. Oauden, Tears of the Church, p. 562. (Danes.)
refragability (ref'ra-ga-bil'i-ti), »». [< ML.
refragabilita(t-)s, < refragabilis, refragable : see
refragable.] The state or quality of being ref-
ragable; refragableness. Bailey.
refragable (ref'ra-ga-bl), a. [= Pg. refragavel,
< ML. refragabilis, resistible, < L. refragari,
oppose, resist, gainsay, contest: see refragate.]
Capable of being opposed or resisted ; refuta-
ble. Bailey.
refragableness (ref'ra-ga-bl-nes), n. The char-
acter of being refragable. [Rare.]
refragatet (ref'ra-gat), v. i. [< L. refragatus,
pp. of refragari, "oppose, resist, contest, gain-
say, < re-, back, again, -f- fragari, perhaps <
frangere (-^ frag), break: see fragile.] To op-
pose ; be opposite in effect ; break down under
examination, as theories or proofs.
And 'tis the observation of the noble St. Alban that
that philosophy is built on a few vulgar experiments;
and if, upon further inquiry, any were found to refragate,
they were to be discharg'd by a distinction.
Glanmlle, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xix.
refrain1 (re-fran'), v. [Early mod. E. refrayiie,
refreyne, <'ME. refreinen, refreynen, refraynen,
< OF. refraindre, refreindre, also rcfrener, F. re-
frener, bridle, restrain, repress, = Pr. Sp. re-
frenar = Pg. refrear = It. raffrenare, < LL. re-
frenare, bridle, hold in with a bit, < L. re-, back,
+ frenwm, freenum, a bit, curb, pi. frena, curb
and reins, a bridle: seefrenum.] I. trans. 1.
To hold back; restrain; curb; keep from ac-
tion.
My son, . . . refrain thy foot from their path.
Prov. 1. 16.
In this plight, therefore, he went home, and refrained
himself as long as he could, that his wife and children
should not perceive his distress.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 84.
The fierceness of them shalt thou refrain.
Ps. Ixxvi. 10 (Psalter).
2t. To forbear ; abstain from ; quit.
Men may also refreyne venial sinne by receyvynge
worthily of the precious body of Jhesu Crist.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
At length, when the sun waxed low,
Then all the whole train the grove did refrain,
And unto their caves they did go.
Robin Hood and Little John (Child's Ballads, V. 222).
I cannot refrain lamenting, however, in the most poig-
nant terms, the fatal policy too prevalent in most of the
states.
Washington, quoted in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 282.
II, intrans. To forbear; abstain; keep one's
self from action or interference.
Dreadfnll of daunger that mote him betyde,
She oft and oft adviz'd him to refraine
From chase of greater beastes.
Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 37.
Refrain from these men, and let them alone.
Acts v. 38.
The chat, the nuthatch, and the jay are still ;
The robin too refrains.
Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 718.
refreid
refrain2 (re-fran'), n. [< ME. refraine, refrrym .
< OF. (and F.) refrain, a refrain (= Pr. refranli,
n-frim, a refrain, = Sp. refran = Pg. refrSo, a
proverb, an oft-repeated saying), < refraindre,
repeat, sing a song, = Pr. refranlier, refrenher,
repeat, = It. refragnere, refract, reverberate, <
L. refringere, break back, break off: see re-
fract.] 1 . A burden or chorus recurring at reg-
ular intervals in the course of a song or ballad,
usually at the end of each stanza.
Everemo "alias?" was his refreyne.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1571.
They sang the refrain: —
"The roads should blossom, the roads should bloom,
So fair a bride shall leave her home ! "
Longfellow, Blind Girl of Castel-Cuille.
2. The musical phrase or figure to which the
burden of a song is set. It has the same relation to
the main part of the tune that the burden has to the main
text of the song.
3. All after-taste or -odor; that impression
which lingers on the sense : as, the refrain of a
Cologne water, of a perfume, of a wine.
refrainer (re-fra'ner), n. [Early mod. E. re-
freinor; < refrain1 + -er1.] One who refrains.
So these ii. persons were euer cohibetors and refreinors
of the kinges wilfull skope and vnbrideled libertie.
Hall, Hen. VII., an. 18.
refrainingt (rf-fra'ning), n. [< ME. refrain-
ing, the singing of the burden of a song ; verbal
n. of 'refrain2, v.,< OF. refrener, sing a refrain,
refraindre, repeat, sing a song: see refrain2.]
The singing of the burden of a song.
She . . . couthe make in song sich refreynynge,
It sat [became] hir wonder wel to synge.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 749.
refrainment (re-fran'ment), n. [= F. refrene-
ment = Sp. refrenamienio = Pg. refreamento =
It. raffrenamento; as refrain1 + -ment.] The
act of refraining; abstinence ; forbearance.
Forbearance and Indurance ... we may otherwise call
Refrainment and Support.
Shaftesbury, Judgment of Hercules, vi. $ 4.
refraitt, ». [Also refret; < ME. refraite, refraide,
refrayde, refret, < OF. refrait, a refrain, < refrain-
dre, repeat : see refrain2.] Same as refrain2.
The refraite of his laye salewed the Kynge Arthur and
the Queue Gonnore, and alle the other after.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 615.
reframe (re-fram'), v. t. [< re- + frame.] To
frame or put'together again.
refranation (ref-ra-na'shon), u. [Irreg. < L.
refrienatio(n-), refrenation: see refrenation.]
In astral., the failure of a planetary aspect to
occur, owing to a retrograde motion of one of
the planets.
refrangibility (re-fran-ji-bil'j-ti), n. [= F. re-
frangibilile = Sp. refrangibilidad = Pg. refran-
gibilidade = It. rifrangibilita ; as refrangible +
-ity (see -bility).] The property of being re-
frangible; susceptibility of refraction; the dis-
position of rays of light, etc., to be refracted or
turned out of a direct course in passing out of
one medium into another.
refrangible (re-fran'ji-bl), a. [= F. refrangi-
ble = Sp. refrangible = Pg. refrangivel = It. ri-
frangibile, refrangible, < L. refringere, refract
(see refract), + -ible.] Capable of being re-
fracted in passing from one medium to an-
other, as rays of light. The violet rays in the
spectrum are more refrangible than those of
greater wave-length, as the red rays.
Some of them [rays of light] are more refrangible than
others. Locke, Elem. of Nat. 1-hilos., xi.
refrangibleness (re-fran'ji-bl-nes), n. The
character or property of being refrangible ; re-
frangibility. Bailey.
refreeze (re-frez'), v. t. [< re- + freeze.] To
freeze a second time.
Partially refrozen under continual agitation.
Proc. Physical Soc., London, ii. 62. (Encyc. Diet.)
refreidt, refroidt, v. [ME. refreiden, refreyden,
refroiden, < OF. refreider, refreidier, rcfroidir,
reffroidir, F. refroidir, render cold or cool, chill,
etc., = Pr. refreidar, refreydir = Sp. Pg. resfriar
= It. raffreddare, (. ML. refrigidare, make cold
or cool, < L. re-, again, + frigidus, cold: see
frigid. Cf. refrigerate.] I. trans. To make
cool; chill.
He ... shal som tyme be moeved in hymself, but if he
were al refreyded by siknesse, or by maleflce of sorcerie,
or colde drynkes. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
Nevew, be not so roth, refroide youre maltalente, ffor
wrath hath many a worthi man and wise made to be holde
for foles while the rage endureth.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ill 500.
II. intrans. To grow cool.
God wot, refreyden may this hoote fare,
Er Calkas sende Troylus Cryseyde.
Chavcer, Troilus, v. 607.
refrenation
refrenationt (ref-re-na'shgn), ». [< OF. refre-
nation, F. refrenation = Sp. refrenacion, < L.
refrcnatio(n-), a bridling, curbing, restraining,
< refrenare, bridle, curb, check : see rc/rwtn1.]
The act of restraining. Cotgrave.
refresh (re-fresh'), v. [< ME. refreshen, re-
freschen,refrisschen,<.OF.rcfreschir,refraischir,
also refrescliier, refraissier (= Sp. Pg. rcfrescar
= It. rinfrescare, < ML. refrcscare, refriscare),
refresh, cool, < L. re-, again, + friscus, frcscus,
new, recent, fresh : see/rfsA.] I. trans. 1. To
make fresh or as if new again; freshen; im-
prove; restore; repair; renovate.
I have desirid hym to move the Counsell for refreshing
of the toun of Yermowth with stuff of ordnance and
goimes and gonue powdre, and he seid he wolde.
Paston Letters, I. 427.
Before I entered on my voyage, I took care to refresh my
memory among the classic authors.
Aiiiiimin, Remarks on Italy, Pref.
I remember, old gentleman, how often you went home
In a day to refresh your countenance and dress when Tera-
minta reigned in your heart. Steele, Tatler, No. 96.
As in some solitude the summer rill
Refreshes, where it winds, the faded green.
Cawper, In Memory of John Thornton.
2. To make fresh or vigorous again ; restore
vigor or energy to ; give new strength to ; re-
invigorate; recreate or revive after fatigue,
privation, pain, or the like ; reanimate.
I am glad of the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus,
... for they have refreshed my spirit and yours.
1 Cor. icvi. 17, 18.
And labour shall refresh itself with hope,
To do your grace incessant services.
Shak., Hen. V., 11. 2. 87.
There are two causes by the Influence of which memory
may be refreshed, and by that means rendered, at the time
of deposition, more vivid than, by reason of the Joint In-
fluence of the importance of the fact and the anclentness
of it, it would otherwise be. One is intermediate state-
ments. . . . Another is fresh incidents.
Bentham, Judicial Evidence, i. 10.
3. To steep and soak, particularly vegetables,
in pure water with a view to restore their fresh
appearance. =gyn. 1 and 2. To revive, renew, recruit,
recreate, enliven, cheer.
II. intrans. 1. To become fresh or vigorous
again ; revive ; become reanimated or reinvig-
orated.
I went to visite Dr. Tenlson at Kensington, whither he
was retired to refresh after he had ben sick of the small-
pox. Evelyn, Diary, March 7, 1684.
2. To take refreshment, as food or drink. [Col-
loq.]
Tumblers refreshing during the cessation of their per-
formances. Tltaekeray, Vanity Fair, Ixvi.
3. To lay in a fresh stock of provisions. [Col-
loq.]
We met an American whaler going In to refresh.
Stmnumfl Colonial Mag. (Imp. Diet.)
refresht (re-fresh'), n. [< refresh, t>.] The
act of refreshing ; refreshment.
Beauty, sweete love, is like the morning dew,
Whose short refresh upon the tender green
Cheers for a time. Daniel, Sonnets, xlvii.
refreshen (re-fresh'n), c. t. [< re- + freshen.] To
make fresh again ; refresh; renovate. [Rare.]
In order to keep the mind in repair, it is necessary to
replace and refreshen those impressions of nature which
are continually wearing away.
Sir J. Reynolds, On Du Fresuoy's Art of Fainting, Note 28.
It had begun to rain, the clouds emptying themselves
In bulk ... to animate and refreshen the people.
S. Judd, Margaret, i. 13.
refresher (re-fresh'er), «. 1. One who or that
which refreshes, revives, or invigorates; that
which refreshes the memory.
This [swimming] is the purest exercise of health,
The kind refresher of the summer heats.
Thomson, Summer, 1. 1268.
Every fortnight or so I took care that he should receive
a refresher, as lawyers call it — a new and revised brief
memorialising my pretensions.
De Quincey, Sketches, I. 72. (Davies.)
Miss Peecher |a schoolmistress] went into her little offi-
cial residence, and took a refresher of the principal rivers
and mountains of the world.
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, ii. 1.
2. A fee paid to counsel for continuing atten-
tion or readiness, for the purpose of refreshing
his memory as to the facts of a case before
him, in the intervals of business, especially
when the case is adjourned. [Colloq., Eng.]
Had he gone to the bar, he might have attained to the
dignity of the Bench, after feathering his nest comfort-
ably with retainers and refreshers.
Fortnightly Ret., N. S., XL. 28.
refreshful (re-fresh'ful), a. [ < refresh + -fi/l.J
Full of refreshment ; refreshing.
They spread the breathing harvest to the sun,
That throws refreshful round a rural smell.
Thomson, Summer, 1. 364.
5040
refreshfully (rf-fresh'ful-i), adr. In a refresh-
ing manner; so as to refresh.
Rcfreshfullij
There came upon my face . . .
Dew-drops. Keats, Endymion, i.
refreshing (re-fresh'ing), n. [Verbal n. of re-
fresh, ».] Refreshment ; that which refreshes ;
relief after fatigue or suffering.
And late vs rest as for a daye or twayne,
That your pepill may haue refresshing;
Thanne we wolle geve them batell new ageyn.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2991.
Secret refreshings that repair his strength.
Milton, S. A., 1. 665.
refreshing (re-fresh'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of refresh,
i!.] Tending or serving to refresh ; invigorat-
ing; reviving; reanimating: sometimes used
witli a humorous or sarcastic implication.
Who [Ceres] with thy saffron wings upon my flowers
Diffusest honey -drops, refreshing showers.
Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. 79.
And one good action in the midst of crimes
Is "quite refreshing,'1 in the affected phrase
Of these ambrosial Pharisaic times.
Byron, Don Juan, viii. 90.
refreshingly (re-fresh'ing-li), adv. In a re-
freshing manner; so as to refresh or give new
life.
refreshingness (re-fresh'ing-nes), n. The char-
acter of being refreshing. Imp. Diet.
refreshment (re -fresh 'ment), n. [< OF. re-
fregchement, refraischement, etc. (also rafre-
chissement, rafraischissement, rafraichissement,
F.rafraichissemeHt), refreshment; as refresh +
-ment.'] 1. The act of refreshing, or the state of
being refreshed; relief after exhaustion, etc.
Although the worship of Ood Is the chief end of the In-
stitution [the Sabbath], yet the refreshment of the lower
ranks of mankind by an intermission of their labours is
indispensably a secondary object.
Bp. Hartley, Works, II. xxlii.
2. That which refreshes; a recreation; that
which gives fresh strength or vigor, as food,
drink, or rest: in the plural it is now almost
exclusively applied to food and drink.
When we need
Refreshment, whether food or talk between,
Food of the mind. Milton, P. L, Ix. 287.
Having taken a little refreshment, we went to the Latin
Convent, at which all Frank Pilgrims are wont to be en-
tertained. Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 67.
Such honest refreshments and comforts of life our Chris-
tian liberty has made it lawful for us to use. Bp. Sprat.
" May I offer you any refreshment, Mr. ? I haven't
the advantage of your name." Thackeray, Pendennis, rv.
Refreshment Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent ; Mid-
lent Sunday. The name of Refreshment or Refection Sun-
day (Dominica Refectionis) is generally explained as refer-
ring to the feeding of the multitude mentioned in the
Gospel for the day (John vi. 1-14). Also called Bragget
Sunday, Jerusalem Sunday, Leetare, Mothering Sunday,
Rose Sunday, Simnel Sunday.
refrett, refretet, «. See refrait.
refricationt (ref-ri-ka'shon), n. [< L. refricare,
rub or scratch open again, < re-, again, + fri-
care, rub: see friction.'] A rubbing up afresh.
In these legal sacrifices there Is a continual refrication
of the memory of those sins every year which we have com-
mitted. Bp. Hatt, Hard Texts, Heb. x. 3.
refrigerant (re-frij'e-rant), a. and n. [< OF. re-
frigerant, F. refrigerants Sp. Pg. refrigerante =
It. refrigerante, rifrigerante, < L. refrigeran(t-)s,
ppr. of refrigerare, make cool, grow cool again:
see refrigerate.^ I. a. Abating heat; cooling.
Unctuous liniments or salves . . . devised as lenitive
and refrigerant. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxiv. 18.
II. n. 1. Anything which abates the sensa-
tion of heat, or cools. — 2. Figuratively, any-
thing which allays or extinguishes.
This almost never fails to prove a refrigerant to passion.
Blair.
refrigerate (re-frij'e-rat), i: t.; pret. and pp.
refrigerated, ppr. refrigerating. [< L. refrige-
ratus, pp. of refrigerare (> It. refrigerare, rifrige-
rare = Sp. Pg. refrigerar = F. refrigerer), make
cool again, < re-, again, + frigerare, make cool :
see frigerate.~] To cool; make cold; allay the
heat of.
The great brizes which the motion of the air in great
circles (such as are under the girdle of the world) produ-
ceth, which do refrigerate. Bacon, Nat. Hist., 8 398.
The air is intolerably cold, either continually refrige-
rated with frosts or disturbed with tempests.
Goldsmith, Animated Nature, 1. 142.
refrigeratet (re-frij'e-rat), a. [< ME. refriiji-
rate,<Ij.refrigeratus,vp.: see the verb.] Cooled;
made or kept cool ; allayed.
Nowe benes, . . .
. . . upplucked soone,
Made clene, and sette up wel refrigerate,
From grobbes saue wol kepe up theire estate.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 160.
refrigeration
refrigerating-chamber (re - f rij ' e - ra - ting -
cham"ber). ». A chamber in which the air
is artificially cooled, used especially for the
storage of perishable provisions during warm
weather.
refrigerating-machine (re-frij'e-ra-ting-ma-
shen*), n. A machine for the artificial produc-
tion of cold. In such machines mechanical power is
employed for the conversion of heat into work by operat-
ing upon a gas at a temperature far removed from that at
which such gas becomes a liquid. They perform the fol-
lowing cycle of operations : first, the gas is compressed
into a smaller volume, in which compression its contained
heat is increased by the heat-equivalent of the work per-
formed in the compression ; secondly, the compressed
gas Is cooled under constant pressure, and thus brought
near to the temperature of the cooling medium (usually
water), and the increase of heat dne to compression is re-
moved ; thirdly, the compressed and cooled gas is permitted
to expand, expending a portion of its expansive force in the
performance of work. This work having been performed
at the expense of the store of heat originally contained in
the gas, the latter has now lost the heat-equivalent of the
work, and its temperature is greatly lowered. The now
cold gas can be used for the refrigeration of any other sub-
stance which has a higher temperature by methods de-
scribed under ice-machine and refrigeration. In other ma-
chines a gas or vapor the ordinary temperature of which
is near to that at which it liquefies is compressed and
cooled, and subsequently permitted to assume the gaseous
form. By the compression the temperature of liquefaction
is raised till it becomes the same as or a little higher than
that of a conveniently available cooling medium, such as
ordinary atmospheric air, or, most commonly, water at or-
dinary temperature, the application of which to cooling
the gas still under constant pressure reduces it to the
liquid state, or to a state of intermixed liquid and gas. The
subsequent expansion of the liquid into gas is performed
at the expense of its inner heat. It therefore suffers a re-
duction of temperature, to restore which it absorbs its la-
tent heat of vaporization from a surrounding or contigu-
ous substance (usually a saline solution), which, thus made
cold, Is used for cooling air-spaces, or refrigerators or sub-
stances therein contained, or for making Ice. Machines
of either of the above classes are very commonly called ice-
machines, and are so styled in the classifications of inven-
tions in both the United States and British patent-offices,
whether designed for the manufacture of ice, for merely
cooling substances in insulated spaces or refrigerators, or
for both these purposes.
refrigeration (re-frij-e-ra'shon), «. [< OF.
refrigeration, F '.'refrigeration = Sp. refrigera-
cion =s Pg. refrigeraqtto = It. refriyerazione, <
L. refrigeratio(n-), a cooling, coolness, mitiga-
tion (of diseases), < refrigerare, pp. refrigera-
tus, make cool again: see refrigerate.] 1.
The act of refrigerating or cooling ; the abate-
ment of heat ; the state of being cooled.
Suchethyngesa6arefynedl)ycontinuallheate,mouynge,
and circulation are hyndered by refrigeration or coulde.
R. Eden, tr. of Jacobus Gastaldus (First Books on
[America, ed. Arber, p. 294).
The testimony of geological evidence . . . Indicates a
general refrigeration of climate.
Croll, Climate and Time, p. 530.
Specifically — 2. The operation of cooling va-
rious substances by artificial processes. This is
effected by the use of inclosures in which the articles to
be cooled are placed on or in proximity to ice or other refri-
gerating substances or freezing-mixtures, or In air cooled
by a refrigerating-machine or -apparatus ; or, as in beer-
cooling, by floating metallic pans or vessels containing Ice
upon the surface of the liquid to be cooled, or by circulat-
ing the latter over an extended surface of some good con-
ductor of heat cooled by continuous contact of cold water,
cold air, or cold brine with the opposite surface. See ice-
machine and refrigerating-machine. — Chemical refrige-
ration, refrigeration by the use of mixtures of substances
which, during their admixture, by mutual solution of each
in the other, or the solution of one or more in another or
others, become lowered in temperature by absorption of
the latent heat of liquefaction from the sensible heat.
Remarkable changes of temperature are thus produced
by a variety of refrigerating mixtures or freezing-mix-
tures. See freezing-mixture.— Mechanical refrigera-
tion, (a) In its strictest sense, the conversion of heat
into work by the expansion of a volume of gas or vapor
which performs work during the act of expansion, as In
moving a piston against some'resistance, usually that of
a pump or compressor for compressing another volume
of such gas or vapor. The gas during the expansion, if it
expands adiabatically, is reduced in temperature by the
conversion of its inner heat into work, the reduction being
found in degrees by dividing the work due to the expan-
sion by the product of the specific heat of the gas, the
weight of the volume expanded, and the mechanical equiv-
alent of heat. Air mechanically refrigerated is frequently
discharged directly into refrigerators orrooms it is desired
to cool, but in apparatus for cooling by the use of other
gases and vapors a strong solution of some salt which re-
sists freezing at low temperatures — as sodium, calcium, or
magnesium chlorid — is used as a medium for extracting
heat from the substances and spaces to be cooled, and as
a vehicle for conveying the heat so abstracted to the me-
chanically cooled gas. See ice-machine. (&) In a broader
sense, a process of refrigeration in which the cycle of heat-
changes is only partly produced by mechanical action, as
in compression ice-machines using anhydrous ammonia,
wherein the cooling of the vapor takes place entirely dur-
ing the formation from the liquid, and is caused by ab-
sorption of the latent heat of vaporization from the sen-
sible heat of the substance, the mechanical part of the
process being wholly confined to compressing the ammo-
nia-vapor while liquefying it under the action of cold and
pressure. Such machines are the most effective and the
most extensively used.
refrigerative
refrigerative (re-frij'e-ra-tiv), a. and n. [=
OF.refrigeratif.t1. refrigeratif = Sp. Pg. re-
frigerativo = It. refrigeratiro, rifrigerativo ; as
refrigerate + -ire.] I. a. Cooling; refrigerant:
as, a refrigerative treatment.
All lectuces are by nature refrigerative, and doe coole
the bodle. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xix. 8.
II. H. A medicine that allays the sensation
of heat ; a refrigerant.
refrigerator (re-frij'e-ra-tor), n. [< refrigrnilr
+ -or1.] That which refrigerates, cools, or
keeps cool ; specifically, any vessel, chamber, or
apparatus de-
signed to keep i
its contents at '
a temperature
little if at
all above the
freezing-point.
In a restricted
sense, a refrigera-
tor is an inclosed
chamber or com-
partment where
meats, fish, fruit,
or liquors, etc.,
are kept cool by
the presence of ice
or freezing-mix-
tures, or by the
circulation of cur-
rents of cold air or
liquid supplied by
an ice-machine or
a refrigerating-
machine. Domes*
tic refrigerators
are made in a
great variety of
shapes, and may
be either portable
or built into the
walls of a house.
They range from
the common ice-
box (which in its
simplest form is
merely a metal-
lined wooden box
Refrigerator.
a, body of the refrigerator; *, paper sheath-
ing ; e, a shelf for supporting ice i: /. drip-
pipe ; g, air-trap ; h, drip-pan ; /, j' , lias
covering ice-chamber; k, door of compart-
ment containing shelves /, of corrugated gal-
vanized iron, on which are supported the arti-
cles to be preserved by refrigeration ; z. zinc
lining.
with facilities for drainage, kept partly filled with ice on
which nsh or meat may be kept) to large and elaborate
ice-chests and ice-rooms. Small refrigerators are some-
times called ice-safes.— Anesthetic refrigerator. See
anesthetic.
refrigerator-car (re-frij'e-ra-tor-kar), u. A
freight-car fitted up for the preservation by
means of cold of perishable merchandise. Such
cars are supplied with an ice-chamber, and sometimes with
a blower, which is driven by a belt from one axle of the
car, and causes a constant circulation of air over the ice
and through the car. [IT. 8.)
refrigeratory (re-frij'e-ra-to-ri), a. and n. [=
Sp. Pg. It. refrigeratorio, <'L. refrigeratorius,
cooling, refrigeratory, < refrigerare, pp. refri-
geratus, cool : see refrigerate.] I. a. Cooling;
mitigating heat.
This grateful acid spirit that first comes over is ...
highly refrigeratory, diuretic, sudorific.
Bp. Berkeley, tr. of Siris, § 120.
II. «.; pi. refrigeratories (-riz). Anything
which refrigerates ; a refrigerant ; a refrigera-
tor ; any vessel, chamber, or pipe in which cool-
ing is effected.
A delicate wine, and a durable refrigeratory. Mortimer.
refrigeriumt (ref-ri-je'ri-um), n. [= It. Sp. Pg.
refrigerio, a cooling, mitigation, consolation, <
LL. refrigerium, < L. refrigerare, make cool :
see refrigerate.] Cooling refreshment; refri-
geration.
It must be acknowledged, the ancients have talked much
of annual refrigeriums. Smith.
refringet, *'• '. [< L- refringere, break up, break
open, < re-, back, +fringere, break : aeefraction.
Cf . refract, refrain?, and infringe.'] To infringe
upon. Palsgrave. (Halliwell.)
refringency (rp-frin'jen-si), ». [< refringen(t)
+ -cy.] The power of a substance to refract a
ray; refringent or refractive power.
refringent (re-frin'jent), a. [< F. refringent =
Sp. refringente, < L. refringen(t-)n, ppr. of re-
fringere, break up, break off: see refract.]
Possessing the quality of refractiveness ; re-
fractive; refracting: as, a refringent prism.
[Bare.]
Refraction is the deflection or bending which luminous
rays experience in passing obliquely from one medium to
another. . . . According as the refracted ray approaches
or deviates from the normal, the second medium is said
to be more or less refringent or refracting than the first.
Atltinxm, tr. of Ganot's Physics (10th ed.), I 536.
refroidet, c. Same as refreid.
reft1 (reft). Preterit and past participle of reave.
reft2t, reftet, «. Obsolete forms of rift1.
refuge1 (ref'uj), «. [< ME. refuge, < OF. (and
F.) refuge = Pr. refug, rcfucli '= Sp. Pg. It. re-
317
5041
fugio, < L. reftt(/ium, a taking refuge, refuge, a
place of refuge, < refugcre, nee back, retreat, <
re-, back, + fugere, flee : see fugitive. Cf. »v-
fuit, refute?.] 1. Shelter or protection from
danger or distress.
And as thou art a rightful lord and juge,
Ne yeve us neither mercy ne refvge.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 862.
Rocks, dens, and caves ! But I in none of these
Find place or refuge. Milton, P. L., ix. 118.
2. That which shelters or protects from danger,
distress, or calamity ; a stronghold which pro-
tects by its strength, or a sanctuary which se-
cures safety by its sacredness ; any place where
one is out of tne way of a threatened danger or
evil; specifically, an institution where the des-
titute or homeless find temporary shelter; an
asylum.
God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in
trouble. Ps. xlvi. 1.
The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats, and the
rocks for the conies. Ps. civ. 18.
Drawn from his refuge in some lonely elm,
. . . ventures forth . . .
The squirrel. Cowper, Task, vi. 310.
3. An expedient to secure protection, defense,
or excuse ; a device ; a contrivance ; a shift ; a
resource.
Their latest refuge
Was to send him. Shak., Cor., v. 3. 11.
0, teach me how to make mine own excuse !
Or at the least this refuge let me find ;
Though my gross blood be stain'd with this abuse,
Immaculate and spotless is my mind.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1654.
A youth unknown to Phoebus, in despair,
Puts his last refuge all in heaven and prayer.
Pope, Dunciad, it 214.
Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.
Johnson, in Boswell, an. 1775.
City of Refuge. See city.— Harbor of refuge. Seeftor-
bar'.— House of refuge, an institution for the shelter of
the homeless or destitute. — School of refuge, a charity,
ragged, or industrial school. Also called tons' or girls'
house of refuge. = Syn. 1. Safety, security. — 2. Asylum, re-
treat, sanctuary, harbor, covert.
refuge1 (ref'uj). v.; pret. and pp. refuged, ppr.
ref nying. (/ OF. refugier, F. refugier = Sp. Pg.
refugiar = It. refugiare, take refuge ; from the
noun.] I. trans. To shelter; protect; find ref-
uge or excuse for.
Silly beggars,
Who, sitting in the stocks, refuge their shame,
That many nave and others must sit there.
Shak., Rich. II., v. 5. 26.
Even by those gods who refuged her abhorred.
Dryden, JSneid, ii. 782.
II. intrants. To take shelter. [Rare.]
The Duke de Soubise refuged hether from France upon
miscarriage of some undertakings of his there.
Sir J. Finett, Foreign Ambassadors, p. 111.
Upon the crags
Which verge the northern shore, upon the heights
Eastward, how few have refuged ! Southey.
refuge2 (ref'uj), H. A dialectal form of refuse2.
Halliwell.
refugee (ref-u-je'), n. [< F. refugie (= Sp. Pg.
refugiado = It. refugiato), pp. of refugier, take
refuge: see refuge1, v.] 1. One who flees to a
refuge or shelter or place of safety.
Under whatever name, the city on the rocks, small at
first, strengthened by refugees from Salona, grew and pros-
pered. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 229.
2. One who in times of persecution or political
commotion flees to a foreign country for safety.
Poor refugees at first, they purchase here ;
And soon as denizen'd they domineer.
Dryden, tr. of Satires of Juvenal, iii.
3. One of a band of marauders during the
American Revolution : so called because they
placed themselves under the refuge or protec-
tion of the British crown : same as cow-boy, 3.
refugeeism (ref-u-je'izm), n. [< refugee + -ism.]
The state or condition of a refugee.
A Pole, or Czech, or something of that fermenting sort,
in a state of political refugeeism.
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxii.
refuitt, a. [ME., also rcfuyt, refute, refnt, refutt,
< OF. rrfnit, refuyt, refui, m., "refuite, refute, F.
nj'iiite. f., flight, escape. < refuir, flee, < L. re-
f ni/cre, flee: see refuge1.] Refuge; protection.
Thou art largesse of pleyn felicitee,
Havene of refute, of quiete, and of reste.
Chaucer, A. B. ('.. 1. H.
How myght ye youre-self guyde that may nought se to
bere a baner in bateile of a kynge that ought to be refute
and counfort to alle the hoste.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 622.
refulgence (re-ful'jens), «. [< OF. refuli/eiirr
= Sp. Pg. refutyencia = It. refulgema, < L. re-
fulgentia, reflected luster, refulgence, < reful-
gen(t-)s, refulgent: see refulgent.] The state
refusal
or character of being refulgent ; a flood of light ;
splendor ; brilliancy.
A bar of ore, the heat and refulgence of which were al-
most insupportable to me at ten feet distance.
Wraxatt, Tour through Northern Parts of Europe, p. 169.
= Syn. E/ulgence, Splendor, etc. (see radiance), brightness.
refulgency (re-ful'jen-si), n. [As refulgence
(see -cy).] Same as 'refulgence.
refulgent (re-ful'jent), a. [< OF. refulgent,
F. refulgent '= Sp. Pg. refulgente = It. riful-
gente, < L. refulgen(t-)s, ppr. of refulgere, flash
back, shine brilliantly, < re-, back, + fulgere,
flash, shine: see fulgent.] Emitting or reflect-
ing a bright light; shining; splendid.
If those refulgent beams of Heav'n's great light
Gild not the day, what is the day but night V
Quarles, Emblems, v. 12.
Where some refulgent sunset of India
Streams o'er a rich ambrosial ocean isle.
Tennyson, Experiments, Milton.
refulgently (re-ful'jent-li), adv. With reful-
gence ; with great brightness.
refund1 (re-fund'), v. t. [< OF. refondre, re-
melt, recast, refondre, refonder, restore, pay
back, F. refondre, remelt, recast, remodel, re-
form, = Pr. refondre = Sp. Pg. refundir, pour
out again, = It. rifondere, pour out, remelt,
recast, < L. refundere, pour back, restore, <
re-, back, + fnndere, pour: see refound%. The
OF. refondre, in the form refonder, in the sense
' restore,' seems to be confused with refonder,
refunder, reestablish, rebuild, restore : see re-
found1. In def. 2 the B. verb appar. associ-
ated with fund1, n. Cf. refund^.] If. To pom-
back.
Were the humours of the eye tinctured with any color,
they would refund that colour upon the object.
Bay, Works of Creation, ii.
2. To return in payment or compensation for
what has been taken ; repay ; restore.
With this you have repaid me two thousand Pound,
and if you did not refund thus honestly, I could not have
supply d her. Steele, Tender Husband, L 1.
3. To resupply with funds; reimburse; in-
demnify. [Rare.]
The painter has a demand ... to be fully refunded,
both for his disgraces, his losses, and the apparent dan-
ger of his life. Swift, to Bp. Horte, May 12, 1738.
Refunding Act, a United States statute of July 14th,
1870, providing for the issue of 5, 4£, and 4 per cent, bonds,
and for devoting the proceeds to the redemption of out-
standing bonds.
refund1 (re-fund'), n. [< refund1, v.] Repay-
ment ; return of money. [Colloq.]
Their lots were confiscated ; no refund was made of the
purchase money or compensation allowed for improve-
ments. Pop. Set. Mo., XXVIII. 784.
No refund of duty shall be allowed after the lapse of
fourteen days from the time of entry.
U. S. Com. Reports (1886), No. 72, p. 5S2.
refund2 (re-fund'), v. t. [< re- + fund1.] To
fund again or anew, as a public debt.
refunder1 (re-fun'der), n. [< refund1 4- -er1.]
One who refunds or repays.
refunder2 (re-fun'der), n. [< refund? + -er1.]
One who refunds or favors refunding or fund-
ing anew.
refundment (re-fund'ment), n. [< refund1 +
-ment.] The act of refunding or returning
in payment or compensation that which has
been borrowed or taken ; also, that which is re-
funded.
Church land, alienated to lay uses, was formerly de-
nounced to have this slippery quality [like thawing snow].
But some portions of It somehow always stuck so fast
that the denunciators have been fain to postpone the
prophecy of refundment to a late posterity.
Lamb, Popular Fallacies, ii.
refurbish (re-fer'bish), ». *. [< re- + furbish. Cf.
OF. reforbir, refourbir, F. refourbir = It. rifor-
bire, refurbish.] To furbish anew; polish up.
It requires a better poet to refurbish a trite thought
than to exhibit an original.
Landor, Imaginary Conversations, Abbe Delille and Wal-
[ter Landor.
refurnish (re-fer'nish), v. t. [< re- + furnish.
Cf. OF. refournir, F. refoi/rnir = It. rifomire,
refurnish.] To furnish or supply anew; refit
with furniture.
By his mostc excellent witte, he [Henry VII.] . . . re-
uiued the lawes, . . . refurnished his dominions, and re-
payred his manours. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 24.
refusable (re-fu'za-bl), a. [< OF. (and f.)re-
fiiKit hie ; as refuse^ + -able.] Capable of being
refused ; admitting refusal.
A refutable or little thing in one's eye.
Young, Sermons, ii.
refusal (re-fu'zal), ». [< AF. refusal; as re-
fuse1 + -«/.] 1. The act of refusing ; denial
refusal
or rejection of anything; demanded, solicited,
or offered for acceptance.
For upon theyr re.fmall and forsakinge of the gospell,
the same was to you by so muche y rather offered.
J. Udall, On Rom. xi.
I Iieseech you
That my refusal of so great an offer
May make no ill construction.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, 1. 1.
2. The choice of refusing or taking ; the right
of taking in preference to others; option of
buying; preemption.
I mean to be a suitor to your worship
For the small tenement . . .
Why, if your worship give me but your hand,
That I may have the refusal, I have done.
B. Jonson, Volpoue, v. 4.
Neighbour Steel's wife asked to have the refusal of it, but
I guess I won't sell it. Haliburton.
Barnard's Act [passed in 1735], which avoided and pro
hibited all speculative dealings in the British public funds,
"puts" and refusals, and even such ordinary transactions
as selling stocks which the vendor has not in his posses-
sion at the time. Nineteenth Century, XXVI. 852.
3. In hydraul. engin., the resistance of a pile
at any point to further driving — To buy the re-
fusal Of. See buy.
refuse1 (re-fuz'), ''•; pret. and pp. refused, ppr.
refusing. ' [< ME. refusal, reffusen, < OF. refu-
ser, renfuser, ranfuser, F. refuser = 8p. rehusar
= Pg. refusar = It. rifusare, refuse, deny, re-
ject; origin uncertain; perhaps (1) < LL. *re-
fusare, freq. of L. refundere, pp. refusus, pour
back, give back, restore (see refund1, and cf.
refuse1') ; or (2) irreg. < L. refutare, refuse (see
refute^), perhaps by confusion with recusare,
refuse (see recuse) ; or (3) < OF. refus, refuse,
leavings (see refuse2).} I. tram. 1. To deny,
as a request, demand, or invitation ; decline to
do or grant : as, to refuse admittance ; she re-
fused herself to callers.
Accepteth than of us the trewe entente,
That never yet refuseden your heste.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 72.
If you refuse your aid
In this so never-needed help, yet do not
Upbraid 's with our distress. Shak., Cor., v. 1. 83.
He then went to the town-hall ; on their refusing him
entrance, he burst open the door with his foot, and seated
himself abruptly. Watpole, Letters, II. 2.
2. To decline to accept ; reject : as, to refuse
an office ; to refuse an offer.
And quhome je ancht for to refuse
Frame that gret office, chairge, and cure.
Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.\ L 508.
The stone which the builders refused is become the head
stone of the corner. Ps. cxviii. 22.
I, Anthony Lumpkin, Esquire, of Blank place, refuse you,
Constantia Neville, spinster, of no place at all.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, v.
St. Todisown; disavow; forsake. Nares. [''God
refuse me ! " was formerly a fashionable impre-
cation.]
Be/use me nat oute of your Reme[m]braunce.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 41.
He that yn yowthe no vertue wyll vse,
In Age all honour wyll hyni Refuge.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. »., extra ser.), i. 68.
Deny thy father, and refuse thy name.
Shak., R. and J., ii. 2. 34.
4. Milit., to hold (troops) back, or move (them)
back from the regular alinement, when about
to engage the enemy in battle. In the oblique
order of battle, if either flank attack, the other
flank is refused. — 5. Fail to receive; resist;
repel.
The acid, by destroying the alkali on the lithographic
chalk, causes the stone to refuse the printing ink except
where touched by the chalk.
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 152.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Decline, Refuse, Reject, Repel, and Rebuff
are in the order of strength.
II. intrans. To decline to accept or consent ;
fail to comply.
Our [women's] hearts are form'd, as you yourselves would
choose,
Too proud to ask, too humble to refuse.
Garth, Epil. to Addison's Cato.
Free in his will to choose or to refuse,
Man may improve the crisis, or abuse.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 25.
refuse1* (re-fuz'), «. [< ME. refuse, < OF. refus,
m., refuse, f., = It. refuso, m., a refusal; from
the verb: see refuse*, v. Cf. refuse^."] A re-
fusal.
He hathe hurte ful fele that list to make
A yifte lightly, that put is in refuse.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 70.
Thy face tempts my soul to leave the heavens for thee,
And thy words of refuse do pour even hell on me.
Sir P. Sidney (Arbor's Eng. Garner, I. 567).
refuse2 (refus), n. and a. [< ME. refus, refuce,
< OF. refus, reffus, repulse, refusal, rejection
5042
(fairc refus dr . . . , object to, refuse, ii n-fim.
so as to cause rejection, etre de refus, be refused,
cerfdt refus, a refuse stag, etc.), associated with
the verb refuser, refuse, and prob. < L. refusus,
pp. of refundere, pour back, give back, restore :
see refuse1, refund*. Some confusion may have
existed with OF. refus, refugee, rrjji*. I'ifitit,
refuge: see refuit, refute-.} I. «. That which
is refused or rejected ; waste or useless matter;
the worst or meanest part ; rubbish.
Thou hast made us as refuse. Lam. Hi. 45.
Yet man, laborious man, by slow degrees . . .
Gleans up the refuse of the general spoil.
Cowper, Heroism, 1. 70.
Shards and scurf of salt, and scum of dross,
Old plash of rains, and refuse patch'd with moss.
Tennyson, Vision of Sin, v.
= Syn. Dregs, scum, dross, trash, rubbish.
II. a. Refused; rejected; hence, worthless;
of no value: as, the refuse parts of stone or
timber.
To sen me languyshinge,
That am refut of every creature.
Chaucer, Troilus, L 570.
They fought not against them, but with the refuse and
scattered people of the overthrown army his father had
lost before. North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 207.
Everything that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed
utterly. 1 Sam. xv. 9.
refuse3 (re-fuz'), r. t. [< re- + fuse*, ».] To
fuse or melt again.
refuser (re-fu'zer), 11. One who refuses or re-
jects.
The only refusers and condemners of this catholic prac-
tice. Jer. Taylor.
refusion (re-fu'zhpn), n. [< OF. refusion, F.
refusion = It. rifusione, < L. refusio(n-), an
overflowing, < refundere, pp. refusus, pour back :
see refuse*, refund.] 1. A renewed orrepeated
melting or fusion. — 2. The act of pouring back ;
s renewing.
It hath been objected to me that this doctrine of the
refusion of the soul was very consistent with the belief of
a future state of rewards and punishments, in the Inter-
mediate space between death and the resolution of the
soul into the TO iv. Warburton, Legation, i ii., note cc.
refutability (re-fu-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [< refutable +
-ity (see -MMV).] Capability of being refuted.
refutable (re-fu'ta-bl), a. [= OF. "refutable
= Sp. refutable = Pg. refutarel; as refute1 +
-able.'} Capable of being refuted or disproved ;
that may be proved false or erroneous.
He alters the text, and creates a refutable doctrine of
his own. Junius, Letters, liv.
refutably (re-fu'ta-bli), adv. In a refutable
manner; so as to be refuted or disproved.
refutal (re-fu'tal), «. [< refute* + -a!.} Refu-
tation. [Rare.}
A living refutal of the lie that a good soldier most needs
be depraved. National Baptist, XXI. xiii. 1.
refutation (ref-u-ta'shon), n. [< OF. refuta-
tion, F. refutation = Sp. refutation = Pg. refu-
t<tc.3o= It. rifutazione, < L. refutatio(n-), a refu-
tation, < refutare, pp. refutatus, refute: see re-
fute*.'] The act of refuting or disproving; the
overthrowing of an argument, opinion, testi-
mony, doctrine, or theory by argument or coun-
tervailing proof; confutation; disproof. Refu-
tation is distinguished as direct or ostensive, indirect or
apagogical, a priori or a posteriori, according to the kind
of reasoning employed.
It was answered by another boke called the Refutation
or Ouercommyng of the appollogie, of the conuencion of
Madrill. Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 18.
As for the first interpretation, because it is altogether
wasted, it nedeth no refutation.
Caluine, Declaration on the Eighty-seventh Psalm.
The error referred to ... Is too obvious to require a
particular refutation.
BushnM, Nature and the Supernat., xi.
refutatory (re-fu'ta-to-ri), a. [< F. refutatoire
= Sp. Pg. refutatorio, < LL. refutatorius, of or
belonging to refutation, refutatory, < L. refu-
tare, pp. refutatus, refute: see refute*.'] Tend-
ing to refute; containing refutation.
refute1 (re-fuf), r. t. ; pret. and pp. refuted,
ppr. refuting. [< OF. refuter, refute, confute,
F. refuter = Sp. Pg. refutar = It. rifutare, re-
futare, < L. refutare, check, drive back, repress,
repel, rebut, etc., < re- + "futare as in confutare,
confute: see confute.'] 1. To disprove and over-
throw by argument or countervailing proof;
prove to be false or erroneous : as, to refute a
doctrine or an accusation.
And then the Law of Nations gainst her rose.
And reasons brought that no man could refute.
Spenser, F. Q., V. ix. 41.
Then I began to refute that foule error, howbeit my
speach did nothing at all preuaile with him.
HaMuyfs Voyages, II, 60.
regal
How wilt thou reason with them, how refute
Their idolisms, traditions, paradoxes?
MUbm, P. K., iv. 233.
And he says much that many may dispute,
And cavil at with ease, but none refute.
Cowper, Truth, 1. 360.
2. To overcome in argument; prove to be in
error : as, to refute a disputant.
There were so many witnesses to these two miracles
that it is impossible to refute such multitudes. Addison.
= Syn. 1. Confute and Refute agree in representing a quick
and thorough answer to assertions made by another. Con-
fute applies to arguments, refute to both arguments and
charges.
refute'-^, "• See refuit.
refuter (re-fu'ter), n. One who or that which
refutes.
My refuter's forehead is stronger, with a weaker wit.
Bp. Hall, Honour of Married Clergy, i. § 3.
reg. An abbreviation of (a) regent; (b) register;
(c) registrar; (d) regular; (e) regularly.
regain (re-gan'), v. t. [< OF. regaignier, regaa-
gner, rewaignier, F. regagner (= Sp. reganar =
Pg. reganliar = It. riguadagnare), < re-, again,
+ gaagnier, gaigtier, gain: see gain*.'] 1. To
gain anew; recover, as what has escaped or
been lost; retrieve.
But by degrees, first this, then that regain'd,
The turning tide bears back with flowing chance
Unto the Dauphin all we had attain 'd.
Daniel, Civil Wars, v. 44.
If our Fathers have lost their Liberty, why may not we
labour to regain it? Selden, Table-Talk, p. 40.
Hopeful to regain
Thy love, the sole contentment of my heart
Milton, P. L, x. 972.
Ah, love ! although the morn shall come again,
And on new rose-buds the new sun shall smile,
Can we regain what we have lost meanwhile?
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 838.
2. To arrive at again; return to; succeed in
reaching once more : as, they regained the shore
in safety.
The leap was quick, return was quick, he has regain'd the
place. Leigh Hunt, The Glove and the Lions.
= Syn. 1. To repossess.
regal1 (re'gal), a. and n. [< ME. regal, regall,
< OF. regal] regal, royal (as a noun, a royal
vestment), in vernacular form real, F. real (>
E. real'l) and royal (> E. royal); = Pr. reial,
rial = Sp. Pg. real (> E. reap, a coin) = It.
regale, reale, < L. regalis, royal, kingly, < rex
(reg-), a king: see rex. Cf. real2, real*, royal,
regale2.] I. a. Pertaining to a king; kingly;
royal: as, a regal title; regal authority; regal
pomp.
Most manifest it is that these [the pyramids], as the
rest, were the regall sepulchres of the Egyptians.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 99.
With them [Ithuriel and Zephon] comes a third of regal
port,
But faded splendour wan. Milton, P. L., iv. 869.
Among the gems will be found some portraits of kings
in the Macedonian period, which may be best studied in
connexion with the rcyal coins of the same period.
C. T. Newton, Art and ArchaioL, p. 374.
Regal or royal fishes whales and sturgeons : so called
from an enactment of Edward II. that when thrown ashore
or caught on the British coasts they can be claimed as the
property of the sovereign. = Syn. Kingly, etc. See royal.
H.t «. pi. Royalty; royal authority.
Now be we duchesses, both I and ye.
And sikered to the regals of Athenes.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2128.
regal2 (re'gal), «. [Early mod. E. regall, re-
gatte, also rigole, regale; < OF. regale, F. regale, <
Olt. regale, a regal, It. regale, a hand-organ (Sp.
regalia, an organ-pipe), < regale, regal, royal, <
L. regalis, regal, royal : see regal*.] 1. A small
portable organ, much
used in the sixteenth
and seventeenth cen-
turies, consisting of
one or sometimes two
sets of reed-pipes
played with keys for
the player's right
hand, with a small
bellows for the left
hand. Its compass in-
cluded only a few tones.
In many cases the instru-
ment was made to shut up
within covers, like a large
book : hence the name
Bible-organ. If there was
but one pipe to each note,
(From a
painting.)
HUtC,
the instrument was called
a single reyal, if two pipes
to each note, a double retjaL The invention of the regal
is often erroneously ascribed to Roll, an organ-builder of
Nuremberg, in 1575; the instrument was common in Eng-
land in the reign of Henry VIII. It is now obsolete, but
the name is still applied in Germany to certain reed-stopa
regal
of the organ. In England a single Instrument was usually
called ii pair of regals.
With dulsemers and the regalia,
Sweet sittrons melody.
Lei'gktoit, Tearea or Lamentations (1613). (Halliirell.)
And in regals (where they have a pipe they call the
nightingale pipe, which containcth water) the sound hath
a coutinuall trembling. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 172.
ng.
Representations of regals shew as if they were fastened
to the shoulder, while the right hand touches the keys,
and the left is employed in Mowing a small pair of bel-
lows. Gentleman's May., LXXIV. 328.
2. An old instrument of percussion, composed
of sonorous slabs or slips of wood. It was a sort of
harmonica, and was played by striking the slips of wood
with a stick armed with a ball or knob.
regale1 (re-gal'), v.; pret. and pp. regaled, ppr.
regaling. '[< OF. regaler, regallcr, F. regaler, en-
tertain, regale (= Sp. regular, entertain, caress,
fondle, pet, = Pg. regular, entertain, charm,
please, = It. regalare, entertain, treat); of
doubtful origin: (a) in one view orig. 'treat
like a king,' 'treat royally,' < regal, royal (cf.
OF. regaler, regaller, take by royal authority)
(see regal1); (6) in another view, lit. 'rejoice
oneself,' < re- + galcr, rejoice: see gala1; (c)
the Sp. is identified by Diez with regular, melt,
< L. regelare, melt, thaw, warm, lit. 'unfreeze,'
< re-, back, + gelare, freeze : see congeal, and
ef. regelation; (d) cf. OF. regaler, regaller,
divide or share equally, distribute, equalize, <
re- + egal, equal: see egal, equal.} I. trans.
To entertain sumptuously or delightfully ; feast
or divert with that which is highly pleasing;
gratify, as the senses : as, to regale the taste,
the eye, or the ear.
The Portuguese general then invited the monks on board
his vessel, where he regaled them, and gave to each pres-
ents that were most suitable to their austere life.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 144.
Every old burgher had a budget of miraculous stories to
tell about the exploits of Hardkoppig Piet, wherewith he
regaled his children of a long winter night.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 361.
Heliogabalus and Galerius are reported, when dining, to
have regaled themselves with the sight of criminals torn
by wild beaats. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 298.
II. intrans. To feast; have pleasure or diver-
sion.
See the rich churl, amid the social sons
Of wine and wit, regaling!
Shenstone, Economy, i. 14.
On twigs of hawthorn he regal' A,
On pippins' russet peel.
Cowper, Epitaph on a Hare.
The little girl . . . was met by Mrs. Norris, who thus
regaled in the credit of being foremost to welcome her.
i'ii. Mansfield Park, ii.
5043
Those privileges and liberties of the Church which
were not derogatory to the regale and the kingdom.
B. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., i.
3. pi. Ensigns of royalty; the apparatus of a
coronation, as the crown, scepter, etc. The re-
galia of England consist of the crown, the scepter with the
cross, the verge or rod with the dove, the so-called staff of
Edward the Confessor, several swords, the ampulla for the
sacred oil, the spurs of chivalry, and several other pieces.
These are preserved in the jewel-room in the Tower of
London. The regalia of Scotland consist of the crown,
the scepter, and the sword of state. They, with several
other regal decorations, are exhibited in the crown-room
in the castle of Edinburgh.
4. pi. The insignia, decorations, or "jewels"
of an order, as of the Freemasons.— Regalia of
the church, in England, the privileges which have been
conceded to the church by kings ; sometimes, the patri-
mony of the church.
Regalecidae (reg-a-les'i-de), ». pi. [NL., < Re-
galecus + -id&.} A family of tseniosomous
fishes, typified by the genus Regalecus. They
have the body much compressed and elongated or ribbon-
like, the head oblong and with the opercular apparatus
produced backward, several of the anterior dorsal rays
elongated and constituting a kind of crest, and long, sin-
gle, oar-like rays in the position of the ventral flns. The
species are pelagic and rarely seen. Some attain a length
of more than 20 feet.
Regalecus (re-gal'e-kus), n. [NL. (Brunnich),
lit. 'king of the herrings,' < L. rex (reg-), king,
+ NL. alec, herring: see alec.} A genus of
ribbon-fishes, typical of the family Begalecidse.
regale1 (re-gal'), n. [< F. regal, also regale, a
banquet, amusement, pleasure-party (= Sp. Pg.
It. regain, a present, gift: see regalia2, regalio),
< regaler, regale, entertain: see regale1, v.} A
choice repast ; a regalement, entertainment, or
treat; a carouse.
The damned . . . would take it for a great regale to
have a dunghill for their bed, instead of the burning coals
of that eternal fire. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 386.
Our new acquaintance asked us if ever we had drank
egg-flip? To which we answering in the negative, he as-
sured us of a regale, and ordered a quart to be prepared.
Smollett, Roderick Random, xiv.
That ye may garnish your profuse regales
With summer fruits brought forth by wintry suns.
Cowper, Task, iii. 551.
regale2 (re-ga'le), n. ; pi. regalia (-lia). [= OF.
regale, F.' regale = Sp. regale = It. regalia, a
royal privilege, prerogative, < ML. regale, roy-
al power or prerogative, regalia, pi. (also as
fern, sing.), royal powers, royal prerogatives,
the ensigns of royalty, etc., neut. of L. regalis,
regal, royal: see regal1.} 1. A privilege, pre-
rogative, or right of property pertaining to the
sovereign of a state by virtue of his office. The
regalia are usually reckoned to be six — namely, the power
of judicature ; of life and death; of war and peace; ofmas-
terless goods, as estrays, etc. ; of assessments ; and of mint-
ing of money.
The prerogative is sometimes called jura regalia or re-
galia, the regalia being either majora, the regal dignity
and power, or minora, the revenue of the crown.
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 672.
2. In eccles. hist., the power of the sovereign
in ecclesiastical affairs. In monarchical countries
where the papal authority is recognized by the state, the
regale is usually denned by a concordat with the papal
see ; in other monarchical countries it takes the form of
the royal supremacy (see supremacy). In medieval times
especially the regale involved the right of enjoyment of
the revenues of vacant bishoprics, and of presentation to
all ecclesiastical benefices or positions above the ordinary
parochial cures during the vacancy of a see. These rights
were exercised by the Norman and Plantagenet kings of
England and by the French kings from the eleventh cen-
tury onward with constantly widening application and in-
creased insistence till the time of Louis XIV. Opposed
to pnntijicale. See inrertiture.
Burgh Of regality. See burgh.
3gally (re'gal-i), adv. In a regal or royal man-
King of the Herrings, or Oar-fish (Regalecus gUsnt1}.
The northern R. glesne is popularly known as
the king of the herrings. Also called Gymnetrus.
regalement (re-garment), n. [= F. regalement
= Sp. regalamiento ; as regale1 + -ment.} Re-
freshment; entertainment; gratification.
The Muses still require
Humid regalement, nor will aught avail
Imploring Phoebus with unmoisten'd lips.
J. Philips, Cider, ii.
regaler (re-ga'ler), ». One who or that which
regales. Imp. Diet.
regalia1, n. Plural of regale?.
regalia2t, »• [Confused in E. with regalia1 ; <
Sp. Pg. It. regalo, < F. regale, a banquet: see
regale1.} Same as regale1.
The Town shall have its regalia; the Coffee-house ga-
pers, I'm resolv'd, shan't want their Diversion.
D'Ur/ey, Two Queens of Brentford, i. (Vames.)
regalia3 (re-ga'lia), n. [< Cuban Sp. regalia, a
fine grade of cigar (regalia imperial, imperial
regalia, media regalia, medium regalia), lit.
' royal privilege ' : see regale2.} A superior kind
of cigar. See the quotation.
The highest class of Cuban-made cigars [are] called
"vegueras." . . . Next come the regalias, similarly made
of the best Vuelta Abajo tobacco ; and it is only the low-
er qualities, "ordinary regalias," which are commonly
found in commerce, the finer . . . being exceedingly high-
priced. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 426.
regalian (re-ga'lian), a. [< F. regalien, apper-
taining to royalty, < regal, regal: see regal1,
regale2.'} Pertaining to a king or suzerain; re-
gal ; sovereign ; belonging to the regalia.
Chester was first called a county palatine under Henry
II., but it previously possessed all regalian rights of Ju-
risdiction. Hattam, Middle Ages.
He had a right to the regalian rights of coining.
Brougham.
regaliot, »• Same as regale1.
Do you think . . . that the fatal end of their journey
being continually before their eyes would not alter and
deprave their palate from tasting these regalias?
Cotton, tr. of Montaigne's Essays, xvi. (Davies.)
Fools, which each man meets in his dish each day,
Are yet the great regalios of a play.
Dryden, Sir Martin Mar-All, Prol., 1. 3.
regalism (re'gal-izm), n. [< regal1 + -ism.}
The control or interference of the sovereign in
ecclesiastical matters.
Nevertheless in them [the Catholic kingdoms of Europe]
regalism, which is royal supremacy pushed to the very
verge of schism, has always prevailed. Card. Manning.
regality (re-gal'i-ti), ». [Early mod. E. regal-
it<: < OF. regalite = It. regalita, < ML. regali-
regard
ta(t-)s, kingly office or character, royalty, < L.
ri-ijulis, kingly, regal: see regal1. Cf. regally,
realty2, royalty, doublets of regality.} 1. Roy-
alty; sovereignty; kingship.
The nobles and commons were wel pleased that Kyng
Richard should frankely and frely of his owne mere mocion
resigne his croune and departe from his regalite.
Hall, Hen. IV., Int.
Is it possible that one so grave and judicious should
... be persuaded that ecclesiastical regiment degener-
ateth into civil regality, when one is allowed to do that
which hath been at any time the deed of more?
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vll. 14.
He came partly in by the sword, and had high courage
In all points of regality. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII.
2. In Scotland, a territorial jurisdiction for-
merly conferred by the king. The lands over which
this jurisdiction extended were said to be given in libe-
ram regalitatem, and the persons receiving the right were
termed lords o/ regality, and exercised the highest prerog-
atives of the crown.
There be civill Courts also in everie regalitie, holden by
their Bailiffes, to whom the kings have gratioualy grant-
ed royalties. Holland, tr. of Camden, it 8. (Dames.)
3f. pi. Things pertaining to sovereignty ; insig-
nia of kingship ; regalia.
For what purpose was it ordayned that christen kynges
. . . snulde in an open and stately place before all their
subiectes receyue their crowne and other Regalities?
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, iii. 2.
Such which God . . . hath reserved as his own appro-
priate regalities. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 201.
Bu
regal
ner.
regalot (re-ga'lo), n. [< It. Sp. Pg. regalo: see
regale1.} ' Same as regale1.
I thank you for the last regalo you gave me at your
Musaeum, and for the good Company.
Hoicell, Letters, I. vi. 20.
I congratulate you on your regalo from the Northumber-
lands. Walpole, To Mann, July 8, 1768.
regalst (re'galz), n. pi. Same as regalia1. See
regale2, 3.
regaltyt (re'gal-ti), n. [< ME. regalty, < OF.
"regalte, regalite, royalty: see regality, realty2.}
Same as regality.
For all Thebes with the regalty
Put his body in such jeopardy.
Lydgate, Story of Thebes, ii.
This was dangerous to the peace of the kingdom, and
entrenched too much upon the regalty.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 99.
regalyt, »• [< ME. regalie, regalye, < OF. re-
galie, f., < ML. regalia, royalty, royal preroga-
tive, prop. neut. pi. of L. regalis, royal : see re-
gal1, regale2.} 1. Royalty; sovereignty; pre-
rogative.
Hit stondeth thus, that youre contraire, crueltee,
Allyed is agenst your regalye
Under colour of womanly beaute. Chaucer, Pity, 1. 65.
To the entente to make John, sone of the same Duke,
King of this your seid realme, and to depose you of your
heigh regalie therof. Ponton Letters, I. 100.
2. pi. Same as regalia1. See regale2, 3.
The regalies of Scotland, that is to meane the crowne,
with the septer and cloth of estate.
Fabyan, Chron. (ed. 1559), II. 140.
regar, n. See regur.
regard (re-gard'), v. [Formerly also reguard
(like guard) ; < OF. regarder, reguarder, rewar-
der, F. regafder (= Pr. regardar, reguardar =
Pg. regardar = It. rigwardare, ML. regardare),
look at, observe, regard, < re- + garder, keep,
heed, mark: see guard. Cf. reward.} I. trans.
1 . To look upon ; observe ; notice with some
particularity ; pay attention to.
If much you note him.
Yon shall offend him ; . . .
Feed, and regard him not.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. 58.
Him Sir Bedivere
Remorsefully regarded thro' his tears.
Tennyson, Passing of Arthur.
The horse sees the spectacle ; it is only you who regard
and admire it. //. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 295.
2f. To look toward; have an aspect or pros-
pect toward.
Calais is an extraordinary well fortified place, in the old
Castle and new Citadel!, reguarding the Sea.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 11, 1643.
3. To attend to with respect ; observe a certain
respect toward; respect; reverence; honor;
esteem.
He that regardeth the day regarieth it unto the Lord.
Rom. xiv. 6.
This aspect of mine . . .
The best-regarded virgins of our clime
Have loved. Sltak., M. of V., 11. 1. 10.
4. To consider of importance, value, moment,
or interest; mind; care for: as, to regard the
feelings of others; not to regard pain.
regard
His bookes of Husbandrie are moch to be regarded.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 152.
Facts from various places and times prove that in mili-
tant communities the claims to life, liberty, and property
are little regarded. 11. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., | 560.
5. To have or to show certain feelings to-
ward; show a certain disposition toward;
treat; use.
His associates seem to have regarded him with kindness.
Macaulay.
6. To view; look on; consider: usually fol-
lowed by as.
They are not only regarded at authors, but at partisans.
Addison.
A face perfectly quiescent we regard 09 signifying ab-
sence of feeling. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol. , § 497.
I regard the judicial faculty, "judgment," . . . as that
on which historical study produces the most valuable
results. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 94.
7. To have relation or respect to ; concern: as,
this argument does not regard the question.
This fable seems to regard natural philosophy.
Bacon, Physical Fables, xi., Expl.
The deed is done,
And what may follow now regards not me.
Shelley, The Cenci, iv. 4.
8t. To show attention to; care for; guard.
But ere we go, regard this dying prince,
The valiant Duke of Bedford. Come, my lord,
We will bestow you in some better place.
SAa*., 1 Hen. VI., ill. 2. 86.
As regards, with regard to ; as respects ; as concerns :
as, as regards that matter, I am quite of your opinion.
= Syn. To remark, heed, estimate, value.
II. intrans. To have concern ; care.
The Knight nothing regarded
To see the Lady scoffed.
Constance of Cleveland (Child's Ballads, IV. 229).
regard fre-giird'), n. [Formerly also reguard
(like guard) ; < ME. regard, < OF. regard, regort,
reguard, F. regard = Pr. regart, reguart = OSp.
reguardo = Pg. regardo = It. riguardo (ML. re-
gardum), regard, respect; from the verb: see
regard, v.] 1. Look or gaze; aspect.
I extend my hand to him thus, quenching my familiar
smile with an austere regard of control.
Shak., T. N., ii. 5. 731.
You are now within regard of the presence.
B. Jomon, Cynthia's Revels, ii. 1.
2. Attention, as to a matter of importance or
interest; heed; consideration.
Beleue me (Lord), a souldiour cannot haue
Too great rcgarde whereon his knife should cut.
Giscoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), p. 65.
Things without all remedy
Should be without regard; what 's done is done.
Shak, Macbeth, ill. 2. 12.
We have sufficient proof that hero-worship is strongest
where there is least regard for human freedom.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 451.
3. That feeling or view of the mind which
springs especially from estimable qualities in
the object; esteem; affection; respect; rever-
ence: as, to have a great regard for a person.
Will ye do aught for regard o' me?
Jamie 'telfer (Child's Ballads, VI. 111).
To him they had regard, because that of long time he
had bewitched them with sorceries. Acts viii. 11.
I have heard enough to convince me that he is unworthy
my regard. Sheridan, School for Scandal, Hi. 1.
4. Eepute, good or bad, but especially good ;
note; account.
Mac Tirrelaghe was a man of meanest regarde amongest
them. Spenser, State of Ireland.
I am a bard of no regard,
Wi' gentle folks and a' that.
Burns, Jolly Beggars.
5. Relation; respect; reference; view: often
in the phrases in regard to, with regard to.
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all ;. . .
And enterprises of great pitch [folios have ptWll and mo-
ment
With this regard their currents turn awry.
Shat., Hamlet, ill. 1. 87.
To ... persuade them to pursue and persevere in vir-
tue with regard to themselves, in justice and goodness
with regard to their neighbours, and piety toward God.
Watts.
6. Matter; point; particular; consideration;
condition; respect.
Love 's not love
When it is mingled with regards that stand
Aloof from the entire point. Shak., Lear, i. 1. 242.
I never beheld so delicate a creature [a horse); ... in
all reguards beautiful!, and proportioned to admiration.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 17, 1684.
Nature ... in the first sentiment of kindness antici-
pates already a benevolence which shall lose all particular
regards in its general light. Emerson, Love.
7f. Prospect ; object of sight ; view.
Throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
Even till we make the main and the aerial blue
An indistinct regard. Shak., Othello, ii. 1. 40.
5044
8. In old English forest law : (a) Official view or
inspection, (ft) The area within the jurisdic-
tion of the regarders. — 9. pi. Respects; good
wishes; compliments: as, give my best regards
to the family. [Colloq.] - At regard Oft, in com-
parison with.
Thanne shewede he hym the litel erthe that here is,
At regard of the hevenes quantite.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, L 57.
Court of regard (or survey) of dogs, an old forest court
in England which was held every third year for the law-
ing or expeditation of mast ills. Field of regard, a sur-
face conceived as plane or spherical, fixed with regard to
the head, in which the nxation-point wanders with the
movements of the eyeball. Also called field affixation
In regardt. (o) In view (of the fact that): usually with
ellipsis of that following.
England . . . hath been ... an overmatch [of France),
in regard the middle people of England make good soldiers,
which the peasants of France do not.
Bacon, True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates.
I fear it [my last letter] miscarried, in regard yon make
no mention of it in yours. Howell, Letters, I. L 15.
(6) Comparatively ; relatively. Compare in respect.
How wonderfully dyd a fewe Romayns, in regarde, de-
fend this litel territory.
Sir T. Elyot, Image of Governannce, fol. 62, b. (Encyc. Diet.)
In regard of. (a) In view of ; on account of.
Change was thought necessary inregard of the great hurt
which the church did receive by a number of things then
in use. Hooker.
In regard of his hurt, Smith was glad to be so rid of him.
Copt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 5.
iM In regard to ; in respect to. [Objectionable.]
In regard of its security, it [the chest of drawers) had
a great advantage over the bandboxes.
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xlix.
In this (that) regard, in this (that) respect. (Objection-
able.]—Point of regard. See pointi.— With regard
Oft, with regard to ; considering.
How in safety best we may
Compose our present evils, irith regard
Of wnat we are, and where. Milton, P. L., 11. 281.
=8jm. 2. Notice, observance (of), care, concern.— 3. Esti-
mate, Estimation, etc. See esteem, {owl.
regardable (re-gar'da-bl), a. [< OF. (and F.)
regardable; as regard + -able.'] Capable of
being regarded ; observable; worthy of notice ;
noticeable.
Herein is not only regardable a mere history, but a
mystery also. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 1.
regardant (re-gar'dant), a. [Formerly also re-
guardant; < 'OF. regardant, ppr. of regarder,
look at, regard: see regard, v.] 1. Regarding;
looking to ; looking behind or backward ; watch-
ing.
You might have known that by my looks and language,
Had you been regardant or observant.
B. Jomon, New Inn, iv. 3.
With lookes regardiant [read reguardant\ did the Thracian
gaze. Marston and Barlcsted, Insatiate Countess, ii.
2. In her., looking backward: applied to any
animal whose face is turned
toward its tail. — 3. Looking at
one another; turned so as to face
one another.
Two regardant portraits of a lady and
gentleman (in a marble relief).
Soulages Catalogue, No. 440.
Passant regardant. See passant.—
Rampant regardant See rampant.
—Regardant reversed, having the
head turned backward and downward : especially said of
a serpent bent into a figure of eight, with the head below.
—Villein regardant, regardant villein, in feudal
law, a villein or retainer annexed to the land or manor,
charged with the doing of all base services within the
same.
regarder (re-gar'der), n. 1. One who or that
wnich regards.
Modern science is of itself . . . a slight recorder of time
and space. J. N. Loclryer, SpecL Anal., p. 85.
2. In Eng. law, an officer whose business it
was to view the forest, inspect the officers, and
inquire concerning all offenses and defaults.
A Forest . . . hath also her peculiar Officers, as Forest-
ers, Verderers, Jtegarders, Agisters, Ac.
Howell, Letters, iv. 16.
regardful (re-gard'ful), a. [< regard + -fuj.]
Having or paying regard. Especially— (o) Full of
regard or respect ; respectful.
To use all things and persons upon whom his name is
called, or any ways imprinted, with a regardful and sep
arate manner of usage, different from common, and far
from contempt and scorn. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iv. 8.
(b) Taking notice ; heedful ; observing with care ; atten-
tive.
When with regardfull sight
She, looking backe. espies that griesly wight.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. vii. 22.
Let a man be very tender and regardful of every pious
motion made by the Spirit of God to his heart. South.
= Syn. (b) Observant, mindful, watchful, careful,
regardfully (re-gard'ful-i), adr. In a regardful
manner, in any sense.
regence
regarding (rc-gar'ding), prep. [Ppr. of regard,
i'.] Respecting; concerning; in reference to :
as, to be at a loss regarding one's position.
"Regarding personalities," he added, "I have not the
same clear showing." George Eliot, Felix Holt, xxiv.
regardless (re-gard'les), a. [< regard + -less.}
1. Not having regard or heed; not looking or
attending; heedless; negligent; indifferent;
careless.
My eyes
Set here unmov'd, regardless of the world,
Though thousand miseries encompass me !
Beau, and FL, King and No King, i. I.
Blindeth the beauty everywhere revealed,
Treading the May-flowers with regardless feet.
Whittier, .Among the Hills, Prel.
2. Not regarded; slighted. [Rare.]
Yes, Traitor ; Zara, lost, abandon'd Zara,
Is a regardless Suppliant, now, to Osmyn.
Congreve, Mourning Bride, Ii. 9.
= Syn. 1. Unmindful, inattentive, unobservant, neglect-
ful, unconcerned.
regardlessly (re-gard'les-li), adv. In a regard-
less manner; heedlessly; carelessly; negli-
gently.
regardlessness(re-gard'les-nes), «. Heedless-
ness ; inattention ; negligence.
regard-rlngf (re-gard'ring), B. A ring set with
stones the initial letters of whose names make
up the word regard, as ruby, emerald, garnet,
amethyst, ruby, and diamond.
regather (re-gaTH'er), v. t. [< re- + gather.]
To gather or collect again.
When he had renewed his provisions and regathered
more force. Hakluyfs Voyages, III. 640.
regatta (re-gat'fi), ». [= F. regate, < It. regatta,
rit/atta, regata, a boat-race, yacht-race, a row-
ing-match, a particular use (orig. Venetian) of
Olt. regatta, rigatta, a strife or contention for
the mastery, < Olt. regattare, rigattare, sell by
retail, haggle as a huckster, wrangle, contend,
cope or fight for the mastery (cf. Sp. regatear,
retail provisions, haggle, rival in sailing; re-
gateo, a haggling, a regatta), prob. a dial, form
of recatare, "recattare, buy and sell again by
retail, retail, regrate, forestall (cf. Sp. recatear,
retail; recatar, take care, be cautious), < re-,
again,-!- cattarc, get, acquire, purchase (cf. Sp.
cottar, taste, try, view), < L. capture, catch,
capture, procure: see catclii, and cf. acate.
Cf. regratei.'] Originally, a gondola-race in
Venice; now, any regularly appointed boat-
race in which two or more row-boats, yachts,
or other boats contend for prizes.
A regatta of wherries raced past us.
Haicthorne, Our Old Home.
They penetrated to Cowes for the race balls and regatta
gayeties. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxxix.
regelate (re'je-lat), r. «'.; pret. and pp. regelated,
ppr. regelating. [< L. regelatus, pp. of regelare
(> It. regalare = Pg. regelar = F. regeler), air,
cool off, < re-, back, 4- gelare, congeal: seeded/1.]
To freeze or become congealed again ; specifi-
cally, to freeze together.
Everything yields. The very glaciers are viscous, or
regelate into conformity, and the stiffest patriots palter
and compromise. tmerson, Fortune of the Republic.
regelation (re-je-la'shon), «. [= F. regelation,
a freezing over, < LL. regelatio(n-), a thawing, <
L. regelare, thaw, warm, < re-, back, again, also
= MM-, + gelare, freeze : see regelate.] The phe-
nomenon of congelation and cohesion exempli-
fied by two pieces of melting ice when brought
into contact at a temperature above the freez-
ing-point. Not only does this occur in air, but also in
water. The phenomenon, first observed by Faraday, is
obscure.
Two pieces of ice at 32° Fahr., with moist surfaces,
when placed in contact, freeze together to a rigid mass.
This is called regelation. Faraday. (Webster.)
An attempt . . . has been made of late years to recon-
cile the brittleness of ice with its motion in glaciers. It
is founded on the observation, made by Mr. Faraday in
1850, that when two pieces of thawing ice are placed to-
gether they freeze together at the place of contact . . .
The word Regelaiion was proposed by Dr. Hooker to ex-
press the freezing together of two pieces of thawing ice
observed by Faraday ; and the memoir in which the term
was first used was published by Mr. Huxley and Mr. Tyn-
dall in the Philosophical Transactions for 1857.
Tyndatt, Forms of Water, p. 164.
regencet (re'jens). ><. [= OF. regence, F. re-
gence = Sp. Pg. regencia = It. reg'geiiza, < ML.
ri'grntiu. rule, < L. regen(t-).?, ruling: see re-
gent."} Government; rule.
Some for the gospel, and massacres
Of spiritual affidavit-makers,
That swore to any human regence
Oaths of suprem'cy and allegiance.
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. ii. S75.
regency
regency (re'jen-si), «. ; pi. regencies (-siz). [As
regence (see -cy).] 1. Rule; authority; gov-
ernment.
The sceptre of Christ's regency. Hooker.
2. More specifically, the office, government, or
jurisdiction of a regent; deputed or vicarious
government. See regent, 2.
The king's illness placed the queen and the duke of
York in direct rivalry for the regency.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 349.
3. The district under the jurisdiction of a re-
gent or vicegerent.
Regions they pass'd, the mighty regencies
Of seraphim. Milton, P. L., v. 748.
4. The body of men intrusted with vicarious
government : as, a regency constituted during a
king's minority, insanity, or absence from the
kingdom.
By the written law of the land, the sovereign was em-
powered to nominate a regency in case of the minority
or incapacity of the heir apparent.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 17.
5. The existence of a regent's rule ; also, the
period during which a regent administers the
government.
I can just recall the decline of the grand era. . . . The
ancient habitues, . . . contemporaries of Brummell in his
zenith — boon companions of George IV. in his regency —
still haunted the spot. Bvlwer, My Novel, xi. 2.
To the forced and gloomy bigotry which marked the
declining years of Louis Quatorze succeeded the terrible
reaction of the regency and the following reigns.
W. Jt. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 17.
6. The office of a university regent, or master
regent. — 7. The municipal administration of
certain towns in northern Europe — Albany re-
gency, in U. 8. hist, . a group of politicians who, by the skil-
ful use of patronage, controlled the nominating conven-
tions and other machinery of the Democratic party in the
State of New York, from about 1820 to about 1850. The
most noted members were Wright, Martin Van Buren,
Marcy, and Dix. — Regency Act, a name given to special
statutes regulating regency, as, for instance, an English
statute of 1840 (S and 4 Viet., c. 52), which authorized the
Prince Consort to act as regent, in case of the demise of
Queen Victoria, during the minority of her successor.—
The Regency, in French hist., the period of the minority
of Louis XV., 1715-23, when Philip of Orleans was regent.
regendert (re-jen'der), v. t. [< re- + gender. Cf.
regenerate.] To gender again ; renew.
Furth spirts fyre freshlye regendred.
Stanihurst, .flSneid, ii. 486.
regeneracy (re-jen'e-ra-si), n. [< regenerate)
+ -cy.~\ The state of being regenerated.
Though Saul were, yet every blasphemous sinner could
not expect to be, called from the depth of sin to regene-
and salvation. Uammond, Works, IV. 686.
regenerate (re-jen'e-rat), v. t. [< L. regenera-
tus, pp. of regenerare (> It. regenerare, rigene-
rare = Sp. Pg. regenerar = P. regenerer), gene-
rate again, < re-, again, + generare, generate:
see generate.'] 1. To generate or produce anew;
reproduce.
In a divided worm, he [Billow] says, the tall is regene-
rated from cell-layers developed in the same way and ex-
actly equivalent to the three layers of the embryo.
Mind, IX. 417.
2. In theol., to cause to be born again ; cause to
become a Christian ; give by direct divine influ-
ence a new spiritual life to. See regeneration, 2.
No sooner was a convert initiated . . . but by an easy
figure he became a new man, and both acted and looked
upon himself as one regenerated and born a second tune.
Addition, Def. of Christ Relig., ix. 2.
regenerate (re-jen'e-rat), a. [= F. regen&re =
Sp. Pg. regenerado = It. regenerate, rigenerato,
< L. regeneratus, pp.: see the verb.] 1. Re-
produced; restored; renewed.
O thou, the earthly author of my blood,
Whose youthful spirit, in me regenerate,
Doth with a twofold vigour lift me up.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3. 70.
Who brought a race regenerate to the field, . . .
And raised fair Lusitania's fallen shield.
Scott, Vision of Don Roderick, Conclusion, st. 14.
2. In theol., begotten or born anew; changed
from a natural to a spiritual state.
Seeing now . . . that this child is regenerate, and graft-
ed into the body of Christ's Church, let us give thanks
unto Almighty God for these benefits.
/.'""/,- of Common Prayer, Office of Public Baptism of
[Infants.
regenerateness (re-jen'e-rat-nes), n. The state
of being regenerated. Bailey.
regeneration (re-jen-e-ra'shon), n. [<ME. re-
generaciotiH, < OF. regeneration, F. regeneration
= Sp. regeneracion = Pg. regeneracSo = It. re-
generazione, rigenera;ione,< LL. regeneratio(n-),
a being born again, regeneration: see regene-
rate.'} 1. The act of regenerating or producing
anew. — 2. Intheol.: (a) A radical change in the
spirit of an individual, accomplished by the di-
5045
rect action of the Spirit of God. Evangelical the-
ologians agree that there is a necessity for such a radical
spiritual change in man in order to the divine life ; but
they differ widely in their psychological explanations of
the change. They are, however, generally agreed that it
consists of or at least necessarily involves a change in the
affections and desires of the soul. Regeneration is also
understood, as by the Roman Catholic Church, to be the
gift of the germ of a spiritual life conferred regularly by
Ood's ordinance in baptism, which is accordingly called
the sacrament of regeneration, or simply regeneration. The
word regeneration occurs only once in the New Testament
in its ordinary theological meaning; but equjvalent ex-
pressions are found, such as "begotten again," "born
again," "born of God," "born of water and of the Spirit."
According to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of
regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost. Tit. iii. 5.
Baptism is ... a sign of Regeneration or New-Birth,
whereby, as by an instrument, they that receive Baptism
rightly are grafted into the Church.
Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, xxvli.
(6) The renovation of the world to be accom-
plished at the second coming of the Messiah.
Ye which have followed me, in the regeneration, when
the Son of Man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also
shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of
Israel. Mat. xix. 28.
3 (re-jeu-e-ra'shon). In biol., the genesis or
origination of new'tissue to repair the waste of
the body, or to replace worn-out tissue ; also,
the reproduction of lost or destroyed parts or
organs. Regeneration of tissue constantly goes on in
all animals in the ordinary repair of waste products of
vital action ; but the replacing of lost parts, as a limb, is
nearly confined to animals below vertebrates, in many of
which it is an easy or usual process. — Baptismal re-
generation. See baptismal. =Syn. 2. See conversion.—
3. See reproduction.
regenerative (re-jen'e-ra-tiv), a. [= OP. re-
generatif, F. re'getierdtif = Sp. Pg. regenera-
tivo; as regenerate + -ive.] 1. Producing re-
generation; renewing.
She identified him with the struggling regenerative pro-
cess in her which had begun with his action.
George Eliat, Daniel Deronda, Ixv.
In Mahommedanism there is no regenerative power ; it
is "of the letter, which killeth" — unelastic, sterile, bar-
ren. Faiths of the World, p. 331.
2. In metal., on the principle of the Siemens
regenerator, or so constructed as to utilize that
method of economizing fuel, as in the term re-
generative gas-furnace. See regenerator — Re-
generative burner. See burner.— Regenerative
chamber, in a furnace, a regenerator.— Regenerative
furnace. See furnace.
regeneratively (re-jen'e-ra-tiv-li), adv. In a
regenerative manner; so as to regenerate.
regenerator (re-jen'e-ra-tor), n. [= F. regene-
rateur,n.; as regenerate + -or*.] 1. One who
regenerates.
He is not his own regenerator, or parent at all, in his new
birth. Waterland, Works, VI. 352.
All these social regenerators panted to be free.
The American, XIV. 23.
2. In metal., a chamber filled with a checker-
work of fire-bricks ; that part of a regenerative
furnace in which the waste heat of the gases
escaping from the hearth is, by reversal of the
draft at suitable intervals, alternately stored
up and given out to the gas and air entering
the furnace. The idea of employing what is now gen-
erally called the " regenerative system " of heating was
first conceived by Robert Stilling, in 1816, but his arrange-
ment for carrying it out was not a practical one. The
present form of the furnace, and in general the success-
ful application of the principle, constituting a highly im-
portant improvement in the consumption of fuel, are due
to the brothers Siemens. The regenerative system has
already been extensively applied in various metallurgical
and manufacturing processes, and is likely to receive still
further development. According to the Siemens regene-
rative method, there must be at least one pair of regene-
rative chambers, in order that the heat may be in process
of being stored up in one while being utilized in the other.
In the Siemens regenerative reheating- or mill-furnace
there are two pairs of chambers, each pair consisting of
one larger and one smaller chamber, through one of which
the air passes, and through the other the gas on its way
to the furnace. The so-called "Ponsard recuperator" is
a form of regenerator in which, by an ingenious arrange-
ment of solid and hollow fire-bricks, the current is made
continuous in one direction, instead of requiring reversal
as-in the Siemens regenerative furnace. This form of fur-
nace has been employed for reheating in rolling-mills.
regenerator-furnace (re-jen'e-ra-tor-fer/'na8),
n. Any form of furnace witn which a regen-
erator is connected.
regeneratory (re-jen'e-ra-to-ri), a. [< regen-
erate + -on/.j Regenerative; having the power
to renew; tending to reproduce or renovate.
regenesis (re-jen'e-sis), n. [< re- + genesis.']
The state of being renewed or reproduced.
There tended to be thereafter a continual regenesis of
dissenting sects. B. Spencer, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVin. 868.
regent (re'jent), a. and n. [< OP. regent, F. re-
gent = Sp. Pg. regente = It. reggente, ruling, as
a noun a regent, vicegerent, < L. regen(t-)s, rul-
ing; as a noun, a ruler, governor, prince; ppr. of
regent-oriole
regere, pp. rectus, direct, rule, correct, lit. ' make
straight,' ' stretch,' = Gr. bpeytiv, stretch, = Skt.
I/ raj, stretch out, = Goth, vf-rakjan, stretch out,
etc. (see rack1); cf. Skt. V raJ> direct, rule, ra-
ja», king, L. rex (reg-), king (see rex). The two
roots in Skt. may be orig. identical, as they have
become in L. From the L. regere are also ult.
regimen, regiment, regime, region, rector, rectum,
rectangle, rectilineal, etc., correct, direct, erect,
etc., dress, address, redress, etc. Belated E.
words of Teut. origin are right, rack1, etc.]
1. «. 1. Ruling; governing.
To follow nature's too affected fashion,
Or travel in the regent walk of passion.
Quarles, Emblems, li. 4.
He together calls,
Or several, one by one, the regent powers,
Under him regent. Milton, P. L., v. 697.
Some other active regent principle that resides In the
body. Sir U. Hale.
2. Exercising vicarious authority: as, a prince
regent. — 3. Taking part in the government of
a university.— Queen regent. Seeyueen.
II. n. 1. A ruler; a governor: in a general
sense.
Uriel, . . . regent of the sun, and held
The sharpest-sighted spirit of all in Heaven.
Hilton, P. L., ill. 690.
The moon (sweet regent of the sky)
Silver'd the walls of Cumnor Hall.
Xickle, Cumnor Hall.
2. One who is invested with vicarious authori-
ty ; one who governs a kingdom in the minority,
absence, or disability of the king. In most heredi-
tary governments this office is regarded as belonging to
the nearest relative of the sovereign capable of under-
taking it ; but this rule is subject to many modifications.
I say, my sovereign, York is meetest man
To be yuur regent in the land of France.
Shot., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3. 164.
3. In the old universities, a master or doctor
who takes part in the regular duties of instruc-
tion or government. At Cambridge all resident mas-
ters of arts of less than four years' standing, and all doctors
of less than two, are regents. At Oxford the period of regen-
cy is shorter. Atboth universities those of a more advanced
standing, who keep their names on the college books, are
called non-regents. At Cambridge the regents compose
the upper house and the non-regents the lower house
of the senate, or governing body. At Oxford the regents
compose the congregation, which confers degrees and
does the ordinary business of the university. The regents
and non-regents collectively compose the convocation,
which is the governing body in the last resort.
Only regents — that is, masters actually engaged in
teaching — had any right to be present or to vote in con-
gregations [at Bologna]. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 835.
4. In the State of New York, a member of the
corporate body known as the University of the
State of New York. The university is officially de-
scribed as consisting "of all incorporated institutions of
academic and higher education, with the State Library,
State Museum, and such other libraries, museums, or
other institutions for higher education in the state as
may be admitted by the regents. . . . The regents have
power to incorporate, and to alter or repeal the charters
of colleges, academies, libraries, museums, or other educa-
tional institutions belonging to the University ; to distrib-
ute to them all funds granted by the state for their use ;
to inspect their workings and require annual reports un-
der oath of their presiding officers ; to establish examina-
tions as to attainments in learning, and confer on success-
ful candidates suitable certificates, diplomas, and degrees,
and to confer honorary degrees. " — House of regents. See
house).— Necessary regent, one who is obliged to serve
as regent : opposed to a regent ad placitum, who has served
the necessary term and is at liberty to retire.
regent-bird (re'jent-berd), n. An Australian
bird of the genus Serieulus, S. chrysocephaltts
or melinus, the plumage of which is velvety-
black and golden-yellow in the male : so called
Regent-bird {Serieulus chrysoctphalus}.
during the regency of the Prince of Wales,
afterward George IV., in compliment to him.
It is related to the bower-birds, but has been
variously classified. See Serieulus. Also re
gent-oriole.
regentess (re'jen-tes), «. [< regent + -ess.]
A female regent; a protectress of a kingdom.
regent-oriole (re'jent-6"ri-61), n. Same as re-
gent-bird.
regentship
regentship (re' jent-ship), ». [< regent +
-fillip.] The office or dignity of a regent, es-
pecially of a vicegerent, or one who governs for
a king; regency.
If York have ill demean 'd himself in France,
Then let him be denay 'd the regentship.
Sluik., -2 Hen. VI., i. 3. 107.
regerminate (re-jer'mi-nat), r. i. [< L. re-
germinatus, pp. of regerminare, sprout again,
< re-, again, + germinare, sprout, germinate:
see germinate.'] To germinate again.
regermination (re-jer-mi-na'shon), H. [< L.
regerminatio(n-), < regerminare, pp. regermina-
tus, sprout again : see regerminate.'] A sprout-
ing or germination anew.
The Jews commonly express resurrection by regermina-
tion, or growing up again like a plant.
Gregory, Notes on Scripture, p. 125.
regestt (re-jest'), t>. t. [< L. regestus, pp. of rc-
gerere, throw or cast back, retort, also record,
chronicle, < re-, back, + gerere, carry: see
gesfi.'] To throw back ; retort.
Who can say, it is other than righteous, that thou
shouldest regeet one day upon us, Depart from me, ye
wicked? /.'/• Hall, Contemplations, ill. 6.
regestt (re-jest'), «. [< F. (obs.) regeste, pi. re-
gestes (= Pg. registo, resisto), a register, < L. re-
gestmn (pi. regesta), neut. of regestus, pp. of re-
gerere, record: see regest, v. Cf. register*.] A
register.
Old legends and Cathedral! regesti.
Milton, Hist. Eng., iii.
reget (re-get'), v. t. [< re- + gefi.] 1. To get
or obtain again.
And then desire in Oascoign to reget
The glory lost. Darnel, Civil Warn, vt. 71.
2f. To generate or bear again.
Tovy, although the mother of vs all,
Regetts [read regests ?\ thee in her wombe.
Dames, Scourge of Folly, p. 52. (Damet.)
reghtet, adr. A Middle English form of right.
regiam majestatem (re'ji-am maj-es-ta'tem).
[So called from these words at the beginning
of the collection ; L. : regiam, ace. fern, of re-
aim, pertaining to a king, royal (< rex (reg-),
king); majestatem, ace. of majestas, majes-
ty: see majesty.'] A collection of early laws,
said to have been compiled by the order of
David I., king of Scotland. It resembles so closely
the Tractatiti de Legibus, supposed to have been written
by Glanvil in the reign of Henry 11., that no doubt one was
copied from the other.
regiant (re'ji-an), n. [< L. regius, of a king (see
regions), + -OH.] 1. An adherent or upholder
of regalism.
This is alleged and urged by our regiam to prove the
king's paramount power in ecclesiasticis.
Fuller, Ch. Hist, II. iii. 88.
2. A royalist.
Arthur Wilson . . . favours all Republicans, and never
speaks well of regiam (it is his own distinctions) if he can
possibly avoid it.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, i. 39. (Dame*.)
regiblet (rej'i-bl), a. [= It. regt/ibile = Sp. re-
gible, < LL. regibilis, that may be ruled, gov-
ernable, tractable, < L. regere, rule : see regent.]
Governable.
regicidal (rej'i-si-dal), a. [< regicide'2' + -a/.]
Consisting in, relating to, or having the nature
of regicide; tending to regicide.
regicide1 (rej'i-sid), n. [= F. regicide = Sp.
Pg. It. regicida, < L. rex (reg-), a king, -I- -cida,
< csedere, kill.] A king-killer; one who puts
a king to death; specifically, in Eng. hist., a
member of the high court of justice constituted
by Parliament for the trial of Charles I., by
which he was found guilty of treason and sen-
tenced to death in 1649.
The regicides who sat on the life of our late King were
brought to tryal in the Old Bailey.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 11, 1660.
regicide2 (rej'i-sid), n. [= F. regicide = Sp.
Pg. It. regicidio, the slaying of a king, < L. rex
(reg-), king, + -cidium, a killing, < csedere, kill.]
The killing of a king.
Did Fate, or we, when great Atrides dy'd,
Urge the bold traitor to the Regicide?
Fenton, in Pope's Odyssey, i. 48.
regifugium (re-ji-fu'ji-um), «. ; pi. regifugia
(-$)• [= pg- regifugio, < LL. regifugium, 'the
king's flight,' < L. rex (reg-), king, + fuga,
flight; < fvgere, flee : see fugitive.'] An ancient
Roman annual festival, held, according to some
ancient writers, in celebration of the flight of
Tarquin the Proud.
regild (re-gild'), c. t. [< re- + gildl.] To gild
anew.
regime (ra-zhem'), n. [< F. regime, < L. regi-
men, direction, government: see regimen.'] 1.
5046
Mode, system, or style of rule or management ;
government, especially as connected with cer-
tain social features ; administration ; rule.
The industrial regime is distinguished from the preda-
tory regime in this, that mutual dependence becomes
great and direct, while mutual antagonism becomes small
and indirect. H. Spencer, Prin. of 1'sychol., § 525.
2. In French hue, specifically, the system of
property rights under the marriage relation,
fixed upon by the parties by an ante-nuptial
contract. The principal systems are regime de com-
munavtf (see community property, under community), re-
gime de separation de biens, and regime dotal (see dot2).—
Ancient regime [F. ancien regime], a former style or
system of government ; an ancient social system ; spe-
cifically, the political and social system which prevailed
in France before the revolution of 1789.
regimen (rej'i-men), «.; pi. regimens, regimina
(rej'i-menz, re-jim'i-na). [= OF. regime, F. re-
gime = Sp. regimen = Pg. regimen, regime = It.
regimine, < L. regimen, guidance, direction, gov-
ernment, rule, < regere, rule : see regent. Cf . re-
gime.] 1. Orderly government or system ; sys-
tem of order; government; control.
It concerneth the regimen and government of every
man over himself, and not over others.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 278.
Time . . . restored the giddy revellers to the regimen
of sober thought. 0. W. Holmes, Emerson, \vi.
2. Any regulation or remedy which is intended
to produce beneficial effects by gradual opera-
tion; specifically, in med., the regulation of
diet, exercise, etc., with a view to the pres-
ervation or restoration of health, or for the
attainment of a determinate result ; a course
of living according to certain rules : sometimes
used as equivalent to hygiene, but most com-
monly used as a synonym for diet1, 2.
My Father's disorder appeared to be a dropsy, an in-
disposition the most unsuspected, being a person so ex-
emplaryly temperate, and of admirable regimen.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 30, 1640.
Yet I have heard you were ill yourself, and kept your
bed : . . . this was (I imagine) only by way of regimen,
and not from necessity. Gray, Letters, I. 340.
3. In zool., habit or mode of life with regard
to eating; choice of food; dietetics: as, an
animal or a vegetable regimen; carnivorous
regimen. — 4. In gram.: (a) Government; the
control which one word exercises over the form
of another in connection with it.
The grammarians posit the absence of regimen as one of
the differential features of a conjunction.
F. Hall, False Philol., p. 84.
(6) The word or words so governed.
regiment (rej'i-ment), n. [< ME. regiment, rege-
ment, < OF. regiment, regement, government,
sway, later a regiment of soldiers, = Pr. regi-
ment = Sp. regimiento, government, a regiment,
= Pg. regimento = It. reggimento. < LL. regimen-
turn, rule, government, < L. regere, rule : see re-
gent. Cf. regimen, regime.] If. Rule ; govern-
ment; authority.
That for hens forth y' he be under the regement and
gouernance of the Mayr and Aldermen of the same cite.
Charter o.f London, in Arnold's Chronicle, p. 43.
The first Blast of the Trumpet against the monstrous
Regiment of Women. Knox, title of work.
The regiment of Debora, who ruled twentie yeares with
religion. Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 455.
2f. A district ruled ; a kingdom.
The triple-parted regiment
That froward Saturn gave unto his sons.
Greene, Orlando Furioso.
3f. Rule of diet ; regimen.
This may bring her to eat, to sleep, and reduce what 's
now out of square with her into their former law and
regiment.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, iv. 8.
4. Milit., a body of soldiers, consisting of one
or more battalions of infantry, or of several
squadrons of cavalry, commanded by a colonel,
or of a certain division of artillery, it is the
largest permanent association of soldiers, and the third
subdivision of an army-corps, several regiments constitut-
ing a brigade, and several brigades a division. These com-
binations are, however, temporary, while in the regiment
the same officers serve continuously, and in command of
the same bodies of men. The strength of a regiment may
vary greatly, as any regiment may comprise any number
of battalions. The organization of the British Royal Artil-
lery is anomalous, the whole body forming one regiment.
In 1880 it comprised nearly 35,000 officers and men, distrib-
uted in 30 brigades, each of which is as large as an ordi-
nary regiment. In the United States service the full
strength of cavalry regiments is about 1,200 each ; of artil-
lery, about 600; of infantry, 500; but these numbers are
subject to inevitable variations. Abbreviated regt
We'll set forth
In best appointment all our regiments.
Shah., K. John, ii. 1. 296.
Marching regiment. See marchz.— Royal regiment
of artillery. See artillery.
region
regiment (rej'i-ment), t1. t. [= Sp. rtgimeiitiu:
form into regiments; from the noun.] To
form into a regiment or into regiments with
proper officers; hence, to organize ; bring un-
der a definite system of command, authority,
or interdependence.
If women were to be regimental, he would carry an
army into the field without beat of drum.
Richardson, Sir Charles Orandison, III. 314. (Davies.)
regimental (rej-i-meu'tal), o. and ». [= Pg.
rciji mental; as regiment + -al.] I. a. Of or
pertaining to a regiment: as, regimental offi-
cers; regimen tal clothing.
The band led the column, playing the regimental march.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxx.
Regimental adjutant, fund, etc. See the nouns.
II. n. pi. (rarely used in the singular). Mili-
tary clothing: so named from the former prac-
tice of discriminating the uniforms of different
regiments very decidedly one from another — a
fashion nearly abandoned at the present time.
If they had been ruled by me. they would have put you
into the guards. You would have made a sweet figure in
n regimental. Caiman, Man of Business, ii. (Davits.)
You a soldier ! — you're a walking block, fit only to dust
the company's regimentals on.
Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 1.
In their ragged regimentals
Stood the old Continentals,
Yielding not.
G. U. McMaiter, Carmen Bellicosum.
regimentation (rejl-men-ta'shon), «. [< regi-
ment, v., + -ation.] The act of forming into
regiments, or the state of being formed into
regiments or classified systems; organization.
The process of militant organization is a process of reyi-
mentation, which, primarily taking place in the army, sec-
ondarily affects the whole community.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 558.
regimina, «. Latin plural of regimen.
regiminal (re-jim'i-nal), a. [< L. regimen (regi-
min-), rule, -f -a/.] Of or pertaining to regi-
men : as, strict regiminal rules.
Regina (re-ji'na), ». [NL. (Baird and Girard,
1853), < L. regina, a queen, fern, of rex (reg-),
a king: see rex."] In nerpet., a genus of water-
snakes or aquatic harmless serpents of the fam-
ily Colubridx. The type is the striped water-
snake of the United States, B. leberis.
Regina purple. See purple.
region (re'jqn), ». [< ME. region, regioun, <
OF. region, F. region = Pr. regio, reio = Sp. re-
gion = Pg. regiSo = It. regione, a region, < L.
regio(n-), a direction, line, boundary-line, boun-
dary, territory, quarter, province, region, < re-
gere, direct, rule: see regent.'] 1. Any consid-
erable and connected part of a space or surface ;
specifically, a tract of land or sea of consider-
able but indefinite extent; a country; a dis-
trict; in a broad sense, place without special
reference to location or extent: as, the equa-
torial regions; the temperate regions; the polar
regions; the upper regions of the atmosphere.
Zit there is, toward the parties meridional eg, many Con-
trees and many Regyouns. Mandeville, Travels, p. 262.
The regions of Artois,
Wallon, and Picardy. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 1. 9.
Oawain the while thro' all the region round
Rode with his diamond, wearied of the quest.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
2. An administrative division of a city or ter-
ritory; specifically, such a division of the city
of Rome and of the territory about Rome, of
which the number varied at different times; a
district, quarter, or ward (modern rione). Under
Servius Tullius there were four regions in the city and
twenty-six In the Roman territory.
The series of Roman Macedonia begins with coins of
the regions issued by permission of the senate and bearing
the name of the Macedonians, from 158 to 146 B. c.
Encyc. Brit., XVII. 640.
His [Alberic's] chief attention was given to the militia,
which was still arranged in scholae, and it is highly prob-
able that he was the author of the new divison of the
city [Rome] into twelve regions. Encyc. Brit., XX. 788.
Rome has seven ecclesiastical regions, each with its
proper deacons, subdeacons, and acolytes. Each region
has its own day of the week for high ecclesiastical func-
tions, which are celebrated by each in rotation.
Encyc. Brit., XVI. 509.
3. Figuratively, the inhabitants of a region or
district of country.
All the regions
Do smilingly revolt. Shat., Cor., iv. 6. 102.
4. In anat., a place in or a part of the body in
any way indicated : as, the abdominal regions.
Let it fall rather, though the fork invade
The region of my heart, Shalt., Lear, i. 1. 147.
The mouth, and the region of the mouth, . . . were about
the strongest feature in Wordsworth's face.
De Qvincey( Personal Traits of Brit. Authors, Wordsworth).
region
5t. Place; rank; station; dignity.
He is of too high a region ; he knows too much.
Shak., M. W. of \V., iii. 2. 75.
6f. Specifically, the space from the earth's sur-
face out to the orbit of the moon: properly
called the elemental region.
The orb below
As hush as death, anon the dreadful thunder
Doth rend the region. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. 609.
I should have fatted all the region kites
With this slave's offal. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. 607.
7. In zoiigeog., a large faunal area variously
limited by different authors. Especially— (o) A
realm ; one of several primary divisions of the earth's sur-
face, characterized by its fauna : as, the Palearctic or the
Nearctic region. The term acquired specific application
to certain large principal areas from its use in this sense
by P. L. Sclater in 1857. Sclater's regions, adopted with
little modification by Gunther and Wallace, were six in
number: the Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental or Indian,
Australian, Nearctic, and Neotropical. (See these words.)
Baird added a seventh, the West Indian, now considered
a division of the Neotropical. In 1874 Sclater, following
Huxley, recognized as primary divisions (1) Arctogsea, com-
prising the Palearctic, Ethiopian, Indian, and Nearctic re-
gions ; (2) Dendrogeea, represented by the Neotropical re-
gion ; (3) Antarctogxa, with an Australasian region ; and
(4) Ornithogsea, with a New Zealand region. (b) A secon-
dary faunal area, the primary being called a realm : as, the
Antillean, Central American, and Brazilian regions of the
American Tropical realm. In this sense it has been used
by most American zoologists. Various other divisions
have been proposed, as by A. Murray in 1866, Huxley in
1868, W. T. Blanford in 1869, E. BIyth in 1871, A. Newton
in 1875, T. (3111 in 1878, and J. A. Alleji in 1878. Each of
the main divisions, however denned by different natural-
ists, is subdivided into several subregions or provinces,
more or less minutely In different systems. Thus, for ex-
ample, the Ethiopian region is divided by Newton into the
Libyan, Guinean. Caflrarian, llozambican, and Madagas-
carian subregions, and the Libyan subregion itself into the
Arabian, Egyptian, Abyssinian, and Gambian provinces.
The waters of the globe have been either included in the
prime divisions based on the land faunas, or segregated in
peculiar ones.— Abdominal regions. See abdominal.—
Agrarian region, anal region. See the adjectives.—
Axillary region, a region on the side of the thorax, ex-
tending from the axilla to a line drawn from the lower bor-
der of the mammary to that of the scapular region. — Ba-
silar region, the region of the base of the skull.— Blue-
grass region. See 0ro«8.— Broca's region. Same as
Broca's convolution. See convolution. — Ciliary region,
that part of the eyeball just back from the cornea which
corresponds to the ciliary muscle and processes. — Clavic-
ular region, the region on the front of the chest imme-
diately over the clavicle.— Clypeal region. See clypeal.
— Cordilleran region. See cordillera.— Cyclic, dorso-
lumbar, epigastric, gluteal, hypogastric region. See
the adjectives.— Hyomental region, the space between
the lower jaw and the hyoid bone. — Hypochondriac
region, (a) Of the abdomen. See abdominal regions, (b)
Of the thorax, same as inframammary region. — Iliac re-
gion. See abdominal regions.— Indo-PaciflC region.
See Indo- Pacific.— Infra-axillary region, the region on
the side of the chest extending from the axillary region to
the free border of the ribs. Also called subaxillary re-
gion.—Infraelavicular region. See infradavieular.—
Infrahyoid region, the space between the hyoid bone
and the sternum.— Inframammary region. See infra-
mammary.— Infrascapular region, the region on the
back of the thorax on either side of the median line below a
horizontal line through the inferior angle of each scapula.
Also called subscapular region. — IntOrSCapulaT region,
the region on the back of the thorax between the shoulder-
blades.— Ischiorectal region, the space corresponding
to the posterior part of the pelvic outlet.— Lenticulostri-
ate region, the anterior parts of the lenticular and caudate
nuclei and the intervening part of the internal capsule. —
Lenticulothalamic region, the posterior part of the
lenticular nucleus, the optic thalamus, and the interven-
ing part of the internal capsule. — Lumbar region. See
lumbari.— Mammary region, the region on the front of
the chest extending from the upper border of the third to
the upper border of the sixth rib.- Mesogastric region,
the umbilical and right and left lumbar regions taken to-
gether.— Multiply-connected region, in math., a region
such that between any two points of it several paths can
be drawn which cannot be changed one into the other by
gradual changes or variations without going out of the re-
gion in question.— Parasternal, pelvic, Polynesian,
popliteal, precordlal, etc., region. See the adjectives.
— Region of calms. See calmi.— Sternal region, su-
perior and inferior. See sternal.— Subaxlllary region.
Same as infra-axillary region.— Subclavicular region.
Same as ii^fraclavicular region. — Submammary region.
Same as inframammary region. — Subscapular region.
Same as infrascapular region. — Suprahyoid region, the
region of the front of the neck above the hyoid bone ; the
hyomental region. — Supramammary region. Same
as infradavieular region. — Suprascapular region, the
region on the back above the spine of the scapula.— Su-
prasternal region. See suprasternal. = Syn. 1. Quarter,
locality, clime, territory.
regional (re'jon-al), a. [< F. regional = Sp. Pg.
regional = It. regionale, < LL. regionalis, of or
belonging to a region or province, < L. regio(n-),
a region, province : see region.'] 1. Oforper-
taining to a particular region or place ; sec-
tional; topical; local.
The peculiar seasonal and regional distribution of hur-
ricanes. The Atlantic, XLIX. 334.
2. Of or pertaining to division into regions, as
in anatomy and zoogeography; topographical.
It is curious that the Japanese should have anticipated
Europe in a kind of rude regional anatomy.
0. W. Holme*. Med. Essays, p. 224.
5047
Regional anatomy. Same as topographical anatomy.
See anatomy.
regionally (re'jon-al-i), adv. With reference
to a region or particular place; topically; lo-
cally; in zoiigeog. ,-wifh reference to faunal re-
gions or areas.
He thought it was the duty of the surgeon to treat it
regionally. Medical News, LII. 273.
The preservation of rock-oils in every formation, of
every geological age, all over the world— subject, however,
locally or regionally, to subsequent change or destruction.
Science, VIII. 233.
regionarius (re"ji-o-na'ri-us), «. ; pi. regionarii
(-i). [NL., <L. regio(n-), a region: see region.']
A title given to various Roman Catholic eccle-
siastics who are assigned to duty in or juris-
diction over certain regions or districts in the
city of Rome.
regionary (re'jon-a-ri), a. [< region + -ary.~]
1. Of or pertaining to a region or regions.
But to this they attributed their successes, namely, to
the tropical and regionary deities, and their entertaining
so numerous a train of gods and goddesses.
Evelyn, True Religion, I. 104.
2. Of or pertaining to a region or administra-
tive district, especially of the city of Rome. —
Regionary deacon. See deacon.
From the time of Honorius II., Rome had twelve re-
gionary deacons. Rom. Cath. Diet., p. 714.
regionic (re-ji-on'ik), a. [< region + -ic.] Same
as regional. [Rare.]
A regionic association.
Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, IV. 758.
regioust (re'ji-us), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. regio, < L.
regitts, kingly, royal, regal, < rex (rcg-), a king:
see rex.] Pertaining to a king; royal. J. Har-
rington.
register1 (rej'is-ter), n. [< ME. regester (= D.
G. Sw. Dan. register), < OF. registre, F. registre,
a record, register, = Pr. registre = Sp. registro
= Pg. registro, registo, resisto = It. registro, a
register, record, < ML. registrum, also registra,
register, a register, an altered form of reges-
tum, a book in which things are recorded, a
register, orig. pi., L. regesta, things recorded,
records, neut. pi. of regcstus, pp. of regerere,
record: see regest, n. and v. In the later
senses 6-10, from the verb, and in part practi-
cally identical, as ' that which registers,' with
register2, 'one who registers': see register?.]
1. An official written account or entry, usually
in a book regularly kept, as of acts, proceed-
ings, or names, for preservation or for refer-
ence; a record; a list; a roll; also, the book
in which such a record is kept: as, a parish
register; a hotel register.
Of smiles fynde I nat in this registre.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1954.
Each time of sorrow is naturally evermore a register of
all such grievous events as have happened either in or
near about the same time. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 72.
2. In old Eng. law, a compilation of the forms
of writs in use, both original and judicial, which
seems to have grown up gradually in the hands
of clerks and of copyists, and therefore to vary
much in different copies. Harvard Law Re-
view, Oct., 1889. — 3. In com., a document is-
sued by the customs authorities as evidence of
a ship's nationality. See registration of British
ships, under registration. — 4. The printed list
of signatures at the end of early printed books.
— 5. In music: (a) The compass or range of a
voice or an instrument. (6) A particular series
of tones, within the compass of a voice or of cer-
tain instruments, which is produced in the same
way and with the same quality : as, the chest-
register of the voice, or the chalumeau regis-
ter of the clarinet. The vocal registers are distin-
guished by quality more than by pitch, since the same
tone can often be produced in more than one register.
The difference lies in the way in which the larynx is used,
but the exact nature of the process is disputed. The so-
called head-register and chest-register include tones that
call the cavities of the head and chest respectively into
decided sympathetic vibration. The different vocal qual-
ities are also called the low, middle, and high registers,
or the thick, middle, and thin registers, depending in the
first case upon the pitch of the tones for which they are
best suited, and in the second upon the supposed condi-
tion of the vocal cords in producing them, or the quality
of the tones produced.
It is true that alto boys cannot be made effective when
choir-masters prohibit the use of the chest register.
Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 73.
6. In organ-building: (a) Same as stop or stoji-
l.'iioh. (A) A perforated frame or board for hold-
ing a set of trackers in place. — 7. A device for
registering automatically the number of revolu-
tions made or the amount of work done by ma-
chinery, or for recording the pressure of steam,
air, or water, or other data, by means of appara-
register
tus deriving motion from the object or objects
whose force, velocity, etc., it is desired to as-
certain.— 8. A contrivance for regulating the
passage of heat or air, as the draft-regulating
plate of a furnace, or the damper-plate of a loco-
motive engine; a perforated plate with valves
governing the opening into a duct which ad-
mits warm air into a room for heat, or fresh
air for ventilation, or which allows foul air to
escape.
Look well to the register ;
And let your heat still lessen by degrees.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
I should like to know if an artist could ever represent
on canvas a happy family gathered round a hole in the floor
called a register. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 13.
9. In printing, exact adjustment of position in
the presswork of books or papers printed on
both sides of the leaf. When pages, columns, and
lines are truly square, and back one another precisely on
the leaf, or when two or more adjacent colors meet with-
out impinging, they are said to be in register; otherwise,
out of register.
10. The inner part of the mold in which types
are cast. — 11. In bookbinding, a ribbon at-
tached to a full-bound book to serve as a
marker of place for the reader Anemometro-
graphlc register. See anemometer.— Army Register.
See army-list, 1.— Lloyd's Register of British and For-
eign Shipping. See Lloyd's. — Meteorological register.
See meteorological table (a), under meteorological. — Morse
register. Same as indicator, 1 (b).— Out of register.
See def. 9.— Parish register, a book in which the births,
deaths, and marriages that occur in a given parish are
registered. — Register counties, in Eng. law, certain
counties or parts of counties, including Middlesex except
London, the North, East, and West Ridings of Yorkshire,
and Kingston-upon-Hull, in which peculiar laws for regis-
tration of matters affecting land-titles are in force. —
Register ship, a ship which once obtained permission
by treaty to trade to the Spanish West Indies, and whose
capacity, per registry, was attested before sailing. —
Register thermometer. See thermometer.— Seamen's
register, a record containing the number and date of
registration of each foreign-going ship and her regis-
tered tonnage, the length and general nature of her voyage
or employment, the names, ages, etc., of the master and
crew, etc. [Eng.] — Ship's register, a document show-
ing the ownership of a vessel and giving a general de-
scription of her. It is used as a permit issued by the United
States government to give protection and identification
to an American vessel in a foreign trade, being prac-
tically for the vessel what a deed is for a house. — To
make register, in printing, to arrange on the press
pages, plates, or woodcuts in colors exactly in their proper
positions. = Syn. 1. Catalogue, etc. (see lists), chronicle, ar-
chives.
register1 (rej'is-ter), t>. [< F. registrer = Pr.
Sp. Pg. registrar = It. registrare, < ML. regis-
trare, register; from the noun: see register1, «.]
1. trans. 1. To enter in a register; indicate by
registering; record in any way.
Here are thy virtues shew'd, here register'd,
And here shall live forever.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, v. 2.
Many just and holy men, whose names
Are register'd and calendar'd for saints.
Tennyson, St. Simeon Stylites.
The gray matter of the nervous system is the part in
which sensory impulses are received and registered.
Science, V. 258.
2. To mark or indicate on a register or scale.
— 3. In rope-making, to twist, as yarns, into a
strand. -Light-registering apparatus. See light*.
= Syn. 1. See record.
II. intrans. 1. To enter one's name, or cause
it to be entered, in a register, as at a hotel,
or in the registry of qualified voters. — 2. In
printing, etc. : (a) To correspond exactly in
symmetry, as columns or lines of printed mat-
ter on opposite sides of a leaf, so that line
shall fall upon line and column upon column.
(6) To correspond exactly in position, as in
color-printing, so that every different color-
impression shall fall exactly in its proper place,
forming no double lines, and neither leaving
blank spaces nor passing the limits proper to
any other color. — 3. In organ-playing, same as
registrate.
register2 (rej'is-ter), n. [An altered form, due
to confusion with register1, of registrer, now
usually written registrar: see registrar.] 1.
One who registers : same as registrar.
O comfort-killing Night ! . . .
Dim register and notary of shame !
Shot., Lucrece, 1. 705.
And hauing subscribed their names, certaine Registers
copie the said Orations. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 439.
Specifically — 2. In law: (a) An officer of a
United States district court, formerly appointed
under the United States bankruptcy act, for the
purpose of assisting the judge in the perform-
ance of his duties under that act, by attending
to matters of detail and routine, or purely ad-
ministrative in their character. Bump. (o) In
some parts of the United States, an officer who
register
5048
regnal
arcnives. — riegisier in uanKruptcy. name as oanx- urummona, 10 a
ruptcy commissioner (which see, under bankruptcy).— rAffiatratioTi Crpi is tra'shorO n
Register of deeds, in the United States, a public officer registration (.re) is »non;, n.
who records at length deeds, conveyances, and mortgages trillion, < ML,. rcgi$tratlo(n-), a
receives and records deeds so as to give public registratet, a.. Registered ; recorded. 'he transaction or record of steps incidental to litigation
notice thereof.-Lord register, or lord clerk regis- Those madrigals we sung amidst our flocks . . . SLUSSSStTSS! thetdis.tri.c.t. in °.nler £> avoid the ne
ter, a Scottish officer of state who has the custody of the Are registrate by echoes in the rocks. tessity of taking ev ery step in the central offices in London,
archives.— Register in bankruptcy. Same as bant- Vrummand, To Sir VV. Alexander, regltivet (rej i-tiv), «. [Irreg. < L. regere, rule
[< OF. regis- (see regent), + -itii-e.] Ruling; governing,
registering, < Their regitice power over the world.
of real estate situated within a" given district.— Re- registrars, register: see registrate and rn/ix- Gentleman's Catting, vii. § 5. (Latham.)
terl,v.] 1. The act of inserting or recording reglum donum (re'ji-um do'num). [L. : re-
in a register; the act of recording in general: </'«'«. neut. of regius, royal (see regious); do-
ns, the registration of deeds ; the registration of
births, deaths, and marriages ; the registration
of voters.
Man's senses were thus indefinitely enlarged as his
means of registration were perfected,
J. Fiike, Idea of God, p. 48.
2. Specifically, in the law of conveyancing, a
system for the recording of conveyances, mort-
gister of probate or of wills, in some of the United
States, a public officer who records all wills admitted to
probate. — Register of the Treasury, an officer of the
Treasury Department of the United States government,
who has charge of the account-books of the United States,
registers all warrants drawn by the Secretary of the Trea-
sury upon the treasurer, signs and issues all government
securities, and has charge of the registry of vessels.
registerable (rej'is-ter-a-bl), a. [< register^- +
-able.] Admitting of registration, or of being
registered or recorded. Fortnightly Rev., N. 8.,
XXXIX. 26.
num., a gift, grant : see donate.] A royal grant ;
specifically, an annual grant of public money
formerly given in aid of the maintenance of
the Presbyterian and other dissenting clergy
in Ireland, commuted in 1869 for £791,372.
He had had something to do with both the regium do-
num and the Maynooth grant.
Trollope, Barchester Towers, iii.
registered (Vej'is-terd), p. a. Recorded, as in pges, and other instruments affecting the title regius professor (re'ji-us pro-fes'or). [L. : re-
t.n rool property, in a public office, for the in- ghis, royal; professor, professor.] A royal
a register or book; enrolled: as, a registered
voter (one whose name is duly entered in the
official list of persons qualified to vote in an elec-
tion)— Registered bond, invention, letter, etc. See
the nouns.— Registered company, a company entered in
an official register, but not Incorporated by act or charter,
registered (rej'is-ter-er), ». [< register*, v., +
-er1. Cf. registrar.] One who registers ; a re-
gistrar; a recorder.
The Oreekes, the chiefe reyiiterers of worthy actes.
Oolding, tr. of Cesar, To the Reader.
register-grate (rej'is-ter-grat), «. A grate
furnished with an apparatus for regulating the
admission of air and the heat of the fire.
registering (rej'is-ter-ing), n. [Verbal n. of
register, r.] Same as registration.
register-office (rej'is-ter-of'is), n. I. An office
where a register is kept, or where registers or
records are kept ; a registry ; a record-office. —
2. An agency for the employment of domestic
servants. [U. S.]
register-plate (rej'is-ter-plat), n. In rope-mak-
ing machines, a concave metallic disk having
holes so arranged concentrically as to give the
yarns passed through them the proper positions
for entering into the general twist.
register-point (rej'is-ter-point), n. The ad-
justable point or spur attached to a printing-
press and used to aid in getting register. See
poinfl, 2 (c).
registership (rej'is-ter-ship), n. [< register2 +
-sliip.] The office of a register or registrar.
registrable (rej'is-tra-bl), a. [< register! +
-able.] Admitting of registration ; that may or
can be registered. Lancet, No. 3474, p. 733.
registrar (rej'is-trar), «. [Formerly registrer ;
< ME. rcgistrere, < ML. registrarius, one who
keeps a register or record, a registrar, notary,
< registnim, a register, record: see register1.
Cf. registrary and register2. Cf. also OF. regis-
trare, register.] 1. One whose business it is to
write or keep a register or record ; a keeper of
records.
I make Pieres the Plowman my procnratour and my reve,
And reyystrere to receyue. Piers Plourman (B), xix. 254.
The patent was sealed and delivered, and the person
admitted sworne before the registrar.
T. Warton, Bathurst, p. 138.
2. An official who acts as secretary to the con-
gregation of a university—Registrar's license.
See license.
registrar-general (rej'is-trar-jen'e-ral), w. An
officer who superintends a system of registra-
formation of all concerned. The general policy of professor; specifically, one of those professors
registry laws is to make a duly registered instrument jn the English universities whose chairs were
notice to all the world, so that no one can claim any ad- »„„-,*„ A !,„ n,,,,,.., VTTT
vantage over the registered owner by dealing with an un- tounlea by Henry Vlll. In the Scotch universities
registered owner or claimant in ignorance of theregistered 'Of ""I"6 n?me '• «lven '° •" professors whose professor-
title. Under some systems a specified time is allowed for 8hlP." h*ve bee" founded by the crown. Abbreviated reg.
registering; and in some neglect to register an instrument P"v-
within the time limited marks it with infirmity. The more reglVO (re-giv ), v. t. [< re- + give.] To give
back; restore.
Bid day stand still,
Bid him drive back his car, and reimport
The period past, regive the present hour.
Young, Night Thoughts, it S09.
.
generally accepted principle is to give effect to each in-
strument in the order of its registration, as against all
,
unregistered instruments of which the purchaser, etc., had
no actual notice. Another important element in registry
laws is a provision that the record or certified copy shall
be evidence in all courts equally as the original ; but in , ...
some systems the non-production of the original must be reglet, «. [Alao retgle; < OF. regie, reigle, ne-
accounted for before the record can be received in lieu of it. gle, rigle, mile, rievle, F. regie, a rule, etc.: see
3. In organ-playing, the act, process, art, or rufel. Cf. reglet, reglement. In def. 2, cf. reg-
result of selecting or combining stops for play- Jet, and also rule* and the doublet rain, a
ing given pieces of music. It includes every effect
of light '
straight bar, etc.] 1. A rule; a regulation.
Halliuell. — 2. A hollow cut or channel for guid-
ing anything; a groove in which something
runs : as, the regie of a side-post for a flood-
gate.
_ it and shade, of quality or power, that is needed for
a complete rendering, including the choice of manuals,
the drawing and retiring of stops, and the use of all me-
chanical accessories, like couplers, the swell pedal, etc.
In most recent organ-music the registration is somewhat
carefully indicated by the composer or editor, but organs
are so diverse that every player must Interpret such
marks for himself. Older music is usually unmarked, and
the registration requires special study as well as special
talent.— Decree of registration. See decree.— Parlia-
mentary Registration Act, an English statute of 1843 reglet, v. t. [Also reigle; < OF. regler, reigler,
(6 and 7 Viet., c. 18), which requires the registration of < Tr rermlnrf nilp • RB« rulel remilnte 1 Tn
voters and defines certain rights of voting. It has been , reffularei " • S66 ruie<-, regulate.^ lo
amended by later statutes.— Registration Act. (o) An ru'e; govern; regulate.
English statute of 1886 (48 Viet., c. 16X which extends the All ought to regie their lives, not by the Pope's Decrees,
borough system of registration of voters to county voters, but Word of Gol Fuller, Worthies, Wales, III. 49
(6) One of numerous American statutes in various States,
providing for registration, and of ten requiring it as a con- reglementt (reg'1-ment), it. [Also reinlement;
dition of the right to vote. -Registration of births, <
In one of the corners next the sea standeth a flood-gate,
to bee drawne vp and let downe through reiglet in the side
postes, whose mouth is encompassed with a double frith.
R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall, foL 106.
marriages, and deaths, the system of collecting vital
statistics by requiring attending physicians, etc., in case
solemnizing marriages, to report at once each case, with
appropriate particulars, to the public authorities, for the
purpose of preserving permanent and systematic records.
of British shins a dut
of British ships. Registration is to be made by the prin-
^P"1 officer of customs at any port or place in the United
OF. reglement, F. reglement = Sp. reglamen-
to = Pg. regulamento = It. regolamento, < ML.
regulamentum, ruling, regulation, < LL. regu-
lare, rule, regulate: see regie, rule1.] Regula-
tion.
To speak now of the reformation and reglement of usury,
how the discommodities of it may be best avoided.
Bacon, Usury.
(reg-le-men'ta-ri), a. [< OF.
and descriptions of the owners, the tonnage, build, and
description of the vessel, the particulars of her origin, and
the name of the master, who is entitled to the custody of
the certificate of registry. The vessel is considered to
tion of copyright, the name given in England
recording of the title of a book for the purpose of securing
the copyright : corresponding to entry of copyright in
the United States.— Registration of trade-marks, the
system by which one claiming the exclusive right to a
trade-mark may register it for the purpose of giving public
notice of his claim, and preserving record evidence there-
of from the time of entry. — Registration of voters m
electors, (a) In the United States, a system for the pre-
vention of frauds in the exercise of the suffrage, by re-
books provided for the purpose in each elect!™ district,
with appropriate particulars of residence, age, etc., to en-
able investigation to be made, and the right of the voter
tion; specifically, in Great Britain, an officer 3uli;inS vo*5rs.t? ca°9e their na?"eB to be registered in
_ '• £„ j v i.' ' books orovided for the nut-nose in each election ilistri.-t
appointed by the crown, under the great seal,
to whom is intrusted, subject to such regula-
tions as shall be made by a principal secretary
of state, the general superintendence of the
system of registration of births, deaths, and
marriages,
a rule, regulation: see reglement.] Of, per-
taining to, or embodying regulations; regula-
tive: as, a regie mentary charter. Encyc. Diet.
[Rare.]
to the reglet (reg'let), w. [Also riglet; < OF. reglet,
F.rfylet (= Sp. regleta = Pg. regreta), a reglet, <
regie, a rule: see regie.] 1. In printing, a thin
strip of wood, less than type-high, used in com-
position to make blanks about a page, or be-
tween the lines of large types in open display.
Reglets are made of the width of ordinary text-types, from
pearl to great primer. Broader strips of wood are known
as/urmture.
2. In arch., a narrow flat molding, employed
to separate panels or other members, or to
form knots, frets, and other ornaments.
to castjhe ballot to be challenged, if there be occasion, reglet-plane (reg'let-plan), n. A plane used for
record of an elector's title to vote.
acceled
Ping printers' reglets. Reglets are not made
America with planes, but with fine circular
[Early mod. E. also regestery, regestary; < ME. recalesceitce.
regestery,< ML. *regestariitm,<regestum,a,Tegi8- regma(reg'mii), n.; •pl.regmata(-m&-t&). [<Gr.
ter: see register*.] 1. The act of recording Aw*i a fracture, breakage, < prnvinxu, break:
recording
or writing in a register, or depositing in the
place of public record: as, the registry of a
see break.] In bot., a capsule with two or more
lobes and as many one-seeded, two- valved cells,
registrational (rej-is-tra'shpn-al), a. [< regis- saws. [Eng.]
registrarsmp (reg is-trar-ship), n. [< regis- tration + -al.] Of or pertaining to registration, reglow (re-glo'), v. i. [< re- + glow.] Same as
trar + -ship.] The office of registrar. Lancet, No. 3457, p. 1135. recalesce.
registrary (rej'is-tra-ri), n.; pi. registraries registry (rej'is-tri). n.; pi. registries (-triz). reglow (re-glo'), n. [< reglow, v.] Same as
(-riz). [< ML. registrarius, one who registers :
see registrar.] A registrar. The registrar of
the University of Cambridge is so called.
Lo, hither commyth a goodly maystres,
Occupacyon, Famys regestary.
Sltelton, Garland of Laurel, 1. 621.
registrate (rej'is-trat), v.; pret. and pp. regis-
trated, ppr. registrating. [< ML. registratus,
pp. of registrare, register: see register*, v.] I.f
tram. To register; enroll.
Why do ye toil to regitlrate your names
On icy pillars, which soon melt away?
Drummond, Flowers of Sion.
draw stops for playing ; make 'or set a combi-
nation. See registration, 3. Also register.
deed; the registry of a will, etc. — 2. The place which separate at maturity, splitting elastical-
ly from the persistent axis (carpophore), as in
Euphorbia and Geranium. It is one form of
schizocarp.
where a register 'is kept.— 3. A series of facts
recorded; a record.
I have sometimes wondered why a registry has not been
kept in the colleges of physicians of"ali such [specific regmacarp (reg'ma-karp), n. [< Gr. bfniia, a
remedies] as have been invented by any professors of every
age. Sir W. Temple, Health and Long Life.
Our conceptions are but the registry of our experience,
and can therefore be altered only by being temporarily an-
fracture (see regma), + Kapir6(, fruit.]
any dehiscent fruit. Masters,
n. Plural of i
In bot.,
Certificate of registry. See certificate. 2.-District
registry, in Eng. law, an office in a provincial town for
'"""' kin?clom> reign: see reign.] Pertaining
to the reign of a monarch __ Regnal years, the
regnal
number of years a sovereign has reigned. It has been
the practice in various countries to date public docu-
ments and other deeds from the year of accession of the
sovereign. The practice still prevails in Great Britain in
the enumeration of acts of Parliament.
regnancy (reg'nan-si), 11. [< rcgnan(t) + -<•</.]
The act of reigning; rule; predomiuancf.
Coleridge.
regnant (reg'nant), «. [= F. regnant = Sp.
reinante = Pg. regnante, reinante = It. regnante,
< L. regnan(t-)s, ppr. of regnare, reign: see
reign.'] 1. Reigning; exercising regal author-
ity by hereditary right.
The church of martyrs, and the church of saints, and
doctors, and confessors, now regnant in heaven.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 214.
2. Ruling ; predominant ; prevalent ; having
the chief power.
His guilt is clear, his proofs are pregnant,
A traitor to the vices regnant: Swift.
This Intense and regnant personality of Carlyle.
The Century, XXVI. 582.
Queen regnant. See queen.
regnativet (reg'na-tiv), a. [< L. regnatus, pp.
of regnare, reign, '+ -ice.'] Ruling; governing.
[Rare.]
regnet. ». and v. An obsolete spelling of reign.
regnicide (reg'ni-sid), «. [< L. regnum, a king-
dom, + -cida, < csedere, kill.] The destroyer of
a kingdom. [Rare.]
Regicides are no less than regnicides, Lam. iv. 20 ; for the
life of a king contains a thousand thousand lives, and trai-
tors make the land sick which they live In.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 418.
Regnoli's operation. See operation.
regnum (reg'num), n. ; pi. regna (-na). [ML., a
particular use of L. regnum, kingly government,
royalty: see reign.] 1. A badge or mark of
royalty or supremacy, generally a crown of
some unusual character. The word Is especially ap-
plied to early forms of the papal tiara, a crown similar to a
royal crown with a high conical cap rising from within it.
St. Peter (in the seal of the mayor of Exeter) has a lofty
regnum on his head.
Jour. Brit. Archival. Ass., XVIII. 257.
2. [cop.] [NL.] One of three main divisions of
natural objects (collectively called Imperium
Natures), technically classed as the BegmimAni-
male, B. Vegetable, and B. Minerale: used by
the older naturalists before and for some time
after Linnaeus, and later represented by the
familiar English phrases animal, vegetable, and
mineral kingdom. (See kingdom, 6. ) A fourth,
R. Primigenimn, was formally named by Hogg.
See PrimaUa, Protista.
regorget (re-gorj'), *. *• [< OF. (and F.) regorger
= Pr. regorgar = It. ringorgare, vomit up; as
re- + gorge, v.] 1. To vomit up; eject from the
stomach ; throw back or out again.
It was scoffingly said, he had eaten the king's goose, and
did then regorge the feathers. Sir J. Hayvard.
2. To swallow again or back.
And tides at highest mark regorge the flood.
Dryden, Sig. and Guis., 1. 18(1.
3. To devour to repletion. [Rare.]
Drunk with idolatry, drunk with wine,
And fat regorged of bulls and goats.
Mutan, S. A., 1. 1671.
regracest, n. pi. [ME., < OF. regraces, thanks,
< regracier, < ML. regratiare, regratiari, thank
again, thank, < L. re-, again, + ML. gratiart;
thank: see grace.] Thanks.
With dew regraces.
Plwmpton Correspondence, p. 5. (HalKwell.)
regradet (re-grad'), v. i. [Altered to suit the
orig. grade', and degrade, retrograde, etc.; < L.
regredi, go or come back, turn back, retire, re-
treat, < re-, back, + gradi, go : see grade1. Cf.
regrede. Cf. LL. regradare, restore to one's rank
or to a former condition, also degrade from one's
rank.] To retire; go back; retrograde.
They saw the darkness commence at the eastern limb of
the sun, and proceed to the western, till the whole was
eclipsed ; and then regrade backwards, from the western
to the eastern, till his light was fully restored.
Hales, New Analysis of Chronology, III. 230.
regrant (re-grant'), v. t. [< AF. regranter, re-
graunter, grant again; as re- + grant.] To
grant again.
This their grace is long, containing a commemoration
of the benefits vouchsafed their fore-fathers, & a prayer
for regrantiny the same. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 200.
regrant (re-grant'), «. [< regrant, v.] The act
of granting again ; a new or fresh grant.
As there had been no forfeiture, no regrant was needed.
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, V. 9.
regrate1 (re-graf), v. t. [< ME. rcgraten, < OF.
regrater, sell by retail, regrate, F. regrattei;
haggle, higgle ; with intrusive r (appar. due to
5049
confusion with OF. regrater, dress, mend, scour,
furbish up for sale : see regrate^) for "regatcr =
Sp. regatar, rival in sailing, prob. formerly sell
by retail, haggle (cf. deriv. regatear, retail,
haggle, wriggle, avoid), = Pg. regatar, buy.
sell, traffic (cf. deriv. regatear, haggle, bargain
hard), = Olt. regattare, rigattare, sell by retail,
haggle, strive for mastery, also *recattare, re-
cature, buy and sell again by retail, retail, re-
grate, forestall the market (ML. refl. regatare,
buy back, redeem), < re-, again, + cattare, get,
obtain, acqiiire, purchase, < L. capture, strive
to seize, lay hold of, snatch at, chase, etc.: see
chase1, catch1, and cf. acate and purchase. Cf.
also regatta, from the same source.] To retail ;
specifically, to buy, as corn or provisions, and
sell again in or near the same market or fair —
a practice which, from its effect in raising the
price, was formerly made a criminal offense, of-
ten classed with engrossing and forestalling.
And that they regrate no corne commynge to the market,
in peyne of lesynge xx. 8. for euery of the seid offences.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 381.
Neither should they likewise buye any corne to sell the
same agayne, unless it were to make malte therof ; for by
such engrossing and regratingwe see the dearthe that nowe
comonly ralgneth heere in England to have bene caused.
Spenser, Present State of Ireland.
regrate2 (re-graf), v. t. [< OF. regrater, dress,
mend, scour, furbish up for sale, lit. 'scrape
again,' F. regratter, scrape or scratch again, re-
grate (masonry)/ re-, again, 4- gra ter, F. gratter,
scrape, scratch, grate: see grate1. The word
has hitherto been confused with regrate1 : see
regrate1.] 1. In masonry, to remove the outer
surface of (an old hewn stone), so as to give it
a fresh appearance. — 2f. To grate or rasp ; in a
figurative sense, to offend; shock. [Rare.]
The most sordid animal, those that are the least beau-
tified with colours, or rather whose clothing may regrate
the eye. Derham, Physico-Theology, iv. 12.
regrate3t, »• A Middle English form of regret.
regrater, regrator (re-gra'ter, -tor), ». [(a) E.
regrater, < ME. regratere, < OF. regratier, F. re-
grattier, a huckster, = Pr. regratier = Sp. re-
gatero = Pg. regattiro = It. rigattiere (ML.
i-egratarius, later also regraterius), huckster;
(b) E. regrator, < ME. regratour,< OF. regrateor,
regratour, regrattetir (= Pg. regateador; ML. as
if *regratator), a huckster, regrater, < regrater,
regrate: see regrate1.] A retailer; a huck-
ster; specifically, one who buys provisions and
sells them, especially in the same market or
fair.
Ac Mede the mayde the maire hath bisougte,
Of alle suche sellers syluer to take,
Or presentz with-oute pens as peces of siluer,
Hinges or other riechesse the retjrateres to maynetene.
Piers Plowman (B), iii. 90.
Xo regratour ne go owt of towne for to engrosy the chaf-
fare, vpon payne for to be fourty-dayes in the kynges prys-
one. English Gads (E. E. T. S.), p. 353.
Regrater or Regrator, a Law-word formerly us'd for one
that bought by the Great, and sold by Retail ; but It now
signifies one that buys and sells again any Wares or Vic-
tuals in the same Market or Fair or within five Miles of
it. Also one that trims up old Wares for Sale ; a Broker,
or Huckster. E. Phillips, 170B.
Jtegraters of bread corn. Taller, No. 118.
Forestallers and regrators haunted the privy councils of
the king. /. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 379.
regrateryt, «• [ME., < OF. "regraterie (ML. re-
grataria), < regrater, regrate: see regrate1.]
The practice of regrating.
For thise aren men on this molde that moste harm worcli-
eth
To the pore peple that parcel-mele buggen [buy at re-
tail] ; . . .
Thei rychen thorw regraterye. Piers Pimeman (B), iii. S3.
regratiatoryt (re-gra'shi-a-to-ri), n. [< ML. re-
gratiator, one who gives thanks, < regratiari,
give thanks (cf. AF. regraces, thanks) : see re-
graces. Cf. ingratiate.] A returning or giving
of thanks ; an expression of thankfulness.
That welnere nothynge there doth remayne
Wherewith to gyue you my regraciatory.
Rkelton, Garland of Laurel.
regratOT; «. See regrater.
regratoriet, «. A variant of regratery.
regratresst (re-gra'tres), n. [< regrater + -ess.]
A woman who sells at retail ; a female huckster.
No baker shall give unto the regratresses the six-penee
. . . by way of hansel-money.
Rttey, tr. of Liber Albus, p. 232, quoted in Piers Plowman
[(ed. Skeat), Notes, p. 48.
regrede (re-gred'), v. i. [< L. regredi, go or
come back, return, retire, retreat, regrade, < re-,
back, 4- gradi, go : see grade1, and cf . regret.*,
regrade.] To go back; retrograde, as the apse
of a planet's orbit. Todhunter. [Rare.]
regret
regrediencet (re-gre'di-ens), w. [< L. reg>-(-
(li<}n(t-)a, ppr. of regredi, go back: see regrede.]
A returning; a retrograding; a going back.
No man comes late unto that place from whence
Never man yet had a regredience.
Uerrick, Never too Late to Dye.
regreet (re-gref), ». t. [< re- + greet1.] 1. To
greet again ; resalute.
You, cousin Hereford, upon pain of life,
Till twice five summers have enrich'd our fields,
Shall not regreet our fair dominions.
Shale., Rich. II., i. 3. 142.
2. To salute; greet. [Rare.]
Lo, as at English feasts, so I regreet
The daintiest last, to make the end more sweet.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3. «7.
regreet (re-gref), n. [< regreet, v.] A return
or exchange of salutation ; a greeting.
One that comes before
To signify the approaching of his lord ;
From whom he bringeth sensible regreets.
Shak.,M. ofV., 11. 9. 89.
Thus low in humblest heart
Regreets unto thy truce do we impart.
Ford, Honour Triumphant, Monarch's Meeting.
regress (re-gres'), v. i. [= Sp. regresar = Pg.
regressar,'<. L. regressus, pp. of regredi, go back,
< re-, back, + gradi, go: see regrede. Cf. di-
gress, progress, v.] 1. To go back; return to a
former place or state.
All ... being forced into fluent consistences, do natu-
rally regress into their former solidities.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 1.
2. In astron., to move from east toward west.
regress (re'gres), n. [= OF. regres, regrez, F.
regres = Sp. regreso = Pg. It. regresso, < L. re-
gressus, a returning, return, < regredi, pp. re-
gressus, go back: see regress, v.] 1. Passage
back; return.
The standing is slippery, and the regress is either a
downfall, or at least an eclipse.
Bacon, Great Place (ed. 1887).
'Tis their natural place which they always tend to, and
from which there is no progress nor regress. Bwmet.
2. The power or liberty of returning or passing
back.
My hand, bully; thou shall have egress and regress.
Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 1. 226.
3. In Scots law, reentry. Under the feudal law,
letters of regress were granted by the superior of a wadset,
under which he became bound to readmit the wadsetter,
at any time when he should demand an entry to the wad-
set.
4. In canon law. See access, 1. — 5. In logic, the
passage in thought from effect to cause. —
Demonstrative regress, demonstrative reasoning from
effect to cause.
regression (re-gresh'on), «. [= OF. regression,
F. regression '= Sp. regresion = Pg. regressSo =
It. rigressione, < L. regresnio(n-), a going back,
return, etc., < regredi, pp. regressiis, go back:
see regress.] 1. The act of passing back or
returning; retrogression.
I will leave you whilst I go in and present myself to the
honourable count ; till my regression, so please you, your
noble feet may measure this private, pleasant, and most
princely walk. B. Jonson, Case is Altered, iii. 3.
2. In astron., motion from east toward west. —
3. Ingeoni., contrary flexure ; also, the course
of a curve at a cusp — Edge of regression, the cus-
pidal edge of a developable surface. See cuspidal. — Re-
gression Of nodes, a gyratory motion of the orbit of a
planet, causing the nodes to move from east to west on the
ecliptic.
regressive (re-gres'iv), a. [= F. regressif; as
regress + -ive.] Passing back; returning: op-
posed to progressive — Regressive assimilation,
assimilation of a sound to one preceding it. — Regressive
method, the analytic method, which, departing from par-
ticulars, ascends to principles. Sir W. Hamilton, Logic,
xxiv. — Regressive paralysis. See paralysis.
regressively (re-gres iv-li), adv. In a regres-
sive manner; iii a backward way; by return.
De Quincey.
regressus (re-gres'us), w. [NL.: see regress.]
In bot., that reversion of organs now known as
retrogressive and retrograde metamorphosis.
See metamorphosis.
regret (re-gref ), v.t.; pret. and pp. regretted,
ppr. regretting. [< F. regretter, regret, OF. re-
gretter, regreter, regrater, desire, wish for, long
after, bewail, lament, = Pr. regretar (after F.) ;
not found in other Rom. languages, and vari-
ously explained: (a) Orig. 'bewail,' < OF. re-
+ "grater, from the OLG. form cognate with
AS. grstan, ME. gretcn, E. greet = Icel. grata,
weep, wail, mourn, = Sw. grata = Dan. greede
= Goth, gretan, weep: see greet2, (b) < L. re-,
taken as privative, + gratvs, pleasing, as if
orig. adj., 'unpleasing,' then a noun, 'displea-
sure, grief, sorrow': see grate3, gree%, agree,
maiiijre. (c) < ML. as if "regradus, a return
regret
(of a disease), as in Walloon li r'gret d'oii mini,
'the return of a disease,' < regredi, go back:
see regrede, regress, (tl) < L. as it' "requiritari,
< re- + quiritare, bewail: see cry. (e) < L.
requiritare, ask after, inquire for, freq. of re-
quirere, ask after, require: see require. Of
these explanations only the first is in any de-
gree plausible.] 1. To look back at with sor-
row; feel grief or sorrowful longing for on
looking back.
Sure, if they catch, to spoil the toy at most,
To covet flying, and regret when lost
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 234.
Beauty which you shall feel perfectly but once, and re-
gret forever. Hoieells, Venetian Life, iL
2. To grieve at; be mentally distressed on ac-
count of : as, to regret one's rashness ; to regret
a choice made.
Ah, cruel fate, thou never struck'st a blow
By all mankind regretted so.
Cotton, Death of the Earl of Ossory.
Those the impiety of whose lives makes them regret a
Deity, and secretly wish there were none, will greedily
listen to atheistical notions. Gtanville.
Poets, of all men, ever least regret
Increasing taxes and the nation's debt.
Couyer, Table-Talk, 1. 176.
Alone among the Spaniards the Catalans had real reason
to regret the peace. Leclcy, Eug. in 18th Cent., i.
=Syn, To rue, lament. See repentance.
regret (re-gref), n. [Early mod. E. also regrate;
< OF. regret, desire, will, grief, sorrow, regret,
F. regret, regret; from the verb (which, how-
ever, is later in E.): see regret, t1.] 1. Grief or
trouble caused by the want or loss of something
formerly possessed ; a painful sense of loss ; de-
sire for what is gone ; sorrowful longing.
When her eyes she on the Dwarf had set,
And saw the signes that deadly tydinges spake,
She fell to ground for sorrowfull regret.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 20.
Anguish and regret
For loss of life and pleasure overloved.
Milton, P. L., x. 1018.
A pain of privation takes the name of a pain of regret
in two cases : (1) where it is grounded on the memory of
a pleasure which, having been once enjoyed, appears not
likely to be enjoyed again ; (2) where it is grounded on
the idea of a pleasure which was never actually enjoyed,
nor perhaps so much as expected, but which might have
been enjoyed (it is supposed) had such or such a contin-
gency happened, which, in fact, did not happen.
Bentham, Introd. to Morals and Legislation, v. 20.
2. Pain or distress of mind, as at something
done or left undone; the earnest wish that
something had not been done or did not exist ;
bitterness of reflection.
A passionate regret at sin, a grief and sadness at ita mem-
ory, enters us into God's roll of mourners.
Decay of Christian Piety.
Many and sharp the num'rous ills
Inwoven with our frame !
More pointed still we make ourselves
Regret, remorse, and shame.
Burns, Man was Made to Mourn.
3f. Dislike ; aversion.
Is it a virtue to have some ineffective regrets to damna-
tion 2 Decay of Christian Piety.
4. An expression of regret : commonly in the
plural. [Colloq.] — 5. A written communica-
tion expressing sorrow for inability to accept
an invitation. [Colloq.] =Syn. 1. Concern, sorrow,
lamentation.— 2. Penitence, Compunction, etc. See re-
pentance.
regretful (re-gret'ful), a. [< regret + -/«/.]
Full of regret; sorrowful.
regretfully (re-gret'ful-i), adv. With regret.
regrettable (re-gret'a-bl), a. [< regret + -able."]
Admitting of or calling for regret.
Of regrettable good English examples can be quoted from
1632 onwards.
J. A. H. Murray, N. and Q., 7th ser., VIII. 134.
regrettably (re-gret'a-bli), adv. With regret ;
regretfully.
My mother and sisters, who have so long been regret-
tably prevented from making your acquaintance.
H. James, Jr., International Episode, p. 126.
regrowth (re-groth'), «• [< re- + growth.] A
growing again ; a new or second growth. Dar-
win.
regt. An abbreviation of (a) regent; (b) regi-
ment.
reguardantt, a. See regardant.
reguerdont (re-ger'don), n. [< ME. reguerdoun,
< OF. reguerdon; as re- + guerdon, ».] A re-
ward ; a recompense.
And in reguerdon of that duty done,
I gird thee with the valiant sword of York.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 1. 170.
reguerdont (re-ger'dou), ». t. [< OF. reguer-
donner, reward; as re- + guerdon, ».] To re-
ward; recompense.
5050
Yet never have you tasted our reward,
Or been reguerdon'd with so much as thanks.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 4. 23.
reguerdonment (re-ger'don-ment), n. [< re-
guerdon + -went.] Reward; return; requital.
In generous reguerdonment whereof he sacramentally
obliged himself e.
A'ashe, Lenten Stufle (Hart. Misc., VI. 163).
regula (reg'u-lii), n. ; pi. regulx (-le). [< L. m/«-
la, a rule: see rule1, and cf. regie.] 1. A book
of rules or orders governing a religious house ;
the rule. Rev. F. G. Lee. — 2. In arch., a short
band or fillet, bearing guttsa or drops on the
lower side, corresponding, below the crowning
tsenia of the Doric architrave, to the triglyphs
of the frieze. See cut under ditriglyp h.— Reg-
ula cseci, a rule of arithmetic for solving two linear equa-
tions between three unknown quantities In whole num-
bers.—Regula falBi, the rule of false. See position, 7.
regulable (reg'u-la-bl), a. [< regula(te) + -67«.]
Admitting of regulation ; capable of being regu-
lated.
regula, ». Plural of regula.
regular (reg'u-lar), a. and n. [< ME. reguler,
< OF. regulier, F. regulier = Pr. reglar = Sp.
reglar, regular = Pg. regular = It. regolare, <
L. regularis, regular, < regula, a rule, < regere,
rule, govern: see regula and rwfe1.] I. a. 1.
Conformed to or made in accordance with a
rule; agreeable to an established rule, law,
type, or principle, to a prescribed mode, or to
established customary forms; normal: as, a
regular epic poem; a regular verse in poetry;
are</tttorplan; regular features ; a regular build-
ing.
The English Speech, though it be rich, copious, and sig-
nificant, and that there be divers Dictionaries of it, yet,
under Favour, I cannot call it a regular Language.
Hoicell, Letters, ii. 55.
But soft — by regular approach — not yet —
First through the length of yon hot terrace sweat.
Pope, Moral Essays, iv. 129.
Philip was of the middle height ; he had a fair, florid
complexion, regular features, long flowing locks, and a
well-made, symmetrical figure.
Prescotl, Ferd. and Isa., Ii. 19.
2. Acting, proceeding, or going on by rule ; gov-
erned by rule or rules ; steady or uniform in a
course or practice; orderly; methodical; un-
varying: as, regular in diet; regular in atten-
dance on divine worship ; the regular return of
the seasons.
Not a man
Shall . . . offend the stream
Of regular justice in your city's bounds,
But shall be rendered to your public laws.
Shak., T. of A., v. 4. 61.
True Courage must be a Regular thing ; it must have
not only a good End, but a wise Choice of Means.
StillingJUet, Sermons, III. v.
This gentleman is a person of good sense, and some
learning, of a very regular life, and obliging conversation.
Addison, Spectator, No. 106.
3. Specifically, in law, conformable to law and
the rules and practice of the court. — 4. In
math., governed by one law throughout. Thus,
a regular polygon is one which has all its sides and all its
angles equal ; a regular body is one which has all its faces
regular polygons, and all its summits formed by the junc-
tion of equal numbers of edges, those of each summit be-
ing equally inclined to one line.
5. In gram., adhering to the more common form
in respect to inflectional terminations, as, in
English, verbs forming their preterits and past
participles by the addition of -d or -ed to the
infinitive ; as nouns forming their plurals with
-* or -es; as the three conjugations of French
verbs known as regular; and so on. — 6. Be-
longing to and subject to the rule of a monastic
order ; pertaining to a monastic order : as, reg-
ular clergy, in distinction from secular clergy.
As these chanouns regulers,
Or white monkes, or these blake.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6694.
7. Specifically, in bot., having the members of
each circle of floral organs (sepals, petals, sta-
mens, and pistils) normally alike in form and
size : properly restricted to symmetry of form,
as distinguished from symmetry of number.
— 8. In zool., noting parts or organs which
are symmetrically disposed. See Begularia.—
9. In music: (a) Same as strict: as, regular
form; a regular fugue, etc. (6) Same as simi-
lar: as, regular motion. — 10. Milit., perma-
nent; standing: opposed to volunteer: said of
an army or of troops. — 11. In U. S. politifs.
of, pertaining to, or originating from the rec-
ognized agents or "machinery" of a party: as.
a regular ticket.— 12. Thorough; out-and-out;
perfect; complete: as, a regular humbug; a
regular deception; a regular brick. [Colloq.]
regularness
— Regular abbot, body, canon. See the nouns.—
Regular benefice, a benefice which could be conferred
only on a regular priest.— Regular curve, (a) A curve
without contrary flexure, (b) A curve denned by the same
equation or equations throughout. — Regular decagon
dodecagon, dodecahedron. See the nouns.— Regular
function, a function connected with the variable by the
same general law for all values of the latter. — Regular
physician, a practitioner of medicine who has acquired an
accepted grade of knowledge of such things as pertain to
the art of healing, and who does not announce himself as
employing any single and peculiar rule or method of treat-
ment, in contrast with the allopath (if such there be),
homeopath, botanic physician, hydropath, electrician, or
mind-cure practitioner. But nothing in his character of
regular physician prevents his using drugs which may be
made to produce in a healthy person effects opposite to
or similar to those of the disease in hand, or using drugs
of vegetable origin, or water in its various applications,
or electricity, or recognizing the tbnic effects of faith.—
Regular place, a place within the precincts of a reli-
gious house.— Regular polygon, polyhedron. Seethe
nouns. — Regular proof, a proof drawn up in strict form,
with all the steps accurately stated in their proper order.
—Regular relation. See relation.— Regular sales, in
stock-broking and similar transactions, sales for delivery
on the following day.— Regular syllogism, a syllogism
set forth in the form usual in the books of logic, the major
premise first, then the minor premise, and last the con-
clusion, each proposition being formally stated, with the
same expressions used for the terms in the different propo-
sitions, and the construction of the proposition being that
which logic contemplates.— The regular system, in crys-
tal., the isometric system. = Syn. 1. Ordinary, etc. See
normal.— 2. Systematic, uniform, periodic, settled, estab-
lished, stated.
II. n. 1. A member of any duly constituted
religious order which is bound by the three
monastic vows.
They declared positively that he [Archbishop Abbot] was
not to fall from his Dignity or Function, but should still
remain a Regular, and in statu quo prius.
HomO., Letters, I. ill. 7.
As in early days the regulars sustained Becket and the
seculars supported Henry II. Stubbs, Const Hist., § 405.
2. A soldier who belongs to a standing army,
as opposed to a militiaman or volunteer ; a pro-
fessional soldier.
He was a regular in our ranks ; in other services only a
volunteer. Summer, John Pickering.
3. In chron.: (a) A number attached to each
year such that added to the concurrents it
gives the number of the day of the week on
which the paschal full moon falls. (6) A fixed
number attached to each month, which assists
in ascertaining on what day of the week the first
day of any month fell, or the age of the moon
on the first day of any month — College of regu-
lars. See college.— Congregation of Bishops and
Regulars. See congregation, 6 (a) (8).
Regularia (reg-u-la'ri-ii), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. of L. regularis, regular : see regular.'] Regu-
lar sea-urchins, with biserial ambulacral plates,
centric mouth, and aboral anus interior. Also
called Endocyclica.
regularise, v. t. See regularize.
regularity (reg-u-lar'i-ti), ». [< OF. regularite,
regulairete, F. regularite = Sp. regularidad =
Pg. regularidade = It. regolaritd, < ML. "regv-
larita(t-)s, < L. regularis, regular: see regular.'}
The state or character of being regular, in any
sense: as, regularity of a plan or of a build-
ing; regularity of features; the regularity of
one's attendance at church; the watch goes
with great regularity.
He was a mighty lover of regularity and order.
Bp. Atterbury.
There was no regularity in their dancing.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 212.
Regularity and proportion appeal to a primary sensi-
bility of the mind. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 236.
regularization(reg"u-lar-i-za'shon), n. [(regu-
larize + -ation.~\ The act or process of regular-
izing, or making regular; the state of being
made regular. [Rare.]
At present (1885), a scheme combining the two systems
of regitlarization and canalization is being carried out, for
the purpose of securing everywhere at low water a depth
of 5 feet 8 inches. Encyc. Brit., XX. 528.
An ancient Chinese law, moreover, prescribed the regu-
larization of weights and measures at the spring equinox.
Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 792.
regularize (reg'u-lar-Iz), e. t. [< F. regula-
riser; as regular + -ize.'] To make regular.
The labor bestowed in regularizing and modulating our
language had operated not only to impoverish it, but to
check its growth. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 282.
Their [the alkaline metals'] mode of action is greatly
regularised by being made into amalgam with mercury.
W. Crookee, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 440.
Also spelled regularise.
regularly (reg'u-'lSr-li), adv. In a regular man •
ner, in any sense of the word regular.
regularness (reg'u-liir-nes), n. Regularity.
Long crystals . . . that did emulate native crystal as
well in the regularness of shape as in the transparency of
the substance. Boyle, Works, III. 530.
regulatable
regulatable (reg'u-la-ta-bl), a. [< regulate
+ -able.] Capable of being regulated. E. H.
Knight.
regulate (reg'u-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. regu-
lated, ppr. regulating. [< L. regulatus, pp. of
rcgulare (> It. regolare = Sp. reglar, regular =
Pg. regular, regrar = F. regler), direct, rule,
regulate, < regula, rule: see rulei. Cf. regie,
mil'2, «•.] 1. To adjust by rule, method, or es-
tablished mode ; govern by or subject to cer-
tain rules or restrictions ; direct.
If we think to regulat Printing, thereby to rectifle man-
ners, we must regulat all recreations and pastimes, all that
is delightfull to man. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 23.
When I travel, I always choose to regulate my own sup-
per, (goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii. 1.
One of the settled conclusions of political economy is
that wages and prices cannot be artificially regulated.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 601.
2. To put or keep in good order : as, to regu-
late the disordered state of a nation or its
finances ; to regulate the digestion.
You must learn by trial how much half a turn of the
screw accelerates or retards the watch per day, and after
that you can regulate it to the utmost nicety.
Sir E. Beckett, Clocks, Watches, and Bells, p. 800.
3. Specifically, in musical instruments with a
keyboard, so to adjust the action that it shall
be noiseless, prompt, and sensitive to the touch.
=Syn. 1. Rule, Manage, etc. See govern.
regulating (reg'u-la-ting), »i. 1. The act indi-
cated by the verb regulate. Specifically — 2.
In rail., the work in the yard of making up
trains, storing cars, etc. ; drilling or switch-
ing.
regulating-screw (reg'u-la-ting-skro), ». In
organ-building, a screw by which the dip of the
digitals of the keyboard may be adjusted.
regulation (reg-u-la'shon), ». and a. [= F. regu-
lation = Sp. reg'ulacion = Pg. regulagSo = It.
regolazione, < ML. *regulatio(n-), < regulare, reg-
ulate: see regulate.'] I. n. 1. The act of reg-
ulating, or the state of being regulated or re-
duced to order.
No form of co-operation, small or great, can be carried
on without regulation, and an implied submission to the
regulating agencies. H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 39.
2. A rule or order prescribed by a superior or
competent authority as to the actions of those
under its control ; a governing direction ; pre-
cept; law: as, police regulations; more specifi-
cally, a rule prescribed by a municipality, cor-
poration, or society for the conduct of third per-
sons dealing with it, as distinguished from (a) by-
law, a term which is generally used rather with
reference to the standing rules governing its
own internal organization and the conduct of its
officers and members, and (b) ordinance, which
is generally used in the United States for the
local legislation of municipalities. — 3. In musi-
cal instruments with a keyboard, the act or pro-
cess of adjusting the action so that it shall be
noiseless, prompt, and sensitive to every varia-
tion of touch — Army regulations. See army1*.—
General regulations, a system of ordinances for the ad-
ministration of the affairs of the army, and for better
prescribing the respective duties and powers of officers
and men in the military service, and embracing all forms
of a general character. Ives. = Syn. 1. Disposition, order-
ing, adjustment. — 2. Ordinance, Statute, etc. See lawi.
II. a. Having a fixed or regulated pattern or
style ; in accord with a rule or standard. [Col-
loq.]
The regulation mode of cutting the hair.
Dickens, Oliver Twistj xviii.
My regulation saddle-holsters and housings.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxx.
regulation (reg-u-la'shon), v. t. [< regulate +
-ion.] To bring under regulations; cause to
conform to rules. [Rare.]
The Javanese knows no freedom. His whole existence
is regulationed. Quoted in Encyc. Brit., XIII. 604.
regulative (reg'u-la-tiv), a. [< regulate + -4ve."\
Regulating; tending to regulate.
Ends and uses are the regulative reasons of all existing
things. Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 12.
It is the aim of the Dialectic to show . . . that there are
certain ideas of reason which are regulative of all our em-
pirical knowledge, and which also limit it.
E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 197.
Regulative faculty, Sir W. Hamilton's name for the fac-
ulty of principles ; the noetic faculty.— Regulative Idea,
a conception resulting from or carrying with it a regula-
tive principle.— Regulative principle, (a) In logic, the
leading principle of an argumentation or inference; that
general proposition whose truth is required to justify the
habit of inference which has given rise in any case to the
particular inference of which this proposition is said to
be the regulative principle : opposed to coitfttitutiDe prin-
ciple, or pre-major premise. [This use of the term origi-
nated in the fifteenth century.]
5051
Which be the principles irregulatiue? The Principles
regulatiue of a syllogisme be these two phrases of speech :
to be spoken of all, and to be spoken of none.
Blundeville, Arte of Logicke (ed. 1619), v. 1.
(b) Since Kant, a rule showing what we ought to assume,
regurgitation
called valve-gear or valve-motion. —Regulator-valve, a
throttle-valve.
regulatory (reg'u-la-to-ri), a. [< regula/c- 4
-«)•)/.] Tending to regulate ; regulative. X. Y.
Med. Jour., XL. 476.
without giving any assurance that the fact to be assumed reeulatreSS (reg'u-la-tres), n. [< regulator +
is true ; or a proposition which will lead to the truth if x \tlf IpW^nlator • a directrix Knialit
it be true, while if it be false the truth cannot be at- -f"9-J A le .ale regul
It UC 11 UV. W1111C 11 Ul UC IrtlOC MM H IMU ^(HII1V/U «Jij »i- •* _ _ _ ^J ,_ O^-A\
tained: such, for example, is the rule that we must not Aue. Art and Myth. (18/b), p.
ny way.— Regulative
use Of a conception. See constitutive use of a concep-
tion, under constitutive.
gill UK. They are only 4 or 5 inches long, generally with a
conspicuous colored crest. The tarsi are booted, and the
loreduce
regulate.'] 1. One who or that which regulates. fSe character of regulus, the condition of per-
Members of the unauthorized associations which have at f t purity . as regulus + -/we1.] Of or pertain-
various times been formed in parts of the United States :
for the carrying out of a rough substitute for justice in mg to a regulus.
the case of heinous or notorious crimes have been called The reguline condition is that of the greater number of
regulators. deposits made in electrometallurgy.
2. A mechanical contrivance intended to pro- Jour. Franklin Inet., CXIX. 90.
duee uniformity of motion, temperature, power, reguline2 (reg'u-lin), a. In ornith., of or per-
ete. (a) In engin. and mach. : (1) A governor in the sense taining to the Requlinse.
described and illustrated under governor, 6. (2) A gover- _0_,isfL (r<\tr'n V(v\ r t • nret andnn
nor employed to control the closing of the port-opening for regUllze (reg u-ilz;, t. T. , pret. anupp.
admission of steam to the cylinderpf an automatically va- ppr. reguhztng. [< regulus + -ize.]
riable cut-off steam-engine. This is a numerous class of to regulus.
regulators, in which the ball-governor described under regulus (reg'u-lus), «. : pi. regutt (-11). [< L.
governor, 6, is used to control the motion of the induction- ',,,.1,.., „ irttl'a IJITIO- a Vfno-'s son a kino- hep a
valve instead of that of the throttle-valve. By leaving the ' «?«'«»,. a .little king, a kings son, a jng Dee, a
throttle-valve fully open and closing the induction-valve small bird so called, LL. a kind ot serpent, MLi.
earlier or later in the stroke, the steam arrives in the cylin- regulus, metallic antimony, later also applied
der nearly at full pressure, and with its full store of avail- to various alloys and metallic products; dim.
able heat for conversion into work by expansion. (3) An , , , /. . -, 1 r T „,.„,;/;, . (a)
arrangement of weights, springs, and an eccentric or ec- °/ rex (reg-), a king, see rex.] 1. II
centrics, carried on the fly-wheel shaft or on the fly-wheel An old name of the goldcrest or crested wren ot
of a steam-engine, connected with the stem of the indue- Europe ; a kinglet, (b) [cop.] [NL.] Thetypi-
tion-valve by an eccentric-rod, and automatically varying eaj genus of RegHUna, ; the kinglets. The com-
mon goldcrest of Europe is R. cristatus (see cut under
goldcrest); the fire-crested wren of the same country is
It. ignicapillus. The corresponding species of America
is the golden-crowned kinglet, M. satrapa. The ruby-
crowned kinglet is JR. calendula. See kinglet.
2. In alchemy and early chemistry, the reduced
or metallic mass obtained in the treatment of
various ores, particularly those of the semi-
metals (see metal); especially, metallic anti-
mony (regulus antimonii) : but various alloys of
antimony, other brittle metals, and even the
more perfect metals were also occasionally so
called, to indicate that they were in the me-
tallic condition. — 3. [coj>.] [NL. (Coperni-
cus), tr. Gr. /SomJUoxof, the name of the star in
Ptolemy.] A very white star, of magnitude
1.4, on the heart of the Lion; a Leonis. — 4. In
geom., a ruled surface or singly infinite system
of straight lines, where consecutive lines do
not intersect.— Dalmatian regulus. See Dalmatian.
regur, regar (re'ger, re'gar), n. [Hind, regur,
prop, regada, regadi, black loam (see def.), <
reg, sand.] The name given in India to a dark-
Regulator.
Fig. 2.
ities in different posi-
a, fly-wheel shaft ; a, b, and a, 6', eccenti
tions of the eccentrics c and rf. The eccentric c turns freely on the
shaft a, and is actuated by links e, that are pivoted to ears formed
on the eccentric, and are also pivoted to weights f. The weights
have the form of curved bare, and are pivoted atone end to spokes of
the wheel, as shown at£-. The eccentric Misfitted to and turns freely
upon the perimeter of the eccentric c. It is also connected by a link it
to the toe of one of the weights, and is rotated on c by the motion of
the weight toward or away from the center of the shaft a. The ec-
centric c is also rotated on the shaft a by the motion of the weights to
or from the center of the shaft, but it is turned in a direction opposite
to that in which d is turned. These two eccentricities, therefore, con-
stitute a compound eccentric, the eccentricity or "throw" of which
these springs is more or less
overcome by centrifugal force as the shaft a rotates with greater or • "»> "-— — j -— — ~ier',"";
less velocity. The higher the velocity the less will be the throw of Colored, loamy, Superficial depOSlt Or SOU I'lCll
th.
in organic matter, and often of very consider-
> is the" least possible. Fig. 2 shows the extreme inward position of able thickness. It is distinguished by its fineness and
SyWS^blfc&SVSS cfrrieVfenfsfmpt Teat to' o.fof the absence of forest vegetation, thus resembling in char-
the stroke, and a very small percentage of change in the velocity is acter the black soil of southern Russia (tschernozem) and
sufficient to change the cut-off from its least to its greatest limit. of the prairies of the Mississippi valley.
regurgitant (re-ger'ji-tant), «. [< ML. regurgi-
the cut-off, maintaining a uniform speed of rotation under t°n(t°)s^ ppr_ 'of regurgitare, regurgitate: see
regurgitate.'} Characterized by or pertaining
to regurgitation.
The diseases of the valves and orifices of the heart
which produce mechanical disorders of the circulation
. . . are of two kinds, obstructive and regurgitant.
conditions of widely varying work. " One of the most in-
genious and scientific of this class is illustrated in the cut
with an accompanying explanation. (4) A throttle-valve.
(5) The induction-valve of a steam-engine. (6) The brake-
band of a crab or crane which regulates the descent of a
body raised by or suspended on a machine. (6) In heating
apparatus : (1) A register. (2) A thermostat. (3) An au-
tomatic draft-damper for the f urnace or fire-box of a steam-
boiler. Also called damper-regulator, (c) In horol.: (1)
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 623.
Regurgitant cardiac murmurs. See murmur.
A clock of superior order, by comparison with which regurgitate (re-ger'ji-tat), v. ; pret. and pp. re-
other time-piece« are regulated. (2) A clock which being qurgitateA, ppr. regurgitating. [< ML. regurgi-
electncally connected with other clocks at a distance, J. .J •? „ r\ T* „, «.„;*,,,.
causes them to keep time in unison with it. (S) A device tatus, pp. of regurgitare (> It. regurgitare =
(commonly a screw and small nut) by which the bob of a Sp. Pg. regurgitar = OF. regurgiter, F. re-
gurgiter), regurgitate, < LL. re-, back, + gurgi-
tare, engulf, flood: see gurgitation.'] I. trans.
To pour or cause to rush or surge back ; pour
or throw back in great quantity.
pendulum is raised or lowered, causing the clock to go
faster or slower. (4) The fly of the striking mechanism of a
clock. (See/!/l,3(a)(l).) (5) A small lever which shortens
or lengthens the hair-spring of a watch, thus causing the
watch to go faster or slower according as the regulator is
moved toward a part marked F. or S. (d) In the electric
light, the contrivance, usually an electromagnet, by which
the carbon-points are kept at a constant distance, so that
the light is steady (see electric light, under electric) ; or, in
general, a contrivance for making the current produced by
the dynamo-machines of constant strength. — Many-light
regulator, a regulator for voltaic arc-lights, controlliiig
numerous lights on one circuit— Regulator-box, (a)
A valve-chest or -box. (6) The original valve-motion of
Watt's double-action condensing pumping-engine. It
was a valve-box having a spindle through one of its sides,
on which was a toothed sector working on a central bear-
ing, and meshing with a rack attached to a valve. A
tripping-lever attached to the sector and operated by the
plug-tree caused the oscillations of the latter to open and
close the valve.— Regulator-cock, one of the oil-cocks
which admit oil to the steam-chest or valve-chest of a loco-
For a mammal, having its grinding apparatus in its
mouth, to gain by the habit of hurriedly swallowing un-
masticated food, it must also have the habit of regurgitat-
ing the food for subsequent mastication.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 297.
II. intrans. To be poured back ; surge or rush
back.
Many valves, all so situate as to give a free passage to
the blood and other humours in their due channels, but
not permit them to regurgitate and disturb the great cir-
culation. Bentley.
Nature was wont to evacuate its vicious blood out of
these veins, which passage being stopt, it regurgitates up-
wards to the lungs. Harvey.
each cylinder has a separate regulator : now collectively gurgitate: see rcyuryituk:'] 1. The act of re-
regurgitation
gurgitating or pouring liack. — 2. The net of
swallowing again; reabsorption.
In the lowest creatures, the distribution of crude nutri-
ment is by slow gurgitations and regurfjitations.
H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 417.
8. In med. : (a) The puking or posseting of
infants, (b) The rising of solids or fluids into
the mouth in the adult, (c) Specifically, the
reflux through incompetent heart-valves: as,
aortic regurgitation (reflux through leaking aor-
tic valves).
reh (ra), M. [Hind.] A saline efflorescence ris-
ing to the surface and covering various exten-
sive tracts of land in the Indo-Gangetic allu-
vial plain, rendering the soil worthless for cul-
tivation. It consists chiefly of sodium sulphate mixed
with more or less common salt (sodium chlorid) and sodi-
um carbonate. It is known in the Northwest Provinces
of India as reh, and further west, in the Upper Punjab, as
Iralar or kiMar.
Those who have travelled through Northern India can-
not fail to have noticed whole districts of land as white as
if covered with snow, and entirely destitute of vegetation.
. . . This desolation is caused by reh, which is a white
flocculent efflorescence, formed of highly soluble sodium
salts, which are found in almost every soil. Where the
subsoil water-level is sufficiently near the surface, the
strong evaporating .force of the sun's heat, aided by cap-
illary attraction, draws to the surface of the ground the
water holding these salts in solution, and these compel
the water, which passes off in the form of vapour, to leave
behind the salts it held as a white efflorescence.
A. G. F. Eliot James, Indian Industries, p. 195.
rehabilitate (re-ha-bil'i-tat), v. t. [< ML. re-
habilitat/is, pp. of rthabilitare (> It. riabilitarc
= Sp. Pg. reliabilitar = OF. rehabiliter, F. rf-
habillter), restore, < re-, again. + habilitare,
habilitate: see habilitate.'] 1. To restore to a
former capacity or standing ; reinstate; qualify
again ; restore, as a delinquent, to a former
right, rank, or privilege lost or forfeited : a term
drawn from the civil and cauon law.
He is rehabilitated, his honour is restored, all his attain-
ders are purged ! Burlce. A Regicide Peace, iv.
Assured
The justice of the court would presently
Confirm her in her rights and exculpate,
Re-integrate, and rehabilitate.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 327.
2. To reestablish in the esteem of others or
in social position lost by disgrace ; restore to
public respect: as, there is now a tendency
to rehabilitate notorious historical personages ;
Lady Blank was rehabilitated by the influence
of her family at court.
rehabilitation (re-ha-bil-i-ta'shon), n. [= OF.
rehabilitation, F. rehabilitation "= Sp. rehabili-
tation = Pg. rehabUitagSo = It. riabilitazione,
< ML. rehabilitatio(n-), < rehabilitare, pp. reha-
bilitates, rehabilitate: see rehabilitate.'] The
act of rehabilitating, or reinstating in a former
rank, standing, or capacity; restoration to for-
mer rights; restoration to or reestablishment
in the esteem of others.
This old law-term [rehabilitate] has been gaining ground
ever since it was introduced into popular discourse by
Burke, to whom it may have been suggested by the French
rehabiliter. Equally with its substantive, rehabilitation.
it enables us to dispense with a tedious circumlocution.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 299, note.
rehaitt, rehetet, ». t. [ME. rehaiten, rehayten,
reheten, < OF. rehaitier, make joyful, < re-, again.
+ haitier, make joyful.] To revive; cheer;
encourage; comfort.
Thane the conquerour kyndly caipede to those lordes,
Rehetede the Romaynes with realle speche.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. 84 1. -221.
Hym wol I comforte and rehete,
For I hope of his gold to gete.
Ram. of the Rose, 1. 6509.
rehandle (re-han'dl), ». t. [< re- + handle.]
To handle or have to do with again ; remodel ;
revise. Tlte Academy, March 29, 1890, p. 218.
rehash (re-hash'), v. t. [< OF. rehacher, hack
or chop again, < re-, again, + haeher, chop,
hash: see hash1.] To hash anew; work up, as
old material, in a new form.
rehash (re-hash'), «. [(rehash, »•.] Something
hashed afresh ; something concocted from ma-
terials formerly used: as, a literary rehnxh.
[Colloq.]
I understand that Dr. G 's speech here, the other
evening, was principally a rehash of his Yreka effort.
Senator Broderick, Speech in California, Aug., 1869
[(BarOett.)
Your finest method in her hands is only a rehash of the
old mechanism. Jour, of Education, XVIII. 377.
rehead (re-hed' ), r. t. [< re- + head.] To fit or
furnish with a head again, as a cask or a nail.
rehear (re-heV), r. t. [< re- + hear.] To hear
again ; try a second time : as, to rehear a cause
in a law-court. Sp. Home, Com. on Ps. Ixxxii.
5052
rehearing (re-her'ing), «. [Verbal n. of re-
hrnr, r.] A second hearing; reconsideration;
especially, in law, a second hearing or trial;
more specifically, a new trial in chancery, or a
second argument of a motion or an appeal.
If by this decree either party thinks himself aggrieved,
he may petition the chancellor for a rehearing.
Blackstone, Com., III. xxvii.
rehearsal (re-her'sal), «. [Early mod. E. n-
liersall; < ME. rehersaille, < OF. rehearsal, n-
hersall, repeating, < reherser, rehearse : see re-
lii-nrxe.'] The act of rehearsing, (a) Repetition
of the words of another.
Twice we appoint that the words which the minister
pronounceth the whole congregation shall repeat after
him : as first in the publick confession of sins, and again
in rehearsal of our Lord's prayer after the blessed sacra-
ment. Hooter, Eccles. Polity.
(6) Narration ; a telling or recounting, as of particular* :
as, the rehearaal of one's wrongs or adventures.
Be not Autour also of tales newe.
For callyng to rehersaitt, lest thou it rewe.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.X i. 110.
You haue made mine eares glow at the reheargall of your
loue. Lyly, Euphues, Anat of Wit, p. 75.
(c) In muric and the drama : (1) The process of studying by
practice or preparatory exercise : as, to put a work in re-
hearsal. (2) A meeting of musical or dramatic performers
for practice and study together, preliminary to a public
performance.
Here 's a marvellous convenient place for our rehearsal.
This green plot shall be our stage.
Shak., M. Jf. D., 111. 1. 8.
Full rehearsal, a rehearsal in which all the performers
take part.— Public rehearsal, a rehearsal to which a
limited number of persons are admitted by way of com-
pliment or for their criticism, or even as to a regular per-
formance.
rehearse (re-hers'), «•.; pret. and pp. rehearsed,
ppr. rehear'siny. [Early mod. E. also reherse ;
< ME. rehercen, rehersen, rehearsen, < AF. reher-
ser, rehercer, repeat, rehearse, a particular use
of OF. reherser, harrow over again, < re-, again,
+ hercer, harrow, < herce, F. herse, a harrow :
see hearse1.] I. iron*. I. To repeat, as what
has already been said or written ; recite ; say
or deliver again.
Her falre locks up stared stifle on end,
Hearing him those same bloody lynes reherse.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xii. 36.
When the words were heard which David spake, they
rehearsed them before Saul. 1 Sam. xvii. 31.
We rehearsed our rhymes
To their f air auditor.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook.
2. To mention ; narrate ; relate ; recount ; re-
capitulate ; enumerate.
With many moe good deedes, not rehearsed heere.
Rob. of Olouceiter, p. 582.
Of swiche unkynde abhomynacions
N'e I wol noon reherce, if that I may.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 8*.
There shall they rehearse the righteous acts of the Lord.
Judges v. 11.
3. To repeat, act, or perform in private for ex-
periment and practice, preparatory to a public
performance: as, to rehearse a tragedy; to re-
hearse a symphony.
A mere boy, with but little physical or dramatic strength,
coming upon the stage to rehearse so important a charac-
ter, must have been rather a shock . . . to the great actor
whom he was to support. ./. Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 129.
4. To cause to recite or narrate; put through
a rehearsal ; prompt. [Rare.]
A wood-sawyer, living by the prison wall, is under the
control of the Defarges, and has been rehearsed by Madame
Defarge as to his having seen her [Lucie] . . . making
signs and signals to the prisoners.
Dickens, Two Cities, iii. 12.
Syn. 2. To detail, describe. See recapitulate.
n. iiitrans. To repeat what has been already
said, written, or performed; go through some
performance in private, preparatory to public
representation.
Meet me in the palace wood; . . . there will we rehearse.
Shale., H. N. D., i. 2. 106.
rehearser (re-her'ser), n. One who rehearses,
recites, or narrates.
Such rehearsers [of genealogies] who might obtrude fic-
titious pedigrees. Johnson, Jour, to Western Isles.
rehearsing (re-her'sing), •». [< ME. rehersyng,
njirmi/nyr; verbal n. of rehearse, r.] Rehearsal;
recital; discourse.
Of love, of hate, and other sondry thynges,
Of whiche I may not maken rehersynges.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 24.
reheat (re-hef), v. t. [< re- + heat.] To heat
again or anew — Keneating-furnace. See furnace.
reheater (re-he'ter), n. An apparatus for re-
storing heat to a previously heated body which
has entirely or partially cooled during some
stage of a manufacture or process. In a diffusion
reify
roots. The hot water for diffusion is directed thro
pipes connecting the diffusers with the reheaters by me
of cocks or valves, and is reheated by passing through a
reheater after passing through a diff user. Thus, through
the aid of heat and pressure, the water becomes charged
with sugar. See diffusion apparatus (under diffusion), and
dMiM.
rehedt, ». A corrupt Middle English form of
reed1.
reheel (re-hel'), v. t. [< re- + heel1.] To sup-
ply a heel to, especially in knitting, as in mend-
ing a stocking.
renelm (re-helm'), v. t. [< re- + helm?.] To
cover again, as the head, with(a helm or hel-
met.
With the crossynge of their speares the erle was vn-
helmed ; than he retourned to his men, and lucontynent
he was rehelmed, and toke his speare.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. cxlvllL
rehersaillet, n. A Middle English form of re-
hearsal.
reherset, ». An obsolete spelling of rehearse.
rehetet. r. t. See rehait.
rehibitlon (re-hi-bish'on), n. Same as redhibi-
tion.
rehibitory (re-hib'i-to-ri), a. Same as redhibi-
tory.
rehybridize (re-hl'bri-diz), r. t. [< re- + hy-
hriili^e.] To cause to hybridize or interbreed
a second time and with a different species.
Hybrid plants may be again crossed or even re-hybrid-
ised. Encyc. Brit., XII. 216.
rehypothecate (re-hi-poth'e-kat), v. *. [< re-
+ hyi>othemtf.] To hypothecate again, as by
lending as security bonds already pledged. See
hypothecate.
rehypothecation (re-hi-poth-e-ka'shon), n. [<
re- -r hypothecation.] The pledging of property
of any kind as security for a loan by one with
whom it has already been pledged as security
for money he has loaned.
rei, «. Plural of reug.
reichardtite (ri'char-tlt), ». [< Beichardt +
-ite.] A massive variety of epsomite from Stass-
furt, Prussia.
Reichertian (ri-cher'ti-an), a. [< Beichert (see
def.) + -ian.] Pertaining to the German anat-
omist K. B. Reichert (1811-83).
Beichsrath (G. pron. richs'rat), n. [G., <
reichs, gen. of retch, kingdom, empire (= AS.
rice, kingdom: see riche), + rath, council, par-
liament: see read1, rede1.] The chief delibera-
tive body in the Cisleithan division of Austria-
Hungary. It is composed of an upper house (Herren-
haus) of princes, certain nobles and prelates, and life-
members nominated by the emperor, and of a lower
house of 853 deputies elected by landed proprietors and
other persons having a certain property or particular in-
dividual qualification.
Beichsstadt (G. pron. rlch'stat), n. [G., <
reichs, gen. of reich, kingdom, empire, + stadt,
a town. Cf. stadtholder.] In the old Boman-
German empire, a city which held immediate-
ly of the empire and was represented in the
Reichstag.
Reichstag (G. pron. richs'tach), n. [G., <
rriclm, gen. of reich, kingdom, empire, T tag,
parliament: see day*. Ct.Landtat/.] The chief
deliberative body in certain countries of Europe.
For the Reichstag of the old Roman-German empire, see
diet-. In the present empire of Germany, the Reichstag,
in combination with the Bundesrath (which see), exercises
the legislative power in imperial matters ; it is composed
of 397 deputies, elected by universal suffrage. In the
Transleithan division of Austria-Hungary it is composed
of a House of Magnates and a lower House of Represen-
tatives. Reichstag in all these senses is often rendered in
English by diet or parliament.
reichsthaler (G. pron. richs'ta'ler), H. [G., <
reichs, gen. of reich, kingdom, empire, + thaler,
dollar: see dollar.] Same as rix-doltar.
reift, n. Seerec/s.
reification (re"i-fi-ka'shgn), n. [< reify +
-atiott (see -fication) .] Materialization; objec-
tivization; externalization ; conversion of the
abstract into the concrete; the regarding or
treating of an idea as a thing, or as if a thing.
[Rare.]
reify (re'i-fi), r. t. ; pret. and pp. reified, ppr.
ri'ifi/ing. [< L. res, a thing, + -ficare, < facere,
make (see -fy).] To make into a thing; make
real or material ; consider as a thing.
The earliest objects of thought and the earliest concepts
must naturally be those of the things that live and move
about us ; hence, then — to seek no deeper reason for
the present — this natural tendency, which language by
providing distinct names powerfully seconds, to reify or
personify not only things, but every element and relation
of things which we can single out, or, in other words, to
concrete our abstracts. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 78.
reighte
reightet. A Middle English variant of ranghte
for reached.
reiglet, «. and r. See regie.
reiglementt, «. See reglement.
reign (ran), H. [Early mod. E. also raign,
raine; < ME. regne, rengne, < OF. reigne, regne,
F. regne = Pr. regne = Sp. Pg. reino = It. regno,
< L. regnum, kingly government, royalty, do-
minion, sovereignty, authority, rule, a king-
dom, realm, estate, possession, < regere, rule :
see regent.'] 1. Royal or imperial authority;
sovereignty ; supreme power ; control ; sway.
Why, what is pomp, rule, reign, but earth and dust ?
Shot., 3 Hen. VI., v. 2. 27.
That flx'd mind . . .
That with the Mightiest raised me to contend,
And to the fierce contention brought along
Innumerable force of spirits arm'd,
That durst dislike his reign. Milton, P. L., i. 102.
In Britain's isle, beneath a George's reign.
Camper, Heroism, i. 90.
2. The time during which a monarch occupies
the throne: as, an act passed in the present
reign.
In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar . . .
the word of God came unto John. Luke iii. 1.
3t. The territory over which a sovereign holds
sway; empire; kingdom; dominions; realm.
He conquerede al the regne of Femenye.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 8.
Then stretch thy sight o'er all her rising reign, . . .
Ascend this hill, whose cloudy point commands
Her boundless empire over sea and lands.
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 65.
4. Power; influence; sway; dominion.
She gan to stoupe, and her proud mind convert
To meeke obeysance of loves mightie raine.
Spenser, F. Q., V. v. 28.
In her the painter had anatomized
Time's ruin, beauty's wreck, and grim care's reign.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1451.
That characteristic principle of the Constitution, which
has been well called " The Reign of Law," was established.
J. Bryce, American Commonwealth, I. 215.
Reign Of Terror. See terror.
reign (ran), v. i. [Early mod. E. also raign,
raine; < ME. reinen, reignen, regnen, < OF.
regner, F. regner = Pr. regnar, renhar = Sp.
Pg. reinar = It. regnare, < L. regnare, reign,
rule, (. regnum, authority, rule : see reign, n. Cf .
regnant.'] 1. To possess or exercise sovereign
power or authority; govern, as a king or em-
peror; hold the supreme power; rule.
In the Cyteeof Tyre regned Agenore the Fadre of Dydo.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 30.
Alleluia : for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth.
Rev. xix. <i.
Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.
Miltm, P. L., i. 263.
2. To prevail; be in force.
The spavin
Or springhalt reigned among 'em.
Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 8. 13.
The sultry Sirius burns the thirsty plains,
While in thy heart eternal winter reigns.
Pope, Summer, 1. 22.
Fear and trembling reigned, for a time, along the fron-
tier. Irving, Granada, p. 101.
Silence reigned in the streets ; from the church no Ange-
lus sounded. Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 5.
3. To have dominion or ascendancy ; predom-
inate.
Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body, that ye
should obey it in the lusts thereof. Rom. vi. 12.
Our Jovial star reign'd at his birth.
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 4. 105.
Insatiate Avarice then first began
To raigne in the depraved minde of man
After his fall. Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.\ p. 41.
Two principles in human nature reign:
Self-love to urge, and Reason to restrain.
Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 63.
reigner (ra'ner), «. [< reign + -«•!. Cf. It.
regnatore, ruler. < L. regnator, ruler.] One
who reigns ; a ruler. [Rare.]
reikt, »• A variant of reek1.
reilt, «• A Middle English form of mil3.
Reil S band. A fibrous or muscular band ex-
tending across the right ventricle of the heart,
from the base of the anterior papillary muscle
to the septum. It is frequent in man, and rep-
resents the moderator band found in the heart
of some lower animals.
reim (rem), ». Same as riem.
reimbark, r. See rce.mbark.
reimbursable (re-im-ber'sa-bl), a. [= F. i-ciii-
boiirnable = Sp. reembolmiile : as reimburse +
-iilili:'] Capable of being or expected to be re-
imbursed or repaid.
Let the sum of 550,000 dollars be borrowed, . . . reim-
bursable within five years.
A. Hamilton, To House of Rep., Dec. 3, 1792.
5053
reimburse (re-im-bers'). r. t. [Accom. < OF.
(and F.) rembourser = Sp. Pg. reembolsar = It.
rimborsare, reimburse; as re- + imburse.] 1.
To replace in a purse, treasury, or fund, as an
equivalent for what has been taken, expended,
or lost; payback; restore; refund: as, to reim-
burse the expenses of a war.
It was but reasonable that I should strain myself as far
as I was able to reimburse him some of his charges.
Stmft, Story of the Injured Lady.
If any of the Members shall give in a Bill of the Charges
of any Experiments which he shall have made, . . . the
Money is forthwith reimbursed by the King.
Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 79.
2. To pay back to ; repay to ; indemnify.
As if one who had been robbed . . . should allege that
he had a right to reimburse himself out of the pocket of
the first traveller he met. Paley, Moral Philos., ill. 7.
= Syn. 2. Remunerate, Recompense, etc. See indemnify.
reimbursement (re-im-bers'ment), «. [Accom.
< OF. (and F.) remboursemeni = It. rimborsa-
mento; as reimburse + -ment.] The act of re-
imbursing or refunding; repayment.
She helped them powerfully, but she exacted cautionary
towns from them, as a security for her reimbursement
whenever they should be in a condition to pay.
Bolingbroke, The Occasional Writer, No. 2.
reimburser (re-im-ber'ser), n. One who reim-
burses ; one who repays or refunds what has
been lost or expended.
reimplacet (re-im-plas'), *'. t. [Accom. < OF.
remplacer, replace ; as re- + emplaee."] To re-
place.
For this resurrection of the soul, for the reimplacing
the Divine image, . . . God did a greater work than the
creation. Jet. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 865.
reimplant (re-im-plauf), r. t. [< re- + im-
plant.] To implant again.
How many grave and godly matrons usually graffe or
reimplant on their now more aged heads and brows the
reliques, combings, or cuttings of their own or others'
more youthful hair !
Jer. Taylor (?), Artif . Handsomeness, p. 45.
reimplantation (re-im-plan-ta'shon), n. [< re-
implant + -ation.] The act or process of reim-
planting.
Successful Reimplantation of a Trephined Button of
Bone. Medical News, LII. p. 1. of Adv'ts.
reimport (re-im-porf), v. t. [< F. rf Importer,
reimport; as rf- + import.] 1. To bring back.
Bid him [day] drive back his car, and reimport
The period past. Young, Night Thoughts, ii. 308.
2. To import again ; carry back to the country
of exportation.
Goods. . . clandestinely reimported into our own [coun-
try]. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, iv. 4.
reimport (re-im'port),». [(.reimport. r.] Same
as reimportation.
The amount available for reimport probably has been
returned to us. The American, VI. 244.
reimportation (ve-im-por-ta'shon), n. [< F.
reimportation ; as reimport + -aiion.] The act
of reimporting; that which is reimported.
By making their reimportation illegal.
The American, VI. 244.
reimpose (re-im-poz'), r. t. [< OF. rein/poser,
F. reimposer ; as re- + impose.] 1. To impose
or levy anew: as, to reimpose a tax. — 2. To tax
or charge anew ; retax. [Rare.]
The parish is afterwards reimposed, to reimburse those
five or six. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, v. i
3. To place or lay again: as, to reimpose bur-
dens upon the poor.
reimposition (re-im-po-zish'on), n. [< F. re-
imposition ; as re- + imposition.] 1 . The act
of reimposing: as, the reimposition of a tax.
The attempt of the distinguished leaders of the party
opposite to form a government* based as it was at that pe-
riod on an intention to propose the reimposition of a fixed
duty on corn, entirely failed. Gladstone.
2. A tax levied anew.
Such reimpositiom are always over and above the taille
of the particular year in which they are laid on.
Adam Smith. Wealth of Nations, v. 2.
reimpress (re-im-pres'), «. t. [< re- + imprrxs.']
To impress anew.
Religion . . . will glide by degrees out of the mind un-
less it be reinvigorated and reimpressed by external ordi-
nances, by stated calls to worship, and the salutary influ-
ence of example. Johnson, Milton.
reimpression (re-im-presh'on), n. [< F. reim-
pression = Sp. reimpresion = Pg. reimpressao ;
as re- + iHiprension.] 1. A second or repeated
impression ; that which is reimpressed.
In an Appendix I have entered into particulars as to my
reimpresevm of the present poem.
F . Hall, Viet. of Lander's Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.X p. v.
2. The reprint or reprinting of a work.
reincrease
reimprison (ro-im-priz'n), r. t. [< re- + im-
l>rixini.] To imprison again.
reimprisonment (re-im-priz'n-ment). «. [< re-
iiiijii'ison + -mail.] The act of' confining in
prison a second time for the same cause, or af-
ter a release from prison.
rein1 (ran), n. [Early mod. E. also rain, reigne;
< ME. reine, reyne, reene, < OF. reine, resne,
rrsi/ne, F. rene = Pr. regna = Sp. rienda (trans-
posed for "redina) = Pg. redea = It. redine, <
LL. "retina, a rein (cf. L. retinaculum, a tether,
halter, rein), < L. retiiiere, hold back, restrain:
see retain.] 1. The strap of a bridle, fastened
to the curb or snaffle on each side, by which
tho rider or driver restrains and guides the ani-
mal driven; any thong or cord used for the
same purpose. See cut under harness.
Ther sholde ye haue sein speres and sheldes flote down
the river, and the horse all quyk withoute maister, her
reyneg trailinge with the strem.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 493.
How like a jade he stood, tied to the tree,
Servilely master'd with a leathern rein!
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 392.
She look'd so lovely as she sway'd
The rein with dainty finger-tips.
Tennyson, Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere.
2. A rope of twisted and greased rawhide.
E. H. Knight.— 3. pi. The handles of black-
smiths' tongs, on which the ring or coupler
slides. E. ff. Knight. — 4. Figurative^, any
means of curbing, restraining, or governing;
government ; restraint.
Dr. Davenant held the rani* of the disputation ; he
kept him within the even boundals of the cause.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, i. 26. (.Danes, under baundnl.)
No more rein upon thine anger
Than any child.
Tennyaon, Queen Mary, iii. 4.
Overhead rein, a guiding-rein that passes over the head
of a horse between the ears, and thus to the bit. It ia
used with an overcheck bridle. Also called overcheckrein.
— To draw rein. See draw.— To give the rein or the
reins, to give licenae ; leave without restraint.
Do not give dalliance
Too much the rein : the strongest oaths are straw
To the fire i' the blood. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. 52.
To take toe reins, to take the guidance or government.
rein1 (ran), v. [< OF. "reiner, resner, F. rtiner,
bridle a horse, < rene, a rein ; from the noun.]
1. trans. 1. To govern, guide, or restrain by
reins or a bridle.
As akilful Riders rein with dlff 'rent force
A new-back'd Courser and a well-train'd Horse.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
She [Queen Elizabeth] was mounted on a milk-white
horse, which she reined with peculiar grace and dignity.
Scott, Kenilworth, xxx.
2. To restrain ; control.
Being once chafed, he cannot
Be rein'd again to temperance ; then he speaks
What's in his heart. Shak., Cor., iii. 3. 28.
3. To carry stiffly, as a horse does its head or
neck under a bearing-rein — To rein in, to curb;
keep under restraint, as by reins.
The cause why the Apostles did thus conform the Chris-
tians as much as might be according to the pattern of the
Jews was to rein them in by this mean the more, and to
make them cleave the better.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iv. 11.
II. intrang. To obey the reins.
He will bear you easily, and reins well.
Shak., T. N., iii. 4. 358.
To rein up, to halt : bring a horsj- to a stand.
But, when they won a rising hill,
He bade his followers hold them still : . . .
"Rein up; our presence would impair
The fame we come too late to share."
Scott, Lord of the Isles, vl. 18.
rein2t, «• An obsolete singular of reins.
reina, «. See rena.
reincarnate (re-in-kar'nat), r. t. [< re- + in-
carnate.] To incarnate anew.
reincarnation (re-in-kar-na'shon), H. [< rein-
carnate + -ion.] The act or state of being in-
carnated anew ; a repeated incarnation ; a new
embodiment.
reincenset (re-in-sens'), ''• *• [< re- •+ incense1.]
To incense again ; rekindle.
She, whose beams do re-incense
This sacred fire. Daniel, Civil Wars, viii. 1.
Indeed, Sir James Croft (whom I never touched with the
least tittle of detractions) was cunningly incensed and re-
incensed against me. O. Harvey, Four Letters, iii.
reincite (re-in-slf), «. t. [= OF. reinciter, F.
reinciter; as re- -f incite.] To incite again ; re-
animate ; reencourage.
To dare the attack, he reincites his band,
And makes the last effort.
IT. L. Lewis, tr. of Statius's Thebaid, xii.
reincrease (re-in-kres'), v. t. [< re- + iiiereuta'.]
To increase again ; augment; reinforce.
reincrease
When they did perceaue
Their wounds recur'd, and forces reincreast,
Of that good Hermite both they tooke their leave.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. vi. 15.
reincrudation (re-iu-krQ-da'shon), n. [< re- +
"incrurtation (< in-V + crude + -ation), equiv.
to incrudescence.] Recrudescence. [Rare.]
This writer [Artephius, an adept] proceeds wholly by
reincrudation, or in the via humida.
Swift, Tale of a Tub, i.
reindeer (ran'der). «. [Formerly also rain-
deer, ranedeer; < ME. raynedere (= D. rendier =
G. rennthier = Dan. rensdyr), < "rein (< Icel.) or
row, < AS. hrdn, a reindeer (cf. F. renne = Sp.
reno = Pg. renna, rcnno = It. renna, a reindeer),
< Icel. hreinn = Sw. ren, a reindeer (of. Sw.
ren-ko, a female reindeer (ko = E. cow1), > Lapp
and Finn, raingo, a reindeer); < Lapp reino, pas-
turage or herding of cattle, a word much asso-
ciated with the use and care of the reindeer (for
which the Lapp word is patso), and mistaken by
the Scandinavians for the reindeer itself.] 1.
A deer of the genus Rangifer or Tarandus, hay-
ing horns in both sexes, and inhabiting arctic
and cold temperate regions ; the Cervus taran-
dus, Rangifer tarandus, or Tarandus rangifer.
Reindeer (Katift/er tarantins).
It has branched, recurved, round antlers, the crowns of
which are more or less palmated ; the antlers of the male
are much larger than those of the female, and are remark-
able for the size and asymmetry of the brow-antler. The
body is of a thick and square form, and the legs are shorter
in proportion than those of the red-deer. The size varies
much according to climate : about 4 feet 6 inches may be
given as the average height of a full-grown specimen. The
reindeer is keen of sight and swift of foot, being capable
of maintaining a speed of 9 or 10 miles an hour for a long
time, and can easily draw a weight of 200 pounds, besides
the sledge to which it is usually attached when used as a
beast of draft. Among the Laplanders the reindeer is a
substitute for the horse, the cow, and the sheep, as it fur-
nishes food, clothing, and the means of conveyance. The
caribou of North America, if not absolutely identical with
the reindeer, would seem to be at least a well-marked
variety, usually called R. caribou. The American barren-
ground reindeer has been described as a different species,
R. grosnlandicw. See also cut under caribou.
2. In her., a, stag having two sets of antlers,
the one pair bending downward, and the other
standing erect. —Reindeer period, the time when the
reindeer flourished and was prominent in the fauna of
any region, as it is now in Lapland : used chiefly with
reference to Belgium and France.
M. Dupont recognizes two stages in the Paleolithic Pe-
riod, one of which is called the Mammoth period, and the
other, which is the «nore recent, the Reindeer period.
These names . . . have never met with much acceptance
in England, . . . for it is quite certain that the reindeer
occupied Belgium and France in the so-called Mammoth
period. J. QeOrie, Prehistoric Europe, p. 101.
Reindeer tribe, a tribe using the reindeer, as do the
Laplanders at the present time, and as the dwellers in
central Europe have done in prehistoric tunes- used
chiefly with regard to the prehistoric tribes of central
France and Belgium.
reindeer-lichen (ran'der-H'ken), «. Same as
reindeer-moss.
reindeer-moss (ran'der-mos), ». A lichen, Cla-
donia rangiferina, which constitutes almost the
sole winter food for the reindeer in high north-
ern latitudes, where it is said to attain some-
times the height of one foot. Its nutritive proper-
ties depend chiefly on the gelatinous or starchy matter of
which it is largely composed. Its taste is slightly pun-
gent and acrid, and when boiled it forms a jelly possess-
ing nutritive and tonic properties, and is sometimes eaten
by man during scarcity of food, being powdered and mixed
with flour. See Cladonia and lichen.
reinfect (re-in-fekf), v. t. [< OF. reinfecier;
as re- + infect] To infect again. Cotgrave.
reinfection ( re-in -fek'sh on), n. [< reinfect +
-ion .] Infection a second'time or subsequently.
reinflame (re-iu-flam'), v. t. [< re- + inflame.]
To inflame anew; rekindle; warm again.
To re-inflame my Daphnis with desires.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Pastorals, viii. 92.
5054
reinforce, reenforce (re-in-fors', re-en-fors'),
' . /. [Formerly also renforce, ranforce; accom.
< OF. renforcer, renforchier, F. renforcer = It.
rhiforzare, strengthen, reinforce; as re- + in-
force] 1. To add new force, strength, or
weight to ; strengthen : as, to reinforce an argu-
ment.
A meane to supply her wants, by renforcing the causes
wherein shee is impotent and uefectiue.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 263.
To insure the existence of the race, she [Nature] rein-
forces the sexual instinct, at the risk of disorder, grief,
and pain. Emerson, Old Age.
Specifically — 2. (a) Milit., to strengthen with
additional military or naval forces, as troops,
ships, etc.
But hark! what new alarum is this same?
The French have reinforced their scatter'd men ;
Then every soldier kill his prisoners.
Skak., Hen. V., iv. 6. 36.
(ft) To strengthen any part of an object by an
additional thickness, support, or other means.
Another mode of reinforcing the lower pier is that
which occurs in the nave of Laon. ... In this case five
detached monolithic shafts are grouped with the great
cylinder, four of them being placed so as to support the
angles of the abacus, and the fifth containing the central
member of the group of vaulting shafU.
C. H. Moore, Gothic Architecture, p. 86.
3f. To enforce; compel. [Rare.]
Yet twise they were repulsed backe againe,
And twise renforst backe to their ships to fly.
Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 48.
reinforce (re-in-fors'), ». [< reinforce, v.] An
additional thickness or support imparted to
any part of an object in order to strengthen
it. (a) A strengthening patch or additional thickness
sewed round a cringle or eyelet-hole in a sail or tent-
cover. (&) A second outer thickness of cloth, applied to
those parts of trousers or breeches which come next the
saddle, (c) The part of a cannon nearest to the breech,
which is made stronger to resist the explosive force of
the powder. The first reinforce is that which extends
from the base-ring of the gun to the seat of the projectile.
The second reinforce is that which is forward of the first
reinforce and connects it with the chase of the gun, and
from which the trunnions project laterally. — Reinforce-
baiid, in ordnance, a flat ring or molding formed at the
junction of the first and second reinforces of a gun.—
Reinforce-rings, flat hoop-like moldings on the rein-
forces of a cannon, on the end nearest to the breech.
See hooping &nAfrettage.
reinforcement, reinforcement (re-in-fors'-,
re-en-fors'ment), n. [Accom. < OF. (and F.)
renforcement = It. rinforzamento; as reinforce,
r., + -ment.] 1. The act of reinforcing.
The dreadful Sagittary
Appals our numbers ; haste we, Diomed,
To reinforcement, or we perish alL
Skak., T. and C., v. 5. 16.
2. Additional force ; fresh assistance; specifi-
cally, additional troops or forces to augment
the strength of a military or naval force.
Alone he [Coriolanus] enter'd, . . .
And with a sudden re-inforcement struck
Corioli like a planet. Shak., Cor., ii. 2. 117.
3. Any augmentation of strength or force by
something added.
Their faith may be both strengthened and brightened
by this additional reinforcement.
Wateriand, Works, V. 287.
reinforcer, ree'nforcer (re-in-, re-en-for'ser), n.
One who reinforces or strengthens.
Writers who are more properly feeders and re-enforcers
of life itself. T he Century, XXVII. 929.
reinforcible, reenforcible (re-in-, re-en-for'si-
bl),a. [<. reinforce, »., + -Me.] Capable or sus-
ceptible of reinforcement; that maybe strength-
ened anew.
Both are reinforcible by distant motion and by sensation.
Medical Newt, LII. 680.
reinfonn (re-in-fdrm'), r. *. [< re- + inform*.]
To inform again.
Redintegrated into humane bodies, and reinformed with
their primitive souls. J. Scott, Christian Life, H. 7.
reinfund (re-in-fund'), r. i. [< re- + infund.]
To flow in again, as a stream. Swift, Works (ed.
1768), I. 169. [Rare.]
reinfuse (re-in-fuz'), v. t. [< re- + infuse.] To
infuse again.
reingratiate (re-in-gra'shi-at), v. t. [< re- +
ingratiate.] To ingratiate again; recommend
again to favor.
Joining now with Canute, as it were to reingratiate him-
self after his revolt, whether real or complotted.
Milton, Hist. Eng., vt
reinhabit (re-in-hab'it), v. t. [< re- + inhabit.]
To inhabit again.
Towns and Citties were not rnnhabUed, but lay ruin'd
and wast. Milton, Hist. Eng., iii.
rein-holder (ran'hol'der), n. A clip or clasp
on the dashboard of a carriage, to hold the
reinstate
reins when the driver has alighted. /-.'. //.
Kiiiylit.
rein-hook (ran'hiik), M. A hook on a gig-saddle
to hold the bearing-rein. E. H. Kiiii/lil.
reinite (ri'nit), «. [Named after Prof. Rein of
Marburg.] A tungstate of iron, occurring in
blackish-brown tetragonal crystals. It is found
in Japan.
reinless (ran'les), a. [<rei«i + -less.] Without
rein ; without restraint ; unchecked.
A wilfull prince, a rainelesse raging horse.
Mir. for Mage., p. 386.
Lyfe corrupt, and rainlesse youth.
Drant, tr. of Horace's Satires, i. 6.
reinocnlation (re-in-ok-u-la'shon), n. [< re- +
inoculation."] Inoculation a sec'ond time or sub-
sequently.
rein-orchis (ran'6r"kis), M. See orchis?.
reins (ranz), n. pi. [Early mod. E. also mines;
< ME. reines, reynes, reenus, < OF. reins, pi. of
rein, F. rein (cf. 8p. reHon, riflon) = Pg. rim =
It. rene, < L. ren, kidney, pi. renes, the kidneys,
reins, loins ; perhaps akin to Or. Qpf/v, the mid-
riff, pi. ifiphet, the parts about the heart and
liver: see phren.] 1. The kidneys or renes.
What man soever ... is a leper, or hath a running of
the reins. Lev. xxii. 4 (margin).
Hence — 2. The region of the kidneys; the
loins, or lower parts of the back on each side.
All living creatures are fattest about the mines of the
backe. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xi. 26.
3. The seat of the affections and passions, for-
merly supposed to be situated in that part of
the body; hence, also, the emotions and affec-
tions themselves.
I will bless the Lord, who hath given me counsel : my
reins also instruct me in the night seasons. Ps. xvi. 7.
Reins of a vault, in arch., the sides or walls that sus-
tain the vault or arch.
reinscribe (re-in-skrib'), v. t. [< re- + inscribe.]
In French law, to record or register a second
time, as a mortgage, required by the law of
Louisiana to be periodically reinscribed in or-
der to preserve its priority.
reinsert (re-in-sert*), v. t. [< re- + insert.]
To insert a second time.
reinsertion (re-in-ser'shon), n. [< reinsert +
-ton.] The act of reinserting, or what is rein-
serted; a second insertion.
rein-slide (ran'slid), n. A slipping loop on an
extensible rein, holding the two parts together
near the buckle, which is adjustable on the
standing part. E. H. Knight.
reinsman (ranz'man), n. ; pi. reinsmen (-men).
A person skilled in managing reins or driving.
[Recent.]
Stage-drivers, who, proud of their skill as reinsmen, . . .
look down on and sneer at the plodding teamsters.
T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 501.
rein-snap (ran'snap), ». In a harness, a spring-
hook for holding the reins ; a harness-snap or
snap-hook. E. H. Knight.
reinspect (re-in-spekf), v. t. [< re- + inspect.]
To inspect again.
reinspection (re-in-spek'shon), n. [< reinspect
+ -ion.] The act of inspecting a second time,
reinspire (re-in-spir'), v. t. [< re- + inspire.]
To inspire anew.
While Phoebus hastes, great Hector to prepare . . .
His lab'rlng Bosom re-inspires with Breath,
And calls his Senses from the Verge of Death.
Pope, Homer's Iliad, xv. 65.
With youthful fancy re-inspired.
Tennyson, Ode to Memory, v.
reinstall, reinstal (re-m-stal' ), v. t. [= F. re-
installer; as re- + install.] To install again;
seat anew.
That which alone can truly re-install thee
In David's royal seat. Milton, P. R., iii. 372.
reinstalment, reinstallment (re-in-stal'-
ment), «. [< reinstall + -ment; or < re- + in-
stalment.] The act of reinstalling ; a renewed
or additional instalment.
reinstate (re-in-staf), ». t. [< re- + instate.]
1 . To instate again ; place again in possession
or in a former state ; restore to a state from
which one had been removed.
David, after that signal victory which had preserved his
life [and] reinstated him in his throne . . .
Government of the Tongue.
Theodore, who reigned but twenty days,
Therein convoked a synod, whose decree
Did reinstate, repope the late unpoped.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 171.
2. In fire insurance, to replace or repair (prop-
erty destroyed or damaged).
The condition that it is in the power of the company to
reinstate property rather than to pay the value of it.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 165.
reinstatement
reinstatement (re-in-stat'ment), n. [< rein-
state + -mi'iit.] 1. The act of reinstating ; res-
toration to a former position , office, or rank ;
reestablishment.
The re-instatement and restoration of corruptible things
is the noblest work of natural philosophy.
Bacon, Physical Fables, iii., Expl.
2. In fire-insurance, the replacement or repair-
ing of damaged property.
The insured has not the option of requiring reinstate-
ment. Knnjc. Bnt., XIII. 165.
reinstation (re-in-sta'shon), ». [< reinstate +
-ion.] The act of reinstating; reinstatement.
Gentleman's Mag.
reinsurance (re-iu-shor'ans), «. [< reinsure +
-ance.~\ 1. A renewed or second insurance. — 2.
A contract by which the first insurer relieves
himself from the risks he had undertaken, and
devolves them upon other insurers, called rein-
surers. Also called reassurance.
reinsure (re-in-shor'), v. t. [< re- + insure."]
To insure again ; insure a second time and take
the risks, so as to relieve another or other in-
surers. Also reassure.
reinsurer (re-in-shor'er), n. One who reinsures.
See reinsurance.
reintegrate (re-in'te-grat), v. t. [< ML. rein-
tegratus, pp. of reintegrare (> It. reintegrare =
Pg. Sp. Pr. reintegrar = F. reintegrer, OF. rein-
tegrer) for earlier (L.) redintegrare, make whole
again, restore, renew : see redintegrate.] If. To
make whole again ; bring into harmony or con-
cord.
For that heauenly city shall be restored and reintegrate
with good Christian people.
Bp. Fisher, Seven Penitential Psalms.
Desiring the King nevertheless, as being now freed from
her who had been the occasion of all this, to take hold of
the present time, and to reintegrate himself with the Pope.
Wood, Athens Oxon., 1. 117.
2. To renew with regard to any state or quality ;
restore ; renew the integrity of.
The league drove out all the Spaniards out of Germany,
and reintegrated that nation in their ancient liberty.
Boom.
To reintegrate the separate jurisdictions into one.
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 49.
reintegration (re-in-te-gra'shon), n. [= OF.
reintegration, F. reintegration = Sp. reintegru-
cion = Pg. reintegraqclo = It. reintegrasione, <
ML. reintegratio(n-), making whole, restoring,
renewing, < reintegrare, pp. reintegratus, make
whole again: see reintegrate. Cf. redintegra-
tion.] The act of reintegrating; a renewing or
making whole again.
During activity the reintegration falls in arrear of the
disintegration. U. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 62.
reinter (re-in-ter'), v. t. [< re- + infer1.] To
inter again.
They convey the Bones of their dead Friends from all
Places to be re-interred. Hmcett, Letters, ii. 8.
reinterrogate (re-in-ter'o-gat), v. t. [< re- +
interrogate; cf. OF. reinterroger, F. reinterro-
ger.~\ To interrogate again; question repeat-
edly. Cotgrave.
reinthrone (re-in-thron'), ». t. [< re- + inthrone.]
Same as reenthrone.
A pretence to reinthrone the king.
Sir T. Herbert, Memoirs of King Charles I. (Latham.)
reinthronizet (re-iu-thro'niz), v. t. [< re- + in-
thronize.] An obsolete form of reenthronize.
reintroduce (re-in-tro-dus'), ». t. [< re- + in-
troduce.] To introduce again.
reintroduction (re-in-tro-duk'shon), n. [< re-
+ introduction.] A repeated introduction.
reinundate (re-in-un'dat or re-in'un-dat), v. t.
[< re- + inundate.] To inundate again.
reinvent (re-in-venf), v. t. [< re- + invent.]
To devise or create anew, independently and
without knowledge of a previous invention.
It is immensely more prohahle that an alphabet of the
very peculiar Semitic style should have been borrowed
than that it should have been reinvented from independent
germs. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 311.
reinvest (re-in-vesf), v. t. [< ML. reinrrstire,
invest again; as re- + invest."] 1. To invest
anew, with or as with a garment.
They that thought best amongst them believed that the
souls departed should be reinvested with other bodies.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 131.
2. To invest anew, as money or other property.
reinvestment (re-in-vest'mgnt), n. [< reinvest
+ -mcnt; or < re- + investment.] The act of
investing anew; a second or repeated invest-
ment.
The question of re-investment in securities bearing a
higher rate of interest has been discussed at both Oxford
and Cambridge. The Academy, March 8, 1880, p. 188.
5055
reinvigorate (re-in-vig'or-at), r. t. [< re- + in-
riijorntr.] To revive vigor in ; reanimate.
reinvigoration (re-in-vig-o-ra'shon), n. [< re-
iiirii/nratc + -ion.] A strengthening anew; re-
inforcement.
reinvite (re-in-vif), v. t. [< OF. reinviter, in-
vite again; as re- + invite.] To invite again.
reinyolve (re-in-volv'), v. t. [< re- + involve.]
To involve anew.
To reinmlve us in the pitchy cloud of infernal darkness.
Milton, Reformation in Eng.
reirdt, «. A variant of reard.
reis1 (ras), ». [Pg. reis, pi. of real: see real3.]
A Portuguese money of account: 1,000 reis
make a milreis, which is of the value of 4s. 5<l.
sterling, or about $1.08. Large sums are calculated
in contos of reis, or amounts of 1,000,000 reis (41,080). In
Brazil the milreis is reckoned at about 55 cents. Also mix.
reis2, ". Same as ras1, 2.
reiseti ''• An obsolete form of raise*.
reissuable (re-ish'ij-a-bl), a. [< reissue + -able.]
Capable of being reissued : as, reissuable bank-
notes.
reissue (re-ish'o), v. [<re- + issue, v.] 1,intrans.
To issue or go forth again.
But even then she gain'd
Her bower ; whence reissuing, robed and crown'd,
To meet her lord, she took the tax away.
Tennyson, Godlva.
II. trans. To issue, send out, or put forth a
second time: as, to reissue an edict; to reissue
bank-notes.
reissue (re-ish'o), n. [< reissue, v.] A second
or renewed issue : as, the reissue of old notes or
coinage.
reist1, v. t. See reasft.
reist2, v. A dialectal form of rest2.
reistert, ». See reiter.
reitt (ret), n. An obsolete form of I'eate.
reiter (ri'ter), n. [Early mod. E. also reister,
< OF. reistre, "a reister or swartrutter, a Ger-
man horseman" (Cotgrave), < G. reiter, a rider,
trooper, cavalryman, = E. rider : see rider. Cf.
fitter.] Formerly, especially in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, a German cavalry-
soldier ; in particular, a soldier of those bodies
of troops which were known to the nations
of western Europe during the religious wars,
etc.
Offer my services to Butrech, the best doctor among
reisters, and the best reister among Doctors.
Sir P. Sidney, To Hubert Languet, Oct., 1677 (Zurich Let-
tters, ii. 293). (Dairies.)
reiterant ( re-it 'e-rant), a. [= OF. reiterant, F.
reiterant, < L. reiteran(t-)s, ppr. of reiterare,
repeat: see reiterate.] Reiterating. [Bare.]
In Heaven they said so, and at Eden's gate,
And here, re-iterant, in the wilderness.
Mrs. Browning, Drama of Exile.
reiterate (re-it'e-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. reit-
erated, ppr. reiterating. [< L. reiteratns, pp.
of reiterare (> It. reiterare = Sp. Pg. reiterar =
F. reiterer), repeat again, repeat, < re-, again,
+ iterare, say again, repeat: see iterate.] 1.
To repeat again and again; do or say (espe-
cially say) repeatedly: as, to reiterate an ex-
planation.
You never spoke what did become you less
Than this ; which to reiterate were sin.
Shak., W. T., 1. 2. 288.
Th* employs of rural life,
Reiterated as the wheel of time
Runs round. Cowper, Task, iii. 628.
He reiterated his visits to the flagon so often that at
length his senses were overpowered.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 66.
Simple assertion, however reiterated, can never make
proof. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 18.
2f. To walk over again ; go along repeatedly.
No more shall I reiterate thy Strand,
Whereon so many stately Structures stand.
Herrick, Hesperides, Teares to Thamasis.
= Svn, 1. See recapitulate.
reiterate (re-it'e-rat), a. [= F. reitere = Sp.
Pg. reiterado = tt. reiterate, < L. reiteratus, pp.
of reiterare, repeat: see the verb.] Reiterated.
Sotithei/. [Rare.]
reiteratedly (re-it'e-ra-ted-li), adv. By reitera-
tion ; repeatedly. Bwke, Regicide Peace, iv.
reiteration (re-it-e-ra'shon), n. [= OF. reite-
ration, F. reiteration = Sp. reiteracion = Pg.
reitera^&o = It. reiterazione, < L. reiteratio(n-) ,
a repeating, reiteration, < reiterare, pp. reitera-
IHX. repeat: see reiterate.] 1. The act of reit-
erating; repetition.
The reiteration again and again in flxed course in the
public service of the words of inspired teachers . . . has
in matter of fact been to our people a vast benefit.
J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 54.
rejectment
2. \n printing, printing on the hack of a sheet
by re versing it, and making a second impression
on the same form.
reiterative (re-it'e-ra-tiv), n. [< reiterate +
-ive.] 1. A word "or part of a word repeated
so as to form a reduplicated word: us, prittle-
prattle is a reiterative of prattle. — 2. Ingram.,
a word, as a verb, signifying repeated action.
Reithrodon (ri'thro-don), ». [NL. (Water-
house, 1837), < Gr. 'pelSpov, a channel, + 66ovf
(oifotT-) = E. tooth.] A genus of South Ameri-
can sigmodont rodents of the family Muridse,
having grooved upper incisors. It includes sev-
eralspecies of peculiar appearance, named/?, cuniculotites,
R. typicus, and R. chinchilloidi'S. The name has been er-
roneously extended to include the small North American
mice of the genus Ochetodon.
reive, reiver. Scotch spellings of reave, reaver.
reject (re-jekf), v. t. [< OF. rejecter, regeter,
F. rejetei- = Pr. regetar = Sp. rejitar = Pg. re-
geitar, rejeitar = It. rigettare, reject, < L. rejec-
tare, throw away, cast away, vomit, etc., freq.
of reicere, rejicere, pp. rejectus, throw back, re-
ject, < re-, back, + jacere, throw: see Jet1. Cf.
adject, conject, deject, eject, inject, project, etc.]
If. To throw or cast back.
By forse whereof [the wind] we were put ayen bak and
rejecte unto the coste of a desert yle.
Sir R. Ouylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 62.
2. To throw away, as anything undesirable or
useless; cast off; discard: as, to pick out the
good and reject the bad ; to reject a lover.
At last, rejecting her barbarous condition, [she] was
maried to an English Gentleman.
Quoted in Capt, John Smith's Works, II. 31.
Favours to none, to all she smiles extends ;
Oft she rejects, but never once offends.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 12.
3. To refuse to receive ; decline haughtily or
harshly; slight; despise.
Because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will also reject
thee. Hos. iv. 6.
Then woo thyself, be of thyself rejected.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 15tf.
Good counsel rejected returns to enrich the giver's
bosom. Goldsmith, Vicar, xxvii.
= Syn. 2. To throw aside, cast off. See refuse*.
rejectable (re-jek'ta-bl), a. [= OF. rejettaole,
rejetable, F. rejetable; as reject + -able.] Ca-
pable of being rejected ; worthy or suitable to
be rejected. Also rejectible.
rejectamenta (re-jek-ta-men'ta), ». pi. [NL.,
pi. of ML.'rej'ectomentem, < L. rejectare, throw
away: see reject. Cf. rejectment.] Things re-
jected; ejecta; excrement.
Discharge the rejectamenta again by the mouth.
Owen, Anat., ix. (Latham.)
rejectaneoust (re-jek-ta'ne-us), a. [< L. reiec-
taneus, that is to be rejected, rejectable, <
reicere, pp. rejectus, reject: see reject.] Not
chosen or received ; rejected.
Profane, rejectaneous, and reprobate people.
Barrow, Works, III. xxix.
rejected (re-jek'ted), p. a. Thrown back: in
entom., noting the scutellum when it is exte-
riorly visible, but lies between the pronotum
and the elytra, instead of between the bases
of the latter, as in the coleopterous genus
Passalus.
rejecter (re-jek'ter), n. One who rejects or
refuses.
rejectible (re-jek'ti-bl), a. [< reject + -ible.]
Same as rejectable.
Will you tell me, my dear, what you have thought of
Lovelace's best and of his worst? — How far eligible for the
first, how f ar rejectible for the last?
Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, I. 237.
rejection (re-jek'shon), n. [< OF. rejection, F.
rejection, < L rejectio(n-), < reicere, pp. rejec-
tus, throw away: see reject."] The act of re-
jecting, of throwing off or away, or of casting
off or forsaking ; refusal to accept or grant : as,
the rejection of what is worthless ; the rejection
of a request.
The rejection I use of experiments is infinite ; but if an
experiment be probable and of great use, I receive it,
Bacon.
rejectitioust (re-jek-tish'us), a. [< reject +
-itious.] Worthy of being rejected; implying
or requiring rejection.
Persons spurious and rejectitious, whom their families
and allies have disowned.
Waterhouse, Apology, p. 151. (Latham.)
rejective (re-jek'tiv), a. [< reject + -ive.] Re-
jecting or tending to reject or cast off. Imii.
Diet.
rejectment (re-jokt'ment), n. [< OF. rejecte-
ment, F. rejetiemctit = It. rigettamcnto, < ML.
'rejectamentum, what is thrown away, the act
r ejectment
of throwing away, < L. rejectare, throw away :
see reject.] Matter thrown away,
rejector (re-jek'tor), ». One who rejects.
The rejectors of it [revelation], therefore, would do well
to consider the grounds on which they stand.
Warburton, Works, IX. xiii.
rejoice (re-jois'), v. ; pret. and pp. rejoiced, ppr.
rejoicing. [< ME. rejoicen, rejoisen, rejoischen,
< OF. resjois-, stem of certain parts of resjoir,
F. rejouir, gladden, rejoice : see rejoy, and cf.
joice.} I. trans. 1. To make joyful ; gladden;
animate with lively and pleasurable sensations ;
exhilarate.
Whoso loveth wisdom rejoiceth his father. Prov. xxix. 3.
I love to rejoice their poor hearts at this season [Christ-
inas], and to see the whole village merry in my great hall.
Addison, Spectator, No. 269.
2t. To enjoy ; have the fruition of.
To do so that here sone after mi dessece,
Miste reioische that reaume as rijt eir bi kinde.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 4102.
For lenger that ye keep it thus in veyne,
The lesse ye gette, as of your hertis reste,
And to reioise it shal ye neuere atteyne.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 66.
St. To feel joy on account of.
Ne'er mother
Rejoiced deliverance more.
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5. 370.
II. intrans. To experience joy and gladness
in a high degree; be exhilarated with lively and
pleasurable sensations; be joyful; feel joy;
exult: followed by at or in, formerly by of, or
by a subordinate clause.
When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice.
Prov. xxix. 2.
Rejoice, O young man, in thy youth. Eccl. xi. 9.
He rejoiceth more of that sheep, than of the ninety and
nine which went not astray. Mat. xviii. 13.
To rejoice in the boy's correction.
Shak., T. O. of V., iii. 1. 394.
May they rejoice, no wanderer lost,
A family in Heaven !
Burns, Verses Left at a Friend's House.
rejoicet (re-jois'), n. [< rejoice, v.} The act of
rejoicing. [Rare.]
There will be signal examples of God's mercy, and the
angels must not want their charitable rejoices for the con-
version of lost sinners.
Sir T. Browne, Christian Morals, ii. 6.
rejoicement! (re-jois'meut), n. [< rejoice +
-meut.} Rejoicing.
It is the most decent and comely demeanour of all ex-
ultations and reioycements of the hart, which is no lesse
naturall to man then to be wise or well learned or sober.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 244.
rejoicer (re-joi'ser), n. 1. One who causes to
rejoice: as, a rejoicer of the comfortless and
widow. Pope, — 2. One who rejoices.
rejoicing (re-joi'sing), «. [< ME. rejoisyng, etc. ;
verbal n. of rejoice, v.} 1. The feeling and ex-
pression of joy and gladness ; procedure expres-
sive of joy ; festivity.
The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles
of the righteous. Ps. cxviii. 16.
A day of thanksgiving was proclaimed by the King, and
was celebrated with pride and delight by his people. The
rejoicings in England were not less enthusiastic or less
sincere. Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
2. The experience of joy.
Iff he [a child] be vicius, and no thing will lerne.
... no man off hym reiasynge will haue.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. 8., extra ser.X i. 67.
But let every man prove his own work, and then shall
he have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another.
Oal. vi. 4.
3. A subject of joy.
Thy testimonies have I taken as an heritage for ever :
for they are the rejoicing of my heart. Ps. cxix. ill.
rejoicingly (rf-joi'sing-li), adv. With joy or
exultation.
She hath despised me rejoicingly, and
I'll be merry in my revenge.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 6. 150.
rejoiet, *'• t. Same as rejoy.
rejoin (re-join'), f. [Early mod. E. rejoyne; <
OF. rejoindre, F. rejoindre = It. rigiugnere, re-
join, overtake, < L. re-, again, + jungere, join :
see join.} I. trans. 1. To join again; unite
after separation.
A short space severs ye,
Compared unto that long eternity
That shall rejoine ye,
B. Jonson, Elegy on my Muse.
The Grand Signior . . . conveyeth his galleys . . . down
to Grand Cairo, where they are taken in pieces, carried upon
camels' backs, and rejoined together at Suez.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vl. 8.
The letters were written not for publication . . . and to
rejoin heads, tails, and betweenities which Hayley had
severed. Southey, Letters. III. 448
5056
2. To join the company of again ; bestow one's
company on again.
Thoughts which at Hyde-park corner I forgot
Meet and rejoin me in the pensive Grot.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. ii. 209.
3. To say in answer to a reply or a second or
later remark; reply or answer further: with a
clause as object.
It will be replied that he receives advantage by this
lopping of his superfluous branches ; but I rejoin that a
translator has no such right.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Epistles, Pref.
"Are you that Lady Psyche?" I rejoin'd.
Tennyion, Princess, ii.
II. intrans. 1. To answer to a reply; in gen-
eral, to answer.
Your silence argues it, in not rejoining
To this or that late libel.
Ii. Jongon, Apol. to Poetaster.
2. In law, to answer the plaintiff's replication.
I rejoyne, as men do that answere to the lawe, and make
answere to the byll that is put np agaynst them.
Palsgrave.
rejoinder (re-join'der), w. [< F. rejoindre, re-
join, inf. used as noun: see rejoin. Cf. attain-
der, remainder.} 1. An answer to a reply; in
general, an answer.
The quality of the person makes me judge myself obliged
to a rejoinder. Glanville, To Albius.
Rejoinder to the churl the King disdain'd ;
But shook his head, and rising wrath restrain'd.
Fenian, in Pope's Odyasey, xx. 281.
2. In law, the fourth stage in the pleadings in
an action at common law, being the defendant's
answer to the plaintiff's replication. The next
allegation of the plaintiff is called surrejoinder.
=Syn. 1. Eeply, retort.
rejoinder! (re-join'der), v. i. [< rejoinder, n.}
To make a reply.
When Nathan shall rejoinder with a "Thon art the man. "
Hammond, Works, IV. 804.
rejoinduret (re-join'dur), «. [< rejoin (rejoin-
der)+-ure.] A joining again; reunion. [Rare.]
Rudely beguiles our lips
Of all rejoindure, forcibly prevents
Our lock'd embrasures.
Shak., T. and C., iv. 4. 38.
rejoint (re-joint'),t>. t. [< re- + joint. Cf.F.re-
jointoyer, rejoint, < rejoint, pp. of rejoindre, re-
join.] 1. To reunite the joints of; joint anew.
Ezekiel saw dry bones rejoynted and reinspired with life.
Barrow, Resurrection of the Body or Flesh.
2. To fill up the joints of, as of stone in build-
ings when the mortar has been displaced by
age or the action of the weather.
rejolt (re-jolt'), r. t. [< re- + jolt.} To jolt
again; shake or shock anew; cause to rebound.
Locke.
rejolt (re-jolt'), ». [< rejolt, v.} A reacting
jolt or shock.
These inward rejolts and recoilings of the mind.
South, Sermons, II. v.
rejournt (re-jern'), v. t. [For "readjourn, < F.
reajourner, adjourn again; as re- + adjourn.}
1. To adjourn to another hearing; defer.
You wear out a good wholesome forenoon in hearing a
cause between an orange wife and a f osset-seller, and then
rejourn the controversy of threepence to a second day of
audience. Shak., Cor., it 1. 79.
Concerning mine own estate, I am right sorry that my
coming to Venice is rejourned a month or two longer.
Sir B. Wotton, Reliqnia;, p. 702.
2. To refer; send for information, proof, or
the like.
To the Scriptures themselves I rejmirne all such Atheis-
tical spirits. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 27.
rejournmentt (re-jern'ment), n. [< rejourn +
-ment.} Adjournment.
So many rejournmenti and delays.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 713.
rejoyt (re-joi'), v. t. [< ME. rejoyen, rejoien, <
OF. resjoir, F. rejouir, gladden, rejoice, < re-,
again, + esjoir, Frtjjouir, joy, rejoice, < es- (< L.
esc-, out) + joir, F. jouir, joy, rejoice : see joy,
v., and cf. enjoy and rejoice.} To rejoice; en-
joy.
Ris, lat us speke of lusty lit in Troye,
That we have led, and forth the tyme dryve,
And ek of tyme comynge us rejoye.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 89.i.
And that I and my assignez may peasseble rejoie theym
[certain lands). Pashm Letters, II. 332.
rejudge (re-juj'), v. t. [< OF. (and F.) rejuger;
us re- + judge.} To judge again ; reexamine;
review; call to a new trial and decision.
'Tis hers the brave man's latest steps to trace,
Rejudge his acts, and dignify disgrace.
Pope, Epistle to Harley, 1. 30.
It appears now too late to rejudge the virtues or the
vices of those men. Goldsmith, Pref. to Roman History.
reking
rejuvenate (re-jo've-nat), i-. t. [< re- + juve-
nate. Cf. OF. rejovenir, rejovener, rejoennir, re-
jeunir, renjovenir, rajeunir, F. rajeunir = Pr. re-
jovenir = OSp. rcjuvenir = It. ringioranire, rin-
giovenire, rejuvenate.] To restore the appear-
ance, powers, or feelings of youth to; make as
if young again; renew; refresh.
Such as used the bath in moderation, refreshed and re-
stored by the grateful ceremony, conversed with all the
zest and freshness of rejuvenated life.
Bulwer, Last Days of Pompeii, i. 7.
No man was so competent as he to rejuvenate those dead
old skulls and relics, lifting a thousand years from the
forgotten past into the middle of the nineteenth century.
Harper's Mag., LXXX. 388.
rejuvenation (re-jo-ve-na'shgn), n. [< rejuve-
nate + -ion.} The act of rejuvenating, or the
state or process of being rejuvenated; rejuve-
nescence.
Instances of fecundity at advanced ages are not rare.
Contemporaneous writers mention examples of rejuvena-
linn which must be regarded as probably legendary.
Pop. Set. Mo., XX. 99.
rejuvenator (re-jo've-na-tor), n. [< rejuvenate
T -or1.} One who or that which rejuvenates.
A great beautifler and rejuvenator of the complexion.
Lancet, No. 3433, p. 1193.
rejuvenesce (re-jo-ve-nes'), r. i.; pret. and pp.
rejuvenesced, ppr. rejnveitescing. [< ML. rejuve-
nescere, grow young again, < L. re-, again, + ju-
renescere, grow young: see rejuvenescent.} To
grow young again; renew one's youthfulness
byreacquinng vitality; specifically, in biol., to
accomplish rejuvenescence, or repair vitality
by conjugation and subsequent fission, as an
infusorian.
The dark, double-bordered cells are those which were
sown but did not rejuvenesce.
Pasteur, On Fermentation (trans.), p. 177.
rejuvenescence (re-j6-ve-nes'ens), n. [< reju-
venescen(t) + -ce.} 1. A renewal of the appear-
ance, powers, or feelings of youth.
That degree of health I give up entirely ; I might as
well expect rejuvenescence.
Chesterfield, Misc. Works, IV. 276. (Latham.)
2. In biol., a transformation whereby the entire
protoplasm of a vegetative cell changes into a
cell of a different character — that is, into a pri-
mordial cell which subsequently invests itself
with a new cell-wall and forms the starting-
point of the life of a new individual. It occurs
in numerous algje, as fEdogonium, and also in
some diatoms.
rejuvenescency (re-jS-ve-nes'en-si), n. [As re-
juvenescence (see -cy) .} Same as rejuvenescence.
The whole creation, now grown old, expecteth and wait-
eth for a certain rejuvenescency.
J. Smith, Portrait of Old Age, p. 264.
rejuvenescent (re-jo-ve-nes'ent), a. [< ML.
rejuvenescen(t-)s, ppr. of rejuvenescere, become
young again : see rejuvenesce. Cf. juvenescent.}
Becoming or become young again.
Rising
Rejuvenescent, he stood in a glorified body.
Southey.
rejuvenize ( re-jo" ve-nlz), c. t. ;pret. and pp. re-
juvenized, ppr. rejuvenizing. [< rejuven(esce) +
-ize.} To render young again ; rejuvenate.
reke1!, «. A Middle English form of reek1.
reke'2t, »• A variant of reek'*.
reke3, f. An obsolete or dialectal form of rake1.
rekelst, ». [ME., also rekils, rekyls, rekles, as-
sibilated rychellys, recMes, recheles, < AS. recels,
incense, < recan, smoke, reek: see reek1.} In-
cense. Prompt. Pan., p. 433. (Stratmann.)
rekenH, v. A Middle English form of reckon.
reken2t, «• [ME., < AS. recen, ready, prompt,
swift.] Ready; prompt; noble; beautiful.
Thou so ryche a reken rose.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i, 906.
The rekenestf redy mene of the rownde table.
Marie Arthure (E. E. T. S.), I. 4082.
rekindle (re-kin'dl), v. [< re- + kindle1.} I.
trans. 1 . To kindle again ; set on fire anew.
On the pillar raised by martyr hands
Burns the rekindled beacon of the right.
0. W. Holmes, Commemoration Services. Cambridge,
[July 21, 1866.
2. To inflame again ; rouse anew.
Rekindled at the royal charms,
Tumultuous love each beating bosom warms.
Fenton, in Pope's Odyssey, i. 466.
II. intrans. To take fire or be animated anew.
Straight her rekindling eyes resume their fire.
Thomson, To the Prince of Wales.
rekingt (re-king'), v. t. [< re- + king1.} To
make king again ; raise to the monarchy anew.
[Rare.]
reking
You hassard lesse, re-kinging him,
Then I vn-king'd to bee.
Warner, Albion's England, iii. 194.
rekket, v. A Middle English form of reck.
reknet, v. A Middle English form of reckon.
reknowledget (re-nol'ej), v. t. [< re- + knoic-
ledge.] To confess a knowledge of; acknow-
ledge.
But in that you have reknou'ledged Jesus Criste the au-
tor of saluacion. J. Udall, On John ii.
Although I goe bescattered and wandering in this
Courte, I doe not leaue to reknowledge the good.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 192.
relais (re-la'), n. [< F. relais, a space left: see
relay'1.'] In fort., a walk, four or five feet wide,
left without the rampart, to receive the earth
which maybe washed down and prevent it from
falling into the ditch.
relapsable (re-lap'sa-bl), a. [< relapse + -able.']
Capable of relapsing, or liable to relapse. Imp.
Diet.
relapse (re-laps'), ». ». [< L. relapsiis, pp. of
relabi, slide back, fall back, < re-, back, + lain,
slip, slide, fall: see lapse, «.] 1. To slip or
slide back; return.
Agreeably to the opinion of Democritus, the world might
relapse into its old confusion.
Bacon, Physical Fables, i., Expl.
It then remains that Church can only be
The guide which owns unfailing certainty ;
Or else you slip your hold and change your side,
Relapsing from a necessary guide.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, ii. 486.
2. To fall back ; return to a former bad state
or practice ; backslide : as, to relapse into vice
or error after amendment.
The oftener he hath relapsed, the more significations
he ought to give of the truth of his repentance.
Jer. Taylor.
But grant I may relapse, for want of grace,
Again to rhyme. Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. ii. 88.
3. To fall back from recovery or a convalescent
state.
He was not well cured, and would have relapsed.
Wiseman.
And now— alas for unforeseen mishaps !
They put on a damp nightcap, and relapse.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 322.
relapse (re-laps'), w. [< relapse, v.~] 1. A slid-
ing or falling back, particularly into a former
evil state.
Ease would recant
Vows made in pain, as violent and void, . . .
Which would but lead me to a worse relapse
And heavier fall. Milton, P. L., iv. 100.
2t. One who has ref alien into vice or error;
specifically, one who returns into error after
having recanted it.
As, when a man is falne into the state of an outlaw, the
lawe dispenseth with them that kils him, & the prince ex-
cludes him from the protection of a subiect, so, when a
man is a relaps from God and his lawes, God withdrawes
his prouidence from watching ouer him, & authorizeth the
deuil, as his instrument, to assault him and torment him,
so that whatsoeuer he dooth is limitata potestate, as one
saith. Ifashe, Pierce Penilesse, p. 84.
3. In med., the return of a disease or symptom
during or directly after convalescence. See re-
crudescence.
Sir, I dare sit no longer in my waistcoat, nor have any-
thing worth the danger of a relapse to write.
Donne, Letters, vi.
A true relapse [in typhoid] is not merely a recurrence of
pyrexia, but a return of all the phenomena of the fever.
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 1683.
relapser (re-lap'ser), n. One who relapses, as
into vice or error.
Of indignation, lastly, at those speculative relapsers that
have out of policy or guiltinesse abandoned a knowne and
received truth. Bp. Hall, St. Paul's Combat.
relapsing (re-lap'sing), p. a. Sliding or falling
back ; marked by a relapse or return to a former
worse state — Relapsing fever. See/ever*.
relata, «. Plural of relatum.
relate (re-laf), v. ; pret. and pp. related, ppr. re-
lating. [< OF. relater, F. relater = Sp. Pg. re-
latar = It. relatare,<. ML. relatare, refer, report,
relate, freq. of referre, pp. relatiis, bring back,
refer, relate : see refer."] I. trans. If. To bring
back; restore.
Mote not mislike you also to abate
Your zealous hast, till morrow next againe
Both light of heveu and strength of men relate.
Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 51.
2f. To bring into relation; refer.
Who would not have thought this holy religious father
worthy to be canonised and related into the number of
saints. Becon, Works, p. 137. (Haiti-well.)
3. To refer or ascribe as to a source or origin ;
connect with ; assert a relation with.
318
5057
There has been anguish enough in the prisons of the
Ducal Palace, but we know little of it by name, and can-
not confidently relate it to any great historic presence.
Uoicells, Venetian Life, i.
4. To tell; recite; narrate: as, to relate the
story of Priam.
When you shall these unlucky deeds relate,
Speak of me as I am. Shale., Othello, v. 2. 341.
Misses ! the tale that I relate
This lesson seems to carry.
Cowper, Pairing Time Anticipated.
5. To ally by connection or blood.
How lov'd, how honour'd once, avails thee not,
To whom related, or by whom begot.
Pope, Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady.
To relate one's self, to vent one's thoughts in words.
[Rare.]
A man were better relate himself to a statue or picture
than suffer his thoughts to pass in smother.
Bacon, Friendship.
=Syn. 4. To recount, rehearse, report, detail, describe.
See account, n.
II. intruns, 1. To have reference or respect;
have regard ; stand in some relation ; have some
understood position when considered in connec-
tion with something else.
This challenge that the gallant Hector sends . . .
Relates in purpose only to Achilles.
Shale., T. and C., L 3. 323.
Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves ; vanity
to what we would have others think of us.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, v.
It was by considerations relating to India that his
[Clive'sJ conduct as a public man in England was regu-
lated. Macaway, tord Clive.
2f. To make reference; take account.
Reckoning by the years of their own consecration, with-
out relating to any imperial account. Fuller.
3. To have relation or connection.
There are also in divers rivers, especially that relate to,
or be near to the sea, as Winchester, or the Thames about
Windsor, a little Trout called a Samlet.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, i. 4.
relate (re-laf), n. [< ML. relatmn, a relate, an
order, report, neut. of L. relatus, pp. : see relate,
v.] Anything considered as being in a relation
to another thing; something considered as be-
ing the first term of a relation to another thing.
Also relatum.
If the relation which agrees to heteronyms has a name,
one of the two relateds is called the relate: to wit, that
from which the relation has its name ; the other the cor-
relate. Burgersdicim.
Heteronymous, predicamental, etc. , relates. See the
adjectives.— Synonymous relates. See heteronymovs
relates.— Transcendental relates. See predicamental
relates.
related (re-la'ted),^>. a. and n. [Pp. of relate, v.]
I. p. a. i. Recited; narrated. — 2. Allied by
kindred ; connected by blood or alliance, par-
ticularly by consanguinity: as, a person related
in the first or second degree.
Because ye're surnam'd like his grace ;
Perhaps related to the race.
Burns, Dedication to Gavin Hamilton.
3. Standing in some relation or connection :
as, the arts of painting and sculpture are close-
ly related.
No one and no number of a series of related events can
be the consciousness of the series as related.
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 16.
4. In music : (a) Of tones, belonging to a me-
lodic or harmonic series, so as to be susceptible
of close connection. Thus, the tones of a scale when
taken in succession are melodically related, and when
taken in certain sets are harmonically related. See rela-
tion, 8. (J) Of chords and tonalities, same as
relative.
II. t n. Same as relate. [Bare.]
Relateds are reciprocated. That is, every related is re-
ferred to a reciprocal correlate.
Burgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman, i. 7.
relatedness (re-la'ted-nes), n. The state or
condition of being related ; affinity.
We are not strong by our power to penetrate, but by our
relatedness. The world is enlarged for us, not by new ob-
jects, but by finding more affinities and potencies in those
we have. Emerson, Success.
relater (re-la'ter), n. [< relate + -eel.] One
who relates, recites, or narrates; a historian.
Also relator.
Her husband the relater she preferr'd
Before the angel, and of him to ask
Chose rather. Maton, P. L., viii. 52.
relation (re-la'shon), 11. [< ME. relation, rela-
cion, < OF! relation, F. relation = Pr. relation
= Sp. relacion = Pg. relaq&o = It. relazione, <
L. relatio(n-), a carrying back, bringing back,
restoring, repaying, a report, proposition, mo-
tion, hence a narration, relation, also reference,
regard, respect, < referre, pp. relatiis, refer, re-
relation
late : see refer, .relate.] 1. The act of relating
or telling; recital; narration.
He schalle telle it anon to his Conseille, or discovere it
to sum men that wille make relacioun to the Emperour.
Mandeuttle, Travels, p. 235.
I shall never forget a story of our host Zachary, who on
the relation of our perill told us another of his owne.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 16, 1644.
I remember to have heard an old gentleman talk of the
civil wars, and in his relation give an account of a general
officer. Steele, Spectator, Jio. 497.
2. That which is related or told ; an account ;
narrative : formerly applied to historical nar-
rations or geographical descriptions: as, the
Jesuit Relations.
Sometime the Countrie of Strabo, to whom these our
Relations are so much indebted.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 320.
Oftimes relations heertofore accounted fabulous have
bin after found to contain in them many foot-steps and
reliques of somthing true. Milton, Hist. Eng., i.
Political and military relations are for the greater part
accounts of the ambition and violence of mankind.
Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist.
3. A character of a plurality of things ; a fact
concerning two or more things, especially and
more properly when it is regarded as a predi-
cate of one of the things connecting it with the
others; the condition of being such and such
with regard to something else: as, the relation
of a citizen to the state ; the relation of demand
and supply. Thus, suppose a locomotive blows off
steam ; this fact constitutes a relation between the loco-
motive and the steam so far as the "blowing " is conceived
to be a character of the locomotive, and another relation
so far as the "being blown " is conceived as a character of
the steam, and both these relations together are embraced
In the same relationship, or plural fact. This latter, also
often called a relation, is by logicians called the founda-
tion of the relation. The two or more subjects or things
to which the plural fact relates are termed the relates or
correlates; the one which is conceived as subject is spe-
cifically termed the subject of the relation, or the relate ;
the others the correlates. Words naming things in their
character as relates are called relatives, as father, cousin.
A set of relatives referring to the same relationship ac-
cording as one or another object is taken as the relate are
called correlatives: such are buyer, seller, commodity,
price. The logical nomenclature of relations depends on
the consideration of individual relations, or relations sub-
sisting between the individuals of a single set of corre-
lates, as opposed to general relations, which, really or in
conception, subsist between many such sets. Relations are
either dual — that is, connecting couples of objects, as in
the examples above — or plural — that is, connecting more
than two correlates, as the relation of a buyer to the
seller, the thing bought, and the price. Every individual
dual relation is either a relation of a thing to itself or a
relation of a thing to something else. Logical relations are
those which are known from logical reflection : opposed
to real relations, which are known by generalization and
abstraction from ordinary observations. The chief logi-
cal relations are those of incompossiMKty, coexistence,
identity, and otherness. Real dual relations are of five
classes: (1) differences or aKo-relations, being relations
which nothing can bear to itself, as being greater than ;
(2) sibi-relations or concurrencies, being relations which
nothing can bear to anything else, as self-consciousness ;
(3) agreements, or relations which everything bears to it-
self, as similarity ; (4) relations which everything bears
to everything else, which may be called distances; and
(5) variform relations, which some things only bear to
themselves, and which subsist between some pairs of
things only. Other divisions of relations are important in
logic, as the following. An iterative or repeating relation
is such that a thing may at once be in that relation and
its converse to the same or different things, as the relation
of father to son, or spouse to spouse : opposed to ajinial
or non-repeating relation, as that of husband to wife. An
equiparance or convertible relation, opposed to a disquipa-
rance or inconvertible relation, is such that, if anything
is in that relation to another, the latter is in the same re-
lation to the former, as that of cousins. A relation which
cannot subsist between two things reciprocally, as that of
greater and less, may be called an irreciprocable relation,
opposed to a reciprocable relation, which admits recipro-
cation as possible merely. A relation such that if A is so
related to B, and B so related to C, then A is so related to
C, is called a transitive, in opposition to an intransitive re-
lation. A relation such that if A is so related to some-
thing else, C, there is a third thing, B, which is so related
to C, and to which A is so related, is called a concatenated,
In opposition to an inconcatenated relation. A relation
subsisting between objects in an endless or self-returning
series is called an inexhaitstible, in opposition to an ex-
haustible relation. It there is a self-returning series, the
relation is termed cyclic, in opposition to acyclic. A transi-
tive relation such that of any two objects of a certain cate*
gory one has this relation to the other may be called a
linear relation; and the series of objects so formed may
be called the line of the relation. According as this is
continuous or discontinuous, finite or infinite, and in the
latter case discretely or absolutely, these designations
may be applied to the relation. According to the nora-
inalistic (including the conceptualistic) view, a relation is
a mere product of the mind. Adding to this doctrine that
of the relativity of knowledge, that we know only relations,
Kant reached his conclusion that things in themselves are
absolutely incognizable. But most Kantian students come
to deny the existence of things in themselves, and so reach
an idealistic realism which holds relations to be as real as
any facts. The realistic view is expressed in the dictum
of Scotus that every relation without which, or a term of
which, its foundation cannot be is. in the thing (realiter),
identical with that foundation — that is, what really is is
relation
a fact relating to two or more things, and that fact viewed
as a predicate of one of those things is the relation.
Thus is relation rect, ryht as adiectif and substantif
A-cordeth in alle kyndes with his antecedent.
Piers Ploutman (C), iv. 363.
The last sort of complex ideas is that we call relation,
which consists in the consideration and comparing one
idea with another. Locke, Human Understanding, ii. 12.
The only difference between relative names and any
others consists in their being given in pairs ; and the rea-
son of their being given in pairs is not the existence be-
tween two things of a mystical bond called a relation and
supposed to have a kind of shadowy and abstract reality,
but a very simple peculiarity in the concrete fact which
the two names are intended to mark.
J. 5. Mill, Note to James Mill's Human Mind, xiv. 2.
In natural science, I have understood, there is nothing
petty to the mind that has a large vision of relations.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, Iv. 1.
Most relations are feelings of an entirely different order
from the terms they relate. The relation of similarity,
e. g., may equally obtain between jasmine and tuberose,
or between Mr. Browning's verses and Mr. Story's; it is
itself neither odorous nor poetical, and those may well be
pardoned who have denied to it all sensational content
whatever. W. James, Mind, XII. 13.
4. Intimate connection between facts; signifi-
cant bearing of one fact upon another.
For the intent and purpose of the law
Hath full relation to the penalty,
Which here appeareth due upon the bond.
SAoi.,.M. of V., iv. 1. 248.
The word relation is commonly used in two senses con-
siderably different from each other. Either for that qual-
ity by wnich two ideas are connected together in the im-
agination, and the one naturally introduces the other . . . ;
or for that particular circumstance in which ... we may
think proper to compare them. ... In a common way we
say that "nothing can be more distant than such or such
things from each other, nothing can have less relation," as
if distance and relation were Incompatible.
Hume, Human Mature, part i. § 5.
6. Connection by consanguinity or affinity ; kin-
ship ; tie of birth or marriage ; relationship.
Relations dear, and all the charities
Of father, son, and brother, first were known.
Milton, P. U, iv. 766.
6. Kindred; connection; a group of persons
related by kinship. [Rare.]
He hath need of a great stock of piety who is first to
provide for his own necessities, and then to give portions
to a numerous relation.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 644.
7. A person connected by consanguinity or
affinity; a kinsman or kinswoman; a relative.
Sir, you may spare your application,
I'm no such beast, nor his relation.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. vii. 60.
I am almost the nearest relation he has in the world,
and am entitled to know all his dearest concerns.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Ivi.
8. In math.: (a) A ratio; proportion. (6) A
connection between a number of quantities by
which certain systems of values are excluded ;
especially, such a connection as may be ex-
pressed by a plexus of general equations. — 9.
In music, that connection or kinship between
two tones, chords, or keys (tonalities) which
makes their association with each other easy
and natural. The relation of tones is perceived by the
ear without analysis. Physically it probably depends
upon how far the two series of upper partial tones or
harmonics coincide. Thus, a given tone is closely re-
lated to its perfect fifth, because the 2d, 5th, sth, llth,
etc., harmonics of the one are respectively identical with
the 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th, etc., of the other ; while for converse
reasons it is hardly at all related to its minor second.
Tones that have but a distant relation to each other, how-
ever, are often both closely related to a third tone, and
then, particularly if they are associated together in some
melodic series, like a scale, may acquire a close relation.
Thus, the seventh and eighth tones of a major scale have
a close relation which is indirectly harmonic, but appa-
rently due to their habitual melodic proximity. The re-
lation of chords depends primarily on the identity of one
or more of their respective tones. Thus, a major triad is
closely related to a minor triad on the same root, or to a
minor triad on the minor third below itself, because in
each case there are two tones in common. Thus, the
tonic triad of a key is related to the dominant and sub-
dominant triads through the Identity of one of its tones
with one of theirs. As with tones, chords having but a
distant relation to each other may acquire a relation
through their respective close relations to a third chord,
especially if habitually brought together in harmonic pro-
gressions. Thus, the dominant and subdominant triads
of a key have a substantial but indirect relation ; and,
indeed, a relation is evident between all the triads of a
key. The relation of keys (tonalities) depends properly
on the number of tones which they have in common •
though it is of ten held that a key is closely connected with
every key whose tonic triad is made up of its tones. Thus,
a major key is most intimately related to the major keys
of its dominant and subdominant and to the minor key
of its submediant, because each of them differs from it by
but one tone, and also to the minor keys of its mediant
and supertonic, because their tonic triads are also com-
posed of its tones. Hence a major key and the minor
key of its submediant are called mutually relative (rela-
tive major and relative minor), in distinction from the
tonic major and tonic minor, which are more distantly
related. When carefully analyzed, the fact of relation is
6058
found to be profoundly concerned in the entire structure
and development of music. It has caused the establish-
ment of the major diatonic scale as the norm of all mod-
ern music. It is the kernel of tonality, of harmonic and
melodic progression, of form in general, and of many ex-
tended forms in particular.
10. In law: (a) A fiction of law whereby, to
prevent injustice, effect is given to an act done
at one time as if it had been done at a previous
time, it being said to have relation back to that
time : as, where a deed is executed and acted
on, but its delivery neglected, the law may give
effect to its subsequent delivery by relation
back to its date or to its execution, as may be
equitable. (6) Suggestion by a relator; the
statement or complaint of his grievance by one
at whose instance an action or special proceed-
ing is brought by the state to determine a ques-
tion involving both public and private right. —
11. In arch., the direct dependence upon one
another, and upon the whole, of the different
parts of a building, or members of a design. —
Abellan relation, a relation expressed by certain iden-
tical linear equations given by Abel connecting roots of
unity with the roots of the equation which gives the val-
ues of the elliptic functions for rational fractions of the pe-
riods.—Accidental relation, an indirect relation of A to
C, constituted by A being in some relation to B, and B being
in an independent relation to C. Thus, if a man throws
away a date-stone, and that date-stone strikes an invisible
genie, the relation of the man to the genie is an accidental
one. — Actual relation. See actual. — Aggregate rela-
tion, (a) A relation resulting from a disjunctive con-
junction of several relations, such that, if any of the latter
are satisfied, the aggregate relation is satisfied. (6) Same
as composite relation (a). [This Is the signification attached
to the word by Cayley, contrary to the established ter-
minology of logic.] — AliO relation, a relation of such a
nature that a thing cannot be in that relation to itself : as,
being previous to.— Aptltudlnal relation. See aiititudi-
nal.— Categories of relation. See category, I.— Com-
posite relation, (a) A relation consisting in the simul-
taneous existence of several relations. (6) Same as ag-
gregate relation (a). [This is the signification attached
to the phrase by Cayley, in opposition to the usage of
logicians.] — Confidential, cyclical, discriminant re-
lation. See the adjectives.— Definite relation, a rela-
tion unlike any relation of the same relate to other corre-
lates. [This is Kempe's nomenclature, but is objection-
able. Peculiar relation would better express the idea. ] —
Distributively satisfied composite relation. See
distributiaely.— Double relation, dual relation, rela-
tion between a pair of things, or between a relate and a
single correlate. — Dynamic relations. See dynamic. —
Enharmonic relation. See enharmonic. —Exterior re-
lations. See ezterinr.— Extrinsic relation, a relation
which is established between terms already existing. —
False or inharmonic relation, in music. See false.—
In relation to, in the characters that connect the sub-
ject with the correlate which is the object of the prepo-
Bition to : as, music in relation to poetry (music in those
characters that connect it with poetry). — Intrinsic re-
lation. See intrinsic.— Involutorial relation. See t'n-
vcHutorial.— Irregular relation, a relation not regular.
— Jacobian relation, the relation expressed by equat-
ing the Jacobian to zero.— K-fOld relation, a relation
which reduces by k the number of independent ways in
which a system of quantities may vary. — Legal rela-
tion, the aggregate of legal rights and duties character-
izing one person or thing in respect to another. — Omal
relation, a relation expressed by a system of linear equa-
tions. [With Legendre, omal means having the differen-
tial coefficient constantly of one sign ; but Cayley uses
the word as a synonym of hmnal'iidal or linear.]— Order
of a relation, in math. See order, 12.— Parametric
relation, a relation involving parameters, or variables
over and above the coordinates.— Plural relation, a rela-
tion between a relate and two or more correlates, as when
A aims a shot, B, at C.— Predicamental relation, a
relation which comes under Aristotle's category of rela-
tion.— Prime relation, a relation not resulting from the
conjunction of relations alternatively satisfied.— Real
relation, a relation the statement of which cannot be
separated into two facts, one relating to the relate and the
other to the correlate, such as the relation of Cain to Abel as
his killer. For the facts that Cain killed somebody and that
Abel was killed do not together make up the fact that
Cain killed Abel : opposed to relation of reason.— Regu-
lar relation, a relation of definite manifoldness. [So de-
fined by Cayley ; but it would have been better to denomi-
nate this a homoplasial relation, reserving the term regular
relation for one which follows one law, expressible by gen-
eral equations, for all values of the coordinates— this mean-
ing according better with that usually given to regular.] —
Relation of disquiparance, a relation which confers
unlike names upon relate and correlate.— Relation of
equiparance, a relation which confers the same relative
name upon relate and correlate : thus, the being a cousin of
somebody is such a relation, for if A is cousin to B, B is
cousin to A.— Relation of reason, a relation which de-
pends upon a fact which can be stated as an aggregate of
two facts (one concerning the relate, the other concerning
the correlate), such that the annihilation of the relate or
the correlate would destroy only one of these facts, but
leave the other intact : thus, the fact that Franklin and
Rumford were both scientific Americans constitutes a
relationship between them with two correlative relations ;
but these are relations of reason, because the two facts
are that Franklin was a scientific American and that
Rumford was a scientific American, the first of which
facts would remain true even if Rumford had never ex-
isted, and the second even if Franklin had never existed.
—Resultant relation, a relation between parameters
involved in a superdeterminate relation. — Self-relation,
(a) A relation of such a sort that a thing can be in that
relation to itself: as, being the killer of; but better (6)
a relation of such a sort that nothing can be so related
to anything else, as the relations of self-consciousness,
relative
self-depreciation, self help, etc. — Superdeterminate
relation, a relation whose manifoldness is as great as or
greater than the number of coordinates. — Transcen-
dental relation, a relation which does not come under
Aristotle's category of relation, as cause and effect, habit
and object. =Syn. 1. Narration, llecital, etc. See account.
— 3. Attitude, connection.— 6. Affiliation.— S and 7. Re-
lation, Relative, Connection. When applying to family af-
filiations, relation is used of a state or of a person, but in
the latter sense relative is much better ; relative is used
of a person, but not of a state; connection is used with
equal propriety of either person or state. Relation and
relative refer to kinship by blood ; connection is increas-
ingly restricted to ties resulting from marriage. — 6. Kin-
dred, kin.
relational (re-la'shon-al), a. [< relation + -al.~\
1. Having relation or kindred.
We might be tempted to take these two nations for re-
lational stems. Tooke.
2. Indicating or specifying some relation : used
in contradistinction to notional : as, a relational
part of speech. Pronouns, prepositions, and
conjunctions are relational parts of speech.
relationality (re-la-sho-nal'i-ti), n. [< rela-
tional + -%.] The state or property of having
a relational force.
But if the remarks already made on what might be
called the relationality of terms have any force, it is obvi-
ous that mental tension and conscious intensity cannot be
equated to each other. J. Ward, Mind, XII. 56.
relationism (re-la'shon-izm), ». [< relation +
-isw.] 1. The doctrine that relations have a
real existence.
Relationism teaches . . . that things and relations con-
stitute two great, distinct orders of objective reality, in-
separable in existence, yet distinguishable in thought.
F. E. Abbot, Scientific Theism, Introd., II.
2. The doctrine of the relativity of knowledge,
relationist (re-la'shon-ist), n. [< relation +
-ist.] If . A relative ; a relation. Sir T. Browne.
— 2. An adherent of the doctrine of relationism.
relationship (re-la'shon-ship), n. [< relation -f
n.] 1. The state 'of being related by kin-
, affinity, or other alliance.
Faith is the great tie of relationship betwixt you [and
Christ). Chalmers, On Romans viii. 1 (ed. R. Carter).
Mrs. Mugford's conversation was incessant regarding
the Ringwood family and Flrmln's relationship to that
noble house. Thackeray, Philip, xxl.
2. In music, same as relation, 8. Also called
tone-relationship.
relatival (rel-a-ti'val or rel'a-tiv-al), a. [<
relative + -o/J Pertaining to relative words
or forms.
Conjunctions, prepositions (personal, relative, and in-
terrogative), relatival contractions.
E. A. Abbott, Shakespearian Grammar (cited in The
[Nation, Feb. 16, 1871, p. 110).
relative (rel'a-tiv), a. and n. [< ME. relatif,
< OF. (and FV) relatif = Pr. relatiu = Sp. Pg.
It. relativo,< LL. relativus, having reference or
relation, < L. relatus, pp. of referre, refer, re-
late: see refer, relate.) I. a. 1. Having rela-
tion to or bearing on something; close in con-
nection ; pertinent ; relevant ; to the purpose.
The devil hath power
To assume a pleaaing shape ; yea, and perhaps . . .
Abuses me to damn me. 111 have grounds
More relative than this. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. 638.
2. Not absolute or existing by itself ; consid-
ered as belonging to or respecting something
else ; depending on or incident to relation.
Everything sustains both an absolute and a relative
capacity : an absolute, as it Is such a thing, endued with
such a nature ; and a relative, as It is a part of the uni-
verse, and so stands in such a relation to the whole.
South.
Not only simple ideas and substances, but modes also,
are positive beings : though the parts of which they con-
sist are very often relative one to another.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxvi. § 6.
Religion, it has been well observed, Is something rein-
tine to us ; a system of commands and promises from God
towards us. J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 317.
3. In gram., referring to an antecedent; intro-
ducing a dependent clause that defines or de-
scribes or modifies something else in the sen-
tence that is called the antecedent (because it
usually, though by no means always, precedes
the relative) : thus, he who runs may read ; he
lay on the spot where he fell. Pronouns and pro-
nominal adverbs are relative, such adverbs having also
the value of conjunctions. A relative word used without
an antecedent, as implying in itself its antecedent, is often
called a compound relative : thus, who breaks pays ; 1 saw
where he fell. Relative words are always either demon-
stratives or interrogatives which have acquired seconda-
rily the relative value and use.
4. Not intelligible except in connection with
something else ; signifying a relation, without
stating what the correlate is: thus, father, bet-
ter, west, etc., are relative terms.
Profundity, in its secondary as in Its primary sense, is a
relative term. Macaulay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
relative
5. In music, having a close melodic or harmonic
relation. Thus, relative chords, in a narrow sense, the
triads of a given key (tonality) having as roots the suc-
cessive tones of its scale; relative keys, keys (tonalities)
having several tones in common, thus affording opportu-
nity for easy modulation back and forth, or, more nar-
rowly, keys whose tonic triads are relative chords of each
other ; relative major, relative minor, a major key and the
minor key of its submediant regarded with respect to each
other. Also related, parallel. See cut under chord, 4.—
Relative beauty, beauty consisting in the adaptation
of the object to its end.— Relative chronology, in geol.,
the geolngical method of computing time, as opposed to
the absolute or historical method.— Relative end, ens,
equilibrium. See the nouns.— Relative enunciation,
an enunciation whose clauses are connected by a relative :
as, " Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be
gathered together."— Relative gravity, (a) The accel-
eration of gravity at a station referred to that at another
5059
relay
How, saith Ambrose, can any one dare to reckon the
Holy Ghost among creatures'.' or who doth so render him-
self obnoxious that, if he derogate from a creature, he may
not suppose it to be relaxable to him by some pardon?
Barrow, Works, II. xxxiv.
To most of those who hold it, the difference between the
Ego and the Non-ego is not one of language only, nor a
formal distinction between two aspects of the same real-
ity, but denotes two realities, each having a separate ex-
istence.andneitherdependentpn theother. . . .They be-
lieve tha
selves," f
senses there is a "thing in ILSCJI, WHICH IB uemnu LUG • ---v -o- ' _ -.
phenomenon, and is the cause of it. But as to what this relaxan(t-)s, ppr. of relaxare, relax: see relax.}
thing is "in itself, "we, having no organs except our senses A medicine that relaxes or opens. Thomas,
for communicating with it, can only know what our senses \fPd Diet
tell us; and as they tell us nothing but the impression * = • . ' - , t/ 5n .. * r/ T, rflnrfitnt TIT)
which the thing makes upon us, we do not know what it relaxate (re-lak sat), V. t. K L- relaxatlis,pf.
is in itself at all. . . . of the ultimate realities, as such, ot relaxare, relax: see relax.} io relax, [ware.j
we know the existence, and nothing more. . . . It is in this
form that the doctrine of llie relativity of knowledge^ IB held oj
at there is a real universe of "things in them- re1axant (re-lak'sant), n. [= F. relaxan t = Sp.
^^»W^^natt2tt"'SMSl!SSStodaJ retajante = Pg. reiaxante = It. rilassaute, < L
tneie is a tiling in itseii, wnicni8uemimi.no ,•> __ - , — — ,„„ „„„ „„/„_ n
Man's body being relaxated ... by reason of the heat
Same as specific gravity (which see, under _
tive ground Of proof, a premise which itself requires
proof. - Relative humidity, hypermetropia, locality.
See the nouns.— Relative motion. See motion — Rela-
tive OPPOSites, the two terms of any dual relation.—
Relative place, the place of one object as defined by the
situations of other objects.— Relative pleasure or pain,
a state of feeling which is pleasurable or painful by force
of contrast with the state which preceded it.— Relative
pronoun, proposition, etc. See the nouns.— Relative
syllogism, a syllogism whose major premise is a relative
enunciation : as, Where Christ is, there will also the faith-
ful be ; but Christ is in heaven ; therefore there also will
by the greater number of those who profess to hold it, at- f Venner, Via Recta ad Vitam Longam, p. 265.
taching any definite idea to the term. _, , * r/ y-^-ri /««^ T? \
J. S. Mill, Examination of Hamilton, 11. relaxation (re-lak-sa'shon), n. [< OF. (and F.)
relator (re-la'tor), n. [< F. relateur = Sp. Pg. relaxation = Pr. relaxatio = S^.relajac
relator = It. rclat&rc, < L. relator, a relater, nar-
rator, < rcferre, pp. relatus, relate, etc. : see re-
late.'] 1. Same as relater.
When this place affords anything worth your hearing,
I will be your relator. Donne, Letters, xxxi.
2. In law, a person on whose suggestion or com- palate.
a relaxing, < relaxare, relax, etc. : see
1. The act of relaxing, or the state of being
relaxed, (a) A diminution of tone, tension, or firmness ;
specifically, in pathol., a looseness; a diminution of the
natural and healthy tone of parts : as, relaxation of the soft
plaint an action or special proceeding in the
name of the state (his name being usually joined
therewith) is brought, to try a question involv-
ing both public and private right.
the faithful be.— Relative term, a term which, to become relatrix (re-la' triks), n. [ML., fern, of rela-
the complete name of any class, requires to be completed ( -i j j „ a femaie relator or petitioner,
by the annexation of another name, generally of another ""' ••>
class : such terms are, for example, father of, the qualities oiot y.
of, tangent to, identical with, man that is, etc. Strictly relatum (re-la'tum), n. ; pi. relata (-ta). [ML. :
speaking, all adjectives are of this nature.— Relative see relate, n.] Same as relate.
SSn'a ofCmottonle mea8Ure °f a"y Part duratlon by The folium and its Correlate seem to be simul natura.
means of »£«»ometMng considered in its rela. Grote, Aristotle, I. iii.
tion to something else; one of two things hav- relax (re-laks'), v. [< OF. (and F.) relaxer =
' Pr.relaxar, relachar = Sp. relajar = Pg. relaxar
release, < L. relaxare,
laxare, loosen, < laxus,
loose': see te1. Doublet of release^.] I. trans.
1 . To slacken ; make more lax or less tense or
rigid; loosen; make less close or firm: as, to
relax a rope or cord; to relax the muscles or
sinews.
Nor served it to relax their serried files.
Milton, P. L., vl. 599.
The self-complacent actor, when he views . . .
The slope of faces from the floor to th1 roof . . .
Relax'd into a universal grin. Cowper, Task, iv. 204.
Our friends and relatives stand weeping by,
Dissolv'd in tears to see us die.
Pomfret, Prospect of Death.
There is no greater bugbear than a strong-willed relative
in the circle of his own connections.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xi.
3. In gram., a relative word ; a relative pronoun
or adverb. See I., 3. — 4. In logic, a relative
term.— Logic Of relatives, that branch of formal logic
which treats of relations, and reasonings concerning them.
= Syn. 2. Connection, etc. See relation.
relatively (rel'a-tiv-li), adv. In a relative man-
ner; in relation or respect to something else ;
with relation to each other and to other things ;
not absolutely ; comparatively : often followed
by to : as, his expenditure in charity was large
relatively to his income — Relatively Identical,
the same in certain respects.— Relatively prime. See
prime, 7.
relativeness (rel'a-tiv-nes), n. The state of be-
ing relative or having relation.
Therefore, while for a later period of the dialect-life of
Hellas the expression "dialect " is one of peculiar relative-
ness, it is a justifiable term for certain aggregations of
morphological and syntactical phenomena in the earlier
2. To make less severe or rigorous; remit or
abate in strictness : as, to relax a law or rule.
The statute of mortmain was at several times relaxed by
the legislature. Swift.
His principles, though not inflexible, were not more
relaxed than those of his associates and competitors.
Macaulay, Burlelgh and his Times.
All lassitude is a kind of contusion and compression of
the parts ; and bathing and anointing give ^relaxation or
emollition. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 730.
But relaxation of the languid frame
By soft recumbency of outstretch'd limbs
Waa bliss reserv'd for happier days.
Cowper, Task, i. 81.
(6) Remission or abatement of rigor.
Abatements and relaxations of the laws of Christ
Waterland, Works, VI. 25.
The late ill-fortune had dispirited the troops, and caused
an indifference about duty, a want of obedience, and a re-
laxation in discipline in the whole army.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 373.
(c) Remission of attention or application : as, relaxation
of efforts.
A relaxation of religion's hold
Upon the roving and untutor'd heart
Soon follows. Cowper, Task, ii. 569.
There is no better known fact in the history of the world
than that a deadly epidemic brings with it a relaxation of
moral instincts. E. Sartorius, In the Soudan, p. 76.
2. Unbending; recreation; a state or occupa-
tion intended to give mental or bodily relief
after effort.
There would be no business In solitude, nor proper re-
laxations in business. Addison, Freeholder.
For what kings deem a toil, as well they may,
To him is relaxation and mere play.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 156.
Hours of careless relaxation. Macaulay.
It is better to conceal ignorance, but it is hard to do so
in relaxation and over wine.
Heraclitus (f rans.), Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 668.
Letters of relaxation, in Scots law, letters passing the
signet, whereby a debtor is relieved flora personal dili-
gence, or whereby an outlaw is reponed against sentence
of outlawry : now employed only in the latter sense.
3. To remit or abate in respect to attention,
assiduity, effort, or labor: as, to relax study ; to „,„„„„,.., ,„, „
relax exertions or efforts.— 4. To relieve from relaxative (rf-lak'"sa-TivJ,' a! and In. [< relax +
attention or effort; afford a relaxation to; un- ,at-me.'\ I. a. Having the quality of relaxing;
bend: as, conversation relaxes the mind of the -
student. — 5. To abate; take away. — 6. To
or free ; give up or over.
The whole number of convicts amounted to thirty, of
whom sixteen were reconciled, and the remainder relaxed
to the secular arm : in other words, turned over to the
civil magistrate for execution. Prescott.
p"eriSds-ofianguage; when dialectVrelations were more relie7e from constipation; loosen; open: as,
sharply defined. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 444. medicines relax the bowels.— 7. To set loose
relativity (rel-a-tiv'i-ti), n. [= F. relativit^, <
NL. *relativita(t-')s,<. LL. relatives, relative: see
relative."] 1. The character of being relative ;
relativeness ; the being of an object as it is by
force of something to which it is relative. Spe-
cifically— 2. Phenomenality ; existence as an
immediate object of the understanding or of ex-
perience; existence only in relation to a thinking
mind — The doctrine of the relativity of existence,
the doctrine that the real existence of the subject, and also
of the object, depends on the real relation between them.
—The doctrine of the relativity of knowledge. The
phrase relativity of knowledge has received divergent sig-
nifications, (a) The doctrine that it is impossible to have
knowledge of anything except by means of its relations to
the mind, direct and indirect, cognized as relations. (6)
The doctrine of phenomenalism, that only appearances
can be known, and that the relations of these appearances
to external substrata, if such there be, are completely in-
cognizable. This doctrine is sometimes associated with a
denial of the possibility of any knowledge of relations as
such, or at least of any whose terms are not independently
present together in consciousness. It would therefore
better be denominated the doctrine of the impossibility of
relativity of cognition, (c) The doctrine that we can only
become conscious of objects in their relations to one an-
other. This doctrine is almost universally held by psy-
chologists, relax* (re laks') n
Relative and correlative are each thought through the relcl'i' V1? •
other, so that in enouncing relativity as a condition of the
thinkable —in other words, that thought is only of the rela-
tive— thisis tantamount to saying that we think one thiiiK «.Aiav4 /v5 laL-a'\ . r Tf »W/7ccn Twarv (
only as we think two things mutually and at once; which re|aXt (re-laks \\ "• L- ",. relasso, weary, <.
again is equivalent to the doctrine that the absolute (the ML. relaxus, relaxed: see relax, V.} Kelaxed;
non-relative) is for us incogitable, and even inconceivable, loose.
Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., App. V. (c). The Blnews, . . . when the southern wind bloweth, are
When a philosopher lays great stress upon the relativity more relax. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 381.
of our knowledge, it is necessary to cross-examine his _.ia_ai.i- r.,p laV'sn hll n t< relnr + nMf 1
writings, and compel them to disclose in which of its relaxaplO (le-laK sa-Dl), a. |> r?'?x, ^ -OWS.J
many degrees of meaning lu- understands the phrase. . . . Capable of being relaxed or remitted.
laxative.
II. n. 1. That which has power to relax ; a
laxative medicine.
And therefore you must use relaxatives.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, Ui. 4.
2. That which gives relaxation ; a relaxation.
The Moresco festivals seem . . . relaxatives of corporeal
labours. L. Addison, West Barbary, xvii.
Syn. 1. To loose, unbrace, weaken, enervate, debilitate, relay1 (re-la'), n. [< ME. relays, < OF.relais,
—2. To mitigate, ease.— 4. To divert, recreate. rest; stop, remission, delay, a relay, F. relais,
II. intrans. 1. To become loose, feeble, or relay, = It. rilasso, relay; cf. rilasso, relasso,
languid.
His knees relax with toil. Pope, Iliad, jcxl. 309.
2. To abate in severity; become more mild or
less rigorous.
The bill has ever been petitioned against, and the muti-
nous were likely to go great lengths, if the Admiralty had
not bought off some by money, and others by relaxing in
the material points. Walpole, Letters, II. 147.
She would not relax in her demand.
Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies.
3. To remit in close attention ; unbend.
No man can fix so perfect an idea of that virtue [justice]
as that he may not afterwards find reason to add or relax
therefrom. A. Tucker, Light of Nature, II. iii. 24.
The mind, relaxing into needful sport,
Should turn to writers of an abler sort.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 715.
[< relax, ?>.] Relaxation.
Labours and cares may have their relaxes and recrea-
tions. FeUham, Resolves, ii. 58.
same as rilascio, a release, etc. ; < OF. relaisser,
release, let go, relinquish, intr. stop, cease, rest,
= It. rilassare, relasciare, relax, release, < L. re-
laxare, loosen, let loose, allow to rest: see relax
and. release^.] 1. A fresh supply, especially of
animals to be substituted for others; specifi-
cally, a fresh set of dogs or horses, in hunting,
held in readiness to be cast off or to remount
the hunters should occasion require, or a relief
supply of horses held in readiness for the con-
venience of travelers.
Ther overtok I a gret route
Of huntes and eke of foresteres,
With many relayes and lymeres.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 362.
Rob. What relays set you?
John. None at all ; we laid not
In one fresh dog.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
Through the night goes the diligence, passing relay
after relay. Thackeray, Philip, xxix.
2. A squad of men to take a spell or turn of
work at stated intervals; a shift. — 3. Gener-
ally, a supply of anything laid up or kept in store
for relief or fresh supply from time to time.
Who call aloud . . .
For change of follies, and relayi of joy.
Young, Night Thoughts, ii. 250.
relay
4. An instrument, consisting principally of an
electromagnet with the armature delicately
adjusted for a slight motion about an axis,
and with contact-points so arranged that the
movement of the armature in obedience to the
signals transmitted over the line puts a bat-
tery, known as the local battery, into or out
of a short local circuit in which is the record-
ing or receiving apparatus. Also called relay-
magnet — Microphone relay. See microphone.— Po-
larized relay, a relay in which the armature is perma-
nently magnetized. The movements of the armature
are accomplished without the use of a retractile spring,
and the instrument is thus more sensitive than one of
the ordinary form.— Relay of ground, ground laid up
in fallow. Richardson.
relay2 (re-la'), v. t. [< re- + lay*.] To lay
again ; lay a second time : as, to relay a pave-
ment.
relbun (rel'bun), n. See Calceolaria.
releasable (re-le'sa-bl), a. [(release + -able.]
Capable of being released.
He [Ethelbald, king of Mercland] discharged all mon-
asteries and churches of all kind of taxes, works, and im-
posts, excepting such as were for building of forts and
bridges, being (as it seems the law was then) not releas-
able. Selden, Illustrations of Drayton's Polyolbion, xi.
release1 (re-les'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. released,
ppr. releasing. [< ME. relesen, relessen, re-
lesclten, < OF. relaissier, relessier, relesser, re-
lease, let go, relinquish, quit, intr. stop, cease,
rest, F. relaisser (also OF. relacher, relascher,
F. reldcher), relax, release, = Pr. relaxar, re-
lacltar = Sp. relajar = Pg. relaxar = It. relas-
sare, rilassare, rilasciare, relax, release, < L.
relaxare, relax: see relax, of which release is a
doublet. Cf. relay*.] 1 . To let loose ; set free
from restraint or confinement ; liberate, as from
prison, confinement, or servitude.
But Pilate answered them, saying, Will ye that I release
unto you the King of the Jews? Mark xv. 9.
The Earls Marchar and Syward, with Wolnoth, the
Brother of Harold, a little before his Death, he [King Wil-
liam] released out of Prison. Baker, Chronicles, p. 26.
And I arose, and I released
The casement, and the light increased.
Tennyson, Two Voices.
2. To free from pain, care, trouble, grief, or
any other evil.
They would be so weary of their Hues as either fly all
their Countries, or giue all they had to be released of such
an hourely misery.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 91.
Leisure, silence, and a mind releas'd
From anxious thoughts how wealth may be increas'd.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 139.
3. To free from obligation or penalty: as, to
release one from debt, or from a promise or
covenant.
About this time William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, and High
Treasurer of England, finding himself to droop with Age,
. . . sent Letters to the Queen, entreating her to release
him of his publick Charge. Baker, Chronicles, p. 387.
The people begged to be released from a part of their
rates. Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord.
"Good friends," he said, "since both have fled, the ruler
and the priest,
Judge ye if from their further work I be not well re-
leased." Whittier, Cassandra Southwick.
4f. To forgive. — 5. To quit; let go, as a legal
claim; remit; surrender or relinquish: as, to
release a debt, or to release a right to lands or
tenements by conveying to another already
having some right or estate in possession.
Thus, a remainder-man releases his right to the tenant in
possession ; one coparcener releases his right to the other;
or the mortgagee releases to the mortgager or owner of the
equity of redemption.
I releshe the my ryght with a rank will,
And graunt the the gouernanse of this grete yle.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13626.
Item, that the duchy of Anjou and the county of Maine
shall be released and delivered to the king her father.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., L 1. 51.
We here release unto our faithful people
One entire subsidy, due unto the crown
In our dead brother's days.
Webster and Dekker, Sir Thomas Wyatt, p. 81.
Tithes therfore, though claim'd, and Holy under the Law,
yet are now releas'd and quitted, both by that command to
Peter and by this to all Ministers above cited.
Milton, Touching Hirelings.
6f. To relax.
It may not seem hard if in cases of necessity certain
profitable ordinances sometimes be released, rather than
all men always strictly bound to the general rigor thereof.
^_ Hooker.
7f. 1.0 let slip; let go; give up.
Bidding them fight for honour of their love,
And rather die then Ladies cause release.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 19.
8. To take out of pawn. Nabbes, The Bride (4to,
1640), sig. F iv. (Halliwell.)=syn. 1. To loose, de-
liver.—1-3. Liberate, etc. See disengage.— 3. To acquit.
5060
relentlessness
release1 (re-les'), »• [< ME. relees, reles, re- 2. In Rom. law, to send into exile; cause tore -
lece, < OF. reles, relez, relais, rellais, F. relais = move a certain distance from Rome for a cer-
It. rilascio, a release, relay ; from the verb: see tain period. — 3. In law, to remit or put off to
release*, v., and cf. relay*.] 1. Liberation or an inferior remedy,
discharge from ^restraint of any kind, as from relegation (rel-e-ga'shon), w. [< OF. relega-
confinement or bondage.
Confined together,
... all prisoners, sir, . . .
They cannot budge till your release.
Shak., Tempest, v. 1. 11.
Thou . . .
Who boast'st release from hell, and leave to come
Into the heaven of heavens. Milton, P. E., 1. 409.
2. Liberation from care, pain, or any burden.
It seem'd so hard at first, mother, to leave the blessed sun,
And now it seems as hard to stay, and yet His will be done !
But still I think it can't be long before I find release.
Tennyson, May Queen, Conclusion.
When the Sabbath brings its kind release,
And care lies slumbering on the lap of Peace.
0. W. Holmes, A Rhymed Lesson.
3. Discharge from obligation or responsibility,
as from debt, tax, penalty, or claim of any kind ;
acquittance.
The king made a great feast, . . . and he made a release
to the provinces, and gave gifts. Esther 11. 18.
Henry III. himself . . . sought in a papal sentence of
absolution a release from the solemn obligations by which
he had bound himself to his people.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 403.
4. In law, a surrender of a right ; a remission
of a claim in such form as to estop the grantor
from asserting it again. More specifically -(o) An
instrument by which a creditor or llenor discharges the
debt or lien, or frees a particular person or property there-
from, irrespective of whether payment or satisfaction has
actually been made. Hence usually it implies a sealed
instrument See receipt. (V) An instrument by which a
person having or claiming an ulterior estate in land, or a
present estate without possession, surrenders his claim to
one having an inferior estate, or having an alleged wrong-
ful possession ; a quitclaim. See lease and release, under
5. In a steam-engine, the opening of the ex-
haust-port before the stroke is finished, to less-
en the back-pressure. — 6. In archery, the act
of letting go the bowstring in shooting; the
mode of performing this act, which differs
among different peoples — Out of release!, with-
out cessation.
Whom erthe and se and heven, out of relees,
Ay herien. Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale, 1. 46.
Release Of dower. See dower?. = Syn. 1- 3. Deliverance,
excuse, exemption, exoneration, absolution, clearance.
See the verb.
release2 (re-les'), D.*. [< re- + lease?.] To lease
again or anew. Imp. Diet.
releasee (re-le-se'), n. [< release* + -eel. Cf.
lessee, relessee.] In law, a person to whom a re-
lease is given ; a relessee.
releasement (re-les'ment), n. [< release^ +
-ment. Cf. OF. relaschement, F. reldehement =
Pr. relaxamen = Sp. relajamiento = Pg. relaxa-
mcnto = It. relassamento, releasement.] The
act of releasing, in any sense; a release.
Tis I am Hercules, sent to free you all. —
... In this club behold
All your releasements. Shirley, Lore Tricks, iil. 6.
The Queen interposeth for the Releasement of my Lord
of Newport and others, who are Prisoners of War.
Howell, Letters, I. v. 8.
releaser (re-le'ser), «. 1. One who releases.—
2. In mecli., any device in the nature of a trip-
ping mechanism whereby one part is released
from engagement with another. [Rare.] ,__
release-spring (re-les'spring), « A spring at- relentt (re-lent'), n.
tached to the end-piece of a truck for the pur-
pose of throwing the brakes out of contact with
the wheels. Car-Builder's Diet.
releasor (re-le'sor), n. [< release* + -or*.] In
law, one who grants a release ; one who quits
or renounces that which he has; a relessor.
releest, n. A Middle English form of release*.
releet (re-let'), n. [< re- + leet.] A crossing
of roads. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
relefet, »• An obsolete spelling of relief.
relegate (rel'e-gat), v. t.; pret. and pp. rele- weakly complaisant
gated, ppr. relegating. [< L. relegatus, pp. of Relenting fool, and shallow, changing woman !
relegare (> It. relegare = Sp. relegar = Prrele- *hak" Bich- m" "• 4- *31'
gar, releguar = F. releguer), send away, des- relentless (re-lent'les), a. [< relent + -less."]
patch, remove, < re-, away, back, + legare, send : Incapable of relenting ^unmoved by pityj un
cion, relegation, F. relegation = Sp. relegation =
It. relegazione, < L. relcgatio(n-), a sending away,
exiling, banishing, < relegare, send away: see
relegate.] The act of relegating : banishment:
specifically a term in ancient Roman law, and
also in ecclesiastical law, and in that of univer-
sities, especially in Germany. See relegate, 2.
The exiles are not allowed the liberty of other banished
persons, who, within the isle or region of relegation, may
go or move whither they please.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1830), I. 388.
Arius behaved himself so seditiously and tunuiltuarily
that the Nicene fathers procured a temporary decree for
his relegation.
Jer. Taylor, Liberty of Prophesying, Ep. Ded.
relent (re-lent'), v. [< ME. relenten, < OF. ra-
lentir, rallentir, slacken, relent, F. ralentir =
Pg. relentar (cf. Sp. relentecer, soften, relent, <
L. relentescere, slacken) = It. rallentare, < L. re-,
back, + lentus, slow, slack, tenacious, pliant;
akin to lenis, gentle, and E. lithe*: see lenient.]
1. intrans. If. To slacken; stay.
Yet scarcely once to breath would they relent.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 18.
2f. To soften in substance ; lose compactness ;
become less rigid or hard.
He stired the coles til relente gan
The wex agayn the fyr.
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 267.
There be some houses wherein sweet-meats will relent
. . . more than in others. Bacon, Nat. Hist, § 809.
When op'ning buds salute the welcome day,
And earth relenting feels the genial ray.
Pope, Temple of Fame, L 4.
3f. To deliquesce ; dissolve; melt; fadeaway.
The colours, beynge nat suerly wrought, ... by moyst-
nesse of wether relenteth or fadeth.
Sir T. Elyot, The Oovernour, UL 19.
All nature mourns, the skies relent in showers.
Pope, Spring, 1. 69.
4. To become less severe or intense; relax.
[Rare.]
The workmen let glass cool by degrees, and in such re-
lentings of fire as they call their nealing heats, lest it
should shiver in pieces by a violent succeeding of air.
Sir K. Digby, On Bodies.
The slave-trade had never relented among the Mahom-
etans. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 129.
5. To become less harsh, cruel, or obdurate;
soften in temper ; become more mild and ten-
der; give way; yield; comply; feel compas-
sion.
Relent and yield to mercy. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., IT. 8. 11.
Stern Proserpine relented,
And gave him back the fair.
Pope, Ode on St Cecilia's Day, 1. 86.
No light had we : for that we do repent ;
And, learning this, the bridegroom will relent.
Too lute, too late ! ye cannot enter now.
Tennyson, Guinevere.
Il.t trans. 1. To slacken; remit; stay; abate.
But nothing might relent her hasty flight.
Spenser, F. Q., III. iv. 49.
2. To soften; mollify; dissolve.
In water first this opium relent,
Of sape until it have similitude.
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 102.
All his body shulde he dyssolued and relented into salte
dropes. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, it 12.
[< relent, r.] 1. Remis-
sion; stay.
Ne rested till she came without relent
Unto the land of Amazons.
Spenser, F. Q., V. vii. 24.
2. Relenting.
Fear of death enforceth still
In greater minds submission and relent.
Greene, Orlando Furioso.
relenting (re-len'ting), p. a. Inclining to relent
or yield; soft; too easily moved ; soft-hearted;
pitying; insensible to the distress of others;
destitute of tenderness.
Only in destroying I find ease
To my relentless thoughts. Milton, P. L., ix. 130.
= Syn. Implacable, etc. See inexorable, and list under un-
relenting.
relentlessly (re-lent'les-li), «<?r. In a relent-
less manner; without pity.
^"- fll tlvlnn, J.lll jn.-ilm ll:,^ un I. Ilia. _ ._ . _ , .^T. * . _-. _.,
Relegated by their own political sympathies and Whig relentlessness (re-lent'les-nes) n The quality
liberality ... to the comparative nselessness of literary of bemg relentless, or Unmoved by pity. Imp.
retirement. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 6. Diet.
see legate.] 1. To send away or out of the
way; consign, as to some obscure or remote
destination; banish; dismiss.
We have not relegated religion (like something we were
ashamed to shew) to obscure municipalities or rustic vil-
Relegate to worlds yet distant our repose.
M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna,
relentment
relentment (re-lent'mont), ii. [= It. ralleitta-
mento; as relent + -m'ent.] The act or state
of relenting ; compassion. Imp. Diet.
reles1t, «. A Middle English form of release*.
reles-t, «. A Middle English form of relish.
relesset, <•. A Middle English form of release*.
relessee (re-le-se'), ». [Var. of releases, imi-
tating the simple lessee.] In law, the person to
whom a release is executed.
relessor (re-les'or), M. [Var. of releasor. Cf.
relessee.'] In law, the person who executes a
release.
There must be a privity of estate between the rdesiar
and relessee. Blackstone, Com., II. xx.
relet (re-let'), v. t. [< re- + let*, v.] To let
anew, as a house.
relevance (rel'e-vans), H. [= Pg. relevancia ;
as relei-an(t) + -ce"] Same as relevancy.
relevancy (rel'e-van-si), ». [As relevance (see
-cy).] If. The state of affording relief or aid.—
2. The state or character of being relevant or
pertinent; pertinence; applicableness; defi-
nite or obvious relation ; recognizable connec-
tion.
Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so
plainly,
Though its answer little meaning— little relevancy bore.
Foe, The Raven.
3. In Scots law, fitness or sufficiency to bring
about a decision. The relemncy of the libel, in Scots
law, is the sufficiency of the matters therein stated to war-
rant a decree in the terms asked.
The presiding Judge next directed the counsel to plead
to the relemncy : that is, to state on either part the argu-
ments in point of law, and evidence in point of fact,
against and in favour of the criminal.
Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xxii.
relevant (rel'e-vant), a. [< OF. relevant, assist-
ing, = Sp. Pg. relet ante, raising, important. <
L. relevan(t-)s, ppr. of relevare, lift up again,
lighten, relieve, hence in Rom. help, assist:
see relieve, and cf . levant*.'] 1 . To the purpose ;
pertinent; applicable: as, the testimony is not
relevant to the case.
Close and relevant arguments have very little hold on the
passions. Sydney Smith.
2. In law, being in subject-matter germane to
the controversy ; conducive to the proof or
disproof of a fact in issue or a pertinent hy-
pothesis. See irrelevant.
The word relevant means that any two facts to which it
is applied are so related to each other that, according to
the common course of events, one, either taken by itself
or in connection with other facts, proves or renders prob-
able the past, present, or future existence of the other.
Stephen.
3. In Scotslaw, sufficient legally: as, a relevant
plea.
The Judges . . . recorded their judgment, which bore
that the indictment, if proved, was relevant to infer the
pains of law : and that the defence, that the panel had
communicated her situation to her sister, was a relevant
defence. Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xxii.
=Syn. 1 and 2. Apposite, appropriate, suitable, fit.
relevantly (rel'e-vaut-li), adv. In a relevant
manner ; with relevancy.
relevationt (rel-e-va'shpn), n. [= Sp. releva-
cion, < L. relevatio(n-), a lightening, relief, < re-
levare, lighten, relieve: see relevant, relieve.]
A raising or lifting up. Bailey.
relevet, » . A Middle English form of relieve
reliability (re-li-a-bil'i-ti), n. [< reliable + -ity
(see -bility).] The state or quality of being
reliable ; reliableness.
He bestows all the pleasures, and inspires all that ease
of mind on those around him or connected with him
which perfect consistency, and (if such a word might be
framed) absolute reliability, equally in small as in great
concerns, cannot but inspire and bestow.
Coleridge, Biog. Lit., Ui.
reliable (re-H'a-bl), a. [< rely*- + -able.] That
may be relied on ; fit or worthy to be relied on ;
worthy of reliance ; to be depended on ; trust-
worthy. [This word, which involves a use of the suffix
-aUe superficially different from its more familiar use in
provable, 'that may be proved,1 eatable, ' that may be eaten '
etc., has been much objected to by purists on philological
grounds. The objection, however, really has no philologi-
cal justification, being based on an imperfect knowledge
of the history and uses of the suffix -able, or on a too nar-
row view of its office. Compare amUable, conversable, dis-
pensable, laughable, and many other examples collected
by titzedward Hall in his work cited below, and see -able.
As a matter of usage, however, the word is shunned bv
many fastidious writers.)
The Emperor of Russia may have announced the res-
toration of monarchy as exclusively his object This is
not considered as the ultimate object, by this country
but as the best means, and most reliable pledge of a higher
object, viz. our own security, and that of Europe.
Colendye .Essays on His Own Times, p. 296 (on a speech by
l-Mr. Pitt (Nov. 17, 1800), as manipulated by Coleridge)-
[quoted in F. Hall's Adjectives in -aMe p ->9
5001
According to General Livingston's humorous account,
his own village of Klizabethtown was not much more
reliable, being peopled in those agitated times by "un-
known, unrecommended strangers, guilty-looking tories,
and very knavish whigs." Irving. (Webster.)
He [Mr. Grote] seems to think that the reliable chronol-
ogy of Greece begins before its reliable history.
Gladstone, Oxford Essays (1857), p. 49.
She [the Church] has now a direct command, and a re-
liable influence, over her own institutions, which was
wanting in the middle ages.
J. H. Newman, Lectures and Essays on University Sub-
[jects (ed. 1859), p. 302.
Above all, the grand and only reliable security, in the
last resort, against the despotism of the government, is
in that case wanting — the sympathy of the army with the
people. J. S. Mill, Representative Government, xvi.
The sturdy peasant ... has become very well accus-
tomed to that spectacle, and regards the said lord as his
most reliable source of trinkgelds and other pecuniary ad-
vantages.
Leslie Stephen, Playground of Europe (1871), p. 47.
=Syn. Trustworthy, trusty.
reliableness (re-li'a-bl-nes), n. The state or
quality of being reliable ; reliability.
The number of steps in an argument does not subtract
up by UK. ..
J. S. Mill, Logic (ed. 1865), I. 303.
reliably (re-li'a-bli), adv. In a reliable man-
ner; so as to be relied on.
reliance (re-H'ans), ». [< relyi + -ance.] 1.
The act of relying, or the state or character of
being reliant ; confident rest for support ; con-
fidence; dependence: as, we may have perfect
reliance on the promises of God; to have reli-
ance on the testimony of witnesses.
His days and times are past,
And my reliances on his fracted dates
Have smit my credit. Shak., T. of A., ii. 1. 22.
Who would lend to a government that prefaced its over-
tures for borrowing by an act which demonstrated that no
reliance could be placed on the steadiness of its measures
for paying ? A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. MX.
2. Anything on which to rely; sure depen-
dence ; ground of trust.
reliant (re-li'ant), a. [< rely* + -ant.] Having
or indicating reliance or confidence; confident;
self -trustful : as, a reliant spirit •; a reliant bear-
ing.
Dinah was too reliant on the Divine will to attempt to
achieve any end by a deceptive concealment.
George Eliot, Adam Bede, Hi.
relic (rel'ik), n. [Formerly also reliek, relique;
< ME. relyke, relike, chiefly pi., < OF. reliques,
pi., F. relique, pi. reliques = Pr. reliquias = Sp.
Pg. It. reliquia = AS. reliquias, relics (also in
comp. relic-gong, a going to visit relics), < L.
reliquise, remains, relics, < relinquere (pret. reli-
qui, pp. relictus), leave behind: see relinquish.
Cf . relict.] 1 . That which remains ; that which
is left after the consumption, loss, or decay of
the rest.
The Mouse and the Catte fell to their victualles, beeing
such reliques as the olde manne had left.
Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 234.
They shew monstrous bones, the Reliques of the Whale
from which Perseus freed Andromeda.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 95.
Fair Greece ! sad relic of departed worth !
Byron, Childe Harold, ii. 73.
relief
What make ye this way? we keep no reKcs here,
Nor holy shrines. Fletcher, Pilgrim, I. 2.
Lists of relics belonging to certain churches in this coun-
try are often to be met with in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. i. 357, note.
5t. Something dear or precious.
It is a fulle noble thing
Whanne thyne eyen have mctyng
With that relike precious,
Wherof they be so desirous.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 2907.
6f. A monument.
Shall we go see the reliquei of this town?
Shak., T. N., ill. 3. 19.
= Syil. 4. Remains, Relics. The remains fit a dead person
are his corpse or his literary works ; in the latter case they
are, for the sake of distinction, generally called literary
remains. We speak also of the remains of a feast, of a
city, building, monument, etc. Relics always suggests
antiquity : as, the relics of ancient sovereigns, heroes, and
especially saints. The singular of relics is used ; that of
remains is not.
relic-knife (rel'ik-nlf), «. A knife made so
as to contain the relic or supposed relic of a
saint, either in a small cavity provided for the
purpose in the handle, or by incorporating the
relic, if a piece of bone or the like, in the deco-
ration of the handle itself. Jour. Brit. Archxol.
Ass., X. 89.
reliclyt (rel'ik-li), adv. [< relic + -lyV.] As a
relic; with care such as is given to a relic.
[Bare.]
As a thrifty wench scrapes kitchen-stuff,
And barrelling the droppings, and the snuff
Of wasting candles, which in thirty year,
Jlelicly kept, perchance buys wedding cheer.
Donne, Satires, 11.
relic-monger (rel'ik-mung//ger), H. One who
traffics in relics ; hence, one who has a passion
for collecting objects to serve as relics or sou-
venirs.
The beauty and historic interest of the heads must have
tempted the senseless and unscrupulous greed of mere
relic-mongers. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 302.
relict (rel'ikt), n. and a. [< OF. relict,m., relicte,
f ., a person or thing left behind, esp. relicte, f.,
a widow, < L. relictus, fern, relicta, neut. relic-
turn, left behind, pp. of relinquere, leave be-
hind: see relic, relinquish.] I. «. If. One who
is left or who remains ; a survivor.
The eldest daughter, Frances, ... is the sole relict of
the family. B. Jonson, New Inn, Arg.
2. Specifically, a widower or widow, especially
a widow.
He took to Wife the virtuous Lady Emma, the Relict of
K. Ethelred. Baker, Chronicles, p. 16.
Though the relict of a man or woman hath liberty to
contract new relations, yet I do not find they have liberty
to cast off the old. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 84.
Who cou'd love such an unhappy Relict as I am?
Steele, Grief A-la-Mode, lit 1.
3f. A thing left behind ; a relic.
To breake the eggeshell after the meat is out, wee are
taught in our childhood, and practice it all our lives, which
neverthelesse is but a superstitious relict.
Sir T. Browne, Pseud. Epid. (1646), v. 21.
II. a. Left; remaining; surviving.
His Relict Lady . . . lived long in Westminster.
Fuller, Worthies, Lincoln, II. 13. (Dames.)
What needs my Shakspeare, for his honour'd bones,
The labour of an age in piled stones?
Or that his hallow'd reliques should be hid
Under a star-ypointing pyramid?
Milton, Epitaph on Shakspeare.
3. That which is preserved in remembrance ;
a memento; a souvenir; a keepsake.
His [Peter Stuyvesant's] silver-mounted wooden leg is
still treasured up in the store-room as an invaluable
relique. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 466.
4. An object held in reverence or affection be-
cause connected with some sacred or beloved
person deceased ; specifically, in the Bom. Cath.
Ch., the Or. Ch., and some other churches, a
saint's body or part of it, or an object supposed
to have been connected with the life or body of
Christ, of the Virgin Mary, or of some saint or
martyr, and regarded therefore as a personal
memorial worthy of religious veneration. Bel-
ics are of three classes: (a) the entire bodies or parts
of the bodies of venerated persons, (6) objects used by
their bodies. Relics are preserved in churches, convents,
etc., to which pilgrimages are on their account frequently
made. The miraculous virtues which are attributed to
them are defended by such instances from Scripture as
that of the miracles which were wrought by the bones of
Elisha (2 Ki. xiii. 21).
The in a Chirche of Seynt Silvester ys many grett rel-
uruis, a pece of the vesture of our blyssyd lady.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travel!, p. 4.
A vyne whoos fruite humoure wol putrifle
Pampyned [pruned] is to be by every side,
Relicte on hit oonly the croppes hie.
PaUadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 186.
relicted (re-lik'ted), a. [< L. relictus, pp. of
relinquere, relinquish, leave behind (see relin-
by the sudden recession of the sea or other body
of water.
reliction (re-lik'shon), «. [< L. relictio(n-), a
leaving behind, forsaking, < relinquere, pp. re-
lictus, forsake, abandon : see relict, relinquish.]
In law, the sudden recession of the sea or other
body of water from land; also, land thus left
uncovered.
relief (re-lef ), M. [< ME. releef, relef e, relef,
also rclif, relyf, relyve, relief, also remnants left
over, relics, a basket of fragments, < OF. relef,
relief, a raising, relieving, a relief, a thing
raised, scraps, fragments, also raised or em-
bossed work, relief, F. relief, relief, embossed
work, = Pr. releu = Cat. relleu = Sp. relieve,
a relief, reliero, embossed work, relevo, relief
(milit), = Pg. relevo, embossed work, = It. .
rilevo, remnants, fragments, rilievo, embossed
work (see bas-relief, basso-rilievo) ; from the
verb: see relieve.] 'l. The act of relieving, or
the state of being relieved; the removal, in
whole or in part, of any pain, oppression, or
relief
burden, so that some ease is obtained ; allevia-
tion; succor; comfort.
Bycause it was a deserte yle, there was no thynge to be
f ounde that myght be to our relefe, nqther in vy taylles nor
otherwyse, whiche discomforted vs right moche.
Sir R. Giajlforde, Pylgrymage, p. 62.
Wherever sorrow is, relief would be.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 6. 86.
To the catalogue of pleasures may accordingly be added
the pleasures of relief, or the pleasures which a man ex-
periences when, after he has been enduring a pain of any
kind for a certain time, it comes to cease, or to abate.
Bentham, Introd. to Morals and Legislation, v. 16.
2. That which mitigates or removes pain, grief,
want, or other evil.
What releefe I should haue from your Colony I would
satisfle and spare them (when I could) the like courtesle.
Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 80.
Pity the sorrows of a poor old man, . . .
Oh ! give relief, and Heaven will bless your store.
T. Moss, Beggar's Petition.
He [James II.] ... granted to the exiles some relief
from his privy purse, and, by letters under his great seal,
invited his subjects to imitate his liberality.
M Hi-mi In ii, Hist. Eng., vl.
3. In Great Britain, assistance given under
the poor-laws to a pauper: as, to administer
outdoor relief. — 4. Release from a post of
duty by a substitute or substitutes, who may
act either permanently or temporarily; espe-
cially, the going off duty of a sentinel or guard
whose place is supplied by another soldier.
Tor this relief, much thanks ; 'tis bitter cold,
And I am sick at heart. Shak., Hamlet, i. 1. 8.
5. One who relieves another, as from a post of
duty; a soldier who relieves another who is on
guard; collectively, a company of soldiers who
relieve others who are on guard.
Even in front of the National Palace the sentries on
duty march up and down their beats in a slipshod fashion,
while the relief loll about on the stone benches, smoking
cigarettes and otherwise making themselves comfortable.
Harper's Mag., LXXIX. 820.
6. In sculp., arch., etc., the projection (in
painting, the apparent projection) of a figure
or feature from the ground or plane on which
it is formed. Belief is, in general, of three kinds : high
relief (alto-rilievo), low relief (basso-rilieix>, bas-relief), and
middle or half relief (tnezzo-rilievo). The distinction lies
in the degree of projection. High relief is that in which
5062
High Relief.— The Rondanini mask of Medusa in the Glyptothek,
Munich — illustrating the late beautified type of the Gorgon.
the figures project at least one half of their natural cir-
cumference from the background. In low relief the fig-
ures project but slightly from the ground, in such a man-
ner that no part of them is entirely detached from it, as
in medals, the chief effect being produced by the treat-
ment of light and shadow. Middle or half relief is inter-
mediate between the other two. The varieties of relief
are still further distinguished as stiacciato rilievo, or very
flat relief, the lowest possible relief of which the projec-
tion in parts hardly exceeds the thickness of a sheet of
paper ; and cam-rilievo, hollow relief, also called intaglio
rilevato, or ciclunaglyphir sculpture, an Egyptian form of
relief obtained by cutting a furrow with sloping sides
around a figure previously outlined on a stone surface,
leaving the highest parts of the finished work on a level
with the original surface-plane. See also cut in next
column, and cuts under orant, Proserpine, alto-rilievo, and
bat-relief.
You find the figures of many ancient coins rising up in
a much more beautiful relief than those on the modern.
Addison, Ancient Medals, iii.
7. A work of art or decoration in relief of any
of the varieties described above.
On each side of the door-place (of several grottosl there
are rough unfinished pillars cut in the rock, which sup-
port a pediment, and over the door there is a relief of a
spread eagle. Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 135.
Hollow-relief or Cavo-rilievo Sculpture.— Court of Edfu, Egypt ;
Ptolemaic age, ad century B. C.
8. In her., the supposed projection of a charge
from the surface of the field, represented by
shading with a heavier bounding-line on the
sinister side and toward the base than on the
dexter side and toward the chief. Thus, if an es-
cutcheon is divided into seven vertical stripes, alternately
red and white, it would not be blazoned paly of seven gules
and argent, as the rule is that paly Is always of an even
number, but the sinister side of three alternate stripes
would be shaded to indicate relief, and the blazoning would
be gules, three pallets argent, the assumption being that
the pallets are in relief upon the field.
9. In phys. geog., the form of the surface of
any part of the earth, considered in the most
general way, and with special regard to differ-
ences of elevation : little used except in the
name relief-map, by which is meant a geograph-
ical or geological map in which the form of
the surface is expressed by elevations and de-
pressions of the material used. Unless the scale
of such relief-maps is very large, there must be consider-
able exaggeration, because differences of vertical eleva-
tions in nature are small as compared with superficial ex-
tent. Kelief-raaps are occasionally made by preparing a
model of the region it is desired to exhibit, and then pho-
tographing this model under an oblique illumination.
I In- relief of the surface is also frequently indicated on
maps by various colors or by a number of tinta of one
color. Both hachure and contour-line maps also indicate
the relief of the surface, to a greater or less extent, accord-
ing to their scale and artistic perfection. Thus, the Du-
four map of Switzerland, especially when photographed
down to a small size, has in a very striking degree the
effect of a photograph from an actual model, although in
reality a hachure-map.
10. Iii fort., the perpendicular height of the
interior crest of the parapet above the bottom
of the ditch. — 11. Prominence or distinctness
given to anything by something presenting a
contrast to it, or brought into close relation
with or proximity to it; a contrast.
Here also grateful mixture of well-match' d
And sorted hues (each giving each relief,
And by contrasted beauty shining more).
Cowper, Task, iii. 634.
Miss Brooke had that kind of beauty which seems to be
thrown into relief by poor dress.
George Eliot, Middleman*, i.
12. In hunting, a note sounded on the horn on
reaching home after the chase.
Now, Sir, when you come to your stately gate, as you
sounded the recheat before, so now you must sound the
releefe three times. Retwmfrom Parnassus (1606), ii. 6.
13t. What is picked up; fragments left ; broken
meat given in alms.
After dener. ther shall come all ffre sowerys, and take
the relef of the mete and drynke that the fforsayde M. and
shopholderis levyth. English Gilds (E. E. T. S-X p. 315.
14. In law, that which a court of justice awards
to a suitor as redress for the grievance of which
he complains. — 15. In feudal law, a fine or
composition which the heir of a tenant hold-
ing by knight's service or other tenure paid
to the lord at the death of the ancestor, for the
privilege of succeeding to the estate, which, on
strict feudal principles, had lapsed or fallen
to the lord on the death of the tenant. This re-
lief consisted of horses, arms, money, etc., the amount of
which was originally arbitrary, but afterward fixed by law.
The term is still used in this sense in Scots law, being a
sum exigible by a feudal superior from the heir who en-
ters on a feu. Also called casualty of relief.
relieve
On taking up the inheritance of lands, a relief Iwas paid
to the king]. The relief originally consisted of arms, ar-
mour and horses, and was arbitrary in amount, but was sub-
sequently "ascertained," that is, rendered certain, by the
Conqueror, and fixed at a certain quantity of arms and ha-
biliments of war. After the assize of arms of Henry II.,
it was commuted for a money payment of 1008. for every
knight's fee, and as thus fixed continued to be payable ever
afterwards. S. Domll, Taxes in England, I. 25.
Absolute relief, in fort., the height of any point of a work
nbovi- the bottom of the ditch.— Alternative relief, in
law, different modes of redress asked in the alternative,
usually because of uncertainty as to some of the facts, or
because of a discretionary power in the court to award
either.— Bond of relief. See bondi.— Constructive
relief, in furl., the height of any point of a work above
the plane of construction.— Conversion of relief. See
conversion. — Indoor relief, accommodation in the poor*
house, as distinguished from outdoor relief, the assistance
given to those paupers who live outside. [Great Britain.]
— Infeftment of relief. See iiifeftment. — outdoor re-
lief. See indoor relief.— Parochial relief. See paro-
chial.— Relief Church, a body of 1'resbyterian dissenters
in .Scotland, who separated from the Established Church
on account of the oppressive exercise of patronage.
Thomas Gillespie, its founder, was deposed by the Gen-
eral Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1752, and or-
ganized the " Presbytery of Relief " on October 22d, 1761.
In 1847 the Relief and United Secession churches amal-
gamated, forming the United Presbyterian Church. — Re-
lief law. See Intel.— Relief processes, those processes
in mechanical or "process" engraving by which are pro-
duced plates or blocks with raised lines, capable of being
printed from like type, or together with type, in an ordinary
press.— Relief satine, or satine relief. .Same as raise d
satin-stitch (which see. under satin- stitch). — Roman Cath-
olic Relief Acts. See Catholic. — Specific relief, in law,
action of the court directly on the person or property, as
distinguished from that in which an award of damages only
is made, to be collected by execution. =Syn. 1. Mitiga-
tion.—2. Help, aid, support.
relief-fill (re-let"ful),a. [<relief+ -ful.~\ Full
of relief; giving relief or ease.
Never was there a more joyous heart, . . . ready to burst
iU bars for relief-ftd expression.
Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, III. lix.
reliefless (re-lef'les), a. [< relief + -less.]
Destitute of'relief, in any sense.
relief-map (re-lef'map), n. See relief, 9.
relief-perspective (re-lefper-spek'tiv), n.
The art of constructing homological figures in
space, and of determining the relations of the
parts of bas-reliefs, theatrical settings, etc., to
make them look like nature. Every such repre-
sentation refers to a fixed center of perspective and to
a fixed plane of homology. The latter in a theater set-
ting is the plane in which the actors generally stand ; in
a bas-relief it is the plane of life-size figures. Every natu-
ral plane is represented by a plane cutting it in a line lying
in the plane of homology. Every natural point is repre-
sented oy a point in the same ray from the center of per-
spective. The plane of homology represents Itself, and
the center of perspective represents itself. One other
point can be taken arbitrarily to represent a given point.
There is a vanishing plane, parallel to the plane of homol-
ogy, which represent* the portions of space at an infinite
distance.
relief- valve (re-lef'valv), n. 1. In a steam-en-
gine, a valve through which the water escapes
into the hot- well when shut off from the boiler.
— 2. A valve set to open at a given pressure
of steam, air, or water; a safety-valve. — 3. A
valve for automatically admitting air to a cask
when the liquid in it is withdrawn.
relief-work (re-lef'werk), n. Work in road-
making, the construction of public buildings,
or the like, put in hand for the purpose of af-
fording employment to the poor in times of pub-
lic distress. [Eng.]
Those. . . whobelievethatanyemploymentgivenbythe
guardians on relief-works would be wasteful and injurious
may find that the entire question is one of administration,
and that such work proved a success in Manchester dur-
ing the cotton famine. Contemporary Rev., L1II. 61.
roller (re-U'er), n. [< rely* + -ei-i.] One who
relies or places confidence.
My friends [are] no reliers on my fortunes.
Fletcher, Tamer Tamed, i. S.
relievable (re-le'va-bl), a. [< relieve + -able.]
Capable of being relieved ; fitted to receive re-
lief.
Neither can they, as to reparation, hold plea of things
wherein the party is relievable by common law.
Sir M. Hale.
relieve (re -lev'), ».; pret. and pp. relieved,
ppr. relieving. [Early mod. E. also releete; <
ME. releven, < OF. relever, F. relever = Pr. Sp.
Pg. relevar = It. rilevare, lift up, relieve, < L.
relevare, lift up, raise, make light, lighten, re-
lieve, alleviate, lessen, ease, comfort, < re-,
again, + levare, lift: see levanfi, levity, etc.,
and cf. relief, relerant, etc.] I. trans. It. To
lift up ; set lip a second time ; hence, to collect ;
assemble.
Supposing ever, though we sore smerte,
To be releved by him afterward.
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, I. 319.
That that deth doun brouhte deth shal releue.
Piers Plmnnan (C), xxi. 145.
relieve
2. To remove, wholly or partially, as anything
that depresses, weighs down, pains, oppresses,
etc. ; mitigate ; alleviate ; lessen.
Misery . . . never relieved by any.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 708.
I cannot behold a beggar without relieving hia necessi-
ties with my purse, or his soul with my prayers.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 13.
Accident in some measure relieved our embarrassment.
Goldsmith, Vicar, vii.
3. To free, wholly or partly, from pain, grief,
want, anxiety, trouble, encumbrance, or any-
thing that is considered to be an evil ; give ease,
comfort, or consolation to ; help ; aid ; support ;
succor: as, to relieve the poor and needy.
He relieveth the fatherless and widow. Ps. cxlvi. 9.
And to remember the lady's love
That last reliev'd you out of pine.
Young Eeichan and Susie Pye (Child's Ballads, IV. 8X
The pain we feel prompts us to relieve ourselves in re-
lieving those who suffer. Burke, Sublime and Beautiful.
4. Specifically, to bring efficient help to (a be-
sieged place) ; raise the siege of.
The King of Scots, with the Duke of Gloucester, about
the 8th of July besieged Dreux ; which agreed, if it were
not relieved by the twentieth of that Month, then to sur-
render it. Baker, Chronicles, p. 176.
5. To release from a post, station, task, or
duty by substituting another person or party ;
put another in the place of, or take the place of,
in the performance of any duty, the bearing of
any burden, or the like : as, to relieve a sentinel
or guard.
Mar. Farewell, honest soldier.
Who hath relieved you ?
Fran. Bernardo has my place.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 1. 17.
6. To ease of any burden, wrong, or oppression
by judicial or legislative interposition, by in-
demnification for losses, or the like; right. — 7.
To give assistance to ; support.
Parallels or like relations alternately relieve each other,
when neither will pass asunder, yet they are plausible to-
gether. Sir T. Browne.
8. To mitigate ; lessen ; soften.
Not a lichen relieves the scintillating whiteness of those
skeleton cliffs. Harper's Mag., LXV. 197.
9. To give relief or prominence to, literally
or figuratively; hence, to give contrast to;
heighten the effect or interest of, by contrast
or variety.
The poet must take care not to encumber his poem with
too much business ; but sometimes to relieve the subject
with a moral reflection.
Addison, Essay on Virgil's Georgics.
The vegetation against which the ruined colonnades
are relieved consists almost wholly of almond and olive
trees, . . . both enhancing the warm tints of the stone.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 189.
Relieving arch. Same as arch of discharge (which see,
under airfti).— Relieving officer, in England, a salaried
official appointed by the board of guardians of a poor-law
union to superintend the relief of the poor in the parish
or district. He receives applications for relief, inquires
into facts, and ascertains whether the case is or is not
within the conditions required by the law. He visits the
houses of the applicants in order to pursue his inquiries,
and gives immediate relief in urgent cases. — Relieving
tackles. See tackle.— To relieve nature. See nature.—
TO relieve of, to take from ; free from : said of that which
is burdensome.
6063
2. In gun., an iron ring fixed to a handle by
means of a socket, which serves to disengage
the searcher of a gun when one of its points
is retained in a hole. — 3. A garment kept for
being lent out. [Slang.]
In some sweating places there is an old coat kept called
the reliefer, and this is borrowed by such men as have
none of their own to go out in.
Eingsley, Cheap Clothes and Nasty. (Dames.)
relievo, «. See rilievo.
relight (rc-llf), «. [< re- + light*.] I. trans.
1. To light anew; illuminate again.
His power can heal me and relight my eye. Pope.
2. To rekindle ; set on fire again.
II. intrans. To burn again; rekindle; take
fire again.
The desire . . . relit suddenly, and glowed warm in her
heart. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xviii.
religieuse (re-le-zhi-ez'), n. [< F. religieuse
(fem. of religieux), a religious woman, a nun,
= Sp. Pg. It. fem. religiosa, < L. re-(rel-)ligi-
osa, fem. of religiosus, religious : see religious.]
A nun.
religieux (re-le-zhi-e')> ».; pi. religieux. [< F.
religieux, n. and a., religious, a religious per-
son, esp. a monk : see religious.] One who is
engaged by vows to follow a certain rule of life
authorized by the church ; a member of a mo-
nastic order; a monk.
religion (re-lij'on), n. [< ME. religiun, reli-
gioun, < OF. religium, religion, F. religion = Pr.
religio, religion. = Sp. religion = Pg. religiao =
It. religione = D. religie = G. Sw. Dan. religion,
< L. religio(n-), relligio(n-), reverence toward
the gods, fear of God, piety, conscientious scru-
pulousness, religious awe, conscientiousness,
exactness; origin uncertain, being disputed by
ancient writers themselves : (a) according to
Cicero, < relegere, go through or over again in
reading, speech, or thought ("qui omnia qure
ad cultum deorum pertinerent diligenter re-
tractarent et tamquam relegerent sunt dicti re-
ligiosi ex relegendo, ut elegantes ex eligendo,"
etc. — Cicero, Nat. Deor., ii. 28, 72), whence ppr.
religen(t-)s (rare), revering the gods, pious (cf.
the opposite necligen(t-)s, negligent); cf.Gr.dAt-
yuv, reverence, (b) According to Servius, Lac-
tantius, Augustine, and others, and to the com-
mon modern view, < religare, bind back, bind
fast, as if 'obligation' (cf. obligation, of same
radical origin), < re-, back, + ligare, bind: see
ligament, (c) < relegere, the same verb as in
(a) above, in the lit. sense ' gather again, col-
lect,' as if orig. 'a collection of religious formu-
las.' Words of religious use are especially lia-
ble to lose their literal meanings, and to take
on the aspect of sacred primitives, making it
difficult to trace or impossible to prove their
orig. meaning or formation.] 1. Recognition
of and allegiance in manner of life to a super-
human power or superhuman powers, to whom
allegiance and service are regarded as justly
due.
One rising, eminent
In wise deport, spake much of right and wrong,
Of justice, of religion, truth, and peace,
And judgment from above. Milton, P. L., xi. 667.
Vn K i i A t*u By Religion I understand the belief and worship of Su-
He shook hands with none until he had helped Miss ' .,/,, and wm ,iil.ec;til,,rthe UIliver8C aml holding
Brown to unfurl her umbrella, [and] had relieved her of
her prayer-book. Mrs. Gaskett, Cranford i.
= Syn. 2. Mitigate, Assuage, etc. (see alleviate); diminish,
lighten.
Il.t intrans. To rise ; arise.
As soon as I might I releved up again.
Lamentation of Mary Magdalene, si. 29.
Thane relevis the renkes of the rounde table
Be the riche revare, that rynnys so faire.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2278.
At eche tyme that he [Frolle] didde releve, he [Galashin]
smote hym with his swerde to grounde, that his men wende
wele that he hadde be deed. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 397.
relievementt (re-lev'ment), n. [= F. releve-
ment = Pr. relevament = It. rilevamento, < ML.
relevameittum, relieving, relief, < relevare, re-
lieve : see relieve.] The act of relieving, or the
state of being relieved, in any sense ; that which
mitigates or lightens; relief.
His [Robert's] delay yields the King time to confirm
him Friends, under-work his Enemies, and make himself
strong with the English, which he did by granting relaxa-
tion of tribute, with other relievements of their doleances.
Daniel, Hist. Eng., p. 53.
reliever (re-le'ver), n. [< relieve + -er1.] 1.
One who or that which relieves or gives relief.
O welcome, my reliever;
Aristius, ns thou lov'st me, ransom me.
E. Jonson, Poetaster, iii. 1.
It acts in three ways . . . (2) as a reliever of congestion.
Lancet, No. 3449, p. 3 of Adv'ts.
preme Mind and Will, directing the universe and holding
moral relations with human life.
J. Marlineau, A Study of Keligion, I. 15.
By Religion I mean the knowledge of God, of His Will,
and of our duties towards Him.
J. H. Nevrman, Gram, of Assent, p. 378.
Religion is the communion between a worshipping sub-
ject and a worshipped object— the communion of a man
with what he believes to be a god.
Faiths of the World, p. 345.
2. The healthful development and right life of
the spiritual nature, as contrasted with that of
the mere intellectual and social powers.
For religion, pure religion, I say, standeth not in wear-
ing of a monk's cowl, but in righteousness, justice, and
well doing. Latimer, Sermons, p. 392.
Reliyinn is Christianity, which, being too spiritual to be
seen by us, doth therefore take an apparent body of good
life and works, so salvation requires an honest Christian.
Donne, Letters, xxx.
Religion, if we follow the intention of human thought
and human language in the use of the word, is ethics
heightened, enkindled, lit up by feeling; the passage
from morality to religion is made when to morality is
applied emotion. M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, i.
3. Any system of faith in and worship of a
divine Being or beings: as, the Christian reli-
gion ; the religion of the Jews, Greeks, Hindus,
or Mohammedans.
The church of Rome, they say, . . . did almost out of
all religions take whatsoever had any fair and gorgeous
show. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iv. 11.
religionism
After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a
Pharisee. Acts xxvi. 5.
No religion binds men to be traitors.
B. Jonson, Catiline, lit 2.
4f. The rites or services of religion ; the prac-
tice of sacred rites and ceremonies.
What she was pleased to believe apt to minister to her
devotions, and the religions of her pious and discerning
soul. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 756.
The invisible
Glory of him that made them to transform
Oft to the image of a brute adorn'd
With gay religions full of pomp and gold.
Mittm, P. L., i. 872.
5. The state of life of a professed member of
a regular monastic order : as, to enter religion;
her name in religion is Mary Aloysia : now es-
pecially in Eoman Catholic use.
He [Dobet] is lowe as a lombe, and loueliche of speche, . . .
And is ronne in-to religion, and rendreth hus byble,
And precheth to the puple seynt Ponies wordes.
Fieri Plowman (C), xi. 88.
And thus when that the! were counselled,
In black clothes thei them clothe,
The doughter and the lady both,
And yolde hem to religion.
Gower, Coat. Amant., viii.
He buryed Bedewere
Hys frend and hys Botyler,
And so he dude other Echon
In Abbeys of Relygyoun
That were cristien of name.
Arthur (ed. Furnivall), 1. 488.
6. A conscientious scruple ; scrupulosity. [Ob-
solete or provincial.]
Out of a religion to my charge,
And debt professed, I have made a self-decree
Ne'er to express my person.
B. Jonson, New Inn, L 1.
Its [a jelly's] acidity sharpens Mr. Wall's teeth as for
battle, yet, under the circumstances, he makes a religion
of eating it. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 1»9.
7. Sense of obligation; conscientiousness;
sense of duty.
JRos. Keep your promise.
Orl. With no less religion than if thou wert indeed my
Rosalind. Shak., As you Like it, Iv. 1. 201.
Established religion, that form of religion in a country
which is recognized and sanctioned by the state. See es-
tablishment, 6.— Evidences of revealed religion. See
evidences of Christianity, under Christianity. — Experi-
mental religion. See experimental.— Natural reli-
gion, that knowledge of and reverent feeling toward God,
and that knowledge and practice of our duties toward our
fellow-men, which is based on and derived from nature,
apart from revelation.— Religion of Humanity. See
positive philosophy, under positive.— Revealed religion,
that knowledge of God and right feeling toward him,
and that recognition and practice of duty toward our
fellow-men, which is derived from and based upon posi-
tive revelation.— To experience religion. See experi-
ence.—To get religion. See «•«!. = Syn. 1. Religion,
Devotion, Piety, Sanctity, SaintUness, Godliness, Holiness,
Religiosity. In the subjective aspect of these words
religion is the most general, as it may be also the most
formal or external ; in this sense it is the place of the
will and character of God in the heart, so that they are
the principal object of regard and the controlling in-
fluence. Devotion and piety have most of fervor. De-
votion is a religion that consecrates itself, being both
a close attention to God with complete inward subjec-
tion and an equal attention to the duties of religion.
Piety is religion under the aspect of filial feeling and con-
duct, the former being the primary idea. Sanctity is gen-
erally used objectively ; subjectively it is the same as
holiness. SaintUness is more concrete than sanctity, more
distinctly a quality of a person, likeness to a saint, ripe-
ness for heaven. Godliness is higher than SaintUness ; it
is likeness to God, or the endeavor to attain such like-
ness, fixed attention given immediately to God, especially
obedience to his will and endeavor to copy his character.
Holiness is the most absolute of these words ; it is moral
and religious wholeness, completeness, or something ap-
proaching so near to absolute freedom from sin as to make
the word appropriate ; it includes not only being free
from sin, but refusing it and hating it for its own sake.
Religiosity is not a very common nor a very euphonious
word, but seems to meet a felt want by expressing a sus-
ceptibility to the sentiments of religion, awe, reverence,
admiration for the teachings of religion, etc., without
much disposition to obey its commands.
religionary (re-lij'on-a-ri), a. andn. [< F. re-
ligionnaire = Sp. Pg. It. religionario ; as religion
+ -ary.] I. a. 1. Relating to religion. — 2f.
Pious.
His [Bishop Saunderson's] religionary professions in his
last will and testament contain something like prophet-
ical matter. Bp. Barlow, Remains, p. 638.
II. n.; pi. religionaries (-riz). Same as reli-
gionist. [Rare.]
religioner (re-lij'on-er), n. [< F. religionnaire
= Sp. religionario, a religionist, < NL. "religi-
onarius, < L. religio(n-), religion: see religion.]
A religionist. [Rare.]
These new fashioned religioners have fast-days.
Scott, Monastery, xxv.
religionise, v. See religionize.
religionism (re-lij'on-izm), n. [< religion +
-i/sm.] 1. Outward practice or profession of
religion.
religionism
This subject of " Political Religionism " is indeed as nice
as it is curious : politics have been so cunningly worked
into the cause of religion that the parties themselves will
never be able to separate them.
/. D'lsraeli, Curios, of Lit., IV. 138.
2. Affected religious zeal.
religionist (re-lij'on-ist), ». [= Sp. religionista;
as religion + -ist.]" A religious bigot, partizan,
or formalist; a sectarian: sometimes used in
other than a condemnatory sense.
From the same source from whence, among the religion-
ists, the attachment to the principle of asceticism took its
rise, flowed other doctrines and practices, from which
misery in abundance was produced in one man by the in-
strumentality of another : witness the holy wars, and the
persecutions for religion.
Bentham, Introd. to Morals and Legislation, II. 8.
There is a verse ... in the second of the two detached
cantos of "Mutability," ''Like that ungracious crew
which feigns demurest grace," which is supposed to
glance at the straiter religionists.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 167.
religionize (re-lij'on-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. re-
ligionized, ppr. religionizing. [< religion + -ize.~]
I. trans. To imbue with religion; make reli-
gious. [Recent.]
I have quoted Othello and Mrs. Craven's heroine as
types of love when religionised.
ilatlock, Is Life Worth Living? p. 122.
H. intrans. To make professions of religion;
play the religionist. [Recent.]
How much religionizing stupidity It requires In one to
imagine that God can be propitiated or pleased with them
[human inventions).
S. H. Cox, Interviews Memorable and Useful, p. 138.
Also spelled religionise.
religionless (re-lij'pn-les), a. [< religion +
-less.] Without religion ; not professing or be-
lieving in religion ; irreligious.
Picture to yourself, O fair young reader, a worldly, sel-
fish, graceless, thankless, religionless old woman, writhing
in pain and fear, . . . and ere you be old, learn to love
and pray ! Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xlv.
religiosity (re-lij-i-os'i-ti), n. [< ME.
ite, < OF. religiosete, religieusete, F. religic
= Sp. religiosidad = Pg. religiosidade = It. re-
ligiosita, < LL. religiosita(t-)s, religiousness,
ML. religious or monastic life, < L. religiosus,
religious: see religious.] 1. Religiousness;
the sentiment of religion; specifically, in re-
cent use, an excessive susceptibility to the
religious sentiments, especially wonder, awe,
and reverence, unaccompanied by any corre-
sponding loyalty to divine law in daily life;
religious sentimentality.
One Jewish quality these Arabs manifest, the outcome
of many or of all high qualities : what we may call religi-
osity. Carlyle, Heroes and Hero- Worship, ii.
Away . . . from that religiosity which is one of the
50154
Hie thee to France,
And cloister thee in some religious house.
Shale., Rich. II., v. 1. 23.
The fourth, which was a painter called lohn Story, be-
came religious in the College of S. Paul in Goa.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 270.
relish
leaving, or quitting; a forsaking; the renoun-
cing of a claim.
This Is the thing they require in us, the utter relin-
yuishment of all things popish.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iv. § 3.
3. Bound by or abiding by some solemn obliga- reliqua (rel'i-kwa), n. pi. [ML. (OF., etc.),
tion; scrupulously faithful; conscientious. neut. pi. of L. reliquus, relicuus, that which is
Whom I most hated living, thou hast made me,
With thy religious truth and modesty,
Now in his ashes honour : peace be with him.
Shak., Hen. VIII., Iv. 2. 74.
4. Of or pertaining to religion; concerned with
religion; teaching or setting forth religion;
set apart for purposes connected with religion :
as, a religious society ; a religious sect ; a reli-
gious place; religious subjects; religious books
or teachers; religious liberty.
And storied windows richly (light,
Casting a dim religious light.
Milton, H Penseroso, 1. 160.
Fanes which admiring gods with pride survey, . . .
Some felt the silent stroke of mould'ring age,
Some hostile fury, some religious rage.
Pope, To Addison, 1. 12.
Religious corporation. See corporation.— Religious
house, a monastery or a nunnery.— Religious liberty.
See liberty.— Religious marks, in printing, signs such
as #, Jk, f, indicating respectively 'sign of the cross,'
'response,' and 'versicle.'— Religious uses. See VK.
=8yn. 1. Devotional.— 3. Scrupulous, exact, strict, rigid.
See religion.
II. n. One who is bound by monastic vows,
as a monk, a friar, or a nun.
Ac there shal come a kyng and confesse jow religiouses,
And bete sow, as the bible telleth, for brekynge of goure
renle. Piers Plowman (B), x. 817.
It Is very lucky for a religious, who has so much time
on his hands, to be able to amuse himself with works of
this nature [inlaying a pulpit).
Addison, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), 1. 370.
A religious in any other order can pass into that of tke
Carthusians, on account of its great austerity.
Rom. Cath. Diet., p. 699.
religiously (re-lij'us-li), adv. In a religious
manner, (a) Piously; with love and reverence to the
Supreme Being ; in obedience to the divine commands ;
according to the rites of religion ; reverently ; with venera-
tion.
For their brethren slain
Religiously they ask a sacrifice.
Shak., Tit. And., L 1. 124.
We most religiously kiss'd the sacred Rust of this
Weapon, out of Love to the Martyr.
ff. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, II. 27.
(6) Exactly ; strictly ; conscientiously : as, a vow or prom-
ise religiously observed.
The privileges justly due to the members of the two
Houses and their attendants are religiously to be main-
tained. Bacon.
My old-fashioned friend religiously adhered to the ex-
ample of his forefathers. Steele, Taller, No. 263.
curses of our time, he studied his New Testament, and _.,,.. , - ,.., J,,
in this, as in every other matter, made up his mind for religiousness (re-llj us-nes), n. The character
himself. Dr. j. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 174. or state of being religious, in any sense of that
word. Baxter.
A Middle English form of relic.
K L. re-
Is there a more patent and a more stubborn fact in his-
tory than that intense and mi
ality with its equally ini
. Church, I. 817. relinquent (re-ling;kwent), a. and n.
2. Religious exercise or service. [Rare.]
Soporific sermons . . . closed the domestic religiosities
of those melancholy days. Southey, The Doctor, ix.
3f. Members of the religious orders.
Hir [Diana's] law [the law of chastity] is for religiosite.
Court of Love, 1. 686.
= Syn. 1. Piety, Holiness, etc. See religion.
religiose (re-le-ji-6'so), adv. [It.: see religious.]
linqiien(t-)s, ppr. of relinquere, relinquish: see
relinquish.'] j. a. Relinquishing. [Rare.] Imp.
Diet.
H. n. One who relinquishes. [Rare.] Imp.
Diet.
relinquish (re-ling'kwish), v. t. [< OF. relin-
quiss-, stem o'f certain parts of relinquir, releii-
quir, < L. relinquere, pp. relictus, leave, < re- +
In S ^ it f SSi'nT ££ ' ** ««**"*•] Unauere, leave? see > Ucense, and '«T«& relict,
_n,/".l6 IC' !n a,_dev?tlonal manner ! expressing alj aeK'nauent-i [ . To (rive „„ the ™
religious sentiment.
religious (re-lij'us), a. and «. [< ME. reli-
gious, reliflius, < OF. religios, religius, religieus,
religieux, F. religieux = Pr. religios, relegios =
Sp. Pg. It. religioso, < L. religiosus, relligiosus,
religious, < religio(n-), relligio(n-), religion: see
religion.'] I. a. 1. Imbued with, exhibiting, or
and delinquent.] 1. To give up the possession
or occupancy of ; withdraw from; leave; aban-
don; quit.
To be relinquished of the artists, . . . both of Galen and
Paracelsus, ... of all the learned and authentic fellows
. . . that gave him out incurable.
Shak., All's Well, 11. 3. 10.
— - , **.«.***,. Vmg, VFI Having formed an attachment to this young lady, . . .
arising from religion; pious; godly; devout- I have *ound ; that I must relinquish all other objects not
^OSSSSSSiSX^S^ ''''S^^CH^I^O--,,.,,*
observance (Jas. i.26; Acts xiii. 43).
Such a prince,
Not only good and wise, but most religious.
Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 8. 116.
That sober race of men whose lives
Religious titled them the sons of God.
Milton, t. L., xi. 622.
It (dogma) is discerned, rested in, and appropriated as
a reality by the religious imagination ; it is held as a
truth by the theological intellect.
J. H. Neurman, Gram, of Assent, p. 94.
2T>,._4. • • •, ""x**ro™ ™ uc"l" = Qyii. i. -aoanaon, I/CSCTT, etc. (see/or-
. Pertaining or devoted to a monastic life; «*«), let go, yield, cede, surrender, give up, lay down,
belonging to a religious order; in the Jlom. s<;? list under desert.
Cath. Ch., bound by the vows of a monastic re|linquisher (re-ling'kwish-er), n. One who re-
order ; regular. linquishes, leaves, or quits ; one who renounces
Shal I nat love In cas if that me list* 1 or gives up.
What, pardieux, lam noght re^iouw? relinqmshment (re-ling'kwish-ment), n. [<
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 759. relinquish + -went.] The act of relinquishing,
left or remains over (> Pg. reliquo, remaining),
< relinquere, leave behind : see relic, relinquish.}
In law, the remainder or debt which a person
finds himself debtor in, upon the balancing or
liquidating of an account. Wharton.
reliquaire(rel-i-kwar'), n. [<.f.riliquatre: see
reliquary*.] Same as reliquary*. Scott, Roke-
by, vi. 6.
reliquary1 (rel'i-kwa-ri), ».; pi. reliquaries (-riz).
[< OF. reliquaire, F. reliquaire = Pr. reliquiari
= Sp. Pg. relicario = It. reliquiario, < ML. re-
liquiare or reliquiarium, a reliquary, < L. reli-
quise, relics: seerelic.~] A repository for relics,
often, though not necessarily, small enough to
be carried on the person. See shrine, and cut
under phylacterium.
Under these cupolas is y high altar, on which is a reli-
quarie of several! sorts of Jewells.
Evelyn, Diary, June, 1645.
Sometimes, too, the hollow of our Saviour's image,
wrought in high relief upon the cross, was contrived for
a reliquary, and filled full of relics.
Socle, Church of our Fathers, III. L 857.
reliquary2 (rel 'i-kwa-ri), ». ; pi. reliquaries (-riz).
[< ML. *reliquarius,\ reliqua, what is left over:
see reliqua.'] In law, one who owes a balance ;
also, a person who pays only piecemeal. Whar-
ton.
relique, «. An obsolete or archaic spelling of
relic.
reliquiae (re-lik'wi-e), n. pi. [L., leavings, re-
mains, relics, remnants: see relic.] 1. Relics;
remains, as those of fossil organisms. — 2. In
bot., same as induvix. — 3. In archeeol., arti-
facts. See artifact.
Without the slightest admixture of either British or
Saxon religuuf. Jour. Brit. Archseol. Ats., XIII. 291.
reliquian (re-lik'wi-an), a. [< L. reliquiae, relics
(see relic), + -an.] Of, pertaining to, or being
a relic or relics.
A great ship would not hold the reliquian pieces which
the Papists have of Christ's cross.
A Hill, Pathway to Piety (1629), p. 149. (Eneyc. Diet.)
reliquidate (re-lik'wi-dat), «. t. [< re- + liqui-
date.] To liquidate anew ; adjust a second time.
Wright.
reliquidation (re-lik-wi-da'shon), n. [< reliqui-
date + -ion; or < re- + liquidation.'] A second
or renewed liquidation ; a renewed adjustment.
Clarke.
relish1 (rel'ish), v. [Not found in ME. (where,
however, the noun exists); according to the
usual view, < OF. relecher, lick over again, < re-,
again, + lecher, lescher, F. ttcher, lick: see lick,
and cf. lecher, etc. But the word may have
been due in part to OF. relescier, releichier, res-
leechier, resleecier, relesser, please, cause or in-
spire joy in, gratify, < re- + leecier, leechier, lees-
ser, etc., rejoice, live in pleasure.] I. trans. 1.
To like the taste or flavor of; partake of with
pleasure or gratification.
No marvel if the blind roan cannot judge of colours, nor
the deaf distinguish sounds, nor the sick relish meats.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 364.
2. To be pleased with or gratified by, in gen-
eral; have a liking for; enjoy; experience or
cause to experience pleasure from.
There 's not a soldier of us all that, in the thanksgiving
before meat, do relish the petition well that prays for peace.
., M. for M., i. 2. 16.
2. To cease from ; give up the pursuit or prac-
tice of; desist from: as, to relinquish bad habits.
With commandement to relinquish (for his owne part)
the intended attempt. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. ii. 194.
Sir C. Cornwallis, in a Letter to the Lord Cranburne, as-
serts that England never lost such an Opportunity of win-
ning Honour and Wealth unto it, as by relinquishing War
against an exhausted Kingdom.
Bolingbroke, Remarks on Hist. Eng., let. 22.
3. To renounce a claim to; resign: as, to re-
linquish a debt. = Syn. 1. Abandon, Desert, etc. (see for-
No one will ever relish an author thoroughly well who
would not have been fit company for that author had they
lived at the same time. Steele, Tatler, No. 178.
He 's no bad fellow, Blougram — he had seen
Something of mine he relished.
Browning, Bishop Blougram 's Apology.
3. To give an agreeable taste to; impart a
pleasing flavor to ; cause to taste agreeably.
A sav'ry bit that serv'd to relish wine.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., vlil. 109.
4f. To savor of ; have a smack or taste of; have
the cast or manner of.
'Tls ordered well, and relisheth the soldier.
Fletcher, Beggar's Bush, v. 1.
Inc. Sir, he 's found, he 's found.
Phil. Ha ! where? but reach that happy note again,
And let it relish truth, thou art an angel.
Fletcher (and another), Love's Pilgrimage, iv. 2.
II. intrans. 1. To have a pleasing taste ; in
general, to give pleasure.
relish 5065
Had I been the Under out of this secret, it would not rclishing-machine (rel'ish-mg-ma-shen''), n,
have relished among my other discredits. lu joinery, a machine for shaping the shoulders
Shak., W. T., v. 2. la o£ tenons It cosines several circular saws cutting
Without which their greatest dainties would not relwh simultaneously in different planes so as to form the piece
to their palates. Hakncitt, On Providence. at one operati0n.
He intimated ... how ill it would relish, if they should relisten (re-lis'n), V. i. [<•«•- + listen.'] To
advance Capt Underbill, whom we had thrust out for i :stpn affaln or anew
abusing the'court Winthrop, Hist. New England, I 383. « »£££ "^ a8 l re,Mm to it,
2. To have a flavor, literally or figuratively. Prattling the primrose fancies of the boy.
Nothing of friend or foe can be unwelcome unto me Tennyson, The Brook,
that savoureth of wit, or relisheth of humanity, or tasteth rpijVA (rp.livM v IX re- + live1.!
tter8- revive.
rely
When he (JineasJ is forced, in his own defence, to kill
Lausus, the poet shows him compassionate, and tempering
the severity of his looks with a reluctance to the action.
Dryden, Parallel of Poetry and Painting.
Lay we aside all inveterate prejudices and stubborn re-
luctancei. Waterland, Works, VIII. 383.
There is in most people a reluctance and unwillingness
to be forgotten. Swift, Thoughts on Various Subjects.
Magnetic reluctance. See magnetic resistance, under
resistance. = Syn. Hatred, Dislike (see antipathy), back-
wardness, disinclination. See list under aversion.
of any good.
This act of Propertius relisheth very strange with me.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, iv. 1.
A theory which, how much soever it may relish of wit
and invention, hath no foundation in nature. Woodward.
relish1 (rel'ish), H. [< ME. reles, relees, relece,
odor, taste; from the verb: see relish1, ».] 1.
A sensation of taste ; savor; flavor ; especially,
a pleasing taste; hence, pleasing quality m
general.
Veins which, through the tongue and palate spread,
To
I. intrans. reluctancy (re-luk'tari-si), n. [As reluctance
1UuvB»g«,.ii, icv4,0. (see-cy).] Same as reluctance.
For I wil reliue as I sayd on the third day, A, being re- reluctant (re-luk tant), a. [= < P. reluttant =
'iued will goc before you into Galile. Sp. relucliante = Pg. reluctante = It. nluttante,
' L. reluctan(t-)s, ppr. of reluctare, reluctari,
Distinguish ev'ry relish, sweet and sour.
Sir J. Dames, Immortal, of Soul, xvi.
Her hunger gave a relish to her meat.
Dryden, Cock and Fox, 1. 22.
I would
feel the w
J. Udall, Paraphrase of Mark xiii.
Will you deliver
How this dead queen re-lives t
Shak., Pericles, v. 3. 64.
II. t trans. To recall to life ; reanimate ; re-
vive.
Had she not beene devoide of mortall slime,
Shee should not then have bene relyv'd agaiue.
Spenser, F. Q., III. iv. 35.
By Faith, Saint Paul did Eutichus re-lyve:
By Faith, Elias rais'd the Sareptite.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Triumph of Faith, iiii. 12.
not anticipate the relish of any happiness, nor Rellyanist (rel'i-an-ist), n. [< Belly (see def. )
eight of any misery, before it ae^»»y Drives. + ^ + _isf -| A member of a small Universal-
Wbat Professor Bain describes as sense of r2A, quUe ^^' -f»"°™» f 3f?% ¥£$^1%
apart from taste proper, and felt perhaps most keenly just reload (re-lod ), v. t. [< re- + toflrfi, t>.J IO
as food is leaving or just after it has left the region of the load again, as a gun, a ship, etc. Imp. Diet.
voluntary and entered that of the involuntary muscles of relocate (re-16'kat), v. t. [CLL. relocare, let out
deglutition. ft S. Hall, German Culture, p. 253. agaln; < L ^ &gairlt + locarc, place, let: see
2. Perception or appreciation of peculiar, es- iocate. in the def. taken in lit. sense, as < re- g pj.^^^,, from an unwilling mind; granted
pecially of pleasing, quality in anything ; taste, + locate.] To locate again. Imp. Diet.
in general; liking; appetite: generally used relocation (re-lo-ka'shon), n. [< F. relocation,
with for before the thing, sometimes with of. < ML. relocatio(n-) (?),"< LL. relocare, let out
again: see relocate. In def. 1 taken in lit.
sense, as < relocate + -ion.'] 1. The act of re-
locating.— 2. In Scots law, a reletting; renewal
of a lease — Tacit relocation, the tacit or implied re-
newal of a lease : inferred where the landlord, instead of
warning the tenant to remove at the stipulated expiration
of the lease, has allowed him to continue without making
any new agreement.
Who the relish of these guests will fit
Needs set them but the alms basket of wit.
B. Jonton, Ode to himself.
They have a relish for everything that is news, let the
matter of it be what it will. Addison, The Newspaper.
This love of praise dwells most in great and heroic
spirits ; and those who best deserve it have generally the
most exquisite relish of it. Steele, Taller, No. 92.
struggle against: see reluct.'] 1. Striving against
some opposing force ; struggling or resisting.
Down he fell,
A monstrous serpent on his belly prone,
Reluctant, but in vain ; a greater Power
Now ruled him. Milton, P. L., x. 515.
And bent or broke
The lithe reluctant boughs to tear away
Their tawny clusters. Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
2. Struggling against some requirement, de-
mand, or duty; unwilling; acting with repug-
nance ; loath: as, he was very reluctant to go.
From better habitation spurn'd,
Reluctant dost thou rove?
Goldsmith, The Hermit.
The great body of the people grew every day more reluc-
tant to undergo the inconveniences of military service, and
better able to pay others for undergoing them.
Macavlay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
with unwillingness: as, reluctant obedience.
My friend ... at length yielded a reluctant consent.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 180.
4. Not readily brought to any specified beha-
vior or action.
Boswell had a genuine relish for what was superior in relongt (re-ldng'), v. t. [Accom. < OF. ralonger,
prolong, lengthen (of. reloignement, delay), < re-
+ alonger, lengthen: see allonge and long1."] 1.
To prolong; extend.
I thynke it were good that the trewce were relonged.
Berners, tr. of Frolssart's Chron., I. ccxii.
2. To postpone.
Then the kyng sent to Parys, commaundynge that the
iourney and batayle between the squyer and y» knyght
sholde be relonged tyl his comynge to Parys.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. Ixi.
relovet (re-luv'), v. t. [< re- + lovei.] To love
in return.
To own for him so familiar and levelling an affection as
any way, from genius to claret.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 361.
3. A peculiar or characteristic, and especially
a pleasing, quality in an object ; the power of
pleasing ; hence, delight given by anything.
His fears ... of the same relish as ours are.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1. 114.
In the time of Youth, when the Vanities and Pleasures
and Temptations of the World have the greatest relish
with us, and when the things of Religion are most apt to
Life grows insipid, and has lost its relish.
Addison, Cato, ii. 3.
It preserves some relish of old writing. Pope.
4. A small quantity just perceptible ; tincture ;
smack.
Some act
That has no relish of salvation in't.
Shak., Hamlet, ill. 3. 92.
love, much more to expect to be reloved by him, were not
the least saucy presumption man could be guilty of, did
not his own commandments make it a duty. Boyle.
relucentt (re-lu'sent), a. [ME. relusaunt, < OF.
reluisant, F'.reluisant = Sp. reluciente = Pg. re-
luzente = It. rilucente, < L. relucen(t-)s, ppr. of
6 That which is used to impart a flavor; es- relucere, shine back or out, < re-, back, + lucere,
shine : see lucent. 1 Throwing back light ; shin-
ing; luminous; glittering; bright; eminent.
I sej by-sonde that myry mere
A crystal clyffe ful relusaunt;
Mony ryal ray con fro hit rere.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), L 159.
That college wherein piety and beneficence were rein-
vent in despite of jealousies.
Bp. Backet, Abp. Williams, p. 46.
pecially, something taken with food to increase
the pleasure of eating, as sauce ; also, a small
highly seasoned dish to stimulate the appetite,
as caviare, olives, etc. See hors-oVceuvre.
This is not such a supper as a major of the Royal Amer-
icans has a right to expect ; but I've known stout detach-
ments of the corps glad to eat their venison raw, and
without a reliih too. J. F. Cooper, Last of Mohicans, v.
Happiness was not happy enough, but must be drugged
with the relish of pain and fear.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 159.
In Italy, Spain, and those hot countries, or else nature
and experience too lies, a temporal man cannot swallow a
morsel or bit of spiritual preferment but it is reluctant in
his stomach, up it comes again.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 228.
The liquorice renders it link] easily dissolvable on the
rubbing up with water, to which the isinglass alone would
be somewhat reluctant. Workshop Receipts, 2d ser. , p. S37.
= Syn. 2. Averse, Reluctant (see averse), disinclined, op-
posed, backward, slow.
reluctantly (re-luk'tant-li),arf». In a reluctant
manner; with opposition; unwillingly.
reluctate (re-luk'tat), t'.; pret. and pp. re-
luctated, ppr'. reluctating. [< L. reluctatus, pp.
of reluctari, struggle against: see reluct.'] I.
intrans. To struggle against something ; be re-
luctant. [Obsolete or provincial.]
Men devise colours to delude their reluctating con-
sciences ; but when they have once made the breach, their
scrupulosity soon retires. Decay of Christian Piety.
I have heard it within the past year from one of the
Southern Methodist bishops : " You reluctate at giving up
the good opinion men have of you." He told me that he
got it from his old Scotch-Irish professor, who died a few
years ago at the age of ninety or more.
Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., XVII. 42.
II. trans. To struggle against; encounter
with reluctance or unwillingness. [Rare.]
The mind that reluctates any emotion directly evades
all occasion for bringing that object into consciousness.
Hickolc, Mental Science, p. 101.
reluctationt (re-luk-ta'shon), «. [< reluctate +
-ion.] Reluctance; repugnance; resistance.
I have done as many villanies as another,
And with as little reluctation.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, U. 2.
" Knowing as yon was partial to a little relish with your reluct (re-lukf), V. i. [= OF. relucter, rel
wittles, ... we took the liberty" [of bringing a present ter ftftftler, F. relutter = Sp. reluchar = Pg.
of shrimps]. ^ I^^iDaoid\uUoned mla luctar = It. reluttare, < I,, relnctare, reluct
In brighter mazes, the relucent Stream
Plays o'er the mead. Thomson, Summer, 1. 162.
= OF. relucter, reluic- reltune (re-lum'), v. t.; pret. and pp. relumed,
Relapse and reluctation of the breath.
A. C. Sunnhurne, Anactoria.
with its side-d
Stilton of scandal, so it I
1 not too high.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 91.
Pg. re-
reluctari,
luctafi, struggle: see luctation.] To strive or
struggle against something; make resistance;
6. In harpsichord music, an embellishment or exhibit reluctance. [Obsolete or archaic.]
we with studied mixtures force our rcJ««ttn<7 appetites,
grace consisting of a repetition of a principal
note with a trill and a turn after it: usually
double relish, but see also single relish, under
Single. =Syn. 2. Zest, gusto, predilection, partiality.—
4. Tinge, touch.— 5. Appetizer.
relish2 (rel'ish), r. t. [Origin obscure.] In join-
ery, to shape (the shoulders of a tenon which
bear against a rail). See relishing-machine.
relish2 (rel'ish), n. [See relish*, v.] In joinery, reluctance (re-luk'tans), n.
projection of the shoulder of a tenoned piece
beyond the part which enters the mortise. E.
H. Knight.
relishable (rel'ish-a-bl), a. [< relish! + -able.]
Capable of being relished ; having an agree-
able taste.
reluming. [< OF. rclumer, < L. reluminare,
up again: see relumine.'] To rekindle;
again.
Poet or patriot, rose but to restore
The faith and moral Nature gave before ;
Relumed her ancient light, not kindled new.
Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 287.
Mfty npl/cbibco,
and with all the spells of epicurism conjure them up, that relumin6 (re-lu'mm), v. t.; pret. and pp. re-
lumined, ppr. relumining. [< L. reluminare,
light up again, < re-, again, + luminare, light,
< lumen, a light: see luminate. Cf. relume.'] 1.
To light anew; rekindle.
When the lightof the Gospel was relumined by the Refor-
mation. Bp. Lowth, Sermons and Other Remains, p. 168.
2. To illuminate again.
Time's relumined river. Hood.
we may lay them'again. " Decay of Christian Piety.
I care not to be carried with the tide that smoothly
bears human life to eternity, and reluct at the inevitable
course of destiny. Lamb, New Year's Eve.
Such despotic talk had never been heard before in that
Directors' Room. They relucted a moment.
T. Winthrop, Love and Skates.
[= Pg. reluctancia
= It. reluttaiiza, < ML. "relnctantia, < L. reluc-
tan(t-)s, reluctant: see reluctant.] The state rejy (re-li') «.; pret. and pp. relied, ppr. rely
of being reluctant; aversion; repugnance; un- ing_ [Early mod. E. relue, relie; < ME. relyen
By leaven soured we made relishable bread for the use
of man. Rrv. T. Adams, Works, II. 346.
willingness: often followed by to, sometimes
by against.
That . . . savours only . . .
Reluctance against God and his just yoke.
Milton, P. L., x. 1045.
/((/. L-EjHriy I11UU. Ufa / tllfc, /cite, N 1U..U. i&tytii
relien, < OF. relier, fasten again, attach, bind
together, bind up, bandage, tie up, shut up,
fix. repair, join, unite, assemble, rally, fig. bind,
oblige, F. relier, bind, tie up, = Pr. rtliyuar,
rely
reliar = Sp. Pg. religar = It. rilegare, fasten
again, bind again, < L. religare, bind back,
bind fast, fasten, moor (a ship), etc., < re-,
back, again, + ligare, bind: see ligament. Cf.
ally1 and rally1. The verb rely, in the orig.
sense 'fasten, fix, attach,' came to be used with
a special reference to attaching one's faith or
oneself to a person or thing (cf . ' to pin one's
faith to a thing,' ' a man to tie to,' colloquial
phrases containing the same figure) ; in this
use it became, by omission of the object, in-
transitive, and, losing thus its etymological
associations (the other use, ' bring together
again, rally,' having also become obsolete), was
sometimes regarded, and has been by some
etymologists actually explained, as a barba-
rous compound of re- + E. lie1, rest, whence ap-
par. the occasional physical use (def. II., 3).
But the pret. would then have been "relay, pp.
"relain.] I. tram. If. To fasten; fix; attach.
Therefore [they] must needs relye their faithe upon the
Billie Ministers faithlesse fldelitie.
H. T., in Anthony Wotton's Answer to a Popish Pamphlet,
[etc. (1G05X p. 19, quoted in F. Hall's Adjectives in -able,
(p. 159.
Let us now consider whether, by our former description
of the first age, it may appeare whereon these great ad-
mirers and contemners of antiquitie rest and rely them-
selves. A World of Wonders (1607), p. 21, quoted In F.
[Hall's Adjectives in -able, p. 160.
No faith her husband doth In her relie.
Breton (1), Cornucopia) (16121 p. 96, quoted in F. Hall's
[Adjectives In -able, p. 160.
2f. To bring together again ; assemble again ;
rally.
retrius, that was a noble knyght and bolde and hardy,
relied his peple a-boute hym. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), ill. 654.
3. To polish. Coles; Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
II. intrans. 1 . To attach one's faith to a per-
son or thing; fix one's confidence; rest with
confidence, as upon the veracity, integrity, or
ability of another, or upon the certainty of
facts or of evidence; have confidence; trust;
depend: used with on or upon, formerly also
with in and to. Compare reliable.
Because thou hast relied on the king of Syria, and not
relied on the Lord thy God, therefore is the host of the
king of Syria escaped out of thine hand. 2 Chron. xvi. 7.
Bade me rely on him as on my father.
SAa*., Blch. III., ii. 2. 25.
It is a like error to rely upon advocates or lawyers, which
are only men of practice, and not grounded in their books.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 17.
Instead of apologies and captation of good will, he
[Paul] relies to this fort [a good conscience].
Rev. S. Ward, Sermons, p. 107.
We also reverence the Martyrs, but relye only upon the
Scriptures. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
2f. To assemble again ; rally.
Thus relyed Lyf for a litel [good] fortune,
And pryked forth with Pryde.
Piers Plowman (B), xx. 147.
Whan these saugh hem comynge the! relien and closed
hem to-geder, and lete renne at the meyne of Pounce An-
tonye. Merlin(E. E. T. S.), ill. 393.
3f. To rest, in a physical sense ; recline ; lean.
Ah se how His most holy Hand relies
Vpon His knees to vnder-prop His charge.
Dames, Holy Roode, p. 15. (Dames.)
It [the elephant] sleepeth against a tree, which the
5066
If she depart, let her remain unmarried. 1 Cor. vii. 11.
Great and active minds cannot remain at rest.
ilacaulay, Dante.
3. To endure; continue; last.
They shall perish; but thou remained ; . . . thy years
shall not fail. Heb. 1. 11, 12.
4. To stay behind after others have gone ; be
left after a part, quantity, or number nas been
taken away or destroyed.
And all his fugitives with all his bands shall fall by the
sword, and they that remain shall be scattered.
Ezek. xvli. 21.
Hitherto
I have liv'd a servant to ambitious thoughts
And fading glories : what remains of life
I dedicate to Virtue.
Fletcher and another (?), Prophetess, Iv. 6.
Shrine of the mighty ! can It be
That this is all remains of thee?
Byron, The Giaour, 1. 107.
remanence
but by livery of seizin, a person who wished to give to an-
other a future estate was obliged to create at the same
time an intermediate estate commenting immediately, and
he could limit this temporary estate by ihe event which
he wished to fix for the commencement of the ultimate es-
tate, which was hence called the remainder — that is, what
remained after the precedent or particular estate— and
was said to be supported by the precedent or particular
estate. (See particular estate and executory estate, both
under estate.) A remainder is vetted when the event which
will terminate the precedent estate Is certain to happen,
and the person designated to take in remainder is in exis-
tence. The fact that the person may not survive to enjoy
the estate, or that others may come into existence who
will also answer the designation and therefore be entitled
to share it with him, does not prevent the remainder from
being deemed vested meanwhile.
With Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus had obtained that
interest, as he set him down in his, testament for heir in
remainder after his nephew. Bacon, Friendship (ed. 1887).
4. In the publishing trade, that which remains
of an edition the sale of which has practically
5. To be left as not included or comprised ; be ceased, and which is sold out at a reduced price,
held in reserve ; be still to be dealt with : for- - -
merly followed in some instances by a dative.
And such end, perdie, does all hem remayne
That of such falsers freendship bene fayne.
Spenser, Shep. CaL, May.
Norfolk, for thee remain* a heavier doom.
5Aa*.,KIch. II., I. 3. 148.
The easier conquest now
Remaint thee. Milton, P. L., vl. 38.
That a father may have some power over liis children is
easily granted ; but that an elder brother has so over his
brethren remains to be proved. Locke.
Remaining velocity. See velocity. =Syn. 1. To wait,
tarry, rest, sojourn.— 2. To keep,
remain (re-man'), n. [< remain, v.] If. The
state of remaining ; stay; abode.
A most miraculous work in this good king,
Which often, since my here-remofn in England,
I have seen him do. Shot., Macbeth, Iv. a 148.
2f. That which is left to be done.
I know your master's pleasure and he mine ;
All the remain is " Welcome ! "
Shale., Cymbeline, Ul. 1. 87.
3. That which is left; remainder; relic: used
chiefly in the plural.
Come, poor remains of friends, rest on this rock.
Shalc.,i. C., v. 5. 1.
Among the remains of old Rome the grandeur of the
commonwealth shows itself chiefly in works that were
either necessary or convenient
In 1843 he felt strong enough to start as a publisher in
Soho Square, his main dealings before this having been in
remainders, and his one solitary publication a failure.
Atheneewm, No. 8181, p. 850.
Contingent remainder, in law, a remainder which Is
not vested. The epithets contingent and vested are, how-
ever, often loosely used to indicate the distinction between
remainders of which the enjoyment is In any way contin-
gent and others.— Cross remainder, in law, that state
of affairs in which each of two grantees or devisees has re-
ciprocally a remainder In the property In which a partic-
ular estate is given to the other. Thus, if land be devised,
one half to A for life with remainder to B in fee simple,
and the other half to B for life with remainder to A in
fee simple, these remainders are called cross remainders.
Cross remainders arise on a grant to two or more as ten-
ants in common, a particular estate being limited to each
of the grantees in his share, with remainders to the other
or others of them. = Syn. 1. Rest, Remainder, Remnant,
Residue, Balance. Rest Is the most general term ; it may
represent a large or a small part. Remainder and residue
generally represent a comparatively small part, and rem-
nant & part not only very small, but of little or no account.
Rest may be applied to persons as freely as to things ; re-
mainder and residue only to things ; but we may speak of
the remainder of a party. Remnant and residue are favor-
ite words in the Bible forrwt or remainder, as in Mat. xxii.
6 and Isa. rxi. 17, but such use of them in application to
persons is now antique. Balance cannot, literally or by
legitimate figure, be used lor rest or remainder : we say Ihe
balance of the time, week, space, party, money. It is a
cant word of trade.
Il.t a. fiemaining; refuse; left.
As dry as the remainder biscuit
After a voyage. Shak. , As you Like it, ii. 7. 39.
as respectable as would be a common ditch for the drain-
of
Addition, Remarks on Italy, Rome.
Their small remain of life. Pope, remainder-man (ro-man'der-mau), n. In lair,
Of labour on the large scale, I think there is no remain one wno has an estate after a particular estate
is determined.
emainer (re-ma'ner), n. 1. One who remains.
Jefferson, Notes on Virginia (1787), p. 156. ~ 2t: Same as remainder, 2.
remake (re-mak'), v. t. [< re- + motel.] To
make anew; reconstruct.
My business is not to remake myself.
But make the absolute best of what God made.
Browning, Bishop Blougram's Apology.
Remak's fibers. See nen-e-fibcr.
Specifically — 4. pi. That which is left of a hu-
man being after life is gone; a dead body; a
corpse.
Be kind to my remains; and oh, defend,
Against your judgment, your departed friend !
Dryden, To Congreve, 1. 72.
A woman or two, and three or four undertaker's men, Emanation (re-ma-na'shpn), n. [< L. reimuia-
Hunters observing doe saw almost asunder; whereon the - jj -- - -
beast relyiny, by the fall of the tree falls also down Itselfe remainder (re-man'der), n. and a.
is able to rise no more maindre, inf. used as a noun : see remain.] I
me, Psmd. Epid., i!L l. n. i. That which remains; anything left after
had charge of the remains, which they watched turn
about Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xli.
5. pi. The productions, especially the literary
works, of one who is dead ; posthumous works :
as, "Coleridge's Literary Remains." — Fossil re-
mains, fossils. See fossil.— Organic remains Seeor-
ganic. = Syu. 3. Scraps, fragments.— 3-6. See relic.
[< OF. re-
relyeM, *. See
relye2t, v. t. [ME. relyen, a reduced form of
releven, E. relieve; cf. reprie, similarly related
to reprieve.] To raise ; elevate.
To life ayin lykynge that lorde the relyede.
Religious Pieces, etc., edited by the Rev. G. H. Perry (18671
[p. 87, quoted in F. Hall's Adjectives in -able, p. 159.
remain (re-man'), v. i. [Early mod. E. remayne ;
< OF. remaindre (ind. res. imers. il re
the separation, removal, destruction, or pass-
ing of a part.
As much as one sound cudgel of four foot —
You see the poor remainder — could distribute,
I made no spare, sir. Shale., Hen. VIII., v. 4. 20.
What madness moves you, matrons, to destroy
The last remainders of unhappy Troy?
Dryden, .-Eneid, v.
remaindre (ind. pres. impers. il remaint, 2. In math., the sum or quantity left after sub- The e^lcal wri^r '.' not li.kel>' '
it remains) = Pr. remandre, retainer, remaner traction or after any deduction ; also, the part propei' the analyf"8 of c°"Bclen'e;
— - Oop. remaner = It. rimanere (cf. mod. Pg. remaining over after division : thus, if 19 be
Sp. remanecer, remain), < L. remanere, remain, divided by 4, the remainder is 3, because 19 is
<^n!-, behind, back, +jnanere, remain^ = Gr. three more than an exact multiple of 4. In the
old arithmetics called the remainer. — 3. In law,
a future estate so created as to take effect in
ptvem, remain, stay. From the same L. verb
(manere) are also ult.E. mansei, mansion, manor,
etc., menage*, menial, immanent, permanent re-
manent, remnant.] 1. To continue in a place ;
stay; abide; dwell.
He should have remained in the city of his refuge.
Num. xxxv. 28.
You dined at home ;
Where would you had remain'd until this time \
Shak., C. of E., iv. 4. 69.
And fools, who came to scoff, remained to pray
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 180.
2. To continue without change as to some
form, state, or quality specified: as, to remain
active in business ; to remain a widow.
tus, pp. of remaaare, flow back, < re-, back, +
manure, flow: see emanation.'} The act of re-
turning, as to its source; the state of being
reabsorbed ; reabsorption. [Rare.]
[Buddhism's] pantheistic doctrine of emanation nnd re-
manation. MacmiUan's Mag.
remand (re-mand'), v. t. [< late ME. reman-
den, < OF. remander, send for again, F. reman-
der = Sp. remandar, order several times, = It.
rimandare, < L. rcmandare, send back word, <
re-, back, + mandare, enjoin, send word : see
mandate.] 1. To send, call, or order back: as,
to remand an officer from a distant place.
When a prisoner first leaves his cell he cannot bear the
light of day. . . . But the remedy is, not to remand him
into his dungeon, but to accustom him to the rays of Ihe
sun. Macaulay, Milton.
The ethical writer is not likely toremand to Psychology
Bain, Mind, XIII. 636.
fusing his application to be discharged, or a
cause from an appellate court to the court of
original jurisdiction.
(re-mand'), n. [< remand, v.] The
state of being remanded, recommitted, or held
over ; the act of remanding.
He will probably apply for a series of remandstrom time
to time, until the case is more r—
nant of an estate in land, depending upon a par-
ticular prior estate, created at the same time,
and by the same instrument, and limited to
arise immediately on the determination of that
estate. ( Kent. ) It is thus distinguished from a rever-
sion, which is the estate which by operation of law arises Lnckens, Bleak House, ui.
"i the grantor or his heirs when a limited estate created remandment (re-mand'ment), •». [< remand +
without creating also a remainder comes to an end ; and -mcnt ] The act of remaiidine
^^^^^^^^S^^S. remanence (rem'a-nens) „. T< remanenW +
ruination of which it is to commence in possession. At ~ce-J 1. The state or quality of being remanent;
the time when by the common law no grant could be made continuance ; permanence!
remanence
Neither St. Augustln nor Calvin denied the remanence
of the will in the fallen spirit. Coleridge.
2f. That which remains ; a residuum.
This salt is a volatile one, and requires no strong heat
to make it sublime into finely figured crystals without a
remanenee at the bottom. Boyle, Works, III. 81.
remanencyt (rem'a-nen-si), n. [As remniH n<-t
(see -cy).] Same "as" remanence. Jer. Taylor,
Works (ed. 1835), II. 392.
remanent (rem'a-nent), a. and n. [I. a. < L.
rcmunen(t-)s, ppr. of: rematiere, remain: see re-
main. II. n. < ME. remanent, remanant, remc-
nant, remenaunt, remelant, also syncopated
remnant, remlant, < OF. remenant, renutm-itt
= Sp. remanente = It. rimanenle, a remnant,
residue, < L. rcnmnen(t~)s, remaining: see I.
Of. remnant, a syncopated fonn of remanent.']
1. a. 1. Eemaining.
There is a remanent felicity in the very memory of those
spiritual delights. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 251.
The residual or remanent magnetism of the electro-mag-
nets is neutralised by the use of a second and indepen-
dent coil wound in the opposite direction to the primary
helix. Dredge's Electric Illumination, I., App., p. cxvii.
2. Additional; other: as, the moderator and
remanent members of a church court. [Scotch.]
II. t n. The part remaining ; remnant.
Her majesty bought of his executrix the remaneavt of the
last term of three years. Bacon.
Breke as niyche as thou wylle ete,
The remelant to pore thou shalle lete.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 300.
remanet (rem'a-net), n. [< L. remanere, re-
main : see remain.'] In Eng. law, a suit stand-
ing over, or a proceeding connected with one
which is delayed or deferred,
remanie (re-man-i-a'), a. [F., pp. of remanier,
handle again, change, < re- + manier, handle :
see manage.'] Derived from an older bed : said
of fossils. Sir C. Lyell.
remark1 (re-mark'), v. [< OF. remarquer, re-
merquier, I*, remarquer, mark, note, heed, < re-,
again, + marquer, mark: see mark1, v. Cf. re-
mark%.~\ I. trans. 1. To observe; note in the
mind; take notice of without audible expres-
sion.
Then with another humourous ruth remark'd
The lusty mowers laboring dinnerless,
And watch'd the sun blaze on the turning scythe.
Tennyson, Geraiut
He does not look as if he hated them, so far as I have
remarked his expression.
0. W. Holmes, A Mortal Antipathy, xiv.
2. To express, as a thought that has occurred
to the speaker or writer; utter or write byway
of comment or observation.
The writer well remarks, a heart that knows
To take with gratitude what Heav'n bestows
... is all in all. Cowper, Hope, 1. 429.
Bastian remarks that the Arabic language has the same
word for epilepsy and possession by devils.
H. Spencer, Prin. of 8ociol., S 122.
3f. To mark; point out; distinguish.
They are moved by shame, and punished by disgrace,
and remarked by punishments, . . . and separated from
sober persons by laws.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 683.
Offic. Hebrews, the prisoner Samson here I seek.
Char. His manacles remark him ; there he sits.
Milton, 8. A., 1. 1309.
II. intrans. To make observations ; observe.
remark1 (re-mark'), n. [< OF. remarque, re-
merque, F. remarque (= It. rimarco, impor-
tance), < remarquer, remark : see remark1, v.]
1. The act of remarking or taking notice ; no-
tice or observation.
The cause, tho' worth the search, may yet elude
Conjecture, and remark, however shrewd.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 205.
2. A notice, note, or comment ; an observa-
tion : as, the remarks of an advocate ; the re-
marks made in conversation ; the remarks of a
critic.
Then hire a slave ... to make remarks,
Who rules in Cornwall, or who rules in Berks : . . .
"That makes three members, this can choose a mayor."
Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. vi. 103.
3. Noticeable appearance ; note.
There was a man of special grave remark.
Thomson, Castle of Indolence, 1. 67.
4. In line-engraving and etching: (a) A distin-
guishing mark or peculiarity of any kind, indi-
cating any particular state of the plate prior to
its completion. The remark may be a slight sketch
made by the engraver on the margin of his plate, or it may
consist merely in the absence of certain detail or features
of the finished work. Thus in a first proof of an etching
the absence of retouching with the dry point, or of a final
rebiting, constitutes a remark ; or in a line-engraving it
may consist in the presence or absence of some minor ob-
5067
ject, or of certain lines representing texture or shading,
which in a later state of the plate are removed or added.
The old legend still lingers that the remarque began
when some unknown etcher tried his point upon the edge
of his plate just before taking his first impressions. The
belief yet obtains that the remarque testifies to the etcher's
supreme satisfaction with a supreme effort. But as a mat-
ter of fact the remarque has become any kind of a fanciful
supplementary sketcn. not necessarily appropriate, not al-
ways done by the etcher, and appearing upon a number of
impressions which seem to be limited only at the will of
artist or dealer. Sometimes we see 50 remarque proofs
announced, and again 300.
New York Tribune, Feb. 6, 1887.
(6) A print or proof bearing or characterized
by a remark; a remarked proof, or remark
proof. Also written ra«argue.=syn. 2. Remark,
Observation, Comment, Commentary, Reflection, Note, An-
notation, Oloss. A remark is brief and cursory, suggested
by present circumstances and presumably without pre-
Tious thought. An observation is made with some thought
and care. A comment is a remark or observation bear-
ing closely upon some situation of facts, some previous
utterance, or some published work. Remark may be
substituted by modesty for observation. When printed,
remarks, observations, or comments may be called reflections :
as, Burke's "Reflections on the Revolution in France";
when they are systematic in explanation of a work, they
may be called a commentary: as, Lange's "Commentary on
Matthew." A note is primarily a brief writing to help the
memory ; then a marginal comment : notes is sometimes
used modestly for commentary : as, Barnes's "Notes on the
Psalms " ; Trench's "Notes on the Parables." A marginal
comment is more definitely expressed by annotation. A
gloss is a comment made for the purpose of explanation,
especially upon a word or passage in a foreign language or
a peculiar dialect.
remark2 (re-mark'), v. t. [< re- + mark1; cf.
F. remarquer = Sp. remarear, mark again.] To
mark anew or a second time.
remarkable (re-mar'ka-bl), a. and ». [< OF.
(and F.) remarquable = It. rimareabile; as re-
mark1 + -able.] I. a. 1. Observable; worthy
of notice.
This day will be remarkable in my life
By some great act. Milton, S. A., 1. 1388.
Tis remarkable that they
Talk most who have the least to say.
Prior, Alma, ii.
2. Extraordinary; unusual; deserving of par-
ticular notice ; such as may excite admiration
or wonder; conspicuous; distinguished.
There is nothing left remarkable
Beneath the visiting moon.
Shak., A. andC.,iv. 16. 67.
I have breakfasted again with Rogers. The party was
a remarkable one — Lord John Russell, Tom Moore, Tom
Campbell, and Luttrell.
Macavlay, Life and Letters, I. 207.
=Syn. Noticeable, notable, rare, strange, wonderful, un-
common, singular, striking.
Il.t n. Something noticeable, extraordinary,
or exceptional ; a noteworthy thing or circum-
stance.
Jerusalem won by the Turk, with wofull remarkables
thereat. Fuller, Holy War, ii. 46 (title). (Dames.)
Some few remarkables are not only still remembered,
but also well attested. C. Slather, Mag. Chris., iv. 1.
remarkableness (re-mar'ka-bl-nes), n. The
character of being' remarkable; observable-
ness ; worthiness of remark ; the quality of de-
serving particular notice.
remarkably (re-mar'ka-bli), adv. In a remark-
able manner ; 'in a manner or degree worthy
of notice ; in an extraordinary manner or de-
gree ; singularly ; surprisingly,
remarked (re-markt'),^>. a. 1. Conspicuous;
noted; remarkable.
You speak of two
The most remark'd i' the kingdom.
Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 1. 33.
2. In plate-engraving and etching, bearing or
characterized by a remark. See remark1, n., 4.
remarker (re-mar'ker), n. One who remarks ;
one who makes remarks ; a critic.
She pretends to be a remarker, and looks at every body.
Steele, Lying Lover, ill. 1.
remarque, ». See remark1, 4.
remarriage (re-mar'aj), n. [< OF. (and F.) re-
marriage; as re- + marriage.'] Any marriage
after the first ; a repeated marriage.
With whom [the Jews] polygamy and remarriages, after
unjust divorces, were in ordinary use.
Up. Hall, Honour of Married Clergy, i. § 18.
remarry (re-mar'i), v. t. and i. [< F. remarier
= Pr. remaridar; as re- + marry1."] To marry
again or a second time.
remasticate (re-mas'ti-kat), v. t. [< re- + mas-
ticate. Cf. F. remastiquer."] To chew again, as
the cud; ruminate. Imp. Diet.
remastication (re-mas-ti-ka'shon), n. [< re-
masticate + -ion.] The act or process of re-
masticating; rumination. Imp. Diet.
remberget, n. Same as ramberge.
remediless
remblai (ron-bla'J, «. [< F. remblai, < rembliiy-
er, OF. remblayer, rembler, embank, < re- + cm-
blayer, emblaer, embarrass, hinder, lit. ' sow with
grain': see emblement.] 1. In fort., the earth
or materials used to form the whole mass of
rampart and parapet. It may contain more
than the d6blai from the ditch. — 2. In engin.,
the mass of earth brought to form an embank-
ment in the case of a railway or canal travers-
ing a natural depression of surface.
remble (rem'bl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. rembled,
ppr. rembling. [Perhaps a var. of ramble: see
ramble.] To move ; remove. [Prov. Eng.]
Theer wur a boggle in it [the waste], . . .
But I stubb'd 'um oop wi' the lot, and raaved an' rembled
'um cot. Tennyson, Northern Farmer (Old Style).
Remboth, n. See Remoboth.
Rembrandtesque (rem-bran-tesk'), a. [< Bem-
brandt (see def.) + -esque.] Resembling the
manner or style of the great Dutch painter and
etcher Rembrandt (died 1669) ; specifically, in
art, characterized by the studied contrast of
high lights and deep shadows, with suitable
treatment of chiaroscuro.
Rembrandtish (rem'brant-ish), a. [< Sem-
brandt + -ish1.'] Sanae&aBembrandtesque. Athe-
nseum, No. 3201, p. 287.
reme1!, »• »• A Middle English form of ream1.
reme'2t, »• A Middle English form of realm.
remead, ». See remede.
remeant (re-men'), v. t. [ME. remenen; < re- +
mean1 .] To give meaning to ; interpret. Wyclif.
Of love y schalle hem so remene
That thon schalt knowe what they mene.
Bower, MS. Soc. Antiq. 134, f. 40. (Halliwell.)
remeant (re'me-ant), a. [< L. remean(t-)s, ppr.
of remeare, go or come back, < re-, back, +
meare, go: see meatus.~\ Coming back; return-
ing. [Rare.]
Most exalted Prince,
Whose peerless knighthood, like the remeant sun
After too long a night, regilds our clay.
Kingsley, Saint's Tragedy, ii. 8.
remede (re-med'), «. [Also remead, remeed, Sc.
remeid; < OF. remede, F. remede, a remedy: see
remedy.'] Remedy; redress; help. [Old Eng.
or Scotch.]
But what is thanne a remede unto this,
But that we shape us soone for to mete?
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1272.
If it is for ony heinous crime,
There 's nae remeid for thee.
Lang Johnny Moir (Child's Ballads, IV. 276).
The town's people were passing sorry for bereaving them
of their arms by such an uncouth slight — but no remead.
Spalding, Hist. Troubles in Scotland, I. 230. (Jamieson.)
An' strive, wi' al' your wit an' lear.
To get remead.
Burns, Prayer to the Scotch Representatives.
remediable (re-me'di-a-bl), a. [< OF. reme-
diable, F. remediable = Sp. remediable = Pg.
remediavel = It. rimediabile, < ML. *remediabilis,
capable of being remedied, < remediare, reme-
dy : see remedy, «.] Capable of being reme-
died or cured .
Not remediable by courts of equity.
Bacon, Advice to the King.
remediableness (re-me'di-a-bl-nes), n. The
state or character of being remediable. Imp.
Diet.
remediably (re-me'di-a-bli), adv. In a remedi-
able manner or condition ; so as to be suscep-
tible of remedy or cure. Imp. Diet.
remedial (re-me'di-al), a. [< L. remedialis,
healing, remedial, < remediare, remediari, heal,
cure: see remedy, v.] Affording a remedy;
intended for a remedy or for the removal of an
evil: as, to adopt remedial measures.
They shall have redress by audita qnerela, which is a
writ of a most remedial nature.
Blackstone, Com., III. xxv.
But who can set limits to the remedial force of spirit ?
Emerson, Nature, p. 86.
Remedial statutes. See statute.
remedially (re-me'di-al-i), adv. In a remedial
manner. Im)>, Diet.
remediatet (re-me'di-at), a. [< L. remediates,
pp. of remediari, heal, cure: see remedy, v.]
Remedial.
All yon unpublish'd virtues of the earth,
Spring with my tears ! be aidant and remediate
In the good man's distress ! Shak., Lear, iv. 4. 17.
remediless (rem'e-di-les), a. [< ME. remedy-
lesse ; < remedy + -less.] If. Without a remedy ;
not possessing a remedy.
Thus welle y wote y am remedt/lesse,
For me no thyng may comforte nor amend.
MS. Cantab. Ff. i. 6, f. 181. (HalliweU.)
2. Not admitting a remedy ; incurable ; des-
perate : as, a remediless disease.
remediless
The other sought to stanch his remediless wounds.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
As if some divine commission from heav'n were de-
scended to take into hearing and commiseration the long
remedUesse afflictions of this kingdome.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
3. Irreparable, as a loss or damage.
She hath time enough to bewail her own folly and reme-
diless infelicity. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 139.
This is the affliction of hell, unto whom it affordeth de-
spair and remediless calamity. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
4f. Not answering as a remedy; ineffectual;
powerless. Spenser. =Syn. 2 and 3. Irremediable,
irrecoverable, irretrievable, hopeless.
remedilessly (rem'e-di-les-li), adv. In a man-
ner or degree that precludes a remedy.
He going away remedilesly chaflng at his rebuke.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, L
remedilessness (rem'e-di-les-nes), n. The state
of being remediless, or of not admitting of a
remedy; incurableness.
The remedileisness of this disease may be justly ques-
tioned. Boyle, Works, II. ii. 3.
remedy (rem'e-di), n. ; pi. remedies (-diz). [<
ME. remedie, < OF. "remedie, remede, F. remede
= Pr. remedi, remeyi = Sp. Pg. It. remedio, < L.
remediitm, a remedy, cure,< re-, again, + mederi,
heal: seemedicine. Cf. remede.'] 1. That which
cures a disease ; any medicine or application or
process which promotes restoration to health or
alleviates the effects of disease : with for be-
fore the name of a disease.
A cool well by, . . .
Growing a bath and healthful remedy
For men diseased. Shale., Sonnets, cliv.
When he [a scorpion] is hurt with one Poison, he seeks
his Remedy with another.
N. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, I. 165.
Colchicum with alkalis and other remedies for gout,
such as a course of Priedrichshall or Carlsbad waters,
will prove of great service. Quain, Med. Diet., p. 188.
2. That which corrects or counteracts an evil
of any kind; relief; redress; reparation.
For in hpli writt thou made rede,
"In helle is no remedie."
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 50.
Things without all remedy
Should be without regard.
Shale., Macbeth, iii. 2. IL
3. In law, the means given for obtaining
through a court of justice any right or com-
pensation or redress for a wrong. — 4. In coin-
ing, a certain allowance at the mint for devia-
tion from the standard weight and fineness of
coins: same as allowance1, 7. — 5f. A course of
action to bring about a certain result.
Ye ! nere it [were it not] that I wiste a remedye
To come ageyn, right here I wolde dye.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1623.
Provisional remedy. See pronsional.— The divine
remedy. See divine. =Syn. 1 and 2. Cure, restorative,
specific, antidote, corrective.
remedy (rem'e-di), v. t. ; pret. and pp. remedied,
ppr. remedying. [< late ME. remedyen, < OF.
remedier, F. remedier = Pr. Sp. Pg. remediar =
It. rimediare, < L. remediare, remediari, heal,
cure, < remedium, a remedy : see remedy, »«.] 1 .
To cure; heal: as, to remedy a disease. — 2. To
repair or remove something evil from ; restore
to a natural or proper condition.
I desire your majesty to remedy the matter.
Latimer, 5th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
3. To remove or counteract, as something evil ;
redress.
If you cannot even as you would remedy vices which
use and custom have confirmed, yet for this cause you
must not leave and forsake the common-wealth.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), i.
Whoso believes that spiritual destitution is to be reme-
died only by a national church may with some show of
reason propose to deal with physical destitution by an
analogous instrumentality.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 348.
remeed, remeid, «. See remede.
remelantt, n. A Middle English form of rema-
nent, remnant.
remember (re-mem'ber), v. [< ME. remembren,
< OF. remembrer (refl.), F. remembrer = Pr.
remembrar = OSp. remembrar = Pg. lembrar =
It. rimembrare (also in mod. form directly after
L., F. rememorer = Pr. Sp. Pg. rememorar = It.
rimemorare), < LL. rememorari, ML. also re-
memorare, recall to mind, remember, < L. re-,
again, + memorare, bring to remembrance,
mention, recount, < memor, remembering, mind-
ful: see memorate, memory.'] I. trans. 1. To
bring again to the memory; recall to mind;
recollect.
Now calleth us to remember our sins past.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), IL 36.
5068
To remember is to perceive any thing with memory, or
with a consciousness that it was known or perceived before.
Locke, Human Understanding, I. iv. 20.
2. To bear or keep in mind; have in memory;
be capable of recalling when required; preserve
unf orgotten : as, to remember one's lessons ; to
remember all the circumstances.
Remember thee !
Ay, thou poor ghost, while memory holds a seat
In this distracted globe. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5. 95,
Remembering no more of that other day
Than the hot noon remembereth of the night,
Than summer thinketh of the winter white.
Waiiam Harris, Earthly Paradise, I. 427.
3. To be continually thoughtful of; have pres-
ent to the attention ; attend to ; bear in mind :
opposed to forget.
Remember whom thou hast aboard.
Shak., Tempest, i. 1. 20.
Remember what I warn thee, shun to taste.
Milton, P. L., viii. 327.
But still remember, if yon mean to please,
To press your point with modesty and ease.
Cotcper, Conversation, L 103.
4f. To mention.
The selfe same sillable to be sometime long and some-
time short for the eares better satisfaction, as hath bene
before remembred. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 89.
Now call we our high court of parliament . . .
Our coronation done, we will accite,
As I before remember'd, all our state.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 2. 142.
Pliny, Solinus, Ptolemy, and of late Leo the African, re-
member unto us a river in Ethiopia, famous by the name
of Niger. /.'. Jonson, Masque of Blackness.
8f. To put in mind; remind; reflexively, to re-
mind one's self (to be reminded).
This Eneas Is comen to Paradys
Out of the swolowe of helle : and thus in joye
Remembreth him of his cstaat in Troye.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1106.
I may not ease me hert as in this case.
That doth me harme whanne I remembre me.
Oenerydes (E. E. T. B.), 1. 683.
One only thing, as it comes into my mind, let me re-
member you of.
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 308).
I'll not remember you of my own lord.
Shak., W. T., iii. 2. 231.
She then remembered to his thought the place
Where he was going. B. Jonson, A Panegyre.
He tell ye, or at least remember ye, for most of ye know
it already. Milton, Church-Government, ii.. Cone.
6. To keep in mind with gratitude, favor, con-
fidence, affection, respect, or any other feeling
or emotion.
Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Ex. xx. 8.
If them wilt indeed look on the affliction of thine hand-
maid and remember me. 1 Sam. i. 11.
That they may have their wages duly paid 'em,
And something over to remember me by.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 2. 151.
Old as I am, for ladies' love nnflt,
The power of beauty I remember yet.
Dryden, Cym. and Iph., L 2.
7. To take notice of and give money or other
present to : said of one who has done some ac-
tual or nominal service and expects a fee for it.
[Knocking within.] Porter. Anon, anon ! I pray you
remember the porter. [Opens the gate.]
Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3. 23.
Remember your courtesy*, be covered; put on yonr
hat: addressed to one who remained bareheaded after
saluting, and intended to remind him that he had al-
ready made his salute.
I do beseech thee, remember thy courtesy; 1 beseech
thee, apparel thy head. Shak., L. L. L., v. 1. 103.
Pray you remember your courts'y. . . . May, pray you
be cover'd.
/;. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour (ed. GiffordX i. 1.
To be remembered*, to recall ; recollect ; have in re-
membrance. Compare def. 5.
To your extent I canne right wele agree ;
Ther is a land I am remembryd wele,
Men call it Perse, a plenteuous centre.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.X 1. 619.
Now by my troth, If I had been remember'd,
I could have given my uncle's grace a flout.
Shak., Rich, m., ii. 4. 23.
She always wears a muff, if you be remembered.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, ii. 1.
TO remember one to or unto, to recall one to the re-
membrance of ; commend one to : used in complimentary
messages : as, remember me to your family.
Remember me
In all humility unto his highness.
SAo*., Hen. VIII., iv. 2. 160.
Remember me to my old Companions. Remember me to
my Friends. JV. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, I. 27.
= Syn. 1. Remember, Recollect. Remember implies that a
thing exists in the memory, not that it is actually present
in the thoughts at the moment, but that it recurs without
effort Recollect means that a fact forgotten or partially
lost to memory, is after some effort recalled and present
to the mind. Remembrance is the store-house, recollection
the act of culling out this article and that from the- reposi-
remembrance
tory. He remembers everything he hears, and can recollect
any statement when called on. The words, however, are
often confounded, and we say we cannot remember a thing
when we mean we cannot recollect it. See memory.
II. intrans. 1. To hold something in remem-
brance ; exercise the faculty of memory.
I remember
Of such a time ; being my sworn servant,
The duke retain'd him his.
Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 2. 190.
As I remember, there were certain low chairs, that
looked like ebony, at Esher, and were old and pretty.
Gray, Letters, I. 217.
2f. To return to the memory; come to mind:
used impersonally.
But, Lord Crist ! whan that it remembreth me
Upon my yowthe and on my jdlitee,
It tikleth me aboute myn herte roote.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, L 469.
rememberable (re-mem'ber-a-bl), a. [< re-
member + -able.'] Capable or" worthy of being
remembered.
The earth
And common face of Nature spake to me
Rememberable things. Wordsworth, Prelude, i.
rememberably (re-mem'ber-a-bli), adv. In a
rememberable manner ; so as to be remembered.
My golden rule is to relate everything as briefly, as
perspicuously, and as rememberably as possible.
Southey, 1805 (Mem. of Taylor of Norwich, II. 77). (Dames.)
rememberer (re-mem'ber-er), >i. One who re-
members.
A brave master to servants, and a rememberer of the
least good office ; for his flock, he transplanted most of
them into plentiful soils. Sir B. Wottm. (Latham.)
remembrance (re-mem'brans), n. [Early mod.
E. also remembraunce ; < ME. remembrance, re-
membraunce, < OF. remembrance, remembraunce,
F. remembrance = Pr. remembransa = Sp. remem-
branza = Pg. remembranca, lembranca = It. ri-
membranza, < ML. as if *rememorantia,<. rememo-
rare, remember: see remember."] 1. The act of
remembering; the keeping of a thing in mind
or recalling it to mind; a revival in the mind
or memory.
All knowledge is but remembrance.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. •'.
Remembrance is but the reviving of some past know-
ledge. Locke, Human Understanding, IV. 1. 9.
Remembrance and reflection, how allied ;
What thin partitions sense from thought divide !
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 226.
2. The power or faculty of remembering ; mem-
ory ; also, the limit of time over which the mem-
ory extends.
Thee I have beard relating what was done
Ere my remembrance. Milton, P. L., viii. 204.
When the word perception is used properly and without
any figure, it is never applied to things past. And thus
it is distinguished from remembrance.
Reid, Intellectual Powers, L 1.
3. The state of being remembered ; the state
of being held honorably in memory.
The righteous shall be in everlasting remembrance.
Ps. cxii. e.
Grace and remembrance be to you both.
Shak., W. I., iv. 4. 76.
Oh ! scenes in strong remembrance set !
Scenes never, never to return !
Burns, The Lament
4. That which is remembered ; a recollection.
How sharp the point of this remembrance is !
SAo*., Tempest, v. 1. 138.
The sweet remembrance of the just
Shall flourish when he sleeps in dust.
Tote and Brady, Ps. cxii. 8.
5. That which serves to bring to or keep in
mind.
I pray, Sir, be my continual remembrance to the Throne
of grace.
W. Bradford, in Appendix to New England's Memorial,
[p. 436.
(a) An account preserved ; a memorandum or note to pre-
serve or assist the memory ; a record ; mention.
Auferius, the welebelouyd kyng
That was of Ynd, and ther had his dwellyng
Till he was putte [from] his enheritaunce,
Wherof be fore was made remembraunce.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.X 1. 2177.
Let the understanding reader take with him three or
four short remembrances. ... The memorandums I would
commend to him are these.
ChiUingu-orth, Relig. of Protestants, Ans. to Fifth Chapter,
[§29.
(b) A monument ; a memorial.
And it is of trouthe. as they saye there, and as it is as-
sygned by token of a fayre stone layde for remembraunce,
yt our blessyd Lady and seynt John Euangelyste stode not
aboue vpon the hyghest fSte of the Mounte of Caluery at
the passyon of our Lord.
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 27.
If I neuer deserue anye better remembraunce, let mee
. . . be epitaphed the Inuentor of the English Hexameter.
0. Harvey, Four Letters.
remembrance
(c) A token by which one is kept in the memory ; a keep-
sake.
I am glad I have found this napkin ;
This was her first remembrance from the Moor.
Hhak., Othello, iii. 3. 291.
I pray you accept
This small remembrance of a father's thanks
For so assur'd a benefit.
Fletcher (and another), Love's Pilgrimage, v. 2.
6. The state of being mindful ; thought ; re-
gard ; consideration ; notice of something ab-
sent.
In what place that euer I be in, the moste remembraunce
that I shall haue shall be vpon vow, and on yowre nedes.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.\ i. 49.
We with wisest sorrow think on him,
Together with remembrance of ourselves.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2. 7.
The Puritans, to keep the remembrance of their unity
one with another, and of their peaceful compact with the
Indians, named their forest settlement Concord.
Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord.
7f. Admonition ; reminder.
I do commit into your hand
The unstained sword that you have used to bear ;
With this remembrance, that you use the same
With the like bold. Just, and impartial spirit
As you have done 'gainst me.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 2. 115.
Clerks of the remembrance. See remembrancer, 2.—
To make remembrance!, to bring to remembrance ;
recount; relate. =Syn. 1, 2, and 4. Recollection, Reminis-
cence, etc. See memory.
remembrancer (re-mem'bran-ser), n. [< re-
membrance + -eri.] 1. One who or that which
reminds or revives the memory of anything.
Astronomy in all likelihood was knowne to Abraham, to
whom the heauenly stars might be Remembrancers of that
promise, so shall thy seed be. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 65.
Premature consolation is but the remembrancer of sor-
row. Qoldsmith, Vicar, iii.
All the young fellows crowd up to ask her to dance, and,
taking from her waist a little mother-of-pearl remem-
brancer, she notes them down.
Thackeray, Fitz- Boodle Papers, Dorothea.
2. An officer in the Exchequer of England, em-
ployed to record documents, make out process-
es, etc. ; a recorder. These officers were formerly
called derksofthe remembrance, and were three in number
— the Icing'sremembrancer, the lord treasurer'sremembran-
cer, and the remembrancer of first-fruits. The queen's re-
membrancer's department now has a place in the central
office of the Supreme Court. The name is also given to an
officer of certain corporations : as, the remembrancer of the
city of London.
These rents [ceremonial rents, as a horseshoe, etc.] are
now received by the Queen's Remembrancer a few days be-
fore the beginning of Michaelmas term.
F. rottock, Land Laws, p. 8.
rememorancet, ». [ME. rememoraunce, a var.,
after ML. *rememorant^a, of remembraunce : see
remembrance.] Remembrance.
Nowe menne it call, by all rememoraunce,
Constantyne noble, wher to dwell he did enclyne.
Hardyng's Chronicle, f. 50. (UaUiwett.)
rememoratet (re-mem'o-rat), v. t. [< LL. reme-
moratus, pp. of rememorari, remember: see re-
member.'] To remember; revive in the memory.
We shall ever flnd the like difficulties, whether we re-
memorate or learne anew.
L. Bryskett, Civil Life (1606), p. 128.
rememorationt (re-mem-o-ra'shon), n. [Early
mod. E. rememoracioun; "< OF. rememoration,
P. rememoration, < ML. rememoratio(n-), < LL.
rememorari, remember: see remember, rememo-
rate.] Remembrance.
The story requires a particular rememoration.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 256.
rememorativet (re-mem'o-ra-tiv), «. [< P. re-
memoratif= Sp. Pg. rememorativo ; as rememo-
rate + -ivc.~\ Recalling to mind ; reminding.
For whi, withonte rememoratiif signes of a thing, or of
thingis, the rememoracioun, or the remembraunce, of thilk
thing or thingis muste needis be the febler.
Pocock, quoted in Waterland's Works, X. 254.
remenantt, re. An obsolete form of remnant.
remeiie j t. i>. t. See remean.
remene2t, v. t. [< OP. (and P.) remener (= Pr.
ramenar = It. rimenare), < re-, again, + metier,
< ML. miiiarc, conduct, lead, bring: see mien.']
To bring back. Yernon MS. (HalliieeU.)
remerciet, remercyt (re-mer'si), «>. t. [< OF.
P. remercier (= Pr. remarciar), thank, < re-,
again, + mereier, thank, < merci, thanks: see
mercy.] To thank.
She him remarried as the Patrone of her life.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xl. 16.
remerciest, «• pi- [< remereie, r.] Thanks.
So mildely did he, beying the conquerour, take the vn-
thankefulnesse of persones by hym conquered & subdued
who did . . . not render thankes ne saie remtrcies for that
thei had been let bothe safe and sounde.
Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, ii. Philippos, § 7.
remercyt, <'. '. See remereie.
5069
remerge (re-merj'), v. i. [< L. remergere, dip
in or immerse again, < re-, again, + mergere,
dip: see merge.] To merge again.
That each, who seems a separate whole,
Should move his rounds, and, fusing all
The skirts of self again, should fall
Remerging in the general Soul,
Is faith as vague as all unsweet.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xlvii.
remeveti «• A Middle English variant of re-
move.
remewt, remuet, «• *• [ME. remewen, remuen, <
OF. remuer, P. remuer, move, stir, = Pr. Sp. Pg.
remudar = It. rimutare, change, alter, trans-
form, < ML. remutare, change, < L. re-, again,
+ mutare, change: see meic* and mue. The
sense in ME. and OF. is appar. due in part to
confusion with remove (ME. remeven, etc.).]
To remove.
The hors of bras, that may nat be remewed,
It stunt as it were to the ground yglewed.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 173.
Sette eke noon almondes but greet and newe,
And hem is best in Feveryere remewe.
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 54.
remex (re'meks), «.; pi. remiges (rem'i-jez).
[NL., < L. remex (remig-), a rower, oarsman, <
remus, an oar, + ayere, move.] In ornith., one
of the flight-feathers; one of the large stiff
quill-feathers of a bird's wing which form
most of its spread and correspond to the rec-
trices or rudder-feathers of the tail. They are
distinguished from ordinary contour-feathers by never
having at tershafts, and by being almost entirely of penna-
ceous structure. They are divided into three series, the
primaries, the secondaries, and the tertiaries or tertials,
according to their seat upon the pinion, the forearm, or the
upper arm. See diagram under In'nP.
remiform (rem'i-fdrm), a. [< L. remus, an oar,
+ forma, form.] Shaped like an oar.
remigable (rem'i-ga-bl), a. [< L. remigare, row
(< remus, an oar, +'agere, move), + -able.] Ca-
pable of being rowed upon ; fit to float an oared
boat.
Where steril remigable marshes now
Feed neighb'ring cities, and admit the plough.
Cotton, tr. of Montaigne, xxlv. (Davies.)
remiges, n. Plural of remex.
Remigia (re-mij'i-a), n. [NL. (GueniSe, 1852),
< L. remigi'um, a rowing: see remex.] A genus
of noctuid moths, typical of the family Bemi-
giidse, distinguished by the vertical, moderately
long palpi with the third joint lanceolate. The
genus is wide-spread, and comprises about 20 species,
more common in tropical America than elsewhere.
remigial (re-mij'i-al), a. [< NL. remex (remig-)
+ -al.] Of or pertaining to a remex or
remiges.
In this the remiyial streamers do not lose their barbs.
A. Newton, Encyc. Brit., X. 712.
Remigiidse (rem-i-ji'i-de), n. pi. [NL. (Gue-
n6e, 1852), < Remigia + -idee.] A family of
noctuid moths, typified by the genus Bemigia,
with stout bodies, and in the male sex with very
hairy legs, the hind pair woolly and the tarsi
densely tufted. It is a widely distributed fam-
ily, comprising 7 genera. Usually written Bc-
migidse, and, as a subfamily, Bemiginee.
remigrate (rem'i-grat or re-mi'grat), v. i. [<
L. remigratus. pp. of remigrare, go back, return,
< re-, back, + migrare, migrate : see migrate.]
To migrate again ; remove to a former place or
state; return.
When the salt of tartar from which it is distilled hath
retained or deprived it of the sulphurous parts of the spirit
of wine, the rest, which is incomparably the greater part
of the liquor, will remigrate into phlegm.
Boyle, Works, I. 499.
r emigration (rem-i-gra 'shpn or re-mi-gra ' sh on ) ,
n. [< remigrate + -ion.] Repeated migration ;
removal back ; a migration to a place formerly
occupied.
The Scots, transplanted hither, became acquainted with
our customs, which, by occasional emigrations, became
diffused In Scotland. Hale.
Remijia (re-mij'i-a), n. [NL. (A. P. de Can-
dolle, 1829), named from a surgeon, Bemijo,
who used its bark instead of cinchona.] A ge-
nus of gainopetalous shrubs of the order Bubia-
cese, tribe CincJionex, and subtribe Eucinchonese.
It is characterized by a woolly and salver-shaped corolla
with five valvate lobes and a smooth and enlarged throat,
and by a septicidal two-celled and somewhat ovoid cap-
sule, with numerous peltate seeds and subcordate seed-
leaves. The 13 species are all natives of tropical America.
They are shrubs or small and slender trees, with weak and
almost unbranched stem, bearing opposite or whorl ed rev-
olute leaves, sometimes large, thick, and coriaceous, often
with very large lanceolate stipules. The flowers are rather
small, white or rose-colored, and fragrant, clustered in
axillary and prolonged racemes. Several species are still
in medicinal use. See cuprea-bark, cupreine, and rinchon-
amitie.
reminiscential
remind (re-mind'), v. t. [< re- + mind1 ; appar.
suggested by remember.] To put in mind;
bring to the remembrance of ; recall or bring
to the notice of: as, to remind a person of his
promise.
Where mountain, river, forest, fleld, and grove
Remind him of his Maker's pow'r and love.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 30.
I have often to go through a distinct process of thought
to remind myself that I am in New England, and not in
Middle England still.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 170.
reminder (re-mln'der), n. [< remind + -er1.]
One who or that which reminds; anything
which serves to awaken remembrance.
remindful (re-mmd'ful), a. [< remind + -ful.]
1. Tending or adapted to remind; careful to
remind. Southey.
The slanting light touched the crests of the clods in a
newly ploughed fleld to her left with a vivid effect, re-
mindful of the light-capped wavelets on an eventful bay.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 212.
2. Remembering.
Meanwhile, remindful of the convent bars,
Bianca did not watch these signs in vain.
Hood, Bianca's Dream, St. 32.
remingtonite (rem'ing-ton-it), n. [Named af-
ter Mr. Edward Bemingion, at one time super-
intendent of the mine where it was found.] A
little-known mineral occurring as a thin rose-
colored coating in serpentine in Maryland. It
is essentially a hydrated carbonate of cobalt.
Remington rifle. See rifle?.
reminiscence (rem-i-nis'ens), n. [< OF. remi-
niscence, F. reminiscence = Pr. Sp. Pg. reminis-
cencia = It. reminiscenza, reminiscenzia, < LL.
reminiscentiee, pi., remembrances, < L. reminis-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of reminisci, remember: see rem-
iniscent.] 1. The act or power of recollect-
ing; recollection; the voluntary exertion of the
reproductive faculty of the understanding; the
recalling of the past to mind.
I cast about for all circumstances that may revive my
memory or reminiscence.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind. (Latham.)
The reproductive faculty is governed by the laws which
regulate the succession of our thoughts — the laws, as they
are called, of mental association. If these laws are al-
lowed to operate without the intervention of the will, this
faculty may be called suggestion or spontaneous sugges-
tion. Whereas, if applied under the influence of the will,
it will properly obtain the name of reminiscence or recol-
lection. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xx.
2. That which is recollected or recalled to
mind; a relation of what is recollected; a nar-
ration of past incidents, events, and character-
istics within one's personal knowledge : as, the
reminiscences of a quinquagenarian.
I will here mention what is the most important of all
my reminitcences, viz. that in my childhood my mother
was to me everything.
H. C. Robinson, Diary, Reminiscences and Correspon-
[dence, i.
3. In music, a composition which is not intended
to be original in its fundamental idea, but only
in its manner of treatment. =Syn. 1. Recollection,
Remembrance, etc. See memory.
reminiscencyt (rem-i-nis'en-si), w. [As remi-
niscence (see -cy).] Reminiscence.
Reminiscency, when she [the soul] searches out some-
thing that she has let slip out of her memory.
Dr. H. More, Immortal, of Soul, ii. 5.
reminiscent(rem-i-nis'ent),a. andn. [<L.w»i-
niscen(t-)s, ppr. of reminisci, remember, < re-,
again, + min-, base of me-min-isse, remember,
think over, akin to men(t-)s, mind: see mental1,
mind1, etc. Beminiscent is not connected with
remember.] I. a. Having the faculty of mem-
ory; calling to mind; remembering; also, in-
clined to recall the past ; habitually dwelling
on the past.
Some other state of which we have been previously con-
scious, and are now reminiscent. Sir W. Hamilton.
During the earlier stages of human evolution, then, im-
agination, being almost exclusively reminiscent, is almost
incapable of evolving new ideas.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psycho!., § 492.
II. n. One who calls to mind and records
past events.
reminiscential (rem'i-ni-sen'shal), a. [< remi-
niscent + -ial.] Of or pertaining to reminis-
cence or recollection.
Would truth dispense, we could be content, with Plato,
that knowledge were but remembrance, that intellectual
acquisition were but reminiscential evocation, and new
impressions but the colouring of old stamps which stood
pale in the soul before.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. En1., Pref., p. i.
At the sound of the name, no reminiscential atoms . . .
stirred and marshalled themselves in my brain.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 90.
remlniscentially
reminiscentially (rein"i-ni-sen'shal-i), adv. In
a reminiscential manner ; by way of calling to
mind.
Beminiscere Sunday. [So called because the
Sarum introit, taken from Ps. xxv. 6, begins
with the word reminiscere (L. reminiscere, impv.
of reminisci, remember: see reminiscent).] The
second Sunday in Lent. Also Beminiscere.
reminisciont, «. [Irreg. < reminisc(ent) + -ion.~\
Remembrance ; reminiscence.
Stir my thoughts
With reminiscion of the spirit's promise.
Chapman, Bussy D'Amboia, v. 1.
reminiscitory (rem-i-nis'i-to-ri), a. [< reminis-
c(ent) + -it-ory.} Remembering, or having to do
with the memory ; reminiseential. [Bare.]
I still bore a reminiscitory spite against Mr. Job Jonson,
which I was fully resolved to wn '
litdu-cr. Felham, Ixxiii.
remiped (rem'i-ped), a. and n. [< LL. remipes,
oar-iooted, < L. remus, an oar, +pes (ped-) = E.
foot!} I. a. Having oar-shaped feet, or feet
that are used as oars ; oar-footed.
II. a. A remiped animal, as a crustacean or
an insect.
Remipes (rem'i-pez), n. [NL. : see remiped.'}
1. In Crustacea, a genus of crabs of the fam-
ily Hippidee. R. testudinarius is an Australian
species. — 2. Inentom. : (a) A genus of coleop-
terous insects. (b) A genus of hemipterous
insects.
remise (re-miz'), »• [< OF. remise, delivery,
release, restoration, reference, remitting, etc.,
P. remise, a delivery, release, allowance, de-
lay, livery (voiture de remise, a livery-carriage) ;
cf. LL. remissa, pardon, remission; < L. re-
missa, fern, of remissus (> F. remis), pp. of
remittere (> F. remettre), remit, release: see
remit.] 1. In law, a granting back; a surren-
der; release, as of a claim. — 2. A livery-car-
riage : so called (for French voiture de remise)
as kept in a carriage-house, and distinguished
from a fiacre or hackney-coach, which is found
on a stand in the public street.
This has made Glass for Coaches very cheap and com-
mon, so that even many of the Fiacres or Hackneys, and
all the Remises, have one large Glass before.
Lister, Journey to Parts, p. 142.
3. In fencing, a second thrust which hits the
mark after the first thrust has missed, made
while the fencer is extended in the lunge, in
modern fencing for points the remise is discouraged, be-
ing often ignored by judges as a count, because greater
elegance and fairness are obtained if the fencer returns
to his guard when his first thrust has not reached, and
parries the return blow of his opponent
remise (re-mlz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. remised,
ppr. remising. [< remise, n.} If. To send back ;
remit.
Yet think not that this Too-too-Much remises
Ought into nought ; it but the Form disguises.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 1. 2.
2. To give or grant back ; release a claim to ;
resign or surrender by deed.
The words generally used therein [that is, in releases]
are remised, released, and for ever quit-claimed.
Blaclrstone, Com., II. xx.
remiss (re-mis'), a. and n. [= OF. remis, F.
remis = Sp. remiso = Pg. remisso = It. rimesso,
< L. remissus, slack, remiss, pp. of remittere,
remit, slacken, etc.: see remit.] I. a. 1. Not
energetic or diligent in performance; careless
in performing duty or business; not comply-
ing with engagements at all, or not in due
time; negligent; dilatory; slack.
The prince must think me tardy and remiss.
Shot., T. and C., iv. 4. 143.
It often happens that they who are most secure of truth
on their side are most apt to be remiss and careless, and
to comfort themselves with some good old sayings, as God
will provide, and Truth will prevail.
StUKngfleet, Sermons, II. i.
Bashfulness, melancholy, timorousness, cause many of
us to be too backward and remiss.
Burton, An at. of MeL, p. 197.
2. Wanting earnestness or activity; slow;
relaxed; languid.
The water deserts the corpuscles, unless it flow with a
precipitate motion ; for then it hurries them out along
with it, till its motion becomes more languid and remiss.
Woodward.
=Syn. 1. Neglectful, etc. (see negligent), careless, thought-
less inattentive, slothful, backward, behindhand.
Il.t ». An act of negligence.
Such mannerof men as, by negligence of Magistrates and
remisses of lawes, euery countrie breedeth great store of.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie (ed. ArberX p. 55.
remissailest, n. pi. [ME. remyssailes, < OF. *re-
missaileis, < remis, pp. of remettre, cast aside :
5070
see remiss, remit."} Leavings; scraps; pieces
of refuse.
Laade not thy trenchour with many remyssailes.
Babees Book (E. E. T: S.), p. 28.
remissful (re-mis'ful), «. [< remiss + -ful.}
Beady to grant remission or pardon ; forgiving ;
gracious. [Bare.]
As though the Heavens, in their remiss/id doom,
Took those best-lov'd from worser days to come.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, i. 11.
remissibility (re-mis-i-bil'i-ti), ». [< remissible
+ -ity (see -bility).} Capability of being remit-
ted orabated ; the characterof beingremissible.
This is a greater testimony of the certainty of the re-
missibility of our greatest sins.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, v. 5.
The eleventh and last of all the properties that seem to
be requisite in a lot of punishment is that of remissibility.
Bentham, Introd. to Morals and Legislation, xv. 25.
remissible (re-mis'i-bl), a. [< OF. remissible,
F. remissible = Sp. remisible = Pg. remissive! =
It. remissibile, < LL. remissibilis, pardonable,
easy, light, < L. remittere, pp. remissus, remit,
pardon: see remit, remiss.} Capable of being
remitted or forgiven.
They [papists] allow them [certain sins] to be such as
deserve punishment, although such as are easily pardon-
able : remissible, of course, or expiable by an easy peni-
tence. Feltham, Resolves, ii. 9.
remissio injuriae (re-mis'i-6 in-jo'ri-e). [L.:
remissio, remission; injuries, gen. of injuria, in-
jury: see injury.} In Scots law, in an action
of divorce for adultery, a plea implying that
the pursuer has already forgiven the offense;
condonation.
remission (re-mish'on), n. [< ME. remission,
remissioun, < OF. remission, F. remission = Pr.
remissio = Sp. remision = Pg. remissdo = It. re-
missione. rimissione, < L. remissio(n-), a sending
back, relaxation, < remittere, pp. remissus, send
back, remit: see remit.} The act of remitting,
(at) The act of sending back.
The (ate of her [Lot's wife] . . . gave rise to the poets'
fiction of the loss of Eurydice and her remission into hell,
for her husband's turning to look upon her.
Stackhoiute, Hist Bible, iii. L (Latham.)
(b) The act of sending to a distant place, as money ; re-
mittance.
The remission of a million every year to England.
Swift, To the Abp. of Dublin, Concerning the Weavers.
(c) Abatement ; a temporary subsidence, as of the force
or violence of a disease or of pain, as distinguished from
intermission, in which the disease leaves the patient en-
tirely for a time.
Remittent [fever] has a morning remission; yellow fever
has not Quain, Med. Diet, p. 1335.
((0 Diminution or cessation of intensity ; abatement ; re-
laxation ; moderation : as, the remission of extreme rigor ;
the remission of close study or of labor.
As too much bending breaketh the bowe, so too much
remission spoyleth the mimic.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat of Wit, p. 112.
Darkness fell
Without remission of the blast or shower.
Wordsworth.
(e) Discharge or relinquishment, as of a debt, claim, or
right ; a giving up : as, the remission of a tax or duty.
Another ground of the bishop's fears Is the remission of
the first fruits and tenths. Steifl.
(/) The act of forgiving ; forgiveness ; pardon ; the giving
up of the punishment due to a crime.
Neuerthelesse, to them that with deuocion beholde it
afer is graunted clene remyssyon.
Sir J{. Ouylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 30.
My penance is to call Lucetta back,
Ana ask remission for my folly past
Shak., T. G. of V., L 2. 65.
All wickedness is weakness ; that plea therefore
With God or man will gain thee no remission.
MUtan, S. A., L 835.
Intension and remission of format. See intension.
— Remission of sins, in Scrip. , del iverance from the guilt
and penalty of sin. The same word (o*«ris)is in the author-
ized version translated remission (Mat. xxvi. 28, etc. ), for-
giveness (Col. i. 14), and deliverarux (Luke iv. 18).— Re-
mission Thursday. Same as Maundy Thursday (which
see, under maundy). = Syn. (/) Absolution, etc. See par-
don.
remissive (re-mis'iv), a. [= Sp. remisivo, < L.
remissims, relaxing, laxative: see remiss.} 1.
Slackening; relaxing; causing abatement.
Who bore by turns great AJax' seven-fold shield ;
Whene'er he breathed remissive of his might,
Tired with the incessant slaughters of the fight.
Pope, Iliad, xiii. 887.
2. Remitting; forgiving; pardoning.
0 Lord, of thy abounding love
To my offence remissive be.
Wither, tr. of the Psalms, p. 96. (Latham.)
remissly (re-mis'li), adv. In a remiss or negli-
gent manner ; carelessly ; without close atten-
tion; slowly; slackly; not vigorously; lan-
guidly ; without ardor.
remit
remissness (re-mis'nes), n. The state or char-
acter of being remiss; slackness; carelessness;
negligence; lack of ardor or vigor; lack of at-
tention to any business, duty, or engagement in
the proper time or with the requisite industry.
The extraordinary remiwencsse of discipline had (til his
coming) much detracted from the reputation of that Col-
ledg. Evelyn, Diary, May 10, 1637.
= Syn. Oversight, etc. See negligence.
remissory (re-mis'o-ri), a. [= Sp. remisorio,
< ML. "remissorius, remissory, < L. remittere, pp.
remissus, remit : see remiss, remit.} Pertaining
to remission; serving or tending to remit ; ob-
taining remission.
They would have us saved by a daily oblation propitia-
tory, by a sacrifice expiatory or remissory.
Latimer, Sermon of the 1'lough.
remit (re-mif), t1. ; pret. and pp. remitted, ppr.
remitting. [Early mod. E. also remytte; < ME.
remitten, < OF. remettre, remetre, also remitter,
F. remettre = Pr. remetre = Sp. remitir = Pg.
remittir = It. rimettere, < L. remittere, send back,
abate, remit (LL. pardon), < re-, back, + mit-
tere, send: see missile, mission. Cf. admit, com-
mit, emit, permit*, etc.] I. trans. If. To send
back.
And, reverent malster, remitte me summe letter by the
bringer her of. Paston Letters, II. 67.
Whether earth *s an animal, and air
Imbibes, her lungs with coolness to repair,
And what she sucks, remits, she still requires
Inlets for ah1, and outlets for her fires.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xv.
2. To transmit or send, as money, bills, or other
things in payment for goods received.
I have received that money which was remitted here in
order to release me from captivity.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, Ixxvi.
He promised to remit me what he owed me out of the
first money he should receive, but I never heard of him
after. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 58.
3. To restore ; replace.
In this case the law remits him to his ancient and more
certain right Blackstone. (Imp. Diet.)
4. To transfer. [Rare.]
He that vsed to teache did not commonlie vse to beate,
but remitted that ouer to an other mans charge.
Ascham, The Scholemxster, p. 48.
5. In law, to transfer (a cause) from one tribu-
nal or judge to another, particularly from an
appellate court to the court of original juris-
diction. See remit, n. — 6. To refer.
Wheche mater I remytte ondly to youre ryght wyse dls-
crecion. Patton Letters, I. 321.
In the sixth Year of his Reign, a Controversy arising
between the two Archbishops of Canterbury and York,
they appealed to Rome, and the Pope remitted it to the
King and Bishops of England. Bolter, Chronicles, p. 28.
How I have
Studied your fair opinion, I remit
To time. Shirley, Hyde Park, ii. 4.
The arbiter, an officer to whom the praetor is supposed
to have remitted questions of fact as to a Jury.
Encye. Brit., II. 812.
7. To give or deliver up ; surrender; resign.
Prin. Will you have me, or your pearl again?
Btron. Neither of either; I remit both twain.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. 469.
The Egyptian crown I to your hands remit.
Dryden, Tyrannic Love, lit 1.
8. To slacken; relax the tension of; hence,
figuratively, to diminish in intensity; make
less intense or violent ; abate.
Those other motives which gave the animadversions no
leave to remit a contlnuall vehemence throughout the
book. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
As when a bow is successively intended and remitted.
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 222.
In a short time we remit our fervour, and endeavour to
find some mitigation of our duty, and some more easy
means of obtaining the same end.
Johnson, Rambler, No. 65.
9. To refrain from exacting; give up, in whole
or in part : as, to remit punishment.
Thy slanders I forgive ; and therewithal
Remit thy other forfeits. Shak., M. forM.,v. 1. B26.
Remit awhile the harsh command,
And hear me, or my heart will break.
Crabbe, Works, I. 243.
10. To pardon; forgive.
Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them.
John xx. 23.
'Tis the law
That, If the party who complains remit
The offender, he is freed : is 't not so, lords?
Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, v. 1.
Remit
What 's past, and I will meet your best affection.
Shirley, Hyde Park, v. 1.
lit. To omit; cease doing. [Rare.]
I have remitted my verses all thiswhile; I think I have
forgot them. B. Jrmson, Poetaster, iiL 1.
= Syn. 2. To forward. — 9. To release, relinquish.
remit
II. intrans. 1. To slacken; become less in-
tense or rigorous.
When our passions remit, the vehemence of our speech
remits too. W. Broome, Notes on the Odyssey. (Johnson.)
How often have I blest the coming day,
When toil remitting lent its turn to play.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 16.
She [Sorrow] takes, when harsher moods remit,
What slender shade of doubt may flit,
And makes it vassal unto love.
Tennyson, la Memoriam, xlvlii.
2. To abate by growing less earnest, eager, or
active.
By degrees they remitted ot their industry, loathed their
business, and gave way to their pleasures. South.
3. In med., to abate in violence for a time with-
out intermission: as, a fever remits at a cer-
tain hour every day. — 4. In com., to transmit
money, etc.
They obliged themselves to remit after the rate of twelve
hundred thousand pounds sterling per annum. Addison.
Remitting bilious fever, remitting icteric fever.
remit (re-mif), n. [(remit, r.] 1. In Scots laic,
a remission; a sending back. In judicial procedure,
applied to an interlocutor or judgment transferring a
cause either totally or partially, or for some specific pur-
pose, from one tribunal or judge to another, or to a judi-
cial nominee, for the execution of the purposes of the
remit.
2. A formal communication from a body hav-
ing higher jurisdiction, to one subordinate to it.
remitment (re-mit'ment), n. [< remit + -menl.
Cf. It. rimettimento.] " The act of remitting, or
the state of being remitted ; remission; remit-
tance; forgiveness; pardon.
Yet all law, and God's law especially, grants every where
to error easy remUments, even where the utmost penalty
exacted were no undoing. Milton, Tetrachordon.
remittable (re-mit'a-bl), a. [< remit + -able.]
Same as remissible. Cotgrave.
remittal (re-mit'al), n. [< remit + -al.] 1.
A remitting; a giving up; surrender. — 2. The
act of sending, as money; remittance.
I received letters from some bishops of Ireland, to so-
licit the Earl of Wharton about the remittal of the first-
fruits and tenths to the clergy there.
Sioift, Change In the Ministry.
remittance (re-mit'ans), n. [< remit + -ance.]
1. The act of 'transmitting money, bills, or the
like, to another place. — 2. A sum, bills, etc.,
remitted in payment.
remittancer (re-mit'an-ser), n. [< remittance
+ -W1.] One who sends a remittance.
Your memorialist was stopped and arrested at Bayonne,
by order from his remittaneers at Madrid.
Cumberland, Memoirs, II. 170. (Latham.)
remittee (re-mit-e'), n. [< remit + -eel.] A
person to whom a remittance is sent.
remittent (re-mit'ent), a. and n. [= F. rennet-
tant = Sp. remiten'ie = Pg. remittente = It. rt-
mettente, < L. remitten(t-Js, ppr. of remittere,
remit, abate: see remit.] I. a. Temporarily
abating; having remissions from time to time:
noting diseases the symptoms of which di-
minish very considerably, but never entirely
disappear as in intermittent diseases Biliary
epidemic, infantile, marsh remittent fever. See
feveri.— Remittent bilious fever. See /etwri.— Re-
mittent fever. See feveri.— Yellow remittent fever
See feveri.
II. n. Same as remittent fever (which see,
under fever'1).
remitter1 (re-mit'er), n. [< remit + -erl.] One
who remits, (a) One who makes remittance for pay-
ment. (6) One who pardons.
Not properly pardoners, forgivers, or remitters of sin, as
though the sentence in heaven depended upon the sen-
tence in earth. Fidke, Against Allen, p. 143. (Latham.)
remitter2 (re-mit'er), n. [< OF. remitter, re-
mettre, inf. used as a noun: see remit, v.] In
law, the sending or setting back of a person
to a title or right he had before ; the restitu-
tion of a more ancient and certain right to a
person who has right to lands, but is out of pos-
session, and has afterward the freehold cast
upon him by some subsequent defective title, by
operation of law, by virtue of which he enters,
the law in such case reinstating him as if pos-
sessing under his original title, free of encum-
brances suffered by the possessor meanwhile.
In Hillary term I went.
You said, if I returned next 'size in Lent,
I should be in remitter of your grace.
Donne, Satires, 11.
remitter (re-mit'or). n. [< remit + -or*.] In
me, same as remitter^.
remnant (rem'nant), a. and n. [Contr. from
remenant, remanent, < ME. remenant, remenaunt,
< OF. remenant, remenaunt, remainder: see re-
mantnt.] I.f a. Remaining; yet left.
2. Specifically, that which i
last cutting of a web of cloth,
5071
But when he once had entred Paradise,
The remnant world he iustly did despise.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., Eden.
And quiet dedicate her remnant Life
To the just Duties of a humble Wife.
Prior, Solomon, 11.
II. n. 1. That which is left or remains ; the
remainder; the rest.
The remenant were anhanged, moore and lease,
That were consentant of this cursednesse.
Chaucer, Physician's Tale, 1. 275.
The remnant that are left of the captivity there in the
province are in great affliction and reproach. Neh. i. 3.
Westward the wanton Zephyr wings his flight,
Pleas'd with the remnants of departing light.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i. 78.
remains after the
bolt of ribbon, or
the like.
Away, thou rag, thou quantity, thou remnant !
Shak., T. of the S., iv. s. 112.
It is a garment made of remnants, a life ravelled out
into ends, a line discontinued. Donne, Letters, iv.
I am old and good for nothing; but, as the store-keepers
say of their remnants of cloth, I am but a fag end, and you
may have me for what you please to give.
The Century, XXXV. 742.
=Syn. Residue, etc. See remainder.
Remoboth, Remboth (rem'o-both, rem'both),
n. [Appar. Egypt.] In the early church, a
class of monks who lived chiefly in cities in
companies of two or three, without an abbot,
and were accused of leading worldly and dis-
orderly lives. Also called Sarabaitee.
remodel (re-mod'el), v. t. [< F. remodeler, re-
model; as re- + model, ?'.] To model, shape,
or fashion anew; reconstruct.
remodification (re-mod"i-fi-ka'shon), n. [< re-
modify -t- -ation, after modification.] The act
of modifying again ; a repeated modification or
change. Imp. Diet.
remodify (re-mod'i-fi), v. t. [< re- + modify.'}
To modify again ; shape anew; reform. Imp.
Diet.
remold, remould (re-mold'), v. t. [< re- +
mold*.] To mold or shape anew. H. Spencer,
Prin. of Spciol., } 578.
remoleculization (re-mol-e-ku-li-za'shqn), n.
[< re- + molecule + -iee + -ation.'] JL rear-
rangement among the molecules of a body,
leading to the formation of new compounds.
The purpose of this [book] ... is to suggest a theory
of the manner in which the germs act in producing
disease. It is that* through the power which the bac-
teria possess in the remoleculization of matter, they cause
the formation and diffusion through the system of organic
alkalies having poisonous qualities comparable with those
of strychnine. Pop. Set. Mo., XXVI. 1S4.
remollient (re-mol'i-ent), a. [< L. remollien(t-)s,
ppr. of remotlire, make soft again, soften : see
re- smd mollify.] Mollifying; softening. [Bare.]
remolten (re-mol'tn), p. a. [Pp. of remeit.]
Melted again.
It were good, therefore, to try whether glass remoulten
do leesse any weight. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 799.
remonetization (re-mon"e-ti-za'shon), n. [< F.
remonetisation ; as remonetize + -dtion.] The
act of remonetizing.
remonetize (re-mon'e-tiz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
remonetized, ppr. remonetizing. [< F. remonc-
tiser; as re- + monetize.] To restore to circu-
lation in the shape of money; make again a
legal or standard money of account, as gold or
silver coin. Also spelled remonetise.
remonstrablet (re-mon'stra-bl), a. [< remon-
stra(te) + -able.] Capable of demonstration.
Was it such a sin for Adam to eat a forbidden apple ?
Yes ; the greatness is remonstrable in the event.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 368.
remonstrance (re-mon'strans), ». [< OF. re-
monstrance, F. remontranee = It. rimostranza,
< ML. remonstrantia, < remonstran(t-)s, ppr.
of remonstrare, remonstrate: see remonstrant.]
If. The act of remonstrating ; demonstration;
manifestation; show; exhibit; statement; rep-
resentation.
Make rash remonstrance of my hidden power.
Shak., M. for M., v. 1. 397.
The committee . . . concluded upon "a new general
remonstrance to be made of the state of the kingdom."
Clarendon, Civil Wars, I. 157.
"Tis strange,
Having seven years expected, and so much
Remonstrance of her husband's loss at sea,
She should continue thus. Shirley, Hyde Park, i. 1.
2. The act of remonstrating; expostulation;
strong representation of reasons, or statement
of facts and reasons, against something com-
plained of or opposed; hence, a paper contain-
ing such a representation or statement.
remonstrator
A large family of daughters have drawn up a remon-
strance, in which they set forth that, their father having
refused to take in the Spectator . . . Addison.
The English clergy, . . . when they have discharged the
formal and exacted duties of religion, are not very for-
ward, by gratuitous inspection and remonstrance, to keep
alive and diffuse a due sense of religion in their parish-
ioners. Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii.
3. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., same as monstrance. —
4. [cop.] In cedes, hist., a document consisting
of five articles expressing the points of diver-
gence of the Dutch Armiuians (Remonstrants)
from strict Calvinism, presented to the states
of Holland and West Friesland in 1610.— The
Grand Remonstrance, in Eng. hist., a remonstrance pre-
sented to King Charles I., after adoption by the House of
Commons, in 1641. It recited the recent abuses in the
government, and outlined various reforms. =Syn. 2. Pro-
test. See censure, v.
remonstrant (re-mon'strant), «. and n. [= F.
remontrant = It. rimostrante, < ML. remon-
stran(t-)s, ppr. of remonstrare, exhibit, remon-
strate: see remonstrate.] I. a. 1. Expostula-
tory; urging strong reasons against an act;
inclined or tending to remonstrate.
"There are very valuable books about antiquities. . . .
Why should Mr. Casaubon's not be valuable? . . ." said
Dorothea, with more remonstrant energy.
George Eliot, Middleman*, xxii.
2. Belonging or pertaining to the Arminian
party called Remonstrants.
II. ». 1. One who remonstrates.
The defence of the remonstrant, as far as we are in-
formed of it, is that he ought not to be removed because
he has violated no law of Massachusetts.
W. Phillips, Speeches, etc., p. 159.
Specifically — 2. [cap.] One of the Arminians,
who formulated their creed (A. D. 1610) in five
articles entitled the Remonstrance.
They have projected to reconcile the papists and the
Lutherans and the Calvinists, the remonstrants and con-
tra-remonstrants. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 54.
remonstrantly (re-mon'strant-li), adv. In a
remonstrant manner; remonstratively; as or
by remonstrance.
"Mother," said Deronda, remonstrantly, "don't let us
think of It in that way."
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, Hii.
remonstrate (re-mon'strat), v. ; pret. and pp.
remonstrated, ppr. remonstrating. [< ML. re-
monstratus, pp. ofremonstrare (> It. rimostrare =
F. remontrer), exhibit, represent, demonstrate,
< L. re-, again, + monstrare, show, exhibit: see
monstration, monster, v., and cf. demonstrate.]
1. intrans. If. To exhibit; demonstrate; prove.
It [the death of Lady Carbery] was not ... of so much
trouble as two fits of a common ague ; so careful was God
to remonstrate to all that stood in that sad attendance
that this soul was dear to him.
Jer. Taylor, Funeral Sermon on Lady Carbery.
2. To exhibit or present strong reasons against
an act, measure, or any course of proceedings ;
expostulate: as, to remonstrate with a person
onhis conduct ; conscience remonstrates against
a profligate life.
Corporal Trim by being in the service had learned to
obey, and not to remonstrate.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, U. 15.
=Syn. 2. Reprove, Rebuke, etc. (see censure), object, pro-
test, reason, complain.
Il.t trans. 1. To show by a strong represen-
tation of reasons; set forth forcibly; show
clearly.
I consider that in two very great instances it was re-
monstrated that Christianity was the greatest prosecution
of natural Justice and equality in the whole world.
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, Pref., p. 15.
De L'Isle, alarmed at the cruel purport of this unex-
pected visit, remonstrated to his brother officer the unde-
slgning and good-natured warmth of his friend.
Hist. Duelling (1770), p. 145.
2. To show or point out again.
I will remonstrate to you the third door. B. Jonson.
remonstration (re-mon-stra'shon), n. [< ML.
remonstratio(n-),< remonstrare, exhibit: see
remonstrate.] The act of remonstrating; a
remonstrance.
He went many times over the case of his wife, the judg-
ment of the doctor, his own repeated remonstration.
Harper's Mag., LXIV. 243.
remonstrative (re-mon'stra-tiv), a. [< remon-
strate + -ive.] Of, belonging to, or charac-
terized by remonstrance; expostulatory; re-
monstrant. Imp. Diet.
remonstratively (re-mon'stra-tiv-li), adv. In
a remonstrative manner; remonstrantly. Imp.
Diet.
remonstrator (re-mon'stra-tor), n. [< remon-
strate + -or1.] 'One who remonstrates; a re-
monstrant.
And orders were sent down for clapping up three of the
chief remonstrators. Bp. Burnet, Hist, Own Times, an. 1660.
remonstratory
remonstratory (re-mon'stra-to-ri), it. [< re-
monstrate + -on/.] Expostulatory ; remon-
strative. [Rare.]
"Come, come, Sikes," said the Jew, appealing to him in
a rcmonstratvry tone. Die/tern, Oliver Twist, ivi.
remontant (re-mon'tant), a. and n. [< F. re-
montant, ppr. of remonter, remount: see re-
mount.'} I. a. In liort., blooming a second
time late in the season : noting a class of roses.
The Baronne Prevost, which is now the oldest type
among hybrid remontant roses. The Century, XXVI. 86ft
II. w. In liort., a hybrid perpetual rose which
blooms twice in a season.
Beautiful white roses, whose places have not been filled
by any of the usurping remontant!.
The Century, XXVI. 350.
remontoir (re-mon-twor'), n. [< F. remontoir,
< remonter, wind up: see remount.'] In horol.,
a kind of escapement in which a uniform im-
pulse is given to the pendulum or balance by
a special contrivance upon which the train
of wheel-work acts, instead of communicating
directly with the pendulum or balance.
remora (rem'o-ra), n. [= F. remora, remore =
Sp. remora = Pg. It. remora, < L. remora, a de-
lay, hindrance, also the fish echeneis, the suck-
ing-fish (cf. remorari, stay, delay), < re-, back,
+ mom, delay, the fish echeneis (see Echeneis).]
If. Delay; obstacle; hindrance.
A gentle answer is an excellent remora to the progresses
of anger, whether in thyself or others.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836X I. 214.
We had his promise to stay for us, but the remora's and
disappointments we met with in the Boad had put us
backward in our Journey.
MauiidreU, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 46.
2. (a) The sucking-fish, Echeneis remora, or
any fish of the family Echeneididse, having on
the top of the head a flattened oval adhesive sur-
face by means of which it can attach itself firm-
ly to various objects, as another fish, a ship's
bottom, etc., but whether for protection or con-
veyance, or both, has not been satisfactorily
ascertained. It was formerly believed to have
the power of delaying or stopping ships. See
cuts under Echeneis and Shombochirus. (b)
[cap.] [NL. (Gill, 1862).] A genus of such
fishes, based on the species above-named.
All sodainely there clove unto her keele
A little flsh, that men call Remora,
Which stopt her course.
Spenser, Worlds Vanitie, L 108.
I am seized on here
By a land remora; I cannot stir.
Nor move, but as he pleases.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, ill. 1.
3. In med., a stoppage or stagnation, as of the
blood. — 4. In surg., an instrument to retain
parts in place: uotnowinuse. — 5. In Aer.,aser-
pent : rare, confined to certain modern blazons.
remoratet (rem'o-rat), v. t. [< L. remoratus,
pp. of remorari, stay, linger, delay,-hiuder, de-
fer, < re-, back, + morari, delay. Cf. remora.]
To hinder ; delay. Imp. Diet.
remorcet, w. An obsolete spelling of remorse.
remordt (re-m6rd'), v. [< ME. remorden, < OF.
remordre, F. remordre = Pr. remordre = Cat. re-
mordir = Sp. Pg. remorder = It. rimordere, < L.
remordere, vex, disturb, lit. 'bite again,' < re-,
again, + mordere, bite: see mordant. Cf. re-
morse."} I. trans. 1. To strike with remorse ;
touch with compassion.
Ye shul dullen of the rudenesse
Of us sely Trojans, but if routhe
Remorde yow, or vertu of youre trouthe.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1481.
2. To afflict.
God . . . remoi-dith Born folk by adversite.
Chaucer, Boethius, iv. 6.
3. To rebuke.
Noght enere-ilke man that cales the lorde,
Or mercy askes, sal hafe thi Wise,
His consciencs hot he remorde,
And wirke thi wil, & mende his lyfe.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 108.
Rebukynge and remordyng,
And nothynge accordynge.
Skelton, Against the Scots.
II. intrans. To feel remorse.
His conscience remording agayne the destruction of so
noble a prince. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, ii. 5.
remordencyt (re-mor'den-si), n. [< "remor-
den(t) (< L. remorden(t-)s, ppr. of remordere,
vex : see remord) + -cy.] Compunction ; re-
morse.
That remordency of conscience, that extremity of grief,
they feel within themselves. KUlingbeck, Sermons, p. 176.
remoret, v. t. [< L. remorari, stay, hinder: see
remora te.] To check ; hinder.
5072
No bargains or accounts to make ;
Nor Land nor Lease to let or take :
Or if we had, should that remore us,
When all the world 's our own before us?
Brome, Jovial Crew, i.
remorse (re-m6rs'), H. [Formerly also retnorce;
< ME. reniors, < OF. remors, F. remorde = Pg.
remorso = It. rimorso, < LL. remorsus, remorse,
< L. remordere, pp. remorsus, vex : see remord.]
1. Intense and painful regret due to a con-
sciousness of guilt ; the pain of a guilty con-
science; deep regret with self-condemnation.
The Remorse for his [King Richard's) Undutifnlness
towards his Father was living in him till he died.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 67.
It is natural for a man to feel especial remorse at his sins
when he first begins to think of religion ; he ought to feel
bitter sorrow and keen repentance.
J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 182.
We have her own confession at full length,
Made in the first remorse.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 104.
2f. Sympathetic sorrow; pity; compassion.
"Pity," she cries, "some favour, some remorse!"
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 257.
I am too merciful, I find it, friends,
Of too soft a nature, to be an officer ;
I bear too much remorse.
Fletcher (and another 7), Prophetess, ill. 2.
= Syn. 1. Compunction, Regret, etc. (see repentance), self-
reproach, self-condemnation, anguish, stlngsof conscience.
remorsedt (re-mdrsf), a. [< remorse + -erf*.]
Feeling remorse or compunction.
The remorsed sinner begins first with the tender of burnt
offerings. /;//. Hall, Contemplations (ed. Tegg), V. 169.
remorseful (re-m6rs'ful), a. [Formerly also re-
morceful; < remorse + -ful.] 1. Full of re-
morse; impressed with a sense of guilt. — 2f.
Compassionate ; feeling tenderly.
He was none of these remrrrseful men,
Gentle and affable ; but fierce at all times, and mad then.
Chapman, Iliad, \\.
St. Causing compassion ; pitiable.
Eurylochus straight hasted the report
Of this his fellowes most remorceful fate.
CAajnnan, Odyssey, x.
=Syn. 1. See repentance.
remorsefully (re-mors'ful-i), adv. In a remorse-
ful manner.
remorsefulness (re-mors'ful-ues), n. The state
of being remorseful.
remorseless (re-mors'les), a. [Formerly also
remorceless; < remorse + -less.] Without re-
morse ; unpitying; cruel; insensible to distress.
Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible ;
Thou stern, obdurate, flinty, rough, remorseless.
Shalt., 3 Hen. VI., i 4. 142.
Atropos for Lucina came,
And with remorseless cruelty
Spoil'd at once both fruit and tree.
Milton, Epitaph on M. of Win., L 29.
Syn. Pitiless, merciless, ruthless, relentless, unrelent-
ing, savage.
remorselessly (re-mors'les-li), adv. In a re-
morseless manner; without remorse,
remorselessness (re-mors'les-nes), n. The state
or quality of being remorseless; insensibility
to distress.
remote (re-mot'), «. [< ME. remote, < OF. remot,
m., remote, t., = Sp. Pg. remote = It. remote,
rimoto, < L. remotus, pp. of removere, remove:
see remove.] 1. Distant in place; not near;
far removed: as, a remote country; a remote
people.
Here oon [tree], there oon to leve a fer remote
I holde is goode.
Palladius, Hnsbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 150.
Remote, unfriended, melancholy, slow,
Or by the lazy Scheldt, or wandering Po.
Goldsmith, Traveller, 1. 1.
2. Distant or far away, in any sense, (a) Distant
in time, past or future : as, remote antiquity.
It is not all remote and even apparent good that affects
us. Locke.
The hour conceal'd, and so remote the fear,
Death still draws nearer, never seeming near.
Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 75.
When remote futurity is brought
Before the keen inquiry of her thought.
Coirper, Table-Talk, L 492.
Some say that gleams of a remoter world
Visit the soul in sleep. Shelley, Mont Blanc, iii.
Do we not know that what is remote and indefinite af-
fects men far less than what is near and certain?
Macaulay, Disabilities of Jews.
(6) Mediate; by intervention of something else ; not proxi-
mate.
From the effect to the remotest cause. GranmUe.
Their nimble nonsense takes a shorter course, . . .
And gains remote conclusions at a jump.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 154.
The animal has sympathy, and is moved by sympathetic
impulses, but these are never altruistic; the ends are
never remote.
0. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. ii. § 61.
remount
(c) Alien ; foreign ; not agreeing : as, a proposition remote
from reason, (d) Separated ; abstracted.
As nothing ought to be more in our wishes, so nothing
seems more remote from our hopes, than the Universal
Peace of the Christian World.
Stillingfleet, Sermons, II. vl.
These small waves raised by the evening wind are as
remote from storm as the smooth reflecting surface.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 140.
Wherever the mind places itself by any thought, either
amongst or remote from all bodies, it can in this uniform
idea of space nowhere find any bounds.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xvii. 4.
(e) Distant in consanguinity or affinity : as, a remote kins-
man. (.;) Slight; inconsiderable; not closely connected ;
having slight relation : as, a remote analogy between cases ;
a remote resemblance in form or color ; specifically, in the
laic of evidence, having too slight a*bearing upon the ques-
tion in controversy to afford any ground for inference, (a)
In mime, having but slight relation. See relation, 8. (A)
In zool. and bot., distant from one another; few or sparse,
as spots on a surface, etc.— Remote cause, the cause of
a cause ; a cause which contributes to the production of
the effect by the concurrence of another cause of the
same kind. — Remote key. Seefcj/i.— Remote matter,
(at) In metaph., matter unprepared for the reception of
any particular form, (b) In logic: (1) The terms of a
syllogism, as contradistinguished from the propositions,
which latter are the immediate matter. (2) Terms of a
proposition which are of such a nature that it is impossi-
ble that one should be true of the other.
When Is a proposition said to consist of matter remote
or unnatural? When the predicat agreeth no manner of
way with the subject : as, a man is a horse.
Kundeville, Arte of Logicke (1599), Hi. 3.
Remote mediate mark. See marii.— Remote possi-
bility, In law. See possibility, 3.
remotedt, a. [< remote + -ed2.] Removed;
distant.
I must now go wander like a Caine
In forraigne Countries and remoted climes.
Ueyaood, Woman Killed with Kindness.
remotely (re-mot'li), adv. In a remote manner,
(a) At a distance in space or time ; not nearly, (b) Not
proxlmately ; not directly : as, remotely connected, (e)
Slightly ; in a small degree : as, to be remotely affected by
an event.
remoteness (re-mot'nes), ». 1. The state of
being remote, in any sense. — 2. In the law of
conveyancing, a ground of objection to the va-
lidity of an estate in real property, attempted
to be created, but not created in such manner
as to take effect within the time prescribed by
law (computed with reference to a life or lives
in being), so that, if carried into effect, it would
protract the inalienability of land against the
policy of the law. See perpetuity.
remotion (re-mo'shon), n. [< OF. "remotioti
= Sp. remocion = Pg. remocao = It. rimozione,
< L. remotio(n-), a removing, removal, < re-
movere, pp. remotus, remove: see remove, re-
mote.] If. The act of removing; removal.
This act persuades me
That this remotion of the duke and her
Is practice only. Shak., Lear, ii. 4. 115.
2. The state of being remote; remoteness.
[Rare.]
The sort of idealized life — life in a state of remotion,
unrealized, and translated into a neutral world of high
cloudy antiquity — which the tragedy of Athens demanded
for its atmosphere. De Quincey, Theory of Greek Tragedy.
remotivet (re-mo'tiv), a. [< remote + -ivc.]
Removing, in the sense of declaring impossible.
— Remotive proposition, in logic, a proposition which
declares a relation to be impossible : thus, to say that a
man Is blind is only privative, but to say that a statue is
incapable of seeing is remotice.
remould, v. t. See remold.
remount (re-mount'), v. [< ME. remounten, <
OF. (and F.) remonter, mount again, reascend,
F. remonter, mount again, furnish again, wind
again, etc., = Sp. Pg. remontar = It. rimontare,
< ML. remontare, mount again, < re-, again, +
montare, mount: see mount?, v.] I. trans. To
mount again or anew, in any sense.
So peyned the! that were with kynge Arthur that the!
haue nym remounted on his horse.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 119.
One man takes to pieces the syringes which have just
been used, burns the leathers, disinfects the metal parts,
and sends them to the instrument-maker to be remounted.
Nineteenth Century, XXIV, 853.
H. intrans. 1. To mount again; reascend;
specifically, to mount ahorse again.
He, backe returning by the Yvorie dore,
Remounted up as light as chearefull Larke.
Spenser, ¥. Q., I. i. 44.
Stout Cymon soon remounts, and cleft in two
His rival's head. Dryden, Cym. and Iph., 1. 600.
2. To go back, as in order of time or of reason-
ing.
The shortest and the surest way of arriving at real
knowledge is to unlearn the lessons we have been taught,
to remount to first principles, and take nobody's word
about them. BMngbrotce, Idea of a Patriot King.
remount
remount (re-mount'), H. [< remount, r.] The
opportunity or means of remounting ; specifi-
cally, a fresh horse with its furniture; also, a
supply of fresh horses for cavalry.
removability (re-mo-va-bil'j-ti), H. [< rc-
iHoruble + -itij (see -liility).] The capacity of
being removable, as from an office or a station ;
liability to removal.
removable ( re-mo 'va-bl), «. [< remove + -able.
Cf. Pg. remor'irel = It. rimovimle.] Capable of
being removed ; admitting of or subject to re-
moval, as from one place to another, or from
an office or station.
Such curate is removable at the pleasure of the rector
of the mother church. Ayliffe, Parergon.
The wharves at the water level are provided with a
railroad and with removable freight sheds.
Harper's May., LXXIX. 92.
removably (re-mo'va-bli), adv. So as to admit
of removal : as, a box fitted removably.
removal (re-mo'val), «. [(remove + -a?.] The
act of removing, in any sense of that word. =Syn.
Displacement, dislodgment, transference, withdrawal, dis-
missal, ejection, elimination, suppression, abatement.
remove (re-mov'), r.; pret. and pp. removed,
ppr. removing. [Early mod. E. also rcmeve; <
ME. removen, remeven, < OF. 'remover, *remou-
rer, later removoir, remoui'oir = Sp. Pg. remover
= It. rimuocere, remuovere, < L. removere, move
back, draw back, set aside, remove, < re-, back,
+ movere, move: see mope.] I. trans. 1. To
move from a position occupied; cause to change
place; transfer from one point to another; put
from its place in any manner.
To trusten som wyght is a preve
Of trouthe, and forthy wolde I fayne remeve
Thy wrong conceyte. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 691.
Remeve thi rewle up and down til that the stremes of
the sonne shyne thorgh bothe holes of thi rewle.
Chaucer, Astrolabe, ii. 2.
Whan the! saugh Claudas men assembled thei smote
on hem so harde that thei made hem remeve place.
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), iii. 410.
Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark.
Deut. xix. 14.
Moved ! in good time ; let him that moved you hither
Remove you hence. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. 197.
Does he not see that he is only removing the difficulty
one step farther? Macaulay, Sadler's Refutation Refuted.
2. To displace from an office, post, or situation.
He removed the Bishop of Hereford from being Trea-
surer, and put another in his Place.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 146.
But does the Court a worthy man remove,
That instant, I declare, he has my love.
Pope, Epil. to Satires, ii. 74.
3. To take or put away in any manner; take
away by causing to cease ; cause to leave or
depart; put an end to; do away with; banish.
Remove sorrow from thy heart. Eccl. xi. 10.
Good God, betimes remove
The means that makes us strangers !
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. 162.
What drop or nostrum can this plague remove?
Pope, Viol, to Satires, 1. 29.
If the witch could produce disease by her incantations,
there was no difficulty in believing that she could also
remove it. Lecky, Rationalism, I. 92.
4. To make away with ; cut off ; take away by
death: as, to remove a person by poison.
When he 'a removed, your highness
Will take again your queen as yours at first.
Shak., W. T.,i. 2.335.
Forgive my grief for one removed,
Thy creature, whom I found so fair.
I trust he lives in thee.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Int.
5. In law, to transfer from one court to another.
Wee remove our cause into our adversaries owne Court.
Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.
= Syn. 1. To dislodge, transfer. — 2. To dismiss, eject,
oust.— 3. To abate, suppress.
II. intrans. To change place in any manner;
move from one place to another; change the
place of residence: as, to remove from Edin-
burgh to London.
Merlin seide he neded not nothinge ther-of hym to
prayen, and bad make hem redy, ''for to-morowe moste
we remove." Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 360.
Till Birnam wood remove to Dunsinane
I cannot taint with fear. Shak., Macbeth, v. S. 2.
They [the Carmelite nuns] remove shortly from that
wherein they now live to that which is now building.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 18.
remove (re-mov'), «. [< remove, v.~\ 1. The
act of removing, or the state of being removed ;
removal ; change of place.
I do not know how he (the King] will possibly avoid
. . . the giving way to the remove of divers persons, as
. . . will be demanded by the parliament.
Ijord Northumberland (1640), quoted in Hallam's Const.
[Hist., II. 105.
319
5073
Not to feed your ambition with a dukedom,
By the remote of Alexander, but
To serve your country. Shirley, The Traitor, ii. 1.
Three removes is as bad as a fire.
Franklin, Way to Wealth.
2. The distance or space through which any-
thing is removed; interval; stage; step; es-
pecially, a step in any scale of gradation or
descent.
That which we boast of is not anything, or at the most
but a remove from nothing.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 60.
Our cousins too, even to the fortieth renwve, all re-
membered their affinity. Goldsmith, Vicar, i.
3. In English public schools: (a) Promotion
from one class or division to another.
Keeping a good enough place to get their regular yearly
remove. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, i. 9.
The desire of getting his remove with Julian.
F. W. Farrar, Julian Home, iii.
Hence — (6) A class or division.
When a boy comes to Eton, he is "placed" by the head
master in some class, division, or remove.
Westminster Rev., X. S., XIX. 496.
4f. A posting-stage ; the distance between two
resting-places on a road.
Here 's a petition from a Florentine,
Who hath for four or five removes come short
To tender it herself. Shak., All's Well, v. 3. 131.
5f. The raising of a siege.
If they set down before 's, for the remove
Bring up your army. Shak., Cor., i. 2. 28.
6f. The act of changing a horse's shoe from one
foot to another, or for a new one.
His horse wanted two removes, your horse wanted nails.
Swift, Advice to Servants (Groom).
7. A dish removed from table to make room
for something else ; also, a course.
removed (re-movd'), p. a. [< ME. removed; pp.
ot remove, v.] Remote; separate from others;
specifically, noting a grade of distance in rela-
tionship and the like: as, "a lie seven times
removed," Shak., As you Like it, v. 4. 71.
Look, with what courteous action
It waves you to a more removed ground.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 4. 61.
The nephew is two degrees removed from the common
ancestor: viz., his own grandfather, the father of Titius.
Blackstone, Com., II. xiv.
removedness (re-mo'ved-nes), n. The state of
being removed ; remoteness ; retirement.
I have eyes under my service, which look upon his re-
movedness. Shak., W. T., IT. 2. 41.
remover1 (re-rno'ver), n. [< remove + -cfl.]
1. One who' or that which removes: as, a re-
mover of landmarks.
Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove.
Shak., Sonnets, cxvi.
2t. An agitator.
A hasty fortune maketh an enterpriser and remover.
Bacon, Fortune (ed. 1887).
remover2 (re-mo' ver), M. [< OF. "remover, inf.
used as a noun : see remove, v.'] In law, the
removal of a suit from one court to another.
Bouvier.
Remphan (rem'fan), ». [LL. Bempham, Or.
'Pe/afiav (N. T.), 'Paufiv (LXX.).] 1. A name of
a god mentioned in Acts vii. 43. — 2. [NL.]
In cntom., a genus of coleopterous insects.
Waterhouse, 1836.
rempli (ron-ple'), a. [< F. rempli, pp. of remplir,
fill up, < re- + emplir, fill, < L. impUre, fill up : see
implement.] In 7io\, having an-
other tincture than its own laid
over or covering the greater
part: thus, a chief azure rempli
or has a broad band of gold oc-
cupying nearly the whole space
of the chief, so that only a blue
fimbriation shows around it.
Also cousu.
remplissage (rou-ple-sazh'), ».
Argent, a chief az-
ure rempli or.
[< F. remplissage, < rempliss-, stem of certain
parts of remplir, fill up: see rempli."] That
which serves only to fill up space ; filling; pad-
ding: used specifically in literary and musical
criticism.
remuablet, «• [< OF. (and F.) remuable, change-
able, < remuer, change: see remew.] Change-
able; fickle; inconstant.
And this may length of yeres nought fordo,
Ne remuable fortune deface.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1682.
remuet, v. t. See remew.
remugientt (re-mu'ji-ent), a. [< L. remuai-
e>i(t-)s, ppr. of remngir'e, bellow again, reecho,
remutation
resound, < re-, back, + mugire, bellow, low : see
nut I/lent.] Rebellowing.
Earthquakes accompanied with remuyient echoes, and
ghastly murmurs from below.
Dr. H. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 63.
remunert (re-mu'ner), r. t. [< OF. remunerer,
F. remunerer = Sp. Pg. remitnerar = It. rimune-
rare, < L. remuuemri, remuneran; reward, re-
munerate: see remunerate.] To remunerate.
Eschewe the evyll, or ellys thou shalt be deceyved atte
last; and ever do wele, and atte last thou shal be remun-
ered therfor.
Lord Rivers, Dlctes and Sayings of the Philosophers, sig.
[E. iii. b. (Latham.)
remunerability (re-mu'ne-ra-bil'i-ti), ». [< re-
muncrablc + -ity (see -bility).'] The capacity of
being remunerated or rewarded.
The liberty and remunerability of human actions.
Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, ii.
remunerable (re-mu'ne-ra-bl), a. [= Sp. re-
munerable; as remuner -t- -able.] Capable of
being remunerated or rewarded; fit or proper
to be recompensed. Bailey.
remunerate (re-mu'ne-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
remunerated, ppr. remunerating. [< L. remu-
nerates, pp. of remunerari, remuiierare, reward,
remunerate, < re-, again, + munerari, munerare,
give: see munerate. Cf. remuner.] To reward;
recompense ; requite, in a good sense ; pay an
equivalent to for any service, loss, expense, or
other sacrifice.
She no doubt with royal favour will remunerate
The least of your deserts.
Webster and Dekker, Sir Thomas Wyatt, p. 13.
The better hour is near
That shall remunerate thy toils severe.
Cowper, To Wm. Wilberforce, 1792.
= Syn. Recompense, Compensate, etc. (see indemnify), re-
pay.
remuneration (re-mu-ne-ra'shon), n. [< OF.
remuneracion, remuneration, F. remuneration =
Pr. remuneration = Sp. remuneracion = Pg. re-
muneraqSo = It. remuneration c, < L. remunera-
tio(n-), a repaying, recompense, reward, < re-
munerari, remunerate: see remunerate.] 1.
The act of remunerating, or paying for services,
loss, or sacrifices. — 2. What is given to re-
munerate; the equivalent given for services,
loss, or sufferings.
O, let not virtue seek
Remuneration for the thing it was.
Shak., T. and C., iii. 3. 170.
We have still in vails and Christmas-boxes to servants,
&c., the remnants of a system under which fixed remu-
neration was eked out by gratuities.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 375.
= Syn. 1. Repayment, indemnification. — 2. Reward, rec-
ompense, compensation, payment. See indemnify.
remunerative (re-mu'ne-ra-tiv), a. [= F. re-
muneratif = Pg.' remunerative = It. rimunera-
tivo; as remunerate + -ive.] 1. Affording re-
muneration ; yielding a sufficient return : as, a
remunerative occupation. — 2. Exercised in re-
warding ; remuueratory .
Fit objects for remunerative justice to display itself
upon. Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 690.
= Syn. 1. Profitable, paying.
remuneratively (re-mu'ne-ra-tiv-li), adv. So
as to remunerate; 'in a remunerative manner;
so as to afford an equivalent for what has been
expended,
remunerativeness (re-mu'ne-ra-tiv-nes), n.
The character of being remunerative.
The question of remunerativeness seems to me quite of
a secondary character. Elect. Rev. (Amer.), XV. ix. 6.
remuneratory (re-mu'ne-ra-to-ri), a. [= F. re-
muneratoire = Sp. Pg. It. remuneratorio; as re-
munerate + -ory.] Affording recompense ; re-
warding; requiting.
Remuneratory honours are proportioned at once to the
usefulness and difficulty of performances.
Johnson, Rambler, No. 145.
remurmur (re-mer'mer), v. [< L. remurmvrare,
murmur back, < re-, back, + murmurare, mur-
mur: see murmur, v.] I. intrans. To repeat
or echo a murmuring or low rumbling sound.
[Rare.]
Swans remurmuriny to the floods,
Or birds of different kinds in hollow woods.
Dryden, .Kneiil, xi.
II. trans. To utter back in murmurs; return
in murmurs; repeat in low hoarse sounds.
[Rare.]
The trembling trees, in every plain and wood,
Her fate remurmur to the silver flood.
Pope, Winter, 1. 64.
remutation (re-mu-ta'shon), «. [< re- + mu-
tation. Cf. remite, remew.] The act or process
of changing back ; alteration to a previous forrr.
or quality. [Rare.]
remutation
The mutation or rarefaction of water into air takes place
by day, the refutation or condensation of air into water
by night. Southey, The Doctor, ccxvii.
ren1!, c. i.; pret. ran, ran, pp. roimen. A Mid-
dle English form of run1.
Pitee renneth soone In gentil herte.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 742.
ren2t, <'• '• [ME. re/men, < Icel. rsena, rob, plun-
der, < ran, plunder: see ra«2.] To plunder:
only in the phrase to rape and ren (which see,
under rape2).
ren3 (reu), «. ; pi. rents (re'nez). [NL., < L. rien
(rare), sing, form of reues, pi., the kidneys: see
reins, renal.] The kidney: little used, though
the derivatives, as renal, adrenal, are in con-
stant employ — Renes succenturiatl, the adrenals,
or suprarenal capsules.— Renes succenturiati acces-
sorii, accessory adrenals. — Ben mobilis, movable kid-
ney; floating kidney.
rena, reina (ra'uii), n. [NL., < Sp. reina, < L.
regina, queen, fern, of rex (ren-), king: see rex.]
A small rockfish of the family Scorpssnida, Se-
bastichtliys elongatus. [California.]
renable (ren'a-bl), a. [Also rennible; < ME.
reliable, also rexnablc, resonable: see reasonable."]
If. A Middle English form of reasonable.
Thyse thri thinges byeth nyednolle to alle the thinges
thet in the erthe wexeth. Guod molde, wocnesse noris-
synde, and renable hete. AyaMte of!nwit(E. E. T. S.), p. 95.
2. Talkative ; loquacious. [Obsolete or prov.
Eng.]
A niton of renon, most renable of tonge.
Fieri Plowman (B), Prol., 1. 168.
renablyt, adv. [ME., < renable + -ly%. See
reasonably.] Reasonably.
Sometime we ... speke as renably and faire and wel
As to the Phitonesse dide Samuel.
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, L 211.
renaissance (re-na-sohs' or re-na'sans), n. and
a. [F. renaissance, OF. renaissance, renaiseence,
< ML. renascentia, new birth: see renascence.]
I. n. A new birth ; hence, the revival of any-
thing which has long been in decay or desue-
tude. Specifically [cap.], the movement of transition in
Europe from the medieval to the modern world, and espe-
cially the time, spirit, and activity of the revival of classi-
cal arts and letters. The earliest traces and most charac-
teristic development of this revival were in Italy, where
Petrarch and the early humanists and artists of the four-
teenth century may be regarded as its precursors. The
movement was greatly stimulated by the influx of By-
zantine scholars, who brought the literature of ancient
Greece into Italy in the fifteenth century, especially after
the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. The
Italian Renaissance was at its height at the end of the
fifteenth and in the early sixteenth century, as seen in
the lives and works of such men as Lorenzo del Medici,
Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Machiavelli,
Politian, Ariosto, Correggio, Titian, and Aldus Manutius.
The Renaissance was aided everywhere by the spirit of
discovery and exploration of the fifteenth century — the
age which saw the invention of printing, the discovery of
America, and the rounding of Africa. In Germany the
Renaissance advanced about the same time with the Ref-
ormation (which commenced in 1517). In England the
revival of learning was fostered by Erasmus, Colet, Grocyn,
More, and their fellows, about 1600, and in France there
was a brilliant artistic and literary development under
Louis XII. (1408-1515) and Francis I. (1515-47). Also, in
English form, renascence.
I have ventured to give to the foreign word Unmix-
sance — destined to become of more common use amongst
us as the movement which it denotes comes, as it will
come, increasingly to interest us — an English form [fte-
nascenee}. M. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, iv., note.
The .Renaissance and the Reformation mark the return
to experience. They showed that the doctrine of recon-
ciliation was at last passing from the abstract to the con-
crete. E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 28.
II. a. [cop.] Of or pertaining to the Renais-
sance ; in the style of the Renaissance.— Renais-
sance architecture, the style of building and decoration
which succeeded the medieval, and was based upon study
and emulation of the outward forms and ornaments of Ro-
man art, though with imperfect understandingof their prin-
ciples. This style had its origin in Italy in the first half of
the fifteenth century, and afterward spread over Europe.
Its main characteristic is an attempted return to the classi-
cal forms which had been the forerunners of the Byzantine
and the medieval. The Florentine Brunelleschi (died about
1446) was one of the first masters of the style, having pre-
pared himself by earnest study of the remains of the monu-
ments of ancient Rome. From Florence the style was intro-
duced into Rome, where the works of Bramante(died 1514)
are among its finest examples, the chief of these being the
palace of the Chancellery, the foundations of St. Peter's,
part of the Vatican, and the small church of San Pietro in
Montorio. One of the greatest achievements of the Renais-
sance is the dome of St. Peter's, the work of Michelangelo ;
but this must yield in grandeur of conception to the earlier
Florentine dome of Brunelleschi. After Michelangelo the
style declined rapidly. Another chief Renaissance school
arose in Venice, where in the majority of the buildings of
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries predominance is
given to external decoration. From this school sprung
Palladio (1618-1580), whose distinctive style of architec-
ture received the name of Palladian. Renaissance archi-
tecture was introduced into France by Lombardic and
Florentine architects at the beginning i>f the sixteenth
century, and flourished there during that century but
especially in the first half, under Louis XII. and Francis I.
5074
During the seventeenth century the style degenerated in
I-'runct1, as it had in Italy, and gave lise to the inorganic
and insipid productions of the so-called rococo or Louis
XV. style of the first half of the eighteenth century.
iance Architecture. — French Renaissance tomb of Loys tie
ed iSli), Grand Seneschal of Nonnandy. etc.. in the cathe-
Breze (died 15^1), Grand Seneschal of Nonnandy. etc.. in the cathe-
dral of Rouen ; erected by his wife, Diane de Poitiers, and attributed
to Jean Goiijon and Jean Cousin.
In England the Renaissance style was introduced later
than in France, and it is represented there by the works
of Inigo Jones, 8ir Christopher Wren, and their contem-
poraries—St. Paul's, London, being a grand example by
Wren. While all Renaissance architecture is far inferior
to medieval building of the best time, it represents a dis-
tinct advance over the debased and over-elaborated forms
of the medieval decadence. For an Italian example, see
cut under Italian; see also cuts under loggia and PaUa-
dian* —Renaissance braid- work, a kind of needlework
similar in its make to needle-point lace, but of much
stouter material, as fine braid. — Renaissance lace.
Same as Renaissance braid-ieorlc.— Renaissance paint-
ing, next to architecture the chief art of the Renaissance,
had by far its most important and characteristic develop-
ment in Italy, where, based upon the art of the Byzantine
painters of the middle ages, a number of Important art-
centers or -schools arose, differing from one another in
their ideals and methods, but all distinctively Italian. The
central one of these schools was that of Florence, which
took the lead under the impulse and example of the great
artist Giotto in the early part of the fourteenth century.
Among the greatest of those after Giotto, whose genius
influenced the development of the art, were Fra Angelico
(Fra Giovanni da Fiesole), Masolino, Masaccio, Filippo
Lippi, Saudro Botticelli, Filippino Lippi, and Leonardo da
Vinci. The chief glory of Renaissance painting is that it
advanced that art beyond any point that it had attained
before, or has since reached. For other schools of Re-
naissance painting, see Botognese, Roman, Sienese, Um-
brian, Venetian; and see Italian painting, under Italian.
—Renaissance sculpture, the sculpture of the Renais-
sance, characterized primarily by seeking its models and
renascence
inspiration in the works of Roman antiquity, instead of in
contemporary life, like medieval sculpture. As an adjunct
to architecture, tlii.H sculpture reached its highest excel-
lence in Italy and in France. Kiniiit'iit names are those
of Mccoln Pisano, Donatello,
Ghiberti, Luca delln Robbia,
Sansovino, sangallo, and Mi-
chelanf,'elo(1475-1584), oneof
the half-dozen names that
rank as greatest in the world's
art-history. See cut of Ben-
venutoCelliniVPerseusand
Medusa," under Perseus, and
see, under quadra, another
example by Luca della Knb-
bhi. Renaissance style,
properly the style of art and
decoration (see Renaissance
architecture) which prevailed
in Italy during the fifteenth
century and later, and the
styles founded upon these
which were in vogue in
northern Europe at a date
somewhat later — as in
France from about 1520 to
1560. By extension the
8hrase is made to cover all
le revived classic styles of
the last four centuries, in-
cluding the above, and to
embrace everything which
shows a strong classic influ-
ence. This use is generally
avoided by French writers,
who speak of the styles fol-
Renaissance Sculpture.—
Cheruh by Donatello, in the Ba-
silica of San Antonio, Padua.
clangelo, in the
lowing the religious wars
in France as the styles of
Henry IV., Louis XIII., etc ,
excluding these from the
Renaissance style proper; but English writers commonly
include the whole period from 1400 to the French Revo-
lution or the end of the eighteenth century, and divide it
into various epochs or subordinate styles, according to
the writer's fancy.
renal (re'nal), «. [< OF. renal, F. renal = Sp. Pg.
renal = It. renale, < L. renalis, pertaining to the
kidneys, < renes, kidneys, reins: see reins.] Of
or pertaining to the kidneys: as, a renal artery
or vein; raioZ structure or function; renal dis-
ease— Renal alterative. Same as diuretic.— Renal
apoplexy, a hemorrhage into the kidney-substance. (Ob-
solescent]—Renal artery, one of the arteries arising
from the sides of the aorta about one half-inch below the
superior mesenteric artery, the right being a trifle lower
than the left. They are directed outward at nearly right
angles to the aorta. As they approach the kidney, each
artery divides into four or five branches which pass deep-
ly into the substance of the kidney. Small branches are
given off to the suprarenal capsule. — Renal asthma,
paroxysmal dyspnoea occurring in Bright's disease.— Re-
nal calculus, a calculus in the kidney or its pelvis. —
Renal canal, a ureter, especially in a rudimentary state.
The kidneys of the Mammalia vary in several points,
and especially as to the characters of the orifice of the
ureters, after the differentiation of the rudiment which is
known as the renfil canal.
Geijenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 607.
Renal capsule. Same as adrenal.— Renal cast, colic,
ganglion. See the nouns.— Renal cyst, a thin-walled
cyst in the substance and on the surface of the kidney,
with serous, rarely sanguinolent or gelatinous contents.—
Renal dropsy, dropsy resulting from disease of the kid-
ney.—Renal gland. Same as adrenal.— Renal impres-
sion. See impression.— Renal ischurla, retention of
urine from some kidney trouble. — Renal nerves, small
nerves, about fifteen in number, arising from the renal
plexus and renal splanchnic nerve. They contain fibers
from both central and sympathetic nervous systems, and
are distributed in the kidney along with the renal artery.
— Renal plexus. See plexus.— Renal portal system.
See reniportal.— Renal splanchnic nerve, the smallest
splanchnic nerve. See splanchnic. — Renal veins, short
wide vessels which begin at the hiluin of the kidney an"l
pass inward to join the vena cava. Also called emulffent
veins.
renaldt, n. An obsolete form of reynard.
renaldryt, ». [< renald + -ry.] Intrigue ; cun-
ning, as of a fox.
First, she used all malitiousrenaloYtetotheendlmight
stay there this night.
Eetmnuto, Passengers' Dialogues. (Naret.)
rename (re-nam'), v. t. [< re- + name1.] To
give a new name to.
renard, «. See reynard.
renardine (reu'ar-din), a. [< renard + -ine1.]
Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the legend
of "Reynard the Fox."
There has been much learning expended by Grimm and
others on the question of why the lion was king in the
Renardine tales. Athenaeum, Aug. 7, 1886, p. 165.
renascence (re-nas'ens), n. [= F. renaisxaiuv
= Pg. reiiasceuya = It. riita-seenza, < ML. *rennx-
ccntia, new birth, < L. renascen(t-)s, new-born:
see renascent. Cf. renaissance.] 1. The state
of being renascent.
Read the Phconix, and see how the single image of re-
nascence is varied. Coleridge. (Webster.)
2. A new birth; specifically [cap.], same as
Renaissance.
"For the first time," to use the picturesque phrase of
M. Taine, "men opened their eyes and saw." The human
mind seemed to gather new energies at the sight of the
vast field which opened before it. It attacked every prov-
renascence
ince of knowledge, and in a few years it transformed all.
Experimental science, the science of philology, the science
of politics, the critical investigation of religious truth,
all took their origin from this Renascence — this "New
Birth " of the world. J. R. Green, Short Hist. Eng., vi. 4.
renascency (re-nas'en-si), «. [As renascence
(see -cy).] Same as renascence.
Job would not only curse the day of his nativity, but also
of his renaxcency, if lie were to act over his disasters and
the miseries of the dunghill.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., 111. 25.
Leave the stools as close to the ground as possible, es-
pecially if you design a renascency from the roots.
Evelyn, Sylva, ill. 3.
renascent (re-nas'ent), a. [= F. renaissant =
L. renascen(t-)s, ppr. of renasci, be born again,
grow, rise or spring up again, revive, < re- +
nasci, be born : see nascent.] Springing or ris-
ing into being again ; reproduced; reappear-
ing; rejuvenated.
renascible (re-nas'i-bl), a. [< L. renasci, be
born again (see renascent), + -ible.] Capable
of being reproduced ; able to spring again into
being. Imp. Diet.
renatt, »• An obsolete form of rennet2.
renate1! (re-naf), a. [= F. rene = It. rinato,
< L. renatiis, pp. of renasci, be born again : see
renascent.] Born again ; regenerate.
Father, you shall know that I put my portion to use that
you have given me to live by ;
And, to confirm yourself in me renate,
I hope you'll find my wit 's legitimate.
Beau, and Ft., Wit at Several Weapons, 1. 2.
renate2t, n- An obsolete form of rennet2.
renatedt (re-na'ted), a. [< renate^ + -ed2.]
Same as renate1.
Suche a pernycious fable and ftccion, being not onely
straunge and marveylous, but also prodigious and unnat-
urall, to leyne a dead man to be renated and newely borne
agayiie. Hall, Hen. VII., f. 82. (Halliimll.)
renayt, v. See reny.
rench (rench), v. t. A dialectal form of rinse.
[Prov. Eng. and U. S.]
rencounter (ren-koun'ter), v. [Also rencontre;
< OF. (and F.) rencontrer (= It. rincontrare), en-
counter, meet, < re-, again, + encontrer, meet:
see encounter.] I. trans. 1. To meet unex-
pectedly; fall in with. [Rare.] — 2f. To at-
tack hand to hand ; encounter.
And him rencountring fierce, reskewd the noble pray.
Spenser, F. Q., I. iv. 39.
As yet they sayd, blessed be God they kepte the feldes,
and none to rencontre them.
Berners, tr. of Frolssart's Chron., II. Ixxxviii.
II. intrans. To meet an enemy unexpect-
edly; clash; come in collision; fight hand to
hand.
rencounter (ren-koun'ter), «. [Also rencontre,
and early mod. E. also re-encounter; < OF. (and
F.) rencontre = It. rincontro, a meeting, en-
counter; from the verb: see rencounter, v.] 1.
An antagonistic or hostile meeting; a sudden
coming in contact; collision; combat.
The Vice- Admiral of Portugal . . . was engaged in close
Fight with the Vice-Admiral of Holland, and after many
tough Rencounters they were both blown up, and burnt
together. Ilowell, Letters, I. vi. 40.
The justling chiefs in rude rencounter join.
GranvUle, Progress of Beauty.
2. A casual combat or action ; a sudden con-
test or fight; a slight engagement between ar-
mies or fleets.
Will reckons every misfortune that he has met with
among the women, and every rencounter among the men
as parts of his education. Addison, The Man of the Town.
=Syn. 2. Skirmish, Brush, etc. See encounter.
renculus (reng'ku-lus), «.; pi. renculi (-11).
[NL., < L. reniculus, a little kidney, dim. ofren,
pi. renes, the kidneys : see rens, reins.] A lobe
of a kidney.
rend1 (rend), v. ; pret. and pp. rent (formerly
also rended), ppr. rending. [< ME. renden, reen-
deit (pret. rende, rente, rent, pi. rendden, pp.
rended, irend, rent), < AS. (ONorth.) rendan
(pret. pi. rendiin, rindon), also hrendan (and in
comp. to-rendan: see torend), cut down, tear
down, = OFries. renda, randa, North Fries, reu-
ne, tear, break; perhaps akin to hrindan (pret.
In-null), push, thrust, =Icel. lirinda (pret. nratt),
push, kick, throw ; Skt. •/ krit, cut, cut down,
Litli. kirsti, cut, hew; cf. L. crena, a notch: see
crenate\ cranny*. Cf. mi*1.] I. trans. 1. To
separate into parts with force or sudden vio-
lence; tear asunder; split.
He rent the siiyle with hokes lyke a sithe
He bringeth the cuppe and biildeth hem be blithe.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 046.
An evil beast hath devoured him ; Joseph is without
doubt rent in pieces. Gen. xxxvii. 33.
5075
With this, the grave venerable bishop, giving me his
benediction, fetcht such a sigh that would have rended a
rock asunder.
Hoicell, Twelve Several Treatises, etc., p. 331.
Aloud they heat their Breasts, and tore their Hair,
Rending around with Shrieks the suff'ring Air.
Congreve, Iliad.
2. To remove or pluck away with violence ; tear
away.
I will surely rend the kingdom from thee. 1 Ki. xi. 11.
If I thought that, I tell thee, homicide,
These nails should rend that beauty from my cheeks.
Shak., Rich. III., 1. 2. 126.
They from their mothers' breasts poor orphans rend,
Nor without gages to the needy lend.
Sandys, Paraphrase upon Job, xxiv.
To rap and rend. See rap2. = Syn. 1. Kip, Tear, Rend,
Split, Cleave, Fracture, Chop. In garments we rip along
the line at which they were sewed ; we tear the texture of
the cloth; we say, "It is not torn; it is only ripped."
More broadly, rip, especially with up, stands for a cutting
open or apart with a quick, deep stroke: as, to rip up a
body or a sack of meal. Rend implies great force or vio-
lence. To split is primarily to divide lengthwise or by the
grain : as, to split wood. Cleave may be a more dignified
word for split, or it may express a cutting apart by a
straight, heavy stroke. Fracture may represent the next
degree beyond cracking, the lightest kind of breaking,
leaving the parts in place : as, & fractured bone or plate of
glass ; or it may be a more formal word for break. To chop
is to cut apart with a heavy stroke, which Is generally
across the grain or natural cleavage, or through the nar-
row dimension of the material : chapping wood is thus dis-
tinguished from splitting wood.
II. intrans. 1. To be or to become rent or
torn; become disunited ; split; part asunder.
The very principals did seem to rend,
And ail-to topple. Shak., Pericles, Hi. 2. 16.
She from the rending earth and bursting skies
Saw gods descend, and fiends infernal rise.
Pope, Essay on Man, ill. 263.
2. To cause separation, division, or strife.
But ye, keep ye on earth
Your lips from over-speech, . . .
For words divide and rend,
But silence is most noble to the end.
Swinburne, Atalanta in Calydon.
rend2t, v. An obsolete variant of reri1.
render1 (ren'der), n. [< rend1 + -er1.] One
who rends or tears by violence.
Our renders will need be our reformers and repairers.
Bp. Oauden, Bp. Brownrigg, p. 242. (Latham.)
render2 (ren'der), v. [< ME. renderen, rendren,
< OF. (and F.) rendre = Pr. rendr£,reddre, redre,
retre = Cat. Sp. rendir = Pg. render = It. rendere,
rendering
What best may ease
The present misery, and render hell
More tolerable. M-ilton, P. L., ii. 459.
5. To translate, as from one language into an-
other.
Thus with Mammonaes moneie he hath made hym frendes,
And is ronne in-to Religioun, and hath rendred the bible,
And precheth to the poeple seynt Poules wordes.
Piers Plowman (B), viii. 90.
The Hebrew Shedl, which signifies the abode of depart-
ed spirits, and corresponds to the Greek Hades, or the un-
der world, is variously rendered in the Authorised Ver-
sion by "grave," "pit, and "hell."
Pref. to Revised Version of Holy Bible (1884).
6. To interpret, or express for others, the mean-
ing, spirit, and effect of ; reproduce ; represent :
as, to render a part in a drama, a piece of mu-
sic, a scene in painting, etc.
I observe that in our Bible, and other books of lofty
moral tone, it seems easy and inevitable to render the
rhythm and music of the original into phrases of equal
melody. Emerson, Books.
Under the strange-statued gate,
Where Arthur's wars were render'd mystically.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
7t. To report; exhibit; describe.
I have heard him speak of that same brother ;
And he did render him the most unnatural
That lives amongst men.
Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3. 123.
8. To reduce; try out; clarify by boiling or
steaming: said of fats: as, kettle-raiderai lard.
Tallow is chiefly obtained from the fat of sheep and
oxen, the tallow being first rendered, as it is technically
called — that is, separated from the membranous matter
with which it is associated in the form of suet.
Watt, Soap making, p. 26.
9. In building, to plaster directly on the brick-
work and without the intervention of laths. —
10. To pass or pull through a pulley or the
like, as a rope — Account rendered. See account.—
To render up, to surrender ; yield up.
You have our son ; touch not a hair of his head ;
Render him up unscathed. Tennyson, Princess, Iv.
=Syn. 1. To restore.— 3. To contribute, supply.— 5 and
6. Interpret, etc. See translate.
II. intrans. If. Togive an account; make ex-
planation or confession.
My boon is, that this gentleman may render
Of whom he had this ring.
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5. 186.
2. To be put or passed through a pulley or the
like.
< ML. rendere, nasalized form of L. reddere, re- render2 (ren'der), «. [< render2, v. ; in part <
store give back < red-, back, + dare, give : see OF. rendre, used as a noun : see render2, v.] 1 .
datei. Cf. reddttton, rendition etc., and surren- A return ; a payment, especially a payment of
der, rendezvous. Besides the intrusion of n by rent.
the orig. dd, this word in E. is In tnose ^^ times the king,s nollsehold (as well aa
those of inferior lords) were supported by specific renders
of corn and other victuals from the tenants of the re-
spective demesnes. Elackstone, Com., I. viii.
Each person of eighteen years old on a fief paid a cer-
as a personal payment. Brougham.
The rent or render was 'Is. yearly.
Bai-nes, Hist. Lancashire, II. 49.
2f. A giving up ; surrender.
Take thou my oblation, poor but free,
Which is not mix'd with seconds, knows no art
But mutual render, only me for thee.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxv.
Three Years after this the disinherited Barons held out,
till at length Conditions of Render are propounded.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 88.
3. An account given; a statement; a confes-
sion. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
Newness
Of Cloten's death . . . may drive us to a render
Where we have lived, and so extort from 's that
Which we have done. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 4. 11.
4. Plaster put directly on a wall Render and
set, in plastering, two-coat work applied directly on stone
or brick walls.— Render, float, and set, three-coat plas-
tering executed directly on stone or hrick.— To lie in ren-
der, in old Eng. law, to be subject to an obligation of offer-
ing to deliver the thing, as rent, release, heriots, etc., which
it was for the obligor to perform : distinguished from to lie
^ lar in the retention of the inf. ter-
mination -er. It would be reg. "rend; of. de-
fend, offend, from OF. defendre, offendre. The
form of the verb render, however, may be due
to conformity with the noun, which is in part
the OF. inf. used as a noun (like remainder, tro-
ver, etc.).] I. traits. 1. To give or pay back ;
give in return, or in retribution ; return: some-
times with back.
I will render vengeance to mine enemies.
Deut. xxxii. 41.
See that none render evil for evil unto any man.
1 Thes. v. 15.
And render back their cargo to the main.
Addison, Remarks on Italy, Pesaro, etc., to Rome.
What shall I render to my God
For all his kindness shown?
Watts, What shall I Render'
2. To give up; yield; surrender.
Orestes be right shuld render his londes,
. And be exilede for euermore, as orible of dede.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13069.
To Cresar will I render
My legions and my horse.
Shak., A. and C., iii. 10. 38.
My sword lost, but not forc'd ; for discreetly
I render d it, to save that imputation.
Beau, and Fl., King and No King, Iv. 3. _ ._. «, „
3 To irive- furnish- m-psonr- affm-rl fnr IKK, in prender, which is said of things that might be taken by
i, piesent, afford tor use the lord without any offer by the tenant, such as an escheat,
or benefit; often, to give officially, or in com- renderable (ren'der-a-bl), a. [< render? +
phance with a request or duty: as, to render -able.] Capable of being rendered. Cotarave
assistance or service; the court rendered judg- Tenderer (ren'der-er), n. [< render^ + -er1 1
n'Bnt One who renders.
ment.
The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than seven
men that can retider a reason. Prov. xxvi. 16.
Ores. In kissing, do you render or receive ?
Pair. Both take and give. Shak., T. and C., Iv. 5. 86.
You buy much that is not rendered in the bill.
Emerson, Conduct of Life.
4. To make or cause to be ; cause to become ;
invest with certain qualities: as, to render a rendering*(ren'der-ing), ». [< ME. reiiderynye ;
fortress more secure or impregnable. verbal n. of render*, v.] 1. The act of translat-
Ohyejtods, ™S> also, a version ; translation.
Render me worthy of this noble wife! In casesof doubt the alternative rendering has been given
in the margin. Pref. to Revised Version of Holy BiW«(1884).
The heathen astrologers and renderers of oracles wisely
forbore to venture on such predictions.
Boyle, Works, VI. 679.
The rmdererjs name shall be distinctly marked on each
tierce at the time of packing, with metallic brand, mark-
ing-iron, or stencil.
New York Produce Exchange Report (1888-9), p. 172.
Shak., J. C., ii. 1. ;
rendering
2. In I lie Jim' nrlft mid \\wilrnmn, intrrpreta-
tion; delineation; reproduction; representa-
tion ; exhibition.
When all Is to be reduced to outline, the forms of flow-
ers and lower animals are always more intelligible, and
are felt to approach much more to a satisfactory rendering
of the objects intended, than the outlines of the human
body. Rmkin.
An adequate rendering of his [Liszt's] pieces requires
not only great physical power, but a mental energy . . .
which few persons possess. Grove, Diet. Music, II. 741.
3. In plastering : (a) The laying on of a first coat
of plaster on brickwork or stonework. (6) The
coat thus laid on.
The mere . . . rendering is the most economical sort of
plastering, and does for inferior rooms or cottages.
Workshop Receipts, 1st sen, p. 121.
4. The process of trying out or clarifying,
rendering-pan (ren'der-iug-pan), n. Same as
rendering-tank.
rendering-tank (ren'der-ing-tangk), n. A tank
or boiler, usually steam-jacketed, for rendering
lard or oil from fat. It is sometimes provided with
mechanical devices for stirring and breaking up the fat
Rendering-tank and Condenser.
jl, tank or kettle jacketed over the part exposed to direct action of
furnace ; L, condenser through which gases and vapors are carried
and condensed, and subsequently either purified for illumination or
utilized as fuel in the furnace ; //, pressure-gage. For regulating flow
and discharging the rendered lard, various cocks are provided.
There arc also a safety-valve (shown at the right of the figure), and a
manhole at the top for charging and cleansing.
while under treatment in the tank by steam- or fire-heat,
and a condensing apparatus for cooling and condensing
the vapors that arise from the tank, in order that they may
be burned and destroyed.
rendezvous (ren'de-vo or ron'da-v6), n. ; pi.
rendezvous (formerly rendezvouses). [Formerly
also rendcsrous, randevous, rendevous; < F. ren-
des-vous, betake or assemble yourselves (at the
place appointed), < rendez, 2d pers. pi. impv. of
rendre, render, betake (see render?), + rous,
you, yourself, yourselves, < L. yos, you, pi. of
tit, thou.] 1. A place of meeting; a place at
which persons (or things) commonly meet ; spe-
cifically, a place appointed for the assembling
of troops, or the place where they assemble;
the port or place where ships are ordered to
join company.
Go, captain. . . . You know the rendezvous.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 4. 4.
The Greyhound, the Greyhound in Blackfriars, an excel-
lent rendezvous. Dekker and Webster, Westward Ho, ii. 3.
The air is so vast and rich a rendezvous of innumerable
seminal corpuscles. Boyle, Hidden Qualities of Air.
To be sure it is extremely pleasant to have one's house
made the motley rendezvous of all the lackeys of litera-
ture— the very high 'change of trading authors and jol>-
bing critics! Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
An inn, the free rendezvous of all travellers.
Scott, Kenilworth, i.
2. A meeting; a coming together; an associat-
ing. [Rare.]
There Time is every Wednesday, . . . perhaps, in mem-
ory of the first occasions of their Rendezvouses.
Bp. Sprat, Hist. Royal Soc., p. 93.
The general place of rendezvous for all the servants, both
in winter and summer, is the kitchen.
Swift, Advice to Servants (General Directions).
3. An appointment made between two or more
persons for a meeting at a fixed place and
time. — 4f. A sign or occasion that draws men
together.
The philosopher's stone and a holy war are but the ren-
dezvous of cracked brains. Bacon.
5t. A refuge ; an asylum ; a retreat.
A rendezvous, a home to fly unto.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1. 57.
Within a taverne ; whilst his coine did last
Ther was his randevous. -
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 65.
If I happen, by some Accident, to be disappointed of
that Allowance I am to subsist by, I must make my Ad-
dress to you, for I have no other Rendezvous to flee unto.
Howett, Letters, I. i. 2.
5076
rendezvous (ren'de-vB or ron'da-vo). r. ; pret.
and pp. ri'nilczrniixrd, ppr. fenaemousinff. [<
rende;rnus, «.] I. iiitrans. To assemble at a
particular place, as troops.
The rest that escaped marched towards the Thames,
and with others rendezvoused upon Blackheath.
Sir T. Herbert, Memoirs of King Charles I.
Our new recruits are rendezvousing very generally.
Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 183.
II. trans. To assemble or bring together at
a certain place.
All men are to be rendezvoused in a general assembly.
J. T. Phillips, Conferences of the Danish Missionaries
[(trans. X 1719, p. 310.
rendezvouser (ren'de-v6-er), n. One who
makes a rendezvous; an associate. [Rare.]
His Lordship retained such a veneration for the memory
of his noble friend and patron Sir Jeofry Palmer that all
the old reMeeiMusers with him were so with his lordship.
Roger A'orth, Lord Guilford, I. 291. (Davies.)
rendible1t (ren'di-bl), a. [< rendi + -ible; more
prop, rendable.'] Capable of being rent or torn
asunder. Imp. Diet.
rendible2! (ren'di-bl), a. [Prop, 'rendable, <
OF. readable, < rendre, render: see render%.~\
1. Capable of being yielded or surrendered;
renderable. — 2. Capable of being translated.
Every Language hath certain Idioms, Proverbs, peculiar
Expressions of it's own, which are not rendiUe in any
other, but paraphrastically. Howell, Letters, iii. 21.
rendition (ren-dish'on), «. [< F. rendition =
Sp. rendition = Pg. (obs.) rendicQo = It. reddi-
zione, < L. redditio(n-), a giving back, < reddere,
ML. rendere, give back: see render2. Cf. red-
dition.'] 1. The act of rendering or translat-
ing; a rendering or giving the meaning of a
word or passage ; translation.
" Let us therefore lay aside every weight, and the sin that
doth so easily beset us : " so we read the words of the apos-
tle ; but St. Chrysostom's rendition of them is better.
Jer. Taylor, Works, III. ii.
2. The act of rendering up or yielding posses-
sion; surrender.
These two lords . . . were carried with him [the king]
to Oxford, where they remained till the rendition of the
place. Hutehinson, Memoirs, II. 133.
3. The act of rendering or reproducing artisti-
cally. [An objectionable use.]
He [a painter] is contented to set himself delightful and
not insoluble problems of rendition, and draws infinite
pleasure from their resolution.
Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 664.
rendle-balk (ren'dl-bak), «. Same as randle-
bar.
rend-rock (rend'rok), n. [< rend1. r., + obj.
roft1.] Same as litlinfracteur.
rene1t, «• A Middle English form of reign.
rene-t, n. and r. An obsolete form of rein 1.
reneaguet, »'• See renege. Slink.
reneg, «. An obsolete or dialectal form of re-
nege.
renegade (ren'e-gad). «. [Also renegado; < Sp.
Pg. renegado, a renegade: see reneyate.'} 1.
An apostate from a religious faith.
In the most flourishing days of Ottoman power the
great mass of the holders of high office were renegades or
sons of renegades ; the native Turk lay almost under a ban.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 427.
2. One who deserts to an enemy; one who
deserts his party and joins another; a de-
serter.
He [Wentworth] abandoned his associates, and hated
them ever after with the deadly hatred of a renegade.
Macaulay, Nugent's Hampden.
= Syn. 1. ffeophyte, Proselyte, etc. (see convert), backslider,
turncoat. — 2. Traitor, runaway.
renegado (ren-e-ga'do), H. [< Sp. Pg. renegado :
see renegade.'] Same as renegade.
He was a Renegado. which is one that first was a Chris-
tian, and afterwards becommeth a Turke.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 186.
Y'ou are first (I warrant) some Renegado from the Inns
of Court and the Law ; and thou 'It come to suffer for't
by the Law — that is, be hang'd.
Wycherley, Plain Dealer, ii. 1.
renegate (ren'e-gat), »i. and a. [< ME. renegat
(= D. rencgaai = G. Sw. Dan. renegat), < OF.
renegat, F. renegat (OF. vernacularly renie,
renoie) = Pr. renegat = Sp. Pg. renegado = It.
riiiegato, rinnegato, < ML. renegatvs, one who
denies his religion, pp. of renegare, deny again,
< L. re-, again, + negare, deny: see negate and
renay, reny. Hence, by corruption, runagate.]
I. n. A renegade; an apostate. [Now only
prov. Bug.]
How may this wayke womman han this strengthe
Hire to defende ngayn this renegat?
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 835.
II. a. Apostate; false; traitorous.
renewability
Here may all true Christian hearts see the wonderful!
workes of God shewed vpon such infidels, blasphemers,
. . . and renegate Christians. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 1H7.
renegation (ren-e-ga'shpn), H. [< ML. *reni'(/ii-
tio(n-), < renegare, pp. renegatiis, deny: see r<n<-
</«''.] Denial. [Rare.]
The inexorable leader of the monkish party asserted that
it was worse than the worst heresy, being absolute rene-
gation of Christ. Miliinm
renege (re-neg'), v. [Formerly also reneagnr,
reneg, renig ; = F. reiiier = Pr. renegar, rem-jni-
= Sp. Pg. renegar = It. rinegare, rinnegarc,
deny, renounce: see reny, renay, renegate.] I.f
trunx. To deny; disown; renounce.
Shall I renege 1 made tnem then?
Shall I denye my cunning founde?
Mir. for Mags., I. 113.
His captain's heart,
Which in the scuffles of great tights hath burst
The buckles on his breast, reneges all temper.
Shalt., A. and C., i. 1. 8.
II. intrang. If. To deny.
Such smiling rogues as these . . .
Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks
With every gale and vary of their masters.
Shak., Lear, ii. 2, 84.
2. In card-playing, to play a card that is not of
the suit led (as is allowable in some games) ;
also, by extension, to revoke. Also renig.
[U. S.]
renegert (re-ne'ger), n. One who denies; a
renegade.
Their forefathers . . . were sometimes esteemed blest
Reformers by most of these modem Kenegcrs, Separates,
and Apostates.
KI>. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 57. (Davies.)
reneiet, r. See reny.
renerve (re-nery'), r. t. [< re- + nerve, r.] To
nerve again; give new vigor to.
The sight re-nerved my courser's feet.
Byron, Mazeppa, xvii.
renes, ». Plural of mi3.
renew (re-nu' ), r. [< ME. renemen, renuen ; < rr-
+ neic.r. Ct. renoratf.] I. trans. 1. To make
new again; restore to former freshness, com-
pleteness, or perfection ; revive ; make fresh
or vigorous again ; restore to a former state, or
to a good state after decay or impairment.
Let us go to Gilgal and renew the kingdom there.
1 Sam. xi. 14.
Thou renewest the face of the earth. Ps. civ. 30.
Restore his years, renew him, like an eagle.
/.'- Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
Thou wilt rencu" thy beauty mom by morn ;
I earth in earth forget these empty courts.
Tennyson, Tithonus.
2. To make again : as, to renew a treaty or cove-
nant ; to renew a promise ; to renew an attempt.
They turne afresh, and oft renew their former threat.
Spenser, V. Q., V. xi. 45.
And [I have] endeavoui ed toreneiv a faint image of her
several virtues and perfections upon your minds.
Bp. Atterbury. Sermons, I. vi.
3. To supply, equip, furnish, or fill again.
Loke the cup of Wyne or ale be not empty, but ofte
remied. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. If!.
Come, bumpers high, express your joy,
The bowl we mnun renew it.
Buna, Impromptu on Willie Stewart.
4. To begin again; recommence.
Either renew the fight,
Or tear the lions out of England's coat.
Shalt., 1 Hen. VI., i. 5. 27.
Day light returning renu'd the conflict,
Milton, Hist. Eng., vi.
5. To go over again ; repeat ; iterate.
Then gan he all this storie to renew.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. viii. 64.
The birds their notes reneic, and bleating herds
Attest their joy. Milton, F. L., ii. 494.
The lady renewed her excuses. Steele, Taller, No. 266.
6. To grant or furnish again, as a new loan on
a new note for the amount of a former one. —
7. In theol., to make new spiritually. See
renovation, 2.
Be renewed in the spirit of your mind. Eph. iv. 23.
= Syn. 1. To reestablish, reconstitute, recreate, rebuild.
fi. intraiis. 1. To become new; grow afresh.
Renew I could not. like the moon.
Shak., T. of A., iv. 3. 68.
Their temples wreathed with leaves that still reneic.
Dri/de».
2. To begin again; cease to desist.
Renew, renew ! The fierce Polydamas
Hath beat down Menon.
Shak., T. and C., v. \ 0.
renewability (rf-nu-a-bil'i-ti), n. [< renewable
+ -it;/ (see -biUiy)."] "The quality of being re-
newable.
renewable
renewable (re-nu'a-bl), a. [< rewic + -able.]
Capable of being renewed: as, a Icnsc rnn-ir-
alilc at pleasure.
renewal (re-nu'al), H. [< renew + -«/.] The
act of renewing, or of forming anew.
One of those reneicttt* of our constitution.
BoKllybroke, On Parties, xviii.
Such originality as we all share with the morning and
the spring-time and other endless renewals.
Georye Eliot, Middlemarch, xxii.
Renewal Sunday, a popular name for the second Sunday
after Easter : so called because of the post-communion of
the mass, according to the Sarum rite, formerly used on
that day.
renewedly (re-nu'ed-li), adr. Again ; anew :
once more. [Rare.] Imp. Diet.
renewedness (re-nu'ed-nes), n. The state of
being renewed. '
The Apostle here [Gal. vi, ] shewethe unprofitableness of
all these [ceremonies], and sets up an inward sanctity and
reneiredness of heart against them all.
Hammond, Works, IV. 663.
renewer (re-nu'er), it. One who renews. See
bounder, 3.
The restfull place, renuer of my smart.
Wyatt, Complaint vpon Loue.
renewing (re-nu'ing), «. [< ME. renewyng;
verbal n. of renew, v.~] The act or process of
making new again, in any sense.
Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind.
Rom. xii. 2.
renewlt, v. Same as renovel.
reneyet, «• Same as rent/.
renfierset, «<•• *• [Appar. a var., but simulating
fierce, of renforce, reinforce.'} To reinforce.
Whereat renfterst with wrath and sharp regret,
He stroke so hugely with his borrowd blade
That it empierst the Pagans burganet.
Spenser, F. Q., II. viii. 45.
renforcet, v- t. An obsolete form of reinforce.
rengt, ». An obsolete form of rungV.
renge1!, »• A Middle English form of rank*.
renge2t, »• An obsolete form of range.
reman tt, ». [< OF. reniant, ppr. of renter, deny :
see reny and renegate."] A renegade. Testament
of Love.
renicapsular (ren-i-kap'su-lar), a. [< renicap-
suJe + -ar3.] Pertaining to the suprarenal
capsules ; adrenal. Also reniglandular.
renicapsule (ren-i-kap'sul), n. [< L. ren, kid-
ney, + NL. capsula, capsule: see capsule.] The
adrenal or suprarenal capsule.
renicardiac (reu-i-kar'di-ak), a. [< L. ren, kid-
ney, + cardiacus, cardiac : see cardiac.'] Per-
taining to the renal and cardiac organs of a
mollusk; renipericardial : as, the renicardiac
orifice.
reniculus (re-nik'u-lus), 11. ; pi. renicuU (-li).
[LL., dim. of ren, kidney: see rens, reins."] In
cntom., a small renifprm or kidney-shaped spot.
renidificatiqn (re-nid"i-fi-ka'shon), n. [< re-
nidify + -ation (see -fication).] Renewed nidi-
fication ; the act of nidifying again, or building
another nest.
renidify (re-nid'i-fi), r. ('.
make another nest.
reniform (ren'i-form), a.
forma, form.]
Having the
form or shape
of the human
kidney; kidney-
form ; beau-
shaped; in bot.
(when said of
flat organs),
having the out-
line of a longi-
tudinal section
through a kidney (see cut under kidney-shaped).
— Reniform spot, a large kidney-shaped spot on the
wing of a noctnid moth, near the center. It is rarely ab-
sent in this family.
renig (re-nig'), v. t. A form of renege (II., 2).
[U. S.]
reniglandular (ren-i-glan'du-lar), a. [< L. ren,
kidney, + NL. glandula, glandule, + -or3.]
Same as renicapsular.
renipericardial (ren-i-per-i-kar'di-al), «. [< L.
ren, kidney, + NL. pericardium : 'see pericar-
dial.~] Pertaining to the nephridium and the
pericardium of a mollusk: as, a renipericardial
communication. Also, less properly, rcnoperi-
cardial. E. E. Lankester.
reniportal (ren-i-por'tal), (i. [< L. ren, kidney,
+ porta, gate : see portal*.] In zool. and anat.,
noting the portal venous system of the kidneys,
an arrangement by which venous blood circu-
lates in the capillaries of the kidneys before
[< re- + nidify.] To
[< L. ren, kidney, +
Renifonn Structure. — Hematite.
reaching the heart, as it does in those of the
liver by means of the hepatic portal system.
See portal rein, under portal1.
renisexual (ren-i-sek'su-al), n. [< L. ren, kid-
ney, + LL. sexitalis, sexual.] Combining the
functions of a renal and a sexual organ, as the
nephridium of mollusks.
renitence (ren'i-tens or re-nl'tens), n. [< OF.
renitence, F. renitence, resistance, = Sp. Pg.
renitencia = It. renitema, < ML. "renitentia, < L.
reniten(t-)s, resistant: see renitent.~\ Same as
renitency.
Out of indignation, and an excessive renitetice, not sep-
arating that which is true from that which is false.
Wollaston, Religion of Nature. (Latham.)
renitency (ren'i- or re-ni'ten-si), n. [As reui-
tcnce (see -cy).] 1. The resistance of a body
to pressure; the effect of elasticity. — 2. Moral
resistance; reluctance; disinclination.
Nature has form'd the mind of man with the same happy
backwardness and renitency against conviction which is
observed in old dogs — "of not learning new tricks."
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iii. 34.
renitent (ren'i-tent or re-ni'tent), a. [< OF.
renitent, F. renitent = Sp. Pg. ft. renitente, < L.
reniten(t-)s, ppr. of reniti, strive or struggle
against, resist, < re-, back, + niti, struggle:
see reistts1.] 1. Resisting pressure or the effect
of it ; acting against impulse by elastic force.
To me it seems most probable that it is done by an in-
flation of the muscles, whereby they become both soft and
yet renitent, like so many pillows.
Ray, Works of Creation, ii.
2. Persistently opposing.
renfcif, »• See rink1.
renk2t, n. An obsolete form of rank2. Nomi-
nale MS.
rennet, rennert. Middle English forms of run1,
runner.
rennelesset, ». [ME.: see rennet1.'] Same as
rennet1.
rennet1 (ren'et), w. [Early mod. E. renet; also
dial, runnet, < ME. renet, var. of *renel, *rennels,
rennelesse, renels, renlys, rendlys (= MD. rinsel,
runsef), rennet, < rennen, run: see run1.] 1.
The fourth stomach of a calf prepared for
curdling milk; the rennet-bag. — 2. Anything
used to curdle milk.
It is likely enough that Gallum, or, as it is popularly
called, lady's bedstraw, is still used as rennet in some
neighbourhoods, its use having formerly been common all
over England, especially in Cheshire.
N. and Q., 7th ser., VIIL 231.
rennet1 (ren'et), v. t. [< rennet1, n.~\ To mix
or treat with rennet.
Come thou not neere those men who are like bread
O're-leven'd, or like cheese o're-renetted.
Herrick, To His Booke.
rennet2 (ren'et), «. [Formerly also renat, ren-
ate (simulating renate1, as if in allusion to
grafting) (= D. renet = G. renette = Sw. renelt
= Dan. reinette), < F. reinette, rainette, a pip-
pin, rennet; either (a) < OF. reinette, roynette,
a little queen (a name given to meadow-sweet),
dim. of reine, < L. reginn, queen; fern, of rex
(reg-), king (see rex)-, or (6) < OF. rainette, a
little frog (because, it is supposed, the apple
was speckled like the skin of a frog), dim. of
raine, a frog, < L. rana, a frog: see Sana1.'] A
kind of apple, said to have been introduced into
England in the reign of Henry VIII. Also called
rennetirif/.
Pippins graff ed on a pippin stock are called renates, bet-
tered in their generous nature by such double extraction.
Fuller, Worthies, Lincolnshire, II. 264.
There is one sort of Pippin peculiar to this Shire (Lin-
colnshire], growing at Kirton and thereabouts, and from
thence called Kirton-Pippin, which is a most wholesome
and delicious Apple, both which being grafted on their own
Stock are much bettered, and then called Renates.
T. Coxe, Magna Britannia (Lincolnshire), p. 1457 (an.
[1720).
rennet-bag (ren'et-bag), ii. The abomasum, or
fourth stomach of a ruminant. Also called
reed.
rennet-ferment (ren'et-fer"ment), n. The fer-
ment of the gastric juice of young ruminants,
which coagulates casein.
renneting (ren'et-ing), n. [< rennet? + -ing'*.]
Same as reniieft.
rennet-whey (reii'et-hwa), n. The serous part
of milk, separated from the caseous by means
of rennet. It is used in pharmacy.
rennet-wine (ren'et-wm), ». A vinous extract
of dried rennet.
renniblet, «• Same as reliable.
renning (ren'ing), n. [< ME. rennynge, a stream
(not found in sense 'rennet'), < AS. "rinning,
rynning (= D. renninge), rennet, lit. ' a running,'
verbal n. of rinnan, run: see run1, running, and
renounce
cf. renint^, niiniet.'] If. Same as riiiinittij. — 2.
Rennet. Hit ret. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.j
rennish (ren'ish), a. [< ME. renysche, fierce;
prob. of OF. origin.] Furious; passiomitc.
HaUiicell. [Prov. Eng.J
Than has sire Dary dedeyne and derfely he lokes ;
Rysys him up remjKche and regt in his sete.
King Alexander, p. 100.
rennishly (ren'ish-li), adv. [< ME. renyselily;
< rennish + -fy2-] Fiercely; furiously. [Prov.
Eng.]
The fyste with the fyngeres that flayed thi hert,
That rasped renyschly the woje with the roj penne.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1724.
renomet, renomedt. Middle English forms of
renown, renowned.
renomeet, «• [ME., < OF. renommee,F. renom-
mee, renown: see renown.'] Renown.
For gentilesse nys but renmnee
Of thyne auncestres for hire heigh bountee,
Which is a strange thyng to thy persone.
Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 303.
renominate (re-nom'i-nat), v. t. [< re- + nom-
inate.] To nominate again or anew.
renomination (re-nom-i-na'shon), re. [< renom-
inate + -ion.] The act of nominating again or
anew; a repeated nomination.
renont, n. A Middle English variant of renown.
renopericardial (ren-6-per-i-kar'di-al), a.
Same as renipericardial. Huxley and Martin,
Elementary Biology, p. 284.
renoumt, renoumedt. Obsolete forms of re-
nown, renowned.
renount, n. An obsolete form of renown.
renounce (re-nouns'), v. ; pret. and pp. re-
nounced, ppr. renouncing. [< ME. renouncen,
renonsen, < OF. renoncnier, renuncer, renoncer,
F. renoncer = Pr. Sp. Pg. renunciar = It. n-
nunziare, renunziare, renounce, < L. renttntiare,
reminciare, bring back a report, also disclaim,
renounce, <! re-, back, + nuntiare, nunciare,
bring a message, < mmtins, a messenger: see
nuncio. Cf. announce, denounce, enounce, pro-
nounce.] I. trans. 1. To declare against ; dis-
own; disclaim ; abjure ; forswear ; refuse to
own, acknowledge, or practise.
My ryght I renonse to that rynk sone.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13629.
Minister. Dost thou renounce the devil and all his works,
the vain pomp and glory of the world, . . . and the sinful
desires of the flesh . . . ?
Ansirer. I renounce them all; and, by God's help, will
endeavour not to follow nor be led by them.
Boot of Common Prayer, Bapt ism of t hose of Riper Years.
It is impossible to conceive that a whole nation of men
should all publicly reject and renounce what every one of
them, certainly and infallibly, knew to be a law.
Locke, Human Understanding, I. iii. § 11.
2. To cast off or reject, as a connection or
possession; forsake.
She that had renounc'd
Her sex's honour was renounc'd herself
By all that priz'd it. Camper, Task, iii. 76.
The conditions of earthly existence were renounced,
rather than sanctined, in the religious ideal [of the medi-
eval church]. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 208.
He only lives with the world's life
Who hath renounced his own.
M. Arnold, Stanzas in memory of the Author of Obermann.
3. In card-playing, to play (a suit) different
from what is led : as. he renounced spades.
= Syn. Renounce, Recant, Abjure, Forswear, Retract, Re-
volte, Recall, abandon, forsake, quit, forego, resign, re-
linquish, give up, abdicate, decline, cast otf, lay down.
Renounce, to declare strongly, with more or less of for-
mality, that we give up some opinion, profession, or pur-
suit forever. Thus, a pretender to a throne may renounce
his claim. Recant, to make publicly known that we give
up a principle or belief formerly maintained, from con-
viction of its erroneousness ; the word therefore implies
the adoption of the opposite belief. Abjure, forsivear,
literally to renounce upon oath, and, metaphorically, with
protestations and utterly. They do not necessarily imply
any change of opinion. Retract, to take back what has
been once given or made, as a pledge, an accusation.
Revoke, to take back that which has been pronounced by
an act of authority, as a decree, a command, a grant. Re-
call, the most general word for literal or figurative calling
back : as, to recall an expression. Forswear is somewhat
out of use. A man may renounce his birthright, forstvear
a habit, recant his professions, abjure his faith, retract his
assertions, revoke his pledges, recall his promises.
II. intrants. If. To declare a renunciation.
He of my sons who fails to make It good
By one rebellious act renounces to my blood.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 143.
2. In card-games in which the rule is to follow
suit, to play a card of a different suit from that
led ; in a restricted sense, to have to play a card
of another suit when the player has no card of
the suit led. Compare revoke.
renounce (re-nouns'), n. [< F. reliance = Sp.
Pg. renuiicia = It. rinun:ia, a renounce; from
renounce
the verb: see renounce, v."] In curd-games in
which the rule is to follow suit, the playing of
a card of a different suit from that led.
renouncement (re-nouns'ment), n. [< OF. P.
renoneement = Pi. reiiiiiiciiiincii = Sp. renuncia-
miento = It. rinunziamento ; as renounce, v., +
-ment,~] The act of renouncing, or of disclaim-
ing or rejecting ; renunciation.
I hold you as a thing ensky'd and sainted,
By your renouncement an immortal spirit.
Shak., M. for M., i. 4. 35.
renouncer (re-noun'ser), n. One who renounces ;
one who disowns or disclaims.
renovant (ren'o-vant), a. [< OF. renovant, < L.
renoean(t-)s, ppr. of renovare, renew, renovate:
see renovate."] Renovating ; renewing. Cowel.
renovate (ren'o-vat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. reno-
vated, ppr. renovating. [< L. renovatus, pp. of
renovare, renew (> It. rinovare, rinnovare = Sp.
Pg. renovar), < re-, again, + novus, new, = E.
new: see new. Ct. renew.'] 1. To renew; ren-
der as good as new ; restore to freshness or to
a good condition: as, to renovate a building.
Then prince Edward, renouating his purpose, tooke
shipping againe. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 87.
In hopes that by their poisonous weeds and wild incan-
tations they may regenerate the paternal constitution,
and renovate their father's life. Burke, Rev. in France.
Till food and wine again should renovate, his powers.
Crabbe, Works, V. 93.
2. To give force or effect to anew; renew in
effect.
He renouateth by so doing all those sinnes which before
times were forgiven him.
Latimer, Sermon on the Lord's Prayer.
renovater (ren'o-va-ter), «. [< renovate + -er1."]
Same as renovator.
renovation (ren-o-va'shon), «. [< OF. renova-
tion, F. renovation = Pr. rcnovacio = Sp. reno-
vation = Pg. renovafao = It. rinovazione, rinno-
vazione, <L. renovatio(n-), a renewing, renewal,
< renovare, renew, renovate : see renovate.'] 1.
The act of renovating, or the state of being
renovated or renewed ; a making new after de-
cay, destruction, or impairment ; renewal.
This ambassade was sent ... for the renovation of the
old league and amitie. Sraflon, Hen. VII., an. 19.
Death becomes
His flnal remedy ; and, ... to second life,
Waked in the renovation of the just,
Resigns him up with heaven and earth renew'd.
Milton, P. L., xi. 65.
The regular return of genial months,
And renovation of a faded world.
Coteper, Task, vt 124.
Mr. Garrick, in conjunction with Mr. Lacey, purchased
the property of that theatre [Drury Lane), together with
the renovation of the patent.
Hfe ofQuin (reprint, 1887), p. 42.
2. In tlieol., the renewal wrought by the Holy
Spirit in one who has been regenerated. Reno-
vation differs from regeneration inasmuch as, while re-
generation is a single act, and confers a divine life, which
can never be wholly lost in this life, or, according to Cal-
vinistic theology, continues forever, renovation is a con-
tinuous process or a repetition of acts whereby the divine
life is preserved and matured.
renovationist (ren-o-va'shon-ist), n. [< reno-
vation + -int."] One who believes in the im-
provement of society by the spiritual renova-
tion of the individual, supernaturally wrought
through divine influence rather than by the de-
velopment of human nature through purely
natural and human influences.
renovator (ren'o-va-tor), n. [= OF. renova-
teur, F. renovateur ="Sp. Pg. renovador = It.
rinnovatore, < L. renovator, a renewer, < reno-
vare, renew: see renovate.'] One who or that
which renovates or renews.
Just as sleep is the renovator of corporeal vigor, so, with
their [the Epicureans'] permission, I would believe death
to be of the mind's.
Lander, Imaginary Conversations (Marcus Tullius and
[Quinctus Cicero).
renovelt, v. t. and i. [ME. renoveTen, renovellen
(also contr. reneiclen, rennlen, simulating new),
< OF. renoveler, renuveler, renouveler, renouvel-
ler, F. renouveler = Pr. renovellar = It. rino-
vellare, rinnovellare, renew, < L. re-, again, +
novellus, new : seewotieZ.] To renew.
Yet sang this foule, I rede yow alle awake, . . .
And ye that han ful chosen, as I devise,
Yet at the leste renoveleth your servyse.
Chaucer, Complaint of Mars, 1. 17.
renovelancet, »'• [ME. renoveilamice, < OF. re-
novelaunce, < renoveler, renew: aeerenovel.] A
renewal.
Renove&aunces
Of olde forleten aqueyntaunces.
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 693.
6078
renowmt, renowmedt. Obsolete forms of re-
tiincn, reiniifiii-il.
renown (re-noun'), r. [< ME. renoicnen, renou-
men, renomen (in pp. renowned, renamed), < OF.
renomer, renumer, renommer, make famous (pp.
renomme, renowned, famous), F. renommer,
name over, repeat, rename, = Pr. renomnar,
renompnar, renomenar = Sp. renombrar = It.
rinomare (> G. renommiren, boast), < ML. reno-
ntinare, make famous, < L. re-, again, + nomi-
nare, name: see nominate.] I. trans. To make
famous.
Nor yron bands abord
The Pontick sea by their huge Navy cast
My volume shall renowne, so long since past.
Spenser, Virgil's Gnat, 1. 48.
The memorials and the things of fame
That do renown this city. Shak., T. N., iii. 3. 24.
Soft elocution does thy style renown.
Dryden, tr. of Persius's Satires, v. 19.
II. intrans. To behave or pose as a renown-
er; swagger; boast: with indefinite it. [Slang,
imitating German.]
To renownit ... is equivalent to the American phrase
"spreads himself."
C. O. Leland, tr. of Heine's Pictures of Travel, The
[Hartz Journey, note.
A general tumult ensued, and the student with the
sword leaped to the floor. ... He was renowning it.
Longfellow, Hyperion, ii. 4.
renown (re-noun'), n. [Early mod. E. also re-
noivm, renown; < ME. renoun, renowne, renon,
renowme, < OF. renoun, renun, renon, renom, F.
renom = Pr. Cat. renom = Sp. renombre = Pg.
rename = It. rinomo, fame, renown ; from the
verb: see renown, «•.] 1. The state of having
a great or exalted name ; fame ; celebrity ; ex-
alted reputation derived from the widely spread
praise of great achievements or accomplish-
ments.
"0 perle," quoth I, "of rych renoun,
So watz hit me dere that thou con deme,
In thys veray avysyoun."
Alliterative Poems (ed.- Morris), i. 1183.
Better it is to haue Renounne among the good sorte then
to be lorde over the whole world.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. 8., extra ser.), i. 12.
I loved her old renown, her stainless fame —
What better proof than that I loathed her shame?
Lowell, To G. W. Curtis.
2f. Report; rumor; 6clat.
And [they] diden so well that the worde and the renon
com to Agranain and to Gaheret that the childeren fought-
en be-nethe fer from hem. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 285.
Socrates, ... by the ... uniuersall renoume of all peo-
ple, was approued to be the wisest man of all Grecia.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, iii. 22.
The Rutherfoords, with grit renmm,
Convoy'd the town of Jedbrugh out
Raid of the Reidncire (Child's Ballads, VI. 132).
3f. A token of fame or reputation ; an honor ;
a dignity.
For I ride on the milk-white steed,
And aye nearest the town ;
Because I was a christen d knight,
They gave me that renown.
The Young Tamlane (Child's Ballads, I. 121).
4f. Haughtiness.
Then out spake her father, he spake wi' renown,
"Some of you that are maidens, yell loose aff her gown."
Lord Salton and Auchanachie (Child's Ballads, II. 169).
= Syn. 1. Fame, Honor, etc. (see gloryl, n.\ repute, note,
distinction, name.
renowned (re-nound'), p. a. [< ME. renowned,
renamed (So. renownit, renommit); pp. of renown,
v.] Having renown ; famous; celebrated.
To ben riht cleer and renamed.
Chaucer, Boethius, iii. prose 2.
And made his compere a godsone of hys, that he hadden
houe fro the fontstone, and was cleped after the kynge
ban Bawdewyn, whiche was after full renomede.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.X i. 124.
They that durst to strike
At so exampless and unblamed a life
As that of the renowned Germanicus.
/>'. Jonson, Sejanus, ii. 4.
= Syn. Celebrated, Illustrious, etc. (see famous), famed,
far-famed.
renownedly (re-nou'ned-li), adv. With, or so as
to win, renown ; with fame or celebrity. Imp.
Diet.
renowner (re-nou'ner), w. 1. One who gives
renown or spreads fame.
Through his great renowner I have wrought,
And my safe saile to sacred anchor brought.
Chapman, Odyssey, xxiii.
Above them all I preferr'd the two famous renowners of
Beatrice and Laura, who never write bnt honour of them
to whom they devote their verse.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
2. [= G. renommist, in university slang, a boas-
ter.] A boaster; a bully; a swaggerer.
Von Kleistwas a student, and universally acknowledged
among his young acquaintance as a devilish handsome
rent
fellow, notwithstanding a tremendous scar on his cheek,
and a cream-colored mustache as soft as the silk of Indian
corn. In short, lie was a renowner, and a duellist.
Longfellow, Hyperion, ii. 4.
renownfult (re-noun'ful), o. [< renoun + -ful."]
Renowned; illustrious.
Man of large fame, great and abounding glory,
Renounefull Scipio. Marstvn, Sophonisba, i. 1.
rense (rens), r. t. A dialectal form of rinse.
rensselaerite (ren-se-lar'it), n. [After Stephen
Van Bensselaer."] A variety of massive talc or
steatite. It has a fine compact texture, and
is worked in the lathe into inkstands and other
articles.
rent1 (rent). Preterit and past participle of
rend1.
rentH, »• An obsolete variant of rend1.
Maligne interpretours whiche fayle not to rente and de-
face the renoume of wryters.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, The Proheme.
Though thou rentest thy face with painting [enlargest
(margin, Heb. rendest) thine eyes with paint, R. V. ], in vain
shall thou make thyself fair. Jer. iv. 30.
In an extreame rage, renting his clothes and tearing his
haire. Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 230.
Repentance must begin with a just sorrow, a sorrow of
heart, and such a sorrow as renteth the heart.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vi. 3.
They assaulted me ou all sides, buffeting me and rent-
ing my Cloaths. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 92.
rent1 (rent), w. [< rent1, v., ult. rend1, v."] 1.
An opening made by rending or tearing; a
tear ; a fissure ; a break or breach ; a crevice or
crack.
You all do know this mantle. . . .
Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through ;
See what a rent the envious Casca made.
Shale., J. C., iii. 2. 179.
2. A schism; a separation: as, a rent in the
church.
Heer sing I Isaac's civill Brauls and Broils ;
Jacobs Revolt; their Cities sack, their Spoils:
Their cursed Wrack, their Godded Calues ; the rent
Of th' Hebrew Tribes from th' Isbeans Regiment.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Schisme.
We care not to keep truth separated from truth, which
is the fiercest rent and disunion of all.
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 53.
= Syn, Tear, rupture, rift.
rent12 (rent), n. [< ME. rent, rente = D. G. Dan.
rente = Sw. ranta, < OF. rente, F. rente, income,
revenue, rent, annuity, pension, funds, = Pr.
renta, rcnda = Sp. renta = Pg. renda = It. ren-
dita, income, revenue, rent, < L. reddita (sc.
pecunia), 'money paid,' fern, of redditus, pp. of
reddere, give back, pay, yield: see render'^.]
If. Income; revenue; receipts from any reg-
ular source.
Litel was hire catel and hire rente.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 7.
She seyde, "O Love, to whom I have and shal
Ben humble suget, trewe in myn entente,
As I best can, to you, Lord, geve Ich al
For everemo myn hertes lust to rente."
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 830.
2. In law : (a) A compensation or return made
periodically, or fixed with reference to a period
of time, for the possession and use of property
of any kind.
Of all the tulkes of Troy, to telle them by name,
Was non so riche of rent-tes, ne of renke godes,
Of castels full close, & mony clene tounes.
Destruction of Tray (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3945.
Thus the poete preiseth the pocok for hus federes,
And the riche for hus rentes, othere rychesse in hus
schoppe. Piers Plowman (C), xv. 186.
Money, if kept by us, yields no rent, and is liable to loss.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 213.
(6) Technically, a definite compensation or re-
turn reserved by a lease, to be made periodi-
cally, or fixed with reference to a period of ten-
ure, and payable in money, produce, or other
chattels or labor, for the possession and use of
land or buildings. Compensation of any other nature
IB not termed rent, because not enforceable in the same
manner. The time of paying rents is either by the par-
ticular appointment of the parties in the deed, or by ap-
pointment of law, but the law does not control the express
appointment of the parties, when such appointment will
answer their intention. In England Michaelmas and
Lady-day are the usual days appointed for payment of
rents ; and in Scotland Martinmas and Whitsunday.
Take (deer Son) to thee
This Farm's demains, . . .
And th' only Rent that of it I reserue is
One Trees fair fruit, to shew thy sute and service.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., Eden.
Rent is said to be due at the first moment of the day
appointed for payment, and in arrear at the first moment
of the day following. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 275.
(c) The right to such compensation, particu-
larly in respect of lands. Rents, at common law,
are of three kinds : rent-service, rent-charge or fee-farm
rent
5079
rent and rcnt-seck Rent-seniee is when some corporal rentable (ron'ta-bl), it. [< rcuft + -nMc.] Ca-
service is incident to it, as by fealty and a sum of money ; i ,
rent-charije, at fee-farm rent, is when the owner of the ' *"•
rent has no future interest or reversion expectant in the rentaget (rt'ii ta.]), n. [< Oi . mttage, rentage,
l:\inl, but the rent is reserved in the deed by a clause of < renter, give rent to: see rent2 and -tif/e.]
distress for rent in arrear (in other words, it is a charge on Rent.
lands, etc., in the form of rent, in favor of one who is not
VTO can we „ ,, fl „ , ,,,,,„„, J..P
an we pay tlle/ ^ '," ',' {*
J ' * letehcr- PU|
the landlord); rent-neck is a like rent, but without any
clause of distress. There are also rents of assize, certain es-
tablished rents of freeholders and copyholders of manois, rental (ren'tal), n. [< ME. rental, < rent- +
which cannot be varied : also called quit-rents. These, -a\. Cf. OF. "rental, charged with rent.l 1 A
when payable in silver, are called white rents, in contra- sphpdiilp or a m,t nf
distinction to rents reserved in work or the baser metals, '
called black rents or black mail.
3. In polit. econ., that part of the produce of
the soil which is left after deducting what is
necessary to the support of the producers (in-
clinling the wages of the laborers), the interest
on the necessary capital, and a supply of seed . The "at"0"8 were admonished to cease their factions;
t'nv flip upvr vp'iv that riovt /\f tVia nWirhmn nf the heads of houses were ordered to surrender all their
the produce ot chartel.^ donations, statutes, bulls, and papistical muni-
a given piece of cultivated land which it yields ments, and to transmit a complete rental and inventory
over and above that yielded by the poorest of all their effects to their Chancellor.
vi
vli-
schedule or an account of rents, or a
wherein the rents of a manor or an estate are
set down; a rent-roll.
I have heard of a thing they call Doomsday-book — I
am clear it has been a rental of back-ganging tenants.
Scott, Kedgauntlet, letter xi.
land in cultivation under equal circumstances
in respect to transportation, etc. The rent theo-
retically goes to the owner of the soil, whether cultivator
or landlord. Also called economic rent.
Rent is that portion of the produce of the earth which
is paid to the landlord for the use of the original and in-
destructible powers of the soil. It is often, however, con-
founded with the interest and proflt of capital, and, in pop-
ular language, the term is applied to whatever is annually
paid by a farmer to his landlord. Ricardo, Pol. Econ., ii.
The rent, therefore, which any land will yield, is the ex-
cess of its produce beyond what would be returned to the
same capital if employed on the worst land in cultivation.
J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., II. xvi. § 3.
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church, of Eng., iv.
2. The gross amount of rents drawn from an
estate or other property: as, the rental of the
estate is five thousand a year — Minister's rental.
See minister. — Rental right, a species of lease at low
rent, usually for life. The holders of such leases were
K rental + «-ll
. K tental •+- -er^.J
Une who holds a rental right. See rental.
Many of the more respectable farmers were probably
descended of the rentallerg or kindly tenants described in
our law books, who formed in the Middle Ages a very nu-
merous and powerful body. Edinburgh Rev., CXLV. 194.
Rent is that portion of the regular net product of a piece rent-arrear (rent'a-rer"), n. Unpaid rent,
of land which remains after deducting the wages of labor rpnt pTiariro fi'pnr'pharil « «!OA wu/2 o c,A
and the interest on the capital usual in the country in- ? f-cnarge (lent cnaij), n. bee f*lj», 2 (C).
corporated into it. rent-day (rent'da), n. The day for paying rent.
W. Roseher, Pol. Econ. (trans.), II. § 149. rente (roiit), ». [< F. rente: see rent*.) Annual
No part of Ricardo's theory is more elementary or more income; revenue; rent; interest; specifically,
unchallenged than this, that the rent of land constitutes in the plural, rentes (or rentes stir I'etat), sums
no -part of the price of bread, and that high rent is .not the paid annually by a government as interest on
public loans; hence, the bonds or stocks on
which such interest is paid.
renter1 (ren'ter), u. [< OF. rentier, F. rentier
(= Pr. rendier = OCat. render = Sp. rentero =
Pg. rendeiro), a tenant, renter, < rente, rent:
see rent2.] 1. One who leases an estate; more
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 369. commonly, the lessee or tenant who takes an
Alwyn Childe, a Citizen of London, founded the Monas- estate or a tenement on rent,
tery of S. Saviour's at Bermondsey in Southwark, and gave „,,.
the Monks there divers Rents in London The estate wnl not be let for one penny more or less to
Baker, Chronicles p. 29. renter, amongst whomsoever the rent he pays be di-
Annual rent. See annual.— Black rent, (a) See black. Lodce'
(6) See def. 2 (c).— Double rent, rent payable bya tenant 2. One who rents or hires anything,
who continues in possession after the ^time^for which he renter2 (ren'ter), v. t. [Also ranter; < F. ren-
T, < re-, again, + en-, in, +
cause of dear bread, but dear bread the cause of high rent.
Roe, Contemporary Socialism, p. 428.
4. An endowment ; revenue.
The kynge hym graunted, and yaf hym rentes, and lefte
with hym of his auoir grete plentefor to make the hospi-
tall, and ther lefte the clerke in this manere, that was
after a goode man and holy of lit.
en by the lessee at the time of taking his lease: otherwise
called a fore-gift or income. (6) Rent paid in advance.—
Paschal rents. See paschal.— Peppercorn rents. See
peppercorn. — Rents of assize. See def. 2 (c).— Tithe
Rent-charge Redemption Act, an English statute of
1885 (48 and 49 Viet., c. 32), which extends the Commuta-
tion of Tithes Act (which see, under commutation) to all
tratre, draw: see trace, tract, etc.] 1. In top-
estry, to work new warp into in order to restore
the original pattern or design. Hence — 2 To
finpdraw- sew tnsrptlipv «« thn pHooa nf t™n
&wf' j~JJ toglt lel. as the edges ot two
Pieces ot Cloth, without doubling them, so that
the seam is scarcely visible.
,
rents or payments charged on lands, by virtue of any act, rentercr (reu'ter-er), n. [< renter4* + -
* [< ME. rente,,,, < OF. renter,
do w secue an income to
"specially in tapestry-work.
renwardenen'ter-warMn), „ The war-
den of a comPany who receives rents.
rent-free (rent'fre), adv. Without payment of
rPTir
AU 8ucn inmates which fell to decay, and so to be kept
by ? P»Hsh they were to be continued in their houses
" Y ge
And sette scoleres to scole or to somme other craftes ;
Releue religioun [religious orders] and renten hem bet-
tere. piers Plowman (B), vii. 32.
Here is a stately Hospitall built by Cassachi, or Rosa,
the Wife of great Soliiuan, richly rented, and nourishing
Purcha*, Pilgrimage, p. 271. Cmrt am, Times of chaftes , „ m
: rent-gatherert, ». [ME. rente-gaderer; < rent2
+ gatiierer.] A collector of rents. Prompt.
h°nourable.society should rfntKoiWla'), ». [F. rentier: see renter^.]
Swift, To Mr. Alderman Barber, March 30, 1737. One who has a fixed income, as from lands,
3. To take and hold for a consideration in the stocks, etc. ; a ^fund-holder,
nature of rent: as, the tenant rents his farm rent-roll (rent rol), n. A rental; a list or ac-
on lease.
for a year.
Not happier . .
In forest planted by a father's hand
Than in five acres now of rented land.
Who married, who was like to be, and how
The races went, and who would rent the hall.
count of rents or income. Seerentttl.
Godfrey Bertram . . . succeeded to a long pedigree and
a short rent-roll, like many lairds of that period.
Scott, Guy Mannering, ii.
™t-™* (rent'sek), „. See rent2, 2 (c).
rent-service (rent'ser"vis), n. See rent2, 2 (c).
__________________ renuent (ren'u-ent), a. [< L. renuen(t-)s, ppr.
Tennyson, Audley Court, of rennere, nod back the head, deny by a mo-
4. To hire; obtain the use or benefit of for tion of the head, disapprove (> Pg. reituir, re-
st consideration, without lease or other formal- fuse ; cf. Sp. renuencia, reluctance), < re-, back,
ity, but for a more or less extended time: as. to + "utiere (in comp. abintcre, etc.). nod: see nu-
rent a vow-boat; to rent a piano. =Syn. 3 and 4. tntion.'] Throwing back the head: specifically
Lease, etc. See hirei. ' applied in anatomy to muscles which have this
II. intrans. To be leased or let for rent: effect.
as, an estate rents for five thousand dollars a renuleif, r. An obsolete form of renovel.
renule2 (ren'ul), ». [< NL. *renulus, dim. of
C'^t, f. i. An obsolete variant of run/. L. ren, kidney: see rens, and cf. renoulvs.] A
rent't (rent). A Middle English contracted small kidney; a renal lobe or lobule, several of
torni ot reiult'tli, Bd person singular present in- which may compose a kidney. Enciic Brit
dicative of rewrfi. Cliaucer. XV. 366. "
reobtain
renumber (re-num'ber), r. /. [< re- + iiumtirr.]
To count or number again ; affix a new number
to, as a house.
renumerate (re-nu'me-rat), r. t. [< L. rniii-
iiii-i-dtim, pp. of mmmtrare, count over (> It. ri-
ii n ni/ rare), < re-, again, + numerare, number:
see numerate, and cf. renumber."] To count or
number again. Imp. Diet.
renunciance (re-nun 'sians), n. [< L. renun-
tian(t-)x, ppr. of rennntiare, renounce: see re-
nounce.] Renunciation. [Rare.]
Yet if they two . . . each, in silence, in tragical renun-
ciance, did find that the other was all too-lovely?
Carlyle, i'rench Kev., II. v. 3.
renunciation (re-nun-si-a'shon), 11. [< OF. re-
nunciation, renoncialion, F. renonciation = Pr.
renunciatio = Sp. renunciacion = Pg. renuncia-
<;ao = It. riiiiii,~it/:ione, rcnun:ia:ione, < L. re-
nuntiatio(n-), renunciiitio(n-), a renouncing, <
rentmtiare, pp. rcnnntiatus, renounce: see re-
nounce.'] The act of renouncing, (o) A disowning
or disclaiming ; rejection.
He that loves riches can hardly believe the doctrine of
poverty and renunciation of the world. Jer. Taylor.
Renunciation remains sorrow, though a sorrow borne
willingly. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss,' iv. 3.
(6) In law, the legal act by which a person abandons a
right acquired, but without transferring it to another : ap-
plied particularly in reference to an executor or trustee
who has been nominated in a will, or other instrument
creating a trust, but who, having an option to accept it,
declines to do so, and in order to avoid any liability ex-
pressly renounces the office. In Scots law the term is also
used in reference to an heir who is entitled, if he chooses,
to succeed to heritable property, but, from the extent of
the encumbrances, prefers to refuse it. (c) In liturgies,
that part of the baptismal service in which the candidate,
either in person or by his sureties, renounces the world,
the flesh, and the devil. — Renunciation of a lease, in
Scotland, the surrender of a lease. = Syn. (a) Abandon-
ment, relinquishment, surrender. See renounce.
renunciatory (re-nun 'si-a-to-ri), a. [< ML. re-
nuntiatorius, < Li. renuntiare, renounce : see re-
nounce.] Of or pertaining to renunciation.
renverset (ren-vers'),t'- *• [Also ranverse; <
OF. reuverser, overthrow, overturn, < re-, back,
+ enverser, overturn, invert, < enr-ers, against,
toward, with, < L. inverstis, turned upside down,
inverted: see inverse.] 1. To overthrow; over-
turn; upset; destroy.
God forbid that a Business of so high a Consequence as
this . . . should be ranversed by Differences 'twixt a few
private Subjects, tho' now public Ministers.
Howell, Letters, I. iii. 20.
2. To turn upside down ; overthrow.
First he his beard did shave, and fowly shent,
Then from him reft his shield, and it renverst.
Spenser, F. Q., V. iii. 37.
Whiles all my hopes were to the winds disperst,
Erected whiles, and whiles againe renuerst.
Stirling, Aurora, st. 77.
renverse (ren-vers'), a. [< renverse, v.; cf. F.
adv. a la renverse, on one's back, upside down.]
In her., same as reversed.
renversementt (ren-vers'nignt), n. [< OF. ren-
versement, < renverser, reverse : see renverse and
-ment.] The act of renversing.
A total renversement of the order of nature.
Stttkeleu, Pateographia Sacra, p. 60.
renvoyt (ren-voi'), v. t. [< OF. renveier, ren-
voyer, F. renvoyer (= It. rinviare), send back, <
re-, back, + envoyer, send : see envoy1."] To send
back. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VIII.
renvoyt (ren-voi'), n. [< OF. renroy. renvoi, F.
renvoi, a sending back : see renroy, ».] The act
of sending back or dismissing home.
The rcnmy of the Ampelonians was ill taken by the royal
vine. Howell, Vocall Forrest. (Latham.)
renyt, v. i. and t. [Also renay; < ME. renyeti,
reneyen, reneien, renayen, < OF. renter, render,
renoier, F. renter, < ML. renegare, deny: see rent-
gate^ and cf. renege, a doublet of reiiy. Cf. deny,
deiiay.] To renounce; abjure; disown; aban-
don; deny.
That Ydole is the God of false Cristene, that ban reneyed
hire Feythe. Mandevillf, Travels, p. 173.
For though that thou reneyed hast my lay,
As other wrecches han doon many a day, . . .
If that thou live, thou shall repenten this.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 336.
renyet, ». [ME., < OF. reiiie, < ML. renegatus,
one who has denied his faith, a renegade: see
renegate.] A renegade.
Raynalde of the rodes, and rebelle to Criste,
Pervertede with Paynyms that Cristene persewes; . . .
The renye relys abowte and rnsches to the erthe.
Marts Arthurs (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2795.
reobtain (re-ob-tan'), v. t. [< re- + obtain.] To
obtain again.
I came to re-obtaine my dignitie,
And in the throne to seate my sire againe.
Mir. for Mags., p. 762.
reobtainable
reobtainable (re-ob-ta'na-bl), a. [< reobtain
+ -able.'] That may be obtained again,
reoccupy (re-ok'u-pi), v. t. [< F. reoccuper; as
re- + occupy.] To occupy anew,
reometer, «. See rheometcr.
reopen (re-6'pn), v. [< re- + open, »;.] I. trans.
To open again : as, to reopen a theater.
II. intrans. To be opened again; open anew:
as, the schools reopen to-day.
reophore, «. See rheopliore.
reoppose (re-o-poz'), v. t. [< re- + oppose.'] To
oppose again.
We shall so far encourage contradiction as to promise
no disturbance, or re-oppose any pen that shall fallaciously
or captiously refute us.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Pref., p. 0.
reordain (re-6r-dan'), v. t. [= OF. reordonner,
F. reordonner = Sp. reordenar = Pg. reordenar,
reordinar = It. riordinare, reordain (cf. ML.
reordinare, restore to one's former name or
place); as re- + ordain.] To ordain again, as
when the first ordination is defective or other-
wise invalid.
They did not pretend to reordain those that had been
ordained by the new book in King Edward's time.
/.'.> Bnrnet, Hist. Reformation, ii. 2.
A person, if he has been validly ordained by bishops of
the apostullc succession, cannot be reordained. ... It is
not a reordination to confer orders upon one not episco-
pally set apart for the ministry. But it is reordination to
do this to one previously so ordained. If it is done at
all, it is a mockery, and the parties to it are guilty of a
profanity. Church Cye.
reorder (re-6r'der), i'. <. [< re- + order.] 1. To
order a second time ; repeat a command to or
for. — 2. To put in order again ; arrange anew.
At that instant appeared, as it were, another Armie
comming out of a valley, . . . which gave time to Assan to
reorder his disordered squadrons.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. IS.
reordination (re-or-di-na'shou), «. [= F. re-
ordination = Pg. reordenaqao ; as re- + ordina-
tion.] A second or repeated ordination.
reorganization (re-6r"gan-i-za'shon), n. [= F.
reorganisation ; < reorganize + -alion.] The act
or process of organizing anew. Also spelled
reorganisation.
reorganize (re-6r'gan-iz), r. t. [= F. reorga-
niser; as re- + organize.] To organize anew;
bring again into an organized state : as, to re-
organize a society or an army. Also spelled
reorganise.
re-Orient (re-6'ri-ent), a. [< re- + orient.]
Arising again or anew, as the life of nature in
spring. [Rare.]
The life re-orient out of dust.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxvi.
reossify (re-os'i-fi), v. i. [< re- + ossify.] To
ossify again. Lancet, No. 3487, p. 1424.
reotrope, »». See rlieotrope.
rep1 (rep), n. [Also repp, reps; origin unknown ;
supposed to be a corruption of rib.] A corded
fabric the cords of which run across the width
of the stuff. Silk rep is used for women's dresses, ec-
clesiastical vestments, etc., and is narrow; woolen rep is
used for upholstery and curtains, and is about a yard and
a half wide. It is sometimes figured, but more often dyed
in plain colors.
The reception-room of these ladies was respectable In
threadbare brussels and green reps.
Bowells, A Woman's Reason, viii.
Cotton rep. See cotton*.
rep2 (rep), «. An abbreviation of reputation.
formerly much used (as slang), especially in
the asseveration upon or 'pan rep.
In familiar writings and conversations they [some of
our words] often lose all but their first syllables, as in
mob. rep. pos. incog, and the like.
Addinon, Spectator, No. 185.
Xev. Madam, have you heard that Lady Queasy was
lately at the play-house incog ?
Lady Smart. What ! Lady Queasy of all women in the
world ! Do you say it upon rep ?
Nev. Pozz ; I saw her with my own eyes.
Swtft, Polite Conversation, i.
rep. Same as repel.
repace (re-pas'), r. t. [<re- + pace*. Doublet
of re-pass.] To pace again ; go over again in a
contrary direction. Imp. Diet.
repacify (re-pas'i-fi), v. t. [< re- + pacify.]
To pacify again.
Which, on th intelligence was notify'd
Of Richard's death, were wrought to mutiny ;
And hardly came to be repacify'd,
And kept to hold in their fidelity.
Daniel, Civil Wars, iv. 9.
repack (re-pak'), v. t. [< re- + pack1, v.] To
pack a second time: as, to repack beef or pork.
Imp. Diet.
repacker (re-pak'er),n. One who repacks. Imp.
Diet.
5080
repair1 (re-par'), r. /. [< ME. reparen, repai/r-
cn, < OF. reparer, F. reparer, repair, mend, =
Pr. Sp. Pg. repan.r = It. riparare, repair, mend,
remedy, shelter, restore, defend, parry, oppose,
hinder, < L. reparare, get again, recover, re-
gain, retrieve, repair, < re-, again, + pa ran,
get, prepare: see pare1.] 1. To restore to a
sound, good, or complete state after decay, in-
jury, dilapidation, or partial destruction; re-
store; renovate.
Thenne themperour dyde doo repayre the chirches.
Holy Jtood(E. E. T. 8.), p. 164.
Seeking that beauteous roof to ruinate
Which to repair should be thy chief desire.
Shale., Sonnets, x.
To repair his numbers thus impalr'd.
Milton, P. L., ix. 144.
2. To make amends for, as for an injury, by
an equivalent ; give indemnity for ; make good :
as, to repair a loss or damage.
I'll repair the misery thou dost bear
With something rich about me.
Shak., Lear, iv. 1. 79.
King Henry, to repair the Loss of the Regent, caused a
great .ship to be built, such a one as had never been seen
in England. Baker, Chronicles, p. 257.
She [Elizabeth] gained more ... by the manner in
which she repaired her errors than she would have gained
by never committing errors. Macaulay, Burleigh.
3t. To fortify; defend.
Whan the Soudan vnderstode his malice, he caused the
Holy Lande to be better repared and more suerly kept, for
y more displesur of the Turke. Arnold's Chron., p. 162.
4f. To recover, or get into position for offense
again, as a weapon.
He, ere he could his weapon backe repaire,
His side all bare and naked overtooke.
And with his mortal steel quite through the body strooke.
Spenner, F. Q., V. xi. IS.
= 8yn. 1. To mend, refit, retouch, vamp(up), patch, tin-
repair1 (re-par'), n. [Early mod. E. also re-
payer; < ME. repaire, repeire = Sp. Pg. reparo,
repair, recovery, = It. riparo, remedy, resource,
defense (cf. rampart); from the verb.] 1. Res-
toration to a sound or good state after decay,
waste, injury, or partial destruction ; supply of
loss; reparation.
Even in the instant of repair and health,
:rongest. Shale., K. John. iii. 4.
11. -I.
The fit is strongest.
We have suffer'd beyond all repair of honour.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v. 4.
It is not that during the period of activity [of the nerve-
centers] waste goes on without repair, while during the
period of inactivity repair goes on without waste ; for the
two always go on together.
U. Spencer, Prin. of Psycho!., § 37.
2. Good or sound condition kept up by repair-
ing as required; with a qualifying term, con-
dition as regards repairing: as, a building in
good or bad repair.
Her sparkling Eyes she still retains,
And Teeth in good Repair. Congreve, Doris.
All highways, causeways, and bridges . . . within the
bounds of any town shall be kept in repair and amended
... at the proper charge and expense of such town.
K. I. Pub. Stats., ch. 65, § 1.
3t. Reparation for wrong ; amends.
In the qnier make his repayer openly, and crave for-
giveness of the other vicars choral and clerks.
Quoted in Contemporary Rev., 1,111. 60.
4f. Attire; apparel.
Rial repeire, riche roobis, and rent,
What mowe thei helpe me at myn eende?
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 261.
repair2 (re-par'), v.i. [< ME. repairen, repeir-
en, reparen, < OF. repairer, repairier, repeim;
reparer, reperer, return, come back, retire, tr.
get back to, regain, lodge in, haunt, frequent;
prob. the same, in a restricted use, as Sp. repa-
triar = It. ripatriare, return to one's country, <
LL. repatriare, return to one's country, < L. re-,
back, + patria, native land : see patria, and cf.
repatriate. The It. repararsi, frequent, repair
to, is a reflexive use of reparar, shelter, defend,
repair: see repair1.] 1. To go to a (specified)
place; betake one's self; resort: as, to repair
to a sanctuary for safety.
' ' Lete be these wordes, " quod sir E wein, " and take youre
horse, and lete vs repeire horn to the Court. "
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), Iii. 572.
Bid them repair to the market-place.
Shale., Cor., v. 6. 3.
2f. To return.
Natheles, I thoughte he was so trewe,
And eek that he repaire shulde ageyu
Withinne a litel whyle.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 581.
repair2 (re-par'), «. [< ME. repair, repayre, <
OF. repaire, F. repaire, haunt, den, lair, = Pr.
repaire = Sp. Pg. reparo, haunt ; from the verb :
reparation
see repair2, »•.] 1 . The act of betaking one's
self to a (specified) place ; a resorting.
This noble marchaunt heeld a worthy hous,
For which he hadde alday so greet repair
For his largesse, and for his wyf was fair,
That wonder is. Chaucer, Shipman's Tale, 1. 21.
Lastly, the king is sending letters for me
To Athens, for my quick repair to court.
Foid, liroken Heart, 111. 1.
2. A place to which one repairs ; haunt; resort.
I will it be cleped the mountain of the catte, ffor the
catte hadde ther his repeire, and was ther slain.
Merliit(E. E. T. S.), ill. 669.
Where the fierce winds his tender force assail,
And beat him downward to his first repair.
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, st. 220.
3t. Probably, an invitation or a return.
As in an evening when the gentle ayre
Breathes to the sullen night a soft repaire.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 4. (Nares.)
repairable (,re-par'a-bl), a. [< repair1 + -able.
Cf. reparable.] Capable of being repaired; rep-
arable.
It seems scarce pardonable, because 'tis scarce a repent-
able sin or repairable malice.
Bp. Oauden, Tears of the Church, p. 65. (Daviet.)
repairer (re-par'er), n. One who or that which
repairs, restores, or makes amends.
Sleep, which the Epicureans and others have repre-
sented as the image of death, is, we know, the repairer of
activity and strength.
Landiir, Imaginary Conversations (Marcus Tallin* and
[Quinctus Cicero).
repairment (re-par'ment), «. [< OF. repare-
ment = 8p. reparamiento = It. riparamento, <
ML. reparamentum, a repairing, restoration, <
L. reparare, repair, restore : see repair1.] The
act of repairing.
repair-shop (re-par'shop), n. A building de-
voted to the making of repairs, as in the roll-
ing-stock of a railway.
repand (re-pand'), a. [< L. repandus, bent
back, turned up, < re-, back, +
pandits, bent, crooked, curved.]
In bot., wavy or wavy-mar-
gined ; tending to be sinuate,
but less uneven; undulate:
said chiefly of leaves and leaf-
margins.
repandodentate (re-pan"do-
den'tat), a. In bot., repand and
toothed.
repandous (re-pan'dus), a. [< L. repandus, bent
back : see repand.] Bent upward ; convexly
crooked.
Though they [pictures] be drawn repandous, or convex-
edly crooked in one piece, yet the dolphin that carrieth
Arion is concavously inverted.
Sir T. Browne, Vnlg. Err., v. 2.
reparability (rep'a-ra-bil'i-ti), n. [< repara-
ble + -ity (see -bility).] The state or property
of being reparable.
reparable (rep'a-ra-bl), a. [< OF. reparable, F.
reparable = Pr. Sp. reparable = Pg. rcparavel =
It. riparabile, < L. reparabilis, that may be re-
paired, restored, or regained, < reparare, re-
pair, restore, regain : see repair1.] Capable of
being repaired ; admitting of repair.
An adulterous person is tied to restitution of the injury
so far as it is reparable and can be made to the wronged
person. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, iii. § 4, 9.
= Syn. Restorable, retrievable, recoverable,
reparably (rep'a-ra-bli), adr. So as to be rep-
arable.
reparailt, r. See reparel.
reparation frep-a-ra'shon), 11. [< ME. repara-
cioun, reparacyoun,<. OF. reparacion, reparation,
F. reparation = Pr. Sp. reparacion = Pg. re-
parac.Ho = It. riparazione, < LL. reparatio(n-),
a restoration, < L. reparare, restore, repair: see
repair1.] 1. The act of repairing; repair; res-
toration; upbuilding. [Now rare.]
Whan the Mynystres of that Chirche neden to maken ony
reparacyoun of the Chirche or of ony of the Ydoles, thei
taken Gold and Silver ... to quyten the Costages.
MandenUe, Travels, p. 174.
No German clock nor mathematical engine whatsoever
requires so much reparation as a woman's face.
DeUcer and Webster, Westward Ho, i. 1.
2. What is done to repair a wrong; indemnifi-
cation for loss or damage ; satisfaction for any
injury; amends.
I am sensible of the scandal I have given by my loose
writings, and make what reparation I am able. Dryden.
St. A renewal of friendship ; reconciliation.
Mo dissymnlaciouns
And feyned reparaciouns . . .
Ymade than greynes be of sondes.
Chaucer, House of Fame, i. 688.
= Syn. 1. Restoration.— 2. Compensation.
reparative
reparative (re-par'a-tiv), a. and n. [= Sp.
reparativo, < ML. "raparativus, < L. ri-/nir/in ,
repair: sec repair1.] I. «. 1. Capable of ef-
tVrting or tending to effect repair; restoringto
a sound or good state; tending to amend de-
feet or make good : as, a repnratire process.
Reparative inventions by which art and ingenuity stud-
ies to help and repair defects or deformities.
Jer. Taylor, Artif. Handsomeness (T), p. 60. (Latham.)
2. Pertaining to reparation or the making of
amends.
Between the principle of Reparative and that of Retrib-
utive Justice there is no danger of confusion or colli-
sion, as one is concerned with the injured party, and the
other with the wrongdoer.
H. Sidywick, Methods of Ethics, p. 256.
II. ». That which restores to a good state ;
that which makes amends.
repareH, *'• '• A Middle English form of repair^.
repare2t, ''• '• A Middle English form of repair'^.
reparelt (re-par'el), v. t. [< ME. reparelen, re-
parellen, reparailen, < OF. repareiller, repareil-
licr, etc., repair, renew, reunite, < re-, again,
+ apureiller, prepare, apparel: see apparel.
The word seems to have been confused with
repair1.'] To repair.
He salle . . . come and reparelle this citee, and bigge
it agayne also wele als ever it was.
MS. Lincoln A. L 17, f. 11. (HallimU.)
reparelt (re-par'el), n. [Also reparrel; < re-
parel, i\] Apparel.
Mayest thou not know me to be a lord by my reparrel ?
Greene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.
Let them but lend him a suit of reparel and necessaries.
Beau, and Ft., Knight of Burning Pestle, Ind.
repart ( re-part'), v. t. [< OF. repnrtir, divide
again, subdivide, reply, answer a thrust, < ML.
"repartiri, divide again, < L. re-, again, + par-
tire, part, divide, share: see part, v.,a.Tidpartyl.]
To divide ; share ; distribute.
To glue the whole heart to one [friend] is not much,
but howe much lesse when amongst many it is reparted.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 77.
First, these Judges, in al cities and townes of their ju-
risdiction, do number the housholds, and do repart them
in ten and tenne housholds ; and upon the tenth house
they do hang a table or signe, whereon is writen the
names of those ten housholders, &c'.
R. Porte, Hist China, etc. (1588), p. 83. (F. Hall, Adjec-
itives in -able, p. 205.)
repartee (rep-ar-te'), n. [Formerly also reparty
(the spelling repartee being intended at the
time (the 17th century) to exhibit the F. sound
of the last syllable) ; < OF. repartie, an answer-
ing thrust, a reply, fern, of rcparti, pp. of re-
partir, answer a thrust with a thrust, reply,
divide again: see report.] 1. A ready, perti-
nent, and witty reply.
They [wicked men] know there is no drolling with so
sour a piece as that [conscience] within them is, for that
makes the smartest and most cutting repartees, which
are uneasie to bear, but impossible to answer.
Stillingfleet, Sermons, I. xi.
There were the members of that brilliant society which
quoted, criticised, and exchanged repartees under the rich
peacock hangings of Mrs. Montague.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
2. Such replies in general or collectively; the
kind of wit involved in making sharp and ready
retorts.
As for repartee in particular, as it is the very soul of
conversation, so it is the greatest grace of comedy, where
it is proper to the characters.
Dryden, Mock Astrologer, Pref.
You may allow him to win of you at Play, for you are
sure to be too hard for him at Repartee. Since you mo-
nopolize the Wit that is between you, the Fortune must
he his of Course. Congreve, Way of the World, i. 6.
= Syn. 1, Repartee, Retort. A repartee is a witty and good-
humored answer to a remark of similar character, and is
meant to surpass the latter in wittiness. A retort is a
keen, prompt answer. A repartee may be called a retort
where the wit is keen. Retort, however, is quite as com-
monly used for a serious turning back of censure, derision,
or the like, in a short and sharp expression.
Repartee is the witty retort in conversation.
J. De MUle, Rhetoric, § 453.
repartee (rep-ar-te'), v. i. [< repartee, n.] To
make ready and witty replies.
High Flights she had, and Wit at Will,
And so her Tongue lay seldom still ;
For in all Visits who but she
To argue, or to repartee ? Prior, Hans Carvel.
repartert (re-par'ter), n. [< repart + -er1.] A
distributer.'
Of the temporall goods that God giues us, we be not lords
but reparters.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 152.
repartimiento (re-par-ti-mien'to), ». [< Sp.
reparliinieiito, partition, division, distribution:
see repartment.] 1. A partition or division;
also, an assessment or allotment.
5081
In preparing for the siege of this formidable place, Fer-
dinand called upon all the cities and towns of Andalusia
and Estremadura ... to furnish, according to their re-
partimientos or allotments, a certain quantity of bread,
wine, and cattle, in be delivered at the royal camp before
Loxa. Irving, Granada, p. 64.
2. In Spanish America, the distribution of cer-
tain sections of the country, including the na-
tive inhabitants (as peons), made by the early
conquerors among their comrades and follow-
ers.
There was assigned to him [Las Casas] and his friend
Renteria a large village in the neighbourhood of Xagua,
with a number of Indians attached to it, in what wasknown
as repartimiento (allotment). Encyc. Brit., XIV. 320.
repartition (re-par-tish'on), n. [= F. reparti-
tion = Sp. repartition = Pg. repartiq&o = It.
ripartigione, s ML. "repartitio(n-), < "repartiri,
divide again: see repart, and cf. partition.]
A repeated or fresh partition; redistribution.
liailey.
repartmentt, «• [< OF. repartement, division,
F. repartement, assessment, = Sp. repartimiento
= Pg. repartimento = It. ripartimento, assess-
ment, < ML. "repartimentum, < *repartiri, divide
again: see repart."] A division; distribution;
classification.
In these repartments of Epaminondas it apperteyneth
not unto your honour and mee that we come in a good
houre, nor that we stande in a good houre ; for wee are
now come to be of the number that goe in a good houre.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 135.
repass (re-pas'), v. [< OF. repasser, pass again,
F. repasser, pass again, iron, set, hone, grind, =
Sp. repasar = Pg. repassar = It. ripassare, <
ML. repassare, pass back, return, < L. re-, back,
+ ML. passare, pass, go: see pass.] I. iiitrans.
To pass or go back ; move back : used specifi-
cally by conjurers or jugglers.
Nothing but hey-pass, repass .'
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, iv. 4.
Five girdles bind the skies: the torrid zone
Glows with the passing and repassing sun.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, i. 322.
II. trans. To pass again, in any sense.
Well have we pass'd and now repass'd the seas,
And brought desired help. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 7. 5.
The bill was thoroughly revised, discussed, and repasied
a little more than one year afterwards.
The Century, XXXVII. 559.
repassage (re-pas'aj), n. [< OF. repassage, F.
repassage (ML. reflex repassagium), a returning,
ironing, setting, honing, whetting, raking, etc.,
< repasser, return: see repass.] 1. The act of
repassing; a passing again ; passage back. — 2.
In gilding, the process of passing a second coat
of deadening glue as a finish over dead or un-
burnished surfaces. Gilder's Manual, p. 24.
repassant (re-pas'ant), a. [< F. repassanl, ppr.
of repasser, repass: see repass.] In lier., same
as counter-passant.
repassion (re-pash'pn), n. The reception of
an effect by' one body from another which is
more manifestly affected by the action than
the former.
repast ( re-past'), ». [< ME. repast, < OF. repast,
repas, F. repas, a repast, meal (= Sp. repasto,
increase of food), < ML. repastns, a meal, < L.
re-, again, + pastas, food: see pasture.] 1.
A meal ; the act of taking food.
What neat repast shall feast us. light and choice,
Of Attick taste, with wine ? Milton, To Mr. Lawrence.
And hie him home, at evening's close,
To sweet reiHi.it. and calm repose.
Gray, Ode, Pleasure arising from Vicissitude, 1. 88.
2. Food; victuals.
Go, and get me some repast,
I care not what, so it be wholesome food.
Shak., T. of the 8., iv. 3. 16.
A buck was then a week's repast,
And 'twas their point, I ween, to make it last.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. ii. 93.
3t. Refreshment through sleep; repose.
Forthwith he runnes with feigned faithfnll hast
Unto his guest, who, after troublous sights
And dreames, gan now to take more sound repast;
Whom suddenly he wakes. Spenser, F. Q., I. ii. 4.
repastt (re-past'), r. [= Sp. Pg. repastar, feed
again: from the noun.] I. trans. To feed; feast.
To his good friends thus wide I'll ope my arms,
And, like the kind life-rendering pelican,
Repast them with my blood. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 5. 147.
He then also, as before, left arbitrary the dyeting and
repasting of our minds. Milton, Areopagitica, p. IB.
II. iiitrans. To take food; feast. Pope.
repastert (re-pas'ter), n. One who takes a re-
past.
They doe plye theire commons, lyke quick and greedye re-
pastours,
Thee stagg vpbreaking they slit to the dulcet or inchepyn.
Stanihwst, .Knrid'. i.
repeal
repastinationt (re-pas-ti-na'shou), n. [< L.
i'<'l>fifstiiiatio(n-), a digging up again, < repux/i
nare, dig up again, < re-, again, + pastinarc,
dig: see pastinate.] A second or repeated dig-
ging up, as of a garden or field.
Chap, vi.— Of composts, and stercoration, repastination,
dressing and stirring the earth or mould of a garden.
Evelyn, Misc. Writings, p. 730.
repasturet (rf-P&s'tur), "• [^ repast + -HIV.]
Food; entertainment.
Food for his rage, repasture for his den.
Shak., L. L. L., iv. 1. 95.
repatriate (re-pa'tri-at), r. t. [< LL. repair i-
atus, pp. of repatriare (> It. ripatriare = Sp. Pg.
repatriar = F. repatrier, rapatrier), return to
one's country again, return home, < L. re-, back,
+ patria, native land : seepatria. Cf. repair?.]
To restore to one's own country. Cotgrave.
He lived in a certain Villa Garibaldi, which had belonged
to an Italian refugee, now long repatriated, and which
stood at the foot of the nearest mountain.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 678.
repatriation (re-pa-tri-a'shon), n. [< ML. re-
patriatio(n-), <'LL. repatriare, pp. repatriates,
return to one's country: see repatriate.] Re-
turn or restoration to one's own country.
Iwishyour Honour (in our Tuscan Phrase) a most happy
Repatriation.
Sir H. Wotton, To Lord Zouch, Florence, June 13, 1592.
repay (re-pa'), v. [< OF. repayer = Sp. Pg.
repagar = It. ripagare, pay back; as re- +
pay*.] I. trans. 1. To pay back; refund.
In common worldly things, 'tis call'd ungrateful
With dull unwillingness to repay a debt.
Shak., Rich. III., ii. 2. 92.
He will repay you ; money can he repaid ;
Not kindness such as yours.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
2. To make return, retribution, or requital for,
in a good or bad sense : as, to repay kindness ;
to repay an injury.
And give God thanks, if forty stripes
Repay thy deadly sin. Whittier, The Exiles.
Repaying incredulity with faith.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 159.
3. To make return or repayment to.
When I come again, I will repay thee. Luke x. 35.
Now hae ye play'd me this, fause love,
In simmer, mid the flowers?
I sail repay ye back again
In winter, 'mid the showers.
The Fause Lover (Child's Ballads, IV. 90).
II. iiitrans. To requite either good or evil;
make return.
Vengeance is mine ; I will repay, saith the Lord.
Rom. xli. 19.
'Tis not the grapes of Canaan that repay,
But the high faith that failed not by the way.
Lowell, Comm. Ode.
repayable (re-pa'a-bl), a. [< repay + -able.]
That may or must be repaid ; subject to repay-
ment or refunding: as, money lent, repayable
at the end of sixty days.
repayment (re-pa'ment), ». [< repay + -nietit.]
1. The 'act of repaying or paying back.
To run into debt knowingly . . . without hopes or pur-
poses of repayment. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iv. § 8.
2. The money or other thing repaid.
What was paid over it was reckoned as a Repayment of
part of the Principal. Arbuthnot, Ancient Coins, p. 209.
repet, »• and H. A Middle English form of reap.
repeal (re-pel'), ». t. [< ME. repelen, < OF. ra-
peler, call back, recall, revoke, repeal, F. rap-
peler, call again, call back, call after, call in,
recall, retract, call up, call to order, recover,
regain, < re-, back, + apeler, later appeler, call,
appeal: see appeal.] If. To call back; recall,
as from banishment, exile, or disgrace.
For syn my fader in so heigh a place
As parlement hath hire eschaunge enseled,
He nyl for me his lettre be repeled.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 560.
I here forget all former griefs,
Cancel all grudge, repeal thee home again.
Shak., T. G. of V., v. 4. 143.
2f. To give up ; dismiss.
Yet may ye weel repele this busynesse,
And to reson snmwhat haue attendance.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 72.
Which my liege Lady seeing thought it best
With that his wife in friendly wise to deale, . . .
And all forepast displeasures to repeale.
Spenser, F. Q., V. viii. 21.
Adam soon repeal'd
The doubts that in his heart arose.
Milton, P. L., vii. 59.
3. To revoke; abrogate, as a law or statute:
it usually implies a recalling of the act by the
power that made or enacted it.
repeal
Divers laws had been made, which, upon experience,
were repealed, as being neither safe nor equal.
H'inthrop, Hist. New England, I. 380.
The land, once lean, . . .
Exults to see its thistly curse repeal'd.
Cowper, Task, vi. 768.
A law for paying debts in lands or chattels was repealed
within eight months of its enactment.
Bancroft. Hist. Const., L 234.
= Syn. 3. Annul, Rescind, etc. See abolish, and list under
abrogate.
repeal (re-pel'), n. [Early mod. E. repel, repell;
< OF. rapel, F. rappel, a recall, appeal, < rap-
peler, call back: see repeal, v.] If. Recall, as
from exile.
Her intercession chafed him so.
When she for thy repeal was suppliant,
That to close prison he commanded her.
Shak., T. G. of V., iii. L 234.
Begge not thy fathers free repeale to Court,
And to those offices we have bestow'd.
Heyutood, Royal King (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874, VI. 52).
2. The act of repealing; revocation; abro-
gation: as, the repeal of a statute Freedom
Of repealt. See freedom.— Repeal agitation, in British
hist., a movement for the repeal of the legislative union
between Great Britain and Ireland. Its leader was
Daniel O'Connell, and its climax was reached in the mon-
ster meetings in its favor in 1843. After the trial of O'Con-
nell in 1G44, the agitation subsided. = Syn, 2 See abolish
repealability (re-pe-la-bil'i-ti), n. [< repeala-
ble + -ity (see -bility).'] The character of being
repealable.
repealable (re-pe'la-bl), a. [< OF. rapelalle, F.
rappelable, repealable ; as repeal + -able.'] Ca-
pable of being repealed ; revocable, especially
by the power that enacted.
5082
Even that decision would have been repealable by a
greater force. Art of Contentment. (Latham.)
repealableness (re-pe'la-bl-nes), «. Same as
repealability.
repealer (r§-pe'ler), w. [< repeal + -cr*.] One
who repeals ; one who desires repeal ; specifi-
cally, an agitator for repeal of the Articles of
Union between Great Britain and Ireland.
In old days . . . [Separatists] would have been called
repealers, and neither expression would to-day be repudi-
ated by the Nationalist party in Ireland.
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIV. 580.
repealment (re-pel'ment), M. [< repeal +
-ment.] If. A' calling" back; recall, as from
banishment.
Great is the comfort that a banished man takes at tid-
ings of his repealement.
Wittes' Commonwealth, p. 220. (Latham.)
2. The act of abrogating or revoking; repeal.
[Rare.]
repeat (re-pet'), r. [Early mod. E. repete; <
OF. repeter, F. repcter = Pr. Sp. Pg. repetir =
It. repetcre, repeat, < L. repetere, attack again,
seek again, resume, repeat, < re-, again, + pe-
tere, attack, seek: see petition. Cf. appete, com-
pete.] I. trans. 1. To do, make, or perform
again.
The thought or feeling a thousand times repeated be-
comes his at last who utters it best.
Lowett, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 326.
2. To say again; iterate.
He that repeateth a matter separateth very friends.
plied to the revolver, but is now rarely so used.] — Repeat-
ing instrument, a geodetical orother optical instrument
upon which the measurement of the angle can be repeated,
beginning at the point of the limb where the last measure-
ment ended, so as to eliminate in great measure the errors
of graduation.— Repeating rifle. See repeating firearm,
repeat (re-pet'), n. ['< repent, v.] 1. The act
of repeating; repetition. [Rare.]
Of all whose speech Achilles first renew'd
The last part thus, . . .
And so of this repeat enough.
Chapman, IT. of Iliad, xvi. 57.
2. That which is repeated ; specifically, in m u-
sic, a passage performed a second time.
They [the Greek poets] called such linking verse Epi-
mone, . . . and we may terme him the Jxnieburden, fol-
lowing the originall, or, if it please you, the long repeate.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 188.
3. In musical notation, a sign that a passage or
movement is to be twice performed. That which
is to be repeated is usually included within the signs
F" -fl "F >n
ijj or J| J. The sign ft Is often added for greater
distinctness. When the passage is not to be repeated en-
tire, the terms da capo (D.C.) or dal segno (D. S.)areused,
the former meaning 'from the beginning,' and the lat-
ter 'from the sign (ft.),' and the end of the repeat is
marked by fine or by a heavy bar with a bold, 3IE. A
passage of only a measure or two which Is to be repeated
is sometimes marked ' bit. I — Double repeat*, in
logic, the middle term.
The double repeat (which is a woorde rehearsed in bothe
proposicious) must not entre into the conclusion.
H'ilmi. Rule of Reason.
repeatedly (re-pe'ted-li), adr. With repeti-
tion ; more than once ; again and again in-
definitely.
repeater (re-pe'ter), «. 1. One who repeats;
one who recites or rehearses.
Repeaters of their popular oratorious vehemencies.
Jer. Taylor (?X Artif. Handsomeness, p. 121.
2. A watch that, on the compression of a spring,
strikes the last hour. Some also indicate the
quarters, or even the hours, quarters, and odd
minutes. — 3. In arith., an interminate decimal
in which the same figure continually recurs. If
this repetition goes on from the beginning, the decimal
is called a pure repeater, as .3333, etc. ; but if any other fig-
ure or figures intervene between the decimal point and
the repeating figure, the decimal is called a mixed repeat-
er, as .08333, etc. It is usual to indicate pure and mixed
repeaters by placing a dot over the repeating figure : thus,
the above examples are written .3, and .083. A repeater
is also called a simple repetend.
4. One who votes or attempts to vote more than
once for one candidate at an election. [U. S.]
When every town and city in the United States is voting
on the same day, and "colonists" and repeaters are needed
at home, and each State is reduced for its voters to its
own citizens. The Motion VI. 282.
5. A repeating firearm. (0») A revolver, (b) A
migulne-gun.
6. Naut. : (a) A vessel, usually a frigate, ap-
pointed to attend an admiral in a fleet, and to
repeat any signal he makes, with which she im-
mediately sails to the ship for which it is in-
tended, or the whole length of the fleet when
the signal is general. Also called repeating
goodness of temper that he is welcome to every body.
Steele, Spectator, No. 100.
3. To say over; recite; rehearse.
The third of the five vowels, if you repeat them
Shak., L. L. L., v. 1. 57.
He will think on her he loves.
Fondly he'll repeat her name.
Burns, Jockey 's ta'en the Parting Kiss.
4f. To seek again. [Rare.]
And, while through burning labyrinths they retire,
With loathing eyes repeat what they would shun.
Drydeii, Annus Mirabilis, st. 257.
5. In Scots law, to restore ; refund ; repay, as
money erroneously paid — TO repeat one's self
to say or do again what one has said or done before —
To repeat signals (naut.), to make the same signal
which the senior officer has made, or to make a signal
again. = Syn. 3. To relate. See recapitulate.
II. intrans. To perform some distinctive but
unspecifiedf unction again or a second time. Spe-
cifically — (a) To strike the hour again when desired : said of
watches that strike the hours, and will strike again the hour
last struck when a spring is pressed. See repeater, 2. (b)
To commit or attempt to commit the fraud of voting more
than once for one candidate at one election [U. S.] — Re-
peating action, in pianoforte-making, an action which
admits of the repetition of the stroke of a hammer before
its digital has been completely released.— Repeating
circle, decimal. See circle, decimal.— Repeating fire-
arm, a rifle or other firearm fitted with a magazine for car-
tridges, with an automatic feed to the bairel, or in some
other way prepared for the rapid discharge of a number
of shots without reloading. [This name was formerly ap-
be repeated. — 7. In teleg., an instrument for
automatically retransmitting a message at an
intermediate point, when, by reason of length
of circuit, defective insulation, etc., the origi-
nal line current becomes too feeble to trans-
mit intelligible signals through the whole cir-
cuit.—8. In calico-printing, a figure which is
repeated at equal intervals in a pattern,
repeating (re-pe'ting), n. [Verbal n. oi-repeat,
v7] The fraudulent voting, or attempt to vote,
more than once for a single candidate in an
election. [U. S.]
Repeating and personation are not rare in dense popula-
tions, where the agents and officials do not, and cannot
know the voters' faces.
Bryce, Amer. Commonwealth, II. 109.
repedationt (rep-e-da'shon), n. \_<~LL.repedare,
pp. repedatus, step back',' < L. re-, back, + pes
(ped-), foot: see pedal, pedestrian.] A step-
ping or going back ; return.
_To take notice of the directions, stations, and repeda-
ttons of those erratick lights, and from thence most con-
vincingly to inform himself of that pleasant and true
paradox of the annual motion of the earth.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism, ii. 12.
repel (re-pel'), v. ; pret. and pp. repelled, ppr.
repelling. [Formerly also repell; < ME. rc/ifl-
len, < OF. 'repeller = Sp. repeler = Pg. repellir
= It. repellere, < L. repellere, pp. repulsns, drive
back, < re-, back, + pellere, drive : see - -•'— 1
repent
Cf. compel, expel, impel, propel.'] I. trans. 1.
To drive back; force to return; check the ad-
vance of; repulse: as, to repel an assailant.
Wyth this honde hast thou wryten many lettres by
whiche thou rtpellyd moche folke fro doynir sacrefyse to
our goddes. Holy Rood (E. E T. .S.), p. 159.
Foul words and frowns must not repel a lover.
Shale., Venus and Adonis, 1. 673.
The Batavians . . . had enclos'd the Romans unawares
behind, but that Agricola, with a strong Body of Horse
which he reserv'd for such a purpose, rep II' d them back
as 'ast- Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
But in the past a multitude of »Rggressions have oc-
curred . . . which needed to he repelled by the speediest
means. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 111.
2. To encounter in any manner with effectual
resistance; resist; oppose; reject: as, to repel
an encroachment; to repel an argument. — 3.
To drive back or away : the opposite of attract.
See repulsion.- pieas proponed and repelled. See
propone. =Syn. 1 and 2. Decline, Reject, etc. isue refuse!),
parry, ward off, defeat.
II. intrans. 1. To act with force in opposi-
tion to force impressed; antagonize. — 2. In
wed., to prevent such an afflux of fluids to any
particular part as would render it tumid or
swollen.
repellence (re-pel'ens), n. [< repellen(t) +
-ce. ] Same as repelleney.
repellency (re-pel'en-si), n. [As repellence
(see -cy).] The character of being repellent;
the property of repelling; repulsion.
repellent (re-pel'ent), a. and n. [= Sp. re-
peliente = Pg. It" repellente, < L. repellen(t-)a,
ppr. of repellere, drive back : see repel.] J. a.
1. Having the effect of repelling, physically or
morally ; having power to repel ; able or tend-
ing to repel; repulsive.
Why should the most repellent particles be the most at-
tractive upon contact? Bp. Berkeley. Siris, § 237.
Its repellent plot deals with the love of a man who is
more than half a monkey for a woman he saves from the
penalty of murder. Athemeum, No. 2867, p. 474.
There are some men whom destiny has endowed with
the faculty of external neatness, whose clothes are repel-
lent of dust and mud. Lowell. Fireside Travels, p. 47.
2. Specifically, capable of repelling water;
water-proof: as, repellent cloth or paper.
II. n. 1. In med., an agent which is used to
prevent or reduce a swelling. Astringents, ice,
cold water, etc., are repellents. — 2. A kind of
water-proof cloth.
repeller (re-pel 'er), n. One who or that which
repels.
repellesst (re-pel'les), a. [< repel + -less.] In-
vincible ; that cannot be repelled. [Rare.]
Two great Armados howrelie plow'd their way,
And by assaulte made knowne repeUesKe might.
Q. Markham, Sir H. Grinnile (Arber rep.), p. 71.
repent1 (re-pent'), v. [< ME. repenten, < OF.
(and F.) repentir, refl., = Pr. repentir, repene-
dere = Cat. repenedir = OSp. repentir (cf. mod.
Sp. arrepentir = Pg. ar-repender, refl.) = It. ri-
pentire, npentere, repent, < ML. as if "repeni-
tere, repent (ppr. repeniten(t-)s, repentant), <
L. re-, again, + peenitere (> OF. peutir), repent :
see penitent."] I. intrans. 1. To feel pain, sor-
row, or regret for something one has done or
left undone.
Yef the myght thel wolde repente with gode will of the
stryfe that thei hadde a-gein Merlin, but to late the! were
to repente. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 176.
I never did repent for doing good,
Nor shall not now. Shalt., M. of V., iii. 4. 10.
Thus Grief still treads upon the Heels of Pleasure ;
Marry'd in haste, we may repent at Leisure.
Congreve, Old Batchelor, v. 8.
2. Especially, to experience such sorrow for
sin as produces amendment of life ; be grieved
over one's past life, and seek forgiveness; be
penitent. See repentance.
Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish.
Luke xiii. S.
Full seldom does a man repent, or use
Both grace and will to pick the vicious quitch
Of blood and custom wholly out of him,
And make all clean, and plant himself afresh.
Tennyson, Geraint.
3. To do penance. — 4. To change the mind or
course of conduct in consequence of regret or
dissatisfaction with something that is past.
Sir knyght, so fer haste thow gon that late it is to re-
pente, for he is longinge to me, and ther-fore I com hym
for to chalenge. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 328.
Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war,
and they return. Ex. xiii. 17.
5f. To express sorrow for something past.
For dead, I surely doubt, thou inaist aread
Henceforth for ever Florlmell to bee:
That all the noble knights of Maydenhead,
Which her ador'd, may sore repent with inee.
Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 47.
repent
Be witness to me, O thpu blessed moon,
. . . poor EnobarMU did
Before thy face repent ! Shak., A. and C., iv. 9. 7.
= Syn, 1-4. See repentance.
II. trans. 1. To remember or regard with
contrition, compunction, or self-reproach; feel
self-accusing pain or grief on account of: as,
to repent rash words; to repent an injury done
to a neighbor.
Peraventur thu may repent it twyes,
That thu hast askid of this lande treyage.
'E. E. T. S.), 1. 3342.
Confess yourself to heaven ;
Repent what 's past ; avoid what is to come.
Shak., Hamlet, ill. 4. 150.
5083
tance; sorrowful for past conduct or words;
sorrowful for sin.
There is no sin so great but God may forgive it, and
doth forgive it to the repentant heart.
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
in lowliest plight, repentant stood,
Milton, P. L., xi. 1.
2. Expressing or showing repentance.
After I have solemnly interr'd
At Chertsey monastery this noble king,
And wet his grave with my repentant tears.
SAa*., Rich. III., i. 2. 216.
Relentless walls ! whose darksome round contains
Repentant sighs and voluntary pains. repertoire (rep-er-twor'), «.
My loss I mourn, but not repent it. „
Rurm, To Major Logan. "ntantl (re-pen'tant-li), adv
[Formerly often, and sometimes still, used reflexively and t t manuer . with repentance,
impersonally.
It repenteth me not of my cost or labor bestowed in the
service of this commonwealth.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 476.
This was that which repented him, to have giy'n up to
just punishment so stout a Champion of his designes.
Mill", i, Eikouoklastes, ii.
repetition
The huge Cyclops did with molding Thunder sweat,
And Massive Bolts on repercussive Anvils bear.
Cnii'jreve, Taking of Namure.
2f. Repellent.
Blood is stanched ... by astringents and repercusrive
medicines. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 6«.
3. Driven back; reverberated.
Echo, fair Echo, speak, . . .
Salute me with thy repercussive voice.
B. Jonmn, Cynthia's Revels, i. 1.
Amid Carnarvon's mountains rages loud
The repercussive Roar. Thomson, Summer, 1. 1162.
TT n. A repellent.
„,,„ e (rep-er-twor'), n. [< F. repertoire :
see repertory.'] A repertory; specifically, in
music and the drama, the list of works which a
= Syn. See repentance.
H. n. One who repents; a penitent^ _ ^^^^ or company of performers has care-
taut manner ; with repentance. fully studied, and is reader to perform.
To her I will myself address,
And my rash faults repentantly confess.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, v. 4.
repenter (re-pen'ter), n. One who repents.
Sentences from which a too-late repenter will suck des-
peration.
Thou may'st repent thee yet
The giving of this gift.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 47.]
Donne, Devotions, p. 221.
(re-pen'shi-a), n.pl. [NL.^neut
2f. To be sorry for or on account of.
tance. [Obsolete or archaic.]
Reproch the first, Shame next, Repent behinde.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xii. 24.
of squamate
With repen-
limbless lacertilians as
reptiles. Merrem.
" To that shall thow come hastely," quod Gawein, "and repentingly (re-pen'ting-li), adv.
that me repentetk sore, ffor moche wolde I love thy com- tance. Imp. Diet.
panye yet it the liked." Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 592. repentleSS (re-pent'les), a. [< repent1 + -less.]
repent1 (re-pent'), n. [< repent^, v.] Repen- Without repentance; unrepenting. Jodrell.
repeople (re-pe'pl), v. t. [< OF. repeupler, F.
repeupler, also repopuler = Sp. repoblar = It.
ripopolare; as re- + people.] To people anew;
repent^ (re'pent), a. [< L. repen(t-)s, ppr. of furnish again with a stock of people.
repere (>It. repere), creep; akin to serpere, creep, I send with this my discourse of ways and means for
Gr. g&t creep: Bee reptUe and serpent.] 1. encourag.ng mamage and .^.gthe Man*. ^ ^
In bot., creeping; growing prostrate along the , , -.A_/B(,_H „ r< re + nercent 1
ground, or horizontally beneath the surface, repercepT) (re-pei sepc;, n. \\ it, -rvmvqn.,
and rooting progressively.— 2. In zool., creep- A represented percept. Wild, X. \M.
ing, as an animalcule; specifically, of or per- reperception (re-per-sep'shon), «. [<«- +pe,-
taining to the Repentia. ception.] The act of perceiving again; a re-
repertort (re-per'tor), ?! . [< L. repertor, a finder,
discoverer, < reperire, pp. repertus, find out, dis-
cover: see repertory.] A finder. [Rare.]
Let others dispute whether Anah was the inventor or
only the repertor of mules, the industrious founder or the
casual finder of them.
Fuller, Pisgah Sight, IV. ii. 32. (Dames.)
reper-
n. ; pi. repertories
^ .._,. '[< OF! *repertorie, later repertoire, F.
repertoire = Sp. Pg. It. repertorio, < LL. reper-
torium, an inventory, list, repertory, < L. repe-
rire, pp. repertus, find, find out, discover, invent,
< re-, again, + parire, usually Dartre, produce:
see parent.] 1. A place where things are so
arranged that they can readily be found when
wanted; a book the contents of which are so
arranged; hence, an inventory; a list; an in-
dex.
Hermippus, who wrote of ... the poeme of Zoroastes,
containing a hundred thousand verses twentie times told,
of his making ; and made besides a repertorie or index to
every book of the said poesie.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxx. 1.
2. A store or collection; a treasury; a mag-
azine ; a repository.
'No external Hia [Homer's] writings became the sole repertory to
praise can give me such a glow as my own solitary refer- iater ages Of all the theology, philosophy, and history of
It seems scarce pardonable, because 'tis scarce a repent- atption and ratification of what is fine." those which preceded his.
able sin or repairable malice. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 313.
Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 65. (.Domes.) ._,.,, . rt ** A.
repercolation (re-per-ko-la shon), n. [< re- +
repentance (re-pen 'tans), ». [< ME. repentance, percolation.] Repeated percolation ; mphar.,
re2)entaunce,< OF. repentance, repentauitce, F. re- the successive application of the same perco- 3 Same as repertoire,
penance = Pr.repentensa = lt.ripentenza,<^lJ. ,ati monstruum to fresh parts of the sub- A great academic, artistic theatre, . . . rich in its reper-
as if 'repenttentia, < repemten(t-)s, repentant. gtance to ^e percolated. (ory, rich in the high quality and the wide array of its
see repentant, andcf. penitence.] 1. The act ot repercuss (re-per-kus'), v. t. [< L. repei-cus- servants. a. James, Jr., The Tragic Muse, xxix.
repenting; the state of being penitent; sorrow of repe,.ctltere (> It. ripercuotere = Sp. rel)enisal (re-pe-ro'zal), n. [< reperuse + -al.]
or contrition for what one has done or left un- Pg repereutir = Pr. repercutir = F. repercuter), AFgecOnd or a repeated perusal,
done. strike, push or drive back, reflect, reverberate, reperuse (re-pe-roz'), v. t. [< re- + peruse.]
< re-, back, + percutere, strike : see percuss.] To peruse again. Buteer.
To beat or drive back; send back; reflect.
taining to the Repentia
repentable (re-pen'ta-bl), a. [< repenft + -able.]
Capable of being repented of. [Rare.]
peated perception.
Keats . . . writes to his publisher,
Bolingbroke, Essays, ii., Error and Superstition.
The revolution of France is an inexhaustible repertory
of one kind of examples. Burke.
For what is true repentance but in thought-
Net ev'n in inmost thought to think again
The sins that made the past so pleasant to us?
Tennyson, Guinevere.
2. In tlieol., a change of mental and spiritual
habit respecting sin, involving a hatred of and
repet. An abbreviation of the Latin word re-
Mr in ovens, though ... it doth . . . boil and dilate nctatur (let it be repeated), used in prescrip-
itself, and is repereussed, yet it is without noise. ^ ^^ tions.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 118.
Perceiving all the subjacent country, at so small an
MWQ *>. >— -«-.-—i5 — — — — — perceiving ail me snujauenv uuuuuj, «K ov/ BUKUI «u
sorrow because of it, and a hearty and genuine horizontal distance, to repercuss such a light as I could
abandonment of it in conduct of life. hardly look against. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 4, 1641.
John did preach the baptism of repentance for the repercussion (re-per-kush'on), n.
remission of sins" Mark i. 4. percussion, F. repercussion = Pr.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 4, 1641.
[< OF. re-
repcrcussio
repetend (rep'e-tend), 71. [< L. repetendus, to
be repeated, gerundive of repetere, repeat : see
repeat.] 1. In arith., that part of a repeating
decimal which recurs continually; the circu-
late. It is called a simple repetend when only one figure
rmisstonofsins."10 JteS It *. /ercuslion,F. repercussion "= Pr. repercussio tate^ *^&^£*»™5ffjg»gZ
As all sins deprive us of the favour of Almighty God, = Sp. repercusion = Pg. repercussao = It. riper- afe m'me -flgures than one in the repeating period, as
ir way of reconciliation with him is the inward secret cussione, (. L. repercussio(n-), a rebounding, re- .029029, etc. It is usual to mark the single figure or the
repentance of the heart. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vt 3.
Try what repentance can ; what can it not?
Yet what can it when one can not repent?
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3. 65.
=Syn. Repentance, Penitence, Contrition, Compunction,
Regret, Remorse, may express the sorrowful feeling of the
wrong-doer in view of his conduct. Regret is quite as of-
ten used of wishing that one had not done that which is
unwise ; as applied to misconduct, it expresses the fee-
blest degree of sorrow for doing wrong ; but it may con-
pinges ; reverberation.
In echoes (whereof some are as loud as the original
voice) there is no new elision, but a repercussion only.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 124.
The streams . . . appearing, by the repercussion of the repetent (rep-e-tenf), n.
In "The Raven," "Lenore," and elsewhere, he [Poe]
employed the repettnd also, and with still more novel re-
sults. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 251.
[G., <L. repeteu(t-)x,
tain no element of real repentance. Repentance goes be- water in rnanie places, to be full of great stones in the pp. of repetere, repeat: see repeat.] In Ger-
yond feeling to express distinct purposes of turning from bottome.
sin to righteousness; the Bible word most of ten translated „. Decll]jar styie
repentance means a change of mental and spiritual atti- ._-rnin.,.,nH vchpmpii
tude toward sin. Strictly, repentance is the beginning of **™. • the short iiTii
,
J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, viii.
](.„. 5*vip nf tni, critic PHazlittl is at once
" ? . The volcano of his criticism
whether the turning be from a particular sin or from an
atti tod
fei
2. In music
many, a tutor or private teacher; a repetitor.
He [Bleek] was recalled to Berlin to occupy the position
of Repetent or tutor in theology. Encyc. Brit., In. 824.
"/. D'tsraeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 99. repetition (rep-e-tish'on), )(. [< OF. repetition,
ic : (a) That tone in a Gregorian mode tf repetition = Pr. rep'etitio = Sp. repelicion =
.
haves the short • irruptive periods clash with quick re-
"'
iriiivii- iiLuiiiny wr^BKiiiM wx i >*"(s> *° ~ _ ... *-,. . j / . . tri. ' . * *f ,• a
same as penitence; it is a deep, quiet, and continued general development with its episodes, (c) Any The act of repeating, in any sense; iteration of
sorrow, chiefly for'speciflc acts.' Compunction, literally reiteration or repetition of a tone or chord,
pricking, is a sharp ^^^S^S^^^^i repercussive (re-per-kus'iv), a. and n. [< OF.
momentary and not always resulting in moral benefit. It i«l»=i B0.y VT n^«c«'/- Pv
is more likely than remorse to result in good. Remorse, re/icrcHSSij, I' . J fpi't cusmj = 1 l .
Sp. repercusiro = Pg. repercnsslm = It. nper-
cussivo; as repercuss + -ive.] I. a. 1. Of the
nature of repercussion; causing repercussion
or reflection.
Whose dishevell'd locks.
Like gems against the repermssirc sun,
literally gnawing, is naturally sharper mental suffering
than compunction; the word often suggests a sort of
spiritual despair or hopelessness, paralyzing one for ef-
forts to attain repentance.
repentant (ro-pen'tant), a. and n. [< ME. re-
pentant, < OF. repentant, repentant, penitent,
< ML. repe>iiten(t-)x, ppr. of *repenitcrc, repent :
see repent1.] I. a. 1. Experiencing repen-
Give light and splendour.
Middleton, Family of Love, iv. 2.
the same act, word, sound, or idea.
Ye haue another sort of repetition when in one verse or
clause of a verse ye iterate one word without any inter-
mission, as thus :
It was Maryne, Maryne that wrought mine woe.
futtenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 167.
All the neighbour caves . . .
Make verbal repetition of her moans.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 831.
Every feeling tends to a certain extent to become deeper
by repetitii'ii. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 484.
repetition
2. That which is repeated. — 3f. Remembrance;
recollection.
Call him hither;
We are reconciled, and the first view shall kill
All repe/itimi : let him not ask our pardon ;
The nature of his great offence is dead,
And deeper than oblivion we do bury
The incensing relics of it.
Shak., All's Well, v. 3. 22.
4. In Scots law, repayment of money errone-
ously paid. — 5. Specifically, in mi/sic, the rapid
reiteration or repercussion of a tone or chord,
so as to produce a sustained effect, as upon the
pianoforte and other stringed instruments. — 6.
Same as repeating action (which see, under re-
peat)— Repetition of r, in math., a partition in which
a number occurs r times. Thus, 2-1 2 + 2 + 5 is a repeti-
tion of 3. = Syn. 1 and 2. See recapitulate and pleonasm.
repetitional (rep-e-tish'on-al), a. [< repetition
+ -al.] Of the nature of or containing repeti-
tion.
repetitionary (rep-e-tish'on-a-ri), a. [< repeti-
tion + -ary.] Same as repetitionnl.
repetitionert (rep-e-tish'on-er), n. [< repetition
+ -eri.] One who' repeats; a repeater.
In 1665 he [Sam. Jemmat] was the Repeater or Repeti-
tioner, in St. Mary's church, on Low Sunday, of the four
Easter Sermons. Wood, Fasti Oxon., II. 141.
repetitious (rep-e-tish'us), a. [< repetition)
HP -ous.] Containing or employing repetition ;
especially, characterized by undue or tiresome
iteration. [U. S.]
The observation which you have quoted from the Abbe
Raynal, which has been written off in a succession not
much less repetitious, or protracted, than that in which
school-boys of former times wrote.
Quoted by Pickering from Remarks on the Review of Inchi-
[quin's Letters in the Quarterly Rev., Boston, 1815.
The whole passage, Hamlet, i. 4. 17-38, "This heavy-
headed revel, east and west," etc., is diffuse, involved, and
repetitious. Proc. Amer. Phil. Ass., 1888, p. xiii.
An irrelevant or repetitious speaker.
Harper's Mag., LXXV. 515.
repetitiously (rep-e-tish'us-li), adr. In a rep-
etitious manner; with tiresome repetition.
[U. S.]
repetitiousness (rep-e-tish'us-nes), n. The
character of being repetitious. [U. S.]
repetitive (re-pet'i-tiv), «. [= Sp. repetitive,
< L. repetere, pp. repetitus, repeat: see repeat.]
Containing repetitions; repeating; repetitious.
repetitor (re-pef i-tor), n. [= F. repetiteur =
Pr. repcteire = Sp. Pg. repetidor = It.ripetitore,
ripititore, < L. repetitor, one who demands back,
a reclaimer, ML. a repeater, < repetere, seek
again, repeat: see repent.] A private instruc-
tor or tutor in a university.
repicque, «. and «. See repique.
repine (re-pin'), r. i.; pret. and pp. repined, ppr.
repining. [Early mod. E. repync; < re- + pine2;
perhaps suggested by OF. repoindre, prick
again, or by repent*.] 1. To be fretfully dis-
contented; be unhappy and indulge in com-
plaint; murmur: often with at or against.
Lachesis thereat gan to repine,
And sayd : . . .
" Not so ; for what the Fates do once decree,
Not all the gods can chaunge, nor Jove himself can free ! "
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 51.
This Saluage trash you so scornfully repine at, being
put in your mouthes, your stomackes can disgest.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 229.
Our Men, seeing we made such great runs, and the Wind
like to continue, repined because they were kept at such
short allowance. Dumpier, Voyages, I. 281.
Thy rack'd inhabitants repine, complain,
Tax'd till the brow of Labour sweats in vain.
Cowper, Expostulation, 1. 304.
2f. To fail; give way.
Repining courage yields
No foote to foe. Spenser, F. Q., I. ii. 17.
repine (re-pin'), «. [< repine, r.] A repining.
[Rare.]
Were never four such lamps together mix'd,
Had not his [eyes] clouded with his brow's repine.
Shalt., Venus and Adonis, 1. 400.
And ye, fair heaps, the II uses' sacred shrines
(In spite of time and envious repines)
Stand still, and flourish. Bp. Hall, Satires, II. ii. 8.
repiner (re-pi'ner), n. One who repines or
murmurs.
Let rash repiners stand appalled
Who dare not trust in Thee. Young.
Alas for maiden, alas for Judge,
For rich repiner and household drudge !
Whittier, Maud Muller.
repining (re-p!'ning), ». [Verbal n. of repine.
c.J Discontent; regret; complaint.
He sat upon the rocks that edged the shore,
And in continued weeping and in sighs
And vain repining* wore the hours away.
The Atlantic, LXVI. 79.
5084
repiningly (re-pi'ning-li), adr. With murmur-
ing or complaint.
repique (re-pek'), «. [Also repicque; < F. ivyi/r,
repique, < repiquer, formerly rrpici/iier, prick
or thrust again, < re- + piquer, prick, thrust, <
pic, a point, pike: see pdce1.] In piquet, the
winning of thirty points or more from combi-
nations of cards in one's hand, before the play-
ing begins and before an opponent has scored
at all.
repique (re-pek'), v. [< repique, «.] I. intrans.
In piquet, to score a repique.
II. trans. To score a repique over.
"Your game has been short," said Barley. "Irepiqued
him," answered the old man, with joy sparkling in his
countenance. H. Mackenzie, Man of Feeling, xxv.
Also repicque.
replace (re-plas'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. replaced,
ppr. replacing. [< re- + place; prob. suggested
by F. remplacer (see reimplace).] 1. To put
again in the former or the proper place.
The earl . . . was replaced in his government Bacon.
The deities of Troy, and his own Penates, are made the
companions of his flight ;. . . and at last he rep/ace* them
in Italy, their native country. Dryden, An eld, Ded.
A hermit . . . replac'd his book
Within its customary nook.
Cowper, Moralizer Corrected.
2. To restore (what has been taken away or
borrowed); return; make good: as, to replace
a sum of money borrowed.— 3. To substitute
something competent in the place of, as of
something which has been displaced or lost or
destroyed.— 4. To fill or take the place of;
supersede; be a substitute for; fulfil the end
or office of.
It is a heavy charge against Peter to have suffered that
so important a person as the successor of an absolute
monarch must needs be should grow up ill-educated and
unfit to replace him. Brougham.
With Israel, religion replaced morality.
M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, p. 44.
These compounds [organic acids] may be regarded as
hydrocarbons in which hydrogen is replaced by carlx>xyl.
Encyc. Brit., V. 568.
The view of life as a thing to be put up with replacing
that zest for existence which was so intense in early civi-
lisations. T. Uardy, Return of the Native, iii. 1.
Replaced crystal See crystal. = Syn. 1. To reinstate,
reestablish, restore.
replaceable (re-pla'sa-bl), a. Capable of bein^
replaced ; that may be replaced.
replacement (re-plas'ment), «. [< replace +
-me nt. Cf. F. remplacenient. < remplacer, re-
place.] 1. The act of re-
placing.
The organic acids may likewise
be regarded as derived from alco-
hols by the replacement of Ho by O.
Encyc. Brit., V. 553.
2. Iii crystal., the removal of
an edge or angle by one plane
or more.
replacer (rf-pla'ser), «. 1.
One who or that which re-
places, or restores to the former or proper
plaee. — 2. One who or that which takes the
place of another ;
a substitute. — Car-re-
placer, a device carried
on nearly all American rail-
way-trains for quickly re-
placing derailed wheels on
the track. It is used In
pairs, one for each rail, and
consists of a short heavy
bar of iron swiveling on a
Replacement of the
solid angles of a cube by
the planes of a trapeze-
hedron.
Car-replacer.
a, rail ; b, c, replacer. The part
r embraces the head of the rail
when in use. The derailed car-
wheel rolls up the incline '•.
yoke which is placed over
the railhead. A sharp pull
of the locomotive pulls the
derailed wheels up the re-
placer, whence they drop
upon the rails.
replacing-switch (re-pla'sing-swich), ». A
device consisting of a united pair of iron plates
hinged to shoes fitting over the rails, used as a
bridge to replace on the track derailed railway
rolling-stock. A second pair of plates may be hinged
to the first to facilitate the placing of the bridge in posi-
tion to receive the car-wheels.
replait (re-plat'), v. t. [Also repleat; < re- +
plait, r.] To plait or fold again; fold one part
of over another again and again.
In his [Raphael's] first works, ... we behold many
small foldings often repleated, which look like so many
whipcords. Dryden, Observations on Dufresnoy's Art
[of Painting.
replant (re-plant'), r. t. [< OF. (and F.) re-
planter = Sp. Pg. replantar = It. ri/iitintun:
< ML. replantare, plant again, < L. re-, again,
+ plantare, plant: see plant1.] 1. To plant
again.
repletion
Small trees upon which figs or other fruit grow, liciu-
yet unripe, . . . take ... up in a warm day, and replant
them in good ground. Jtacnn, Xat. Hist., S 443.
2. Figuratively, to reinstate.
I will revenge his wrong to Lady Bona,
And replant Henry in his former state.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 3. 198.
replant (re-plant'), M. [< replant, r.] That
wnich is replanted. [Recent.]
No growth has appeared in any of the replants.
Medical Xeies, LII. 4i-8.
replantable (re-plan'ta-bl), a. [< OF. replnnt-
tililc ; as replant + -aole.] Capable of being
planted again. Imp. Diet.
replantation (re-plan-ta'shon), n. [< F. re-
/i/iiii/iitiini ; as replant + -at/on.] The act of
planting again.
Attempting the replantation of that beautiful image sin
and vice had obliterated and defaced.
UattyweU, Saving of Souls (1677), p. 100. (Latham.)
replead (re -pled'), r. t. and t. [< OF. *re-
plaider, repledoier, reploider, plead again; as
re- + plead.] To plead again.
repleader (re-ple'der), n. [< OF. 'replaidir, inf.
used as a noun : see replead.] In lair, a second
pleading or course of pleadings; the right or
privilege of pleading again: a course allowed
for the correction of mispleading.
repleat (re-plef), r. t. Same as replait.
repledge (re-plej'), v. t. [< OF. replegier (ML.
replegiare), pledge again ; as re- + pledge. Cf.
replevy.] 1. To pledge again.— 2. In Scots
law, to demand judicially, as the person of an
offender accused before another tribunal, on
the ground that the alleged offense had been
committed within the repledger's jurisdiction.
This was formerly a privilege competent to
certain private jurisdictions.
repledger (re-plej'^r), n. One who repledges.
replenish (re-plen'ish), v. [< ME. replenigsen, <
repleniss-, stem of certain parts of OF. replenir,
fill up again, < L. re-, again, 4- ML. "plenire, <
plena*, full : see plenish.] I. trans. 1. To fill
again; hence, to fill completely ; stock.
Desertes replenisshed with wylde beastis and venlrnoug
serpentes. Sir T. Elyot, The Oovernour, ii. 9.
Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth.
Gen. i. 28.
Ther waa ... a quantitie of a great sorte of dies, . . .
which came out of holes in y ground, and replenished all
y woods, and eate y« green things.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 315.
2t. To finish ; complete ; consummate ; per-
fect.
We smothered
The most replenished sweet work of nature.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 3. 18.
3f. To revive. Palsgrave. (Halliirell.)
Il.t intrans. To recover former fullness.
It is like . . . that the humours in men's bodies in-
crease and decrease as the moon doth ; and therefore it
were good to purge some day or two after the full; for
that then the humours will not replenish so soon.
Bacon, Sat. Hist., 8 894.
replenisher (re-plen'ish-er), n. One who or
that which replenishes; specifically, in elect.,
a static influence- or induction-machine used
for maintaining the charge of a quadrant elec-
trometer.
replenishment (re-plen'ish-ment), M. [< re-
plenish + -ment.] ' 1. The act of replenishing,
or the state of being replenished. — 2. That
which replenishes ; a supply. Coirper.
replete (re-plef), «. [Early mod. E. also re-
pleat; < ME. replete, replet, < OF. (and F.) re-
plet = Pr. replet = Sp. Pg. It. replcto, < L. re-
pMug, filled up, pp. of replere, fill again, < re-,
again, + ptere, fill: see plenty. Cf. complete.]
Filled up; completely filled ; full; abounding.
Ware the sonne in his ascencioun
Ne fynde yow not replet of humours hote.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 137.
The world's large tongue
Proclaims you for a man replete with mocks.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. 853.
O, that 's a comedy on a very new plan ; replete with wit
and mirth, yet of a most serious moral !
Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
replete (re-plef). v. t. ; pret. and pp. repleted,
ppr. repleting. [< L. repletus, pp. of replere.
fill up: see replete, a.] To fill to repletion or
satiety; fill full.
Such have their intestines repleted with wind and excre-
ments. Venner, Treatise of Tobacco, p. 407. (Encyc. Diet.)
repleteness (re-plef nes), n. The state of be-
ing replete; fullness; repletion. Bailey, 1727 .
repletion (re-ple'shon), H. [< ME. repleciouit,
< OF. repletion, replecion, F. repletion = Pr.
replecio = Sp. replecion = Pg. replecSo = It. re-
repletion
ple^iinir, < L. replrtio(n-), a filling up, < repli f ,
fill up: see replete.] 1. The state of being
replete; fullness; specifically, superabundant
fullness; surfeit, especially of food or drink.
Jiepleccionn ne made hire nevere sik ;
Attempre dyete was al hire phisik.
Chaucer, Mun's Priest's Tale, 1. 17.
Drowsiness followed repletion, as a matter of course,
and they gave us a bed of skins in an inner room.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 118.
2. In med., fullness of blood ; plethora.
repletive (re-ple'tiv), a. [< OF. repletif; as re-
phie + -ire'.] Causing repletion. Cotgravc.
repletivelyt (re-ple'tiv-li), adv. In a repletive
manner; redundantly.
It [behold] is like the hand in the margin of a book,
pointing to some remarkable thing, and of great succeed-
ing consequence. It is a direct, a reference, a dash of the
Holy Ghost's pen ; seldom used repletiijely, but to impart
and import some special note.
Ken. T. Adams, Works, II. 110.
repletory (re-ple'to-ri). a. [< replete + -ory.]
Of or pertaining to repletion ; tending to or pro-
ducing repletion.
A University, as an intellectual gymnasium, should con-
sider that its "mental dietetic" is tonic, not repletory.
Sir W. Hamilton, Discussions, App. iii., C.
repleviable (re-plev'i-a-bl), a. [< replevy +
-able."] Same as replecisable.
replevin (re-plev'in), 11. [< OF. replevin, *reple-
tiiie (ML. replevinu), < replevir, warrant, pledge :
see replevy. Cf.plevin.] 1. In faro, a personal
action which lies to recover possession of goods
or chattels wrongfully taken or detained, upon
giving security to try the right to them in a suit
at law, and, if that should be determined against
the plaintiff, to return the property replevied.
Originally it was a remedy peculiar to cases for wrongful
distress, but it may now be brought in all cases of wrong-
ful taking or detention, with certain exceptions as to prop-
erty in custody of the law, taken for a tax, or the like.
2. The writ by which goods and chattels are
replevied.— 3f. Bail.— Replevin in the ceplt, an
action of replevin in which the charge was that the de-
fendant wrongfully took the goods. — Replevin In the
detlnet, an action in which the charge was only that the
defendant wrongfully detained the goods. The importance
of the distinction between this and replevin in the cepit
was that the latter was appropriate in cases where an ac-
tion of trespass might lie, and did not require any demand
before bringing the action.
replevin (re-plev'in), r. 1. [< repleriii, n.] To
replevy.
Me, who once, you know,
Did from the pound replevin you.
S. Butler, The Lady's Answer to the Knight, 1. 4.
replevisable (re-plev'i-sa-bl), a. [< OF. rcple-
rissable, < replevir, replevy: see replevisJi .] In
laic, capable of being replevied. Also replevi-
able.
This is a case in which neither bail nor mainprize can
be received, the felon who is liable to be committed on
heavy grounds of suspicion not being replevisable under
the statute of the 3d of King Edward. Scott, Rob Roy, viii.
replevish (re-plev'ish), r. t. [< OF. replerists-,
stem of certain parts of replerir, replevy: see
replevy.'] In law,. to bail out; replevy.
replevisor (re-plev'i-sor), ». [NL., <replecis(h)
+ -orl.] A plaintiff in replevin.
replevy (re-plev'i), r. ; pret. and pp. replevied,
ppr. replerying. [Early mod. E. replevie; < ME.
"replevien, < OF. replerir, < ML. repleeire, also
rcpleyiare (after Rom.), give bail, surety, < re-
+ plevire, plcijiare, warrant, pledge: seepledt/e
and plerin, and cf. replevin.] I. trans. 1. To
recover possession of by an action of replevin ;
sue for and get back, pending the action, by
giving security to try the right to the goods in
a suit at law. See replevin. — 2f. To take back
or set at liberty upon security, as anything
seized; bail, as a person.
But yours the waift [waif] by high prerogative.
Therefore I humbly crave your Majestic
It to replevie, and my son reprive.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. xii. 81.
II. intmns. To take possession of goods or
chattels sued for by an action of replevin.
The cattle-owner . . . might either apply to the King's
Chancery for a writ commanding the .Sheriff to "make
replevin, "or he might verbally complain himself to the
Sheriff, who would then proceed at once to replevy.
Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 264.
replevy (re-plev'i), n. [< ME. replevij ; < repleri/,
r. Of. replevin, n.] Replevin.
The baly of the hundred told me that Wharles spake to
hym. in cus he had be distreyned, that he wold have gete
liym a jv>;tfm/; and the buly bad hym kete a replevy of
his mayster and he wold serve it. Pantan Letters, I. 194.
replica (rep'li-kii). ». [= F. niplique, a copy, a
repeat, < It. repuea, a repetition, reply, < repli-
eare, repeat, reply: see reply, v. Cf. reply, «.]
1. A work of art made in exact likeness of aii-
5085
other and by the same artist, differing from a
copy in that it is held to have the same right
as the first made to be considered an original
work. — 2. In music, same as repeat, 2.
replicant (rep'li-kant), n. [= F. repHquinit =
Sp. Pg. It. replirun'ie. areplier,< L. replieau(l-)x.
ppr. of replicare, repeat, reply: see replicate,
reply.'] One who makes a reply.
replicate (rep'li-kat), v. t.; pret. and pp. repli-
cated, ppr. replied ting. [< L. replicates, pp. of
replicarr, fold or bend back, reply: see reply.']
1. To fold or bend back: as, a replicated le&f.
— 2t. To reply.
They cringing in their neckes, like rats, smothered in
the holde, poorely replicated, ..." With hunger, and
hope, and thirst, wee content oureselves."
Na«he, Lenten Stuffe (Hart. Misc., VI. 180).
3. In mimic, to add one of its replicates to (a
given tone).
replicate (rep'li-kat), a. and n. [= F. replique
= Sp. Pg. replicado = It. replicato, < L. repllcu-
tus, pp. of replicare, fold or bend back: see rep-
licate, V.] I. a. Folded. Specifically— (a) In bat.,
folded back upon itself, either outward as in vernation,
or inward as in estivation. (6) In entom., noting wings
which have a joint in the costal margin by means of
which the outer part folds or rather slides back on the
base, as the posterior wings of most beetles. Sometimes
there are more than one of such transverse folds, and the
wing may be folded like a fan before it is bent, as in the
earwigs.
II. n. In music, a tone one or more octaves
distant from a given tone ; a repetition at a
higher or lower octave.
replicatile (rep'li-ka-til), a. [< replicate +
-He.] In eiitom., that may be folded back on
itself, as the wings of certain insects.
replication (rep-li-ka'shon), n. [< ME. replica-
tion, replicacioun,<. OF. ^replication =: Sp. repli-
cacion = Pg. replicacao = It. replicazione, < L.
replicatio(n-), a reply, < replicare, reply : see rep-
licate, reply.] 1. An answer; a reply.
My will is this, for plat conclusioun,
Withouten eny repplicacimtn.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 988.
Besides, to be demanded of a sponge ! what replication
should be made by the son of a king?
Shale., Hamlet, iv. 2. 13.
2. In law, the third step in the pleadings in a
common-law action or bill in equity, being the
reply of the plaintiff or complainant to the de-
fendant's plea or answer.
To that that he hath aunsuerd y have replyed yn such
wyse that y trowe to be sure ynough that there shall no
vayllable thyng be seyd to the contrarie of my seyd repli-
cation, and asmoch as he woold sey shall be but falsnesse
and lesyngs. Paslon Letter*, I. 200.
3f. Return or repercussion of sound.
Tiber trembled underneath her banks,
To hear the replication of your sounds
Made in her concave shores. Shak.,i. C., i. 1. 51.
The echoes sighed
III lulling replication. Gloeer.
4. In logic, the assuming or using of the same
term twice in the same proposition. — 5. Repe-
tition; hence, a copy; a portrait.
The notes on which he appeared to be so assiduously
occupied mainly consisted of replication* of Mr. Grayson's
placid physiognomy. Farrar, Julian Home, vi.
6. A repeated folding or bending back of a
surface. — 7. In music, the repetition of a tone
at a higher or lower octave, or a combination
of replicates together.
replicative (rep'li-ka-tiv), a. [= F. replicatif;
< replicate + -ire.] Of the nature of replica-
tion; containing replication.
replier (re-pli'er), n. [Also repli/er; < reply +
-er1.] One who replies or answers; one who
makes a reply ; specifically, in school disputa-
tions, one who makes a return to an answer;
a respondent. .
At an act of the Commencement, the answerer gave for
his question ; That an aristocracy was better than a mon-
archy! The replier, who was a dissolute fellow, did tax
him ; That, being a private bred man, he would give a
3 not inn of state. The answerer said; That the replier
id much wrong the privilege of scholars : who would be
much straitened if they should give questions of nothing
but such things wherein they are practised.
Bacon, Apophthegms (ed. Spedding, XIII. 349).
replum (rep'lum), «. [NL., < L. replum, a door-
case.] In lot., the frame-like placenta, across
which the septum stretches, from which the
valves of a capsule or other dehiscent fruit fall
:iw;iy in dcliiscence, as in Crucifera, certain
Pupurernri-te. Mimosa, etc.: sometimes incor-
rectly applied to the septum.
replume (re-plom'), v. t. [< re- + plume.] To
rearrange: put in proper order again; preen,
as a bird its feathers.
report
Tlif right hiiml rri/fitinfrf
His black locks to their wnntrd composure.
l;,-nii', ,;,!,,, sjiul, xv.
replunge (re-pluuj'J, r. t. [< OF. reploiif/icr, F.
reploiif/er, plunge again; as re- + ptiuii/e.] To
plunge again; immerse anew. Milton.
reply (re-pli'), r. ; pret. and pp. replied, ppr.
replyiui/. [< ME. rcp/i/t -n, jv/i/iV «, < ( )F. replier.
reply, also lit. fold again, turn back, F. replier,
fold again, turn, coil, repliquer, reply, = Pr. Sp.
Pg. replicar = It. replicare, reply, < L. replieure,
fold back, turn back, turn over, repeat, LL. (as
a law-term) reply, < re-, back, + plieiire, fold :
see ply. Cf. apply.] I. trtinn. If. To fold back.
Tho ouer nape [table-cloth] schalle dowbulle be layde,
To tho vttur syde the seluage brade ;
Tho ouer seluage he schalle replye,
As towelle hit were. Dabees Book (E. E. T. .S.), p. 321.
2. To return for an answer.
Perplex'd and troubled at his bad success
The tempter stood, nor had what to reply.
Hilton, I'. R., iv. •>.
II. intrants. 1. To make answer; answer: re-
spond.
0 man, who art thou that repliest against God?
Rom. ix. 20.
Reply not to me with a fool-born jest.
Shale., 2 Hen. IV., v. 5. Bft.
Full ten years slander'd, did he once reply?
Pope, 1'rol. to Satires, 1. 874.
He sang his song, and I replied with mine.
Tennyson, Audley Court.
2. To do or give something in return for some-
thing else; make return or response; answer
by suitable action; meet an attack: as, to re-
ply to the enemy's fire.
The nymph exulting fills with shouts the sky ;
The walls, the woods, and long canals reply.
Pope, R. of the L., iii. 100.
When I addressed her with my customary salutation,
she only replied by a sharp gesture, and continued her
walk. B. L. Stevenson, Olalla.
3. In line, to answer a defendant's plea. The
defendant pleads in bar to the plaintiff's declaration ; the
plaintiff replies to the defendant's plea in bar.
reply (re-pli'), n. [= F. replique = Sp. replica
= Pg. replica, a reply ; from the verb : see re-
ply, t.] 1. An answer; a response.
Quherat al laughed, us if I had bene dryven from al re
plye, and I fretted to see a frivolouse jest goe for a solid
ansuer. A. Hume, Orthographic (E. E. T. S.), p. 18.
1 pause for a repli/. Shale., J. C., iii. 2. S7.
Thus saying rose
The monarch, and prevented all reply.
Miltuu, P. L., ii. 467.
I leave the quibbles by which such persons would try
to creep out from under the crushing weight of these con-
clusions to the unfortunates who suppose that a reply is
equivalent to an answer.
O. W. Holmes, Med. Essays, p. 81.
2. The act or power of answering, especially
with fitness or conclusiveneSK.
In statement, the late Lord Holland was not successful ;
his chief excellence lay in repli/.
Macattlai/, Lord Holland.
3. That which is done for or in consequence
of something else ; an answer by deeds ; a coun-
ter-attack: as, his reply was a blow. — 4. In
music, the answer of a fugue. =8yn.l and 2. Re-
joinder, retort.
repolish (re-pol'ish), t. t. To polish again.
repone (re-pon'), v. t.; pret. and pp. reponed,
ppr. reponiiiij. [= OF. repondre, reponre, lay
aside, conceal, also reply, = Sp. repouer = Pg.
I'epor = It. riporre, < L. reponcre, lay, place, put.
or set back, replace, lay aside, lay up, pre-
serve; ML. (as a law-term) reply; < re-, back,
-t- poiiere, put: see poneiit. Cf. repose.] 1.
To replace ; specifically, in Scot* lair, to restore
to a position or a situation formerly held. — 2.
To reply. [Scotch in both uses.]
repopulate (re-pop'u-lat), v. t. [< re- + popu-
late. Cf. repeople.] To populate or people
anew; supply with a new population; repeople.
Temiragio returned to the city, and then beganne for to
repopulate it. Hakltiyt's Voyages, II. 220.
repopulation (re-pop-fi-la'shon), H. [= F. re-
pnpulatinn = Sp. repoblacioti ; as re- + popu-
lation.'] The act of repeopling, or the state of
being repeopled.
report (re-port' ), r. [< ME. reporter, < OF. (and
F.) reporter, carry back, return, remit, refer, =
Pr. Sp. reportar, carryback (cf. Pg. rejiortar, re-
spect, honor, regard), = It. riportare, < L. repor-
tare, carry back, bring back, carry off, get, ob-
tain, bring back (an account), report, ML. also
write (an account) for information or record.
< re-, back, + portare, carry : see ports. Cf.
rapport.] I. Iran*. 1. To bear or bring back
as an answer; relate, as what has been dis-
report
covered by a person sent to examine, explore,
or investigate.
But you, faire Sir, whose pageant next ensewes,
Well mote >ee thee, as well can wish your thought,
That home ye may report thrise happy newes.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 33.
Tom, an arch, sly rogue, . . .
Moves without noise, and, swift as an express,
Reports a message with a pleasing grace.
Cou-per, Truth, 1. 205.
2. To give an account of; make a statement
concerning; say; make known; tell or relate
from one to another.
Reporte no slaunder, nc yet shew
The fruites of flattery.
Babees Boole (E. E. T. S.), p. 97.
It is reported among the heathen, nnd Gashmu saith it,
that I In MI and the Jews think to rebel. N < h. vi. 6.
Why does the world report that Kate doth limp?
O slanderous world ! Shale., T. of the S., ii. 1. 254.
Came
The lord of Astolat out, to whom the Prince
Reported who he was, and on what quest.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
3. To give an official or formal account or
statement of: as, to report a deficit.
A committee of the whole . . . has no authority to
punish a breach of order, . . . but can only rise and re-
port the matter to the assembly.
Cashing, Manual of Parl. Practice, § 308.
4. To write out and give an account or state-
ment of, as of the proceedings, debates, etc.,
of a legislative body, a convention, court, etc. ;
specifically, to write out or take down from the
lips of the speaker: as, the debate was fully
reported. — 5. To lay a charge against; bring
to the cognizance of: as, to report one to one's
employer. — 6f. To refer (one's self) for infor-
mation or credit.
I report me unto the consciences of all the land, whether
he say truth or otherwise.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1850X p. 14.
Wherein I report me to them that knew Sir Nicholas
Bacon Lord keeper of the great Scale.
PutUnham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 116.
7f. To return or reverberate, as sound; echo
back.
The eare taking pleasure to heare the like tune reported,
and to feele his returne.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 163.
If you speak three words, it will (perhaps) some three
times report you the whole three words.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 249.
8t. To describe ; represent.
He shall know you better, sir. if I may live to report you.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 2. 172.
Bid him
Report the feature of Octavia, her years,
Her inclination, let him not leave out
The colour of her hair. Shak., A. and C. , ii. 5. 112.
To be reported, or (usually) to be reported of, to be
(well or ill) spoken of ; be mentioned.
Timotheus . . . was well reported of. Acts xvi. 2.
To report one's self, (a) To make known one's own
whereabouts or movements to any person, or in any desig-
nated place or office, so as to be in readiness to perform a
duty, service, etc., when called upon. (6) To give infor-
mation about one's self ; speak for one's self.
The chimney-piece
Chaste Dian bathing ; never saw I figures
So likely to report themselves ; the cutter
Was as another nature.
Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 4. 83.
= Syn. 1. To announce, communicate.— 2. To rumor,
bruit.
II. intrans. 1. To give in a report, or make
a formal statement: as, the committee will re-
port at twelve o'clock. — 2. To give an account
or description; specifically, to do the work of
a reporter. See reporter (b).
There is a gentleman that serves the count
Reports but coarsely of her.
Shak., All's Well, iii. 5. 60.
For two sessions he (Dickens] reported for the "Mirror
of Parliament," . . . and in the session of 1835 became
reporter for the " Morning Chronicle."
Leslie Stephen, Diet. National Biog., XV. 21.
3. Same as to report one's self (a) (see under
I.): as, to report at headquarters,
report (re-port'), »• [< ME. report = F. report,
a bringing forward (rapport, relation, a state-
ment, report), = It. riporto, report; from the
verb.] 1. An account brought back or re-
turned ; a statement or relation of facts given
in reply to inquiry, as the result of investiga-
tion, or by a person authorized to examine and
bring or send information.
Other service thanne this I myhte comende
To yow to done, but, for the tyme is shorte,
I putte theym nouhte in this lytyl Reporte.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 8.
This is (quod he) the richt report
Of all that I did heir and kimw.
Battle of Harlaw (Child's Ballads, VII. 187).
5086
'Tis greatly wise to talk with our past hours ;
And ask them what report they bore to heaven.
Ymmij, Mght Thoughts, ii. 377.
Geraint . . . woke . . . and call'd
For Enid, and . . . Yniol made report
Of that good mother making Enid gay.
Tennyson, Geraint.
2. A tale carried; a story circulated; hence,
rumor; common fame.
It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of
thy acts and of thy wisdom. 1 Ki. x. 6.
My brother Jaques he keeps at school, and report speaks
goldenly of his profit. Shak., As you Like it, 1. 1. 6.
3. Repute ; public character.
Cornelius the centurion, a just man, and one that fear-
eth God, and of good report among all the nation of the
Jews. Acts x. 22.
A gentlewoman of mine,
Who, falling in the flaws of her own youth,
Hath blistered her report.
Shale., M.forM.,11. 3. 12.
4. An account or statement, (a) A statement of
a judicial opinion or decision, or of a case argued and de-
termined in a court of Justice, the object being to pre-
sent such parts of the pleadings, evidence, and argument,
with the opinion of the court, as shall serve to inform the
profession and other courts of the points of law in respect
to which the case may be a precedent The books con-
taining such statements are also called reports, (b) The
official document in which a referee, master in chancery,
or auditor embodies his findings or his proceedings for
the purpose of presentation to the court, or of filing as a
part of its records, (c) In parliamentary lav, an official
statement of facts or opinions by a committee, officer, or
board to the superior body, (d) A paper delivered by the
masters of all snips arriving from parts beyond seas to the
custom-house, and attested upon oath, containing a state-
ment In detail of the cargo on board, etc. (e) An account
or statement, more or less full and circumstantial, of the
proceedings, debates, etc., of a legislative assembly, meet-
ing, court, etc.. or of any occurrence of public Interest, in-
tended for publication ; an epitome or fully written ac-
count of a speech.
Stuart occasionally took him [Coleridge] to the report-
•ers' gallery, where his only effort appears to have been a
report of a remarkable speech delivered by Pitt 17 Feb.,
1800. Ledie Stephen, Diet. National Blog., XI. 308.
5. The sound of an explosion ; a loud noise.
Russet-pated choughs, many in sort,
Kising and cawing at the gun's report.
Shak., M. N. D., Ul. 2. 22.
The lashing billows make a loud report,
And beat her sides.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., r. 139.
6f. Relation; correspondence; connection; ref-
erence.
The kitchen and stables are ill-plac'd, and the corridore
worse, having no report to the wings they Joyne to.
Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 25, 1672.
Guard report. See guard.— Pinion of report. See
pinion*.— Practice reports. See practice.- Sick re-
port. See *ic*.=Syn,l. Narration, detail, description,
recital, narrative, communication. — 2. Hearsay.— 4. (a),
(b) Verdict, etc. See decision.
reportable (re-por'ta-bl), a. [< report + -able.]
That may be reported ; fit to be reported. Imp.
Diet.
reportage (re-por'taj), n. [< F. reportage, re-
porter, report : see report. ] Report.
Lord Lytton says some sensible things both about poetry
and about Proteus [his friend) ; and he will interest the
lovers of personal detail by certain reportage, in which he
has exhibited the sentiments of an "illustrious poet, X."
The Academy, Nov. 5, 1881, p. 347.
reporter (re-por'ter), n. [< ME. reportour, <
OF. "reporteor, reportour, one who reports a
case, < ML. reportator, < rejiortare, report: see
report.'] One who reports or gives an account.
And that he wolde bene oure governour,
And of oure tales juge and reportour.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T. , 1. 814.
There she appeared indeed ; or my reporter devised well
for her. Shak., A. and C., ii. 2. 193.
The mind of man, whereto the senses are but reporters.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. S.
Specifically — (a) One who draws up official statements of
law proceedings and decisions, or of legislative debates.
(6) A member of the staff of a newspaper whose work is
to collect and put in form for submission to the editors
local information of all kinds, to give an account of the
proceedings at public meetings, entertainments, etc., and,
in general, to go upon any mission or quest for news, to
interview persons whose names are before the public,
and to obtain news for his paper in any other way that
may be assigned to him by his chiefs.
Among the reporters who sat in the Gallery, it is re-
markable that two-thirds did not write short-hand ; they
made notes, and trusted to their memories ; Charles Dick-
ens sat with them in the year 1836.
W. Besant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 210.
(c) One who makes or signs a report, as of a committee.
A. J. Ellis.
reporterism (re-por'ter-izm), «. [< reporter +
-ism.] The practice or business of reporting ;
work done by a reporter. [Rare.]
Fraser . . . seems more bent on Toryism and Irish re-
porterism, to me infinitely detestable.
Carlyle, in Fronde, II.
repose
reporterize (re-por'ter-Iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
reporterized, ppr. reporterizing. [< reporter +
-ize.~\ To submit to the influence of newspaper
reporters ; corrupt with the methods of report-
ers. [Rare and objectionable.]
Our reporterized press is often truculently reckless of
privacy and decency. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 314.
reporting (re-por'ting), n. [Verbaln. of report,
v7] The act or system of drawing up reports ;
the practice of making a report; specifically,
newspaper reporting (see phrase below): also
used attributively: as, the reporting style of
phonography.
At the Restoration all reporting was forbidden, though
the votes and proceedings of the House were printed by
direction of the Speaker. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., iii.
Newspaper reporting, the system by which proceed-
ings and debates of Congress or Parliament or other legis-
lative bodies, and the proceedings of public meetings,
the accounts of important or interesting events, etc., are
taken down, usually in shorthand, by a body of reporters
attached to various newspapers or to general news-agen-
cies, and are afterward prepared for publication.
reportingly (re-por'ting-li), adv. By report or
common fame. [Rare.]
For others say thou dost deserve, and I
Believe it better than reportinyly.
Shak., Much Ado, ill. 1. 116.
reportorial (re-por-to'ri-al), a. [Irreg. < re-
porter, taken as 'reporter, + -ial, in imitation
of words like editorial, professorial, etc.] Of
or pertaining to a reporter or reporters. [An
objectionable word, not in good use.]
The great newspapers of New York have capital, edito-
rial talent, reportorial enterprise, and competent business
management, and an unequalled field both for the collec-
tion of news and the extension of their circulation.
Harper's Mai/., LXXVII. 687.
repertory! (re-por'to-ri), n. [Irreg. < report +
-on/.] A report.
In this transcursive reportory, without some observant
glaunce, I may not dully overpasse the gallant beauty of
their haven. Na»he, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 149).
reposal (re-po'zal), n. [< repose + -al.~\ 1.
Tne act of reposing or resting.
Dost thon think,
If I would stand against thee, would the reposal
Of any trust, virtue, or worth in thee
Make thy words faith'd 1 Shak., Lear, ii. 1. 70.
2f. That on which one reposes.
The devil's cushion, as Gnalter cats It, his pillow and
chiefe reposall. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 86.
reposancet (re-po'zans), n. [< repose + -ance.]
The act of reposing; reliance. [Rare.]
See what sweet
Reposance heaven can beget.
/.'/' //"'/, Poems, p. 92.
repose (re-poz'). r. ; pret. and pp. reposed, ppr.
repaying. [< ME. reposen, < OF. reposer, repau-
ser, repose, rest, stay, F. reposer = Pr. repausar
= Sp. reposar = Pg. repousar = It. riposare, <
ML. repatisare, lay at rest, quiet, also nourish,
intr. be at rest, rest, repose, < L. re-, again, +
pamare, pause, rest: see pose?. Cf. repone, re-
posit.] I. trans. If. To lay (a thing) at rest;
lay by ; lay up ; deposit.
Write upon the [almond] cornel . . . outetake,
Or this or that, and faire aboute it close
In cley and swynes dounge and so repose.
Paltadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 56.
Pebbles, reposed in those cliffs amongst the earth, being
not so dissoluble and more bulky, are left behind.
Woodward.
2. To lay at rest; refresh by rest: with refer-
ence to a person, and often used reflexively.
Enter in the castle
And there repose you for this night
5Ao*.,Kich. II., ii. 3. 161.
I reposed my selfe all that night in a certaine lime in
the suburbes of the city. Coryat, Crudities, I. 132.
Whose causeway parts the vale with shady rows?
Whose seats the weary traveller repose'
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 260.
The hardy chief upon the rugged rock, . . .
Fearless of wrong, repos'd his wearied strength.
Cowper, Task, i. 16.
3t. To cause to be calm or quiet; tranquilize;
compose.
All being settled and reposed, the lord archbishop did
present his majesty to the lords and commons.
fuller. (Webster.)
4. To lay, place, or rest, as confidence or trust.
The king reposeth all his confidence in thee.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 4. 6.
Mr. Godolphin requested me to continue the trust his
wife had reposed in me in behalfe of his little sonn.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 16, 167&
There are some writers who repose undoubting confi-
dence in words. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 60.
The absolute control [of a society] is reposed in a com-
mittee. Art Age, VII. 51.
repose
II. in/ran*. 1. To lie or be at rest ; take rest;
sleep.
Yet must we credit that his [the Lord's] hand compos'd
All in six Dayes, and that he then Repos'd.
Syh-ester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 7.
When statesmen, heroes, kings, in dust repose.
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 387.
The public mind was then reposing from one great ef-
fort, and collecting strength for another.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
2. To rest in confidence ; rely: followed by on
or upon.
I do desire thy worthy company,
Upon whose faith and honour I repose.
Shalt., T. G. of V., iv. 8.28.
The best of those that then wrote disclaim that any man
should repose on them, and send all to the Scriptures.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., i.
The soul, reposing on assur'd relief,
Feels herself happy amidst all her grief.
Cou'per, Truth, 1. 55.
= Syn. 1. To recline, settle, slumber. See resti, v. i.
repose (re-poz'), ». [< OF. repos, repaux, F. rc-
pof, F. dial, repous = Pr. repaint = Cat. repos =
Sp. reposo = Pg. repouso = It. riposo, repose ;
from the verb.] 1. The act or state of repos-
ing; inaction; a lying at rest ; sleep; rest.
Shake oft* the golden slumber of repose.
Shak., Pericles, iii. 2. 23.
Black Melancholy sits, and round her throws
A death-like silence, and a dread repose.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 1. 166.
Absolute repose is, indeed, a state utterly unknown upon
the earth's surface. Huxley, Physiography, xx.
2. Freedom from disturbance of any kind;
tranquillity.
The great civil and religious conflict which began at the
Reformation seemed to have terminated in universal re-
pose. Macaulay, William Pitt.
A goal which, gain'd, may give repose.
M. Arnold, Resignation.
3. Settled composure ; natural or habitual dig-
nity and calmness of manner and action.
Her manners had not that repose
Which stamps the caste of Vere de Vere.
Tennyson, Lady Clara Vere de Vere.
That repose which is the ornament and ripeness of man
is not American. That repose which indicates a faith in
the laws of the universe, a faith that they will fulfil them-
selves, and are not to be impeded, transgressed, or accele-
rated. Emerson, Fortune of the Republic.
4. Cause of rest ; that which gives repose ; a
rest ; a pause.
After great lights must be great shadows, which we call
reposes, because in reality the sight would be tired if at-
tracted by a continuity of glittering objects.
Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting.
5. In a work of art, dependence for effect en-
tirely upon inherent excellence, all meretri-
cious effect of gaudiuess of color or exaggera-
tion of attitude being avoided ; a general mod-
eration or restraint of color and treatment ; an
avoidance of obtrusive tints and of violent ac-
tion— Angle of repose. See angle*.— Repose of St.
Anne, in the Or. Ch., a festival observed on July 25th In
memory of the death of St. Anne, the mother of the Virgin
Mary.— Repose of the Theotocos, in the Or. Ch., a fes-
tival observed on August 15th in commemoration of the
death and assumption of the Virgin Mary. = Syn. 1-3.
Quiet, Tranquillity, etc. (see restl), quietness.
reposed (re-p6zd'),^>.«. [Pp. of repose, v.] Ex-
hibiting repose ; calm ; settled.
He was in feeding temperate, in drinking sober, in giu-
ing liberall, in receiuing of consideration, in sleeping
short, in his speech reposed.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 20.
But reposed natures may do well in youth, as is seen in
Augustus Csesar . . . and others. Bacon, Youth and Age.
reposedly (re-po'zed-li), adv.
mam
Diet.
reposedness (re-po'zed-nes), n. The state of
being reposed or at rest.
Of which [wishes] none rises in me that is not bent
upon your enjoying of peace and reposedness in your for-
tunes, in your affections, and in your conscience.
Donne, Letters, xlviii.
reposeful (re-poz'ful), a. [< repose + -fill.] 1.
Full of repose. — 2. Affording repose or rest;
trustworthy; worthy of reliance.
Though princes may take, above others, some reposefull
friend, with whom they may participate their neerest pas-
sions. Sir Robert B. Cotton, A Short View, etc.. in J. M or-
igan's Phcenix Britannicus, I. 68. (F. Hall.)
I know not where she can picke out a fast friend, or
reposefull confident of such reciprocable interest.
Hmvell, Vocall Forrest, 28. (Latham.)
reposer (ro-po'zer), H. One who reposes. /«/<.
Diet.
reposit (re-poz'it), r. t. [Formerly also IT/HIS-
itr; < I,, i-f/toxititti, pp. of repoiiere,' ln,y up: see
5087
repone.] To lay up; lodge, as for safety or
preservation.
I caused his body to be coffin'd in lead, and reposited on
the 30th at 8 o'clock that night in the church at Deptford.
Evelyn, Diary. Jan. 27, Iti&s.
reposit (re-poz'it), ». [Formerly also repoxiti-;
< reposit, (?.] That which is laid up; a deposit.
Encyc. J)icl.
reposition (re-po-zish'on), ii. [< ML. reposi-
tio(it-), < L. repoiicre, pp. repositus, lay up : see
rcpoxit.] 1. The act of repositing, or laying up
in safety.
That age which is not capable of observation, careless of
reposition. Bp. Uall, Censure of Travel!, § 6.
2. The act of replacing, or restoring to its nor-
mal position ; reduction.
Being satisfied in the reposition of the bone, take care
to keep it so by deligation. Wiseman, Surgery.
3. Ill Scots law, retrocession, or the returning
back of a right from the assignee to the person
granting the right.
repositor (re-poz'i-tor), n. [< reposit + -or1.]
One who or that wtiich replaces ; specifically,
in xitry., an instrument for restoring a displaced
uterus to its normal position.
repository (re-poz'i-to-ri), «. and n. [I. a. <
L. 'repositories, < rep'onere, pp. repositus, lay
up : see reposit. II. ». < OF. 'repofitorie, later
repositoire = Sp. Pg. repositorio = It. ri/ioxi-
torio, < L. repositorium, a repository, neut. of
repositories: see I.] I. a. Pertaining to re-
position ; adapted or intended for deposition or
storage.
If the bee knoweth when, and whence, and how to
gather her honey and wax, and how to form the repository
combs, and how to lay it up, and all the rest of her mar-
vellous economy. Baxter, Dying Thoughts.
II. N. ; pi. repositories (-riz). 1 . A place where
things are or may be deposited for safety or
preservation ; a depository ; a storehouse ; a
magazine.
The mind of man not being capable of having many
ideas under view at once, it was necessary to have a repos-
itory to lay up those ideas. Locke.
2. A place where things are kept for sale; a
shop : as, a carriage-repository.
She confides the card to the gentleman of the Fine Art
Repository, who consents to allow it to lie upon the
counter. Thackeray.
repossess (re-po-zes'), t'. t. [< re- + possess."]
To possess again; regain possession of.
The resolution to die had
mind.
<essed his place in her
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iv.
po'zecl-li), adv. In a reposed
manner; quietly; composedly; calmly. Imp.
To repossess one's self of, to obtain possession of again,
repossession (re-po-zesh'pn), n. [< re- + pos-
session.] The act or state of possessing again.
Whoso hath been robbed or spoiled of his lands or goods
may lawfully seek repossession by force. Raleigh.
reposure (re-po'zhur), «. [< repose + -tire.'}
Rest ; quiet ; repose.
In the reposure of most soft content. Marston.
It was the Franciscans antient Dormitory, as appeareth
by the concavities still extant in the walls, places for their
several! reposure. ft/Her, Hist, of Camb., viii. 19. (Dames.)
repot (re-pot'), v. t. [< re- + poft, v.] To re-
place in pots; specifically, in hort., to shift
(plants in pots) from one pot to another, usu-
ally of a larger size, or to remove from the pot
and replace more or less of the old earth with
fresh earth.
repour (re-por'), v. t. [< re- + pourl.] To pour
again.
The horrid noise amazed the silent night,
Repouring down black darkness from the sky.
Mir. for Mags.
repoussage (re-po'sazh), «. [F.,<repoKsser,beat
back : see repousse.] 1 . The beating out from
behind of ornamental patterns upon a metal
surface. See repousse, n. — 2. In etching, the
hammering out from behind of parts of an
etched plate which have been brought by char-
coal or scraper below half its thickness, making
hollows which would show as spots in printing,
in order to bring them up to the required level.
A spot to be thus treated is fixed by letting one of the
points of a pair of calipers (compasses with curved legs)
rest on the place, and marking the corresponding place
on the back of the plate with the other point.
repousse (re-po'sa), a. and •«. [< F. repousse,
pp. of repousiter, push back, beat back, re-
pulse: see repulse, and cf. push.] I. a. Raised
in relief by means of the hammer; beaten up
from the under or reverse side.
In this tomb was a magnificent silver-gilt amphora,
certainly the finest extant specimen of Greek repousse
work in silver. The body of this vase is richly ornamented
with birds and floral arabesques.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archseol., p. 881.
reprehensible
II. n. Repouss6 work; the art of shaping
vessels and the like, and of producing orna-
ment on the surface,
by hammering thin
metal on the reverse
side, the artist watch-
ing the side destined
to be exposed to fol-
low the development
of the pattern by the
blows of the ham-
mer; also, the arti-
cles thus produced.
A hammer with an elas-
tic handle screwed to a
permanent support, and
having many adjustable
heads, is used for this
work. Repousse work is
often finished by chasing ;
the chaser, working upon
the right side of the met-
al, presses back or modi-
fies the relief of the met-
al, which has taken shape
from the hammer. For
resKTbut^nTe6 Gold fe.ui, decorated »i,h Repousse
lesistant but soft mate- work ; time of Louis X\r
rial is provided to support
the metal while in the chaser's hands : hollow silver ves-
sels, for instance, are filled with pitch. Compare chasing.
repp, n. See rep1.
repped (rept), a. [< rep + -ed'2.] Ribbed or
corded transversely : as, repped silk.
repr. An abbreviation (used in this work) of
(a) representing; (b) representative,
repreeft, n. An obsolete form of reproof.
repreevet, v. An obsolete form of reprove.
repr ef ablet, a. A Middle English form of re-
provable.
reprefet, «• A Middle English form of reproof.
reprehend (rep-re-hend'), v. t. [< ME. repre-
hcnden = OF. reprendre, F. reprendre = Pr.
reprehendre, reprendre, reprenre, repenre = Cat.
rependrer = Sp. reprender = Pg. reprehender =
It. reprendere, riprendere, < L. reprehendere, re-
prendere, hold back, check, blame, < re-, back,
+ prehendere, hold, seize: seeprehend.'] 1. To
charge with a fault; chide sharply; reprove:
formerly sometimes followed by of.
Thow were ay wont eche lovere reprehende
Of thing fro which thow kanst the nat defende.
Chaucer, Troilus, L 510.
Then pardon me for reprehending thee,
For thou hast done a charitable deed.
Skak., Tit. And., iii. 2. 69.
I bring an angry mind to see your folly,
A sharp one too to reprehend you for it.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, iii. 3.
2. To take exception to ; speak of as a fault ;
censure.
I have faults myself, and will not reprehend
A crime I am not free from.
Beau, and Fl., Little French Lawyer, L 2.
Let men reprehend them [my labours], so they observe
and weigh them.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 359.
3t. To convict of fallacy.
This colour will be reprehended or encountered, by im-
puting to all excellencies in composition a kind of poverty.
Bacon. (Latham.)
= Syn. 1. To blame, rebuke, reprimand, upbraid. See
admonition.
reprehender (rep-re-hen'der), n. One who rep-
rehends ; one who blames or reproves.
To the second rancke of reprnhenders, that complain of
my boystrous compound wordes, and ending my Italionate
coyned verbes all in ize, thus I replie : That no winde that
blowes strong but is boystrous ; no speech or wordes of
any power or force to confute or perswade but must be
swelling and boystrous.
ffashe, quoted in Int. to Pierce Penilesse, p. rxx.
reprehensible.] The character of being repre-
hensible.
reprehensible (rep-re-hen'si-bl), a. [< OF.
reprehensible, F. reprehensible = Sp. reprensible,
reprehensible = Pg. reprelteimircl = It. riprcnsi-
bile, < LL. repreheimbilis, reprehensible, < L. re-
prehendere, pp. reprelieiisus, reprehend: see rep-
rehend.] Deserving to be reprehended or cen-
sured; blameworthy; censurable; deserving re-
proof: applied to persons or things.
In a meane man prodigalitie and pride are fanltes more
reprehensible than in Princes.
Pvttenham, Arte of Eng. Foesie, p. 34.
This proceeding appears to me wholly illegal, and rep-
rehensible in a very high degree.
Webster, Speech in Senate, May 7, 1834.
= Syn. Blamable, culpable, reprovable. See admonition.
reprehensibleness
reprehensibleness ( rep-re-hen' si-bl-nes), >i.
The character of being reprehensible ; blama-
bleness ; culpableness.
reprehensibly (rep-re-hen'si-bli), adr. With
reprehension, or so as to merit it; culpably;
in a manner to deserve censure or reproof.
reprehension (rep-re-hen'shon), H. [< ME. rep-
rehension, < OF. reprehension, F. reprehension =
Pr. reprehensio, reprencio = Sp. reprension, re-
prehension = Pg. repreliensSo = It. riprenximir,
< L. reprehensio(n-), < reprehendere, pp. rcpre-
hensus, reprehend : see reprehend.] The act of
reprehending; reproof; censure; blame.
Let him use his harsh
Unsavoury reprehensions upon those
That are his hinds, and not on roe.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, I. 1.
We have . . . characterised in terms of just reprehen-
sion that spirit which shows itself in every part of his pro-
lix work. Macaulay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
= Syn. Monition, etc. See admonition.
reprehensive (rep-re-hen'siv), «. [= It. ripren-
siro; as L. reprehensus, pp. of reprehendere,
reprehend, + -ice.] Of the nature of reprehen-
sion ; containing reprehension or reproof.
The said auncient Poeta vsed . . . three kinds of poems
reprehensiue : to wit, the Satyre, the Comedie, <ft the Tra-
gedie. Piittmham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 24.
The sharpenesse
Of reprehenrim language.
Marston, The Fawne, i. 2.
reprehensively (rep-re-hen'siv-li), adv. With
reprehension ; reprovingly.
reprehensory (rep-re-hen'so-ri), «. [< L. repre-
hensus, pp. of rejireliendere, reprehend, + -ory.\
Containing reproof ; reproving.
Of this, however, there is no reason for making any rep-
rehensory complaint. Johnson.
repremiationt, ». [< OF. repremiation, reward-
ing, < L. re-, back, + pramiari, reward, < pre-
mium, reward: see premium.'] A rewarding.
Cotgrare.
represent (rep-re-zenf), r. t. [< ME. rejirr-
senten, < OF. representer, F. representer = Pr.
Sp. Pg. representnr = It. ripresentare, rapprc-
sentare, < L. reprsesentan; bring before one,
show, manifest, exhibit, represent, pay in cash,
do or perform at once, < re-, again, + prsescn-
tare, present, hold out: see present2.] 1. To
present again ; specifically, to bring again be-
fore the mind. Sir W. Hamilton.
Reasoning grasps at — infers — represent* under new
circumstances what has already been presented under
other circumstances.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 169.
When we perceive an orange by sight we may say that
its taste or feel is represented, when we perceive it by
touch we may in like manner say that its colour is re-
presented. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 67.
2. To present in place of something else; ex-
hibit the image or counterpart of; suggest by
being like ; typify.
This fellow here, with envious carping tongue,
I'pbraided me about the rose I wear ;
Saying, the sanguine colour of the leaves
Did represent my master's blushing cheeks.
Shall., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 1. 98.
They have a kind of Cupboard to represent the Taber-
nacle. Howett, Letters, I. vi. 14.
Before him burn
Seven lamps, as in a zodiac representing
The heavenly Ores. Milton, P. L., xii. 255.
The call of Abraham from a heathen state represent*
the gracious call of Christians to forsake the wickedness
of the world. W. Gilpin, Works, II. xvi.
3. To portray by pictorial or plastic art.
My wife desired to be represented as Venus, and the
painter was requested not to be too frugal of his diamonds.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xvi.
The other bas-reliefs in the Raj Rani cave represent
scenes of hunting, lighting, dancing, drinking, and love-
making— anything, in fact, but religion or praying in any
shape or form. J. Fer/russon, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 14i
4. To portray, present, or exhibit dramatically,
(a) To put upon the stage ; produce, as a play.
An Italian opera entitled Lucio Papirio Dittatore was
represented four several times.
Burney, Hist. Music, IV. 362.
(6) To enact ; personate ; present by mimicry or action.
He so entirely associated himself with the characters
he represented on the stage that he lost himself in them,
or rather they were lost in him.
J. H. Shorthouse, Countess Eve, i.
5. To state; describe or portray in words;
give one's own impressions, idea, or judgment
of; declare; set forth.
This bank is thought the greatest load on the Oeuoese,
and the managers of it have been represented as a second
kind of senate. Addison.
The Jesuits strongly represented to the king the danger
which he had so narrowly escaped.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
5088
6. To supply the place or perform the duties
or functions of; specifically, to speak and act
with authority on behalf of ; be a substitute for,
or a representative of or agent for.
I ... deliver up my title in the queen
To your most gracious hands, that are the substance
Of that great shadow I did represent.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 1. 14.
Ve Irish lords, ye knights an' squires,
Wha represent our brughs and shires,
An' doucely manage our affairs
In Parliament
Burns, Author's Cry and Prayer.
7. Specifically, to stand in the place of, in the
right of inheritance.
All the branches inherit the same share that their root,
whom they represent, would have done.
Blackstane, Com., II. xiv.
8. To serve as a sign or symbol of; stand for;
be understood as: as, mathematical symbols
represent quantities or relations; words repre-
sent ideas or things.
But we must not attribute to them [constitutions] that
value which really belongs to what they represent.
Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Government.
He [the farmer] represents continuous hard labor, year
in, year out, and small gains. Emerson, Farming.
Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, Aurelius Ambrosius.
and Uther Pendragon represent in some respects one and
the same person. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), Pref., p. iii.
9. To serve as a type or specimen of; exem-
plify ; furnish a case or instance of: as, a genus
represen ted by few species ; a species represen ted
by many individuals; especially, in zoogeog.,
to replace; fill the part or place of (another) in
any given fauna: as, llamas represent camels
in the New World ; the Old World starlings are
represented in America by the Icteridse. See
mimotypc.
As we ascend in the geological series, vertebrate life has
its commencement, beginning, like the lower forms, in
the waters, and represented at firbt only by the fishes.
J. W. Dawson, Nat. and the Bible, Lect. iv., p. 122.
10. To image or picture in the mind ; place
definitely before the mind.
By a distinct, clear, or well-defined concept is meant
one in which the several features or characters forming
the concept-elements are distinctly represented.
J. Svlly, Outlines of Psychol., p. 383.
Among these Fancy next
Her ofttce holds ; of all external things,
Which the five watchful senses represent,
She forms imaginations, aery shapes.
Milton, P. L., v. 104.
To represent an object is to "envisage" it in time and
space, and therefore in conformity with the conditions of
time and space. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 437.
= Syn. 2. To show, express.— 3 and 4. To delineate, de-
pict, draw.
representt (rep-re-zenf), «. [< represent, r.]
Representation. [Bare.]
Their Churches are many of them well set forth, and
painted with the represents of Saints.
Sandys, Travailes (1632), p. 64.
representability (rep-re-zen-ta-bil'i-ti), «. [<
representable + -ity (see -bility)."] The character
of being representable, or of being susceptible
of representation.
representable (rep-re-zen'ta-bl), «. [= F. re-
presentable = Sp. representable = Pg. rcpresenta-
vel = It. rappresentabile ; as represent + -able.]
Capable of being represented.
representamen (rep"re-zen-ta'men), «. [< NL.
*repnesentamen, < L. reprsesentare, represent:
see represent.'] In metapli., representation; an
object serving to represent something to the
mind. Sir W. Hamilton.
representancet (rep-re-zen'tans), n. [= It. rap-
presentanza; as representan(t) + -ce.~\ Repre-
sentation; likeness.
They affirm foolishly that the images and likenesses
they frame of stone or of wood are the representances and
forms of those who have brought something profitable, by
their inventions, to the common use of their living.
Donne, Hist, of the Septuagint, p. 93.
representant (rep-re-zen'tant), a. and n. [< F.
representant, ppr. of representer, represent, =
Sp. Pg. ppr. representante = It. ripresentante,
rappresentante, < L. reprsesentan(t-)s, ppr. of re-
nrxsentare, represent: see represent?] I. «.
Representing; having vicarious power.
II. n. A representative.
There is expected the Count Henry of Nassau to be at
the said solemnity, as the representant of his brother.
Wotton.
representation (rep"re-zen-ta'shon), ». [< OF.
representation, F. representation = Pr. represen-
tacio = Sp. representation = Pg. representuqao
= It. rappresentazione, < L. reprfesentatio(n-), a
showing, exhibiting, manifesting, < rcprsesen-
tare, pp. repreesentatus, represent: see repre-
representation
sent.] 1. Theactof presenting again. — 2. The
act of presenting to the mind or the view; the
act of portraying, depicting, or exhibiting, as
in imagination, in a picture, or on the stage;
portrayal.
The act of Representation is merely the energy of the
mind in holding up to its own contemplation what it is
determined to represent. I distinguish, as essentially
different, the Representation and the determination to
represent. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaphysics, xxiv.
The author [Thomas Bently] . . . sent this piece ("The
Wishes "] first U> Garrick, who very properly rejected it as
unfit for representation.
W. Cooke, Memoirs of S. Foote, I. 63.
3. The image, picture, or scene presented, de-
picted, or exhibited, (a) A picture, statue, or likeness.
(6) A dramatic performance or exhibition ; hence, theatri-
cal action ; make-believe.
The inference usually drawn is that his [a widower's]
grief was pure mummery and representation.
Godwin, Fleetwood, vii.
4. A statement or an assertion made in regard to
some matter or circumstance ; a verbal descrip-
tion or statement: as, to obtain money by false
representations. Specifically-(a)Inni«uronc«andtaw,
a verbal or written statement made on the part of the in-
sured to the insurer, before or at the time of the making
of the contract, as to the existence of some fact or state of
facts tending to induce the insurer more readily to as-
sume the risk, by diminishing the estimate he would other-
wise have formed of it. It differs from a warranty and
from a condition expressed in the policy, in being part of
the preliminary proceedings which propose the contract,
and its falsity does not vitiate the contract unless made
with fraudulent intent or perhaps with respect to a mate-
rial point ; while the latter are part of the contract when
completed, and non-compliance therewith is an express
breach which of itself avoids the contract. (6) In Scots
law, the written pleading presented to a lord ordinary of
the Court of Session when his judgment is brought un-
der review.
6. An expostulatory statement of facts, argu-
ments, or the like; remonstrance.
He threatened "to send his jack boot to rale the coun-
try," when the senate once ventured to make a representa.
tioH against his ruinous policy. Brougham.
6. In ptrychol., the word chiefly used to translate
the German Vorstcllung, used in that language
to translate the English word idea. See idea,
2 and 3. (a) The immediate object of cognition ; any-
thing that the soul is conscious of. This is now the com-
monest meaning of Vorstellung, and recent translators
have most frequently rendered it by the word idea. (6) A
reproduced perception.
The word representation I have restricted to denote,
what it only can in propriety express, the immediate ob-
ject or product of imagination.
Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, viL
If all reasoning be the re-presentation of what is now
absent but formerly was present and can again be made
present — in other words, if the test of accurate reasoning
is its reduction to fact — then is it evident that Philosophy,
dealing with transcendwital objects which cannot be pres-
ent, and employing a method which admits of no verifica-
tion (or reduction to the test of fact), must be an impos-
sible attempt. G. H. Lewes.
It is quite evident that the growth of perception involves
representation of sensations ; that the growth of simple
reasoning involves representation of perceptions ; and that
the growth of complex reasoning involves representation
of the results of simple reasoning.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 482.
Assimilation involves retentiveness and differentiation,
as we have seen, and prepares the way for re-presentation;
but in itself there is no confronting the new with the old,
no determination of likeness, and no subsequent classifi-
cation. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 63.
(r) A singular conception ; a thought or idea of something
as having a definite place in space at a definite epoch In
time ; the image of an object produced in consciousness,
(d) A representative cognition ; a mediate or vicarious
cognition.
A mediate cognition, inasmuch aa the thing known is
held up or mirrored to the mind in a vicarious representa.
(ion, may be called a representative cognition.
Sir W. Hamilton, Reid's Works, Note B, § 1.
7. In law: (a) The standing in the place of an-
other, as an heir, or in the right of taking by
inheritance; the personating of another, as
an heir, executor, or administrator. (6) More
specifically, the coming in of children of a de-
ceased heir apparent, devisee dying before the
testator, etc., to take the share their parent
would have taken had he survived, not as suc-
ceeding as the heirs of the parent, but as toge-
ther representing him among the other heirs of
the ancestor. See reprcseiitiiHr/', ».. 3. In Scots
law the term is usually applied to the obligation incurred
by an heir to pay the debts and perform the obligations
Incumbent upon his predecessor.
8. Share or participation, as in legislation, de-
liberation, management, etc., by means of reg-
ularly chosen or appointed delegates ; or, the
system by which communities have a voice in
the direction of their own affairs, and in the
making of their own laws, by means of chosen
delegates: as, parliamentary representation.
The reform in representation he uniformly opposed.
Bvrkr.
representation
He [Daniel Gookin] was the originator anil the prophet
of that immortal dogma of our national greatness — no
taxation without npmntteUon.
It. C. Tyler, Amer. Lit., I. 154.
As for the principle of representation, that seems to have
been an invention of the Teutonic mind ; no statesman of
antiquity, either in Greece or at Rome, seems to have con-
ceived the idea of a city sending delegates armed with ple-
nary powers to represent its interests in a general legisla-
tive assembly. J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 59.
In these small (Grecian] commonwealths representation
is unknown ; whatever powers may be entrusted to indi-
vidual magistrates or to smaller councils, the supreme au-
thority must rest with an assembly in which every quali-
fied citizen gives his vote in his own person.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 246.
9. A representative or delegate, or a number
of representatives collectively.
The representations of the people are most obviously sus-
ceptible of improvement. J. Adams, Works, IV. 284.
Proportional representation, representation, as In a
political assembly, according to the number of electors,
inhabitants, etc., in an electoral district or other unit.
This principle is recognized in the United States House
of Representatives and in many other bodies, especially
those of a popular character. — Pure representation.
See pure. =Syn. 3. Show; delineation, portraiture, like-
ness, resemblance.
representational (rep"re-zen-ta'shon-al), a.
[' representation + -al.~] Pertaining to or con-
taining representation, in any sense; of the
nature of representation.
We find that in " constructive imagination " a new
kind of effort is often requisite in order to dissociate these
representational complexes as a preliminary to new com-
binations. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 57.
representationary (rop"re-zen-ta'shon-a-ri), a.
[' representation + -ary.] Of or pertaining to
representation; representative: as, a repre-
sentationary system of government. [Bare.]
Imp. Diet.
representationism (rep"re-zen-ta'shqn-izm),
M. [< representation + -ism."\ The doctrine,
held by Descartes and others, that in the per-
ception of the external world the immediate ob-
ject of consciousness is vicarious, or represen-
tative of another and principal object beyond
the sphere of consciousness — Egoistical repre-
sentationism. .See egoistic.
representationist (rep'^e-zen-ta'shon-ist), n.
[< representation + -ist.] One who holds the
doctrine of representationism.
The representationists, as denying to consciousness the
cognisance of aught beyond a merely subjective phenom-
enon, are likewise idealists ; yet, as positing the reality of
an external world, they must be distinguished as cosmo-
thetic idealists. Hamilton, Reid's Works, Note C, § 1.
representative (rep-re-zen'ta-tiv), a. and n.
[' F. reprexentatif = Pr. representatiu = Sp.
Pg. representative = It. rappresentativo, < ML.
reprxscntativus, < L. repreesentare, represent:
see represent.'] I. a. 1 . Representing, portray-
ing, or typifying.
Representative [poesy] is as a visible history, and is an
image of actions as if they were present, as history is of
actions in nature as they are, (that is) past.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii.
They relieve themselves with this distinction, and yet
own the legal sacrifices, though representative, to be proper
and real. Sp. Atterbury.
Men have a pictorial or representatiae quality, and serve
us in the intellect. Behmen and Swedenborg saw that
things were representative. Men are also representative —
first, of things, and, secondly, of ideas.
Emerson, Representative Men, p. 14.
2. Acting as the substitute for or agent of an-
other or of others; performing the functions
of another or of others.
This council of four hundred was chosen, one hundred
out of each tribe, and seems to have been a body repre-
sentative of the people. Swift.
The more multitudinous a representative assembly may
be rendered, the more it will partake of the infirmities
incident to collective meetings of the people.
A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 58.
3. Pertaining to or founded on representation
of the people; conducted by the agency of
delegates chosen by or representing the peo-
ple : as, a rcpresentatire government.
A representative government, even when entire, cannot
possibly be the seat of sovereignty — the supreme and ul-
timate power of a State. The very term representative
implies a superior in the individual or body represented.
Calhoun, Works, 1. 190.
He [Cromwell] gave the country a constitution far more
perfect than any which had at that time been known In
the world. He reformed the representative system in a
manner which has extorted praise even from Lord Claren-
don. Macaulay.
4. In biol.: (<t) Typical; fully presenting, or
alone representing, the characters of a given
class or group : as, in zoology and botany, the
representative genus of a family.
No one human being can be completely the representa-
tive man of his race. Palarave. (Latham.)
320
5089
(6) Representing in any group the characters
of another and different group: chiefly used in
the quinarian system; also, pertaining to such
supposed representation: as, the representative
theory, (c) In zoogeography, replacing; tak-
ing the place of, or holding a similar position:
as, the llama is representative of the camel in
America. — 5. In psychol. and logic, mediately
known ; known by means of a representation
or object which signifies another object.
The chief merit or excellence of a representative image
consists in its distinctness or clearness.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 227.
Representative cognitions, or those in which conscious-
ness is occupied with the relations among ideas or repre-
sented sensations, as in all acts of recollection.
H, Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 480.
Representative being, being as an immediate object
of consciousness. — Representative faculty, the faculty
of representing images which the reproductive faculty has
evoked ; the imagination.— Representative function, a
function having the properties of <f> (a, n), stated below, un-
der representative integral.— Representative Integral,
an integral of the form
/ fa . 0 (a, n) . da,
where /a is a function of limited variation between A and
another limit, B, exceeding 6, while $ (a, n) Is (1) such a
function of a and the parameter n that the integral of it
between the same limits is less than an assignable finite
quantity, whatever value between A and B be given to b,
and whatever value be given to n; and (2) is such that
when n tends toward infinity, the integral of <J> (a, n) from
A to 6, where 6 is greater than A and less than B, tends
toward a constant finite value. This is called a represen-
tative integral, because it is equal to the function /A mul-
tiplied by a constant.— Representative knowledge,
knowledge of a thing by means of a mental image, but
not as actually existing.— Representative primogeni-
ture. See primogeniture.
II. M. I. One who or that which represents
another person or thing; that by which any-
thing is represented or exhibited.
This doctrine supposes the perfections of God to be rep-
resentatives to us of whatever we perceive in the creatures.
Locke.
A statue of Rumour, whispering an idiot in the ear, who
was the representative of credulity. Addison, Freeholder.
This breadth entitles him [Plato] to stand as the repre-
sentative of philosophy.
Emerson, Representative Men, p. 44.
2. An agent, deputy, or substitute, who sup-
plies the place of another or others, being in-
vested with his or their authority: as, an at-
torney is the representative of his client or em-
ployer; specifically, a member of the British
House of Commons, or, in the United States,
of the lower branch of Congress (the House
of Representatives) or of the corresponding
branch of the legislature in some States.
Then let us drink the Stewartry,
Kerroughtree's laird, and a' thatt
Our representative to be.
Burns, Election Ballads, i.
The tribunes of Rome, who were the representatives of
the people, prevailed, it is well known, in almost every
contest with the senate for life.
A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 63.
There are four essentials to the excellence of a repre-
sentative system : — That the representatives . . . shall be
representatives rather than mere delegates.
Bryce, Amer. Commonwealth, I. 296.
3. In law: (a) One who occupies another's
place and succeeds to his beneficial rights in
such a way that he may also in some degree
be charged with his liabilities. Thus, an heir or
devisee, since, to the extent of the property to which he
succeeds, he is liable for his ancestor's debts, is a repre-
sentative of the ancestor; but the widow, who takes part
of the estate as dower, without liability, is not deemed a
representative of the deceased ; nor is an officer or trustee
who succeeds to the rights and powers of the office or
trust a representative of his predecessor, for, though he
comes under liability in respect of the office or trust as his
predecessor did, he does not succeed to the liabilities which
his predecessor had incurred. The executor or administra-
tor is sometimes spoken of as the representative of the dece-
dent, but is usually distinguished by being called the per-
sonal representative, (ft) One who takes under the
Statute of Descents or the Statute of Distribu-
tions, or under a will or trust deed, a share which
by the primary intention would have gone to his
parent had the parent survived to the time for
taking. If a gift has vested in interest absolutely in the
parent, then, upon the parent's death before it vests in pos-
session, the child will take as successor in interest of the
parent, but not as representative of the parent in this sense.
But if the parent dies before acquiring any interest what-
ever, as where one of several heirs apparent dies before
the ancestor, leaving a child or children, the other heirs
take their respective shares as if the one had not died,
and the child or children of the deceased take the share
their deceased parent would have taken. In this case all
who share are representatives of the ancestor in sense (a),
and the child or children are also representatives of the
deceased heir apparent in sense (6). See representation, 7.
— House of Representatives, the lower branch of the
United States Congress, consisting of members chosen bi-
ennially by the people. It consists at present (1890) of
repression
about 330 members. In many of the separate States, also,
the lower branch of the legislature is called the House of
Representatives. — Personal representative. See per-
sonal. — Real representative, an heir at law or devisee.
representatively (rop-re-zen'ta-tiv-li), adv. In
a representative manner; as or through a rep-
resentative.
Having sustained the brunt of God's displeasure, he [our
Lord] was solemnly reinstated in favour and we represen-
tatively, or virtually, in him. Barrow, Works, V. 468.
representativeness (rep-re-zen'ta-tiv-ues), n.
The character of being representative.
representer (rep-re-zen'ter), ». One who or
that whicli represents, (a) One who or that which
shows, exhibits, or describes.
Where the real works of nature or veritable acts of story
are to be described, . . . art being but the imitator or sec-
ondary representor, it must not vary from the verity of the
example. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 19.
(b) A representative ; one who acts by deputation. [Rare. ]
My Muse officious ventures
On the nation's represented.
Swift.
representment (rep-re-zent'ment), n. [= It.
rappresentamento; \ represent + -went."] Repre-
sentation; renewed presentation. [Obsolete
or archaic.]
Grant that all our praises, hymns, eucharistical remem-
brances, and representmenti of thy glories may be useful,
blessed, and effectual.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 226.
So far approv'd as to have bin trusted with fherepresent-
mentand defence of your Actions to all Christendom against
an Adversary of no mean repute.
Hilton, To the Parliament.
Turning to Alice, the soul of the first Alice looked out
at her eyes with such a reality of re-presentment that I be-
came in doubt which of them stood there before me.
Lamb, Dream Children.
repress (re-pres'), v. t. [< ME. repressen (cf. F.
represser, press again), < L. repressus, pp. of re-
primerc, hold back, check, < re-, back, + ore-
were, press: see press^.~\ 1. To press back or
down effectually; crush; quell; put down; sub-
due; suppress.
All this while King Richard was in Ireland, where he
performed Acts, in repressing the Rebels there, not un-
worthy of him. Bolter, Chronicles, p. 160.
If your Spirit will not let you retract, yet you shall do
well to repress any more Copies of the Satire.
Howell, Letters, ii. 2.
And sov'reign Law, that state's collected will, . . .
Sits Empress, crowning good, repressing ill.
Sir W. Jones, Ode in Imit. of Alcrcus.
This attempt at desertion he repressed at the hazard of
his life. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 102.
2. To check; restrain; keep underdue restraint.
Such kings . . .
Favour the innocent, repress the bold.
Waller, Ruin of the Turkish Empire.
Though secret anger swell'd Minerva's breast,
The prudent goddess yet her wrath represt.
Pope, Iliad, vlli. 573.
Sophia even repressed excellence, from her fears to of-
fend. Goldsmith, Vicar, i.
= Syn. 1. To curb, smother, overcome, overpower. — 1 and
2. Restrict, etc. See restrain.
represst (re-pres'), K. [< repress, ».] The act
of subduing.
Loud outcries of injury, when they tend nothing to the
repress of it, is a liberty rather assumed by rage and im-
patience than authorized by justice.
Government of the Tongue. (Encyc. Diet.)
represser (re-pres'er), n. One who represses;
one who crushes or subdues. Imp. IHct.
repressible (re-pres'i-bl),«. [< repress + -iWc.]
Capable of being repressed or restrained . Imp.
Diet.
repressibly (re-pres'i-bli), adv. In a repressi-
ble manner. Imp. Diet.
repressing-machine (re-pres'ing-ma-shen"), «.
1. A machine for making pressed bricks, or for
giving them a finishing pressing. — 2. A heavy
cotton-press for compressing cotton-bales into
as compact form as possible for transportation.
repression (re-presh'on), n. [< ME. repression,
< OF. repression, F. repression = Sp. reprcsion =
Pg. repressSo = It. repressione, ripressione,<. ML.
repressio(n-), < L. reprimere, pp. repressus, re-
press, check: see repress.] 1. The act of re-
pressing, restraining, or subduing: as, the re-
pression of tumults.
We see him as he moved, . . .
With what sublime repression of himself,
And in what limits, and how tenderly.
Tennyson, Idylls, Dedication.
The condition of the papacy itself occupied the minds
of the bishops too much ... to allow time for elaborate
measures of repression. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 404.
2. That which represses; check; restraint. —
3f. Power of repressing.
And som so ful of furie is and despite
That it snrmounteth his repression.
Chaucer. Troilus, lii. 10B8.
repressive
repressive (re-pres'iv), a. [< F. repressif =
Pg. repressivo ; as repress + -ire.] Having
power to repress or crush ; tending to subdue
or restrain.
Visible disorders are no more than symptoms which no
measures, repressive or revolutionary, can do more than
palliate. Froude, Csesar, vi.
repressively(re-pres'iv-li), adr. Inarepressive
manner; with repression ; so as to repress.
Imp. Diet.
represser (re-pres'or), n. [< ME. repressour =
It. ripressore, < L. represser, one who restrains
or limits, < reprimere, pp. repressus, repress:
see repress,] One who represses or restrains.
reprevablet, «• A Middle English form of re-
provable.
reprevet, n. and v. A Middle English form of
reproof and reprove.
repriet, repryt, ''• t. [A reduced form of re-
prieve.] Same as reprieve.
Wherupon they repryede me to prison cheynde.
Heywood's Spider and Flie (1556). (Nares.)
repriet, repryt, «. [A reduced form of reprieve.
Cr. reprie, ».] Same as reprieve.
Why, master Vaux, is there no remedy
But instantly they must be led to death?
Can it not be deferrd till afternoon,
Or but two hours, in hope to get reprie >
Heywood, 2 Edw. IV. (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874, I. 136).
reprieft, »• Same as repreve for reproof.
reprievalt (re-pre'val), n. [< reprieve + -a/.]
Respite.
The reprieval of my life.
Bp. Hall, Contemplations (ed. Tegg), IV. 125.
reprieve (re-preV), v. t. ; pret. and pp. reprieved,
ppr. reprieving. [Early mod. E. also repreeve,
reprive; a particular use of reprove: see reprove,
of which reprieve is a doublet.] If. To acquit ;
set free ; release.
It is by name
Proteus, that hath ordayn'd my sonne to die; . . .
Therefore I humbly crave your Majestie
It to replevie, and my sonne reprive.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. xii. 31.
He cannot thrive
Unless her prayers . . . reprieve him from the wrath
Of greatest justice. Shale., All's Well, iii. 4. 28.
2. To grant a respite to ; suspend or delay the
execxition of for a time : as, to reprieve a crimi-
nal for thirty days.
His Majesty had been graciously pleased to reprieve him,
with several of his friends, in order, as it was thought, to
give them their lives.
Addison, Conversion of the Foxhunter.
3. To relieve for a time from any danger or
suffering; respite; spare; save.
At my Return, if it shall please God to reprieve me in
these dangerous Times of Contagion, I shall continue my
wonted Service to your Lordship.
Hoicell, Letters, I. iv. 20.
Vain, transitory splendours ! Could not all
Reprieve the tottering mansion from its fall ?
Goldsmith, Des. ViL, 1. 238.
4. To secure a postponement of (an execution).
[Rare.]
I repriev'd
Th' intended execution with entreaties
And interruption. Ford, Lover's Melancholy, i. 1.
= Syn. 2. See the noun.
reprieve (re-prev'), n. [< reprieve, T. Cf. re-
proof.] 1. The suspension of the execution
of a criminal's sentence. Sometimes incorrectly
used to signify a permanent remission or commutation
of a capital sentence. In the United States reprieves may
be granted by the President, by the governor of a State,
governor and council, etc. ; in Great Britain they are
granted by the home secretary in the name of the sover-
eign. See pardon, 2.
Duke. How came it that the absent duke had not .
executed him? . . .
Prov. His friends still wrought reprieves for him.
Shale., M. for M., iv. 2. 140.
The morning that Sir John Hotham was to die, a reprieve
was sent ... to suspend the execution for three days.
Clarendon, Hist, of the Rebellion (1648), p. 589.
2. Respite in general ; interval of ease or re-
lief; delay of something dreaded.
I search'd the shades of sleep, to ease my day
Of griping sorrows with a night's reprieve.
Quarles, Emblems, iv. 14.
All that I ask is but a short reprieve,
Till I forget to love, and learn to grieve.
Sir J. Denham, Passion of Dido.
Their theory was despair ; the Whig wisdom was only
reprieve, a waiting to be last devoured.
Emerson, Fugitive Slave Law.
= Syn. Reprieve, Respite. Reprieve is now used chiefly
in the sense of the first definition, to name a suspension
or postponement of the execution of a sentence of death.
Respite is a free word, applying to an intermission or post-
ponement of something wearying, burdensome, or trouble-
some : as, respite from work. Respite may be for an in-
definite or a definite time; a reprieve is generally for a
time named. A respite may be a reprieve.
B090
reprimand (rep'ri-mand), «. [< OF. rcprimande,
n /iriiin-iidf. F. rcprimande = Sp. Pg. reprimenda,
reprehension, reproof, < L. rc/irintt n<l/i, sc. res,
a thing that ought to be repressed, fern, gerun-
dive of reprimere, repress: see repress.] Se-
vere reproof for a fault ; reprehension, private
or public.
Ooldsmlth gave his landlady a sharp reprimand for her
treatment of him. Macaulay, Goldsmith.
= Syn. Monition, Reprehension, etc. See admonition.
reprimand (rep-ri-mand'), r. t. [< OF. repri-
mander, F. reprimander, <. reprimande, reproof:
see reprimand, n.] To reprove severely ; repre-
hend ; chide for a fault.
Germanicus was severely reprimanded by Tiberius for
travelling into Egypt without his permission. Arbuthnot.
The people are feared and flattered. They are not rep-
rimanded. Emerson, Fortune of the Republic.
= Svn. Rebate, etc. See censure.
reprimander (rep-ri-man'der), n. One who
reprimands.
Then said the owl unto his reprimander,
" Fair sir, I have no enemies to slander."
Quiver, 1867, p. 186. (Eneye. Diet.)
reprimer (re-pri'mer), n. [< re- + primer2.}
An instrument for setting a cap upon a car-
tridge-shell. It is one of a set of reloading-
tools. E. H. Knight.
reprint (re-print'), ?>. t. [< re- + print, ».] 1.
To print again ; print a second or any new edi-
tion of.
My bookseller ia reprinting the "Essay on Criticism."
Pope.
2. To renew the impression of. [Rare.]
The whole business of our redemption is ... to reprint
God's image upon the soul. South, Sermons, I. ii.
reprint (re-print'), n. [< reprint, r.] 1. A
second or a new impression or edition of any
printed work; reimpression. — 2. In printing,
printed matter taken from some other publica-
tion for reproduction.
"How are ye off for copy, Mike?" "Bad," answered the
old printer. " I've a little reprint, but no original matter
at all." The Century, XXXVII. 303.
reprisal (re-pri'zal), ji. [Early mod. E. also
reprisall, r'eprisel; < OF. represaille, P. repre-
saille (= Sp. represaha, represaria = Pg. repre-
salia = It. ripresaglia; ML. reflex reprisals,
reprsesalise, pi.), a taking, seizing, prize, booty,
< reprise, a taking, prize : see reprise, «.] 1. In
international law : (a) The recovering by force
of what is one's own. (6) The seizing of an
equivalent, or, negatively, the detaining of
that which belongs to an adversary, as a means
of obtaining redress of a grievance. ( Woolsey. )
A reprisal is the use of force by one nation against prop-
erty of another to obtain redress without thereby com-
mencing war ; and the uncertainty of the distinction be-
tween it and war results from the uncertainty as to what
degree of force can be used without practically declaring
war or creating a state of war.
All this Year and the Year past sundry quarrels and
complaints arose between the English and French, touch-
ing reprisals of Goods taken from each other by Parties of
either Nation. Baker, Chronicles, p. 389.
Reprisals differ from retorsion in this, that the essence
of the former consists in seizing the property of another
nation by way of security, until it shall have listened to
the just reclamations of the offended party, while retor-
sion includes all kinds of measures which do an injury to
another, similar and equivalent to that which we hare ex-
perienced from him.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 114.
2. The act of retorting on an enemy by inflict-
ing suffering or death on a prisoner taken from
him, in retaliation of an act of inhumanity.
The military executions on both sides, the massacre of
prisoners, the illegal reprisall of Warwick and Clarence
in 1469 and 1470, were alike unjustifiable.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 373.
3. Any taking by way of retaliation ; an act of
severity done in retaliation.
This gentleman being very desirous, as it seems, to make
reprisals upon me, undertakes to furnish out a whole sec-
tion of gross misrepresentations made by me in my quota-
tions. Wateriand, Works, III. 70.
He considered himself as robbed and plundered, and
took it into his head that he had a right to make reprisals,
as he could find opportunity.
Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, ii.
Who call things wicked that give too much joy,
And nickname the reprisal envy makes
Punishment. Browning, Ring and Book, n. 249.
4. Same as recaption. — 5t. A prize.
I am on fire
To hear this rich reprisal is so nigh,
And yet not ours. Come, let me taste my horse,
Who is to bear me like a thunderbolt
Against the bosom of the Prince of Wales.
Shale., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1. 118.
6. A restitution. [An erroneous use.]
reproach
He was able to refund, to make reprisals, if they could
be fairly demanded. Georye Eliot, Felix Holt, ix.
Letters of marque and reprisal. See marque. = Syn.
1-3. Retribution, Retaliation, etc. See revenge.
repriset, reprizeH (re-priz'), v. t. [< OF. (and
F.) repris, pp. of reprendre, take again, retake
(cf. Sp. Pg. represar, recapture), < L. reprehen-
dere, seize again: see reprehend.] 1. To take
again; retake.
He now begunne
To challenge her anew, as his own prize,
Whom formerly he had in battell wonne,
And proffer made by force her to reprize.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iv. 8.
Ye might reprise the armes Sarpedon forfeited,
By forfeit of your rights to him. Chapman, Iliad, vii.
2. To recompense ; pay.
If any of the lands so granted by his majesty should be
otherwise decreed, his majesty's grantee should be re-
prised with other lands.
Grant, in Lord Clarendon's Life, ii. 252. (Latham.)
3. To take ; arrest.
He was repriz'd.
Howelf, Exact Hist of the late Rev. in Naples, 1664.
reprise (re-priz'), n. [Early mod. E. also re-
prize; < ME. reprise, < OF. reprise, a taking
back, etc., F. reprise, a taking back, recovery,
recapture, resumption, return, repetition, re-
vival (= Sp. represa = Pg. represa, repreza
= It. ripresa, a retaking), < repris, pp. of re-
prendre, take ; from the verb.] If. A taking
by way of retaliation ; reprisal.
If so, a just reprise would only be
Of what the land usurp'd upon the sea.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 862.
2. In masonry, the return of a molding in an
internal angle. — 3. In maritime law, a ship re-
captured from an enemy or a pirate, if recaptured
within twenty-four hours of her capture, she must be re-
stored to her owners ; if after that period, she is the law-
ful prize of those who have recaptured her.
4. pi. In law, yearly deductions, duties, or pay-
ments out of a manor and lands, as rent-charge,
rent-seek, annuities, and the like. Also writ-
ten reprizes. — 5. la. music: (a) The act of re-
peating a passage, or a passage repeated, (b)
A return to the first theme or subject of a short
work or section, after an intermediate or con-
trasted passage, (c) A revival of an obsolete
or forgotten work. — 6f. Blame; reproach.
Halliwell.
That alle the world ne may sufnse
To staunche of pride the reprise.
dower, MS. Soc. Antiq. 134, f. 60.
repristinate (re-pris'ti-nat), v. t. [< re- +
prixtinate.] To restore to the pristine or first
state or condition. [Rare.] Imp. Diet.
repristination (re-pris-ti-na'shon), n. [< re-
pristinate + -ion.} Restoration to the pristine
form or state.
The repristination of the simple and hallowed names of
early Hebrew history.
Smith's Diet. Bible (Amer. ed.), p. 2062.
reprivet, r. t. An obsolete form of reprieve and
reprove.
reprize1t, v. and n. See reprise.
reprize2, r. t. [< OF. repriser, set a new price
on, prize again; as re- + prize'*, ».] To prize
anew. Imp. Diet.
reproach (re-proch'), "• t. [< OF. reprocher, re-
proehier, F. reprocher = Pr. repropchar = Sp.
Pg. reprochar = It. rimprocciare (ML. reflex
reproehare), reproach, prob. < LL. 'repropiare,
bring near to, hence cast in one's teeth, im-
pute, object (cf. approach, < OF. aprocher, ap-
proach, < LL. *appropiare), < re-, again, + "pro-
piare, < L. propius, nearer, compar. of prope,
near: see propinquity, audcf. approach.'] 1. To
charge with a fault; censure with severity;
upbraid: now usually with a personal object.
With a most inhumane cruelty they who have put out
the peoples eyes reproach them of their blindnesse.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
Scenes which, never having known me free,
Would not repriMch me with the loss I felt.
Cmcper, Task, v. 490.
2f. To disgrace.
I thought your marriage fit ; else imputation,
For that he knew you, might reproach your life,
And choke your good to come.
Shalt., M. forM., v. 1. 426.
= Syn. 1. Reprove, Rebuke, etc. (see censure) ; revile, vilify,
accuse.
reproach (re-proch'), n. [Early mod. E. also
reproch, reproche; < OF. reproche, reproce, re-
proece. F. reproche = Pr. repropdie = Sp. Pg.
reproche = It. rimproccio, reproach ; from the
verb.] 1. The act of reproaching; a severe
expression of censure or blame.
A man's first care should be to avoid the reproaches of
his own heart, Addison, Sir Roger at the Assizes.
reproach
In vain Thalestris with reproach assails,
For who can move when fair Belinda fails?
Pope, R. of the!., v. 3.
The name of Whig was never used except as a term of
reproach. Maeaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
2. An occasion of blame or censure, shame, in-
famy, or disgrace; also, the state of being sub-
ject to blame or censure ; a state of disgrace.
In any writer vntruth and flatterie are counted most
great reproches. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 21.
Give not thine heritage to reproach. Joel ii. 17.
I know repentant tears ensue the deed,
Reproach, disdain, and deadly enmity ;
Yet strive I to embrace mine infamy.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 603.
Many scandalous libells and invectives [were] scatter'd
5091
reprobablet, <*• [< ML. reprobabilis, < L. repro-
bare, reprove: see reprove, reprobate. Cf. re-
provable.'] Reprovable.
No thynge ther in was reprobaMe,
But all to gedder true and veritable.
Ron and Barlow, Rede me and Be nott Wroth, p. 44.
[(Dames.)
reprobacy (rep'ro-ba-si), w. [< reproba(te) +
-ey.] The state or character of being a repro-
bate; wickedness; profligacy. [Rare.]
Greater evils . . . were yet behind, and . . . were as
sure as this of overtaking him in his state of reprobacy.
Fielding, Tom Jones, v. 2.
"I should be sorry," said he, "that the wretch would
die in his present state of reprobacy."
H. Brooke, Fool of Quality, II. 134. (Dames.)
about the streets, to y« reproch of government and the reprobanCCt ( rep 'ro -bans), n. [< L. rcpro-
fermentation of our since firtgrttol* ^ ^ J£,^ ppr_ of rcp'robaret disapprove, refect,
Why did the King dwell on my name to me? condemn : see reprobate.] Reprobation.
Why did the King dwell on my name to
Mine own name shames me, seeming areproach.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
3. An object of contempt, scorn, or derision.
I will deliver them . . . to be a reproach and a proverb,
a taunt and a curse, in all places whither I shall drive
them. Jer. xxiv. 9.
The Reproaches, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., antiphons
sung on Good Friday during the Adoration of the Cross.
They follow the special prayers which succeed the Gos-
pel of the Passion, and consist of sentences addressed
by Christ to his people, reminding them of the great
things he had done for them, in delivering them from
Egypt, etc., and their ungrateful return for his goodness, as
shown in the details of the passion and crucifixion. They
are intermingled with the Trisagion ("Holy God . . . ')
in Greek and Latin, and succeeded by hymns and the
bringing in of the presanctifled host in procession, after
which the Mass of the Presanctifled is celebrated. The
Reproaches are sometimes sung in Anglican churches
before the Three Hours' Service. Also called Improperia.
=Syu. 1. Monition, Reprehension, etc. (see admonition),
blame, reviling, abuse, invective, vilification, upbraiding.
—2. Disrepute, discredit, dishonor, scandal, contumely.
reproachable (re-pro'cha-bl), a. [< ME. re-
prochable, < OF.' reprochable, F. reprochable;
as reproach + -able.] 1. Deserving reproach.
Nor, in the mean time, is our ignorance reproachable.
Evelyn, True Religion, I. 166.
This sight would make him do a desperate turne,
Yea, curse his- better Angell from his side,
And fall to reprobanee.
Shak., Othello (folio 1623), v. 2, 209.
reprobate (rep'ro-bat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
see reprove.'] 1. To disapprove vehemently;
contemn strongly ; condemn ; reject.
And doth he reprobate, and will he damn,
The use of his own bounty ? Cowper, Task, v. 638.
If, for example, a man, through intemperance or extrav-
agance, becomes unable to pay his debts, ... he is de-
servedly reprobated, and might be justly punished.
J. S.MUl, On Liberty, iv.
Thousands who detested the policy of the New Eng-
landers . . . reprobated the Stamp Act and many other
parts of English policy. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.
2. To abandon to vice or punishment, or to
hopeless ruin or destruction. See reprobation, 3.
I believe many are saved who to man seem reprobated.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 57.
If he doom that people with a frown, . . .
Obduracy takes place ; callous and tough,
The reprobated race grows judgment-proof.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 459.
To approbate and reprobate, in Scots law. See appro-
bate. = Syn. 1. To reprehend, censure. See reprobate, a.
•i T7 , K reprobate (rep'r^-bat), a. and n. [= F. reprouee
St. Opprobrious ; scurrilous ; reproachful ; abu- J7 gp_ reprobado = Pg. reprovado = It. riprova-
sive. [Rare.] to reprooato < L. reprobates, pp. of reprobare,
Catullus the poet wrote againste him [Julius Cfesar] reprotjate, condemn: see reprobate, v.] I. a.
contumelious ior reproachable verses. ./ n. ,', , . M,annrn,,^A . r^^t^ • nni
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, fol. 170 b. (Latham.)
reproachableness (re-pro'cha-bl-nes), »*. The
character of being reproachable. Bailey, 1727.
reproachably (re-pro'cha-bli), adv. In a re-
proachable manner; so as to be reproachable.
Imp. Diet.
reproacher (re-pro'cher), ». One who re-
proaches. Imp. Diet.
reproachful (re-proch'ful), a. [< reproach +
-ful.] 1. Containing or expressing reproach
or censure ; upbraiding.
Fixed were her eyes upon his, as if she divined his inten-
tion,
Fixed with a look so sad, so reproachful, imploring, and
patient*
That with a sudden revulsion his heart recoiled from its
purpose. Longfellow, Miles Standish, v.
2t. Scurrilous; opprobrious.
Aar. For shame, put up.
Dem. Not I, till I have sheathed
My rapier in his bosom, and withal
Thrust these reproachful speeches down his throat
Shalt., Tit. And., ii. 1. 55.
The common People cast out reproachful Slanders
against the Lord Treasurer Buckhurst, as the Granter of
Licenses for transportation of Corn.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 389.
Bozon Allen, one of the deputies of Hingham, and a de-
linquent in that common cause, should be publicly con-
vict of divers false and reproach/id speeches published
by him concerning the deputy governour.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 286.
If. Disallowed; disapproved; rejected; not
enduring proof or trial.
Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the Lord
hath rejected them. Jer. vi. 30.
2. Abandoned in sin ; morally abandoned ; de-
praved ; characteristic of a reprobate.
By reprobate desire thus madly led.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 300.
So fond are mortal men,
Fallen into wrath divine,
As their own ruin on themselves to invite,
Insensate left, or to sense reprobate,
And with blindness internal struck.
Xaton, S. A., 1. 1686.
3. Expressing disapproval or censure ; con-
demnatory. [Rare.]
I instantly reproached my heart ... in the bitterest
and most reprobate of expressions.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 44.
= Syn. 2. Profligate, etc. (see abandoned), vitiated, cor-
rupt, hardened, wicked, base, vile, cast away, graceless,
shameless.
II. n. One who is very profligate or aban-
doned; a person given over to sin; one lost to
virtue and religion ; a wicked, depraved wretch.
We think our selves the Elect, and have the Spirit, and
the rest a Company of Reprobates that belong to the Devil.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 67.
I fear
A hopeless reprobate, a hardened sinner,
Must be that Carmelite now passing near.
Longfellow, Golden Legend, i. 5.
' reprobateness (rep'ro-bat-nes), n. The state
3. Worthy or deserving of, or Deceiving, re- Or character of being reprobate. Imp. Diet.
proach ; shameful : as, reproachful conduct.
Thy punishment
He shall endure by coming in the flesh
To a reproachful life and cursed death.
Xilton, P. L, xii. 406.
= 8yn. 1. Rebuking, censuring, upbraiding, censorious,
contemptuous, contumelious, abusive.
reproachfully (re-proch'ful-i), adv. 1. In a
reproachful manner; with reproach or censure.
Give none occasion to the adversary to speak reproach-
fully. 1 Tim. v. 14.
2. Shamefully ; disgracefully ; contemptuously.
William Bussey, Steward to William de Valence, is com-
mitted to the Tower of London, and most reproachfully
used. Baker, Chronicles, p. 86.
reprqachfulness (re-proch'fiil-nes), n. The
quality of being reproachful. Bailey, 1727.
reproachless (re-proch'les), a. [< reproach +
-less.] Without reproach ; irreproachable.
reprobater (rep'ro-ba-ter), n. One who repro-
bates.
John, Duke of Argyle, the patriotic reprobater of French
modes.
M. Noble, Cont. of Granger's Biograph. Hist., III. 490.
reprobation (rep-ro-ba'shon),n. [<OF. repro-
bation, F. reprobation = Sp. reprobacion = Pg.
reprovaqao = It. riprovasione, reprobazione, <
LL. (eccl.) reprobatio(n-), rejection, reproba-
tion, < L. reprobare, pp. reprobatus, reject, rep-
robate: see reprobate.] 1. The act of repro-
bating, or of vehemently disapproving or con-
demning.
The profligate pretenses ... are mentioned with be-
coming reprobation. Jeffrey.
Among other agents whose approbation or reprobation
are contemplated by the savage as consequences of his
conduct, are the spirits of his ancestors.
a. Spencer, Prin. of Psycho!., § 520.
reproduction
2. The state of being reprobated; condemna-
tion; censure; rejection.
You are empowered to ... put your stamp on all that
ought to pass for current, and set a brand of reprobation
on dipt poetry and false coin. Dryden.
He exhibited this institution in the blackest colors of
reprobation. Sumner, Speech, Aug. 27, 1846.
3. In theol., the act of consigning or the state
of being consigned to eternal punishment; the
predestination by the decree and counsel of
God of certain individuals or communities to
eternal death, as election is the predestination
to eternal life.
No sin at all but impenitency can give testimony of
final reprobation. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 654.
What transubstantiation is in the order of reason, the
Augustinian doctrine of the damnation of unbaptised in-
fants, and the Calvinistic doctrine of reprobation, are in
the order of morals. Lecky, European Morals, 1. 98.
4. In eceles. law, the propounding of excep-
tions to facts, persons, or things.^5. Disquali-
fication to bear office: a punishment inflicted
upon military officers for neglect of duty.
Grose.
reprobationer (rep-ro-ba'shon-er), n. In theol.,
one who believes in the doctrine of reprobation.
Let them take heed that they mistake not their own
fierce temper for the mind of God. . . . But I never knew
any of the Geneva or Scotch model (which sort of sancti-
fied reprobationers we abound with) either use or like this
way of preaching in my life; but generally whips and
scorpions, wrath and vengeance, fire and brimstone, made
both top and bottom, front and rear, first and last, of all
their discourses. South, Sermons, III. xi.
reprobative (rep'ro-ba-tiv), a. [< reprobate +
-ive.] Of or pertaining to reprobation; con-
demning in strong terms ; criminatory. Imp.
Diet.
reprobator (rep'ro-ba-tor), n. [Orig. adj., a
form of reprobatory.] In Scots law, formerly,
an action to convict a witness of perjury, or to
establish that he was biased.
reprobatory (rep'ro-ba-to-ri), a. [= Sp. re-
probatorio; as reprobate + -ory.] Reproba-
tive. Imp. Diet.
reproduce (re-pro -dus')i *'• '• [= F. repro-
duire = Sp. reprddueir = Pg. reproduzir = It.
riprodurre, reproduce, < ML. *reproducere, < L.
re-, again, + producere, produce : see produce."}
1. To bring forward again; produce or exhibit
anew.
Topics of which she retained details with the utmost ac-
curacy, and reproduced them in an excellent pickle of epi-
grams. George Eliot, Middlemarcb, vi.
2. To produce or yield again or anew ; gene-
rate, as offspring; beget; procreate; give rise
by an organic process to a new individual of the
same species; propagate. See reproduction.
If horse-dung reproduceth oats, it will not be easily de-
termined where the power of generation ceaseth.
Sir T. Browne.
The power of reproducing lost parts is greatest where
the organization is lowest, and almost disappears where
the organization is highest.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 62.
In the seventeenth century Scotland reproduced all the
characteristics and accustomed itself to the phrases of the
Jewish theocracy, and the world saw again a covenanted
people. J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 181.
3. To make a copy or representation of; por-
tray; represent.
Such a comparison . . . would enable us to reproduce
the ancient society of our common ancestry in a way that
would speedily set at rest some of the most controverted
questions of institutional history.
Stubbs, Medieval apd Modern Hist., p. 65.
From the Eternal Being among whose mountains he
wandered there came to his heart steadfastness, stillness,
a sort of reflected or reproduced eternity.
J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 98.
A number of commendably quaint designs, however,
are reproduced from the "Voyages Pittoresques."
N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 260.
reproducer (re-pro-dii'ser), n. 1. One who or
that which reproduces.
I speak of Charles Townshend, officially the re-producer
of this fatal scheme. Burke, American Taxation.
Specifically —2. The diaphragm used in repro-
ducing speech in the phonograph.
Consequently, there are two diaphragms, one a recorder
and the other a reproducer. Nature, XXXIX. 108.
reproducible (re-pro-du'si-bl), a. [< reproduce
+ -ible.] Susceptible or capable of reproduc-
tion.
reproduction (re-pro-duk'shon), n. [= F. re-
prodvclion = Sp. reproduccion = Pg. reproduc-
ctto = It. riproduzione, < ML. 'reproductio(n-), <
'reproducere, reproduce: see reproduce.] _ 1.
The act or process of reproducing, presenting,
or yielding again ; repetition.
The labourers and labouring cattle, therefore, employed
in agriculture, not only occasion, like the workmen in
reproduction
manufactures, the reproduction of a value equal to their
own consumption, or to the capital which employs them,
together with its owners' profits, but of a much greater
value. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, li. 2.
2. The act or process of restoring parts of an
organism that have been destroyed or removed.
The question of the Reproduction of Lost Parts is In-
teresting from several points of view in biology.
Mi nil, IX. 415.
Specifically— 3. The process whereby new in-
dividuals are generated and the perpetuation
of the species is insured; the process whereby
new organisms are produced from those already
existing: as, the reproduction of plants or ani-
mals, (a) The reproduction of plants is effected either
vegetatively or by means of spores or of seeds. Vegetative
reproduction consists in the individualizing of some part of
the parent organism. In low unicellular plants this is sim-
ply a process of fission, one cell dividing into two or more,
much as in the formation of tissue, save that the new cells
become independent. In higher plants this method ob-
tains by the shooting and rooting of some fraction of the
organism, as a branch, a joint of a rootstock, in Reyonia
even a part of a leaf ; or through specially modified shoots
or buds, as the gemmce of some algae, mosses, etc., the
bulblets of some mosses, ferns, the tiger-lily, etc., the
corais, bulbs, and tubers of numerous annual plants. The
cells engaged in this mode of reproduction are simply
those of the ordinary tissues. Very many, but not all,
plants propagate in this manner; but all are capable of
reproduction in other methods included under the term
spore-reproduction, which is reproduction most properly
so called. This is accomplished through special repro-
ductive cells, each of which is capable of developing into
an individual plant. These are produced either indepen-
dently, or through the conjunction of two separate cells
by which their protoplasm coalesces. These may also in
a less perfect sense be called reproductive cells. Repro-
duction through the union of two cells is sexual ; through
an independent cell, asexual. Sexual reproduction pro-
ceeds either by conjugation (that is, the union of two cells
apparently just alike, which may be either common vege-
tative cells or specialized in form) or by fertilization, in
which a smaller but more active sperm-cell or male cell
impregnates a larger, less active germ-cell or female cell.
In cryptogamous plant* both methods are common, and the
reproductive cells are termed spores, or when of the two
sexes gametes, the male being distinguished as antkero.
zoith. the female as oospheres. In flowering plants spore-
reproduction is always sexual, fertilization becoming pol-
lination, the embryo-sac in the ovule affording the female
cell and the pollen-grain the male cell. But the union of
these cells produces, instead of a detachable spore, an
embryo or plantlet, which, often accompanied by a store
of nutriment, is inclosed within an integument, the whole
forming a seed. The production of seeds instead of spores
is the most fundamental distinction of phanerogams.
Spore-reproduction is consummated by the germination
of the spore or seed, which often takes place after a con-
siderable interval. (t» Among the lowest animals, in
which no sex is recognizable, reproduction takes place in
various ways, which correspond to those above described
for the lowest plants. (See conjugation, fission, gemmation,
and sporulation. ) Among sexed animals, reproduction re-
sults from the fecundation of an ovum by spermatozoa,
with or without sexual copulation, and with many modi-
fications of the details of the process. (See genesis, 2,
and words there given.) Many animals are hermaphro-
dite, containing both sexes in one individual, and matur-
ing the opposite sexual elements either simultaneously or
successively : such are self-impregnating or reciprocally
fecundating, as the case may be. Reproduction may be
effected also by a detached part of an individual, con-
stituting a separate person (see generative person, un-
der generative). Sexual may alternate with asexual repro-
duction (see parthenogenesis) ; but in the vast majority
of animals, invertebrate as well as vertebrate, permanent
and perfect distinction of sex exists, in which cases repro-
duction always and only results from impregnation of the
female by the male in a more or less direct or intimate act
of copulation, and extends to but one generation of off-
spring. The organs or system of organs by which this is
effected are known as the reproductive organs or system,
Reproduction isalways exactlysynonymouswithpenerafwm
(def. 1) ; less precisely with procreation and propagation in
their biological senses. See sex.
4. That which is produced or revived ; that
which is presented anew ; a repetition; hence,
also, a copy.
The silversmiths . . . sold to the pilgrims reproductions
in silver of the temple and its sculptures.
The Century, XXXIII. 13&
Butrinto was once a city no less than Corfu ; to Virgil's
eyes it was the reproduction of Troy itself.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 840.
5. lnp»ydioL, the act of repeating in conscious-
ness a group of sensations which has already
been presented in perception.
All Reproduction restson the impossibility of the resusci-
tated impression reappearing alone.
Lotze, Microcosmus (trans.), I. 216.
Fear and anger have their rise in the mental reproduc-
tion of some organic pain.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 477.
All knowledge is reproduction of experiences.
0. H. Uwes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. 83.
Asexual reproduction. See asexual, and def. 3, above.
—Empirical synthesis of reproduction, an associa-
tion by the principle of contiguity, depending on the asso-
ciated ideas having been presented together or successive-
ly.—Pure transcendental synthesis of reproduc-
tion, an association of ideas such that one will suggest the
other independent of experience, due to innate laws of the
mind, and one of the necessary conditions of knowledge.
Sexual reproduction. See def. 3, and sexual.— Syn-
5092
thesis of reproduction, the name given by Kant to that
association of ideas by which one calls up another in the
mind.
reproductive (re-pro-duk'tiv), a. [= F. repro-
ductif= Pg. reproductive, < ML. "reproductive,
< *reproducere, reproduce : see reproduce.'} Of
the nature of, pertaining to, or employed in
reproduction ; tending to reproduce : as, the re-
productive organs of an animal.
These trees had very great reproductive power, since they
produced numerous seeds, not singly or a few together,
as In modern yews, but in long spikes or catkins bearing
many seeds. Dawson, Geot Hist, of Plants, p. 188.
Rembrandt . . . never put his hand to any reproductive
etching, not even after one of his own paintings.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 331.
Reproductive cells, in oot. See reproduction, 3 (a). —Re-
productive faculty, in the psychology of Sir William
Hamilton, the faculty of association of ideas, by virtue of
which one suggests a definite other, but not including the
faculty of apprehending an idea a second time.— Repro-
ductive function of order n. See function.— Repro-
ductive imagination, the elementary faculty by virtue
of which one idea calls up another, of which memory and
imagination, as popularly understood, are special devel-
opments. See imagination, 1.
Philosophers have divided imagination into two — what
they call the reproductive and the productive. By the
former they mean imagination considered simply as re-
exhibition, representing the objects presented by percep-
tion — that is, exhibiting them without addition or re-
trenchment, or any change in the relations which they
reciprocally held when first made known to us through
sense. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xxxiii.
Reproductive organs, (a) In hot., the organs appropri-
ated to the production of seeds or spores : in flowering
plants, chiefly the stamens and pistils together with the
accessory floral envelops ; In cryptogams, mainly the an-
theridia and archegonia. (6) In zool. , those organs or parts
of the body, collectively considered, whose function it is
to produce and mature ova or spermatozoa or their equiv-
alents, and effect the impregnation of the female by the
male elements, or otherwise accomplish reproduction ; the
reproductive or generative system of any animal in either
sex ; the genitals, in a broad sense. The fundamental
reproductive organ of all sexed animals is an indifferent
genital gland, differentiated in the male as a test is. in the
female as an ovary (or their respect ive equivalents) ; its ul-
terior modifications are almost endless. These organs are
sometimes detached from the main body of the individual
(see person, 8, and hectocotylus) ; they often represent both
sexes in one individual ; they are usually separated in two
individuals of opposite sexes ; they sometimes fail of func-
tional activity in certain Individuals of one sex (see neuter,
vorker).— Reproductive system, in WoJ., the sum of the
reproductive or generative organs in plants and animals ;
the generative system ; the sexual system of those plants
and animals which have distinction of sex. The term is
a very broad one, covering not only all parts immediately
concerned in generation, but others indirectly conducing
to the same end, as devices for effecting fecundation, for
protecting or nourishing the product of conception, for
cross-fertilization (as of planta by insects), for attracting op-
posite sexes (as of animals by odorous secretions), and the
like. See secondary sexual characters, under sexual.
reproductiveness(re-pro-duk'tiv-nes), H. The
state or quality of being reproductive; ten-
dency or ability to reproduce.
reproductivity (re"pro-duk-tiv'i-ti), w. [< re-
productive + -ity.} In math., a number, a, con-
nected with a function, Y"', such that
,.
reproductory (re-pro-duk'to-ri), a. [< repro-
duct(ive) + -ory.} Same as reproductive. Imp.
Diet.
repromissiont (re-pro-mish'on), n. [= F. re-
prom ission = Sp. repromision = Pg. repromissao
= It. repromissione, ripromissione, (. L. repromis-
s*o(n-), a counter-promise, < repromittere, prom-
ise in return, engage oneself, < re-, back, +
promittere, promise: see promise.} Promise.
And he blesside this Abraham which hadde rtprom/iv-
tiount. WycHf, Heb. vii. 6.
repromulgate (re-pro-mul'gat), v. t. [< re- +
promulgate.} To promulgate again ; republish.
Imp. Diet.
repromulgation (re'pro-mul-ga'shon), w. [<
repromulgate + -ton.] 'A second or repeated
promulgation. Imp. Diet.
reproof (re-prof), M. [< ME. reprofe, reproef,
reprof, reproffe, reprove, repreve (whence early
mod. E. repreef, reprief, repreve) ; < reprove, r.]
If. Reproach; blame.
The childe certis is noght myne,
That repro/e dose me pyne,
And gars me fie fra name.
York Plays, p. 104.
The doubleness of the benefit defends the deceit from
reproof. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. 269.
2. The act of one who reproves; expression of
blame or censure addressed to a person ; blame
expressed to the face ; censure for a fault; rep-
rehension; rebuke; reprimand.
There is an oblique way of reproof which takes off from
the sharpness of it. Steele.
Those best can bear reproof who merit praise.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 583.
3t. Disproof; confutation; refutation.
reptant
But men been evere untrewe,
And wommen have repreve of yow ay newe.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 960.
The virtue of this jest will be the incomprehensible lies
that this same fat rogue will tell us when we meet at sup-
per,. . . what wards, what blows, what extremities he en-
dured ; and in the reproof of this lies the jest.
Sfca*., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.213.
= Syn. 2. Monition, Reprehension, etc. See admonition
and censure.
reprovable(re-pro'va-bl),a. [Also >-</>i-<>i'<'<iblc;
< OF. rcprouftihle, F". reprouvable = Sp. rcpro-
bable = Pg. reprovavel = It. reprobabilr, < ML.
reprobabilis, ( L. reprobare' disapprove, con-
demn, reject: see reprove.} Blamable; worthy
of reproof.
The superflultee or disordiuat scantinesse of clothynge
is reprcvable. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
A reprovaUe badness in himself. Shak., Lear, iii. 5. 9.
We will endeavour to amend all things reproreable.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, Epil.
reprovableness (re-pro' va-bl-nes), n. The char-
acter of being reprovable. Bailey, 1727.
reprovably (re-pro'va-bli), adv. In a reprova-
ble manner, 'imp. Diet.
reproval (re-pro'val), «. [< reprove + -al.}
The act of reproving; admonition; reproof.
Imp. Diet.
reprove (re-prov'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. reproved,
ppr. reproving. [< ME. reproven, reprouen, also
repreuen (whence early mod. E. reprieve, re-
preeve), < OF. reprover, repruever, reprouver,
F. reprouver, reprove, reject, = Fr." reproar,
reprobar = Sp. reprobar = Pg. reprorar = It.
reprobare, riprovare, < L. reprobare, disapprove,
condemn, reject, < re-, again, + probare, test,
prove : see prove. C'f . reprieve, a doublet of re-
prove, retained in a differentiated meaning ; cf .
also reprobate, from the same L. source.] 1.
To disapprove ; condemn; censure.
The stoon which men bildynge reprcueden.
Wydif, Luke xx. 17.
There 's something in me that reproves my fault ;
But such a headstrong potent fault it is
That it but mocks reproof. Shak., T. N., iii. 4. 225.
2. To charge with a fault; chide; reprehend:
formerly sometimes with of.
And there also he was examyned, repreved, and scorned,
and crouned eft with a whyte Thorn.
MandenUle, Travels, p. 14.
Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him ... for all
the evils which Herod had done, . . . shut up John in
prison. Luke iii. 19.
There is. . . no railing in a known discreet man, though
he do nothing but reprove. Shak., 1. N., i. 5. 104.
Our blessed Master reproved them of ignorance ... of
his Spirit, which had they but known . . . they had not
been such abecedarii in the school of mercy.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 183.1), II. 94.
3t. To convince, as of a fault ; convict.
When he is come he will reprove [convict, R. V.] the
world of sin [in respect of sin, R. V.j, and of righteous-
ness, and of judgment. John xvi. 8.
God hath never been deficient, but hath to all men that
believe him given sufficient to confirm them ; to those
few that believed not, sufficient to reprove them.
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, Pref., p. 14.
4t. To refute ; disprove.
Reprove my allegation if you can,
Or else conclude my words effectual.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ill. 1. 40.
D. Willet reproueth Philoes opinion, That the Chalde
and Hebrew was all one, because Daniel, an Hebrew, was
set to learne the Chalde. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 47.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Rebuke, Reprimand, etc. See censure
and admonition.
reprover (re-pro'ver), «. One who reproves;
one who or that which blames.
This shall have from every one, even the reprovers of
vice, the title of living well. Locke, Education, f 38.
reproving (re-pro'ving), n. [Early mod. E. also
reprering ; < ME. reprering ; verbal 11. of re-
prove, t\] Reproof.
And there it lykede him to suffre many Reprevinnes and
Scornes for us. Mandeville, Travels, p. 1.
reprovingly (re-pro'ving-li), adv. In a reprov-
ing manner; with reproof or censure. Imp.
Diet.
reprune (re-pron'), r. t. [< re- + prune?.] 1.
To prune or trim again, as trees or shrubs.
Re-prune now abricots and peaches, saving as many of
the young likeliest shoots as are well placed.
Evelyn, Calendarium Hortense, July.
2. To dress or trim again, as a bird its feathers.
In mid-way flight imagination tires ;
Yet soon re-prunes her wing to soar anew.
Young, Night Thoughts, ix.
reps (reps), «. Same as rep1.
repsilvert, «• Same as reap-»ilrer.
reptant (rep'tant), a. [< L. ri'i>t<ni(l-).i. ppr.
of restore, crawl, creep: see rrpmf-, n-i>tilr.}
reptant
Creeping or crawling; repent; reptatory; rep-
tile ; specifically, of or pertaining to the Sep-
tan tia.
Beptantiat (rep-tan'shi-a), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. of L. reptan(t-)s, ppr. of reptare, crawl: see
reptant.'] 1. In Illiger's classification (1811),
the tenth order and also the thirtieth family of
mammals, composed of the monotremes toge-
ther with a certain tortoise (Pamphractus). —
2. In Molluxca, those azygobranchiate gastro-
pods which are adapted for creeping or crawl-
ing by the formation of the foot as a creeping-
disk. All ordinary gastropods are Reptantia, the term
being used in distinction from Natantia (which latter is a
name of the lleteropoda). The ReplanKa were divided into
Holochlaiiujda,Piieumonochlamyda,im<lSiphonochlamyda.
reptation (rep-ta'shon), n. [= F. rrptation, <
L. reptati»(n-), a creeping, crawling, < reptare,
pp. reptutus, creep, crawl: see reptant.'] 1. The
act of creeping or crawling on the belly, as a
reptile does. Owen. — 2. In mutJi., the motion
of one plane figure around another, so as con-
stantly to be tangent to the latter while pre-
serving parallelism between different positions
of its own lines; especially, such a motion of
one figure round another precisely like it so
that the longest diameter of one shall come
into line with the shortest of the other. This
motion was applied by John Bernoulli in 1705 to the rec-
tification of curves. Let AB be a curve whose length IB
required ; let this be reversed
about its normal, giving the
curve ABC, and let this be re-
versed about the line between
Its extremities, giving the spin-
dle-shaped figure ABCD; let
DEFO be a similar and equal
figure turned through a right
angle — then, if the first has a
reptatory motion about the sec-
ond, its center will describe a
four-humped or quadrigibbous
figure OPQRSTU V, with humps at P, R, T, V. Let this be
placed in contact with a similar and equal figure so that
a maximum and minimum diameter shall coincide, and
receive a reptatory motion, then its center will describe
an octogibbuus or eight-humped figure. By a similar pro-
cess, this will describe a sixteen-humped figure, etc. Each
of these figures will have double the periphery of the pre-
ceding, and they will rapidly approximate toward circles.
Hence, by finding the diameters of each, we approximate
to the length of the original curve.
Reptatores (rep-ta-to'rez), «. pi. [NL., < L.
creeping birds
and nuthatches. [Not in use.]
reptatorial (rep-ta-to'ri-al), a. [< reptatory +
-ial.] In ornitli., creeping, as a bird; belong-
ing to the Reptatores.
reptatory (rep'ta-to-ri), a. [= F. rcptatoire, <
NL. "rcptatorius, < L. reptare, pp.reptattty, creep:
see reptant."} 1. In zool. , creeping or crawling ;
reptant; reptile; repent. — 2. Of the nature of
reptation in mathematics.
reptile (rep'til or -til), a. and n. [< F. rep-
tile = Sp. Pg. reptil = It. rettile, < L. reptilis,
creeping, crawling; as a noun, LL. reptile, neut.
(sc. animal), a creeping animal, a reptile ; < re-
pere, pp. rcptus, creep: see repent1*, andcf. ser-
pent.'] I. a. 1. Creeping or crawling ; repent;
reptant ; reptatory ; of or pertaining to the Rep-
tilia, \n any sense.— 2. Groveling; low; mean:
as, a reptile race.
Man is a very worm by birth,
Vile, reptile, weak, and vain.
Pope, To Mr. John Moore.
f here is a false, reptile prudence, the result not of cau-
tion, but of fear. Bmlte. (Webster.)
Dislodge their reptile souls
From the bodies and forms of men. Coleridye.
II. ». 1. A creeping animal; an animal
that goes on its belly, or moves with small,
short legs.
Eve's tempter thus the Rabbins have express'd,
A cherub's face, a reptile all the rest.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 331.
An inadvertent step may crush the snail
That crawls at ev'ning in the public path ;
But he that has humanity, forewam'd,
Will step aside and let the reptile live.
Cowper, Task, vi. 567.
Specifically — 2. An oviparous quadruped; a
four-footed egg-laying animal : applied about
the middle of the eighteenth century to the
animals then technically called Amphibia, as
frogs, toads, newts, lizards, crocodiles, and
turtles; any amphibian. — 3. By restriction,
upon the recognition of the divisions Amphibia
and Reptilia. a scaly or pholidote reptile, as dis-
tinguished from a naked reptile ; any snake,
lizard, crocodile, or turtle ; a member of the
Keptiliit proper; a saurian.— 4. A groveling,
abject, or mean person : used in contempt.
5093
It would be the highest folly and arrogance in the rep-
tile Man to imagine that he, by any of his endeavours, could
add to the glory of God. Warburton, Works, IX. vil.
Reptilia1 (rep-til'i-a), n. pi. [NL., pi. of LL.
reptile, a reptile: see reptile.'] In zool. : (nf)
InLinnaaus's system of classification (1766), the
first order of the third class Amphibia, includ-
ing turtles, lizards, and frogs. See Amphibia,
2 (a). [Disused.] (6) A class of cold-blooded
oviparous or ovoviviparous vertebrated ani-
mals whose skin is covered with scales or scutes ;
the reptiles proper. There are two pairs or one pair
of limbs, or none. The skull is monocondylian. The
mandible articulates with the skull bya free or fixed quad-
rate bone. The heart has two auricles, generally not two
completed ventricles ; the ventricle gives rise to two arte-
rial trunks, and the venous and arterial circulation are
more or less mixed. Respiration is pulmonary, never
branchial. No diaphragm is completed. There is a com-
mon cloaca of the digestive and nrogenital systems, and
usually two penes, sometimes one, seldom none. There are
an amnion and an allantois. ReptUia thus defined were for-
merly associated with batrachians in & cl&ss Amphibia ; but
they are more nearly related to birds, and when brigaded
therewith form their part of a superclass Sauropsida. The
only living representatives of Reptilia are turtles or tor-
toises, crocodiles or alligators, lizards or saurians, and
snakes or serpents, respectively constituting the four or-
ders Chelonia, Crocodilia, Lacertilia, and Ophidia; and one
living lizard, known as Hatteria, Sphenodon, or Rhyncho.
cephalits, forming by itself an order Rhynchocephalia. In
former times there were other orders of strange and huge
reptiles, as the Ichthyopterygia or fchthyogauria, the ich-
thyosaurs; Anomodontia ; Dinosauria, by some ranked as
a subclass and divided into several orders ; Ornithosauria
or Pterosauria, the pterodactyls ; and PlesiosauriaorSau-
ropteryyia, the plesiosaurg. See the technical names, and
cuts under Crocodilia, Ichthyosauria, Ortiithoscelida, Plesio-
saurus, Pleurospondylia, pterodactyl, and Python.
reptiliaa, >i. Latin plural of reptilium.
reptilian (rep-til'i-an), a. and n. [< LL. rep-
tile, a reptile, + -Mm.] I. a. Of or pertaining
to the Septilia, in any sense ; resembling or
like a reptile.
It is an accepted doctrine that birds are organized on a
type closely allied to the reptilian type, but superior to it.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 43.
He had an agreeable confidence that his faults were all
of a generous kind — impetuous, warm-blooded, leonine ;
never crawling, crafty, reptilian.
George Eliot, Adam Bede, xii.
Reptilian age, the Mesozoic age, era, or period, during
which reptiles attained great development, as in the
Triassic, Jurassic, or Cretaceous.
II. w. Any member of the Reptilia; a rep-
tile.
reptiliferous (rep-ti-lif'e-rus), a. [< LL. rep-
tile, a reptile, + L. fcrfe = E. ftMrl.] Produ-
cing reptiles; containing the remains of rep-
tiles, as beds of rock. Nature, XXXIII. 311.
reptiliform (rep'til-i-form), a. [< LL. reptile,
reptile, + forma, form.] Having the form or
structure of a reptile; related to reptiles; be-
longing to the ReptUia; saurian. Also, rarely,
reptiloid.
reptilious (rep-til'i-us), a. [< LL. reptile, a
reptile, + -i-ous.~\ Resembling or like a reptile.
[Rare.]
The advantage taken . . . made her feel abject, reptili-
ous; she was lost, carried away on the flood of the cata-
ract. O. Meredith, The Egoist, xxi.
reptilium (rep-til'i-um), n. ; pi. reptiliums, rep-
tilia (-umz, -a). [NL., < LL. reptile, a reptile:
see reptile.'] A reptile-house, or other place
where reptiles are confined and kept alive ; a
herpetological vivarium.
A special reptile-house, or reptilium, was built in 1882
and 1883 by the Zoological Society of London.
Smithsonian Report, 1883, p. 728.
reptilivorous (rep-ti-liv'o-rus), a. [< LL. rep-
tile, a reptile, + L. vorare, devour.] Devouring
or habitually feeding upon reptiles, as a bird ;
saurophagous.
A broad triangular head and short tall, which sufficiently
marks out the tribe of viperine poisonous snakes to rep-
tilieormis birds and mammals.
A. S. Wallace, Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 305.
reptiloid (rep'ti-loid), a. [< LL. reptile, a rep-
tile, + Gr. «<fof, form.] Eeptiliform. [Bare.]
The thrushes . . . are farthest removed in structure
from the early reptiloid forms [of birds).
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIII. 75.
Reptonize (rep'ton-iz), v. t. • pret. and pp. Eep-
tonizcd, ppr. Beptoiiizing. [< Bepton (see def.)
+ -ize.~\ To lay out, as a garden, after the man-
ner of or according to the rules of Humphry
Repton (1752-1818), the author of works on the
theory and practice of landscape-gardening.
Jackson assists me in Reptonizing the garden.
Southey, Letters (1807), II. 4. (Dames.)
republic (re-pub'lik), « . [Early mod. E. also re-
publick, republique (= D. roraMM = G. Dan.
Sw. republik) ; < OF. republique, F. republique
= Sp. republica = Pg. repiMicu = It. repiiblirn.
republican
repubblica, < L. res publica, prop, two words,
but commonly written as one, rcsjmblica (abl.
re publica, republicd), the commonwealth, the
state, < res, a thing, + publica, fern, of publican,
public: see real1 and public."] If. The com-
monwealth ; the state.
That by their deeds will make it known
Whose dignity they do sustain;
And life, state, glory, all they gain,
fc Count the republic's, not their own.
B. Jonson, Catiline, il. (cho.).
2. A commonwealth ; a government in which
the executive power is vested in a person or
persons chosen directly or indirectly by the
body of citizens entitled to vote. It is distin-
guished from a monarchy on the one hand, and generally
from a pure democracy on the other. In the latter case
the mass of citizens meet and choose the executive, as is
still the case in certain Swiss cantons. In a republic the
executive is usually chosen Indirectly, either by an elec-
toral college as in the United States, or by the National
Assembly as in France. Republics are oligarchic, as for-
merly Venice and Genoa, military, as ancient Rome,
strongly centralized, as France, federal, as Switzerland,
or, like the United States, may combine a strong central
government with large individual powers for the several
states in their particular affairs. See democracy.
We may define a republic to be ... a government
which derives all its powers directly or indirectly from
the great body of the people, and is administered by per-
sons holding their offices during pleasure, for a limited
period, or during good behaviour.
Madison, The Federalist, No. 39.
The constitution and the government [of the United
States] . . . rest, throughout, on the principle of the
concurrent majority ; and ... it is, of course, a Repub-
lic, a constitutional democracy, in contradistinction to
an absolute democracy ; and . . . the theory which re-
gards it as a government of the mere numerical majority
rests on a gross and groundless misconception.
Calhmm, Works, I. 185.
Cisalpine, Cispadane, Helvetic Republic. See the
adjectives.— Grand Army of the Republic, a secret
society composed of veterans who served in the army or
navy of the United States during the civil war. Its ob-
jects are preservation of fraternal feeling, strengthening
of loyal sentiment, and aid to needy families of veterans.
Its first " post " was organized at Decatur, Illinois, in 1866 ;
its members are known as "comrades," and its annual
meetings are "encampments." Abbreviated G. A. R. —
Republic of letters, the collective body of literary and
learned men.
republican (re-pub'li-kan), a. and n. [= F.
republicain ='Sp. Pg. fepublicano = It. repub-
blicano (cf. D. republiekcinsch = G. republika-
nisch = Dan. Sw. republikansk, a.; D. repub-
liekein = G. Dan. Sw. republikaner, n.), < NL.
republican 113, < L. res publica, republic: see re-
public.] I. a. 1. Of the nature of or pertaining
to a republic or commonwealth: as, a republi-
can constitution or government. — 2. Consonant
to the principles of a republic : as, republican
sentiments or opinions; republican manners. —
3. [cap.] Of or pertaining to or favoring the
Republican party: as, a Republican senator.
See below. — 4. In ornitli., living in community ;
nesting or breeding in common : as, the repub-
lican or sociable grosbeak, Pltitetferus sochis;
the republican swallow, formerly called Bi-
rundo respublicana. See cuts under hive-nest.
— Liberal-Republican party, in If. S. hist., a political
party which arose in Missouri in 1870-1 through a fusion
of Liberal Republicans and Democrats, and as a national
party nominated Horace Greeley as a candidate for the
Presidency In 1872. It opposed the southern policy of
the Republican party, and advocated universal amnesty,
civil-service reform, and universal suffrage. Its can-
didate was indorsed by the Democratic convention, but
was defeated, and the party soon disappeared. — Re-
publican calendar. See calendar.— Republican era,
the era adopted by the French soon after the proclama-
tion of the republic, and used for a number of years. It
was September 2-2d, 1792, "the first day of the Republic."
— Republican party, (a) Any party which advocates
a republic, either existing or desired : as, the Republican
party of France, composed chiefly of Opportunists, Radi-
cals, and Conservative Republicans ; the Republican party
in Italy in which Mazzini was a leader, (b) In U. S.
hist. : (1) The usual name of the Democrat!* party (in full
Democratic-Republican party) during the years following
1792-3: it replaced the name Anti-Federal, and was re-
placed by the name Democratic. See Democratic party,
under democratic. (2) A party formed in 1854, having as
its original purpose opposition to the extension of slavery
into the Territories. It was composed of Free-Boilers, of
antislavery Whigs, and of some Democrats (who unitedly
formed the group known as Anti-Nebraska men), and
was joined by the Abolitionists, and eventually by many
Know-nothings. During the period of the civil war
many war Democrats acted with it. It first nominated a
candidate for President in 1856. It controlled the execu-
tive from 1861 to 1885 and again in 1889 (Presidents Lin-
coln, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfleld, Arthur, and Har-
rison), and both houses of Congress from 11-61 to 1875 and
again in 1880. It favors generally a broad construction
of the Constitution, liberal expenditures, extension of the
powers of the national government, and a high protective
tariff. Among the measures with which it has been iden-
tified in whole or in part are the suppression of the re-
bellion, the abolition of slavery, reconstruction, and the
resumption of specie payments. — Republican swallow,
the cliff- or eaves-swallow. See def. 4, and cut under
eaves-swallow.
republican
II. n. 1. One who favors or prefers a repub-
lican form of government.
There is a want of polish In the subjects of free states
which has made the roughness of a republican almost
proverbial. Brougham.
2. A member of a republican party; specifically
[cop.], in U. S. hist., a member of the Repub-
lican party. — 3. In ornith . , the republican swal-
low— Black Republican, in U. S. hist., an extreme or
radical Republican ; one who after the civil war advocated
strong measures in dealing with persons in the States lately
in rebellion. The term arose before the war ; the epithet
" black " was used intensively, in offensive allusion to
the alleged friendliness of the party toward the negro. —
National Republican, in ''. 5. hist., a name assumed
during the administration of J. Q. Adams (1825 -9) by that
wing of the Democratic party which sympathized with
him and his measures, as distinguished from the followers
of Jackson. The National Republicans in a few years took
the name of Whigs. See Whig. — Red republican, an
extreme or radical republican ; specifically, in French
hut., one of the more violent republicans, especially in the
first revolution, at the time of the ascendancy of the Moun-
tain, about 1793, and at the time of the Commune in 1871.
In the first period the phrase was derived from the red
cap which formed part of the costume of the carmagnole.
- Stalwart Republican. See stalwart.
republicanism (re-pub'li-kan-izm), n. [= F.
republicanisme = Sp. Pg. republicanismo = It.
repubblicanismo = G. republikanismus = Dan. re-
publikanisme = Sw. republicanism ; as repub-
lican + -ism.'] 1. A republican form or system
of government. — 2. Attachment to a republi-
can form of government; republican princi-
ples : as, his republicanism was of the most
advanced type.
Our young people are educated in republicanism ; an
apostacy from that to royalism is unprecedented and im-
possible. Jefferson, Correspondence, II. 443.
3. [cap.'] The principles or doctrine of the Re-
publican party, specifically of the Republican
party in the United States.
republicanize (re-pub'li-kan-iz), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. republicanized, ppr. republicanizing. [< F.
republicaniser ; as republican + -ize.~\ To con-
vert to republican principles ; render republi-
can. Also spelled republicanise.
Let us not, with malice prepense, go about to republican-
ize our orthography and our syntax.
G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xxx.
republicariant (re-pub-li-ka'ri-an), n. [< re-
public + -arian.'] ' A republican. [Rare.]
There were Hepublicarians who would make the Prince
of Orange like a Stadtholder.
Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 15, 1688-9.
republicatet (re-pub'li-kat), v. t. [< ML. repub-
licatits, pp. of republicare, publish, lit. repub-
lish: see republish."] To set forth afresh; re-
habilitate.
The Cabinet-men at Wallingford-house set upon it to
consider what exploit this lord should commence, to be
the darling of the Commons and as it were to republicate
his lordship, and to be precious to those who had the vogue
to be the chief lovers of their country.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, I. 137. (Davies.)
republication (re-pub-li-ka'shon), n. [< ML.
*repul>licatio(n-), < republicare,"p\Mish : see re-
publish."] 1. The act of republishing; a new
publication of something before published;
specifically, the reprint in one country of a
work published in another: as, the republica-
tion of a book or pamphlet.
The Gospel itself is only a republication of the religion
of nature. Warburton, Divine Legation, ix. 3.
2. In laic, a second publication of a former
will, usually resorted to after canceling or re-
voking, or upon doubts as to the validity of its
execution, or after the termination of a sug-
gested disability, in order to avoid the labor of
drawing a new will, or in order that the will
may stand if either the original execution or
the republication proves to be valid.
If there be many testaments, the last overthrows all
the former ; but the republication of a former will revokes
one of a later date, and establishes the first again.
Blackstone, Com., II. xxxii.
republish (re-pub'lish), v. t. [< re- + publish,
after OF. republier, republish, < ML. republi-
care, publish, lit. 'republish,' < L. re-, again, +
pnblicare, publish : see publish.'] To publish
anew, (a) To publish a new edition of, as a book. (6)
To print or publish again, as a foreign reprint, (c) In
law, to revive, as a will revoked, either by reexecntion or
by a codicil. Blackstone, Com., II. xxxii.
republisher (re-pub'lish-er), n. One who re-
publishes. Imp. Diet.
repudiable (re-pu'di-a-bl), a. [< OF. repudia-
ble, F. repudiable = Sp. repudiable = Pg. repu-
diavel, < ML. "repudiabilis, < L. repudiare, re-
pudiate : see repudiate."] Capable of being re-
pudiated or rejected ; fit or proper to be put
away.
5094
The reasons that on each side make them differ are
such as make the authority itself the less authentic and
more repudiable. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835); II. 339.
repudiate (re-pu'di-at), v. t.; pret. and pp. re-
jindiatcd, ppr. repudiating. [< L. repudiatus, pp.
of repudiare, put away, divorce (one's spouse),
in gen. cast off, reject, refuse, repudiate (> It.
ripudiare = Sp. Pg. repudiar = OF. repudier, F.
rrpudier, repudiate), < L. repudiitm, a putting
off or divorce of one's spouse or betrothed, repu-
diation, lit. a rejection of what one is ashamed
of, < re-, away, back, + pudere, feel shame : see
pudency.'] 1. To put away; divorce.
His separation from Terentia, whom he repudiated not
long afterward, was perhaps an affliction to him at this
time. BMngbroke, Exile.
2. To cast away; reject; discard; renounce;
disavow.
He [Phalaris] is defended by the like practice of other
writers, who, being Dorians born, repudiated their ver-
nacular idiom for that of the Athenians.
Bentlfy, Works, I. 359.
In repudiating metaphysics, M. Comte did not inter-
dict himself from analyzing or criticising any of the ab-
stract conceptions of the mind.
J. S. Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism, p. 15.
3. To refuse to acknowledge or to pay, as a
debt; disclaim.
I petition your honourable Bouse to institute some
measures for ... the repayment of debts incurred and
repudiated by several of the States.
Sydney Smith, Petition to Congress.
When Pennsylvania and other States sought to repudi-
ate the debt due to England, the witty canon of St. Paul's
[Sydney Smith] took the field, and, by a petition and let-
ters on the subject, roused all Europe against the repudi-
ating States. Chambers, Eng. Lit., art. Sydney Smith.
repudiate! (re-pu'di-at), a. [< L. repudiatus,
pp.: see the verb.] Repudiated.
To be debarred of that Imperial state
Which to her graces rightly did belong,
Basely rejected, and repudiate.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, L 30.
repudiation (re-pu-di-a'shon), ». [< OF. repu-
diation, F. repudiation = Sp. repudiation, < L.
repudiatio(n-), repudiation, < repudiare, repu-
diate: see repudiate."] The act of repudiating,
or the state of being repudiated, (a) The putting
away of a wife, or of a woman betrothed ; divorce.
Just causes for repudiation by the husband were [under
Constantino] — 1, adultery ; 2, preparing poisons ; 3, being
a procuress. Encyc. Brit., VII. 300.
(6) Rejection ; disavowal or renunciation of a right or an
obligation, as of a debt ; specifically, refusal by a state
or municipality to pay a debt lawfully contracted. Repu-
diation of a debt implies that the debt is just, and that its
payment is denied, not because of sufficient legal defense,
but to take advantage of the rule that a sovereign state
cannot be sued by individuals.
Other states have been even more unprincipled, and
have got rid of their debts at one sweep by the simple
method of repudiation. Encyc. Brit., XVII. 245.
(c) Eccles., the refusal to accept a benefice,
repudiationist (re-pu-di-a'shon-ist), n. [< re-
pudiation + -ist."]' One who advocates repudi-
ation; one who disclaims liability for debt con-
tracted by a predecessor in office, etc.
Perhaps not a single citizen of the State [Tennessee]
would have consented to be called a repudiationist.
The Nation, XXXVI. 58.
repudiator (rf-pu'di-a-tgr), «. [< LL. repudia-
tor, a rejecter, contemner, < L. repudiare, repu-
diate: see repudiate.'] One who repudiates;
specifically, one who advocates the repudiation
of debts contracted in good faith by a state.
See readjuster, 2.
The people of the State [Virginia] appear now to be
divided into two main parties by the McCulloch Bill, which
the ftepudiators desire repealed, and which is in reality,
even as it stands, a compromise between the State and its
creditors. The Nation, XXIX. 317.
repudiatory (re-pu'di-a-to-ri), a. [< repudiate
+ -ory.] Pertaining to or of the nature of re-
pudiation or repudiators. [Rare.]
They refused to admit ... a delegate who was of known
repudiatory principles. The American, IV. 67.
repugn (re-pun'), t\ [< ME. repugnen, < OF.
repugner, F. repugner = Pr. Sp. Pg. repugnar =
It. repugnarc, ripugnare, < L. repugnare, fight
against, < re-, back, against, + pugnare, fight:
see pugnacious. Cf. expugn, impugn, propugn."]
1. trans. 1. To oppose; resist; fight against;
feel repugnance toward.
Your will oft resisteth and repugneth God's will.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1850), p. 224.
Stubbornly he did repugn the truth
About a certain question in the law.
Shale., 1 Hen. VI., |v. 1. 94.
2. To affect with repugnance. [Rare.]
Man, highest of the animals — so much so that the base
kinship rtpugns him. Mauddey, Body and Will, p. 241.
repugnant
II. in trans. To be opposed; be in conflict with
anything; conflict.
It semyth, quod I, to repugnen and to contraryen gretly
that God knowit byforn alle thinges.
Chaucer, Boethius, v. prose 3.
Be thou content to know that God's will, his word, and
his power be all one, and repugn not.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1850), p. 232.
In many thinges repugning quite both to God and mans
lawe. Spenser, State of Ireland.
repugnabletXrf-Pu/- or r?-Pug'na-bl), "• [< re-
pugn + -al>h'.~\ Capable 'of being resisted.
The demonstration proving it so»exquisitely, with won-
derfull reason and facility, as it is not repugnable.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 262.
repugnance (re-pug'nans), n. [Early mod. E.
also repugnaunce; < OF. repugnance, F. repu-
gnance = Pr. Sp. Pg. repugnancia = It. repu-
gnama, < L. repugnan Ha, resistance, opposition,
contradiction, repugnance, < repugnan(t-)s, re-
sisting, repugnant: Bee repugnant.'] If. Oppo-
sition; conflict; resistance, in a physical sense.
As the shotte of great artillerie is driuen furth by vio-
lence of fyre, euen so by the commlxtion and repugnaunce
of fyre, coulde. and brymstome, greate stones are here
throwne Into the ayer.
J<. Eden, tr. of Jacobus Ziglerus (First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 800).
2. Mental opposition or antagonism ; positive
disinclination (to do or suffer something); in
a general sense, aversion.
That which causes us to lose most of our time Is the re-
pugnance which we naturally have to labour. Dryden.
Chivalrous courage ... is honorable, because It Is In
fact the triumph of lofty sentiment over an Instinctive
repugnance to pain. Ining, Sketch-Book, p. 350.
We cannot feel moral repugnance at an act of meanness
or cruelty except when we discern to some extent the
character of the action.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 558.
3. Contradictory opposition ; in logic, disagree-
ment ; inconsistency ; contradiction ; the rela-
tion of two propositions one of which must be
true and the other false ; the relation of two
characters such that every individual must pos-
sess the one and lack the other.
Those ill counsellors have most unhappily engaged him
In ... pernicious protects and frequent repugnances of
workes and words. Prynne, Soveraigne Power, II. 40.
I found in those Descriptions and Charts [of the South
Sea Coasts of America] a repugnance with each other in
many particulars, and some things which from my own
experience I knew to be erroneous.
Dampier, Voyages, II., Pref.
Immediate or contradictory opposition is called likewise
repugnance. Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, xl.
The principle of repugnance. Sam e as the principle lit
contradiction^ (which see, under contradiction). =8yn. 2.
Hatred, Dislike, etc. (see antipathy), backwardness, disin-
clination. See list under aversion.
repugnancy (re-pug'nan-si), >!. [As repugnance
(see -cy).} If. Same. as repugnance.
Why do fond men expose themselves to battle, . . .
And let the foes quietly cut their throats,
Without repugnancy? Shak., T. of A., ill. 5. 45.
Neuerthelesse without any repugnancie at all, a Poet
may in some sort be said a follower or imitator, because
he can expresse the true and liuely of euery thing is set
before him. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 1.
2. In law, inconsistency between two clauses
or provisions in the same law or document, or
in separate laws or documents that must be con-
strued together — Formal repugnancy. See formal.
repugnant (re-pug'nant), a. [< OF. repugnant,
F. repugnant '= Sp. Pg. It. repugnante, < L. re-
pugnan(t-)s, ppr. of repugnare, oppose: se»rt-
£gn."] If. Opposing; resisting; refractory;
iposed to oppose or antagonize.
His antique sword,
Rebellious to his arm, lies where it falls,
Repugnant to command. Shak., J 1 umlut, II. 2. 493.
2. Standing or being in opposition ; opposite ;
contrary; contradictory; at variance; incon-
sistent.
It seemeth repugnant both to him and to me, one body
to be in two places at once.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1850X p. 234.
She conforms to a general fashion only when it happens
not to be repugnant to private beauty.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 2.
3. In law, contrary to or inconsistent with an-
other part of the same document or law, or of
another which must be construed with it : gen-
erally used of a clause inconsistent with some
other clause or with the general object of the
instrument.
If he had broken any wholesome law not repugnant to
the laws of England, he was ready to submit to censure.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 312.
Sometimes clauses in the same treaty, or treaties be-
tween the same parties, are repugnant.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 109.
repugnant
4. Causing mental antagonism or aversion;
highly distasteful ; offensive.
There are certain national dishes that are repugnant to
every foreign palate. Lowell, Don Quixote.
To one who is ruled by a predominant sentiment of jus-
tice, the thought of profiting in any way, direct or indi-
rect, at the expense of another is repugnant.
H. Spencer, Mil. of Sociol., § 579.
= Syn.2. Opposed, irreconcilable. — 4. Disagreeable. See
antipathy.
repugnantly (re-pug'nant-li), adv. In a re-
pugnant manner; with opposition; in contra-
diction.
They speak not repugnantly thereto.
Sir T. Browm, Vulg. Err.
repugnantnesst (re-pug'nant-nes), n. Repug-
nance. Bailey, 1727.
repugnatet (re-pug'nat), v. t. [< L. repugnatus,
pp. of repugnare, light against, oppose: see re-
pugn.] To oppose ; fight against. Imp. Diet.
repugnatorial (re-pug'na-to-ri-al), a. [< re-
pugnate + -wry + -al.] Repugnant; serving
as a means of defense by repelling enemies:
specific in the phrase — Repugnatorial pores, the
openings of the ducts of certain glands which secrete
prussic acid in most diplopod myriapods. The secretion
poured out when the creature is alarmed has a strong
odor, which may be perceived at a distance of several
feet. The absence or presence of these pores, and their
number or disposition when present, afford zoological
characters in the classification of the chilognaths.
repugner (re-pu'ner), ». One who rebels or is
opposed.
Excommunicating all repuaners and rebellers against
the same. Foxe, Martyrs, p. 264.
repullulatet (re-pul'u-lat), v. i. [< L. repullu-
latus, pp. of repullulare, sprout forth again (>
It. ripullulare = Sp. repulular — Pg. repullular
= OF. repulluler, F. repulluler), < re-, again, +
pullulare, put forth, sprout: see pullulate.] To
sprout or bud again.
Vanisht man,
Like to a lilly-lost, nere can,
Nere can repullulate, or bring
1 1 is dayes to see a second spring.
Herrick, His Age.
Though Tares repullulate, there is Wheat still left in the
Field. Howell, Vocall Forrest, p. 65.
With what delight have I beheld this tender and in-
numerable offspring repullulatiny at the feet of an aged
tree. Evelyn, Sllva.
repullulation (re-pul-u-la'shon), n. [= F. re-
pullulation, < L. as if *repullulatio(n-), < repul-
lulare, sprout again : see repullulate.] The act
of sprouting or budding again : used in pathol-
ogy to indicate the return of a morbid growth.
Here I myselfe might likewise die,
And vtterly forgotten lye,
But that eternal! poetrie
Repullulation gives me here
Unto the thirtieth thousand yeere,
When all now dead shall reappeare.
Herrick, Poetry Perpetuates the Poet.
repullulescentt (re-pul-u-les'ent), a. [< LL.
repullulescen(t-)s, ppr. of repullulesccre, begin to
bud, sprout again, inceptive of L. repullulare,
sprout again: see repullulate.] Sprouting or
budding anew; reviving; springing up afresh.
One would have believed this expedient plausible enough,
and calculated to obviate the ill use a repuUulescent fac-
tion might make, if the other way was taken.
Roger North, Lord Guilford, II. 190. (Daviet.)
repulpit (re-pul'pit), v. t. [< re- + pulpit.] To
restore to the pulpit ; reinvest with' authority
over a church. Tennyson, Queen Mary, i. 5.
[Rare.]
repulse (re-puls'), v. t.; pret. and pp. repulsed,
ppr. repulsing. [= OF. repousser, F. repousser
= Sp. Pg. repulsar = It. repulsare, ripulsare,
drive back, repulse, < ML. repulsare, freq. of
L. repellere, pp. repulsus, drive back: see re-
pel.] 1. To beat or drive back; repel: as, to
repulse an assailant or advancing enemy.
Complete to have discover'd and repulsed
Whatever wiles of foe or seeming friend.
Milton, P. L., x. 10.
Near this mouth is a place called Comana, where the
Privateers were once repulsed without daring to attempt
it any more, being the only place in the North Seas they at-
tempted in vain for many years. Dumpier, Voyages, I. 63.
2. To refuse ; reject.
She took the fruits of my advice ;
And he, repulsed — a short tale to make —
Fell into a sadness. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. 146.
Mr. Thornhill . . . was going to embrace his uncle,
which the other repulsed with an air of disdain.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xxxi.
repulse (re-puls'). n. [= Sp. Pg. repulsa = It.
1-cpitlna, ripulsa, < L. repulsa (s_c. petitio), a re-
pulse in soliciting for an office, in gen. a refusal,
denial, repulse, fern, of repulsus, pp. of repel-
lere, drive back, > repulsus, a driving back.
The E. noun includes the two L. nouns repulxn
5095
and repulsus, and is also in part directly from
the E. verb.] 1. The act of repelling or driv-
ing back.
He received, in the repulse of Tarquin, seven hurts i' the
body. Shak., Cor., ii. 1. 166.
2. The condition of being repelled; the state
of being checked in advancing, or Driven back
by force.
What should they do ? if on they rush'd, repulse
Repeated, and indecent overthrow
Doubled, would render them yet more despised.
Hilton, P. L., vi. 000.
3. Refusal; denial.
Take no repulse, whatever she doth say.
Shak.,TM. of V., iii. 1. 100.
I went to the Dominican Monastery, and made suit to
see it (Christ's thorny crown] ; but I had the repulse; for
they told me it was kept under three or four lockes.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 41, sig. D.
repulser (re-pul'ser), n. One who or that which
repulses or drives back. Cotgrai-e.
repulsion (re-pul'shon), n. [= OF. repulsion,
1 . repulsion = Sp. repulsion = Pg. repuls&o =
It. repulsione, ripulsione, < LL. repulsio(n-), a
refutation, < L. repellere, pp. repulsus, drive
back, repulse: see repulse and repel.~\ 1. The
act of repelling or driving back, or the state of
being repelled ; specifically, in physics, the ac-
tion which two bodies exert upon each other
when they tend to increase their mutual dis-
tance: as, the repulsion between like magnetic
poles or similarly electrified bodies.
Mutual action between distant bodies is called attrac-
tion when it tends to bring them nearer, and repulsion
when it tends to separate them.
Clerk Maxwell, Matter and Motion, art. 66.
2. The act of repelling mentally ; the act of
arousing repellent feeling; also, the feeling thus
aroused, or the occasion of it ; aversion.
Poetry, the mirror of the world, cannot deal with its
attractions only, but must present some of its repulsions
also, and avail herself of the powerful assistance of its
contrasts. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 116.
If Love his moment overstay,
Hatred's swift repulsions play.
Emerson, The Visit
Capillary repulsion. See capillary.
repulsive (re-pul'siv), a. [= F. repulsif = Sp.
Pg. renulsivo = It. repulsive, ripulswo ; as re-
pulse -r -ive.] 1. Acting so as to repel or drive
away ; exercising repulsion ; repelling.
Be not discouraged that my daughter here,
Like a well-fortified and lofty tower,
Is so repulsive and unapt to yield.
Chapman, Blind Beggar of Alexandria.
A Repulsive force by which they [particles of salt or vit-
riol floating in water] fly from one another.
Newton, Optics, iii. query 81.
The foe thrice tugg'd and shook the rooted wood ;
Repulsive of his might the weapon stood.
Pope, Iliad, xxi. 192.
2. Serving or tending to deter or forbid ap-
proach or familiarity; repellent; forbidding;
grossly or coarsely offensive to taste or feeling;
causing intense aversion with disgust.
Mary was not so repulsive and unsisterly as Elizabeth,
nor so inaccessible to all influence of hers.
Jane Austin, Persuasion, vi.
Our ordinary mental food has become distasteful, and
what would nave been intellectual luxuries at other
times are now absolutely repulsive.
0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 2.
We learn to see with patience the men whom we like
best often in the wrong, and the repulsive men often in
the right. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 95.
=Syn. 2. Offensive, disgusting, sickening, revolting,
shocking.
repulsively (re-pul'siv-li), adv. In a repulsive
manner. Imp. Diet.
repulsiveness (re-pul'siv-nes), n. The charac-
ter of being repulsive or forbidding. Imp. Diet.
repulsory (re-pul'so-ri), a. and n. [= OF. re-
poussoir, n.; < L. repulsorius, driving or forcing
back (LL. repulsorium, neut., a means of driv-
ing back), < repellere, pp. repulsus, repel, re-
pulse: see repulse.] I. a. Repulsive; driving
back. Bailey, 1727. [Rare.]
II. t ". Something used to drive or thrust out
something else, as a punch, etc. Cotgrave.
[Rare.]
repurchase (re-per'chas), v. t. [< re- + pur-
chase,] To purchase back or again ; buy back ;
regain by purchase or expenditure.
Once more we sit in England's royal throne,
Re-purehaied with the blood of enemies.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 7. 2.
repurchase (re-per'chas), n. [< repurchase, v.]
The act of buying again ; the purchase again
of what has been sold.
repuret (re-pur'), v. t. [< re- + pure.] To purify
or refine again.
repute
What will it be,
When that the watery palate tastes indeed
Love's thrice repured nectar?
Shak., T. and C., iii. 2. 23.
repurge (re-perj'), r. t. [< OF. repurger, < L. re-
purgare, cleanse again, < re- + purgare, cleanse :
see purge.] To purge or cleanse again.
All which haue, either by their priuate readings, or pub-
lique workes, repuryed the errors of Arts, expelde from
their puritie. Nash, Pref. to Greene's Menaphon, p. 11.
Repurge your spirits from euery hatefull sin.
Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's Judith, 1.
repurify (re-pu'ri-fi), v. t. [< re- + purify.]
To purify again.
The joyful bliss for ghosts repurijied,
The ever-springing gardens of the bless'd.
Daniel, Complaint of Rosamond.
reputable (rep'u-ta-bl), a. [< repute + -able.]
1. Being in good repute; held in esteem;
estimable: as, a reputable man or character;
reputable conduct.
Men as shabby have . . . stepped into fine carriages
from quarters not a whit more reputable than the " Cafe
des Ambassadeurs." Thackeray, Level the Widower, ii.
2. Consistent with good reputation; not mean
or disgraceful.
In the article of danger, it is as reputable to elude an
enemy as defeat one. Broome.
= Syn. Respectable, creditable, honorable.
reputableness (rep'u-ta-bl-nes), «. The char-
acter of being reputable. Bailey, 1727.
reputably (rep'u-ta-bli), adv. In a reputable
manner; without disgrace or discredit: as, to
fill an office reputably. Imp. Diet.
reputation (rep-u-ta'shon), n. [< ME. reputa-
tion, reputacioun, < OF. reputation, F. reputa-
tion = Pr. reputatio = Sp. reputation — Pg.
reputafSo = It. reputazione, riputazione, < L.
reputatio(n-), a reckoning, a pondering, estima-
tion, fame, < reputare, pp. reputatus, reckon,
count over, compute: see repute.] 1. Account;
estimation; consideration; especially, the es-
timate attached to a person by the community ;
character by report ; opinion of character gen-
erally entertained; character attributed to a
person, action, or thing; repute, in a good or
bad sense. See character.
For which he heeld his glorie or his renoun
At no value or reputacioun.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, L 164.
Christ Jesus : . . . who . . . made himself of no repu-
tation, and took upon him the fonn of a servant.
Phil. ii. 7.
For to be honest is nothing ; the Reputation of it is all.
Congreve, Old Batchelor, v. 7.
The people of this province were in the very worst repu-
tation for cruelty, and hatred of the Christian name.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 55.
2. Favorable regard; the credit, honor, or
character which is derived from a favorable
public opinion or esteem ; good name ; fame.
Cos. O, I have lost my reputation! I have lost the im-
mortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial.
lago. Reputation is an idle and most false imposition ;
oft got without merit, and lost without deserving.
Shak., Othello, ii. 3. 263.
My Lady loves her, and will come to any Composition to
save her Reputation. Congreve, Way of the World, iii. 18.
Love of reputation is a darling passion in great men.
Steele, Tatler, No. 92.
A third interprets motions, looks, and eyes ;
At every word a reputation dies.
Pope.H. of the L., iii. 16.
Thus reptttation is a spur to wit,
And some wits flag through fear of losing it.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 520.
Every year he used to visit London, where his reputa-
tion was so great that, if a day's notice were given, " the
meeting-house in Southwark, at which he generally
preached, would not hold half the people that attended."
Southey, Bunyan, p. 55.
= Syn. 2. Esteem, estimation, name, fame, renown, dis-
tinction.
reputatively (rep'u-ta-tiv-li), adv. [< "reputa-
tive (< repute + -ative) + -ly2.] By repute.
[Rare.]
But this prozer Dionysius, and the rest of these grave
and reputatively learned, dare undertake for their gravities
the headstrong censure of all things.
Chapman, Odyssey, Ep. Ded.
If Christ had suffered in our person reputatively in all
respects, his sufferings would not have redeemed us.
Baxter, Life of Faith, iii. 8.
repute (re-put'), v. t.; pret. and pp. reputed,
ppr. reputing. [< OF. reputer, F. reputer = Pr.
Sp. Pg. reputar = It. riputare, reputare, < L. re-
putare, count over, reckon, calculate, compute,
think over, consider, < re-, again, + putare,
think : seeputation. Cf. ret2, from the same L.
verb. Cf. also compute, depute, impute.] 1. To
hold in thought ; account ; hold ; reckon ; deem.
Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in
your sight? Job xviii. 3.
repute
All In England did repute him dead.
Shall., I Hen. IV., v. 1. 54.
Hadst thou rather be a Faulconbridge . . .
Or the reputed son of Coeur-de-lion?
Shot., K. John, i. 1. 138.
She was generally reputed a witch by the country peo-
ple. Addison, Freeholder, So. 22.
Moat of the reputed saints of Egypt are either lunatics
or idiots or impostors.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 291.
2. To estimate; value; regard.
I repute them [Surrey and Wyatt) . . . for the two chief
lanternes of light to all others that hare since employed
their pennes vpon English Poesie.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 50.
How will the world repute me
For undertaking so unstaid a journey?
Shale., T. O. of V., 11. 7. 59.
We aim and intend to repute and use honours but as in-
strumental causes of virtuous effects in actions.
Ford, Line of Life.
Reputed owner, in law, a person who has to all appear-
ances the title to and possession of property : thus, accord-
ing to the rule applied in some jurisdictions, if a reputed
owner becomes bankrupt, all goods in his possession, with
the consent of the true owner, may, in general, be claimed
for the creditors.
repute (re-put'), «. [<rap*t»,V.] Reputation;
character; established opinion; specifically,
good character; the credit or honor derived
from common or public opinion.
All these Cardinals have the Repute of Princes, and, be-
sides other Incomes, they have the Annats of Benefices to
support their Greatness. Hmeell, Letters, I. i. 38.
He who reigns
Monarch in heaven, till then as one secure
Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute.
Milton, P. L., i. 639.
You have a good repute for gentleness
And wisdom. Shelley, The Cenci, v. 2.
Habit and repute. Bee habit. =Syn. See list under
reputation.
reputedly (re-pu'ted-li), adv. In common opin-
ion or estimation ; by repute. Imp. Diet.
reputeless (re-put'les), a. [< repute + -less."]
Not having good repute ; obscure ; inglorious ;
disreputable ; disgraceful.
In reputeless banishment,
A fellow of no mark nor likelihood.
Shall., 1 Hen. IV., HI. 2. 44.
Requa battery (re'kwa bat'e-ri). [So called
from its inventor, Keqiia.] A kind of machine-
gun or mitrailleuse, consisting of a number of
breech-loading rifle-barrels arranged in a hori-
zontal plane on a light field-carriage.
requerant (re-ka-roh'), »i. [F., ppr. of reque-
rir, require: see require.'] In French law, an
applicant; a petitioner.
requeret, ». t. A Middle English form of require.
request(re-kwest'),». [< ME. requeest,requeste,
< OF. requestc, F. requite = Pr. Pg. requesta =
Sp. requesta, reciiesta = It. richiesta, a request,
< ML. *requista, requesta, also neuter requistum
(after Bom.), a request, < L. requisite, sc. res,
a thing asked for, fern, of requisites, ML. re-
quistus, pp. of requirere, ask : see require, and
cf. requisite and quest1.'] 1. The expression
of desire to some person for something to be
granted or done; an asking; a petition; a
prayer; an entreaty.
I calle thee to me jeer and jeer,
git wolt thou not come at my requeest.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 187.
Hainan stood up to make request for his life to Esther
the queen. Esther vii. 7.
Put my Lord Bolingbroke in mind
To get my warrant quickly sign'd ;
Consider, 'tis my first request.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. vi. 77.
2. That which is asked for or requested.
He gave them their request; but sent leanness into
their soul. Ps. cvi. 15.
Let the request be fifty talents.
Shall., T. of A., ii. 2.201.
3f. A question. [Rare.]
My prime request,
Which I do last pronounce, is, O you wonder !
If you be maid or no. Shak., Tempest, i. 2. 425.
4. The state of being desired, or held in such
estimation as to be sought after, pursued, or
asked for.
Your noble Tullus Aufldius will appear well in these
wars, his great opposer, Coriolanus, being now in no re-
quest of his country. Shak., Cor., iv. 3. 37.
EvenGuicciardine's silver history, and Ariosto's golden
cantos, grow out of request. G. Harvey, Four Letters.
Knowledge and fame were in as great request as wealth
among us now. Sir W. Temple.
Court of requests, (a) A former English court of equity
for the relief of such persons as addressed the king by sup-
ferior'judge remits or waives his nalural jurisdiction ove'
5096
a cause, and authorizes it to be instituted in the superior
court, which otherwise could only exercise jurisdiction as
a court of appeal. This may be done in some instances
without any consent from or communication to the de-
fendant, (o) Letters formerly granted by the Lord Privy
Seal preparatory to granting letters of marque. — Return
request. See re<uml. = Syn. 1. Petition, Suit, etc. (see
prayeri), solicitation. See ask*.
request (re-kwesf), r. t. [< OF. requester, ask
again, request, reclaim, F. rcqne'ter, search
again, = Sp. requestar, requestor, request, en-
gage, = Pg. requestar, request; from the noun.]
1. To make a request for; ask ; solicit ; express
desire for.
The weight of the golden ear-rings that he requested
was a thousand and seven hundred shekels of gold.
Judges viil. 26.
The drooping crests of fading flow'rs
Request the bounty of a morning rain.
Quarles, Emblems, v. 11.
2. To express a request to ; ask.
I request you
To give my poor host freedom.
Shak., Cor., I. 9. 86.
I pray you, sir, let me request you to the Windmill.
/.'. Jonsoii, Every Man in his Humour, iv. 4.
-Syn. Beg, Beseech, etc. (see «*JH), desire, petition for.
requester (re-kwes'ter), n. One who requests ;
a petitioner.
A regard for the requester would often make one readily
yield to a request, without waiting for arguments to rea-
son one into it Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, x.
request-note (re-kwest'not), n. In the inland
revenue, an application to obtain a permit for
removing excisable articles. [Eng.]
request-program (re-kwest'pro'gram), n. A
concert program made up of numbers the per-
formance of which lias been requested by the
audience.
requicken (re-kwik'n), v. t. [< re- + quicken1.']
To reanimate ; give new life to.
His doubled spirit
Re-quicken'd what in flesh was fatigate,
And to the battle came he. Shall., Cor., ii. 2. 121.
Sweet Music requielmeth the heaviest spirits of dumpish
melancholy. O. Harvey, Four Letters, iii.
requiem (re'kwi-em), «. [= F. requiem, so
called from the first word of the introit of the
mass for the dead, "Requiem seternam dona eis,"
etc. — a form which also serves as the gradual,
and occurs in other offices of the departed : L.
requiem, ace. of requies, rest, < re-, again, +
quies, quiet, rest. Cf. dirge, similarly named
from "IMrige."] 1. In the Horn. Cath. Ch., the
mass for the dead.
We should profane the service of the dead
To sing a requiem and such rest to her
As to peace- parted souls. Shall., Hamlet, v. 1. 260.
The silent organ loudest chants
The master's requiem. Emerson, Dirge.
2. A musical setting of the mass for the dead.
The usual sections of such a mass are the Requiem, the
Kyrie, the Dies lite (in several sections), the Domlne Jesu
Christe, the Sanctus, the Benedictus, the Agnus Dei, and
the Lux eeterna.
3. Hence, in popular usage, a musical service
or hymn for the dead. Compare the popular
use of dirge.
For pity's sake, you that have tears to shed,
Sigh a soft requiem, and let fall a bead
For two unfortunate nobles.
Webster, Devil's Law-Case, it 3.
4f. Rest ; quiet ; peace.
Else had I an eternal requiem kept.
Sandys, Paraphrase upon Job iii.
=Syn. Dirge, Elegy, etc. See dirge.
requiem-mass (re'kwi-em-mas), 11. Same as
requiem, 1.
requiescat in pace (rek-wi-es'kat in pa'se).
[LI. : requiescat, 3d pers. sing. subj. of requies-
cere, rest (see requiescence); in, in; pace, abl.
of pax, peace: see peace."] May he (or she)
rest in peace : a form of prayer for the dead,
frequent in sepulchral inscriptions. Often ab-
breviated B. I. P.
requiescence (rek-wi-es'ens), ». [< L. requi-
escen(t-)s, ppr. of rcquiescere, rest, repose, < re-
+ quiescere, rest: see quiesce, quiescence.] A
state of quiescence ; rest ; repose. [Rare.]
Such bolts . . . shall strike agitated Paris if not into
requiescence, yet into wholesome astonishment.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. ill. 8.
requietoryt (re-kwi'e-to-ri), «. [< L. reqitictn-
rinm, a resting-place, sepulcher, < requiescere,
rest : see requiescence.'] A sepulcher.
Bodies digged up out of their requietories.
Weever, Ancient Funeral Monuments, p. 419.
requirable (re-kwir'a-bl), a. [< ME. requera-
ble, < OF. requerable, < requerre, require : see
require and -able.] 1. Capable of being re-
quired ; fit or proper to be demanded.
requirer
The gentleman ... is a man of fair living, and able
to maintain a lady in her two coaches a day ; . . . iunl
therefore there is more respect requirable.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
I deny not but learning to divide the word, elocution to
pronounce it, wisdom to discern the truth, boldness to
deliver it, be all parts requirable in a preacher.
Ben. T. Adams, Works, II. 256.
2f. Desirable ; demanded.
Which is thilke yowre dereworthe power that is so
deer and so requerable? Chaucer, Boethius, ii. prose 6.
require (re-kwlr'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. requin-il,
ppr. requiring. [Early inotl. E. also requi/rc :
< ME. requiren, requyren, requcrcn, < OF. re-
quirer, requerir, requerre, F. requerir = Pr. re-
querer, requerir, requerre =. Cat. requirir = Sp.
requerir = Pg. requercr = It. ricliicdere, < L.
requirere, pp. requisitus, seek again, look after,
seek to know, ask or inquire after, ask for (some-
thing needed), need, want, < re-, again, + quse-
rere, seek: see qucrenfi, query, quest1. From
the same L. verb are also nit. E. requisite, etc.,
request. Cf. acquire, inquire, etc.] If. To
search for ; seek.
The thirsty Trav'ler
In vain requir'd the Current, then imprisou'd
In subterraneous Caverns.
Prior, First Hymn of Callimachus.
From the soft Lyre,
Sweet Flute, and ten-strlng'd Instrument require
Sounds of Delight. Prior, Solomon, ii.
2. To ask for as a favor ; request. [Obsolete
or archaic.]
Feire lordynges, me merveileth gretly of that ye haue
me requered, that ye will not that noon know what ye be,
ne what be youre names. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), II. 204.
He sends an Agent with Letters to the King of Denmark
requiring aid against the Parlament.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, \.
What favour then, not yet possess'd,
Can I for thee require ?
Cowper, Poet's New- Year's Gift.
3. To ask or claim, as of right and by author-
ity; demand; insist on having ; exact.
The same wicked man shall die in his iniquity ; but his
blood will I require at thine hand. Ezek. iii. 18.
Doubling their speed, they march with fresh delight,
Eager for glory, and require the fight.
Addison, The Campaign.
We do not require the same self-control in a child as in
a man. Froude, Sketches, p. 57.
4. To ask or order to do something ; call on.
And I pray yow and requyre, telle me of that ye knowe
my herte desireth so. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), i. 74.
In humblest manner I require your highness
That it shall please you to declare.
Shale., Hen. VIIL, ii. 4. 144.
Let the two given extreams be 6 and 48, between which
it is required to find two mean proportionals.
Hawkins, Cocker's Decimal Arithmetick (1685).
Shall burning i'.t u.-i. if a sage requires,
Forget to thunder, and recall her fires ?
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 123.
Persons to be presented for degrees (other than hono-
rary) are required to wear not only a white necktie but also
bands. The Academy, June 1, 1889, p. 376.
5. To have need or necessity for ; render neces-
sary or indispensable ; demand; need; want.
But moist bothe erthe and ayer thai [grains] ther require,
Land argillose or drie hem sleth for yre.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 106.
Beseech your highness,
My women may be with me, for you see
My plight requires it. Shak., W. T., ii. 1. 118.
Poetry requires not an examining but a believing frame
of mind. Macaulay, Dryden.
= Syn. 2-4. Request, Beg, etc. (see o«H), enjoin (upon),
prescribe, direct, command.
requirement (re-kwlr'ment), n. [= Sp. requeri-
miento = Pg. requerimenio ; as require + -ment.]
1. The act of requiring, in any sense; demand;
requisition.
Now, though our actual moral attainment may always
be far below what our conscience requires of us, it does
tend to rise in response to a heightened requirement of
conscience, and will not rise without it.
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 251.
2. That which requires the doing of some-
thing; an authoritative or imperative com-
mand; an essential condition ; claim.
The requirement that a wife shall be taken from a for-
eign tribe readily becomes confounded with the require-
ment that a wife shall be of foreign blood.
U. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 293.
3. That which is required; something demand-
ed or necessary.
The great want and requirement of our age is an ear-
nest, thoughtful, and suitable ministry. Eclec. Kev.
= Syn. 2. Bemiiaite, Requirement (see requisite), mandate,
injunction, charge,
requirer (re-kwir'er), n. One who requires.
It was better for them that they shulde go and requyre
batayle of their enemyes. rather than they shlllde come
on them ; for they said they had sene and herde dyuers
requirer
ensamples of requyrers and nat requyrers, and euer of
fyue four hath obtayned.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. xxxii.
requiring (re-kwir'ing), «. [Verbal n. of re-
i/uiri;i:~\ Demand; requisition; requirement.
If requiring fail, he will compel.
Shale., Hen. V., ii. 4. 101.
requisite (rek'wi-zit), a. and «. [Formerly ulso
rcquisit; = Sp. Pg. requisite = It. requisite, i'i-
i/uixito, < L. requisites, pp. of reqitirere, seek or
ask again: see require.] I. a. Required by the
nature of tilings or by circumstances; neces-
sary; so needful that it cannot be dispensed
with; indispensable.
It is ... reguimt that leasure be taken in pronuntiation,
such as may make our wordes plaine & most audible and
agreable to the eare.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 61.
God . . . sends his Spirit of truth henceforth to dwell
In pious hearts, an inward oracle
To all truth requisite for men to know.
Milton, P. R,, i. 464.
To be witnesses of His resurrection it was requisite to
have known our Lord intimately before His death.
J. H. Newman, 1'arochial Sermons, i. 286.
=SVH. Essential, etc. See necessary.
n. n. That which is necessary; something
essential or indispensable.
The knave is handsome, young, and hath all those
requisites in him that folly and green minds look after.
Shak., Othello, ii. 1. 251.
= Syn. Requisite, Requirement. That which is required
by the nature of the case, or is only indirectly thought of
as required by a person, is called a requisite; that which
is viewed as required directly by a person or persons is
called a requirement: thus, a certain study is in the one
aspect a requisite and in the other a requirement for admis-
sion to college ; we speak of the requisites to a great com-
mander or to a successful life ; of the requirements in a
candidate for a clerkship. Hence, generally, a requisite is
more absolutely necessary or essential than a requirement;
a requisite is more often material than a requirement;
a requisite may be a possession or something that may be
viewed as a possession, but a requirement is a thing to be
done or learned.
requisitely (rek'wi-zit-li), adv. So as to be
requisite; necessarily. Boyle.
requisiteness (rek'wi-zit-nes), «. The state of
being requisite or necessary; necessity. Boyle.
requisition (rek-wi-zish'on), n. [< OF. requi-
sition, F. requisition = Pr. requisicio = OSp.
requisition = Pg. reqnisiqao = It. requisisione,
riquisizione, < L. requisitio(n-), a searching, ex-
amination/ requirere, pp. requisites, search for,
require : see require and requisite.] 1. The act
of requiring; demand; specifically, the demand
made by one state upon another for the giving
up of a fugitive from law ; also, an authorita-
tive demand or official request for a supply of
necessaries, as for a military or naval force ; a
levying of necessaries by hostile troops from
the people in whose country they are.
To administer equality and justice to all, according to
the requisition of his office. Ford, Line of Life.
The hackney-coach stand was again put Into requisition
for a carriage to convey this stout hero to his lodgings and
bed. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxvi.
The wars of Napoleon were marked by the enormous
requisitions which were levied upon invaded countries.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 129.
2. In Scots law, a demand made by a creditor
that a debt be paid or an obligation fulfilled. —
3. A written call or invitation: as, a requisition
for a public meeting. — 4. The state of being
required or desired; request; demand.
What we now call the alb ... was of the sacred gar-
ments that one most in requisition.
Ruck, Church of our Fathers, ii. 1.
requisition (rek-wi-zish'on), r. t. [= F. requi-
sitionner; from the noun.] 1. To make a
requisition or demand upon: as, to requisition
a community for the support of troops. — 2. To
demand, as for the use of an army or the pub-
lic service; also, to get on demanding; seize.
Twelve thousand Masons are requisitioned from the
neighbouring country to raze Toulon from the face of the
Earth. Carlyle, French Rev., III. v. 3.
The night before, the youth of Haltwhistle. who had
forcibly requisitioned the best horses they could find, start-
ed for a secret destination. If. and Q., 7th ser., III. 345.
3. To present a requisition or request to : as,
to requisition a person to become a candidate for
a seat in Parliament. [Eng.]
requisitivet (re-kwiz'i-tiv), a. and n. [< requi-
site + -iff.] I. a. 1. Expressing or implying
demand.
Hence then new modes of speaking : if we interrogate.
'tis the interrogative mode ; if we require, 'tis therefuui-
'«'<'• Harris, Hermes, i. 8.
2. Requisite.
Two things are requisitiee, to prevent a man's being de-
ceived. Stillingjleet, Origines Sacrse, ii. 11. (Latham.)
5097
II. H. One who or that which makes or ex-
presses a requisition.
The requisilive too appears under two distinct species,
either as it is imperative to inferiors, or precative to su-
periors. Harris, Hermes, i. 8.
requisitor (re-kwiz'i-tor), n. [< ML. rcquisitor,
a searcher, examiner, <! L. requirere, pp. requiisi-
tus, search for, examine: see require.] One who
makes requisition ; specifically, one empowered
by a requisition to investigate facts.
The property which each individual possessed should
be at his own disposal, and not at that of any publick re-
quisitors.
H. if. Williams, Letters on France (ed. 1796), IV. 18.
requisitory (re-kwiz'i-to-ri), a. [= Sp. rcqui-
sitorio (cf. Pg. It. requisite/riot, n., a warrant re-
quiring obedience), < ML. requisitorius, < L. re-
quirere, pp. requisites, search for, require : see
requisite, required] 1. Sought for; demanded.
[Rare.] — 2. Conveying a requisition or de-
mand.
The Duke addressed a requisitory letter to the alcaldes.
. . . On the arrival of the requisition there was a serious
debate. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 305.
requisitum (rek-wi-si'tum), n. [L., neut. of
requisites, pp. of requirere. search for, require :
see requisite.] That which a problem asks for.
requitt, v. t. An obsolete form of requite.
requit (re-kwif), n. Same as requite.
The star that rules my luckless lot
Has fated me the russet coat,
And damn'd my fortune to the groat ;
But, in requit,
Has blest me wi' a random shot
O' countra wit.
Burns, To James Smith.
requitable (re-kwl'ta-bl), a. [< requite + -able.]
Capable of being requited. Imp. Diet.
requital (re-kwi'tal), n. [< requite + -al.] The
act of requiting, or that which requites ; return
for any office, good or bad. (a) In a good sense,
compensation ; recompense ; reward : as, the requital of
services.
Such courtesies are real which flow cheerfully
Without an expectation of requital.
Ford, Broken Heart, v. 2.
(6) In a bad sense, retaliation or punishment.
Remember how they mangle our Brittish names abroad ;
what trespass were it, if wee in requitall should as much
neglect theirs? Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
=Syn. Remuneration, payment, retribution. Requital
differs from the other nouns indicating reward in express-
ing most emphatically either a full reward or a sharp re-
taliation. In the latter sense it comes near revenge (which
see).
requite (re-kwif), v. t. ; pret. and pp. requited,
ppr. requiting. [Early mod. E. also requit, with
pret. requit; < re- + quite1, v., now only quit*-, ?.]
To repay (either good or evil), (a) In a good sense,
to recompense ; return an equivalent in good for or to ;
reward.
They lightly her requit (for small delight
They had as then her long to entertalne),
And eft them turned both againe to fight.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iii. 47.
I give thee thanks in part of thy deserts,
And will with deeds requite thy gentleness.
Shak., Tit. And., i. 1. 237.
(b) In a bad sense, to retaliate ; return evil for evil for or
to; punish.
But warily he did avoide the blow,
And with his speare requited him againe.
Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 21.
Pearl felt the sentiment, and requited it with the bitter-
est hatred that can be supposed to rankle in a childish
bosom. Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, vi.
(c) To return. [Bare.]
I spent my time much in the visits of the princes, coun-
cil of state, and great persons of the French kingdom, who
did ever punctually requite my visits.
Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Life (ed. Howells), p. 135.
= Syn. Remunerate, Recompense, etc. (see indemnify), pay,
repay, pay off.
requite (re-kwif), «• [Also requit; < requite, «•.]
Requital. [Rare.]
For counsel given unto the king
is this thy just requite?
T. Preston, Cambyses.
requitefult (re-kwifful), a. [< requite + -fill.]
Ready or disposed to requite.
Yet were you never that requiteful mistress
That grac'd me with one favour.
Middleton, Your Five Gallants, II. 1.
requitelesst (re-kwif les), a. [< requite + -less.]
1. Without return or requital.
Why, faith, dear friend, I would not die requiteless.
Chapman, Gentleman Usher, iii. 1.
2. Not given in return for something else;
free ; voluntary.
For this His love requiteless doth approue,
He gaue her beeing meeily of free grace,
Before she was, or could His mercie moue.
Davies, Microcosmos, p. 68. (Davits.)
reredos
requitementt (re-kwif ment), «. [< requite +
-Hii-iit.] Requital.
The erle Douglas sore beyng greued with the losse of
his nacion and frendes, entendyng a requitewent if it were
possible of the same, . . . did gather a houge armye.
Hall, Hen. IV., an. 1.
reraget, «• See rearage.
rerail (re-ral'), v. t. [< re- + rail1.] To re-
place on the rails, as a derailed locomotive.
[Recent.]
They [interlocking bolts] are supposed to have prevented
the rails being crowded aside, and thus to have made pos-
sible the rerauing of the engine. Scribner'i Mag., VI. 346.
reret. An obsolete form of rearl, rear2, rear3.
reret, *'• t- See rear*.
re-read (re-red'), v. t. [<re-+ rcartl.] To read
again or anew.
rere-banquett (rer'bang"kwet), «. [Early mod.
E. rere-banket; < rere, rear3, + banquet.] A
second course of sweets or desserts after dinner.
Compare rere-supper. Palsgrave.
He came againe another day in the after noone, and find-
ing the king at a rere-banquet, and to haue taken the wine
somewhat plentifully, turned back againe.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poeaie (ed. Arber), p. 288.
rerebrace (rer'bras), n. [< ME. rerebrace, < OF.
"rerebras, arierebras, F. arrierebras ; as rere,
rear9, + brace1, n.] The
armor of the upper arm
from the shoulder to the
elbow -joint, especially
when it is of steel or
leather worn over the
sleeve of the hauberk, or
replacing it by inclosing
the arm in a complete
cylinder. Also arriere-
bras.
Bristes the rerebrace with the
bronde ryche.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.),
[1.2566.
rere-brake (rer'brak), n. An appurtenance of
a mounted warrior in the fifteenth century, it
is said to have been the cushion forming a ball, or in some
cases a ring, used in justs to break the shock to the knight
when forced backward upon the crupper by the lance.
Such contrivances are known to have been used at the
time mentioned.
reredemaint (rer'de-man), H. [ME., < OF. rere,
back, + de, of, + main, hand: see main3.] A
back-handed stroke.
I shall with a j-ererfemuj/TM so make them rebounde . . .
that the beste stopper that he hath at tenyce shal not well
stoppe without a faulte.
Hall, Richard III., f. 11. (Hallimll.)
reredos (rer'dos), n. [Early mod. E. reredosse,
also rcredorse, reardorse (see rcardorse), < ME.
"reredos, reredoos, < OF. reredos, < rere, riere,
rear (see rear3), + dos, dors, F. dos, < L. dor-
sum, back: see dorse1.] 1. In arch., the back
of a fireplace, or of an open fire-hearth, as com-
monly used in domestic halls of medieval times
and the Renaissance; the iron plate of ten form-
ing the back of a fireplace in which andirons
are used.
Now haue we manie chimnies and yet our tenderlings
complaine of rheumes, catarhs and poses. Then had we
none but reredosses, and our heads did neuer ake.
Harrison, Descrip. of Eng., ii. 22.
The reredog, or brazier for the fire of logs, in the centre
of the hall, continued in use [in the fifteenth century], but
in addition to this large fireplaces were introduced into
the walls. J. H. Parker, Domestic Arch, in Eng., ill.
2. A screen or a decorated part of the wall
behind an altar in a church, especially when
, rerebrace ; i>, cubitiere ;
c, vambrace.
Reredos and Altar of Lichfield Cathedral, England.
the altar does not stand free, but against the
wall; an altarpiece. Compare altarpiece and
retable.
reredos
It was usually ornamented with panelling, &c., es-
pecially behind an altar, and sometimes was enriched
with a profusion of niches, buttresses, pinnacles, statues,
and other decorations, which were often painted with
brilliant colours : reredoies of this kind not unfrequently
extended across the whole breadth of the church, and
were sometimes carried up nearly to the ceiling.
Oxford Glossary.
3. In medieval armor, same as backpieee.
reree (re-re'), »• [E. Ind.] The narrow-leafed
cattail, Typha angusKfolia, whose leaves are
used in northwest India for making mats and
for other purposes.
rerefief (rer'fef), «. [< OF. rierefief, rerefief,
abbr. of arriere fief, F. arriere-fef, < arriere, P.
arriere, back (see rear3), +ficf, fief: see fief.]
In Scots law, a fief held of a superior feuda-
tory; an under-fief, held by an under-tenant,
reremouse, rearmouse (rer'mous), n. ; pi. rere-
mice, rearmice (-mis). [Also reermouse ; (. ME.
reremous (pi. rerermys), < AS. hreremuft, a bat, <
hreran, move, shake, stir (see rear*, v.), + mus,
mouse: see mouse. Of. flittermouse, flinder-
mouse.] A bat. [Obsolete except in heraldic
use.]
[Not] to rewle as reremys and rest on the dales,
And spende of the spicerie more than it nedid.
Richard the Redden, ill. 272.
Some war with rere-mice for their leathern wings,
To make my small elves coats.
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2. 4.
re-representative (re-rep-re-zen'ta-tiv), a. [<
re- T representative.] See the quotation.
He-representative cognitions ; or those in which the oc-
cupation of consciousness is not by representations of
special relations that have before been presented to con-
sciousness; but those in which such represented special
relations are thought of merely as comprehended in a
general relation. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 480.
rere-suppert (rer'sup'er), «. [Also rearsupper;
dial, resupper, as if < re- + supper; < ME. rere-
souper, rere-soper, rere-sopere,<OF.*rere-souper,
< rere, riere, behind, + souper, supper : see rear3
and supper.] A late supper, after the ordinary
meal so called.
Vse no surfetis neithir day ne nyght,
Neither ony rere soupers, which is but excesse.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 6«.
And also she wold haue rere sopers whanne her fader
and moder was a bedde.
Boo* of the Knight of La Tour Landry, p. 8.
The rere-gupper, or banket where men syt downe to
drynke and eate agayne after their meate.
Palsgrave, Acolastus<a540). (HaUiwell.)
If we ride not the faster the worthy Abbot Waltheoffs
preparations for a rere-supper will be altogether spoiled.
Scott, Ivanhoe, xviii.
rerewardt, «• See rearward1.
res (rez), n. [< L. res, a thing, property, sub-
stance, affair, case; of doubtful origin; per-
haps related to Skt. \/ rd, give, rai, property,
wealth. Hence rebus, reafl, realism, etc. ; also
the first element in republic, etc.] A thing; a
matter; a point; a cause or action. Used in sun-
dry legal phrases : as, res gestee, things done, material
facts ; as in the rule that the conversation accompanying
an act or forming part of a transaction may usually be
given in evidence as part of the res gestec, when the act or
transaction has been given in evidence, although such
conversation would otherwise be incompetent because
hearsay ; resjudicata, a matter already decided.
resail (re-sal' ), v. i. [< re- + sain .] To sail back.
Before he anchors in his native port,
From Pyle retailing, and the Spartan court.
Fenton, in Pope's Odyssey, iv. 931.
resale (re-sal'), n. [< re- + sale1.] A second
sale ; a sale of what was before sold to the pos-
sessor ; a sale at second hand.
Monopolies, and coemption of wares for resale, where
they are not restrained, are great meanes to enrich.
Bacon, Riches.
resalgart, «• [< ME. resalgar, rysalgar, rosal-
gar: see realgar.] Same as realgar.
Resalgar, and our materes enbibing.
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 261.
Our chirurgions and also ferrers do find both arsenicke
and retalgar to be ... sharpe, hotte, and burning things.
Topsell, Beasts (1607), p. 429. (HalliweU.)
resalute (re-sa-luf), v. t. [< re- + salute.] 1.
To salute or greet anew.
To resolute the world with sacred light.
Milton, P. L., xl. 134.
2. To salute in return.
They of the Court made obeisance to him, . . . and he
in like order resaluted them. Halduyt's Voyages, II. 171.
res angUSta domi (rez an-gus'ta do'mi). [L. :
res, a thing, circumstance ; annusta, fern, of an-
gustus, narrow ; domi, locative of domus, house :
see res, angust, and dome1.] Straitened or nar-
row circumstances.
resarcele (re-sar-se-la'), a. Same as resar-
celed.
5098
resarceled, resarcelled (re-sar'seld), a. In
licr., separated by the field showing within. See
sarceled — Cross sarceled, resarceled. See croai.
resauntt, «• Same as resxtnit.
resawing-machine (re-sa'ing-ma-shen*'), n. [<
re + suicinfl, verbal n. of sair1, v., + machine.]
Any machine for cutting up squared timber
into small stuff or boards. E. H. Knight.
resayvet, f . An obsolete variant of receive.
rescaillet, "• An obsolete variant of rascal.
rescatet, »• t. [Also reescate, riscate (I) ; < It. ris-
cattare, redeem, ransom, rescue, = Sp. rescatar
= Pg. rcsgatar, ransom (cf. OF. rachater, rache-
ter, F. raclieter, ransom, redeem, repurchase),
< L. re-, back, + ex, out, + capture, take: see
capacious.] To ransom.
The great Honour you have acquired by your gallant
Comportment in Algier, in reescating so many English
Slave*. Howell, Letters, I. v. 30.
rescatet, "• [< It. riscatto = Sp. rescatc = Pg.
restate, ransom, rescue; from the verb: seeres-
cate, »>.] Ransom; relief; rescue.
Euery day wee were taken prisoners, by reason of the
great dissension in that kingdome ; and euery morning at
our departure we must pay reseat foure or flue pagies a
man. Hakluyl's Voyages, II. 222.
reschowet, ». and «. A Middle English form
of rescue.
rescind (re-sind'), v. t. [< OF. (and F.) re-
scinder = Sp. Pg. rescindir = It. rescindere. cut
off, cancel, < L. rescindere, cut off, annul, < re-,
back, + scindere, pp. scissus, cut: see scission.]
1. To cut off; cut short; remove.
Contrarily, the great gifts of the king are judged void,
his unnecessary expenses are rescinded, his superfluous
cut off. Prynne, Treachery and Disloyalty, p. 168, App.
2. To abrogate ; revoke ; annul ; vacate, as an
act, by the enacting authority or by superior
authority : as, to rescind a law, a resolution, or
a vote ; to rescind an edict or decree ; to re-
scind a judgment.
Even in the worst times this power of parliament to re-
peal and rescind charters has not often been exercised.
Webster, Speech, March 10, 1818.
Thesentence of exileagaiust Wheelwrightwasresct'wfed.
Bancroft, Hist U. S., 1. 349.
3. To avoid (avoidable contract). Bishop. =Syn.
2. Repeal, Revoke, etc. (see abolish), reverse, take back.
rescindable (re-sin'da-bl), n. [= F. rescinda-
ble; as rescind + -able.] Capable of being re-
scinded. Imp. Diet.
rescindment (re-sind'ment),«. [= F. rescinde-
ment; as rescind + -meni.] The act of rescind-
ing; rescission. Imp. Diet.
rescission (re-sizh'on), n. [= F. rescision (for
*rescission) = Sp. rescision = Pg. rescisSo = It.
rescissione, < LL. rescissio(n-), a making void,
annulling, rescinding, < L. rescindere, pp. rescis-
sus, cutoff: see rescind.] 1. The act of rescind-
ing or cutting off.
If any man infer upon the words of the prophets follow-
ing (which declare this rejection and, to use the words of
the text, rescision of their estate to have been for their
idolatry) that by this reason the governments of all idola-
trous nations should be also dissolved . . . ; in my judg-
ment it followeth not. Bacon, Holy War.
2. The act of abrogating, annulling, or vacat-
ing : as, the rescission of a law, decree, or judg-
ment.
No ceremonial and pompous rescission of our fathers'
crimes can be sufficient to interrupt the succession of the
curse. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1838), I. 778.
He [the daimio of Cboshiu] would communicate with the
mikado, and endeavour to obtain the rescission of the
present orders. F. 0. Adams, Hist. Japan, I. 445.
3. The avoiding of a voidable contract.
He [the seller] was bound to suffer rescission or to give
compensation at the option of the buyer if the thing sold
had undisclosed faults which hindered the free possession
of it. Encyc. Brit., XXI. 206.
rescissory (re-sis'o-ri), a. [= F. resdsoire = Sp.
Pg. rescisorio = It.' rescissorio, < LL. rescissorius,
of or pertaining to rescinding, < L. rescindere, pp.
rescissus, rescind: see rescind.] Having power
to rescind, cut off, or abrogate; having the ef-
fect of rescinding.
To pass a general act rescissory (as it was called), annul-
ling all the parliiimenU that had been held since the year
1638. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1661.
The general Act rescissory of 1661, which swept away the
legislative enactments of the Covenanting Parliament.
Second General Council of the Presbyterian Alliance, 1880,
[p. 970.
Rescissory actions, in Scots law, those actions whereby
deeds, etc., are declared void.
rescore (re-skor'), ». t. [< re- + score.] In
music, to score again ; arrange again or dif-
ferently for voices or instruments.
rescoust, «. [< ME. rescous, rescouse, < OF.
rescous, rescos, also rescousse, F. rescousse, re-
rescue
cousse = Pr. rescossa = It. riscossa (ML. reflex
rescussa), a rescue, < ML. as if "reexcussa, fern,
pp. of *reexcutere, rescue: see rescue, v.] Same
as rescue.
For none hate he to the Greke hadde,
Ne also for the rescous of the town,
Ne made him thus in armes for to madde.
Chaucer, Troilns, i. 478.
rescribe (re-skrib'), v. t. [= OF. rescrire = Hp.
rescrilrir = Pg. rescrevcr = It. riscrivere, < L.
rencribere, write back or again, < re-, again,
back, + scribere, write : see syribe.] 1 . To write
back.
Whenever a prince on his being consulted rescribes or
writes back toleramus, he dispenses with that act other-
wise unlawful. Aylife, Parergon.
2. To write again.
Calling for more paper to rescribe them, he showed him
the difference betwixt the ink-box and the sand-box.
ffowell.
rescribendary (re-skrib'en-da-ri). n.: pi. re-
scribendaries (-riz). [< ML. rescribeiidariug, <
L. rescribendus, gerundive of rescribere, write
back: see rencribe.] In the Bom. Cath. Ch., an
officer in the court of Rome who sets a value
upon indulgences.
rescript (re'skript), ». [< OF. rescrit, rescript,
F. rescrit = Pr. reschrich = Cat. rescrit = Sp.
rescripto = Pg. rescripto, rescrito = It. rescritto,
< L. rescriptum, a rescript, reply, neut. of re-
scriptus, pp. of rescribere, write back : see re-
scribe.] 1. The written answer of an emperor
or a pope to questions of jurisprudence offi-
cially propounded to him; hence, an edict or
decree.
Maximinus gave leave to rebuild [the churches). . . .
Upon which rescript (saith the story) the Christians were
overjoyed. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 156.
The society was established as soon as possible after the
receipt of the Papal rescript.
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, III. 74.
2. A counterpart. Bouvier.
rescription (re-skrip'shon), ». [< OF. rescrip-
tion, F. rescription, < LL. rescriptio(n-), a re-
script, < L. rescribere, pp. rescriptus, answer in
writing: see rescript and rescribe.] A writing
back; the answering of a letter.
You cannot oblige me more than to be punctual in re-
scription. Lmeday, Letters (1662), p. 31. (Latham.)
rescriptive (re-skrip'tiv), a. [< rescript + -ive.]
Pertaining to' a rescript ; having the character
of a rescript ; decisive.
rescriptively (re-skrip'tiv-li), adr. By re-
script. Burke. [Rare.]
rescuable (res'ku-a-bl), a. [< OF. rescouable, <
rescorre, rescourre, rescue : see rescue and -able.]
Capable of being rescued.
Everything under force is rescuable by my function.
Oayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 116.
rescue (res'ku), v. ; pret. and pp. rescued, ppr.
rescuing. [Early mod. E. also reskue, rcskew; <
ME. reskewen, rescouen, rescowen, < OF. rescorre,
rescourre, reskeure, resquerre (ML. reflex res-
cuere) = It. riscuotere (ML. reflex rescutere),
rescue, < L. re-, again, + excutere (pp. excus-
tsus), shake off, drive away, < ex-, off, + quatere,
shake: see quash1. Cf. rescous.] I. trans. 1.
To free or deliver from any confinement, vio-
lence, danger, or evil; liberate from actual re-
straint; remove or withdraw from a state of
exposure to evil: as, to rescue seamen from
destruction by shipwreck.
Ercules rescoiced hire, parde,
And brought hire out of belle agayne to blys.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 515.
That was cleped the rescouse, for that Vortiger was
rescowed whan Aungis the saisne was slain and chaced
oute of the place. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 586.
Draw forth thy weapon, we are beset with thieves ;
Rescue thy mistress, if thou be a man.
5Ao*., T. of the S., iii. 2. 238.
2. In law, to liberate or take by forcible or il-
legal means from lawful custody : as, to rescue
a prisoner from a constable. =Syn. 1 and 2. To re-
take, recapture.
Il.t in trans. To go to the rescue.
For when a chaumbere afire is or an halle,
Wei more nede is it sodenly rescowe
Than to dispute, and axe amonges alle,
How is this candele in the strow yfalle.
Chaucer, Troilus, Hi. 857.
rescue (res'ku), «. [Early mod. E. also reskue,
reskew; from the verb. The earlier noun was
rescous, q. v.] 1. The act of rescuing; deliv-
erance from restraint, violence, danger, or any
evil.
Spur to the rescue of the noble Talbot.
Skat., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 3. 19.
rescue
Flights, terrors, sudden rescues, and true love
Crown'd after trial. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
2. In law, the forcible or illegal taking of a
person or thing out of the custody of the law.
Fang. Sir John, I arrest you. . . .
Fal. Keep them off, Bardolph.
Fang. A rescue ! a rescue ! Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 1. 61.
Rescue is the forcibly and knowingly freeing another
from an arrest or imprisonment; and it is generally the
same offence in the stranger so rescuing as it would have
been in a gaoler to have voluntarily permitted an escape.
Slackstone, Com., IV. x.
Rescue Shott, money paid for the rescue or assistance in
the rescue of stolen or raided property. See shot.
5099
resemble
properly so called, or net ground.
Reseau a brides, bride ground when the brides are ar- resell (re-sel'), r. t. [< re- + sell1.] To sell
ranged with great regularity so as to resemble a r(Sseau again; sell, as what has been recently bought.
I will not resell that heere which shall bee confuted
heere-after. Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 339.
.. (re-zem'bla-bl), a. [< ME. resem-
. resemblable ,"< resembler, resemble :
Capable or admitting of being
compared; like.
These arowis that I speke of heere
Were alle fyve on oon manere,
And alle were they resemblable.
To cut or pare off.
Perhaps the most striking illustration of the advanced
surgery of the period [Roman empire] is the freedom with
which bones were resected, including the long bones, the
lower jaw, and the upper jaw. Encyc. Brit., XXII. 675.
Resecting fracture, a fracture produced by a rifle-ball
which has hit one of the two bones of the forearm or leg, resemblance (re-:
Ram-
Instead of his ain ten milk kye,
Jamie Telfer has gotten thirty and three.
And he has paid the rescue shot,
Baith wi' goud and white monie.
Jamie Telfer (Child's Ballads, VI. 115).
To make a rescue, to take a prisoner forcibly from the
custody of an officer.
Thou gaoler, thou,
I am thy prisoner ; wilt thou suffer them
To make a rescue? Shalt., C. of E., iv. 4. 114.
= Syn. 1. Release, liberation, extrication, redemption.
rescue-grass (res'ku-gras), ». A species of
brome-grass, Bromus unioloides. It is native in
South America, perhaps al;
duced with some favor as a
tries. In the warmest parts of the
it is found valuable, as producing a crop in winter and early
spring. See prairie-grass. Also called Schrader's grass.
rescuer (res'ku-er), n. One who rescues.
rescussee (res-ku-se'), «• [< rescuss(or) +
-ee1.] In law, the party in whose favor a res-
cue is made.
rescussor (res-kus'or), «. [< ML. rescussor, <
rescutere, pp. rescussus, rescue : see rescue, res-
cous.] In law, one who commits an unlawful
rescue; a rescuer.
rese1t, v • A Middle English form of raise1.
rese2t, v. A Middle English form of race1.
research1 (re-serch'), v. t. [< OF. recercher, re-
cercer, rechercher, F. rechercher (= It. ricercare),
search diligently, inquire into, < re- + cercher, Reseda (re-se'da), n.
or one or two of the metacarpal or metatarsal bones, and
has taken a piece out of the bone hit without injury to the
others.
resectt (re-sekf), a. and ». [< L. resectus, pp.
of resecare, cut off: see resect, «'.] I. a. Cut
off; resected.
I ought reject
No soul from wished immortalitie,
But give them durance when they are resect
From organized corporeitie.
Dr. H. More, Psychathanasia, I. ii. 46.
II. n. In math., the subtangent of a point
on a curve diminished by the abscissa.
zem blans), n.
' L
[< Mb. resem-
Iso in Texas, and has been intro- resection (re-sek'shon), n. [= F. resection, < LL.
resections, cutting off, trimming, pruning <
L. resecare, pp. resectus, cut off : see resect.] The
act of cutting or paring off; specifically, in
i, < OF. resemblance, ressemblance, F. res-
semblance = It. rassembranza; as resemblan(t)
+ -ce.] 1 . The state or property of resembling
or being like ; likeness ; similarity either of ex-
ternal form or of qualities.
Though with those streams he no resemblance hold,
Whose foam is amber, and their gravel gold.
Sir J. Denham, Cooper's Hill, 1. 166.
It would be easy to indicate many points of resemblance
between the subjects of Diocletian and the people of that
Celestial Empire where, during many centuries, nothing
has been learned or unlearned. Macaulay, History.
Very definite resemblances unite the lobster with the
woodlouse, the kingcrab, the waterflea, and the barnacle,
and separate them from all other animals.
Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 102.
2. Something similar ; a similitude; a point or
,
search: see search.] To search or examine
with continued care; examine into or inquire
about diligently. [Rare.]
It is not easy ... to research with due distinction . . .
in the Actions of Eminent Personages, both how much
may have been blemished by the envy of others, and what
was corrupted by their own felicity.
Sir a. Wotton, Reliquiae, p. 207.
research1 (re-serch'), ». [< OF. recerche, F.
recherche, F.'dial. ressarche, resserche = It. ri-
cerca, diligent search; from the verb: see re-
Some surgeons reckoned their resections by the hundred.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 422.
Resection of the larynx, a partial laryngectomy.
resectional (re-sek'shon-al), a. [< resection +
-al] Of or pertaining to, or consisting in, re-
section.
Plastic and resectional operations.
Alien, and Neural., X. 499.
[NL. (Tournefort, 1700)
(cf . F. reseda = D. reseda = G. resede = Sw.
Dan. reseda), < L. reseda, a plant, < resedare,
calm, < re-, back, + sedare, calm : see sedative.
According to Pliny (XXVII. 12, 106), the plant
was so called because it was employed to al-
lay tumors by pronouncing the formula reseda
morbos.] 1. A genus of polypetalous plants,
type of the order Besedacess. It is characterized
by cleft or dissected and unequal petals, by an urn-shaped
receptacle dilated behind, bearing on one side the ten to
<(/!-(, mutv ii. OV«I~IM i*w^ *~~ . ~» ~ . ~~~ . ~ forty stamens, and by a capsule three-lobed and open
search1, t>.1 1 . Diligent inquiry , examination, at the apex. There are about 30 species, or many more
stnrlv laborious or confirmed search after according to some authors, and all very variable. They
Study , laDoriou, are most abundant in the Mediterranean region, especial-
facts or principles; investigation: as, micro-
scopical research; historical researches.
Many medicinal remedys, cautions, directions, curiosi-
ties, and Arcana, which owe their birth or illustration to
his indefatigable recherches. Evelyn, To Mr. Wotton.
He sucks intelligence in ev'ry clime,
And spreads the honey of his deep research
At his return — a rich repast for me.
Cowper, Task,
ly Spain and northern Africa, found also in Syria, Persia,
and Arabia. They are erect or decumbent herbs, with
entire or divided leaves, and racemed flowers. R. luteola
horetic. See mignonette,
Fairest resemblance of thy Maker fair,
Thee all things living gaze on.
Milton, P. L., ix. 538.
He is then described as gliding through the Garden un-
der the resemblance of a Mist.
Addison, Spectator, No. 351.
The soul whose sight all-quickening grace renews
Takes the resemblance of the good she views.
Cowper, Charity, 1. 396.
3t. Likelihood; probability.
Pros. But what likelihood is in that?
Duke. Not a resemblance, but a certainty.
Shak., M. for M., iv. 2. 203.
4f. A simile.
Been ther none othere maner resemblances
That ye may likne your parables unto,
But if a sely wyf be oon of tho ?
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 368.
I will set them all foorth by a triple diuision, exempt-
ing the generall Similitude as their common Auncestour,
and I will cal him by the name of Resemblance.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 201.
5f. Look; regard; show of affection.
With soft sighes and lovely semblaunces
He ween'd that his affection entire
She should aread ; many resemblaunces
To her he made, and many kind remembraunces.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vii. 16.
Term of resemblance*, a general name.
weed, weld, woad, yellow-weed, and ash of Jerusalem (un-
der ashl); nlmgaude.
2. [1. c.~\ A grayish-green tint.
. 112. Resedacese (res-e-da'se-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. P.
I J.C1111 Ui. i COCiUUi.CLH.'-C ' , a, p«*H MH*
- resemblant (re-zem'blant), a. [< F. ressem-
blant, ppr. of ressembler, resemble: see resem-
ble] Bearing or exhibiting resemblance ; re-
sembling. [Obsolete or rare.]
=Syn. 1. Investigation, Inquiry, etc. (see examination),
exploration.
research2 (re-serch'), v. [< re- + search.] To
search again; examine anew.
researcher (re-ser'cher), n. [< research1 + -er1.
Cf. F. rechercheur = It. ricercatore.] One who
makes researches; one who is engaged in re-
search.
He was too refined a researcher to lie open to so gross
an imposition. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 19.
researchful (rf-serch'ful), a. [< research1 +
The Spanish woolls are grown originally from the Eng-
lish sheep, which by that soyle (resemblant to the Downs
of England) ... are come to that fineness.
Golden Fleece (1657). (Nares.)
What marvel then if thus their features were
nute glands in place of stipules, an open estiva- Resemblant lineaments of kindred birth? Southey.
tion, small and commonly irregular petals, and resemble (re-zem'bl), v. ; pret. and pp. resem-
usually numerous stamens. There are about 70 spe-
cies, by some reduced to 45, belonging to 6 genera, all but
11 species being included in Reseda, the type. They are
annual or perennial herbs, with scattered or clustered
leaves, which are entire, three-parted, or pinnatifld ; and
with small bracted flowers in racemes or spikes. Their
range is mainly that of Reseda, excepting Oligomeris with
3 species in Cape Colony and 1 in California.
reseek (re-sek'),i>. t. and i. [< re- + seek.] To
making research ; inquisitive.
China, in truth, we find more interesting on the surface
than to a more researchful study. The American, VII. 230.
reseat (re-set'), v. t. [< re-. + seat.] 1. To
seat or set again.
What ! will you adventure to reseat him
Upon his father's throne? Dryden, Spanish Friar, v. 2.
2. To put a new seat or new seats in ; furnish
with a new seat or seats: as, to reseat a church.
Trousers are re-seated and repaired where the material
is strong enough.
Mayheu', London Labour and London Poor, II. 33.
seize again; seize a second time. — 2. To put
into possession of; reinstate: chiefly in such
phrases as to be reseized of or in (to be repos-
sessed of).
Next Archigald, who for his proud disdayne
Deposed was from princedome soyerayne, . . .
And then therein reseized was againe.
Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 45.
3. In law, to take possession of, as of lands and
tenements which have been disseized.
Whereupon the sheriff is commanded to reseize the land
and all the chattels thereon, and keep the same in his cus-
tody till the arrival of the justices of assize.
Blackstone, Com., III. x.
reseau (ra-zo'), n. [F., a net or network, OF.
resel = It. reticello, a net, < ML. *reticellum, dim.
of L. rete, a net: see rete.] In lace-makinij, reseizer (re-se'zer), n. One who reseizes, in any
the ground when composed of regular uniform sense.
meshes, whether of one shape only or of two reseizure (re-se'zur), n. [< re- + seizure.] A
or more shapes alternating. second seizure ; the act of seizing again.
The fine-meshed ground, or rfieau, which has been held I moved to have a reseizure of the lands of George More,
to be distinctive of "point d'Alencon." a relapsed recusant, a fugitive, and a practising traytor.
Encjic. Brit., XIV. 186. Bacon, To Cecil.
bled, ppr. resembling. [< ME. resemblen, < OF.
resembler, ressambler, ressembler, F. ressembler
= Pr. ressemblar, ressemlar = It. risembrare, <
ML. as if 'resimulare,<.Ij. re-, again, -I- simulare,
simulate, imitate, copy, < similis, like: see simi-
lar, simulate, semble, and cf. assemble'2.] I.
trans. 1. To be like to; have similarity to, in
form, figure, or qualities.
Each one resembled the children of a king.
Judges viii. 18.
The sonle, in regard of the spiritual and immortall sub-
stance, resembleth him which is a Spirit.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 16.
The river, as it flows, resembles the air that flows over it.
Emerson, Nature.
2. To represent as like something else ; liken ;
compare ; note a resemblance.
Th' other, al yclad in garments light, . . .
He did resemble to his lady bright ;
And ever his faint hart much earned at the sight.
Spenser, F. Q., III. x. 21.
Unto what is the kingdom of God like? and whereunto
shall I resemble it? Luke xiii. 18.
3t. To imitate ; simulate ; counterfeit.
The Chinians ... if they would resemble a deformed
man, they paint him with short habite, great eyes and
beard, and a long nose. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 437.
Then was I commanded to stand upon a box by the wall,
and to spread my arms with the needle in them, and to
resemble the death upon the cross.
Quoted in S. Clarke's Examples (1671), p. 270.
resemble
II. t in >>'n us. To be like ; have a resemblance ;
appear.
And Merlyn, that wel resembled to Bretel, cleped the
porter, . . . and the! dought it was Bretel and lunian.
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), i. 76.
An huge tablet this fair lady bar
In hir handes twain all this to declare,
JlesembKny to be fonrged all of-new.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4521.
resembler (re-zem'bler), «. One who or that
which resembles.
Tartar is a body by itself that has few resemblerg in the
world. Boyle, Works, I. 616.
resembling (re-zem'bling), u. Like; similar;
homogeneous ; congruous.
They came to the side of the wood where the hounds
were. . . . many of them in colour and marks so resem-
bling that it showed they were of one kind.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
Good actions still must be maintained with good,
As bodies nourished with resembling food.
Dryden, To His Sacred Majesty, 1. 78.
resemblingly (re-zem'bling-li), adv. Sp as to
resemble ; with resemblance or verisimilitude.
The angel that holds the book, in the Revelations, de-
scribes him resemblingly. Boyle, Works, II. 402.
reseminate (re-sem'i-nat), v. t. [< L. resemina-
tus, pp. of rescnnnarc (> It. riseminarc = Sp. re-
sembrar = Pg. resemear = OF. resemer, F. res-
semer), sow again, beget again, < re-, again, +
seminare, sow: see sc urinate. Cf. disseminate.']
To propagate again ; beget or produce again by
seed.
Concerning its generation, that without all conjunction
it [the phoenix] begets and reseminates itself, hereby we
introduce a vegetable production in animals, and unto
sensible natures transfer the propriety of plants.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Hi. 12.
resend (re-send'), v.t. [<re- + send.] To send
again ; send back ; return.
My book of "The hurt of hearing," &c., I did give unto
you ; howbeit, if you be weary of it, you may re-send it
again. J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 116.
I sent to her . . .
Tokens and letters which she did resend.
Shak., All's Well, iii. 0. 123.
resent (re-zenf), v. [< OF. rexentir, ressentir,
F. ressentir = Pr. resentir = Cat. ressentir = Sp.
Pg. resentir = It. rtxentire, < ML. "resentire, feel
in return, resent, < L. re-, again, + sentire, feel :
see scent, sense. Cf. assent, consent, dissent.] I.
trans. If. To perceive by the senses ; have a
keen or strong sense, perception, or feeling of;
be affected by.
'Tis by my touch alone that you resent
What objects yield delight, what discontent.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iv. 156.
Our King Henry the Seventh quickly rpnentedhis drift.
Fuller. (Webster.)
Hence, specifically — 2f. To scent; perceive
by the sense of smell.
Perchance, as vultures are said to smell the earthliness
of a dying corpse ; so this bird of prey [the evil spirit whom
the writer supposes to have personated Samuel (1 Sam.
xxviii. 14)] resented a worse than earthly savour in the soul
of Saul,— as evidence of his death at hand.
Fuller, Profane State, v. 4.
3f. To give the odor of ; present to the sense of
smell.
Where does the pleasant air resent a sweeter breath?
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. 221.
4f. To have a certain sense or feeling at some-
thing; take well or ill; have satisfaction from
or regret for.
He ... began, though over-late, to resent the Injury he
had done her. B. Jonson, New Inn, Arg.
Many here shrink in their Shoulders, and are very sen-
sible of his Departure, and the Lady Infanta resents it
more than any. llowell, Letters, I. iii. 25.
5. To take ill; consider as an injury or affront;
be in some degree angry or provoked at ; hence,
also, to show anger by words or acts.
Thou thyself with scorn
And anger wouldst resent the offer'd wrong.
Milton, P. L., ix. 300.
An injurious or slighting word is thrown out, which we
think ourselves obliged to resent.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, L x.
Mankind resent nothing so much as the intrusion upon
them of a new and disturbing truth.
Leslie Stephen, Bog. Thought, i. § 17.
6f. To bear; endure.
Very hot — soultry hot, upon my honour — phoo, my lady
Whimsey — how does your ladiship resent it? I shall be
most horribly tann'd.
D'Urfey, A Virtuous Wife (1680). (Wright.)
=Syn. 6. See angerl.
ll.t intrans. 1. To have a certain flavor;
savor.
Vessels full of traditionary pottage, resenting of the wild
gourd of human invention. Fuller, Pisgah Sight, iii. 3.
5100
2. To feel resentment : be indignant.
When he [Pompey] had carried the consulship for a
friend of his, against the pursuit of Sylla, . . . Sylla did
a little resent thereat. Baton, Friendship (ed. 1887).
The town highly resented to see a person of Sir William
Temple's character and merits roughly used.
.••tii'.it. Battle of the Books, Bookseller to the Reader.
resenter (re-zen'ter), «. One who resents, in
any sense of that word,
resentful (re-zent'ful), a. [< resent + -ful.]
Inclined or apt to resent ; full of resentment.
To soften the obdurate, to convince the mistaken, to
mollify the resentful, are worthy of a statesman.
Johnson, Works, II. 647.
Not for prud'ry's sake,
But dignity's, resentful of the wrong.
Camper, Task, iii. 79.
= Syn. Irascible, choleric, vindictive, ill-tempered. See
anger'i.
resentfully (re-zent'ful-i), adr. In a resentful
manner; with' resentment.
resentimentt (re-zen'ti-ment), n. [< ML. "re-
aentimeiitum ; (.resentment.] 1. Feeling or sense
of anything ; the state of being deeply affected
by anything.
I ... choose rather, being absent, to contribute what
aydes I can towards its remedy, than, being present, to re-
new her sorrows by such expressions of resentiment as of
course use to fall from friends.
Evelyn, To his Brother, O. Evelyn.
2. Resentment.
Though this king might have retentiment
And will t' avenge him of this injury.
Daniel, Civil Wars, iv. 5.
resentingly (re-zen'ting-li), adv. If. With deep
sense or strong perception.
Nor can I secure myself from seeming deficient to him
that more resentingly considers the usefulness of that trea-
tise in that I have not added another of superstition.
Dr. H. More, Philosophical Writings, Oen. Pref.
2. With resentment, or a sense of wrong or
affront.
resentive (re-zen'tiv), a. [< resent + -ive.]
Quick to feel an injury or affront; resentful.
From the keen retentive north.
By long oppression, by religion rous'd,
The guardian army came. Thomson, Liberty, iv.
resentment (re-zent'ment), n. [Early mod. E.
also resentiment, resseniiment ; < OF. (and F.)
ressentiment = Sp. resentimiento = Pg. resenti-
mento = It. risentimento, < ML. 'resentimentum,
perception, feeling, resentment, < resentire,
feel, resent: see resent and -went.] It. The
state of feeling or perceiving ; strong or clear
sensation, feeling, or perception; conviction;
impression.
It is a greater wonder that so many of them die with so
little resentment of their danger. Jer. Taylor.
You cannot suspect the reality of my resentments when
I decline not so criminal an evidence thereof.
Parker, Platonic Philosophy, Dedication.
2. The sense of what is done to one, whether
good or evil, (at) A strong perception of good ; grati-
tude.
We need not now travel so far as Asia or Greece for In-
stances to enhaunse our due resentments of God's benefits.
J. Walker, Hist Eucharist. (Xares.)
By a thankful and honourable recognition, the convoca-
tion of the church of Ireland has transmitted in record to
posterity their deep resentment of his singular services
and great abilities in this whole affair.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 74.
(6) A deep sense of injury; the excitement of passion
which proceeds from asense of wrong offered to one's self
or one's kindred or friends ; strong displeasure : anger.
In the two and thirtieth Year of his Reign, King Edward
began to shew his Resentment of the stubborn Behaviour
of his Nobles towards him in Times past.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 99.
Not youthful kings in battle seized alive . . .
E'er felt such rage, resentment, and despair,
As thou, sad virgin ! for thy ravish'd hair.
Pope, K. of the L., Iv. 9.
Resentment is a union of sorrow and malignity ; a com-
bination of a passion which all endeavor to avoid with a
passion which all concur to detest. Johnson, Rambler.
Although the exercise of resentment is beset with nu-
merous incidental pains, the one feeling of gratified ven-
geance is a pleasure as real and indisputable as any form
of human delight. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 142.
= Syn. 2. (b) Vexation, Indignation (see angerl), Irritation,
rankling, grudge, heart-burning, animosity, vindictive-
ness.
reseratet (res'e-rat), v. t. [< L. reseratus, pp.
of reserare, unlock, unclose, disclose (> It. riser-
rare = OF. (and F. ) resserrer, shut up again), <
re-, back, + sera, a bar for fastening a door (<
serere, join, bind f).] To unlock; open.
There appears no reason, or at least there has been none
given that I know of, why the reserating operation (if I
may so speak) of sublimate should be confined to anti-
mony. Boyle, Works, III. 79.
reservancet (re-zer'vans), u. [= It. riserbanza,
riservanza; as reserve + -ance.] Reservation.
reserve
We [Edward R.] are pleased that the Resenance of our
Rights and Titles ... be in general words.
Bp. Burnet, Records, II. ii. No. 50.
reservation (rez-er-va'shon), n. [< OF. reser-
vation, F. rt'serration = Pr. rexemitio = Sp. re-
servation = Pg. reservaqao = It. riserbazioiie, ri-
servazione, reservazione,<. ML. rescrratio(n-),<. L.
reservare, reserve: see reserve.'] 1. The act of
reserving or keeping back; reserve; conceal-
ment or withholding from disclosure.
I most unfeignedly beseech your lordship to make some
reservation of your wrongs. Shak., All's Well, ii. 3. 260.
2. Something withheld, either not expressed or
disclosed, or not given up or brought forward.
He has some reservation,
Some concealed purpose, and close meaning sure.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 2.
3. In the United States, a tract of the public
land reserved for some special use, as for
schools, the use of Indians, etc. : as, the Crow
reservation. Also reserve.
The first record [of Concord] now remaining is that of a
reservation of land for the minister, and the appropriation
of new lauds as commons or pastures to some poor men.
Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord.
4t. The state of being treasured up or kept in
store ; custody ; safe keeping.
He « ill .1 me
In beedf ull'st reservation to bestow them [prescriptions].
Shale., All's Well, i. 3. 231.
6. In law : (a) An express withholding of cer-
tain rights the surrender of which would other-
wise follow or might be inferred from one's act
(Maekeldey) ; a clause or part of an instrument
by which something is reserved.
I gave you all, . . .
Made you my guardians, my depositaries ;
But kept a reservation to be follow'd
With such a number. Shalr., Lear, ii. 4. 256.
(b) Technically, in the law of conveyancing, a
clause by which the grantor of real property
reserves to himself, or himself and his suc-
cessors in interest, some new thing to issue
out of the thing granted, as distinguished from
excepting a part of the thing itself. Thus, if a
man conveys a farm, saving to himself a field, this is an
exception ; but if he snves to himself a right of way through
a fleld, this is a reservation. (c) The right created
by such a clause. — 6. Eccles.: (a) The act or
practice of retaining or preserving part of the
consecrated euchanstic elements or species,
especially that of bread, unconsumed for a
shorter or longer period after the celebration
of the sacrament. The practice has existed from early
times, and is still in use in the Roman Catholic, the Greek,
and other churches, especially to provide for the com-
munion of the sick and prisoners, (ft) In the Roman
Catholic Church, the act of the Pope in reserv-
ing to himself the right to nominate to certain
benefices.
On the 1st of Octoberhe [the Pope) appointed Reynolds
by virtue of the reservation, and immediately filled up the
see of Worcester which Reynolds vacated.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., 8 384.
Indian reservation, a tract of land reserved by the
State or nation as the domain of Indians. [U. S. ] — Mental
reservation, the intentional withholding of some word
or clause necessary to convey fully the meaning of the
speaker or writer ; the word or clause so withheld. Also
called mental restriction.
Almost all [Roman Catholic] theologians hold that it is
sometimes lawful to use a mental reservation which may
be, though very likely it will not be, understood from the
circumstances. Thus, a priest may deny that he knows a
crime which he has only learnt through sacramental con-
fession. Rant. Cath. Diet., p. 572.
Reservation system, the system by which Indians have
been provided tor, and to some extent governed, by con-
fining them to tracts of public lands reserved for the pur-
pose, and excepting them from the rights and obligations
of ordinary citizens. [U. S.]
reservative (re-zer'va-tiv), a. [< reserve +
-atire. Cf. conservative.] Tending to reserve
or keep ; keeping ; reserving.
reservatory (re-zer'va-to-ri), «.; pi. reserva-
tories (-riz). [= F. reservoir (> E. reservoir) =
Sp. Pg. reserratorio, < ML. reservatoriiim, a
storehouse, < L. reservare, keep, reserve: see
reserve. Doublet of reservoir.'] A place in
which things are reserved or kept.
How I got such notice of that subterranean reservattiry
as to make a computation of the water now concealed
therein, peruse the propositions concerning earthquakes.
Woodward.
reserve (re-zerv'), p. t. ; pret. and pp. reserved,
ppr. renn-riiig. [< ME. reserven, < OF. reserver,
F. reserver = Pr. Sp. Pg. reserrar = It. riser-
bare, riserrare, reservare, < L. reservare, keep
back, < re-, back, + servare, keep : see serve. Cf.
conserve, observe, preserve.] 1. To keep back;
keep in store for future or other use ; preserve ;
withhold from present use for another pur-
pose ; keep back for a time : as, a reserved seat.
reserve
Hast thou seen the treasures of the hail, which I have
reserved against the time of trouble? Joh xxxviii. K, 23.
Take eacli man's censure, but reserve thy judgement.
Shale., Hamlet, i. 3.69.
His great powers of painting he reserves for events of
which the slightest details are interesting.
Macaulay, History.
2f. To preserve ; keep safe ; guard.
One in the prison.
That should by private order else have died,
I have reserved alive. Shalr., M. for M., v. 1. 472.
In the other two destructions, by deluge and earth-
quake, it is farther to be noted that the remnant of peo-
ple which hap to be reserved are commonly ignorant.
Bacon, Vicissitudes of Things (ed. 1887).
At Alexandria, where two goodly pillars of Tlieban mar-
ble reserve the memory of the place.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 96.
Farewel, my noble Friend, cheer up, and reserve your-
self for better Days. Umcell, Letters, ii. 76.
3. To make an exception of; except, as from
the conditions of an agreement.
War. Shall our condition stand ?
Char. It shall;
Only resented, you claim no interest
In any of our towns of garrison.
Shale., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4. 167.
The old Men, Women, and sicke Folkes were resented
from this Tribute. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 870.
= By n. 1. Reserve, Retain, etc. See keep.
reserve (re-zerv'), «. [< OF. reserve, F. reserve
= Sp. Pg. reserva = It. riserlxi, riserva, a store,
reserve; from the verb: see reserve, v.] 1. The
act of reserving or keeping back. — 2. That
which is reserved or kept for other or future
use ; that which is retained from present use
or disposal.
Where all is due, make no reserve.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 1.
Still hoarding up, most scandalously nice,
Amidst their virtues, a reserve of vice.
Pope, EpiL to Rowe's Jane Shore.
3. Something in the mind withheld from dis-
closure ; a reservation.
However any one may concur in the general scheme,
it is still with certain reserves and deviations.
Addigon, Freeholder. (Latham.)
4. Self-imposed restraint of freedom in words
or actions; the habit of keeping back or re-
straining the feelings; a certain closeness or
coldness toward others; caution in personal
behavior.
Upon my arrival I attributed that reserve to modesty,
which I now find has its origin in pride.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, iv.
Fasting and prayer sit well upon a priest,
A decent caution and reserve at least.
Coirper, Hope, 1. 404.
Instead of scornful pity or pure scorn,
Such fine reserve and noble reticence.
Tennyson, Oeraint.
5. An exception ; something excepted.
Each has some darling lust, which pleads for a reserve.
Dr. J. Rogers.
Is knowledge so despised,
Or envy, or what reserve forbids to taste?
Milton, P. L., v. 61.
In the minds of almost all religious persons, even in the
most tolerant countries, the duty of toleration is admitted
with tacit reserves. J. S. Mill, On Liberty, i.
6. In Inn, reservation. — 7. In banking, that
part of capital which is retained in order to
meet average liabilities, and is therefore not
employed in discounts or temporary loans. See
bank*, 4.
They [the precious metals] are employed as reserves in
banks, or other hands, forming the guarantee of paper
money and cheques, and thus becoming the instrument of
the wholesale payments of society.
Nineteenth Century, XXVI. 865.
8. Milit. : («) The body of troops, in an army
drawn up for battle, reserved to sustain the
other lines as occasion may require ; a body of
troops kept for an exigency, (fc) That part
of the fighting force of a country which is in
general held back, and upon which its defense
is thrown when its regular forces are seriously
weakened or defeated: as, the naval reserve, in
countries where compulsory service exists, as Germany,
the reserve denotes technically that body of troops in the
standing army who have served in the line, before their
entry into the landwehr. The period of service is about
four years. (<•) A magazine of warlike stores sit-
uated between an army and its base of opera-
tions.— 9. In theol., the system according to
which only that part of the truth is set before
the people which they are regarded as able to
comprehend or to receive with benefit : known
also as economy. Compare discipline of the se-
cret, under (lisi'i/iliue.— 'iO. In calico-printing
and other processes, same as retixt, 2. — 11.
Same as rcxerratiun, :i — Connecticut Reserve,
Connecticut Western Reserve, <>r Western Reserve,
the name given to the region, lying south of Lake Erie
5101
and in the present State of Ohio, which the State (if C"ii-
necticut, in ceding its claims upon western lands, reserved
to itself for the purposes of a school fund. — In reserve,
in store ; in keeping for other or future use. — Reserve
air. Same as residual air (which see, under air').—
Without reserve. See the quotation.
When a sale is announced as without reserve — whether
the announcement be contained in the written partic-
ulars or be made orally by the auctioneer — that, accord-
ing to all the cases, both at law and in equity, means not
merely that the property will be peremptorily sold, but
that neither the vendor nor any one acting for him will
bid at the auction. Bateman.
= Syn. 1. Retention.— 4. Restraint, distance.
reserved (re-zervd'), p. a. 1. Kept for an-
other or future use ; retained ; kept back.
He hath reasons reserved to himself, which our frailty
cannot apprehend. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 667.
2. Showing reserve in behavior; backward in
communicating one's thoughts; not open, free,
or frank; distant; cold; shy; coy.
The man I trust, if shy to me,
Shall find me as reserv'd as he.
Cowper, Friendship.
New England's poet, soul reserved and deep,
November nature with a name of May.
Lowell, Agassiz, iii. 5.
3. Retired; secluded. [Rare.]
They [the pope or ruffe] will usually lie, abundance of
them together, in one reserved place, where the water is
deep and runs quietly.
/. Walton, Complete Angler (ed. Major), p. 236, i. 15.
4. In decorative art, left of the color of the
background, as when another color is worked
upon the ground to form a new ground, the
pattern being left of the first color Case re-
served. See cosei.— Reserved case, in the Rom. Cath.
Ch., a sin the power to absolve from which is reserved to
the Pope or his legate, the ordinary of the diocese, or a
prelate of a religious order, other confessors not being
allowed to give absolution. A sin, to be reserved, must
be external (one of word or deed), and sufficiently proved.
No sin is reserved in the case of a person in articulo mor-
tis.— Reserved list, in the liritish navy, a list of officers
put on half-pay, and removed from active service, but
liable to be called out on the contingency of there being
an insufficiency of officers for active service.— Reserved
power, in Scots law, a reservation made in deeds, settle-
ments, etc. Reserved powers are of different sorts : as, a
reserved power of burdening a property ; a reserved potter
to revoke or recall a settlement or other deed.— Reserved
powers, in U. S. const, law, powers pertaining to sover-
eignty, but not delegated to a representative body ; more
specifically, those powers of the people which are not
delegated to the United States by the Constitution of the
country, but remain with the respective States. The na-
tional government possesses no powers but such as have
been delegated to it. The States have all that they in-
herited from the British Parliament, except such as they
have surrendered, either by delegation to the United
States, or by prohibition, in their respective constitu-
tions or in the Constitution of the United States. = Syn.
1. Excepted, withheld.— 2. Restrained, cautious, uncom-
municative, unsocial, unsociable, taciturn.
reservedly (re-zer'ved-li), adv. In a reserved
manner ; with reserve ; without openness or
frankness; cautiously; coldly.
He speaks reservedly, but he speaks with force. Pope.
reservedness (re-zer'ved-nes), n. The char-
acter of being reserved; closeness; lack of
frankness, openness, or freedom.
A certain reserv'dnesse of naturall disposition, and morall
discipline learnt out of the noblest Philosophy.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
So much reservedness is a fault.
Boyle, Excellence of Theology (1665), 8 v.
reservee (rez-er-ve'), n. [< F. reserve, pp. of
reserrer, reserve : see reserre.~] In law, one to
whom anything is reserved.
reserver (re-zer'ver), n. One who or that which
reserves.
reservist (re-zer'vist), H. [<F. "reserviste ; as
reserve + -ist.] A soldier who belongs to the
reserve. [Recent.]
The town was full of the military reserve, out for the
French autumn manoeuvres, and the reservists walked
speedily and wore their formidable great-coats.
R. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 172.
It is a significant fact that, under the French mobilisa-
tion scheme, in the event of the anticipation of immediate
war, all reservists and persons belonging to the territorial
army of French India(phrases which include a large num-
ber of the natives) are at once to leave for Diego Suarez
in Madagascar.
Sir C. W. Dillce, Probs. of Greater Britain, viii.
reservoir (rez'er-vwor), ». [< F. reservoir, a
storehouse, reservoir : see reservatory. Doublet
of reservatory.'] 1. A place where anything is
kept in store : usually applied to a large recep-
tacle for fluids or liquids, as gases or oils.
Who sees pale Mammon pine amidst his store
Sees but a backward steward for the poor ;
This year a reservoir, to keep and spare,
The next a fountain, spouting through his heir.
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 178.
What is his IGod's] creation less
Than a capacious reservoir of means
Form'd for his use, and ready at his will '!
Cowper, Task, ii. 201.
reshipment
The tiy-wheel is a vast reservoir into which the engine
pours its energy, sudden floods alternating with droughts ;
but these succeed each other so rapidly, and the area of
the reservoir is so vast, that its level remains uniform.
R. S. Ball, Exper. Mechanics, p. 267.
Specifically — 2. A place where water collects
naturally or is stored for use when wanted, as
to supply a fountain, a canal, or a city, or for
any other purpose.
There is not a spring or fountain but are well provided
with huge cisterns and reservoirs of rain and snow water.
Addison.
Here was the great basin of the Nile that received every
drop of water, even from the passing shower to the roar-
ing mountain torrent that drained from Central Africa
toward the north. This was the great reservoir of the
Nile. Sir S. W. Baker, Heart of Africa, p. 253.
3. In anat., a receptacle. See recrptaculunt.
— 4. Inbot. : (a) One of the passages or cavities
found in many plant-tissues, in which are se-
creted and stored resins, oils, mucilage, etc.
More frequently called receptacle. DC Bary,
Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 202. (6) A seed or
any organ of a plant in which surplus assimi-
lated matter (reserve material) is stored up for
subsequent use — Mucilage-reservoirs. Seomtia-
lage.— Reservoir Of Fecquet. Same as reeeptamlum
chyli (which see, under receptaculum).
reservoir (rez'er-vwor), r. t. [< reservoir, M.]
To furnish with a reservoir; also, to collect and
store in a reservoir.
Millions of pools of oil have been lost, owing to the in-
efficient way in which it is reservoired and stored.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LVHI. 62.
reservor (re-zer'vpr), ii. [< reserve + -o»-l.]
In law, one who reserves. Story.
reset1 (re-sef), «. [< ME. reset, etc., < OF. rc-
cet, receit, etc. : see receipt, «.] If. Same as re-
ceipt, 5, 6. — 2. In Scots law, the receiving and
harboringof an outlaw or a criminal.— Reset of
theft, the offense of receiving and keeping goods know-
ing them to be stolen, and with an intention to conceal
and withhold them from the owner.
reset1 (re-set'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. resetted, ppr.
resetting. [< ME. reseten, etc.,< OF. receter, etc.,
receive: see receipt, v.~] If. Same as receipt. —
2. In Scots law, to receive and harbor (an out-
law or criminal) ; receive (stolen goods).
We shall see if an English hound is to harbour and reset
the Southrons here. Scott.
Gif ony ydil men, that has not to live of thare awin to
leif apon, be rrsett within the lande . . .
Quoted in Ribton.Turner's Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 338.
reset2 (re-set'), v. t. and i. [< re- + sefl-.~] To
set again, in any sense of the word set.
reset'2 (re-set'), n. [< resetf, r.] 1 . The act of
resetting. — 2. In printing, matter set over
again.
resettable (re-set'a-bl), «. [< reset* + -able.'}
Capable of being reset.
Cups . . . with gems . . .
Moveable and resettable at will.
Tennyson, Lover's Tale, iv.
resetter1 (re-set'er), «. [< reset1 + -er1.] In
Scots law, a receiver of stolen goods ; also, one
who harbors a criminal.
I thought him an industrious, peaceful man — if he
turns resetter of idle companions and night-walkers, the
place must be rid of him. Scoff, Abbot, xxxv.
Wicked thieves, oppressors, and peacebreakers and re-
setters of theft.
Ribton-Tumer, Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 349.
resetted (re-set'er), ». [< reset* + -er*.] One
who resets or places again.
resettle (re-set'l), v. [< re- + settle'*,'] I. trans.
To settle again; specifically, to install again,
as a minister in a parish.
Will the house of Austria yield . . . the least article
of strained and even usurped prerogative, to resettle the
minds of those princes in the alliance who are alarmed at
the consequences of ... the emperor's death?
Swift, Conduct of the Allies.
II. intrant. To become settled again; spe-
cifically, to be installed a second time or anew
in a parish.
resettlement (re-set'1-ment), n. [< resettle +
-went.] The act of resettling, or the. process
or state of being resettled, in any sense.
resh1 (resh), a. [Origin obscure. Cf. rnrW/1.]
Fresh; recent. Halliwell.
resh2 (resh), ». A frequent dialectal variant
of »•«*;/!.
reshape (re-shap'), c. t. [< re- + shape.'] To
shape again ; give a new shape to.
reship (re-ship'), v. t. [< re- + ship.'] To ship
again : as, goods res/tipped to Chicago.
reshipment (ro-ship'ment), n. [< reship +
-ment.~\ 1. The act of shipping a second time;
specifically, the shipping for exportation of
what has been imported. — 2. That which is
reshipped.
resiance
resiancet (rez'i-ans), n. [< OF. 'reseance, "re-
siance, resseance, < ML. residentia, residence:
see residence, and cf. seance. Doublet of rrxi-
dence.~\ Besidenoe; abode.
Resolved there to make his resiance, the seat of his prin-
cipality. KrvMes, 1174 O. (Nares.)
The King forthwith banished all Klemminps ... oat
of his Kingdome, Commanding ...(... his Merchant-
Adventurers) which had a Resiance in Antwerp, to return.
Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 130.
resiantt (rez'i-ant), a. and n. [< OF. resiant,
reseant, ressearii, < L. residen(t-)s, resident: see
resident. Doublet of resident."] I. o. Resident;
dwelling.
Articles concerned and determined for the Commission
of the Merchants of this company reliant in Prussia.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 269.
I have already
Dealt by Umbrenus with the Allobroges
Here resiant in Rome. B. Jonson, Catiline, iv. 3.
Resiant rolls, in law, rolls naming the resiants or resi-
dents in a tithing, etc., called over by the steward on
holding court-let;!.
II. n. A resident.
Touching the custom of "suit and service " (i. e., grind-
ing corn, cv.e.) of the "resiantt and inhabitants of Whal-
ley" to said antient mills . . .
Record Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, XI. 79.
All manner of folk, resiants or subjects within this his
[the King of England's] realm.
Quoted in R. W. Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., ill., note.
reside (re-zld'), v. i. ; pret. and pp. resided, ppr.
residing.' [= D. resideren = G. residiren = Dan.
residere = Sw. residera, < OF. resider, vernacu-
larly resier, F. resider = Sp. Pg. residir = It.
risedere, < L. residere, remain behind, reside,
dwell, < re-, back, + sedere, sit (= E. sit) : see
sit. Cf. preside.] 1. To dwell permanently or
for a considerable time ; have a settled abode
for a time, or a dwelling or home ; specifically,
to be in official residence (said of holders of
benefices, etc.).
To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside
In thrilling region of thick-ribbed ice ;
To be imprison'd in the viewless winds.
Shak., M. for M., ill. 1. 122.
These Sirens resided in certain pleasant islands.
Bacon, Moral Fables, vi.
Thy crystal stream, Afton, how lovely it glides,
And winds by the cot where my Mary resides.
Burns, Flow Gently, sweet Alton.
2. To abide or be inherent in, as a quality; in-
here.
Excellence, and quantity of energy, reside in mixture
and composition. Bacon, Physical Fables, it., Expl.
It is in man and not in his circumstances that the secret
of his destiny resides. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 21.
3f. To sink to the bottom, as of liquids ; settle ;
subside, in general.
The madding Winds are hush'd, the Tempests cease,
And ev'ry rowling Surge resides in Peace.
Congreve, Birth of the Muse.
= Syn. 1. Sojourn, Continue, etc. (see abidei), be domi-
ciled, be domiciliated, make a home,
residence (rez'i-dens), n. [< ME. residence, <
OF. residence, F. residence = Pr. residensa, rc-
sidencia = Sp. Pg. residencia = It. residenzia,
residenza (= D. residentie = G. residenz = Dan.
residents = Sw. residens, < F.), < ML. residentia,
<L. residen(t-)s, resident: see resident. Doub-
let of resiance."] 1. The act of residing or
dwelling in a place permanently or for a con-
siderable time.
What place is this?
Sure, something more than human keeps residence here.
Fletcher (and another), Sea Voyage, ii. 2.
I upon my frontiers here
Keep residence. Milton, P. L., ii. 999.
Ambassadors in ancient times were sent on special oc-
casions by one nation to another. Their residence at for-
eign courts is a practice of modern growth.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 89.
2. A place of residing or abode; especially,
the place where a person resides; a dwelling;
a habitation.
Within the infant rind of this small flower
Poison hath residence and medicine power.
Shot., R. and J., ii. 3. 24.
What is man? . . .
Once the blest residence of truth divine.
Cowper, Truth, 1. 387.
In front of this esplanade [Plaza de los Algibes) is the
splendid pile commenced by Charles V., and intended, it
is said, to eclipse the residence of the Moorish kings.
Irving, Alhambra, p. 57.
3. That in which anything permanently rests
or inheres.
But when a king sets himself to bandy against the high-
eat court and residence of all his regal power, he then, in
the single person of a man, lights against his own majesty
and kingship. Milton.
4. A remaining or abiding where one's duties
lie, or where one's occupation is properly car-
5102
ried on; eccles., the presence of a bishop in his
diocese, a canon in his cathedral or collegiate
church, or a rector or an incumbent in his bene-
fice : opposed to non-residence.
He is ever in his parish ; he keepeth residence at all
times. Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
Residence on the part of the students appears to have
been sometimes dispensed with [at the university of Siena).
Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 837.
5. lu law : (a) The place where a man's habi-
tation is fixed without any present intention of
removing it therefrom; domicile. (6) An es-
tablished abode, fixed for a considerable time,
whether with or without a present intention of
ultimate removal. A man cannot ttx an intentionally
temporary domicile, for the intention that it be tempo-
rary makes it in law no domicile, though the abode may
be sufficiently fixed to make it in law a residence in this
sense. A man may have two residences, but only one can be
his domicile. The bankruptcy law uses the term residence
specifically, as contradistinguished from domicile, so as to
free cases nnder it from the difficult and embarrassing
presumptions and circumstances upon which the distinc-
tions between domicile and residence rest Residence is
a fact easily ascertained, domicile a question difficult of
proof. It is true that the two terms are often used as
synonymous, but in law they have distinct meanings.
(Bump.) See resident.
Residence Is to be taken in its jural sense, so that a
transient absence does not interrupt it.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. ill., p. 438.
6t. (a) The settling or settlement of liquors;
the process of clearing, as by the settling of
sediment. (6) That wnich settles or is depos-
ited, as the thick part of wine that has grown
old in bottle.
Hipoetafi [H.], a substance. Also residence in vrine flit-
ting toward the bottom. Florio.
(c) Any residue or remnant.
When meate is taken quyte awaye,
And voyders in presence,
Put you your trenchour in the same,
And all your residence.
Babees Boot (E. E. T. S.), p. 80.
Divers residences of bodies are thrown away as soon as
the distillation or calcination of the body that yielded them
Is ended. Boyle.
Syn. 1. Domiciliation, inhabitancy, sojourn, stay. — 2.
Home, domicile, mansion. See abide*.
residencer (rez'i-den-ser), w. [< ME. residen-
cer, < OF. residencier, < ML. residentiarius, a
clergyman in residence : see residentiary.] A
clergyman in residence.
Alle prechers, residencers, and persones that ar greable
(of similar degree] . . .
They may be set semely at a squyers table.
/;../...-- Book (E. E. T. S.\ p. 189.
Their humanity is a legge [bow] to the Residencer, their
learning a Chapter, for they learne it commonly before
they read it.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, The Common Singing-men
[in Cathedral! Churches.
residency (i-ez'i-den-si), n. ; pi. residencies
(-siz). [As residence (see -cy).] 1. Same as
residence.
That crime, which hath so great a tincture anA residency
in the will that from thence only It hath its being criminal.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 416.
Specifically — 2. The official residence of a
British resident at the court of a native prince
in India.
Sir Henry Lawrence immediately took steps to meet the
danger [the mutiny in Lucknow] by fortifying the resi-
dency and accumulating stores. Encyc. Brit., XV. 50.
3. A province or administrative division in
some of the islands of the Dutch East Indies,
resident (rez'i-dent), a. andn. [< ME. resident,
< OF. resident, fesidant (vernacularly reseant,
resiant: see resiant), F. resident, residant = Pr.
resident = Sp. Pg. It. residente, < L. residen(t-)s,
ppr. of residere, remain behind, reside : see
reside.] I. a. 1. Residing; having a seat or
dwelling; dwelling or having an abode in a
place for a continuance of time.
The forain merchants here resident are for the most part
English. Sandys, Travailes, p. 7.
Authority herself not seldom sleeps,
Though resident, and witness of the wrong.
Coicper, Task, iv. 694.
2f. Fixed; firm.
The watery pavement is not stable and resilient like a
rock. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 829.
3. In zool. : (a) Remaining in a place the whole
year; not migratory: said especially of birds.
(6) Pertaining to or consisting of residents:
as, the resident fauna; a resident theory. — 4.
Having one's abode in a given place in pursuit
of one's duty or occupation : as, he is minister
resident at that court.
II. n. 1. One who or that which resides or
dwells in a place permanently or for a consid-
erable time; one residing: as, the American
residents of Paris. — 2. In law, one who has a
residence in the legal sense. See residence.
residual
Resident and its contrary, non-resident, are more common-
ly used to refer to abode, irrespective of the absence of
intention to remove.
3. A public minister who resides at a foreign
court: the name is usually given to ministers of
a rank inferior to that of ambassadors.
We have receiv'd two Letters from your Majesty, the
one by your Envoy, the other transmitted to us from our
Resident Philip Meadows.
Milton, Letters of State, Oct. 13, 1658.
This night, when we were in bed, came the resident of
several princes (a serious and tender man) to find us out.
Penn, Travels in Holland, etc.
4. In zoo!., an animal, or a species of animal,
which remains in the same place throughout
the year: distinguished from migrant or visi-
tant: said especially of birds. — 5. In feudal
law, a tenant who was obliged to reside on his
lord's land, and not to depart from it. — 6. In
India: (a) Previous to the organization of the
civil service, a chief of one of the commercial
establishments of the East India Company.
(6) Later, a representative of the viceroy at an
important native court, as at Lucknow or Delhi.
— 7. The governor of a residency in the Dutch
East Indies. = Syn. i. Inhabitant, inhabiter, dweller,
sojourn er.
residental (rez'i-den-tal), a. [< resident +-ai."\
Residential. [Rare.]
The beautiful reridmtal apartments of the Pitti Palace.
//. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 303.
residenter (rez'i-den-ter), n. [< late ME. resi-
denter, < resident + -er1. Cf. residencer.] A
resident. [Scotch and U. 8.]
I write as a residenter for nearly three years, having an
intimate acquaintance with " the kingdom " [of Fife] of
some fifteen years' standing. N. and <>., 7th ser., IX. 92.
residential (rez-i-den'shal), a. [< residence
(ML. residentia) + -al.] Relating or pertain-
ing to residence or to residents ; adapted or in-
tended for residence.
Such I may presume roughly to call a residential exten-
sion. Gladstone.
It [a medical college for women] has no residential hall,
nor Is it desirable, perhaps, that it should have any.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 24.
It may be added that residential has been good English
at least since 1090.
J. A. H. Murray, in N. and Q., 7th ser., VIII. 134.
residentiary (rez-i-den'shia-ri), a. and n. [<
ML. residentiarius, being in residence, a clergy-
man in residence, < residentia, residence: see
residence.'] I. a. 1. Having or keeping a resi-
dence; residing; especially (eccles.), bound to
reside a certain time at a cathedral church : as,
a canon residentiary of St. Paul's.
Christ was the conductor of the Israelites into the land
of Canaan, and their residentiary guardian. Dr. H. More.
There was express power given to the bishops of Lin-
coln and London alone to create another residentiary can-
onry in their own patronage.
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 180.
2. Of or pertaining to a residentiary.
Dr. John Taylor died 1766, at his residentiary house,
Amen Corner. If. and Q., 7th ser., II. 447.
II. n. ; pi. residentiaries (-riz). 1. One who
or that which is resident.
Faith, temperance, patience, zeal, charily, hope, humil-
ity, are perpetual residentiaries in the temple of their [re-
generate] sonls. Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 65.
The residentiary, or the frequent visitor of the favoured
spot. Coleridge.
2. All ecclesiastic who keeps a certain resi-
dence.
It was not then unusual, in such great churches, to have
many men who were temporary residentiaries, but of an
apostolical and episcopal authority.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X II. 183.
residentiaryship (rez-i-den'shia-ri-ship), n.
[< residentiary + -ship.] The station of a resi-
dentiary. Imp. Diet.
residentship (rez'i-dent-ship), n. [< resident +
-ship.] The functions or dignity of a resident ;
the condition or station of a resident.
The Prince Elector did afterwards kindly invite him
[Theodore Haak] to be his Secretary, but he, loving Soli-
tude, declined that employment, as he did the Residentship
at London for the City of Hamburgh.
Wood, Athena? Oxon., II. 846.
resider (re-zi'der), n. One who resides or has
residence.
residewt, «• An obsolete form of residue.
residual (re-zid'u-al), a. and «. [= F. residuel,
< NL. "residualis, ( L. residuum, residue : see re-
xidiittm, residue.] I. a. Pertaining to or having
the character of a residuum; remaining — Re-
sidual abscess, (a) A collection of pus forming in or
around the cicatrix of a previous inflammation. (6) A
chronic abscess in which the contents have been mostly
absorbed.— Residual air. See ntri.— Residual analy-
sist, the calculus of differences. This is the old desig-
nation, employed by Landen, 1764.— Residual calculus,
residual
the calculus of residuals or residues. See II. — Residual
charge, a charge of electricity spontaneously acquired by
coated glass, or any other coated dielectric arranged as a
condenser after a discharge, apparently owing to the slow
return to the surface of that part of the original charge
which hail penetrated within the dielectric, as in the Ley-
den jar. (Faraday.) In such cases there is said to be elec-
tric absorption. It is doubtless due to the fact that the
solid dielectric does not immediately recover from the
strain resulting from the electric stress. Also called di-
electric after-wor/ting.— Residual estate, residuary es-
tate.— Residual figure, in geom., the figure remaining
after subtracting aless from a greater. — Residual mag-
netism. See magnetism. — Residual quantity, in alff.,
a binomial connected by the sign — (minus) : thus, a — b,
a — V b are residual quantities.
II. it. 1. A remainder; especially, the re-
mainder of an observed quantity, after sub-
tracting so much as can be accounted for in
a given way. — 2. The integral of a function
round a closed contour in the plane of imagi-
nary quantity inclosing a value for which the
function becomes infinite, this integral being
divided by 2m. An earlier definition, amounting to
the same thing, was the coefficient of x—1 in the develop-
ment of the function a in a sum of two series, one ac-
cording to ascending, the other according to descending
powers of x. If the oval includes only one value for which
the function becomes infinite, the residual is said to be
taken for or with respect to that value. Also residue.
3. A system of points which, together with an-
other system of points of which it is said to be
the residual, makes up all the intersections of
a given curve with a plane cubic curve — Inte-
gral residual the residual obtained by extending the in-
tegration round a contour including several values of the
variable for which the function becomes infinite. — Total
residual, the residual obtained by integrating round a
contour including all the values of the variable for which
the function becomes infinite. Also called principal re-
sidual.
residuary (re-zid'u-a-ri), a. [= F. residuuirc,
< NL. 'residuarius, t. L. residuum, residue : see
residuum, residue.] Of or pertaining to a resi-
due or residuum ; forming a residue, or part not
dealt with : as, residuary estate (the portion of
a testator's estate not devised specially).
"Tis enough to lose the legacy, or the residuary advan-
tage of the estate left him by the deceased.
Ayliffe, Parergon.
Residuary clause, that part of a will which in general
language gives whatever may be left after satisfying the
other provisions of the will.— Residuary devisee or
legatee, in law, the legatee to whom is bequeathed the
residuum.— Residuary gum, the dark residuary matter
from the treatment of oils and fats in the manufacture of
stearin, used in coating fabrics for the manufacture of
roofing.— Residuary legacy. See legacy.
residuate (re-zid'u-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. re-
siduated, ppr'. residuating. [< residu(al) + -ate2.]
In math., to find the residual of, in the sense of
the quotient of 2m into the integral round one
or more poles.
residuation (re-zid-u-a'shon), n. [< residuals
+ -ion.] In math., the act of finding the resid-
ual or integral round a pole divided by SJTJ ; the
process of finding residuals and co-residuals
upon a cubic curve by linear constructions. —
Sign Of residuation, the sign V prefixed to the expres-
sion of a function to denote the residual. The rules for
the use of this sign are not entirely consistent.
residue (rez'i-du), n. [Early mod. E. also rest-
dew ; < ME. residue, < OF. residu, F. residu = Sp.
Pg. It. residuo,<li. residuum, a remainder, neut.
of residuus, remaining, < residere, remain, re-
side: see reside. Doublet of residuum.'] 1.
That which remains after a part is taken, sepa-
rated, removed, or dealt with in some other
way; what is left over; remainder; the rest.
John for his charge taking Asia, and so the residue
other quarters to labour in. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 4.
The residue of your fortune
Go to my cave and tell me.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7. 196.
2. In law: (a) The residuum of a testator's
estate after payment of debts and legacies.
(6) That which remains of a testator's estate
after payment of debts and particular lega-
cies, and is undisposed of except it may be by
a general clause or residuary legacy. — 3, In
the theory of numbers, the remainder after
division, especially after division by a fixed
modulus; in the integral calculus, the integral
of a monodromic function taken round a pole
or poles : same as residual, 2 — Biquadratic resi-
due, the same as a cubic residue, except that it refers to
a fourth power instead of to a cube. Thus, any fourth
power of an integer divided by5 gives as remainder either
0 or 1. These arc, therefore, the biquadratic residues of 5.
— Cubic residue, a number which, being added to a
multiple of a number of which it is said to be a residue,
gives a cube. Thus, every exact cube divided by 7 gives
as remainder either 0, 1, or 6. These are, therefore, the
cubic residues of 7. — Method of residues. See method.—
Quadratic residue. See quadratic.— Trigonal resi-
due, a number which, added to a multiple of another num-
ber of which it is said to be a residue, will give a trigonal
number. Thus, 1,3, 6, 10, 2, 8, are the trigonal residues
of 13. = Syn. 1. Kent, etc. See remainder.
residuent (re-zid'u-ent), n. [< residit(um) +
-ent.] In chemical processes, a by-product, or
waste product, left after the removal or sepa-
ration of a principal product.
residuous (re-zid'u-us), a. [< L. residuus, re-
maining, residual: see residue, residuum.] Re-
maining; residual. Landor. [Rare.]
residuum (re-zid'u-um), n. [< L. residuum,
what remains: see residue. Doublet of resi-
due.] 1. That which is left after any process ;
that which remains ; a residue.
The metal [copper] is pronounced to be chemically pure,
leaving no residuum when dissolved in pure nitric acid.
W. F. Roe, Newfoundland to Manitoba, vi.
Residuum shall be understood to be the refuse from
the distillation of Crude Petroleum, free from coke and
water, and from any foreign impurities, and of gravity
from 16° to 21° Beaume.
New York Produce Exchange Report (1888-9X p. 279.
2. Specifically, in law, that part of an estate
which is left after the payment of charges,
debts, and particular bequests ; more strictly,
the part so left which is effectively disposed
of by a residuary clause. Sometimes the subject of
a particular bequest which proves ineffectual passes by
law to the heir or next of kin, instead of falling into the
residuum.
resign1 (re-zin'), v. [< ME. resignen, resynen, <
OF. resiner, resigner, F. resigner (> G. resignie-
ren = Dan. resignere = Sw. resignera) = Pr. Sp.
Pg. resignar = It. risegnare, rassegnare, < L. re-
signare, unseal, annul, assign back, resign, lit.
' sign back or again,' < re-, back, + signare, sign :
seesign.] I. trans. 1. To assign back ; return
formally ; give up ; give back, as an office or a
commission, to the person or authority that con-
ferred it ; hence, to surrender; relinquish ; give
over; renounce.
As yow [Love] list, ye maken hertes digne ;
Algates hem that ye wol sette a fyre,
They dreden shame and vices they resigne.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 26.
He [More] had resigned up his office, and the King had
graciously accepted it.
Family of Sir T. More, Int, to Utopia, p. xv.
The Earl of Worcester
Hath broke his staff, resign'd his stewardship.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2. 59.
What sinners value I resign;
Lord ! 'tis enough that thou art mine. Watts.
2. To withdraw, as a claim; give up; aban-
don.
Soon resigned his former suit. Spenser.
Passionate hopes not ill resign'd
For quiet, and a fearless mind !
31. Arnold, Resignation.
3. To yield or give up in a confiding or trusting
spirit; submit, particularly to Providence.
What more reasonable than that we should in all things
resign up ourselves to the will of God ? Tillotson.
Then to the sleep I crave
Resign me. Bryant, A Sick-bed.
4. To submit without resistance ; yield ; com-
mit.
Be that thou hop'st to be, or what thou art
Resign to death. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1. 334.
He, cruel and ungrateful, smil'd
When she resign'd her Breath.
Prior, The Viceroy, st. 32.
/Knriis heard, and for a space resign'd
To tender pity all his manly mind.
Pope, Iliad, xiii. 590.
5f. To intrust; consign; commit to the care of.
Gentlemen of quality have been sent beyond the seas,
resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they
call governors. Evelyn.
= Syn. 1. To abandon, renounce, abdicate. Resign dif-
fers from the words compared under forsake in expressing
primarily a formal ahd deliberate act, in being the ordi-
nary word for giving up formally an elective office or an
appointment, and in having similar figurative use.
II. intrans. 1. To submit one's self; yield;
endure with resignation.
O break, my heart ! poor bankrupt, break at once ! . . .
Vile earth, to earth resign; end motion here.
Shak., R. and J., iii. 2. 59.
Amazed, confused, he found his power expired,
Resign'd to fate, and with a sigh retired.
Pope, R. of the L., iii. 146.
2. To give up an office, commission, post, or
the like.
resign1t (re-zin'), n. [< resign1, v.] Resigna-
tion.
You have gain'd more in a royal brother
Than you could lose by your resign of Empire.
Shirley (and Fletcher ?), Coronation, IT. 2.
resign2 (re-sin'), r. 1. [< re- + sign.] To sign
again.
resignalt (re-zi'nal), n. [< resign! + -al] Res-
ignation.
resilient
A bold and just challenge of an old Judge [Samuel]
made before all the people upon his resignal of the gov-
ernment into the hands of a new King.
Sanderson, Works, II. 330. (Dames.)
resignant (rez'ig-nant), a. [< F. resignant, ppr.
of resigner, resign: see resign1.] In her., con-
cealed : said of a lion's tail.
resignantt (re-zi'nant), n. [< OF. resignant (=
Sp. Pg. resignante), a resigner, ppr. of resigner,
resign: see resign1.] A resigner.
Upon the 25th of October Sir John Suckling brought
the warrant from the King to receive the Seal ; and the
good news came together, very welcome to the resignant,
that Sir Thomas Coventry should have that honour.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, ii. 27. (Dames.)
resignation (rez-ig-na'shqn), n. [< OF. resi-
gnation, resignacion, F. resignation = Pr. resi-
gnatio = Sp. resignacion = Pg. resignaqao = It.
rassegnazione, risegnazione, < ML. (?) resigna-
tio(n-), < L. resignare, resign: see resign1.] 1.
The act of resigning or giving up, as a claim,
office, place, or possession.
The resignation of thy state and crown
To Henry Bolingbroke.
Shak., Rich. II., iv. 1. 179.
2. The state of being resigned or submissive ;
unresisting acquiescence; particularly, quiet
submission to the will of Providence; con-
tented submission.
But on he moves to meet his latter end, . . .
Sinks to the grave with unperceiv'd decay,
While resignation gently slopes the way.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 110.
3. In Scots law, the form by which a vassal re-
turns the feu into the hands of a superior.
= Syn.l. Relinquishment, renunciation. — 2. Endurance,
Fortitude, etc. See patience.
resigned (re-zmd'), j>. a. 1. Surrendered;
given up.— 2. Feeling resignation; submis-
sive.
What shall I do (she cried), my peace of mind
To gain in dying, and to die resign'd >
Crabbe, Works, I. 112.
= Syn. 2. Unresisting, yielding, uncomplaining, meek.
See patience.
resignedly (re-zi'ned-li), adv. With resigna-
tion; submissively.
resignee (re-zl-ne'), n. [< F. resigne, pp. of re-
signer, resign: see resign1.] In law, the party
to whom a thing is resigned,
resigner (re-zl'ner), n. One who resigns.
resignment(re-zin'ment),n. [(resign1 + -ment.]
The act of resigning.
Here I am, by his command, to cure you,
Nay, more, for ever, by his full resignment.
Beau, and Fl., Mons. Thomas, iii. 1.
resile (re-zil'), v. i.; pret. and pp. resiled, ppr.
resiling. [< OF. resilir, resiler, F. resilier, < L.
resilire, jump back, recoil, < re-, back, + salire,
jump, leap: see salient, and cf. resilient.] To
start back; recede, as from a purpose; recoil.
If the Queue wold herafter resile and goo back from
hat she semeth nowe to be
be in her power soo to doo.
that she semeth nowe to be contented with, it shuld not
1 goo
ith, i
State Papers, I. 343. (Halliwell.)
The small majority . . . resiling from their own pre-
viously professed intention. Sir W. Hamilton.
resilement (re-zll'ment), n. [< resile + -ment.]
The act of drawing back ; a recoil ; a withdrawal.
Imp. Diet., art. "back," adv., 7.
resilience (re-zil'i-ens), n. [= It. resilienza;
as resilien(t)' + -ce.] 1. The act of resiling,
leaping, or springing back ; the act of rebound-
ing.
If you strike a ball side-long, not full upon the surface,
the rebound will be as much the contrary way ; whether
there be any such resilience in ecchos . . . may be tried.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 246.
2. In mach. See the quotation.
The word resilience, used without special qualifications,
may be understood as meaning extreme resilience, or the
work given back by the spring after being strained to the
extreme limit within which it can be strained again and
again without breaking or taking a permanent set.
Thomson and Tail, Nat. Phil., § 691, b.
Coefficient of resilience. Same as coefficient of elasticity
(which see, under coefficient).
resiliency (re-zil'i-en-si), n. [As resilience (see
-cy).] Same as resilience.
The common resiliency of the mind from one extreme
to the other. Johnson, Rambler, No. 110.
resilient (re-zil'i-ent), a. [< L. resilien(t-)s, ppr.
of resilire, leap back: see resile.] Having re-
silience f inclined to leap or spring back ; leap-
ing or springing back ; rebounding.
Their act and reach
Stretch'd to the farthest is resilient ever,
And in resilience hath its plenary force.
Sir H. Taylor, Edwin the Fair, iii. 5.
A highly resilient body is a body which has large co-
efficients of resilience. Steel is an example of a body with
large, and cork of a body with small, coefficients of resili-
ence. J. D. Everett, Units and Phys. Const., p. 46.
resilient
Resilient Stricture, a contractile stricture formed by
elastic tissue, and making permanent dilatation impossi-
ble or difficult.
resilition (rez-i-lish'on). ». [Irreg. < resile +
-itiim.] The act of resiling or springing back ;
resilience. [Bare.]
The act of flying back in consequence of motion resisted ;
resilition. Johnson's Diet, (under rebound).
resiluationt (re-zil-u-a'shon), n. [Prob. irreg.
(in late ML. medical jargon ?) < L. resilire (pp.
resultus), spring back: see resilient.'] Resili-
ence ; renewed attack.
There is. as phisicians saye, and as we also fy ml. double
the perell in the renilminiin that was in the fyrste sycknes.
Hall, Edward V., f. 11. (UalUmll.)
The resiluation of an Ague is desperate, and the second
opening of a veyne deadly.
Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 316.
resin (rez'in), «. [Also rosin, q. v. ; early mod.
E. also rasin ; < ME. recyn, rccyne, also rosyn,
rosyne, < OF. resinc (also rosine, ntsine), F. ri-
sine = Sp. Pg. It. resina, < L. resiiia, prob. < Gr.
pr/rivr/, resin (of the pine).] 1. (a) A hardened
secretion found in many species of plants, or
a substance produced by exposure of the se-
cretion to the air. It Is allied to and probably derived
from a volatile oil. The typical resins are oxidized hydro-
carbons, amorphous, brittle, having a vitreous fracture,
insoluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and
volatile oils. They unite with alkalis to form soaps. They
melt at a low heat, are non-volatile, and burn quickly
with a smoky flame. The hardest resins are fossilized
like amber and copal, but they show all gradations of
hardness through oleoresins and balsams to essential oils.
The hard retina are nearly inodorous, and contain little
or no volatile oil ; the gqft resins owe their softness to the
volatile oil associated with them. The common resin of
commerce exudes in a semi-fluid state from several spe-
cies of pine (in the United States, chiefly the long-leaved
pine). From this the oil of turpentine is separated by
distillation. Resins are largely used in the preparation
of varnishes, and several are used in medicine. Seepum.
(6) The precipitate formed by treating a tinc-
ture with water.
2. See rosin, 2.— Acarold resin. See amroid.— Alde-
hyde resin. .See aldehyde. — Bile-resin, a name given to
the bile-acids. — Black boy resin. Same as blaclcltoy gum.
See Mackboy. — Bon-nafa resin, an amber-yellow resin
prepared in Algeria from Thapsia garga nica. — Botany
Bay resin. Same as acaroid gum (which see, under
aearoid).— Carbolized resin-cloth, an antiseptic dress-
ing made by steeping thin calico muslin in carbolic acid,
2 parts; castor-oil, 2; resin, 16; alcohol, 40. — Fossil or
mineral resins, amber, petroleum, asphalt, bitumen, and
other mineral hydrocarbons. — Grass-tree resin. Same
as aearoid regin. — Highgate resin, fossil copal : named
from Highgate, near London. Seecopalin. — Kauri-resin.
Same as kauri-yum.— Piny resin, See pinyi. — Resin
Cerate, a cerate composed of 35 parts of resin, 15 of yel-
low wax, and 50 of lard.— Resin core, in founding. See
corei.— Resin Of copaiba, the residue left after distil-
ling the volatile oil from copaiba. — Resin of copper,
copper protochlorid : so called from its resemblance to
common resin.— Resin of gualac, the resin of the wood
of Guaiamm o/icinale: same as guaiacum, 3. Also called
guaiac and guaiaci resina. — Resin of jalap, the resin
obtained by treating the strong tincture of the tuberous
root of Ipom/ea purga with water. It is purgative in its
action.— Resin of Leptandra, the resin obtained from
Veronica Viryinica.— Resin of podophyllum, the resin
obtained by precipitation with water from a concentrated
tincture of podophyllum. It is cathartic in its action.—
Resin of scammony, the resin obtained from tincture of
scammony by precipitation with water or by evaporation
of the clarified tincture. — Resin Of thapsia, a resin ob-
tained from Thapsia garganica by evaporating the tinc-
ture : used as a counter-irritant. Also called thapsia.
resin and resina. thapsix. — Resin Of turpeth, a resin
obtained from the root-bark of Ipomxa Turpethwn.—
Resin ointment, plaster, etc. See ointment, plaster,
etc.— White resin. See rosin.— Yellow resin. Seenwrm.
resin (rez'in), »?. t. [<. resin, 11.] To treat, rub,
or coat with resin.
resina (re-zi'na), B. [L. : see resin.] Resin.
resinaceous (r'ez-i-na'shius), a. [< L. resina-
ceus, < resina, resin : see resin.] Resinous ; hav-
ing the quality of resin. Imp. Diet.
resinata (rez-i-ua'ta), 11. [< L. resinnta, fern,
of resinatus, resined: see resinate.] The com-
mon white wine used in Greece, which is gen-
erally kept in goat- or pig-skins, and has its
peculiar flavor from the pine resin or pitch with
which the skins are smeared on the inside.
resinate (rez'i-nat), v. t.; pret. and pp. resi-
nated, ppr. restituting. [< L. resinatus, resined
(vinum resinatum, resined wiiie), < resina, resin :
see resin.] To flavor or impregnate with resin,
as the ordinary white wine of modern Greece.
resinate (rez'i-nat), «. [= F. resinate, < NL.
resinatum, neut. of resinatus, resined: see resi-
nate, v.] A salt of the acids obtained from tur-
pentine.
resin-bush (rez'in-bush), H. See mastic, 2.
resin-cell (rez'in-sel), «. In lot., a cell which
has the office of secreting resin.
resin-duct (rez'in-dukt), n. In bot., same as
resin-passage.
resin-flux (rez'in-fluks), «. A disease in coni-
fers characterized by a copious flow of resin,
o!04
with the ultimate death of the tree, due to the
attacks of a fungus, Aijtiricn.- HH-//I-HX. De Sari/.
resin-eland (rez'in-gland), «. In hot., a cell or
a small group of cells which secrete or contain
resin.
resiniferous (rez-i-nif'e-rus), a. [= F. rfaiiii-
fere = It. resinifero, < L. resina, resin, + ferre,
= E. bear*.] Yielding resin : as, a resiniferous
tree or vessel.
resinincation (rez»i-ni-fi-ka'shon), 11. [= F.
rcsinifieatioii, < rrsinijier, treat with resin: see
resinify.] The act or process of treating with
resin.
The reunification of the drying oils may be effected by
the smallest quantities of certain substances.
Ure, Diet., III. 448.
resiniform (rez'i-ni-fdrm), a. [< F. n'nini-
fornie, < L. resina, resin, + forma, shape.]
Having the character of resin ; resinoid. Imp.
Diet.
resinify (rez'i-ni-fi), r.; pret. and pp. reunified,
ppr. resinifying. [< F. rrsinijier, < L. resina,
resin, + -ficare, < facere, make : see resin and
-fll-] It trans. To change into resin ; cause to
become resinous.
II. intrans. To become resinous; be trans-
formed into resin.
Exposed to the air, It [volatile oil obtained from hops by
distillation with water] resinifiet. Encyc. Brit., XII. 157.
resinize (rez'i-niz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. resin-
i:ed, ppr. resinizing. [< resin + -i:e.'] To treat
with resin.
resino-electric (rez'i-no-e-lek'trik), a. Con-
taining or exhibiting negative electricity: ap-
plied to certain substances, as amber, sealing-
wax, etc., which become resinously or negative-
ly electric under friction.
resinoid (rez'i-noid), a. and n. [= F. resinoide,
< L. resina, resin, + Gr. cidof, form. Cf. Gr.
pnrtvuirK, resinoid.] I. a. Resembling resin.
Minute resinoid yellowish-brown granules.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros.. § 696.
II. ». A resinous substance, either a true
resin or a mixture containing one.
resinous (rez'i-nus), a. [< OF. resineux, F. re-
silient = Sp. Pg. It. resinoso, < L. resinosus, full
of resin, < resina, resin : see resin.] Pertaining
to or obtained from resin; partaking of the
properties of resin ; like resin : as, resinous sub-
stances—Resinous electricity. See electricity. —Res-
inous luster. See luster*, 2.
resinously (rez'i-nus-li), ailr. In the manner
of a resinous body ; also, by means of resin.
If any body become electrified in any way. It must be-
come either vitreously or resinously electrified.
A. DanieU, Prin. of Physics, p. 519.
resinousness (rez'i-nus-nes). «. The character
of being resinous.
resin-passage (rez'in-pas'aj), «. In bot., an
intercellular canal in which resin is secreted.
resin-tube (rez'in-tub), w. In hot., same as
resin-passage.
resiny (rez'i-ni), «. [< resin + -y1.] Having a
resinous character; containing or covered with
resin.
resipiscence (res-i-pis'ens), n. [< OF. resipis-
cence, F. resipiscence = It. resipiscenza, < L.
resipiscentia, a change of mind, repentance (tr.
Gr. fierdvoia), < resipiscere, repent.] Change to
a better frame of mind; repentance. The term
is never used for that regret of a vicious man at letting
pass an opportunity of vice or crime which is sometimes
called repentance. [Rare.]
They drew a flattering picture of the resipiscence of the
Anglican party. Hallam.
resipiscent (res-i-pis'ent), a. [< L. resipis-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of resipisc ere, recover one's senses,
come to oneself again, recover, inceptive of
resipere, savor, taste of, < re-, again, + sapere,
taste, also be wise: see sapient.] Restored to
one's senses; right-minded. [Rare.]
Grammar, in the end, resipiscent&na sane as of old, goes
forth properly clothed and in Its right mind.
F. Hall, False Philol., p. 67.
resist (re-zisf), c. [< OF. register, F. register
= Pr. Sp. Pg. resistir = It. resistere, < L. resis-
tere, stand back, stand still, withstand, resist,
< re-, back, + sistere, make to stand, set, also
stand fast, causative of store, stand: see stand.
Cf. assist, consist, desist, exist, insist, persist.]
I. trans. 1. To withstand; oppose passively
or actively; antagonize; act against; exert
physical or moral force in opposition to.
Either side of the bank being fringed with most beauti-
ful trees, which resisted the sun's darts from over-much
piercing the natural coldness of the river.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
resistance
Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. .las. iv. 7.
The sword
Of Michael, from the armoury of (iod,
Was given him, temper'd so that neither keen
Nor solid might resist that edge.
Miltim, P. L., vi. 323.
That which gives me most Hopes of her is her telling
me of the many Temptations she has resisted.
Congreve, Double-Dealer, iii. .1.
While self-dependent power can time defy,
As rocks resist the billows and the sky.
Goldsmith, Des. VU., 1. 430.
What's done we partly may compute,
But know not what 's resisted.
Burns, To the t'nco Guid.
2f. To be disagreeable or distasteful to ; offend.
These cates resist me, she but thought upon.
Shot., Pericles, ii. 3. 29.
= Syn. 1. Withstand, etc. See oppose.
II. intrans. To make opposition ; act in oppo-
sition.
Lay hold upon him ; if he do resist,
Subdue him at his peril.
Shale., Othello, 1. 2. 80.
resist (re-zisf), n. [< resist, r.] 1. Any com-
position applied to a surface to protect it from
chemical action, as to enable it to resist the
corrosion of acids, etc.
This latter metal [steel] requires to be preserved against
the action of the cleansing acids and of the graining mix-
ture by a composition called resist.
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 199.
2. Specifically, in calico-printing, a sort of paste
applied to a fabric to prevent color or mordant
from fixyig on those parts not intended to be
colored, either by acting mechanically in pre-
venting the color, etc., from reaching the cloth,
or chemically in changing the color so as to ren-
der it incapable of fixing itself in the fibers.
Also called resist-paste, resistant, and reserve. —
3. A stopping-out; also, the material used for
Stopping out — Resist style, in calico-printing, the
process of dyeing In a pattern by the use of a resist.
resistal (re-zis'tal), n. Resistance. [Rare.]
All resistalls,
Quarrels, and ripping up of injuries
Are smother'd in the ashes of our wrath,
Whose fire is now extinct.
Ueywood, Fair Maid of the West (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874,
[II. 401).
resistance (re-zis'tans ), w. [Also insistence; <
ME. resistence, < OF. residence, later resistance,
F. resistance = Pr. Sp. Pg. resistencia = It.
resistenza, < ML. "resistentia, < L. resisten(t-)s,
ppr. of resistere, resist: see resist, resistant.] 1.
The act of resisting ; opposition ; antagonism.
Resistance is passive, as that of a fixed body which inter-
rupts the passage of a moving body ; or active, as in the
exertion of force to stop, repel, or defeat progress or de-
sign.
Nae registans durst they mak.
Battle of llarlaw (Child's Ballads, VII. 183).
He'll not swagger with a Barbary hen, if her feathers
turn back in any show of resistance.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., 11. 4. 109.
2. The force exerted by a fluid or other medium
to retard the motion of a body through it ;
more generally, any force which always acts in
a direction opposite to the residual velocity, or
to any component of it: as, resistance to shear-
ing. In a phrase like this, resistance may be denned
as a stress produced by a strain, and tending to restora-
tion of figure. But the resistance is not necessarily elas-
tic — that is, It may cease, and as resistance does cease,
when the velocity vanishes. In the older dynamical trea-
tises, resistance is always considered as a function of the
velocity.'except in the case of friction, which does not
vary with the velocity, or at least not much. In modern
hydrodynamics the viscosity is taken into account, and
produces a kind of resistance partly proportional to the
velocity and partly to the acceleration. The theory of re-
sistance still remains imperfect.
Energy, which is force acting, does work in overcoming
Resistance, which is force acted on and reacting.
0. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. v. ; 5.
3. In elect., that property of a conductor in
virtue of which the passage of a current through
it is accompanied by a dissipation of energy;
the transformation of electric energy into heat.
It is one of the two elements upon which the strength of
an electric current depends when the flow is steady ; the
other is electromotive force, and the relation between
them is generally expressed by the equation C = i: Ii.
which is Ohm's law. Resistance may therefore be defined
as the ratio of the electromotive force to the current
strength (R = F./C), the flow being assumed to be steady.
For simple periodic alternate currents, the resistance in-
creases as the rapidity of alternation increases, and it also
depends on the form of the conductor. Resistance to such
currents is sometimes called impedance and also virtual
resistance, that for steady flow being named ohmic resin,
tance. In general, resistance is proportional to the length
of the conductor and inversely proportional to its cross-
section. It also varies with the temperature of the con-
ductor, the nature of the material of which it is composed,
the stress to which it is subjected, and in some instances
with other physical conditions, as in the case of selenium,
the resistance of which diminishes as the Intensity of the
resistance
light to which it is exposed increases. It is the recipro-
cal of conductivity. The unit of resistance is the ohm
(which see). The designation resistance is also applied to
coils of wire or other material devices which are intro-
duced into electric circuits on account of the resistance
5105
2t. The property of resisting.
The name body being the complex idea of extension and
resistibility together in the same subject, these two ideas
are not exactly one and the same.
resolution
Il.t '<• !• A resolute or determined person.
Young Fortinbras .
Locke.
which they offer to the passage of the current There- resistible (re-zis'ti-bl), a. [= F. resistible =
sistance of a conductor may be measured by Wheatstone's g_ resistible'= Pg. resistifel; as resist + -ible.]
bridge. This is a device for the accurate comparison of pj w .f >„>;„,, Veaistpd • n«t n retiitihlr forcp
electric resistances, invented by Christie and brought into Capable Ot bemg_ resisted _• as, a resiAliOie cc.
notice by Wheatstone. It consists essentially of a com- resiStlblenCSS (re-zis'tl-bl-nes), n. The prop-
plex circuit of six conductors, arranged as shown in the erty of being resistible ; resistibility. 0«i,,4.QiTr fro^'n Hit lil nilr
cut. A current from the battery B enters at the June- resi£tibly (rf-zis'ti-bli), adv. So as to be re- r(
tion of a and c, and,
into parts depending on the relative
resistances of the branches a, b, c, and
d, returns to the battery through the
junction of 6 and <i. G is a galvanom-
eter joined to the junctions a b and
c d. When the relative resistances
are such that a : 6 : : c : d, no current
will flow through the galvanometer.
If a and 6 are comparable and adjust-
able resistances, it is only necessary
to establish this condition in order
to know the ratio of c to rf. Many modifications of the
bridge have been devised.— Center of resistance. See
center!.— Conduction resistance, the resistance offered
by a conductor to an electric current.— Contact resls-
B
Wheatstone Bridge.
sistible.
resistingly (re-zis'ting-li), adv. With resis-
tance or opposition ; so as to resist.
resistive (re-zis'tiv), a. [< resist + -ive.]
ing the power to resist; resisting.
I'll have an excellent new fucus made,
Resistive 'gainst the sun, the rain, or wind.
B. Jonson, Sejanus, ii. 1.
resistively (re-zis'tiv-li), adv. With or by
means of resistance.
Flexion and extension of the leg at the knee, either pas-
sively or resistively.
Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, IV. 649.
Hath in the skirts of Norway here and there
Shark'd up a list of lawless resolutes.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 1. 98.
2. Repayment; redelivery.
And ye shall enquire of the yearly resolutes, deductions,
and paiements going forth of the same.
Bp. Burnet, Records, II. i., No. 27.
In a resolute
manner; "with fixed purpose; firmly; steadily;
with steady perseverance ; boldly.
resoluteness*(rez'o-lut-nes), n. The character
Hav_ of being resolute ; fixity of purpose ; firm de-
tance. See contact.— Curve of elastic resistance. See
curve.— Living resistance, the work required to produce resistivity (re-zis-tiv'i-ti), n. The power or
a sudden strain of a body, especially a sudden elongation „-_._,._. Jnf Vfisisfflnofi'-' oariacitv for resisting
of a solid.-Magnetic resistance, the reciprocal of mag- property o
netic conductivity or permeability. The magnetic flux, or The resistivity of the wires. Elect. Rev. (Eng.), XXV. 641.
total number of magnetic lines of force passing through ..,,-.,,,,. r< rf<ti<tt + Ipt* ~\ 1
a cross-section of any magnetic circuit, may be given in an resistless (re-zist les), a. [< resist + -less. 11.
nymag
expression analogous to that giving the strength of an elec-
tric current in terms of the electromotive force and resis-
tance. The denominator of the fraction represents the
magnetic resistance, sometimes called magnetic reluctance.
— Passive resistance, a friction or similar force oppos-
ing the motion of a machine.— Principle of least re-
sistance, the principle that when a structure is in equilib-
rium the passive forces, or stresses occasioned by minute
strains, are the least that are capable of balancing the
active forces, or those which are independent of the
Incapable of being resisted, opposed, or with-
stood; irresistible.
Masters' commands come with a power resistless
To such as owe them absolute subjection.
Milton, S. A., 1. 1404.
2. Powerless to resist ; helpless ; unresisting.
Open an entrance for the wasteful sea,
Whose billows, beating the resistless banks,
Shall overflow it with their refluence.
Marlowe, Jew of Malta, ill. B. 17.
Resistless, tame,
Am I to be burn'd up ? No, I will shout
Until the gods through heaven's blue look out !
Keats, Endymion, iii.
strains Solid of least resistance, In mech., the solid
whose figure is such that In its motion through a fluid it
sustains less resistance than any other having the same
length and base, or, on the other hand, being stationary
in a current of fluid, offers the least interruption to the
progress of that fluid. In the former case it has been
SSSfiS S^AMAVM&NE: resistlessly (re-zist'les-li), adv. Inaresistless
problem of finding the solid of least resistance was first manner ; so as not to be opposed or denied,
proposed and solved by Newton, but only for hypotheti- resistlessneSS (re-zist'les-nes), n. The char-
cal conditions extremely remote from those of nature - &cter Qf being resistiegs or irresistible.
resist-WOrk (re-zist'w6rk), n. Calico-printing
in which the pattern is produced wholly or in
part by means of resist, which preserves cer-
tain parts uncolored.
reskew, reskuet, »• and n. Obsolete forms of
rescue.
resmooth (re-smb'TH'), v. t. [< re- + smooth.]
To make smooth again ; smooth out.
And thus your pains
May only make that footprint upon sand
Which old-recurring waves of prejudice
Resmooth to nothing. Tennyson, Princess, Hi.
resolder (re-sol'der), v. t. [< re- + solder.]
To solder or mend again ; rejoin ; make whole
again. Tennyson, Princess, v.
resoluble (rez'o-lu-bl), a. [< OF. resoluble, F.
resoluble = Sp. resoluble = It.
f which is
timeter and the cross-section one square centimeter. —
Transition resistance, the resistance to an electric cur-
rent in electrolysis caused by the presence of the ions at
the electrodes. = Syn. 1. Hindrance, antagonism, check.
See oppose.
resistance-box (re-zis'tans-boks), n. A box
containing one or more resistance-coils.
termination; unshaken firmness.
resolution (rez-o-lu'shon), n. [< OF. resolution,
F. resolution = Pr. rezolucio = Sp. resolucion
= Pg. resoluyao = It. resolueione, < L. resolu-
tio(n-), an untying, unbinding, loosening, re-
laxing, < resolvere, pp. resolutus, loose, resolve :
see resolve.] 1. The act, operation, or process
of resolving. Specifically — (a) The act of separating
the component parts of a body, as by chemical means or
(to the eye) under the lens of a microscope. (6) The act
of separating the parts which compose a complex idea, (c)
The act of unraveling a perplexing question, a difficult
problem, or the like ; explication ; solution ; answer.
It is a question
Needs not a resolution.
Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, IT. 1.
(d) The act of mathematically analyzing a velocity, force,
or other vector quantity into components having differ-
ent directions, whether these have independent causes
or not.
2. The state or process of dissolving; dissolu-
tion; solution.
In the hot springs of extreme cold countries, the first
heats are unsufferable, which proceed out of the resolution
of humidity congealed. Sir K. Digby, Bodies.
3. The act of resolving or determining ; also,
anything resolved or determined upon ; a fixed
determination of mind ; a settled purpose : as,
a resolution to reform our lives; a resolution to
undertake an expedition.
Your resolution cannot hold, when 'tis
Opposed, as it must be, by the power of the king.
Shak., W. T., iv. 4. 36.
Resolution,' therefore, means the preliminary volition
for ascertaining when to enter upon a series of actions
necessarily deferred. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 429.
4. The character of acting with fixed purpose ;
resoluteness ; firmness, steadiness, or constancy
in execution ; determination : as, a man of great
resolution.
No want of resolution in me, but only my followers' . . .
treasons, makes me betake me to my heels.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 8. 65.
Off with thy pining black ! — it dulls a soldier —
And put on resolution like a man.
Fletcher (and another), False One, Iv. 3.
5. A formal proposition brought before a de-
liberative body for discussion and adoption.
If the report . . . conclude with resolutions or other
reinltihilp < T, specific propositions of any kind, . . . the question should
resoiuotie, % LILI. BJ * * f „ fh(, „„;/„,,•„„,
Resistance-box.
resistance-coil (re-zis'tans-koil), TO. A coil of
wire which offers a definite resistance to the pas-
sage of a current of electricity. Resistance-coils resolute (rez'o-lut), a. and ».
\Jt £\. J < 1 1 1 1 l ill UVwQWUAMHMWM *** v*^; v J OiV/JJ. v/i. ai
's "with legislative or corporate body, or of any associa-
tion of individuals, when adopted by vote. See
are generally of German-silver wire, on account of the low
temperature coefficient of that alloy, and are usually mul-
tiples or submultiples of the unit of resistance, the ohm.
resistant (re-zis'tant), a. and n. [Also resis-
tent; < OF. resistant, F. resistant = Sp. Pg. It.
resistente, < L. resisten(t-)s, ppr. of resistere,
withstand, resist: see resist.] I, a. Making
resistance ; resisting.
This Excommunication . . . simplified and ennobled
the resistant position of Savonarola.
Oeorge Eliot, Romola, Iv.
II. n. 1. One who or that which resists.
According to the degrees of power in the agent and re-
sistant is an action performed or hindered.
Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, vi.
2. Same as resist, 2.
The first crops of citric acid crystals, which are brown-
ish in colour, are used largely by the calico-printer as a
resistant for iron and alumina mordants.
Spans' Encyc. Manuf., I. 60.
resistence (re-zis'tens), n. Same as resistance.
resistent (re-zis'teiit), a. Same as resistant.
register (re-zis'tei:), n. One who resists; one
who opposes or withstands,
resistibility (re-zis-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. resis-
tibilite; as resistible + -ity (see -bility).] 1. The
property of being resistible.
Whether the resistibility of his reason did not equiva-
lence the facility of her seduction.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 1. 1.
321
>p. Ivsuiuuitj — -LL. 7 coi/K*i/»tc, \ 1. 1.. ~«- * \ f/i thp r snlut 'nrift
resolubilis, < L. resolvere, resolve: see resolve.] " "c'J/j",^ Manual of Parliamentary Practice, § 296.
Capable of being resolved. Q A formal determination or decision of
The synthetic [Greek compounds] are organic, and, be-
ing made up of constituents modified, more or less,
a view to combination, are not thus resoluble. . _ -
F. Hall, False Philol., p. 42, note, by-law. 2, ordinance, 7, regulation, 2.— 7. Deter-
mination of a cause, as in a court of justice.
[Bare.]
Nor have we all the acts of parliament or of judicial
resolutions which might occasion such alterations.
Sir M. Hale.
8t. The state of being settled in opinion ; free-
dom from doubt ; conviction ; certainty.
Ah, but the resolution of thy death
Made me to lose such thought.
Heywood, Four Prentices.
Edm. You shall ... by an auricular assurance have your
satisfaction.
[< ME. resolute
= OF. resolu', F. re'solu = Sp. Pg. resoluto =
It. risoluto, < L. resolutus, pp. of resolvere, re-
solve: see resolve.] I. a. If. Separated; loose;
broken up ; dissolved.
For bathes hoote ammonyake is tolde
Right goode with brymstone resolute ypitte
Aboute in evry chynyng, clifte, or slitte.
PaUadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 41.
2f. Convinced ; satisfied ; certain. Imp. Diet.
— 3f. Resolving; convincing; satisfying.
Th[e] interpretour answered, . . . Wyllynge hym to
take this for a resolute answere, that ... if he rather de-
syred warre, he shoulde haue his handes full.
JR. Eden, tr. of Pigefetta (First English Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 256).
I [Luther] have giuen resolute answer to the first, in the
which I persist, and shall persevere for evermore.
F oxe, Acts, etc. (Cattley ed.), IV. 284.
4. Having a fixed resolve ; determined; hence,
bold ; firm ; steady ; constant in pursuing a pur-
pose.
Edward is at hand,
Ready to fight ; therefore be resolute.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 4. 61.
= Syn. 4. Decided, fixed, unshaken, unwavering, stanch,
undaunted, steadfast ; the place of resolute among such
words is determined by its fundamental idea, that of a
fixed will or purpose, and its acquired idea, that of a firm
front and bold action presented to opposers or resistors.
It is therefore a high word in the field of will and courage.
See decision.
. . .
Glou. I would unstate myself, to be in a due resolution.
Shak., Lear, i. 2. 108.
9. In music: (a) Of a particular voice-part,
the act, process, or result of passing from a dis-
cord to a concord. See preparation and per-
cussion, (b) The concordant tone in which a
discord is merged. — 10. In med., a removal or
disappearance, as the disappearing of a swell-
ing or an inflammation without coming to sup-
puration, the removal by absorption and ex-
pectoration of inflammatory products in pul-
monary solidification, or the disappearance of
fever. — n. jn matli., same us solution. — 12.
In anc. pros.: (tt} The use of two short times
or syllables as the equivalent for one long ; the
division of a disemic time into the two semeia
of which it is composed. (6) An equivalent of
a time or of a foot in which two shorts are sub-
resolution
stituted for a long: as, the dactyl (— ~ ~) or
anapest (~ <* — ) is a resolution of the spondee
(— — )• The resolution of a syllable bearing the ictus
takes its ictus on the tlrst of the two shorts representing
the long (^^^tor — ^.^-i^ for ~ -^). Opposed to contrac-
tion— Joint resolution, in Amer. parliamentary law, a
resolution adopted by both branches of a legislative assem-
bly. See concurrent resolution, under concurrent.— Res-
olution of forces or of velocities, the application of the
principle of the parallelogram of forces or velocities to the
mathematical separation of a force or velocity into parts,
which, however, need have no independent reality. See
force*, 8(0).— The Expunging Resolution. See expunge.
—Virginia and KentuckyResolutlons, in U. S. hint.,
resolutions passed in 179S and 1799 by the legislatures of
Virginia and Kentucky, declaring the passage of the Alien
and Sedition Acts to be an unconstitutional act of the fed-
eral government, and setting forth the States' rights the-
ory as to the proper remedies in such cases. The Virginia
Resolutions were prepared by Madison, and the Kentucky
Resolutions of 1798 by Jefferson. The Kentucky Resolu-
tions of 1799, in addition to declaring the Constitution a
compact, affirmed the right of a State to nullify any Act
of Congress which it deemed unconstitutional. = Syn. 1.
Decomposition, separation, disentanglement — 4. Deter-
mination, etc. (see decision), perseverance, tenacity, in-
flexibility, fortitude, boldness, courage, resolve.
Resolutioner (rez-o-lu'shon-er), n. One of a
party in the Church of Scotland, in the seven-
teenth century, which approved the resolutions
of the General Assembly admitting all except
those of bad character, or hostile to the Cove-
nant, to bear arms against Cromwell. See the
quotation under Protester, 3.
The church was, however, divided into two utterly an-
tagonistic parties, the Resolutioners&nA the Remonstrants.
J. H, Burton, Hist Scotland, I. 194.
revolutionist (rez-o-lu'sbon-ist), n. [< resolu-
tion + -ist.] One who makes a resolution.
Quarterly Sev. (Imp. Diet.)
resqlutive (rez'o-lu-tiv), a. and n. [= F. reso-
lutif = Sp. Pg. resolutii'o = It. risolutivo, reso-
lutivo; as resolute + -ive,] I. a. Having the
power to dissolve or relax. [Rare.]
The ashes of the void [snail | shels ... are of a resolu-
tive and discutient facultie. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxx. 8.
Resolutive clause or condition, in Scots law, a condi-
tion subsequent ; a condition inserted in a deed or other
contract, a breach of which will cause a forfeiture or ces-
sation of that which is provided for by the instrument, as
distinguished from a suspensive condition, or condition
precedent, which prevents the instrument from taking
effect until the condition has been performed.— Reso-
lutive method, in logic, the analytic method. See an-
alytic.
H, n. In med., same as discutient.
It has been recommended to establish a seton ... as
a derivative and resolutive [in metritisj.
R. Barnes, Dis. of Women, xl.
resolutory (rez'o-lu-to-ri), a. [= F. resolutoire
= Sp. Pg. It. resolutorio, < L. as if "resolutorius,
< resolvere, pp. resolutus, loose, loosen: see re-
solve.'] Having the effect of resolving, deter-
mining, or rescinding; giving a right to re-
scind.
resolvability (re-zol-va-bil'i-ti), n. [< resolva-
ble + -ity (see -bility).] The property of being
resolvable ; the capability of being separated
into parts ; resolvableness.
Lord Rosse was able to get the suggestion of resotnabH-
ity in . . . many bodies which had been classed as nebula-
by Sir William Herschel and others.
J. S. Lockyer, Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 589.
resolvable (re-zol'va-bl), a. [< resolve + -able.
Cf. resoluble.] Capable of being resolved, in
any sense of that word Resolvable nebula. See
nebula.
resolvableness (re-zol'va-bl-nes), n. The prop-
erty of being resolvable fresolvability. Bailey,
1727.
resolve (re-zolv'), "•; pret. and pp. resolved,
ppr. resolving. [< ME. resolren, < OF. resolver,
vernacularly resoudre, F. resondre = Sp. Pg.
resolver = It. risolvere, resolvere, < L. resolvere,
pp. resolutus, loosen, resolve, dissolve, melt,
thaw, < re-, again, + solvere, loosen: see solve.]
1. trans. If. To loosen; set loose or at ease;
relax.
It is a very hard work of continence to repell the paynt-
Ing glose of Batterings whose words resolue the hart with
pleasure. Baoees Book (E. E. T. &.), p. 106.
His limbs, resolv'd through idle leisour,
Unto sweete sleepe he may securely lend.
Spenser, Virgil's Gnat, 1. 141.
Cat. The city's custom
Of being then in mirth and feast—
Lem. Loosed whole
In pleasure and security —
Aut. Each house
Resolved in freedom. B. Jonson, Catiline, ill. 3.
2. To melt; dissolve.
The weyghte of the snowe yharded by the colde is re-
solved by the brennynge hete of Phebus the sonne.
Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 6.
I could be content to resolve myself into teares, to rid
thee of trouble. Lyly, Euphues, p. 38. (Narei.)
5106
O, that this too too solid flesh would melt,
Thaw, and resolve itself Into a dew !
Shale., Hamlet, 1. 2. 180.
3. To disintegrate; reduce to constituent or
elementary parts; separate the component
parts of.
The see gravel is lattest for to drie,
And lattest may thon therwith edlne.
The salt in it thy werkes wol resolve.
Pattadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 14.
And ye, immortal souls, who once were men,
And now, resolved to elements again.
Dryden, Indian Emperor, U. 1.
It is no necessity of his [the musician's) art to resolve
the clang of an instrument into its constituent tones.
Tyndatt, Sound, p. 120.
Specifically— 4. In med., to effect the disap-
pearance of (a swelling) without the forma-
tion of pus. — 5. To analyze ; reduce by mental
analysis.
I cannot think that the branded Epicurus, Lucretius,
and their fellows were in earnest when they resolv'd this
composition into a fortuitous range of atoms.
Glanville, Essays, i.
Retaining all events, with their effects
And manifold results, into the will
And arbitration wise of the Supreme.
Cowper, Task, U. 163.
They tell us that on the hypothesis of evolution all hu-
man feelings may be resolved into a desire for food, into a
fear of being eaten, or into the reproductive Instinct.
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 128.
6. To solve ; free from perplexities ; clear of
difficulties ; explain : as, to resolve questions of
casuistry ; to resolve doubts ; to resolve a riddle.
After their publike praiers the Talby sits downe, and
spends half e an houre In revolving the doubts of such as
shall moue any questions in matters of their Law.
Pvrchas, Pilgrimage, p. 623.
Here were also several foundations of Buildings, but
whether there were ever any place of note situated here-
abouts, or what it might be. I cannot resolve.
Maundrcll, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 12.
I ask these sober questions of my heart ; . . .
The heart resolves this matter in a trice.
Pope, Irnit. of Horace, II. ii. 216.
7. In math., to solve; answer (a question). —
8. In alg., to bring all the known quantities
of (an equation) to one side, and the unknown
quantity to the other. — 9. In mech., to separate
mathematically (a force or other vector quan-
tity) into components, by the application of
the parallelogram of forces, or of an analogous
principle. The parts need not have indepen-
dent reality. — 10. To transform by or as by
dissolution.
The form of going from the assembly into committee is
for the presiding officer ... to put the question that the
assembly do now resolve itself into a committee of the
whole. Gushing, Manual of Parliamentary Practice, § 297.
lit. To free from doubt or perplexity; inform;
acquaint; answer.
If Brutus will vouchsafe that Antony
May safely come to him, and be resolved
How Cesar hath deserved to lie in death.
Shale., J. C., ill. 1. 181.
Pray, sir, resolve me, what religion 's best
For a man to die in ? Webster, White Devil, v. 1.
You shall be fully resolved in every one of those many
questions you have asked me.
Goldsmith, To Mrs. Anne Goldsmith.
12f. To settle in an opinion; make certain;
convince.
The word of God can give us assurance in anything we
are to do, and resolve us that we do well.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ii. 4.
Long since we were resolved of your truth,
Your faithful service, and your toil in war.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., Hi. 4. 20.
I am resolv'd my Cloe yet is true.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 4.
13. To fix in a determination or purpose; de-
termine ; decide : used chiefly in the past par-
ticiple.
Therefore at last I firmly am resolved
You shall have aid. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 3. 219.
Rather by this his last affront resolved,
Desperate of better course, to vent his rage.
Milton, P. R., iv. 444.
With phrenzy seized, I run to meet the alarms,
Resolved on death, resolved to die in arms.
Dryden, ^Eneid, ii. 424.
14. To determine on ; intend; purpose.
I am resolved that thou shalt spend some time
With Valentinus in the emperor's court.
Shak.,1. G. of V., 1.3.66.
They [the Longobards] resolved to goe into some more
fertile country. Coryat, Crudities, I. 107.
War then, war,
Open or understood, must be resolved.
Milton, P. L., i. 662.
15t. To make ready in mind; prepare.
Quit presently the chapel, or resolve you
For more amazement. Shak., W. T., v. 3. 86.
resolvedness
Tell me, have you resolv'd yourself for court,
And utterly renounc'd the slavish country
With all the cares thereof?
Fletcher (and another), Noble Gentleman, Iv. 4.
16. To determine on; specifically, to express,
as an opinion or determination, by or as by
resolution and vote.
He loses no reputation with us ; for we all resolved him
as an ass before. B. Jonson, Epicoene, iv. 2.
17. In music,'of a voice-part or of the harmony
in general, to cause to progress from a discord
to a concord.
II. intrans. It. To melt ; 'dissolve ; become
fluid.
Even as a form of wax
Resolveth from his figure 'gainst the fire.
Shak., K. John, v. 4. 25.
May my brain
Resolue to water, and my blood turn phlegm.
B. Jonson, Catiline, 111. S.
2. To become separated into component or
elementary parts; disintegrate; in general, to
be reduced as by dissolution or analysis.
The spices are so corrupted . . . that theyr natural 1
sauour, taste, and quality . . . vanyssheth and resolueth.
R. Eden, tr. of Paolo Giovlo (First Books on America,
(ed. Arber, p. 309).
Subterraneous bodies, from whence all the things upon
the earth's surface spring, and into which they again re-
solve and return. Bacon, Physical Fables, xi., ExpL
These several quarterly meetings should digest the re-
ports of their monthly meetings, and prepare one for
each respectlveconnty, against the yearly meeting, in which
all quarterly meetings resolve.
Penn, Rise and Progress of Quakers, iv.
I lifted up ray head to look : the roof resolved to clouds,
high and dim ; the gleam was such as the moon imparts
to vapors she 1s about to sever.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxvii.
3. To form an opinion, purpose, or resolution ;
determine in mind ; purpose : as, he resolved on
amendment of life.
How yet resolves the governor of the town ?
Shak., Hen. V., 111. 3. 1.
4. To be settled in opinion; be convinced.
Let men molrc of that as they please. Locke.
5. In mtisic, of a voice-part or of the harmony
in general, to pass from a discord to a concora.
= Syn. 3. To decide, conclude.
resolve (re-zplv'), n. [< resolve, v.~\ It. The
act of resolving or solving ; resolution ; solu-
tion. Milton. — 2t. An answer.
I crave but ten short days to give resolve
To this important suit, in which consists
My endless shame or lasting happiness.
Beau, and Fl. (?), Faithful Friends, U. 2.
3. That which has been resolved or determined
on ; a resolution.
Now, sister, let us hear your firm resolve.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 3. 129.
Tis thus
Men cast the blame of their nnprosperous acts
Upon the abettors of their own resolve.
Shelley, The Cenci, v. 1.
4. Firmness or fixedness of purpose ; resolu-
tion; determination.
A lady of so high resolve
As is fair Margaret.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 5. 75.
Come, firm Resolve, take thon the van,
Thou stalk o' carl-hemp in man !
Burns, To Dr. Blacklock.
5. The determination or declaration of any cor-
poration, association, or representative body;
a resolution.
I then commenced my career as a political writer, de-
voting weeks and months to support the resolves of Con-
gress.
Noah Webster, Letter, 1783 (Life, by Scudder, p. 112).
Peace resolves. See peace.
resolved (re-zolvd'), j>. a. Determined; reso-
lute; firm.
How now, my hardy, stout resolved mates !
Are you now going to dispatch this deed ?
5Ao*., Rich, III., 1. 3. 340.
resolvedly (rf-zol'ved-li), adv. 1. In a re-
solved manner ; firmly ; resolutely ; with firm-
ness of purpose.
Let us chearfully and resolvedly apply ourselves to the
working out our salvation. Abp. Sharp, Sermons, II. v.
2. In such a manner as to resolve or clear
up all doubts and difficulties; satisfactorily.
[Rare.]
Of that and all the progress, more or less,
Resolvedly more leisure shall express.
Shak., All's Well, v. 3. 332.
He that hath rightly and resolvedly determined of his
end hath virtually resolved a thousand controversies that
others are unsatisfied and erroneous in.
Baxter, Divine Lile, ii. 6.
resolvedness (re-zol'ved-nes), •». Fixedness
of purpose ; firmness ; resolution.
resolvedness
This resolvedness, this high fortitude in sin, can with no
reason be imagined a preparative to its remission.
Decay of Christian Piety.
resolvend (re-zol'vend), H. [< L. resolcendus,
gerundive of resolvere, resolve: see resolve.]
In aritli., a number formed by appending two
or three figures to a remainder after subtrac-
tion in extracting the square or cube root.
resolvent (re-zol'vent), a. and n. [= F. resol-
vant = Sp. Pg. resolvents = It. risolvente, resol-
vents, < L. resolven(t-)s, ppr. of resolvere: see
resolve.] I. a. Having the power to resolve or
dissolve; causing solution; solvent.— Resolvent
equation, product, etc. See the nouns.
II. n. I. That which has the powerof causing
-solution. — 2. In med., a remedy which causes
the resolution of a swelling; a discutient. — 3.
In altj. , an equation formed to aid the resolution
of a given equation having for its roots known
functions of the roots of the given equation.
Thus, if x, x' , x", x'" are the roots of a biquadratic, one
method of solution begins by solving the cubic whose
roots are of the form xx' + x"x'". — Differential resol-
vent, a linear differential equation of the (n— l)th order
which is satisfied by every root of an equation of the nth
degree whose coefficients are functions of a single param-
eter.— Gaulois resolvent, that resolvent of an equation
whose roots are unaltered for every permutation of the
group of the primitive equation.
resolver (re-zol'ver), n. One who or that which
resolves, in any sense of that word.
Thy resolutions were not before sincere; consequently
God, that saw that, cannot be thought to have justified
that unsiucere resolver, that dead faith. Hammond.
It may be doubted whether or no the fire be the genu-
ine and universal resolver of mixed bodies. Boyle.
resonH, n. and v. A Middle English form of
5107
.
reson'2t. A Middle English plural preterit of
rise1.
resonance (rez'o-nans), n. [< OF. resonnance,
F. resonnance = Sp. Pg. resonaneia = It. riso-
nanza, < L. resonantia, an echo, < resonan(t-)s,
ppr. of resonare, sound back, echo: see reso-
nant."] 1. The act of resounding, or the state
or quality of being resonant. — 2. In acous-
tics: (a) The prolongation or repetition of
sound by reflection ; reverberation ; echo. (6)
The prolongation or increase of sound by the
sympathetic vibration of other bodies than
that by which it is originally produced. Such
sympathetic vibration is properly in unison either with
the fundamental tone or with one of its harmonics. It
occurs to some extent in connection with all sound. It is
carefully utilized in musical instruments, as by means of
the sounding-board of a pianoforte, the body of a violin, or
the tube of a horn. In many wind-instruments, like the
flute, and the flue-pipes of an organ, the pitch of the
tone is almost wholly determined by the 'shape and size
of the resonant cavity or tube. In the voice, the quality
of both song and speech and the distinctions between
the various articulate sounds are largely governed by the
resonance of the cavities of the pharynx, mouth, and nose.
3. In med., the sound evoked on percussing the
chest or other part, or heard on auscultating the
chest while the subject of examination speaks
either aloud or in a whisper __ Amphoric reso-
nance, a variety of tympanitic resonance in which there is
a musical quality.— Bandbox resonance, the veslculo-
tympanitic resonance occurring in vesicular emphysema.
— Bell-metal resonance, a ringing metallic sound heard
in auscultation in pneumothorax and over other large
cavities, when the chest is percussed with two pieces of
money, one being used as plcximeter.— Cough reso-
nance, the sound of the cough as heard in auscultation. —
Cracked-pot resonance, a percussion sound obtained
sometimes over cavities, but also sometimes in health,
resembling somewhat the sound produced by striking a
cracked pot. — Normal pulmonary resonance, nor-
mal vesicular resonance. Same as vesicular mo-
nance.— Resonance globe, a resonator tuned to a certain
musical tone.— Skodaic resonance, resonance more or
less tympanitic aljove a pleuritic effusion.— Sympathet-
ic resonance. See sympathetic. — Tympanitic reso-
nance, such resonance as is obtained on percussion over
the intestines when they contain air. It may also be heard
in the thorax over lung-cavities, in pneumothorax, and
otherwise.— Vesicular resonance, resonance of such
quality as is obtained by percussion over normal lung-
tissue. Also called normal vesicular resonance and nor-
mal pulmonary resonance.— Vesiculotympanltlc reso-
nance, pulmonary resonance intermediate between vesic-
ular and tympanitic resonance.— Vocal resonance, the
sound heard on auscultation of the chest when the subject
makes a vocal noise. —Whispering resonance, the sound
of a whisper as heard in resonance.
resonance-box (rez'o-nans-boks), n. A reso-
nant cavity or chamber in a musical instru-
ment, designed to increase the sonority of its
tone, as the body of a violin or the box attached
to a tuning-fork for acoustical investigation.
Also resonance-body, resonance-chamber, etc.
resonancyt (rez'o-nan-si), n. [As resonance
(see -cy). ] Same as' 'resonance. Imp. Diet.
resonant (rcz'o-nant), a. and «. [< OF. reson-
iniiil, F. r&OTMKmi = Sp. Pg. resonante = It. n-
sonante, < L. resona»(t-)s, ppr. of resonare, re-
sound, echo: see resound^.'] I. a. 1. Kesouud-
ing; specifically, noting a substance, structure,
or confined body of air which is capable of de-
cided sympathetic vibrations; or a voice, in-
strument, or tone in which such vibrations are
prominent.
His volant touch,
Instinct through all proportions, low and high,
Fled and pursued transverse the resonant fugue.
Milton, P. L., xi. 563.
Sometimes he came to an arcadian square flooded with
light and resonant with the fall of statued fountains.
Disraeli, Lothair, Ixix.
2. Sounding or ringing in the nasal passages :
used by some authors instead of nasal as ap-
plied to articulate sounds.
II. H. A resonant or nasal sound.
resonantly (rez'o-nant-li), adv. In a resonant
or resounding manner ; with resonance.
resonate (rez'o-nat), v. i. [< L. resonatus, pp.
of resonare, resound: see resound1.] To re-
sound— Resonating circle, in elect., the circle used as
a resonator.
resonator (rez'o-na-tor), n. [NL.,< L. resonare,
resound: see resound1.] 1. An acoustical in-
strument used in the analysis of sounds, con-
sisting of a chamber so formed as to respond
sympathetically to some particular tone. It is
used especially to detect the presence of that
tone in a compound sound. — 2. In elect., an in-
strument devised by Hertz for detecting the
existence of waves of electrical disturbance.
It consists usually of a conductor in the form of a wire or
rod bent into a circle or rectangle, leaving a short open-
ing or break, the length of which can be regulated. The
ends of the conductor are generally furnished with small
brass knobs.
resorb (re-sorb'), v. t. [< F. resorber = Sp. re-
sorber = It. risorbire, < L. resorbere, suck back,
swallow again, < re-, back, again, + sorbere, suck
up: see absorb.] To absorb or take back, as
that which has been given out ; reabsorb.
And when past
Their various trials, in their various spheres,
If they continue rational, as made",
Resorbs them all into himself again.
Young, Night Thoughts, iv.
resorbent (re-s6r'bent), a. [= F. resorbant =
Sp. resorbenie, < ii."resorben(t-)s, ppr. of resor-
bere, swallow up, resorb : see resorb.] Absorb-
ing or taking back that which has been given
out.
Again resorbcnt ocean's wave
Receives the waters which it gave
From thousand rills with copious currents fraught.
Wodhull.
resorcin, resorcine (re-s6r'sin), n. [= F. re-
sorcine; as res(in) + orcin.] A colorless crys-
talline phenol, CcH4(OH)o. It is obtained by treat-
ing benzene with sulphuric acid, preparing a sodium salt
from the disulphonic acid thus produced, heating with
caustic soda, and finally dissolving in water and precipi-
tating resorcin with hydrochloric acid. It yields a fine
purple-red coloring matter, and several other dyes of com-
mercial importance, and is also used in medicine as an an-
tiseptic. Also resornnum.— Resorcin blue, brown, etc.
See blue, etc.
resorcinal (re-sor'si-nal), a. [< resorcin + -al.]
Pertaining to resorcin — Fluorescent resorcinal
blue. See blue.— Resorcinal yellow. See yettow.
resorcine, n. See resorcin.
resorcinism (re-s6r'sin-izm), H. Toxic symp-
toms produced by excessive doses of resorcin.
resorcinol-phthalein (re-s6r"si-nol-thal'e-in),
». A brilliant red dye (CooH^Os) obtained by
the action of phthalic annydrid on resorcin at
a temperature of 120° C. Generally known as
fluorescein.
resorcinum (re-sor'si-num), n. [NL. : see resor-
cin.] Same as resorcin.
resorption (re-sorp'shon), n. [= F. resorption.
< L. resorbere, pp. resorptus, resorb : see resorb.]
1. Betrogressive absorption; specifically, a
physiological process by which a part or organ,
having advanced to a certain state of devel-
opment, disappears as such by the absorption
of its substance into that of a part or organ
which replaces it.
The larval skeleton undergoes resorption, but the rest
of the Echinop&edium passes into the Echinoderm.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 497.
2. Absorption of some product of the organism,
as a tissue, exudate, or secretion.
An extensive hemorrhage which had undergone resorp-
tion. Ziegler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), i. § 114.
Lacunar resorption of bone, the resorption of bone by
osteoelasts forming and occupying Howship's lacuna?.
resorptive (re-sorp'tiv), a. [< resorpt(ion) +
-ive.] Pertaining to or characterized by re-
sorption.
The reiorptiw phenomena of porphyritic quartz and
other minerals in eruptive rocks is a consequence chiefly
of the relief of pressure in the process of eruption.
Science, XIII. 232.
resort
Resorptive fever, such a fever as the hectic of phthisis,
due to the absorption of toxic material.
resort1 (re-zorf), r. [< ME. resorten, < OF. re-
sortlr, ressortir. fall back, return, resort, have
recourse, appeal, F. ressortir, resort, appeal, <
ML. resortire, resort, appeal (to a tribunal), re-
sortiri, return, revert, < L. re-, again, + sortiri,
obtain, lit. obtain by lot, < sor(t-)s, a lot: see
sort.] I. intrans. If. To fall back; return;
revert.
When he past of his payne & his pale hete,
And resort to hym selfe & his sight gate,
He plainted full pitiously, was pyn for to here.
Destruction ojf Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3653.
He taught with hem so fiercely that he made hem re-
sorte bakke. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 414.
The quicke bloode somwhat resorted unto his visage.
Sir T. Elyot, The Oovernour, ii. 12.
The rule of descents in Normandy was . . . that the de-
scent of the line of the father shall not resort to that of the
mother. Sir Jf. Hale, Hist. Common Law of Eng., VI. 151.
2. Togo; repair; go customarily or frequently.
The people resort unto him again. Mark x. 1.
The vault . . . where, as they say,
At some hours in the night spirits resort.
Shak., R. and J., iv. 3. 44.
Noah . . . entered the Arke at Gods appointment, to
which by diuine instinct resorted both birds and beasts.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 39.
Let us not think we have fulfilled our duty merely by re-
sorting to the church and adding one to the number of the
congregation. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xx.
Head waiter of the chop-house here,
To which I most resort.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
3. To have recourse ; apply; betake one's self:
with to : as, to resort to force.
The king thought it time to resort to other counsels.
Clarendon.
Th' expedients and inventions multiform,
To which the mind resorts, in chase of terms.
Cowper, Task, ii. 288.
That species of political animadversion which is resorted
to in the daily papers. Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, vi.
II. trans. To visit; frequent. [Bare.]
A pallace of pleasure, and daily resorted, and fill'd with
Lords and Knights, and their Ladies.
Brome, The Sparagus Garden, ii. 2.
resort1 (re-zorf), n. [< ME. resort, < OF. re-
sort, ressort, the authority or jurisdiction of a
court, F. ressort, a place of refuge, a court of
appeal, = Pr. ressort = It. risorto, resort; from
the verb.] 1. The act of going to some per-
son or thing or making application; a betak-
ing one's self; recourse: as, a resort to other
means of defense; a resort to subterfuges or
evasion.
Where we pass, and make resort,
It is our Kingdom and our Court.
Brome, Jovial Crew, i.
2. One who or that which is resorted to : as in
the phrase last resort (see below).
In trouth always to do yow my servise,
As to my lady right and chief resort.
Chaucer, Troilus, ill. 134.
3. An assembling; a going to or frequenting
in numbers ; confluence.
Where there is such resort
Of wanton gallants, and young revellers.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, it 1.
Wisdom's self
Oft seeks to sweet retired solitude, . . .
She plumes her feathers, and lets grow her wings,
That in the various bustle of resort
Were ail-to ruffled. Milton, Comus, 1. 879.
The like places of resort are frequented by men out of
place.
4. The act of visiting or frequenting one's so-
ciety; company; intercourse.
She I mean is promised by her friends
Unto a youthful gentleman of worth,
And kept severely from resort of men.
Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 1. 108.
5. A place frequented; a place commonly or
habitually visited ; a haunt.
With vij. lyttle hamlettes therto belonging, whiche
hathe no other resort but only to the same Chapelle and
parisshe Churche. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 222.
But chiefly the woods were her fav'rite resort
Burns. Caledonia.
Her bright form kneels beside me at the altar,
And follows me to the resort of men.
Shelley, The Cenci, ii. 2.
6. In late, the authority or jurisdiction, of a
court. [Bare.] — 7f. Those who frequent a
place ; those who assemble. [Kare.]
Of all the fair resort of gentlemen
That every day with parle encounter me,
In thy opinion which is worthiest love?
Shak., T. G. of V., i. 2.4.
As Wiltshire is a place best pleas'd with that resort
Which spend away the time continually in sport.
Drayton, Polyolbiou, iii. 359.
resort
8t. Spring; active power or movement. [A
Gallicism.]
Certainly some there are that know the resort* and falls
of business, that cannot sink into the main of it.
Bacon, Cunning (ed. 1887).
If you can enter more deeply than they have done Into
the causes and retorts of that which moves pleasure in a
reader, the field is open, you may be heard.
Dryden, State of Innocence, Pref.
Last resort, the last resource or refuge ; ultimate means
of relief ; also, final tribunal ; a court from which there
is no appeal. Also, as French, dernier ressort.
Mercy, fled to as the last resort.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 378.
= Syn. 2. Resource, Contrivance, etc. See expedient, n.
resort2 (re-sorf), f. t. [< re- + sort.'] To sort
over again. Also written distinctively re-sort.
resorter (re-zor'ter), n. One who resorts, in
any sense of that word.
'Tis the better for you that your reporters stand upon
sound legs. Shale., Pericles, iv. 6. 27.
resount. r. A Middle English form of resound*-.
resound1 (rf-zound'), v. [With excrescent d, as
in sound5, expound, etc. ; < ME. resounen, < OF.
resoncr, resonner, ressonner, F. resonner, dial.
ressouiier, ressonner = Sp. resonar = Pg. resonar,
resoar = It. risonare, < L. resonare, sound or ring
again, resound, echo, < re-, again, + sonare,
sound: see sound5. Cf. resonant.'} I. intrans.
1. To sound back; ring: echo; reverberate; be
filled with sound; sound by sympathetic vibra-
tion.
Swich sorwe he inaketh that the grete tour
Resouneth of his yonling and clamour.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 420.
He call'd so loud that all the hollow deep
Of hell resounded. Milton, P. L., L 315.
The robin, the thrush, and a thousand other wanton
songsters make the woods to retound with amorous ditties.
Irviny, Knickerbocker, p. 147.
The pavement stones resound,
As he totters o'er the ground
With his cane.
O. W. Holtnes, The Last Leaf.
2. To sound loudly ; give forth a loud sound.
His arms resounded as the boaster fell.
Pope, Iliad, xiil. 470.
The din of War resounds throughout more than seven
hundred years of Roman history, with only two short lulls
of repose. Sumner, Orations, I. 97.
3. To be echoed ; be sent back, as sound.
Common fame . . . resounds back to them. South.
4. To be much mentioned; be famed.
What resounds
In fable or romance of Uther's son.
Milton, P. L., i. 579.
Milton, a name to resound for ages.
Tennyson, Experiments, In Quantity.
II. trans. 1. To sound again; send back
sound; echo.
And Albion's cliffs rewound the rural lay.
Pope, Spring, 1. 6.
2. To sound ; praise or celebrate with the voice
or the sound of instruments ; extol with sounds ;
spread the fame of.
With her shrill trumpet never dying Fame
Vnto the world shall still resound his name.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 130.
Orpheus, ... by loudly chanting and resounding the
praises of the gods, confounded the voices.
Bacon, Moral Fables, vl., Expl.
The man for wisdom's various arts renown'd,
Long exercis'd in woes, O muse, resound.
Fenton, in Pope's Odyssey, i. 2.
= Syn. 1. To reecho, reverberate.
resound1 (re-zound'),»i. l<resou»dl,i:] Return
of sound; echo.
His huge trunke sounded, and his armes did eccho the
resound. Chapman, Iliad, v.
Virtuous actions have their own trumpets, and, without
any noise from thyself, will have their resound abroad
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 34.
resound2 (re-sound'), r. [< re- + sound5.] I.
trans. To sound again or repeatedly: as, to re-
sound a note or a syllable.
And these words in their next prayer they repeat, re-
sounding that last word One by the half e or the whole hour
together, looking vp to Heauen.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 187.
II. intrans. To souud again : as, the trumpet
sounded and resounded.
Upon the resounding of the Eccho there seemed three
to sound together. Coryat, Crudities, I. 86, sig. D.
resqunder (re-zoun'der), n. One who or that
which resounds ; specifically, a monotelephone.
resource (re-sors'), n. [< OF. resource, res-
sourse, ressource, F. ressource, dial, resorse (=
It. risorsa), a source, spring, < OF. resourdre
(pp. resours, fern, resourse), < L. resurgere, rise
again, spring up anew: see resourd, resurgent,
and of. source.'] 1. Any source of aid or sup-
5108
port ; an expedient to which one may resort ;
means yet untried ; resort.
Pallas, who, with disdain and grief, had view'd
His foes pursuing, and his friends pursued,
I'sed threatenings mix'd with prayers, his last resource.
Dryden, .-Knciil. x. 512.
When women engage in any art or trade, it is usually as
a resource, not as a primary object Emerson, Woman.
2. pi. Pecuniary means ; funds; money or any
property that can be converted into supplies ;
means of raising money or supplies.
Scotland by no means escaped the fate ordained for
every country which is connected, but not incorporated,
with another country of greater resources.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
3. pi. Available means or capabilities of any
kind.
He always had the full command of all the resources of
one of the most fertile minds that ever existed.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
He was a man of infinite resources, gained in his barrack
experience. Mrs. Gaskell, Cranford, li.
= Syn. 1. Resort, etc. See expedient.
resourceful (re-sors'ful), a. [< resource + -ful.]
1. Abounding in resources.
The Justness of his gradations, and the resourceful va-
riety of his touch, are equally to be admired.
The Academy, No. 892, p. 402.
2. Good at devising expedients ; shifty.
She was cheerful and resourceful when any difficulty
arose. A. Helps, Caslmlr Maremma, xxxiii.
resourcefulness (re-sors'ful-nes), n. The state
or character of being resourceful.
Here [In the Far West], If anywhere, settlers may com-
bine the practical resourcefulness of the savage with the
intellectual activity of the dweller in cities.
Quarterly Ret., CXXVI. 388.
resourceless (re-sors'les), a. [< resource +
-less.] Destitute of resources.
Mungo Park, resourceless, had sunk down to die under
the Negro Village-Tree, a horrible White object In the eyes
of all. Carlyle, Past and Present, 111. 13.
resourdt, r. i. [ME. re/tourden, < OF. resourdre,
rise up, spring up, < L. resurgere, rise again:
see resurgent. Cf.
rise anew.
resource.] To spring up;
Frowhens that the deth grew, f rothens the lyf resourded.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.X p. 161.
resow (re-so'), i: t. [< re- + sow*,] To sow
again.
To resow summer corn. Bacon.
resownt, *'• A Middle English form of resound^.
resp (resp), v. t. Same as risp.
respet, n. An obsolete form of rasp2.
respeak (re-spek'), v. t. [< re- + speak.] I.
To answer; speak in return ; reply. [Rare.]
And the king's rouse the heav'n shall limit again,
Re-speaking earthly thunder. Shak., Hamlet, 1. 2. 128.
2. To speak again ; repeat.
respect (re-spekt'), v. t. [= OF. respecter, look
back, respect, delay (also respiter, delay: see
respite), F. respecter = Sp. respetar, respectar =
Pg. respeitar = It. rispettare, < L. respectare,
look back or behind, look intently, regard, re-
spect, freq. of respicere, pp. respectus, look at,
look back upon, respect, < re-, back, + specere,
look at, see, spy: see spectacle, spy. Doublet of
respite, r.] If. To look toward; front upon or
in the direction of.
Falladius adviseth the front of his house should so re-
spect the south. Sir T. Broume.
2f. To postpone; respite.
As touching the musters of all the soldiours upon the
shore, we have respected the same tyll this tyme for lacke
of money. State Papers, I 832. (Halliwell.)
3. To notice with especial attention ; regard
as worthy of particular notice ; regard ; heed ;
consider; care for; have regard to in design or
purpose.
Small difficulties, when exceeding great good is to ensue,
... are not at all to be respected. Hooker.
But thou, 0 blessed soul ! dost haply not respect
These tears we shed, though full of loving pure effect.
L. Bryslcett (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 271).
I am armed so strong in honesty
That they pass by me as the idle wind,
Which I respect not. Shot., J. C., iv. 3. 69.
He that respects to get must relish all commodities
alike. B. Jonson, Poetaster, ii. 1.
4. To have reference or regard to ; relate to.
The knowledge which respecteth the faculties of the mind
of man is of two kinds.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 206.
I too am a degenerate Oshaldistone, so far as respects
the circulation of the bottle. Scott, Rob Roy, x.
5. To hold in esteem, regard, or consideration ;
regard with some degree of reverence: as, to
respect womanhood; hence, to refrain from in-
terference with : as, to respect one's privacy.
respect
Well, well, my lords, respect him;
Take him, and use him well, he 's worthy of it.
Shalt., Hen. VIII., v. 3. 153.
In the excursions which they make for pleasure they
[the English] are commonly respected by the Arabs, Cur-
deens, and Turcomen, there being very few instances of
their having been plundered by them.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 152.
To such I render more than mere respect
Whose actions say that they respect themselves.
Camper, Task, II. 877.
How could they hope that others would respect laws
which they had themselves Insulted?
Macaulay, Conversation between Cowley and Milton.
What I look upon as essential to their full utility is
that those who enter into such combinations [trades-
unions] shall fully and absolutely respect the liberty of
those who do not wish to enter them.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 274.
To respect a person or persons, also to respect the
person of (some one), to show undue bias toward or
against a person, etc. ; suffer the opinion or judgment to
be influenced or biased by a regard to the outward circum-
stances of a person, to the prejudice of right and equity.
Thou Shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor honour
the person of the mighty. Lev. xlx. 15.
Neither doth God respect any person. 2 Sam. xiv. 14.
A« Solomon saith, to respect persons Is not good, for such
a man will transgress for a piece of bread. Bacon.
=Syn. 6. To honor, revere, venerate. See esteem, n.
respect (re-spekf), n. [= G. respect = D. Sw.
Dan. respekt, < OF. respect, also respit (see res-
pite), F. respect = Pr. respieg, respiech, respieit,
respeit = Cat. respecte = Sp. respecto = Pg. re-
speito = It. rispetto, < L. respectus, a looking at,
respect, regard, < respicere, pp. respectus, Took
at, look back upon : see respect, v. Doublet of
respite, n.] 1. The act of looking at or regard-
ing, or noticing with attention; regard; atten-
tion.
This malstyr slttlth In the halle, next unto these Henx-
men, at the same boarde, to have his respecte unto theyre
demeanynges, howe manerly they ete and drinke.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 11.
In writing this booke, I haue had earnest respecte to
three speciall polntes. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 23.
But he It well did ward with wise respect,
And twixt him and the blow his shield did cast.
Spenser, F. Q., V. xii. 21.
At that day shall a man look to his Maker, and his eyes
shall have respect to the Holy One of Israel. Isa. xvii. 7.
You have too much respect upon the world ;
They lose it that do buy it with much care.
Shak., M. of V., i. 1. 74.
Hee sought a heav'nly reward which could make him
happy, and never hurt him, and to such a reward every
good man may have a respect.
Maton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
2f. Deliberation; reflection; consideration.
Thou wouldst have plunged thyself
In general riot ; . . . and never learn'd
The icy precepts of respect, but follow'd
The sugar'd game before thee.
Shak., T. of A., Iv. 8. 258.
Then is no child nor father ; then eternity
Frees all from any temporal respect.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, Iv. 6.
3f. Circumspect behavior or deportment; de-
cency.
If I do not put on a sober habit,
Talk with respect, and swear but now and then.
Shale., M. of V., it 2. 200.
4. The feeling of esteem, regard, or considera-
tion excited by the contemplation of personal
worth, dignity, or power ; also, a similar feel-
ing excited by corresponding attributes in
things.
Is there no respect of place, persons, nor time In you?
Shak., T. N., ii. S. 98.
The natural effect
Of love by absence chill'd into respect.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 576.
A decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires
that they should declare the causes which impel them to
the separation. Declaration of Independence.
Milton's respect for himself and for his own mind and
its movements rises wellnigh to veneration.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 288.
5. Courteous or considerate treatment; that
which is due, as to personal worth or power.
According to his virtue let us use him,
With all respect and rites of burial.
Shak., 1. C., v. 5. 77.
6. pi. Expression or sign of esteem, deference,
or compliment : as, to pay one's respects to the
governor ; please give him my respects.
Up comes one of Marsault's companions . . . into my
chamber, with three others at his heeles, who by their re-
spects and distance seemed to be hia servants.
History of Francion (1655). ( If ares, )
He had no doubt they said among themselves, " She is
an excellent and beautiful girl, and deserving all respect";
and respect they accorded, but their respects they never
came to pay. G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 89.
7. Good will ; favor.
respect
The Lord had respect unto Abel and to his offering.
Gen. Iv. 4.
8. Partial regard; undue bias; discrimination
for or against some one.
It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment.
Prov. xxiv. 23.
It is of the highest importance that judges and admin-
istrators should never be persuaded by money or other-
wise to shew "respect of persons."
H. Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, p. 239.
9. Reputation; repute.
Many of the best respect in Rome . . .
Have wish'd that noble Brutus had his eyes.
Shah., J. C., i. 2. 69.
10. Consideration; motive.
He was not moved with these worldly respects.
5109
You mistake, my good Mrs. Bonnington ! . . . You have
lived In a quiet and most respectable sphere, but not, you
understand, not .
Thackeray, Level the Widower, iv.
4. Mediocre ; moderate ; fair ; not despisable.
The Earl of Essex, a man of respectable abilities and of
some military experience, was appointed to the command
of the parliamentary army.
Macaulay, Nugent I Hampden.
British writers, not of the highest grade, but of respec-
table rank. H. O. White, Words and Their Uses, lii.
5. Proper; decent: as, conduct that is not re-
spectable. [Colloq.]
It will be necessary to find a milliner, my love. . . .
Something must be done with -Maggy, too, who at present
js_ ha— barely respectable. Dickens, Little Dorrit, i. 35.
Latimer, Sermon of the Plough. respectableneSS (re-spek'ta-bl-nes), ». Ee-
adv. In a respec-
merit respect. (6)
Master
England to rui
For respects
Of birth, degrees of title, and advancement,
I nor admire nor slight them.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, i. 2.
11. Point or particular ; matter; feature; point
of view.
I think she will be ruled
at, respect: see respect.] In her., looking at
each other: said of two animals borne face to
face. Rampant beasts of prey so borne are said
to be combatant. Compare affronts. [Rare.] —
Respectant in triangle, in her., arranged in a triangle
with the heads or beaks pointing inward or toward one
another : said of three beasts or birds.
In all respects by me. SAai"R. andTTm. •«• "• respecter (re-spek'ter), n. One who respects
Now as we seem to differ in our ideas of expense, I have or regards : chiefly used in the phrase respect-
resolved she shall have her own way, and be her own mis- er of persons, a person who regards the exter-
tress in that respect for the future. nal circumstances of others in his judgment,
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 3. and suffers his opinion to be biased by them,
India is governed bureaucratically, but this bureaucracy jo ^ne prejudice of candor, justice, and equity,
differs in more than one respect from ours in Europe.
Quarterly Rev., CLXII. 453. I perceive that God is no respecter of persons.
12. Relation; regard; reference: used espe- ' .
cially in the phrase in or with respect to (or of), respectful (re-spekt ful), a. [< respect + -ful.]
n.L* —J^ ,„,,* ,= .^inf ^ i. «,„ n™.™.i »nd 1 • Marked or characterized by respect ; show-
ing respect : as, respectful deportment.
With humble Joy, and with respectful Fear,
The listening People shall his Story hear.
Prior, Carmen Seculare, xxxviii.
His costume struck me with respectful astonishment.
Thackeray, Newcomes, vi.
2. Full of outward or formal civility; cere-
monious.
From this dear Bosom shall I ne'er be torn?
Or you grow cold, respectful, or forsworn ?
Prior, Celia to Damon.
3f. Worthy of respect; receiving respect.
[Rare.]
And Mr. Miles, of Swansey, who afterwards came to Bos-
ton, and is now gone to his rest. Both of these have a re-
spectful character in the churches of this wilderness.
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., iii., Int.
Church government that is appointed in the Gospel, and
has chief respect to the soul.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., II.
Shirtliff having his wife by the hand, and sitting by her
to cheer her, in respect that the said storm was so fierce,
he was slain, and she preserved.
N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 319.
In respectt, relatively ; comparatively speaking.
He was a man ; this, in respect, a child.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 5. 56.
In respect Of. (at) In comparison with ; relatively to.
All paines are nothing in respect of this.
Spenser, Sonnets, Ixiii.
In respect of a fine workman, I am but ... a cobbler.
Shak., J. C., L 1. 10.
(l>) In consideration of.
The feathers of their [Ostriches'] wings and tailes are
very soft and fine. In respect whereof they are much used
in the frames of Gentlewomen.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 40, sig. E.
They should depress their guns and fire down into the
= 8711. Civil, dutiful, courteous, complaisant, deferential,
rney Slioum uupress uieir KUIIB anu lire UOWH mwj me ' ' „ 11 _ i±/».i *\ j T
hold, in respect of the vessel attacked standing so high respectfully (re-spekt ful-i),adt'. Inarespect-
out of the water. De Quincey. ful manner; with respect; m a manner com-
porting with due estimation.
We relieve idle vagrants and counterfeit beggars, but
(c) In point of ; in regard to.
If in respect of speculation all men are either Platonists
or Aristotelians, in respect of taste all men are either
Greek or German.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 301.
= Syn. i Estimate Estimation, etc See esteem. ^
respectability (re-spek-ta-bil'i-ti), n. ; pi. re- acter of ](,eing respectful.
spectabilities (-tiz). [= F. respectabtlite = Sp. respecting (re-spek'ting), prep. [Ppr. of re-
respetabilidad = Yg.respeitabilidade;&srespec- gl)gct v "] 1 'Considering
table + -it;/ (see -bilitij).'] 1. The state or char-
acter of being respectable; the condition or
qualities which deserve or command respect.
A gold-headed cane, of rare oriental wood, added ma-
terially to the high respectability of his aspect.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, viii.
2. A respectable person or thing ; a specimen
have no care at all of these really poor men, who are, me-
thinks, to be respectfully treated in regard of their quality.
Cowley, Avarice.
respectfulness (re-spekt'ful-nes), n. The char-
There is none worthy,
Respecting her that 's gone.
Shak., W. T., v. 1. 85.
2. Regarding; in regard to; relating to.
Respecting man, whatever wrong we call
May, must be right, as relative to all.
Pope, Essay on Man, 1. 51.
Respecting my sermons, I most sincerely beg of you to
extenuate nothing. Treat me exactly as I deserve.
Sydney Smith, To Francis Jeffrey.
or type of what is respectable.
Smooth-shaven respectabilities not a few one finds that
are not good for much. Carlyle.
respectable (re-spek'ta-bl), a. [<OF. (andF.) respection (re-spek'shon), n. [< LL. respec-
respectable = Sp. respetable = Pg. respeitavel = tio(n-), < L. r«8pleere,Jp. respectus, respect, re-
It, rispeltabile, < ML. respectabilis, worthy of re-
spect, < L. respectare, respect : see respect.'} 1.
Capable of being respected ; worthy of respect
or esteem.
In the great civil war, even the bad cause had been ren-
dered respectable and amiable by the purity and elevation
of mind which many of its friends displayed.
She irritates my nerv
gard: see respect.] The act of respecting; re-
spect; regard. [Obsolete or colloq.]
Then sayd Christ, Goe thou and do likewise — that is,
without difference or respection of persons.
Tyndale, Works, p. 78.
Now, mum, with respections to this boy.
Dickens, Great Expectations, xii.
2. Having an honest or good reputation; stand- respectus, look at, observe, respect: see re-
ing well with other people ; reputable: as, born spect.] 1 . Observing or noting with attention ;
of poor but respectable parents.
At this time . . . Mrs. Prior was outwardly respectable;
and yet . . . my groceries were consumed with remarka-
ble rapidity. Thackeray, Lovel the Widower, i.
3. Occupying or pertaining to a fairly good
position in society ; moderately well-to-do.
regardful ; hence, careful ; circumspect ; cau-
tious ; attentive to consequences. [Obsolete
or archaic.]
Respective and wary men had rather seek quietly their
own . . . than with pain and hazard make themselves
advisers for the common good. Hooker.
respell
Love that is respective for increase
Is like a good king, that keeps all in peace.
Middleton, Women Beware Women, i. 3.
To be virtuous, zealous, valiant, wise.
Learned, respective of his country's good.
Ford, Fame's Memorial.
2f. Relative ; having relation to something
else ; not absolute.
Which are said to be relative or respective' Those that
cannot be well understood of themselves without having
relation to some other thing.
Blundeville, Arte of Logicke (1599), i. 11.
Heat, as concerning the humane sense of feeling, is a
various and respective thing.
Bacon, Nat and Exper. Hist, of Winds (trans. 1653),
[p. 275.
3f. Worthy of respect ; respectable.
What should it be that he respects in her
But I can make respective in myself?
Shak.,T. Q. of V., Iv. 4. 200.
Winw. Pray thee forbear, for my respect, somewhat.
Qwor. Hoy-day ! how respective you are become o' the
sudden I B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1.
4f. Rendering respect; respectful.
The bold and careless servant still obtains ;
The modest and respective nothing gains.
Chapman, All Fools, i. 1.
I doubt not but that for your noble name's sake (not
their own merit), wheresoever they [sermons] light, they
shall find respective entertainment, and do yet some more
good to the church of God. Rev. T. Adams, Works, 1. 14.
5f. Characterized by respect for special per-
sons or things ; partial.
Away to heaven respective lenity,
And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now !
Shak., R. and J., iii. 1. 128.
This is the day that must . . . reduce those seeming
inequalities and respective distributions in this world to
an equality and recompensive justice in the next.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. § 47.
6. Relating or pertaining severally each to
each; several; particular.
To those places straight repair
Where your respective dwellings are.
S. Butler, Hudibias, I. ii. 666.
They both went very quietly out of the court, and re-
tired to their respective lodgings.
Addison, Trial of False Affronts.
Beyond the physical differences, there are produced by
the respective habits of life mental differences.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 463.
Respective being, being which in its essential nature
refers to something else, as action, passion, date, place,
posture, and habit.— Respective ens, locality, etc. See
the nouns.
respectively (re-spek'tiv-li), adv. In a re-
spective manner, in any sense.
The World hath nor East nor West, but respectively.
Raleigh, Hist. World, p. 36.
Sir, she ever
For your sake most respectively lov'd me.
Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, iv. 2.
respectiyenesst (re-spek'tiv-nes), n. The state
or quality of being respective ; regard or re-
spect had to anything.
So that hee shall find neither a paraphrasticall, epito-
mized, or meere verball translation : but such a mixed
respectivenesse as may shewe I indevoured nothing more
then the true use, benefit, and delight of the reader.
Lomatius on Painting, by Haydock, 1598. (Nares.)
respectivistt (re-spek'tiv-ist), H. [< respective
+ -ist.] A captious person or critic.
But what haue these our refpectiuists to doe with the
Apostle Paule? Foxe, Martyrs, p. 1173.
respectless (re-spekt'les), a. [< respect + -less.]
1. Having no respect; without regard; with-
out reference ; careless; regardless. [Rare.]
The Cambrian part, respectless of their power.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. 17.
I was not
Respectless of your honour, nor my fame.
Shirley, Maid s Revenge, 11. 5.
2|. Having no respect or regard, as for repu-
tation, power, persons, etc.
He that is so respectlesse in his courses
Oft sells his reputation at cheap market.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 1.
O, indignity
To my respectless free-bred poesy !
Marston, Scourge of Villanie, vi. 100.
respectUOUSt (re-spek'tu-us), a. [< OF. (and
F.) respectueux = Sp. respetuoso, respetoso = Pg.
respeitoso, respectuoso = It. rispetioso, < L. re-
spectus, respect: see respect, n.] 1. Inspiring
respect.
Neither is it to be marvelled ... if they [princes] be-
come respectuous and admirable in the eyes and sight of
the common people. Knolles, Hist. Turks (1610). (Nares.)
2. Respectful.
I thought it pardonabler to say nothing by a respectuous
silence than by idle words. Boyle, Works, VI. 44.
respell (re-spel'), r. t. [< re- + spelfi.] To
spell again ; specifically, to spell again in an-
other form, according to some phonetic system
respell
(as iu this dictionary), so as to indicate the
actual or supposed pronunciation.
Now a uniform system of representing sounds . . .
would be of great use as a system to be followed for every
word or name on the principle of phonetic respelling.
Kature, XLII. 7.
resperset (re-spers'), «>• '• [< L- respersus, pp.
of respergere, sprinkle again or over, besprinkle,
bestrew, < re-, again, 4- spargere, sprinkle : see
sparse.] To sprinkle; scatter.
Those excellent, moral, and perfective discourses which
with much pains and- greater pleasure we find respersed
and thinly scattered in all the Greek and Roman poets.
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, Pref.
respersiont (re-sper'shon), n. [< L. resper-
sio(n-), a sprinkling, < respergere (pp. respersus),
sprinkle : see resperse.] The act of sprinkling
or spreading; scattering.
All the joys which they should have received in resper-
tion and distinct emanations if they had kept their anni-
versaries at Jerusalem, all that united they received in the
duplication of their Joys at their return
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 80.
respirability (re-spir-a-bil'i-ti), «. [= F. re-
spirabilite; as res/tirable -t- -ity (see -bility).]
The property of being respirable. Imp. Diet.
respirable (re-sp!r'a-bl), a. [< OF. F. respira-
ble = Sp. respirable •"= Pg. respiravel = It. re-
spirabite, < NL. *respirabilis, < L. respirare, re-
spire: see respire.] If. That can respire. Imp.
Diet. — 2. Capable of or fit for being respired
or breathed : as, respirable air.
respirableness (re-spir'a-bl-nes), n. Same as
respirability. Imp. Diet.
respiration (res-pi-ra'shpn), n. [< OF. (and
F.) respiration = Pr. respiracio = Sp. respira-
tion = Pg. respiraqao = It. respirazione, < L.
respiratio(n-), breathing, respiration, < respi-
rare, pp. respiratus, breathe out, respire, take
breath : see respire.] If. The act of breathing
again or resuming life.
Till the day
Appear of respiration to the just,
And vengeance to the wicked.
Mttton, P. L., xii. B40.
2. The inspiration and expiration of air. — 3.
That function by which there takes place an
absorption of oxygen from the surrounding me-
dium into the blood with a corresponding excre-
tion of carbon dioxid. This is accomplished in the
higher animal forms chiefly by the lungs and skin ; the
gills or branchiee of aquatic animals and the trachea? of
insects perform the same function. In unicellular organ-
isms these changes take place in the protoplasm of the cell
itself. The number of respirations in the human adult is
from 16 to 24 per minute. About 500 centimeters or one
sixth of the volume of the air in the lungs is changed at each
respiration, giving a daily income of about 744 grams of
oxygen and an expenditure of 900 grains of carbon dioxid.
Inspiration is slightly shorter than expiration.
Ev'ry breath, by respiration strong
Forc'd downward. Cotcper, Task, iv. 348.
4. In physiological bot., a process consisting in
the absorption by plants of oxygen from the air,
the oxidation of assimilated products, and the
release of carbon dioxid and watery vapor.
It is the opposite of assimilation, in which carbon dioxid
(carbonic acid) is absorbed and oxygen given off— con-
trasted also as being the waste process in the plant econ-
omy, a part of the potential energy of a higher compound
being converted into kinetic energy, supporting the ac-
tivities of the plant, the resulting compound of lower po-
tential being excreted. Respiration takes place in all
active cells both by day and by night; assimilation only
by daylight (then overshadowing the other process) and
in cells containing chlorophyl.
5. The respiratory murmur. — 6f. A breathing-
spell ; an interval.
Some meet respiration of a more full trial and enquiry
into each others' condition.
Bp. Halt, Cases of Conscience, iv. 6.
Abdominal respiration. See abdominal. - Amphoric
respiration, respiratory murmur with musical intonation,
such as might be produced by blowing across the mouth
of a bottle. It occurs in some cases of pneumothorax and
with some phthisical cavities.— Artificial respiration,
respiration induced by artificial means. It is required
in cases of drowning, the excessive inhalation of chloro-
form or of noxious gases, etc. In the case of a person ap-
parently drowned, or in an asphyxiated condition, the fol-
lowing treatment has been recommended. After clearing
the mouth and throat, the patient should be laid on his
back on a plane inclined a little from the feet upward ; the
shoulders gently raised by a firm cushion placed under
them ; the tongue brought forward so as to project from
the side of the mouth, and kept in that position by an elas-
tic band or string tied under the chin. Remove all tight
clothing from neck and chest. The arms should then be
grasped just above the elbows, raised till they nearly
meet above the head, and kept stretched upward for
two seconds : this action imitates inspiration. The arms
are then turned down and firmly pressed for two seconds
against the sides of the chest, thus imitating a deep ex-
piration. These two sets of movements should be perse-
veringly repeated at the rate of fifteen times in a minute.
As soon as a spontaneous effort to breathe is perceived,
cease the movements and induce circulation and warmth.
— Branchial respiration. See branchial. — Bronchial
6110
respiration, respiration such as is heard immediately
over bronchi, or over the trachea. The inspiratory sound
is high in pitch and tubular ; the expiratory sound is high-
er, tubular, and prolonged. It is heard in disease over con-
solidated lungs. Also called tubular respiration. — Brpn-
chocavernous respiration, respiration intermediate
in character between bronchial and cavernous respira-
tion.—Bronchovesicular respiration, respiration In-
termediate in character between bronchial and vesicular
respiration. — Cavernous respiration. See cavernous.—
Center of respiration, the nervous center which regu-
lates respiration. It is automatic in action, but is guided
by incoming influences from the vagus, the skin, and else-
where. The main center is limited in extent, and situated in
the floor of the fourth ventricle, near the point of the cala-
mus.— Cerebral respiration, shallow, quick, irregular,
more or less sighing respiration, sometimes resulting from
cerebral disease in children.— Cheyne-Stokes respira-
tion, a rhythmic form of respiration described by Cheyne
in 1818 and by Stokes in 1846. It consists of a series of
cycles in every one of which the respirations pass gradu-
ally from feeble and shallow to forcible and deep, and
then back to feeble again. A pause follows, and then the
next cycle begins with a feeble inspiration. This symp-
tom has been found associated with cardiac and brain
lesions.— Cogged or cog- wheel respiration. Same as
interrupted respiration.— Costal respiration, respira-
tion in which the costal movements predominate over
the diaphragmatic.— Cutaneous respiration, gaseous
absorption and excretion by the skin.— Diaphragmat-
ic respiration. Same as abdominal respiration (which
see, under abdominal).— Divided respiration, respira-
tion in which inspiration is separated from expiration by
a well-marked interval. — Facial respiration, respira-
tory movements of the face, as of the ales nasl.— Harsh
respiration. Same as rude respiration.— Indetermi-
nate respiration. Same as bronchovesicular respira-
tion, especially its more vesicular grades.— Interrupted
respiration, respiration in which the inspiratory, some-
times the expiratory, sound is broken into two or more
parts. Also called jerking, wavy, and cogged or cog-wheel
respiration.— Jelling respiration. Same as inter-
rupted respiration.— Laryngeal respiration, laryngeal
respiratory movement*.— Metamorphosing respira-
tion, respiration in which the first part of the inspiratory
sound is tubular and the last part cavernous. — Organs Of
respiration, any parts of the body by means of which con-
stituents of the blood are interchanged with those of air
or water. In the higher vertebrates, all of which are air-
breathers, such organs are internal, and of complex lobu-
lated structure, called lungs. (See lung.) In lower verte-
brates and many invertebrates respiration is effected by
breathing water, and such organs are usually called yills
or bronchia. Most invertebrates, however (as nearly all
the immense class of insects), breathe air by various con-
trivances for its admission to the body, generally of tu-
bular or laminated structure, which may open by pores or
spiracles on almost any part of the body. The organs of
mollusks are extremely variable in form and position ;
they are commonly called branchiee or gills, technically
ctenidia. Some gastropods, called pulmonate, are air-
breathers. Arachnidans are distinguished as pulmonate
and tracheate, according to the laminate (or saccular) or
the simply tubular character of their organs of respira-
tion. The character of the lungs as offsets of the alimen-
tary canal is somewhat peculiar to the higher vertebrates
— being represented in the lower, as fishes, only by an air-
bladder, if at all ; and the various organs of respiration of
lower animals are only analogous or functionally repre-
sentative, not homologous or morphologically representa-
tive, of such lungs. (See pneoyaster.) In birds the organs
are distributed in most parts of the body, even in the in-
terior of bones. (Seepneunwtoct/st.) In embryos the allan-
tois is an organ of respiration, as well as of digestion and
circulation. See cuts under Branchiostoma, ffill. and Mya.
—Puerile respiration. See puerile.— Rough respira-
tion. Same as rude respiration.— Rude respiration, a
form of bronchovesicular respiration, the sounds being
hareh.— Supplementary respiration, respiration with
increased vesicular murmur, as heard over normal parts
of the lungs when some other part of them is incapaci-
tated, as from pneumonia or pleurisy.— Thoracic res-
piration. Same as costal respiration.— Tubular respi-
ration. Same as bronchial respiration. — Vesiculocav-
enious respiration, respiration intermediate in char-
acter between vesicular and cavernous respiration.
respirational (res-pi-ra'shon-al), a. [< respira-
tion + -al.] Same as respiratory.
respirative (re-splr'a-tiv), a. [< respiration)
+ -ice.] Performing respiration.
respirator (res'pi-ra-tor), n. [NL., < L. respi-
rare, pp. respiratus, respire: see respire.'] An
instrument for breathing through, fitted to coyer
the mouth, or the nose and mouth, over which
it is secured by proper bandages or other ap-
pliances. It is mostly used to exclude the passage into
the lungs of cold air, smoke, dust, and other noxious sub-
stances, especially by persons having delicate chests, by
firemen, cutlers, grinders, and the like, and by divers in
operations under water. Respirators for persons with
weak lungs have several plies of fine gauze made of high-
ly heat-conducting metal, which warms the air as it passes
through. See acrophore.
respiratorium (res'pi-ra-to'ri-um), «. ; pi. res-
piratoria (-a). [NL., neut. of respiratorius, re-
spiratory: see respiratory.] Ineniom..oneof the
laminiform gill-like organs or branchiee found
on the larvse of certain aquatic insects, and used
to draw air from the water. In dipterous larva? they
are commonly four in number, two near the head and two
at the end of the abdomen.
respiratory (re-spir'a- or res'pi-ra-to-ri), a. [=
F.>-espiratoire,<.Nlj.resjnratoritis,<'L. respirare,
pp. respiratus, respire : see respire.'] Pertaining
to or serving for respiration — Bronchial respira-
tory murmur. Same as bronchial respiration (which see,
under respiration).— Bronchovesicular respiratory
respiring
murmur, a murmur intermediate between a vesicular
and a bronchial murmur. Also called rude, rough, and
harsh respiration.— Indeterminate respiratory mur-
mur. Same as bronchovesicular raptratory murmur. —
Respiratory bronchial tube, respiratory bronchi-
ole. Same as lobular bronchial tube (which see, under
loliular). — Respiratory bundle. Same as solitary funi- /
culus (which see, under solitary). — Respiratory capa-
city. Same as extreme differential capacity (which see,
under capacity).— Respiratory cavities, a general name
of the air-passages: used also to designate the body-cavi-
ties which contain the respiratory organs. — Respira-
tory chamber, a respiratory cavity.— Respiratory col-
umn, respiratory fascicle. Same &s solitary funiculus
(which see, under solitary).— Respiratory filaments,
thread-like organs arranged in tuffs near the head of the
larva or pupa of a gnat.— Respiratory glottis, the pos-
terior portion of the glottis, between tne urytenoid carti-
lages.— Respiratory leaflets, the laminated organs of
respiration, or so-called lungs, of the pulmonary arachni-
dans. See cut under pulmonary.— Respiratory mur-
mur. See respiratory sounds.— Respiratory nerve,
(a) External, the posterior thoracic nerve. See thoracic.
(o) Internal, the phrenic nerve.— Respiratory nerve
of the face, the facial nerve.— Respiratory nerves of
Bell, the facial, phrenic, and posterior thoracic nerves.
— Respiratory orifice, (a) A stigmatum or breathing-
pore. (6) An orifice, generally at the end of a tubular
process, through which some aquatic larva?, or larva?
living in putrescent matter, under the skin of animals,
etc., obtain air.— Respiratory percussion, the per-
cussion of the chest in different phases of respiration,
with regard to the variations of the sounds elicited.—
Respiratory period, the time from the beginning of one
inspiration to that of the next.— Respiratory plate,
in entom., a respiratorium, or false gill. — Respiratory
portion Of the nose, the lower portion of the nasal
cavity, excluding the upper or olfactory portion. — Re-
spiratory pulse, alternating condition of fullness and
emptiness of the large vessels of the neck or elsewhere,
synchronous with expiration and inspiration.— Respira;
tory quotient, the ratio of the oxygen excreted by the
lungs (as carbon dioxid) to that absorbed by them in the
same time (as free oxygen). It is usually in the neighbor-
hood of O.9.— Respiratory sac, a simple sac-like respira-
tory organ of various animals.— Respiratory sounds,
the sounds made by the air when being inhaled or exhaled,
especially as heard in auscultation over lung-tissue, normal
or diseased. See vesicular respiratory murmur below, for
description of normal sounds — Respiratory surface,
the surface of the lungs that comes in contact with the
air. This surface is extended by minute subdivision of
the lungs into small cavities or air-cells.— Respiratory
tract, in med., a general term denoting the sum of the air-
passages. — Respiratory tree, in zool. , an organ found in
some holothurians, consisting of two highly contractile,
branched, and arborescent tubes which run up toward
the anterior extremity of the body, and perform the
function of respiration ; the cloaca.— Respiratory tube,
any tubular organ of respiration ; a spiracle. See spi-
racle and breathing-tube.— Vesicular respiratory mur-
mur, the normal murmur. The quality of the inspira-
tory sound is vesicular ; the expiratory sound, absent in
many cases, is continuous with the inspiratory, and is
more blowing, lower, and much shorter. — Veslculobron-
chlal respiratory murmur. Same as bronchovesicular
respiratory murmur.
respire (re-spir'), v. ; pret. and pp. respired, ppr.
respiring! [< OF. respirer, F. rcspirer = Pr. Sp.
Pg. respirar = It. respirare, < L. respirare,
breathe out, exhale, breathe, take breath, re-
vive, recover, < re-, back, again, + spirare,
breathe, blow: see spirit. Cf. aspire, conspire,
expire, inspire, perspire.] I. intrans. It. To
breathe again; hence, to rest or enjoy relief
after toil or suffering.
Then shall the Britons, late dismayd and weake,
From their long vassalage gin to respire.
Spenser, f . Q., III. lit. 38.
Sooth'd with Ease, the panting Youth respires.
Congreve, To Sleep.
Hark ! he strikes the golden lyre ;
And see ! the tortured ghosts respire;
See shady forms advance !
Pope, Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, 1. 64.
2. To breathe; inhale air into the lungs and
exhale it, for the purpose of maintaining ani-
mal life ; hence, to live.
Yet the brave Barons, whilst they do respire, . . .
With courage charge, with comeliness retire.
Draylon, Barons' Wars, ii. 66.
II. trans. 1. To breathe in and out, as air;
inhale and exhale; breathe.
Methinks, now I come near her, I respire
Some air of that late comfort I received.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, iv. 6.
But I, who ne'er was bless'd by Fortune's hand, . . .
Long in the noisy Town have been immur'd,
Respir'd its smoke, and all its cares endur'd.
Gay, Rural Sports, i.
2. To exhale; breathe out; send out in exhala-
tions.
The air respires the pure Elysian sweets
In which she breathes. B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1.
As smoke and various substances separately issue from
fire lighted with moist wood, so from this great being
[Brahma] were respired the Rigveda, etc.
Colebroke, Asiatic Researches, VIII.
respiring (re-spir'ing), n. [Verbal n. of respire,
».J A breathing; a breath.
They could not stir him from his stand, although he
wrought it out
With short reepirinys, and with sweat.
Chapman, Iliad, xvi. 102.
respirometer
respirometer (res-pi-rom'e-ter), ». [Irreg. < L.
respirurc, take breath, + Gr. nirpov, measure.]
1. An instrument which is used to determine
the condition of the respiration. — 2. An appa-
ratus for supplying air to a diver under water
by means of a supply of compressed oxygen,
which is caused to combine in due proportion
with nitrogen chemically filtered from the air
expired from his lungs in breathing.
respite (res'pit), n. [Early mod. E. respit; <
ME. respit, respyt, respi/te, < OK. respit, respect,
delay, respite, F. rcpit = Pr. respieg, respeit =
Sp. respecto = Pg. respeito = It. rispitto, rispetto,
respect, delay, < L. respectus, consideration, re-
spect, ML. delay, postponement, respite, proro-
gation: see respect] If. Respect; regard. See
respect.
Out of more respit,
Myn herte hath for to amende it grete delit.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 137.
2. Temporary intermission of labor, or of any
process or operation ; interval of rest ; pause.
With that word, withoute more respite,
They fillen gruf and cridcn pitously.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 90.
Some pause and respite only I require.
Sir J. Denham, Passion of Dido for ^Eneas.
Byzantium has a respite of half a century, and Egypt of
more than a hundred years, of Mameluke tyranny.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 202.
3. A putting off or postponement of what was
fixed; delay; forbearance; prolongation of
time, as for the payment of a debt, beyond the
fixed or legal time.
To make you understand this, ... I crave but four days'
respite. Shale., M. for M., iv. 2. 170.
4. In tow: (a) A reprieve; temporary suspen-
sion of the execution of a capital offender. See
reprieve.
The court gave him respite to the next session (which
was appointed the flrst Tuesday in August) to bethink
himself, that, retracting and reforming his error, etc., the
court might show him favor.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 265.
Christian . . . had some respite, and was remanded
back to prison. Eunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 161.
Why grant me respite who deserve my doom ?
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 247.
(6) The delay of appearance at court granted
to a jury beyond the proper term. =Syn. 2. Stop,
cessation, stay. — 4. Reprieve, Respite. See reprieve.
respite (res'pit), v. t. ; pret. and pp. respited,
ppr. respiting. [< ME. respiten, respite, < OF.
respiter, respeiter, respect, delay, postpone, < L.
respectare, consider, respect, ML. delay, post-
pone: see respect.] 1. To delay; postpone;
adjourn.
Thanne to the Sowdon furth with all they went,
The lordes and the knyghtes euerychone,
And prayed hym to respite the lugement.
Generydes (E. B. T. 8.), 1. 1641.
They declared only their opinions in writing, and res-
pited the full determination to another general meeting.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 383.
2. To relieve for a time from the execution of
a sentence or other punishment or penalty ; re-
prieve.
It is grete harme that thow art no cristin, and fain I
wolde that thow so were, to respite the fro deth.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 592.
Jeffreys had respited the younger brother.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
3. To relieve by a pause or interval of rest.
With a dreadful industry of ten days, not respiting his
Souldiers day or night, [Cresar] drew up all his Ships, and
entrench'd them round within the circuit of his Camp.
Milton, Hist. Eng., 11.
Care may be respited, but not repealed ;
No perfect cure grows on that bounded field.
Wordsworth, Evening Voluntaries, Iv.
4f. To cease ; forbear.
Your manly resoun oghte it to respite,
To slen your frende, and namely me,
That never yet in no degre
Offended you.
Chaucer, Anelida and Arcite, 1. 269.
=Syn. 2. See reprieve, n.
respiteless (res'pit-les), a. [< respite + -less.]
Without respite or relief. Baxter.
resplend (re-splend'), v. i. [< ME. resplenden,
< OF. resplendir, also resplandre, F. resplendir
= Pr. resplandre, renplandir (cf . Sp. Pg. resplan-
decer) = It. risplendere, < L. resplendere, shine
brightly, glitter, < re-, again, back, + splendere,
shine: see splendid.] To shine; be resplendent.
Lydgate. [Rare.]
Lieutenant-General Webb, . . . who resplended in velvet
and gold lace. Thackeray, Henry Esmond, ii. 15.
resplendence (re-splen'dens), n. [< LL. re-
splendentia, < L.' resplend"en(t-)s, resplendent:
see resplendent.] Brilliant luster ; vivid bright-
ness; splendor.
5111
Son t thou in whom my glory I behold
In full resplendence, heir of all my might.
Milton, ¥. L., v. 720.
= 8yn. See radiance.
resplendency (re-splen'den-si), n. [As re-
splendence (see -cy).] Same as resplendence.
Cotgrare.
resplendent (re-splen'dent), a. [< ME. re-
splendent, < L. 'resplenden (t-)s, ppr. of resplen-
dere, shine brightly: see resplend.] 1. Shining
with brilliant luster; very bright; splendid.
There all within full rich arayd he found,
With royall arras, and resplendent gold.
Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 36.
Bright
As the resplendent cactus of the night,
That floods the gloom with fragrance and with light.
0. W. Holmes, Bryant's Seventieth Birthday.
2. In her. , issuing rays : said especially of the
sun, sometimes of clouds. See radiant, 3 Re-
splendent feldspar. Same as adularia or moonstone.
= Syn. 1. Glorious, beaming. See radiance.
resplendently (re-splen'dent-li), adv. In a re-
splendent manner; with brilliant luster ; with
great brightness.
resplendisht (re-splen'dish), v. i. [< OF. re-
splendiss-, stem of certain parts of resplendir,
shine brightly: see resplend.] To shine with
great brilliancy ; be resplendent.
Vppon this said tombe was he ther ligging,
Respfendising fair in this chambre sprad.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4512.
The heuyn visible is ... garnisshed with pianettes
and sterres, resplendisskinge in the moste pure firmament.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, iii. -2.
resplendishantt (re-splen'di-shant), a. [< OF.
resplendissant, ppr. of resplendir, shine bright-
ly: see resplend.] Resplendent; brilliant.
And thorowe ye vertue of thy full inyght
Causest y« world to be resple'iulinnlitnuit.
Fabyan, Chron., xlix.
resplendishingt (re-splen'di-shing), ». Re-
splendence; splendor.
And as the Suune doth glorifie each thing
(Howeuer base) on which he deigns to smile,
So your cleare eyes doe giue resplendishing
To all their objects, be they ne'er so vile.
Davies, Muse's Sacrifice, p. 7. (Davieg.)
respond (re-spond'), v. [< OF. respondre, re-
spundre, F. repondre = Pr. respondre = Sp. Pg.
responder = It. respondere, rispondere, < L. re-
spondere, pp. responsus, answer, < re-, again,
back, + spondere, pp. sponsus, promise: see
sponsor. Cf. despond, correspond.] I. intrans.
1. To make answer; give a reply in words;
specifically, to make a liturgical response.
I remember him in the divinity school responding and
disputing with a perspicuous energy.
Oldisworth, Edmund Smith, in Johnson's Lives of the Poets.
2. To answer or reply in any way ; exhibit some
action or effect in return to a force or stimulus.
A new affliction strings a new chord in the heart, which
responds to some new note of complaint within the wide
scale of human woe. Buckminster.
Whenever there arises a special necessity for the better
performance of any one function, or for the establishment
of some function, nature will respond.
B. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 427.
3. To correspond ; suit.
To every theme responds thy various lay.
W. Broome, To Mr. Pope, On His Works (1726).
4. To be answerable ; be liable to make pay-
ment : as, the defendant is held to respond m
II. trans. If. To answer to; correspond to.
[Rare.]
His great deeds respond his speeches great.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso's Godfrey of Boulogne, x. 40.
2. To answer; satisfy, as by payment : as, the
prisoner was held to respond the judgment of
the court.
respond (re-spond'), n. [< ME. responde, re-
spounde, respowne, respon; from the verb.] It.
An answer; a response.
Whereunto the whole Annie answered with a short re-
spond, and, at the same time, bowing themselues to the
ground, saluted the Moone with great superstition.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 285.
2. In liturgies : (a) A versicle or short anthem
chanted at intervals during the reading of a
lection. In the Anglican Church the responses to the
commandments (Kyries) are responds in this sense.
The reader paused, and the choir burst in with responds,
versicles, and anthems.
R. W. Dixon, Hist Church of Eng., xv.
(6) A response.
The clerk answering in the name of all, Et cum splritu
tuo, and other responds.
J. Bradford, Works (Parker Soc., 1858), II. 334.
3. In arch., a half-pillar, pilaster, or any cor-
responding device engaged in a wall to receive
the impost of an arch.
response
The four responds have the four evangelistic symbols.
E. A, Freeman, Venice, p. 208.
respondeat ouster. See judgment.
responde-book (re-spon'de-buk), n. A book
kept by the directors of chancery in Scotland
for entering the accounts of all non-entry and
relief duties payable by heirs who take precepts
from chancery.
respondence (re-spon'dens), n. [= It. rispon-
denza, conformity, < L. 'responden(t-)s, respon-
dent: see respondent. Cf. correspondence."] 1.
The state or character of being respondent;
also, the act of responding or answering; re-
sponse.
'I'll' Angelicall soft trembling voyces made
To th' instruments divine respondence meet.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 71.
2f. Correspondence; agreement.
His rent in fair respondence must arise
To double trebles of his one yeare's price.
Bp. Hall, Satires, V. 1. 57.
respondency (re-spon'den-si), n. [As respon-
dence (see -cy).] bame as respondence.
Thus you see the respondency of the spiritual to the nat-
ural fool in their qualities. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 248.
respondent (re-spon'dent), a. and n. [= OF.
respondent, Y.'reponddnt = Sp. respondiente =
Pg. respondents = It. rispondente, < L. respon-
den(t-)s, ppr. of respondere, answer: see re-
spond.] I. a. 1. Answering; responding.
The wards respondent to the key turn round ;
The bars fall back. Pope, Odyssey, xxi. 49.
2. Conformable; corresponding.
Wealth respondent to payment and contributions.
Bacon.
Well may this palace admiration claim,
Great, and respondent to the master's fame !
Pope, Odyssey, xvii. 315.
H. n. 1. One who responds ; specifically, in
a scholastic disputation, one who maintains a
thesis, and defends it against the objections of
one or more opponents. There was no burden of
proof upon the respondent at the outset, but; owing to the
admissions which he was obliged by the rules of disputa-
tion to make, it was soon thrown upon him.
Let them [scholars] occasionally change their attitude
of mind from that of receivers and respondents to that of
enquirers. Fitch, Lectures on Teaching, p. 172.
Specifically — 2. One who answers or is called
on to answer a petition or an appeal. — 3. In
math. , a quantity in the body of a table : opposed
to argument, or the regularly varying quantity
with which the table is entered. Thus, in a table
of powers, where the base is entered at the side, the expo-
nent at the top, and the power is found in the body of
the table, the last quantity is the respondent.
respondentia (res-pon-den'shi-a), n. [NL. : see
respondence.] A loan on the cargo of a vessel,
payment being contingent on the safe arrival of
the cargo at the port of destination — the effect
of such condition being to except the contract
from the common usury laws. See bottomry.
Commissions on money advanced, maritime interest
on bottomry and respondentia, and the loss on exchanges,
etc., are apportioned relatively to the gross sums expended
on behalf of the several interests concerned.
Encyc. Brit., in. 148.
responsal (re-spon'sal), a. and n. [= F. re-
sponsal, < LL'. responsalis, one who answers for
another, a sponsor, apocrisiary, prop, adj., per-
taining to an answer, < L. responsum, an an-
swer, response: see response.] I.t a. Answer-
able; responsible.
They were both required to find sureties to be responsal,
etc., whereupon they were troubled.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 347.
H. n. 1. Response; answer; especially, a
liturgical response.
After some short praiers and refponsals, the mass-priest
begs at the hands of God this great . . . favor.
Brevint, Saul and Samuel, xiv.
2. (a) In the Roman empire, a representative of
a foreign church or prelate, who resided at the
capital and conducted negotiations on ecclesi-
astical matters; an apocrisiary. (6) A proc-
tor for a monastery or for a member of it be-
fore the bishop.
response (re-spons'), n. [< ME. respounse, re-
spons, < OF. respons, respuns, responce, F. re-
ponse = Pr. respos = Cat. respons = Sp. Pg. re-
sponse = It. risponso, responso, < L. responsum,
an answer, neut. of responsus, pp. of respondere,
answer: see respond.] 1. An answer or reply,
or something in the nature of an answer or
reply.
What was his respons written, I ne sauh no herd.
Rob. of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft, p. 98. (Latham.)
There seems a vast psychological interval between an
emotional response to the action of some grateful stimulus
and the highly complex intellectual and emotional devel-
response
opiuent implied in a distinct appreciation of objective
beauty. J. Sully, Sensation and Intuition, p. 17.
More specifically — (a) An oracular answer.
Then did my response clearer fall :
" No compound of this earthly ball
Is like another, all in all."
Tennyson, Two Voices.
(b) In liturgies: (1) A verse, sentence, phrase, or word said
or sung by the choir or congregation in sequence or reply
to the priest or ottlciant. Among the most ancient re-
sponses besides the responsories (which see) are Et cum
spiritu tuo after the Dominus vobiscum, Habemus ad
Dominum after the Sursum Corda, Amen, etc. Sometimes
the response is a repetition of something said by the offi-
ciant. A verse which has its own response subjoined, the
two together often forming one sentence, is called a ver-
sicle. In liturgical books the signs V and R are often
prefixed to the versicle and response respectively. Also
(formerly) responsal. (2) A versicle or anthem said or sung
during or after a lection ; a respond or responsory. (f)
Reply to an objection in formal disputation, (d) In music,
same as answer, 2 (b).
2. The act of responding or replying; reply:
as, to speak in response to a question — Consul-
tary response. See contultary.
responsibility (re-spon-si-bil'i-ti), n.\ pi. re-
sponsibilities (-tiz). [= F. responsibility = Sp.
responsabilidad = Pg. responsabilidade = It. ri-
sponsabilita ; as responsible + -ity (see -bility).]
1. The state of being responsible, accountable,
or answerable.
A responsibility to a tribunal at which not only minis-
ters, . . . but even nations themselves, must one day an-
swer. Burke, A Regicide Peace, ill.
Responsibility, in order to be reasonable, must be limited
to objects within the power of the responsible party.
A. Hamilton, The federalist, No. 63.
Gen. Jackson was a man of will, and his phrase on one
memorable occasion, " I will take the responsibility," is a
proverb ever since. Emerson, Fortune of the Republic.
2. That for which one is responsible or account-
able ; a trust, duty, or the like : as, heavy re-
sponsibilities.
His wife persuaded him that he had done the beat that
any one could do with the responsibilities that ought never
to have been laid on a man of his temperament and habits.
Howells, A Fearful Responsibility, xiii.
3. Ability to answer in payment; means of
paying contracts.
responsible (re-spon'si-bl), a. [= OF. (and F. )
resfonsable = !Pr. Sp. responsable = Pg. respon-
savel = It. risponsabile, \ ML. responsabilis, re-
quiring an answer, < L. responsum, response :
see response.] If. Correspondent; answering;
responsive.
I have scarce collected my spirits, but lately scattered
in the admiration of your form ; to which if the bounties
of your mind be any way responsible, I doubt not but my
desires shall find a smooth and secure passage.
B. Jonson, Every Mail out of his Humour, ii. 1.
2. Answerable, as for an act performed or for
its consequences, or for a trust reposed or a
debt; accountable; specifically, in ethics, in
general, having such a mental or moral char-
acter as to be capable of knowing and observ-
ing the distinction of right from wrong in con-
duct, and therefore morally accountable for
one's acts; in particular (with reference to a
certain act), acting or having acted as a free
agent, and with knowledge of the ethical char-
acter of the act or of its consequences. With
regard to the legal use of the word, two conceptions are
often confused — namely, that of the potential condition
of being bound to answer or respond in case a wrong
should occur, and that of the actual condition of being
bound to respond because a wrong has occurred. For
the first of these responsible is properly used, and for the
second liable.
With ministers thus responsible, "the king could do no
wrong." Sir E. May, Const Hist. Eng., I. i.
In this sense of the word we say that a man is responsi-
ble for that part of an event which was undetermined when
he was left out of account, and which became determined
when he was taken account of.
W. K. Cliford, Lectures, II. 150.
3. Able to answer or respond to any reason-
able claim or to what is expected; able to dis-
charge an obligation, or having estate adequate
to the payment of a debt.
He is a rapojisiMe-looking gentleman dressed in black.
Dickens, Bleak House, xxviii.
4. Involving responsibility.
But it is a responsible trust, and difficult to discharge.
Dickens.
Responsible business (theat.), roles next in importance
above those described as "utility."— Responsible util-
ity (theat.\ a minor actor who can be trusted with very
small parts — who is also said to play "genteel business."
responsibleness (re-spon'si-bl-nes), n. The
state of being responsible; responsibility. Bai-
ley, 1727.
responsibly (re-spon'si-bli), adv. In a respon-
sible manner.
responsion (re-spon'shon), «. [= OF. respon-
.sioii, an answer, surety, suretyship, = Pg. re-
5112
sponsSo, ground-rent, = It. rittponsione, an an-
swer, reply, < L. responsio(n-), an answer, reply,
refutation, < respondere, pp. responses, answer:
see response.] 1. The act of answering; an-
swer; reply.
Responsiota unto the questions.
Bp. Burnet, Records, ill., No. 21.
Everywhere in nature, Whitman finds human relations,
human respontions. The Century, XIX. 294.
2. In anc. pros. : (a) The metrical correspon-
dence between strophe and autistrophe. (6)
A formal correspondence between successive
parts in dialogue. — 3. pi. The first examination
which those students at Oxford have to pass
who are candidates for the degree of B. A.
responsive (re-spou'siv), a. and n. [< OF. (and
F.) responsif= It. rigponsh-o, < LL. responsivus,
answering (ML. responsiva, f. , an answering
epistle), < L. respondere, pp. responses, respond :
see respond.] I. a. 1. Answering; correspon-
dent; suited to something else; being in accord.
The vocal lay responsive to the strings. Pope.
2t. Responsible; answerable.
Such persons ... for whom the church herself may
safely be responsive. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 288.
3. Able, ready, or inclined to respond or an-
swer; answering; replying.
A responsive letter, or letter by way of answer.
Aylijfe, Parergon.
The swain responsive as the milk-maid sung.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil, 1. 117.
A may be more quickly responsive to a stimulus than B,
and may have a wider range of sensibility, and yet not be
more discriminative. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 145.
4. Characterized by the use of responses : as,
a responsive service of public worship. — 5. In
law, pertinent in answer; called for by the
question: as, a party is not bound by an an-
swer given by his own witness if it is not re-
sponsive to the question, but may have the irre-
sponsive matter struck out.
H.t n. An answer; a response; a reply.
Responsive! to such as ye wrote of the dates before re-
hearsed. Bp. Burnet, Records, ii. 23.
responsively (re-spon'siv-li), adv. In a respon-
sive manner.
responsiveness (re-spon'siv-nes), ». The state
of being responsive.
responsorial (res-pon-so'ri-al), a. and n. [<
responsory + -al.] I. a. Responsive; specifi-
cally, sung in response to or alternation with a
lector or precentor.
II. n. An office-book formerly in use, con-
taining the responsories or these and the an-
tiphons for the canonical hours.
responsorium (res-pon-so'ri-um), n. ; pi. respon-
soria (-a). [ML., neut. of "responsorius: see
responsory."] Same as responsory.
responsory (re-spon'so-ri), a. and n. [< ML.
*responsorius, 'adj. (as a noun, responsorium,
neut., responsoria, f., eccl., a response), < L. re-
spondere, pp. responsus, respond: see respond,
response.] I. a. Containing answer.
II. «.; pi. responsories (-riz). In liturgies: (a)
A psalm or portion of a psalm sung between
the missal lections. Among the anthems represent-
ing this custom are the Greek prokeimenon, the Ambro-
sian psalmulus or psalmellus, the Galilean psalmus res-
ponsorius (responsory psalm), and the Mozarabic psal-
terium or psallendo — all these preceding the epistle, and
the Roman and Sarum gradual preceding the gospel. The
responsory was sung not antiphonally, hut by a lector,
precentor, or several cantors, the whole choir responding.
The name responsory is often given specifically to the
gradual (which see), (h) A portion of a psalm
(originally, a whole psalm) sung between the
lections at the canonical hours; a respond.
Also responsorium.
responsure (re-spon'gur), n. [< response + -ure.]
Response. [Rare.]
Fogs, damps, trees, stones, their sole encompassore,
To whom they mone, Mack todes giue responsure.
C. Tourneur, Transformed Metamorphosis, st. 87.
ressala (res'a-la), n. See risala.
ressaldar (res'al-dar), n. See risaldar.
ressantt, ressauntt, n. Same as ressaut.
ressaut (res-af), n. [Also ressault, also erro-
neously ressant, ressaunt; < OF. ressaut, ressault,
F. ressaut = Pr. ressaut, resaut = Cat. ressalt =
Sp. Pg. resalto = It. risalto, a projection (in
arch.), < ML. as if "resaltus, < L. resilire, pp.
"resultus, leap back : see resile, and cf. result.]
In arch., a projection of any member or part
from or before another.
rest1 (rest), n. [< ME. rest, reste, < AS. rest,
rsest, rest, quiet, = OS. resta, rasta, resting-
place, burial-place, = D. rust = MLG. reste, rest,
= OHG. rasta, rest, also a measure of distance,
resti, rest, MHG. raste, G. rast, rest, repose,
rest
= Icel. rost, a mile, i. e. the distance between
two resting-places, = Sw. Dan. rant, rest, =
Goth, rasta, a stage of a journey, a mile ; with
abstract formative -st, < \f ra, rest, Skt. yram,
rest, rejoice at, sport, > rati, pleasure.] 1. A
state of quiet or repose ; absence or cessation
of motion, labor, or action of any kind ; release
from exertion or action.
Whils forto sytte ye haue In konmundement,
Youre heede, youre hande, your feet, holde yee In reste.
Babees Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. 4.
Our rural ancestors, with little blest,
Patient of labour when the end was rest.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 242.
The working of a sea
Before a calm, that rocks itself to rest.
Cowper, Task, vi. 739.
2. Freedom or relief from everything that dis-
quiets, wearies, or disturbs; peace; quiet; se-
curity; tranquillity.
Yet we may hem discounflte, we shall be riche and in
resle alwey aftere. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 174.
The man will not be in rest until he have finished the
thing this day. Ruth iii. 18.
Yet shall the oracle
Give rest to the minds of others.
Shale., W. T., ill. 191.
Rest,
As deep as death, as soft as sleep,
Across his troubled heart did creep.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 48.
3. Sleep; slumber; hence, the last sleep;
death; the grave.
After al this surfet and accesse he hedde,
That he slepte Seturday and Sonenday til sonne wente to
reste. Piers Plowman (A), v. 210.
One that thinks a man always going to bed, and says,
"God give you good rest! " Shak., C. of E., iv. 3. 33.
4. A place of quiet; permanent habitation.
In dust, our final rest and native home.
Milton, P. L., x. 1085.
5. Stay; abode.
That you vouchsafe your rest here in our court
Some little time. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. 13.
6. That on or in which anything leans or lies
for support.
Be made narrowed rests round about, that the beams
should not be fastened in the walls of the house.
1 Kl. vi. 6.
Specifically — (a) A contrivance for steadying the lance
when couched for the charge: originally a mere loop or
stirrup, usually of leather, perhaps passed over the shoul-
der, but when the cuirass or breastplate was introduced
secured to a hook or projecting horn of iron riveted to this
on the left side. This hook also is called rest. A simi-
lar hook was sometimes arranged so far at the side, and
so projecting, as to receive the lance Itself ; hut, this form
being inconvenient, the projecting hook was arranged
with a hinge. In the justs of the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries the heavy lance was found to require a counter-
poise, and the rest was made double, the hook projecting
sidewise, and a long tongue or bar projecting backward
under the arm with a sort of spiral twist at the end to pre-
vent the butt of the lance from rising, so that the lance
was held firmly, and required from the juster only the
exertion of directing its point.
When his staff was in his rest, coming down to meet
with the knight, now very near him. he perceived the
knight had missed his rest. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ill.
Not like that Arthur who, with lance in rest, . . .
Shot thro' the lists at Camelot.
Tennyson, Passing of Arthur.
(6) A device of any kind for supporting the turning-tool
or the work in a lathe, (c) A support for the barrel of a
gun in aiming and firing.
Change love for arms ; girt to your blades, my boys \
Your rests and muskets take, take helm and targe.
Peele, A Farewell.
(d) In billiards, a rod having fixed at its point a crosspiece
on which to support the cue : used when the cue-ball can-
not easily be reached in the usual way. Also called bridge.
(e) A support or guide for stuff fed to a saw. E. H. Knight.
(f) In glyptics, a support, somewhat resembling a vise in
form, attached to the lathe-head, and serving to steady
the arm while the edges of graving-tools are being shaped.
7. In pros., a short pause of the voice in read-
ing ; a cesura.
So varying still their [bards'] moods, observing yet In all
Their quantities, their resta, their ceasures metrical.
Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. 186.
8. In music: (a) A silence or pause between
tones. (6) In musical notation, a mark or sign
denoting such a silence. Rests vary in form to in-
dicate their duration with reference to each other and to
the notes with which they occur ; and they are named
from the notes to which they are equivalent, as follows :
breve rest, f ; semibreve or whole-note rest, » ; minim
or half-note rest. ••• ; crotchet or quarter-note rest, r or X ;
quaver or eighth-note rest, ~\; semiquaver or sixteenth-
note rest, ^ ; demisemiquaver or thirty-second-note rest,
;j; hemidemisemiquaver or sixty-fourth-note rest, ^ The
duration of a rest, as of a note, may be extended one half
by a dot, as 1 . ( = 1 ^ ), or Indefinitely by a hold,^. The
semibreve rest is often used as a measure-rest, whatever
may be the rhythmic signature (as a below); similarly,
the two-measure rest is like b, the three measure rest like
rest
c, the four-measure rest like d; or a semibreve rest or
similar character is used with a figure above to indicate
the number of measures, as e or/.
5113 restaur
8. To stand or lie, as upon a support or basis ; 2. To continue to be ; remain : as, rest assured
be supported; have a foundation: literally or that it is true.
a it_i_ He shal reste in stockes
m
""
He fights as you sing prick-song, keeps time, distance,
and proportion ; rests me his minim rest, one, two, and
the third in your bosom. Shak., R. and J., ii. 4. 2:i.
9f. A syllable.
Two rests, a short and long, th' Iambic frame.
B. Jotison, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry.
10. In accounting, the stopping to strike a bal-
ance or sum up the total, as for the purpose
of computing commissions or compounding in-
terest. Thus, an annual rest takes place where the rents
received by the mortgagee in possession are more than
suftlcient to keep down the interest, and the surplus is
directed to be employed in liquidation of the principal
pro tanto.
11. In her., same as clarion and sufflue. — 12.
Same as mace1, 3.— 13f. In court-tennis, a
quick and continued returning of the ball from
one player to the other. K. W. Lowe, Note in
Gibber's Apology, I. 148.
For a wit is like a rest
Held up at tennis, when men do the best
With the best gamesters.
F. Beaumont, To Ben Jonsou.
Knock me down if ever I saw a rest of wit better played
than that last, in my life. Gibber, Careless Husband, iv. i.
14. In the game of primero, the highest or final
stake made by a player ; also, the hand of cards
or the number of points held. See to set up
one's rest, under set.
Each one in possibility to win,
Great rests were up and mightie hands were in.
Mir. for Mags., p. 528. (Hares.)
Absolute rest, a state of absence of motion.without refer-
ence to other bodies. No definite meaning can be attach-
ed to the phrase.— Currents Of rest. See current*.—
Equation of rest. See equation.— Friction of rest. See
friction. — -Large rest, in medieval musical notation, a
, — rest or sign for silence equal in time-value
to a large. It was either perfect (a), or im-
perfect (&). The former was equal to three
a * longs, the latter to two.— Relative rest,
the absence of motion relative to some body.— To set
one's heart at rest. See heart.— To set up one's
restt. See set. =Syn. 1. Pause, Stay, etc. (see stop).— 2.
Rest, Repose, Ease, Quiet, Tranquillity, Peace. While these
words are used with some freedom, rest and repose apply
especially to the suspended activity of the body ; ease and
quiet to freedom from occupation or demands for activity,
especially of the body ; tranquillity and peace to the free-
dom of the mind from harassing cares or demands.
rest1 (rest), v. [< ME. resten, < AS. restan =
OS. restian = OFries. resta = D. rusten = MLG.
resten = OHG. rasten, restan, raston, resten,
MHG. rasten, resten, G. rasten = Sw. rasta =
Dan. raste, rest; from the noun: see rest1, n.
The verb rest1 in some uses mingles with the
different verb rest2.] I. in trans. 1. To cease
from action, motion, work, or performance of
any kind ; stop ; desist ; be without motion.
He rested on the seventh day from all his work which he
had made. Gen. ii. 2.
Over the tent a cloud
Shall rest by day. Milton, P. L., xii. 257.
He hangs between ; in doubt to act, or rest.
Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 7.
2f. To come to a pause or to an end; end.
But now resteth the tale of kynge Rion, . . . and returne
for to speke of kynge Arthur. Merlin (E. E. T. $.), ii. 224.
3. To be free from whatever harasses or dis-
turbs ; be quiet or still ; be undisturbed.
My lord shall never rest ;
I'll watch him tame and talk him out of patience.
Shak., Othello, iii. 3. 22.
Woo'd an unfeeling statue for his wife,
Nor rested till the gods had giv'n it life.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 529.
4. To take rest ; repose.
Eche yede to his ostell to resten, for therto hadde the!
nede and gret myster, for many were they hurte.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 138.
Old lord, I cannot blame thee,
Who am myself attach'd with weariness,
To the dulling of my spirits ; sit down, and rent.
Shak., Tempest, iii. 3. 6.
5. To sleep; slumber.
Thick slumber
Hangs upon mine eyes ; let me rest. [Sleeps.)
Shak., Pericles, v. 1. 236.
6. In 6ot., to lie dormant. See resting-spore,
resting-state, etc. — 7. To sleep the final sleep;
die, or be dead.
If in the world he live, we'll seek him out;
If in his grave he rest, we'll find him there.
Shak., Pericles, ii. 4. 30.
So peaceful rests, without a stone, a name,
What once had beauty, titles, wealth, and fame.
Pope, Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady.
figuratively.
Flitting light
From spray to spray, where'er he rests he shakes
From many a twig the pendent drops of ice.
Cowper, Task, vi. 80.
Eloquence, like every other art, reste on laws the most
exact and determinate. Emerson, Eloquence.
As longe as ich lyue for bus luther werkes.
Piers Ploicman (C), v. 104.
Nought shall make us rue,
If England to itself do rest but true.
Shak., K. John, v. 7. 118.
I rest Your dutiful Son, J. H. Howell, Letters, I. iv. 24.
This abbatial staff often rested, like a bishop's, on the
abbot's left side [when borne to church for his burial].
Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 215.
Belief rests upon knowledge as a house rests upon its
foundation. H. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 98.
9. To be satisfied ; acquiesce.
Il.t trans. To keep ; cause to continue or re-
main: used with a predicate adjective follow-
ing and qualifying the object.
God rest you merry, sir. Shak., As you Like it, v. 1. 65.
Rest you fair, good signior. Shak., M. of V., i. 3. 60.
I was forced'tore^with patience, while my noble and rest2 (rest), n. [= D G. Sw. Dan rest, < OF
beloved country was so injuriously treated. and F. reste, rest, residue, remnant, = Pr. resta
Sw^ft, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 7. = Sp. resto, resta = Pg. resto = It. resta, rest,
10. To be fixed in any state or opinion ; re- repose, pause ; from the verb: see rest2, u.]
majn 1. That which is left, or which remains after
Neither will he rest content, though thou givest many the separation of a part, either in fact or in
gifts. Prov. vi. 85. contemplation ; remainder.
Thou Power Supreme, whose mighty scheme
These woes of mine fulfil,
Here, firm, I rest, they must be best,
Because they are thy will ! Burns, Winter.
11. To lean; trust; rely; have confidence ; de-
pend for support.
Behold, thou art called a Jew, and restest in the law, and
makest thy boast of God. Rom. ii. 17.
Help us, O Lord our God : for we rest on thee, and in thy
name do we go against this multitude. 2 Chron. xiv. 11.
That spirit upon whose weal depend and rest
The lives of many. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3. 14.
They rested in the declaration which God had made iu
his church. Donne, Sermons, vi.
12. To be in a certain state or position, as an
affair; stand.
Now thus it rests;
Her father means she shall be all in white.
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 6. 34.
13. In law, to terminate voluntarily the addu- _i — nww*w»*v»v».. — — — — ,
cing of evidence, in order to await the counter- »" regards other matters; in flue.=Syn. 1. Residue, etc.
evidence of the adverse party, or to submit the rest3Trest)TV. t. [By apheresis from arrest1.]
case, upon the evidence, to the tribunal for de- To arrest rColloq f
cision. After a party has rested he has no longer a legal
Fear me not, man ; I will not break away ;
I'll give thee, ere I leave thee, so much money,
To warrant thee, as I am 'rested for.
Shak., C. of E., iv. 4.3.
rest4t, v . An obsolete form of reast1.
rest6 (rest), v. A dialectal variant of roast.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
rest6!, n. An obsolete phonetic spelling of wrest.
restagnantt (re -stag 'nant), a. [= It. ristag-
_,_,_. _, „ ... .. nante, stanching, stopping; < L. restagnan(t-)s,
To rest wlth~ to'be'in the po'werof; depend upo'n: as, overflowing, ppr. of restagnare, overflow: see
it rests with time to decide. =Syn. 1. To stay, forbear.— restagnate.] Stagnant; remaining without a
1, 3, and 4. Rest, Repose. Rest signifies primarily to cease flow or current,
from action or work, but naturally by extension to be re- „-,,.,. w« mmo to thp tnn nf the atmosnhere the
ffuahpfl hi/ Aninrr an nnH further tn hp rpfrpRhpri hv KlppTl me nearer We COme IO me lop OI tile .Ulliobpliei (., vile
ing Rems° does i not ! necessarily imply previous work shorter and lighter is the cylinder of air incumbent upon
but does imply quietness, and generally a reclining posi- the restagnant mercury. Boyle, Works, I. 151.
tion, while we may rest in a standing position. See stop, restagnatet (re-stag'nat), v. i. [= It. ristag-
n and rerti.n.- 11. To depend. to soider with lime; < L. restagnare,
II. trans. 1. To give repose to; place at "*.•"
Let us not dally with God when he offers us a full bless-
ing, to take as much of it as wee think will serve our ends,
and turne him backe the rest upon his hands.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
2. Those not included in a proposition or de-
scription ; others. [In this sense rest is a col-
lective noun taking a plural verb.]
Plato, and the rest of the philosophers, acknowledged
the unity, power, wisdom, goodness, and providence of
the supreme God. Bp. Stillingfteet.
The million flit as gay
As if created only like the fly, ...
The rest are sober dreamers, grave and wise.
Cowper, Task, iii. 137.
3. Balance; difference; specifically, in the
weekly reports of the Bank of England, the
balance of assets above liabilities, forming a
sort of reserve fund against contingencies. [In
all uses rest is always preceded by the definite
article.]— Above the rest. See above.— Forthe rest,
After a party has rested he has no longer a lega
right to put in evidence, unless to countervail new mat-
ter in the evidence thereafter adduced by his adversary,
although the court, for cause shown, may in its discretion
allow him to do so.— To rest in. (at) To depend upon.
It rested in your grace
To unloose this tied-up justice when you pleased.
Shak., M. for M., i. 3. 31.
(6) To consist or remain in.
They [Utopians] think not felicity to rest in all pleasure,
but only in that pleasure that is good and honest.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by RobinsonX ii. 7.
overflow, i over, < re-, again, + stagnare, form
j overflow : see stagnate.] To stand or
m ^ without flowing ; "stagnate.
rest ; refresh by repose : sometimes used reflex-
ively : as, to rest one's self (that is; to cease from
exertion for the purpose of recruiting one's en-
ergies). Wiseman, Surgery, L 21.
By the renke [when the knight] ha^eAymrMMdnrses the restagnati0nt (re-stag-na'shqn), n. [< L. re-
stagnatio(n-), an overflow, inundation, < restan-
nare, overflow: see restagnate.'] Stagnation.
The restaytiation of gross blood.
Wiseman, Surgery, i. 14.
or d~eadV " 'slMk- M- of v- "•' *• 76' restant (res'tant), a. [< F. restant, ppr. of res-
2. To lay or place, as on a support, basis, or ter, remain: see rest2.] If. Remaining; being
in possession.
With him they were restant all those things that the
Enter Ferdinand, bearing a log.
Miranda. Pray, set it down and rest you: when this burns,
'Twill weep for having wearied you. Shak., Tempest, iii. 1.
I pray you, tell me, is my boy, God rest his soul, alive
foundation : literally or figuratively.
This is my plea, on this I rest my cause —
What saith my counsel, learned in the laws ?
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 141.
Straight he took his bow of ash-tree,
On the sand one end he rested.
Longfellow, Hiawatha, ix.
3. To leave ; allow to stand.
foolish virgins could wish for, beauty, daintie, delicates,
riches, faire speech.
Holland, tr. of Camden, p. 362. (Davies.)
2. In 6ot., same as persistent: sometimes ap-
plied specifically to a footstalk from which the
fructification has fallen away. [Rare.]
Now how I haue or could preuent these accidents, hau- restate (re-staf), V. t. [< re- + state.] To
ing no more meanes, I rest at your censures [judgments]. state again . ag to restate a charge.
Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 213. regtatement (re-stat'ment), n. A second state-
rest2 (rest), v. [= D. resten, resteren = G. resten, ment, as of facts or opinions, in either the same
restiren = Dan. rcstere = Sw. restera, rest, re- or a Dew form.
main, < OF. (and F.) rester = Pr. Sp. Pg. restar restaur (res-ta'r'), «. [Also restor; < OF. res-
= It. restore, ristare,< L. restore, stop, rest, stand toTSt rest»ur, F. restaur = It. restav.ro, ristauro, <
ML. restaur urn, a restoring: see restore1.] In
law: (a) The remedy or recourse which assurers
have against each other, according to the date
of their assurances, or against the master of a
ship if the loss arose through his fault. (6)
The remedy or recourse a person has against
his guarantor or other person who is to in-
demnify him for any damage sustained.
still, remain, < re-, behind, back, + store, stand :
see stand. Cf. arrest1. The verb rest2 is partly
confused with some uses of rest1.] I. iittrans.
1. To be left; remain.
Nought rests
But that she fit her love now to her fortune.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, iv. 2.
What rests of both, one Sepulchre shall hold.
Prior, Henry and Emma.
restaurant
restaurant (res'ta-rant), n. [< F. restaurant, a.
restaurant, formerly also a restorative, = Sp.
restaurants, a restorer, < ML. restauran(t~)s, re-
storing, ppr. of restaurare, restore, refresh: see
restore.] An establishment for the sale of re-
freshments, both food and drink ; a place where
meals are served ; an eating-house.
The substitution of the Restaurant for the Tavern is of
recent origin. In the year 1837 there were restaurants, it
is true, but they were humble places, and confined to the
parts of London frequented by the French ; for English of
every degree there was the Tavern.
W. Besant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 160.
restaurant-car (res'ta-rant-kar), n. A railway-
car in which meals are cooked and served to
passengers ; a dining-car or hotel-car.
restauratet (res'ta-rat), «. *. [< L. restauratus,
pp. of restaurare, restore, repair, renew: see
restore1.] To restore.
If one repulse hath us quite ruinated,
And fortune never can be restaurated.
Vicart, tr. of Virgil (1832). (Hares.)
restaurateur (res-to'ra-ter), n. [< F. restaura-
teur = Pr. restauraire, restaurador = Sp. Pg.
restaurador = It. restauratore, ristoratore = D.
G. restaurateur = Dan. 8w. restaurator, the
keeper of a restaurant, < ML. restaurator, one
who restores or reestablishes: see restorator."]
The keeper of a restaurant.
The ticket merely secures you a place on board the
steamer, but neither a berth nor provisions. The latter
you obtain from a restaurateur on board, according to fixed
rates. B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 273.
restaurationt (res-ta-ra'shon), n. An obsolete
form of restoration.
restauratort, «• See restorator.
restauret, v. t. An obsolete form of restore1.
restayt, v. t. [< ME. restayen, < OF. restaier, <
resier, rest: see rest2.] To keep back; re-
strain.
To touch her chylder thay fayr him [Christ] prayed.
His dessypele3 with blame let be hym bede,
& wyth her resounej ful fele restayed.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), L 715.
rest-cure (rest'kur), n. The treatment, as of
nervous exhaustion, by more or less prolonged
and complete rest, as by isolation in bed. This
is usually combined with over-feeding, mas-
sage, and electricity.
restem (re-stem'), *'• t. [< re- + stem.'] To
stem again; force back against the current.
Now they do re-stem
Their backward course, bearing with frank appearance
Their purposes toward Cyprus. Shalt., Othello, i. 3. 37.
restful (rest'ful), a. [< late ME. restefulle; <
resfl + -ful.] 1 . Full of rest ; giving rest.
Tired with all these, for restful death I cry.
Shalr., Sonnets, Ixvi.
2. Quiet ; being at rest.
I heard you say, " Is not my arm of length
That reacheth from the reslful English court
As far as Calais, to my uncle's head ?"
SAo*.,Rich. II.,iv. 1. 12.
restfully (rest'ful-i), adv. [< late ME. rest-
fully; < restful + -ly2.] In a restful manner;
in a state of rest or quiet.
They liuing rcgtfutty and in helth vnto extreme age.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, iii. 21.
restfulness (rest'ful-nes), n. The state of being
restful. Imp. Diet.
rest-harrow (rest'har'6), n. [So called be-
cause the root of the plant ' arrests ' or stops
the harrow; < rest*), v., + obj. harrow1. Cf.
equiv. F. arrSte-bceuf, lit. 'stop-ox,' < arreter,
stop, arrest, + bceuf, ox.] 1. A common Euro-
pean under-
shrub, Ononis
arvensis, gen-
erally low,
spreading,
and much
branched (of-
ten thorny),
bearing pink
papiliona-
ceous flowers,
and having
tough matted
roots which
hinder the
plow or har-
row. The root
is diuretic.
Also wild lico-
rice, cam-mock,
whin, etc. — 2.
A small geo-
metrid inoth Flowering Branch of Rest-harrow (Ontmis
arvfnfis't.
Aplasta ono- „, a flowcr . 4, the leaf.
5114
naria : popularly so called in England because
the caterpillar feeds in April and September
on Ononis arrensix, var. spiitosa. The moth flies
in May, July, and August.
resthouse (rest'hous), n. [< rest* + house*.]
Same as dak-bungalow (which see, under bunga-
low).
Restiaee8e(res-ti-a'se-e),«.j>Z. [NL. (K. Brown,
1810), < Restio + -aceee.] An order of mono-
cotyledonous plants of the series Glumacese.
It resembles the rushes (Juncacese) in its one- to three-
celled ovary and dry, rigid, and glumaceous perianth of
six equal segments ; and the sedges (Cyperaceee) in habit,
in structure of spikelets, and in the three stamens, small
embryo, and mealy or fleshy albumen. Ills distinguished
from both by its pendulous orthotropous ovules and its
split sheaths. It includes about 240 species, belonging to
20 genera, of which Restio (the type), WUldenavia, and
Elegia are the chief —all sedge-like plants of the southern
hemisphere, mainly natives of South Africa and Australia,
absent from America and Asia excepting one species in
Chili and one in Cochin-China. They are generally peren-
nials, tufted or with a hard horizontal or creeping, more
often scaly rootstock, the stems rigid, erect or variously
twisted, the leaves commonly reduced. They are almost
always dioecious, and have a polymorphous inflorescence
often extremely different in the two sexes.
restibrachial (res-ti-bra'ki-al), a. [< restibra-
chium + -al.] Pertaining to the restibrachium ;
postpeduneular.
restibrachium (res-ti-bra'ki-um), n. ; pi. resti-
brachia (-a). [NL., < L. restis, a rope, + bra-
chium, an arm.] The inferior peduncle of the
cerebellum. Also called myelobrachium.
liettibrachimn (Science, April 9, 1881, p. 165) is an ad-
mirable compound, and the same may be said of its cor.
relatives, pontibrachium and tegmentibrachium.
Buck's Handbook of Ited. Sciences, VIII. 525, note.
restiet, a. See restyi.
restifft, a. An obsolete form of restive.
restiff nesst, w . An obsolete form of restiveness.
Imp. Diet.
restiform (res'ti-form), a. [= F. restiforme,< L.
restis, a cord, rope, + forma, form.] Corded Or
cord-like: specifically, in anat., noting a part
of the medulla oblongata, called the corpus
restiforme, or restiform body — Restiform body,
the inferior peduncle of the cerebellum, by which it con-
nects with the oblongata and parts below. It contains
the direct cerebellar-tract fibers, crossed and uncrossed
from the posterior columns of the cord, and fibers from
the contralateral (lower) olive.
restily (res'ti-li), adv. [< restyl + -ly%.] In
a sluggish manner; stubbornly; untowardly.
Imp. Diet.
restinction (re-stingk'shon), n. [< L. restine-
tio(n-'), a quenching, < restinguere, put out, de-
stroy, quench, < re-, again, + stinguere, ex-
tinguish : see extinguish.'] The act of quench-
ing or extinguishing. E. Phillips, 1706. [Bare.]
restinesst (res'ti-nes), «. [< resty1 + -ness.]
Tendency to rest or inaction ; sluggishness.
The Snake, by restinesse and lying still all Winter, hath a
certain membrane or filme growing ouer her whole body.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, viii. 27.
A tenuity and agility of spirits, contrary to that restine&s
of the spirits supposed in those that are dull.
Hotbes, Works, IV. 56.
resting-cell (res'ting-sel), n. Same as resting-
spore.
resting-owing (res'ting-d'ing), a. [< resting,
ppr. of rest2, v., + owing, ppr. of owe1, r .] In
Scots law: (a) Besting or remaining due : said
of a debt. (6) Indebted : said of a debtor.
resting-place (res'tiug-plas), ». 1. A place
for rest; a place to stop at, as on a journey:
used figuratively for the grave.
Arise, O Lord God, into thy resting place, thou and the
ark of thy strength. 2 Chron. vi. 41.
It was from Istrian soil that the mighty stone was
brought which once covered the resting-place of Theo-
doric. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 100.
2. In building, a half- or quarter-pace in a stair-
case.
resting-sporangium (res'ting-spo-ran'ji-um),
n. A term applied by Pringsheim to certain
dormant gonidia of Saprolegnia and related
fungi which eventually produce swarm-spores.
resting-spore (res'ting-spor), n. A spore which
can germinate only after a period of dormancy.
A majority of the spores of algae and fungi are of this
nature, and they are more largely of sexual production.
Many of the same plants produce spores capable of imme-
diate germination. Also resting-cell.
resting-stage (res'ting-staj), n. In hot., a pe-
riod of dormancy in the history of a plant or
germ.
resting-state (res'ting-stat), n. In hot., the
periodic condition of dormancy in the history
of woody plants, bulbs, etc. ; also, the quies-
cence of some seeds and spores (resting-spores)
between maturity and germination ; in general,
any state of suspended activity.
restitution
restinguish (re-sting'gwish), c. t. [< L. restin-
guere, put out,' < re-, again, + stinguere, extin-
guish. Cf. extinguish, distinguish.] To quench
or extinguish. [Bare.]
Hence the thirst of languishing souls is restinffuished,
as from the most pure fountains of living water.
field, Of Controversy (Life, 1716), p. 41.
resting-whilet (res'ting-hwil), ». [< ME. rest-
ingwhile; < resting, verbal n. of rest1-, v. , + while.]
A moment of leisure ; time free from business.
Thilke thinges that I hadde lerned of the among my secre
restingwhiles. Chaucer, Boethius, 1. prose 4.
Restio (res'ti-6), n. [NL. (Linnseus, 1767), so
called from the tough stringy stems; < L. restis,
a cord.] A genus of gluma-
ceous plants, the type of the
order Restiaeeee and tribe
Restioideee. It is characterized
by one-celled anthers opening by
a single chink, by two or three
styles or branches and a com-
pressed capsule with two or three
cells and as many dehiscent an-
gles, and by persistent sheaths,
and commonly many-flowered and
panicled spikelets with imbricated
glumes. The two long linear stig-
mas are generally plumose. The
staminate inflorescence is extreme-
ly polymorphous. There are over
100 species, natives of South Africa
and Australia. They have erect
and leafless stems from a scaly root-
stock, very much branched or en-
tirely without branches, with nu-
merous scattered sheaths repla-
cing the leaves, or sometimes in the
young plant bearing a small and
perishable leaf-blade. From their
use It. australis is known as Tasina-
nian rope-grass. Flowering Male Plant
Restioideae (res-ti-oi'de-e), t.^££!£M*aa'
n. pi. [NL. (Masters, 1878),
< Restio + -ideas.] A tribe of plants of the or-
der Restiaccse, characterized by an ovary of
three, or sometimes two, cells, or reduced by
abortion to a single one, and by a capsular fruit
— the fruit of the other tribe, Willdenoviex, be-
ing nut-like. It includes 7 genera, of which
Restio is the type.
restipulate (re-stip'u-lat), t: i. [< L. restipu-
latus, pp. of restipulari, promise or stipulate
anew, < re-, back, + stipulari, promise: see
ttttnuate.] To stipulate anew. Imp. Diet.
restipulation (re-stip-u-la'shon), n. [< L. re-
stipulatio(n-), a counter-engagement, < restipu-
lari, pp. restipulatus, promise again: see re-
stipulate.'] The act of restipulating; a new
stipulation.
But if the restipulation were absolute, and the with-
drawing of this homage upon none but civil grounds, I
cannot excuse the good king from a just offence.
lip. Hall, Contemplations, xx. 9.
restituet, «••• *• [ME. restituen, < OF. restituer,
restore : see restitute.] To restore ; make resti-
tution of.
Rather haue we no reste til we restitue
Our lyf to oure lord god for oure lykames [body's] gultes.
Piere Plowman (C), xt 64.
restitutet (res'ti-tut), ». t. [< L. restitutes, pp.
of restituere (> It. restituire, ristituire = Sp. Pg.
restituir = F. restituer, > E. restitue), reinstate,
set up again, replace, restore, < re-, again, +
statuere, set up: see statute. Cf. constitute, in-
stitute.] To bring back to a former state; re-
store.
Restituted trade
To every virtue lent his helping stores,
And cheer'd the vales around. Dyer, Fleece, it
restitutet (res'ti-tut), n. [< L. restitutus, pp.
of restituere, restore, reinstate: see restitute.
v.] That which is restored or offered in place of
something; a substitute. Imp. Diet. [Bare.]
restitutio in integrum (res-ti-tu'shi-6 in in'te-
grum). [L. : restitutio (see restitution); in, in;
integrum, ace. of integer, whole: see integer.]
Iii Rom. law, a restoration to the previous con-
dition, effected by the pretor for equitable
causes, on the prayer of an injured party, by
annulling a transaction valid by the strict law,
or annulling a change in the legal condition
produced by an omission, and restoring the
parties to their previous legal relations. After
equitable defense and claim had been introduced in the
ordinary proceeding, the importance of the institution di-
minished. In English and American law the phrase is used
when a court of equity annuls a transaction or contract
and orders the restoration of what has been received or
given under it.
restitution (res-ti-tu'shon), n. [< ME. restitu-
tion, rrnti/tni-//i>ii. < OF. (and F.) restitution =
Pr. restitiicio = Sp. restitucion = Pg. restitui<;ao
= It. restitt/zioiie, < L. restitntio(n-), a restoring,
restitution
< rvstituere, pp. rcstitutuy, set up again, restore :
see restitute.] 1. The act of returning or re-
storing what has been lost or taken away; the
restoring to a person of some thing or right of
which he has been deprived: as, the restitution
of ancient rights to the crown.
We yet crave restitution of those lands,
Those cities sack'd, those prisoners, and that prey
The soldier by your will stands master of.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1.
2 The act of making good or of giving an
equivalent for any loss, damage, or injury;
indemnification.
" Repentest thow ueuere?" quath Repentaunce, "»•«»••
tftMton madest ? " Piers Plowman (C), vu. 234.
A free release
From restitution for the late affronts.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iv. 3.
If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and
shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man s
field -of the best of his own field, and of the best of his
own vineyard, shall he make restitution. Ex. xxii. 5.
3 The putting of things back to their former
relative positions.— 4. In law: (a) The putting
of a person in possession of lands or tenements
of which he had been unlawfully disseized. (0)
The restoration of what a party had gained by
a judgment or order, upon the reversal of such
adjudication by appeal or writ of error.— 5. In
theol., the restoration of the kingdom of Uod,
embracing the elevation, not only of all his sin-
ful creatures, but also of all the physical crea-
tion, to a state of perfection. See apocatastasis.
— Coefficient Of restitution, the ratio of the relative
velocity of two balls the instant after their impact to
their relative velocity the instant before.— Force 01
restitution, a force tending to restore the relative po-
sitions of parts of a body. -Interdict of restitution,
See interd&t, 2 (b).- Restitution Edict, m German hut.,
an edict issued A. D. 1629 by the Emperor 1 erdiuand II. :
it required the Protestants to restore to the Roman Catho-
lic authorities all ecclesiastical property and sees which
they had appropriated at the peace of Passau in 1552.—
Restitution of conjugal rights, in law, , a species of
matrimonial action which hasTieen allowed in some iu-
risdictions, for redress against a husband or wife who
lives apart from the other without a sufficient reason.—
Restitution of minors, in law, a restoring of minors to
rights lost by deeds executed during then- minority.—
Writ of restitution, in law, a writ which lies where
judgment has been reversed, to restore to the defendant
what he has been deprived of by the judgment. = Syn.
1-3. Restoration, return.
restitutive (res'ti-tu-tiv), o. [< restitute -J
-ive.] Pertaining to or characterized by resti-
tution, in any sense.
Under any given distortion within the limits of restitu-
tive power, the restitution-pressure is equal to the product
of the coefficient of restitution into the distortion.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 235.
restitutor (res'ti-tu-tor), n. [= F. restituteur
= Sp. Pg. restituidor = It. restitutore, < L. res-
titutor, a restorer, < restituere, restore : see res-
titute.'] One who makes restitution ; a restorer.
Their rescuer, or restitutor, Quixote.
Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 124.
restive (res'tiv), a. [Early mod. E. also restiff,
and with loss of the terminal / (as m jolly <
jolif), restie, resty (see restyi); < ME. rest^f,
restiff, < OF. restif, fern, restive, "restie, stub-
born, drawing backward, that will not go for-
ward" (Cotgrave), F. restif, fern, restive = Pr.
restiu = It. restio, < ML. as if 'restivus, dis-
posed to rest or stay, < L. restore, stay, rest:
see res*2. By transition through the sense ' im-
patient under restraint ' (def. 4), and partly by
confusion with restless, the word has taken in
present use the additional sense 'restless' (def.
5).] 1. Unwilling to go or to move forward;
stopping; balky; obstinate; stubborn. Com-
pare def. 5.
Since I haue shewed you by reason that obedience is
just and necessary, by example that it is possible, be not
restive in their weake stubburnness that will either keepe
°TCertaine 'Learned and Elegant Workes, etc. (1633), p. 280.
The people remarked with awe and wonder that the
beasts which were to drag him [Abraham Holmes] to the
eallows became restive and went back.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., v.
2f. Not easily moved or worked ; stiff.
Farrage in restyf lande ydounged eek
Is doone, X strike is for oon acre even.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 181.
3t. Being at rest; being less in motion.
Palsies oftenest happen upon the left side; the most
vigorous part protecting itself, and protruding the matter
upon the weaker and restive side.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. (Lot/Mm.)
5115
Socrates had as restive a constitution as his neighbours,
and yet reclaim'd it, all by the strength of his philosophy.
Essays upon Several Moral Subjects, in. < . .
restorative
The nation without regret and without enthusiasm
recognized the Lancastrian restoration.
. ,
4. Impatient under restraint or opposition;
recalcitrant.
The subject . . becomes restive.
Gladstone, State and Church, vi.
5. Refusing to rest or stand still; restless: said
especially of horses.
For maintaining his seat, the horseman should depend
upon ins thighs and knees ; ... at times, of course, when
on zresUve horse, every available muscle may have to be
brought into play. &W- Bnt., XII. 186.
restively (res'tiv-li), adv. In a restive man-
restiveness (res'tiy-nes), n. The state or char-
acter of being restive, in any sense.
When there be not stonds and restiveness in a man's na-
ture . . the wheels of his mind keep way with the
wheels of his fortune. Bacon, Fortune.
restless (rest'les), a. [< ME. resiles, restelees,
< AS. restleds (= D. rusteloos = G. rastlos =
Sw. Dan. rastlos), < rest, rest, + -leas, E. -less.]
Without rest, (a) Deprived of repose or sleep; un-
able to sleep; sleepless.
Better be with the dead . . .
Than on the torture of the mind to lie
In restless ecstasy. Shak., Macbeth, m. 2. 22.
Restless he passed the remnants of the night.
Dryden, Annus Mu-abilis, st. 102.
(6) Unresting ; unquiet ; uneasy ; continually moving or
agitated.
The courser pawed the ground with restless feet.
And snorting foamed, and champed the golden bit.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., "'
0 mill-girl watching late and long the shuttle'!
play ; Whittier, Mary
He lost his color, he lost his appetite, he was restless, in-
capable of keeping still. t ..
(c) Marked by unrest: as, a restless night,
not satisfied to be at rest or in peace : as, a
cian ; restless ambition ; restless passions.
In a valey of this resiles mynde
I soujte in mounteyne & in myde,
Trustynge a trewe loue for to fynde.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furmvall), p. 150.
Restless was his soul, and wandered wide
Through a dim maze of lusts unsatisfied.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 12.
(e) Inclined to agitation ; turbulent: as, restless subjects.
Nature had given him [Sunderland] . . . a restUts and
mischievous temper. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii.
(/) Unsettled ; disposed to wander or to change place or
condition.
She 's proud, fantastic, apt to change,
Restless at home, and ever pi-one to range.
Dryden, State of Innocence, v. 1.
Alone he wanders by the murmuring shore,
His thoughts as restless as the waves that roar.
O. W. Holmes, The Disappointed Statesman.
(g) Not affording rest ; uneasy. [Rare.]
To be imprison'd in the viewless winds,
And blown with restless violence round about
The pendent world. Shak., M. for M., in. 1. 125.
But restless was the chair ; the back erect
Distressed the weary loins, that felt no ease.
Cowper, Task, i. 44.
Restless cavy. See cavy.— Restless flycatcher, Sei-
™ra iWuwta, an Australian bird, called by the colonists
grinder. See cut under Seisura. = Syn. (a-c) Disturbed,
disquieted, agitated, anxious. (/) Roving, wandering,
unstable, fickle.
restlessly (rest'les-li), adv. In a restless man-
ner; unquietly.
restlessness (rest'les -nes), n. The state or
character of being restless, in any sense.
restor, ». See restaur.
restorable (re-stor'a-bl), a. [< restore^ + -a6je.]
Capable of being restored, or brought to a for-
mer condition.
I may add that absurd practice of cutting turf without
any regularity ; whereby great quantities of restorable land
are made utterly desperate. Swift, Drapier's Letters, vii.
restorableness (re-stor'a-bl-nes), n. The state
or character of being restorable. Imp. IHct.
restoralt (re-stor'al), n. [< restore* + -al] Res-
titution ; restoration.
Promises of pardon to our sins, and restoral into God's
favour. Barrow, Works, II. iv.
restoration (res-to-ra'shon), n. [Formerly also
restauration; < ME. restauracion, < OF. restora-
tion, restauration, F. restauration = Pr. restau-
racio = Sp. restauracion = Pg. restauraqao = It.
restaurazione, ristorazione, < LL. restauratio(n-),
a restoration, renewal, < L. restaurare, pp. res-
tauratus, restore: see restored] 1. The act of
restoring, (o) The replacing in a former state or posi-
tion • return : as, the restoration of a man to his office ; the
restoration of a child to its parents. Compare phrase
below.
Christ as the cause original of restauration to life.
(6) Renewal • revival ; reestablishment ; as, the restoration
of friendship between enemies; the restoration of peace
after war; the restoration of a declining commerce.
After those other before mentioned, followeth a prayer
for the good sort, for proselytes, reedifying of the Temple,
for sending the Messiaa and restauratwn of their King-
dome. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 197.
2 In arc*, and art, the repair of injuries suffered.
In restoration, even when most carefully done, the new
work cannot reproduce the old exactly; however, when a
monument must be restored for its preservation correct
practice demands that every fragment possible of the old
be retained in the new work, so as to preserve as far as may
be the artistic quality of the old, and that the original de-
sign be followed with the utmost care.
Thence to the Sorbonne, an antient fabriq built by one
Robert de Sorbonne, whose name it retains ; but the restau-
ration which the late Cardinal de Richlieu has made to it
renders it one of the most ««e
The pampered colt will discipline di,
patient of the lash, and resti/ to the rein.
'
Impat
disdain,
, the rein.
rsnjden, tr. of Virgil's Oeorgics, iii. 324.
Men's ignorance leads them to expect the renovation to
restauration of things, from their corruption and remains.
Bacon, Physical Fables, ix., Expl.
Christ Church Cathedral [Dublin] is now in courseof
restoration. Encye. Bnt., vu. sou.
3 A plan or design of an ancient building, etc. ,
snowing it in its original state : as, the restora-
tion of a picture ; the restoration of a cathedral.
4 The state of being restored ; recovery ; re-
newal of health and soundness ; recovery from
a lapse or any bad state: as, restoration from
sickness.
O my dear father ! Restoration hang
Thy medicine on my lips ; and let this kiss
Repair those violent harms ! Shak. , Lear, iv. 7. 26.
Trust me the ingredients are very cordiall, . . . and
most powerfull in restauration.
Marston and Webster, Malcontent, ii. 4.
5. In theol. : (a) The recovery of a sinner to
the divine favor.
The scope of St. John's writing is that the restoration of
mankind must be made by the Son of God.
J. Bradford, Works (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 264.
(6) The doctrine of the final recovery of all men
from sin and alienation from God to a state
of blessedness; universal salvation: a form of
Universalism.— 6. That which is restored.— 7.
In milit. service, repayment for private losses
incurred by persons in service, such as horses
killed or arms destroyed.— 8. In paleon., the
putting together in their proper places of the
bones or other remains of an extinct animal;
also, the more or less ideal representation of the
external form and aspect of such an animal, as
inferred from its known remains. See cuts
under Dinotherium, Iguanodon, and Labyrintho-
don.—Q. In musical notation, the act, process,
or result of canceling a chromatic sign, whe-
ther 9, b, or fl, and thus bringing a degree of the
staff or a note on it back to its original sigmn-
cation.-The Restoration, (o) In Eng hist., the rees-
tablishment of the English monarchy with the return of
King Charles II. in 1660; by extension, the whole reign
of Charles II.: as, the dramatists of the Restoration (b)
In Jewish hist., the return of the Jews to Palestine about
537 B c. ; also, their future return to and possession of the
Holy Land as expected by many of the Jewish race, and by
others, (e) In French hist., the return of the Bourbons to
power in 1814 and-after the episode of the "Hundred
Days "-in 1815. =Syn. 1 and 2. Renovation, redintegra-
tion reinstatement, return, restitution. See restore*.
restorationer (res-to-ra'shon-er), n. [< restora-
tion + -erl.] A restorationist. Imp. Diet.
restorationism (res-to-ra'shon-izm), n. ^res-
toration + -ism.-] The doctrines or belief of the
restorationists.
We cannot pause to dwell longer upon the biblical evi-
dence which has in all ages constrained the evangelical
church to reject all forms of restoratwmsm.
Biblwtheea Sacra, XLV. 717.
restorationist (res-to-ra'shon-ist), n. [< resto-
ration + -ist.] One who believes in the tem-
porary punishment of the impenitent after
death, but in the final restoration of all to holi-
ness and the favor and presence of God. See
Vniversalism.
restorative (re-stor'a-tiv), a. and n, [< ME.
restoratyve, restauratife, < OF. restauratij = Pr.
restauratiu = Sp. Pg. restawrativo = It. ristora-
tivo, < ML. restaurativus (in neut. restaurativum,
a restorative). < L. restaurare, restore : see re-
store*.] I. a. Pertaining to restoration; spe-
cifically, capable of restoring or renewing vi-
tality or strength.
Your Presence would be a Cordial to me more restora-
tive than exalted Gold. Howell, Letters, I. ii. S.
II. n. That which is efficacious in restoring
vigor; a food, cordial, or medicine which re-
cruits the vital powers.
I will kiss thy lips ;
Haply some poison yet doth hang on them.
To make me die with a restorative.
Shak., R. and J., v. 3. 166.
restoratively
restoratively (re-stor'a-tiv-li), adr. In a man-
ner or degree that tends to renew strength or
vigor. Imp. Diet.
restoratort (res'to-ra-tor), n. [Also restaura-
tor; = F. restaurateur = It. ristoratore, < LL.
restaurator, restorer, < L. restaurare, restore:
see restore1.] 1. One who restores, reestab-
lishes, or revives. — 2. The keeper of an eating-
house ; a restaurateur. Ford. (Imp. Diet.)
restoratory (re-stor'a-to-ri), a. [< restore1 +
-at-ory.'} Restorative. [Rare.] Imp. Diet.
restore1 (re-stor'), v. t.; pret. and pp. restored,
ppr. restoring. [Formerly also restaure; < ME.
restore/i, < OF. restorer, restaurer, F. restaurer
= Pr. Sp. Pg. restaurar = It. ristorare, restau-
rare, < L. restaurare, restore, repair, rebuild, re-
new, < re-, again, + *staurare (not used), estab-
lish, make firm, < *staurus, fixed, = Gr. aravp6(,
that which is firmly fixed, a pole or stake, =
Skt. stliavara, fixed, stable, standing; as a noun,
plants; from the root of L. stare, Skt. •/ sthd,
stand : see state, stand. Cf. enstore, instore,
store2.] 1. To bring back to a former and bet-
ter state. (o)1
5116
To restore to or in blood. See blood. =syn. 1 (e). To
recover.— 3 and 4. Torefund, repay.— 6. To reinstate.— 1.
Return, Restore. To return a thing to its former place ; to
restore it to its former condition ; to return what has been
borrowed ; to restore what has been stolen ; to be restored
to health or prosperity.
restore1! (re-stor'), n. [Also restour; < OF. re-
stor, restour, < restorer, restore : see restore1, r.]
Restoration ; restitution.
His passage there to stay,
Till he had made amends, and full restore
For all the damage which he had him doeu afore.
Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 18.
All sports which for life's restore variety assigns.
F. Greville (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 296).
To
< L. restaurare, restore : see restore1.] The act
of restoring; restoration.
Hengist, thus rid of his grand opposer, hearing gladly
the restiiremeid of his old favourer, returns again with
great Forces. Milton, Hist Eng., iii.
r), n. One who or that which
The Lord (saith Cyprian) dooth vouchsafe in manie of
his seruants to forshew to come the restauring of his
church, the stable quiet of our health and safeguard.
Foxe, Acts, p. 62.
To restore and to build Jerusalem. Dan. ix. 26.
(b) To bring back from lapse, degeneracy, or a fallen con-
dition to a former state.
If a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual,
restore such an one in the spirit of meekness. Gal. vi. 1.
He stablishes the strong, restores the weak.
Coicper, Task, ii. 34*.
(c) To bring back to a state of health or soundness ; heal ;
cure.
Then saith he to the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And
he stretched it forth ; and it was restored whole, like as the
other. Mat. xii. 13.
What, hast thou been long blind and now restored}
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 1. 76.
(d) In the fine arts: (1) To bring back from a state of in-
jury or decay as nearly as may be to the primitive state,
supplying any part that may be wanting, by a careful fol-
lowing of the original work : as, to restore a painting, a
statue, etc. (2) To form a picture or model of, as of some-
thing lost or mutilated : as, to restore a ruined building
according to its original state or design.
2. To bring back ; renew or reestablish after
interruption.
That all their eyes may bear those tokens home
Of our restored love and amity.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2. 65.
By force to restore Laws abrogated by the Legislative
Parlament is to conquer absolutely both them and Law
it self e. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xix.
A ghost of passion that no smiles restore.
Tenni/son, Three Sonnets to a Coquette, II.
3. To give or bring back; return to a person,
as a specific thing which he has lost, or which
has been taken from him and unjustly retained :
as, to restore lost or stolen goods to the owner.
Now therefore restore the man his wife. Gen. xx. 7.
The kingdom shall to Israel be restored.
Milton, P. R., ii. 36.
4. To give in place of or as satisfaction for
something; hence, to make amends for; com-
pensate.
All that money that ye haue, & I to, wyll not restore the
wronge that your fader hathe don.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. 8., extra ser.), i. 78.
He shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a
sheep. Ex. xxii. 1.
But if the while I think on thee, dear friend.
All losses are restored and sorrows end.
Shak., Sonnets, xxx.
6. To bring or put back to a former position or
condition ; replace ; return, as a person or thing
to a former place.
So did the Romaines by their armes restore many Kings
of Asia and Affricke expulsed out of their kingdoms.
Pttttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 206.
Within three days shall Pharaoh lift up thine head, and
restore thee unto thy place. Gen. xl. 13.
Then spake Elisha unto the woman whose son he had
restored to life. 2 Ki. viii. 1.
Release me, and restore me to the ground.
Tennyson, Tithouus.
', (an extinct animal) from
s. See restoration, 8. — 8. In
Oh great restorer of the good old stage !
Pope, Dunclad, iii. 205.
Doubtless it was a fine work before the " effacing fin-
gers" of restorers touched it
Athenaeum, Jan. 7, 1888, p. 21.
restorityt, «. [Irreg. < restore* + -ity.~] Res-
toration.
Well, said Camilla, let It goe, I must Impute it to my ill
fortune that, where I looked for restority, I found a con-
sumption. Lyly, Euphues and his England. (Hares.)
restourt, «. See restore1.
restrain (re-stran'), v. t. [< ME. restreinen, re-
streignen, restreynen, < OF. restraindre, F. re-
streindre= Pr. restrenher = Oat. restrenyer = Sp.
restriHir = Pg. restringir = It. ristringere, ri-
strignere, < L. restringere, draw back tightly,
bind back, confine, check, restrain, restrict, <
re-, back, + stringere, draw tight: see stringent
and restrict. Cf. constrain and strain2.] If.
To draw tight ; strain.
A half-checked bit and a head-stall of sheep's leather
which, being restrained to keep him from stumbling, hath
been often burst Shak., T. of the S., iii. 2. 59.
2. To hold back; hold in; check; confine;
hold from action or motion, either by physical
or moral force, or by any interposing obstacle;
hence, to repress or suppress : as, to restrain a
horse by a bridle ; to restrain men from crimes
and trespasses by laws ; to restrain laughter.
Restreyne and kepe well thy tonge.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 109.
Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature
Gives way to in repose. Shak., Macbeth, U. 1. 8.
Gams and pomatums shall his flight restrain,
While clogg'd he beats his silken wings in vain.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 129.
3. To abridge; restrict; hinder from liberty
of action.
Though they two were committed, at least restrained of
their liberty, yet this discovered too much of the humour
of the court. Clarendon.
4. To limit; confine; restrict in definition.
[Obsolete or obsolescent.]
We do too narrowly define the power of God, restrain-
iny it to our capacities.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, L 27.
And here I shall not restrain righteousness to the par-
ticular virtue of justice, ... but enlarge it according to
the genius and strain of the book of the Proverbs.
TOlotson, Works, I. 95.
5. To withhold; forbear.
Thou easiest off fear, and restrainest prayer before God.
Job xv. 4.
6f. To forbid ; prohibit.
Restraining all manner of people to bear sail in any ves-
sel or bottom wherein there were above five persons.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 7.
= Syn. 2. Restrain, Repress, Restrict ; stop, withhold, curb,
bridle, coerce. Restrain and repress are genera] words for
holding or pressing back ; restrict applies to holding back
to a more definite degree : as, to restrain one's appetite ;
to restrict one's self in food or to a certain diet. That
which we restrain we keep within limits ; that which we
restrict we keep within certain definite limits ; that which
we repress we try to put out of existence.
restrainable (re-stra'na-bl), a. [< restrain +
-able."] Capabl
restrainedly
A park as it were
That whilom with wilde bestes was wel restored.
WUliamofPaleme (E. E. T. &.\ 1. 2846.
f retarding its action, especially m the
case °f an over-exposed plate, or in order to ob-
tain greater contrast or intensity in a naturally
restrict
weak plate. Acids, sodium sulphite, bromides,
and other substances act as restrainers.
restraining (re-stra'ning), p. a. Serving to re-
strain or restrict in any way. (at) Binding ; as-
tringent.
Take hede that slippery meates be notflyrste eaten, nor
that stiptik nor restraining meates be taken at the begyn-
uing, as quynces, peares, and medlars.
Sir T. Elyot, Castle of Health, fol. 45.
(6) Hampering; restrictive.
By degrees he acquired a certain influence over me that
took away my liberty of mind : his praise and notice were
more restraining than his indifference.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxxiv.
restrainment (rf-stran'ment), n. [< restrain
+ -men/.] The act of restraining,
restraint (re-stranf), «. [< OF. restrainte, re-
straincte, restraint, fern, of restraint, restrainct,
pp. of restraindre, restrain: see restrain.'] 1.
The act of restraining, or of holding back or
hindering from action or motion, in any man-
ner; hindrance of any action, physical, moral,
or mental.
Thus it shall befall
Him who, to worth in woman overtrusting,
Lets her will rule ; restraint she will not brook.
Milton, P. L., ix. 1184.
Wherever thought is wholly wanting, or the power to
act or forbear according to the direction of thought, there
necessity takes place. This, in an agent capable of voli-
tion, when the beginning or continuation of any action is
contrary to that preference of his mind, is called compul-
sion ; when the hindering or stopping any action is con-
trary to his volition, it is called restraint.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxi. § 13.
2. The state of being repressed, curbed, or
held back in any way; specifically, abridg-
ment of liberty ; confinement; detention.
I ... heartily request
The enfranchisement of Arthur ; whose restraint
Doth move the murmuring lips of discontent
Shak., K. John, iv. 2. 52.
Restraint is for the savage, the rapacious, the violent ;
not for the just, the gentle, the benevolent
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 25.
3. Repression of extravagance, exaggeration,
or vehemence ; constraint in manner or style;
reserve.
She knew her distance and did angle for me,
Madding my eagerness with her restraint.
Shak., All's Well, v. 3. 213.
To yonder oak within the field
I spoke without restraint,
And with a larger faith appeal'd
Than Papist unto Saint
Tennyson, Talking Oak.
4. That which restrains, limits, hinders, or re-
presses; a limitation, restriction, or prohibition.
It pleaseth the eare better, & sheweth more cunning in
the maker by following the rule of his restraint.
Pttitenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 62.
Say first, what cause
Moved our grand Parents, in that happy state,
Favour'd of heaven so highly, to fall off
From their Creator, and transgress his will,
For one restraint, lords of the world besides?
MUton, P. L.,1. 32.
Whether they (restraints\ be from God or Nature, from
Reason or Conscience, as long as they are restraints, they
look on them as inconsistent with their notion of liberty
StiUingfleet, Sermons, II. iii.
5. Restriction; limitation, as in application or
definition.
The positive laws which Moses gave, they were given
for the greatest part with restraint to the land of Jewry.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 11.
6. In dynam., an absolute geometrical condi-
tion supposed to be precisely fulfilled: thus,
a body moving upon an unyielding surface is
subject to a restraint.— Restraint bed and chair,
forms of apparatus used in controlling the insane, as when
they exhibit suicidal or homicidal tendencies. = Syn. 1 and
4. Constraint, Coercion, etc. (see force*, n.), repression,
check, stop, curb, hold-back.
restriall (re-stri'al), a. In her., divided bar-
wise, palewise, and pilewise : said of the field.
restrict (re-strikf), ». t. [< L. restrictus, pp.
of restringere, restrict, restrain: see restrain.']
1 . To prevent (a person or thing) from passing
a certain limit in any kind of action ; limit ; re-
strain.
Neither shoulde we haue any more wherewith to vexe
them with confessions, cares reserued, restricted, or am-
pliated for our gaine. Foxe, Acts, etc., p. 1173, Hen. VIII.
If the canon law had restricted itself to really spiritual
questions, ... it U not likely that the kings would have
been jealous of papal or archi- episcopal enactments.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 316.
2. To attach limitations to (a proposition or
conception), so that it shall not apply to all
the subjects to which it would otherwise seem
to apply: as, a restricted sense of a word.
By restricting the omnitude or universality either of the
subject or predicate. Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, App. iii.
= Syn. 1. Repress, etc. (see restrain), hedge in.
restrict
restrictt (re-strikf), a. [< L. restricts, pp.:
see the verb.] Limited; confined; restricted.
Men ... in some one or two things demeaning them-
selves as exceedingly restrict, but in many others, or the
most things, as remisse.
Gataker, Just Man, p. 224. (Latham.)
Restrict or restricted.
Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, App. iii.
restrictedly (re-strik'ted-li), adv. In a restrict-
ed manner ; with limitation.
restriction (re-strik'shon), n. [< OF. restrinc-
tion, F. restriction = Pr. restriccio = Sp. restric-
tion = Pg. restriectto = It. restrizione, < LL. re-
strictio(n-), a restriction, limitation/ L. restrin-
gere, pp. restrictus, restrain: see restrict and re-
straint.'] 1. The act of restricting, or the state
of being restricted; limitation; confinement
within bounds : as, grounds open to the public
without restriction.
This is to have the same restriction with all other recrea-
tions, that it be made a divertisement, not a trade.
Government of the Tongue.
There is, indeed, no power of the Government without
restriction ; not even that which is called the discretionary
power of Congress. Calhoun, Works, I. 253.
2. That which restricts ; a restraint : as, to
impose restrictions on trade.
Wise politicians will be cautious about fettering the
government with restrictions that cannot be observed.
A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. 25.
3. Reservation; reserve. — 4. In logic: (a) The
act of limiting a proposition by a restrictive
particle. (6) The inference from a universal to
a particular proposition, or to one in which the
subject is narrower while the predicate remains
the same : as, all crows are black, hence some
white crows are black. The example illustrates
the danger of such inference.— Bilateral restric-
tion. Seebilateral. — Chinese Restriction Act. Seeocf.
—Mental restriction. Sameas7nenta/resertja(i0n(which
see, under reservation).— Real restriction, the use of
words which are not true if strictly interpreted, but which
contain no deviation from truth if the circumstances are
considered: as in the statement that every particle of
matter is present in every part of space, in so far as its
gravitating power is concerned.
restrictionary (re-strik'shon-a-ri), a. [< re-
striction + -ar-y] Exercising restriction ; re-
strictive. Athensettm. [Rare.] (Imp. Diet.)
restrictionist (re-strik'shon-ist), n. [< restric-
tion + -ist] In U. S. hist., an advocate of the
territorial restriction of slavery.
Lincoln . . . often had occasion . . . to show that he waa
not an abolitionist, but a slavery restrictionist.
S. A. Rev., CXL. 237.
restrictive (re-strik'tiv), a. and n. [< ME. re-
striktyve, < O'F. (and F.) restrictif = Pr. re-
strictiu = Sp. Pg. restrictivo = It. restrittivo, <
ML. *restrictivus, < L. restringere, pp. restrictus,
restrict: see restrict. ] I. a. If. Serving to bind
or draw together; astringent; styptic.
Medicyns comfortatyues, digestyues, laxatyues, restrik-
tyues, and alle othere.
Book of Quinte Essence (E. E. T. S.), p. 14.
I applied a plaister over it, made up with my common
restrictive powder. Wiseman, Surgery.
2. Having the property of limiting or of ex-
pressing limitation : as, a restrictive particle or
clause. — 3. Imposing restrictions; operating
through restrictions.
It were to be wished that we tried the restrictive arts of
government, and made law the protector, but not the ty-
rant of the people. Goldsmith, Vicar, xxvii.
In the Seriate so reconstituted was thus centred a com-
plete restrictive control over the legislation and the ad-
ministration. Froude, Cscsar, p. 87.
In the eighth year of Henry VI. was passed the re-
strictive net which . . . established the rule that only resi-
dent persons possessed of a freehold worth forty shillings
a year should be allowed to vote.
Slubbs, Const. Hist., | 368.
4. Expressing a restriction, or involving a re-
striction, in the logical sense.
Also restringent.
Restrictive enunciation. See enunciation.— Restric-
tive indorsement. See indorsement, 3.— Restrictive
proposition. See proposition.
Il.t ». A styptic or astringent.
I dressed that wound with the same digestive, . . . and
some of the same restrictive over that.
Wiseman, Surgery, vi. 6.
restrictively (re-strik'tiv-li), adv. In a restric-
tive manner ; with limitation. Dr. H. More.
restrictiveness (re-strik'tiv-nes), «. The state
or character of being restrictive. Fuller.
restrike (re-strik'), r. t. [< re- + strike.'] To
strike again, as a coin, in order to change its
image and superscription to those current in
place of the old.
These coins belong to the age of Timoleon, and are re-
struck over coins of Syracuse with the head of Zeus Eleu-
therios. B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 125.
6117
restringet (re-strinj'), v. t. [< L. restringere,
confine; restrain: see restrain.'] To confine;
contract; astringe. Bailey, 1731.
restringencyt (re-strin'jen-si), «. [< rextriii-
(ien(t) + -cy] The state, quality, or power of
being restnngent ; astringency.
The dyers use this water in reds, and in other colours
wanting restrinffency.
Sir W. Petty, in Sprat's Hist. Roy. Soc., p. 293.
restringend (re-strin'jend), «. A proposition
destined to be restricted.
restringent (re-strin'jent), a. and n. [= F. re-
stringent, also restreignant = Sp. Pg. restriu-
gente = It. ristringente, < L. restringen(t-)s,j>pT.
of restringere, restrain: see restrain.'} I. a.
Same as restrictive.
II. n. An astringent or styptic.
The two latter indicate phlebotomy for revulsion, re-
stringents to stanch, and incrassatlves to thicken the blood.
Harvey.
restrynet, v. A Middle English form of re-
strain. Chaucer.
resty1t (res'ti), a. [Formerly also restie, and
by confusion rusty, a reduced form of restive,
q. v.] A later form of restive, now obsolete.
See restive.
Weariness
Can snore upon the flint, when resty sloth
Fiuds the down pillow hard.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 6. 34.
As one restie jade can hinder, by hanging back, more
than two or three can . . . draw forward.
J. Robinson, To Brewster, quoted in Leonard Bacon's Gen.
[of N. E. Churches.
Where the Master is too resty, or too rich, to say his own
Prayers. Milton, Eikonoklastes, § 24.
Restive or resty, drawing back instead of going forward,
as some horses do. E. Phillips, New World of Words.
resty2t, a. Same as reastyl for reasted.
resty3, a. An obsolete or dialectal form of
rww1.
resublimation (re-sub-li-ma'shon), n. [< re-
+ sublimation.] A second sublimation.
resublime (re-sub-lim'), v. t. [< re- + sublime.]
To sublime again: as, to resublime mercurial
sublimate.
When mercury sublimate is re-sublimed with fresh mer-
cury, . . . lit] becomes mercurius dulcis, which is a white
tasteless earth scarce dissolvable in water ; and mercurius
dulcis, re-mblimed with spirit of salt, returns into mer-
cury sublimate. Newton, Optics, iii. query 31.
resudation (re-su-da'shqn), TO. [= Sp. resuda-
cion = Pg. resudaq&o, ( L. resudare, pp. resu-
datus, sweat out, sweat again, < re-, again, +
sudare, sweat : see sudation. ] The act of sweat-
ing again. Cotgrave.
result (re-zulf), v. [< OF. resulter, rebound or
leap back, rise from, come out of, follow, re-
sult, F. resulter, follow, ensue, result, = Sp. Pg.
resultar = It. risultare, result, < L. resultare,
spring back, rebound, resound, reecho, freq. of
resilire, leap back: see resile, resilient. Cf. in-
sult, desultory] I. intrans. If. To leap back;
rebound; leap again.
Hee, like the glorious rare Arabian bird,
Will soon result from his Incinderment.
Davies, Holy Roode, p. 26.
The huge round stone, resulting with a bound,
Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground.
W. Broome, in Pope's Odyssey, xi. 737.
2. To proceed, spring, or rise as a consequence
from facts, arguments, premises, combination
of circumstances, etc. ; be the outcome ; be the
final term in a connected series of events, op-
erations, etc.
As music results out of our breath and a cornet.
Donne, Letters, xxvii.
Good fortune in war results from the same prompt tal-
ent and unbending temper which lead to the same result
in the peaceful professions.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 145.
3. To have an issue; terminate: followed by
in.
The negotiations were not long in resulting in a defini-
tive treaty, arranged to the mutual satisfaction of the
parties. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 12.
A soul shall draw from out the vast,
And strike his being into bounds,
And, moved thro' life of lower phase,
Result in man, be born and think.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Conclusion.
Resulting force or motion, in dynam., same as resultant.
— Resulting trust, in law, a trust raised by implication
in favor of tne author of the trust himself, or his repre-
sentatives; more specifically, the equitable title recog-
nized in the person who pays the consideration for land
conveyed to another person who pays nothing. See trust.
— Resulting use, in law, a use returning by way of im-
plication to the grantor himself, as where a deed is made,
but for want of consideration or omission to declare the
use, or a failure of its object, etc., the use cannot take
effect. This doctrine is now generally obsolete.
resultate
Il.t trans. To decree ; determine, as an ec-
clesiastical council. [New Eng.]
According to Mr. Milner, the Council of Nice resulted
in opposition to the views of Arius, "That the Son was
peculiarly of the Father."
Rev. N. Worcester, Bible News, p. 176.
result (re-zulf), »• [= Sp. Pg. resulta, result ;
from the verb : see result, v.] If. The act of
leaping, springing, or flying back; resilience.
Sound . . . [is] produced between the string and the
air ... by the return or result of the string.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 137.
2. Consequence ; conclusion ; outcome ; issue ;
effect; that which proceeds naturally or logi-
cally from facts, premises, or the state of
things : as, the result of reasoning ; the result
of reflection ; the result of a consultation ; the
result of a certain procedure or effect.
If our proposals once again were heard,
We should compel them to a quick result.
Stilton, P. L., vi. 619.
His Actions are the mvlt of thinking.
Steele, Conscious Lovers, ii. 1.
Resolving all events, with their effects
And manifold results, into the will
And arbitration wise of the Supreme.
Cowper, Task, ii. 164.
3. The final decision or determination of a
council or deliberative assembly ; resolution :
as, the result of an ecclesiastical council.
Then of their session ended they bid cry
With trumpets' regal sound the great result.
MUton, P. L., ii. 516.
Four names, the result of this conclave, were laid before
the assembled freeholders, who chose two by a majority
of votes. Stubbs, Const Hist., § 422.
4. In math., a quantity, value, or expression
ascertained by calculation Tabular result, one
of a number of calculated numbers arranged in a tabular
form ; a quantity in the body of a mathematical table.
= Syn. 2. Consequence, etc. (see effect), event, termination,
end, upshot, consummation. See resultant.
resultance (re-zul'tans), «. [= Sp. resultancia ;
as restiltan(t) + -ce] If. A rebound; resili-
ence ; reflection.
For I confesse that power which works in me
Is but a weak resultance took from thee.
Randolph, Poems (1643). (Balliwell.)
Upon the wall there is a writing ; a man sitting with his
back to .the wall, how should he read it? But let a look-
ing-glass be set before him, it will reflect it to his eyes, he
shall read it by the resultanrf.
Rev. T. Adorns, Works, II. 544.
2. The act of resulting ; that which results ; a
result.
It is true that this conscience is the resultance of all
other particular actions. Donne, Letters, xxxvii.
resultant (re-zul'tant), a. and ». [< F. resul-
tant = Sp. Pg. resultante = It. risultante, resul-
tante, < L. resultan(t-)s, ppr. of resultare, spring
back: see result.] I. a. Existing or follow-
ing as a result or consequence ; especially, re-
sulting from the combination of two or more
agents : as, a resultant motion produced by two
forces. See diagram under force1, 8.
The axis of magnetisation at each point is parallel to the
direction of the resultant force.
Atkinson, tr. of Mascart and Joubert, I. 289.
Resultant diagram. See diagram.— Resultant rela-
tion. See relation.— Resultant tone, in musical acous-
tics, a tone produced or generated by the simultaneous
sounding of any two somewhat loud and sustained tones.
Two varieties are recognized, differential and summa-
tional tones, the former having a vibration-number equal
to the difference between the vibration-numbers of the
generating tones, and the latter one equal to their sum.
It is disputed whether resultant tones, which are often
perceptible, have a genuine objective existence, or are
merely formed in the ear. Differential tones were first
observed byTartini in 1714, and are often called Tartini's
tones. The entire subject has been elaborately treated
by Helmholtz and recent investigators.
II. n. That which results or follows as a con-
sequence or outcome, (a) In meek., the geometrical
sum of several vector quantities, as displacements, veloci-
ties, accelerations, or forces, which are said to be the com-
ponents, and to the aggregate of which the resultant is
equivalent. (&) In a/a., a function of the coefficients of two
or more equations, the vanishing of which expresses that
the equations have a common root ; an eliminant. — Topi-
cal resultant, the resultant of a number of linear equa-
tions considered as implying the vanishing of matrices.
= Syn. Result, Resultant. A result may proceed from one
cause or from the combination of any number of causes.
There has been of late a rapid increase in the use of re-
sultant in a sense secondary to its physical one — namely, to
represent that which is the result of a complex of moral
forces, and would be precisely the result of no one of them
acting alone.
resultatet (re-zul'tat), «. [= D. resultant = G.
Sw. Dan. resultat, < F. resultat = It. risultato,
< ML. "resultdtnm, a result, neut. of resultatus,
pp. of resultare, spring back, ML. result: see
irmiJt.] A result.
This work . . . doth disclaim to be tried by any thing
but by experience, and the resultatsot experience in a true
way. Bacon, To the King, Oct. 20, 1620.
result-fee
result-fee (re-zulf f e ) , H . A fee for instruction,
conditioned on or proportioned to the success
or good progress of the pupil. [Eng.]
The national-school teachers showed a decided hostility
to payment by result-fees, oil the ground that it turned the
pupil into a mere machine for getting money in the eyes
of the master. Athenxum, Jan. 14, 1888, p. 52.
resultful (re-zult'ful), a. [< result + -/«?.]
Having or producing large or important re-
sults; effectual. [Rare.]
It [Concord] became . . . the source of our most result-
/ul thought. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 139.
resultivet (re-zul'tiv), a. [< result + -ive.] Re-
sultant.
There is such a sympathy betwixt several sciences . . .
that ... a resultivf firmness ariseth from their complica-
tion. Fuller, Ch. Hist., ii., Ded.
resultless (re-zult'les), a. [< result + -less.']
Without result: as, resultless investigations,
resultlessness (re-zult'les-nes), n. The state
or character of being resultless. Encyc. Brit.,
XVI. 557.
resumable (re-zu'ma-bl), o. [< resume + -able.']
Capable of b'eing resumed; liable to be taken
back or taken up again.
This was but an indulgence, and therefore resuniaWe by
the victor, unless there intervened any capitulation to the
contrary. Sir M. Hale.
resume (re-zum'), v. ; pret. and pp. resumed,
ppr. resuming. [< OF. resumer, F. resumer =
Sp. Pg. resumir = It. risumere, resumere, < L.
resumere, take again, resume, < re-, again, +
sumere, take: see assume, and cf. consume, de-
sume, insume, presume."] I. trans. 1. To take
again ; take back.
It pleased the diuine will to resume him vnto hlmselfe,
whither both his and euery other high and noble mlnde
haue alwayes aspired.
Quoted in Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. 8., extra ser.X
[Forewords, p. vil.
We that have conquered still, to save the conquered, . . .
More proud of reconcilement than revenge,
Resume into the late state of our love
Worthy Cordelius Callus and Tibullus.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
2. To assume or take up again.
Thou shalt find
That I'll resume the shape which thou dost think
I have cast off for ever. Shak., Lear, i. 4. 331.
Fortie yeares after he shall sound agalne, and then the
bones shall resume flesh and sinewes.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 262.
The lessee [in New South Wales] was, however, given
a preferential right of obtaining an annual occupation-
license for the resumed area, which entitled him to use
the land for grazing purposes, although not to the exclu-
sion of any person who might be in a position to acquire
a better tenure.
Sir C. W. Dilke, Probs. of Greater Britain, ii. 2.
3. To take up again after interruption ; begin
again: as, to resume an argument or a discourse ;
to resume specie payments.
Here the archangel paused, . . .
Then, with transition sweet, new speech resumes.
MUton, P. L, xii. 5.
The gods stand round him [Apollo] as he mourns, and
pray
He would resume the conduct of the day,
Nor let the world be lost in endless night.
Addison, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., ii.
4f. To take; assume. [Rare.]
Takes no account
How things go from him, nor resumes no care
Of what is to continue. Shak., 1. of A., ii. 2. 4.
II. intrans. To proceed after interruption,
as in a speech : chiefly used in the introduc-
tory phrase to resume.
r£sum6 (ra-zu-ma'), n. [< F. resume, a sum-
mary,^ resume, pp. of resumer, sum up, resume :
see resume.] A summing up ; a recapitulation ;
a condensed statement ; a summary.
re'sume' (ra-zu-ma'), t-. t. [< resume, «.] To
make an epitome or r6sum6 of; summarize.
[Rare.]
The work reveals this origin In a disjolnteduess of some
of its portions that makes it difficult to read and still
more so to resume. Amer. Jour. Psyctwl., I. 535.
resummon (re-sum'on), v. t. [< re- + sum-
mon.'] 1. To summon or call again. — 2. To
recall; recover. Bacon.
resummons (re-sum'onz), n. [< re- + sum-
mons.'] In law, a second summons or calling of
a person to answer an action, as where the first
summons is defeated by any occasion.
resumption (rf-zump'shqn), n. [= F. re'somp-
tion = Sp. resuncion = Pg. resmnpgao = It. ri-
sunzione, < LL. resumptio(n-), a restoration, re-
covery (of a sick person), ML. lit. a taking up
again, resumption, < L. resumere, pp. resumptus,
take again, resume: see resume.] 1. The act
of resuming, taking back, or taking again : as,
5118
the resumption of a grant ; specifically, in law,
the taking again by the state of such lands or
tenements, etc., as on false suggestion or other
error had been granted by letters patent.
This figure of retire holds part with the propounder of
which we spake before (prolepsis), because of the resump-
tion of a former proposition vttered in generalitie to ex-
plane the same better by a particular diuision.
Puttenham, Arte of Eug. Poesie, p. 184.
A general act of resumption was passed, by which all the
grants made since the king's accession were annulled.
Stubbs, Const Hist, § 345.
Specifically — 2. In U. S. hist, and politics, the
return to specie payments by the government.
The "more money" that is cried for, silver or shinplas-
ter, is not the needed thing. It is ... loanable capital,
now paralyzed with distrust by delayed resumption and
imminent silver swindles. If. A. Rev., CXXVI. 170.
Act of Resumption, or Resumption Act, a title of sev-
eral English statutes of Henry VI, by which be took and
resumed possession of offices, property, etc., previously
granted by him, and annulled such grants.— Resumption
Act, a United States statute of 1875 (18 Stat. , 296), providi ng
for the payment of United States treasury notes in coin
after January 1st, 1879.
resumptive (re-zump'tiv), a. and «. [= F. re-
sompttf = Sp. resuntivo = Pg. resumptivo = It.
resuntivo, < LL. resumptivus, restorative, < L. re-
sumptus, pp. of resumere, resume: see resume.']
I. a. Taking back or again ; tending to or of the
nature of resumption. Imp. Diet.
n.t n. A restoring medicine; a restorative.
Bailey, 1731. [Rare.]
resupinate (re-su'pi-nat), a. [= F. resupine =
Sp. Pg. resupinado,<, L. resupinatus, pp. of resupi-
nare, bend or turnback, overthrow, < re-, back,
+ supinare, bend or lay backward : see supine,
supinate.'] 1. Inverted; reversed; appearing as
if turned upside down. — 2. In bot., inverted:
said specifically of flowers, like those of orchids,
in which by a half -twist of the pedicel or ovary
the posterior petal becomes lowermost; also
of certain agaric fungi, in which the hymenium
is on the upper instead of the under side of the
pileus. — 3. In entom., same as resupine.
resupinated (re-su'pi-na-ted), a. [< resupinate
+ -ed2.] Same as resupinate.
resupination (re-su-pi-na'shon), n. [= F. re-
supination = Pg. resupinac,&o,'<. L. as if "resupi-
natio(n-), < resupinare, pp. resupinatus, bend
back: see resupinate."] The state of being re-
supinate.
Our Vitruvius calleth this affection in the eye a resvpi-
nation of the figure : for which word (being in truth his
own, for ought I know) we are almost as much beholding
to him as for the observation itself.
Sir B. Wottan, Rellquia?, p. 62.
resupine (re-su-pin'), a. [= Pg. resupino = It.
risupino, resupino, < L. resupirms, bent back or
backward, lying on one's back, < re-, back, +
supinus, lying on the back: see supine.'] Lying
on the back ; supine. Also resupinate.
Then Judge in what a tortured condition they must be
of remorse and execrating themselves, for their most re-
supine and senseless madness.
Sir K. Digby, Observations. (Latham.)
He spake, and, downward sway 'd, fell resupine,
With his huge neck aslant. Cowper, Odyssey, Ix.
Specifically, in entom., with the inferior surface upward,
aa when an insect lies on its back, or any part is twisted
so that the lower surface Is seen from above,
resurge (re-serj'), v. i. [= OF. resourdre (> obs.
E. resourd) = Sp. Pg. resurgir = It. risurgere,
risorgere, resurgere, < L. resurgere, rise again, <
re-, again, + surgere, rise: see surge. Cf. re-
sourd, resource, resurrection, from the same
source.] To rise again: in allusion to the
motto resurgam, used on funeral hatchments.
[Ludicrous.]
Hark at the dead jokes resurying! Memory greets
them with the ghost of a smile.
Thackeray, Roundabout Papers, Letts'a Diary.
resurgence (re-ser'jens), n. [< resurgen(t) +
-ce.~] The act of rising again ; resurrection.
Coleridge.
Night and day . . . the never-ending resurgence of the
human spirit against the dead weight of oppression.
E.'Dowden, Shelley, I. 44.
resurgent (re-ser'jent), a. and n. , [< L. resur-
gen(t-)s, ppr. of resurgere, rise again: see re-
surge.'] I. a. Rising again or from the dead.
Coleridge.
The refnirgent threatening past was making a conscience
within him. George Eliot, Middleman*, 1x1.
A friend . . . whose bright temper, buoyant fancy, and
generous heart ever leaped resurgent from the strokes of
fortune. /;. Dou-dm, Shelley, II. 59.
II. n. One who or that which rises again;
especially, one who rises from the dead. Syd-
ney Smith.
resurprise (re-ser-priz'), «. [< re- + surprise,
«.] A second or fresh surprise.
resurrectionize
The process of this action drew on a resurprise of the
castle by the Thebans. Bacon, War with Spain.
resurprise (re-ser-priz'), v. t. [< re- + surprise,
«.] To surprise again ; retake unawares.
resurrect (rez-u-rekf), v. t. [A back forma-
tion < resurrection assumed to be based on a
transitive verb resurrect, as connection, protec-
tion, etc., are based on transitive verbs connect,
protect, etc. The verb resurrect, if formed from
the L. resurrectus, pp. of resurgere, would be in-
transitive, with the L. sense 'rise again': see
resurge.'] 1. To restore to life; reanimate;
bring to public view, as what has been lost or
forgotten. [Colloq.]
I resurrect the whole ! put them in scene again on the
living stage, every one with the best of his works in his
hand.
Benton, Abridgement of Debates of Congress, VI. 712, not*.
2. To take from the grave, as a dead body.
[Colloq.]
resurrection (rez-u-rek'shon), n. [< ME. res-
urreccioun, resurrectioun, resurexioun, < OF. re-
surrection, F. resurrection = Pr. resurrectio — Sp.
resurreccion = Pg. resurrei^So = It. risurrezione,
resurrezione,< LL. (N. T. and eccles.) resurrec-
tio(n-), a rising again from the dead, < L. resur-
gere, pp. resurrectus, rise again, appear again, in
LL. eccles. rise again from the dead,< re-, again,
+ surgere, rise: see resurge."] 1. In theol.: (a)
A rising again from the dead. The doctrine of the
resurrection has been held in three different forms : (1)
As a literal resurrection of the self-same body which has
been laid away in the grave : for example, "All the dead
shall be raised up with the self-same bodies, and none
other, although with different qualities, which shall be
united again to their souls forever." West. Conf. of Faith,
xxxil. 2. (2) As a resurrection from the dead, a coming
forth from the place of the departed, but without the body
with which the spirit was clothed in life, either with no
body or with a new body given for the new life, and one
either having no connection with the present earthly body
or none that can be now apprehended : for example, "Res-
urrection of the Body, as taught in the New Testament, is
not a Rising again of the same Body, but the Ascent into a
higher Body. J. F. Clarice, Orthodoxy, its Truths and
Errors, xli. } 6. (3) The doctrine of Swedenborg, that eveiy
man is possessed of two bodies, a natural and a spiritual,
the latter within the former, and that at death the natural
body Is laid aside and the spiritual body rises at once from
the death of the natural, resurrection thus taking place
for every one immediately upon and simultaneously with
death. The doctrine of the resurrection has been held in
various other forms in detail, but they may all be classed
under one of these three general heads.
There appeared first oure Lord to his Disciples, aftre his
Resurreximtn. ilandevitte, Travels, p. 91.
We therefore commit his body to the ground, . . . look-
Ing for the general Resurrection in the last day.
Boole of Common Prayer, Burial of the Dead.
(6) The state which follows the resurrection;
the future state.
In the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given In
marriage. Mat xxiL 30.
2. In general, a rising again ; a springing again
into life or to a previous mode of existence; a
restoration.
Fix thyself firmly upon that belief of the general resur-
rection, and thou wilt never doubt of either of the par-
ticular resurrections, either from sin, by God's grace, or
from worldly calamities, by God's power.
Donne, Sermons, xil.
3. Removal of a corpse from the grave for dis-
section; body-snatching. [Colloq.]
resurrectionary (rez-u-rek'shon-a-ri), a. [<
resurrection + -ary."] 1. Restoring to life; re-
viving.
Old men and women, . . . ugly and blind, who always
seemed by resurrectionary process to be recalled out of the
elements for the sudden peopling of the solitude !
Dickens, Uncommercial Traveller, vii.
2. Pertaining to or consisting in the act of
resurrecting or digging up. [Colloq.]
A resurrectionary operation in quest of a presumed fault
In the mains. Elect. Rev., XXII. 288.
resurrectionist (rez-u-rek'shon-ist), n. [= F.
rSsurrectioniste (< E.); as resurrection + -ist.~]
1 . One who makes a practice of stealing bodies
from the grave for dissection : also used adjec-
tively. [Colloq.]
He has emerged from his resurrectionist delvings in the
graveyards of rhyme, without confounding moral distinc-
tions, [or] vitiating his taste.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 32.
Hence — 2. One who unearths anything from
long concealment or obscurity. [Colloq.]
In short, . . . he was merely a resurrectionist of obsolete
heresies. Miss Edgeworlh, Helen, xi.
resurrectionize (rez-u-rek'shou-iz), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. resiirrectiuxised, ppr. resurrectionizing.
[< resurrection + -ize.J 1. To raise from the
dead; resurrect. [Colloq. and rare.]
Half these gentlemen are not included in the common
collection of the poets, and must be resurrectionised at
Stationers' Hall. Southey, To Miss Barker, April 3, 1804.
resurrectionize
2. To steal from the grave; dig up from the
grave. [Colloq.]
The famous marble coffer in the king's chamber, which
was doubtless also Cheops's coffin until his body was res-
urrectionized by the thieves who first broke into the pyra-
mid. Library Mag/., III. 485.
Also spelled resurrectionise.
resurrection-man (rez-u-rek'shqn-man), n.
Same as resurrectionist. Dickens, tale of Two
Cities, ii. 14.
resurrection-plant (rez-u-rek'shon-plant), re.
A name for several plants which, when dried,
reexpand if wetted, (a) The rose of Jericho.. See
Anastatiea. (&) Selaginella lepidoptttilla, found from Texas
and Mexico to Peru. It forms a nest-like ball when dry
(whence called bird's-nest moss), but when moistened un-
folds and displays its elegant, iinely cut, fern-like branches
radiating from a coiled central stem, (c) One of the fig-
marigolds, Mesembruanthemum Tripolimn. [The name
has doubtless been applied to other hygrometric plants.]
resurvey (re-ser-va'), v. t. [< re- + survey.']
1. To survey again or anew; review. — 2. To
read and examine again.
Once more re-survey
These poor rude lines of thy deceased lover.
Shak., Sonnets, xxxii.
resurvey (re-ser-va'), n. [< resurvey, ».] A
new survey.
resuscitable (re-sus'i-ta-bl), a. [< OF. ressus-
citablc; as restiscit(ate) + -able.'] Capable of
being resuscitated or restored to life,
resuscitant (re-sus'i-tant), a. and re. [= F. res-
suscitant, < L. resuscitan(t-)s, ppr. of resuscitare,
revive : see resuscitate."] I. a. Resuscitating.
II. n. One who or that which resuscitates,
resuscitate (re-sus'i-tat), v, ; pret. and pp. re-
suscitated, ppr. resuscitating. [< L. restiscitatus,
pp. of resuscitare (> It. resuscitare, risuscitare =
Sp. resucitar = Pg. resnscitar = OF. resusciter,
ressuseiter, F. ressusciter), raise up again, re-
vive, < re-, again, + suscitare, raise up, < sus-,
sub-, up, under, + citare, summon, rouse: see
cite1.] I. trans. To stir up anew; revivify;
revive ; particularly, to recover from apparent
death: as, to resuscitate a drowned person; to
resuscitate withered plants.
After death we should be resuscitated.
Glannlle, Pre-existence of Souls, xiv.
To wonder at a thousand insect forms,
These hatch'd, and those resuscitated worms, . . .
Once prone on earth, now buoyant upon air.
Camper, Retirement, L 64.
It is difficult to resuscitate surprise when familiarity has
once laid the sentiment asleep. Paley, Nat. Theol., xviii.
II. intrans. To revive ; come to life again.
Our griefs, our pleasures, our youth, our sorrows, our
dear, dear friends, resuscitate. Thackeray, Philip, xxviii.
As these projects, however often slain, always resuscitate,
it is not superfluous to examine one or two of the fallacies
by which the schemers impose on themselves. J. S. Mill.
resuscitate! (re-sus'i-tat), a. [< L. resuscita-
tus, pp. : see the verb.] Restored to life ; re-
vived.
Our mortal! bodyes shal be resuscitate.
Bp. Gardiner, Exposition, The Presence, p. 65.
There is a grudge newly now resuscitate and revived in
the minds of the people.
Abp. Washam, in Hallam's Const. Hist, I. 34, note 2.
resuscitation (re-sus-i-ta'shon), n. [= OF. (and
F.) ressuscitation = Pg. resuscitagclo = It. risus-
citazione, < LL. resuscitatio(n-), a resuscitation,
< L. resuscitare, resuscitate : see resuscitate.'] 1 .
The act of resuscitating, or the state of being
resuscitated; revival; revivification; restora-
tion to life ; the restoring to animation of per-
sons apparently dead, as in cases of drowning,
or of suspended animation from exposure to
cold or from disease.
The resuscitation of the body from its dust is a super-
natural work. Bp. Hall, Temptations Repelled, i. § 5.
The extinction and resuscitation of arts.
Johnson, Rasselas, xxx.
2. Mental reproduction, or suggestion, in a
sense which does not include the process of
representation. Sir W. Hamilton.
resuscitative (re-sus'i-ta-tiv), a. [< OF. resus-
citalif, ressuscitatif, F. ressuscitatif; as resusci-
tate + -iue.~\ Tending to resuscitate ; reviving;
revivifying; raising from apparent death; re-
producing.—Resuscitative faculty, a name given by
Sir William Hamilton to the reproductive faculty of the
mind.
resuscitator (re-sus'i-ta-tpr), re. [= F. ressusci-
teur = Sp. resucitador = Pg. resuscitador = It.
risuscitatore, < LL. resuscitator, one who raises
again from the dead, < L. resuscitare, raise up :
see resuscitate.'] One who resuscitates.
resveriet, «. See reci-rif.
ret1 (ret), v. t. ; pret. and pp. retted, ppr. rcttiiti/.
[< ME. retten, reten, < OD. OFlem. retcn, reeten,
5119
ret (flax or hemp), break or heckle (flax), steep,
soak, D. Flem. reten, ret (flax or hemp), = Sw.
rota, putrefy, rot (flax or hemp), steep, soak;
cf. rot.~] To expose, as the gathered stems of
fibrous plants, to moisture, in order, by partial
fermentation or rotting, to facilitate the ab-
straction of the fiber. Retting is practised upon
flax, hemp, jute, and other exogenous fiber-plants. Dew-
retting, effected simply by exposing the material to the
weather for a limited time, is largely applied to flax in
Russia, Water-retting, the ordinary process, consists sim-
ply in steeping or macerating the stems in water, common-
ly in open ponds, sometimes in vats of warm water, the re-
sult being more speedily attained by the latter treatment.
A dam of 50 feet long, 9 feet broad, and 4 feet deep is
sufficient to ret the produce of an acre of flax.
Encyc. Brit., IX. 294.
ret'2t, v. t. [ME. retten, reeten, < OF. retter, reter
(ML. reflex rectare, simulating L. rectus, right),
repute, impute, charge, < L. reputare, repute,
impute, ascribe: see repute, ».] To impute;
ascribe.
I pray you of your curteisie,
That ye ne rette it nat my vileinye,
Though that I pleynly speke in this matere.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T. (ed. Morris), 1. 726.
ret3t. A Middle English contraction of redeth
(modern readeth).
retable (re-ta'bl), n. [< F. retable, OF. retaule,
restaule (ML. reflex retaule), an altarpiece, rere-
dos, retable, = Sp. retablo = Pg. retabolo, re-
tabulo, a picture ; of doubtful origin : (a) ac-
cording to Scheler, < L. as if "restabilis, fixed
opposite (or in some other particular sense),
< restore, rest, stay (see rest2) ; (6) according
to Brachet, a contraction of OF. "riere-table,
"arriere-table, a reredos, < arriere, rear, behind,
+ table, table: see rear& and table. In either
view the Sp. and Pg. are prob. from the F.] A
structure raised above an altar at the back,
either independent in itself, or forming a deco-
rative frame to a picture, a bas-relief, or the
like, in which case the word includes the work
of art itself. Usually that face only which looks to-
ward the choir and nave of the church is called the retable,
and the reverse is called the counter-retable. Sometimes
the retable is a movable structure of hammered silver or
other precious work, supported on the altar itself. This
decorative feature is not found in the earliest ages of
the Christian church. Many retables in Italy are made of
Delia Robbia ware, with figures in high relief, and richly
colored in ceramic enamels. One of the most magnificent
examples is the Pala d'Oro of the Basilica of St. Mark, in
Venice. See altar-ledge and reredos.
retail1 (re'tal), n. and a. [Early mod. E. re-
tails; < ME. retaille, < OF. retail, retaille, F.
retaille, a piece cut off, a shred, paring (= Sp.
retal = Pg. retalho, a shred, remnant, = It. ri-
taglio, a shred, piece, a selling by the piece,
retail (a ritaglio, by retail)), < retailler, cut,
shred, pare, clip, F. retailler, cut, recut, trim
(a pen), prune (a tree) (=r Pr. retalhar, recut,
= Cat. retailor = Sp. retajar, cut around, recut,
trim, = Pg. retalhar = It. ritagliare, slice, shred,
pare, cut), < re-, again, + tattler, cut: see tail2,
tally, and cf. detail. The sense 'retail,' which
does not appear in F., may have been derived
from It.] I. n. The sale of commodities in
small quantities or parcels, or at second hand ;
a dealing out in small portions: opposed to
wholesale.
The vintner's retail supports the merchant's trade.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 861.
The duties on the retail of drinks made from tea, coffee,
and chocolate. S. Dowell, Taxes In England, II. 44.
At (by, or formerly to) retail, In small quantities : a little
at a time, as in the sale of merchandise.
And marchauutes y be not in yt fraunshes of the for
sayd cite yl they selle noo wyne ne ne noon oder mar-
chaundisis to retaille w* in ye cite ne in ye subarbis of ye
same. Charter of London, in Arnold's Chron., p. 25.
Now, all that Ood doth by retail bestow r
On perfect'st men to thee in grosse he giues.
Syhester, tr. of Du Bartas's Triumph of Faith, Ded.
These, and most other things which are sold by retail,
. . . aregenerallyfuUyascheap,orcheaper,ingreattowns
than in the remoter parts of the country.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, i. 8.
II. a. Of or pertaining to sale at retail ; con-
cerned with safe at retail : as, retail trade ; a re-
tail dealer.
But I find, in the present state of trade, that when the
retail price is printed on books, all sorts of commissions
and abatements take place, to the discredit of the author.
Kuskin.
retail1 (re-tal'), c. t. [< retail^, n., in the phrase
"to sell by retail." Cf. It, ritagliare, retail.] 1.
To sell in small quantities or parcels.
He is wit's pedler, and retails his wares
At wakes and wassails, meetings, markets, fairs.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. 317.
The keepers of ale-houses pay for a licence to retail ale
and spirituous liquors.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, v. 2.
retain
2. To sell at second hand.
The sage dame, experienced in her trade,
By names of toasts retails each batter'd jade.
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 184.
3. To deal out in small quantities; tell in
broken parts ; tell to many ; tell again ; hand
down by report : as, to retail slander or idle
reports.
Methinks the truth should live from age to age,
As 'twere retail'd to all posterity.
Shak., Rich. HI., Hi. 1. 77.
He could repeat all the observations that were retailed
in the atmosphere of the play-houses.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xvi.
retail2! (re-tal'), n. [Irreg. (perhaps by confu-
sion with'retot'J1) < L. retaliare, retaliate: see
retaliate.] Retaliation.
He that doth injury may well receive it. To look for
good and do bad is against the law of retail.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 116.
retailer (re-ta'ler or re'ta-ler), n. [< retail^- +
-er1. Cf. Pg. retalhador, one who shreds or
clips; It. ritaglia tore, a retail seller.] 1. Are-
tail dealer; one who sells ordeals out goods in
small parcels or at second hand.
I was informed of late dayes that a certaine blinde re-
tayler, called the Diuell, vsed to lend money vpon pawnes
or anie thing. Nashe, Pierce Penilesse, p. 9.
From the Chapman to the Retailer, many whose igno-
rance was more audacious then the rest were admitted
with all thir sordid Rudiments to bear no meane sway
among them, both in Church and State.
MUton, Hist. Eng., iii.
2. One who tells at second hand; one who re-
peats or reports : as, a retailer of scandal.
retaille (re-ta-lya'), a. [< F. retaille, pp. of re-
tailler, recut: see retail*, n.] In her., cut or
divided twice: noting an escutcheon, especially
when divided twice bendwise sinister.
retailment (re-tal'ment), n. [< retail1, v., +
-ment.~] The act of retailing.
retain (re-tan'), v. [Early mod. E. retayne;
< ME. retaynen, reteynen, < OF. F. retenir, re-
tanir = Pr. retener, retenir = Sp. retener = Pg.
reter = It. ritenere, < L. retinere, pp. retentus,
hold back, < re-, back, + tenere, hold : see ten-
ant.'] I. trans. If. To hold back; restrain;
hinder from action, departure, or escape; keep
back; detain.
Ser, if it please your lordshepe for to here,
ffor your wurchlppe yow most your self reteyne,
And take a good avise in this mater.
Qenerydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1643.
For empty fystes, men vse to say,
Cannot the Hawke retayne.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 102.
Whom I would have retained with me, that in thy stead
he might have ministered unto me in the bonds of the
gospel. Phile. 13.
2. To hold or keep in possession ; reserve as
one's own.
The Kingdome he retain' A against thir utmost opposi-
tion. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
Among debts of equal degree, the executor ... is al-
lowed to pay himself first, by retaining in his hands so
much as his debt amounts to. Blackstone, Com., II. xxxii.
3. To continue in the use or practice of; pre-
serve; keep up; keep from dying out: as, to
retain a custom; to retain an appearance of
youth.
Oh, you cannot be
80 heavenly and so absolute in all things,
And yet retain such cruel tyranny !
Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, 1L 1.
William the Conqueror in all the time of his Sickness
retained to the very last his Memory and Speech.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 31.
4. To keep in mind ; preserve a knowledge or
idea of; remember.
They did not like to retain Ood in their knowledge.
Rom. i. 28.
No Learning is retained without constant exercise and
methodical repetition. MUton, Touching Hirelings.
5. To keep in pay; hire; take into service;
especially, to engage by the payment of a pre-
liminary fee : as, to retain counsel.
Sette no man a-worke that is reteyiijnde in any man-ys
service. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 333.
They say you have retained brisk Master Practice
Here of your counsel.
/;. .In, IXI,H. Magnetick Lady, ii. 1.
6f. To entertain.
Retayne a straunger after his estate and degree.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 102.
= Syn. 2-4. Jieseree, Presence, etc. See keep.
II. t hi trans. 1. To keep on; continue.
No more can impure man retain and move
In that pure region of a worthy love.
Donne, Epistles to the Countess of Huntingdon.
2. To pertain; belong; be a dependent or re-
tainer.
retain
In whose armie followed William Longespee, accom-
panied with a piked number of English warriors retaining
vnto him. Ilakluyt's Voyage*, II. 34.
retainable (re-ta'na-bl), a. [< retain + -able,]
Capable of being retained,
retainal (re-ta'nal), n. [< retain + -a?.] The
act of retaining. Annual Bev., II. (1804), p. 631.
[Rare.]
retaindershipt (re-tan'der-ship), n. [For re-
tainersliip : see retainer and -ship.] The state
of being a retainer or dependent.
It was the policy of these kings to make them all [clergy
and nobility] of their own livery or retaindership.
ff. Bacon. (Imp. Diet.)
retainer1 (re-ta'ner), ». [Formerly also re-
tainour; < JfE. "retainour; < retain + -er1. Cf.
OF. reteneur (Sp. retenedor, It. retenitore), a re-
tainer, detainer, < retenir, retain: see retain.]
1. One who or that which retains.
5120
a. retaining wall ; *, f, breast-walls.
One that has forgot the common meaning of words, but
an admirable retainer of the sound.
Swift, Tale of a Tub, ; 9.
2. One who is kept in service ; a dependent ;
an attendant ; especially, a follower wno wears
his master's livery, but ranks higher than a
domestic.
In common law, retainer signifleth a servant not menial
nor familiar — that Is, not dwelling in his house, but only
using or bearing his name and livery. Coweu.
If we once forsake the strict rules of Religion and Good-
ness, and are ready to yield our selves to whatever hath
got retainers enough to set up for a custom, we may know
where we begin, but we cannot where we shall make an
end. StiUingJUet, Sermons, I. it.
Kendall, a needy retainer of the court, who had, in obe-
dience to the royal mandate, been sent to Parliament by
a packed corporation in Cornwall.
ilaraulaii, Hist. Em,'., vi.
Another [abuse of maintenance], and that more directly
connected with the giving of liveries, was the gathering
round the lord's household of a swarm of armed retainer!
whom the lord could not control, and whom he conceived
himself bound to protect. AViiMw, Const. Hist, I 470.
3. A sutler, camp-follower, or any person serv-
ing with an army who, though not enlisted, is
subject to orders according to the rules and
articles of war. — 4. One who is connected with
or frequents a certain place ; an attendant.
That indulgence and undisturbed liberty of conscience
. . . which the retainers to every petty conventicle enjoy.
Blactstone, Com., IV. iv.
retainer2 (re-ta'ner), n. [Formerly also re-
tainour; < OF. retenir, retain, inf. used as a
noun : see retain. Cf. detainer2.] If. The act
of retaining dependents ; entrance into service
as a retainer; the state of being a retainer.
The Kings Officers and Farmors were to forfeit their
Places and Holds in case of unlawfull Retainer, or partak-
ing in limits and unlawful! Assemblies.
Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 66.
2. That by which a person's services are se-
cured; a fee.
The same Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, hath allured
and drawn unto him by retainourg many of your subjects.
Bp. Burnet, Records, I. ill., No. 16.
3. Specifically, in law : (a) Same as retaining
fee (which see, under fee1). (6) An authority
given to an attorney or a solicitor to pro-
ceed in an action, (c) The unlawful taking
or detention of a known servant from his
master during the period of service. Robin-
son, (d) The act of an executor or adminis-
trator who is a creditor of the decedent, or
whose estate he represents, in withholding from
the fund so much as will pay what is due him:
formerly allowed to be done even before any
other creditors whose debts were of equal de-
gree were paid. -General retainer, a fee given by a
party to secure a priority of claim on the counsel's ser-
vices for any case that he may have in any court which
that counsel attends.— Special retainer, a fee for a par-
ticular case which is expected to come on.
retainership (re-ta'ner-ship), n. [< retainer* +
-ship.] The state of being a retainer or follow-
er; hence, a feeling of loyalty or attachment
to a chief. [Bare.]
All the few in whom yet lingered any shadow of retain-
ership toward the fast-fading chieftainship of Glen warlock
seemed to cherish the notion that the heir of the house
had to be tended and cared for like a child.
G. MacDonald, Warlock o' Glenwarlock, xiii.
retaining (re-ta'ning), p. a. [Ppr. of retain, v.]
Keeping in possession; serving to retain ; keep-
ing back; engaging. -Retaining fee. See fet\.-
Retaining lien. See lien?.— Retaining wall, a wall
built to prevent a bank, as of earth, from slipping down or
being washed away; a revetment. See cut in next column.
retainment (re-tan'meut), «. [< retain +
-ment.] The act of retaining; retention.
retain-wall (re-tan'wal), n. Same as retaining
wall (which see, under retaining).
retake (re-tak'), v. t. [< re- + take.] 1. To
take again.
A day should be appointed when the remonstrance
should be retaken into consideration. Clarendon.
Thy chair, a grief to ail the brethren, stands
Vacant, but thou retalce it, mine again !
Tennyson, Balin and Balan.
2. To take back ; recapture.
retaker (re-ta'ker), n. [< retake + -er^.] One
who takes again what has been taken ; a re-
captor. Imp. Diet.
retaliate (re-tal'i-at), v. ; pret. and pp. retali-
ated, ppr. retaliating. [< L. retaliatus, pp. of
retaliare, requite, retaliate (cf. talio, retaliation
in kind; lex talionis, law of retaliation), < re-,
back, again, + talis, such: see talion. Cf. re-
tail2.] I. trans. To return in kind; repay or
requite by an act of the same kind: now sel-
dom or never used except in the sense of re-
turning evil for evil: as, to retaliate injuries.
Our ambassador sent word ... to the Duke's sonne
his visit should be retaliated.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 137.
The kindness which he has graciously shown them may
be retaliated on those of his own persuasion.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, To the Reader.
retardative
Accidental causes retarded at times, and at times ac-
celerated, the progress of the controversy.
Webster, Speech at Plymouth, Dec. 22, 18-20.
While, however, the predatory activities have not pre-
vented the development of sympathy in the directions
open to it, they have retarded it throughout its entire
range. H. Spencer, Frin. of Psychol., J 512.
2. To defer; postpone; put off .
Those relations which describe the tricks and vices only
of mankind, by increasing our suspicion in life, retard our
success. Goldsmith, Vicar, xxvi.
My friends, the time is coming when a State Church will
be unknown in England, and it rests with you to accele-
rate, or retard that nappy consummation.
John Bright, in G. Barnett Smith, ii.
Retarded motion, Inphysics, that motion which exhibits
continual diminution of velocity, as the motion of a body
projected upward. If the diminutions of velocity are
equal in equal times, the motion Is said to be uniformly
retarded. The laws of retarded motion are the same as
those of accelerated motion, only the order is reversed.
See acceleration.— Retarding ague, a form of ague in
which the paroxysm comes at a little later hour each day.
= Syn. I. To detain, delay.
II. intrans. To be delayed or later than usual.
Some years it [the inundation of the Nile] hath also re-
tarded, and came far later then usually it was expected.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 8.
retard (re-tard'), n. [= F. retard = Sp. retardo
= It. ritardo; from the verb.] Retardation.
— In retard, retarded ; kept back ; delayed in growth or
progress.
A people of great natural capacities have been kept for
centuries in retard. The Atlantic, LVIIL 516.
Retard of the tide, the interval between the transit of
the moon at which a tide originates and the appearance of
the tide itself.
retardant (re-tar'dant), a. [< L. retardan(t-)s,
ppr. of retardare, retard: see retard.] Retard-
ing ; tending to delay or impede motion, growth,
or progress. [Rare.]
English nation without prejudice.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 78.
Our blood may boil at hearing of atrocities committed,
without being able to ascertain how those atrocities were
provoked, or now they may have been retaliated.
W. R. Grey, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 52.
n. intrans. To return like for like ; especial-
ly (now usually), to return evil for evil.
Liberality . . . may lead the person obliged with the
sense of the duty he lies under to retaliate.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, Kvi
= 8yn. See revenge, n.
retaliation (re-tal-i-a'shon), n. [< L. as if *re-
taliatio(n-), < retaliare, retaliate: see retaliate.]
The act of retaliating ; the return of like for
like; the doing of that to another which he has
done to us ; especially (now usually), requital
of evil; reprisal; revenge.
First, I will shew you the antiquity of these manors.
Secondly, I will a little discuss the ancient honour of this
manor of Levenham. Thirdly, I will give you a touch
what respects you are likely to find from me ; and fourthly,
what retaliation I expect again from you.
-V.S'. Hurl. 646. (Halliwell.)
The lex talionis, or law of retaliation, can never be in all
cases an adequate or permanent rule of punishment
Blackstone, Com., IV. L
= Syn. Retribution, Reprisal, etc. See revenge.
retaliative (re-tal'i-a-tiv), a. [< retaliate +
-ire.] Tending to or of the nature of retalia-
tion; retaliatory; vindictive; revengeful. Quar-
terly Rev. (Imp. Diet.)
retaliatory (re-tal'i-a-to-ri), a. [< retaliate +
-on/.] Pertaining to or of the nature of retal-
iation.
The armed neutrality was succeeded by retaliatory em-
bargoes, and on the 2d of April, 1801, the battle of Copen-
hagen prostrated the power of Denmark.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 191.
retama (re-ta'ma or re-ta'ma), n. [< Sp. reta-
ma, Ar. retama.] Any one of a small group of
plants forming the section Retama (sometimes
considered a genus — Boissier, 1839), in the ge-
nus Genista. They are yellow-flowered shrubs with rush-
like branches, which are leafless or bear a few unifoliate
leaves. They are found in the Mediterranean region and
the Canaries. Some species are useful for fixing sands.
The region of retama, the first bushes of which are met
with at the pass which admits the traveller into the Llano
de la Retama. Encyc. Brit., IV. 798.
retard (re-tard'), v. [< OF. retarder, F. retarder
= Pr. Sp. Pg. retardar = It. ritardare, < L. re-
tardare, make slow, delay, < re-, back, + tar-
dare, make slow, < tardus, slow : see tardy.] I.
trans. 1 . To make slow or slower ; obstruct in
motion or progress ; delay; impede; clog; hin-
der.
This will retard
The work a month at least.
B. Janton, Alchemist, iv. 3.
retardation (re-tar-da'shon), n. [= OF. (and
F.) retardation = Sp. retardacion = Pg. retar-
dacSo = It. ritardazione, < L. retardatio(n-), <
retardare, pp. retardatus, retard: see retard.]
1. The act of retarding or making slower, or
its effect; the hindering of motion, growth, or
progress, or the hindrance effected ; the act of
delaying or impeding.
If the embryonic type were the offspring, then its fail-
ure to attain to the condition of the parent is due to the
supervention of a slower rate of growth ; to this phenom-
enon the term retardation was applied.
E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 125.
2. In physics : (a) A continuous decrement of
velocity; a negative acceleration.
The fall of meteoric dust on to the earth must cause a
small retardation of the earth's rotation, although to an
amount probably quite insensible in a century.
Thomson and Tail, Nat Phil., § 830.
It was generally supposed that the discrepancy between
the theoretical and observed result is due to a retardation
of the earth's rotation by the friction of the tides.
C. A. Young, General Astronomy, § 461.
(6) In acoustics and optics, the distance by
which one wave is behind another. Better call-
ed retard, being translation of French retard.
In reflexion at the surface of a denser medium the re-
flected ray undergoes a retardation in respect to the Inci-
dent ray of a half wave-length.
Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 240.
3f. Postponement; deferment.
Out of this ground a man may devise the means of alter-
ing the colour of birds, and the retardation of hoar hairs.
Bacon, Nat. Hist, § 851.
4. Specifically, in music: (a) The act, process,
or result of diminishing the speed or pace of the
tempo. (6) The prolongation of a concordant
tone into a chord where it is a discord which is
resolved upward: opposed to anticipation, and
distinguished from suspension by the upward
resolution. [It would be well, however, if retarda-
tion were made the generic term, with suspension as a
species.]
6. In teleg., decrease in the speed of telegraph-
signaling due to self-induction and induction
from surrounding conductors. — 6. That which
retards; a hindrance; an obstruction; an im-
pediment.
We find many persons who in seven years meet not
with a violent temptation to a crime, but their battles are
against Impediments and retardations of improvement.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 99.
Retardation of mean solar time, the change of the
mean sun's right ascension in a sidereal day, or the num-
ber of seconds by which mean noon comes later each suc-
cessive sidereal day, as if the mean sun hung back in its
diurnal revolution.— Retardation of the tides. See
acceleration.
retardative (re-tar'da-tiv), «. [= F. retardatif
= It. ritardatifo, < Li. retardatus, pp. of retar-
dare, retard.] Tending to retard ; retarding.
retardative
The retardative effects would also be largely increased,
to a serious extent, in fact, in the case of the telephones.
Pop. Sri. Mn., XXVII. 717.
retardatory (re-tiir'da-to-ri), «. [< retard +
-atiinj.] Tending or having power to retard.
Instant promptitude of action, adequate retardatory
power. Atheiurum, Xo. 2802, p. SOS.
retarder (re-tiir'der), ». One who retards;
that which serves as a hindrance, impediment ,
or cause of retardation.
This disputing way of enquiry is so far from advancing
science that it is no inconsiderable retarder. Olanville. retent, ».
retardment (re-tard'mont), >i. [< OF. rctnrdi-
ment, F. n-tardcmcnt = Pr. retardamen = Pg.
rrtanlaiiifiito = It. ritardamento, < ML. "iTtar-
damentiim, < L. retardare, retard: see retard.]
The act of retarding ; a retardation ; delay.
Which Malice or which Art no more could stay
Than witches' charms can a retardment bring
To the resuscitation of the Day,
Or resurrection of the Spring.
Cowley, Upon His Majesty's Restoration and Return.
retaunt (re-tanf), n. [< re- + taunt, n.] The
repetition of a taunt. [Rare.]
Wyth suche tauntes and retauntes, ye, in maner checke
and checke mate to the uttermooste profe of my pacience.
Hall, Richard III., f. 10. (HalUuxll.)
retch1 (rech), v.
5121
gci'C, cover: see tefiiniiriit.} The act of disclos-
ing or producing to view something concealed.
This may be said to lie rather a restoration of a body to
its own colour, or a rctection of its native colour, than a
change. Boyle, Works, I. 685.
t. [< re- + tell.'] To tell
(re-tel'),
[(«) < ME. recclien, < AS. rec- retention (re-ten'shon), n. [< OF. retention,
can, stretch, extend, hold forth (see under racW, F. retention = Pr. retentio = Sp. retention = Pg.
v )• mixed in mod. dial, use with (6) reach, < retencao = It. ritenzione, < L. retentio(n-), a re-
ME. reeliea, < AS. rsecan, reach: see reaeftl.] taining, < retinere, pp. retentua, retain: see rc-
To reach [Prov. Eng.] tain.'] 1. The act of retaining or keeping back;
I retche with a weapen or with my hande, je attains.
Palsgrave. (HalliweU.)
retch2 (rech), v. I. [Also formerly or dial.
reach; < ME. *reehen, < AS. linecan, clear the
While no thoughtful Englishman can defend the ac-
quisition of India, yet a thoughtful Englishman may easily
defend its retention. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 350.
throat, hawk, spit (cf. hrdca, spittle, expecto- 2. The act of retaining or holding as one's own;
ration, lireecea, hawking, clearing tb,e throat, continued possession or ownership.
'Itrsecetaii, lirsectan, eructate, retch, hrsecetung,
retching), = Icel. hrsekja, hawk, spit (hraki,
spittle); cf. OHG. rachison, MHG. raJisenen,
hawk ; prob. ult. imitative (cf . liawks). The AS.
hrace, throat, = MD. raecke = OHG. rahho,
MHG. rachc, G. ractien, throat, jaws, are prob.
unrelated.] To make efforts to vomit.
The ashes of the said barke given in wine hote is great-
ly commended for the reaching and spitting of blood.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxiv. 4.
" Beloved Julia, hear me still beseeching ! "
(Here he grew inarticulate with retching.)
Byron, Don Juan, ii. 20.
retch3t (rech), v. i. and t. [An assibilated
form of reck.] Same as reck.
retchlesst (rech'les), a. [An assibilated form
of reckless.] Same as reckless.
I left my natiue soile, full like a retchlesne man.
Hakluijt's Voyages, I. 384.
retial
2. Retaining; having the power to keep or pre-
serve: as, a body retentive of heat or of mag-
netism ; tlie reteii tire force of the stomach. — 3.
Specifically, inpnycliol., retaining presentations
or ideas; capable of preserving mental presen-
tations.
As long as I have a retentive faculty to remember any
thing his Memory shall be fresh with me.
HomU, Letters, ii. 30.
Each mind . . . becomes specially retentive in the di-
rection in which its ruling interest lies and its attention
is habitually turned. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 294.
Retentive faculty, the faculty of mental retention ; the
memory.
Il.t ». That which restrains or confines; a
restraint.
Those secret checks . . . readily conspire with all out-
ward retentives. Bp. Hall, Nabal and Abigail.
also rctainauncf, < OF. retenance, < ML.*reti- retentively (re-ten'tiv-li), adv. In a retentive
ncntia,^ L. retinere, retain: see retain. Cf.reti- majmer.
retentiveness (re-ten'tiv-nes), n. The prop-
erty of being retentive ; specifically, in psychol.,
the capacity for retaining mental presenta-
tions: distinguished from memory, which im-
plies certain relations existing among the pres-
entations thus recorded. See memory.
Even the lowered vital activity which we know as great
fatigue is characterized by a diminished retenliveneei of
impressions. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 100.
Retentieenesi is both a biological and a psychological
fact ; memory is exclusively the latter.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 47.
Magnetic retenttveness. Same as coercive force (which
see, under coercive).
retentivity (re-ten-tiv'i-ti), H. [= F. retenti-
vite; as retentive + -ity.] Retentiveness; spe-
cifically, in magnetism, coercive force (which
see, under coercive).
This power of resisting magnetisation or demagnetisa-
tion is sometimes called coercive force ; a much better
Whate'er Lord Harry Percy then had said . . .
At such a time, with all the rest retold,
May reasonably die, and never rise
To do him wrong. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., 1. 3. 7?.
[ME., for reteii ne, retinue: see reti-
nue.] Retinue.
Syre Degrivaunt ys whom [home] went,
And aftyr hys reten sent.
Sir Deyrevant, 930. (Hrtlhwell.)
retenancet, »• [ME., also retenaunce, retcnauns.
< OF. retenance, < ML. *reti-
Cf . reti-
nue.] Retinue.
Mede was ymaried in meteles me thoujte;
That alle the riche retenauns that regneth with the false
Were boden to the bridale. Piers Plowman (B), ii. 52.
retent (re-teuf), n. [< L. retentus, pp. of reti-
nere, retain: see retain.] That which is re-
tained. Imp. Diet.
restraint; reserve
His life I gave him and did thereto add
My love, without retention or restraint.
Shak.,T. N., v. 1.84.
I. n. A member of the Reteporidse.
They are such retchless flies as you are, that blow cut-
purses abroad in every corner; your foolish having of
money makes them. B. Jonson. Bartholomew Fair, ill. 1.
retchlesslyt (rech'les-li), adr. Same as reck-
lessly.
I do horribly and retchlessly neglect and lightly regard
thy wrath hanging over my head.
J. Bradford, Works (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 262.
retchlessnesset (rech'les-nes), n. Same as
recklessness.
A viper that hast eat a passage through me,
Through mine own bowels, by thy ret-cltlessness.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, iv. 1.
rete (re'te), «.; pi. retia (re'shi-a). [NL., < L.
rete, a net.] In anat., a vascular network; a
plexus, glomerulus, or congeries of small ves-
sels; in hot., a structure like network.
It sends out convoluted vessels (retia) from the large
cerebral cleft, which are connected with the roof of the
cleft. Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 513.
Epidermal rete. Same as rete mwccwum.— Rete Hal-
leri. Same as rete vasculoirum testis. — Rete Malpighii.
Same as rete mucosum.— Rete mirabile, a network or
plexus of small veins or arteries, formed by the immediate
breaking up of a vessel of considerable size, terminating
either by reuniting in a single vessel (bipolar), or in capil-
laries (unipolar).— Rete mirabile gemmum or conju-
gatum, a plexus in which arteries and veins are com-
bined.—Rete mirabile of Galen, a meshwork of ves-
sels formed by the inti-acranial part of the internal carotid
artery in some mammals.— Rete mirabile simplex, a
plexus consisting of arteries only, or of veins only. — Rete
mucosuin, the deeper, softer part of the epidermis, below
the stratum granulosum. consisting of prickle-cells. Also
culled stratum spinosum, rete mucogtim Malpiyhii, rete Mal-
lii'ildi, stratum Malpighii, corpus reticulare, corpus inucu-
man, Malpi'/hiaii layer, epidermal rete. See cuts under tkiii
and smat-aland. — Rete vasculosum testls, a network
of vessels lying in the mediastinum testis, into which the
straight tubules empty. It holds the accumulated secre-
tion of the t'sstis, discharging through the vasa deferent™.
Also called rete ramilosum Hatteri, rete Hatteri, rete testi*,
rete textis Halleri, spermatic rete.
reteciOUS (re-te'shus), a. [Irreg. < rete +
-cioii.i.} Same ;is rctij'orm.
retectiont (re-tek'shon), ». [< L. retectiiK, pp.
of rctef/erc, uncover, disclose, < re-, back, + t< -
322
term, due to Lamont, is retentivity.
S. P. Thompson, Elect, and Mag., p. 80.
3. Continuance or perseverance, as in the use retenuet, »• An obsolete form of retinue.
or practice of anything; preservation. Retepora (re-tep'o-ra), n. [NL. (Lamarck,
A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing as 1801), < L. rete, net, + poms, a pore : seepore'A]
an innovation. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, vi. The typical genus of Retepondee. R. cellulosa
Looked at from the outside, the work [western doorway is known a s Neptune's ruffles.
of tower of Trail] is of the best and most finished kind of retepore (re'te-por), n. and a. [< NL. Retepora.]
Italian Romanesque; and we have here, what is by no '
means uncommon in Dalmatia, an example of the late re-
tention of the forms of that admirable style.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 182.
4. The act of retaining or keeping in mind ; es-
pecially, that activity of the mind by which it
retains ideas ; the retentive faculty : often used
as synonymous with memory.
No woman's heart
So big, to hold so much ; they lack retention.
Shak., T. N., ii. 4. 99.
The next faculty of the mind, whereby it makes a further
progress towards knowledge, is that which I call retention,
or the keeping of those simple ideas which from sensation
or reflection it hath received.
Locke, Human Understanding, ii. 10.
Any particular acquisitive task will become easier, and
. . . more difficult feats of retention will become possible.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 287.
Hence — 5f. That which retains impressions,
as a tablet. [Rare.]
That poor retention could not so much hold,
Nor need I tallies thy dear love to score ;
Therefore to give them from me was I bold.
To trust those tables that receive thee more.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxii.
6. In med. : (a) The power of retaining, as in
the stomach or bladder; inability to void or
discharge : as, the retention of food or medicine
by the stomach; retention of urine. Hence— retext"(re"-'teks'), r. t. [< L. retexere, unweave,
(b) A morbid accumulation of solid or liquid unravel -break up cancel, also weave again, <
matter in vessels of the body or cavities in-
tended to contain it only for a time. — 7f. The
Retepore {Retepora tuditlata], natural size.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Reteporidie.
Keteporidse (re-te-por'i-de), H. pi. [NL., < Re-
tepora + -idle.] A family of chilostomatous
polyzoans, typified by the genus Retepora. The
zoarium is calcareous, erect, fixed, foliaceons, and fenes-
trate (whence the name), unilaminar, reliculatelyor freely
ramose in one plane ; and the zocecia are secund.
(re"te-te-la'ri-an), a. and ». Same
state of being confined ; custody ; confinement.
Sir, I thought it fit
To send the old and miserable king
To some retention and appointed guard.
Shak., Lear, v. 3. 47.
re-, back, again, 4- texere, weave : see text."] To
unweave; unravel; hence, to undo; bring to
naught; annul.
Neither King James, King Charles, nor any Parliament
which gave due hearing to the frowardness of some com-
plaints did ever appoint that any of his orders should be
retexed. Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, i. 57. (Davits.)
8. In Scots law, a lien; the right of withhold- retexture (re-teks'tur), «. [< re- + texture. Cf.
.
ing a debt or retaining property until a debt
due to the person claiming this right is duly
paid — Retention cyst, a cyst which originates in the
retention of some secretion, through obstruction in the
efferent passage.— Retention of urine, in med., a con-
dition in which there is inability to empty the bladder vol-
' " '
"/ = «•
= Sp. Pg. I
pp. of retinere, retain : see retain.] I.
a. If. Serving to hold or confine; restraining; retnorient, «.
eonflring. rethoriouslyt, adv.
Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron,
Can lie n-tfitlirf to the strength of spirit.
Slink ,. J. r... i. 3. !
retex.] The act of weaving again.
My Second Volume, ... as treating practically of the
Wear, Destruction, and Retexture of Spiritual Tissues or
Garments, forms, properly speaking, the Transcendental
or ultimate Portion of this my work on Clothes.
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, iii. 2.
rethort, »• A Middle English form of rhetor.
rethoricet, rethoricket, «• Obsolete forms of
rhetoric.
See rlnturiini.
retia. ». Plural of rete.
retial (re'shi-al), a. [< rete+ -iriL] Pertaining
to a rete, or having its character.
Retiariae
Retiariae (iv-shi-a'ri-e), H. /il. [XL., pi. of reti-
iirin, fern, of rrtiiifiux. adj. : sec icti/iri/.] The
spinning spiders ; spiders which spin a web for
the capture of their prey. See Jletitelse.
retiarius (re-shi-a'ri-us), M.; pi. retiarii (-1).
[L. : see retiary] In Bom. antiq., a gladiator
who wore only a short tunic and carried a tri-
dent and a net. With these implements he endeavored
to entangle and despatch his adversary, who was armed
with helmet, shield, and sword.
retiary (re'shi-a-ri), a. and «. [= F. retiaire,
< L. retiarins, one who fights with a net, prop,
adj., pertaining to a net, < rete, a net: see rete.]
1. a. 1. Net-like.
Retiary and hanging textures.
Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus 11.
2. Spinning a web, as a spider; of or pertain-
ing to the Betiarix.
\Ve will not dispute the pietures of retiary spiders, and
their position in the web. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 19.
3. Armed with a net; hence, skilful to entan-
gle.
Scholastic retiarii versatility of logic. Coleridge.
II. «.; pi. retiaries (-riz). 1. Same as reti-
arius.— 2. A retiary spider; a member of the
Betid rife.
reticence (ret'i-sens), ». [< OF. reticence, F.
reticence = Sp. Pg. reticeucia = It. reticenza, <
L. reticentia, silence, < reticen(t-)s, silent, reti-
cent: see reticent.'] 1. The factor character
of being reticent; a disposition to keep, or the
keeping of, one's own counsel ; the state of be-
ing silent; reservation of one's thoughts or
opinions.
Many times, I wis, a smile, a reticence or keeping silence,
may well express a speech, and make It more emphatical.
Uoiland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 841.
I found,
Instead of scornful pity or pure scorn,
Such fine reserve and noble reticence.
Tennyson, Geraint.
2. In rliet., aposiopesis.=Syn. 1. Reserve, tacitur-
nity.
reticency (ret'i-sen-si), «. [As reticence (see
-w).] Reticence. Imp. IMct.
reticent (ret'i-seut), a. [< L. reticen(t-)s, ppr.
of reticere, be silent, < re-, again, + tacere, be
silent: see tacit.} Disposed to be silent; re-
served; not apt to speak about or reveal any
matters : as, he is very reticent about his affairs.
Upon this he is naturally reticent.
lamb, To Coleridge. (Latham.)
Mr. (jlegg, like all men of his stamp, was extremely reti-
cent about his will. Georye Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 12.
reticle (ret'i-kl), ». [< F. reticule, a net: see
reticule.] Same as reticule, 2.
The reticle [of the transit-telescope] is a network of fine
spider lines placed in the focus of the objective.
Newcomb and Uoiden, Astron., p. 70.
reticula, n. Plural of retieulum.
reticular (re-tik'u-lar), «. [= F. reticulaire =
Sp. Pg. reticular = It. retieolare, < NL. "reticu-
laris, < L. retieulum, a little net : see reticule.]
1. Formed like a net or of network. Hence, by
extension — 2. Having many similar openings
which are large in proportion to the solid parts.
— 3. Like a network ; entangled; complicated.
The law [in England] is blind, crooked, and perverse,
but sure and equal ; its administration is on the practice
of by gone ages, slow, reticular, complicated.
The Century, XXVI. 822.
4. In anat., forming or formed by reticulation;
retial; full of interstices ; eancellate; areolar;
cellular: as, reticular substance, tissue, or mem-
brane, which is the areolar or cellular or ordi-
nary connective tissue. The rete mucosum of
the skin is sometimes specifically called the re-
ticular body. See rete — Keticular cartilage, a
cartilage in which the matrix is permeated with yellow
elastic fibers. Also called rluxtic fibrocartUage, yellow
elastic cartilage.— Reticular formation, the formatio
reticularis, a formation occupying the anterior and lateral
area of the oblongata dorsad of the pyramids and lower
olives and extending up into the pons (and mesencepha-
lon). The ninth, tenth, and eleventh nerves mark its lat-
eral boundaries. It presents interlacing longitudinal and
transverse fibers with interspersed ganglion-cells. These
cells are more frequent in the lateral parts, or formatio
reticularis grisea, which are marked off from the medi-
an parts, or formatio reticularis alba, by the hypoglossal
nerve-roots.— Reticular lamina. See lamina.— Reticu-
lar layer of skin, the deeper-lying part of the corium,
below the papillary layer.
reticulare (re-tik-u-la're), ». [NL., neut. of
"reticularis: see reticular.] The reticular epi-
dermal layer, more fully called corpus reticu-
lare; the rete mucosum (which see, under rete).
Reticularia1 (re-tik-u-la'ri-a), n. ill [NL.,
ueiit. pi. of * reticularis, reticular: see reticule.]
Foraminiferoiis protozoans: a synonym of For-
5122
iiniiiiitrra. Also Betii'iiliinn. II'. II. Carpenter,
1862.'
Reticularia2 (re-tik-u-la'ri-ii), n. [NL. (Bul-
liard, 1791), < L. rctirnliim, a little net: see reti-
ci/l/1,] A genus of myxomycetous fungi, giving
name to the family Bi'tiniliiriaivie. The spores,
capillitium, and columella are uniformly bright-
colored, without lime.
Reticulariaceae (re-tik-u-la-ri-a'se-e), n. pi.
[NL. (Rostafinski, 1875), < Beticularia^ + -acese]
A small family of myxomycetous fungi, taking
its name from the genus Beticiihiriii.
reticularian (re-tik-u-la'ri-an), n. and n. [< Be-
ticiilaria1 + -««.] 1. a. Saving a reticulated
or foraminated test ; pertaining to the Beticu-
laria, or having their characters.
II. «. A member of the Reticularia ; a fora-
minifer.
reticularly (re-tik'u-lar-li), arfc. So as to be
reticulate ; in a reticular manner.
The outer surface of the chorlon is reticularly ridged.
Owen, Anat,
reticulary (re-tik'u-la-ri), a. [< NL. reticularis:
see reticular.'] Same as reticular.
The Khine, of a vile, reddish-drab color, and all cut into
a reticulary work of branches. . . . was far from beautiful
about Rotterdam. Carlyle, in Fronde(Llfe in London, xx.).
reticulate (re-tik'u-lat), a. [= F. reticule = Pg.
reticulatlo = It. reticolato, < L. reticulatus, made
like a net, < retieulum, a little net : see reticule.]
Netted; resembling network; having distinct
lines or veins crossing as in network; covered
with netted lines. Specifically— (a) In zoo/., having
distinct lines or veins crossing like network. (b) In
mineral. , applied to minerals occurring in parallel fibers
crossed by other fibers which are also parallel, so as to ex-
hibit meshes like those of a net. (c) In bot. : (1) Resem-
bling network ; netted or mesh-like ; retiform : said espe-
cially of a venation. (2) Netted-veined ; retinerved : said
of leaves or other organs. See netted'Veined, and cuts 1 to
6 under nervation. — Reticulate tarsus, in ornith., a tar-
sometatarsus covered with reticulations produced by nu-
merous small plates separated by lines of impression. The
reticulate tarsus is specially distinguished from the WMbf-
late tarsus, and also from the laminate or booted tarsus. See
reticulation, 3, and cuts under booted and ecutellate.
reticulate (re-tik'u-lat), v. ; pret. and pp. re-
ticulated, ppr. reticulating. [< reticulate, a]
I. trans. To form into network; cover with in-
tersecting lines resembling network. [Rare.]
Spurs or ramifications of high mountains, making down
from the Alps, and, as it were, reticulating these provinces,
give to the vallies the protection of a particular inclosure
to each. Je/ereon, To La Fayette (Correspondence, II. 105).
H. in/rails. In zool., to cross irregularly so
as to form meshes like those of a net: as, lines
which reticulate on a surface.
reticulated (re-tik'u-la-ted), p. a. [< reticulate
+ -eif-.] Same as reticulate, a— Reticulated
glass, see glass.— Reticulated head-dress, .same as
crespine.— Reticulated line, a line formed of a succes-
sion of loops or links, like a chain ; a catenulated line.
[Rare. J — Reticulated masonry. Same as reticulated
work. — Reticulated micrometer, a reticule or network
in equal squares, intended to be placed in the focus of a
telescope and be viewed generally by a low power. Such
an instrument is useful in some zone-work.— Reticu-
lated molding, in arch., a molding ornamented with
Reticulated Molding.— Walls of Old Samm. Wiltshire, England.
a fillet interlaced in vari-
ous ways like network, or
otherwise formed so as to
present a meshed appear-
ance. It is found chiefly in
buildings in the Byzantine
and Romanesque styles.
—Reticulated work, a
variety of masonry wherein the stones are square and laid
lozengewise, so that the joints resemble the meshes of a
net This form of masonry was very common among the
Reticulated Molding.
retierce"
Romans, in Auvergne in France in the middle ages, and
elsewhere. Also known as opus ret icidaluin. See also cut
under opus.
reticulately (re-tik'u-lat-li), ailr. So as to form
a network or reticulation.
Generally the sporangium contains, besides the spores,
a structure called the Capillitium, consisting sometimes
of small thin-walled tubes anastomosing reticulately.
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 275.
reticulate-veined (re-tik'u-lat-vand), «. Net-
ted-veined.
reticulation (re-tik-u-la'shon), n. [= F. reti-
culation = It. re'ticulazioHc; <! reticulate + -ion]
1. The character of being reticulated or net-
like ; that which is reticulated ; a network, or
an arrangement of veins, etc., resembling one.
It is curious to observe the minute reticulations of tyr-
anny which he had begun already to spin about a whole
people, while cold, venomous, and patient he watched his
victims from the centre of his web.
Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 279.
The Rhizomata [of Catamites undulatus\ . . . are beau-
tifully covered with a cellular reticulation on the thin
bark, and show occasional round arcoles marking the
points of exit of the rootlets.
Dawson, Geol. Hist. Plants, p. 168.
2. In ornith., one of the plates or small scales the
assemblage of which makes the tarsus of a bird
reticulate; also, the whole set of such plates,
and the state of being reticulate : distinguished
from scutellation and lamination. The individual
reticulations may be quite regularly six-sided, like the
cells of honeycomb, or of various other figures. Reticu-
lation of the sides and back of the tarsus often concurs
with scutellation on the front. The impressed lines may
be mere creases in uniformly soft integument, somewhat
like those of the human palm, or they may separate hard,
roughened, or granulated reticulations. It is most char-
acteristic of the feet of wading and swimming birds to
show reticulation, and of those of land-birds to be scutel-
late or lafninate, or both.
3. A method of copying a painting or drawing
by the help of threads stretched across a frame
so as to form squares, an equal number of pro-
portional squares being made on the canvas
or paper on which the copy is to be made.
reticule (ret'i-kul), n. [< F. reticule, a net for
the hair, a reticule, < L. retieulum, neut., also
reticulus, m., a little net, reticule, double dim. of
rete, a net: see rete. Doublet of reticle.] 1.
A bag, originally of network, but later of any
formation or material, carried by women in the
hand or upon the arm, and answering the pur-
pose of a pocket.
There were five loads of straw, but then of those a lady
could take no more than her reticule could carry.
De ',""•"•• ."• Spanish Nun.
Dear Muse, 'tis twenty years or more
Since that enchanted, fairy time
When you came tapping at my door,
Your reticule stuffed full of rhyme.
T. B. Aldrich, At Twoscore.
2. An attachment to a telescope, consisting
of a network of lines ruled on glass or of fine
fibers crossing each other. These may form squares
as in the reticulated micrometer, or they may be arranged
meridionally, except two at right angles or perhaps one
nearly at right angles, or otherwise. Also reticle.
3. Same as reticnlum, 1.
Reticulosa (re-tik-u-16'sa), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. of "reticulosus, < L. retieulum, a little net:
see reticule.] Same as Beticularia1.
reticulose (re-tik'u-16s), a. In en torn., minutely
or finely reticulate.
retieulum (re-tik'u-lum), n. ; pi. reticula (-la).
[NL., < L. retieulum, a little net: see reticule
and reticle.] 1. A network. Also reticule. —
2. Neuroglia. Kolliker. — 3. The network which
pervades the substance of the cell and nucleus
inclosing the softer portions of the protoplasm.
— 4. The second stomach of a ruminant; that
part of a quadripartite stomach which is be-
tween the rumen or paunch and the omasum,
psalterium, or manyplies; the hood or honey-
comb-bag: so called from the reticulation of
the ridges into which the mucous membrane is
thrown up. It makes the best part of tripe. See
cuts under ruminant and Tragulidie. — 5. In lot.,
any reticulated structure; sometimes, specifi-
cally, the fibrous web at the base of the petiole
in some palms. — 6. [cap.] A southern constel-
lation, introduced by La Caille. Also Reticulus
Ancient Roman Reticulated Work.
retierce' (re-tyar-sa/), a. [Heraldic F.,< OF.
retiers, a third part of a third, < re-, again, +
tiers, third: see tierce.] In lier., divided fesse-
wise into three equal parts, each of which is
subdivided fessewise and bears three tinctures,
which are the same in their order in each of the
three parts; barry of nine, of three successive
tinctures thrice repeated, as gules, or, sable,
gules, or, sable, gules, or, sable.
Retifera
Retifera (i-e-tif'e-ra), w. pi. [XL., neut. pi. of
rctifcrits: see reitferous.] A family of DeBlain-
ville's cervicobranchiate Paracephalopltora her-
miiiiliriKlilii, based on the genus Patella; the true
limpets. See PaMlitlie.
retiferous (re-tif'e-rus), a. [< NL. retiferus, <
L. rete, a net, + mm = E. bear1.] Having a
rete or retia; reticulate.
retiform (re'ti-form), a. [< OF. retiforme, F.
retiforme = Pg. It. retiforme, < NL. retiformis, <
L. rete, a net, + forma, shape.] 1. In anat. and
zool., retial; like a network or rete in form or
appearance; reticular: as, the retiform coat of
the eyeball. — 2. In hot., net-like; reticulate. —
Retiform connective tissue. See adenoid tissue, under
adenoid.
retina (ret'i-ua), n. [= OF. refine, rectine, F.
refine = Sp. Pg. It. retina, < NL. retina, retina:
so called because resembling
fine network, < L. rete, a net:
see rete.] The innermost and
chiefly nervous coat of the pos-
terior part of the eyeball, be-
tween the choroid coat and
the vitreous humor. It extends
from the entrance into the eyeball of
the optic nerve toward the crystalline
lens, terminating in the ora serrata.
A modified division of the retinal
structure is, however, continued for-
ward as the pars ciliaris retinee. The
retina consists of a delicate and com-
plex expansion and modification of
the optic nerve, supported by a net-
work of connective tissue. It may be
divided into ten layers: (1) internally,
next the hyaloid membrane of the
vitreous humor, the internal limiting
membrane, formed of the expanded
bases of the fibers of Miiller ; (2) the
fibers of the optic nerve ; (3) layer of
ganglion-cells ; (4) internal molecular
or granular layer; (5) inner nuclear ofaSectionoftheNer
layer ; (6) external molecular or gran- vous Elements of the
ular layer; (7) external nuclear lay-
er; (8) external limiting membrane,
which is connected with the ends of
Miiller's fibers; (9) layer of rods and
cones, or bacillary layer; (10) pigmen-
tary layer. In the center of the back
part of the retina, near the line of
the optic axis, is the macula lutea, the
most sensitive part of the retina ; and
in the center of the macula is a de-
pression, the fovea centralis, in which
the rods are absent. The color of the
macula is due to a yellow pigment.
About one tenth of an inch internally
to the fovea is the point of entrance
of the optic nerve with its central ar-
tery; the retina is incomplete at this
point, and constitutes the "blind
spot." The nerve-fibers have been
estimated to number 400,000 broad
and as many narrow fibers, and for
each fiber there are 7 cones, 100
rods, and 7 pigment-cells. The retina
serves the purpose of vision in being the organ through
or by means of which vibrations of luminiferous ether ex-
cite the optic nerve to its appropriate activity. See eyei.
— Central artery and vein of retina. See central.—
Coarctate retina, a funnel-shaped condition of the reti-
na, due to the accumulation of fluid between the retina
and the choroid. — Epilepsy Of the retina. See epilepsy.
— Pigmentary layer of the retina. See pigmentary. —
Rod-and-cone layer of the retina, a layer composed of
minute elongated cylindrical and flask-shaped elements
arranged vertically to the pigmentary layer of the retina,
and parallel to one another. Also called columnar layer,
bacUlar layer, bacillary layer, stratum baciUosum, stratum
cylindrorum, Jacob's membrane, Jacobian membrane.
retinaculum (ret-i-nak'u-lum), n.; pi. retinacula
(-la). [= F. retinacle, < L. retinaculum, a band,
tether, halter, tie, < retinere, hold back: see re-
tain.] 1. Inbot.: (a) A viscid gland belonging to
the stigma of orchids and asclepiads, and hold-
ing the pollen-masses fast. (6) The persistent
and indurated hook-like funiculus of the seeds
in most Acanthacese. A. Gray. — 2. In anat., a
restraining band; a bridle or frenum: applied
to such fibrous structures as those which bind
down the tendons of muscles; also to the bridle
of the ileocsecal valve. — 3. In entom., specifi-
cally, a small scale or plate which in some in-
sects checks undue protrusion of the sting. —
4. In surg., an instrument formerly used in
operations for hernia, etc — Retinacula of Mor-
gagnl, or retinacula of the Ileocsecal valve, the mem-
branous ridge formed by the coalescence of the valvular
segments at each end of the opening between the ileum
and the colon. Also cal led frena. — Retinaculum pero-
neorum, a fibrous band which holds in place the tendons
of the peroneal muscles as they pass through the grooves
on the outer side of the calcaneum.— Retinaculum ten-
dineum, a transverse band of fibrous tissue which in the
region of joints passes over the tendons, and serves to
hold them close to the bone, as the annular ligament* of
the wrist and the ankle.
retinal (ret'i-nal), a. [< retina + -al.] Of or
pertaining to tne retina: as, retinal structure;
retinal expansion; retinal images.
Diagrammatic View
Retina, the merely
connective elements
being not represented:
magnified about 150
diameters: *,therods;
f, the cones; *', c'.
granules of the outer
nuclear layer, with
which these are con-
nected ; d, d', inter-
woven very delicate
nervous fibers of the
outer molecular layer,
from which fine ner-
vous filaments bearing
granules of the inner
nuclear layer ^/"pro-
ceed toward the front
surface; ^.^.continua-
tionof thesefine nerves
in the inner molecular
layer, which become
convoluted and inter-
woven with the pro-
cesses of the ganglion-
of the optic nerve.
5123
Surely if form and length were originally retinal sensa-
tions, retinal rectangles ought not to become acute or ob-
tuse, and lines ought not to alter their relative lengths as
they do. W. James, Mind, XII. 627.
Retinal apoplexy, hemorrhage into the tissues of the
retina. — Retinal horizon, Hulmholtz's term for the
horizontal plane which passes through the transverse
axis of the eyeball. — Retinal image, the image of ex-
ternal objects formed on the retina.— Retinal ischemia,
partial or complete anemia of the retina, caused by con-
traction of one or more branches of the arteria centralis
retinEe. — Retinal purple. Same as rhodopsin.
retinalite (re-tin'a-lit), H. [Prop. *rhetinolitc,
< Gr. fnrrivr/, resin (see resin), + /.itiof, stone.] A
green translucent variety of serpentine, from
Canada, having a resinous aspect.
retinerved (re'ti-nervd), a. [< L. rete, net, +
nernts, nerve, + -frf2.] In hot., netted-veined ;
reticulate.
retinite (ret'i-ult), «. [= F. retinite, < Gr. />//•"'-
vi], resin (see resin), + -!te2.] 1. Highgate
resin. — 2. One of the French names for pitch-
stone or obsidian, occasionally used in this
sense by writers in English, especially in trans-
lating from the French. See cut under ftuidtil .
retinitis (ret-i-ni'tis), n. [NL., < retina + -iff*.]
Inflammation of the retina — Albumlnurtc reti-
nitis, retinitis caused by Bright's disease.— Diabetic
retinitis, retinitis occurring in diabetes.— Nephritic
retinitis. See nephritic.— Retinitis plgmentosa, a
chronic interstitial connective-tissue proliferation of all
the layers of the eye, with development of pigment due to
a proliferation of the pigment-layer, and with final atro-
phy of the optic nerve.
retinochoroiditis (ret"i-no-k6-roi-di'tis), H.
[NL., < retina + clioroid + -itis.] In patliol.,
same as cliorioretinitis.
retinogen (ret'i-no-jen), n. [< NL. retina, reti-
na, + -gen, producing : see -gen.'] The outer one
of two layers into which the ectoderm of the
embryonic eye of an arthropod may be differ-
entiated: distinguished from gangliogen.
retinoid (ret'i-noid), a. [<C Gr. prjrivri, resin, +
tHof, form.] Resin-like or resiniform ; resem-
bling a resin.
retinophora(ret-i-nof'o-ra), n, ; pi. retinopltorse
(-re). [NL.,\ retina, retina, + Gr. -^opof, < Qepetv
= E. bear*.] One of those cells of the embry-
onic eye of arthropods which secrete the chiti-
nous crystalline cone on that surface which is
toward the axis of the ommatidium. Also called
vitrella.
retinoscopy (ret'i-no-skp-pi), ». [< NL. retina
+ Gr. moma, < mcoTreiv, view.] 1. Skiascopy. —
2. Examination of the retina with an ophthal-
moscope.
retinoskiascopy, n. Same as skiascopy.
Retinospora (ret-i-nos'po-ra), ». [NL. (Siebold
and Zuccarini, 1842), < Gr. pririvit, resin, + ovopa,
seed.] A former genus of coniferous trees, now
united to Cltamsecyparis, from which it has been
distinguished by the conspicuous resin-ducts in
the seed-coat. Several species are often cultivated in
America under the name retinospora. They are also
known as Japanese cypress — C. (R.) obtitsa as the Japanese
tree-ofJhe-sun, C. (R.) pixifera, as sawara. They are in use
for lawn-decoration, and for hedges, especially the golden
retinospora, consisting of cultivated varieties (var. aurea)
of both these species, with yellowish foliage.
retinue (ret'i-nu, formerly re-tin'u), n. [< ME.
retenue, < OF. retenue, a retinue, F. retenue, re-
serve, modesty (= Pr. retenguda ; ML. reflex re-
tenuta), fern, of retenu, pp. of retenir, < L. reti-
nere, retain: see retain.] 1. A body of retainers;
a suite, as of a prince or other great personage ;
a train of persons; a cortege ; a procession.
Not only, sir, this your all-licensed fool,
But other of your insolent retinue
Do hourly carp and quarrel. Shak., Lear, i. 4. 221.
To horse we got, and so
Went forth in long retinue following up
The river as it narrow'd to the hills.
Tennyson, Princess, iii.
2. An accompaniment; a concomitant. [Rare.]
The long retinue of a prosperous reign,
A series of successful years.
Dryden, Threnodia Augustalis, 1. 507.
TO have at one's retlnuet, to have retained by one.
He hadde eek wenches at his retenue.
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 56.
retinula (re-tin'u-la), n.; pi. retimdx (-le).
[NL., dim. of retina, retina : see retina.] In en-
tom., a group of combined retinal cells, bearing
a rhabdom. Gcgenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.),
p. 264.
retinular (re-tin'u-lar),«. [< retinula + -ai-3.]
Of or pertaining to a retiuula.
retiped (re'ti-ped), a. [< L. rete, a net, + pes
(ped-) = E. foot.] Having reticulate tarsi, as
a bird.
retiracy (re-tir'a-si), «. [Irreg. < retire + -acy,
appar. after the analogy of privacy.] Retire-
ment; seclusion. [Recent.]
retire
The two windows were draped with sheets, . . . the
female mind cherishing a prejudice in favor of retiracy
during the night-capped periods of existence.
L. M. Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. 61.
He, ... in explanation of his motive for such remorse-
less retiracy, says : "I am engaged in a business in which
my standing would be seriously compromised if it were
known I had written a novel. "
The Critic, March 1, 1884, p. 97.
retirade (ret-i-rad'), >i. [< F. retiratle (= Sp.
Pg. (milit.) retirada = It. ritirata), < retirer, re-
tire : see retire. Cf. tirade.] In fort., a kind of
retrenchment in the body of a bastion or other
work, to which a garrison may retreat to pro-
long a defense . It usually consists of two faces,
which make a reentering angle.
retiral (re-tlr'al). H. [< retire + -al.] The act
of retiring or withdrawing ; specifically, the act
of taking up and paying a bill when due : as,
the retiral of a bill. Cotgrave. (Imp. Diet.)
retire (re-tir'), v. ; pret. and pp. retired, ppr.
retiring. ' [< OF. retirer, F. retirer (= Pr. Sp.
Pg. retirar = It. ritirare), retire, withdraw, <
re-, back, + Wrcr.draw: see tire2, andcf. attire.]
1. trans. 1. To draw back; take or lead back;
cause to move backward or retreat.
He, our hope, might have retired his power,
And driven into despair an enemy's hope.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2. 4t>.
The locks between her chamber and his will,
Each one, by him enforced, retires his ward.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 303.
2f. To take away; withdraw; remove.
Where the sun is present all the year,
And never doth retire his golden ray.
Sir J. Dacies, Immortal, of Soul, Ded.
I will retire my favorable presence from them.
Leightan,. Works (ed. Carter), p. 366.
3t. To lead apart from others ; bring into re-
tirement ; remove as from a company or a fre-
quented place into seclusion : generally with a
reflexive pronoun.
Beseech you, give me leave to retire myself.
Shak., Cor., i. 3. 30.
Good Dioclesian,
Weary of pomp and state, retires himself,
With a small train, to a most private grange
In Lombardy.
Fletcher (and another '!), Prophetess, v. (cho.).
4. To withdraw ; separate ; abstract.
Let us suppose . . . the soul of Castor, while he is sleep-
ing, retired from his body.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. i. § 12.
So soon as you wake, retire your mind into pure silence
from all thoughts and ideas of worldly things.
Penn, Advice to Children, ii.
5. Specifically, to remove from active service ;
place on the retired list, as of the army or
navy. — 6. To recover; redeem; regain by the
payment of a sum of money; hence, specifi-
cally, to withdraw from circulation by taking
up and paying: as, to retire the bonds of a
railway company ; to retire a bill.
If he be furnished with supplies for the retiring of his
old wardrobe from pawn.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, ii. 1.
Many of these [State banks] were in being before the
enactment of the national banking law, declined reorgani-
zation under its terms, and were obliged to retire their
circulation. Harper's Mag., LXXX. 459.
II. intrans. 1. To draw back; go back; re-
turn.
He'll say in Troy, when he retires,
The Grecian dames are sunburnt, and not worth
The splinter of a lance. Shak., T. and C., i. 3. 281.
At his command the uprooted hills retired
Each to his place. Milton, P. L., vi. 781.
2. To draw back; fall back; retreat, as from
battle or danger.
The winter coming on, and sickness growing
Upon our soldiers, we will retire to Calais.
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 3. 56.
Here Nature first begins
Her farthest verge, and Chaos to retire
As from her utmost works, a broken foe.
Milton, P. L., ii. 1038.
At me you smiled, but nnbeguiled
I saw the snare, and I retired.
Tennyson, Lady Clara Vere de Vere.
3. To withdraw; go away or apart; depart;
especially, to betake one's self, as from a com-
pany or a frequented place, into privacy ; go
into retirement or seclusion ; in the army or
navy, to go voluntarily on the retired list.
If you be pleased, retire into my cell
And there repose. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. 161.
The mind contracts herself, and shrinketh in,
And to herself she gladly doth retire.
Sir J. Dames, Immortal, of Soul, Int.
Q. Mary dying a little after, and he [Philip] rrtirini/,
there could be nothing done. IIouvll, Letters, I. vi. 3.
Banish'd therefore by his kindred, he retires into Greece.
Milton, Hist. Eng., i.
retire
How oft we saw the sun retire,
And burn the threshold of the night.
Tennyson, The Voyage.
4. To withdraw from business or active life.
— 5. Specifically, to go to bed.
Satisfied that his wife had not been from home that
evening, ... he fell into raptures with her. . . . They
then sat down to half an hour s cheerful conversation, af-
ter which they retired all in the most perfect good humour.
Fielding, Amelia, x. 3.
Our landlady's daughter said, the other evening, that
she was going to retire ; whereupon ... the schoolmis-
tress [saidj ... in good plain English that It was her
l>ed-time. 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, ix.
6. To slope back ; recede ; retreat.
The grounds which on the right aspire,
In dimness from the view retire.
T. Parnell, Night-Piece on Death.
= 8yn. 1 and 2. To depart, recede. See retreat^.
retire (re-tir'), ». [= It. retiro; from the verb:
see retire, i\] 1. The act of retiring; with-
drawal. Specifically — (at) Return ; removal to a former
place or position.
She conjures him hy high almighty Jove . . .
That to his borrow'd bed he make retire.
Shale., Lucrece, 1. 573.
(61) Ketreat, especially in war.
From oft our towers we might behold,
From fast to last, the onset and retire
Of both your armies. Shak., K. John, ii. 1. 326.
But chasing the eneraie so farre for our recouerie as
ponder and arrowes wanted, the Spaniardes perceiuing
this returned and in our mens retire they slewe six of
them. Hakluyt's Voyages, quoted in K. Eden's First
[Books on America (ed. Arber), p. xx.
(<• > Retirement ; withdrawal into privacy or seclusion ;
hence, a state of retirement.
Eve . . . with audible lament
Discover'd soon the place of her retire.
Milton, P. L., xi. 267.
By some freakful chance he made retire
From his companions, and set forth to walk.
Kfti/i, Lamia, i.
2f. A place of retirement or withdrawal.
This worlds gay showes, which we admire,
Be hut vaine shadowes to this safe retyre
Of life, which here in lowlinesse ye lead.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. ix. 27.
And unto Calais (to his strong retire)
With speed betakes him.
Daniel, Civil Wars, vii. 18.
3f. Repair; resort.
All his behaviours did make their retire
To the court of his eye, peeping thorough desire.
Shak., L. L. L., ii. 1. 234.
retired(re-tird'),p.a. [Pp. of retire, v.~] 1. Se-
cluded from society or from public notice ; apart
from public view.
Since the exile of Posthumus, most retired
Hath her life been. Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 5. 36.
And add to these retired Leisure,
That in trim gardens takes liis pleasure.
Milton, 11 Penseroso, 1. 49.
2. Withdrawn from public comprehension or
knowledge; private; secret.
Language most shews a man : Speak, that I may see
thee. It springs out of the most retired and inmost parts
of us. B. Jonson, Discoveries, Oratio Imago Animi.
Those deepe and retired thoughts which, with every man
Christianity instructed, ought to be most frequent
Milton, Reformation in Eng., i.
3. Withdrawn from business or active life;
having given up business: as, a retired mer-
chant.
Roanne seem'd to me one of the pleasantest and most
agreeable places imaginable for a retired person.
Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 26, 1644.
The English lord is a retired shopkeeper, and has the
prejudices and timidities of that profession.
Emerson, W. I. Emancipation.
4. Given to seclusion ; inclining to retirement;
also, characteristic of a retired life.
There was one old lady of retired habits, but who had
been much in Italy. Bulwer, My Novel, x. 2.
Retired flank, in fart. , a flank having an arc of a circle
with its convexity turned toward the rear ol the work.—
Retired list, in the army and navy, a list on which the
names of officers disabled for active service are placed. In
the United States navy, all officers between the grades of
vice-admiral and lieutenant-commander must be retired
at the age of sixty-two, and any officer may be retired on
application after forty years of service; in the United
States army, any officer is retired on application after
forty years of service, and any officer after forty-five years
of service, or at the age of sixty-two, may be retired at the
discretion of the President. Officers on the retired list
can be ordered on duty only in case of war.
retiredly (re-tir'od-li), adv. In a retired man-
ner; in solitude or privacy. Imp. Diet.
retiredness (re-tir'ed-nes), «. The character
or state of being retired; seclusion; privacy;
reserve.
This king, with a toad-like retired, ten* of mind, had suf-
fered, and well remembered what he had suffered, from
the war in Thessalia. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
5124
I am glad you make this right use of this sweetness,
This sweet retirednexs.
Fletcher (and another?). Prophetess, v. 3.
retirement (re-tir'ment), n. [< OK. (and F.)
retirement = Sp. retiramiento = Pg. retiriiiiifutn
= It. ritirameiito; as retire + -ment.] 1. The
act of retiring or withdrawing from action, ser-
vice, use, sight, public notice, or company;
withdrawal: as, the retirement of an army from
battle; the retirement of bonds; the retirement
of invalid soldiers from service ; retirement into
the country.
I beseech your majesty, make up,
Lest your retirement do amaze your friends.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 4. 6.
With the retirement of General Scott came the executive
duty of appointing in his stead a general-in-chief of the
army. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 178.
2. The state of being retired from society or
public life ; seclusion ; a private manner of life.
His addiction was to courses vain, . . .
And never noted in him any study,
Any retirement, any sequestration
From open haunts and popularity.
Shak., Hen. V., 1. 1. 58.
Men of such a disposition generally affect retirement,
and absence from public affairs.
Bacon, Moral Fables, Iii., Expl.
Few that court Retirement are aware
Of half the toils they must encounter there.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 609.
3. The state of being abstracted or withdrawn.
Who can find it reasonable that the soul should, in its
retirement, during sleep, have so many hours' thoughts,
and yet never light on any of those ideas it borrowed not
from sensation or reflection.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. L § 17.
4. A retired or sequestered place ; a place to
which one withdraws for privacy or freedom
from public or social cares.
The King, sir, . . .
Is in his retirement marvellous distempered.
SAa*., Hamlet, iii. 2. 312.
A prison is but a retirement, and opportunity of serious
thoughts, to a person whose spirit is confined, and apt to
sit still, and desires no enlargement beyond the cancels
of the body. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 251.
5t. Recovery; retrieval.
There be a sort of rnoodie, hot-brain'd, and alwayes un-
edify'd consciences, apt to engage tbir Leaders into great
and dangerous affaires past retirement.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxviii.
= Svn. 2. Seclusion, Loneliness, etc. See solitude.
retirer (re-tlr'er), n. One who retires or with-
draws.
retiring (re-tir'ing),j). a. [Ppr. of retire, i>.] 1.
Departing'; retreating; going out of sight or
notice.
There are few men so wise that they can look even at the
back of a retiring sorrow with composure.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 85.
2. Fond of retirement ; disposed to seclusion ;
shrinking from society or publicity ; reserved.
Louis seemed naturally rather a grave, still, retiring
man. Charlotte Brontf, Shirley, xxiii.
He (the rhinoceros] developed a nimbleness of limb and
ferocity of temper that might hardly have been expected
of so bulky and retiring an individual.
P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 172.
3. Unobtrusive; modest; quiet; subdued: as,
a person of retiring manners.
She seemed fluttered, too, by the circumstance of en-
tering a strange house ; for it appeared her habits were
most retiring and secluded. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xii.
In general, colours which are most used for the expres-
sion of ... shade have been called retiring.
Field's Chromatayraphy , p. 46.
4. Granted to or suitable for one who retires,
as from public employment or service.
Binnie had his retiring pension, and, besides, had saved
half his allowance ever since he had been in India.
Thackeray, Newcomes, viii.
= Syn. 2 and 3. Coy, bashful, diffident, shy.
Retitelae (ret-i-te'le), n. pi. [NL.. < L. rete, a
net, + tela, a web.] A tribe of sedentary spi-
ders which spin webs whose threads cross ir-
regularly in all directions. They are known as
line-wearers. Walckenaer.
Retitelariae (ret"i-te-la'ri-e), «. pi. [NL., as
Rctitelse + -arise.] Same as Ketitelte.
retitelarian (ret"i-te-la'ri-an), a. and n. I. a.
Of or pertaining to the Retitelarix.
II. n. A retitelarian spider; a retiary.
Also retetelarian.
retoriant, «• and ». See rltctorian.
retorquet, v. t. [< OF. retorquer, < L. retor-
quere, turn back: see retort1.'] To turn back:
cause to revert. [Rare.]
Shall we, in this detested guise,
With shame, with hunger, and with horror stay,
Griping our bowels with retargeted thoughts.
IHarlwc. Tamburlaine the Great, v. 1. 237.
retort
retorsion (re-tor'shpn), ». [= F. retnnsion = Sp.
/• tnrxion = Pg. retorsao, < ML. rctorsio(n-), re-
/'irlHi(n-), a twisting or bending back, < L. re-
inrqnere, pp. retortus, twist back: see retort1, r.
( 'f. retortion.'] The act of retorting; retaliation ;
specifically, in international line, the adoption
toward another nation or its subjects of a line
of treatment in accordance with the course
pursued by itself or them in the like circum-
stances. It implies peaceful retaliation. Also
written retortion.
Reprisals differ from retorsion in this, that the essence of
the former consists in seizing the property of another na-
tion by way of security, until it shall have listened to the
just reclamations of the offended party, while retorsion
includes all kinds of measures which do an injury to an-
other, similar and equivalent .to that which we have ex-
perienced from him. Woolsey, introd. to Inter. Law, § 114.
retort1 (re-tdrf), ''• [< ME. retorten, retourteii.
retort, return, < OF. retort (< L. retortus), retor-
tlre, F. retordre, also retorqner, twist back, =
Sp. Pg. retorcer = It. ritorcere, < L. retorquere,
twist back, turn back, cast back (argumentum
retorquere, retort an argument), < re-, back, +
torquere, twist : see tort.] I. trans. If. To twist
back; bend back by twisting or curving; turn
back.
It would be tried, how . . . the voice will be carried in
an horn, which is a line arched ; or in a trumpet, which
i a line retorted; or in some pipe that were sinuous.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 132.
2f. To throw back; specifically, to reflect.
As when his virtues, shining upon others,
Heat them, and they retort that heat again
To the flrst giver. Shak., T. and C., iii. 3. 101.
Dear sir, retort me naked to the world
Rather then lay those burdens on me, which
Will stifle me. Brome, Jovial Crew, 1.
He pass'd
Long way through hostile scorn, . . .
And, with retorted scorn, his back he turn'd.
Hilton, P. L., v. 906.
3t. To cast back ; reject ; refuse to accept or
grant.
The duke 's unjust
Thus to retort your manifest appeal.
SAa*., 11. for M., v. I. 303.
4. To return ; turn back or repel, as an argu-
ment, accusation, manner of treatment, etc.,
upon the originator; retaliate: rarely applied
to the return of kindness or civility.
We shall retort these kind favours with all alacrity of
spirit. B. Jonson, Case is Altered, i. 2.
He . . . discovered the errors of the Roman church,
retorted the arguments, stated the questions.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 76.
He was eminently calculated to exercise that moral pride
which enables a poet to defy contemporary criticism, to
retort contemporary scorn. Whipple, tss. and Rev., I. 234.
5. To reply resentfully.
What if thy sou
Prove disobedient, and, reproved, retort
Wherefore didst thou beget me? I sought it not,
Hilton, P. L., x. 761.
II. intrans. If. To curve, twist, or coil back.
Her hairs as Gorgon's foul retorting snakes.
Greene, Ditty.
This line, thus curve and thus orbicular.
Render direct and perpendicular ;
But so direct, that in no sort
It ever may in Rings retort.
Congrece, An Impossible Thing.
2. To retaliate ; turn back an argument, accu-
sation, or manner of treatment upon the origi-
nator ; especially, to make a resentful reply ; re-
spond in a spirit of retaliation.
He took a joke without retorting hy an impertinence.
O. W. Bolmet, Old Vol. of Life, p. 43.
Charles, who could not dissemble his indignation during
this discourse, retorted with great acrimony when it was
concluded. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 1.
3f. To return.
sif they retourte asen.by Jerusalem.
Lydgate, MS. Soc. Antiq. 134, f. 24. (Halliicell.)
retort1 (re-tort'), n. [< retort*, «>.] The act of
retorting; the repelling of an argument, accu-
sation, or incivility; hence, that which is re-
torted; a retaliatory act or remark ; especially,
a sharp or witty rejoinder; a repartee.
He sent me word, if I said his beard was not cut well,
he was in the mind it was : this is called the Retort Cour-
teous. Shak., As you Like it, v. 4. 76.
The license of wit, the lash of criticism, and the retort
of the libel suit, testified to the ofnciousness, as well as the
usefulness, of the . . . "knights of the quill."
The Century, XL. 314.
= Syn. See repartee.
retort2 (re-tort'), n. [< OF. retnrte = Sp. Pg. re-
tortti, < ML. "retorta, a retort, lit. 'a thing bent
or twisted,' being in form identical with OF.
reorte, riorte = It. ritorta, a band, tie, < ML.
ri'tnrtii, a band, tie (of a vine); < L. retorta,
retort
fern, of retortus, pp. of retorquere, twist back :
see retort*.} In diem, and the arts, a vessel of
glass, earthenware,
metal, etc., employed
for the purpose of dis-
tilling or effecting de-
composition by the V Jo
aid of heat. Glass re.
torts are commonly used R«ort (a) and Receiver (».
for distilling liquids, and
consist of a flask-shaped vessel, to which a long neck is
attached. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the flask,
and heat is applied. The products of distillation condense
in the cold neck of the retort, and are collected in a suit-
are sometimes provided with a
512."
So many Touches and
ished.
To write con amore, . . . with perpetual touches and
retouches, . . . and an unwearied pursuit of unattainable
perfection, was, I think, no part of his character.
Johnson, Dryden.
retoucher (re-tuch'er), n. One who retouches ;
specifically, in photog., an operative employed
to correct defects in both negatives and prints,
whether such defects come from the process, or
from spots, imperfections, etc., on the subject
represented.
A first-class retoucher is a good artist.
The Engineer, LXVI. 280.
able receiver. Retorts
stopper so placed above the bulb as to permit the Intro- retouching (re-tuch'ing), n. [Verbal n. or re-
duction of liquids without soiling the neck. ^ The name is £OMC/() ,,_] 1. The act of adding touches, as to a
work of art, after its approximate completion.
His almost invariable desire of retouching ... at times
amounted to repainting. W. Sharp, D. O. Rossetti, p. 154.
Afterthoughts, retouchings, finish, will be of profit only
so far as they too really serve to bring out the original, in-
also generally given to almost any apparatus in which
solid substances, such as coal, wood, or bones, are sub-
mitted to destructive distillation, as retorts for producing
coal-gas which vary much both in dimensions and in shape.
retort2 (re-tort' ), r. t [Xwtort8,*.] In metal.,
to separate by means of a retort, as gold from
an amalgam. Gold is always obtained in the form of an
amalgam in stamping quartz-rock, and frequently, also, in
washing auriferous detritus with the sluice. The amalgam
is placed in an iron retort, and then heated, when the mer-
cury passes olf in vapor and is condensed in a suitable re-
ceiver — the gold, always more or less alloyed with silver,
remaining behind. See (fold.
retorted (re-tor'ted), p. a. [Pp. of retort1, v.}
If. Twisted back; bent back; turned back.
He flies indeed, but threatens as he flies,
With heart indignant and retorted eyes.
Pope, Iliad, xvii. 120.
itiative, germinating sense in them.
Fortnightly Bee., N. S., XLIII. 742.
Specifically — 2. Inphotog., the art and process
of finishing and correcting negatives or posi-
tives, with the object of increasing the beauty
of the picture or of obliterating defects of the
sensitive film. The work is performed, according to the
necessities of the case, by applying a pigment to the front
or back of the negative, by shading with lead-pencils,
by stippling with brushes, or by means of a mechanical
sprayer, on the film, especially to stop out hard lines in
the face, impurities on the skin, etc. In order to obtain
dark lines or spots in the finished print, the film of the
negative is sometimes carefully scraped away with a
knife at the desired places. The retouching of the print
or positive is done in water-colors or India ink.
" (re-tuch'ing-desk), n. Same
2. In her., fretted or interlaced: said espe-
cially of serpents so arranged as to form a he-
raldic knot.
retorter (re-t6r'ter), n. One who retorts.
retort-holder (re-t6rfh61"der), n. A device as reHm .„„,„„.
for holding flasks or retorts in applying heat to retouchieasel (re-tuch'ing-e"zl), n. In
them, or for convenience at other times, or photog., same as retouching-frame.
retouching-frame (re-tuch'ing-fram), n. In
photog., a desk formed of fine ground glass set
in a frame, adjustable in angle, used for re touch-
ing negatives. The negative is laid on the ground glass,
a support being provided to hold it at a convenient height.
A mirror under the desk reflects light upward through the
ground glass and the negative, and the operator is often
,
further aided by a hood over the desk to shade his eyes and
holding a funnel, etc.
retort-house (re-tort'hous), ». That part of a
gas-works in which the retorts are situated.
retortion (re-tor'shon), n. [< ML. retorlio(n-),
retorsio(n-), a twisting or bending back, < L. re-
torquere, pp. retortus, twist back: see retort1,
and cf. retorsion.} 1. The act of turning or
bending back.
Our Sea, whose divers-brancht retortions = _
Divide the World in three vnequall Portions. easel and retouching-desk. Compare retouching-table.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3. retouching-table (re-tuch'ing-ta/'bl), H. In
As for the seeming reasons which this opinion leads photog., a retouching-frame fixed on a stand
unto, they will appear, like the staff of Egypt, either to -^ j th t it needs no independent sup-
break under, or by an easy retortion to pierce and wound
itself. J. Spencer, Prodigies, p. 253. (Latham.) port.
^^J^J^S^^ J3£±?^ — ?^ ^uS o+r
.
thing, as an accusation or an indignity ; a re-
tort.
Complaints and retortions are the common refuge of
causes that want better arguments.
Lively Oracles (1678), p. 24. (Latham.)
the state of being retouched.
The Death of Breuse sans Pitie — as it now appears, at
any rate, after its retouchment — is the crudest in colour
and most grotesque in treatment.
W. Sharp, D. G. Rossetti, p. 155.
retortive (re-t6r'tiv), a. [< retort1 + -ive.} Re- retour (re-tor') ,n. [< F. retour, OP. retor, retur,
torting; turning backward; retrospective. retour a return: see return1, n.} 1. Areturn-
[Rare.]
From all his guileful plots the veil they drew,
With eye retortive look'd creation thro.
ing.— 2. In Scots law, an extract from chancery
of the service of an heir to his ancestor.
retoured (re-tord'), a. [< retour + -ed2.] In
Scots law, expressed or enumerated in a retour.
retort-sealer (re-torf ska'ler), n. An instru- _Ketoured duty, the valuation, both new and old, of
ment for removing mechanically the incrusta- •
tion from the interior of coal-gas retorts. The
lands expressed in the retour to the chancery, when any
one is returned or served heir.
v. An obsolete form of return1.
retractation
retract (re-trakf), v. [< OF. retracter, P. re-
tracter = Sp. Pg. retractar = It. ritrattar, < L.
retractarc, retract, freq. of retrahere, pp. retrac-
tus, drawback, < re-, back, -I- trahere, draw: see
tract1. Cf. retray, retrait, retreat1.'} I. trans.
1. To draw back; draw in: sometimes opposed
to protract or protrude : as, a cat retracts her
claws.
The seas into themselves retract their flows.
Itrayton, Of his Lady's not Coming to London.
From under the adductor a pair of delicate muscles
runs to the basal edge of the labrum so as to retract the
whole mouth. Danrin, C'irripedia, p. 39.
The platform when retracted is adapted to pass over the
floor proper, leaving, when extended, a surface over which
things may be easily and safely moved.
Set. Amer., N. S., LIX. 262.
2. To withdraw; remove.
Such admirable parts in all I spye,
From none of them I can retract myne eye.
Heywood, Dialogues (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874, VI. 249).
The excess of fertility, which contributed so much to
their miscarriages, was retracted and cut off.
Woodward, Essay towards a Nat. Hist, of the Earth.
3. To take back; undo; recall; recant: as, to
retract an assertion or an accusation.
Paris should ne'er retract what he hath done,
Nor faint in the pursuit. Shak., T. and C., ii. 2. 141.
If thou pleasest to show me any error of mine, ... I
shall readily both acknowledge and retract it.
Hfe of Thomas Ellwood(eA. liowells), p. 360.
She began, therefore, to retract her false step as fast as
she could. Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xxvi.
4. To contract; lessen in length; shorten. =syn.
3. Recant, Revoke, etc. (see renounce), disown, withdraw.
See list under abjure.
II. intrans. 1. To draw or shrink back ; draw
in; recede.
The cut end of the bowel, muscular coat and mucous
coat together, was seized with pressure forceps in the
manner already described. It was thus held in position,
was prevented from retracting, and all bleeding points
were secured at once. Lancet, No. 3470, p. 454.
2. To undo or unsay what has been done or
said before; recall or take back a declaration
or a concession; recant.
She will, and she will not ; she grants, denies,
Consents, retracts, advances, and then flies.
Granville, To Myra.
retract (re-trakf), n. [< LL. retractus, a draw-
ing back, ML. retirement, retreat, < L. retra-
here, pp. retractns, draw back: see retract, r.
Cf. retreat1, retrait.} If. A falling back; a
retreat.
They erected forts and houses in the open plains, turn-
ing the Natives into the woods and places of fastnesse,
whence they made eruptions and retracts at pleasure.
Howett, Vocall Forrest, p. 85.
2f. A retractation ; recantation.
Saincte Augustyne . . . wrytte also at the lengthe a
Booke of retractes, in whych he correcteth hys owne er-
rours. JR. Eden (First Books on America, ed. Arber, p. 10).
3. In farriery, the prick of a horse's foot in
nailing a shoe, requiring the nail to be with-
drawn.
retractability (re-trak-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [< re-
tractable + -ity (see -bility).} The property of
being retractable ; capacity for being retracted.
Also retractibility.
Tannin, which acts on the retractalility of the mucous
membrane, . . . might be useful in dilatation of the stom-
ach. Medical News, LIII. 159.
scale is sometimes removed by combustion. ., r,m* , j ™ \
l<re-+toss.} To toss retrace (re-tras'), ».^. J£9£;/^n.|^- ) ™*™™. retractable (re-trak'ta-bl), a._ [<_ retract +
= Pr. retrassar = Sp. retrasar = Pg. retragar ;
as re- + trace1."] 1. To trace or track back-
retoss (re-tos'), v. t.
back or again.
Along the skies,
Tost and retost, the ball incessant flies. ward ; go over again in the reverse direction :
Pope, Odyssey, vi. 112. as> to retrace one's steps.
He retraced
His pathway homeward sadly and in haste.
retouch (re-tuch'), ». *. [< OP. (and P.) re-
toucher = Sp. Pg. retocar = It. ritoccare; as
re- + touch.} To touch or touch up again ;
improve by new touches ; revise ; specifically,
in the fine arts, to improve, as a painting, by
new touches ; go over a second time, as a work
of art, in order to restore or strengthen a faded
part, make additions, or remove blemishes, for
its general improvement.
He sighs, departs, and leaves th' accomplish'd plan,
That he has touch'd, retouch'd, many a long day
Labor'd, and many a night pursu'd in dreams.
Cowper, Task, iii. 786.
That piece
By Pietro of Cortona — probably
His scholar Giro Ferri may have retouched.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 216.
These [frescos] are in very_bad preservation^— _much
faded and retouched.
The Century, XXXVII. 543.
retouch (re-tuch'), n. [< P. retouche = Sp. Pg.
retoque = It. ritocco; from the verb : see retouch,
r.} A repeated touch ; an additional touch giv-
en in revision; specifically, in the fine arts, ad-
ditional work done on that which might previ- retraceable (re-tra'sa-bl), a. [<
ously have been regarded as finished. -able.} Capable of being retraced.
Longfellow, Golden Legend, ii.
2. To trace back to an original source ; trace
out by investigation or consideration.
Then, if the line of Tnrnus you retrace,
He springs from Inachus of Argive race.
Dryden, ^Eneid, vii. 520.
The orthography of others eminent for their learning _-+__„<.„+,•_-. /•_„
was as remarkable, and sometimes more eruditely whim- retractation (,ie-
sical, either in the attempt to retrace the etymology, or '
to modify exotic words to a native origin.
I. D'lsraeli, Amen, of Lit,, II. 22.
3. To trace again; renew the lines of: as, to
retrace the defaced outline of a drawing.
This letter, traced in pencil-characters,
Guido as easily got retraced in ink
By his wife's pen, guided from end to end.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 122.
4. To rehearse ; repeat.
He regales his list'ning wife
With all th' adventures of his early life, . . .
Retracing thus his frolics.
Cou'pcr, Tirocinium, 1. 332.
retrace +
Imp. Diet.
-able. Cf. retr'actible.'l' Capable "of being re-
tracted ; retractile. Also retraclible.
Its [a cuttlefish's] arms instead of suckers were furnished
with a double row of very sharp talons, . . . retractable
into a sheath of skin, from which they might be thrust at
pleasure. Cook, First Voyage, i. 7.
retractatet (re-trak'tat), v. t. [< L. retractare,
pp. retractatus, draw back: see retract.} To
retract; recant.
St. Augustine was not ashamed to retractate, we might
say revoke, many things that had passed him.
The Translators of the Bible, To the Reader.
), n. [< OF. re-
tractation, P. retractation = Pr. retracta1io = Sp.
retractacion = Pg. retracta$ So = It. ritrattuzioiie,
< L. retractatio(n-), a retouching, reconsidera-
tion, hesitation, refusal, < retractare, touch
again, reconsider, draw back, retract: see re-
tract.} The act of retracting or withdrawing;
especially, the recall or withdrawal of an asser-
tion, a claim, or a declared belief; a recanta-
tion.
The Dutch governour writes to our governour, . . . pro-
fessing all good neighborhood to all the rest of the colo-
nies with some kind of retractation of his former claim to
New Haven. Winthrop, Hist, New England, II. 384.
Praxeas, at one time, signed a retractation of his heresy,
which retractation was in the hands of the Catholics.
Pusey, Eirenicon, p. 76.
retractation
There are perhaps no contracts or engagements, except
those that relate to money or money's worth, of which
one can venture to say that there ought to be no liberty
whatever of retractation. J. S. Mill, On Liberty, v.
retracted (re-trak'ted), p. it. 1. lu her., couped
by a line diagonal to their main direction : said
of ordinaries or subordinates : thus, three bars
or pales are retracted when cut off bendwise or
bendwise sinister. — 2. In entom., permanently
received or contained in a hollow of another
part. — 3. In bot., drawn back, as (sometimes)
the radicle between the cotyledons; bent back.
[Rare or obsolete.]— Retracted abdomen, an abdo-
men nearly hidden in the thorax or cephalothorax, as in
the harvest-spiders. — Retracted head, a head, concealed
in the thorax as far as the front, which cannot be pro-
truded at will.— Retracted mouth, a mouth in which the
trophi cannot be extended, as in most beetles : correlated
with retractile mouth. = Sy n. See retractile.
retractibility (re-trak-ti-bil'i-ti), TO. [< retrac-
tible + -itu (see -hility).] Same as retractability.
retractible (re-trak'ti-bl), a. [< F. retractable;
as retract + -ible. Cf. retractable.] Same as
retractable.
retractile (re-trak'til), a. [= P. retractile; as
retract + -He.] 1. Retractable; capable of be-
ing retracted, drawn back, or drawn in after
protraction or protrusion : correlated with pro-
tractile or protrusile, of which it is the opposite :
as, the retractile claws of felines : the retractile
head of a tortoise ; the retractile horns or feel-
ers of a snail : especially applied in entomology
to parts, as legs or antennas, which fold down
or back into other parts which are hollowed to
receive them.
Asterias, sea-star, covered with a coriaceous coat, fur-
nished with five or more rays and numerous retractile
tentacula. Pennant, British Zool. (ed. 1777), IV. 60.
The pieces in a telescope are retractile within each other.
Kirby and Spence, Entomology, I. 151. (Davies.)
2. Retractive.
Cranmer himself published his Defence of the True and
Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament : a long treatise, with
a characteristically retractile title.
R. W. Dizon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvii.
Retractile cancer, mammary cancer with retraction of
the nipple. =Syn. 1. Retracted, Retractile. A retracted part
is permanently drawn in or back, and fixed in such posi-
tion that it cannot be protracted or protruded. A retrac-
tile part is also protractile or protrusile, and capable of
retraction when it has been protracted.
retractility (re-trak-til'i-ti), n. [= F. retrae-
tilite; as retractile + -itij.] The quality of be-
ing retractile ; susceptibility of retraction.
retraction (re-trak'shon), n. [< OF. retraction,
F. retraction '= Sp. retraccion = Pg. retracc^So
= It. retrazione, < L. retractio(n-), a drawing
back, diminishing, < retrahere, pp. retractus,
drawback: see retract.'] 1. The act of retract-
ing, or the state of being retracted or drawn
back: as, the retraction of a cat's claws. — 2t.
A falling back ; retreat.
They make bold with the Deity when they make him do
and undo, go forward and backwards by such counter-
marches and retractions as we do not impute to the Al-
mighty. Woodward.
3. The act of undoing or unsaying something
previously done or said; the act of rescind-
ing or recanting, as previous measures or
opinions.
As soon as you shall do me the favour to make public
a better notion of certainty than mine, I will by a public
retraction call in mine.
Locke, Second Reply to Bp. of Worcester (Works, IV. 344).
= Syn. 3. See renounce.
retractive (re-trak'tiv), a. and n. [= F. re-
tractif = It. ritrattiro; as retract + -ine.] I.
a. Tending or serving to retract ; retracting.
II. M. That which draws back or restrains.
The retractices of bashfulness and a natural modesty . . .
might have hindered his progression.
Sir H. Naunton, Fragments Regalia, Lord Mountjoy.
We could make this use of it to be a strong retractive
from any, even our dearest and gainfullest, Bins.
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 139.
retractively (re-trak'tiv-li), adv. In a retrac-
tive manner; by retraction. Imp. Diet.
retractor (re-trak'tor), «. ; pi. retractors or, as
New Latin, retractores (re-trak-to'rez). [= F.
retracteur, < NL. retractor, < L. retraliere, pp. re-
tractus, draw back : see retract."] One who or
that which retracts or draws back. Specifically—
(a) In anat. and tool. , a muscle which draws an organ back-
ward, or withdraws a protruded part, as that of the eye or
ear of various animals, of the foot of a mollusk, etc. : the
opposite of protractor. See retrahens. (I) In sura. : (I) A
Siece of cloth used in amputation for drawing back the
ivided muscles, etc., in order to keep them out of the way
of the saw. (2) An instrument used to hold back some por-
tion of tissue during an operation or examination, (c) In
firearms, a device by which the metallic cartridge-cases
employed in breech-loading guns are withdrawn after fir-
ing. Retractor bulbl, or retractor ocull, the retractor
muscle of the eyeball of various animals. See clioanmriem.
5126
— Retractores uteri, small bundles of non-striped mus-
cle passing from the uterus to the sacrum within the re-
tro-uterine folds.
retrad (re'trad), adv. [< L. retro, backward (see
retro-), + -on?3.] In anat., backward; posteri-
orly; retrorsely; caudad: opposite of prorsad.
retrabens (re'tra-henz), «. ; pi. retralientes (re-
tra-hen'tez). [NL., sc. mttsculus, a muscle:
see retrahent.] In anat., a muscle which draws
or tends to draw the human ear backward ; one
or two fleshy slips arising from the mastoid and
inserted into the auricle: the opposite of at-
trahens: more fully called retrahens aurem, re-
trahens auris, or retraliens auriculam. See cut
under muscle^.— Retrahentes costarum, an exten-
sive series of small oblique costovertebral muscles in liz-
ards, etc., which draw the ribs backward.
retrahent (re'tra-hent), a. [< L. retrahen(t-)s,
ppr. of retrahere, drawback: see retract.] Draw-
ing backward; retracting; having the function
of a retrahens, as a muscle.
retrabentes, «. Plural of retrahem.
retraictt, «. See retraitf.
retrairt, »• [ME., < OF. retrain, draw back:
see retray.] Retreat ; withdrawal.
At Montflarrant bide la my hole plesaunce,
Ther become hermlte with-out any retrayr,
To Goddis honour and serulce repair.
Rom, of Partenay (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 5149.
retraitM, «• An obsolete form of retreafl.
retrait1*, a. [< OF. retrait, < L. retractus, pp. of
retra liere, draw back : see retract, retreat1.] Re-
tired.
Some of their lodgings so obscure and retrayte as none
but a priest or a devil could ever have sented It out.
Harsnett's Decl. of Popith Impostures, sig. I. S. (Hares.)
retrait2t (re-traf), n. [Also retrate; < Sp. Pg.
retrato = It. retra tto, a picture, effigy, < ML. *re-
tractum, a picture, portrait, neut. of L. retrac-
tus, pp. of retrahere, draw back (ML. draw, por-
tray) : see retract, retray. Cf . retreat1 and por-
trait.'] A drawing; picture; portrait; hence,
countenance; aspect.
Shee Is the mighty Queene of Faery
Whose faire retrain I in my shield doe beare.
Spenser, F. Q., II. it 4.
More to let you know
How pleasing this retrait of peace doth seem,
Till I return from Palestine again,
Be you joint governors of this my realm.
Webster and DtUter (T), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, i. 1.
retral (re'tral), a. [< L. retro, backward, + -al.~]
Back ; hind or hinder ; retrorse ; posterior ; cau-
dal: the opposite ofprorsal.
The furrows between the retral processes of the next
segment W. B. Carpenter, Micro*., < 487.
retranchl (re-tron-sha'), a. [F., pp. of retran-
cher, cut off: see retrench.] In her., divided
bendwise twice or into three parts: said of the
field. Compare tranche.
retransfer (re-trans-fer'), r. t. [< re- + trans-
fer.] 1. To transfer back to a former place
or condition. — 2. To transfer a second time.
retransfer (re-trans'fer), «. [< retransfer, v.]
1. A transfer back to a previous place or con-
dition.
It is by no means clear that at the next election there
will not be a retransfer of such votes as did go over, and,
in addition, such a number of Conservative abstentions
as will give Mr. Gladstone a large majority.
Contemporary Rev., LJII. 147.
2. A second transfer.
If the retransfer has been perfectly done, the attach-
ment of the print to the paper will be so strong that they
cannot be separated (unless wet) without the face of the
paper tearing. Silver Sunbeam, p. 342.
retransform (re-trans-form'), r. t. [< re- +
transform.] 1. To transform or change back
to a previous state.
A certain quantity of heat may be changed into a defi-
nite quantity of work ; this quantity of work can also be
retransformed into heat, and, indeed, into exactly the same
quantity of heat as that from which it originated.
Helmholtz, Pop. ScL Lects. (tr. by Atkinson), p. 349.
2. To transform anew.
retransfonnation(re-trans-f6r-ma'shon), n. [<
retransform + -ation.] The act of retransform-
ing ; transformation back again or anew.
retranslate (re-trans-laf), v. t. [< re- + trans-
late.] 1. To translate back into the original
form or language.
The " silver-tongued " Mansfield not only translated all
of Cicero's orations into English, but also retranslated the
English orations into Latin.
W. Mathews, Getting on in the World, p. 226
2. To translate anew or again,
retranslation (re-trans-la'shon), n. [< retrans-
late + -ion.] The act or process of retranslat-
ing; also, what is retranslated.
The final result of this sympathetic communication is
the retranslation of the emotion felt by one into similar
emotions in the others. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXI. 824.
retreat
The critical student of Ecclesiasticus can only In occa-
sional passages expect much help from the projected re-
translations. The Academy, July 19, 1890, p. 51.
retransmission (re-trans-mish'on), n. [< re-
+ transmission.] The act of retransmitting; a
repeated or returned transmission.
The transmission and retransmission of electric power.
Elect. Ret. (Amer.), XV. v. «.
retransmit (re-trans-mif), v. t. [< re- + trtm*-
mit.] To transmit back or again.
Will ... [a single] embossing point, upon being passed
over the record thus made [by indentation], follow it with
such fidelity as to retransmit to the disk the same variety
of movement? N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 628.
retrate1*, «. An obsolete form of retreat1.
retrate-t, «. See retraifi.
retra verse (re-trav'ers), r. t. [< re- + traverse. ]
To traverse again.
But, not to retraverse once-trodden ground, shall we
laugh or groan at the new proof of the Kantian doctrine of
the ideality of time? Atheneeum, No. 3208, p. 339.
Sir Henry Layard declines to retraverse the ground thus
covered. Quarterly Ren., CXLV. 88.
retraxit (re-trak'sit), «. [< L. retraxit, 3d pers.
sing. pret. ind. of retraliere, withdraw: see re-
treat1, retract.] In law, the withdrawing or
open renunciation of a suit in court, by which
the plaintiff loses his action. Blaclistone.
retrayt, f. »'• [ME. retrayen, < OF. retraire, < L.
retrahere, drawback, withdraw: see retract, and
cf. retrait1, retreat1. For the form, cf. extray,
portray.] To withdraw ; retire.
Then euery man retray home.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 422.
retreat1 (re-tret'), n. [Early mod. E. also retreit,
retrait, retraict, retrate; < ME. retrete, retret (=
Sp. retrete, a closet, retreta, retreat or tattoo, =
Pg. retrete, a closet, retreat), < OF. retrete, re-
traite, retraicte, f., retreat, a retreat, a place of
refuge, F. retraite, retreat, a retreat, recess,
etc. (OF. also retrait, retraict, m., a retreat, re-
tired place, also, in law, redemption, withdraw-
al, F. retrait, in law, redemption, withdrawal,
also shrinkage), = It. ritratta, a retreat, < ML.
retracta, a retreat, recess (L. retractus, a draw-
ing back, ML. retreat, recess, etc.), < L. retrac-
tus, pp. of retrahere, draw back, withdraw: see
retract and retray.] 1. The act of retiring or
withdrawing; withdrawal; departure.
Into a charabre ther made he retret,
Hit unshlt entring, the dore after drew.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 3944.
Come, shepherd, let us make an honourable retreat.
Skak., As you Like it, ill. 2. 170.
Wisdom's triumph is well-timed retreat,
As hard a science to the fair as great !
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 226.
2. Specifically, the retirement, either forced
or strategical, of an army before an enemy ;
an orderly withdrawal from action or position :
distinguished from a, flight, which lacks system
or plan.
They . . . now
To final battel drew, disdaining flight
Or faint retreat, Milton, P. L., vi. 799.
3. The withdrawing of a ship or fleet from ac-
tion; also, the order or disposition of ships de-
clining an engagement. — 4. A signal given in
the army or navy, by beat of drum or sound of
trumpet, at sunset, or for retiring from exer-
cise, parade, or action.
Here sound retreat, and cease our hot pursuit.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 2. 3.
5. Retirement ; privacy ; a state of seclusion
from society or public life.
I saw many pleasant and delectable Palaces and ban-
queting houses, which serve for houses of retraite for the
Gentlemen of Venice, . . . wherein they solace themselves
in sommer. Coryat, Crudities, I. 152.
The retreat, therefore, which I am speaking of is not
that of monks and hermits, but of men living in the world,
and going out of it for a time, in order to return into it ;
it is a temporary, not a total retreat.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. x.
'Tis pleasant, through the loopholes of retreat,
To peep at such a world ; to see the stir
Of the great Babel, and not feel the crowd.
Coufer, Task, iv. 88.
6. Place of retirement or privacy; a refuge;
an asylum; a place of security or peace.
Our firesides must be our sanctuaries, our refuges from
misfortune, our choice retreat from all the world.
Goldsmith.
Here shall the shepherd make his seat,
To weave his crown of flow'rs ;
Or find a shelt'ring safe retreat
From prone descending show'rs.
Burns, Humble Petition of Bruar Water.
Ah, for some retreat
Deep in yonder shining Orient.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
retreat
of retirement for religious self-
examination, meditation, and special prayer.
= Syn. B. Seclusion, solitude, privacy.— 6. Shelter, haunt,
den.
retreat1 (re-tret'), v. [< retreat1, n.] I. it
1. To retire; move backward ; go back.
The rapid currents drive
Towards the retreating sea their furious tide.
Milton, P. L., xi. 854.
2. Specifically, to retire from military action
or from an enemy; give way; fall back, as
from a dangerous position.
Ask why from Britain Ciesar would retreat;
Cajsar himself might whisper he was beat.
Pope, Moral Essays, i. 129.
3. In fencing, to move backward in order to
avoid the point of the adversary's sword : spe-
cifically expressing a quick movement of the
left foot a few inches to the rear, followed by
the right foot, the whole being so executed that
the fencer keeps his equilibrium and is ready to
lunge and parry at will.— 4. To recede; with-
draw from an asserted claim or pretension, or
from a course of action previously undertaken.
5127
He told us flatly that he was born in the Low Countreys
at Delft. This retrenched all farther examination of him ;
for thereby he was inelligible.
Sir H. H'oUon, Reliquia!, p. 671.
5. To limit; restrict.
These figures, ought they then to receive a retrenched
interpretation? /«• Taylor.
6. Milit. : (a) To furnish with a retrenchment
or retrenchments. (6) To intrench.
That Evening he [Gustavus] appear'd in sight of the
Place and immediately retrench'd himself near the Chapel
of St. Olans, with all the Care and Diligence of a Man that
is afraid of being attacked.
J. Mitchel, tr. of Vertot's Hist. Rev. in Sweden, p. 139.
II. intrans. 1. To make a reduction in quan-
tity, amount, or extent ; especially, to curtail
expenses; economize.
Can I retrench? Yes, mighty well,
Shrink back to my paternal cell, . . .
And there I'll die, nor worse nor better.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. vii. 75.
2. To trench; encroach; make inroads.
He was forced to retrench deeply on his Japanese rev-
enues. Sw\ft, Account of the Court and Empire of Japan.
retrenchment (re-trench'ment), H. [< OF.
undertook! H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 580.
5. To withdraw to a retreat ; go into retire-
ment ; retire for shelter, rest, or quiet.
Others, more mild,
Retreated in a silent valley, sing,
With notes angelical, to many a harp.
Milton, P. L., ii. 547.
But see, the shepherds shun the noonday heat,
The lowing herds to murmuring brooks retreat.
Pope, Summer, 1. 86.
When weary they retreat
T' enjoy cool nature in a country seat.
Cowper, Hope, L 244.
6. To slope backward ; have a receding outline
or direction : as, a retreating forehead or chin.
= Syn. To give way, fall back. All verbs of motion com-
pounded with re- tend to express the idea of failure or
defeat; but retreat is the only one that necessarily or
emphatically expresses it.
Il.t trans. To retract; retrace.
His dreadfull voyce . . .
Compelled lordan to retreat his course.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.
retreat2! (re-tref), v. t. [ME. retreten, < OF.
retreter, < I/, retractare, retrectare, handle anew,
reconsider: see retract.] To reconsider; ex-
amine anew.
He ... retretith deepliche thinges iseyn byforn.
Chaucer, Boethius, v. meter 3.
retreater (re-tre'ter), n. One who retreats or
falls back.
He stopt and drew the retreaters up into a body, and
made a stand for an hower with them.
Prince Rupert's beating up the Rebels' Quarters at Post-combe
{and Chenner, p. 8. (Dames.)
retreatfult (re-tret'ful), a. [< retreat1 + -ful.]
Furnishing or serving as a retreat. Chapman.
retreatment (re-tret'ment), n. [< retreat^ +
-ment.] Retreat. [Rare.]
Our Prophet's great retreatment we
From Mecca to Medina see.
D'Urfey, Plague of Impertinence. (Dames.)
retree (re-tre'), ». [Prob. < F. retrait, shrink-
age: see' retreat1.] In paper-making, broken,
wrinkled, or imperfect paper : often marked XX
on the bundle or in the invoice.
The Fourdrinier machine may be relied on to give an
evenly made sheet, with a freedom from hairs and irregu-
larities of all kinds ; also a small proportion of retree, quite
unapproachable by hand making. Art Age, III. 199.
retrench (re-trench'), v. [< OF. retreitcher, re-
trcncer, retrancher, F. retrancher (= Pr. re-
tronchar = It. ritroncare), cut off, diminish, <
re-, back, + trancher, cut: see trench.] I. trans.
1. To cut off; pare away; prune.
The pruner's hand, with letting blood, must quench
Thy heat and thy exuberant parts retrench.
Sir J. Denham, Old Age, iii.
2f. To deprive by cutting off ; mutilate.
Some hundreds on the place
Were slain outright, and many a face
Retrenched of nose, and eyes, and beard.
S. Butter, Hudibras, II. ii. 23.
3. To cut down; reduce in size, number, ex-
tent, or amount; curtail; diminish; lessen.
As though they [the Faction! had said we appear only
in behalf of the Fundamental Liberties of the people, both
Civil and Spiritual ; we only seek to retrench the exorbi-
tances of power. Stittiwjfleet, Sermons, I. vii.
I must desire that you will not think of enlarging your
expences, . . . but rather retrench them.
Swift, Letter, June 29, 1725.
He [louis XIV.] gradually retrenched all the privileges
which the schismatics enjoyed. Maca\day, Hist. Eng., vi.
4. To cut short; abridge.
ing; the act of removing what is superfluous:
as, retrenchment of words in a writing. — 2. The
act of curtailing, reducing, or lessening; dim-
inution; particularly, the reduction of outlay
or expenses; economy.
The retrenchment of my expenses will convince you that
I mean to replace your fortune as far as I can.
H. Walpole. (Webster.)
Retrenchment was exactly that form of amendment to
which the Dandy was most averse.
W hyte MelMle, White Rose, II. xxvi.
There is also a fresh crop of difficulties caused for us
by retrenchment.
Sir C. W. Dilke, Probs. of Greater Britain, iv. 2.
3. Milit.: (a) An interior rampart or defensible
line, comprising ditch and parapet, which cuts
off a part of a fortress from the rest, and to
which a garrison may retreat to prolong a de-
fense, when the enemy has gained partial pos-
session of the place. Also applied to a traverse or
defense against flanking fire in a covered way or other
part of a work liable to be enfiladed. A retrenchment is
thrown across the gorge of a redan or bastion when there
is danger that the salient angle will fall into the hands of
the besiegers. (6) An intrenchment.
Numerous remains of Roman retrenchments, constructed
to cover the country. D'Anmlle (trans.). (Webster.)
= Syn. 1 and 2. Reduction, curtailment, abridgment,
retrial (re-tri'al), w. [< re- + trial] A second
trial; repetition of trial: as, the case was sent
back for retrial.
Both [departments] hear appeals on points of law only,
and do not reopen cases, but simply confirm or invalidate
previous decisions, in the latter event sending them down
for retrial. Harper's May., LXXVI. 925.
retributary (re-trib'u-ta-ri), a. [< retribute +
-ary.] Retributive.
The great wars of retributary conquest in the land of
Naharina. Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XIX. 193.
retributet
ritribuire, , „
retribuer), give back, restore, repay/ re-, back,
+ tribuere, assign, give: see tribute. Cf. at-
tribute, contribute.] I. trans. To restore; pay
back; return; give in requital.
I came to tender you the man you have made,
And, like a thankful stream, to retribute
All you, my ocean, have enrich'd me with.
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, iii. 2.
In the state of nature, "one man comes by a power
over another," but yet no absolute or arbitrary power to
use a criminal according to the passionate heat or bound-
less extravagancy of his own will ; but only to retribute to
him, so far as calm reason and conscience dictate, what is
proportionate to his transgression.
Locke, Civil Government, ii. § 8.
II. in trans. To make compensation or re-
quital, as for some past action, whether good
or bad.
The gifts of mean persons are taken but as tributes of
duty • it is dishonourable to take from equals, and not to
retribute. Bp. Hall, Contemplations (ed. T. Tegg)> III. 52.
retributer (re-trib'u-ter), n. [< retribute + -erl.
Cf. retributor.] Same as retributor. Imp. Diet.
retribution (ret-ri-bu'shon), n. [< OF. retri-
bution, retribucion, F. retribution = Pr. retribu-
cio = Sp. retribucion = Pg. retribuic.8,0 = It. re-
tribuzione, < L. retributio(n-), recompense, re-
payment, < retribnere, pp. retributux, restore,
repay: see retributi:] 1. The act of retribut-
ing or paying back for past good or evil ; hence,
that which is given in return ; requital accord-
ing to merits or deserts, in present use gene-
rally restricted to the requital of evil, or pun-
ishment ; retaliation.
3t (re-trib'ut), v. [< L. retribuere (> It.
e, reiribmre = Sp. Pg. Pr. rctribuir = F.
retrieve
And lov'd to do good, more for goodness' sake
Than any retribution man could make.
Webster, Monuments of Honour.
The retributions of their obedience must be proportion-
able to their crimes.
Bp. Hall, Contemplations (ed. T. Tegg),II. 396.
If vice receiv'd her retribution due
When we were visited, what hope for you?
Cotuper, Expostulation, 1. 247.
2. In theoL, the distribution of rewards and
punishments in a future life.
All who have their reward on earth, the fruits
Of painful superstition and blind zeal,
Naught seeking but the praise of men, here find
Fit retribution, empty as their deeds.
Milton, P. L., iii. 454.
Oh, happy retribution !
Short toil, eternal rest ;
For mortals and for sinners
A mansion with the blest !
J. M. Xeale, tr. of Bernard of Cluny.
Retribution theory, the theory that the condition of the
soul after death depends upon a judicial award of rewards
and punishments based upon the conduct pursued and the
character developed in this life. It is distinguished from
the theory that the future life is (a) simply a continuance
of the present (continuance theory); (6) a life of gradual
development by means of discipline (purgatory), or future
redemptive influences (future probation).
On the whole, however, in the religions of the lower
range of culture, unless where they may have been af-
fected by contact with higher religions, the destiny of the
soul after death seems comparatively seldom to turn on a
judicial system of reward and punishment. Such differ-
ence as they make between the future conditions of differ-
ent classes of souls seems often to belong to a remarkable
intermediate doctrine, standing between the earlier con-
tinuance theory and the retribution theory.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 84.
= Syn. Vengeance, Retaliation, etc. (see revenge), repay-
ment, payment.
retributive (re-trib'u-tiv), a. [< .retribute -4
-ive.] Making or bringing retribution or requi-
tal; paying back; conferring reward or punish-
ment according to desert; retaliative.
I wait,
Enduring thus, the retributive hour.
Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, i. 1.
retributor (re-trib'u-tor), «. [= F. retribvteitr
= Pg. retribuidor = It. retributore, retribuitore,
< LL. retributor, recompenser, requiter, < L. re-
tribuere, recompense : see retribnte.] One who
dispenses retribution; one who requites ac-
cording to merit or demerit.
God is a just judge, a retributor of every man his own.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 196.
They had learned that thankfulness was not to be mea-
sured of good men by the weight, but by the will of the
retributor. Bp. Hall, Contemplations (ed. T. Tegg), II. 160.
retributory (re-trib'u-to-ri), a. [< retribute +
-art/.] Serving as a requital or retribution.
A price, not countervailable to what he seeks, but re-
tributory to him of whom he seeks.
Bp. Hall, Contemplations (ed. T. Tegg), III. 49.
God's design in constituting them was not that they
should sin, and suffer either the natural or the retributory
consequences of so doing. Bibliotheca Sacra, XLVI. 488.
retrieft, n. See retrieve.
retrievable (re-tre'va-bl), a. [< retrieve +
-able. Cf. It. 'ritrovabilc.] Capable of being
retrieved or recovered.
Still is sweet sleep retrievable; and still might the flesh
weigh down the spirit, and recover itself of these blows.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vii. 15.
I ... wish somebody may accept it [the Laureateship]
that will retrieve the credit of the thing, if it be retrieva-
ble. Gray, To Mr. Mason, Dec. 19, 1757.
retrievableness (re-tre'va-bl-nes), n. The
quality of being retrievable ; susceptibility of
being retrieved. Bailey, 1727.
retrievably (re-tre'va-bli), adv. With a possi-
bility of retrieval or recovery.
retrieval (re-tre'val), n. [< retrieve + -al.]
The act or 'process of retrieving; recovery;
restoration.
Our continued coinage of standard silver dollars can ac-
complish nothing of itself for the retrieval of the metal's
credit The American, XII. 359.
retrieve (re-treV), r.; pret. and pp. retrieved,
ppr. retrieving. [Early mod. E. also retrire, re-
treve ; < OF. retreuver, also retrorer, retrotirer,
F. retrouver (= It. ritrovarc), find again, recov-
er, meet again, recognize, < re-, again, + troii-
rer, find: see trorer. Cf. contrive*.] I. trans.
1. To find again; discover again; recover;
regain.
Fire, Water, and Fame went to travel together (as you
are going now) ; they consulted, that if they lost one an-
other, how they might be retrieved and meet again.
Hmeell, Letters, ii. 14.
I am sorry the original [of a letter] was not retritv'd from
him. Kivliiii, To Pepys.
To retrieve ourselves from this vain, uncertain, roving,
distracted way of thinking and living, it is requisite to re-
tire frequently, and to converse much with . . . ourselves.
Bp. AUerbury. Sermons, I. x.
retrieve
I'll . . . gloriously retrieve
My youth from Its enforced calamity.
llrouHiiny, In a Balcony.
That which was lost might quickly be retrieved.
Crabbe, Works, VIII. 82.
2. Specifically, in hunting, to search for and
fetch: as, a dog retrieves killed or wounded
birds or other game to the sportsman. — 3. To
bring back to a state of well-being, prosperity,
or success; restore; reestablish: as, to retrieve
one's credit.
Just Published. The Old and True Way of Manning the
Fleet, Or how to Retrieve the Glory of the English Arms
by Sea, as it is done by Land ; and to have Seamen always
in readiness, without Pressing.
Quoted in Ashton's Social Life In Reign of Queen Anne,
[II. 20i).
Not only had the poor orphan retrieved the fallen for-
tunes of his line. Not only had he repurchased the old
lands, and rebuilt the old dwelling. He had preserved
and extended an empire. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
Melendez, who desired an opportunity to retrieve his
honor, was constituted hereditary governor of a territory
of almost unlimited extent. Bancroft, Hist. U. 8., I. 57.
4. To make amends for; repair; better; ame-
liorate.
What ill news can come . . . which doth not relate to
the badness of our circumstances? and those, I thank
heaven, we have now a fair prospect of retrieving.
Fielding, Amelia, fv. 6.
II. intrans. To find, recover, or restore any-
thing; specifically, in sporting, to seek and
bring killed or wounded game : as, the dog re-
trieves well.
Virtue becomes a sort of retrieving, which the thus im-
proved human animal practices by a perfected and inher-
ited habit, regardless of self-gratification.
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 149.
retrievet (re-treV), n. [Also retrief; < retrieve,
r.] A seeking again ; a discovery; a recovery ;
specifically, in hunting, the recovery of game
once sprung.
We'll have a flight at Mortgage, Statute, Bond,
And hard but we 11 bring Wax to the retrieve.
B. Jonson, Staple of News, ill. 1.
Divers of these sermons did presume on the help of
your noble wing, when they first ventured to fly abroad.
In their retrief, or second Jliulit, being now sprung up
again in greater number, they humbly beg the same
favour. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. xiii.
retrievement (re-trev'ment), n. [< retrieve +
-ment.] The act of retrieving, or the state of
being retrieved, recovered, or restored; re-
trieval.
Whether the seeds of all sciences, knowledge, and rea-
son were inherent in pre-existency, wliich are now ex-
cited and stirred up to act by the suggestion, ministry,
and retreivement of the senses.
Evelyn, True Religion, I. 239.
retriever (re-tre'ver), n. 1. One who retrieves
or recovers.
Machiavel. the sole retriever of this antient prudence,
Is to his solid reason a beardless boy that has newly read
Livy. J. Harrington, Oceana (ed. 1771), p. 49.
2. Specifically, a dog trained to seek and bring
to hand game which a sportsman has shot, or
a dog that takes readily to this kind of work.
Retrievers are generally cross-bred, a large kind much in
use being the progeny of the Newfoundland dog and the
setter ; a smaller kind is a cross between the spaniel and
the terrier. Almost any dog can be trained to retrieve;
most setters and pointers are so trained, and the term is
not the name of any particular breed.
Retrieving is certainly in some degree Inherited by re-
trievers. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 159.
retriment (ret'ri-ment), 11. [< L. retrimentiim,
refuse, dregs, sediment of pressed olives, < re-,
again, + terere (pret. tri-ri, pp. tritus), rub:
see (rite. Cf. detriment.'] Refuse; dregs. Imp.
Diet.
retro- (re'tro or ret'ro). [= F. retro- = Sp. Pg.
It. retro-, < L. retro-, retro, backward, back, be-
hind, formerly, < re- or red-, back (see re-), +
-tro, abl. of a compar. suffix (as in ultra, citro,
intro, etc.), = E. -tlter in nether, etc. Hence
ult. rear3.] A prefix of Latin origin, meaning
'back' or 'backward,' 'behind': equivalent to
post-, and the opposite of ante- (also of pre- or
pro-) with reference to place or position, rare-
ly to time; sometimes also equivalent to re-
and opposed to pre- or pro-. It corresponds to
opistho- in words from the Greek.
retroact (re-tro-akf), v. i. [< L. retroactus, pp.
of retroagere, drive, turn back (> F. retroagir),
< retro, backward, + agere, do: see act.] To
act backward ; have a backward action or in-
fluence; hence, to act upon or affect what is
past. Imp. Diet.
retroaction (re-tro-ak'shon), ». [= F. retro-
action = Sp. retroaccion = Pg. retroacc,ao = It.
retroazione; as retroact + -ion.'] Action which
is opposed or contrary to the preceding action ;
retrospective reference.
5128
retroactive (re-tro-ak'tiv), a. [= F. retroactif
= Sp. Pg. retroact'iro = It. n-trou ttico; as retro-
nct + -ire.'] Retroacting; having a reversed
or retrospective action ; operative with respect
to past circumstances ; holding good for pre-
ceding cases.
If Congress had voted an increase of salary for its suc-
cessor, it was said, the act would have been seemly : but
to vote an increase for itself, and to make it retroactive,
was sheer shameless robbery.
Uarper'a May., LXXIX. 148.
Retroactive law or statute, a law or statute which
operates, or if enforced would operate, to make criminal
or punishable or otherwise affect acts done prior to the
passing of the law ; a retrospective law. Compare ex post
facto.
retroactively (re-tro-ak'tiv-li), a. In a retro-
active manner; with reversed or retrospective
action.
retrpbulbar (re-tro-bul'bS.r), a. [< L. retro,
behind, + bulbus, bulb, + -ars.] Being behind
the eyeball; retroBcular — Retrobulbar neuritis,
inflammation of the optic nerve behind the eyeball. —
Retrobulbar perlneuritis, inflammation of the sheath
of the optic nerve behind the eyeball.
retrocede (re-tro-sed ), v.; pret. and pp. retro-
ceded, ppr. retroceding. [< F. retrocfaer = Sp.
Pg. retroceder = It. retrocedere, < L. retrocedere,
pp. retrocessus, go back, < retro, back, + cedere,
go: see cede."] I. intrants. To go back; recede;
retire; give place. Blount, Glossographia.
II. trans. To cede or grant back ; restore to
the former possession or control: as, to retro-
cede territory. [Rare.]
Jackson . . . always believed . . . that Texas was not
properly retroceded to Spain by the Florida treaty.
The Century, XXVIII. 503.
retrocedent (re-tro-se'dent), a. [= F. retroce-
dant, < L. retroceden(t-)s, ppr. of retrocedere, go
back: see retrocede.] Relapsing; going back.
retrocession (re-tro-sesh'on), «. [< F. retro-
cession = Sp. retrocesion = Pg.retrocessSo = It.
retrocessione, < LL. retrocession-), < L. retroce-
dere, pp. retrocessus, go backward : see retro-
cede.'] 1. A going back or inward ; relapse.
These transient and involuntary excursions and retro-
cessionsof invention, having some appearance of deviation
from the common train of nature, are eagerly caught by
the lovers of a wonder. Johnson, Milton.
2. In med., the disappearance or metastasis of
a tumor, an eruption, etc., from the surface of
the body inward. Dunglison. — 3. A sloping
backward ; a backward inclination or progres-
sion ; a retreating outline, form, or position.
The eye resumed its climbing, going next to the Gentiles'
Court, then to the Israelites' Court, then to the Women's
Court,. . . each a pillared tier of white marble, one above
the other in terraced retrocession.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, vi. 3.
4. The act of retroceding or giving back ; in
Scots law, the reconveyance of any right by an
assignee back to the assignor, who thus recov-
ers his former right by becoming the assignee
of his own assignee. — 5. In geom., inflection. —
Retrocession of the equinoxes. Same as precession of
the equinoxes (which see, under precession).
retrocessional (re-tro-sesh'on-al), a. and ».
[< retrocession + -al.] I. n. Pertaining to or
involving retrocession; recessional: as, retro-
cessional motion ; a retrocessional hymn.
II. n. Same as recessional.
retrochoir (re'tro-kwir), »i. [< retro- + cfioir,
after ML. retrocfiorus, < L. retro, back, behind,
+ chorus, choir: see choir.] In arch., that part
of the interior of a church or cathedral which
is behind or beyond the choir, or between the
choir and the lady-chapel.
The statue of his successor, Nicholas IV. (1288-129-2),
who was buried in the Lateran, may be seen in the retro-
choir. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. liv.
retroclusipn (re-tro-klo'zhon), 71. [< L. retro,
back, behind, + -clusio(n-),'in comp.,< clauderc,
pp. claiisus, in comp. -clusus, close: see close1.']
A method of acupressure in which the pin is
passed into the tissue, over the artery, then,
turning in a semicircle, is brought out behind
the artery, the point of the pin coming out near
its entrance.
retrocollic (re-tro-kol'ik), a. [< L. retro, back,
behind, + collum, neck: see collar.'] Pertain-
ing to the back of the neck — Retrocollic spasm,
spasm of the muscles on the back of the neck, tonic or
clonic.
retrocopulant (re-tro-kop'u-lant), a. [< L. re-
tro, back, behind, + ' copuldn(i-)s, ppr. of copn-
lare, copulate : see copulate.'] Copulating back-
ward or from behind.
retrocopulate (re-tro-kop'u-lat), v. i. [< L. re-
tro, back, behind, + copulatus, pp. of eopvlare,
copulate : see copulate.] To copulate from be-
hind or aversely and without ascension, as va-
retrograde
rious quadrupeds the male of which faces in the
opposite direction from the female during the
act.
retrocopulation (re-tro-kop-u-la'shon), 71. [<
rctroco/iulatc + -ion.'] The act of copulating
from behind or aversely.
Now, from the nature of this position, there ensneth a
necessity of retriwipittatwn, wliich also promoteth the con-
ceit I that hares are hermaphrodite]: for some observing
them to couple without ascension, have not been able to
judge of male or female, or to determine the proper sex in
either. Sir T. Brmcne, Vulg. Err., 111. 17.
retrocurved (re'tro-kervd), •«. [< retro- +
cnn-e + -erf2.] Same as recurved.
retrodate (re'tro-dat), v. t. [< retro- + date1.']
To (late back, as a book ; affix or assign a date
earlier than that of actual occurrence, appear-
ance, or publication. Questions of retrodating have
arisen in regard to scientific publications when priority of
discovery, etc., has been concerned.
retrodeviation (re-tro-de-vi-a'shon), n. [< L.
ri-tm, backward, + ML. deriatio()>-\ deviation:
see deviation.] A displacement backward, es-
pecially of the uterus, as a retroflection or a re-
troversion.
retroduct (re-tro-dukf), v. t. [< L. retroductus,
pp. of retrodiicerc, bring back: see retroduc-
tion.] To lead, bring, or draw back; retract;
withdraw.
retroduction (re-tro-duk'shon), «. [< L. re-
troducere, pp. retroductus, bring or draw back, <
retro, back, -f ducere, lead: see duct.] The act
of retroducting, drawing back, or retracting.
retroflected (re'tro-nek-ted), a. [< L. retrofiec-
tere, bend back (see.retroflex), + -ed2.] Same
as refltxed.
retroflection, retroflexion (re-tro-flek'shon), n.
[= F. rctroflexioii ; as retroflex + -ion.] A bend-
ing backward : especially applied in gynecol-
ogy to the bending of the body of the'utems
backward, the vaginal portion being but little
or not at all changed in position.
retroflex (re'tro-fleks), a. [< L. retrojlexus, pp.
of retroflectere, bend back, < retro, back, +
flectere, bend: see flex1.] Same as reflexed.
retroflexed (re'tro-flekst), a. [< retroflex +
-C(ft.] Bent backward; exhibiting retroflection.
retrofract (re'tro-frakt), a. [< L. retro, back,
+ fractus, pp. of frangere, break : see fragile,
fraction.] In hot., same as refracted.
retrofracted (re'tro-frak-ted), a. [< retrofract
+ -frf2.] In l>ot., same as refracted.
retrogenerative (re-tro-jen'e-ra-tiv), o. [< re-
tro- + </enertit/re.] Same as retrocopulant.
Retrograde (re-trog'ra-de), ». pi. [NL. (Sun-
devall, 1823), < L. retrogradi, go backward : see
retrograde, v.] A group of spiders: same as
Laterigradse.
retrogradation (ref'ro- or re"tro-gra-da'shon),
n. [< OF. retrogradation, F. retrogradation =
Pr. retrogradacio = Sp. retrogradacion = Pg. re-
trograda$3o = It. retrognidusione, < LL. retro-
gradatio(n-), a going back, < retrogradare, pp.
retrogradatus, a later form of L. retrogradi,
go backward: see retrograde.] 1. The act of
retrograding or moving backward ; specifically,
in astron., the act of moving from east to west
relatively to the fixed stars, or contrary to the
order of the signs and the usual direction of
planetary motion : applied to the apparent mo-
tion of the planets. Also retrogression.
Planets . . . have their stations and retrogradations, as
well as their direct motion.
Cudworth, Sermons, p. 68. (Latham.)
2. The act of going backward or losing ground ;
hence, a decline in strength or excellence; de-
terioration.
retrograde (ret'ro- or re'tro-grad), v. [< OF.
relrograder, recoil, F. retrogradcr = Pr. Sp.
Pg. retrogradar = It. retrogradare, < LL. retro-
gradare, later form of L. retrogradi, go back-
ward, < retro, backward, + gradi, go : see
grade1.] I. intrans. 1. To go backward ; move
backward.
Sir William Fraser says that the duke engaged a horse
from Pucrow's Amphitheatre, which was taught to retro-
grade with proper dignity. A", and Q., 7th ser., VII. 264.
2. To fall back or away; lose ground; decline;
deteriorate; degenerate.
After his death, our literature retrograded: and a cen-
tury was necessary to bring it back to the point at which
he left it Macaulay, Dryden.
Every thing retrograded with him [Dunover] towards
the verge of the miry slough of Despond, which yawns
for insolvent debtors. Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, i.
3. In astron., to move westward relatively to
the fixed stars. — 4. In liol., to undergo retro-
gression, as a plant or an animal; be retro-
retrograde
grade or retrogressive ; develop a less from a
more complex organization ; degenerate.
Of all existing species of animals, if we include parasites,
the -renter number have rctmjraded from a structure to
which their remote ancestors had once advanced.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 50.
II. trans. To cause to go backward; turn
The Firmament shall retrograde his course,
Swift Euphrates goe hide him in his source.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 11., Eden.
retrograde (ret'ro- or re'tro-grad), «. [< ME.
retroqrad, < OF. retrograde, F. retrograde =
Sp. Pg. It. retrogrado, < L. retrogrades, going
backward (used of a planet), < retrogradi, go
backward, retrograde: see retrograde, ?'.] 1.
Moving backward ; having a backward motion
or direction; retreating.
A little above we entered the City at the gate of S.
Stephen, where on each side a Lion retrograde doth stand.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 149.
Now Sir when he had read this act of American revenue,
and a little recovered from his astonishment, I suppose lie
made one step retrograde (it is but one), and looked at the
act which stands just before in the statute-book.
Burke, Artier. Taxation.
2. Specifically, in astron., moving backward and
contrary to the order of the signs relatively to
the fixed stars : opposed to direct. The epithet
does not apply to the diurnal motion, since this
is not relative to the fixed stars.
1 would have sworn some retro/jrade planet was hanging
over this unfortunate house of mine.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ill. 23.
3. In biol, characterized by or exhibiting de-
generation or deterioration, as an organism or
any of its parts which passes or has passed from
a higher or more complex to a lower or simpler
structure or composition ; noting such change
of organization : as, retrograde metamorphosis
or development; a retrograde theory. — 4. In
zoo'L, habitually walking or swimming back-
ward, as many animals : correlated with lateri-
grade, gravigrade, saltigrade, etc. — 5. In hot.:
(a) Going backward in the order of specializa-
tion, from a more to a less highly developed
form : referring either to reversions of type or
to individual monsters. (&t) Formerly used
of hairs, in the sense of retrorse.— 6. Losing
ground; deteriorating; declining in strength or
excellence.
It is good for princes, if they use ambitious men, to
handle it so as they be still progressive and not retro-
grade. Bacon, Ambition.
7t. Contrary; opposed; opposite.
5180
Some of these [manipulations in glass-making], from a
technical point of view, seem ntngrfeeimai^ j^y ,3
retrogressive (re-tro-gres'iv), a. [< retrogress
+ -ive.] Going backward ; retrograde ; declin-
ing in strength or excellence; degenerating.
retrospective
sometimes in paralysis agitans, in which the pa-
tient is impelled to run backward as if in the en-
deavor to recover his balance.— 2. A pushing
or forcing of the fetal head backward in labor.
retropulsive (re-tro-pul'siv), a. [< L. retro.
For your intent
In going back to school to Wittenberg,
It is most retrograde to our desire.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2. 114.
From instrumental causes proud to draw
Conclusions retrograde, and mad mistake.
Cowper, Task, iii. 239.
Retrograde cancer, a cancer which has become firmer
and smaller, and so remains.— Retrograde develop-
ment or metamorphosis, in binl. : (a) Degradation of the
form or structure of an organism ; reduction of morpholo-
gical character to one less specialized or more generalized,
as in parasites. See parasitism, (b) Change of tissue or sub-
stance from the more complex to the simpler composi-
tion ; catabolism. See metamorphosis. — Retrograde im-
itation or inversion, in contrapuntal music, imitation in
which the subject or theme is repeated backward : usually
marked recte e retro. Compare cancrizans.— Reversed
retrograde imitation. See reversed.
retrogradingly (ret'ro- or re'tro-gra-ding-li),
adv. By retrograde movement. Imp. Diet.
retrogress (re'tro-gres), ». [< L. retrogressus,
a retrogression (of the sun),< retrogradi, pp. re-
trogressus, go backward : see retrograde."] Ret-
rogradation; falling off ; decline. [Bare.]
Progress in bulk, complexity, or activity involves retro-
gress in fertility ; and progress in fertility involves retro-
gress in bulk, complexity, or activity.
a. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 327.
retrogression (re-tro-gresh'on), w. [= F. re-
trogression, as if < L. * retrogressing-), < retro-
gradi, pp. retrogressus. go backward : see retro-
grade.'] 1. The act of going backward; retro-
gradation.
In the body politic ... it is the stoppage of that pro-
gress and the commencement of retrogression, that alone
would constitute decay. J. S. Mill, Logic, V. v. S 6.
2. In astron,, same as rctrogradatton. — 3. In
biol., backward development; degeneration;
retrograde metamorphosis. When a plant, as it ap-
proaches maturity, becomes less perfectly organized than
might be expected from its early stages and known re-
lationships, it is said to undergo retrogression.
retrogressional (rS-trd-greBh'gn-al), «. [< re-
trogression + -i/l.] Pertaining to or character-
ised by retrogression; retrogressive.
We must have discovery, and that by licensing the fash-
ions of successive times, most of them defective, many
retroyressiee, a few on the path to higher use and beauty.
The Century, XXIX. 503.
With regard to parasites, naturalists have long recog-
nised what is called retrogressive metamorphosis ; and par-
asitic animals are as a rule admitted to be instances of
Degeneration. E. R. Lankester, Degeneration, p. 30.
retrogressively (re-tro-gres'iv-li), adv. In a
retrogressive manner; with retrogression or
degeneration.
retroinsular (re-tro-in'su-lar), a. [< L. retro, be-
hind^ insula, an island: see insular, 5.] Situ-
ated behind the insula — Retroinsular convolu-
tions two or three convolutions behind the insula, and
wholly within the fissure of Sylvius. Also called temporo-
parietal convolutions.
retrojection (re-tro-jek'shon), n. [< L. retro,
back, behind, + -j'ectio(n-), in comp., < jacere,
throw: see jei1.] In med., the washing out of
a cavity or canal from within outward.
retrolingual (re-tro-ling'gwal), a. [< L. retro
back, behind, + lingua, tongue: see Imrjual.]
Serving to retract the tongue.
The muscular and elastic elements of the retmlimjual
membrane of the frog. Nature, XLI. 479.
retrolocation (re"tro-lo-ka'shgn), n. [< L. re-
tro, back, + locatid(n-), location.] Same as
retroposition.
retromammary (re-tro-mam'a-ri), a. [< L. re-
tro, behind, + mamma, the breast: see mam-
mary.'] Situated behind the mammary gland:
as, a retromammary abscess.
retromingency (re-tro-min'jen-si), n. [< re-
tromingen(t) + -«/.]' Backward urination;
the habit of being retromingent, or the confor-
mation of body which necessitates this mode
of urinating.
The last foundation [for the belief that hares are her-
maphrodite] was retromingency.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 17.
retromingent (re-tro-min'jent), a. and n. [< L.
retro, back, behind, '+ mingen(t-)s, ppr. of min-
gere, urinate: see micturition.'] I. a. Urinat-
ing backward; characterized by or exhibiting
retromingency.
The long penis has a mushroom shaped glans, and the
animal [rhinoceros] is retromingent.
Uuxley, Anat Vert., p. 362.
II. n. A retromingent animal.
Except it be in retromingent, and such as couple back-
ward. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 17.
retromingently (re-tro-min'jent-li), adv. So as
to urinate backward; in a retromingent man-
ner. Imp. Diet.
retromorphosed (re-tro-mor'fozd), a. [< retro-
morpJios-is + -ed'*.] Characterized by or exhib-
iting retromorphosis; affected by retrograde
metamorphosis.
retromorphosis (re"tro-mor-f6'sis), n. [NL., <
L. retro, backward, + morphosis, q. v.] Retro-
grade metamorphosis; catabolism.
retroocular (re-tro-ok'u-lar), a. [< L. retro,
back, behind, + oculus, eye.] Situated behind
the eyeball ; retrobulbar.
retrofiperative (re-tro-op'e-ra-tiv), a. [< L. re-
tro, back, + LL. optrativua, operative.] Retro-
active; retrospective in effect: as, a retroop-
eratire decree. Kinglake.
retroperitoneal (re-tro-per'i-to-ne'al), a. [< L.
retro, back, behind, + peritoneum, peritoneum.]
Situated or occurring behind the peritoneum. —
Retroperitoneal hernia, hernia of the intestine into
the iliac fossa behind the peritoneum.— Retroperito-
neal space, the space behind the peritoneum along tl
tlljAUpul.01 vo \iv "*y j*— • •"•/, — - L '
back, + pulsus, pp. of pellere, drive, push, +
-ivc. Cf. pulsice."] Driving back; repelling.
Smart.
retrorse (re-trors'), a. [< L. retrorsus, con-
tracted form of retrorersus, bent or turned
backward, < retro, backward, + versus, pp. of
rertere, turn: see verse."] 1. In hot. and root.,
turned back; directed backward; retral.— 2.
In ornitli., turned in a direction the opposite of
the usual one, without reference to any other
line or plane; antrorse. See the quotation.
Bristles or feathers thus growing forwards are called
retrorse: here used in the sense of an opposite direction
from the lay of the general plumage; but they should
properly be called antrorse.
Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 105.
retrorsely (re-trors'li), adv. So as to be re-
trorse ; in a backward direction ; retrad.
retroserrate (re-tro-ser'at), a. [< L. retro,
back, + serraliis, saw-shaped: see serrate.} In
entoni., armed with retrorse teeth; barbed, as
the sting of a bee.
retroserrulate (re-tro-ser'i?-lat), a. [< L. «
tro, back, + NL. serrulatm, < serrula, a little
saw: see serrulate.'] In entoni., finely retroser-
rate ; armed with minute retrorse teeth, as the
stings of some hymenopters.
Retrosiphonata (re - tro - si - fo - na'ta), n. pi.
[NL., neut. pi. of retrosiplionatus : see retro-
siphonate.] A primary group of ammonitoid
cephalopods whose partitions around the si-
phon were inclined backward, including the
Goniatitidte.
Retrosiphonatse (re - tro - si - f o - na te), n. pi.
[NL., fern. pi. of retrosiplionatus : see retrosi-
pTwnate."] A subdivision of belemnitoid cepha-
lopods whose phragmacone had the siphon and
partitions around it directed backward, includ-
ing Befew wites and most other genera of the fam-
ily Belemnitidse.
retrosiphonate (re-tro-si'fo-nat), o. [< NL. re-
trosiphonatus, < L. retro, back, + sipho(n-), a
siphon: see siplwnate.] In conch., having the
siphon and surrounding partitions directed
backward, as in Goniatitidee and most lielem-
nitidse.
retrospect (ret'ro- or re'tro-spekt), r. t. [< L.
retrospeetus, pp. (not used) of retrospicere, look
back, < retro, backward, + specere, look: see
spectacle.] To look back upon ; consider ret-
rospectively. [Rare.]
spine, occup'ied by the aorta, vena cava, and other struc-
tures, with loose connective tissue.
retropharyngeal (re"tro-fa-rin'je-al), a. [< L.
retro, back, + NL. pharynx, pharynx : see phar-
ynx, pharyngeal."] Situated behind the pharynx.
—Retropharyngeal abscess, an abscess forming in
the connective tissue behind the pharynx.
Retropinna (re-tro-pin'ii), n. [NL., < L. retro,
back, + pinna, a feather: see jrfMftol.] In
ichtli., a genus of Argentinidee. S. ricliardsoni is
known as the New Zealand smelt.
retroposition (re"tro-po-zish'oi>), »i. [< L. re-
tro, back, + positio\n-), position.] Displace-
ment backward, but without flexion or version :
said of the uterus.
retropulsion (re-tro-pul'shon), n. [< L. retro,
back, + LL. pubfefn-), a Denting (pushing):
1. A disorder of locomotion, seen
I will not sully the whiteness of it [my life] (pardon my
vanity • I presume to call it so, on retrospecting it, regard-
ing my intentions only), by giving way to an act of injus-
tice. Richardson, Sir Charles Graudison, III. Ixxxvin.
retrospect (ret'ro- or re'tro-spekt), n. [= Pg.
retrospecto, < L. 'as if ^retrospeetus, < retrospi-
cere, pp. retrospeetus (not used), look back: see
retrospect, *>.] 1. The act of looking backward ;
contemplation or consideration of the past;
hence, a review or survey of past events.
Host of us take occasion to sit still and throw away the
time in our possession by retrospect on what is past.
Steele, Spectator, No. 374.
He reviewed that grand and melancholy story, he gave
them to see through that pictured retrospect how it had
been appointed to them to act in the final extremity of
Greece. R. Choate, Addresses and Orations, p. 185.
Hence — 2. That to which one looks back ; the
past; a past event or consideration.
This Instrument is executed by you, your Son, and my
Niece, which discharges me of all Retrospects.
Steele, Tender Husband, v. 1.
" Know you no song of your own land," she said,
" Not such as moans about the retrospect,
But deals with the other distance and the hues
Of promise ; not a death's-head at the wine.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
retrospection (ret-ro- or re-tro-spek'shon), n.
[< L. retrospeetus, pp. (not used) of retrospicere,
look back: see retrospect."] 1. The act of look-
ing back on things past; reflection on the past.
Drooping she bends o'er pensive Fancy's urn,
To trace the hours which never can return ;
Yet with the retrospection loves to dwell,
And soothe the sorrows of her last farewell !
Byron, Childish Recollections.
2. The faculty of looking back on the past;
recollection.
Canst thou take delight in viewing
This poor isle's approaching ruin ;
When thy retrospection vast
Sees the glorious ages past? kinft.
retrospective (ret-ro- or re-tro-spek'tiv), a.
[= F. rt'trnxinTlif= Vg.retrospcctifo; as retro-
retrospective
spect + -h'c."] 1. Looking backward; consider-
ing the past.
In vain the sage, with retrospective eye,
Would from the apparent what conclude the why.
Pope, Moral Essays, i. 99.
2. In lair, retroactive; affecting matters which
occurred before it was adopted : as, a retro-
spective act, law, or statute. In general, a penal
statute, though expressed absolutely, is construed as ap-
plying only to offenses committed after it is passed. See
ex post facto.
To annul by a retrospective statute patents which in
Westminster Hall were held to be legally valid would
have been simply robbery. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiii.
Every statute which takes away or impairs vested rights
acquired under existing laws, or creates anew obligation,
imposes a new duty, or attaches a new liability in respect
to transactions or considerations already pafit, must be
deemed retrospective. Story.
3. Capable of being looked back to ; occurring
in the past ; bygone.
I have sometimes wondered whether, as the faith of men
in a future existence grew legs confident, they might not
be seeking some equivalent in the feeling of a retrospective
duration, if not their own, at least that of their race.
Lowell, Harvard Anniversary.
retrospectively (ret-ro- or re-tro-spek'tiv-li),
adv. In retrospect ; with reference to or with
reflection upon the past ; in law, ex post facto.
The law may have been meant to act retrospectively, to
prevent a question being raised on the interpellations of
Bibulus. f'roude, C'tesar, p. 210.
retrosternal (re-tro-ster'nal), a. [< L. retro,
back, behind, + NL. sternum, sternum.] Being
behind the sternum.
retrotarsal (re-tro-tar'sal), a. [< L. retro, be-
hind, + NL. tarsus, the cartilage at the edges
of the eyelids: see tarnaL] Being behind the
tarsus of the eye. -Retrotarsal fold, the fornlx of
the conjunctiva.
retrotracheal (re-tro-tra'ke-al), a. [< L. retro,
back, behind, + NL. trachea, trachea.] Being
at the back of the trachea.
retroussage (re-tro-sazh'), n. [P., < retrousscr,
turn up: see retrousse.] In the printing of
etchings, a method of producing effective tone,
as in foregrounds, skies, or shadows, by skilful
manipulation of ink in the parts to be treated,
the ink being brought out from the filled lines,
after careful wiping of the plate, by " pumping"
with a soft clotn.
retrousse (re-tro-sa'), a. [F., pp. of retroug-
ser, turn up, < re- + trousser, tuck up, turn
up: see truss.'] Turned up, as the end of a
nose; pug.
The four examples of Rehoboam's princes exhibit a more
delicate and refined profile than any other type before us,
and one has even a nose slightly retrousse.
Anthropoloijical Jour., XVII. 239.
retro-Uterine (re-tro-u'te-rin), a. [= F. retro-
utirin, < L. retro, back, behind, + uterus, uterus :
see uterine."] Situated behind the uterus.
retrovaccinate (re-tro-vak'si-nat), v. t. [< retro-
+ vaccinate."] 1. To vaccinate (a cow) with hu-
man virus. — 2. To vaccinate with lymph from
a cow which has been inoculated with vaccine
matter from a human being.
retrovaccination (re-tro-vak-si-na'shon), n. [<
retrovaccinate + -io».~\ 'I . Vaccination of a cow
with human virus. — 2. In med., the act of vac-
cinating with lymph derived from a cow which
has previously been inoculated with vaccine
matter from the human subject; the act of
passing vaccine matter through a cow.
retrovaccine (re-tro-vak'sin), n. [< L. retro,
back, -f E. vaccine?"] The virus produced by
inoculating a cow with vaccine matter from the
humau subject.
retroversion (re-tro-ver'shon), n. [= P. retro-
version, < L. retrorerstis (retrorsus), turned or
bent backward, < retro, backward, + versio(n-),
a turning: see version.] A tilting or turning
backward: as, retroversion of vertebral pro-
cesses : especially applied in gynecology to an
inclination of the uterus backward with the re-
tention of its normal curve: opposed to ante-
version.
retrovert (re-tro-verf), i: t. [< L. retro, back-
ward, + vertere,'tuin : see verse.] To turn back.
retrovert (re'tro-vert), «. [< retrovert, ».]
1. One who returns to his original creed.
[Bare.]
The goats, if they come back to the old sheep-fold, . . .
are now, in pious phrase, denominated retmverl*.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 308.
2. That which undergoes retroversion, as a part
or organ of the body.
retrovision (re-tro-vizh'on), n. [< L. retro,
backward, -t- risio(n-), vision : see vision.] The
5130
act, process, or power of mentally seeing past
events, especially such as have not come with-
in one's personal experience or observation.
[Kare.]
Clairvoyance or second sight, including prevision and
rctrovirion. Pop. Set. Mo., XIII. 337.
retrude (re-trod'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. retruded,
ppr. retruding. [< L. retrudere, thrust back, <
re-, back, + trudere, thrust : see threat. Ct. de-
trude, extrude, intrude, obtrude, protrude.] To
thrust back.
The term of latitude is breadthlesse line ;
A point the line doth manfully retrude
From infinite processe.
Dr. H. More, Psychathanasia, II. 11. 6.
retruset (re-tros'), a. [< L. retrusus, pp. of re-
trudere, thrust back: see retrude.] Hidden;
abstruse.
Let vs enquire no further Into things rctrufc and hid
than we have authorltie from the sacred Scriptures.
Heywood, Hierarchy of Angels, p. 50.
retrusion (re-tro'zhon), n. [< L. retrusus, pp.
of retrudere, thrust back : see retrude. Ct.tm-
sion.] The act of retruding, or the state of be-
ing retruded.
In virtue of an endless re-motion or retrusion of the con-
stituent cause. Coleridge.
rettet, «. *. See reft, retf.
rettery (ret'er-i), n.; pi. retteries (-iz). [< reft
+ -en/.] A place where flax is retted.
retti (ret'i), n. pi. [< Hind, ratti, rati.] The
hard smooth seeds of the red-bead vine, Abrus
precatorius, used by East Indian jewelers and
druggists for weights, and forming a standard.
The weight so named varies in different parts of India
from less than 2 to nearly 4 troy grains. See Alma.
retting (ret'ing), n. [Verbal n. of reft, v.] 1.
The process of steeping flax in open water, or
its exposure, in thin layers, to dew, in which
the woody part of the stalk is, by action of
moisture and air, rendered easily separable
from the fiber or harl. The principal change which
the stalk undergoes is the conversion of insoluble pectose
into soluble pectin, which is measurably removed by the
water, and insoluble pectic acid, which is retained. Also
called rotting.
2. The place where this operation is carried
on ; a rettery. Ure.
retund (rf-tund'), r. t. [< L. retundere, beat or
pound back, blunt, dull (> It. retundere, dull,
temper, = Sp. Pg. retundir, beat back, even up),
< re-, back, + tundere, beat, strike. Cf . contund,
contuse, infuse.] To blunt or turn, as the edge
of a weapon ; dull.
This [the skull] is covered with skin and hair, which serve
... to quench and dissipate the force of any stroke that
shall be dealt it, and retund the edge of any weapon.
Ray, Works of Creation.
return1 (re-tern'), v. [< ME. returnen, retornen,
rctourneii, < OF. returner, retorner, retourner, F.
retourner = Pr. Sp. Pg. retornar = It. ritornare,
< ML. retornare, turn back, return, < L. re-, back,
+ tornare, turn: see turn.] I. trans. 1. To turn
back, (a) To restore to a former position by turning.
We seeke . . . [the turtles] in the nights, where we
flnde them on shore, we turne them upon their backs, till
the next day we fetch them home, for they can never re-
turne themselves.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 273.
(ft) To fold back ; turn or roll over, as a thing upon itself.
The attire of masquers was alike in all, . . . the colours
azure and silver, but returned on the top with a scroll and
antique dressing of feathers.
B. Jonson, Masque of Blackness.
(c) To reverse the position or direction of ; turn backward.
Then dead through great affright
They both nigh were, and each bad other flye :
Both fled attonce, ne ever backe retourned eye.
Spenser, F. Q., II. Hi. 19.
2. To cast back; reflect; reecho.
In our passage we went by that famous bridge over ye
Marne, where that renowned echo returnes the voice of a
good singer 9 or 10 times. Evelyn, Diary, March 1, 1644.
Long Chancery-lane retentive rolls the sound,
And courts to courts return it round and round.
Pope, Dunciad, it 264.
3f. To turn over; revolve.
Retournynge in hir soule ay up and doun
The wordes of this sodeyn Diomede.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 1023.
4. To send back; cause to go back to a former
place.
Returninge\\is shyppes towarde the West, he [Columbus]
found a more holesome ayre, and (as God woulde) came at
the length to a lande well inhabyted.
A Eden, tr. of Sebastian .Munster (First Books on
[America, ed. Arber, p. 35).
Say that Marcius
Return me, as Cominius is retum'd,
I'nheard ; what then? Shak., Cor., v. 1. 42.
Cyrus, with relenting pity mov'd,
Return'd them happy to the land they lov'd.
Cmcper, Expostulation. 1. 76.
return
5f. To take with one when going back ; bring
or carry back.
The commodities which they returned, backe were Silks,
Chainlets, Rubarbe, Malmesies, Muskadels, and other
wines. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 96.
6. To give back ; restore.
If she will return me my jewels, I will give over my suit,
and repent my unlawful solicitation.
Shak., Othello, iv. 2. 200.
Restore, restore Eurydice to life ;
Oh take the husband, or return the wife !
Pope, Ode for Music.
7. To give in repayment, requital, or recom-
pense; make a return of: as, to return good
for evil.
The Lord shall return thy wickedness upon thine own
head. i Ki. ii. 44.
When, for some trifling present, you have bid me
Return so much, I have shook my head and wept.
Shak., T. of A., 11. 2. 146.
Thanks,
The slightest, easiest, readiest recompense
From them who could return him nothing else.
Milton, P. R., ill. 129.
8. To make a return for ; repay ; requite : as,
to return kindness by ingratitude; to return a
loan; to return a call.— 9. To give back in re-
sponse ; reply.
The Dauphin, whom of succours we entreated,
Returns us that his powers are not yet ready
To raise so great a siege. Shale., Hen. V., ill. 3. 46.
It was three moneths after ere hee returned vs any an-
swer. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 14.
All the host of hell
With deafening shout retum'd them loud acclaim.
Milton, F. L., 11. 620.
Bat Death returns an answer sweet :
"My sudden frost was sudden gain."
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Ixxxi.
10. To retort.
Even in his throat — unless it be the king-
That calls me traitor, I return the lie.
5Ao*., Pericles, ii. 5. 57.
If you are a malicious reader, you return upon me that
I affect to be thought more impartial than I am. Dryden.
11. To bring back and make known; report,
tell, or communicate.
And Moses returned the words of the people unto the
Lord. Ex. xix. 8.
Let the trumpets sound
While we return these dukes what we decree.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3. 122.
12. To report officially; render as an official
statement or account: as, to return a list of
killed and wounded after a battle.
The borough members were often returned by the same
sealers as the knights of the shire : not that they were
chosen by them, but that the return was certified by
their authority. Stubbs, Const. Hist., f 421.
13. In law, to bring or send back, as a process
or other mandate, to the tribunal whence it is-
sued, with a short statement (usually indorsed
on the process) by the officer to whom it is-
sued, and who returns it, stating what he has
done under it, or why he has done nothing:
as, to return an execution non est inyentus ; to
return a commission with the depositions taken
under it. The return is now usually made by filing
the paper in the clerk's office, instead of by presenting it
on a general return-day in open court,
14. To send; transmit; convey; remit.
Instead of a ship, he should levy money and return the
same to the treasurer for His Majesty's use. Clarendon.
15. To elect as a member of Congress or of
Parliament.
Upon the election of a new Parliament . . . Boling-
1 n iik r was not returned. Goldsmith, Bolingbroke.
In fact, only one papist had been returned to the Irish
Parliament since the Restoration.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
16. To yield; give a return or profit of.
I more then wonder they hane not flue hundred Sal-
uages to worke for them towards their generall mainte-
nance, and as many more to returne some content and
satisfaction to the Aduenturers.
Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 107.
17. In card-playing, to lead back, as a suit pre-
viously led ; respond to by a similar lead : as,
to return a lead or a suit.
At the end of every hand, Miss Bolo would inquire . . .
why Mr. Pickwick had not returned that diamond or led
the club. Dickens, Pickwick, xxxv.
= Syn. Return, Restore (see restore!), render.
II. in trans. If. To turn back.
The Saisnes were grete and stronge, and bolde and
hardy, and full of grete prowesse, and often thei returned
vpon hem that hem pursued. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 597.
2. To come back ; come or go back to a former
place or position : as, to return home.
As water that doun renneth ayf
But never droppe returne may.
Rom. of the Rote, \. 884.
return
Thursday, the vij Day of May, we retornyed by the same
watir of Brent to Venese ageyne.
Torkinyton, Diarie of Eng. Travel), p. 9.
The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
No traveller returns. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1. 80.
She was so familiarly receiv'd [in heaven]
As one returning, not as one arriv'd.
Dryden, Eleonora, 1. 133.
3. To go or come back to a former state ; pass
back ; in general, to come by any process of re-
trogression.
The sea returned to his strength when the morning ap-
peared. Ex. xiv. 27.
Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander re-
turneth into dust. SAa*., Hamlet, v. 1. 232.
4. To come again ; come a second time or re-
peatedly; repeat a visit.
Thou to mankind
Be good and friendly still, and oft return!
Milton, P. L., viil. 651.
So sweetly she bade me adieu,
I thought that she bade me return.
Shenstone, A Pastoral Ballad, 1. 6.
5. To a,ppear or begin again after a periodical
revolution.
The wind returneth again according to his circuits.
Eccles. i. 6.
Thus with the year
Seasons return, but not to me returns
Day, or the sweet approach of even or morn.
Milton, P. L., iii. 41.
6. To revert; come back to the original pos-
sessor; hence, to fall to the share of a person;
become the possession of either a previous or
a new owner.
In the year of the jubile the field shall return unto him
of whom it was bought. Lev. xxvii. 24.
Had his necessity made use of me,
I would have put my wealth into donation,
And the best half should have return'd to him.
Shak.,T. of A., iii. 2.91.
7. To go back in thought or speech; comeback
to a previous subject of consideration ; recur.
Now will I retourne azen, or I precede ony ferthere, for
to declare zou the othere weyes, that drawen toward
Babiloyne. Mandeville, Travels, p. 53.
But to return to the verses : did they please you?
Shak., L. L. L., iv. 2. 156.
8. To reappear; come back before the mind.
The scenes and forms of death with which he had been
familiar in Naples returned again and again before his
eyes. J. H. Shorthouse, John Inglesant, xxxvi.
9. To make reply; retort.
A plain-spoken and possibly high-thinking critic might
here perhaps return upon me with my own expressions.
Scribner's Mag., IV. 126.
10. To yield a return; give a value or profit.
[Rare.]
Allowing 25. men and boies to euery Barke. they will
make 5000. persons, whose labours returne yeerely to
about 135000. pound sterling.
Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 246.
11. In fencing, to give a thrust or cut after
parrying a sword-thrust.
return1 (re-tern'), n. [< ME. return; cf . OF. re-
tor, retur, retour, F. retour = Pr. retorn = Sp. Pg.
retorno = It. ritorno; from the verb : see return!,
v., and cf. retour.} 1. The act of sending, bring-
ing, rendering, or restoring to a former place,
position, owner, or state ; the act of giving back
in requital, recompense, retort, or response ;
election, as of a member of Congress or of Par-
liament ; also, the state of being returned. See
return!, v. t.
Ill pawn my victories, all
My honours to you, upon his good returns.
Shak., T. of A., iii. 5. 82.
Once the girl gave me a pair of beaded moccasons, in
return, I suppose, for my bread and cider.
S. Judd, Margaret, H. 4.
5131
Contempt instead, dishonour, obloquy '!
Hard recompense, unsuitable return
For so much good, so much beneficence 1
Milton, P. R., 111. 132.
(6) Profit, as arising from labor, effort, exertion, or use ;
advantage ; a profitable result.
The fruit which comes from the many days of recrea-
tion and vanity is very little; . . . but from the few hours
we spend in prayer and the exercises of a pious life the
return is great. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, i., Int.
Just Gods ! shall all things yield returns hut love?
Pope, Autumn, 1. 78.
(c) A response ; a reply ; an answer.
Say, if my father render fair retun\
It is against my will. Shak., Hen. \
They neither appeared, nor sent satisfying reasons for
their absence ; but in stead thereof, many insolent, proud,
railing, opprobrious returns.
N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 204.
(d) A report ; a formal or official account of an action per-
formed or a duty discharged, or of facts, statistics, and
the like ; especially, in the plural, a set of tabulated sta-
tistics prepared for general information : as, agricultural
returns; census returns; election returm. The return of
members of Parliament is, strictly speaking, the return by
return-tag
returnable (re-ter'na-bl), a. [< return! + -ftble.}
1. Capable of being returned.
Sins that disceit is ay returnable,
Of very force it is agreable
That therwithall be done the recompence.
Wyatt, Abused Lover.
2. In law, legally required to be returned, de-
livered, given , or rendered : as, a writ or pre-
cept returnable at a certain day; a verdict re-
turnable to the court.
It may he decided in that court where the verdict is
returnable. Sir M. Hale, Hist. Common Law of Eng., xii.
'.,11.4.127. return-alkali (re-tern'al*ka-li), ». In the
manufacture of prussiate of potash (see prus-
siiite) on a large scale, the salt obtained from
the residual mother-liquor, which, after the lix-
iviation of the calcined cake, the second crys-
tallization, and second concentration, yet con-
tains about 70 per cent, of potassium carbonate.
The salts crystallizing out are also called blue salts. They
are utilized by mixing them with the charge for another
calcining process.
the sheriff or other returning officer of the writ addressed return-ball (re-tern'bal), II. A ball used as
to him, certifying the election in pursuance of it. a plaything, held by an elastic string which
No note was taken of the falsification of election returns,
or the dangers peculiar to elective governments.
Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 150.
Accordingly in some of the earlier returns it is possible
that the sheriff, or the persons who joined with him in
electing the knights of the shire, elected the borough
members also. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 422.
But a fairly adequate Instrument of calculation is sup-
causes it to return to the hand from which it is
thrown.
return-bead (re-tern'bed), n. In arcli. and carp.,
a double-quirk bead following an angle, and
presenting the same profile on each face of the
stuff. Also called bead and double quirk. See
cut under bead.
plied by the Registrar-General's mamage-re««™*. ' return-bend (re-tern'bend), n. A pipe-coupling
^w, 4-U n ,-,!,,-., , „*" Al, ~ 1 , . . TT 1 £ ••_•___.
Quarterly Rev., CXLV. 60.
(«) In fencing, a thrust or cut given in answer to a sword-
thrust : a more general term for riposte, which has a spe-
cific meaning, signifying the easiest and quickest return
stroke available under given circumstances.
4. In law : (a) The bringing or sending back
of a process or other mandate to the tribunal
whence it issued, with a short statement (usu-
ally indorsed on the process) by the officer to
in the shape of the letter U, used for joining
the ends of two pipes in making pipe-coils,
heat-radiators, etc.— Open return-bend, a return-
bend having its branches separated in the form of the
letter V. It differs from a closed return-bend in that the
latter has its branches in contact.
return-cargo (re-tern' kar"g6), M. A cargo
brought back in return for or in place of mer-
chandise previously sent out.
return-check (re-tern'chek), n. A ticket for
unuer it, orwny lie nas done readmission given to one of the audience who
nothing. The return is now usually made by leaves a thea|er between the actg.
filing the process, with indorsed certificate, in return crease fre-tern'kres) » See rreaxfi 2
th« nlprVa nflR™ tr,\ Tho r>ffi™0i ^.Hfi™^ <,„ return-crease ue-iern Kres;, H. see crease*, z.
the clerk's office. (6) The official certificate so return da
indorsed, (c) The day on which the terms of (jay
a process or other mandate require it to be re-
turned.
See return-day.
I must sit to bee kild, and stand to kill my selfe ! I
could vary it not so little as thrice oner agen ; 'tas some
eight returnes like Michelmas Terme !
Tourneur, Revenger's Tragedy, v. 1.
5. pi. A light-colored mild-flavored kind of to-
bacco.—6. In arch., the continuation of a
molding, projection, etc., in an opposite or dif-
it Age:
Returned Molding.— From Apse of a Romanesque Church
France.
ferent direction ; also, a side or part which falls
away from the front of any straight work. As
a feature of a molding, it is usual at the termi-
nation of the dripstone or hood of a window or
door.
I understand both these sides to be not only returns, but
parts of the front Bacon, Building (ed. 1887).
2. The act of going or coming back ; resump- 7. The air which ascends after having passed
tion of a former place, position, state, condi-
tion, or subject of consideration; recurrence,
reappearance, or reversion. See return1, v. i.
At the return of the year, the king of Syria will come
up against thee. 1 Ki. xx. 22.
In our returnes we visited all our friends, that reioyced
much at our Victory against the Manahocks.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 188.
To continue us in goodness there must be iterated re-
turn* of misery. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ii. 11.
through the working in a coal-mine. — 8. In
milit. engin., a short branch gallery for the re-
ception of empty trucks. It enables loaded
trucks to pass. — 9. In music, same as reprise, 5.
— Clause of return, in Scots law. See clause.— False
return. See false.— Return request, in the postal sys-
tem of the United States, a request, printed or written on
the envelop of a letter, that, if not delivered within a cer-
tain time, it be returned to the writer's address, which is
given.— Keturns of a mine, in fort., the turnings and
(re-tern'da), n. In law: (a) The
iy legal process for the defendant to
appear in court, or for the sheriff to return the
process and his proceedings, or both, (b) A
day in a term of court appointed for the return
of all processes.
returner (re-tfr'ner), n. [< return! + -er3.]
One who or that which returns.
The chapmen that give highest for this (bullion from
Spain] are . . . those who can make most profit by it;
and those are the returners of our money, by exchange,
into those countries where our debts . . . make a need
of it. Locke, Obs. on Encouraging the Coining of Silver.
returning-board (re-ter'ning-bord), n. In
some of the United States, a board consisting
of certain designated State officers, who are by
law empowered to canvass and declare returns
of elections held within the State.
returning-officer (re-ter'ning-of"i-ser), n. 1.
The officer whose duty it is to make returns of
writs, precepts, juries, etc. — 2. The presiding
officer at an election, who returns the persons
duly elected.
returnless (re-tern'les), a. [< return! + -less.}
Without return ; admitting no return. [Rare.]
But I would neuer credit in you both
Least cause of sorrow, but well knew the troth
Of this thine owne returne ; though all thy friends
I knew, as well should make returnlesse ends.
Chapman, Odyssey, xiii.
return-match (re-tem'mach), n. A second
match or trial played by the same two sets of
opponents.
For this year the Wellesburn return-match and the
Marylebone match played at Rugby.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown's School-Days, ii. 8.
returnment (re-tern'ment), M. [< return! +
-men t.} The act of returning ; a return ; a going
back. [Rare.]
Sometimes we yeeled ; but, like a ramme,
That makes returnment to redouble strength,
Then forc'd them yeeld.
Heywood, If you Know not me (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874,
The regular return of genial months,
And renovation of a faded world.
3. That which is returned. ,„,
in repayment or requital ; a recompense ; a payment ; a
remittance.
Within these two months, that 's a month before
This bond expires, I do expect return
Of thrice three times the value of this bond.
trenc'ii; the va^tousTurning's^nu windings wMch™]? the return-piece (re-tern'pes), n. Theat., a piece
lines of a trench. of scenery forming an angle of a building.
Camper, Task, vi. 123. return2 (re-tern'), c. [< re- + turn.'} To turn return-shock (re-tern'shok), «. An electric
(a) That which is given again: as, to turn and return. Also written shock, due to the action of induction, sometimes
distinctively re-turn. felt when a sudden discharge of electricity
Face. O, you must follow, sir, and threaten him tame • takes place in the neighborhood of the observer,
He'll turn again else. as in the case of a lightning-flash.
'"'™ him then' B- Jmum' Al<*emi.,t, iv. 4. return-tag (re-tern 'tag), «. A tag attached to
----' a railway-car, usually by slipping it on to the
shackle of the seal, serving as evidence of tin-
due arrival of the car, or as a direction to what
uut; VI HUB UUIIU. . 1 .1 .,
Shak., M. of V., i. 3. 160. retumablllty (re-ter-na-bil'i-ti), ». [< retiirn-
They export honour, and make him a return in envy. ('''''' + -% (see -bility).} The character of be-
Bacon, Followers and Friends, ing returnable.
return-tag
point the car is to be returned. Car-Bltilder'a
Diet.
return-ticket (re-tern'tik"et), ». A ticket is-
sued by a railway or steamboat company,
coach proprietors, and the like, for a journey to
some point and return to the place of starting,
generally at a reduced charge.
An excursion opposition steamer was advertised to start
for Boulogne — fares, haif-a-crown ; return-tickets, four
shillings. Mrs. U. Wood, Mildred Arkell, xx.
return-valve (re-tern'valv), «. A valve which
opens to allow reflux of a fluid under certain
conditions, as in the case of overflow.
retuse (re-tus'), a. [= F. rctus, < L. retusun,
blunted, ' dull, pp. of retunder,
blunt, dull: see refund.'] 1. In
bot., obtuse at the apex, with a
broad and very shallow sinus re-
entering: as, a refuse leaf. — 2. In
zool., ending in an obtuse sinus.
Retzia (ret'si-a), n. [NL. (King,
1850), named after Betzius, a natu- R«-« t«»' °<
, *'_ _ , _' . _ $altx retMxa.
rahst.J A genus of bracmopods,
typical of the subfamily Retziinse. They flour-
ished in the Paleozoic seas from the Silurian
to the Upper Carboniferous.
Retziinae (ret-si-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Ret:ia +
-ins. ] A subfamily of artnropomatous brachio-
pods, mostly referred to the family Spiriferidse.
Externally they much resemble the terebratu-
lids.
Reuchlinian (ru-klin'i-an), a. [< Reach/in (see
def.) + -fan.] Pertaining or relating to Johauu
Reuchlin (1455-1522), a celebrated German
classical scholar.— ReucMlnlan pronunciation.
See pronunciation.
reuPt, n. An obsolete form of rule1.
reul'^, v. i. Same as rule2. Hallimll.
reulet, «. and r. A Middle English form of rule1.
reulicnet, a. A Middle English form of ruly1.
reulyt, a. A Middle English form of mly1, rulip.
reumeH, "• A Middle English form of realm.
reume'^t, "• An obsolete form of rheum*.
reumourt, «• A Middle English form of rumor.
Cath. Aug., p. 306.
reune (rf-un'), ». ; pret. and pp. reuned, ppr.
reuning. ' [< OF. reunir, F. reunir = Sp. Pg. reu-
nir = It. riunire, < ML. reunire, make one again,
unite again, < L. re-, again, + unire, unite: see
unite. 1 I. trans. To reunite; bring into reu-
nion and coherence. [Obsolete or rare.]
It pleased her Maiestie to call this Country of Wingan-
dacoa, Virginia, by which name now you are to vnderstand
how it was planted, disolued, reuned, and enlarged.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 85.
II. intrans. To be reunited; specifically, to
hold a reunion. [American college slang.]
reunient (re-u'nient), a. [< ML. reunie>i(t-)s,
ppr. of reunire: see reune.] Uniting or con-
necting: as, the reunient canal of the ear, or
canalis reuniens (which see, under canalis).
reunification (re-u"ni-fi-ka'shon), «. [< re- +
unification.'] The act of reunifying, or redu-
cing to unity; a state of reunion or reconcilia-
tion.
No scientific progress is possible unless the stimulus of
the original unification is strong enough to clasp the dis-
cordant facts and establish a reunification.
Encyc. Brit., XI. 619.
reunify (re-u'ni-fi), v. t. [< re- + unify.'] To
bring back to a state of unitv or union.
reunion (re-u'nyon), n. [< OF. reunion, F. re-
union = Sp. reunion = Pg. reuniao, < ML. reu-
nire, make one again, reunite: see reune. Cf.
union.] 1. The act of reuniting, or bringing
back to unity, juxtaposition, concurrence, or
harmony ; the state of being reunited.
She, that should all parts to reunion bow ;
She, that had all magnetic force alone
To draw and fasten sundered parts in one.
Donne, Funeral Elegies, Anatomy of the World.
"The reunion, in a single invoice, of various parcels,
every one of which does not amount to S20, but wnich in
the aggregate exceed that quantity," remains subject to
the tax. Pop. Sri. Mo., XXIX 294.
Mere Marchette struggled a moment, as if she could not
yield to anything which delayed her reunion with Pierre.
The Century, XL. 248.
Specifically — 2. A meeting, assembly, or so-
cial gathering of familiar friends or associates
after separation or absence from one another:
as, a family reunion ; a college reunion Order
of the Reunion, an order founded by Napoleon in 1811 to
commemorate the union of Holland with France. The
badpe was a silver star of twelve points, having the spaces
filled with rays of gold, the whole surmounted by an im-
perial crown bearing the name Napoleon.
reunite (re-u-nif ), r. [< re- + unite. Cf. remit-.]
I. traits. 1. To unite again ; join after separa-
tion.
By the which marriage the line of Chailes the Great
Was re-united to the crown of France.
Shak., Hen. V., i. 2. 85.
I wander here In vain, and want thy hand
To guide and re-unite me to my Lord.
Rotce, Ambitious Stepmother, v. -.'.
At length, after many eventful years, the associates, so
long parted, were reunited in Westminster Abbey.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
2. To reconcile after variance.
A patriot king will not despair of reconciling and re-
unitimj his subjects to himself and to one another.
Bolingbroke, Of a Patriot King.
II. intrans. To be united again; join and
cohere again.
Yet not for this were the Britans dismaid, but reunite-
ing the next day fought with such a courage as made it
hard to decide which way hung the Vietorie.
Milton, Bist. Eng.,ii.
reunitedly (re-u-m'ted-li), odtv In a reunited
manner,
reunitiont (re-u-nish'on), «. [< reunite + -ion.]
A second or repeated uniting; reunion. [Rare.]
I believe the resurrection of the body, and its reunition
with the soul.
JfnatchbuU, On the New Testament Translation, p. 93.
reunitive (re-u'ni-tiv), a. [< reunite + -ire.]
Causing reunion ; tending toward or character-
ized by reunion. [Rare.]
Noon-time of a Sunday in a New England country town
used to be, and even now is, a social and reunitive epoch
of no small interest. S. Judd, Margaret, 1 14.
reurge (re-erj'), v. t. [< re- + urge.] To urge
again.
reus (re'us), «. ; pi. ret (-i). [< L. revs, m., rea,
f., orig. a party to an action, plaintiff or de-
fendant, afterward restricted to the party ac-
cused, defendant, prisoner, etc. ; also, a debtor
(> It. reo, wicked, bad, = Sp. Pg. reo, a c'rimi-
nal, defendant), < res, a cause, action : see res.]
In law, a defendant.
reuse (re-uz'), r. t. [< re- + use, r.] To use
again.
It appears that large quantities of domestic distilled
spirits are being placed upon the market as imported
spirits and under reused imported spirit stamps.
Report of Sec. of Treasury, 1886, I. 462.
reuse (re-us'), n. [< re- + use, n.] Repeated
use ; use a second time.
The waste liquor is collected, and made up to the first
strength for re use. Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 31.
rentilize (re-u'til-iz), v. t. [< re- + utilize.]
To utilize again; make use of a second time.
Also spelled reutilise.
After the white cells have lived their life and done their
work, portions of their worn-out carcases may be reutil-
ised in the body as nutriment. Lancet, No. 3447, p. 585.
reutter (re-ut'er), r. t. [< re- + utter.] To
utter again.
The truth of Man, as by God first spoken,
Which the actual generations garble,
Was re-uttered.
Browning, Old Pictures in Florence, st. 11.
rev. An abbreviation of (a) [cap.] Revelation;
(b) revenue; (c) reverend; (d) review; (c) revolu-
tion ; (f) revised; (g) reverse.
revalenta (rev-a-len'ta), n. [NL., transposed
from ervalenta,"<. NL. 'fcrvum Lens: see Ervum
and Lens.] The commercial name of lentil-
meal, introduced as a food for invalids. In
fall, revalenta Arabics. Alsoervalentu. [Eng.]
revalescence (rev-a-les'ens), n. [< revalescen(t)
+ -ce.] The state of being revalescent. [Rare.]
"Would this prove that the patient's revalescence had
been independent of the medicines given him? Coleridge.
revalescent (rev-a-les'ent), a. [< L. revales-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of fevalescere, grow well again,
< re-, again, + valescere, grow well: see con-
valescent.] Beginning to grow well. [Rare.]
Imp. Diet.
revaluation (re-val-u-a'shon), ». [< revalue +
-ation.] A repeated valuation.
revalue (re-val'u), v. t. [< re- + value.] To
value again.
revamp (re-vamp'), t>. t. [< re- + vamp.] To
vamp, mend, or patch up again; rehabilitate;
reconstruct.
Thenceforth he [Carlyle] has done nothing but revamp
his telling things; but the oddity has become always
odder, the paradoxes always more paradoxical.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 140.
The revamping of our own writings . . . after an inter-
val so long that the mental status in which we composed
them is forgotten, and cannot be conjured up and revivi-
fied, is a dangerous experiment.
Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xxi. 447.
reve't, *'• A Middle English form of reave.
Chaucer.
reve2t, ». A Middle English form of reeve1.
reve3t (rev), v. i. [< F. rOver, OF. resver, dream:
see rare1.] To dream; muse.
reveille
I "•--,(/ all night what could be the meaning of such a
nn'>s&ge. Mrtu'iirs of Marshall Keith
reveal (re-veV), r. t. [Early moil. E. rcrcle, <
OF. reveler. F. n'n'lrr = Pr. Sp. Pg. rerelar =
It. revelarr, riri'lun , < !>. ri'n-lnre, unveil, draw
back a veil, < re-, back, + relare, veil, < velum,
a veil: see veil.] 1. To discover; expose to
sight, recognition, or understanding; disclose;
divulge ; make known.
I had . . . well played my first act, assuring myself
that under that disguisement I should find opportunity to
reveal myself. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
I have not revealed it yet to any Soul breathing, but now
I'll tell your Excellency, and so fell a relating the Passage
in Flanders. Umeell, Letters, I. iv. 28.
While in and out the verses wheel,
The wind caught robes trim feet reveal.
Lowell, Dobson's "Old World Idylls."
Specifically — 2. To disclose as religious truth ;
divulge by supernatural means ; make known
by divine agency.
The wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all
ungodliness and unrighteousness of men. Horn. i. If.
No Man or Angel can know how God would be worship't
and serv'd unless God reveal it, Milton, True Religion.
I call on the souls who have left the light
To reveal their lot.
Whittier, My Soul and I.
3. In metaph., to afford an immediate know-
ledge of.
Such is the fact of perception revealed in consciousness.
Sir W. Hamilton, Edinburgh Rev., Oct., 1830.
=Syn. To unveil, uncover, communicate, show, impart.
reveal (re-vel'), n. [< rereal, v.] If. A re-
vealing; disclosure.
In nature the concealment of secret parts is the same
in both sexes, and the shame of their reveal equal.
Sir T. Brmme, Vulg. Err., Iv. 7.
2. Iii arch., one of the vertical faces of a win-
dow-opening or a doorway, included between
the face of the wall and that of the window- or
door-frame, when such frame is present.
revealable (re-ve'la-bl), a. [< reveal 4- -able.]
Capable of being revealed.
I would fain learn why treason is not as revealable as
heresy? Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 108.
revealableness(re-ve'la-bl-nes), «. The state
or character of being revealable. Imp. Viet.
revealed (re-veld' ), p. a. 1 . Brought to light ;
disclosed ; specifically, made known by direct
divine or supernatural agency.
Scripture teacheth all supernatural revealed truth, with-
out the knowledge whereof salvation cannot be attained.
Booker, Eccles. Polity, ill. 8.
Undoubtedly the revealed law is of infinitely more au-
thenticity than that moral system which is framed by
ethical writers, and denominated the natural law.
Blackstane, Com., Int., § 2.
2. In entom., not hidden under other parts. —
Revealed alitrunk, the posterior part of the thorax or
olitrunk when it is not covered by elytra, hemielytra, or
tegmina, as in llymenoptera, Diptera, etc. — Revealed
religion. See religion, and evidences of Christianity (un-
derChristianity).
revealer (re-ve'ler), n. One who reveals or
discloses; one who or that which brings to
light, shows, or makes known.
A Lord of kings, and a revealer of secrets. Dan. ii. 47.
He brought a taper; the rerealer, light,
Exposed both crime and criminal to sight.
Dryden.
revealment (re-vel'ment), n. [< reveal +
-ment.] The act of revealing; revelation.
[Rare.]
This is one reason why he permits so many heinous im-
pieties to be concealed here on earth, because he intends
to dignify that day with the revealment of them.
South, Sermons, VII. xill.
revehent (re've-hent), a. [< L. revehen(t-)n,
ppr. of revehere, carry back, < re-, back, + ve-
here, carry: see vehicle.] Carrying forth; tak-
ing away; efferent: applied in anatomy to sun-
dry vessels: opposed to advehciit.
reveille (re-val'ye, sometimes rev-e-le'), w.
[Also written incorrectly reveille and reveillee,
as if < F. reveill^, pp. ; < F. reveil, OF. rereil,
resveil (= Pr. rerelh), an awaking, alarm, re-
veille, a hunt's-up, < resreiller, awake, < re-,
again, + esreillfr, waken, < L. ex-, out, + r'nji-
lare, watch, wake : see rii/Hdiit.] Milit. and na-
ral, the beat of a drum, bugle-sound, or other
signal given about break of day, to give notice
that it is time for the soldiers or sailors to rise
and for the sentinels to forbear challenging.
Sound a reveille, sound, sound,
The warrior god is come '.
Dnjden, Secular Masque, 1. 83.
And all the bn-;le breezes blew
Reveillee tu the breaking morn.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Ixviii.
revel
revel1 (rev'el), n. [< ME. rerel, rerrrl, rt-rrll.
< OF. rerel (= Pr. revel), pride, rebellion, sport,
jest, disturbance, disorder, delay, < reveler, rc-
'beller, F. reseller, rebel, revolt, = Sp. rebclar =
Pg. rebellar = It. i-ibi-llnre. rcbellare, < L. rebel-
larc, rebel : see rebel, v. Honce, by contraction,
rule'*.] 1. A merrymaking; a feast or festivity
characterized by boisterous jollity; a carouse ;
hence, mirth-making in general; revelry.
Whan thei com in to the town thei fonde . . . ladyes
and maydenes carolinge and daunsinge, and the most reu-
ell and disport that myght be made.
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), iii. 448.
Iteuelle amanges tliame was full ryfe.
Thomas of Enseldoune (Child's Ballads, I. 106).
The brief night goes
In babble and revel and wine.
Tennyson, Maud, xxii. 5.
2. Specifically — («) A kind of dance or choric
performance often given in connection with
masques or pageants ; a dancing procession or
entertainment: generally used in the plural.
Our revels now are ended. These our actors,
As I foretold you, were all spirits, and
Are melted into air, into thin air.
Shale.. Tempest, iv. 1. 148.
We use always to have revels; which is indeed dan-
cing, and makes an excellent shew in truth.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of hia Humour, iii. 2.
The Repels were dances of a more free and general na-
ture— that is, not Immediately connected with the story
of the piece under representation. In these many of the
nobility of both sexes took part, who had previously been
spectators. The Revels, it appears from other passages,
were usually composed of galliards and corantos.
Gi/ord, Note on B. Jonson's Masque of Lethe.
(ft) An anniversary festival to commemorate
the dedication of a church ; a wake. Balliwell.
— Master Of tile revels. Same as lord of misrule (which
see, under lord). =Syn. 1. Debauch, Spree, etc. See ca-
rousali.
revel1 (rev'el), v. ; pret. and pp. reveled or re-
relled, ppr. reveling or revelling. [< ME. revelen,
reevelen, < OF. reveler, also rebetler, rebel, be
riotous: see revel1, n. The E. verb follows the
noun.] I. intrans. 1. To hold or take part in
revels; join in merrymaking; indulge in bois-
terous festivities; carouse.
See ! Antony, that revels long o' nights,
Is notwithstanding up. Shak., 3. C., ii. 2. 116.
3. To dance; move with a light and dancing
step; frolic.
Along the crisped shades and bowers
Revels the spruce and jocund Spring.
Milton, Comus, 1. 985.
3. To act lawlessly ; wanton ; indulge one's
inclination or caprice.
His father revell'd in the heart of France,
And tamed the king, and made the dauphin stoop.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 2. 150.
The Nabob was revelling in fancied security: ... it
had never occurred to him . . . that the English would
dare to invade his dominions. Macaulay, Lord Clive.
4. To take great pleasure ; feel an ardent and
keen enjoyment ; delight.
Our kind host so revelled in my father's humour that he
was incessantly stimulating him to attack him.
Lady Holland, Sydney Smith, vii.
Il.t trans. To spend in revelry.
An age of pleasures revell'd out comes home
At last, and ends in sorrow.
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, iv. 3.
reve!2t, v. t. [= It. revellere, draw away, < L.
rerellere, pp. revulsus, pluck or pull back, tear
out, off, or away, < re-, back, + vellere, pluck.
Of. avel, convulse, revulsion.'} To draw back or
away; remove.
Those who miscarry escape by their flood revelling the
humours from their lungs. Harvey.
reve-landt (rev'land), »i. [ME., repr. AS. ge-
ref-land, tributary land (sundor-geref-land, pe-
culiar tributary land), < gerefa, reeve, + land,
land: see reeve1 and land.'] In Anglo-Saxon
law, such land as, haying reverted to the king
after the death of his thane, who had it for
life, was not afterward granted out to any by
the king, but remained in charge upon the ac-
count of the reeve or bailiff of the manor.
revelatet (rev'e-lat), r. t. [< L. rerclntus, pp.
of revclare, reveal, disclose: see reveal.] To
reveal. Imp. Diet.
revelation (rev-e-la'shon), n. [< ME. reveht-
cioun, < OF. revelation, revelation, F. revelation
= Pr. revelatio = Sp. revelation = Pg. revelagtto
= It. rirela:ionc, revelation, < LL. revelatio(n-),
an uncovering, a revealing, < L. rerelare, pp.
rrri'lntitx, reveal: see reveal.] 1. The actof re-
vealing, (a) The disclosing, discovering, or making
known to others what was before unknown to them.
It was nothing short of a new revelation, when Scott
turned back men's eyes on their own past history and
5183
national life, and showed them there a field of human
interest anil poetic creation which long had lain neglected.
J, C. Shairp, Aspects of Poetry, p. 104.
(6) The act of revealing or communicating religious truth,
especially by divine or supernatural means.
The book of quintis essencijs . . . Hermys . . . hadde
by reuelacioun of an aungil of God to him senile.
Boot of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 1.
By revelation he made known unto me the mystery.
Eph iii. 3.
A very faithful brother,
A botcher, and a man by revelation,
That hath a competent knowledge of the truth.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, iii. 2.
2. That which is revealed, disclosed, or made
known ; in tlteol., that disclosure which God
makes of himself and of his will to his crea-
tures.
When God declares any truth to us, this is a revelation.
Locke, Human Understanding, IV. vii. 2.
More specifically — 3. Such disclosure, com-
municated by supernatural means, of truths
which could not be ascertained by natural
means ; hence, as containing such revelation,
the Bible. Divine revelation may be afforded by any
one of four media— (a) nature, (6) history, (c) conscious-
ness, or (d) supernatural and direct communications. In
theological writings the term, when properly used, sig-
nifies exclusively the last form of revelation. Revelation
differs from inspiration, the latter being an exaltation of
the natural faculties, the former a communication to or
through them of truth not otherwise ascertainable, or at
least not otherwise known.
The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto
him, to shew unto his servants things which must shortly
come to pass. Rev. i. 1.
"I'is Revelation satisfies all doubts,
Explains all mysteries except her own,
And so illuminates the path of life.
Cowper, Task, ii. 527.
4. In metaph., immediate consciousness of
something real and not phenomenal — Book of
Revelation, or The Revelation of St. John the Divine,
the last book of the New Testament, also called the^poc-
alypse. It is generally attributed by the church to the
apostle John, and the date of its composition is often put
near the end of the first century. There is a wide differ-
ence of opinion as to the interpretation and significance
of this book. The schools of interpretation are of three
principal'kinds. The first school, that of the preterists,
embraces those who hold that the whole or by far the
greater part of the prophecy of this book has been ful-
filled ; the second is that of the historical interpreters,
who hold that the prophecy embraces the whole history
of the church and its foes, from the first century to the
end of the world ; the third view is that of the futurists,
who maintain that the prophecy, with perhaps the excep-
tion of the first three chapters, relates entirely to events
which are to take place at or near to the second coming of
the Lord. Abbreviated Rev.
revelational (rev-e-la'shon-al), a. [< revela-
tion + -a/.] Pertaining to or involving reve-
lation ; admitting supernatural disclosure.
It seems, however, unnecessary to discuss the precise
relation of different Revelational Codes to Utilitarianism.
a. Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, p. 467.
revelationist (rev-e-la'shon-ist), n. [< revela-
tion + -ist.] One who believes in supernatu-
ral revelation. [Bare.]
Gruppe's great work on Greek mythology ... is likely
in the immediate future to furnish matter for contention
between evolutionists and revelationists.
Athenemm, No. 3149, p. 272.
revelator (rev'e-la-tor), n. [= F. revelateur =
Sp. Pg. renclador = It. rivelatore, revelatore, <
LL. revelator, < L. revclare, reveal: see reveal]
One who makes a revelation ; a revealer. [Rare
and objectionable.]
The forms of civil government were only to carry out
the will of the Church, and this soon came to mean the
will of Brigham Young, who from year to year was re-
elected and installed "prophet, seer, and revelator."
New York Evening Post, March 8, 1890.
revelatory (rev'e-la-to-ri), a. [< LL. revelato-
rius, of or belonging to revelation, < L. revelare,
reveal : see reveal.] Having the nature or
character of a revelation. Imp. Diet.
revel-coilt, «• [^ revel1 + coil*, prob. originat-
ing as a sophisticated form of level-coil.] Loud
and boisterous revelry ; a wild revel ; a carouse
or debauch.
They all had leave to leave their endless toyles,
To dance, sing, sport, and to keepe revell-myles.
John Taylor, Works (1630). (Hares. )
revel-dasht, »• Same as rerel-coil.
Have a flurt and a crash,
Now play reveldanh.
Greene, Dram. Works, I. 175.
reveler, reveller (rev'el-er), « . [< ME. rerelour,
ri rrloicre, < OF. *reteleor, revelour, < reveler,
revel: see revel1, c.] One who revels, (a) One
who takes part in merrymakings, feasts, or carousals ;
hence, one who leads a disorderly or licentious life.
My fourthe housbonde was a revelour —
This is to seyn, he hadde a paramour.
CTmreer. Pro], to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 45a,
revenge
None a stranger there
So merry and so gamesome; he is call'il
The Briton reveller. Shak., C'ymbeline, I. 6. 61.
In the ears of the brutalized and drunken revellers there
arose the sound of the clanking of British cavalry.
//. KingOeu, Stretton, liii.
Specifically — (6) One who dances in a revel; one who
takes part in a choric entertainment.
It is no disgrace, no more than for your adventurous
reveller to fall by some inauspicious chance in his galliard.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iii. 1.
revelingt, »• Same as rireUtigZ.
revellent (re-vel'ent), a. [= Pg. It. revellente,
< L. revcllen(t-)s, ppr. of rerellere, pluck or tear
back, off, away, or out: see revel2.] Causing
revulsion.
reveller, n. See reveler.
revel-master (rev'el-mas"ter), n. The master
or director of the revels at Christmas ; the lord
of misrule.
revelment(rev'el-ment),«. [<»-ere?l + -merit.]
The act of reveling.
revelourt, »• An obsolete form of reveler.
reveloust, o. [< ME. melons, < OF. reveleux.
full of revelry or jest, riotous, < revel, riot, revel :
see revel1, n. Cf. rebellious.] Inclined to fes-
tivity and merrymaking.
A wyf he hadde of excellent beautee,
And compaignable and revelous was she.
Chaucer, Shipman's Tale, 1. 4.
revel-rout t, «• 1. A troop of revelers ; hence,
any riotous throng; a mob; a rabble.
Ay, that we will, we'll break your spell,
Reply'd the revel-rout;
We'll teach yon for to fix a bell
On any woman's snout.
The Fryar and the Boy, ii. (Ifaret.)
2. A lawless, uproarious revel; wild revelry;
noisy merriment.
Then made they recell route and goodly glee.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 568.
The Sorcerers and Sorceresses make great lights, and
incense all this visited house, . . . laughing, singing,
dauncing in honour of that God. After all this reuel-rout
they demaund againe of the Demoniake if the God be ap-
peased. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 480.
3. A dancing entertainment.
Wilt thou forsake us, Jeffrey? then who shall daunce
The hobby horse at our next Revel rout?
Brome, Queens Exchange, ii. 2.
To play revel-rout, to revel furiously ; carouse ; act the
bacchanalian.
They chose a notable swaggering rogue called Puffing
Dicke to reuell ouerthem, whopiatd reuell-rout with them
indeede.
Rowlands, Hist. Rogues, quoted in Ribton-Turner's Va-
[grants and Vagrancy, p. 682.
revelry (rev'el-ri), n. [< ME. revelrie; as revel1
+ -ry.] The act of reveling; merrymaking;
especially, boisterous festivity or jollity.
The swetnesse of her melodye
Made al myn herte in recelrye [var. reverye].
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 720.
Meantime, forget this new-fall'n dignity.
And fall into our rustic revelry.—
Play, music ! Shak., As you Like it, v. 4. 183.
=Syn. See carousal^.
revelst, »• Same as revel1.
The huntress and queen of these groves, Diana, . . .
hath . . . proclaimed a solemn revels.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, i. 1.
revenant (rev'e-nant), ». [< F. revenant, ppr.
of revenir, come back, < re-, back, again, + ve-
nir, < L. venire, come: see come. Cf. revenue.]
1. One who returns; especially, one who re-
turns after a long period of absence or after
death; a ghost; a specter; specifically, in mod.
spiritualism, an apparition; a materialization.
[Rare.]
The yellow glamour of the sunset, dazzling to Inglesant's
eyes, fluttered upon its vestment of whitish gray, and
clothed in transparent radiance this shadowy revenant
from the tomb. J. H. Shorthouse, John Inglesant, xxxiii.
2. In math., a form which continually returns
as leading coefficient of irreducible covariants.
revendicate (re-ven'di-kat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
revendicated, ppr. revindicating. Same as revin-
dicate. Imp. Diet.
revendication (re-ven-di-ka'shon), H . Same as
rcriiidieatfott. Imp. Viet — Action of revendica-
tion, in civil law, an action brought to assert a title to or
some real right inherent in or directly attached to prop-
erty.
revenge (re-venj'), r. ; pret. and pp. revenged,
ppr. revenging. [< OF. revenger, reveneher, F.
iTi'inicher, F. dial, reranger, revenge, = Sp. re-
riittticar, claim, = Pg. revindiear, claim, refl.
be revenged, = It. riveiidicare, revenge, refl.
be revenged, < ML. "revindieare, revenge, lit.
vindicate again, < L. re-, again, + vindicare (>
OF. veaffier, venger), arrogate, lay claim to:
see vindicate, vengr, avenge. Cf. n-rindicute.]
revenge
1. trans. 1. To take vengeance on account of;
inflict punishment because of ; exact retribu-
tion for ; obtain or seek to obtain satisfaction
for, especially with the idea of gratifying a
sense of injury or vindictiveness : as, to revenge
an insult.
These injuries the king now bears will be revenged home.
Shale., Lear, iii. 3. 13.
I hope you are bred to more humanity
Than to revenge my father's wrong on me.
Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, it 2.
2. Tosatisfybytakingvengeance; secureatone-
ment or expiation to, as for an injury; avenge
the real or fancied wrongs of; especially, to
gratify the vindictive spirit of: as, to revenge
one's self for rude treatment.
You do more for the obedience of your Lord the Em*
perour, then to be reuenged of the French Kinge.
Buecara, Letters (tr. by Heliowes, 1577), p. 70.
0 Lord, . . . visit me, and revenge me of my persecutors.
Jer. iv. 15.
Come Antony, and young Octavius, come,
Revenge yourselves alone on Caasius.
Shak., 3. C., iv. 3. 94.
= Svn. A venge, Revenge. See avenge.
ft. intrans. To take vengeance.
I wil revenge (quoth she),
For here I shake off shame.
Oascoigne, Philomene (Steele Glas, etc., ed. Arber, p. 100).
The Lord revengelh, and is furious. Vihnm i. 2.
revenge (re-venj'), n. [Early mod. E. revenge,
< OF. rei-e'iiche, revanche, F. revanche, revenge,
F. dial, revainche, revenche ; from the verb.] 1.
The act of revenging; the execution of ven-
geance; retaliation for wrongs real or fan-
cied; hence, the gratification of vindictive feel-
ing.
Revenge is a kind of wild justice. Bacon, Revenge.
Though now his mighty soul its grief contains ;
He meditates revenge who least complains.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., i. 446.
Sweet is revenge — especially to women.
Byron, Don Juan, i. 24.
2. That which is done by way of vengeance ;
a revengeful or vindictive act; a retaliatory
measure ; a means of revenging one's self.
1 will make mine arrows drunk with blood . . . from
the beginning of revenges upon the enemy.
Deut xxxii. 42.
And thus the whirligig of time brings in his revenges.
Shak., T. N., v. 1. 385.
3. The desire to be revenged; the emotion
which is aroused by an injury or affront, and
which leads to retaliation; vindictiveness of
mind.
Not tied to rules of policy, you find
Revenge less sweet than a forgiving mind.
Dryden, Astrea Redux, 1. 261.
The term Revenge expresses the angry passion carried
to the full length of retaliation.
A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 136.
To give one nis revenge, to play a return-match in any
game with a defeated opponent ; give a defeated opponent
a chance to gain an equal seore or standing.
Lad y Smart. Well, miss, you'll have a sad husband, you
have such good luck at cards. . . .
Miss. Well, my lady Smart, I'll give you revenge when-
ever you please. Swift, Polite Conversation, iii.
=Syn. 1. Revenge, Vengeance, Retribution, Retaliation,
and Reprisal agree in expressing the visiting of evil up-
on others in return for their misdeeds. Revenge is the
carrying out of a bitter desire to injure an enemy for a
wrong done to one's self or to those who seem a part of
one's self, and is a purely personal feeling. It generally
has reference to one's equals or superiors, and the malig-
nant feel ing is all the more bitter when it cannot be grati-
fied. Vengeance has an earlier and a later use. In its earlier
use it may arise from no personal feeling, but may be vis-
ited upon a person for another's wrong as well as for his
own. In the Scripture it means retribution with indig-
nation, as in Rom. xii. 19: "Vengeance is mine; I will
repay, saith the Lord," where it is a reservation for Jeho-
vah of the offices of distributive and retributive justice.
In its later use it involves the idea of wrathful retribution,
whether just, unjust, or excessive; it is often a furious
revenge : hence there is a general tendency to turn to
other words to express just retribution, especially as an
act of God. Retribution bears more in mind the amount
of the wrong done, viewing it as a sort of loan whose
equivalent is in some way paid back. Any evil result
befalling the perpetrator of a bad deed in consequence
of that deed is said to be a retribution, whether occurring
by human intention or not; personal agency is not promi-
nent in the idea of retribution. Retaliation combines the
notion of equivalent return, which is found in retribution,
with a distinctly personal agency and intention ; some-
times, unlike the preceding words, it has a light sense for
good humored teasing or banter. Reprisal is an act of re-
taliation in war, its essential point being the capture of
something in return or as indemnification for pecuniary
damage from the other side. The word has also a looser
figurative meaning, amounting essentially to retaliation
of any sort. See avenge, requital, and the definition of re-
revengeable (rf-ven'ja-bl), a.
-able.'] Capable of or suitable
venged. [Rare.]
[< rnenge +
for being re-
5134
The buzzard, for he doted more
And dared lease than reason,
Through blind bace loue induring wrong
Reuengeable in season.
Warner, Albion's England, vii. 342.
revengeancet (re-ven'jans), w. [Early mod. E.
rcrenijeaunce ; < rerenge"+ -ance. Cf. vengeance.'}
Revenge; vengeance.
Hee woulde not neglecte to take reueitgeamux of so foule
an act. J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, fol. 136.
revengeful (re-venj'ful), a. [< revenge + -/«/.]
1. Full of revenge or a desire to inflict injury
or pain for wrong received; harboring feelings
of revenge; vindictive; resentful.
If thy revengeful heart cannot forgive,
Lo, here I lend thee this sharp-pointed sword.
5Ao*., Rich. III., i. 2. 174.
2. Avenging; executing revenge; instrumental
to revenge.
Tis a meritorious fair design
To chase injustice with revengeful arms.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1693.
= Syn. 1. Unforgiving, implacable. See revenge, n., and
avenge.
revengefully (re-venj'ful-i), adv. In a revenge-
ful manner; by way of revenge; vindictively;
with the spirit of revenge.
He smiled revengefully, and leapt
Upon the floor ; thence gazing at the skies,
His eye-balls fiery red, and glowing vengeance.
Dryden and Lee, (Edipus, v. 1.
revengefulness (re-venj'ful-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being revengeful; vindictiveness. Bai-
ley, 1727.
revengeless (re-venj 'les), a. [< rerenge + -less.']
Without revenge; unrevenged. [Bare.]
We. full of heartie teares
For our good father's losse, . . .
Cannot so lightly over-jumpe his death
As leave his woes retengeleae.
Martton, Malcontent, iv. 8.
revengement (re-venj 'ment), n. [< rcvenyc +
-ment.] Revenge; retaliation for an injury.
[Rare.]
Thinges of honour are so delicate that the same day
that any confesseth to haue receiued an iniurie, from that
day he bindeth himselfe to take reuengement.
Ouecara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 218.
Mm I her . . . hath more shapes than Proteus, and will
shift himselfe, vppon any occasion of reuengement, into a
man's dish, his drinke, his apparel), his rings, his stir-
hops, his nosgay. Name, Pierce Penilesse, p. 34.
revenger (re-ven'jer), n. One who revenges;
an avenger.
Now, darting Parthia, art thou struck ; and now
Pleased fortune does of Marcus Crassus' death
Make me revenger. Shak., A. and 0., iii. 1. 3.
revengingly(re-ven'jing-li),nd». With revenge;
with the spirit of revenge ; vindictively.
I have belied a lady,
The princess of this country, and the air on 't
Revengingly enfeebles me. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 2. 4.
revenual (rev'e-nu-al), a. [< revenue + -a2.]
Pertaining to revenue: as, revenual expendi-
ture. [Recent and rare.]
Admitting the restraint exercised to be due to a neces-
sary caution in dealing with public funds, . . . the ad-
vantages of a more rapid advance might be secured with-
out in the least involving revenual risks.
The Engineer, LXVI. 224.
revenue (rev'e-nu, formerly and still occasion-
ally re-ven'u), ». [Early mod. E. also revenew ;
< OF. ' revenu, m., also revenue, t., P. revenu, m.
(ML. reflex rcvenuta, t., revenutum, n., also re-
rennea, f., also in pure L. form reventus and rc-
ventio), revenue, rent, < revenu, pp. of rerenir,
come back, return: see revenant. Cf. avenue,
parvenu.'] 1. The annual rents, profits, inter-
est, or issues of any kind of property, real or
personal; income.
She bears a duke's revenue! on her back,
And in her heart she scorns our poverty.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3. 83.
One that had more skill how to quaffe a can
Then manage his revenevtes.
Times' Whittle (E. E. T. S.), p. 64.
I call it [a monastery of the Benedictine monks] . . .
rich, because their yearly revenew amounteth to one hun-
dred thousand Crowns. Coryat, Crudities, I. 177.
2. The annual income of a state, derived from
the taxation, customs, excise, or other sources,
and appropriated to the payment of the nation-
al expenses. [This is now the common meaning of the
word, income being applied more generally to the rents
and profits of individuals.]
The common charity,
Good people's alms and prayers of the gentle,
Is the revenue must support my state.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, v. 1.
A complete power, therefore, to procure a regular and
adequate supply of revenue, as far as the resources of the
community will permit, may be regarded as an indispen-
sable ingredient in every constitution.
A. Hamilton, The Federalist, N'o. 30.
reverberate
3. Return; reward.
Neither doe I know any thing wherein a man may more
improue the reuenueg of his learning, or make greater
shew with a little, . . . than in this matter of the Creation.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 6.
Inland revenue, in Great Britain and Ireland, internal
revenue, derived from excise, stamps, income-tax, and
other taxes. The Board of Internal Revenue cousists of a
chairman, a deputy chairman, and three commissioners. —
Internal revenue, that part of the revenue or income of
a country which is derived from duties on articles manu-
factured or grown at home, on licenses, stamps, incomes,
etc. ; all the revenue of a country except that collected
from export or import duties. In tlje United States the
principal receipts are from spirits, tobacco, and fermented
liquors. During the period of the civil war taxes were
imposed on many other manufactures, but they were -re-
moved in great part in 1868.— Revenue cadet, or cadet
of the revenue-cutter service, an officer of the junior
grade in the United States revenue marine, undergoing
instruction preparatory to examination for the position of
third lieutenant. The appointment is made after a com-
petitive examination, to which young men between the
ages of 18 and 25 are eligible, by the Secretary of the Trea-
sury. A term of two years' service aboard a practice-ves-
sel is required, which is followed by the examination for
promotion. — Revenue cutter. See cutteri . — Revenue-
cutter school-ship, a vessel used for the purpose of in-
structing cadets in the revenue-cutter service in the du-
ties of their profession, previous to commissioning them
as third lieutenants.— Revenue-cutter service. See
revenue marine.— Revenue ensign, a distinctive flag, au-
thorized March, 1798, for revenue cutters, to distinguish
them from other armed vessels of the United States. Pre-
vious to that date, the revenue cutters sailed under the
same flag as other United States vessels. The revenue
Hag is also used over custom-houses. It consists of six-
teen vertical stripes of red and white alternately, with a
white union in which is a blue eagle carrying in his
beak the motto "E pluribus unum," a shield with red
and white stripes on his breast, and in his talons a bundle
of arrows and a branch of olive, the whole surrounded by
a semicircle of thirteen blue stars.— Revenue law. See
/»»-i. Revenue marine, or revenue-cutter service,
a corps organized in 1790, by Alexander Hamilton, then
Secretary of the Treasury, for the purpose of guarding the
coast and estuaries of the United States for the protec-
tion of the customs revenue. During the period of its
existence, the duties of the service have necessarily un-
dergone many changes. The corps, combining both civil
and military features, is employed in assisting to maintain
law and order throughout United States territory.— Reve-
nue pennant, a pennant used on revenue vessels in com-
mission, and in the bow of boats when carrying an officer
on duty. It is made up of alternate vertical red and white
stripes, and has a white field carrying thirteen blue stars.
Revenue tariff. See tariff. — To defraud the revenue.
See defraud. = Syn. Profit, etc. See income.
revenued (rev'e-nud, formerly re-ven'ud), a.
[< revenue + -effi.~] Endowed with a revenue
or income.
Pray resolve me
Why, being a Gentleman of fortunes, meanes,
And well revenude, will you adventure thus
A doubtfull voyage.
Ueywood, Fair Maid of the West (Works, ed. Pearson,
[1874, II. 265).
revenue-officer (rev'e-nu-of'i-ser), n. An offi-
cer of the customs or excise.
revert, »• An obsolete form of reaver.
reyerable (re-ver'a-bl), a. [< revere + -able.']
Worthy of reverence ; capable of being revered.
The character of a gentleman is the most referable, the
highest of all characters. //. ISrooke, Fool of Quality, 1. 1«7.
reverbt (re-verb'), v. t. [Erroneously abbr.
from reverberate: see reverberate.'] To rever-
berate. [Rare.]
Nor are those empty-hearted, whose loud sound
Jteverbn no hollowness. Shak., Lear, i. 1. 156.
reverberant (re-ver'ber-ant), a. [< L. rever-
beran(t-)s, ppr. of reverberare, repel: see rever-
berate.'] Reverberating; causing reverberation;
especially, returning sound ; resounding.
Multitudinous echoes awoke and died in the distance.
Over the watery floor,and beneath the reverberant branches.
Longfellow, Evangeline, 11. 2.
reverberate (re-ver'ber-at), v.; pret. and pp.
reverberated, ppr. reverberating. [< L. reverbe-
ratus, pp. of reverberare (> It. riverberare = Sp.
Pg. reverberar = OF. reverberer, F. reverberer),
beat back, < re-, back, + verberare, beat : see
verberate."] I. trans. If. To beat back; repel;
repulse.
This banke . . . serveth in steed of a strong wall to re-
pulse and reverberate the violence of the furious waves of
the Sea. Coryat, Crudities, I. 199.
2. To return, as sound; echo.
Who, like an arch, reverberates
The voice again. Shak., T. and C., iii. 3. 120.
3. To turn back ; drive back; bend back; re-
flect: as, to reverberate rays of light or heat. —
4. Specifically, to deflect (flame or heat) as in
a reverberatory furnace. — 5f. To reduce by re-
verberated heat : fuse.
Some of our chymicks facetiously affirm that at the last
fire all shall be crystallized and reverberated into glass.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 60.
6f. To beat upon; fall upon.
The Sunne . . . goeth continually rounde about in cir-
cuite : so that his beanies, reuerberatj/ng heanen, repre-
reverberate
sente suche a maner of lyght as we haue in Sommer two
houres before the Hunne ryse.
R. Eden (First Books on America, ed. Arber, p. xlii.).
How still your voice with prudent discipline
My Prentice ear doth oft reverberate.
Sylvester, tr. of Ou Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Handy-Crafts.
II. in trims. 1. To be driven back or re-
flected, as light or heat.
For the perpendicular beames reflect and reverberate
in themselves, so that the heat is doubled, euery beame
striking twice. Uakluyt's Voyages, III. 49.
2. To echo; reecho; resound.
And even at hand a drum is ready braced,
That shall reverberate all as well as thine.
Shak., K. John, v. 2. 170.
E'en for a demi-groat this opened soul . . .
Reverberates quick, and sends the tuneful tongue
To lavish music on the rugged walls
Of some dark dungeon. Shenstone, Economy, i.
Echoes die off, scarcely reverberate
Forever — why should ill keep echoing ill,
And never let our ears have done with noise?
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 27.
3. To apply reverberated heat ; use reverbera-
tory agency, as in the fusing of metals.
Sub. Out of that calx I have won the salt of mercury.
Mam. By pouring on your rectified water?
Sub. Yes, and reverberating in Athanor.
B. Jonton, Alchemist, ii. 1.
= Syn, Recoil, etc. See rebound.
reverberate (re-ver'ber-at), a. [< L. reeerbera-
tus, pp. of reverberare, cast back, repel : see the
verb.] 1. Reverberated; cast back; returned;
reflected.
The lofty hills . . .
Sent forth such echoing shouts (which, every way so shrill,
With the reverberate sound the spacious air did fill),
That they were eas'ly heard through the Vergivian main.
Drayton, Polyolbion, U. 58.
2. Reverberant; causing reverberation.
Halloo your name to the reverberate hills.
Shale., T. N., i. 5. 291.
I was that bright face,
Reflected by the lake in which thy race
Read mystic lines, which skill Pythagoras
First taught to men by a reverberate glass.
B. Jonson, Masque of Blackness.
reverberation (re-ver-be-ra'shon), n. [< ME.
reverberacioun, < OF. reverberation, F. reverbera-
tion = Pi. reverberatio = Sp. reverberation =
Pg. renerberacSo = It. reverberazione, riverbera-
zione, < L. reverberare, pp. reverberatus, beat
back: see reverberate.] 1. The act of rever-
berating, or of driving or turning back ; particu-
larly, the reflection of sound, light, or heat : now
chiefly of sound.
Every soun
Nis but of elr reverberacioun.
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 626.
Also another maner of fler : sette goure vessel forseid to
the strong reuerberacioun of the sunne in somer tyme, and
lete it stonde there nygt and day.
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 6.
The days are then very longe in that clime, and hot by
reason of contynuall reverberation of the beames of the
soonne, and shorte nyghtes.
K. Eden, tr. of Sebastian Cabot (First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. 287).
In these straights we frequently alighted, now freezing
in the snow, and anon frying by the reverberation of the
sun against the cliffs as we descend lower.
Evelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.
My tub, which holds fifty-fold thy wisdom, would crack
at the reverberation of thy voice.
Landor, Diogenes and Plato.
2. Resonance ; sympathetic vibration. — 3.
That which is reverberated ; reverberated light,
heat, or sound : now chiefly sound.
Then through those realms of shade, in multiplied rever-
berations,
Heard he that cry of pain. Longfettnw, Evangeline, ii. 5.
A ... shed, ... in strong contrast to the room, was
painted with a red reverberation, as from furnace doors.
R. L. Stevenson, The Dynamiter, p. 56.
4. The circulation of flame in a specially form-
ed furnace, or its deflection toward the hearth
of the furnace, as in the reverberatory fur-
nace (which see, under furnace).
First je moste the rijt blak erthe of oon hide nature
[of vnkinde nature, Harl. 853), in the furneys of glas mon
[made, Harl. 853], or ellis reuerberacioun, xxj. dayes cal-
cyne. Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 13.
The evolved heat [in a rotative furnace] is ... trans-
mitted by reverberation and conduction to the mixture of
ore, fluxes, and coal. Ure, Diet., II. 945.
reverberatiye (re-ver'ber-a-tiv), a. [< rever-
berate + -<«?.] Tending to reverberate; re-
flecting; reverberant.
This reverberative influence is what we have intended
above as the influence of the mass upon its centres.
/. Taylor.
reverberator (re-ver'Wr-a-tor), «. [< reverber-
ate + -or1.] That which reverberates; espe-
Section of Reverberatory Furnace.
5135
cially, that which reflects light; a reflecting
lamp.
reverberatory (re-ver'ber-a-to-ri), a. [= F. >•«'-
verberatoire = Pg. reverberatorio = It. riverbera-
tiim; as reverberate + -ory.~\ 1. Characterized
by or liable
to reverbera-
tion ; tending
to reverber-
ate.—2. Pro-
ducing rever-
beration; act-
ing by rever-
beration; re-
verberating:
as, a reverbera-
tory furnace
or kiln. See reverberation, 4, and/wrwace, and
cut under fniddling-furnace.
Reverdin's operation. See operation.
reverduret (re-ver'dur), v. t. [< re- + verdure.]
To cover again with verdure. [Rare.]
The swete tyme of Marche was come, and the wyndcs
were apeased, and ye waters swaged of their rages, and
the wodes reverdured.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. clix.
revere1 (re-veV), ». t. ; pret. and pp. revered,
ppr. revering. [< OF. reverer, F. reverer = It.
reverire, riverire,(. Li.revereri, revere, fear,< re-,
again, + vereri, fear, regard, feel awe of, akin
to E. ware1.] To regard with deepest respect
and awe ; venerate ; reverence ; hold in great
honor or high esteem.
Whose word is truth, as sacred and revered
As Heaven's own oracles from altars heard.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 27.
I see men of advanced life, whom from infancy I have
been taught to revere.
D. Webster, Speech at Concord, Sept. 30, 1834.
The war-god of the Mexicans (originally a conqueror),
the most revered of all their gods, had his idol fed with
human flesh. U. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 259.
= 8yn. Worship, Reverence, etc. See adore'.
revere2t, «• A Middle English form of river'''.
reverence (rev'e-rens), n. [< ME. reverence, <
OF. reverence, F" reverence = Pr. reverentia, reve-
rensa = Sp. Pg. referenda = It. reverenza, rive-
renza, < L. reverentia, reverence, < reveren(t-)s,
reverent: see reverent."] 1. A feeling of min-
gled awe, respect, and admiration ; veneration ;
esteem heightened by awe, as of a superior;
reverent regard; especially, such a feeling to-
ward deity.
They haue in more reverence the triumphes of Petrarche
than the Genesis of Moses.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 82.
With what authority did he [Jesus] both speak and live,
such as commanded a reverence, where it did not beget a
love ! Stillinajleet, Sermons, I. vi.
With all reverence I would say,
Let God do his work, we will see to ours.
Whittier, Abraham Davenport.
Reverence we may define as the feeling which accompa-
nies the recognition of Superiority or Worth in others.
H. Sidyivick, Methods of Ethics, p. 225.
2. The outward manifestation of reverent feel-
ing; respect, esteem, or honor, as shown by
conduct. See to do reverence, below.
They give him the reverence of a master.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 52.
Honour due and reverence none neglects.
Milton, P. L., ill. 738.
3. An act or token of reverence. Specifically— (a)
A bow ; a courtesy ; an obeisance.
The lamentation was so great that was made through
out Spaine for the death of this good King Alonso that
from thence forwarde euery time that any named his name,
if he were a man he put off his cap, and if a woman she
made a reverence.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 230.
With a low submissive reverence
Say, " What is it your honour will command ? "
Shale., T. of the S., Ind., i. 53.
(6) The use of a phrase indicating respect. See save your
reverence, below.
Not to be pronounced
In any lady's presence without a reverence.
B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, L 4.
4. Reverend character; worthiness of respect
and esteem.
With him are the Lord Aumerle, Lord Salisbury,
SJr Stephen Scroop, besides a clergyman
Of holy reverence. Shak., Rich. II., iii. 3. 29.
Hence — 5. With a possessive personal pronoun,
a title of respect, applied particularly to a cler-
gyman.
Will Av'rice and Concupiscence give place,
Charm'd by the sounds— Your Rev'rence, or Your Grace?
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 105.
Quoth I, " Your reverence, I believe you're safe."
CroWw, Works, I. 134.
reverend
6f. Precedence; preeminence.
And some knyght is wedded to a lady of royal blode ;
she shal kepe the estate that she was before. And a lady
of lower degree shal kepe the estate of her lordes blode, &
therefore the royall blode shall haue the reuerence, as I
haue shewed you here before.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 285.
At the reverence oft, out of respect or regard for.
But I praye yow at the reuerence of God that ye hem now
departe. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), iii. 482.
And, my Lord, hyt were to grete a thyng, and hyte laye
yn my power, but y wold do at the recerens o/your Lord-
schyp, yn las than hyt schold hurt me to gretly, wyche y
wote wel your Lordschyp wol nevyr desyr.
Paiton Letters, I. 75.
Save or saving your reverence, with all due respect to
you : a phrase used to excuse an offensive expression or
statement: sometimes contracted to sir-reverence.
To run away from the Jew, I should be ruled by the
fiend, who, saving your reverence, is the devil himself.
Shak., M. of V., ii. 2. 27.
This Natatlle Beet . . . grows in wet, stinking Places,
and thrives no where so well as in Mud, or a Dunghill,
saving your Reverence.
N. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, II. 148.
To do reverence, to make reverence ; show respect ;
do honor; specifically, to do homage; make a bow or
obeisance.
Ech of hem doth al his diligence
To doon unto the feste reverence.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 140.
"Apparaile the propirli," quod Pride, . . .
" Do no reuerence to foole ne wise."
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 62.
But yesterday the word of Ctesar might
Have stood against the world ; now lies he there,
And none so poor to do him reverence.
Shak., J. C., iii. 2. 125.
To make reverencet, to perform an act of worship;
worship.
Seynt John stered in his Modres Wombe, and made
reverence to his Creatour, that he saughe not.
MandeviUe, Travels, p. 94.
= Syn. 1. Awe, Veneration, Reverence. Reverence is nearly
equivalent to veneration, but expresses something less of
the same emotion. It differs from awe in that it is not
akin to the feeling of fear, dread, or terror, while also im-
plying a certain amount of love or affection. We feel rev-
erence for a parent and for an upright magistrate, but we
stand in awe of a tyrant.
reverence (rev'e-rens), v. t. ; pret. and pp. rev-
erenced, ppr. reverencing. [< ME. reverencen,
< OF. reverencer, reverencier = Sp. Pg. rece-
renciar = It. rtverenziare, reverence, make a
reverence: from the noun.] 1. To regard with
reverence ; look upon with awe and esteem ;
respect deeply ; venerate.
Those that I reverence those I fear, the wise.
Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. 95.
They too late reverence their advisers, as deep, fore-
seeing, and faithful prophets.
Bacon, Moral Fables, v., Expl.
The laws became ineffectual to restrain men who no
longer reverenced justice.
C. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 164.
2. To do reverence to ; treat with respect ; pay
respect to ; specifically, to salute with a rev-
erence, bow, or obeisance.
Ich a-roos vp ryght with that and reuerencede hym fayre,
And yf hus wil were he wolde bus name telle?
Piers Plowman (C), xiv. 248.
Reuerence thi f elawis ; bigynne with hem no strijf •
To thi power kepe pees al thi lijf.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 31.
Nor wanted at his end
The dark retinue reverencing death
At golden thresholds.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
= Syn. 1. Worship, Revere, etc. See adorel.
reverencer (rev'e-ren-ser), n. [< reverence +
-e/1!.] One who Feels or displays reverence.
The Athenians, . . . quite sunk in their affairs, . . .
were becoming great reverencers of crowned heads.
Swift, Nobles and Commons, ii.
reverend (rev'e-rend), a. [= OF. reverent, F.
reverend = Pr.'reverent = Sp. Pg. It. reverendo,
< L. reverendus, gerundive of revereri, revere :
see revere1.'} 1. Worthy to be revered; worthy
of reverence ; entitled to veneration, esteem, or
respect, by reason of one's character or sacred
office, as a minister of religion ; especially, de-
serving of respect or consideration on account
of age ; venerable.
If ancient sorrow be most reverend,
Give mine the benefit of seniory.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4. 35.
He is within, with two right reverend fathers,
Divinely bent to meditation.
SAa*., Rich. III., iii. 7. 61.
His [Prosdocimns's] statue is made in free stone, . . .
having a long reverend beard. Coryat, Crudities, I. 185.
At length a reverend sire among them came.
Milton, P. L., xi. 719.
The Duchess marked his weary pace,
His timid mien, and reverend face.
Scott, L. of L. M., Int.
reverend
I paat beside the reverend walls
In which of old I wore the gown.
Tennyson, In Meinoriam, Ixxxvii.
2. Specifically, a title of respect given to clergy-
men or ecclesiastics: as, Reverend (or the Here-
rend) John Smith. In the Anglican Church deans are
styled veryreverend,bishopari/jhtreverend,!LnA archbishops
(also the Bishop of Meath) n><>*t reverend. In the Roman
Catholic Church the members of the religions orders are
also styled reverend, the superiors being styled reverend
fathers or reverend mothers, as the case may be. In Scot-
land the principals of the universities, if clergymen, and
the moderatorof the General Assembly for the time being,
are styled very reverend. Abbreviated Rev. (also, the Rev.)
when used with the name of an individual.
The reverend gentleman was equipped in a buzzwig,
upon the top of which was an equilateral cocked hat.
Scott, Antiquary, xvii.
3. Of or pertaining to ecclesiastics, or to the
clerical office or profession.
Carlisle, this Is your doom :
Choose out some secret place, some reverend room,
More than thou hast, and with it joy thy life.
Shale., Kich. II., v. 6. 26.
With all his humour and high spirits he (Sydney Smith)
had always, as he said himself, fashioned his manners and
conversation so as not to bring discredit on his reverend
profession. Encyc. Brit., XXII. 178.
4f. Reverent. [A misuse formerly common.]
With a Joy
As reverend as religion can make man's,
I will embrace this blessing.
Middleton, The Witch, iv. 2.
Where-e'er you walk'd Trees were as reverend made
As when of old Gods dwelt in ev'ry shade.
Cmeley, The Mistress, Spring.
There are, I find, to be in it [the drama] all the reverend
offices of life (such as regard to parents, husbands, and
honourable lovers), preserved with the utmost care.
Steele, Tatler, No. 182.
reverendlyt (rev'e-rend-li), adv. [< reverentl
+ -Iy2.] Reverently.
Others ther be
Which doe indeed esteem more reverendlie
Of the Lords Supper.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. 8.), p. 18.
I am not the flrst ass, sir,
Has borne good office, and perform'd it rewrendly.
Fletcher (and another''), Prophetess, i. 3.
reverent (rev'e-rent), a. [X ME. referent, <
OF. rcrerent = Sp. Pg. retfrente = It. rirerente.
reverente, < L. revere»(t-)s, ppr. of revereri, re-
vere: see revere^.] 1. Peeling or displaying
reverence; impressed with veneration or deep
respect; standing in awe with admiration, as
before superior age, worth, capacity, power, or
achievement.
Lowly reverent
Towards either throne they bow.
Milton, P. L., iii. 349.
The most awful, living, reverent frame I ever felt or be-
held, I must say, was his [George Fox's] in prayer.
Penn, Rise and Progress of Quakers, v.
O sacred weapon ! left for Truth's defence, . . .
Reverent 1 touch thee, but with honest zeal.
Pope, Epil. to Satires, li. 216.
I have known
Wise and grave men, who . . .
Were reverent learners in the solemn school
Of Nature. Bryant, Old Man's Counsel.
2. Proceeding from or characteristic of reve-
rence ; expressive of veneration or profound re-
spect and awe: as, reverent conduct ; arerereni
attitude toward religious questions.
The reverent care I bear unto my lord
Made me collect these dangers in the duke.
Shak., 2 lien. VI., iii. 1. 34.
3f. Reverend. [A misuse formerly common:
compare reverend, 4.]
And I beseche your [mastership] that this sympil ski-owe
may recomaund me to my reverant and worshipful mais-
tres your moder. Paston Letters, I. 55.
A very reverent body ; ay, such a one as a man may not
speak of without he say, "sir-reverence."
Shak., C. of E., iii. 2. 91.
Yet, with good honest cut-throat usury,
I fear he'll mount to reverent dignity.
Atarston, Seourge of Villanie, v. 67.
4. Strong; undiluted: noting liquors. Trans.
Amer. Pliilot. Ass., XVII. 46. [Local, U. S.]
reverential (rev-e-ren'shal), a. [< OF. reve-
rential, F. revereuciel = Sp. Pg. reverential =
It. reverenziale, riverenziale, < ML. reverentititi*.
reverential, < L. reverentia, reverence: see
reverence.] Characterized by or expressive of
reverence; humbly respectful; reverent.
Their reverential heads did all incline,
And render meek obeysance unto mine.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 91.
All, all look up, with reverential awe,
At crimes that 'scape or triumph o'er the law.
Pope, Epil. to Satires, i. 1B7.
Rapt in reverential awe,
I sate obedient, in the flery prime
Of youth, sclf-govern'd, at the feet of Law.
31. Arnnld, Mycerinus
5136
reverentially (rev-e-ren'shal-i ), titlr. In a rev-
erential manner; with reverence,
reverently (rev'e-ront-li), odr. [< ME. 'reve-
rently, rcriTi'iillii'lii : < r< n ri'/it + -ly^.] In a
reverent manner; with reverence; with awe
and deep respect.
Thanh he be here thyn vnderling, in heuene, paraunter,
He worth rather receyued and reuerentloker sette.
Piers Plowman (C), ix. 44.
Read the same diligently and reverently with prayer.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 9.
Chide him for faults, and do it reverently.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., Iv. 4. 37.
reverer(re-ver'er), «. [< revere^ + -crl.] One
who reveres or venerates.
The Jews were such scrupulous reverers of them [the di-
vine revelations] that it was the business of the Masorltes
to number not only the sections and lines, but even the
words and letters of the Old Testament.
Government of the Tongue.
revergence (re-ver'jens), ». [< LL. rerer-
gcn(t-)s, ppr. o'f revergere, incline toward, < L.
re-, back, + vergere, bend, incline: see verge.]
A tending toward a certain character. [Rare. J
The evernioid revergence of this subdivision is observa-
ble also in Parmelia perforata.
E. Tuckerman, Genera Lichenum, p. 22.
reverie, revery (rev'e-ri or -re), w.; pi. reri'rie.*
(-riz). [Formerly also resvery; < OF. resrerir,
F. reverie, delirium, raving, dream, day-dream,
< resver, rarer, also raver, F. dial, raver, > E.
rave: see rave1. Cf. rarery.] 1. A state of
mental abstraction in which more or less aim-
less fancy predominates over the reasoning
faculty ; dreamy meditation ; fanciful musing.
The mind may be occupied, according to the age, tastes,
or pursuits of the individual, by calculations, by profound
metaphysical speculations, by fanciful visions, or by such
trifling and transitory objects as to make no impression on
consciousness, so that the period of reverie is left an entire
blank in the memory. The moat obvious external feature
marking this state is the apparent unconsciousness or im-
perfect perception of external objects.
When ideas float in our mind without any reflection or
regard of the understanding, it is that which the French
call reverie; our language has scarce a name for it.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xix. 1.
Dream-forger, I refill thy cup
With reverie's wasteful pittance up.
Lowell, To C. 1'. Bradford.
In reverie, and even in understanding the communica-
tions of others, we are comparatively passive spectators of
ideational movements, non-voluntarily determined.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 75.
2. A waking dream ; a brown study; an imagi-
native, fanciful, or fantastic train of thought;
a day-dream.
Defend me, therefore, common sense, say I,
From reveries so airy, from the toil
Of dropping buckets into empty wells,
And growing old in drawing nothing up !
Cowper, Task, iii. 188.
3. The object or product of reverie or idle fan-
cy ; a visionary scheme, plan, aim, ideal, or the
like ; a dream.
The principle of asceticism seems originally to have been
the reverie of certain hasty speculators, who . . . took oc-
casion to quarrel with every thing that ottered itself under
the name of pleasure.
Bentham, Introd. to Morals and Legislation, ii. 9.
4. In music, an instrumental composition of a
vague and dreamy character.
reverist (rev'e-rist), n. [< reverie + -int.] One
who is sunk m a reverie; one who indulges in
or gives way to reverie. Chambers's Encyc.
Their religion consisted in a kind of sleepy, vaporous
ascension of the thoughts into the ideal. They were rever-
ists, idealists.
£f. If. Beecher, Plymouth Pulpit, March 19, 1884, p. 483.
revers1t, «• An obsolete form of reverse.
revers2 (re-var'. commonly re- ver'), «. [F. : see
reverse.] In dressmaking, tailoring, etc.: (a)
That part of a garment which is turned back so
as to show what would otherwise be the inner
surface, as the lapel of a waistcoat or the cuff
of a sleeve. (6) The stuff used to cover or face
such a turned-over surface, as a part of the lin-
ing exposed to view.
reversability (re-ver-sa-bil'i-ti), H. [< revevsa-
ble + -itii (see -biliti/).]' Same as reversibility.
reversable (re-ver'sa-bl), a. [< reverse + -able.]
Same as reversible.
reversal (re-ver'sal), H. and a. [< F. reversal;
as reverse 4- -a?.]" I. n. 1. The act of revers-
ing, or of altering a position, direction, action,
condition, or state to its opposite or contrary ;
also, the state of being reversed.
Time gives his hour-glass
Its due reversal ;
Their hour is gone.
M. Arnold, Consolation.
It is assumed as possible that the astronomical condi-
tions might be reversed without a reversal of the physical
conditions. J. Croll. climate and Cosmology, p. 105.
reverse
2. In i>lii/xic.i, specifically, the changing of a
bright line in a spectrum, produced by an in-
candescent vapor, into a dark line (by absorp-
tion), and the reverse. The reversal of lines in the
solar spectrum has been observed at the time of a total
eclipse, when certain of the dark absorption-lines have
suddenly become bright lines as the light irom the body
of the sun has been cut oil. See spectrum.
3. The act of repealing, revoking, or annulling ;
a change or overthrowing: as, the reversal of a
judgment, which amounts to an official decla-
ration that it is erroneous and rendered void
or terminated ; the reversal «f an attainder or
of an outlawry.
She [Elizabeth] began her reign, of course, by a reversal
of her sister's legislation ; but she did not restore the Ed-
wardian system. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 323.
4. In Wo/., reversion. — Method of reversal See
method.
II. t a. Causing, intending, or implying re-
verse action ; reversing.
After his death there were reversal letters found among
his papers. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, Charles II.
reversatile (re-ver'sa-til), a. [< LL. reverxatux,
pp. of rererxare, reverse, + -ile.] Reversible;
capable of being reversed.
reverse (re-vers' ), f. ; pret. and pp. reversed, ppr.
reversing.' [< ME. recersen, < OF. reverser, F.
reverser, reverse, = Pr. reversar = Sp. rcvcrxin;
reresar, revezar, vomit, = Pg. rcvessar, alter-
nate, = It. riversare, upset, pour out, < LL. re-
rersare, turn about, turn back, f req. of L. reeer-
tere, turn back, revert: see rcrert.] !._ trim*.
1. To turn about, around, or upside down; put
in an opposite or contrary position ; turn in an
opposite direction, or through 180°; invert.
In her the stream of mild
Maternal nature had revers'd Its course.
Cowper, Task, ill. 438.
Revers'd that spear, redoubtable in war.
Burnt, Death of Sir J. H. Blair.
2. In macli., to cause to revolve or act in a con-
trary direction ; give an exactly opposite mo-
tion or action to, as the crank of an engine, or
that part to which the piston-rod is attached. —
3. In general, to alter to the opposite; change
diametrically the state, relations, or bearings
of.
With what tyranny custom governs men ! It makes that
reputable in one age which was a vice in another, and re-
verses even the distinctions of good and evil.
Dr. J. Roger*.
He that seem'd our counterpart at flrst
Soou shows the strong similitude revers'd.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 443.
4. To overturn; upset; throw into confusion.
Puzzling contraries confound the whole ;
Or affectations quite reverse the soul.
Pope, Moral Essays, i. 66.
5. To overthrow ; set aside ; make void; annul ;
repeal; revoke : as, to reverse a judgment, sen-
tence, or decree.
Yf the proces be erroneous, lete his concell reverse it
Paston Letters, I. 126.
Is Clarence dead? The order was reversed.
Shak., Rich. III., ii. 1. 86.
When judgment pronounced upon conviction is falsified
or reversed, all former proceedings are absolutely set aside,
and the party stands as if he had never been at all accused.
Blackstone, Com., IV. xxx.
6f. To turn back; drive away; banish.
That old Dame said many an idle verse,
Out of her daughters hart fond fancies to reverse.
Spenser, F. Q., III. ii. 48.
7t. To cause to return ; bring back; recall.
Well knowing trew all that he did reherse,
And to his fresh remembraunce did reverse
The ugly vew of his deformed crimes.
Spenser, F. Q., I. Ix. 48.
Reversing counter-shaft. See counter-shaft.— Revers-
ing engine, an engine provided with reversing valve-gear,
by which it may be made to turn in either direction. Such
engines are used on railways, for marine propulsion, in
rolling-mills, and for other purposes. Compare reversing-
gear.— Reversing key. See telegraph.— To reverse a
battery or current, to turn the current in direction, :is
by means of a commutator or pole-changer. = Syn. 1. To
invert.— 5. To rescind, countermand.
II. intrans. 1. To change position, direction,
motion, or action to the opposite; specifically,
in round dances, to turn or revolve in a direc-
tion contrary to that previously taken : as, to re-
verse in waltzing. — 2t. To be overturned ; fall
over.
The kyng presid fast away certayn,
Generides helde still the reane alway;
And so, betwix the striving of them twayn,
The horse reversid bak, and ther he lay.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3470.
And happed that Boydas and Kraundalis mette hym
bothe attonys, and smote hym so on the shelde that he re-
versed on his horse croupe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. £61.
3f. To turn back; return; comeback.
reverse
Beene they all dead, and laide in doleful! herse,
Or doen they finely sleepe, and shall againe reverse'
Spenser, F. ()., III. iv. 1.
reverse (re-vers'), a. and «. [< ME. reverse, re-
vers, < OF. revers, reverse, cross (as a noun re-
fers, a back blow), = Pr. revers = Sp. Pg. re-
verso = It. riverso, < L. rerersus, turned back,
reversed, pp. of revertere, turn back, reverse:
see revert.] I. a. I. Turned backward; oppo-
site or contrary in position or direction; re-
versed : as, the reverse end of a lance ; reverse
curves; reverse motion.
The sword
Of Michael, . . . with swift wheel reverse, deep entering,
shared
All his right side. Milton, P. L., vi. 326.
Two points are said to be reverse of each other, with
reference to two fixed origins and two fixed axes, when
the line through the first origin and the first point meets
the first axis at the point where the line through the sec-
ond origin and the second point meets the same axis,
while the line through the first origin and the second
point meets the second axis at the same point where the
line through the second origin and the first point meets
the same axis.
2. Contrary or opposite in nature, effects, or
relations : as, a reverse order or method.
A vice revers unto this. Gower, Conf. Amant., ii.
He was troubled with a disease reverse to that called
the stinging of the tarantula, and would run dog-mad at
the noise of music. Swift, Tale of a Tub, xi.
3f. Overturned; overthrown.
Whan the kynge that was called le roy de Cent Chiua-
lers saugh the kynge Tradelyuaunt reuerse to the erthe,
he was right wroth, for he hym loved with grete love.
5137
6. In nionix., the back or inferior side of a coin
or medal, as opposed to the obverse, the face
See cuts under numismatics, pie*>,
abbreviated Rev. or J
and pistole.
.\ reverse often clears up the passage of an old poet as ' ' a!ly otller transformation of energy, fon
the poet often serves to unriddle a reverse. aggregation, etc. See reversible process, below.
reversion
riversibile; as reverse + -ihlr.~] I. n. Capable
of being reversed. Specifically— (a) Admitting, as a
process, of change so that all the successive positions shall
be reached in the contrary order and in the same intervals
of time ; thus, if the first process converts heat into work
the second converts work into heat, and the like will lie
true of any other transformation of energy, form, state of
Addison, Ancient Medals, i.
7. In her., the exact contrary of what has been
described just before as an escutcheon or a
quartering. An early form of heraldic difference is the
giving to a younger branch the reverse of the arms of the
elder branch : thus, if the original escutcheon is argent a
chevron gules, a younger son takes the reverse, namely
gules a chevron argent.
reversed (re-versf), p. a. I. Turned in a con-
trary or opposite position, direction, order, or
state to that which is normal or usual; reverse ;
upside down; inside out; hind part before.
In all superstition wise men follow fools ; and argu-
ments are fitted to practice in a reversed order.
Bacon, Superstition.
And on the gibbet tree reversed
His foeman's scutcheon tied.
Scott, Marmion, i. 12.
2. Made void; overthrown or annulled: as,
a reversed judgment or decree. — 3. In geol.,
noting strata which have been so completely
overturned by crust-movements that older beds
Although work can be transformed into heat with the
greatest ease, there is no process known by which all the
heat can be changed back again into work ; ... in fact,
the process is not a reversible one.
W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature (1st ed.), p. 66.
(6) Admitting of legal reversal or annulment.
If the Judgement be given by him that hath authority,
and it be erroneous, it was at common law reversible by
writ of error. Sir if. Hale, H 1st. Pleas of the Crown, xxvi.
(c) Capable of being reversed, or of being used or shown
with either side exposed : as, reversible cloth. Also reversa-
We.— Doubly reversible polyhedron. See polyhedron.
—Reversible compressor, filter, lock. See the nouns.
—Reversible engine, see CSonwfi cycle, under cyclei.
— Reversible factors, comnmtable or interchangeable
factors, as those of ordinary multiplication. — Reversible
pedal, plow, etc. See the nouns.— Reversible pendu-
lum. See pendulum, 2.— Reversible process, In dy-
num., a motion which might, under the influence of the
same forces, take place in either of two opposite direc-
tions, the different bodies running over precisely the
same paths, with the same velocities, the directions only
being reversed.
II. n. A textile fabric having two faces, either
of which may be exposed; a reversible fabric.
Kcversibles usually have the two faces unlike, one of them
sion.
He found the sea diuerse,
With many a windy storme reverse.
Gower, Conf. Amant., vi.
5. In conch., same as reversed, 5 Reverse artil-
lery fire. See^>«, is.— Reverse aspect or view, in
entom., the appearance of an insect or any part of it when
the posterior extremity is toward the observer. — Reverse
battery, currentt, fault. See the nouns.— Reverse
bearing, in surv., the bearing of a course taken from the
course in advance, looking backward. — Re-
verse curve, in rail., a double curve formed
of two curves lying in opposite directions,
like the letter S. -Reverse imitation, in
contrapuntal music, imitation by inversion.
See inversion (c), and imitation, 3. — Reverse-
jaw chuck. See chuck*.— Reverse mo-
tion, in music, same as contrary motion
(which see, under motion, 14 (6)).— Reverse
proof, in engraving, a counter-proof. —Re-
verse shell, in conch., a univalve shell which
has the aperture opening on the left side
when placed point upward in front of the
spectator, or which has its volutions the re-
verse way of the common screw ; a sinistral
shell. The cut shows the reverse shell of Chrysodomus an-
tiquus, variety cotitrarius.— Reverse valve. See valve.
overlie those more recent, or occupy a reversed - , — — ...~.~
position.— 4. In bot., of flowers, resupinate bcing °Sf,n Bt,,riped .or,p!aJd,^ whi,le theT other is P1"1.",:,
(Binelow); of leaves, having the lower surface "^"J?17 (™~V** 81"bh)' adv- In a reverslble
tferK»(E.ErT.S.),ii.i57. istol, riS^efwsrntetrorlfl'; ton°ing^oThe" reversie (™-ver'si), a. [< OF. recerse, pp. of
4f. Upset; tossed about; thrown into confu- left; reverse; heterostrophic. See cut under rmerser> reverse: see reverse.] In tier., same
c'o^^^ts^stiVoS^^be^ revS^cyiinder (re-v^sing-sil'in-der), ,
ine which has a well-defined wsitim, L rL The cylinder of a small auxiliary steam-engine
used to move the link or other reversing-gear of
a large steam-engine, when the latter is too
large to be quickly and easily operated by the
hand: now much used in marine engines.
reversing-gear (re-yer'sing-ger), «. Those
parts of a steam-engine, particularly of a loco-
motive or marine engine, by which the direc-
tion of the motion is changed: a general term
covering all such parts of the machine, includ-
ing the reversing-lever, eccentrics, link-motion,
and valves of the cylinders. The most widely used
reversing-gear is that employing the link-motion. There
are, however, many other forms in use. See valve-year,
steam-engine, and locomotive-.
reversing-layer (re-ver'sing-la^er), H. A
hypothetical thin stratum of the solar atmo-
sphere, containing in gaseous form the sub-
stances whose presence is shown by the dark
lines of the solar spectrum, and supposed to be
the seat of the absorption which produces the
dark lines. The spectrum of this stratum, if it exists,
must be one of bright lines — the negative of the ordinary
ing which has a well-defined position on the
escutcheon: thus, a chevron reversed is one
which issues from the top of the escutcheon,
and has its point downward. Also renverse, re-
versie— Gutte1 reversed. See guttf.— Regardant re-
versed. See regardant. — Reversed arch. See arcfti.
— Reversed motion, in music, contrary motion. See
motion, 14 (b).— Reversed ogee. See ogee.— Reversed
retrograde imitation, in contrapuntal music, retrograde
imitation by inversion, the subject or theme being re-
peated both backward and in contrary motion.— Re-
versed wings, in entom., wings which are deflexed in
repose, the upper wings lying closer to the body than the
lower ones, which project beyond their anterior margins,
as in certain Lepidoptera.
reversedlyt (re-ver'sed-li), adv. Same as re-
versely. Bp. Lowth, Life of Wykeham, ix.
reverseless (re-vers'les), «. r'nwnt + -less.]
Not to be reversed; unalterable.
E'en now thy lot shakes in the urn, whence Fate
Throws her pale edicts in reverseless doom !
_ _. _.„,.„. „„, ™.^. A- Seward, To the Hon. T. Erskiue.
II. n. 1. Reversal; a change to an opposite reverse-lever (re-vers'lev//er), n. In a steam-
form, state, or condition; a complete alteration, engine, a lever 'or handle which operates the
a reverse
This pleasant and speedy reuers of the former wordes valve-gear so as to reverse the action of the
holpe all the matter againe. steam.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 231. reversely (re-vers'li), adv. 1 In
Base passion! said I, turning myself about, as a man "
naturally does upon a sudden reverse of sentiment.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 17.
2. A complete change or turn of affairs; a vi-
cissitude ; a change of fortune, particularly for
the worse; hence, adverse fortune; a misfor-
tune; a calamity or blow; a defeat.
Violence, unless it escapes the reverses and changes of
things by untimely death, is commonly unprosperous in
the issue. Bacon, Moral Fables, vii., Expl.
My belief of this induces me to hope . . . that th<
same goodness will still be exercised toward me, in con
tinuing . . . happiness, or enabling me to bear a fatal re-
verse. B. Franklin, Autobiography, p. 4.
3. In fencing, a back-handed stroke ; a blow
solar spectrum — and should be seen at the moment when
a solar eclipse becomes total. The observation of such n
bright-line spectrum, first made by Professor C. A. Young
in 1870, and since repeated more or less completely by sev-
eral eclipse observers, led to the hypothesie. It still re-
mains doubtful, however, whether all the Fraunhofer lines
originate in such a thin stratum, or whether different re-
position, direction, or order.
Lourens . . . began to shape beechen bark first into
r^r^^^^^^^^l
2. On the other hand ; on the contrary. %££$% SStfKXfffSSZ
and thus change the direction of motion.
That is properly credible which is not .
e collected, either an
by its effect ; and yet .
certainly to
be collected, either antecedently by its cause, or reversely •* . ; -
hath the attestation of a truth reversing-macnine (re-ver'sing-ma-shen*), «.
Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, i. In founding, a molding-machine in which the
that the reverser (re-ver'ser), n. 1. One who reverses; flask is carried on trunnions, so that it can bo
that which' causes reversal ; specifically, a de- reversed and the sand rammed from either side,
vice for reversing or changing the direction of reversing-motion (re-ver' sing-mo'' shon), «.
an electric current or the sign of an electro- -^?v. meOQanism for changing the direction of
static charge. — 2. In laic, a reversioner. — 3.
lescent.]
To see thee pass thy punto, thy stock, thy reverse, thy
distance, thy montant Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 3. 27.
motion of an engine or a machine. A common de-
vice of this nature for a steam-engine Is a rock shaft to
operate the valves, having, on opposite sides, two levers
to either of which may be connected the rod from an ec-
f revers-
from a direction contrary to that usually taken ; T
a thrust^from left to right. [Obsolete^ obsol J^^^^OF and F -
*" n i 1*1 L"x • **u^ i. . . u~~ . w*,. - Lu cimci ui *\ 1111.11 may ue connecieu me rou iron
sis.] 1 . Same as reversis. — 2. A modern game centric on the main shaft. The most usual form 01
played by two persons with sixty-four counters ing-motion for a locomotive is the link-motion.
4. That which is presented when anything, as djfferf i]J colored on °PP°stte sides> on a board t*™&SJ^&^*?S&2l^
a lance, gun, etc., is reversed, or turned in the 2i_ X! :ou'_sq iar?.s' A P'.ay?.r' °P PIacin« a coun
direction opposite to what is considered its
natural position.
Any knight proposing to combat might . . . select a
special antagonist from among the challengers, by touch-
ing his shield. If he did so with the reverse of his lance,
the trial of skill was made with . . . the arms of courtesy.
Scott, Ivanhoe, viii.
5. That which is directly opposite or contrary ;
the ponrTH.rvT thp nT^rA^&ifo. !,•,». ..,'-. IK- *»ri*-K //,**
the contrary; the opposite: generally with tin:
"Out of wo in-to wele joure wyrdes shul chaunge."
Ac who so redeth of the riche the reuers he may fynde.
Piers Ptoieman (C), xiii. 210.
He ... then mistook reverse of wrong for right.
Pope Morall'ssav
They are called the Consti.uent '£££? ws
a name less appropriate. They were not constituent, ljut reversible (re-ver si-bl), n. and «. [= F. re-
the very r.'irrw.if i-imstitiient. Maamlaii. Mlnihcau. versible = Sp. rrrrmibli- = Pg. rcmxivel = It.
-„- A shaft
connected with the valves of a steam-engine in
such a manner as to permit a reversal of the or-
... . _ -„ , „-_„ -.._.. der of steam-passage through the ports.
broken line in any direction between the piece thus placed rp-u-praincr TraTrro lrr~ v£r'iai>i(r nftri i TV,0
and any other of his own pieces already on the board A reversing- valve U ?- ver ing-valvj, n. Ine
counter cannot be removed from its square, but may be valve of a reversing-cylinder. It is often a plain
reversed again and again slide-valve, but in some forms of steam reversing-gear pis-
ton-valves have been used. See reversing-cylinder.
[Formerly also re-
reversion = Pr. re-
ip. reversion = Pg. reversao = It. ri-
versione, < L. reversio(n-), < revertere, turn back:
see revert, reverse.] 1. The act of reverting
or returning to a former position, state, frame
of mind, subject, etc.; return; recurrence.
After his reversion home [he) was spoiled also of all that
he brought with him. Foxe, Acts, etc., p. 152.
the capability of being reversed. Also revtrsa-
hili/i/.
Reversibility is the sole test of perfection ; so that all
heat-engines, whatever be the working substance, pro-
vided only they be reversible, convert into work (under
,
i 198 Kiven circumstances) the same fraction of the heat sup-
plled to *™' '' ft ™- E"^' ™" ™«- ^
2. In biol. : (a) Return to some ancestral type
or plan; exhibition of ancestral characters;
reversion
atavism; specifically, in botany, the conversion
of organs proper to the summit or center of the
floral axis into those which belong lower down,
as stamens into petals, etc. Also reversal.
The simple brain of a microcephalous idiot, in as far as
it resembles that of an ape, may in this sense be said to
offer a case of reversion. Dannn, Descent of Man, 1. 117.
(b) Return to the wild or feral state after do-
mestication ; exhibition of feral or natural char-
acters after these have been artificially modified
or lost. — 3. lnlaw:(a) The returning of prop-
erty to the grantor or his heirs, after the
granted estate or term therein is ended.
The rights of Guy devolved upon his brother ; or rather
Cyprus, for the reversion of which no arrangements had
been made, fell to the lot of the possessor.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 170.
Hence — (b) The estate which remains in the
grantor where he grants away an estate smaller
than that which he has himself. (Digby.) (See
estate, 5, and remainder. ) The term is also fre-
quently, though improperly, used to include
future estates in remainder, (c) In Scots law,
a right of redeeming landed property which
has been either mortgaged or adjudicated to
secure the payment of a debt. In the former
case the reversion is called conventional, in the
latter case it is called legal. See legal.— 4. A
right or hope of future possession or enjoy-
ment; succession.
As were our England in reversion his,
And he our subjects' next degree in hope.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 4. 85.
P. ten. My maid shall eat the relics.
Lick. When you and your dogs have dined ! a sweet re-
version. B. Jomon, Staple of News, ii. 1.
To London, concerning the office of Latine Secretaiy to
his Maty, a place of more honour and dignitie than profit,
the revertion of which he had promised me.
Evelyn, Diary, May 5, 1670.
He knows . . . who got his pension rug,
Or quickened a reversion by a drug.
Pope, Satires of Donne, iv. 135.
5f. That which reverts or returns; the re-
mainder.
The small reeertion of this great army which came home
might be looked on by religious eyes as relics. Fuller.
6. In annuities, a reversionary or deferred an-
nuity. See annuity. — 7- In music, same as
retrograde imitation (which see, under retro-
grade).— 8. In client., a change by which phos-
phates (notably such as are associated with oxid
of iron and alumina) which have been made
soluble in water by means of oil of vitriol, be-
come again insoluble.- Metnod of reversion, a
method of studying the properties of curves, especially
conies, by means of points the reverse of one another. —
Principle of reversion, the principle that, when any
material system in which the forces acting depend only on
the positions of the particles is in motion, if at any in-
stant the velocities of the particles are reversed, the pre-
vious motion will be repeated in a reverse order. — Rever-
sion of series, the process of passing from an infinite
series expressing the value of one variable quantity in
ascending powers of another to a second infinite series ex-
pressing the value of the second quantity in ascending
powers _of the first.
reversionary (re-ver'shon-a-ri), a. [< reversion
+ -ary.~] 1. Pertaining to or involving a rever-
sion ; enjoyable in succession, or after the de-
termination of a particular estate.
These money transactions — these speculations in life
and death — these silent battles for reversionary spoil —
make brothers very loving towards each other in Vanity
Fair. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xi.
2. In biol., pertaining to or exhibiting rever-
sion ; tending to revert : reversive ; atavic : as,
reversionary characters ; a reversionary process.
— Reversionary annuity. See annuity.
reversioner (re-ver'shon-er), «. [< reversion
+ -«ra.] One who has a reversion, or who is
entitled to lands or tenements after a particu-
lar estate granted is determined: loosely ap-
plied in a general sense to any person entitled
to any future estate in real or personal property.
Another statute of the same antiquity . . . protected
estates for years from being destroyed by the reversioner.
BlaclrstoM, Com., IV. xxxiii.
reversis (re-ver'sis), n. [< OF. revertds, "re-
versi, a kind of trump (played backward, and
full of sport) which the duke of Savoy brought
some ten years ago into France" (Cotgrave), <
reverscr, reverse : see reverse."] An old French
card game in which the player wins who takes
the fewest tricks.
reversive (re-ver'siv), a. [< reverse + -ive.] 1 .
Causing or tending to cause reversal. [Rare.]
It was rather hard on humanity, and rather reversive of
Providence, that all this care and pains should be lavished
on cats and dogs, while little morsels of flesh and blood
ragged, hungry, and immortal, wandered up and down
the streets. R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors p 47
5138
2. Reverting; tending toward reversion ; spe-
cifically, in biol., returning or tending to return
to an ancestral or original type ; reversionary ;
atavic.
There is considerable evidence tending to show that
people who possess revertive characters are more common
among those classes of society properly designated low.
Amer. Anthropologist, I. 70.
revestry
The earliest principle is that at a man's death his goods
rn-rrt to the commonwealth, or pass as the custom of the
commonwealth ordains.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 142.
7. In diem., to return from a soluble to an in-
soluble condition: applied to a change which
takes place in certain superphosphates. See
n n-rsiiin, 8.-Reverting draft See drafti.
reverse (re-ver'so), w. [< It.'reverso, riverso: revertt (re-vert' or re'vert), n. [< revert, v.]
see reverse, n.] If. In fencing, same as reverse, 3. 1 • One who or that which reverts ; colloquially,
I would teach these nineteen the special rules, as your
punto, your reverso, your stoccato, your imbroccato. your
passada, your montanto, till they could all play very near
or altogether as well as myself.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iv. 5.
2. In printing, any one of the left-hand pages
in a book: the opposite of recto.
reversor (re-ver'sor), n. [< reverse + -ori.] A
linkwork for reversing a figure.
one who is reconverted.
An active promoter in making the East Saxons converts,
or rather reverts, to the faith. . Fuller.
2. In music, return; recurrence; antistrophe.
Hath not musick her figures the same with rhetorick ?
vv hat is a revert but her antistrophe ? Peaeham, Music.
Compare introvert,
3- That which is reverted.
. "• [Rare.]
revert (re-vert'), »'. [< ME. reverlen, < OF. re- revertant (re-ver'tant), a. [< OF. revertant, <
vertir = Pg. reverter = It. rivertere, < L. rever- L. reverten(t-)s, ppr. of revertere, return : see re-
tere, rcvortere, also deponent reverti, rerorti, pp. vert.] In her. : (a) Flexed or reflexed — that is,
ret-ersus, revorsus, turn back, turn about, come bellt in an S-curve. (6) Bent twice at a sharp
back, return, < re-, back, + vertere, turn: see angle, like a chevron and a half — Issuantand
verse. Cf. avert, advert, convert, invert, etc.] I. revertant. Seeitsuant.
trans. 1. To turn about or back; reverse the re,Te,rted^r?;y ,r ted)>^-a- *• Reversed; turned
position or direction of.
Thane syr Priamous the prynce, in presens of lordes,
Presezto his penowne, and pertly it hentes ;
Revertede it redily, and a-waye rydys
To the ryalle rowte of the rownde table.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 2919.
The trembling stream . . . bolls
Around the stone, or from the hollow'd bank
Reverted plays. Thomson, Spring, 1. 405.
back. — 2. In her., same as revertant.
reverter (re-ver'ter). n. 1. One who or that
which reverts.— 2. In law, re version. -Forme-
don in the revertert. See/ormedon.
revertible (re-ver'ti-bl), a. [< revert + -Me.']
Capable of reverting; subject to reversion.
A female flef revertible to daughters.
W. Coxe, House of Austria, xliv.
revertive (re-ver'tiv), a. [< revert + -ire.}
Turning back; retreating; retiring.
The tide revertive, unattracted, leaves
A yellow waste of idle sands behind.
Thomson, To the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton.
With wild despair's reverted eye,
Close, close behind, he marks the throne.
Scott, The Wild Huntsman.
Yet ever runs she with reverted face,
And looks and listens for the boy behind.
Coleridge, Time, Real and Imaginary, revertively (re-ver'tiv-li), adv. By way of re-
2f. To alter to the contrary ; reverse. version. Imp'. Diet.
Wretched her Subjects, gloomy sits the Queen revery, n. See rererie.
Till happy Chance reverts the cruel Scene.
Prior, Imit. of Passage in Moriffi Encomium of Erasmus.
3. To cast back; turn to the past. [Rare.]
Then, when you . . . chance to revert a look
I'pon the price you gave for this sad thraldom,
You'le feel your heart stab'd through with many a woe.
Brome, Northern Lass, i. 7.
To revert a series, in math. , to transform a series by re-
version. See reversion of series, under reversion.
II. intrans. 1. To turn back; face or look
backward.
What half Jannses are we, that cannot look forward
with the same idolatry w ith which we for ever revert !
Lamb, Oxford in Vacation.
2. To come back to a former place or position ;
return.
So that my arrows.
Too slightly timber'd for so loud a wind.
Would have reverted to my bow again.
Shale., Hamlet, iv. 7. 23.
Bid him [the goblin] labour, soon or late,
To lay these ringlets lank and straight ; . . .
Th' elastic fibre, . . . dipt, new force exerts,
And in more vig'rous curls reverts.
Congreve, An Impossible Thing.
3. To return, as to a former habit, custom, or
mode of thought or conduct.
Finding himself out of straits, he will revert to his cus-
toms. Bacon, Expense.
The Christians at that time had reverted to the habit of
wearing the white turban.
revest (re-vest'), r. [< ME. revesten, < OF. re-
vestir, ravestir, F. r»MNr = Pr. revestir, rivestir
= Sp. Pg. revestir = It. rivestire, < LL. revestire,
clothe again, < L. re-, again, + vcstire, clothe:
see rest. Doublet of revet*.] I. trans. If. To
reclothe; cover again as with a garment.
Right so as thlse holtes and thise hay is,
That han in winter dede ben and drye,
Revesten hem in greene, when that May is.
Chaucer, Troilus, ill. 853.
Awaked all, shall rise, and all reuest
The flesh and bones that they at first possest.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas^ Weeks, i. 1.
2t. To invest ; robe ; clothe, especially in the
vestments of state or office.
Throly belles thay rynge, and Requiem syngys,
Dosae messes and matyns with mournande notes :
Relygeous reeeste in theire riche copes,
Pontyflcalles and prelates in precyouse wedys.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S-X I. 4335.
For the weale of the common wealth it is as necessarie
that the Knight doe arme as the priest reuest himself c :
for, as prayers doe remoue sinnes, cuen so doth armour
defend from enimies.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 42.
3. To reinvest; vest again with ownership or
office : as, to revest a magistrate with authority.
— 4. To take possession of again ; secure again
as a possession or right.
If a captured ship escapes from the captor, or is retaken,
L1 lU'l>'UI ,
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 341. O'ljfrfthe °Wner ran80"18 her' his £roP"rty is thereby n-
lested. Kent, Commentaries, v.
4. In biol., to go back to an earlier, former, or
primitive type ; reproduce the characteristics
of antecedent stages of development ; undergo
reversion ; exhibit atavism.
I may here refer to a statement often made by natural-
ists—namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild,
gradually but invariably revert in character to their abo-
riginal stocks.
5. To go back in fhought or discourse, as to a
former subject of consideration; recur.
Permit me, in conclusion, gentlemen, to revert to the
idea with which I commenced — the marvellous progress
of the west. Everett, Orations, I. 213.
Each punishment of the extra-legal step
To which the high-born preferably revert
Is ever for some oversight, some slip
I' the taking vengeance, not for vengeance' self.
Browning. Ring and Book, II. 88.
My fancy, ranging thro' and thro',
To search a meaning for the song,
Perforce will still revert to you.
Tennyson, The Day-Dream, L'Euvoi.
6. In law, to return to the donor, or to the for-
mer proprietor or his heirs.
If his tenant and patentee shall dispose of his gift with-
out his kingly assent, the lands shall revert to the king.
Bacon.
Like others for our spoils shall we return ;
But not that any one may them revest,
For 'tis not just to have what one casts off.
Longfellow, tr. of Dante's Inferno, xiii. 104.
II. intrans. To take effect again, as a title;
return to a former owner : as, the title or right
revests in A after alienation.
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 28. revestiaryt (re-ves'ti-a-ri), «. [= F. revestiairc,
< ML. rei-estinrinm, an apartment in or adjoin-
ing a church where the priests robed them-
selves for divine worship, the sacristy, vestry,
< LL. revestire, revest: see revest and vestiary.
Cf. revestry.] The apartment in a church or
temple in which the ecclesiastical vestments
are kept. Compare rcxtry.
The impious Jews ascribed all miracles to a name which
was ingraved in the reveiHary of the temple.
Caniden, Remains.
"Nay." said the Abbot, "we will do more, and will in-
stantly despatch a servant express to the keeper of our re-
<; *ti«rif to send us such things as he may want, even this
night." Scott, Monastery, xvi.
revestryt (re-ves'tri), ». [< ME. revestry, re-
i-extrir, revextre, < OF. *revcsterie, revestiere, re-
rrxiinirr.< ML. revestiurium, vestry: see rerm-
tinnj. Cf. vestry.] Same as reves'tiary.
revestry
Then y« sayd Knight to bee convayd into the revestre,
and there to bee vnarmyd.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 35.
Bestrewe thine altars wth. flowers thicke,
Sente them wt. odours Arrabicque :
Perfuminge all the reoestryeg,
Wt. muske, cyvett, and ambergries?
Puttenham, Partheniades, xvi.
revestu (re-ves'tu), a. [OF., pp. of revestir, re-
vest: see revest.'} In her., covered by a square
set diagonally, or a lozenge, the corners of which
touch the edges of the space covered by it : said
of the field or of any ordinary, as a chief or
fesse.
revesturet (re-ves'tur), H. [< recent, + -lire. Cf.
ccnture.] Vesture.
The aultars of this chapell were hanged with riche reves-
turc of clothe of gold of tissue, embroudered with pearles.
Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 12.
revest, «• and v. An obsolete form of rivet.
revet2 (re- vet'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. revetted, ppr.
revetting. [< F. revtitir, clothe again, face or
line, as a fortification, foss, etc., < OF. reves-
tir, clothe again: see revest.'] To face, as an
embankment, with masonry or other material.
All the principal apartments of the palace properly so
called were netted with sculptural slabs of alabaster, gen-
erally about 9 ft. in height, like those at Nimroud.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 168.
revetment (re-vet'ment), ,n. [Also revetement ;
< F. ret'ctement, < rev/iir, line, revet : see revet2.]
1. In fort., a facing to a wall or bank, as of a
scarp or parapet; a retaining wall (which see,
under retaining). In permanent works the revetment
is usually of masonry ; in field-works it may be of sods,
gabions, timber, hurdles, etc.
2. In civil engin., a retaining wall or breast-
wall ; also, any method of protecting banks or
the sides of a cut to preserve them from ero-
sion, as the sheathing of a river-bank with
mats, screens, or mattresses.
Back of all this rises a stone revetement wall, supporting
the river street. Harper's Mag. , LXXIX. 92.
3. In arch., any facing of stone, metal, or wood
over a less sightly or durable substance or con-
struction.
The absence of any fragments of columns, friezes, cor-
nices, etc. (except terra-cotta revetements), confirms the
theory that the Etruscan temple was built of wood.
New Princeton Rev., V. 141.
revictt, v. t. [< L. revictus, pp. of revincere,
conquer, subdue, refute: see revince. Cf. con-
vict.} To reconquer ; reobtain. Bp.Hall,A.u-
tobiog., p. xxvii. (Danes.)
revictiont (re-vik'shon), ». [< L. revivere, pp.
revictus, live again, revive : see revive .] Return
to life ; revival.
Do we live to see a reviction of the old Sadduceism, so
long since dead and forgotten?
Bp. Hall, Mystery of Godliness, § 9.
revictual (re-vit'l), v. [Formerly also revittle;
< re- + victual.'] I. trans. To victual again ;
furnish again with provisions.
We reuictualled him, and sent him for England, with a
true relation of the causes of our defailments. •
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 232.
II. intrans. To renew one's stock of provi-
sions.
He [Captain Giles de la Roche] had design'd to revittle
in Portugal. Milton, Letters of State, Aug., 1666.
reviet (re-vi.'), v. [Also revye ; (. re- + vie.] I.
trans. 1. To vie with again ; rival in return ; es-
pecially, at cards, to stake a larger sum against.
Thy game at weakest, still thou vy'st ;
If seen, and then revy'd, deuy'st
Thou art not what thou seem'st ; false world, thou ly'st.
Quarles, Emblems, ii. 5.
To revie was to cover it [a certain sum] with a larger
sum, by which the challenged became the challenger, and
was to be remed in his turn, with a proportionate increase
of stake. Gifford, Note to B. Jonson's Every Man in his
[Humour, iv. 1.
2. To surpass the amount of (a responsive
challenge or bet): an old phrase at cards;
hence, in general, to outdo ; outstrip; surpass.
What shall we play for? — One shilling stake, and three
rest. I vye it; will you hould it? — Yes. sir, I hould it.
andreoyeit. Florio, Secret Frutes (1591). (Latham.)
Here 's a trick vied and revied !
B. Jonton, Every Man in his Humour, iv. 1.
True rest consists not in the oft remjiiiii
Of worldly dross. Quarles, Emblems, i. 6.
II, intrans. To respond to a challenge at
cards by staking a larger sum ; hence, to re-
tort; recriminate.
We must not permit vying and revyiny upon one an-
other.
Chief Justice Wriyht, in the Trial of the Seven Bishops.
review (re-vu'), n. [< OF. revue, reve-ue, are-
viewing or review, F, revue, a review, < revu,
5139
pp. of rcroir, < L. renidere, see again, go to see
again, < re-, again, + videre, see: see view, and
cf. revise. Cf. Sp. Pg. revista = It. rivista, re-
view, of similar formation: see vista.] 1. A
second or repeated view.
But the works of nature will bear a thousand views and
renews, and yet still be instructive and still wonderful.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. ii.
2. A view of the past ; a retrospective survey.
Mem'ry's pointing wand,
That calls the past to our exact review.
Cowper, Task, iv. 184.
Is the pleasure that is tasted
Patient of a long review?
M. Arnold, New Sirens.
3. The process of going over again or repeat-
ing what is past : as, the review of a study ; the
class has monthly reviews in Latin. — 4. A re-
vision ; a reexamination with a view to amend-
ment or improvement: as, an author's review
of his works. [Obsolete or obsolescent.]
Great importunities were used to His Sacred Majesty
that the said Book might be revised. ... In which re-
view we have endeavoured to observe the like moderation
as we find to have been used in the like case in former
times. Book of Common Prayer (Church of Eng.), Pref .
5. A critical examination ; a critique ; partic-
ularly, a written discussion of the merits and
defects of a literary work ; a critical essay.
If a review of his work was very laudatory, it was a
great pleasure to him to send it home to his mother at
Fairoaks. Thackeray, Pendennis, xli.
6. The name given to certain periodical pub-
lications, consisting of a collection of critical
essays on subjects of public interest, literary,
scientific, political, moral, or theological, to-
gether with critical examinations of new pub-
lications.
Novels (witness ev'iy month's review)
Belie their name, and offer nothing new.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 713.
7. The formal inspection of military or naval
forces by a higher official or a superior in rank,
with a view to learning the condition of the
forces thus inspected, and their skill in per-
forming customary evolutions and maneu-
vers.— 8. In law, the judicial revision or re-
consideration of a judgment or an order al-
ready made ; the examination by an appellate
tribunal of the decision of a lower tribunal, to
determine whether it be erroneous — A bill of
review, In law, a bill filed to reverse or alter a decree in
chancery if some error in law appears in the body of the
decree, or if new evidence were discovered after the de-
cree was made.— Commission of review, in Eng. law, a
commission formerly granted by the sovereign to revise the
sentence of the now extinct Court of Delegates.— Court
Of Review, the court of appeal from the commissioners
in bankruptcy, established by 1 and 2 Wm. IV., Ivi., but
abolished by 10 and 11 Viet., cii., etc.
review (re-vu'), v. [< re- + view; or < review,
".] I. trans. If. To see again.
When thou revieirest this, thou dost review
The very part was consecrate to thee.
Shak., Sonnets, Ixxiv.
Backe he was sent to Brasil ; and long it was before his
longing could be satisfied to reuiew his Countrey and
friends. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 842.
2. To look back upon; recall by the aid of
memory.
Let me review the scene,
And summon from the shadowy Past
The forms .that once have been.
Longfellow, A Gleam of Sunshine.
3. To repeat; go over again; retrace: as, to
review a course of study.
Shall I the long, laborious scene renew,
And open all the wounds of Greece anew ?
Pope, Odyssey, iii. 1-27.
4. To examine again ; go over again in order to
prune or correct ; revise.
Many hundred (Argus hundred) eyes
View, and renew, each line, each word, as spies.
Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 2.
I maturely thought it proper,
When a' my works I did review,
To dedicate them. Sir, to you.
Burns, Dedication to Gavin Hamilton.
5. To consider or discuss critically ; go over in
careful examination in order to bring out ex-
cellences and defects, and, with reference to
established canons, to pass judgment ; espe-
cially, to consider or discuss critically in a
written essay. .
How oft in pleasing tasks we wear the day, . . .
How oft our slowly-growing works impart, . . .
How oft review; each finding, like a friend,
Something to blame and something to commend !
Pope, To Mr. Jervas, 1. 21.
See honest Hallam lay aside his fork,
Resume his pen, review his Lordship's work,
And, grateful for the dainties on his plate,
Declare his landlord can at least translate !
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
revile
By-the-way, when we come by-and-by to review the ex-
hibition at Burlington House, there is one painter whom
we must try our best to crush.
Bulwer, Kenelm Chillingly, iv. 4.
6. To look carefully over; survey; especially,
to make a formal or official inspection of: as,
to review a regiment.
At the Mauchline muir, where they were remew'd,
Ten thousand men in armour show'd.
Battle of Pentland Hills (Child's Ballads, VII. 241).
The skilful nymph revieivs her force with care.
Pope, K. of the L., iii. 45.
7. In law : (a) To consider or examine again ;
revise : as, a court of appeal reviews the judg-
ment of an inferior court. (6) To reexamine
or retax, as a bill of costs by the taxing-master
or by a judge in chambers.
II. intrans. 1. To look back.
His reviewing eye
Has lost the chasers, and his ear the cry.
Sir J. Denham, Cooper's Hill.
2. To make reviews ; be a reviewer: as, he re-
views for the "Times."
reviewable (re-vu' a-bl), a. [< review + -able.]
Capable of being reviewed ; subject to review.
The proceedings in any criminal trial are reviewable by
the full bench, whenever the judge who presides at the
trial certifies that any point raised at it is doubtful.
The Nation, Dec. 20, 1883.
reviewage (re-vu'aj), «. [< review + -age.']
The act or art of reviewing or writing critical
notices of books, ete. ; the work of reviewing.
[Rare.]
Whatever you order down to me in the way of reviewaye,
I shall of course execute.
W. Taylor, To R. Southey, Dec. 30, 1807.
reviewal (re-vu'al), «. [< revieie + -al.~\ The
act of reviewing; a review; a critique.
I have written a reviewal of "Lord Howe's Life."
Southey, To Mrs. J. W. Warter, June 5, 1838.
reviewer (rf-vu'er), n. 1. One who revises;
a reviser.
This rubric, being the same that we have in king Ed-
ward's second Common Prayer Book, may perhaps have
slipt into the present book through the inadvertency of
the reviewers.
Wheatly, Illus. of Book of Common Prayer, ii. § 5.
2. One who reviews or criticizes ; especially,
one who critically examines and passes judg-
ment upon new publications; a writer of re-
views.
Who shall dispute what the reviewers say?
Their word 's sufficient. Churchill, The Apology.
Those who have failed as writers turn reviewers.
Landor, Imaginary Conversations, Southey and Porson, i.
Between ourselves, I think reviewers,
When call'd to truss a crowing bard,
Should not be sparing of the skewers.
F. Locker, Advice to a Poet.
He has never, he says, been a reviewer. He confesses
to wanting a reviewer's gift, the power of being "blind to
great merits and lynx-eyed to minute errors."
Nineteenth Century, XXVI. 838.
revigorate (re-vig'or-at), v. t. [< L. re-, again,
+ vigoratus, pp. of vigorare, animate, strength-
en, < vigor, vigor: see vigor. Cf. invigorate.]
To give new vigor to. Imp. Diet.
revigorate (re-vig'or-at), «. [< revigorate, v.]
Reinvigorated.
The fire which seem'd extinct
Hath risen revigorate.
Southey.
revile (re-vil'), v. ; pret. and pp. reviled, ppr.
reviling. ' [< ME. revilen, revylen, < re- + OF.
aviler, F. avilir, make vile or cheap, disprize,
disesteem, < a-, to, + vil, vile, cheap: see vile.]
I. trans. To cast reproach upon; vilify; es-
pecially, to use contemptuous or opprobrious
language to ; abuse ; asperse.
Blessed are ye when men shall revile you, and persecute
you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely,
for my sake. Mat. v. 11.
His eye reviled
Me, as his abject object.
Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1. 126.
No ill words : let his own shame first revile him.
Fletcher, Bonduca, ii. 4.
= Syn. To vilify, abuse, malign, lampoon, defame. (Sec
asperse.) The distinction of revile from these words is that
it always applies to persons, is generally unjust and always
improper, generally applies to what is said to or before
the person affected, and makes him seem to others vile or
worthless.
II. intrans. To act or speak abusively.
Christ, . . when he was reviled, reviled not again.
1 Pet. ii. 28.
revilet (re-vil'), «. [< revile, v.] Revilement ;
abusive tre.atm.ent or language; an insult; a
reproach.
I have gain'd a name bestuck, or, as I may say, bedeckt
with the reproaches and reviles of this modest Confuter.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
revilement
revilement (re-vil'ment), ». [< rerile + -incut.]
The act of reviling; abuse; contemptuous or
insulting language ; a reproach.
Yet n'ould she stent
Her hitter rayling and foule revilemetit.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iv. 12.
Scorns, and revttements, that bold and profane wretches
have cast upon him.
Dr. H. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 217. (Latham.)
reviler (re-vi'ler), ii. One who reviles; one
who acts or speaks abusively.
Nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom
of Uod. 1 Cor. vi. 10.
revilingly (re-vi'ling-li), adv. With reproach-
ful or contemptuous language; with oppro-
brium.
The love I bear to the civility of expression will not
suffer me to be revilingly broad. Maine.
revincet (re-vins'), v. t. [= It. rivincere, < L.
revincere, refute, overcome, < re-, again, + vin-
cere, overcome : see victor. Cf . convince, evince,
and revict.] To overcome ; refute ; disprove.
Which being done, when he should see his error by
manifest and sound testimonies of Scriptures revinced,
Luther should find no favour at his hands.
Foxe, Acts (ed. CattleyX IV. 280.
revindicate (re-vin'di-kat), v. t. [Also reven-
dicate; < LL. revindicatus, pp. of revindicare
(> Sp. Pg. revindicar = F. revendiquer), lay
claim to, < L. re-, back, + rindicare, claim: see
vindicate.'] To vindicate again ; reclaim ; de-
mand the surrender of, as goods taken away
or detained illegally. Mitford. (Imj). Diet.)
revindication (re-vin-di-ka'shon), n. [Also
reveiidication ; = F. revindication = Pg. revindi-
caqao; as revindicate + -ion.'] The act of re-
vindicating, or demanding the restoration of
anything taken away or retained illegally.
reviret, r. *'. [< ME. reviren, < OF. revivre, revive :
see revive.] To revive.
Eke slitte and sonne-dried thou umist hem kepe,
And when the list in water hoote retire
Thai wol, anil taste even as the list desire.
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. 8.), p. 58.
revirescence (rev-i-res'ens), n. [< L. recires-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of reoirescere, grow green again,
inceptive of recirere, be green again, < re-,
again, + virere, become green or strong : see
verdant."] The renewal of youth or youthful
strength. [Obsolete or archaic.]
A serpent represented the divine nature, on account of
its great vigour and spirit, its long age and revirescence.
Warburton, Divine Legation, iv. 4.
A faded archaic style trying as it were to resume a mock-
ery of revirescence. Swinburne, .Shakespeare, p. 126.
revisal (re-vl'zal), n. [< revise + -al.~] The
act of revising"; examination with a view to
correction or amendment; a revision.
The revisal of these letters has been a kind of examina-
tion of conscience to me. Pope.
The theory neither of the British nor the state consti-
tutions authorizes the revival of a judicial sentence by a
legislative act. A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. 81.
revise (re-viz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. revised, ppr.
revising.' [< OF. (and F.) reviser = Sp. revisarf
< ML. as if *revisare for L. revisere, look back
on, revisit (of. revidere, see again), < re-, again,
back, + visere, survey, freq. of videre, pp. visits,
see: see vision. Cf. review.'] 1. To look care-
fully over with a view to correction; go over
in order to suggest or make desirable changes
and corrections; review: as, to revise a proof-
sheet; to revise a translation of the Bible; spe-
cifically, in printing, to compare (a new proof-
sheet of corrected composition) with its pre-
viously marked proof, to see that all marked
errors have been corrected.
He [Debendranath Tagore] revised the Brahmaic Cove-
nant, and wrote and published his Brahma-dharma, or the
religion of the one true God.
Max Miilter, Biog. Essays, p. 41.
2, To amend; bring into conformity with pres-
ent needs and circumstances; reform, espe-
cially by public or official action.
Fear for ages has boded nnd mowed and gibbered over
government and property. That obscene bird is not there
for nothing. He indicates great wrongs which must be
revised. Emerson, Compensation.
Revised version of the Bible. See version.— Revising
barrister, one of a number of barristers appointed to re-
vise the list of voters for county and borough members of
Parliament, and holding courts for this purpose through-
out the country in the autumn. [Eng.]
revise (re-viz'), n. [< revise, r.] 1. A revi-
sion ; a review and correction.
Patiently proceed
With oft re-irises Making sober speed
In dearest business, and obserue by proof
That What is well done is done soon enough.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 1.
5140
2. In printing, a proof-sheet to VIP examined
by the reviser.
I at length reached a vaulted room, . . . and beheld.
seated by a lamp, and employed in reading a blotted revue,
. . . the Author of Waverley !
Scott, Fortunes of Nigel, Int. Ep., p. 5.
I require to seeaproof, a revise, are-revise, and a double
re-revise, or fourth proof rectified impression of all my pro-
ductions, especially verse. O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, ii.
reviser (re-vi'zer), «. [< revise + -er*. Cf.
revisor.] One who revises, reviews, or makes
corrections or desirable changes, especially in
a literary work; hence, specifically, iu
one who revises proofs. Also revisor.
The generality of my scheme does not admit the frequent
notice of verbal inaccuracies . . . which he [Bentley] im-
Euted to the obtrusions of a reciter, whom the author's
lindness obliged him to employ. Johnson, Milton.
revision (re-vizh'on), n. [< OF. revision, F. re-
vision = Sp. revision = Pg. revisSo = It. revisione,
< LL. revisio(n-), a seeing again, < L. revidere,
pp. revisus, see again: see revise, review. ~\ 1.
TTie act of revising; reexamination and correc-
tion: as, the revision of statistics; the rerixinn
of a book, of a creed, etc.
I am persuaded that the stops have been misplaced in
the Hebrew manuscripts, by the Jewish critics, upon the
last revision of the text. Sp. Hartley, Sermons, I. viii.
All male peasants in every part of the empire are in-
scribed in census lists, which form the basis of the direct
taxation. These lists are revised at irregular intervals,
and all males alive at the time of the revision, from the
new-born babe to the centenarian, are duly inscribed.
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 123.
2. That which is revised; a revised edition or
version ; specifically [cap.], the revised English
version of the Bible — Council of Revision. See
council.
revisional (re-vizh'on-al), a. [< revision +
-al.~] Re visionary.
revisionary (re-vizh'on-a-ri), a. [< revision +
-ary.~\ Of or pertaining to revision ; of the na-
ture of a revision ; revising : as, a revisionary
work.
revisionist (re-vizh'ou-ist), n. [< revision +
-int.] 1. One who favors or supports revision,
as in the case of a creed or a statute. — 2. A
reviser ; specifically, one of the revisers of the
English version of the Bible. See revised ver-
sion of the Bible, under version.
"I had rather speak," etc., 1 Corinthians xiv. 19. The
Victorian revisionists are content with "had " there.
Amer. Jour. PhUol.,11. 281.
revisit (re-viz'it), r. t. [< OF. revisiter, F. re-
risiter = Sp. Pg. revisktr = It. revisitare, < L.
revisitare, visit again, < re-, again, + rat tore,
visit: see visit, v."] 1. To visit again ; go back
for a visit to ; return to.
What may this mean,
That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel
Jievisit'st thus the glimpses of the moon ?
Shak., Hamlet, i. 4. 53.
Thou
Revisifst not these eyes, that roll in vain
To find thy piercing ray, and find no dawn.
Milton, P. L., iii. 23.
2t. To revise ; review.
Also they saye that ye haue not dilygently revisyted nor
ouereene the letters patentes gyuen, accorded, sworne, and
sealed by Kyng Johan.
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., n. ccxxii.
revisit (re-viz'it), n. [< re- + visit.'] A visit
to a former place of sojourn; also, a repeated
or second visit.
I have been to pay a Visit to St. James at Compostella,
and after that to the famous Virgin on the other Side the
Water in England ; and this was rather a revisit, for I had
been to see her three Years before.
N. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, II. 2.
revisitant (re-viz'i-taut), a. [< LL. revisi-
tan(t-)s, ppr. of revisitare, revisit: see revisit.']
Revisiting; returning, especially after long ab-
sence or separation.
Catching sight of a solitary acquaintance, (I) would ap-
proach him amid the brown shadows of the trees — a kind
of medium fit for spirits departed and renisitant, like my-
self. Han-thorne, Blithedale Romance, p. 242.
revisitation (re-viz-i-ta'shon), n. [< re- + visi-
tation.] The act of revisiting; a revisit.
A regular concerted plan of periodical revisitation.
J. A. Alexander, <Jn Mark vi. 6.
revisor (re-vi'zor), ». [= F. reviseur = Sp. Pg.
revisor = It. revisore; as revise + -or1.] Same
as reviser.
revisory (re-vi'zo-ri), «. [= Pg. revisorio; as
>•< r/Ar + -ury. Cf. Sp. revixoria, censorship.]
Having power to revise ; effecting revision ; re-
vising.
revitalization (re-vl"tal-i-za'shou), w. [< >•<•-
vitalize + -ation.'] The act or process of revi-
talizing; the state of being revitalized, or in-
formed with fresh life and vigor,
revival
revitalize (re-vi'tal-Iz), r. t. [< re- + vitalize.]
To restore vitality or life to; inform again or
anew with life; bring back to life.
Professor Owen observes that " there are organisms . . .
which we can devitalize and revitalize — devive and revive
— many times." That such organisms can be revived, all
will admit, but probably Professor Owen will be alone in
not recognising considerable distinction between the
words revitalizing and reviving. The animalcule that can
be revived has never been dead, but that which is not
dead cannot be revitalized.
Beale, Protoplasm (3d ed.), p. 65.
revittlet, r. An obsolete spelling of rericttial.
reyivability (re-vi-va-bil'i-ti),'«. [< revivable +
-ity (see -biUty).] l''he character of being re-
vivable ; the capacity for being revived.
The revicability of past feelings varies inversely as the
vividness of present feelings.
H. Spencer, Prln. of Psycho!., § 98.
revivable (re-vi'va-bl), «. [< revive + -able.']
Capable of being revived.
Nor will the response of a sensory organ ... be an ex-
perience, unless it be registered in a modification of struc-
ture, and thus be revivable, because a statical condition is
requisite for a dynamical manifestation.
O. H. Lewet, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. % 12.
revivably (re-vl'va-bli), adv. With a capacity
for revival ; so as to admit of revival.
What kind of agency can it then be ... that revivably
stores up the memory of departed phenomena?
Mind, IX. 350.
revival (re-vi'val),«. [< revive + -al.~] 1. The
act of reviving',' or returning to life after actual
or apparent death ; the act of bringing back to
life ; also, the state of being so revived or re-
stored : as, the revival of a drowned person ; the
revival of a person from a swoon. — 2. Resto-
ration to former vigor, activity, or efficiency,
after a period of languor, depression, or sus-
pension; quickening; renewal: as, the revival
of hope; the revival of one's spirits by good
news ; a revival of trade.
"I've thought of something," said the Rector, with a
sudden rental of spirits. George Eliot, Felix Holt, xxiii.
3. Restoration to general use, practice, accep-
tance, or belief; the state of being currently
known or received: as, the revival of learning
in Europe; the revival of bygone fashions; spe-
cifically [cup.], the Renaissance.
The man to whom the literature of his country owes its
origin and its revival was born in times singularly adapted
to call forth his extraordinary powers. Macaulay, Dante.
4. Specifically, an extraordinary awakening in
a church or a community of interest in and care
for matters relating to personal religion.
There ought not to be much for a revival to do hi any
church which has had the simple good news preached to
it, and in which the heart and life and better motives have
been affectionately and persistently addressed.
Scribner's Mo., XIV. 256.
A revival of religion merely makes manifest for a time
what religion there is in a community, but it does not ex-
alt men above their nature or above their times.
B. B. Stoice, Oldtown, p. 469.
5. The representation of something past; spe-
cifically, in theatrical art, the reproduction of a
play which has not been presented for a consid-
erable time.
One can hardly pause before it (a gateway of the seven-
teenth century] without seeming to assist at a ten minutes'
revival of old Italy.
//. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 145.
Some of Mr. 's revivals have been beautifully cos-
tumed. The Century, XXXV. 644, note.
6. In diem., same as revivification. — 7. The re-
instatement of an action or a suit after it has
become abated, as, for instance, by the death of
a party, when it may be revived by substituting
the personal representative, if the cause of ac-
tion has not abated. — 8. That which is recalled
to life, or to present existence or appearance.
[Rare.]
The place [Castle of Blois) is full of ... memories, of
ghosts, of echoes, of possible evocations and revivals.
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 29.
Anglo-Catholic revival, Catholic revival, a revival
of Catholic or Anglo-Catholic principles and practices in
the Chmch of England (see Anylo-Catholic, and Catholic.
I., 3 (d)), also known, because begun in the University of
Oxford, as the Oxford movement. It began in 1833, in op-
position to an agitation for the expulsion of the bishops
from the House of Lords and for the disestablishment of
the Church of England. Its founder was H. J. Rose, with
whom were joined Arthur Percival, Hurrel Froude, and
William Palmer, and, a little later, John Henry Newman
(originally an Evangelical) and John Keble, the publica-
tion of whose "Christian Year" in 1S27 has been regarded
:is an important precursor of the movement. In its earlier
stage the promoters of the revival were known as Trac-
tarutnx. (See Troctarian.) After Newman had, in 1845,
abandoned the C'hurch of England and joined the Church
of Eome.Dr. Edward B. Puseybecamegenerallyrecognized
as the leader of the movement, and its adherents were
nicknamed Pmeititf* by their opponents. The revival of
revival
doctrine was the main work of the movement, especially
in its earlier stages, but this resulted afterward in a n-
vival of ritual also, and this extension of the movement
is known as ritualism. (See ritualist, 2.) The general
object of the Catholic revival was to affirm and enforce
the character of the Anglican Church as Catholic In the
sense of unbroken historical derivation from and agree-
ment In doctrine and organization with the ancient Cath-
olic Church before the division between East and West.
revivalism (r6-vl'val-izm), «. [< revival
-ism.] That form of religious activity which
manifests itself in revivals. [Recent.]
The most perfect example of revivalimn, the one to which
It constantly appeals for its warrant, was the rapt assem-
bly at Pentecost, with its many-tongued psalmists and in-
soired prophets, its transports and fervors and miraculous
conversions. The Century, XXXI. 80.
revivalist (re-vi'val-ist), n. [< revival + -is*.]
One who is instrumental in producing or pro-
moting in a community a revival of religious
5141
With tempers too much given to pleasure, it is almost
necessary to revive the old places of grief in our memory.
Steele, Taller, No. 181.
The beautiful specimens of pearls which he sent home
from the coast of Paria revived the cupidity of the nation.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 9.
When I describe the moon at which I am looking, I am
describing merely a plexus of optical sensations with sun-
dry revived states of mind linked by various laws of asso-
ciation with the optical sensations.
J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 327.
4. To restore to use, practice, or general ac-
ceptance; make current, popular, or authori-
tative once more ; recover from neglect or dis-
revocation
2. To give new vigor or animation to ; enliven
again.
Local literature is pretty sure, . . . when it comes, to
have that distinctive Australian mark . . . which may
even one day renvify the literature of England.
Sir C. W. Dilke, Probs. of Greater Britain, ii. 1.
3. In diem., to purify, as a substance that has
been used as a reagent in a chemical process,
so that it can be used again in the same way.
A description of the kiln in use for revivifying char will
be found in the article on sugar.
Thorpe, Diet, of Applied Chem., I. 171.
= Syn. See list under revive.
fi. intrans. In ehem., to become efficient a
aiiif the Acts made in his one and" twentieth Yeare were mentation, etc.
wholly repealed. Baker, Chronicles, p. 157. revivingly (re-vi'ving-li), adv.
The function of the prophet was then^renpw^ and poets manner. Imp. Diet.
o ' . ~ -. .. T V J. 1IC 1UUWMHI «• tax* plujjllm' "a - Illitlllld . AnVVI J-rt\jl.
interest and activity : specifically applied to an for the flrst , jme aspired to teach the art of life, and ..p-oiviqeence (rev-i-vis'ens), n.
itinerant preacher who makes this uis special founded schools. J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 92. r™™^*nvMscenza , f L.Vm
work. [Recent.]
The conviction of enmity to God, which the revivalist
assumes as the flrst step in any true spiritual life.
The American, VIII. 126.
revivalistic (re-vi-va-lis'tik), a. [< revivalist
+ -ic.] 1. Of 'or pertaining to a revivalist or
revivalism.
Revivalistic success is seldom seen apart from a certain
easily recognized type of man.
lieligiotts Herald, March 26, 1885.
2. Characterized by revivalism; of the nature
of revivalism. [Recent and rare in both uses.]
Spiritual preaching is reviving ; it is not necessarily re-
vioalistic. The Century, XXXI. 438.
In a reviving
[= F. revMs-
iscen(t-)s, ppr.
5. To renovate. [Colloq.]
The boy . . . appeared ... In a revived black coat of
his master's. Dickens, Sketches, Tales, i.
6. To reproduce; represent after a lapse of pidVty,'especially in the case of insects after
time, especially upon the stage : as, to revive hibernation.
.
of reviviscere, inceptive of revivere, revive : see
revive.] Revival; reanimation; the renewal
of life; in not. hist., an awakening from tor-
•-•
___ „, .^^.
an old play.
A past, vamp'd, future, old, reviv'd new piece,
Twixt Plautus, Fletcher, Shakespear, and Corneille,
Can make a Cibber, Tibbald, or OreO^ .
revive (re-viv'), «'.; pret. and pp. revived, ppr.
reviving. ' [< OF. F. reciere = Pr. reviiire = Cat.
actual or seeming death; resume vital functions
or activities : as, to revive after a swoon.
The soul of the child came into him again, and he re-
vived. 1 Ki. xvii. 22.
Henry is dead, and never shall revive.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., I. 1. 18.
She smiled to see the doughty hero slain,
But, at her smile, the beau revived again.
Pope, R. of the L., v. 70.
Neitherwill the life of the soul alone continuing amount
to the reviviscence of the whole man.
Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, ii.
reviviscency (rev-i-vis'en-si), n. [As revivis-
cence (see -cy).] Same as reviviscence.
Since vitality has, somehow or other, commenced with-
out a designing cause, why may not the same cause pro-
duce a reviviscency f T. Cogan, Disquisitions, 111.
reviviscent (rev-i-vis'ent), a. [= F. reviviscen t,
< L. reviviscen(t-)s, ppr. of reviviscere, revive,
Re-
f< revive + -orl~\ In
. L •
Already in the latter days of the Republic the multitude
(including even the knights, according to Horace) could
only be reconciled to tragedy by the introduction of that
species of accessories by which in our own day a play of
Shakspere's is said to be revived.
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 8.
„. , 7. In law, to reinstate, as an action or suit in~eptive of r^re, revive : see revive.]
reviurcr = Sp. revivir = Pg. reviver = It. rivivere, which has become abated, bee revival, 7.— 8. viving. regaining life or animation.
< L. revivere, live again, revive (cf. ML. revivare jn chem. , to restore or reduce to its natural state » > £££ of 6the trlai were canvassed anew with
tr., revive), < re-, again, + vivere, live: see vivid. or to its metallic state: as, to revive a metal remvinctnt interest. The Atlantic, LVIII. 390.
Cf.reeire.] I. intrans. 1 . To return to life after after calcination. =Syn. 1 and 2. To reanimate, rein- , - -,
vigorate, renew, reinspirit, cheer, hearten. See the quo- II
tation under revitalize.
revivet, «• Revival ; return to life.
Hee is dead, and therefore grieue not thy memorie with
the imagination of his new revive.
Greene, Menaphon, p. 50. (Dames.)
revivement (re-viv'ment), n. [= It. ravviva-
meitto; as revive + -ment.] The act of reviv-
. . ing; revivification.
2 To live again ; have a second life. [Rare.] we have the sacred Scriptures, our blessed Saviour, his reVOCability (rev"o-ka-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. revo-
Emotionally we revive in our children ; economically we apostles, and the purer primitive times, and the late Ref- cabilite; as revocable + -% (see -btllly).] The
orniation, or revivement rather, all on our side. ^ _^ ^ property of being revocable; revocableness
Imp. Diet.
law, „
the death of a party, the marriage of a female
plaintiff, or other cause. See revival, 7. Also
spelled reviver — Bill of revivor, a bill filed to re-
vive a bill which had abated.— Bill of revivor and sup-
plement, a bill of revivor filed where it was necessary
not only to revive the suit, but also to allege by way of
supplemental pleading other facts which had occurred
since the suit was commenced.
Emotionally... .
sacrifice many of our present gratifications to the develop-
ment of the race. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIII. 386.
Feltham, Letters, xvii. (Latham.)
3 To gain fresh life and vigor; be reanimated reviver (re-vi'ver), ». 1. One who revives or rev0cable (rev'o-ka-bl), a. [< OF. revocable,
or quickened ; recover strength, as after languor
or depression.
When he saw the wagons which Joseph had sent to carry
him, the spirit of Jacob their father revived. Gen. xlv. 27.
A spirit which had been extinguished on the plains of
Philippi revived in Athanasius and Ambrose.
Macaulay, History.
4. To be renewed in the mind or memory : as,
the memory of his wrongs revived within him ;
past emotions sometimes revive. — 5. To regain
use or currency; come into general use, prac-
tice, or acceptance, as after a period of neglect
or disuse; become current once more.
Then Sculpture and her sister arts revive.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 701.
This heresy having revived in the world about an hun-
dred years a?o, . . . several divines . . . began to find out
farther explanations of this doctrine of the Trinity.
restores anything to use or prominence ; one
who recovers anything from inactivity, neglect,
or disuse.
He saith it [learning] is the corrupter of the simple, the
schoolmaster of sinne, the storehouse of treacherie, the
reuiuer of vices, and mother of cowardize.
Nashe, Pierce Penilesse, p. 39.
Giotto was not a reviver— he was an inventor.
The Century, XXXVII. 67.
2. That which invigorates or revives.
"Now, Mr. Tapley," said Mark, giving himself a tremen-
dous blow in the chest by way of reviver, "just you attend
to what I've got to say."
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xxiii.
3. A compound used for renovating clothes.
Tis a deceitful liquid, that black and blue reviver.
Dickeni, Sketches, Characters, x.
4. In law. See revivor.
, On the Trinity, revivificate (re-viv'i-fi-kat), v. t. [< LL. reviri-,
His [dive's] policy was to a great extent abandoned ; Jicatng, pp. of (ML. ) revivificare, restore to life :
the abuses which he had suppressed began to revive.
Macaulay, Lord Clive. ]ife Joftnson. [Rare.]
6. In chem., to recover its natural or metallic revivification (re-viv"i-fi-ka'shon),
state, as a metal.
II. trans. 1. To bring back to life; revivify;
resuscitate after actual or seeming death or
destruction ; restore to a previous mode of ex-
istence.
To heale the sicke, and to revive the ded.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 22.
What do these feeble Jews? . . . will they revive the
stones out of the heaps of the rubbish which are burned?
Neh. iv. 2.
Is not this boy revived from death?
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5. 120.
2. To quicken; refresh; rouse from languor, „ . .
depression, or discouragement. parts may be secured.
Those gracious words revive my drooping thoughts, revivify (re-viv'i-fi), v. [< OF revwtfier, F.
And give my tongue-tied sorrows leave to speak. revwifier — Sp. Pg. revmficar = It. revivificare,
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 3. 21. < ML. revivificare (LL. in pp. reririficatus), re-
F revocable = Pr. Sp. revocable = Pg. revo-
anvei — it. rivocabile, < L. revoeatilis, < revo-
care, revoke : see revoke.] Capable of being
recalled or revoked: as, a revocable edict or
grant. Compare revokable.
Howsoever you show bitterness, do not act anything
that is not revocable. Bacon, Anger.
Treaties may . . . be revocable at the will of either party,
or Irrevocable. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 102.
revocableness (rev'o-ka-bl-nes), n. The char-
acter of being revocable. Bailey, 1727.
revocably (rev'o-ka-bli), adv. In a revocable
manner; so as to be revocable. Imp. Diet.
revocatet (rev'o-kat), v. t. [< L. revocatus, pp.
of revocare, revoke: see revoke.] To revoke;
recall.
His successor, by order, nullifies
Many his patents, and did revocate
And re-assume his liberalities.
Daniel, Civil Wars, Hi. 89.
see revivify.] To revive ; recall or restore to revocatet (rev'o-kat), a. [< L. revocatus, pp. of
[= F.
revivification = Pg. revivificaySo, < ML. revivifi-
catio( »-), < revivificare, revivify : see remcificate,
revivify.] 1. Renewal of life; restoration to
life; resuscitation.
The resurrection or revivification (for the word signifies revocation (rev-o-ka'shon), n.
no more than so) is common to both. "' —««- W -A,,,,.,,*,;™, _
Dr. H. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 225. (Latham.)
2. In chem., the reduction of a metal from a
state of combination to its metallic state. — 3.
In surg., the dissection off of the skin or mu-
cous membrane in a part or parts, that by the
apposition of surfaces thus prepared union of
Your coming, friends, revives me. Milton, S. A., 1. 1S7.
3. To renew in the mind or memory; recall;
reawaken.
The mind has a power in many cases to revive percep-
tions which it has once had.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. x. S 2.
store to life, < L. re-, again, + LL. vivificare,
restore to life : see vivify.] I, trans. 1. Tore-
store to life after actual or apparent death.
This warm Libation . . . seemed to animate my frozen
Frame, and to revivify my Body.
Wraxall, Historical Memoirs, I. 309.
revocare, call back: see revoke.] Repressed;
checked; also, pruned.
But yf it axe to be revocate,
And yf the stok be holgh or concavate,
Purge of the dede [dead wood].
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 70.
,-„ [< OF. revoca-
tion, revocation, F. revocation = Pr. revocation =
Sp. revocation = Pg. revocafSo, revogac.3o == It.
rivoeazione, < L. revocatio(n-), < revocare, re-
voke: see revocate, revoke.] 1. The act of re-
voking or recalling; also, the state of being
recalled or summoned back.
One of the town ministers, that saw in what manner the
people were bent for the revocation of Calvin, gave him
notice of their affection in this sort.
Honker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., ii.
The faculty of which this act of revocation is the energy
I call the reproductive. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xxi.
2. The act of revoking or annulling; the re-
versal of a thing done by the revoker or his
predecessor in the same authority; the calling
back of a thing granted, or the making void of
some deed previously existing; also, the state
revocation
of being revoked or annulled ; reversal ; repeal;
annulment: as, the revocation of a will. — Revo-
cation of the edict of Nantes, a proclamation ny Louis
XIV. of France, in 1«S5, annulling the edict of Nantes, and
discontinuing religious toleration to the Huguenots. The
Protestant emigration in consequence of this revocation
and of previous persecutions greatly injured the indus-
tries of France. =8yn. 2. See renounce, abolish.
reyocatory (rev'o-ka-to-ri), a. [< OF. rn-orii-
toire, F. revocatoire = Sp. revocatorio = Pg. re-
vocatorio, revogatorio = It. rivocatorio, < LL.
revoeatorius, for calling or drawing back, < L.
revocare, call back: see revoke.'} Tending to
revoke ; pertaining to a revocation ; revoking ;
recalling.
He granted writs to both parties, with revocatory letters
one upon another, sometimes to the number of six or seven.
W arid of Wonders (1608), p. 137.
Revocatory action, in civil law, an action to set aside
the real contracts of a debtor made in fraud of creditors
and operating to their prejudice. A'. .1 . Crow, Pleading,
p. 261.
revoice (re-vois'), r. <. [< re- + voice.'] 1. In
organ-building, to voice again ; adjust (a pipe)
so that it may recover the voice it has lost or
speak in a new way. — 2. To call in return; re-
peat. [Bare.]
And to the winds the waters hoarsely call,
And echo back again revoiced all.
G. Fletcher, Christ's Triumph on Earth, St. 64.
revokable (re-vo'ka-bl), a. [< revoke + -able.}
That can or may be revoked; revocable.
revoke (re-vok'J, v. ; pret. and pp. revoked, ppr.
revoking. ' [< ME. revokcn, < OF. revoquer, revoc-
quer, F. revoquer = Pr. Sp. revocar = Pg. rero-
car, revogar = It. rivocare, < L. revocare, call
back, revoke, < re-, back, again, + vocare, call :
see re- and vocation. Cf. avoke, convoke, evoke,
provoke.} I. trans. If. To call back; summon
back ; cause to return.
Christ is the glorious instrument of God for the revok-
ing of Man. G. Herbert, A Priest to the Temple, i.
What strength tliou hast
Throughout the whole proportion of thy limbs,
Reuoke it all into thy manly arms,
And spare me not.
Heywood, 1 Edw. IV. (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874, 1. 65).
Mistress Anne Boleyn was . . . sent home again to her
father for a season, whereat she smoked ; . . . [but after -
\vard she] was revoked unto the court.
G. Cavendish, Wolsey, p. 67.
How readily we wish time spent revok'd,
Cowper, Task, vi. 25.
2f. To bring back to consciousness ; revive ;
resuscitate.
Hym to revoken she did al hire peyne,
And at the laste he gan his breth to drawe,
And of his swough sone eftir that adawe.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 1118.
3f. To call back to memory; recall to mind.
By revoking and recollecting . . . certain passages.
South.
4. To annul by recalling or taking back ; make
void ; cancel ; repeal ; reverse : as, to revoke a
will ; to revoke a privilege.
Let them assemble,
And on a safer judgement all revoke
Your ignorant election. Shalt., Cor., ii. 3. 226.
That forgiveness was only conditional, and is revoked by
his recovery. Fielding, Amelia, iii. 10.
A devise by writing . . . may be also revoked by burn-
ing, cancelling, tearing, or obliterating thereof by the de-
visor, or in his presence and with his consent.
Blackstone, Com., II. xxiii.
5f. To restrain ; repress ; check.
She with pitthy words, and counsel! sad,
Still strove their stubborne rages to revoke.
Spenser, F. Q., II. ii. 28.
6f. To give up; renounce.
Nay, traitor, stay, and take with thee that mortal blow or
stroke
The which shall cause thy wretched corpse this life for to
revoke. Peele, Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes.
=Syn. 4. Recant, Abjure, etc. (see renounce}; Repeal, Re-
Kcind, etc. (see abolish).
II. intrans. 1. To recall a right or privilege
conceded in a previous act or promise.
Thinke ye then our Bishops will forgoe the power of ex-
communication on whomsoever? No, certainly, unless to
conipasse sinister ends, and then revoke when they see
their time. Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
I make a promise, and will not revoke.
Crabbe, Works, VII. 129.
2. In card-playing, to neglect to follow suit
when the player can and should do so.
revoke (re-v6k'),«. [< revoke, v.} 1. Revoca-
tion; recall. [Bare.]
How callous seems beyond revoke
The clock with its last listless stroke !
D. G. Rossetti, Soothsay.
2. In card-plai/hii/, the act of revoking; a fail-
ure to follow suit when the player can and
should do so. In whist the revoke is made when the
5142
wrong card is thrown; but it is not "established" (in-
curring a severe penalty) till the trick on which it was
made is turned or quitted, or till the revoking player or
his partner has again played.
she never made a revoke ; nor ever passed it over in her
adversary without exacting the utmost forfeiture.
Lamb, Mrs. Battle on Whist.
revokement (re-vok'ment), «. [= It. rivoca-
HK'iito; as revoke + -meiit.] The act of revok-
ing; revocation; reversal.
Let it be noised
That through our intercession this revokement
And pardon comes. Shak., Hen. VIH., i. 2. 10«.
revoker (re-vo'ker), n. One who revokes.
revolt (re- volt' or re-volt'), w. [< OF. revolte,
F. revolte = Sp. revu'elta = Pg. revolta, < It. rirol-
ta, revolta, a revolt, turning, overthrow, fern, of
rivolto, revolto (< L. revolntus), pp. of revolvere,
turn, overturn, overwhelm, revolve: see re-
volve.] 1. An uprising against government or
authority; rebellion; insurrection; hence, any
act of insubordination or disobedience.
Their mutinies and remits, wherein they show'd
Most valour, spoke not for them.
Shak., Cor., Iii. 1. 126.
I doubt not but you have heard long since of the Revolt
of Catelonia from the K. of Spain.
Houvll, Letters, I. vi. 42.
On one side arose
The women up in wild remit, and storm'd
At the Oppian law. Tennyson, Princess, vii.
2f. The act of turning away or going over to
the opposite side; a change of sides; deser-
tion.
He was greatly strengthened, and the enemy as much
enfeebled by daily revolts. Sir W. Raleigh.
The blood of youth burns not with such excess
As gravity's revolt to wantonness.
Shak., L. L L., v. 2. 74.
3f. Inconstancy; faithlessness; fickleness, es-
pecially in love.
Thou canst not vex me with Inconstant mind,
Since that my life on thy revolt doth lie.
Shak., Sonnets, xcii.
4f. A revolter.
You ingrate remits,
You bloody Neroes, ripping up the womb
Of your dear mother England.
Shak., K. John, v. 2. 151.
= 8yn, 1. Sedition, Rebellion, etc. See insurrection.
revolt (re-volf or re-volt'), v. [< OF. revolter,
F. revolter = Pg. revoltar = It. rivoltare, revol-
tare; from the noun.] I. intrans. If. To turn
away ; turn aside from a former cause or under-
taking; fall off; change sides; go over to the
opposite party; desert.
The stout Parisians do revolt,
And turn again unto the warlike French.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 2. 2.
Monsieur Amaud . . . was then of the religion, but had
promised to revolt to the King's side.
Life of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (ed. Howells), p. 14fl.
2. To break away from established authori-
ty; renounce allegiance and subjection; rise
against a government in open rebellion ; rebel ;
mutiny.
The Edomites revolted from under the hand of Judah.
2 Chron. XXL 10.
Let. the church, our mother, breathe her curse,
A mother's curse, on her revolting son.
Shak., K. John, iii. 1. 267.
3t. To prove faithless or inconstant, especially
in love.
You are already Love's firm votary,
And cannot soon revolt and change your mind.
Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 2. 59.
Live happier
In other choice, fair Amidea, 'tis
Some shame to say my heart 's revolted.
Shirley, Traitor, Ii. 1.
4. To turn away in horror or disgust; be re-
pelled or shocked.
Her mind revolted at the idea of using violence to any-
one. Scott, Heart of Mid- Lothian, xxxiv.
II. trans. If. To roll back; turnback.
As a thonder bolt
Perceth the yielding ayre, and doth displace
The soring clouds into sad showres ymolt ;
So to her yold the flames, and did their force revolt.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 26.
2t. To turn away from allegiance; cause to
rebel.
Whether of us is moste culpable, I in following and
obeying the King, or you in altering and revolting ye
kingdome.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 236.
3. To repel; shock; cause to turn away in ab-
horrence or disgust.
This abominable medley is made rather to revolt young
and Ingenuous minds. Burke, A Regicide Peace, iv.
Hideous as the deeds
Which > on scarce hide from men's revolted eyes.
Shelley, The Cenci, i. 1.
revolution
Revolt, in the sense of 'provoke aversion in,' 'shock,'
is, I believe, scarce a century old ; it being a neoterism
with Bishop Warburton, Horace Walpole, William God-
win, and Southey. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 299.
= Syn. 3. To disgust, sicken, nauseate.
revolter (re-vol'ter or re-vol'ter), n. One who
revolts, or rises against authority; a rebel.
All their princes are revolterx. Hos. ix. 15.
A murderer, a revolter, and a robber !
Milton, S. A., 1. 1180.
revolting (re-vol'ting or re-vol'ting), p. n. 1.
Given to revolt or sedition ; rebellious.
Also they promise that his Maiestie shall not permit to
be giuen from henceforth fortresse, Castell, bridge, gate,
or towne . . . unto Gentlemen or knightes of power, which
in revolting times may rise with the same.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 271.
2. Causing abhorrence or extreme disgust;
shocking; repulsive.
What can be more unnatural, not to say more revolting.
than to set up any system of rights or privileges in moral
action apart from duties?
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 95.
= Syn. 2. Disgusting, nauseating, offensive, abominable,
revoltingly (re-vol'- or re-vol'ting-li), adf. In
a revolting manner; offensively: abhorrently.
revoluble (rev'6-lu-bl), a. [< L. revolubilis,
that may be revolved or rolled, < revolvere, re-
volve: see revolve.] Capable or admitting of
revolution. [Rare.]
Us then, to whom the thrice three yeer
Hath flll'd his revoluble orb, since our arrival here,
I blame not to wish home much more.
Chapman, Iliad, ii. 256.
revolubly (rev'o-lu-bli), adv. In a" revoluble
manner; so as to be capable of revolution.
[Bare.]
The sight tube being clamped to the carriage [for tran-
sit-instruments], so as to be revolubly adjusted thereon.
Sci. Amer., N. S., I \ 1 1 1. 35.
revolute (rev'o-lut), a. [= F. rtvolu, < L. revo-
lutus, pp. of 'revolvere, revolve: see revolve.]
Rolled or curled backward or down-
ward; rolled back, as the tips or
margins of some leaves, fronds,
etc. ; in vernation and estivation,
rolled backward from both the
sides. See also cuts under \otho-
clilsena, Pteris, and Rafflesia — Revo-
lute antennae, in entom., antennae which
in repose are rolled or coiled spirally out-
ward and backward, as in certain Hyme-
noptera.
revolute (rev'o-lut), v. i. To re-
volve. [Colloq.]
Then he frames a second motion
From thy revoluting eyes.
The Academy, March 1, 1890, p. 153.
revolution (rev-o-lu'shon), n. [<
ME. reiiolucion, < OF. revolution, F.
revolution = Pr. revolucio = Sp. revo-
lucion = Pg. revoluf&o = It. rivoltt-
zione, revoluzione = D. revolvtie =
G. Sw. Dan. revolution, < LL. revo-
lutio(n-), a revolving, < L. revolra-/:
pp. revolutus, revolve, turn over:
see revolve.] 1. The act of revolv-
ing or turning completely round, tolifolia
so as to bring every point of the The ie.if as
turning body back to its first posi- te?se"seciion"s
tion; a complete rotation through
360°. Where the distinction is of importance,
this is called a rotation.
She was probably the very last person in town who still
kept the time-honored spinning-wheel in constant revolu-
tion. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, v.
2. The act of moving completely around a cir-
cular or oval course, independently of any rota-
tion. In a revolution without rotation, every part of the
body moves by an equal amount, while in rotation the
motions of the different parts are proportional to their
distances from the axis. But revolutions and rotations
may be combined. Thus, the planets perform revolutions
round the sun, and at the same time rotations about their
own axes. The moon performs a rotation on its axis in
precisely the same time in which it performs a revolution
round the earth, to which it consequently always turns
the same side.
So many nobler bodies to create,
Greater so manifold, . . . and on their orbs impose
Such restless revolution day by day.
Milton, P. L., viii. 31.
3. A round of periodic or recurrent changes or
events ; a cycle, especially of time : as, the revo-
lutions of the seasons, or of the hours of the day
and night.
O God ! that one might read the book of fate,
And see the revolution of the times
Make mountains level. Shak. , 2 Hen. IV., iii. 1. 46.
The Duke of Buckingham himself flew not so high in so
short a Revolution of Time. Hmcell, Letters, I. v. 32.
i. Revolute.
margined Leaf
revolution
There must he a strange dissolution of natural affection,
a strange iinthankfulness for all that homes have given,
. . . when each man would fain build to himself, and
build for the little revolution of his own life only.
Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture, Memory, § 3.
Hence — 4. A recurrent period or moment in
time. [Rare.]
Thither by harpy-footed furies haled,
At certain revolutions all the damn'd
Are brought. Milton, P. L., ii. 5U7.
5. A total change of circumstances; a com-
plete alteration in character, system, or condi-
tions.
Chapless, and knocked about the mazzard with a sex-
ton's spade : here 's a line revolution, and we had the trick
to see 't. Shale., Hamlet, v. i. 98.
Religions, and languages, and forms of government, and
usages of private life, and modes of thinking, all have un-
dergone a succession of revolutions.
Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
Specifically — 6. A radical change in social or
governmental conditions ; the overthrow of an
established political system, generally accom-
panied by far-reaching social changes. The term
Revolution, in English history, is applied distinctively to
the convulsion by which James II. was driven from the
throne in 1688. In American history it is applied to the
war of independence. See below. [In this sense the word
is sometimes used adjectively.]
The elections . . . generally fell upon men of revolution
principles. Smollett, Hist. Eng., i. 0.
The revolution, as it is called, produced no other changes
than those which were necessarily caused by the declara-
tion of independence. Calhoun, Works, I. 189.
A state of society in which revolution is always imminent
is disastrous alike to moral, political, and material inter-
ests. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., ii.
7. The act of rolling or moving back ; a return
to a point previously occupied.
Fear
Comes thundering back with dreadful revolution
On my defenceless head. Milton, P. L, x. 815.
8f. The act of revolving or turning to and fro
in the mind ; consideration ; hence, open delib-
eration; discussion.
But, Sir, I pray you, howe some ever my maister reken-
eth with any of his servaunts, bring not the matierin rev-
olution in the open Courte. Paston Letters, I. 388.
9. The winding or turning of a spiral about its
axis, as a spiral of a shell about the columella;
one of the coils or whorls thus produced ; a volu-
tion ; a turn — American Ee volution, the series of
movements by which the thirteen American colonies of
Great Britain revolted against the mother country, and
asserted and maintained their independence. Hostilities
began in 1775, independence was declared in 1776, and the
help of France was formally secured in 1778. The war was
practically ended by the surrender of the chief British army
at Yorktown in 1781, and the independence of the United
States was recognized by treaty of peace in 1783.— Anoma-
listic revolution. See anomalistic.— English Revolu-
tion, the movements by which James II. was forced to leave
England, and a purer constitutional government was se-
cured through the aid of William of Orange, who landed
with an Anglo-Dutch army in November, 1688. In 1689
William and Mary were proclaimed constitutional sover-
eigns, and Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. — French
Revolution, the series of movements which brought about
the downfall of the old absolute monarchy in France, the
establishment of the republic, and the abolition of many
abuses. The States General assembled in May, 1789, and
the Third Estate at once took the lead. The Bastille was
stormed by the people, and in the sameyearthe Constituent
Assembly overthrew feudal privileges and transferred ec-
clesiastical property to the state. Abolition of titles and of
right of primogeniture, and other reforms, were effected in
1790. The next year a constitution was adopted and the
Constituent was succeeded by the Legislative Assembly.
In 1792 a coalition of nations was formed against France,
the royal family was imprisoned, and in September the Con-
vention replaced the Legislative Assembly and proclaimed
the republic. Louis XVI. was executed in 1793, and the
Reign of Terror followed in 1793-4 ; royalist risings were
suppressed, and the foreign wars successfully prosecuted.
The revolutionary period may be regarded as ending with
the establishmentof the Directory in 1795, or as extending
to the founding of the Consulate in 1799, or even later.
Other French revolutions in 1830, 1848, and 1870 resulted
respectively in the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy of
the Restoration, of the monarchy of Louis Philippe, and of
the Second Empire.— Pole Of revolution. See poZeS.—
Revolution-indicator. Same as operanieter.— Solid of
revolution, a solid containing all the points traversed by
a plane figure in making a revolution round an axis in its
plane, and containing no others. The ellipsoid, parabo-
loid, hyperboloid, etc., of revolution are examples. = Syn.
6. See insurrection.
revolutionary (rev-o-lu'shon-a-ri), a. and n.
[= F. revolutionnaire = Sp. Pg. rerolucionario
= It. rirolu:i(ni(irit>; as revolution + -an/.] I.
a. 1. Pertaining to a revolution in govern-
ment, or [c«jj.] to any movement or crisis
known as the Revolution: as, a revolutionary
war; Revolutionary heroes; the Revolutionary
epoch in American history.
In considering the policy to be adopted for suppressing
the insurrection, I have been anxious and careful that the
inevitable conflict for this purpose shall not degenerate
into a violent and remorseless revolutionary struggle.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 176.
5143
2. Tending to produce revolution ; subversive
of established codes or systems : as, revolution-
ary measures; revolutionary doctrines.
It is much less a reasoning conviction than unreason-
ing sentiments of attachment that enable Governments
to bear the strain of occasional maladministration, revo-
lutionary panics, and seasons of calamity.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent, il.
Revolutionary calendar. See republican calendar,
under calendar.— Revolutionary tribunal. See tribu-
nal.
II. «. ! pi. revolutionaries (-riz). A revolu-
tionist.
Dumfries was a Tory town, and could not tolerate a
revolutionary. J. Wilson.
It is necessary for every student of history to know
what manner of men they are who become reooitrfionaries,
and what causes drive them to revolution.
Kingsley, Alton Locke, Pref. (1862). (Davies.)
revolutioner (rev-o-lu'shon-er), ». [< revolu-
tion + -eft. Cf. revolutionary."] Same as revo-
lutionary.
The people were divided into three parties, namely, the
Williamites, the Jacobites, and the discontented Revolu-
tioners. Smollett, Hist. Eng., i. 4.
revolutionise, v. See revolutionize.
revolutionism (rev-6-lu'shon-izm), n. [< rev-
olution + -ism.] Revolutionary principles.
North Brit. Rev. (Imp. Diet.)
revolutionist (rev-o-lu'shqu-ist), n. [< revo-
lution + -int.] One who desires or endeavors
to effect a social or political revolution ; one
who takes part in a revolution.
If all revolutionists were not proof against all caution, I
should recommend it to their consideration that no per-
sons were ever known in history, either sacred or pro-
fane, to vex the sepulchre. Burke.
Many foreign revolutionists out of work added to the
general misunderstanding their contribution of broken
English in every most ingenious form of fracture.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 194.
revolutionize (rev-o-lu'shon-iz), v.; pret. and
pp. revolutionized, ppr. revolutionizing. [< rev-
olution + -ize."] I. trans. 1. To bring about a
revolution in : effect a change in the political
constitution of : as, to revolutionize a govern-
ment.
Who, in his turn, was sure my father plann'd
To revolutionise his native land.
Crabbe, Tales of the Hall, x.
2. To alter completely ; effect a radical change
in.
We need this [absolute religion] to heal the vices of
modern society, to revolutionize this modern feudalism of
gold. Theodore Parker, Ten Sermons, v.
I even think that their [the rams'] employment will go
as far to revolutionize the conditions of naval warfare as
has the introduction of breech-loading guns and rifles
those of fighting ashore. If. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 434.
II. intrans. To undergo a revolution ; be-
come completely altered in social or political
respects.
Germany is by nature too thorough to be able to revo-
lutionize without revolutionizing from a fundamental prin-
ciple, and following that principle to its utmost limits.
Marx, quoted in Rae's Contemporary Socialism, p. 124.
Also spelled revolutionise.
revolutive (rev'o-lu-tiv), a. [< F. revolutif (in
sense 2); as revolute + -ive.] 1. Turning over;
revolving; cogitating.
Being so concerned with the inquisitive and revolutive
soul of man. Feltham, Letters, xvii. (Latham.)
2. In bot., same as revolute, or sometimes re-
stricted to the case of vernation and estivation.
revolvable (re-vol'va-bl), a. [< rerolre +
-able.] Capable of being revolved.
The upper cap of the mill is revolvable. Nature, XL. 543.
revolve (re-volv'), v.; pret. and pp. revolved,
ppr. revolving. [< ME. revoluen, < OF. revolver
= Sp. Pg. revolver, stir, = It. rivolvere, < L. re-
volvere, roll back, revolve, < re-, back, + volvere,
roll: see voluble, volve. Cf. convolve, devolve,
evolve, involve.] I. intrans. 1. To turner roll
about on an axis ; rotate.
Beware
Lest, where you seek the common love of these,
The common hate with the revolving wheel
Should drag you down. Tennyson, Princess, vi.
2. To move about a center; circle; move in a
curved path ; follow such a course as to come
round again to a former place : as, the planets
revolve about the sun.
In the same circle we revolve. Tennyson, Two Voices.
Minds roll in paths like planets ; they revolve,
This in a larger, that a narrower ring,
But round they come at last to that same phase.
0. W. Holmes, Master and Scholar.
3. To pass through periodic changes; return
or recur at regular intervals ; hence, to come
around in process of time.
revolver
In the course of one revolving moon
Was chymist, fiddler, statesman, and buffoon.
l>ryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. 549
To mute and to material things
New life rewiring summer brings.
Scott, Marmion, i. , Int.
4. To pass to and fro in the mind ; be revolved
or pondered.
Much of this nature revolved in my mind, thrown in by
the enemy to discourage and cast me down.
T. Ettwod, Life (ed. Howells), p. 205.
5. To revolve ideas in the mind; dwell, as upon
a fixed idea ; meditate ; ponder.
If this [letter] fall into thy hand, revolve.
Shak., 1. N., ii. 6. 155.
Still
My mother went revolving on the word.
Tennyson, Princess, iii.
6f. To return ; devolve again.
On the desertion of an appeal, the judgment does, ipso
jure, revolve to the judge a quo. Aylife, Parergon.
II. trans. 1. To turn or cause to roll round,
as upon an axis.
Then in the east her turn she [the moon] shines.
Revolved on heaven's great axle. Milton, P. L., vii. 381.
2. To cause to move in a circular course or
orbit : as, to revolve the planets in an orrery.
If the diurnal motion of the air
Revolves the planets in their destined sphere,
How are the secondary orbs impelled ?
How are the moons from falling headlong held?
Chatterton, To Rev. Mr. Catcott.
3. To turn over and over in the mind; ponder;
meditate on; consider.
The ancient authors, both in divinity and in humanity,
which had long time slept in libraries, began generally to
be read and revolved.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 39.
Long stood Sir Bedivere,
Revolving many memories.
Tennyson, Morte d'Arthur.
4f. To turn over the pages of; look through;
search.
I remember, on a day I revolved the registers in the
capital, I red a right meruailous thyng. Golden Book, xii.
Straight I again revolved
The law and prophets, searching what was writ
Concerning the Messiah. Milton, P. R., i. 259.
revolvet (re-volv'), n. [< revolve, v.~\ 1. A
revolution ; a radical change in political or
social affairs.
In all revolves and turns of state
Decreed by (what dee call him) fate.
D'Urfey, Colin's Walk, i. (Davies.)
2. A thought; a purpose or intention.
When Midelton saw Grinuill's hie revolve,
Past hope, past thought, past reach of all aspire,
Once more to moue him flie, he doth resolue.
G. Markham, Sir R. Grinuile, p. 59. (Davies.)
revolved (re-volvd'), a. [< revolve + -«<J2.] In
zool., same as revolute.
revolvement (re-volv'ment), n. [= Sp. revolvi-
miento = Pg. rei'olvimenib ; as revolve + -merit."]
The act of revolving or turning over, as in the
mind; reflection. Worcester.
revolvency (re-vol'ven-si), n. [< L. revol-
ven(t-)s, ppr. of revolvere, revolve: see revolve.']
The state, act, or principle of revolving; revo-
lution.
Its own revolvency upholds the world.
Cowper, Task, i. 372.
revolver (re- vol'ver), ». [< revolve + -cr1.] 1.
One who or that which revolves. — 2. Specifical-
Fig. i. Army Revolver, 45-caliber. a, barrel; *,frame; (-.cylinder;
d, center-pin ; e , guard ; f, back-strap ; ?, hammer ; ft, mainspring ;
i, hammer-roll and hammer-rivet ; j, hammer-screw ; k, hammer-cam ;
I, hand and hand-spring; m, stop-bolt and stop-bolt screw; ft, trig-
ger ; o, center-pin bushing ; p. firing-pin and firing-pin rivet ; g, ejector-
rod and spring; r, ejector-head; s, ejector-tube screw; t, guard-screw:
14, sear and stop-bolt spring combined ; v, back-strap screw ; tf, main-
spring-screw; x, front sight; y, center-pin-catch screw; a-, ejector-tube.
By removing the center-pin rf, the cylinder c may be taken out of the
frame b for cleaning ana reloading. In cocking the hand and hand-
roll / revolve the cylinder through an arc limited by the stop, stop-
bolt, and stop-bolt spring, bringing another cartridge into position for
firing. The cylinder has six chambers. The stock (not shown) is fas-
tened to the sides of the frame by screws. The recoil-plate is shown
at*'.
Fig. 2. Partial Longitudinal Section of Common Revolver, a, bar-
rel; S, frame ; c, joint-pivot screw ; d, cylinder-catch ; d ', cylinder-catch-
cam screw; tf, cylinder-catch screw; e, barrel-catch ; /, cylinder;
jr, extractor ; f ', extractor-stud ; h, extractor-stem with colled ex-
tractor-spring ; ». steady-pin ; j, friction-collar ; *, lifter ; /, pawl and
pawl-pin ; rn, pawl-spring ; « , hammer ; o, mainspring ; /, main-
spring-swivel ; q, strain-screw ; r, hammer-stud; /, trigger ; u, recoil-
plate; v, stop, stop-pin, and stop-spring; TV, hand, hand-spring, and
nand-spring pin ; x, guard ; y, guard-screw ; ^, front sight.
revolver
5144
ly— («) A revolving firearm, especially a pistol, Rev. Ver. An abbreviation of Jtn-i*,;! I ergion
having a revolving barrel provided with a num- (of the English Bible),
ber of bores (as in earlier styles of the weapon), revyet, '"• See rrrie.
or (as in modern forms) a single barrel with a rew1, ». An obsolete or dialectal form of
revolving cylinder at its base, provided with a roic'*.
number of chambers. When the barrel or cylinder re-
volves on its longitudinal axis, the several boresor chambers
are brought i:i succession into relation with firing-mecha-
nism for successive and rapid Bring. In the modern forms
of the arm the chamber of the cylinder are, by such rev-
olution, brought successively into line with the bore in
the barrel, which is also the firing position. In this posl
waken again.
Love will ... at the spiritual prime
Rewaken with the dawning soul.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xliii.
tion each chamber respectively forms a continuation of
the bore in the barrel. Six is the common number of
chambers. The most vital distinction between early
and modern revolving firearms is that the barrels of the
former were directly revolved by the hand ; while in the
latter the revolving-mechanism is connected with the fir-
»'. and it. An obsolete spelling of mil.
(TO) An ohsnlptp nroterit nf rntrl
« tU t
v. An erroneous form, found in the
sixteenth-century editions of Chaucer, for re-
I'okc.
rewaken (re-wa'kn), v. [< re- + waken.] To
rewood
N'ow-a-days they call them gentle mrardt: let them
leave their coloring, and call them by thdr Christian
name, bribes. Lalimer, ;:d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
N'nw rruiiffli and punishments do always presuppose
something \\illingly done well or ill.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, I. ».
A man that fortune's buffets and rewards
Ilast ta'en with equal thanks.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. 72.
Hanging was the reirard of treason and desertion.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., f 16.
4. The fruit of one's labor or works; profit;
return.
The dead know not any thing, neither have they any
more a reward. Eccl. ix. 5.
6. A sura of money offered for taking or de-
lititer me ievuiviii£-niccii:un.sin is citnnt'cifd wun ine nr- »«,-.«n. * / .. -ix-mf-i-ii TI i- i .» r. . . — ; — * — »
ing-mechanism, the cocking of which automatically re- rewailt, ' . A (perverted) Middle English form tectmg a cnmmal, or for the recovery of any-
voTves the cylinder. Metal cartridges with "conTcaTbiilleft of rule1. Lydgate.
are used in all modern revolvers, the loading being done rewaltt, r. /. and i. [ME.; origin obscure.
atthebreech. Some are self-cocking — that is, are cocked To ffive ur> or surrender
by pulling the trigger which also discharges them. Some, _.,° £ij , ? ''
echanism (though, for general use, they may reward (re-ward
by peculiar m
be cocked In the ordinary way for taking deliberate'aimX
are by a quick adjustment changed into self-cocking pis-
tols for more rapid Bring in emergencies where accurate
aim Is of subordinate importance. Colonel Colt of the
United States was the first to produce a really service-
able and valuable revolving arm, though the principle
was known in the earlier part of the sixteenth century.
(6) A revolving cannon.— 3. A revolving horse-
rake.
revolving (re-vol'ving),;>.rt. Turning; rolling;
moving round— Revolving brush, car, diaphragm,
grate, harrow, light, mill, oven. See the nouns.— Re-
volving cannon. See machine-gun.— Revolving fur-
nace, a furnace used extensively in making ball-soda or
black-ash, consisting of a large cylinder of iron hooped
with solid steel tires shrunk on the shell, which is sup-
ported by and turns on friction-wheels or -rollers. Unlike
the revolving furnace for chloridizing ores, this furnace
has no interior partition. The heat is supplied by a Sie-
mens regenerative gas-furnace, or by a coal-furnace, and
the hot flame circulates longitudinally through the cylin-
der into a smoke-stack or chimney. The charging is done
through a hole in the side of the cylinder, and the crude
soda, rolled into balls by the motion of the cylinder, is dis-
charged through the same opening.— Revolving pistol
Same as revolver.— Revolving press. See press'.— Re-
volving storm, a cyclone.
revom.lt (re-vom'it), v. t. [= It. revomitare; as
re- + vomit. Of. F. reromir, < L. revomere, vomit
forth again, disgorge, < re-, again, + romere,
vomit: see vomit.] To vomit or pour forth
again ; reject from the stomach.
They poure the wine downe the throate . . . that they
might cast it vpagaine and so take more In the place, vom-
iting and reaomiting . . . that which they haue drunke.
HakewUl, Apology, iv. 3.
revulset (re-vuls'), r. t. [< F. revuher, < L. re-
viiteus, pp. of rcrellere, pluck back: see reveV.]
1. To affect by revulsion ; pull or draw back;
withdraw.
Nothing is so effectual as frequent vomits to withdraw
and renulsi the peccant humours from the relaxed bowels.
0. Cheyite, Natural Method. (Latham.)
2. To draw away: applied to counter-irritation.
revulsent (re-vul'sent), a. and n. [< rtviitee +
-e»t.] I. a. Same as revcllent.
II. n. A counter-irritant.
revulsion (re-vul'shon), n. [< OF. revulsion,
F. revulsion '= Sp. reeuMon = Pg. reviilsdo =
away, < revellere, pp. revulsus, pluck back: see
thing lost — In reward oft, in comparison with.
Yit of Daunger cometh no blame,
In reward of my doughter Shame.
Rom. of the Rote, 1. 8254.
= Svn. 3. Pay, compensation, remuneration, requital,
retribution.
..«>.[< ME. rewarden, < OF.
rewarder, reswarder, an older form of regiiarder,
regarder, regard, < re-, back, + warder, tiardei;
mark, heed: see guard. Doublet of regard.] rewardable (re-war da-bl), a. [< reward +
irve- notice -*""*•] Capable of being rewarded ; worthy of
recompense.
No good woorke of man is rewardable in heauen of his
owne nature, but through the mere goodnes of God.
I, tram. If. To mark; regard; observe;
carefully.
Hit you behouith rewarde and behold
Ho shall doo gouerne and rule this contre.
Rom, of Partenay (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 2367.
2f. To look after; watch over; have regard or
consideration for.
Ac if ye riche haue reuthe and rewarde wel the pore, . . .
Criste of his curteysie shal conforte xow atte laste.
Piers Plowman (B), xlv. 145.
3. To recompense ; requite ; repay, as for good
or evil conduct (commonly in a good sense) ;
remunerate, as for usefulness or merit;
pensate.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573X fol. 25.
Rewards do always presuppose such duties performed
as are rewardable. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 11.
rewardableness (re-war'da-bl-nes), n. The
character of being rewardable, or worthy of
reward.
What can be the praise or rewardableness of doing that
which a man cannot chuse but do?
J, Goodman, Winter Evening Conferences, p. 2.
rewardably (re-war'da-bli), adv. In a reward-
able manner; so as to be rewardable. Imp.
Kyng Auferius ther with he was contente, nift
And hym rewardid well for his presente.
Oenerydet (E. E. T. S.X 1. 2407. rewarder (re-war der), u. One who rewards;
one who requites or recompenses.
A liberal rewarder of his friends.
Shak., Rich. III., I. 8. 123.
rewardful (re-ward'ful), a. [< reward + -fill.]
Yielding reward ; rewarding. [Rare.]
Whose grace was great, and bounty most rewardfull.
Spenser, Colin Clout, L 187.
5f. To give in recompense or return, as for rewardfulness(re-ward'ful-nes), n. Thequal-
oithm. mv^H „, <,,MI lty of being rewardful; capability of yielding
a reward.
I'll follow, as they say, for reward. He that rewards me,
God reward him ! Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 4. 167.
4. To make return for;
for.
give a recompense
Reward not hospitality
With such black payment.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 675.
either good or evil.
Thou hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded
thee evil. i Sam. xxiv. 17.
A blessing may be rewarded into the bosom of the faith-
ful and tender brother or sister that . . . admonisheth.
I'fiui. Travels in Holland, etc.
6. To serve as a return or recompense to ; be
to.
irds a nobleman
h in splendid lackey-work.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 60.
7. To serve as return or recompense for.
Still happier, if he till a thankful soil,
And fruit reward his honourable toll.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 761.
The central court of the Hareem is one of the richest
discoveries that rewarded M. Place's industry.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 173.
Of the beauty, the rewardfulntss, of the place I cannot
trust myself to speak. The Century, VI. 30.
rewardless (re-ward'les), « . [< reward + -less.]
rewa-rewa (ra'wa-ra'wa), n. [New Zealand.]
8ee Kniglitia.
rewbarbt, «• An obsolete form of rhubarb.
rewet. An obsolete form of rite1, rue2, row2.
reweigh (re-wa'), v. t. [< re- + weigh.] To
weigh a second time ; verify the weight of by
a second test or trial.
It only remained now to remove the condensers, and
reweigh them with all necessary precautions.
Amer. Chem. Jour. , X 97.
rewelt, «. and r. An obsolete spelling of rule1.
*** *•&/•/«»««, HIM. .urn., i. no, *^»»0ii| «-« «*!*« *.• *\u v/vov/*ci'G .•-I.M.-HIIIJ^ \JL / (IMP — .
, . , II. intrans. To make requital ; bestow a re- rewel-DOnet, n. [< ME. rewel-boon, rowel-boon,
revel?.] 1 . The act of pulling or drawing away ; turn or recompense, especially for meritorious rf>"«l-oonc, ruefo-bo*e. reuylle-bone, < rewel, row-
fl, rtstl'fl f>ri An • ft\T>nt*(\ ^. . i ... i'.i i i . .11 .,..]...., ft, ( (\f linr-prtfllTl mAflmiKr. in fmrnn lilro rmrel lit
conduct.
abstraction; forced separation.
The remdsion of capital from other trades of which the
returns are more frequent.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Iv. 7.
2. In med., the diminution of morbid action in
one locality by developing it artificially in an- reward (re-ward'), w.
other, as by counter-irritation. — 3. A sudden
or violent change, particularly a change of feel-
ing.
A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling. Macaulay.
He was quite old enough . . . to have seen with his own
eyes the conversion of the court, [and| its repulsion to the
ancient worship under Julian the Apostate.
The Atlantic, LXV. 149.
P.ut you great wise persons have a fetch of state, to em-
ploy with countenance and encouragement, but reward
with austerity and disgrace.
Chapman, Mask of Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn.
[< ME. rewarde, reicard,
revulsive (re-vul'siv), a. and ». [= F. rtrulsif P'ence °* persons.
< OF. reward, an earlier form of regiiard, regard,
regard, < reicarder, regarder, regard: see reward,
regard, v., and cf. regard, «.] It. Notice ; heed ;
consideration; respect; regard.
Thanne Reson rod forth and tok reward of no man,
And dude as Conscience kenned til he the kyng mette.
Piers Plowman (C), v. 40.
Men take more rewarde to the nombre than to the sa-
= Sp. Pg. It. revulsiro, < L. revulsits, pp. of re-
Kellere, pull_away: see revel*.] I. a. Having
Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus. rewet (ro'et), n.
2. The act of rewarding, or the state of being
rewarded; requital, especially for usefulness
el (of uncertain meaning, in form like rowel, lit.
a little wheel, < OF. rouelle, a little wheel : see
rowel), + boon, bone, appar. same as bone1.] A
word of unknown meaning, occurring in the
line:
His sadel was of reu-el-boon. Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 167.
Rtiel-bone is mentioned by Chaucer ... as the mate-
rial of a saddle. It is not, of course, to be thence supposed
that ruel-bone was commonly or even actually used for that
purpose. ... In the Turnament of Tottenham Tlbbe's
garland is described as "fulle of ruelle bones," which an-
other copy alters to rounde bonyg. In the romance of
Rembrun, p. 458, the coping of a wall is mentioned as
made "of fin ruwal, that schon swithe brighte."
Halliuell.
[< F. rouet, little wheel, gun-
the power of revulsion ; tending to revulsion ; or merit ; remuneration,
capable of producing revulsion.
lock, dim. of roue, a wheel, < L. rota, a wheel:
see rotary, rowel.] 1 . Originally, the revolving
part of a wheel-lock. Hence — 2. The wheel-
lock itself. — 3. A gun fitted with a wheel-lock.
See harquebus.
rewfult, a. A Middle English form of rueful.
rewfullichet, ailr. A Middle English form of
ruefully. ('Itaucer.
The hope of reward and fear of punishment, especially rpnrin frp-\vinM r t r< ff- + irhi 1 T<i win •,
in a future life, are indispensable as auxiliary motives to rewln $re. ' £*• f ^ u '"'J
the great majority of mankind. second time ; win back.
Fowler, Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, p. 159. The Palatinate was not worth the rewinning. Fuller.
3. That which is given in requital of good or rewlichet, «• See I
The end for which all profitable laws
Were made looks two ways only, the reward
Of innocent good men, and the punishment
Of bad delinquents. •
Fletcher (and another). Queen of Corinth, v. 4.
The way to cure the megrim is diverse, according to the
cause ; either by cutting a vein, purging, revulsive or local
remedies. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 473.
II. n. That which has the power of with-
drawing ; specifically, an agent which produces
revulsion.
Salt is a revulsive. Pass the salt.
R. L. Stevenson, The Dynamiter, p. 138.
revulsor (re-vul'sor), H. [< revulse + -or.] An evil, especially good ; a return ; a recompense: rewmet,"". A Middle" English form of rent HI.
apparat s by means of which heat and cold can commonly, a gift bestowed in recognition of rewood (re-wud'), r. t. [< re- + wood*.] To
be alternately applied as curative agents. past service or merit; a guerdon.
plant again with trees; reforest.
rewood
Reminding the high lands where the streams take rise.
New York Semi-weekly Tribune, Dec. 24, 1886.
reword (re-werd'), r. /. [< re- + word.'] 1.
To put into words again; repeat.
It is not madness
That I have utter'd ; bring me to the test,
And I the matter will re-ward; which madness
Would gambol from. Shah. Hamlet, iii. 4. 148.
2. To reecho.
A hill whose concave womb re-warded
A plaintful story from a sistcring vale.
Shale., Lover's Complaint, 1. 1.
3. To word anew ; put into different words : as,
to reword a statement.
rewrite (re-rlf ), v. t. [< re- + write.] To write
a second time.
Write and rewrite, blot out, and write again,
And for its swiftness ne'er applaud your pen.
Young, To Pope.
rewthet, «• An obsolete form of ruth.
rewthlest, a. An obsolete form of ruthless.
rex (reks), n. [< L. rex (ret/-), a king (= Olr. rig,
IT. righ = Gael, righ = W. rM = Skt. rdjan, a
king: see Raja'*), < regerc ( Skt. -\/ raj), rule : see
regent, and rich, riche. Hence ult. roy, royal,
regal, real2, regale2, etc.] A king — To play rext,
to 'play the king ; act despotically or with violence; han-
dle a person roughly; "play the mischief." This phrase
probably alludes to the Rex, or king, in the early English
plays, a character marked by more or less violence. The
noun in time lost its literal meaning, and was often spelled
reaks, reeks ("keep a reaks," etc.), and used as if meaning
'tricks.'
I ... thinke it to be the greatest indignitie to the
Queene that may be to suffer such a caytiff to play such
Rex. Spenser, State of Ireland.
The sound of the hautboys and bagpipes playing reeks
with the high and stately timber.
Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, iii. 2.
Love with Kage kept such a reakes that I thought they
would have gone mad together.
Breton, Dream of Strange Effects, p. 17.
Then came the English ordnance, which had been
brought to land, to play such reaks among the horse that
they were forced to fly.
Court and Times of Charles /., I. 258.
rexen, n. A plural of reslfl, a variant of rush1.
Ealliwell.
rex-playert, «• [Found only in the form reaJcs-
player; < rex, in to play rex (reaks), + player.']
One who plays rex.
RitHeur, a disordered roaver, jetter, swaggerer, outra-
gious reaks-player, a robber, rausaker, boothaler, preyer
upon passengers, etc. Coil/rave.
reyt, «• An obsolete form of ray*.
reyalt, ». An obsolete form of royal.
reynt, »• A Middle English form of rain1.
reynaldt, «. An obsolete variant of reynard.
reynard (ra'navd or ren'ard), n. [Formerly also
reynold, reyndld ; < late SlE. reynard, < OF. rey-
nard, regnard, regnar, regnart, renart, renard, F.
renard = Pr. raynart = OCat. ranart, a fox, <
OFlem. (OLG.) Reinaerd, Reinaert (G. lieinhart,
Reinecke), a name given to the fox in a famous
epic of Low German origin ("Reynard the
Fox"), in which animals take the place of men,
each one having a personal name, the lion being
called Noble, the cat Tibert, the bear Bruin, the
wolf Isegrim, the fox Reynard, etc.. and which
became so popular that renard in the common
speech began to take the place of the vernacular
OF. goulpil, goiipil, fox, and finally supplanted
it entirely; < MHG. lieinhart, OHG. Reginhart,
Raginhart, a personal name, lit. ' strong in
counsel,' < ragin-, regin-, counsel (cf . Icel. regin,
pi., the gods: see Kagnarok, and cf. AS. regn-
(= Icel. regin-), intensive prefix in regn-heard,
very hard, etc., regn-meld, a solemn announce-
ment, regn-theof, an arch-thief, etc., and in per-
sonal names such as Regen-here, etc.,= Goth.
ragin, an opinion, judgment, decree, advice),
+ hart, strong, hard, = E. hard : see Jiard and
-ard.] A name of the fox in fable and poetry,
in which the fox figures as cunning personified.
Hyer [here] begynneth th[e hlystorye of reynard the
foxe. Caxton, tr. of Reynard the Fox (ed. 1481), p. 16.
Now read, Sir Rei/nold, as ye be right wise,
What course ye weeue is best for us to take.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale.
Reynosia (ra-no'si-ii), ». [NL. (Grisebach,
1866); after Alvaro Rcynoso of Havana.] A ge-
nus of imperfectly known polypetalous plants,
assigned to the order Rhamiiaceee, consisting of
a single Cuban species, II. latifolia, extending
into Florida, where it is known as red iroincood.
reyoung (re-yung'), f. t. [< re- + young.'] To
make young again. [Rare.]
With rapid rush,
Out of the stone a plentions stream doth gush,
Which murmurs through the Plain ; proud, that his glass,
Gliding so swift, so soon rc-jionfin the grass.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The I.awe.
5145
reyseH, <'. A Middle English form of m/.« 1.
reyse-t, '•• A Middle English form of race1.
rezbanyite (rez-ban'yit), n. [< RK-lianyu (see
def.) 4- -ite2.] A sulpliid of bismuth and lead,
occurring in massive forms having a metallic
luster and light lead-gray color. It is found at
Rez-Banya, Hungary.
rezedt, a- Same as rcanlcil.
rf., rfz. Abbreviations of rinforzando or riu-
forzato.
rh. [L., etc., rh-, used for hr-, a more exact ren-
dering of the Gr. p, the aspirated p (r).] An
initial sequence, originally an aspirated r, oc-
curring in English, etc., in words of Greek
origin. In early modern and Middle English, as well as
in Spanish, Italian, Old French, etc., it is also or only
written r. When medial, as it becomes in composition,
the r is doubled, and is commonly written rrA, alter the
Greek form pp, which, however, is now commonly written
pp. In modern formations medial rrh is often reduced
to rh. (For examples of rh, see the words following, and
catarrh, diarrhea, hemorrhage, myrrh, pyrrhic, etc.) The
combination rh properly occurs only in Greek words ; other
instances are due to error or confusion, or are exceptional,
as in rhyme for rime*, rhine for rine, rhone for rone, etc.
Rh. The chemical symbol of rhodium.
rhat (ra), ». [NL., < L. rha (barbarum), < Gr.
pa, rhubarb, so called, it is said, from the river
Rita, 'Pa. now called Volga. See rhubarb and
Rheum2.] Rhubarb.
Neere unto this is the river Rha, on the sides whereof
groweth a comfortable and holsom root so named [rha\
good for many uses in physick.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus Marcellinus, xxii. 8. 28.
rhabarbaratet (ra-bar'ba-rat), a. [< NL. rna-
barbaratus, < rhabarbarum, rhubarb: see rha-
barbarum.] Impregnated or tinctured with rhu-
barb.
The salt humours must be evacuated by the sennate,
rhabarbarate, and sweet manna purgers, with acids added,
or the purging waters.
Flayer, Preternatural State of Animal Humours.
[(Latham.)
rhabarbarin, rhabarbarine (ra-bar'ba-rin),w.
[< rhabarbarum + -in2, -me2.] Same as chryso-
phanic acid. See chrysophanic.
rhabarbarum (ra-bar'ba-rum), n. [NL., < L.
rha barbarum, rhubarb: see rhubarb and rha.]
Rhubarb.
rhabd (rabd), n. [Also rabd; < NL. rhabdus, <
Gr. pajMos, a rod: see rhabdus.] A rhabdus.
Rhabdammina (rab-da-ml'na), n. [NL., < Gr.
/>d/3<5of, a rod, + a/^of, sand, + -ina1.] The
typical genus of Rhabdamminina. 0. Sars, 1872.
Rhabdamminina (rab-dam-i-ni'na), n. pi.
[NL., < Rhabdammina + -ina2.] A group of
marine imperforate foraminif erous protozoans,
typified by the genus Rliabdammina. The test,
composed of cemented sand-grains often mixed with
sponge-spicules, is of some tubular form, free or fixed, with
one or a few apertures, and sometimes segmented. The
genus Haliphysema, supposed to be a sponge, and made
by Haeckel the type of a class Physemaria, has been as-
signed to this group. Also Rhabdammininx, as a sub-
family of Aslrorhizidse.
rhabdi, n. Plural of rhabdus.
rhabdia, n. Plural of rhabdium, 1.
rhabdichnite (rab-dik'mt), ». [< NL. Rhab-
dichnites, < Gr. pdj3Sof, a rod, + i^-vof, a track,
+ -ite2. Cf. ichnite.] A fossil trace or track
of uncertain character, such as may have been
made by various animals in crawling or other-
wise.
Rhabdichnites (rab-dik-ni'tez), n. [NL., also
Rubdichnites (J. W. Dawson, 1875) : see rhab-
dichnite.] A hypothetical genus of no defini-
tion, covering organisms which are supposed
to have left the traces called rhabdiclmites.
Rhabdichnites and Eophyton belong to impressions ex-
plicable by the trails of drifting sea-weeds, the tail-mark-
ings of Crustacea, and the ruts ploughed by bivalve mol-
lusks, and occurring in the Silurian, Brian, and Carbonif-
erous rocks. Dawson, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 30.
rhabdite (rab'dit), n. [< Gr. pa/Mof, a rod, +
-ite2.] 1. One of the three pairs of appendages
of the abdominal sternites which unite to form
the ovipositor of some insects. — 2. A refrac-
tive rod-like body of homogeneous structure
and firm consistency, found in numbers in the
cells of the integument of most turbellarian
worms. They may be entirely within these cells, or pro-
trude from them, are readily pressed out, and often found
in abundance in the mucus secreted and deposited by the
worms. The function of the rhabdites seems related to
the tactile sense. They vary in size and form, and also in
their local or general dispersion on the body of the worm.
They are produced in the ordinary epidermic cells, or in
special formative cells beneath the integument, whence
they work their way to the surface. Some similar bodies,
of granular instead of homogeneous structure, are distin-
guished as pseudo-rhabdites. .See sagittocyst.
3. A member of the genus Rhabditix. — 4. A
phosphide of iron, occurring in minute tetrago-
nal prisms in some meteoric irons.
Rhabdocrepida
rhabditic (rab-dit'ik), «. [< rhabdite + -/<-.]
Of or pertaining to a rhabdite, in any sense.
Rhabditis (rab-di'tis), n. [NL. (Dujardin), <
(ir. /«i/W«f, a rod.] A generic name of minute
nematoid worms of the family Anguilluliilee,
under which various species of different genera
of this family have been described in certain
stages of their transformations. Worms of this
form develop from the embryo in damp earth, where they
lead an independent life till they migrate into their host,
where, after further transformations, they acquire the sex-
ually mature condition, though this is sometimes attained
while they are still free. Members of the genera Lepto-
dera, I'elodera, lihabdonema, and others have been referred
to Ithabfliiix under various specific names. — RhabditiB
genitalis, a small round worm which has been found In
the urine.
rhabdium (rab'di-um), n. [NL., < Gr. ,
a rod.] 1. PI. rhabdia (-a). A striped muscu-
lar fiber. [Rare.]
The voluntary muscles of all vertebrates and of many
invertebrates consist of fibers, the contents of which are
perfectly regularly disposed in layers and transversely
striped. For shortness, this striped mass may be called
rhabdia. Nature, XXXIX. 45.
2. [_cap.] A genus of coleopterous insects.
fichaum, 1861.
Rhabdocarpus (rab-do-kar'pus), n. [NL., <
Gr. p&jiSog, a rod, + Kapir6f, fruit.] A generic
name given by Goppert and Berger, in 1848, to
a fossil fruit of very uncertain affinities. Speci-
mens referred to this genus have been described by vari-
ous authors as occurring in the coal-measures of France,
Germany, England, and various parts of the United States.
rhabdoccel (rab'do-sel), a. Same as rhabdocos-
lous.
Rhabdocoela (rab-do-se'la), n. pi. [NL., < Gr.
pafifof, a rod, + xoi/of, hollow.] A prime di-
vision of turbellarian worms,
forming a suborder of Tur-
bellaria, contrasted with Den-
drocaila (which see), contain-
ing small forms whose intes-
tine, when present, is straight
and simple. Thebodyiscylindric
(as compared withotherflatwormsX
but more or less flattened; the
sexual organs are usually her-
maphrodite ; there is no anus (see
Aprocta), but a mouth, the position
of which varies extremely in differ-
ent genera, and usually a protru-
sile pharynx or buccal proboscis.
In most forms the alimentary canal
is distinct ; in others (see Acoela) it
is not fairly differentiated from
the general digestive parenchyma.
There are numerous forms of this
group, mostly inhabiting fresh
water, though some are marine.
They live on the juices of small
worms, crustaceans, and insects,
which they suck after enveloping
their prey in a sort of mucus se-
creted by the skin and containing
rhabdites. (See rhabdite, 2.) The
group is divided, mainly upon the
character of the intestine, into three
sections : (1) Acaely, without differ-
entiated intestine, represented by
the family Convolutidse ; (2) Rhabdo-
<xda proper, with definite intesti-
nal tract, a nervous system and ex-
cretory organs present, compact
male and female generative glands,
complicated pharynx, and general-
ly no otoliths — embracing numer-
ous forms of several different fami-
lies, both of fresh and salt water ;
(3) AUceoccela, resembling (2), but
with otoliths, represented by one
family, Sfonotidse. Another divi-
sion, based mainly upon the position or other character of
the mouth, is directly into a number of families, as Convo-
Ivtidse, Opisthomidgp, Derostomidfe, MexostomidtK, Prostomi-
dte, and Microstomidai. Also called Rhabdoccelida.
rhabdocoelan (rab-do-se'lan), n. and a. [< Rhab-
docoela + -an.] I. «. A member of the Rhab-
docoela.
II. a. Same as rhabdoccelous.
Rhabdocoalida (rab-do-se'li-da), n. pi. [NL.,
< KhaMoccela + -ida.] Same as Rhabdocoela.
rhabdocoelidan (rab-do-se'li-dan), a. and n.
[<. Rliabdoccelida + -an.] I. a. Of or pertaining
to the Rliabdocoelida.
II. ;/. A member of the Rhabdoccelida.
rhabdoccelous (rab-do-se'lus), a. [< Gr.pafiiof,
a rod, + KOMof, hollow.] Having, as a turbel-
larian, a simple straight digestive cavity; of
or pertaining to the Rhabdocoela.
Rhabdocrepida (rab-do-krep'i-da),«.^7. [NL.,
< Gr. pdfldof, a rod, + apr/iris (icpi/7ri6-). a founda-
tion.] A suborder or other group of lithisti-
dan tetractinellidan sponges, with diversiform
desmas produced by the various growth of
silica over uniaxial spicules. The families Mi -
i/aiiinriiiidse and Micromoriiiidx represent this
group.
A Species of Opistho-
<num. illustrating *t"
rtructure of Rh
a, central nervous sys-
water-vascular vessels ;
b, mouth ; c, proboscis ;
d, testes ; e, vasa defe-
rentia ; f, vesicula semi-
nalis ; g , penis : h. sex-
ual aperture ; t. vagi-
na; A, sperm n theca ; /,
gennarium ; >", vttella-
rium ; «, uterus with two
ova inclosed in hard
shells.
rhabdoid
rhabdoid (rab'doid), H. [Also rabdoid; < Gr.
papfoetdfc, like a rod, < pa36of, a rod, + eldof,
form.] In bot., a spindle-shaped or acicular
body, chemically related to the plastids, which
occurs in certain cells of plants exhibiting ir-
ritability, such as Drosera, Dionsea, etc., and
which probably plays an important part in this
function. The position in the cell is such that it
stretches diagonally across the cell from end
to end.
rhabdoidal (rab-doi'dal), «. [Also rabiluidal ;
< rhabdoid + -at.] Rod-like ; specifically, in
anat., sagittal: as, the rhabdoidal suture.
rhabdolith (rab'do-lith), n. [< Gr. pd/Moc, a
rod, + AiSof, a stone.] A minute rhabdoidal
concretion of calcareous matter occurring in
globigerina-ooze — one of the elements which
cover a rhabdosphere.
The clubs of the rhabdoiiths get worn out of shape, and
are last seen, under a high power, as minute cylinders
scattered over the field.
Sir C. W. Thornton, Voyage of Challenger, I. iii.
rhabdolithic (rab-do-lith'ik), n. [< rhabdolith
+ -ic] Concreted in rhabdoidal form, as cal-
careous matter; of or pertaining to rhabdoliths.
rhabdology (rab-dol'o-ji), ». [Also rabdology;
< F. rltubdologie, < Gr. pdfidof, a rod, + -/loyio, <
'Atyetv, speak: see -ology.] TJie act or art of
computing by Napier's rods or Napier's bones.
See rod.
rhabdom (rab'dom), «. [< LGr. pdftoufia, a
bundle of rods: MOrMMMM.] In en torn., a spe-
cial structure iu the eye, consisting of a con-
crescence of the rods developed on the cells
of the retina, when these cells are themselves
united in a retinula.
The rods also become united, and form a special struc-
ture, the rhabdom, in the long axis of a group of combined
retinal cells. Oeyenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 264.
rhabdomal (rab'do-mal), «. [< rhtibdome + -a?.]
Having the character'of a rhabdome ; pertain-
ing to a rhabdome.
rhabdomancer (rab'do-mau-ser). n. [Also rab-
domancer; < rhabdomancy + -er1.] One who
professes or practises rhabdomancy ; a romancer
of the divining-rod; a bletonist; a douser.
rhabdomancy (rab'do-man-si), H. [Also rab-
domancy; < F. rliabdomancie, rhabdomance = Pg.
rhabdomancia = It. rabdomanzia, < Gr. pn,i<io-
IMvreia, divination by means of a rod, < pri/Mof,
a rod, + fiavreia, divination.] Divination by a
rod or wand; specifically, the attempt to dis-
cover things concealed in the earth, as ores,
metals, or springs of water, by a divining-rod ;
bletouism; dousing.
Agreeably to the doctrines of rhabdomancy, formerly in
vogue, and at the present moment not entirely discarded,
a twig, usually of witchhazel, borne over the surface of
the ground, indicates the presence of water, to which it is
instinctively alive, by stirring in the hand.
S. Judd, Margaret, I. 9.
rhabdomantic (rab-do-man'tik), a. [Also rab-
domantic; < rhabdomancy (-maiit-) + -ic.] Per-
taining to rhabdomancy, or the use of the di-
vining-rod.
rhabdome (rab ' dom), n. [< LGr. pd/3<5o/m, a
bundle of rods, < Gr. pd/3<5of, a rod. Of. rhab-
dom.] In sponges, the shaft of a cladose rhab-
dus, bearing the cladome.
The rhabdus then [i. e., when cladose] becomes known
as the shaft or rhabdoine, and the secondary rays are the
arms or cladi, collectively the head or cladome of the
spicule. W. J. Sollai, Encyc. Brit, XXII. 417.
rhabdomere (rab'do-mer), «. [< Gr. pd,3<5oc, a
rod, + fiipof, a part.] One of the chitinous rods
which, when united, form a rhabdom. Amer.
Naturalist, XXIV. 373.
Rhabdqmesodon (rab-do-mes'o-don), «. [NL.,
< Gr. pafiSof, a rod, + utaot, middle, + booiif
(o(SoKT-) = E. tooth.'] A genus of polyzoans,
typical of the family Rhabdomesodontidse. S.
aracile is a characteristic species.
Rhabdomesodontidae(rab-do-mes-o-don'ti-de),
n. pi. [NL., < Rhabdomesodon (-odont-) + -idee.]
A family of polyzoans, typified by the genus
Rhabdomesodon. They had a ramose polyzoary com-
posed of slender cylindrical solid or tubular branches with
the cell-apertures on all sides. The cell-mouth was be-
low the surface, and opened into a vestibule or outer cham-
ber which constituted the apparent cell-aperture on the
surface. The species lived in the Carboniferous seas.
rhabdomyoma (rab"do-mi-6'ma), «.; pi. rhab-
domyomata (-ma-ta). [NL., < Grl pa/36o(, a rod,
+ NL. myoma, q. v.] A myoma consisting of
striated muscular fibers.
Rhabdonema (rab-do-ne'ma), H. [NL., < Gr.
pdfjSof, a rod, + vij^g., a thread.] A genus of
small nematoid worms referred to the family
Anguillulidse, containing parasitic species, some
5146
of which are known to pass through the Rhab-
itttix form. Such is R. niyroveiiofum, a viviparous par-
asite of the lungs of h:itnu-hi;ins, half to three quarters of
an inch long, whose embryos make their way into the in-
testine and thence to the exterior, being passed with the
feces into water or mud, where they acquire the RhaMita
form. These have separate sexes, and the femtiles pro-
duce living young, which finally migrate into the batra-
chian host. Another species, which occurs in the intestine
of various animals, including man, is Jt. strong 'iilvides, for-
merly known as A ngvtihda intestinalis.
rhabdophane (rab'do-fan), «. [< Gr. pdftdof,
a rod, + -tfrnviK, appearing, < <t>a(vea6ai, appear.]
A rare phosphate of the yttrium and cerium
earths from Cornwall in England, and also from
Salisbury in Connecticut, where the variety
called scovillite is found.
Rhabdophora (rab-dof'o-rii), n.pl. [NL., neut.
pi. of "rhabdophorun: see rhabdophorous.] A
group of fossil organisms: same as Graptoli-
tliina : so called by Allman from the chitmous
rod which supports the perisarc.
rhabdophoran (rab-dof'o-ran), ti. and n. [<
Bhabdophora + -an.] I. a. Of or pertaining
to the Rhabdophora ; graptolithic.
II. H. A member of the Rhabdophora ; agrap-
tolite.
rhabdophorous (rab-dof 'o-rus), a. [< NL.
"rhabdopliorus, < Gr. pd,3<5of, a rod, 4- yipeiv =
L. ferre = E. bear1."] Same as rhabdophoran.
Rhabdopleura (rab-do-plo'ra), H. [NL. (All-
man, 1869), < Gr. pdfiAof, a rod, + irfavpov. a
rib.] The typical genus of Rhabdopleurids,
having the tentacles confined to a pair of out-
growths of the lophophore containing each a
cartilaginoid skeleton. R. nonnawis a marine form
found in deep water of the North Atlantic, off the coasts
of Shetland and Normandy. It is a small branching or-
Kunism, apparently a molluscoid of polyzoan affinities,
living in a system of delicate membranous tubes, each of
which contains its polypide, free to crawl up and down
the tube by means of a contractile stalk or cord called the
yymnocaulux.
Rhabdopleurae (rab-do-plo're;, n.pl. [NL., pi.
of Rhabdopleura.] Aii order of marine poly-
zoans, represented by the family Rhabdopleu-
ridse. Also Rhabdoplcurca.
Rhabdopleuridae (rab-do-plo'ri-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Rhabdopleura +' -idee."] The family
represented by the genus Rhabdopleura. To-
gether with Cephalodiscidee the family forms a particular
croup of molluscoids, related to polyzoans, and named by
Lankester Pterobranchia. It forms the type of the sub-
order Aipidophora of Allman.
rhabdopleurous (rab-do-plo'rus), a. Pertain-
ing to the Rhabdopleuridse. or having their
characters.
rhabdosphere (rab'do-sfer), n. [< Gr. pd,3rfoc,
a rod, + aijialpa, a sphere: see sphere."] A mi-
nute spherical body bristling with rhabdolithic
rods, found in the depths of the Atlantic, whose
nature is not yet determined. Sir C. W. Tliom-
son, Voyage of Challenger, I. 220.
Rhabdosteidae (rab-dos-te'i-de), 11. pi. [NL.,
< Rhabdogteiis + -idee."] A family of fossil
toothed cetaceans, typified by the genus Itliab-
dosteus, having the rostrum prolonged like a
sword, and maxillary bones bearing teeth on
their proximal portion. By some paleontologists it
is referred to the family Platanistida. The only known
species lived in the Eocene of eastern North America.
Rhabdosteoidea (rab-dos-te-oi'de-a), n. pi.
[NL., < Shabdosteus + -oidea.'"] The Rhabdvste-
idx rated as a superfamily of Denticett. Gill.
Rhabdosteus (rab-dos'te-us), n. [NL. (Cope,
1867), < Gr. pdfidof, a rod, + bartof, a bone.]
The typical genus of Rhabdosteidse.
RhabdOStyla (rab-do-sti'la). «. [NL., < Gr.
pdfMof, a rod, + OTV)M;, a pillar.] A genus of
peritrichous ciliate infusorians, related to Vor-
ticella, but having a rigid instead of a contrac-
tile pedicel. Six species are described, all of
fresh water.
rhabdous (rab'dus), a. [Also rabdous; < rhabd,
rhabdus, + -ous.~] Having the character of a
rhabdus ; exhibiting the uniaxial biradiate type
of structure, as a sponge-spicule.
rhabdus (rab'dus), n. ; pi. rhabdi (-di). [NL.,
< Gr. pdjtfos, a rod, stick, staff, wand, twig,
switch.] 1. A sponge-spicule of the monaxon
biradiate type ; a simple straight spicule. There
are several kinds of rhabdi, named according to their end-
ings. A rhabdns sharp at both ends is an oxea ; blunt at
both ends, a etronyyle; knobbed at both ends, a tylote;
knobbed at one end and pointed at the other, a tylotoxea ;
blunt at one end and sharp at the other, a gfrongyloxfa.
The last two forms are scarcely distinguishable from the
stylus.
2. In bot., the stipe of certain fungi,
rhachial, rhachialgia, etc. See rachial, etc.
rhachilla, n. See raehilla.
Rhachiodon, rhachiodont, etc. See Sachio-
don, etc.
Rhagodia
rhachiomyelitis (ra"ki-9-mi-e-li'tis), ». [N L. .
< Gr. pdx/f, the spine, + /utic/'<if, marrow, +
-itix.~] Inflammation of the spinal cord, usually
called myelitis.
rhachiotwue (ra'ki-o-tom), «. Same as rachi-
tumc.
rhachiotomy (ra-ki-ot'o-mi), n. [< Gr. pd,\ii;,
the spine, + -ropta, < rifivr.iv, Tcifielv, cut.] In-
cision into an opening of the spinal canal.
rhachipagus, rhachis, ". See rachipagus, etc.
rhachischisis (ra-kis'ki-sis), .n. [NL., < Gr.
pdx'f, the spine, '+ axiatf, a cleaving, < axi&tv,
cleave: see schism.] In pathol., incomplete
closure of the spinal canal, commonly called
*l>iHa bifida.
rhachitic, rhachitis. See rachitic, etc.
rhachitome, rhachitomous. See rachitome,
etc.
Rhacochilus (rak-o-ki'lus), n. [NL. (Agassiz,
1854), < Gr. paKof, a rag, rags, + xfltof, lip.]
In ichth., a genus of embiotocoid fishes. R.
toxotes is the alfiona. See cut under alfiona.
Rhacophorus (ra-kof'o-rus), n. [NL., < LGr.
paKo66pof, wearing rags, < Gr. pdrnf, a rag, rags,
+ (fifpeiv = TZ. fcear1.] A genus of batrachians
of the family Ranidse, containing arboreal
frogs with such long and so broadly webbed
toes that the feet serve somewhat as parachutes
by means of which the creature takes long
Hying leaps. R. reinhardti is one of the largest tree-
frogs, with the body three inches in length, the hind legs
six inches. See cut under Jlying-froff.
Rhacophyllum (rak-o-fil'um), n. [NL., < Gr.
pditof, a rag, rags, + (fi/.Am>, leaf.] A generic
name given by Schimper (1869) to certain fos-
sil plants found in the coal-measures of Eng-
land and Germany, and supposed to be related
to the ferns, but of very uncertain and obscure
affinities. Lesquereux has described under this generic
name a large number of species from the Carboniferous of
various parts of the United States.
Rhadamanthine, Rhadamantine (rad-a-
man'thin, -tin), a. [< L. Rhadamanthus, < Gr.
'PafiduavOvt, Rhadamanthus (see def.).] Per-
taining to or resembling Rhadamanthus, in
Greek mythology one of the three judges of
the lower world, son of Zeus and Europa, and
brother of Minos : applied to a solemn and final
judgment.
Your doom is Rhadainantine. Carlyle, Dr. Francia.
To conquer in the great struggle with the devil, with
incarnate evil, and to have the sentence pronounced by
the Rhadamanthine voice of the past — Well done !
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 78.
Rhadinosomus (rad'i-no-so'mus), «. [NL.
(Schonberr, 1840), < Gr. paiivof, ^olic /3paotv6f,
slender, taper, + aii/ia, body.] A genus of wee-
vils or Curculionidx. Formerly called Leptoso-
mus, a name preoccupied in ornithology.
Rhaetian (re'shian), a. and n. [Also Rhetian ;
< F. Rhetien, < "L.Rhsetiits, prop. Rsetius, < Rhseti,
Rasti, the Rhsetians, Rhsstia, Rsetia, their coun-
try.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the ancient
Rhseti or their country Rheetia, corresponding
nearly to the modern Grisons, Vorarlberg, and
western Tyrol : as, the Rhsetian Alps.
II. w. A native of Rhsetia.
Rhaetic (re'tik), «. [Also Rhetic; < L. Rhee-
ticus, prop. Rseticus, < Rhseti, Reeti, the Rhte-
tians: see Rhsetian.] Of or belonging to the
RhsBtian Alps — Khffltic beds, in geol., certain strata,
particularly well developed in the Swiss and Tyrolese
Alps, which are regarded aa being beds of passage be-
tween the Trias and the Jura. One of the most important
divisions of the RhaHic series in England is the so-called
bone-bed, which abounds in bones and teeth of flsh, cop-
rolites, and other organic remains.
rhaetizite (re'ti-zit), n. [Prop. "Rhxtieite, irreg.
< Rhsetic + -ite2.] A white variety of cyanite,
found at Greiner in Tyrol. Also rhetizite.
Rhseto-Romanic (re'to-ro-man'ik), a. and «.
[< Rhsetic + Romanic."] Belonging to, or a
member of, the group of Romance dialects
spoken in southeastern Switzerland, part of
Tyrol, and in the districts to the north of the
Adriatic. Also Rlieto-Romanic.
rhagades(rag'a-dez), n.pl. [NL.,< L. rhagades,
< Gr. pa} Of, pi'.' pa; aSei;, a chink, crack, rent, a
crack of the skin, < prftviwai, fta-yjjvai, break: see
break.] Fissures of the skin; linear excoria-
tions.
rhagite (rag'it), w. [< Gr. payi/, a crack (< wy-
vivai, payffmi, break), + -»'e2-] A hydrous ar-
seniate of bismuth occurring in yellow or yel-
lowish-green crystalline aggregates at Schnee-
berg in Saxony.
Rhagodia (ra-go'di-a), w. [NL. (R. Brown,
1810), named from the resemblance of the clus-
tered fruit to grapes ; < Gr. payailt/f, like grapes,
Rhagodia
< frit; (fay-), a grape.] A genus of apetalous
plants of the order Cheitopodiaeex and tribe
Chenopodiese, characterized by glomerate flow-
ers, a horizontal seed, and fleshy fruit crown-
ing the persistent five-lobed calyx. The 13 species
are all Australian. They are shrubs or rarely herbs, either
slender'or robust, mealy or minutely woolly, bearing chiefly
alternate leaves and small greenish flowers which are
spiked orpanicled, and are followed by globose or flattened
berries, often red. General names for the species are red-
berry and seaberry. It. Billardieri is a sea-side shrub with
somewhat fleshy shoots and leaves, straggling or 5 or 6
feet high, of some use in binding sands. R. hastata is the
saloop-bush, an undershrub with small soft leaves, intro-
duced at Hong-Kong and elsewhere as food for cattle,
rhagon (rag'on), n. [NL., < Gr. JM% (pay-), a
grape.] A type of sponge-structure resulting
from the modification of a primitive form, as
an olynthus, by the outgrowth of the endoderm
into a number of approxim ately spherical cham-
bers communicating with the exterior by a
prosopyle and with the paragastric cavity by
an apopyle (see prosopyle), with conversion of
the flagellated into pavement epithelium except
in the chambers. The rhagon occurs as a stage in the
early development of some sponges, and others exhibit it
in the adult state. The structure is named from the grape-
like form of the spherical chambers. The term is corre-
lated with ascan, leucon, and sycon. Also called dyesycus.
This may be termed the aphodal or racemose type of
the Rhagon system, since the chambers at the ends of the
aphodi radiating from the excurrent canal look like grapes
on a bunch. W. J. Sollas, Encyc. Brit, XXII. 41S.
rhagonate (rag'o-nat), «. [< rhagon + -ate1.']
Having the character of a rhagon ; of or per-
taining to a rhagon ; rhagose.
rhagose (rag'os), a. [< Gr. pd$ (/toy-), a grape.
+ -use.] Racemose, as the rhagon type of
sponge-structure; rhagonate. W. J. Sollax.
Rnamnaceae (ram-na'se-e), n. pi. [NL. (Lind-
ley, 1835), < Rhamnus + -acese.] An order
of polypetalous plants of the series Discifloree.
It is unlike the rest of its cohort Celastrales in its valvate
calyx-lobes, and resembles the related Ampelidacepp, or
grape family, in its superior ovary and the position of its
stamens opposite the petals ; it is distinguished by its
habit, strongly perigynous stamens, concave petals which
are not caducous, larger and valvate sepals, and fruit not
a berry. It includes about 475 species, classed in 5 tribes
and 42 genera, widely diffused through warm countries.
They are commonly erect trees or shrubs, often thorny,
bearing undivided alternate or opposite stipulate leaves,
which are often coriaceous and three- to five-nerved. The
small flowers are greenish or yellow, commonly in axil-
lary cymes, which are followed by three-celled capsules
or drupes, sometimes edible, sometimes hard and indehis-
cent. It is often called the buckthorn family, from the
common name of Rhamntts, the type genus. See cut un-
der Rhamnus.
rhamnaceous (ram-na'shius), a. [< NL. Rham-
nus + -aceous.] Of or pertaining to the order
Rhamnacese.
Rhamneae (ram'ne-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. P. de
Candolle, 1825), < Rhamnus + -ex.'] The prin-
cipal tribe of the order Sliamnaeese, character-
ized by a dry or drupaceous fruit containing
three stones which are indehiscent or two-
valved. Although this name was originally employed
for the order, it is better to restrict it to the tribe, and
adopt the later form Rhainnacetf of Lindley for the ordi-
nal term, as is very generally done. See Rhamnus, Cea-
nothug, Safferetia, and Poinaderris for the chief among its
21 genera.
rhamnegin (ram'ne-jin), «. [< Rhammts + -er/-,
an arbitrary syllable, + -z'»i2.] A glucoside
(€2411320^4) found in buckthorn-berries.
rhamnetin (ram'ne-tin), n. [< Rhamnus + -et-,
an arbitrary syllable, + -in2.] A decomposi-
tion-product (C12H10O5) formed from rhamnin.
rhamnin (ram'nin), n. [< Rhamnus + -in2.] A
crystallizable glucoside found in buckthorn-
berries.
rhamnoxanthin (ram-nok-san'thin), n. [< NL.
Rhamnus + Gr. I;av66f, yellow, + -in2.] Same
as frangulin.
Rhamnus (ram'nus), n. [NL. (Tournefort,
1700), < L. rhamnos, < Gr. pa/ivoe, the buck-
thorn, Christ's-thorn.] A genus of polypet-
alous shrubs and trees, including the buck-
thorn, type of the order Rhamnaceie and of the
tribe Rhamncx. It is characterized by a thin disk
sheathing the bell-shaped calyx-tube and bearing the four
or five stamens on its margin ; by a free ovary often im-
mersed within the disk ; and by its fruit, an oblong or spheri-
cal drupe, surrounded at its base by the small calyx-tube,
and containing two, three, or four hard one-seeded stones.
There are about 60 species, natives of warm and temperate
regions, frequent in Europe, Asia, and America, rare in the
tropics. They bear alternate petioled and feather-veined
leaves, which are either entire or toothed, deciduous or
evergreen, and are furnished with small deciduous stip-
ules. The flowers are in axillary racemes or cymes, and
are commonly dioecious in the typical section, but not so
in the principal American species(the genus Frangula of
Brongniart), which also differ in their unfurrowed seeds
and flat fleshy seed-leaves. A general name for the spe-
cies is buckthorn, the common buckthorn being R. cathar-
ticus of the northern Old World, planted and sparingly nat-
r. 1 4 7
uralized in the United States. It is used as a hedge-plant.
Its bark is medicinal, like that of R. Frangula; its black
berries afford a now nearly disused cathartic, and with
Branch of Common Buckthorn (Khatnnns (atliarticns) with Fruit.
a. female flower ; b, male flower ; c, leaf, showing the nervation.
those of some other species yield by treatment the pigment
known as sap-yreen. R. Franyvla, of the same nativity,
called black or berry-bearing alder, alder-buckthorn, and
(black) dogwood, affords one of the very best gunpowder-
charcoals, while its bark is an officinal cathartic. (See
frangula, frangulin. ) The fruit of R. infectorius and other
species forms the French, Turkey, or Persian berries of the
dyers. (See under Persian.) In China the bark of R. tine-
tariu9 (R. chlorophonut) and R. Davuricus (R. utilis) af-
fords the famous green indigo, or lokao, there used to
dye silks, also introduced at Lyons. (For other Old World
species, see alaternug and lotus-tree, 3.) R. Carolinianus
of the southern United States is a shrub or small tree,
bearing a sweet and agreeable fruit. The berries of R.
croceug of California are much eaten by the Indians. R.
Caltfornicus, the California coffee- tree, yields an unimpor-
tant coffee-substitute. R. 'Purxhianus of the western coast
yields the cascara sagrada bark (see under bark?), some-
times called chittam-bark, whence probably, in view of the
hard fine wood, the name ehittrm-wood. See bearberry, 2,
and redwood, 2.
Rhamphalcyon (ram-fal'si-on), n. [NL., < Gr.
pd/ifac, a curved beak, + af.kvuv, the kingfisher:
see alcyon, hale-yon.] A genus of Alcedininse:
same as Pelargopnix. Reichenbach, 1851.
Rhamphastidae(ram-fas'ti-de), «. pi. [NL., <
Rhampliantos + -idle.] A family of picarian
birds, typified by the genus Rhamphastos ; the
toucan s. They have a bill of enormous size, though very
light, the interior bony structure being highly cancellous
and pneumatic ; the tongue is long, slender, and feathery ;
the toes are four, yoked in pairs ; there are ten tail-fea-
thers ; the vomer is truncate ; the manubrium stern! is
pointed ; the clavicles are separate ; the carotid is single ;
the oil-gland is tufted ; and there are no caeca. The legs
are homalogonatous, and the feet are antiopelmous. The
tail can be thrown up on the back in a peculiar manner.
The cutting edges of the bill are more or less serrate, and
there is a naked space about the eye. The coloration is
bold and varied. There are upward of 50 species, con-
fined to the warmer parts of continental America. The
leading genus besides Rhamphailm is Pteroglos/tus. See
toucan, toucanet, and cuts under Rhamphastos, Selenidera,
and aracari.
Rhamphastinx (ram-fas-ti'ne), n. pi. [NL.,
< Rhamphastos + -inse.~\ If. The Rhamphagtidse
as a subfamily of some other family. — 2. A
subfamily of Rhamphastidss, contrasted with
Pteroglossinse.
Rhamphastos (ram-fas'tos), «. [NL. (Lin-
nseus, 1766, after Aldrovandus, 1599), more
prop. Rhamphestes (Gesner, 1560) (cf. Gr. pa/j-
<tttiarr/f, a fish, prob. the pike), < Gr. pduijioi; a
curved beak.] The typical genus of Rham-
phastidm, formerly coextensive with the fam-
Ariel Toucan (Rhamphaslos ariet).
ily, now restricted to large species having the
bill at a maximum of size, as R. pica tux, the
rhamphotheca
toco toucan, or ft. arid. Usually written Rum-
phastos.
Rhamphobatis (ram-fob'a-tis), M. [NL.. < Gr.
pa/a/ioc, a curved beak, -I- /tor/f, a flat fish.] Same
as Rhina, 1 (6).
RhamphocelllS (ram-fo-se'lus), n. [NL. (Dem-
arest, 1805, as Ramphocelus), < Gr. pd/ufa, a
curved beak, + «•////, tumor; altered to JRham-
phoccelus (Sclater, 1886), on the presumption
that the second element is < Gr. Kol/.of, hollow.]
A remarkable genus of tanagers, having the
ranii of the under mandible peculiarly tumid
and colored, and the plumage brilliant scarlet
or yellow and black in the male. There are
about 12 species, all of South America, espe-
cially Brazil, as R. brasilius and R. jacapa.
Rhamphocottidse (ram-fo-kot'i-de), n. pi.
[NL.,< Rhamphocottus + -idee.] A family of
mail-cheeked acanthopterygian fishes, repre-
sented by the genus Rhamphocottus. The body
is compressed, and the head also compressed and with a
projecting snout; there are a short spinous and oblong
soft dorsal fins, and the ventrals are subabdominal and
imperfect.
Rhamphocottinffi (ram'fo-ko-ti'ne), n. pi.
[NL., (Rhamphocotttis + -hiss.] The Rhani-
phocotttaie considered as a subfamily of Cot-
tidse.
Rhamphocottoidea (ram"fo-ko-toi'df-a), n. pi.
[NL., < Rhamphocottus + -oidea.] A super-
family of mail-cheeked acanthopterygian fishes,
represented by the family Rhampliocottidse, and
distinguished by the development of the post-
temporal bones.
Rhamphocottus (ram-fo-kot'us), n. [NL.
(Gunther, 1874), < Gr. pau</iof, a curved beak,
+ Ko>TOf, a river-fish, perhaps the bullhead or
miller's-thumb: see Coitus.] A genus of mail-
cheeked fishes having a projecting snout, typ-
ical of the family Rhaniphocottidx. The only
known species, R. richardsoni, is an inhabitant of the
colder waters of the Pacific coast of North America.
Rhamphodon (ram'fo-don), n. [NL. (Lesson,
1831, as Ramphodon),( Gr. pdu<j>nc, a curved beak,
-I- boabf (bSovr-) = E. tooth.] A genus of Tro-
chilidse, so called from the serration of the bill
of the male ; the saw-billed humming-birds, as
the Brazilian R. nsevms: synonymous with Gry-
pns, 1.
rhamphoid(ram'foid), a. [<Gr. pauipudr/f, beak-
shaped, < pafujxti;, a curved beak, + «<5of, form.]
Beak-shaped — Rhamphold cusp, a cusp on a plane
curve, where the two branches lie on the same side of the
tangent at the cusp ; the union of an ordinary cusp ; an
inflexion, a binode, and a bitangent.
Rhampholeon (ram-fo'le-on), 11. [NL., < Gr.
pd/ufioc, a curved beak, +' 'Atuv, a lion : see limi,
and cf. chameleon.] A genus of chameleons,
having the tail non-prehensile. R. spectrum is
a Madagascan species. Gmither, 1874.
Rhamphomicron (ram-fo-mik'ron), n. [NL., <
Gr. pafupof, a curved beak, + fUKpof, little.] A
notable genus of Trochilidee, including large
humming-birds with short weak bill, no crest,
and a beard of pendent metallic feathers, rang-
ing from the United States of Colombia to Bo-
livia. R. Stanley! and R. herrani are examples.
They are kiiown as thornbills.
Rhamphorhynchinae (rain"fo-ring-kl'ne), ii.pl.
[NL., < Rhamphorhi/iichus + -iiiss.] A subfamily
of pterodactyls, typified by the genus Rhampho-
rhyuchus.
rhamphorhynchine (ram-fo-ring'kin), a. Of or
pertaining to the Rhamphorhyncliinse.
Rhamphorhynchus (ram-fo-ring'kus), n. [NL.,
< Gr. pdu<fiof, a curved beak, + /»''}^of, a beak,
snout.] A gemis of pterodactyls, differing
from Pterodactylus in having the tail very long
with immobile vertebrae, the metacarpus less
than half as long as the forearm, and the ends of
the jaw produced into a toothless beak which
was probably sheathed in horn. One of the
species is R. gemmiii</i.
Rhamphosidae (ram-fos'i-de), «. pi. [NL.,
< Rhamphosus + -idee.] A family of extinct
hemibranchiate fishes, represented by the ge-
nus Rhamphosus. They had normal anterior vertebra,
plates on the nape and shoulders only, a tubiform mouth,
subthoracic ventrals, and a dorsal spine behind the nu-
chal plates. They lived in the Eocene seas.
Rhamphosus (ram'fo-sus), n. [NL. (Agassiz),
with term, -osus (see -ose), < Gr. pdfi</>of, a curved
beak.] An extinct genus of hemibranchiate
fishes, representing the family Rhantphositlae.
rhamphotheca (ram-fo-the'ka), n. ; pi. rhnm-
l}hoihecse(-se). [NL.,' < Gr. "pafubof, a curved
beak, + ft?»7, a sheath.] In orniih., the integ-
ument of the whole beak, of which the rhino-
theca, dertrotheca, and gnathotheca are parts.
rhamphothecal
rhamphothecal (ram-fo-the'kal), «. [< rham-
pliotlitea + -al.~\ (Sheathing "or covering the
beak, as integument; of or pertaining to the
rhamphotheca.
Rhamphus(ram'fus>, n. [NL. (Clairville, 1798,
as Eamphus), < Gr. pa/ujmi;, a curved beak.] A
genus of coleopterous insects, giving name to
the Bhamphidee,\>ut usually placed in the family
Curculionidx, having a few European species.'
rhaphe, n. See raphe.
Rhaphidia, Rhaphidiidae. See Saphidia, etc.
Rhaphidopsis (raf-i-dop'sis), «. [NL. (Ger-
staeeker, 1855), < Gr. pa<j>if (pajuti-), needle, +
by/if, face, aspect.] A genus of exclusively Af-
rican longicorn beetles, of eleven known spe-
cies and generally handsome coloration.
Rhaphiosaurus (raf"i-o-sa'rus), n. [NL., < Gr.
pd(j>iov, a little needle or pin (dim. of paif/ic,
needle, pin), + oai'/wf, a lizard.] A genus of
fossil lizards of the Cretaceous period, so called
from the acicular teeth. Usually Eaphiosa a rim.
rhaphis, «. See raphis.
Rhapidophyllum (rap'i-do-fil'um), n. [NL.
( Wendlana and Drude, 1876), < Gr. pams (panvt!-),
a rod, + fvtfjov, leaf.] A genus of palms of the
tribe Cori/phese. It is characterized by glc«ose, partly
dioecious flowers, with three broad and imbricated petals,
six stamens with large linear and versatile anthers, and an
ovary of three free ovoid carpels, tapering into a short re-
curved stigma, only one carpel usually ripening, forming
aone-seeded nut tipped by a persistent subterminal stigma
and composed of a hard crust covered with a fibrous peri-
carp which is clad in a loose wool. It is distinguished
from the allied and well-known genus Chamserops by the
fruit and by its spines. The only species, It. Hyutrix
(Chamsrops Hystni), is the blue palmetto of Florida,
etc., a low palm with the leaves deeply plaited and cut,
and the minute satfron flowers sessile on the branches of
the two to five spadices, which are surrounded by woolly
spathes. See blue palmetto, under palmetto.
Rhapis (ra'pis), M. [NL. (Linnseus filius, 1789),
so called in allusion to the wand-like stem; < Gr.
fla-rrit;, a rod.] A genus of palms of the tribe
Corypheae. It is characterized by a fruit of one to three
small obovoid one-seeded carpels, each tipped by a termi-
nal style, with a fleshy pericarp which is fibrous within,
and with a soft endocarp, and by flowers mostly dioecious,
sessile and solitary on the slender branches of a leafy spa-
dix, with a three-cleft valvate corolla, anthers opening
outward, and three distinct ovary-carpels borne on an
elongated pedicel or carpophore. There are 4 or 5 species,
natives of China and Japan. They are low palms with
reed-like stems springing up in dense tufts from the same
root, each stem wrapped in a network of fibers which are
the remnants of leaf-sheaths. They bear alternate and ter-
minal roundish leaves, irregularly and radiately parted
into linear, wedge-shaped, or elliptical segments with con-
spicuous transverse veins. The yellowish flowers are borne
on a spadix which is shorter than the leaves and is sheath-
ed along ita axis with deciduous bracts, the whole at first
inclosed within two or three membranous spathes. The
slender stems of R. flabelliformis, the ground-ratan, are
available for numerous uses (see ratan), and the plant is
one of the best for table decoration. K. humOis is a beau-
tiful species, rare in collections.
lit. 'Pontic rha': see rlia and Pontic, and cf.
rhubarb.] Ehubarb: chiefly in phar. in com-
position, rhapontic-root.
rhapsode (rap'sod), «. [= F. rapsode. rhapsode
= Sp. rapsoda = It. rapsodo, < Gr. pa^Ms, a
writer of epic poetry, a bard who recites poetry,
lit. ' one who strings or joins songs together,' <
pdirreiv (paifj-), stitch together, fasten together.
+ v&>i, song, ode: see ode1.] A rhapsodist.
I venture to think that the rhapsodes incurred the dis-
pleasure of Kleisthenesby reciting, not the Homeric Iliad,
but the Homeric Thebais and Epigoni.
Grote, Hist. Greece, i. 21, note.
rhapsodert (rap'so-der), n. [< rhapsode + -er*.~]
A rhapsodist.
By this occasion (printing my own poems] I am made a
rhapsoder of mine own rags, and that cost me more dili-
gence to seek them than it did to make them.
Donne, Letters, li.
rhapsodic (rap- sod 'ik), a. [= F. rapsodiqve,
rhapsodique, < Gr. patli^iHiKof, < pa-fyuSia, rhapsody:
see rhapsody.] Same as rhapsodical.
rhapsodical (rap-sod'i-kal), a. [< rhapsodic +
-alT] Of, pertaining to, "or consisting of rhap-
sody; of the nature of rhapsody ; hence, enthu-
siastic to extravagance ; exaggerated in senti-
ment and expression ; gushing.
They (Prynne's works] ... by the generality of Scholars
are looked upon to be rather rapmdical and confused than
any way polite or concise. Wood, Athens Oxon., II. 43».
The odes of Jean Baptiste Rousseau ... are animated,
without being rhapsodical. H. Blair, Rhetoric, xxxix.
rhapsodically (rap-sod'i-kal-i), adv. In tin-
manner of rhapsody.
rhapsodise, r. See rhapsodize.
rhapsodist (rap'so-dist), ». [= F. rapsodisti:
rlntpsodiste = Sp. Pg. It. rapsodista; as rhapsode
5148
+ -i.s'<.] 1. Among the ancient Greeks, one
who composed, recited, or sang rhapsodies ; es-
pecially, one who made it his profession to re-
cite or sing the compositions of Homer and
other epic poets.
While the latter |the poet] sang, solely or chiefly, his
own compositions to the accompaniment of his lyre, the
rhapsodist . . . rehearsed . . . the poems of others.
W. Mure, Lang, and Lit. of Anc. Greece, II. ii. § 4.
The rhapsodist did not, like the early minstrel, use the
accompaniment of the harp : he gave the verses in a flow-
ing recitative, bearing in his hand a branch of laurel, the
symbol of Apollo's inspiration. Jincyc. Brit., XI. 137.
2. One who recites or sings verses for a liveli-
hood; one who makes and recites verses ex-
tempore.
As to the origin of this [harvest] song — whether it came
in Its actual state from the brain of a single rhapsoditt, or
was gradually perfected by a school or succession of rhap-
nodMs—1 am ignorant. George Eliot, Adam Bede, liii.
3. One who speaks or writes with exaggerated
sentiment or expression; one who expresses
himself with more enthusiasm than accuracy
or logical connection of ideas.
Let me ask our rhapsodist,— "if you have nothing . . .
but the beauty and excellency and loveliness of virtue to
preach, . . . and ... no future rewards or punishments
. . . — how many . . . vicious wretches will you ever re-
claim?" Watts, Improvement of Mind, I. x. § 11.
rhapsodistic (rap-so-dis'tik), n. [< rhapsodist
•+• -if.] Same as rhajinodical.
rhapsodize (rap'so-dlz), v. ; pret. and pp. rhap-
soaized, ppr. rhapsodizing. [< rhapsode + -ize."\
1. intrana. To recite rhapsodies ; act as a rhap-
sodist ; hence, to express one's self with poetic
enthusiasm ; speak with an intenseness or ex-
aggeration due to strong feeling.
Yon will think me rhapsodising; but . . . one cannot
fix one's eyes on the commonest natural production with-
out finding food for a rambling fancy.
Jane Austen, Mansfield Park, xxii.
Walter, the young Franconian knight, with his rhapso-
dising and love-making, needs a representative with a
good voice and a good appearance.
The Academy, No. 898, p. 46.
II. trans. To sing or narrate or recite as a
rhapsody; rehearse in the manner of a rhapsody.
Upon the banks of the Garonne, . . . where I now sit
rhapsodizing all these affairs.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vii. 28.
Also spelled rhapsodise.
rhapsodomancy (rap'so-do-man-si), >i. [< F.
rhapsodomancie = Sp. Pg. rapsodomancia, < Gr.
pa^jj<f>o6f, a rhapsodist (see rhapsode), + fiavreia,
divination.] Divination by means of verses.
There were various methods of practising this rkapso-
domancy. Sometimes they wrote several verses or sen-
tences of a poet on so many pieces of wood, paper, or the
like, shook them together in an urn, and drew out one.
. . . Sometimes they cast dice on a table on which verses
were written, and that on which the die lodged contain-
ed the prediction. A third manner was by opening a book,
and pitching on some verse at first sight. This method
they particularly called the Sortes Prenestinse, and after-
wards, according to the poet thus made use of, Sortes
Homericse, Sortes Virgilianre, <£c. Bees, Cyclopaedia,
rhapsody (rap'so-di), «.; pi. rhapsodies (-diz).
[Formerly also rhapsodie, rapsodie; < OF. rap-
sodie, F. rapsodie, rhapsodie = Sp. Pg. It. rap-
sodia, < L. rhapsodia, < Gr. paij^dia, the reciting
of epic poetry, a part of an epic recited at a
time, a rhapsody, a tirade, < pai/y<!of, a rhapso-
dist: see rhapsode."] 1. The recitation of epic
poetry; hence, a short epie poem, or such a
part of a longer epic as could be recited at
one time : as, the Homeric rhapsodies.
A rhapsody
Of Homer's.
B. Jonson, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry, 1. 184.
Rhapsody, originally applied to the portions of the poem
habitually allotted to different performers in the order of
recital, afterwards transferred to the twenty-four books
into which each work [the Iliad and the Odyssey] was
permanently divided by the Alexandrian grammarians.
W. Mure, Lang, and Lit. of Anc. Greece, II. ii. § 5.
2. The exaggerated expression of real or af-
fected feeling or enthusiasm; an outburst of
extravagant admiration or regard; especially,
a poetic composition marked rather by exag-
gerated sentiment or fancy than by sober, con-
nected thought.
Then my breast
Should warble airs whose rhapsodies should feast
The ears of seraphims. Quarles, Emblems, iv. 15.
Spend all the pow'rs
Of rant and rhapsody iu virtue's praise.
Cowper, Task, v. 677.
3. In muftic, an instrumental composition in ir-
regular form, somewhat like a caprice, im-
promptu, or improvisation, though properly
more important: as, Liszt's Hungarian rhapso-
dies.— 4f. Any rambling composition; a cento;
hence, a medley ; a jumble.
rhematic
O, such a deed
As from the body of contraction plucks
The very soul, and sweet religion makt-a
A rhapsody of words. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4. 48.
He was very light-headed, and had uttered nothing but
a rhapsiuli/ of nonsense all the time he stayed in the room.
Fielding, Joseph Andrews, i. 13.
rhatany, «. See ratnui/.
rhaw, ii. [W. rhaw, a shovel, spade.] A mea-
sure of peat in Wales, 140 or 120 cubic yards.
Rhe (re), n. A variant of Ba.
Rhea1 (re'a), n. [= F. Ilkee, < L. Shea, < Gr.
'Pta, Rhea (see def. 1).] ],. In anc. myth., a
daughter of Uranus and Ge, or Heaven and
Earth, wife and sister of Kronos, and mother
of various divinities.
However intimate the connection, however inextricable
the confusion between the Great Mother and Rhea, even
down to late days the memory remained that they were
not in origin one and the same.
Harrison and Verrall, Ancient Athens, p. 51.
2. [NL.] In ornith.: (a) The only genus of
Bheidee; the only American genus of living ra-
tite birds; the only three-toed ostriches. B.
americana is the common American ostrich, avestruz, or
South American Ostrich (Rhia amer.
nandu. It. daruini is a second very distinct species, some-
times placed in another genus, Pteroenemis, owing to the
extensive feathering of the legs. B. macrifrhyncha is a
third species, which is closely related to the first. (6)
[1. c.] An American ostrich. — 3. The fifth sat-
ellite of Saturn.
rhea2 (re'a), n. [Also rlieea; E. Ind.] The
ramie-plant or -fiber.
Rheae (re'e), n. pi. [NL., pi. of liheai, 2.] A
superfamily group, by Newton made an order,
of extant ratite birds, including only the Jthei-
dse, or family of the American ostriches.
rhea-flber (re'«-fl"ber), «. Same as ramie.
rhea-grass (revii-gras), n. The ramie-plant.
See ramie.
rheebok, «• A corrupt spelling of reebot.
rheic (re'ik), a. [< F. rheiqve; as Rheum'* +
-ic.] Pertaining to or derived from rhubarb.
— Rheic add, CijHjoO^, the yellow crystalline granular
matter of rhubarb, procured from Ihe plant by extraction
with potash solution, precipitation with hydrochloric acid,
and purification by crystallizing from a solution in chloro-
form. Also called rheinic acid and fhrysophanic acid.
Rheidse (re'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Shea* + -idse.~\
A family of living ratite birds confined to
America and having three toes, typified by the
genus Rliea ; the nandus or American ostriches.
There is an ischiac symphysis beneath the sacral verte-
bra;, but no pubic symphysis; the maxillopalatincs are
free from the vomer ; the carotid is single, sinistial ; the
lower larynx is specialized and has a pair of intrinsic syr-
ingeal muscles ; the ambiens is present; the gall-bladder
is absent; the wing-bones are unusually well developed
for ratite birds ; and the manus has three digits.
rhein (re'in), «. [< Jiheum2 + -i'x2.] Same as
rheic acid (which see, under rheic).
Rhein-berry (rm'ber"i), n. [Also Bhine-berr;/;
early mod. E. rheyn-berrie ; appar. accomX Jit).
reyn-besie, also rijn-besie, D. rijn-bezie, black-
berry, = G. rheinbeere (Webster), as if 'Rhine-
berry' (berry growing along the Bhine J); <
MD. ri'i/ii-, riji/-, occurring also, appar., in other
plant-names, namely rcyrt-bloeme, rijn-bloeme
(D. rijiililocaii'), cudweed; rcymeeyde, also reyn-
icili/lie, rijnirilghe, privet; reynracren, reynvaer
(D. rehiraar), tansy; the element reyn-, rijn-,
being uncertain.] The common buckthorn.
rhematic (re-mat'ik), a. and «. [< Gr. jania-t-
',<•>•. belonging to a verb, < /»///«, a word, a verb,
lit. 'that which is said or spoken,' < cpclv, tlpciv,
say, speak : sc-e rhetor and rcrli.~\ I. u. Pertain-
ing to or derived from a verb.
5149
rheoscopic (re-o-skop'ik), n. [< rheoscope +
-«•.] Same as eleelroKeojiii'. — Rheoscopic limb,
the gaBtrocnemius of the frog with sciatic nerve attached,
used to show the variations of electric currents, as in
another similar preparation when its nerve is stimulated.
rheostat (re'o-stat), «. [< Or. peiv, flow, -t
OTarof, verbal adj. of iardvai, stand: see static,]
In electromagnetism, an instrument for regu-
rhematic
Such [adjectives in -aUe\ as are derived from verbs de-
serve the precedence. And these, to avoid the ambigu-
ousness of the term verbal, I shall take leave to denomi-
nate rhematic. 1 . Hall, Adjectives in -able, p. IT.
II. n. The doctrine of propositions or sen-
tences. Coleridge.
Rhemish(re'misii),rt. [< Rhcinw + --isli1.] Per-
taining to Rheims or Reims, a city of north-
eastern France — Rhemish version, the version of
the Xew Testament in the Douay Bible. See Bible.
rhenet, «• An erroneous form of rine3.
Rhenish (ren'ish), a. and «. [< G. rheiiiisch,
MHG. riniscli, rinescli, rinsch (= D. rijnsch =
Dan. rhinsk = Sw. rhensk), < Khcin, MHG.
Bin, OHG. Bin, Hrin (= D. Bijn = ME. Bin)
(L. Khenun, Gr. T^wf), the Rhine; a name
prob. of Celtic origin.] I. a. Of or pertain-
ing to the Rhine, a river of Europe which
rises in Switzerland, traverses Germany and
the Netherlands, and empties into the North „_„,„,,. 4, spri,,g and ratchefor printing motion in the wrong
Sea Rhenish archltacture, the local form assumed direction: e, spring for other barrel or cylinder; rf. non-conducting
by Romanesque or round-arched architecture in the ^^f^^^^S^^^SS^ST^.
eleventh and twelfth centimes in the regions bordering SMS: / conSurting cylinder; j, pin for crank when reversing
upon the Rhine. The earliest churches seem to have moti0,,.
lating or adjusting a circuit so that any re-
quired degree of resistance maybe maintained ;
a resistance-coil. See resistance, 3.
rheostatic (re-o-stat'ik), a. [< rheostat + -ic.]
Pertaining or relating to a rheostat: incor-
rectly used to note a device of Planters, which is
essentially a commutator, by means of which
the grouping of a number of secondary cells
can be rapidly changed.
In the second class naturally figure induction coils,
Plante's rheostatic machine, and the secondary batteries.
E. Hospitaller, Electricity (trans.), p. 104.
rheostatics (re-o-stat'iks), n. [PL of rheo-
static (see -ie*).]' The statics of fluids; hydro-
statics.
rheotannic (re-o-tan'ik), a. [< Jtheum'2 + tan-
nic.] Used only in the phrase below — Rheo-
tannic add, C2oH26Oi4, a variety of tannic acid found
in rhubarb.
rheotome (re'o-tom), n. [< Gr. pelv, flow, +
-ro/iop, < re/jveiv, ra/uelv, cut.] A device by
means of which an electric circuit can be pe-
riodically interrupted; an interrupter.
rheotrope (re'o-trop), •». [Also reotrope; < Gr.
pelv, flow, + -TyxjTTOf, < rpiirew, turn.] An in-
strument for periodically changing the direc-
tion of an electric current. Faraday.
rheotropic (re-o-trop'ik), a. [< Gr. pelv, flow,
been circular; the circular original in the later rectangular + Tpomnof, < rpeTreiv, turn: see tropic.] \nbot..
determined in its direction of growth by a cur-
rent of water. See rheotropism.
Rhenish Architecture.— Apse of the Churchof the Apostles, Cologne.
type may perhaps be represented by the semicircular west-
ern apse in addition to that at the east end, characteristic
of those regions. In buildings of this style small circular
neath the eaves, and richly carved capitals, often resem-
bling Byzantine work, are among the most beautiful fea-
tures. The Rhenish buildings are, however, despite much
dignity and manifest suitability to their purpose, inferior
in both design and ornament to those of the French Ro-
manesque.— Rhenish wine. See wine.
II. n. Rhine or Rhenish wine. See wine.
A' poured a flagon of Rhenixh on my head once.
Shale., Hamlet, v. 1. 197.
or octagonal towers are frequent. Arcaded galleries be- rheotropism (re-ot'ro-pizm), ». [< rheotrop(ic)
+ -ism.] In hot., a term introduced by Jonsson
to denote the effect of a current of water upon
the direction of plant-growth. In some cases the
plant grows with the current, then exhibiting positive
iheotropism ; in some cases against the current, exhibit-
ing negative rheotropism.
rhesian(re'shi-an),a. [< rhesus + -ian.] Char-
acteristic of the rhesus ; monkey-like : as, rhe-
sian antics. Literary World, Oct. 31, 1885.
rheochord (re'o-kdrd), «. [< Gr. 'pelv, flow, + rhesus (re'sus),w. [NL.,<L.«7«e6-«s,<Gr.'P7(jof,
Xopif/, a chord : see chord.] A metallic wire a king of Thracia, a river of the Troas, a river
used in measuring the resistance or varying •- T>-i1 — -- -i- i » « "
the strength of an electric current, in propor-
tion to the greater or less length of it inserted
in the circuit.
Rheoideae (re-oi'de-e), n. pi. [NL., < It/tea^ +
-oideas.] The Bheidse rated as a superfamily:
same as Rltese.
rheometer (re-om'e-ter), n. [Also reometer;
= F. rheometre; irreg. < Gr. pelv, flow, + /ifrpov,
a measure.] 1. An instrument for measuring
an electric current ; an electrometer or gal-
vanometer.— 2. An instrument for measuring
the velocity of the blood-flow,
rheometric (re-o-met'rik), a. [< rheometer +
-ic.] Pertaining to a rheometer or its use ;
galvanometric.
rheometry (re-om'e-tri), re. [As rheometer +
-i/3.] 1. In niath., the differential and integral
calculus; fluxions. — 2. The measurement of
electric currents: galvanometry.
rheomotor (re'o-mo-tor), n. [< Gr. pelv, flow,
+ L. motor, a mover.] Any apparatus, as :m
electric battery, by which an electric current
is originated.
rheophore (re'6-for), ». [Also reophore; < Gr.
peiv, flow, + -ipopof, < Qipeiv = E. bear1.] A gen- Rhetian, ". and H. See lilnetian.
eral name given by Ampere to the conductor Rhetic, <t. Same as Bhxtic.
joining the poles of a voltaic cell. rhetizite, «. See rhfetizitf.
rheoscope (fe'o-skop), «. [< Gr. pelv, flow. + rhetor (re'tgr)tn. [< ME.jethor, < OF. rehir,
in Bithyuia, etc.] 1. A macaque, Macacus
rhesus, one of the sacred monkeys of India.
It is 18 inches long,
the tail 6 or 8 inch-
es, and mostly of
a yellowish-brown
color. It is a near
relative of the com-
mon Javan ma-
caque, M. ajnomal-
gus, of the Malay
bruh, M. nemestn-
nus, and of the bon-
net-macaque or
munga, M. sinicus,
and in some re-
spects, as length of
tail and formation
of the "bonnet,"
holds an interme-
diate position be-
tween the extremes in this large and varied genus. The
rhesus is widely distributed in India, both in the hill-coun-
try and on the plains, where it is known by the native
name bunder. It runs into several varieties, which have
received technical specific names, and is among the mon-
keys commonly seen in zoological gardens and menageries.
2. [fa/'.] [NL.] In mammal., same as Maca-
cus.— 3. [«//».] In entom., a genus of coleop-
terous insects. Lacordaire, 1869.
Khesus Monkey (Mac,
lv, view.] An instrument by which tho
existence of an electric current may be ascer-
tained : an electroscope.
F. rhdieur = It. reiore, < L. rhetor, a teacher
of oratory, a rhetorician, also an orator, < Gr.
fii/rup, a 'speaker, orator, < epeh>, elpeiv (pret.
rhetoric
), say, speak: see verb.] 1 . A rheto-
rician; a master or teacher of rhetoric.
Myn English eek is insufficient;
It moste ben a rethor excellent,
That coude his colours longing for that art,
If he sholde hir discriven every part.
Cha-jcer, Squire's Tale, 1. 30.
Your hearing, what is it but as of a rhetor at a desk, to
commend or dislike';
Hammond, Works, IV. 514. (Latham.)
2. Among the ancient Greeks, an orator. Specif-
ically—(a) One who made it his occupation to speak in
the ecclesia or public assembly, and often to devote him-
self unofficially to some particular branch of the admin-
istration ; a political orator or statesman, (b) One who
made it his occupation to prepare speeches for other citi-
zens to deliver in their own cases in court, and to teach
them how to deliver them, act as an advocate, give in-
struction in the art of rhetoric, and deliver panegyrics or
epidictic orations ; hence, a professor of rhetoric ; a rheto-
rician.
They are (and that cannot be otherwise) of the same pro-
fession with the rhetorics [read rhetores?] at Rome, as much
used to defend the wrong as to protect and maintain the
most upright cause. Bp. Hadtet, Abp. Williams, 1. 72.
When a private citizen had to appear before court, the
rhetor who wrote the speech for him often tried to make
him appeal- at his beat Amer. Jour, of Philol., VI. 341.
rhetoriant, «• [ME. rethoryen ; < rhetor + -tan.]
Rhetorical.
The suasion of swetenesse rethoryen.
Chaucer, Boethius, ii. prose 1.
rhetoric (ret'pr-ik), M. [Early mod. E. rhetorick,
rcthoryck; < 'ME. retorike, rethoryke, retoryke,
retoryk (also rethorice, after L. rhetorice), < OF.
rhetorique, rectorique, F. rhetorique = Pr. retho-
rica = Sp. retorica = Pg. rhetorica = It. retorica,
rettorica, < L. rhetorica (sc. ars), also rhetorice,
< Gr. prfTopiK-f/ (se. rexvij), the rhetorical art, fern,
of prrroptK6f (> L. rhetoricus), of or pertaining to
a speaker or orator, rhetorical, < pijrup, a speak-
er, orator: see rhetor.] 1. The art of dis-
course ; the art of using language so as to in-
fluence others. Rhetoric is that art which consists in
a systematic use of the technical means of influencing the
minds, imaginations, emotions, and actions of others by the
use of language. Primarily, it is the art of oratory, with
inclusion of both composition and delivery; secondarily,
it also includes written composition and recitation. It is
also used in narrower senses, so as to present the idea of
composition alone, or the idea of oratorical delivery (elocu-
tion) alone. Etymologically, rhetoric is the art, or rather
the technics {Tt\<n>, somewhat different in scope from our
art), of the rhetor— that is, either the popular (political)
orator or the judicial and professional rhetor. Accord-
ingly, ancient writers regarded it mainly as the art of per-
suasion, and something of this view almost always attaches
to the word even in modern use, so that it appears to be
more or less inappropriate to use rhetoric of mere scien-
tific, didactic, or expository composition. The element
of persuasion, or at least of influence of thought, belongs,
however, to such composition also in so far as accurate
and well-arranged statement of views leads to their adop-
tion or rejection, the very object of instruction involving
this. On the other hand, poetry and epidictic oratory
chiefly address the imagination and emotions, while the
most important branches of oratory (deliberative and ju-
dicial oratory) appeal especially to the mind and emotions
with a view to influencing immediate action. The theory
or science underlying the art of rhetoric, and sometimes
called by the same name, is essentially a creation of the
ancient Greeks. Rhetoric was cultivated on its more
practical side first of all by the earlier rhetors (so-called
"sophists") and orators (Empedocles— considered the in-
ventor of rhetoric — Gorgias, Isocrates, etc.), many of whom
wrote practical treatises (re^i-ai) on the art. The philos-
ophers, on the other hand, among them Aristotle, treated
the subject from the theoretical side. The system of rheto-
ric which finally became established, and has never been
superseded, though largely mutilated and misunderstood
in medieval and modern times, is that founded upon the
system of the Stoic philosophers by the practical rhetori-
cian Hermagoras (about 60 B. c.). Its most important
extant representatives are Hermogenes (about A. D. 165)
among the Greeks, and Quintilian (about A. D. 95) among
the Latins. This theory recognizes three great divisions
of oratory. (See oratory.) The art of rhetoric was divided
into five parts: invention, disposition, elocution (not in
the modern sense, but comprising diction and style),
memory (mnemonics), and action (delivery, including the
modern elocution).
With rethorice com forth Musice, a damsel of oure hows.
Chaucer, Boethius, ii. prose 1.
General! report, that surpasseth my praise, condemneth
my relhoriflre of dulnesse for so colde a commendation.
Sashe, quoted in Int. to Pierce Penilesse, p. xxv.
For rhetoric, he could not ope
His mouth, but out there flew a trope.
Butler, Hudibras, i. 81.
2. Skill in discourse ; artistic use of language.
— 3. Artificial oratory, as opposed to that which
is natural and unaffected ; display in language ;
ostentatious or meretricious declamation.
Enjoy your dear wit, and gay rhetorick,
That hath so well been taught her dazzling fence.
Milton, Coraus, 1. 790.
Like quicksilver, the rhet'ric they display
Shines as it rune, but, grasp'd at, slips away.
Courper. Progress of Error, 1. 21.
4. The power of persuasion ; persuasive influ-
rhetoric
Every part of the Tragedy of his [the Son of God'eJ life,
every wound at his death, every groan and sigh which he
littered upon the Cross, were designed by him as the most
prevailing Khetoriclt, to perswade men to forsake thetr
sins, and be happy. StiUiivjjUet, Sermons, I. iii.
she was long deaf to all the sufferings of her lovers, till
. . . the rhetoric of John the hostler, with a new straw
hat and a pint of wine, made a second conquest over her.
Fielding, Joseph Andrews, i. 18.
Chambers of rhetoric. See cAonifter. =Syn. Elocution,
Eloquence, etc. See oratory.
rhetorical (re-tor'i-kal), a. [Early mod. E. re-
thoneall; < rhetoric 4- -a?.] Pertaining to, of
the nature of, or containing rhetoric ; oratori-
cal : as, the rhetorical art ; a rhetorical treatise ;
a rhetorical flourish.
A telling quotation, when the whole point lies perhaps
in some accidental likeness of words and names, is perfectly
fair as a rhetorical point, as long as it does not pretend to
be an argument. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 224.
Rhetorical accent, in music. See accent, 8 (a). — Rhe-
torical algebra, algebra without a special notation ; an
analysis of problems in the manner of algebra, but using
only ordinary language.— Rhetorical figure. See figure,
ia— Rhetorical question. See question — Rhetorical
syllogism, a probable argumentation: so called by Aris-
totle, from the ancient notion that science should rest on
demonstrative and not on probable reasoning — an opinion
which constituted the great fault of ancient science.
rhetorically (re-tor'i-kal-i), adv. In a rhetori-
cal manner ; according to the rules of rhetoric :
as, to treat a subject rhetorically; a discourse
rhetorically delivered.
rhetoricatet (re-tor'i-kat), r. ». [< LL. rltetori-
catus, pp. of rhetoricari, speak rhetorically, < L.
rhetorica, rhetoric: see rhetoric."} To play the
orator.
A person ready to sink under his wants has neither time
nor heart to rhetoricate, or make flourishes. South.
rhetoricationt (re-tor-i-ka'shpn), «. [< rhetori-
cate + -ion."] Rhetorical amplification.
" When I consider your wealth I doe admire your wis-
dome, and when I consider your wisdome I doe admire
your wealth." It was a two-handed rhetorication, but the
citizens [of London] tooke it in the best sense.
Aubrey, Lives, Sir II. Fleetwood.
Their rhetarieatimu and equivocal expressions.
Waterland, Charge (1732), p. 8.
rhetorician (ret-o-rish'an), 11. and a. [< OP.
rlietoricicn, rethoricieu, F. rhetoricien ; as rhet-
oric + -ian.] I. ». 1. A teacher of rhetoric
or oratory; one who teaches the art of correct
and effective speech or composition.
The ancient sophists and rhetoricians, who had young au-
ditors, lived till they were a hundred years old. Baton.
All a rhetorician's rules
Teach nothing but to name his tools.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. L 89.
2. One who is versed in the art and principles
of rhetoric; especially, one who employs rhe-
torical aid in speech or written composition;
in general, a public speaker, especially one who
speaks for show ; a declaimer.
He speaks handsomely ;
What a rare rhetorician his grief plays !
Fletcher, Mad Lover, iii. 4.
Or played at Lyons a declaiming prize,
For which the vanquished rhetorician dies.
Drijden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, i. 66.
A man is held to play the rhetorician when he treats a
subject with more than usual gaiety of ornament ; and per-
haps we may add, as an essential element in the idea, with
conscious ornament. De Quincey, Rhetoric.
The " understanding " is that by which a man becomes
a mere logician, and a mere rhetorician. F. W. Robertson.
II. a. Belonging to or befitting a master of
rhetoric.
Boldly presum'd, with rhetorician pride,
To hold of any question either side.
SirR. Blackmore, Creation, iii.
rhetoriouslyt, <idi\ [ME. rethoriously ; < "rheto-
rious (< rhetor + -ions) + -ly2."] Rhetorically.
Now ye all that shall thys behold or rede,
Remembreth myn unconnyng simplesse ;
Thought rethoriously peinted be not in-dede,
As other han don by ther discretnesse.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.X 1. 6B11.
rhetorizet (ret'or-iz), v. [< OF. rhetoriser, <
LL. rlietorissare, < Gr. fnrrupiCetv, speak rhetori-
cally, < pr/rup, an orator: see rhetor."] I. in-
trans. To play the orator. Cotgrave.
II. trans. To represent by a figure of oratory;
introduce by a rhetorical device.
No lesse was that before his book against the Brownists
to write a Letter to a prosopopoea. a certain rhetoriz'd wo-
man whom he calls mother.
Milton, Apology for Smectytnnuus.
Rheto-Romanic, a. and n. Same as Shseto-
Komauic.
rheum1 (ro'm), n. [Early mod. E. also retime,
retcme; < ME. reunite, reent, < OF. renme, rheiime.
F. rhume = Pr. Sp. reitma = Pg. rheuma = It.
reuma, rema, a cold, catarrh, rheum, < L. rheu-
ma, < Gr. psl'fia, a flow, flood, flux, rheum, < faiv
5150
(•y/ pn; orig. nptF), flow, = Skt. -\/ srtt, flow: see
stream. Hence rheumatism, etc. : from the same
Gr. verb are ult. E. catarrh, iliarrhea, rhythm,
etc.] 1 . A mucous discharge, as from the nos-
trils or lungs during a cold; hence, catarrhal
discharge from the air-passages, nose, or eyes.
Your Lordship doth write that by sleeping upon the
ground you haue taken a pestilent Rheum.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577X p. 134.
I have a rheum in mine eyes too.
Shalt., T. and C., v. 3. 105.
A mist falling as I returned gave me such a rheume as
kept me within doores neere a whole raoneth after.
Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 18, 1656.
2. A thin serous fluid, secreted by the mucous
glands, etc., as in catarrh ; humid matter which
collects in the eyes, nose, or mouth, as tears,
saliva, and the like.
Reuwne of the hed or of the breste. Prompt. Pare. , p. 432.
You that did void your rheum upon my beard.
Shalt., M. of V., i. 3. 118.
Flows a cold sweat, with a continual rheum,
Forth the resolved corners of his eyes.
B. Jonson, Volpone, i. 1.
3t. Spleen ; choler.
Nay, I have my rheum, and 1 can be angry as well as
another, sir. B. Jmuon, Every Han in his Humour, iii. 2.
Rheum2 (re'um), ». [NL. (Linnaeus, 1737), <
ML. rheum, < Gr. pi/ov, the rhubarb; according
to some, so named from its purgative proper-
ties, < pflf, flow (see rheum1), but prob. an accom.
form of pa, rhubarb: see rha, rhubarb."] A ge-
nus of apetalous plants of the order Polygona-
ceee and tribe Rumicefe. It Is characterized by its
(usually) nine stamens, and its six-parted perianth which
remains unchanged in fruit, around the three- winged and
exserted fruit. There are about 20 species, natives of Si-
beria, the Himalayas, and western Asia. They are stout
herbs from thick and somewhat woody rootstocks, with
large toothed or lobed and wavy leaves, and loose dry
stipular sheaths. The small white or greenish pedicelled
bractless flowers are in racemed fascicles, the racemes
panicled. The floral leaves are In some species small, in
others large and colored, as in R. nobile, a remarkable
species of the Sikhim Himalayas. For this and other spe-
cies, see rhubarb, the common name of the genus. See
also cute under plumule and rhubarb.
rheuma (rS'mij), «. [NL., < L. rheuma, < Gr.
pei'fia, a flow, flood, flux : seerAewm1.] Same as
rheum* — Rheuma epidemicum. Same as influenza.
rheumarthritis (ro-mar-thri'tis), ». [NL.,<Gr.
pevua, flux (see rheum1), + apBpov, joint, + -itis.
Of. arthritis."] Acute articular rheumatism (see
rheumatism), and such chronic forms as have the
same setiology.
rheumarthrosis (ro-mar-thro'sis), n. [NL., <
Gr. pti'ua, flux (see rheum1), + aptipov, joint, +
-»«i«. Cf. arthrosis."] Same as rheumarthritis.
rheumatalgia (ro-ma-tal'ji-a), ». [NL., < Gr.
pevua, flux (see rheum1), + a/,; of, pain.] Rheu-
matic pain.
rheumatic (r$-mat'ik, formerly ro'ma-tik), a.
and n. [Early mod. E. rheumatick, reumatick,
retcmatick, rumatikc; < OF. rumatique, rhuma-
tique, F. rliumatiqiie = Pr. reumatic = Sp. reu-
nidtico = Pg. rheiunatico = It. reumatico, rema-
tieo, < L. rheumaticus, < Gr. pevua.Tii<6r, of or per-
taining to a flux or discharge, < pevua, a flux,
rheum: see rheum1.'] I. a. If. Pertaining to
a rheum or catarrhal affection ; of the nature
of rheum.
The moon, the governess of floods,
Pale in her anger, washes all the air,
That rheumatic diseases do abound.
Shalt., SI. N. D., ii. 1. 105.
2t. Having a rheum or cold; affected by rheum.
By sleeping in an ayrie place you haue bene very ru-
matilre, . . . |but] it is lesse euil in Summer to sweate
then to cough.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 122.
3f. Causing rheum ; unhealthy; damp.
The sun with his flame-coloured wings hath fanned away
the misty smoke of the morning, and refined that thick
tobacco-breath which the rheumatick night throws abroad.
Dekker, Gull's Hornbook, p. 62.
Now time is near to pen our sheep in fold,
And evening air is rheumatick and cold.
Peele, An Eclogue.
4. Pertaining to or caused by rheumatism ; of
the nature of rheumatism : as, rheumatic symp-
toms.
The patched figure of good Uncle Venner was now visi-
ble, coming slowly from the head of the street downward,
with a rheumatic limp, because the east wind had got into
his joints. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xvi.
5. Affected by rheumatism; subject to rheu-
matism: as, a rheumatic patient.
O'erworn, despised, rheumatic, and cold.
Shak. , Venus and Adonis, 1. 135.
The electrical sensibility of the skin connected with an
acutely rheumatic joint has been described by Drosdoff as
being remarkably diminished. Quain, Med. Diet., p. 1357.
6f. Splenetic ; choleric.
rheumatoidal
You two never meet but you fall to some discord ; you
are both, i1 good troth, as rheumatic as two dry toasts
Shalt., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 62.
Acute rheumatic polyarthritis. Same as acute articu-
lar rheumatism. See rheumatism. — Chronic rheumatic
arthritis. Same as rheumatoid arthritis (which see, under
i-!i* '//natoid), or as chronic articular rheumatism (which
see, under rheumatism). — Eruptive rheumatic fever,
dengue.— Rheumatic amygdalitis, nmygdalitis of rheu-
matic origin.— Rheumatic anaesthesia, anaesthesia as
sociated with rheumatism. — Rheumatic apoplexy, thf
stupor or coma sometimes developing in the course of
acute rheumatism. — Rheumatic atrophy, loss of size
and strength of muscles after rheumatism. — Rheumatic
bronchitis, an attack of bronchitis which is supposed to
depend on a rheumatic diathesis or an attack of acute
rheumatism. —Rheumatic contraction. Samcas(«(an;/.
— Rheumatic diathesis, the condition of body tending
to the development of rheumatism. — Rheumatic dysen-
tery, dysentery accompanied by rheumatic inflammation
of one or several joints, with synovial effusion, pleuro-
dynia, and catarrh of the bronchial mucous membranes.
— Rheumatic fever. Same as acute articular rheuma-
tism. See rheumatism. — Rheumatic gout. Same as
rheumatfrid arthritis (which see, under rheumatoid). —
Rheumatic inflammation, inflammation due to rheu-
matism.— Rheumatic iritis, inflammation of tile iris re-
sulting from cold, especially in weak subjects.
II. n. 1. One who suffers from or is liable to
rheumatism: as, a confirmed rheumatic. — 2.
pi. Rheumatic pains; rheumatism. [Colloq.]
When fevers burn, or ague freezes,
Rheumatics gnaw, or cholic squeezes,
Our neighbour's sympathy may ease us.
Burns, To the Toothache.
rheumatical (i-o-inat'i-kal), a. [< rheumatic +
-«/.] Same as rheumatic.
rheumaticky (rij-mat'i-ki), «. [< rheumatic +
-.1/1.] Rheumatic. [Colloq.]
rheumatism (ro'ma-tizm), n. [= F. rhuinatisme
= Sp. It. reumatismo = Pg. rheumatismn, < L.
rheumatismus, < Gr. pevua.nau6c, liability to
rheum, a humor or flux, < pevfiari^eaSat, have a
flux, < pe vua, a flux : see rheum*."] The disease
specifically known as acute articular rheuma-
tism (see below) — the name including also sub-
acute and chronic forms apparently of the same
causation. The word is used with a certain and unfor
tunate freedom in application to joint pains of various
origins and anatomical forms. — Acute articular rheu-
matism, an acute febrile disease, with pain and inflamma
tion of the joints as the prominent symptom. It is to be
separated as of distinct, possibly bacterial, origin from
joint affections caused by gout, plumbism, scarlatina,
gonorrhea, septicemia, tuberculosis, or syphilis. It often
begins suddenly ; a number of joints are usually attacked
one after the other ; the fever is irregular ; there is apt to
be profuse sweating ; endocarditis, pericarditis, pleuritis,
sudamina, erythema nodosum, hypei-pyrexia, and delirium
are more or less frequent features of the cases. Its dura-
tion is from one to six weeks or more. It is most frequent
between 15 and 35, but may occur in the flrst year of life
or after 50. One attack does not protect, but, as in pneu-
monia and erysipelas, is often succeeded by others. It
almost always issues In recovery, but frequently leaves
permanent cardiac lesions. Also called acute rheumatism,
rheumarthritis, rheumatic fever, acute rheumatic polyar-
thritis.—Chronic articular rheumatism, the result,
commonly, of one or more attacks of acute rheumatism,
characterized by a chronic inflammation of one or more
joints without profound structural alteration. — OonOT-
rheal rheumatism, an inflammation of the joints oc-
curring in persons having gonorrhea.— Muscular rheu-
matism, a painful disorder of the muscles, characterized
by local pain, especially on use of the muscles affected :
same as myalgia. — Progressive chronic articular
rheumatism. Same as rheumatoid arthritis (which see,
under rheumatoid).
rheumatismal (ro-ma-tiz'mal), a. [< rheuma-
tixm + -«?.] Rheumatic.
rheumatism-root (ro'ma-tizm-rot), n. 1. The
twinleaf. See Jeffersonia. — 2. The wild yam,
Dioscorea villosa. See yam.
rheumatiz, rheumatize (ro'ma-tiz), n. Rheu-
matism. [Vulgar.]
I did feel a rheumatize in my back-spauld yestreen.
Scott, Pirate, vii.
rheumatizy (ro'ma-tiz-i), ». Same as rheuma-
tic. [Vulgar.]
Eh, my rheumc.tizy be that bad howiver be I to win to
the burnin'. Tennyson, Queen Mary, iv. 3.
rheumatoceles (ro-mat-6-se'lez), «. [NL., <
Gr. pev/ta, flux (see rheum*), + Kq'/.r/, tumor.]
Same as purpura rheumatica (which see, under
pvrpttra;.
rheumatoid (vo'ma-toid), «. [< Gr. pfty/araA/f,
like a flux, < pevua, flux, + tMof, form.] Resem-
bling rheumatism or some of its characters : as,
rheumatoid pains — Rheumatoid arthritis, a dis-
ease of the joints characterized by chronic inflammatory
and degenerative changes, which involve the structure of
the various articulations, resulting in rigidity and deform-
ity. Also called chronic rheumatic arthritis, rheumatic gout,
jfrwiressire chronic articular rheumatism, chronic osteo-ar-
tkrOit.
Chronic rheumatism of the most severe degree thus
merges into, if it be not actually identical with, the class
of diseases known as rheumatoid or "rheumatic " arthritis.
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 1367.
rheumatoidal (ro-ma-toi'dal), a. Same as
rheumatoid.
rheumic
„ (rd'mik), <i. [Irreg. < Rht
Related to rhubarb — Rheumic acid ,
product of the treatment of rheotannic acid with dilute
rneumophthalmia(ro-mof-tliarmi-a),». [NL.,
< Gr. peii/ui, flux (see rheum*), + b^ScAfua, oph-
thalmia.] Rheumatic ophthalmia.
rheumy (ro'mi), «. [< riwuw1 + -y1.] 1. Af-
fected by rheum; full of rheum or watery mat-
So too-much Cold couers with hoary Fleece
The head of Age, . . . hollowes his rhemny eyes,
And makes himselfe enen his owne selfe despise.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 2.
2. Causing rheum.
And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air
To add unto his sickness? Shak., J. C., ii. 1. 266.
Rhexia (rek'si-a), n. [NL., in def. 1 (Linnwus,
1753),< L. rhcxia, a plant, prob. Echimn rubrmn;
in def. 2 (Stal, 1867), directly from the Gr.; <
5151
rhinocaul
whirh pierce the cribriform plate nf the ethmoid, and ram-
ify in the nose. The rhinencephalon, like other encephalic
y n e nos. ,
segments is paired or double - that is, consists of right
and left halves. It is primitively hollow, or has its proper
by their inflorescence and shrubby habit. They
tire leaves, and small axillary clusters of flowe
often form a large loose-branched panicle or dense termi-
nal thyrsus of crowded cymes. R. cmnmiinin is a slender
shrub, whose root and leaves are used in India and China
natives of tropical and southern Africa, India, and the
Moluccas. They are next allied to Dianthera, the water-
willow of the United States, but are readily distinguished
They bear en-
:ers which nnnuu wi m^ OJD..~... «. «- — --
cephalic segments, and known as the rMnonzb. Also rti-
iiencephal. See cuts under Petramyzontidse, Rana, brain
(cut 2) and cnccphalon.
itlm lcu,*io €»1W UDVjlA ... . .i'... • ...... .... " «"/, ^ , _ f. n , r/ ,.!,;
as an 'application for ringworm and other cutaneous dis- rhinenCephalOUS (ri-nen-sef a-lus), n.
eases, whence called ringworm-root. _ ncuceplial + -oils.] Same as rhineiict'/ilidlir.
Rhinae (ri'ne), «. pi. [NL. (Gill, 1861), pi. ol rhinencephalus (ri-neii-sef'a-lus), ii.; pi. rlii-
Rhiim, q. v.] In ichth., one of the main dm- ,,,,,,,.,,,,/,,,/j (_]j). [NL., < Gr.p/c (piv-), the nose,
sions of sharks, represented only by the angel- + ^ nj^oXoc, the brain : see encepha'.on .] In tera-
tol, a cyclops. Also rhinocephalius.
rhinestone (riu'ston), «. [Tr. F. eaiuoux dx
Illiiii, rhinestones, so called from the river
Rhine, in allusion to the origin of strass, in-
vented at Strasburg in 1680.] An imitation
stone made of paste or strass (a lead glass), gen-
sharks otSquatinitfa. Also called Squatinoidea,
as a superfamily.
rhinaesthesia (ri-nes-the'si-a), «. [NL., < Gr.
pit (pa--), nose, + mattr/aic, perception : see testhe-
sio.j Sense of smell ; olfaction.
rhinaesthesis (ri-nes-the'sis), n. [NL. : see
rliimentlicsiii.'] Same as rJiimestltcsia.
iu «ci. - ,K,.™, — ,.„ ^ -, - — --.. erally cut in the form of a brilliant and made
Gr. Wftr, a breaking, rent, rupture, < ptryvvvai, rhinaesthetics (ri-nes-thet iks), «. [As rlnnses- and cut to imitate the diamond, set usually in
break, burst forth: see break.] 1. A genus of thenia (-lesthet-) + -ics. Cf .esthetics.] The sci-
polypetalous plants of the order Melastomaceee, ence of sensations of smell.
type of the tribe Rhexieee. It is characterized by the rhinal (ri'nal), a. [< Gr. pit (P'v-), later also ptv,
four obovate petals, the smooth ovary, and the eight equal the nose, + -(I L] Of or pertaining to the nose ;
anthers with a thickened or spurred connective, each an-
ther long and slender, incurved, and opening by a single
terminal pore. The 7 species are natives of North America,
and are the only members of their large family which pass
beyond the tropics, except the 2 species of Bredia in east-
ern Asia. Three or four species extend to the Middle At-
lantic States, and one is found in New England. Theyare ,,
herbs or erect undershrubs, branched and usually set with rhmalgia (n-nal Ji-a), n. [JNLi., <, Ur. pit (pn-),
conspicuous, dark, gland-bearing bristles. Their leaves nose ^ 5^yoc, pain.] Pain, especially neuralgic
are oblong, short-petioled, three-nerved, entire or bristle- ajn| jn tne ,,5se.
ose, common y o^ a jjjjjjjajjthaceae (ri-nan-tha'se-e), n. pi.
(Jussieu, 1805), < Rhinanthus + -aces.]
der of dicotyledons established by Jussieu, but
now incorporated with the Scrophularinex.
Rhinanthus (ri-nan'thus), n. [NL. (Linnseus,
1737), named from the compressed and beaked
upper lip of a former species ; < Gr. pit (piv-),
nose, + avBot, flower.] A genus of gamopeta-
lous plants of the order Scrophularincie and
tribe Euphrasiex. It is characterized by a long two-
lipped corolla, the upper lip entire, straight, compressed,
and helmet-like; by a swollen and compressed four-toothed
" lit; by four unequal stamens with
nd by a roundish capsule containing
silver or other inexpensive mounting. Rhine-
stones were extensively worn in the latter part of the
eighteenth century, and are now much used in shoe-
buckles, clasps, and ornaments for the hair.
nasal- n'ariai: as "the rhinal cavities (that is, rhineurynter (ri-nu-rin'ter), » [<Gnpi'c (piv-),
the nasal passages). nose, + -rfpwvrfe. (an assumed form),
widen, < ti'pfc, wide.] A small inflatable elas-
To make the laryngeal and rhmal mirrors available, the ' £ "1 n}nf?tnne the nose
artificial illumination of these parts [hidden behind and tic Dag used tor plugging ui JOBS.
above the palate] is necessary. Pop. Sci. Mo., XII. 170. RhinichthyS (n-nik'this), ». [NL. ^Agassiz,
1838), < Gr. pit (piv-), nose, + «*%, a fish.] In
ichth., a genus of cyprinoid fishes from the
fresh waters of North America. They are known
[NL.
An or-
Black -nosed Dace {Rhinichthys atrotiasirs).
include some of the prettiest minnows, as R. cataractx and
R. atronasus.
Ihinidae (riu'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Rhinal +
-idle.] A family of plagiostomous fishes, named
few winged seeds. The 2 or 3 very variable species are from the genus Rhina: same as Squatinidx.
lativesofteniperateandnorthernregionsinEurope.Asia, rhinitis (ri-ni'tis), w. [NL., < Gr. pit (P"-'-).
nose, + -itis.] Inflammation of the nose, espe-
cially of the nasal mucous membrane.
ep-cut floral leaves, the upper flowers con- rhino (ri'no), «. [Also rino ; of obscure cant
spike. Ji. Crista-galli of the northern Old orimri .perhaps a made word.]
ommon rattle, yellow rattle, or rattlebox of rat*' f
Tlic Inflorescence of Meadow-lieauty (Rhexia
a, the fruit ; *. a stamen ; c , a leaf.
and America. " They are annual erect herbs, more or less
parasitic on the roots of grasses. They bear opposite cre-
nate leaves, and yellow, violet, or bluish flowers sessile in
the axils of dei
densed into a
World is the c< , ,
Great Britain : also called penny-gram and cockscomb. I
is often injurious to herbage on account of its parasitic
habit.
rhinarium (ri-na'ri-um), «.; pi. rhinaria (-a).
[NL.,< Gr. pi( (ptv-), nose, + -arium.~\ In entom.,
the nostril-piece ; the front part of the nasus, or
Thev bear the names deer-grogs and meadow-beauty, the clypeus, or its equivalent when reduced in size
..' , • i_ii_. +„ 1> I.VVA.'«.'fln tlio Koof_lrtirt«rt> . ~~J ... , 1 ,. .. 1 . . . ., .; I ; ,. .. ( i . u i r\f tlm \T^>»/»*/l*l//»'rt Tl
latter applying especially to R. Virginita. the best-known
and most northern species, sometimes cultivated.
2. In rod'/., a genus of hemipterous insects.
Rhexieae (rek-si'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. P. de Can-
dolle, 1838), < Rhexia, + -ex.] A tribe of plants
of the order Melastomacex. It is characterized by
a four-celled ovary with numerous ovules fixed upon a pla-
centa projecting from the inner angle of the cell, a capsu-
lar fruit, spirally coiled seeds, and anthers with their con-
nective commonly produced behind into a spur or tail. It
includes about 37 species, belonging to 3 genera, of which
Rhexia is the type and Monochsetum the largest genus, con-
taining 28 species of unimportant plants of western trop-
ical America.
Money; cash.
[Slang.]
" The Seaman's Adieu," an old ballad dated 1670, has
the following :
Some as I know
Have parted with their ready rino.
y. <mdQ.,7thser., V. 417.
To sum up the whole, in the shortest phrase I know,
Beware of the Rhine, and take care of the rhino.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 45.
used in the classification of the Nenroptera. In
certain laraellicorn beetles it forms a large
sclerite between the clypeus and the labrum.
Kirby and Spence.
'hinaster (ri-nas'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. pit (piv-),
h^ied+ Ifrtaif SeeL,™! VSS^ RMnobatid* (rM.o-bat'i-de),
No doubt you might have found a quarry,
Perhaps a gold-mine, for aught I know,
Containing heaps of native rhino,
Lou-ell, Biglow Papers, 1st ser. , Int.
Iilliltf>b(ltusi + .i(f
w. pi [NL., <
A family of selachians,
lltf> . ,
[NL.] (a) The genus of two-horned rln- t ifled bv the genus Khinobatus; the shark-
r.n» Grtrt 7?/,,'u/i/./i»-/i/>'//a> I h\ I nA trttTnis »* "* -.
noceroses. See Khinocerotidx. (b) The genus
of star-nosed moles: synonymous with Condij-
lura. Wagner, 1843.
rhind-martt, »• See rindmart.
rhigolene (rig'o-len), H. [<Gr. p/>oc, cold (prob. rhine, n. A spelling of rinel.
= L. frlgus, cold, <frinere, be cold: see frigid), Rhine-berry (rin'ber*'i), n. Same
+ oleum, oil, < Gr. 'i'/juov: see oil.] A product berry.
obtained in the distillation of petroleum. It is rhinencephal (ri-nen'se-fal), ».
probably the most volatile fluid known.and one of the very neiiccphalon.
best for use in producing intense cold ; when atomized it - -
as Hheui-
Same as rhi-
to .629 (105° to 95° B.): it boils at 18° C.
anesthetic. Also rhiyoline.
rhimet, rhimert, etc. See rime1, etc.
Rhinal (ri'nii), ». [NL., < L. rhina, < Gr. pivi/, a
file or rasp,"a shark with a rough skin.] In
ichth. : («t) An old generic name (Klein, 1745)
of the angel-fish or monk-fish: now called Kqtui-
tina. See Rhinee. (l>) A genus of rays of the
^ n. Plural of rhine,
rhinencephali.V Plural of rhinei .
rhinencephalic (ri-nen-se-fal'ik or -sef'a-lik),
[< rhinencephal + -ic.] Pertaining to the
rays or beaked rays. They are shark-like rays, whose
trunk gradually passes into the long strong tail, which is
provided with two well-developed dorsal fins, a caudal
fin, and a conspicuous dermal fold on each side. The
rayed part of the pectoral fins is not extended to the
snout. Three to five genera are recognized, with about
15 species, of warm seas.
rhinobatoid (ri-nob'a-toid), a. and «. [< Rhi-
•nobatusl + -oid.] I. a. Of or relating to the
Rhinobatidse.
II. n. A selachian of the family Rhinobatidie.
RhinobatUS1 (ri-nob'a-tus), n. [NL. (Bloch and
Schneider, 1801), < Gr. piv6paTot, also ptvo3&nx,
a rough-skinned fish, perhaps Raia rhinobittos,
< P'IVTI, a shark, + flarot, a ray.] The typical
genus of Rhinobatidie, having the first dorsal
fin much behind the ventrals, and the anterior
nasal valves not confluent. R. jirodiictus is the
long-nosed ray of California. Also Rhinobatis.
rhinencephalon; olfactory, as a lobe or seg-
ment of the brain — Rhinencephalic segment of
the brain, the rhinencephalon.— Rhinencephalic ver-
tebra, the foremost one of four cranial vertebras or seg-
ments of which the skull has been theoretically supposed
., _ . by some anatomists, as Owen, to consist. o ^
family Rliiiiolnitidte, having a broad and obtuse rhinencephalon (ri-nen-sef'a-lon), «. ; pi. rhi- RhinobatUS2 (ri-nob'a-tus), n. [NL., < Gr. pit
snout, as R. tinci/loxtoiinis. Also called Rham- nencephal/i (-la). [NL., < Gr. pit (piv-), nose, (ptv-), nose.] In eutom., a genus of coleopte-
+ iyKe^a'Mt, brain: see enceiihalon.] The ol- rOus insects. Germar, 1817.
factory lobe o"
of the several
the lower vertebrates the rhinencephalon is relatively MUCOUS or mucopiiruleut discharges from the
large and evidently a distinct part of the brain. In the
higher it irradually diminishes in size, becoming relative- nose.
ly very small, and apparently a mere outgrowth of the rhinocaul (ri'no-kal), w. [< Gr. pif (piv-), nose,
cerebrum. Thus, in man the rhinencephalon is reduced + Kav).0f, a stalk: see caulis.] In anat., the
Illin-ii and Schneider, 1801.
Rhina- (ri'nii), «. [< Gr. pif (piv-), nose.] In
fiitnm., a genus of coleopterous insects.
Rhinacanthus (ri-na-kan'thus), n. [NL. (Nees
von Eseiibeck, 1832), so called in allusion to the
shape of the flower; < Gr. bit (piv-), nose, + anav-
flof, acanthus.] A genus of pamopetalous plants
of the order Acunthaccse, tribe Justicicse, and sub-
a/,of, Drain: see eacepnaion.) • rOus insects. Germar, 181V.
lobe of the brain ; the foremost one rhinoblennorrhea, rhinoblennorrhcea (ri-no-
ieveral morphological segments of the blen-o-re'ii), n. [NL., < Gr. pic (piv-), nose, +
ilon, preceding the prosencephalon. In fal-woc., mucus, + pom, a flow. Of. blennorrlicti.]
tribe Kujnxticicir. It is characterized by its twoanthers, to the so-called pair of olfactory nerves, from their roots peduncle, or support of the olfactory bulb,
each having two blunt cells without .spun, one cell placed Ir, ithe cerebrum to the olfactory bulbs ; whence are given eras pe anu L _ , s pp „....,....,„ vm/525.
each having two blunt culls without spurs,
higher than the other; and by the slenderly cylindrical
in the cerebrum to the ollactory nuios wnence are givt — —jf -- . « . „ • VTTT >,<>=
off the numerous filaments, the proper olfactory nerves, Buck's Handbook OJ Med. Sciences, Vlll. O-O.
rhinocephalus
rhinocephalus (ri-no-sef a-his), ». [NL.,< Gr.
pif (piv-), nose, + KfQaJ.i/, head.] Same as rlii-
5152
rhinocerial (li-no-se'ri-al), «. [< rhinoceros +
-in?.] 1. Same iis rliiniirerntic. — 2. Pug or re-
trouss6, as the nose. [Rave.]
rhinocerical (ri-no-ser'i-kal), n. [< rhiitiicerox
+ -ic-«L] Same as rliiiioccrial, '2. [Rare.]
These gentlemen were formerly marked out and distin-
guished by the little rhinncerical nose, . . . which they
were used to cock, toss, or draw up in a contemptuous
manner, upon reading the works of their ingenious con-
temporaries. Addition, Tatler, No. 280.
RMnoceridae (ri-no-ser'i-de), n. [NL.] Same
as Rhinocerotidee.
rhinocerine (ri-nos'e-rin), a. [< rhinoceros +
-ine1.'] Same as rhinocerotic.
rhinoceroid(ri-uos'e-roid), a. [< rhinoceros +
-aid.] Same as rliiiiocerotoiil.
Rhinocerontidae (ri-nos-e-ron'ti-de), M. pi. [<
RliiiioceroH (-ot-) + -tcfcr.j An erroneous form
of Rhinocerotidee. W. H. Flower.
Rhinocerontina (ri-nos'e-ron-ti'nji), ». pi. [<
Rhinoceros (-ot-) + -inr<2.~\ Same as Rliinoee-
rotidae.
rhinocerontine (ri-nos-e-ron'tiu), a. [Irreg. <
rhinoceros (-ot-) + -»«eX] Of or pertaining
to a rhinoceros or the Rhinocerotidte ; rhinoce-
rotic.
In the manner practiced by others of the rhinoccrontint
family.
Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches, i , note.
rhinoceros (ri-nos'e-ros), w. [Formerly also
rliinocerot, rhinocerote; = OF. rhinoceros, F.
rhinoceros = Sp. It. rinoceronte = Pg. rhinoceros,
rhinoceroittc, < L. rhinoceros, < Gr. ptvoKcpuf
(-Kepor-), a rhinoceros, lit. ' nose-horned,' < pif
(piv-), the nose, + nepaf, a horn.] 1. A large
pachydermatous perissodactyl mammal with
a horn on the nose ; any member of the genus
Rhinoceros or family Rltinocerotidfe. There are
several living as well as many fossil species. They are
huge ungainly quadrupeds, having an extremely thick
and tough or hard skin, thrown into various buckler-like
plates and folds. The legs are short, stout, and clumsy,
with odd-toed feet, whose three digits are incased in
separate hoofs. The tail is short; the ears are high and
rather large; the head is very large and unshapely, sup-
ported upon a thick stocky neck ; the muzzle is blunt, and
the upper lip freely movable. The head is especially
long in the nasal region, and there are usually one or two
massive upright horns, without any bony core, the sub-
stance of the horn being epidermal only. When two
horns are present they are one behind the other in the
median line, and the hinder one rests over the frontal
bone, the front one being in any case borne upon the
nasal bones. Rhinoceroses live mainly in marshy places,
in thick or rank vegetation, and subsist entirely upon
vegetable food. The living species are now confined to the
warmer parts of Africa and Asia, and are hairless or nearly
so ; but these animals formerly had a much more extensive
range, not only in the Old World, but also in America.
The best-known of the extinct species is R. tichnrhinus,
the woolly rhinoceros, which formerly ranged over Europe,
including the British Isles. Of the existing one-horned
Rhinocerovlieetle (I\vn<utes
tttyu* , half natural size.
One-homed Rhinoceros (Khinoeeras unicomis}.
species are the Indian rhinoceros, R. indicus or R. «m'-
cornis, which inhabits the warmer parts of Asia, attains a
height of 5 feet, and has the horn short and stout ; the
Javan rhinoceros, R. sondaicus, or R. javanus, distinct
from the Indian species, inhabiting Java, the Malay pen-
insula, etc.; the hairy-eared rhinoceros, /,'. lasiotin; and
the African kobaoba, R. siixm. The two-honied species
include the Sumatran or Malaccan rhinoceros, li. suma-
tremis ; and the African keitloa, R. keitloa or bicornis. See
also cut under Perissodactyla.
Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear,
The arm d rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. 101.
2. [cap.] [NL. (Linnseus, 1758).] The typical
genus of Rhinocerotidie, containing all the liv-
ing and some of the extinct forms. See above.
— Rhinoceros leg, pachydermia or elephantiasis.
rhinoceros-auk (ri-nos'e-ros-ak), n. The bird
Ceratorhinn monocerata, belonging to the fam-
ily Alcidse, having an upright deciduous horn
on the base of the beak. See Ceratorhinn, and
cut in next column.
rhinoceros-beetle (ri-nos'e-ros-be'tl), n. A
beetle of the genus Di/tiuxte*. having in the
Rhinoceros-auk (CeraforJtina monoftratn) : left-hand figure in win-
ter, after molting the horn ami plumes.
male sex a large up-curved horn on the head,
resembling somewhat the horn of the rhinoce-
ros, as well as a more
or less developed pro-
thoracic horn. The com-
mon rhinoceros-beetle of the
United States, Dynatta U-
'//"-, the largest of the North
American beetles, has two
large horns directed forward,
one arising from the thorax
and one from the head, in the
male beetle only. The gen-
eral color is greenish-gray
with black markings, and be-
tween this form and a uni-
form brown there are many
gradations. The larva feeds
in decaying stumps and logs.
Both beetle and larva have
a peculiarly disagreeable odor, which, when they are pres-
ent in any number, becomes insupportable. It. herctues of
South America is another rhinoceros-beetle, specifically
called the Hercules-beetle, whose prothoracic horn is im-
mensely long. See also cut under Hercules-beetle.
rhinoceros-bird (ri-nos'e-ros-berd), «. 1. The
rhinoceros-hornbill. — 2. A beef-eater or ox-
pecker. See liuphaga.
rhinoceros-bash (ri-nos'e-ros -bush), w. A
composite shrub, Elytropappus Rltinocerotis, a
rough much-branching bush with minute scale-
like leaves, and heads disposed singly, it
abounds in the South African karoo lands— a plant of dry
ground, but said to be a principal food of the rhinoceros.
rhinoceros-chameleon (ri-nos'e-ros-ka-me'le-
on), M. The Madagascar Chamaileon rhinocern-
'ius, having a horn on the snout,
rhinoceros-hornbill (ri-nos'e-ros-h6rn"bil). «.
The bird Buceros rhinoceros, a large hornbill of
the family Bucerotidse, having the horn on the
bill enormously developed. See cut under
hornbill.
rhinoceros-tick (ri-nos'e-ros-tik), n. The tick
Ijcodes rhinoccrinus, which infests rhinoceroses.
rhinocerott, rhinocerotet (ri-nos'e-rot, -rot), w.
[< rhinoceros (-ot-): see rhinoceros."] A rhinoce-
ros.
For a Plough he got
The horn or tooth of som Rhinocerot.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Handy-Crafts.
He speaks to men with a rhinocerote's nose,
Which he thinks great, and so reads verses too.
/;. Jonnon, Epigrams, .\\viii.
rhinocerotic (ri-nos-e-rot'ik), n. [< rhinoceros
(-ot-) + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the rhino-
ceros ; resembling or characteristic of a rhino-
ceros; rhinocerotiform.
In these respects the Tapir is Horse-like, but in the fol-
lowing it is more Rhinocerotic. Huxley, Aiiat Vert., p. 310.
Rhinocerotic section, an incongruous series of extinct
and extant perissodactyl quadrupeds, having teeth sub-
stantially like those of the rhinoceros. The families Ittti-
iwcerotidx, Hyracodontidte, Macraucheniidte, Chalicothe-
riida, Menodontidte, and raleeMieriiAse are by Flower
ranged in this section.
Rhihocerotidae (ri-nos-e-rot'i-de), n.pl. [NL..,
< Rhinoceros (-ot-) + -«?«.] A family of peris-
sodactyl ungulate mammals, for the most part
extinct, typified by the genus Rhinoceros. The
nasal region is expanded or thrown backward, the su-
pramaxillary bones forming a considerable part of the
border of the anterior nares. and the nasal bones being
contracted forward or atrophied. The neck is compara-
tively abbreviated. The molar crowns are traversed by
continuous ridges, more or less well denned, the upper
ones having a continuous outer wall without complete
transverse crests ; the incisors are reduced in number or
entirely suppressed. The basioccipital is comparatively
broad behind and narrow forward ; the tympanic and
periotic bones are ankylosed and wedged in between the
squamosal, exoccipital. and other contiguous bones. The
only living genus is Rhinoceros, from which Rhinaster and
Atelodus are sometimes separated. There are several ex-
tinct genera, as Ccelodonta, Acerotherium, Jtadacth< -rii'/ii.
and Ht/racodon. The family is one of only three which
now represent the once numerous and diversified sub-
order Pertisodactyla. the other two being the Tapiridir or
tapirs and the Equidte or horses. See cuts under Perweo-
dactitla and rhinoceros.
Rhinodermatids
rhinocerotiform (ri-nos-e-rot'i-form), 11. [<
NL. rliiiiocrrotiforniix, < L. rhinoceros (-ot-) +
forma, farm.] Shaped like a rhinoceros; hav-
ing the structure of the Shfaoetrotida ; belong-
ing to the Rhiiwcerotiforniiii.
Rhinocerotiformia (ri-nos-e-rot-i-for'mi-a), n.
pi. [NL., ueut. pi. of rhi'iiocerotiformis": see
rliiiiix'ci'olitunii.] One of two series of Hltiiion-
rotoidett, containing only the family Rhinocero-
tiilie. dill.
rhinqcerotoid (ri-no-ser'o-toid), n. and ». [<
(it. (HvAnrpuf (-UT-), rhinoceros, + euiof, form.]
I. H. Resembling a rhinoceros; rhinoceroti-
form in a broad sense; belonging to the /i'/<i-
nocerotoidea.
II. H. A member of the llhinocerotouleu.
Rhinocerotoidea (ri-nos"e-ro-toi'de-a), n. pi.
[NL., < Rhinoceros (-ot-) + -olden."] A super-
family of Perissodacti/la, containing two series,
Rhinocerotiformia and Macraticlteniifurmia, the
former corresponding to the single family
Rhiitocerotida, the latter containing the two
families Macraucheniidse and Palseotheriidee.
The superfamily is characterized by the con-
tinuous crests of the upper molars. Gill.
rhinocerqtoidean (ri-nos'e-ro-toi'de-an), a. and
H. [< rhinoccrotoid + -e-«».] Same as rliino-
t-erotoid.
Rhinochetidae (ri-no-ket'i-de), w. pi. [NL., <
Rliiiiochetus + -idee.] A Polynesian family of
precocial wading birds, related to the South
American Kuryjiyyidx and the Madagascar Me-
xitiilx, typified by the genus Rhinoclietns. The
family is an isolated one, and represents in some respects
a generalized type of structure now shared to any great
extent by only the other two families named. It is con-
fined, as far as known, to New Caledonia.
Rhinochetns (ri-nok'e-tus), n. [NL. (Verreaux
and Des Mure, 1860, in the erroneous form lihy-
nochetos); also, erroneously, RliiHOcheetus,Rhino-
ccetus, etc., prop. Rhinochetus (Hartlaub, 1862)
or Rhinochetos, < Gr. plf (piv-), nose, + o^froj, a
conduit, channel, duct, pore, vo^tiv, hold, carry,
< exfivt hold: see scheme.] The only genus of
Rhinochetidx : so called from the lid-like char-
acter of the nasal opercle or scale, which auto-
matically closes the nostrils. R.jnbatus is the
only species known. See cut under kagtt.
Rhinochilus (ri-no-kl'lus), «. [NL. (S. F.
Baird and C. Girard, 1853), in form Rhino-
cheiliis, < Gr. p/f (piv-), nose, + ^ri/.of, a lip.] A
genus of harmless serpents of the family Colu-
bridse and subfamily Calamariinie, having the
body cylindric and rigid, with smooth scales,
posfabdominal and subcaudal scutella entire,
vertical plate broad, rostral produced, a loreal.
a preocular, and two nasals. R. lecontei is a
Californian snake, blotched with pale red and
black.
rhinocleisis (ri-no-kli'sis), «. [NL., < Gr. pif
(piv-), nose, + K/Uio-<f, i&ijaif, a shutting up,
closing, < Kf.eitiv, close : see close^.] Nasal ob-
struction.
rhinocoele (ri'no-sel), ». The rhinocoelia.
rhinocoelia (ri-no-se'li-a), «.; pl.rhinoccelix(-e).
[NL.,< Gr. pi( (piv-), nose, + noiMa. the coslia: see
cceliii.'] The coelia of the rhinencephalon ; the
ventricle orproper cavity of the olfactory lobe of
the brain, primitively communicating with the
lateral ventricle of the cerebrum, it persists dis-
tinctly in many animals, but in man it grows so small as
to escape notice, or becomes entirely obliterated.
Rhinocrypta (ri-no-krip'ta), «. [NL. (G. R.
Gray, 1841), < Gr. pif (piv-), nose, nostril, + K/TOTT-
rdf, hidden.] A remarkable genus of rock-
wrens, belonging to the family Pteroptochidse,
and characteristic of the Patagonian subregion,
where they represent the genus Pterojitochits of
the Chilian. like others of this family, they have the
nostrils covered by a membrane; in general appearance
and habits they resemble wrens. Two species are de-
scribed, R. lanceolata and R.fusca. The former is 8 inches
long, the wing and tail each SJ, olivaceous-brown above,
with the head crested and its feathers marked with long
white shaft-stripes, the tail blackish, the under parts cine-
reous, whitening on the breast and belly, and a chestnut
patch on each side ; the feet are large and strong, in adap-
tation to terrestrial habits.
Rhinoderma (ri-no-der'ma), «. [NL. (Dum£ril
and Bibron), < Gr. pif (piv-'), nose, + flpiia,
skin.] A genus of batrachians, of the fam-
ily Enfiystomntidse, or made type of the family
R. danciniot Chili has an enormous
brood- pouch, formed by the extension of a gular sac along
the ventral surface beneath the integument, in which the
young are retained for a time, giving rise to a former be-
lief that the animal is viviparous. As many as 10 or 15
young with the legs well developed have been found in
the pouch.
Rhinodermatidae (ri"no-der-mat'i-de), ». />!.
[NL., < Kliiiioderm(i(t-) + -idsp.~] A family of
Rhinodermatidas
salient batvacliians. typified by the genus Itlii-
noderma.
Rhinodon (ri'no-dou), w. [NL. (Smith, 1841),
< Gr. pivi/, shark. + Moh; (aSovr-) = E. tooth. \ In
i., the typical genus of BMnodontitte, hav-
ing verv numerous small teeth. R. tiipicus is a..
immense shark, occasionally reaching a length of 40 feet
or more, found in the Indian ocean, called whale-shark
from its size.
Rhinodontidae (ri-no-doii'ti-de), ». pi. [NL., <
RMnodon(t-) + -idee.] A family of selachians,
typified by the genus Rhinodou; the whale-
sharks. There are two dorsals, neither with spines, and
a pit at the root of the caudal fin, whose lower lobe is well
developed ; the sides of the tail are keeled ; there arc no
nictitating membranes ; the spiracles are very small, the
teeth small and many, the gill-slits wide, and the mouth
and nostrils subterminal. Besides It. typicus the family
contains Micristodits punctatus of California.
rhinodynia (ri-no-din'i-ii), ». [< Gr. pit (ptv-),
nose, + oiivi/, pain.] Pain in the nose or nasal
region.
Rhinogale (ri-no-ga'le), n. [NL. (J. E. Gray,
1804), < Gr. pit' (ptv-), nose, + }a/.?/, weasel.]
The typical genus of BliiuogaUnie. The species
is R. melleri of eastern Africa.
Rhinogalidse (ri-uo-gal'i-de), n. pi. A family
of viverrine quadrupeds, named by Gray from
the genus Rliiimi/die, corresponding to the two
subfamilies RkinogaHnte and Crossarcliina.
Rhinogalinae (ri"no-ga-li'ne), w. pi. [NL., <
Illiiiioijiilc + -ins.'} The typical subfamily ot
Bhinogatidx.
rhinolith (ri'no-lith), «. [< Gr. pit (piv-), nose,
4- tjQnt, stone.] A stony concretion formed in
the nose.
Mr. M showed a Rhinolith weighing 105 grains.
It had been extracted without much difficulty from the
nasal fossa of a woman aged about forty-five.
Lancet, No. 3421, p. 582.
rhinolithiasis (ri"n6-li-thra-sis), «. [NL., <
rhinolith + -iasix.] The condition characterized
by the formation of rhinoliths.
rhinological (ri-no-loj'i-kal), «. [< rhinolog-y
+ -ic-al.] Pertaining to or of the nature of
rhinology.
rhinologist (ri-nol'o-jist), n. [< rhtnotoa-y +
-ist.] One versed in rhinology ; a specialist in
diseases of the nose.
rhinology (ri-nol'o-ji), H. [< Gr. pit (piv-), nose,
+ -"/tnyia, < teyeiv, 'speak : see -ology.] The sum
of scientific knowledge concerning the nose.
Rhinolophidse (ii-no-lof'i-de), w. pi. [NL., <
Rhinolophus + -idee.} A family of the vesper-
tilionine alliance of the suborder Microehirop-
tera and order Chiroptcra, typified by the genus
Rhinolophus; the horseshoe, leaf-nosed, or rhi-
nolophine bats. They have a highly developed nose-
leaf, large ears with no tragus, rudimentary inarticulate
premaxillary bones, minute upper incisors, the tail long
and inclosed in the interfemoral membrane, and a pair of
rhinopharyngitis(ri-no-far-m-ji'tis).
< Gr. pit (/>"'-), nose, + <put»". z (<MI><" ; -) + -</'*• 1
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
nose and pharynx.
RMnophidae (ri-nof'i-de), //. pi. [NL., < Bhino-
phix + -idie.] A family of tortricine serpents,
named from the genus Bktaopkis : synonymous
with Uropeltidee. K. 1). Cope, 1886.
RhinophiS (ri'no-fls), «. [NL. (Hemprich), <
Gr. pit (piv-}, nose, + tyt, a serpent.] A genus
of shield-tailed serpents, of the family DirqpWfc-
<lse, and giving name to the EMnophldse, having
the rostral plate produced between and sepa-
rating the nasals, and the tail ending in a large
shield, as ill Uropeltis. They are small serpents, un-
der 2 feet long, and live under ground or in ant-hills, feed-
ing upon worms and insect-larvte. The tail is short, the
mouth not distensible, and the eyes are small. Bareru
Ceylonese species are described, as R. agyrhynaau and
R. pmtctatus, sharing with those of Uropeltis the name
shieldtatt.
rhinophore (ri'no-for), n. [< Gr. pit (pa-), nose,
+ tfteptiv = E. MM*.] In Mollusca, one of the
hinder pair of tentacles of opisthobranchiate
gastropods, supposed to function as olfactory
organs; in general, an organ bearing an olfac-
tory sense. Also spelled rltinoplior.
The rhinophores are a pair of tentacles placed near the
anterior end of the body, on the dorsal surface of the head.
Micros. Set., X. S., XXXI. i. 41.
Rhinophryne (ri-i)p-fri'ue), ». [NL.,alsoA'/i/-
nophrynus (Dumeril and Bibron), < Gr. pit (pw-),
nose, + <t>pvwi, a toad.] A genus of spade-footed
toads, typical of the family Rltinophrynidse, hav-
ing the skull remarkably ossified. R. dorsalis of
Mexico, the only species, lives under ground, being capable
of making extensive excavations with the "spades with
which the hind feet are furnished.
Rhinophrynidae (ri-no-frin'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< BMnophrync + -idss.] A family of arciferous
salient batrachians, represented by the genus
Khinophryiie, without maxillary teeth, with di-
lated sacral diapophyses, and the tongue free
in front (proteroglossate). These toads are
among a number known as spade-footed.
Rhinophylla (ri-no-fil'a), ». [NL. (W. Peters,
1865), < Gr. pit (i>iv-), nose, + pi'M.ov, a leaf.]
A genus of very small South American phyl-
lostoinine bats, having no tail. li. pumilio is
the least in size of the family, having a fore-
arm only li inches long.
rhinophyma (ri-no-fi'mil), ». [NL., < Gr. pit
(piv-), nose, + <t>i>pa, a tumor: see Pliymatn.']
Hyperemia of the skin of the nose, with hyper-
trophy of its connective tissue and more or less
inflammation of its glands, forming a well-de-
veloped grade of acne rosacea: restricted by
some to cases presenting extraordinary enlarge-
ment, sometimes regarde
Rhipidoglossa
UK i-.] In irlitli.. » g.-nus of niys oi1 the family
Milliobatidte, having the snout einarginate,
tci-th in several scries, and cephalic fins below
the level of the disk. /;. ijuadriloba is a cow-nosed
ray, of great size, common on tin- Atlantic coast of the
li'iited States from I'ape Cod southward.
rhinorrhagia (n-no-ra'ji-ii), ». [NL., < Gr. pit
(pii--), nose, + pai'iti, < /V/; mm, break, burst.]
Hemorrhage from the nose ; epistaxis.
rhinorrhea, rhinorrhcea (ri-no-re'ii), «. [
liiiiinn-liU'U, < Gr. pit (/>»'-), nose, + poia, a flow,
< /it/r, flow.] Mucous or mucopurulent dis-
charge from the nose. Also called rhiiioblcn-
Horraea.
rhinorrheal, rhinorrhoeal (ri-no-re'al), «.
rliinnrrlicn + -at.] Pertaining to or affected
with rhinorrhea.
Rhinortha (ri-nor'tha), M. [NL., < Gr. pit (p«f-),
nose, + ui/tloc, straight.] 1. In oruitli., a ge-
nus of cuckoos, of the family Cuculidee: and sub-
family Plteeiiicoplneinee, founded by Vigors in
1830, characteristic of the Malaccas. £. ciilo-
roplixa is the only species.— 2. In eiitam., a ge-
nus of hemipterous insects.
rhinoscleroma (ri"no-skle-r6'ma), 11. [NL., <
Or. pit (piv-), nose, + oafa/pos, hard, + -onui.] A
disease affecting principally the nose, but also
the nasal passages, lips, and the pharynx, char-
acterized by smooth nodular swellings of a red
color and of a stony induration. It is of slow
growth, without inflammation of surrounding parts, and
without pain except on pressure ; a short bacillus seems
to be invariably present in the growth. Khinoscleroma
is a rare disease, the accounts of which have come mainly
from Austrian observers.
rhinoscope (n'no-skop), «. [< Gr. pit (P'V-),
nose, + (JKOTrciv, view.] An instrument for ex-
amining the nose. Thecommonrhiuoscopeisasmall
plane mirror like a laryngoscopic mirror, but smaller, for
introduction into the pharynx, with a concave head-mir-
ror or other device for throwing the light upon it; with
this the posterior nares are examined. An instrument
for holding the nostrils open and the hairs out of the way,
so that the nasal passages may be inspected from in front,
is usually called a nose-epeadmn.
,nu uicioseu in me iiiiciic»imi«» mi,iit'j»«««.~, »..« .- *•
prepubic teat-like appendages in the female. These bats
inhabit temperate and tropical regions of both hemi-
spheres. The family is divided into Kkinotophiua: and
PhyUorhiniiue. See cut under Phyllorhina.
Rhinolophinae (rl"no-lo-fi'ne), ». pi. [NL.; <
Khinolophus + -inx.'] 'The typical subfamily
of Rhinoloplndee, containing the horseshoe-bats
proper, having the pedal digits with the normal
number of phalanges, and the iliopectineal
spine distinct from the antero-inferior surface
of the ilium.
rhinolopbine (ri-nol'o-fin), «. and H. I. a.
Of or belonging to the Hhinolophinx.
II. ». A horseshoe-bat.
Rhinolophus (ri-nol'o-fus), ». [NL. (Geoffroy),
< Gr. pit (piv-), nose, '+ Ao/wc, crest.] The typi-
cal and only genus of horseshoe-bats. It con-
tains upward of 20 species, having the dental formula 1
incisor, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars in each upper
half-jaw and 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 3 mo-
lars in each lower half-jaw, and the nose-leaf lanceolate
behind. It. hipposideros of Europe is the best-known spe-
cies R. ferro-equinum is widely distributed in Europe,
Africa, arid Asia. /(. luctui is a large Indian and Malayan
species.
Rhinoraacer (ri-nom'a-ser), ». [NL. (Fabricius,
1787), < Gr. pit (pw-),"nose, + /innpot, long.] A
small genus of rhynchophorous beetles, typical
of the family Bhinomaeertda. comprising only 5
species, 4 of which are North American and 1
European.
Rhinomaceridae (ri'no-ma-ser'i-de), «. 1*1.
[NL., < liliiiiniiKtrrr 4- -idee."} A family of
rhynchophorous coleopterous insects named
by Leach in 1S17 from the genus SMnomaeer,
having the fold on the inner surface of the
elytra near the edge obsolete or null, the pygi-
dium alike in both sexes, and the labrum dis-
tinct. It is a simill family, inhabiting the north temper-
ate zone, and ft^dinjr npim the nude flowers of conifers,
in which al-o the ciri-s arc laid.
led as distinct from acne
rosacea.
rhinoplast (ri'no-plast), n. [Irreg. < rltmo-
plast-ic.} One who undergoes a rhinoplastic
operation; one who has an artificial nose.
rhinoplastic (ri-no-plas'tik), a. [< Gr. pit
(/wi'-), nose, + irAaaaew, form, mold : see plastic.]
Pertaining to or of the nature of rhinoplasty. —
Rhinoplastic operation, a surgical operation for form-
ing an artificial nose, or restoring a nose partly lost. It
generally consists in bringing down a triangular piece
of skin from the forehead, twisting it round, and causing
it to adhere by its under surface and edges to the part of
the nose remaining. The skin may also be taken from
another part of the body. The extreme joint of one of the
fingers has been used in supporting such an artificial nose.
Sometimes called Tatiacotian operation, from Taliacotius,
an Italian surgeon, who first performed it. See Carpue's
rhimiplagtic operation, under operation.
rhinoplasty (ri'no-plas-ti), ». [= F. rhinoplas-
tie; as rhfnoplast-ic + -i/3.] Plastic surgery of
the nose.
Rhinopoma (ri-no-po'ma), w. [NL. (Geoffroy),
< Gr. pit (pi"-), nose, +"iru^a, a lid, cover.] A
remarkable genus of Old World emballonurine
bats, with one species, K. micropliytluni, having
a long slender tail produced far beyond the nar-
row interfemoral membrane, two joints of the in-
dex-finger, united premaxillary bones, and very
weak incisors. The genus exhibits cross-relationships
between Emnallonuridee and Xycteridse (of another sec-
tion of Microchiroptera\ and is sometimes made type of a
supergeneric group (Jtliuwpomata). This bat is found
in Egyptian tombs and similar dusky retreats of Africa
itiul India.
Rhinopomastes (ri"no-p6-mas'tezt, ». [NU
(Sir Andrew Smith, 18'J8, in the form Bltino-
pomaiitus), irreg. < Gr. />/f (/»>'-), nose, + irw/m-
rr/piov, dim. of iru.uo, a lid, cover.] A genus of
African wood-hoopoes of the family xoi1
rhinoscopic (ri-no-skop'ik), «. [< rhinoscope
+ -ic.'} Of or pertaining to the rhinoscope or
rhinoscopy ; made with or effected by the use
of the rhinoscope.
rhinoscopy (ri'no-sko-pi), n. [< rliiiiOKCOpe 4
-(/».] The inspection of the nares with a rhi-
noscope from behind (posterior rhinoscopy), or
with a nasal speculum from in front (anterior
rhinoscopy).
rhinotheca (ri-no-the'kii), ».; pi. rliinothecse
(-se). [NL., < Gr. pit Ip'v-), nose, + Hi/nr/, a
sheath.] In ornitli., the integument of the
upper mandible of a bird, exclusive of the der-
trotheca.
rhinothecal (ri-no-the'kal), «. [< rliinothecii
+ -nl.'] Of or pertaining to the rhinotheca.
Rhiphipterat (ri-fip'te-ra), n. pi. Same as lilii-
jiiptera.
Rhipicera (ri-pis'e-ra), M. [NL. (Latreille.
1817), < Gr. pmif, a'fari', + nepat, horn.] A ge-
nus of serricoru beetles, typical of the family
Hhipicerittse. The species are all South Amer-
ican and Australian. Also called Rhipidoceni.
Rhipiceridae (rip-i-ser'i-de), n.pl. [NL. (La-
treble, 1834), < SMpioera + -*te.] A small
family of serricorn beetles, having the front
coxee transverse and the onychium large and
hairy, comprising 9 genera of few species, wide-
ly distributed except in Europe. Also called
illiipidoccridae.
rhipidate (rip'i-dat), «. [< 'Gr. pOT/f (PCT«!-), a
fan, + -atel.] Fan-shaped; flabelliform.
There are several species, as R. cya»o>i<i-l<tx.
Sec Irrixorida'.
Rhinoptera(ri-nop'te-rii). ». [NL. (Kuhl.1836),
< Gr. p/'t; (ptv-), nose, + irreprfv, wing, = E. fcn-
rhipidion (ri-pid'i-on), «. ; pi. rliipidia (-a).
[Gr. pimfiuiv: see rkipiaium.] In the Gr. Ch.,
the eucharistic fan, or flabellum. Also rliipix.
Rhipidistia (rip-i-dis'ti-a), «. pi. [NL., < Gr.
/Hirif (pivi6-), a fan, + larlm, a sail.] An order
of rhipidopterygian fishes, having special basal
bones to the dorsal and anal fins, comprising
the extinct family Tristichoptcridie.
rhipidistious (rip-i-dis'ti-us), «. [< Bhipidistia
+ -OM».] Of or relating to the Jiliipidisthi, See
quotation under rhipidiipteryi/ian.
rhipidium (ri-pid'i-um), w.; pi. rhi/iiilin (-a).
[NI^./ Gr. ptmdtov, dim. of piirit, a fan.] In lx>t..
a fan-shaped cymose inflorescence, in which
the successive branches or relative axes are in
the same plane, and each from the back of the
preceding: a form, according to Eichler (the
author of the name), occurring only in mono-
cotyledons.
Rhipidoglossa (rip''i-do-glos'ii), u. >ii. [NL.,
< Gr. P/TT/C (/»-«!-), a fan. + ;/wnmi. the tongue.]
EtbipidoglOMate mollusks: a large group, vari-
Fan-coral (Rhipictogorgia Jla-
Rhipidoglossa
ouwly called order, suborder, or division, of pro-
sobranchiate gastropods, characterized by a
heart with two auricles and a ventricle, and
teeth of the odontophore in many marginal
rows; the other teeth are generally a median,
several admedian, and numerous marginal on
each side. It includes numerous marine forms of the
families Turbinidx, TrnclMte, Nerttidtr etc., and terres-
trial species of the families Helicinidse, uydrocenidfe, and
Proserpinidx.
Rhipidoglossata (rip*i-do-glo-sa'ta), H. ill.
[NL. : see rhipidoglossatc.] Same as Rhipido-
fflOSMI .
rhipidoglossate (rip'i-do-glos'at), «. [< NL.
*rnipidoglossatus, < Gr. pnri( (pnuti-), a fan, +
j/ldiCTon, the tongue : see glossate.] In Mnllnxm,
having upon the radula, in any one of the many
cross-rows of teeth, generally one median tooth,
three or more admedian teeth, and numerous
marginal teeth. See cut under radula.
Rhipidogorgia (rip"i-do-g6r'ji-ii), n. [NL., <
Gr. piTi'f (pnrtS-), a fan, + jopjof, grim, fierce,
terrible.] A genus of alcyonarian polyps of
the family Gonjoniidse,
expanded in a regular-
ly reticulate flabelli-
form shape. They are
known as fan-corals and sea-
fans, and have often been
referred to the more com-
prehensive genus Gorgonia.
R. flabellmn is one of the
commonest corals of tropi-
cal and subtropical waters,
found in most collections of
such objects for ornamen-
tal purposes. It varies much
in size and contour (com-
pare cut under coral), but
preserves its flatness and
finely netted structure ; it
is generally of a purplish
color.
Rhipidophoridae, Rhi-
pidophorus. Same as
Rhipiphoridie, etc.
Rhipidoptera ( rip - i -
dop'te-ra), H. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of rhipidop-
terua: Seerhipidoptei'ous.] Fan-winged insects,
a group of abnormal Coleoptera, regarded as an
order: synonymous with Strepsiptera . The usual
form is Rhipiptera, after Latreille, 1817.
rhipidopterous (rip-i-dop'te-rus), «. [< NL.
rhipidopterus, < Gr. parts (purii-), a fan, -f- irrt-
p6v, wing, = }&. feather.] Fan-winged, as an in-
sect; specifically, of or pertaining to the Rhipi-
doptera ; strepsipterous. Also rhipipteroiis.
Rhipidopterygia (rip-i-dop-te-rij'i-ii), n. pi.
[NL., < Gr. j&Hrif (pimi-), a fail, + irrtpnf (im-
pvy-), a wing.] A superorder of teleostomous
fishes, having special fin-supports to the pec-
torals and ventrals as well as to the dorsal and
anal. It is subdivided into the orders Rhipidia-
tia and Aetinistia.
rhipidopterygian (rip-i-dop-te-rij'i-au), a. and
H. I. a. Of or relating to the Rhipiilopterygiti.
As I have already pointed out, there are two types of the
Rhipidopterygian fin, the Rhipidistious, where baseosts
are present (teste Traquair), and the Actinistious.
Amer. Nat., May, 1890.
II. n. One of the Rhipidopteriigia.
rhipidura (rip-i-du'rii), H. [NL., < Gr. pmif
(pimd-), a fan, + ovpa, tail.] 1. PI. rMpMHffW
(-re). The posterior pair of pleopods of a crusta-
cean, together with
the telson, when
these are developed,
as inmacrurous crus-
taceans. For example,
the flat shelly plates or
swimmerets of the end
of a lobster's tail form a
rhipidura. See c in cut un-
der pereiopod. C. Spence
Bate.
The scaphocerite and
rhipidura are both present
as well-developed appen-
dages, the latter of which
they never entirely lose.
Nature, XXXVIII. 339.
2. [cap.] An exten-
sive genus of Mus-
cicapidx, ranging
through the Oriental and Australian regions;
the fan-tailed flycatchers. R.flabellifera is an
example. Vigors and Horsfield, 1825.
Rhipiphoridae frip-i-for'i-d§), n.pl. [NL. (Ger-
staecker, 1855), < BhipijiJtonix + -ids-.] A fam-
ily of heteromerous beetles, having the anterior
coxal cavities open behind, the head strongly
constricted at the base and suddenly narrowed
behind, and the prothorax at the base as wide us
Fan-tailed Flycatcher (Rhifidura
JtablUiftra}.
5154
the elytra. The family is represented in nil parts of the
globe, but comprises only 14 gen era, nonuof them very rirh
in species. North America has 4 genera and 23 species.
The beetles are found upon flowers, and the larva?, so far
as known, are parasitic upon other insects, littijitu'.li/i*
lu'cliniairnw is parasitic in Europe upon the croton-bug,
or German roach, Ectobia yennanica. Also called Khipi-
dophoridx.
Rhipiphorus (ri-pif'6-rus), H. [NL. (Fabricius,
179:2), < Gr. pi~if, a fan, T -^opof, < ipipetv = E.
fctwi.] A genus of heteromerous beetles, typi-
cal of the family Hit ipi/ilmridse, having the elytra
shorter than the body, the mouth-organs per-
fect, the middle coxw contiguous, and the ver-
tex depressed, not projecting above the anterior
border of the pronotum. It is represented in all parts
of the world, although only about 60 species have been
described ; 11 are known in North America. Also Rhipi.
dophorun.
rhipipter (ri-pip'ter), ». [< NL. Rhipiptera.]
A member of the Rhipiptera: a strepsipter, as
a stylops.
Rhipiptera (ri-pip'te-ra), n. pi. [NL. (La-
treflle, 1817), neut. pi. oC'rhipipterus : see rlii-
pipterou», and cf. Rhipidoptera.] In Latreille's
classification, the eleventh order of insects,
composed of degraded parasitic forms, corre-
sponding to Kirby's order Strepsiptera, and now
considered to form a family of heteromerous
Coleoptera under the name Stylopidee. Also
l!lti]>idoptera. See cut tinder stylops.
rhipipteran (ri-pip'te-ran), «. and n. I. «. A
rhipipter.
n. a. Same as rJtipipterous or rhipidopterous.
rhipipterous (ri-pip'te-rus), a. [< NL. 'rhipip-
terus for rhipidopterus : see rhipidupterous.]
Same as rhipidopterous .
Rhipsalis (rip'sa-lis), n. [NL. (Gaertner, 1788),
irreg. < Gr. pity (/KIT-), plaited work of osiers or
rushes, a mat, crate.] A genus of cacti of the
tribe Opuntiese. It is characterized by small flat flow-
ers, six to ten spreading oblong petals, a cylindrical, an-
gled, and dilated stem, and a smooth ovary bearing in fruit
a smooth pea-like berry containing somewhat pear-shaped
seeds. There are about 30 species, natives of tropical
America, with one in South Africa, Mauritius, Madagas-
car, and Ceylon, the only cactus native to those regions.
They are unlike any other cactus genus in their great va-
riety of form and habit of stems, some resembling mistle-
toe, some the marsh-samphire, some the ice-plant, others
the Epiphyllum, etc. They are fleshy shrubs with a woody
axis, jointed branches, and lateral flowers, which project
from notches ou the edges of the flat-branched species.
Their leaves are reduced to minute scales, which appear
at the notches, mixed with wool and stiff needles. Most
of the species are epiphytes, pendent from the branches
of trees, often for many feet ; whence sometimes called
mistletoC'Cactus, some species also having white berries.
Also called unlloic-cactus, in conformity with the genus
name. In cultivation they are reared in pots and bas-
kets.
Rhiptoglossa (rip-to-glos'a), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. piTrrdf, thrown out (< pmretv, throw), + y7.ua-
aa, the tongue.] A suborder of Lacertilia, or
lizards, represented by the family C'hamxleoii-
tidee alone, characterized by the vermiform
protrusile tongue, well-developed limbs, but no
clavicle, pterygoid not reaching the quadrate
bone, and nasal bones not bounding the nasal
apertures: contrasted with Eriglossa. Also
Rhiptoglossa. Gill, 1885.
rhiptoglossate (rip-to-glos'at), a. Pertaining
to the Rhiptoglossa, or having their characters.
rhizanth(ri'zanth), H. [<rhizanth-o«s.] Aplant
of the class Rhizantheee; a plant that flowers or
seems to flower from the root, as Rafflesia.
Rhizanthese (ri-zan'the-e), n. pi. [NL. (Blume,
1828), < Gr. pj'Co, root,'+ avdof, flower, + -ese.]
A class of plants proposed by Lindley. See
rhizogen.
rhizanthous (ri-zan'thus), a. [< Gr. p/fa, root,
+ ttvdof, flower.] Flowering from the root or
seeming root. A. Gray.
rhizantoicous (ri-zan-toi'kus), a. [Irreg. < Gr.
P<fa, root, + avri, opposite, + olnoc, dwelling.
Cf. united, aiitecians.] In bryol., having both
male and female inflorescence on the same
plant, the former on a very short branch co-
hering with the latter by the rhizome.
rhizic (ri'zik), a. [< Gr. p;C'*of, of or pertaining
to the root, < /5/fa, root : see root1.] Pertaining
to the root of an equation — Rhizic curve, a curve
expressed by P = 0 or Q = 0, where P + Q V—i = z» +
p,z«— 1+ etc., and z = a: + yV/ — 1.
rhizina (ri-zi'na), H.; pi. rhiziiix (-ne). [NL.,
< Gr. pi&, a root, + -ma1.] In tot., same as
rlii:oid.
rhizine (ri'zin), «. [< Gr. p«fa, root, + -iW-i.]
In hot., same as rhizoul.
rhizinous (ri-zi'nus), a. [< r/ii-im- + -OK.S-.] In
hot., having rhizoids.
rhizocarp (ri'zo-karp), n. A plant of the order
Rhizoflagellata
Rhizocarpeae (ri--/.n -kiir'pe-e), ». )>\. [NL.
(Batsch. 1SH2). < Gr. pi^a, root, + «ap-of, fruit.]
A class or group of cryptogamous plants, the
heterosporous Filicineie, embracing tlie fiinii-
lies HiilriniaiTir mid Mar.tilrui-ea: This name i»
not much used at the present time, the two families being
embraced in the llydrupteridetr, or heterosporous ferns.
Sfi- lltidfuptfridt&, MarsUeaceff, and Saleiniacefp for spe-
cial chai'acterization.
rhizocarpean (ri-zo-kiir'pe-an), «. [< l\lii:n-
carpex + -OH.] In bot., of or pertaining to the
Forms of Rhizoctfhala.
nauplius stage of Sarculinn
. H. cyuris stage of Ler-
HKoftistus forcellanlc. C, adult of
Ptltofnster pagttri: a, anterior end ;
t>, aperture through which pasb the
root-like processes, c.
rhizocarpian (ri-zo-kiir'pi-cn), «. Same as rlii-
HNMfpMH«
rhizocarpic (ri-zo-kar'pik), a. [< rliteoearp-imx
•f -if.] lu hot.,' characterized as a perennial
herb; having the stem annual but the root per-
ennial. De Candolle.
rhizocarpous (ri-zo-kar'pus), a. [< Gr. pifr,
root, + xapjrof, fruit.] Same as rhizocarpic.
rhizqcaul (ri'zo-kal), ». [< NL. rhi:ocaulns, <
Gr. p/CQ, root, 4- nav'/of, stalk.] The rootstock
of a polyp; that part of a polypidom by which
it is affixed as if rooted to some support.
rhizocaulus (ri-zo-ka'lus), n.; pi. rhizocauli
(-11). [NL. : see rhizocaul.] A rhizocaul.
Rhizocephala (li-zo-sef'a-la), H. pi. [NL..
neut. pi. of rhisocephalus : see rhizocephalous.']
A group of small
parasitic crusta-
ceans, having a cyl-
indroid, sac-like,
or disciform unseg-
mented body, with-
out organs of sense,
intestine, limbs, or
cement-organs, but
with an oral and an
anal opening, and
the sexual organs
well developed. The
species are hermaphro-
ditic, and the young go
through a nauplius stage
and a cypris stage. The
Rhiiocephala are by some
made an order of a sub-
class Cirripedia; others
class them with Cirri-
pedia as a division, Pec-
tostraca, of Entomogtraca ; by others again they are referred
to the Epitoa (Jchthyophthiria or fish-lice). These para-
sites attach themselves by their modified antenna;, re-
sembling a number of root-like processes, which bury
themselves in the substance of the host, whence the name.
They are represented by two principal genera, Sacculina,
and Peltugasttr, each made by some the type of a family.
They are parasites of crabs. Also called Cenlrogonida.
rhizocephalon (ri-zo-sef a-lon), n. [NL., sing.
of Rhi:ocepliala.] Any member of the order
Itlii:ocei>]iala. [Rare.]
rhizocephalous (ri-zo-sef 'a-lns), a. [< NL. rhi-
zocephalus, < Gr. p/CoKf<t>a/o(, having the flower
growing straight from the root, < pifa, root, +
Kcipa?.//, head.] Rooted by the head; specifi-
cally, of or pertaining to the Rhizocephala.
rhizoconin (ri-zo-ko'niu), n. [< Gr. />/Ca, root,
+ NL. coniunt + -/?(2.] A crystallizable proxi-
mate principle found in the root of Conium
niaciilatiim.
rhizoconolein (ri'zo-ko-no'le-in), n. [< rJtizo-
con(in) -f- L. oleum, oil, + -jnX] A crystalliza-
ble body found in Conium maculatum.
rhizocrinoid (ri-zok'ri-noid), n. [< Rhizocrinus
+ -aid (cf. crinoid).~\ A crinoid of the genus
Rhizocrimts; an apiocrinite.
Rhizocrinus (ri-zok'ri-nus), «. [NL., < Gr. pi'Ca,
a root, •+• Kpivov, lily: see crinoid.'] A genus of
crinoids of the family Encrinidss, one of the
few living forms of f'rinoidea. H. lofotensis, the
typical species, is a kind of lily-star or sea-lily, about 3
inches in length, living at a depth of from one hundred to
three hundred fathoms in the sea, rooted to the bottom.
Its structure is fully illustrated in the figure given under
Crinoidea.
rhizodont (ri'zo-dont), a. and «. [< Gr. p/fa,
root. -t-Woi'f (6<fovr-) = E. tooth.] I. a. Having
teeth rooted by fangs which ankylose with the
jaw, as crocodiles.
II. n. A rhizodont reptile.
Rhizodonta (ri-zo-don'ta), H. pi. [NL.: see
rhizoiloHt.] The rhizodont reptiles.
Rhizodus (ri'zo-dus), «. [NL., < Gr. pl^a,
root, + odovr = E. tooth.] In ichth., a genus
of fossil ganoid fishes of the coal-measures,
referred to the family Cyclodipteridie. They
were of large size, with huge teeth. R. hil>-
licrti is one of the species.
Rhizoflagellata(ri-z6-flaj-e-la'ta), n.pt. [NL.,
< Gr. pi(a, root, + NL. flageltum : see jtagel-
I H in, 3.] An order of flagellate I>iJ'nxoria, hav-
ing psendopodial as well as flagelliform appen-
Rhizoflagellata
dages. These animalcules move by means of psendopo-
dia, like ordinary rhizopods, but also have a flagellum or
lla; the ingestive area is diffuse. In W. S. Kent's
system of classification the order consists of the genera
Maiftiyanwsba, Reptoinsniax, Rhizoinonag, and Podostowa.
rhizoflagellate (ri-/.o-flaj'e-lat), «. Of or per-
taining to the Shizojtai/elliita.
rhizogen (ri'zo-jeu), n. [< Gr. pi£a, root, +
-; i iv/f , producing (see -gen }.] A parasitic plant
growing on the roots of other plants; specifi-
cally, a member of a division of plants (the
class RhixanthfK) proposed by Lindley, com-
posed of flowering plants of a fungoid habit,
parasitic upon rootstocks and stems. It embraced
the present orders Balanophorefe and Cytinacefe, now re-
garded as belonging to the apetalous dicotyledons. The
genus Raffltsia is an illustration.
rhizogenic (ri-zo-jen'ik), <i. [As rhizoyrn +
-ic.] In bot., root-producing: said of cells in
the pericambium of a root, just in front of a
xylem-ray of a fibrovascular bundle, which
give origin to root-branches.
rhizogenous (ri-zoj'e-nus), n. [As r\
-on*.] Same as rhizogenic.
rhizoid (ri'zoid). a. and H. [< Gr.
contr. p(fu<b?r, like a root, < pi£,a, root, + tlfiot;,
form.] I. a. In bot. and zool. , root-like ; resem-
bling a root.
II. H. In hot., a filamentous organ resembling
a root, but of simple structure, found on com-
pound thalli of all kinds, and on the stems of the
Muscincee. Rhizoids are numerously produced, and their
function is the attachment of the plant to the substratum.
The older term was rhizina. See cut under prothallium.
rhizoidal (ri'zoi-dal), a. [< rliizoid + -al.] In
bot., rhizoid-like ; resembling or characteristic
of a rhizoid.
The rhizoidal tubes are segmented by only a few septa
which lie far below the growing apex.
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 282.
rhizoideOUS (ri-zoi'de-us), a. [< rhizoid +
-eons.] 1. In bot., like or resembling a rhizoid.
— 2. Same as rliizoid.
rhizoma (ri-zo'ma), M. ; pi. rliizomata (-ma-ta).
[NL. : see rliizome.] A rhizome: used chiefly
with reference to the rhizomes of medicinal
plants.
rhizomania (ii-zo-ma'ni-a), ». [NL., < Gr. p/Cu,
a root, + fiavia, madness.] In bot., an abnor-
mal development of adventitious roots peculiar
to many plants, as ivy, screw-pines, and figs,
which send out roots from various parts, just
as trees produce adventitious buds. In some
plants rhizoraania is an indication that there is some de-
fect in the true root, in consequence of which it cannot
supply sufficient nourishment to the plant. In such cases
rhizomania is an effort of nature to supply the deficiency.
This is the case in common laurel, in which plant rhizoma-
nia generally forebodes death. The phenomenon is also
frequently seen in apple-trees, from the stems of which
bundles of roots are sent out ; these, absorbing moisture
and finally decaying, are a cause of canker on the tree.
rhizome (rl'zom), «. [= F. rliizome, < NL. rhi-
zomu, < Gr. pi&fta, root, < pt£ovv, cause to take
root, in pass, take root, < piC,a, root: see root1.]
In bot., a stem
of root-like ap-
pearance, hori-
zontal or ob-
lique in po-
sition, lyinj
on the grouni
or subterra-
nean, bearing
scales instead
of leaves, and
usually produ-
cing from its
apex a leafy
shoot or scape.
Rhizomes may be
slender, with well-
marked nodes, as
in mints, couch-
grass, etc. , or th ick-
ened with stores
of nutriment, as in
species of iris, Sol-
omon's-seal, etc. —
in the latter case
producing at the apex an annual bud which furnishes the
aerial shoot of the next season, and gradually dying at the
old end. Rhizomes shade olf gradually into conns and
bulbs on the one hand, and into tubers on the other. See
these terms. Also rhizoma. See also cuts under arrow-
root and mtmtHform.
Rhizomonadidae (ri"zo-mo-nad'i-de), «. pi.
[NL., < lllii::<iiiioinix (-monad-) + -idee.] Afarn-
ily of rhizoflagellate infusorians, typified by the
genus RliizontiiiHiK. These animalcules are repent or
sedentary, with a single anterior nagellum. The family
includes xtoptontofuu and Maxtigainceba.
Rhizomonas (ri-zom'o-nas), ». [NL. (Kent.
1880-1), < Gr. /»7". root, + uowir, a unit: sec
5180
mound.] The typical genus of ltlii~inini>indid;i:
The species are monadiform, unirtagellate, sedentary, with
radiating digitiform pseudopodial prolongations. K. ver-
rucosa is found in hay-infusions.
rhizomorph (ri'zo-morf), M. [< NL. rM*offior-
jilid.] In bot., a comprehensive term for
certain subterranean mycelial growths asso-
ciated with or preying upon the roots of the
higher plants, especially trees, the cultivated
vine, etc. They are produced by a considerable
variety of fungi, as Agaricius melleiin, Deina-
to/ilioi'a itecatrix, etc.
Rhizomorpha (ri-zo-mor'fa), n. [NL., < Gr.
p/C<j, root, + /top<t>i/, form.] A supposed genus
of fungi, characterized by fibrous bundles of
mycelial filaments, now known to belong to
Agariciis melleits, Deiiiatophora necatrix, and
other forms.
rhizomorphoid (rl-zo-mor'foid), «. [< rliiso-
morph + -oid.] Rhizomorphous.
rhizomorphous (ri-zo-mor'fus), ft. [< Gr. p/fa,
root, + [iop<t»'/, form.] 1. Boot-like in form. —
2. In zool., same as rhizoid.
Rhizomys (ri'zo-mis), «. [NL. (J. E. Gray,
1830), < Gr. />i'C<z,'root, + /^uf, a mouse.] A nota-
ble genus of mole-rats of the family Spalaciilee,
baring the eyes open, though very small, ears
naked and very short, thumb rudimentary, tail
Forms of Rhizome.
, Polygonatum giganteum (Solomon's-
l); 2, Arisscma triphvllnm (Indian tur-
Bamboo-rat (Rhizotnys badius}.
short and partially haired, and general form ro-
bust. The upper incisors arch forward, and there is no
premolar ; the upper molars have one deep internal and two
or more external enamel-folds ; the lower molars reverse
this pattern. There are several Asiatic and African spe-
cies, as the bay bamboo-rat of Asia, R. baditts, which is of
large size and very destructive to the bamboo, on the roots
of which it feeds.
rhizonychial (ri-zo-nik'i-al), a. [< rkftottyoU-
HIH + -al.] Rooting or giving root to a nail or
claw ; of or pertaining to a rhizonychium.
rhizonychium (ri-zo-nik'i-um), ».; pi. rhizo-
nycliia (-a). [NL.,< Gr./»'Ca, root, + ovv$(bwx-),
a claw.] A claw-joint ; the ungual or last pha-
lanx of a digit: that phalanx which bears a
claw.
Rhizophaga (ri-zof'a-ga), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. of rhizophagus : see rhizopkagom.] One of
five sections in Owen's classification of marsu-
pials, including those which feed on roots.
The wombat is a characteristic example.
rhizophagan (ri-zof a-gan), «. and n. I. a.
Same as rhizopliagonx.
II. n. A member of the Rhizophagti.
rhizophagous (ri-zof'a-gus), a. [< NL. rliizo-
pliayus, < Gr. /><o0d;of, eating roots ('pii^o^ayelv,
eat roots), < />/£«, root, + ^a-,'tlv, eat.] Root-
eating; habitually feeding on roots; specifi-
cally, of or pertaining to the Uliizopltaga.
All Poor-Slaves are Rhizophayous (or Root-eaters).
Carlyle, Sartor Eesartus, iii. 10.
Rhizophora (ri-zof'o-ra), n. [NL. (Linnseus,
1737), named with ref. to the aerial roots ; neut.
pi. of rliizopkoi'HS : see rhizopJiorous.] A ge-
nus of polypetalous trees, the mangroves, type
of the order Rltizo/thoracese, and of the tribe £ti!-
eopliorex. It is characterized by a four-parted calyx, sur-
rounded with a cupule or involucre of partly united bract-
lets, by its four petals and eight to twelve elongated and
nearly sessile anthers, which are at first many-celled, and
by a partly inferior ovary which is prolonged above into
a fleshy cone and bears two pendulous ovules in each of
its two cells. There are 2 (or, as some regard them. 5)
species, frequent on muddy or coral shores in the tropics,
there forming dense and almost impassable jungles known
as mangrove-swamps. They are trees with thick cylin-
drical and scarred branchlets, bearing opposite thick and
smooth coriaceous leaves, which are ovate or elliptical and
entire. Their large rigid flowers are borne in axillary
clusters, followed by a nut-like one-seeded fruit. The
seed is remarkable for germinating while yet in the long-
persistent fruit. It contains a large embryo with a very
long club-shaped radii-lc, which soun pierces the point of
the hard pericarp and lengthens till it reaches the mud,
or becomes a foot long before falling. The mangrove is
also remarkable for spreading by aerial roots. The ordi-
nary species is II. ntucruixita, which reaches to semitropi-
cal Florida, the delta of the Mississippi, nnd Texas. See
mangrove. 1.
rhizopodous
Rhizophoraceae (ri"zo-fo-ra'se-e), ». pi. [NL.
(Lindley, 1845), <l{hizopliora + -aceae.] An order
of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs of the cohort
M//rttilex and series t'alyciflorse; the mangrove
family. It is characterized by a two- to six-celled ovary
with its ovules pendulous from the apex of the cell, and by
a valvate calyx, and two, three, or four times as many sta-
mensas petals. It includesabout 50 species in il'genera and
3 tribes, all tropical, and most of them forming dense and
malarious jungles about river-mouths and along shores.
They are usually extremely smooth, with round and nodose
branchlets, and opposite thick and rigid leaves, which arc
commonly entire and have elongated and very caducous in-
trapetiolar stipules. They bear axillary cymes, panicles,
spikes, or racemes of rather inconspicuous flowers.
rhizophore (ri'zo-for), «. [< NL. rhi^ii/ilmniii/.
neut. of rMfOfkorva, root-bearing: see rlii-
:oplioroi(S.~\ In bot., a structure, developed in
certain species of the genus SelagineUa, which
bears the true roots. It has the external appear
ance of a root, but has no root cap, and the true roots are
produced from its interior when it deliquesces into a
homogeneous mucilage.
Rhizophorese (ri-zo-fo're-e), ». pi. [NL. (R.
Brown, 1814), < Rhizophora + -ex.] A tribe of
plants of the order Bliizoiilioracex. It is character-
ized by extremely smooth opposite entire and stipulate
leaves, and by an inferior ovary with a single style and an
embryo without albumen. It includes about 17 species, all
tropical maritime trees, belonging to 4 genera, of which
Ithizophora, the mangrove, is the type.
rhizophorous (ri-zof'o-rus), a. [< NL. i7ii.ro-
phorus, < MGr. pi£oQ6pos, root-bearing, < Gr.p/Co,
root, + -</>opof, < ifiipctv = E. bear1.] In bot.,
root-bearing; specifically, of or pertaining to
the natural order Rttizophoraccx.
rhizophydial (ri-zo-fid'i-al), a. [< Kltlz»i>l«j-
dium + -al.] In bot., belonging to or charac-
teristic of the genus Bhizopliydivni.
Rhizophydium (ri-zo-fid'i-um), «. [NL.
(Schenk), supposed to stand for *Bliizopltidiiin>,
alluding to the deficiency of roots ; irreg. < Gr.
/Wfa, root, + 0e«5<ir, sparing.] A small genus of
unicellular zygomycetous fungi, of the suborder
Cladocliytrieee, parasitic on certain of the larger
algffi. The parasitic cells enter the cells of the host plant
at a very early stage of-their existence, and gradually de-
velop at the expense of the protoplasmic contents of the
latter. R. IHcksonii is parasitic on species of Ectocarputt.
rhizopod (ri'zo-pod), a. and «. [< NL. "rhieopus
(-pod-) (as a noun, in def. 2, rhizopodi-um), < Gr.
/«fa, root, + Troi'p (7ro(5-) = E. foot.] I. a. Pro-
vided with pseudopods, as an animalcule: hav-
ing processes of sarcode, as if roots, by means
of which the animalcule is attached or moves ;
root-footed ; specifically, of or pertaining to the
Rliizopoda, in any sense. Also rliizopodotis.
II. n. 1. A member of the Khizopoda, in any
sense. — 2. In hot., same as rhizopodinm.
Rhizopoda (ri-zop'o-da), n. i>l. [NL. : see rlii-
zopod.] If. In Dujardin's system of classifi-
cation (1841), the third family of "diversiform
infusorians without visible locomotory appen-
dages"— that is, without permanent appen-
dages, as cilia or flagella . This is the original mean-
ing of the word, since much extended. Dujardin included
in his Rhizopoda the 8 genera Arcella, Dfjnv'fia, Trinema,
Euglypha, Gromia. Uiliola, Crislellaria, and Vcrticella.
2. The lowest class of 1'rotozoa, composed of
simple or multiple animalcules without definite
or permanent distinction of external parts, and
provided with diversiform temporary or perma-
nent pseudopodial prolongations of the body-
substance, by means of which locomotion, fixa-
tion, and ingestion are effected. There is no mouth
or special ingestive area; the sarcode may be distinguish-
able into an outer ectoplasm and an inner endoplasm ;
a nucleus and nucleolus (endoplast and endoplastule)
may be present ; and most of these animalcules secrete a
shell or test, often of great beauty and complexity. The
rhizopods are minute, usually microscopic organisms,
some or other forms of which abound in both salt and
fresh waters. The characteristic pseudopodia are highly
diverse in form, and constantly change, but occur in two
principal forms, coarse lobate or digitate processes and
fine slender rays, both of which may run together or in-
terlace. The valuation and limitation of the llhizopoda
have varied with different authors. A normal amceboid
protozoan is a characteristic exampleof this class. Other
forms included under RMzoptida are the so-called moners
of the order Monera ; the Foraminifera, with a calcareous
shell; and the Radiolaria, with a siliciuus shell. By com-
mon consent the sponges, which have been classed with
Rhizopoda, are now excluded, even by those who still con-
sider these organisms as protozoans. See cuts under
Amoeba, Foramina/era, and Radiolaria.
rhizopodal (ri-zop'o-dal), a. [< rliizoimd + -»/.]
Same as rJiizopoil. II'. B. Ctirpenter, Micros.,
xii. $ 474.
rhizopodan (ri-zop'o-dan), a. and w. [< )7i/^o-
jiod + -tin.] Same as rhi-iipod.
rhizopodium (ri-zo-po'di-um). n. [NL.: see
rliizopml.] In bot., the mycelium ot fungi.
Also rJiizopod.
rhizopodous (ri-zop'6-dus), «. [< rlii~<>)>i><i +
-mi.s-.j Same as rhhnjind.
rhizoristic
rhizoristic iri-/.o-ris'tik), a. [< Or. Ka, root,
+ i'iii:aTuf, verbal adj. of opi^eiv, limit, define (see
horizon, aorixt), + -/<•.] In mutli., pertaining to
the separation of roots of an equation.— Rhizo-
ristic series, a series of disconnected functions which
serve to fix the number of real roots of a given function
lying between any assigned limits. Sylvester.
Rhizostoma (ri-zos'to-ma), n. [NL., < Gr. pifa,
root, + ar&fia, mouth.] The typical genus of
liliizostomiilie. It. jnilmo is an example. See
cut under aculeph.
Rhizostomata (ri-zo-sto'ma-ta), ». pi. [NL., <
Gr. pi'fa, root, + ar'6/ia(T-), "mouth.] An order
of discomedusans, or suborder of Discomedusse,
having the parts arranged in fours or multiples
of four, and the single primitive mouth closed
up and replaced by several secondary oral aper-
tures, whence several long root-like processes or
so-called polypites depend (whence the name),
and provided with four subgenital pouches, dis-
tinct (Tetrngamelige) or fused in one (Moin></n-
ineliee). SUtostoma, Cassiopeia, Cephea, and
Crambessa are leading genera. See cuts under
acaleph and Diseophora.
Ehizostomatidae (ri*zo-sto-mat'i-de), n. pi.
[NL., < £M*MftMM (-xtumai-) + -idee."] A fam-
ily of acalephs; the root-mouthed jellyfishes:
the emended form of Rhizostomid«.
ririzostomatous (ri-zo-stom'a-tus), a. [< Gr.
pl{a, root, + OTO/M(T), moutli.] Having root-
like processes depending from the mouth; spe-
cifically, pertaining to the Rhizostomata, or hav-
ing their characters.
rhizostome (ri'zo-stom), n. A member of the
Rhizostoutata.
rhizostoruean (ri-zo-sto'me-an), n. [< rhizo-
stonie + -««.] Same as rhizostomatous.
Rhizostomidae (ri-zo-stom'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Rhizostoma + -idse.] A family of monoga-
melian rhizostomatoug discomedusans, repre-
sented by the genus Rhizostoma. They are huge
jellyflshes, which may attain a diameter of 3 feet, possess
powerful stinging-organs proportionate to their size, and
are found chiefly in tropical seas. See cut under acaleph.
rhizostomous (ri-zos'to-mus), a. Same as rhi-
zostomatous.
Rhizota (ri-zo'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of rhi-
zotita : see rhizoie.] An order of Rotifera, con-
taining the rooted or fixed wheel-animalcules,
as the families Flosculariidse and Melicertidse.
C. T. Hudson, 1884. It is one of 4 orders, contrasting
with Ploima, Bdettoyrada, and Scirtopoda. See cut under
Floscularia.
rhizotaxis (ri-zo-tak'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. pl^a,
root, + rdfjf, order.] In hot., the arrangement
or disposition of roots. Compare phyllotaxis.
rhizotaxy (ri'zo-tak-si), n. Same as rhizo-
taxis,
rhizote (ri'zot), a. [< NL. rhizotus, < Gr. */»f<j-
r6f, rooted, < /><Co6v,.root, < pi^a, root.] Rooted,
as a rotifer; of or pertaining to the Rhizota.
RhizotrogUS (ri-zo-tro'gus), n. [NL. (Latreille.
1825), < Gr. /w'fa, root, 4- rpuyeiv, gnaw, nibble,
munch.] A genus of melolonthine beetles. R.
solstitialis is a European species known as the
midsummer chafer.
rhizula (riz'u-la), ?i. [NL., dim. of Gr. pi£a,
root: see root1.'] The root-like prothallium of
mosses (prptonema) and of some other crypto-
fams. [Disused.]
odalose (ro'da-los), «. [< Gr. poSov, rose (see
rose1), + a'Af (<i£), salt, + -ose.~\ Red or cobalt
vitriol ; cobalt sulphate.
rhodanic (ro-dan'ik), «. [< Gr. pofov, rose, +
-an + -tc.j Noting an acid which produces a
red color with persalts of iron . Rhodanic acid
is also called stilphoeyanie acid.
Rhodanthe (ro-dan'the), n. [NL. (Lindley,
1834), < Gr. p6Sov, rose, + dv0of, flower.] A
former genus of Compositse found in western
Alistralia. The only species is It. Manglesii, of which
there are several varieties, differing from each other mainly
in the size and color of the flower-heads, which have the
dry character of the flowers commonly called "everlast-
ings." It is an annual, rising from 1 to 1J feet high, with
an erect branching stem, oblong blunt entire stem-clasp-
ing leaves of a glaucous green, and flower-heads, varying
from deep rose to deep purple, supported on stalks ar-
ranged in a corymbose manner. It is now made a section
of Helipterum.
Rhodeina (ro-de-i'na), n. pi. [NL., < Rhodem
+ -/««a.] A group of cyprinoid fishes, typified
by the genus Khodeus. They have a moderate anal
(commencing under the dorsal), and the lateral line running
midway between the upper and lower edges of the caudal
peduncle. They are confined to Europe and Asia.
rhodeoretin (ro-de-or'e-tin), n. [< Gr. poAeof,
of roses (< puftov, rose), + ptrrivti, resin.] One
of the elements of resin of jalap, identical with
jalapin and convolvulin. It is hard, and insolu-
ble in ether.
5150
rhodeoretinic (ro-de-or-o-tiii'ik). n. [<
nri'lin + -»'.] obtained from vhocleorotin. —
Rhodeoretinic acid, an acid produced l>y treating rho-
deort'tin with alkalis.
rhodes-WOod (rodz'wiid), «. The wood of the
West Indian tree Amijrix iMilxinuifrrn: so called
from its resemblance to rhodium-wood, and
used for a similar purpose. See rhodium-wood.
Also called eandlcirixid.
Rhodeus (ro'de-us). n. [NL. (Agassiz, 1836),
< Gr. puAeof, of roses, < p&iov, rose : see rose*.]
The typical genus of Rhodeitta. It. itmiirus (the
liittcrling in German) is the typical species.
Rhodian (ro'di-an). a. and H. ' [= F. Rhodien, <
L. Rhodins, Rhodian, < Blind us, Rliodos, < Gr.
'PoVfof, the isle of Rhodes.] I. a. Pertaining to
Rhodes, an island of the Mediterranean, south-
west of Asia Minor.- Rhodian laws, the earliest
system of marine law known to history, said to have been
compiled by the Rhodians after they had by their com-
merce and naval victories obtained the sovereignty of the
sea.— Rhodian pottery. See pottery, and cut under am-
phora.— Rhodian school of sculpture, an important
school of Hellenistic sculpture, of which the celebrated
group known as the Laocojn Is the capital work. The ar-
Kh.xli.in School of Sculpture.— The Laocoon, in the Vatican. iThe
existing incorrect restorations of arms, etc., are omitted.)
lists of this school sought their Inspiration In the works
of Lysippus. The intensity of expression attained in the
Laocoon has never been surpassed, and its exaggerations
are redeemed by its real power. The group, however, falls
far short of the supreme excellence attributed to it by
Pliny and by the art amateurs of the end of the eighteenth
century. The Rhodian school is intimately connected
with that of Pergamnm.
II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Rhodes.
rhoding (ro'ding), H. Naut., either of the brass
boxes for the brake of a ship's pump.
rhodiochlorid, rhodiochloride (ro"di-o-kl6'-
rid, -rid or -rid), n. [< rhodium + ehlorid, chlo-
ride.] In diem., a double chlorid of rhodium
and the alkali metals.
Rhodiola (ro-di'o-la), «. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1737),
< Gr. potiov, rose, + dim. -i-otu.] A former ge-
nus of alpine plants belonging to the natural
order Crasxulacex, now made a section of Se-
dum (which see).
Rhodites (ro-di'tez), n. [NL. (Hartig, 1840), <
Gr. poii-nK , pertaining to a rose (applied to wine
flavored with roses), < poAov, rose: see rose1.]
A notable genus of gall-flies of the hymenopte-
rous family Cyitipidee, having the hypopygium
shaped like a plowshare, the marginal cell of
the fore wings completely closed, and the claws
of the hind tarsi entire. All of the species make
galls on the rose. It. ros« produces the mossy rose-gall,
orbedegar. (See bed? gar.) K. mdicum produces root-galls.
Seven species are known in North America, and five in
Europe.
rhodium (ro'di-um), n. [NL., < Gr. p6iiof, made
of roses, rose-like, < p6fm', arose: see rose."}
Chemical symbol, Rh ; atomic weight, 103 ( Jor-
gensen). A metal discovered in the beginning
of the nineteenth century by Wollaston, asso-
ciated with palladium in the ore of platinum.
Rhodium fuses in the flame of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe,
but with greater difficulty than platinum. When fused
it is grayish-white, resembling aluminium in luster and
color, and has a specific gravity of 12.1. When pure it is
almost insoluble in acids, but if in the state of an alloy it
is dissolved by aqua regia. Of all the metals of the plat-
inum group rhodium is the one most easily attacked by
chlorin. — Oil of rhodium. See oil.
rhodium-gold (ro'di-um-gold), «. A doubtful
variety of native gold, said to contain a con-
siderable amount of rhodium.
rhodium-wood (ro'di-um-wud), 11. [NL. lifi-
HIIIH rhodium, rosewood : see rhodium and rose-
irood."] A sweet-scented wood from the root
Rhododendron
and stem of two shrubs, I'niirolnilii.t ni-i>)HiriiiK
and ( '. Jtoridux, found in the Canaries, it has
been an article of commerce, and from it was distilled an
essential oil used in perfumery, liniments*, tt<:.. but now
replaced by artificial compounds. The name is applied
also, at least in the form nwdM^Mod, to the similar u.,n<l
of Ainyrvt balmmtfera of the West Indies, etc., also r:ilk-d
i-iiii'l[' a /.
rhodizite (ro'di-zlt), ». [So called because it
colors the blowpipe-flame red ; < Gr. po6i£tti>, be
like a rose (< puAov, rose), + -ite-.~] A rare bo-
rate of aluminium and potassium, occurring in
minute isometric crystals resembling boracite
in form. It is known only from the vicinity of
Ekaterinburg in the Urals.
rhodochrome (ro'do-krom), n. [< Gr. 'p6am;
rose, + xP"l^a< color.] A mineral of a com-
5>act or granular structure and reddish color.
Ake the related crystallized mineral kummererite, it is
classed as a chromiferous variety of the chlorite penninite.
rhodochrosite (ro-do-kro'sit). n. [< Gr. /'lofor,
rose, -I- xp"<"G, a coloring, + -ite2.] Native
manganese protocarbonate, a mineral occur-
ring in rhombohedral crystals, or massive with
rhombohedral cleavage, usually of a delicate
rose-red color. It is isomorphous with the other rhom-
bohedral carbonates, calcite or calcium carbonate, siderite
or iron carbonate, etc. Also called dialogite.
Rhodocrinidae (ro-do-kriu'i-de), //. pi. [NL.,
< lihodocriinis + -idee.] A family of Crinoideii,
typified by the genus Ilhodocriniis, having five
basals, five parabasals orsubradials, and ten or
twenty branched rays; the rose-encrinites.
chiefly of the Carboniferous formation.
rhodocrinite (ro-dok'ri-nit), «. [< NL. Rho-
docrhius + -ite'*.] An encrinite of the genus
Rliodocrinux; a rose-encrinite.
Rhodocrinus (ro-tlok'ri-nus), «. [NL., < Gr.
p6Aoi>, rose, + npivov, lily.] A genus of Paleo-
zoic encrinites, or fossil crinoids, with a cy-
lindric or slightly pentagonal column of many
joints, perforated by a pentagonal alimentary
canal; the rose-encrinites.
Rhododendron (ro-do-den'dron), >/. [NL.
(Linneeus, 1753), < Gr. po66Sev6pov, the olean-
der, < pMav, rose, + ihfipov, tree.] 1. A large
genus of shrubs of the order Ericacex and tribe
Rhodoreae. It Is characterized by a broad, spreading, and
oblique corolla, usually with five imbricating lobes ; eight
to ten stamens, the anthers opening by pores ; and a five-
to twenty-celled ovary with numerous ovules In many
crowded rows, the seeds appendaged. There are about
170 species, natives of the mountains of Europe, Asia, the
Malay archipelago, and North America, most abundant
in the Himalayas. They are commonly shrubs, less often
trees, smooth, hairy, woolly, or scurfy, and often with
whorled branches. They bear alternate entire leaves,
most often crowded at the ends of the branches. Their
handsome flowers are commonly borne in corymbs, and
have conspicuous, more or less unequal, long, slender,
and curving stamens, with long hairs clothing their base.
e (Himalayas,.
The fruit Is a woody pod, splitting septiciJally from the
apex into valves, and filled with seeds like fine sawdust,
each containing a cylindrical embryo and fleshy albumen.
Most of the species, and all of those best known, produce
tbeir new growths below the flowers, which form a termi-
nal inflorescence destitute of leaves, and developed from
a large scaly bud. The leaves in the typical species, form-
ing the section Rhododendron proper, are evergreen anil
coriaceous ; but they are deciduous in the sections Azalen
and Tmna, which include the American species commonly
known as azaleas, and produce leaves closely enchvlinu'
the flowers, nr. in Tnwia, mixed with them. The flowers,
nearly or quite 2 inches across, often reach in It. Auelf-
landifp a breadth of fi inches. See pinkmrr-jlmt , ,
Rhododendron
2. [/. <•.] Any one of the many species of the
above genus, belonging to the section Rhododen-
dron; the rose-bay. The rhododendrons are hand-
some shrubs, much cultivated for their evergreen leathery
leaves and profusion of beautifully formed and colored
flowers. The ordinary species of American outdoor plan-
tations is /{. Catau'bifiise, the Catawha or Carolina rhodo-
dendron, hybridized with the more tender exotics R. Pan-
ticuin and R. arbareum. The Catawba species grows from
3 to 8, rarely 20, feet high, has oval or oblong leaves and
broadly bell-shaped lilac-purple or (in culture) variously
colored flowers. It is native in the Alleghanies from Vir-
ginia southward. It has also been largely cultivated in
Europe, and there are hundreds of varieties. The great
rhododendron (or laurelX R. maximum, abounds in the Al-
Flowering Branch of the Great Laurel ( Rhododendron maximum).
leghanies, and is found as far north as Maine and Canada.
It is commonly taller than R. Catawbiense, with narrower
leaves, and flowers pink or nearly white with a greenish
throat. It is a fine species, but much less cultivated than
the last ; it affords some hybrids. The Californian rhodo-
dendron, R. Caltfomicum, resembles the Catawba rhodo-
dendron, but has more showy flowers. It deserves culti-
vation, and has proved hardy in England. The Pontic rho-
dodendron, R. Ponticmn, is the most common species of
European gardens, hardy only as a low shrub in the north-
ern United States. R. arboreum, the tree rhododendron,
is a fine Himalayan species, 25 feet high, with the leaves
silvery-white beneath, and the flowers scarlet varying to
white. The Lapland rhododendron, R. Lapponieum, is a
dwarf arctic and alpine species of both hemispheres, grow-
ing prostrate in broad tufts. The Siberian or Dahurian
rhododendron, R. Dauricum, a dwarf species, somewhat
cultivated, bears its bright rose-purple flowers on naked
shoots in early spring.— Indian rhododendron. See
Melastoma.
Rhodomela (ro-dom'e-la), «. [NL. (Agardh,
1824), < Gr. />6Aov, rose,"+ fiftac., black.] A
genus of marine alga? of the class Floridese
and type of the suborder Rhodomeleie. The
fronds are dark-red, filiform or subcompressed and pin-
nately decompound, with filiform branches, the tetra-
spores tripartite, the cystocarps sessile or pedicellate,
and the spores pyriform. The genus is small, and mostly
confined to high latitudes in both hemispheres. There
are two species or forms on the New England coast.
Rhodomelaceae (ro'do-me-la'se-e), n.pl. [NL.
(Harvey, 1849), < Rhodomela -f- -acese.] Same
as Rhodomelese.
Rhodomeleae (ro-do-me'le-e), ». pi. [NL.
(Agardh, 1841), < Rhodomela + -ex.] A subor-
der of florideous alg», named from the genus
Rhodomela. This is the largest suborder of the Flori-
dese, and contains many of the most beautiful seaweeds.
It is characterized mainly by the cystocarpic fruit, which
is external and has the spores borne separately on short
stalks. The fronds are usually filiform and branching.
rhoclomontade, a. and n. See rodomontade.
rhodonite (ro'do-nlt), n. [Irreg. < Gr. /x5oW,
rose, + -ife2.] ' Native manganese silicate,
sometimes containing zinc or calcium : a min-
eral occurring massive,
rarely in distinct crys-
tals, of a fine rose-red
or pink color. It is
sometimes used as an
ornamental stone.
Rhodope (ro'do-pe), n.
[NL. (Kolliker, 1847),
prob. < Gr. 'Pooom/,
Rhodope, a Thracian
nymph.] A remarkable
genus, type of the fami-
ly Rhodopidse, based on
R. eertnii/i. This little crea-
ture exhibits such equivocal
characters that it has been
considered by some as a pla-
narian worm, by others as an
abranchiate mollusk, though
it has no odontophore.
rhodophane (ro ' do-
fan), n. [< Gr. p&Aov,
rose, + -Qavr/c, appear-
ing, < <t>aiv?afiai, appear.]
A red pigment found in
the retinal cones of the
eyes of certain fishes, reptiles, and birds. The
pi gnu-lit is held in solution by a fatty body.
, top
vera
b. side view ; •
, . ,
longitudinal section (enlarged .
5157
rhodophyl, rhodophyll (ro'do-fil), «. [< Gr.
/xirffof, red, + pi'»oi', a leaf.] The compound
pigment of the red algse.
rhodophyllite (ro-do-fil'lt), «. [< Gr. jMo>>,
rose, + <fi~f.M\; leaf, + -ite2.] In miiieriil., a va-
riety of penninite from Texas in Pennsylvania,
of a reddish color, and peculiar in containing a
small percentage of chromium sesquioxid.
rhodophyllous (ro-do-fil'us), a. [< rto&pMi
+ -OHS.] In hot., containing rhodophyl; like
rhodophyl.
Cytioplasm mostly rhodophyttmix.
H. C. Wood, Fresh-Water AlgK, p. 213.
Rhodopidae (ro-dop'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Rh<>-
<li>lic + -fcte.] A family of simple marine in-
vertebrates of uncertain relationship, typified
by the genus Rhodope. They are of an elongate flat-
tened form, somewhat convex dorsally, and destitute of
mantle, dorsal appendages, tentacles, branchiae, and odon-
tophore. The digestive tube is very simple, and there is
no pharynx, kidney, or heart. The family has been re-
ferred to the nudibranchiate gastropods and to the tur-
bellarians. See cut under Rhodope.
rhodopsin (ro-dop'sin), n. [< Gr. podov, rose,
+ di/Kf , view, + -in2.] Visual purple ; a pig-
ment found in the outer segments of the reti-
nal rods. It is quickly bleached by light, but the pur-
ple color is regained by placing the pigment in the dark.
In the normal retina it is restored by the action of the
pigmentary layer of cells.
Rhodora (ro-do'ra), n. [NL. (Duhamel du Mon-
ceau, 1767), so called from the rose-colored
flowers; < Gr. p66oi>, rose (see rose1), the NL.
word being based, as to form, on the L. rho-
dora, a plant, Spirsea Clmaria or Arioicus, and
said to be a Gallic word.] 1. A former genus
of Ericaceae, now included in Rliododendron,
section Azalea, but still giving name to the
tribe Rhodorese. It was set apart chiefly on account
of its prominently two-lipped flower, of which the lower
lip consists of two petals, completely separate, or much
more nearly so than the three divisions of the upper lip.
There was but one species. See def. 2.
2. [Z. c.] A low deciduous shrub, Rhododen-
dron Rhodora (Rhodora Canadennis), a native of
cold and wet wooded places from Pennsylvania
northward, often covering acres with its delicate
rosy flowers, which appear before the leaves.
In May, when sea-winds pierced our solitudes,
I found the fresh Rhodora in the woods,
Spreading its leafless blooms in a damp nook; . . .
The purple petals, fallen in the pool,
Made the black water with their beauty gay.
Emerson, The Rhodora.
Rhodorese (ro-do're-e), n. pi [NL. (Don, 1834),
< Rhodora -f'-e*.] 'A tribe of plants of the order
Ericaceie, characterized by a septicidal eapsu-
lar fruit, deciduous, imbricated, and common-
ly gamopetalous corolla, and shrubby habit.
It includes 16 genera, chiefly of northern regions and
mountains, often very showy in blossom, as in the genera
Rhododendron, Kalmia, Ledum, and Rhodothamnus. See
Rhodora and Azalea.
rhodosperm (rp'do-sperm), n. [< Rhodosper-
mese.~\ An individual alga of the class Rhodo-
spermese.
Rhodospermese (ro-do-sper'mf-e), ti.pl. [NL.
(Harvey), < Gr. /xJ<!oi«,'rose, + airep/ia, seed.] A
name employed by Harvey for the red or pur-
ple algse, which are now placed under Agardh's
older name Floridese.
rhodospermin (ro-do-sper'min), 11. [< Gr. podov,
rose, + oKipiia., seed, 4- -m2.] Crystalloids of
proteid bodies found in the Floridese, forming
the red coloring matter.
Rhodosporeae (ro-do-spo're-e), w. pi. [NL., <
Gr. p66ov, rose, + ojro/jof, seed, T -<•«.] Same as
Bhodospermex.
Rhodostaurotict (i'6"do-sta-rot'ik), «. [Intend-
ed as a translation into Gr. form of Rosicrucian;
< Gr. p66ov, rose, + aravpof, cross, + -otic. Cf.
Gr. <navpuTm6f, crossed, cruciform.] Rosicru-
cian.
Outis, . . .
The good old hermit, that was said to dwell
Here in the forest without trees, that built
The castle in the air, where all the bretheren
Rhodostattrotic live.
B. Jonrnn, Masque of Fortunate Isles.
Rhodostethia (ro-do-ste'thi-a), n. [NL. (Mac-
gillivray, 1842), < Gr. p66ov, rose, + arf/Gof, the
breast.] A genus of Laridee, so called from the
rose-tint of the breast, unique in the family in
having the tail cnneate ; the wedge-tailed gulls.
Ross's rosy gull, R. rosea, is the only species, inhabiting the
arctic regions. It was long regarded as one of the rarest
uf birds, but has lately been found abundantly on the
arctic coast of Alaska. It is white, rose-tinted, with black
collar, wing-tips, ami bill, red feet, and pearl-blue man-
tle ; the length is 14 inches. Also called flossier. See cut
in next column.
Rhodothamnus (ro-do-tham'nus), ». [NL.
(Keichenbach, 1830), < Gr. p&W, rose, + fht/jviu;
rhomb
Rosy or Wedge-tailed Gnll (Rhoiiostrthin rasfft'i.
bush.] A genus of small shrubs of the order
Ericacese, and tribe Rhodoreee. It is characterized by
having a wheel-shaped corolla and ten long stamens, and
terminal, solitary, and long-peduncled flowers. The only
species, 7?. Chamsecistu*, is a native of the Austrian and
Italian Alps. It is a low branching shrub with scattered
short-petioled leaves, which are elliptical-lanceolate, en-
tire, evergreen, and shining. It bears rose-colored flowers,
large for the size of the plant, with spreading and curving
stamens, the long slender peduncles and the calyx glan-
dular-hairy. The whole plant in habit and flower resem-
bles an azalea. The fruit is an erect flve-furrowed globose
capsule. Sometimes called ground-cistus, translating the
specific name.
rhodotilite (ro-dot'i-lit), n. [< Gr. p6oov, rose,
+ T/?.of, down, + -ite2.] A mineral found at
Pajsberg in Sweden, having the same compo-
sition as inesite.
Rhodymenia (ro-di-me'ni-a), «. [NL. (Greville,
1830), < Gr. p66ov, rose, + lut/v, membrane: see
hymen2.'] A genus of marine algse of the class
Florideee, giving its name to the order Rhodyme-
niaceie (which see for characters). See dulse,
dillid:
Rhodymeniaceae (ro-di-me-ni-a'se-e), n. pi.
[NL., < Rhodynienia + -acex.] An order of no-
rideous seaweeds of purplish or blood-red color.
The root is disk-like or branched, much matted ; the frond,
which is composed of polygonal cells, is either leafy or fili-
form, and much branched, never articulate. The species
are widely dispersed. Rhodymenia palmata, or dulse, is
a well-known example. Many of the species of the genus
Gracilaria are largely used in the East as ingredients in
soups, jellies, etc., and as substitutes for glue. One of
them is the ayar-agar of the Chinese.
rhoeadic (re-ad'ik), a. [< NL. Rhceas (Rliaiad-)
(see def.) (< Gr. potdf (poiaA-), a kind of poppy)
+ -»c.] Contained in or derived from the pop-
py Papaver Rhatas.— Rhoeadic acid, one of the color-
ing principles in the petals of Papaver Rhceas.
rhceadine (re'a-din), M. [<r/io-ori(/c) + -i'He2.] A
crystallizable" alkaloid (C2iH2iNO6) found in
Papaver Rhceas. It is non-poisonous.
rhoeagenine (re-aj'e-nin), n. [< NL. Rhceas (see
rhceadic) + -yen + -t'we2.] A base, ispmeric
with rhoeadine, found in acidified solutions of
rhoeadine.
rhomb (romb), n. [< OF. rhombe, F. rhombe =
Sp. It. ronibo = Pg. rhombo, < L. rhombus, ML.
also rhmnbus, nimbus, a magician's circle, a
kind of fish, in LL. a rhomb in geometry. ML.
also a point of the compass, < Gr. p6ft- .
fioc, /M'/i/3of, a spinning-top or -wheel, a / \
magic wheel, a spinning or whirling / \
motion, also a rhomb in geometry, a (
lozenge, < p^jiuv, revolve, totter, na- \ /
salized form of peireiv, sink, fall, be un- \ /
steady. Doublet of rhumb, run/6.] 1.
In geom., an oblique-angled equilateral
parallelogram ; a quadrilateral figure whose
sides are equal, and the opposite sides paral-
lel, but the angles unequal, two being obtuse
and two acute.
See how in warlike muster they appear,
In rhombs, and wedges, and half- moons, and wings.
Milton, P. R., iii. SOS.
2. In crystal., a solid bounded by six equal and
similar rhombic planes ; a rhombohedron. — 3.
In zobl., a pair of semirhombs forming a rhom-
bic figure, as certain plates of cystic crinoids.
— 4. A material circle. [Rare.]
That swift
Nocturnal and diurnal rliomb suppos'd.
Invisible else above all stars, the wheel
Of day and night; which needs not thy belitf
If earth, industrious of herself, fetch day
Travelling east, and with her part averse
Kmrn the sun's beam meet night, her other part
Still luminous by his ray. Milton, P. L.. viii. 134.
Fresnel'S rhomb, .1 rhomb of i-rown-glass, so cut that
a ray of light entering one of its fares at riirbt angles shall
fnierjre :lt right angles at the opposite face, after under-
rhomb
going within tlie rhomb, at its outer faces, two total re-
flections. It is used to produce a ray circularly polarized,
which becomes plane-polarized again on being transmitted
through a second Fresnel 's rhomb. — Pectinated rhomb,
in ciinoids, a hydrospire.
rhpmbarsenite (rom-bar'se-nit), «. [< Gr.
p6!i/]<>(, rhomb, + E. ameiiite.'] Same as cliin-
dctile.
rhombi, «. Plural of rhombus.
rhombic (rom'bik), «. [= F. rhoiubique; as
rhumb + -ie.] 1. Having the figure of a rhomb.
— 2. In goal., approaching the form of a rhomb
or diamond, usually with the angles a little
rounded. — 3. In crystal., often used as an
equivalent of orthofhombic : as, the rhombic
pyroxenes (that is, those crystallizing in the
orthorhombic system). — 4. In hot., oval, but
somewhat angular at the sides — Longitudinal-
ly rhombic, having, as a rhomb, the longer dianu'ttT
in a postero-anterior direction. — Rliombic dodecahe-
dron, octahedron, etc. See the nouns.— Rhombic py-
roxenes. .See pyroxene.— Transversely rhombic, hav-
ingthe longer diameter of the rhomb across the length of
the body or organ.
rhombical (rom'bi-kal), a. [< rJiombic + -at,]
Same as rhombic.
rhombicosidodecahedron (rom-bl*ko-si-do*-
dek-a-he'dron), n. [< Gr. pAfifiof, rhomb, rhom-
bus, '+ etKoat, twenty, + dudemtopov. a dodeca-
hedron. Cf. icosidodecahedron."] A solid hav-
ing sixty-two faces — twelve belonging to the
regular "dodecahedron, twenty to the icosahe-
dron, and thirty to the semi-regular triacontahe-
dron. Among the thirteen Archimedean solids there are
two such solids : one, usually so called, has its dodecahe-
dral faces pentagonal, its icosahedral faces triangular, and
its triacontahedral faces square ; while the other has the do-
decahedral faces decagons, the icosahedral faces hexagons,
and the triacontahedral faces squares. The latter is com-
monly called a truncated icosidodecahedron, a misleading
designation.
rhombicuboctahedron (rom»bi-ku-bok-ta-he'-
dron), n. [< Gr. p6uf)of, rhomb, + avfiof, cube,
+ oKrdedpov, neut. of oKTaeopoc., eight-sided (see
octahedron).] A solid having twenty-six faces,
formed by the surfaces of the coaxial cube, oc-
tahedron, and rhombic dodecahedron. Among
the thirteen Archimedean solids there are two such solids :
one, usually so called, has the cubic and dodecahedral
faces squares, and the octahedral faces triangles ; while the
other has the cubic faces octagons, the octahedral faces
hexagons, and the dodecahedral faces squares. The latter
is commonly called a truncated cuboctahedron, a mislead-
ing designation.
rhonibiform (rom'bi-form), a. [< L. rhombus,
rhomb, + forma, form .] Shaped like a rhomb ;
rhombic ; rhomboid. In entam., noting parts which
are of the same thickness throughout, the horizontal
section being a rhomb: as, rhombi.form joints of the an-
tenna;.
Rhombigena (rom-bij'e-nii), ». pi. [XL.] A
variant of Ithonibof/ena.
rhombo-atloideus (rom"bo-at-loi'de-us), n.; pi.
rhombo-atloidei (-1). [< Gr. p6[t/3of, rhomb, +
NL. atl(as) (see atlas1, 3) + -oideus.~] A mus-
cular slip, occasionally arising from one or two
lower cervical or upper dorsal spines, and in-
serted into the transverse process of the atlas.
Rhombochirus (rom-bo-ki'rus), «. [NL. (Gill,
1863), < Gr.pdfiflof, rhomb, +^«/D, hand (with ref.
to the pectoral fin).] A genus of Echeneididx or
remoras, differing from Remvra in the structure
5158
Rhomboganoidei (rom"bo-ga-noi'de-i), «. pi.
[XL., < Gr. piufiof, rhomb, + XL. (!tiii<n<lri.\
An order of fishes: same us (iinnli/uiodi.
rhombogen (rom'bo-jen), n. [< NL. rliombn-
iirnim: see nk0M&00WKNM.] The inl'usoriform
embryo of a nematoid worm : one of the phases
or stages of a nematoid embryo: distinguished
from nematogeu. See cut under l>ici/i i/m.
Rhombogena(rom-boj'e-na), ii.pl. [NL.,neut.
pi. of rhombogeniis : see rhombogenous.'] Those
Dieyemida which give rise to iufusoriform em-
bryos. See cut under Dicyema.
rhombogenic (rom-bo-jeu'ik), a. [< rliomvu-
gen-oiis + -«•.] Same as rhombogenoiix.
rhombogenous (rom-boj'e-nus), a. [< NL.
rhombogenus, < Gr. pop/tof, rhomb, + -} evfa, pro-
ducing: see-<7e«.] Producing infusoriform em-
bryos, as a nematoid worm; having the charac-
ter of a rhombogen.
rhombohedral (rom-bo-he'dral), <i. [< rhombo-
liedroii + -«/.] 1. In' geoni., of or pertaining
to a rhombohedron ; having forms derived from
the rhombohedron. — 2. In crystal., relating to
a system of forms of which the rhombohedron
is taken as the type. They are embraced iu the
rhombohedral division of the hexagonal sys-
tem. See hexagonal — Rhombohedral carbonates,
the Isomorphous group of thenativecarbonatesof calcium
(calcite), of magnesium (magnesite), of iron (siderite), of
manganese (rbodochrosite), of zinc (smithsonite). and the
intermediate compounds, as the double carbonate of cal-
cium and magnesium (dolomite), etc. These all crystal-
lize in rhombohedrons and related forms with closely
similar angles, the angle of the cleavage rhombohedron
varying from 106' to 1074'.— Rhombohedral tfltarto-
hediism. See Utartohedrism.
rhombohedrally (rom-bo-he'dral-i), adv. In a
rhombohedral form ; as a rhombohedron.
It Inordenskjolditel crystallizes rhombohedrally with
a : e = 1 : 0.8221, an 1 is tabular in habit.
American Naturalist, XXIV. 364.
rhombohedric (rom-bo-he'drik), a. [< rliom-
bohedron + -ic.~] Same as riiombohedral. Lom-
met, Light (trans.), p. 290.
rhombohedron (rom-bo-he'dron), «. [< Gr. ptiji-
/Jof,rhomb,+ foy>a,base.] In //eo»i. and
crystal., a solid bounded by six rhom-
bic planes. In crystallography a rhom-
boheoron is usually regarded as a hemihedral
form of the double hexagonal pyramid. It may
be obtuse or acute, according as the terminal
angle — that is, the angle
overone of the edges which
meet in the vertex — is
greater or less than 90°.
1
Rfiombofhinis osteofhir.
of the pectoral fins, which are short and broad,
somewhat rhombic in outline, and with flat,
stiff, partially ossified rays. There is but one species,
R. osteochir (so named from the bony pectoral rays^ oc-
curring from the West Indies to Cape Cod.
rhomboccele (rom'bo-sel), w. [< NL. rhombo-
ccelia.] Same as rhombocoelia. Wilder, N. Y.
Med. Jour., March 21, 1885, p. 326.
rhombocoelia (rom-bo-se'li-a), w.; pi. rhombo-
coelix (-e). [NL., < Gr. p6/ifiof, rhomb, + noMa,
cavity: see ctelia.'] The sinus rhomboidalis
of the myelon: a dilatation of the cavity of
the spinal cord in the sacral region. This is a
sort of ventricle, or enlargement of the hollow of the
primitively tubular spinal cord, observable in many verte-
brate embryos, representing to some extent the compli-
cated and persistent system of ventricles in the oppo-
site end of the same neural axis ; but it is not often well
marked in adults. It is most notable and persistent in
birds, in which class it presents the figure which has sug-
gested the term sinus rhoinboidalis and its later synonym
rhombocoelia or rhomboccele, applied conformably with a
recent system of naming the several coelia) of the cerebro-
spinal axis. See cut under protovertebra.
rhombocoelian(rom-bo-se'li-an),a. [< rliombo-
ruitii + -<ui.~\ Pertaining to the rhombocoelia,
or having its characters.
Khombohedrons. t, obtuse ; 2, 3, acute.
rhomboid (rom'boid), a. and H. [= OF. rliom-
boide, F. rhomboide = Sp. It. romboide = Pg.
rhomboide, < L.- rkomboides, < Gr. pofijioetoi/f,
rhomboid-shaped, < bApfioc,, rhomb, -t- fWoc,
form.] I. «. Having a form like or approach-
ing that of a rhomb; having the shape of a
rhomboid (see II., 1); rhomboidal. Specifically—
(a) In anal., rhonibiform, as a muscle or ligament; per-
taining to the rhomboidei or rhoml>oideuni. (b) In bot. ,
imperfectly rhombic with obtuse angles, as some leaves. —
Rhomboid ligament. Same as rhomboideum. — Rhom-
boid muscle. Same as rhomboideus.
II. «. 1. In geom., a quadrilateral figure
whose opposite sides and angles are equal, but
which is neither equilateral
nor equiangular; anon-equi- /
lateral oblique parallelo- / /
gram.— 2. In crystal, a solid *—
having a rhomboidal form Rhomboid, i.
with three axes of unequal lengths, two of which
are at right angles to each other, while the third
is so inclined as to be perpendicular to one of
the two axes, and oblique to the other. — 3. In
anat., a rhomboideus.
rhomboidal (rom-boi'dal), a. [= F. rhomboidal
= Sp. It. romboidale; as rhomboid + -al."] Hav-
ing the shape of a rhomboid.
A rhomb of Iceland spar, a solid bounded by six equal
and similar rhomboidal surfaces whose sides are parallel.
Brewnttr, Treatise on Optics, ii. 22.
Rhomboidal fossa, the fourth ventricle of the brain.—
Rhomboidal porgy. See poryy.— Rhomboidal sinus,
the fourth ventricle.
rhomboidea, ». Plural of rhomboidenm.
rhomboidei, ». Plural of rhomboideus.
rhomboides (rom-boi'des), «. [< L. rhomboi-
des, < Gr. poufioctdcf, neut. of po/i/}of/i!;/f, rhom-
boid-shaped: see rhomboid.'} 1. A rhomboid.
[Kare.]
Rhopalodinidae
See them under sail in all tlieir lawn anil sarcenet, with
a geometrical rhnmli"iilf* "i»>ii tln-lr heads.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
2f. [cttp.~\ [NL.] An old genus of fishes. Klein,
1745. — 3. [<•«/<.] [NL.] A genus of mollusks.
l>c Blninrille, 1824.
rhomboideum (rom-boi'de-um), n.; pi. rliom-
hniilca (-a). [NL. : see rhomboid.'] In anat., the
ligament which unites the sternal end of the
clavicle with the cartilage of the first rib; the
rhomboid ligament: so called from its rhombic
form in man.
rhomboideus (rom-boi'de-us), «.; pi. rhom-
boidei (-i). [NL. (sc. niiisculiis, muscle): see
rhomboid.'] Either of two muscles, major and
minor, which connect the last cervical vertebra
and several upper dorsal vertebrae with the
vertebral border of the scapula.— Rhomboideus
OCCipltalls, an additional muscle sometimes found run-
ning parallel with the rhomboideus minor, from the scap-
ula to the occipital bone.
rhomb-solid (romb'sol'id), w. A solid gener-
ated by the revolution of a rhomb on a diago-
nal. It consists of two equal right cones joined
at their bases.
rhomb-Spar (romb'spar), n. A variety of dolo-
mite occurring in rhombohedral crystals.
rhombus (rom'bus), w.; pi. rhombi (-Mi). [L.:
see rhomb."] 1. SameasrAowfi. — 2. [cap.'] An
obsolete constellation, near the south pole. — 3.
[NL.] Inichth.: (a) [cap.~] A genus of Stroma-
teidse, generally united with Ktromatcus. La.ce-
pede, 1800. (6) The Liimcau specific name of
the turbot (as Pleuroiiectcs rhombus), and later
[c<y>.] a generic name of the same (as Khom-
bus maximtts), and of various other flatfishes
now assigned to different genera. Curicr, 1817.
rhonchal (rong'kal), «. [< rhonclnts + -«?.]
Relating or pertaining to rhonchus Rhonchal
fremitus, a vibration or thrill felt in palpating the chest-
wall when there is mucus or other secretion in the bron-
chial tubes or a cavity.
rhonchial (rong'ki-al), a. Same as rhonchal.
rhonchisonant (rong'ki-so-naut), a. [< LL.
rhonchisoitiis, snorting (said of the rhinoceros),
< L. rhonclnts, a snoring, snorting, + sonare,
sound: see sonant.'] Snorting. [Rare.] Imp.
Diet.
rhonchus (rong'kus), >/. [= F. rhonciis = Sp.
Pg. ronco, < L. rhonchus, < Gr. *p6yx°f> pfyx°C>
prop, pt) xof , a snoring, snorting, < piyneiv, rarely
piyxelv, snore, snort.] A rale, usually a bron-
chial or cavernous rale — Cavernous rhonchus, a
cavernous rale.— Cavemulous rhonchus, a small caver-
nous rale. — Rhonchus sibilans, a sibilant rale. — Rhon-
chus soiiorus, a sonorous rale.
rhone (ron), n. An erroneous spelling of rone2.
rhopalic (ro-pal'ik), a. [= F. rJwpaliqiie, < LL.
rltopalieus, < Gr. pojra/.ik6f, lit. like a club (in-
creasing gradually in size from one end to the
other), < poTra'/ov (> ML. rhoptilitm), a club, < pe-
mw, incline.] In one. pros., noting a hexame-
ter in which each succeeding word contains
one syllable more than that preceding it. Also
spelled ropalic.
Rhopalocera (ro-pa-los'e-ra), n.pl. [NL. (Bois-
duval, 1840), neut. pi. of rho]>aiocenis : see rho-
palocerous.] One of two suborders of Lepidop-
tera, characterized by the clubbed or knobbed
antennae (whence the name); the butterflies, or
diurnal lepidopterous insects: contrasted with
Heterocera, the nocturnal lepidopterous insects,
or moths. In a few exceptional cases the antenna? are
filiform, pectinate, or otherwise modified. Tin/ wings are
elevated when at rest, and there is no bristle connecting
the two wings of the same side. The larva? are very vari-
able, but are generally not hairy, and never spin cocoons.
Five families are usually recognized, the Nymphalidx.
Erycinidje (or Lfmvniidx), Lycsenidse, Pajtilifmidte, and
Hespertidx. The genera (including synonyms) are 1,100
or more in number : the species are estimated at 7,000.
About 460 species inhabit Europe, while about 620 are
known in America north of Mexico.
rhopaloceral (ro-pa-los'e-ral), ti. [< rliopalo-
cer-oits + -al.~\ Same as' 'rliopiilocerotts.
A wealth of illustration to which rhopatoceral literature
was hitherto a stranger. Athenaum, No. 3141, p. in.
rhopalocerous (ro-pa-los'e-rus), a. [< NL. rlio-
palocents, <Gr. jWiroXov, aclub, + w'pn?, ahom.]
Having clubbed antennas, as a butterfly; of or
pertaining to the Rhopalocera, or having their
characters.
Bhopalodina (ro"pa-lo-di'im). n. [NL., < Gr.
poKa/.ov, a club, + '-d- (mea'hingless) + -ina."]
The only genus of Khojmlwlhiidie. B. lageni-
f or mis is the only species. J. E. Gray. 1848.
RhopalodinidaB(r6"pa-lo-din'i-de), n.pl. [NL.,
< Kliopiilodinti + -ills-.'] A family of dioecious
tetrapneumonous holothurians. represented by
the genus Hhopalodilta. They have separate sexes,
four water -lungs or respiratory trees, a lageuiform budy
Rhopalodinidae
with the mouth and anus at the same end of It, flve
oral and five anal ambulacra, ten oral tentacles and cal-
careous plates, ten anal papillfe and plates, and two rowed
pedicels. They are sometimes called sea-iiourds.
Rhopalodon (ro-paro-don), M. [XL., < Gr. i>6-
mi'Aov, a club, 4- orfoi'f (biovr-) = E. tooth.'] A
genus of fossil dinosaurs from the Permian
of Russia, based on remains exhibiting club-
shaped teeth, as II. u:<unjciihoimi. Fischer.
Rhopalonema (r6"pa-lo-ne'ma), H. [NL., < Gr.
poTraAov, a club, + i^/wo, a thread.] A notable
genus of trachymedusans of the family Trurlii/-
iicmntidx, represented by such species as li.
velatum of the Mediterranean. Gencnbawr.
rhotacise, u. i. See rhotacize.
rhotacism (ro'ta-sizm), w. [= F. rhotaeisme, <
LL. rhotacismiis, < LGr. * pwantafioi;, < paraKi^etv,
rhotacize: see rhotacize.] 1. Too frequent use
of r. — 2. Erroneous pronunciation of r; utter-
ance of r with vibration of the uvula.
Neither the Spaniards nor Portuguese retain in their
speech that strong Rhotacism which they denoted by the
double rr, and which Camden and Fuller notice as pecu-
liar to the people of Carlton in Leicestershire.
Southey, The Doctor, ccxxiii.
3. Conversion of another sound, as s, into r.
That too many exceptions to the law of rhotacism in
Latin exist has been felt by many scholars, but no one has
ventured a theory that would explain them en masse.
Amur. Jour. PltUol., IX. 49?.
Also spelled rotaeism.
rhotacize (ro'ta-slz), v. i.; pret. and pp. rhota-
cized, ppr. rhotacizing. [< LGr. puradleiv, make
overmuch or wrong use of r, < pu, rho, the let-
ter p, r. Cf. iotacism.] 1. To use r too fre-
quently.— 2. To make wrong use of r; pro-
nounce r with vibration of the uvula instead of
the tip of the tongue. — 3. To convert other
sounds, as s, into )•; substitute r in pronuncia-
tion.
Latin, Umbrian, and other rhotacizing dialects.
The Academy, Feb. 4, 18S3, p. 82.
Also spelled rJiotacise, rotaeize, rotacise.
rhubarb (ro'barb), «. and a. [Early mod E.
also rheubarb, reubarbe, rubarbe, rewbarbe; < OF.
rubarbe, reobarbe, rheubarbe, reitbarbare, F. rhu-
barbe = Pr. renbarba = Cat. rinbarbarro = Sp.
ruibarbo = Pg. reubarbo, ritibarbo = It. rcobar-
baro, rabarbaro, formerly rabbarbaro = D. ra-
barber = G. rhabarber = Dan. Sw. rabarber
(Turk, ritbds), (. ML. rheiibarbarum, rhubarba-
rum, also reubarbarum, for rheum bnrbarnni, <
Gr. pf/ov fldpfiapov, rhubarb, pfjov, rhubarb (pijov,
ML. rheum, being appar. a deriv. or orig. an adj.
form of 'Pd, the Sha, or Volga river, whence
rhubarb was also called rha Ponticum, 'Pontie
rha' (see rhapontic), and rha barbari/m, ' barbar-
ous (i. e. foreign) rha'): see rha, Sheunfi, and
barbarous.] I. w. 1. The general name for
plants of the genus Rheum, especially for spe-
cies affording the drug rhubarb and the culinary
herb of that name. The specific source of the officinal
rhubarb is still partially in question ; but it is practically
5159
in making tarts, pies, etc., is only of recent date. At-
tempts to use it as a wine-plant have nut been specially
successful. Some other species have a similar aeid quality.
From their stature and huge leaves, various rhubarbs pro-
duce striking scenic effects, especially It. Einodi, the Ne-
pal rhubarb, which grows 5 feet high and has wrinkled
leaves veined with red ; and still more the better-formed
It. nficinale. A liner and must remarkable species is
/;. iiMle, the Sikhim rhubarb, which presents a conical
tower of imbricating foliage ayard or more high, the ample
shining-green root-leaves passing into large straw-colored
bracts which conceal beautiful pink stipules and small
green flowers. The root is very long, winding among the
rocks. This plant is not easily cultivated.
2. The root of any medicinal rhubarb, or some
preparation of it. Rhubarb is a much-prized remedy,
remarkable as combining a cathartic with an astringent
etfect, the latter succeeding the former. It is also tonic
and stomachic. It is administered in substance or in va-
rious preparations.
The patient that doth determine to receiue a little Rheu-
barb sutfereth the bitternesse it leaueth in the throte for
the profile it doth him against his feuer.
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 242.
What r?mbarb, cyme, or what purgative drug,
Would scour these English hence?
Shak., Macbeth, v. 3. 55.
3. The leafstalks of the garden rhubarb col-
lectively; pie-plant — Bog-rhubarb, see Petasttes.
—Compound powder of rhubarb. See powder.— False
rhubarb, Thalictrum llamm.— Monk's rhubarb, the
patience-dock, Rumex Patientia, probably from the use of
its root like rhubarb ; also, a species of meadow-rue, Tha-
lictrmn Jtavum.— Poor man's rhubarb, Thalictrum fa-
vitm.
II. t "• Resembling rhubarb ; bitter.
But with your rubarbe words ye must contend
To grieue me worse.
Sir r. Sidney, Astrophel and Stella, xiv.
rhllbarbativet, "• [(. rhubarb +-atiee.] Like
rhubarb; hence, figuratively, sour. [Rare.]
A man were better to lye vnder the hands of a Hang-
man than one of your rhubarbatiuc faces.
Delcker, Match Me in London, iii.
rhubarby (ro'biirb-i), «. [< rhubarb + -i/1.]
Like rhubarb; containing,or in some way quali-
fied by, rhubarb.
rhumb, mmb (rumb or rum), n. [Formerly
also rlmme, roomb, roumb, roumbe; prob. < OF.
rhomb, rumb, rhombe, a point of the compass,
< Sp. rumbo, a course, point of the compass, =
Pg. rumbo, rumo, a ship's course (quarto do
rumo, a point of the compass), = It. rombo, < L.
rhombus, a magician's circle, a rhombus, < Gr.
po/i/jof, a spinning-top, a magic wheel, a whirl-
ing motion, a rhomb in geometry : see rhomb.]
1. A vertical circle of the celestial sphere. So
says Button; but if so, it is difficult to understand how
Kepler (Epitom. Astron., ii. 10), in order to explain def. 2,
is driven to the trapezoidal figure of the points on the
compass-card.
2. A point of the compass, a thirty-second
part of the circle of the horizon, 11° 15' in
azimuth.— 3. The course of a ship constantly
moving at the same angle to its meridian; a
rhumb-line.
rhumb-line (rumb'lln), H. The curve described
upon the terrestrial spheroid by a ship sailing
on one course — that is, always in the same
direction relatively to the north point. For long
courses, especially in high latitudes, the rhumb-line is not
the shortest or geodetical line, which is substantially a
great circle ; for the rhumb-line evidently goes round and
round the pole, approximating to the equiangular spiral.
Also called loxodromic curve.
rhumb-sailing (rumb'sa/'ling), «. In uariy,,
the course of a vessel when she keeps on the
rhumb-line which passes through the place of
departure and the place of destination. See
sailing.
rhumet, »• See rhumb.
Rhynchaea
Rhus (rus), H. [NL. (Tournefort, 1700), < L. rhux,
< Gr. poi'f, sumac.] A genus of shrubs and trees,
belonging to the tribe Spondieee of the order
.liiaranliiiccir, the cashew-nut family. It is char-
acterized by flowers with from four to ten stamens, a soli-
tary ovule pendulous from a basilar stalk, a small four- to
six-cleft calyx, and four to six imbricated petals unchanged
after flowering. The leaves are pinnate, one- to three-fo-
liolate, or sometimes simple ; the flowers are small, in axil-
lary or terminal panicles ; the fruit is a small compressed
drupe. The plant often abounds in a caustic poisonous
juice, sometimes exudes a varnish. There are about 120
species, found throughout subtropical and warm climates,
but infrequent in the tropics. They are especially abun-
dant at ttie Cape of Good Hope, also in eastern Asia ; 4
species are found in southern Europe, a few in the East
Indies and the Andes, and 13 in the United States. Several
species, some useful for tanning, are known as sumac.
(For poisonous American species, see poison-ivy, poison-oak,
and pouvnwood.) It. Cotinus is the smoke-tree, mist-tree,
or purple fringe-tree. (See smoke-tree; also younff fustic,
under J'uslic.) A somewhat similar species, R. colinoides,
is known as chittam-uood. ft. vernictfera is the Japanese
lacquer-tree or varnish-tree. (See lacquer-tree.) The kin-
dred black-varnish tree is of the genus ilelanurrhosa. It.
succedanea is the Japanese wax-tree. R. semialata bears
the Chinese galls. R. caustica, the lithy-tree of Chili,
is a small tree with very hard useful wood. E. integri-
joliu, though often but a shrub, is said to be the local
"mahogany" in Lower California. See cut in preceding
column.
rhusma (rus'ma), «. [Also rumiia; origin un-
known.] A depilatory composed of lime, or-
piment, and water, and called in the United
States Dispensatory "Atkinson's depilatory."
It is used not only for removing superfluous human hair,
but also to some extent in tanning and tawing for remov-
ing hair from skins.
rhyacolite (ri-ak'o-llt), «. [< Gr. pi-af (/wo*-),
a stream (< pen; flow), + AiBoc, a stone.] A
name given to the glassy feldspar (orthoclase)
from Monte Somma in Italy. Also spelled
tyaeoUte.
Rhyacophila (ri-a-kof/i-la), H. [NL., < Gr. pia*
(bvaK-), a stream, + <jn/.elv, love.] The typical
genus of Ilhyacophilidas.
Rhyacophilidse (ri"a-ko-fil'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Rhyacophila 4- -idee.] A family of trichopter-
ous neuropterous insects, typified by the genus
Rhyacophila. The larvae inhabit fixed stone cases in
torrents, and the pupae are inclosed in a silken cocoon.
The forms are numerous, and are mostly European.
Rhyacophilus (ri-a-kof'i-lus), n. [NL. (Kaup,
1829), < Gr. praf (/WOK-), a stream, + Qiteiv,
love.] A genus of Scolopacidse, belonging to the
totanine section, having a slender bill little
longer than the head and grooved to beyond the
middle, legs comparatively short, a moderate
basal web between the outer and middle toes,
the plumage dark-colored above with small
whitish spots, and the tail rounded, fully barred
with black and white ; the green sandpipers or
solitary tattlers. The green sandpiper of Europe, S.
ochropus, is the type. The similar American species is R.
Medicinal Rhubarb (Rltettm ojficinale).
settled that R. officinale is one of the probably several spe-
cies which yield it. It. palmatum, R. Franzfnbacliii, and 11.
hybridum also have some claims. The article is produced
on the high table-lands of western China and eastern Ti-
bet, and formerly reached the western market by the way
of Russia and Turkey, being named accordingly. It is now
obtained from China by sea (Chinese rhubarb), but is more
mixed in quality, from lack of the rigorous Russian in-
spection. Various species, especially R. Rhaponticum
and It. palmatH-m, have been grown iu England and else-
where in Europe for the root, but the product is inferior,
from difference either of species or of conditions. The
common garden rhubarb is It. Kliapuntifinn and its varie-
ties. It is native from the Volga to central Asia, and was
introduced into England about 1573. Its leaves were
early used as a pot-herb, but the now eonimun use of its
tender acidulous leafstalks as a spring substitute for fruit
Solitary Sandpiper (Rhyacophilits solitariuj
solitarius, commonly called the solitary sandpiper, abun-
dant about pools and in wet woods and fields throughout
the greater part of the United States. It is 8J inches long
and l(i in extent of wings.
rhyme, rhymeless, etc. See rimei, etc.
Rhynchaea (rinK-ke'a), H. [NL. (Cuvier, 1817),
also Klii/iichea, liijnehxa, liynchea, Rynchcea ;
prop, fijfcynctama (Gloger, 1849), < LGr. />ty-
a, with a large snout, < Gr. Myxoti snout,
Branch of Poison-ivy (Rhtts Toxicottritdron) with Male Flowers.
<f. inaL- llower; b, fruity.
Rhynchaea
muzzle (of swine, dogs, etc.), also a beak, bill
(of birds). < pi\uv, growl, snarl; cf. L. rugire,
roar, braj^, rumble : see ruft.'] 1. A peculiar
genus of Scoloj>acidsp, having the plumage high-
ly variegated in both sexes, and the windpipe
of the female singularly convoluted ; the paint-
ed snipes. The female is also larger and handsomer than
the male, to whom the duty of incubation is relegated.
There are 4 widely distributed species— A capetai* of
Africa, R. betu/alensii of Asia. R. austraiisot Australia, and
R. temieottans of South America. More properly called
by the prior name Rogtratula.
2. A genus of dipterous insects. Zettersledt,
1842.
rhynchaean (ring-ke'an), «. and «. [< Rliyn-
elieea + -an.] I. a. In aritith., pertaining to
the genus Rhynchseu.
II. n. A snipe of the genus Bhyiiclisea.
Also rjtyneheaii.
Rhynchaena (ring-ke'nii), n. An emended form
of Rhi/iirltaea. (!lo(/er,"l849.
Rhynchaenus(ring-'ke'nuB),n. [NL. (Fabricius,
1801), < Gr. pfyxaiva, with a large snout: see
Rhynchaia.] A genus of coleopterous insects,
belonging to the family of snout- beetles or < 'nr-
culionidee, having twelve-jointed antenna?.
Rhynchaspis (ring-kas'pis), n. [NL., < Gr.
pi']X°S, snout, + aoirif, a shield.] A genus of
Anatidx; the shovelers: same as Spatula.
Leach, 1824.
Rhynchea, n. See Rhyneheea.
rhynchean, «. and n. See rliynehaan.
Rhyncheta (ring-ke'ta), n. [NL., for *Bhy>i-
fltochseta, < Gr. pbyxof, snout, + xa'T1, mane,
cilium.] The typical genus of flhynclietidx,
containing free naked forms with only one ten-
tacle, as R. cyclopum, an epizoic species.
Rhynchetidae (nng-ket'i-de), «. pi. [NL., <
Rhyiicheta + -idee.] A family of suctorial tentac-
uliferous infusorians, represented by the genera
Rhyncheta and f7n(«/«,illoricate or loricate, with
one or two tentacles and of parasitic habit.
Rhynchites (ring-ki'tez), n. [NL. (Herbst,
1796), < Gr. pfyxott snout.] A genus of weevils,
typical of the family Rhynchitidse, having the
pygidium exposed and the elytra with strife of
punctures. It is a large and wide-spread genus, com-
prising about 75 species, and represented in all parts of
the world except in Polynesia. They are of a coppery-
bronze, bluish, or greenish color, and are found upon the
flowers and leaves of shrubs. Thirteen species are known
in the United .States. R. Ixuxhus is a handsome European
species, which does great damage to the vine.
Rhynchitidse (ring-kit'i-de), n. pi. [NL. (Le
Conte, 1874), < Rhynchitcx + -idee.] A family of
rhynchophorous beetles or weevils, having the
labrum wanting and the mandibles flat and
toothed on inner and outer sides. It is a small
but rather widely distributed group.
Rhynchobdella1 (ring-kob-del'a), n. [NL.
(Bloch and Schneider, 1801), < Qr.piyxWi snout,
+ fideh'Aa, leech.] A genus of opisthomous
fishes, typical of the family Rtiyncliobdelioidei.
Rhynchobdella- (ring-kob-der'a), «. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. piyxof, snout, + pie /Ua, leech.] One of two
orders of Hirudinca, contrasting with finathob-
della: so named in some systems when the Hirit-
dinea are raised to the rank of a class.
Rhynchobdelloidei(ring''kob-de-loi'de-i),»i.j>iJ.
[NL., < Rhynchobdella1 + -oidei.] A family of
opisthomous fishes, typified by the genus Rhyn-
chobdella : same as Mastacembelidee.
Rhynchocephala (ring-ko-sef ' a-la;, n. pi. [NL.
(Goldfuss, 1820), < Gr. p{yx°C, snout, + KE^O^-,
head.] If. A family of abdominal fishes hav-
ing a produced snout, including Ceutriscus, Mor-
myrus. and Fistiilaria. — 2. In licrpet., same as
ffliynthoceph alia.
Rhynchocephalia (ring'ko-se-fa'li-a), n. pi.
[NL., < Gr. pi'yxof, snout, 4- Keifia)ci/, head.] An
order of Re/itilia, having the skull monimostylic
and cionocranial (with fixed quadrate bone and
a columella), united mandibular rami, amphi-
coelian vertebrae, and no organs of copulation :
named by Giinther in 1867 from the genus Sliyn-
chocepJialus (or Hatteria or Sptienodon). See cut
under Hattcr'ut.
rhynchocephalian (ring*ko-se-fa'li-an), a. and
H. [< RliynclioccpnaHa + -an.] I. a. Pertain-
ing to the Rhynchocephalia, or having their char-
acters: as, a rliynchocephdlidii type of struc-
ture; a rhyiic hoc c]ilnili<ni li/.ard.
II. H. A member of the Rliyiichoct2>litilin.
rhynchocephalous (ring-ko-sef'a-lus), «. Same
as i'liyiiclii>cci>ti(ili<iii.
Rhynchoceti (riug-ko-se'ti), n. pi. [NL., pi. of
Rliyiieltocetux, q. v.] The ziphioid whales : so
called from the genus Rliynclioeetits. See
[NL., <
A group
.-. 1 00
Rhynchocetus (ring-ko-se'tus), n. [NL. (Esch-
ridit, 1849), < Gr. fwyxot, snout, + nf/Tor, a
whale : see cetaceous.] A genus of odontocete
cetaceans; the toothed whales. Sec
Rhynchocoela (ring-ko-se'la), w. pi.
Gr. pi/^of, snout, + Koi?.of,'hollow.]
of proctuchous turbellarians, con-
sisting of the nemerteans, and in-
cluding all the I'roctucha except-
ing the lowest forms called Arlnjii-
fliia. The name was contrasted with
Dendroccela and Rhabdocaela when the
nemerteans were included under Turbrl-
laria, from which they are now generally
excluded. See also figure of Tetrasttmma
under Proctucha, and cut under Pilidium.
rhynchoccelan (ring-ko-se'lau),
(i. and M. [< Rhj/neKocceia + -ML]
I. a. Of or pertaining to the Rhyn-
choca-la ; nemertean.
II. «. A member of the Rhyn-
ctioccela ; a nemertean.
rhynchoccele (ring'ko-sel), a. Of tlou,,s
or pertaining to the lihynchoccela ; and"tneSreserve
nemerteau. styiets.
rhynchocoelous (ring-ko-se'lus), a. Same as
rltyiiehoecelaii.
Rhynchocyon (ring-kos'i-on), ». [NL. (W.
Peters, 1847), < Qrr.pirYZOf, snout, + nitMi, dog.]
The typical genus of Rhyiu'liorijoniilee. There are
Fore End of
Everted Frontal
Proboscis of Te-
of the Khyniho-
cerla, showing
'honttla fsit-
tH, adductor
muscles ; s, sockets.
RhynchoeyoM ff'rrst.
several species, which share with the macroscelldans the
name elephant-shrew. R. cernei of Mozambique is about
8 inches long without the rat-like tall. R. peterri is an-
other example.
Rhynchocyonidje (ring"ko-si-on'i-de), >>. pi.
[NL., < Rhynchocyon + -idee.] A family of
small saltatorial insectivorous mammals of east-
ern Africa, typified by the genus Rliynchocyon .
They are closely related to Macrogcelididir, but differ In
having the ulna distinct from the radius, the skull broad
between the orbits, distinct postorbital processes, all the
feet four-toed, and the teeth thirty-six or thirty-four.
The teeth are, in each half-jaw, 1 or no incisors above and
3 below, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 3 molars above and
below.
rhynchodont (ring'kp-dont), a. [< Gr. piyxof,
snout, + oJoi'f (O&OVT-) = E. tooth.] In ornitli.,
having the beak toothed, as a falcon.
Rhynchoflagellata (ring-ko-flaj-e-la'ta), n. pi.
[NL., neut. pi. of rhynchoflagellatus: see rhyn-
choflugellate.] Lankester's name of the AiwfV-
lucidee, regarded as the fourth class of corticate
protozoans : so named from the large beak-like
flagellum. See cut under Xoctiluca. Jiucyc.
Brit., XIX. 860.
rhynchoflagellate (ring-ko-flaj'e-lat), a. [<
Gr. piyx°t, snout, + NL. flagellum : see flar/el-
late1.] Having a flagellum like a snout; of or
pertaining to the Rhynchoflagellata.
rhyncholite (ring'ko-lit), ». [< Gr. piyxof,
snout, beak, T ),iffoc, a stone.] The fossil beak
of a tetrabranchiate cephalopod. Several pseudo-
genera have been based upon these beaks, as Palxoteu-
this and Rhynzhoteiithis of D Orbigny, and Conchorhynchug
of De Blainville.
Rhyncholophidas (ring-k6-lof'i-de),«.j^. [NL.,
< Rhyncliolophiot + -idee.] A family of arach-
uidans. Koch.
Rhyncholophus (ring-kol'o-fus), w. [NL., < Gr.
pi'ixof, snout, + >.o0of, crest.] The typical ge-
nus of Rhyncholophidfe.
Rhynchonella (riug-ko-nel'a), «. [NL., < Gr.
piyxoc, snout,
beakj + -««-
-f- dim. suffix
-ella.] The
typical genus
of the fami-
ly Ilhyiichiinel-
Hilfe. It is char-
acterized by an
acutely beaked
trigonal shell,
whose dorsal
valve is elevated
in front and depressed at the sides, the ventral valve be-
ing flattened or hollowed toward the middle, the hinge-
Potato-stalk Weevil
(Hartdtus trinota-
tvs). (Line shows nat-
ural size.)
Rkynchtmella piittacea.
n, adductor impressions; c, oral lamella!
rf, deltidiuii] ; f, foramen ; o, ovarian spaces
/, pedicle muscles ; r, cardinal muscles; j
septum ; t, teeth ; /', sockets.
Rhynchops
Slates supporting two slender curved lamella;, and the
ental plates diverging. Six living species and a nnmlii-r
of fossil ones represent the genus, which was founded by
Fischer- Waldheim in 1809. R. puittacea is n ci.nnncni
North Atlantic species. See also cut under Irm-liinl.
rhynchonella-bed (ring-ko-nel'a-bed), w. Any
bed of rock containing a large proportion of
specimens of the genus Rliyiicliinielln : for exam-
ple, a bed in the Middle Lias in Lincolnshire,
England; a bed in the Middle Chalk, etc.
Rhynchonellidae (ring-ko-nel'i-de). ii.pl. [NL.,
< Ithyncltoiielta + -idee.] A family of arthro-
pomatous braehiopods. They /</
have the brachial appendages flexi Die
and spirally colled toward the center of
the shell, supported only at the base
by a pair of short-curved shelly pro-
cesses ; the valves more or less trigo-
nal ; the foramen beneath a usually
produced beak, completed by a deltid-
iinn ; and the shell-substance fibrous
and impunctate. They first appear in
the Silurian, and continue to the pres-
ent time.
rhynchonelloid (ring-ko-nel'-
oid), a. [< Rhynchoiiella +
-oid.] Of or relating to the Rhynchonellidee.
Rhynchonycteris (ring-ko-nik'te-ris), n. [NL.
(W. Peters, 1867), < Gr. piiyxof, snout, + WKTC-
pk, a bat : see Nycteris.] A genus of emballo-
nurine bats with prolonged snout, containing
one South and Central American species, /.'.
MM.
Rhynchophora (ring-kof'o-ra), «. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of rhyiicliophoriig: see rlti/nctiophoroits.]
A section of tetramerous cole-
opterous insects, characterized
by the (usual) prolongation of
the head into a snout or pro-
boscis (whence the name); the
weevils, curculios, or snout1
beetles. In Latreille's classifica-
tion (1807), the Rhynchophora were the
first family of the Coleopttra tetrame-
ra. They have the palpi typically
rigid, without distinct palparitc, the
maxillary four-jointed and the labial
three-jointed ; labrum typically ab-
sent : gular sutures confluent on the
median line; prosternum cut off behind by the epimera,
and prosternal sutures wanting ; and the epipleune of the
elytra generally wanting. The characteristic beak or ros-
trum varies from a mere vestige in some of these insects
to three times the length of the body. The antenna; are
generally elbowed or geniculate, with the basal joint or
scape received into a groove or scrobe. The larvae are leg-
less grubs ; some spin a cocoon In which to pupate. This
suborder is divided into 3 series, and contains 13 families.
The species are all vegetable-feeders except Brachytargus,
which is said to feed on bark-lice. They are very numer-
ous, being estimated at 30,000, and many are among the
most injurious insects to farm, garden, and orchard. See
also cuts under Ailthonomus, Balaninug, bean-iceevil, Bru-
chug, Calandra, Conotrachelug, diamond-beetle, Epicxru*,
vea-iceeril, Piwodes, and pium-gouger.
rhynchophoran (ring-kof 'o-ran), a. and w. I.
a. Of or belonging to the Rhynchophora; rhyn-
chophorous.
II. n. A member of the Rhynchopliora ; a
rhynchophore.
rhynchophore (ring'ko-for), «. Same as rhyii-
clioplioran .
rhynchophorous (ring-kof'o-rus), a. [< NL.
rliyncliojiliorus, < Gr. pi>yx°f, snout, + -V>o/x>f, <
ffpeiv = E. bear1.] Having a beak or proboscis,
as a weevil or curculio ; rhynchophoran : as, a
rhynchophorouf! coleopter.
Rhynchophorus (ring-kof'o-rus), «. [NL.: see
rlii/Hchophoroug.] A genus of weevils, of the
family CurcnUonidx, giving name to the order
RJiyncliopliora.
Rhynchopinae (ring-ko-pi'ne), «. pi. [NL., <
Rhynchfips + -4MB.J A subfamily of Laridse,
typified by the genus Rhynchopx; the skimmers
or scissorbills. Also Rhynchopxiiife, and, as a
family, Rhyiichopidse.
Rhynchopriont (ring-kpp'ri-on), n. [NL., <
Gr. f>iyx°ft snout, + irpiwv, saw.] 1. A genus
of ticks, of the family Ixodidse. Herman, 1804.
— 2. A genus of fleas, containing the chigoe:
same as Sarcopsylla. OJcen, 1815. Also Ifliyn-
copriim.
Rhynchops (ring'kops), «. [NL. (LinnS3iis, in
the form Ri/uelinpx) ; also Ryncops, RJiynrtiiix
(also lUiyiicJtrijititlifi, orig. in the corrupt form
Rygch/ipxuliu, also BhygeMpsaKa). < Gr. p>'yx°f,
snout, -f- u-ijj (tiTrof), eye, face.] The only ge-
nus of RliyHclmpiiiir : the skimmers or scissor-
bills. These birds are closely related to the terns or sea-
swallows, Steminx, except in the extraordinary confor-
mation of the beak, which is hypognathous, with the under
mandible longer than the upper one, compressed like a
knife blade in most of its length, with the upper edge as
sharp as the under, and the end obtuse. The upper man-
dible is less compressed, with light spongy tissue within
like a touean's, and freely movable by means of an elastic
hinge at the forehead. The tonsue is very short, and there
Rhynchops
are cranial peculiarities, conformable to the shape of the
mandibles: thus, the lower jaw-lume has the shape of n
black Skimmer (RltJHChofs niffra).
Bhort-handled pitchfork. There are 3 species, R. nigra
of America, and R. Jlavirostris and It. albicolli* of Asia.
See skimmer. Also called Anisorhamphus.
Rhynchopsitta (ring-kop-sit'a), n. [NL. (Bona-
parte, 18i>4), < Gr. pvyx°S, snout, + ^irra(K6f),
a parrot.] A Mexican genus of Psittacidee; the
beaked parrots. The thick-billed parrot is R. pachy-
rhyiicha, found on or near the Mexican border of the United
States, probably to be added to the fauna of the latter.
rhynchosaurian (ring-ko-sa'ri-an), a. and n.
I. a. Pertaining to the genus tfhynehosaurus.
II. 11. A member of the Rhynchosaitridx.
Rhynchosauridae (ring-ko-sa'ri-de), n. pi.
[NL., < KhimchosaurHS + -idee.] A family of
fossil rhynchocephalian reptiles, typified by the
genus Rhynchosaurus.
Rhynchosaurus (ring-ko-sa'rus), ». [NL.
(Owen), < Gr. pi'y^of, snout, + aavpof, lizard.]
SI 91
Rhynchota (ring-ko'ta), K./I/. [XL.: see r
fliitte.] An order of JiMMto, or true hexapod
insects, named by Fabricius in the form liliyii-
ijotu, otherwise called Henriptern.
rhynchote(ring'k6t),a. [< M>. rliyiiflintiin, <Gr.
/"/.V°'-"> snout, beak: see BliyneJiaea.~\ Beaked,
as a hemipterous insect; specifically, relat-
ing or belonging to the Rliynehotn ; hemipte-
rous.
Rhynchoteuthist (ring-ko-tu'this), n. [NL.,
< Gr. piyxof, snout, + n-vSif, a cuttlefish.] A
pseudogenus of fossil cephalopods, based by
D'Orbigny on certain rhyncholites.
rhynchotous (ring-ko'tus), a. [< rliyncliote,
Rnyncliota, + -oils.] Of or pertaining to the
; hemipterous.
Descriptions will be appended relating to the curious
organs possessed by some species, and other subjects con-
nected with the economy of this interesting but difficult
group of llhynehotous insects. Nature, XLI. 302.
Rhynchotus (ring-ko'tus), ». [NL. (Spix,
1825), < Gr. pi'7^0?, snout, beak: see rhynchote.]
A genus of South American tinamous of the
family Tinamidse, containing a number of spe-
A genus of fossil reptiles, discovered in the New
Bed Sandstone of Warwickshire, England, hav-
ing edentulous jaws with distinct produced pre-
maxillaries. The species is R. articeps.
Rhynchosia (ring-ko'si-a), ». [NL. (Loureiro,
1790), named from the keel-petals; irreg. < Gr.
P>7X°(, snout.] A genus of leguminous plants,
of the tribe Plmseolese and subtribe Cajanex. It
is characterized by its two ovules with central f uniculus, by
its compressed and often falcate pod, and by papilionaceous
flowers with beardless style and terminal stigma. There are
about 82 species, natives of warm regions, with some ex-
tratropical species in North America and South Africa.
They are herbs or undershrubs, usually twilling or pros-
trate. They bear compound resinous-dotted leaves of three
leaflets, with ovate or lanceolate stipules, and sometimes
with additional minute bristle-shaped stipels. The flowers
are yellow, rarely purple, often with brown stripes on the
keel, and are borne singly or in pairs along axillary ra-
cemes. 7?. phaseoloides of tropical America, a high-climb-
ing vine, has the seeds black with a scarlet-yellow ring
around the hiluin, and from the use made of them is
named Mexican rosary-plant. This and other species in
the West Indies are included under the name red bead-
vine. 1{. minima, a low twining tropical weed of both
hemispheres, reaching into the United States, has the
West Indian name of wart-herb.
Rhynchospora (ring-kos'po-rii), n. [NL. (Vahl,
1806), < Gr. pfcy^of, snout, beak, + mr6pos, seed.]
A genus of sedge-like plants, known as leak-rush
or beak-sedge, belonging to the order Cyperacese,
type of the tribe Bhynchosporeee. It is character-
ized by commonly narrow or acuminate spikelets in many
and close clusters, which are terminal or apparently axil-
lary ; by an undivided or two-cleft style ; and by a nut
beaked at its top by the dilated and persistent base of the
styl e. There are about 200 species, w idely scattered through
tropical and subtropical regions, especially in America.
where many extend into the United States ; In the Old
World only two similarly extend into Europe and Asiatic
Russia. They are annual or perennial, slender or robust,
erect or rarely diffuse or floating, often with leafy stems.
The spikelets are disposed in irregular umbels or sessile
heads, which are clustered, corymbed, or panicled. Most
of the species of tropical America (Haplostylex) have capi-
tate spikelets, commonly one-seeded, and a long undivided
slender style; the typical species (Dichogtylex) have two-
to four-seeded polymorphous spikelets, and a style deeply
divided into two branches. R. corniculata, a species of
the interior United States, from 3 to 6 feet high, has the
special name of horned rush. A slender species, R. Vahli-
ana, of the warm parts of America, has in the West In-
dies the name of star-grass. See cut under rostrate.
Rhynchosporeae (ring-ko-spo're-e), w. pi. [NL.
(Nees vou Eseubeck, 1834), < Rhyncliospora +
-ex.] A tribe of nionocotyledonous plants of
the order Cyperacese, characterized by fertile
flowers witli both stamens and pistils, most often
only one or two in a spikelet, the two or more
in f erior glumes being empty. The perianth is here
absent, or represented either by bristles or flat and filiform
scales under the ovary. It includes 21 genera, of which
Jthyncltoxpora (the type), Schaenus, Cladium, and Remirea
are widely distributed, and the others are chiefly small
genera of the southern hemisphere, especially Austra-
lian.
Rhynchostomat(ring-kos'to-ma), n.pl. [NL.,
< Gr. fti-yxof, snout, + aro/ia, mouth.] In La-
trcille's classification, the fifth tribe of stenely-
trous hcteromerous beetles, having the head
prolonged in a flattened rostrum, with antennae
at its base and in front of the eyes, which are
entire. Also
rhythm
ypd<l>of, a painter of low or mean subjects, < pma-
pof, foul, dirty, mean. + yp<i<j>eiv, write.] Genre
or still-life pictures, including all subjects of a
trivial, coarse, or common kind: so called in
contempt, fairlinlt.
Rhyphidae (rif'i-de), ti. jil. [NL., < Rhypltitx +
-itlie.] A family of nematocerous dipterous in-
sects, based on the genus Khi/plius, allied to the
fungus-gnats of the family Mycetopliilidee, but
differing from them and from all other nema-
tocerous flies by their peculiar wing-venation,
the second longitudinal vein having a sigmoid
curve. Only the typical gemis is known. They
are called false crane-flit-*.
Rhyphus (ri'fus), n. [NL.(Latreille, 1804).] A
genus of gnats, typical of the family IHn/jiltitlif.
Five European and the same number of North American
species are known, two of them, R. fenestralti and R.
punctatus, being common to both hemispheres.
Rhypophaga (ri-pof'a-ga), n.pl. [NL., < MGr.
puTro^ayuf, dirt-eating, \ Gr. pwrof, dirt, filth, +
tyayclv, eat.] In some systems, a legion of pre-
daceous water-beetles. Also Rypoplnujn.
rhypophagous (ri-pof'a-gus), a. Of orpertain-
ing to the Rhypophaga.
Rhypticidae (rip-tis'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Rltyp-
ticits + -idee.] A family of acanthopterygian
fishes, typified by the genus Kliypticus; the soap-
fishes. They have an oblong compressed body with
smooth scales, dorsal tin with only two or three spines,
and anal unarmed. They are inhabitants of the warm
American seas. Also Rhypticinee, as a subfamily of Ser-
ranidfe.
Rhypticinse (rip-ti-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Rhyp-
ticux + -ina?.] The liliypticidse as a subfamily
of Serranidee.
Rhypticus (rip'ti-kus), n. [NL. (Cuvier, 1829),
also Rypticus, < Gr. pmrtKof, fit for cleansing
from dirt, < frvveiv, cleanse from dirt, < pinrof.
dirt, filth.] In ichth., a genus of serranoid
fishes, having only two or three dorsal spines.
They are known as the soap-fishes, from their soapy skins.
Some have three dorsal spines, as R. arenatux. Those
•
•'i": >
Tinamou (Rhynchotus ru/escens).
cies of large size, with variegated plumage,
short soft tail-feathers, well-developed hind
toe, and rather long bill. One of the best-known is
the ynambu, R. rufescens, among those known to South
American sportsmen as partridges.
rhynco-. For words so beginning, see rhyncho-.
rhyne (rin), »/. The best quality of Bussian
hemp.
Rhyngota (ring-go'ta), n.pl. The original im-
proper form of the word Rhyncliota. Fdbricius,
1766.
rhyolite (ri'o-lit), n. [IrregX Gr. pmf, a stream,
esp. a stream of lava from a volcano (< p«v, flow :
see rheuml), + ?j'0oc, a stone.] The name given
by Bichthofen to certain rocks occurring in
Hungary which resemble trachyte, but are dis-
tinguished from it by the presence of quartz as
an essential ingredient, and also by a great va-
riety of texture, showing more distinctly than
rocks usually do that the material had flowed
while in a viscous state. The name lipartte was given
later by J. Roth to rocks of similar character occurring on
the Lipari Islands. Non-vitreous rocks of this kind had
previously been called trachytic porphyries, and they have
also been designated as quartz-trachytes. Later Richtho-
fen proposed the name of nevadite (also called granitic
rhyolite by Zirkel) for the variety in which large macro-
scopic ingredients, like quartz and sanidine, predomi-
nated over the ground-mass, retaining the name Kparite,
and applying it to the varieties having a porphyritic or
felsitic structure, and limiting the term rhyolite to the
lithoidal and hyaline modifications, such as obsidian,
pumice-stone, and perlite ; and nearly the same nomen-
clature was adopted by Zirkel. Rosenbusch recognizes
as structural types of the rhyolitic rocks nevadite, lip-
arite proper, and glassy liparite, remarking that these
names correspond closely to Zirkel's nevadite, rhyolite,
and glassy rhyolite respectively. These rocks are abun-
dant in various countries, especially in the Cordilleran
region, and are interesting from their connection and as-
sociation with certain important metalliferous deposits.
See cut under axiolite.
rhyolitic (ri-o-lit'ik), a. [< rliyolite + -ic.]
Composed of or related to rhyolite. Quart. Jonr.
Geol. Hor., XLV. 198.
rhyparographic (rip-'a-ro-gcafik), «. [< rhyp-
arograpk-y + -ic.] Pertaining to or involved
in rhyparography; dealing with commonplace
or low subjects.
She takes a sort of naturalist delight in describing the
most sordid and shabbiest features of the least attractive
kind of English middle-class life, and in doing this never
misses a rhyparoyraphic touch when she can introduce
one. The Academy, April 3, 1886, p. 234.
rhyparography (rip-a-rog'ra-fi), ». [= F. rhy-
parographie ; < L. rlajparograplioa, ( Gr. ptnrapo-
Soap-fish (Rhypticiis ntettafus).
having only two dorsal spines are sometimes placed in a
different genus, Promicropterug ; they are such as R. deco-
ratus, R. maculatus, and R. pituitosux, found along the At-
lantic coast of the United States.
rhysimeter (ri-sim'e-ter), H. [< Gr. f>ivtf, a
flow, flowing, stream (< pen; flow: see rheum1),
+ [terpov, a measure.] An instrument for mea-
suring the velocity of fluids or the speed of
ships. It presents the open end of a tube to the impact
of the current, which raises a column of mercury in a
graduated tube.
Rhysodes, Rhysodidae. See Hltyssodes, etc.
Rhyssa (ris'a), n. [NL. (Gravenhorst, 3829),
< Gr. pvaa6^, prop, ptwdf, drawn up, wrinkled,
< *f>iifiv, cpiieiv, draw.] A notable genus of long-
tailed ichneumon-flies of the subfamily Pimjili-
H3P. They are of large size, and the females are f urnished
with very long ovipositors, with which they pierce to con-
siderable depth the trunks of trees, in order to lay their
eggs in the tunnels of wood-boring larvae, upon which
their larvae are external parasites. A number of Euro-
pean and North American species are known. The most
prominent American long-stings, formerly placed in this
genus, are now considered to belong to Thaleem.
Rhyssodes (ri-so'dez), ». [NL. (Dalman, 1823),
< Gr. piwffoioVc, prop. pi'uu(5?/f, wrinkled-looking,
< pvoo6f, prop, pvaof, wrinkled (see Stiynsa), +
eMof, form.] A genus of clavicorn beetles, typi-
cal of the family Rliygsodidse, having the eyes
lateral, rounded, and distinctly granulated.
Although only 9 species are known, they are found in
India, South Africa, North and South America, and Eu-
rope. Also spelled Rhysodes,
Rhyssodidae (ri-sod'i-de), n. pi. [NL. (Erich-
son, 1845), < liliyssodes + -idee.] A small fam-
ily of clavicorn beetles, typified by the genus
Bhyssodes. They have the first three ventral abdomi-
nal segments connate, the tarsi five-jointed, the last joint
moderate in length, and the claws not large. They live
under hark, and to some extent resemble the Carabidse.
Only 3 genera of very few species are known. Also spelled
Rhysodidx.
rhyta, n. Plural of rliyton.
rhythm (riTHm or rithm), n. [Formerly also
rhitlim, ritlimi' ; < OF. ritlime, rhythms, F.
rhytlinte = Sp. It. ritnio = Pg. rhythmo, < L.
rlii/tlimus, ML. also rhithmus, litmus, rhythm,
< Gr. pvO[i6f, Ionic pvafi6f, measured motion,
time, measure, proportion, rhythm, a metrical
measure or foot (cf. pia/f, a stream, i>v/Ja, a
stream, piToc, flowing). < pth- (-y/ [n-v, />v). flow:
rhythm
see rhenml. The word rhythm, variously spell-
ed, was formerly much confused with rime,
which thus came to be spelled rhyme: see
riiiii'l.] 1. Movement in time, characterized
by equality of measures and by alteruatiou of
tension (stress) and relaxation.' The word rhythm
(pvffubs) means 'flow,' and, by development from this sense,
' uniform movement, perceptible as such, and accordingly
divisible into measures, the measures marked by the re-
currence of stress.' Examples of rhythm, in its stricter
sense, in nature are respiration and the beating of the
pulse, also the effect produced on the ear by the steady
dripping of water. The three arts regulated by rhythm
are music, metrics, and, according to the ancients, orches-
tic, or the art of rhythmical bodily movement. Rhythm
in language is meter. The term was further extended to
sculpture, etc. (compare def. 5), as when a writer speaks
of " the rhythm of Myron's Discobolus."
We have here the three principal applications of rhythm,
three principal domains in which rhythm manifests its na-
ture and power — dancing, music, poetry.
J. Iladley, Essays, p. 81.
2. In music: (a) That characteristic of all com-
position which depends on the regular succes-
sion of relatively heavy and light accents, beats,
or pulses ; accentual structure in the abstract.
Strictly speaking, the organic partition of a piece into
equal measures, and also the distribution of long and short
tones within measures, in addition to the formation of
larger divisions, like phrases, sections, etc., are matters of
meter, because they have to do primarily with time-values ;
while everything that concerns accent and accentual
groups is more fitly arranged under rhythm. But this dis-
tinction is often ignored or denied, meter and rhythm
being used either indiscriminately, or even in exactly
the reverse sense to the above. (.See meter-.) In any
case, in musical analysis, rhythm and meter are coordi-
nate with melody and harmony in the abstract sense.
(6) A particular accentual pattern typical of
all the measures of a given piece or movement.
Such patterns or rhythms are made up of accents, beats, or
pulses of equal duration, but of different dynamic impor-
tance. A rhythm of two beats to the measure is often
called a two-part rhythm; one of three beats, a threo
part rhythm, etc. Almost all rhythms may bo reduced to
two principal kinds: duple or two-part, consisting of a
heavy accent or beat and a light one (often called march
rhythm or common time); and triple or three-part, consist-
ing of a heavy accent or beat and two light ones (toaltz
rhythm). The accent or beat with which a rhythm begins
is called the primary accent. Its place is marked in writ-
ten music by a bar, and in conducting by a down-beat.
Each part of a rhythm may be made compound by subdi
vision into two or three secondary parts, which form duple
or triple groups within themselves. Thus, if each part of
a duple rhythm is replaced by duple secondary groups, a
four-part or quadruple rhythm is produced, or if by triple
secondary groups, a six-part or sextuple rhythm (first va-
riety). By a similar process of replacement, from a triple
rhythm may be derived a six-part or sextuple rhythm
(second variety) and a nine-part or nonuple rhythm ; and
from a quadruple rhythm, an eight-part or octuple rhythm
and a twelve-part or dodecuple rhythm. The constituent
groups of compound rhythms always retain the relative
importance of the simple part from which they are derived.
The above eight rhythms are all that are ordinarily used,
though quintuple, septuple, decuple, and other rhythms
occasionally appear, usually in isolated groups of tones.
(See quintuplet, eeptuplet, dtcimole, etc.) In ancient music
a measure did not necessarily begin with a beat, and the
rhythms were the same as those indicated in metrics be-
low (3 (&)). While all music is constructed on these' pat-
terns, the pattern is not always shown in the tones or
chords as sounded. The time-value of one or more parts
may be supplied by a silence or rest. A single tone or
chord may be made to include two or more parts, espe-
cially in compound rhythms; and thus every possible
combination of long and short tones occurs within each
rhythm. When a weak accent is thus made to coalesce
with a following heavier one, especially if the latter is a
primary accent, the rhythm is syncopated. (See synco-
pation.) The regularity of a rhythm is maintained by
counting or beating time — that is, marking each part by
a word or motion, with a suitable difference of empha-
sis between the heavy and the light accents. In written
music the rhythm of a piece or movement is indicated at
the outset by the rhythmical signature (which see, under
rhythmical). The speed of a rhythm in a given case — that
is, the time-value assigned to each measure and part — is
called its tempo (which see). Rhythm and tempo are
wholly independent in the abstract, but the tempo of a
given piece is approximately fixed. Although regularity
and deflniteness of rhythm are characteristic of all music,
various influences tend to modify and obliterate its form.
The metrical patterns of successive measures often differ
widely from the typical rhythmic pattern and from each
other. Except in very rudimentary music, purely rhyth-
mic accents are constantly superseded by accents belong-
ing to figures and plirases— that is, to units of higher de-
gree than measures. Indeed, in advancing from rudimen-
tary to highly artistic music, rhythmic patterns become
less and less apparent, though furnishing everywhere a
firm and continuous accentual groundwork. Rhythm is
often loosely called time. Also called proportion.
3. In metrics: (a) Succession of times divisi-
ble into measures with theses and arses; met-
rical movement. Theoretically, all spoken language
possesses rhythm, but the name is distinctively given to
that which is not too complicated to be easily perceived
as such. Rhythm, so limited, is indispensable in metrical
composition, but is regarded as inappropriate in prose,
except in elevated style and in oratory, and even in these
oidy in the way of vague suggestion, unless in certain
passages of special character.
Jlhythm ... is of course governed by law, but it is a
law which transcends in subtlety the conscious art of the
metricist, and is only caught by the poet in his most in-
spired moods. Encyc. Brit., XIX. i(ii
5162
(6) A particular kind or variety of metrical
movement, expressed by a succession of a
particular kind or variety of feet: as, iambic
rhythm; dactylic rhythm. In ancient metrics,
rhythm is isorrhythmic, direct, or dochmiac (see the phrases
below), or belongs to a subdivision of these, (f) A
measure or foot, (d) Verse, as opposed to
prose. See rime^. — 4. In />hyxiiv and phyxiol.,
succession of alternate and opposite or cor-
relative states.
The longer astronomic rhythm, known as the earth's an-
nual revolution, causes corresponding rhythms in vegeta-
ble and animal life : witness the blossoming and leafing
of plants in the spring, the revival of insect activity at the
same season, the periodic flights of migratory birds, the
hybernating sleep of many vertebrates, and the thickened
coats or the altered habits of others that do not hyber-
nate. J. Fislce, Cosmic Philos., I. 307.
5. In the graphic and plastic arts, a proper re-
lation and interdependence of parts with ref-
erence to each other and to an artistic whole.
— Ascending rhythm. See atcendiny.— Descending
or falling rhythm. See descending. — Direct rhythm,
in anc. metrics, rhythm in which the number of times
or mono in the thesis of the foot differs from that in the
arsis by one. Direct rhythm includes diplasic, hemiolic,
and epitritic rhythm, these having a pedal ratio (propor-
tion of morn in arsis and thesis) of 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to
4 respectively : opposed to dochmiac rhythm.— Dochmiac
rhythm, in anc. metrics, rhythm in which the number of
times in the arsis differs from that in the thesis by more
than one. Dochmiac rhythm in this wider sense includes
dochmiac rhythm in the narrower sense (that is, the
rhythm of the dochmius, which has a pedal ratio of 3 to
5), and triplasic rhythm, characterized by a pedal ratio of
1 to 3.— Double rhythm. Same as duple rhythm. See
def. 2.— Equal rhythm, isorrhythmic rhythm, in
":'<•. metrics, rhythm in which the number of times in the
thesis and arsis is equal. Also called dactylic rhythm.—
Imperfect rhythm. Same as imperfect measure. See
imperfect.— Oblique rhythm. Sameaadochmiacrhythm.
= Syn. 2. Melody, Harmony, etc. See euphony.
rhythmert (riTH'- or rith'mer), n. [< rhythm +
-eri.] A rimer; a poetaster.
One now scarce counted for a rhythmer, formerly ad-
mitted for a poet. Fuller. (Imp. Diet.)
rhythmic (rith'mik), a. and n. [= F. rhyth mique
= Pr. rithmic, rithimic = Sp. ntmico = Pg. rhyth-
•iiiico = It. ritmico, < ML. rhythmicus, rhythmic,
in L. only as a noun, one versed in rhythm, <
Gr. jnti/wiic, pertaining to rhythm (as n., i] jnfr
pint/, sc. rcxvn), < pitifi6(, rhythm: see rhythm.]
1. ft. Same as rhythmical.
The working of the law whence springs
The rhythmic harmony of things.
Whittier, Questions of Life.
Rhythmic chorea, that form of chorea in which the
movements take place at definite intervals.
II. H. Same as rhythmics.
The student of ancient rhythmic is not oppressed by the
extent of his authorities. J. Hadlty, Essays, p. 86.
rhythmical (rith'mi-kal), «. [< rhythmic +
-al.] 1. Pertaining to rhythm in art, or to a
succession of measures marked by regularly re-
current accents, beats, or pulses; noting any
succession so marked; hence, musical, metri-
cal, or poetic: as, the rhythmical movement of
marching or of a dance.
Honest agitators have been moved, by passionate zeal
for their several causes, to outbursts of rhythmical ex-
pression. Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 29.
2. In physics and physiol., pertaining to or con-
stituting a succession of alternate and opposite
or correlative states.
This rhythmical movement, impelling the filaments in
an undeviating onward course, is greatly influenced by
temperature and light. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., vi. § 24«.
3. In med., periodical. — 4. In the graphic and
plastic arts, properly proportioned or balanced.
—Rhythmical signature, in musical notation, a sign
placed at the beginning of a piece, after the key-signa-
ture, to indicate its rhythm or time. (Also called time-
signature.) It consists of two numerals placed one above
the other on each staff, the upper numeral indicating
the number of principal beats or pulses to the measure,
and the lower the kind of note which in the given piece is
assigned to each beat. (See rAj/tAm and notel.lS.) Thus,
j indicates quadruple rhythm, four beats to the measure,
each beat marked by a quarter-note, ,, or its equivalent.
Difference of rhythm is unfortunately not always indi-
cated by difference of rhythmic signature ; and difference
of signature often means only an unessential difference of
notes rather than of rhythm. Thus, duple rhythm may be
marked either by ?, 3, J, \, or J ; triple rhythm, by ?, ?, 3,
3, ,1 ; quadruple rhythm, by }, J. J, J ; sextuple rhythm
(first variety), by S, s ; sextuple rhythm (second variety),
by 3. 3, s : octuple rhythm, by ?„ J, J ; nonuple rhythm,
by a, A ; dodecuple rhythm, by V'. " Most of the varieties
of duple and quadruple signatures are often written simply
O, common ; when duple rhythm is to be distinguished
from quadruple, this sign is changed to (]', or the words
alia breve are added. The rhythmical signature is not re-
peated on successive braces. A decided change of rhythm
is marked by a new signature ; but the isolated intrusion
of a foreign rhythm, especially in a short melodic group,
is usually marked by a curve and an inclosed numeral, as
T, "T. See triplet, quartole, quintuplet, etc.
rhythmicality (rith-mi-kari-ti). it. [< rhyth-
mical + -ity.] Rhythmic property ; the fact or
rhyton
property of being regulated by or exemplifying
rhythm. (1. •>. Hominies, Jelly-fish, etc., p. 18(i.
rhythmically (rith'mi-kal-i), adc. In a rhyth-
mical manner ; with regularly recurrent accents
of varying emphasis.
rhythmics (rith'miks), n. [PI. of rhythmic (see
-/<•*).] The science of rhythm and of rhythmi-
cal forms.
rhythmingt (riTH'- or rith'ming), a. [Appar. <
rhythm, used as a verb, + -iny't, but perhaps
a mere variant spelling of rhyming, riming.]
Riming.
Witness that impudent lie of the rhythming monk.
Fuller. (Imp. Diet.)
rhythmist (rith'mist), n. [< rhythm + -int.]
1. One who composes in rhythm; a rhythmi-
cal composer.
I have a right to reaffirm, and to show by many illus
trations, that he [Swinburne] is the most sovereign of
rhythmists. Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 381.
2. One versed in the theory of rhythm ; a writer
on the science of rhythmics.
rhythmize (rith'miz), r. [< rhythm + -ize.]
I. trans. To subject to rhythm ; use in rhyth-
mic composition : as, to rhythmize tones or
words.
II. iiitrans. To observe rhythm; compose in
rhythm. Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc., XVI. 100.
rhythmizomenon (rith-mi-zom'e-non), H.; pi.
•rhytlimi^omeiiii (-na). [< Gr. pvdfiitfuevov, that
which is rhythmically treated, prop, neut. of
pass. part, of fnfiui&iv, arrange, order, scan : see
rhythm.] In anc. rhythmics, the material of
rhythm ; that which is rhythmically treated.
Three rhythmizomena were recognized by ancient writers
—tones as the rhythmizomenon of music, words as that of
poetry, and bodily movements and attitudes as that of or-
chestic.
rhythmless (riTHm'les), a. [< rhythm + -less.]
Destitute of rhythm. Coleridge. (Imp. Diet.)
rhythmometer (rith-mom'e-ter), n. [< Gr.
pifiuoc, rhythm, + fierpov, measure.] A ma-
chine for marking rhythm for music ; a metro-
nome. Mind, XLI. 57.
rhythmopoeia (rith-mo-pe'ya), n. [NL., < Gr.
piflucnroiia, making of time or rhythm, < pitiuof,
rhythm, 4- irotelv, make.] The act of compos-
ing rhythmically ; the art of rhythmic composi-
tion.
The fixing of 2 to 1 as the precise numerical relation
was probably the work of rhythmopoeia, or of rhythmopaeia
and melopcEia together. J. Iladley, Essays, p. 234.
rhythmus (rith'mus), n. [L.] S&rae&s rhythm.
rhytidoma (ri-tid'o-ma), n. [NL., < Gr. pvri-
iuua, the state of being wrinkled, < pvriSmiaBai,
be wrinkled, < pvric, a wrinkle, < *piictv, ep'vetv,
draw.] In hot., a formation of plates of cellular
tissue within the liber or mesophloaum.
Rhytina (ri-ti'na), «. [NL. (Steller), < Gr. pv-
ric, a wrinkle, -4- -ina1.] The typical and only
genus of the family Rhytinidse, containing Stel-
Skull of Stcller's Sea-cow ( Rhytina strlleri .
ler's or the arctic sea-cow, R. stelleri or It. gigas,
which has no teeth, but horny plates function-
ing as such. The head is small ; the tail has lateral
lobes ; the fore limbs are small ; the hide is very rugged ;
the caecum is simple, and there are no pyloric caeca ; the
cervical vertebrae are 7, the dorsal 19, the lumbar and cau-
dal 84 to 87, w ithout any sacrum. See sea-cow. Also called
Stellenw and Nepus.
RhytinidaB (ri-tin'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Sliytiiia
+ -idee.] A family of sirenians, typified by
Rhytina, having no teeth, manducation being
effected by large horny plates ; the sea-cows.
rhyton (ri'ton), n. ; pi. rhyta(-t&). [<Gr. pvr6i>,
a drinking-cup, < pelv,
flow: see rheuml.] In
Gr. an tig., a type of
drinking-vase, usually
with one handle. In its
usually curved form, point-
ed below, it corresponds to
the primitive cup of horn.
The lower part of the rhy-
ton is generally molded Rhyton.
into the form of a head of a
man or, more often, of an animal, and is often pierced with
a small hole through which the beverage was allowed to
flow into the mouth.
Rhyzeena
Rhyzana (ri-ze'na), H. [NL. (Illiger, 1811, in
form Rijzeena), < Or. pKen; growl, snarl.] A
genus of vivcrrino quadrupeds; the suricates:
synonymous with Surinttti.
rhyzp-. For words beginning thus, see rlii-n-.
ri (re), «. [Jap., = Chinese li, mile.] A Jap-
anese mile. It is divided into 36 cho, and is
equal to about 2.45 English miles. See cho.
rialif, ti. Same as raaJS.
ria!2t, ". Same as real*.
rial3, a. See ri/al.
riallyt, riallicnet, "dr. Middle English obso-
lete variants of ruijuUy. Chaucer.
rialtet, «. A Middle English form of royalty.
Rialto (ri-al'to), n. [It., < rio, also rivo, brook,
stream (= Sp. Pg. c<o,< L. rir««, a stream, river:
see rirulet), + alto, deep, high, < L. altus, deep,
high : see altitude.] A bridge, noted in litera-
ture and art, over the Grand Canal in Venice.
Oil the ffialto ev'ry night at twelve
I take my evening's walk of meditation.
Otway, Venice Preserved, i.
riancy (ri'an-si), «. [< rinn(t) + -cy.~\ The
state or character of being riant ; cheerfulness ;
gaiety.
The tone, in some parts, has more of riancy, even of
levity, than we could nave expeeU-il !
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, ii. 9.
riant (ri'ant), a. [< F. riant (< L. riden(t-)s),
laughing, ppr. of rire, laugh, = Pr. rice, rir =
Sp. reir = Pg. rir = It. ridere, < L. ridere, laugh :
see rident.'] Laughing; gay; smiling: as, a ri-
ant landscape.
Goethe's childhood is throughout of riant, joyful char-
acter. Carlyle, Essays, Goethe's Works.
riata, ». See reata.
rib1 (rib), n. [< ME. rib, ribbe, < AS. rivb =
OFries. rib, reb = UD. ribbc, D. rib = MLG. LG.
ribbe = OHG. rippi, riltbi, ribi, MHG. rippe, ribe,
Gr. rippe, riebe (obs.) = Icel. rif = Sw. ref (in
ref-beii, rib-bone, rib) = Dan. rib (rib-ben, rib-
bone, rib) = Goth. *ribi (not recorded); akin
to OBulg. Russ. rebro, rib, and prob., as 'that
which incloses or envelops,' to G. rebe, a tendril,
vine (cf. OHG. hirni-reba, MHG. Mmrebe, that
which envelops the brain, the skull).] 1. In
anat. and zool., a costa; a pleurapophysis, with
or without a hemapophysis ; the pleurapophysi-
alelementof a vertebra, of whatever size, shape,
or mode of connection with a vertebra, in ordi-
nary language the term rib is restricted to one of the series
of long slender bones which are movably articulated with
or entirely disconnected from the vertebrae, occur in pairs,
and extend to or toward the sternum or middle ventral line
of the body. In many vertebrates such ribs are character-
istic of or confined to the thoracic or dorsal region, and
form, together with the corresponding vertebra) and with
the sternum, a kind of bony cage for the thoracic viscera —
the chest or thorax. Such ribs are called thoracic or dorsal,
and are often the only free ribs an animal may possess, as
is usually the case in mammals. In man there are twelve
pairs of such ribs. The first of these articulates with the
upper part of the side of the body of the first dorsal verte-
bra ; the second to the ninth inclusive articulate at an In-
tervertebral space, and consequently with two vertebrte
apiece ; the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth articulate with the
single vertebra to which they correspond. The first to the
tenth ribs articulate by their
heads with bodies of vertebra)
as above stated, and also by
their shoulders with transverse
processes, which latter articu-
lations are lacking to the elev-
enth and twelfth ribs. The first
seven ribs reach the sternum
by means of costal cartilages,
and are called trueribs; thelast
five ribs do not, and are called
false ribs: of these last the
first three join one another by
means of their costal carti-
lages, while the last two are
entirely free or " floating " at
their ends. Only the bony
part of a rib is a pleurapophy-
sis ; the gristly part, or costal
cartilage, is a hemapophysis.
Parts of a bony rib commonly
distinguished are the he-ad or
capitulum, the neck or cen-ix,
the shoulder or tuberculum,
andthesAo/f. Most of the ribs
are not only curved as a whole,
but also somewhat bent at a
point called the angle, and,
moreover, twisted on their own
axis. In man there are occa-
sionally supernumerary cervi-
cal or lumbar ribs of ordinary
character, that are extended
from and freely jointed to their
vertebrte ; and all the human
cervical vertebra) have rudi-
mentary ribs inkylOMd with
their respective vertebra;, represented by that part of the
transverse process which bounds the vertebrartei ial fora-
men in front. Mammals have frequently more or fewer
than twelve pairs of thoracic ribs. Ribs occurring in any
part of the vertebral column are named from that part:
Human Ribs, left side ( re;ir
view), the first, second, seventh,
ninth, and twelfth shaded inde-
tail, the others in outline — all
without their costal cartilit^es
r> 1 63
as, cervical, thoracic or dorsal, durxolttntbar, lumbar, or sa-
cral ribs. In bird* and reptiles the number of ribs is t'x
tremely variable, and their situation may extern! fnun head
to tail. Frequently they are jointed in the middle, or at
the point where in a mammal the bony part joins the car-
tilaginous. Some of them may be free or floating at the
vertebral as well as at the sternal end. Some ribs in
birds bear peculiar splint-bones called uncinate processes.
(Sf e ent under cpipleura.) In chelonians the ribs are tixed.
and consolidated with broad plate-like dermal bones to
form the carapace. The greatest number of ribs is found
in some serpents, which have more than two hundred pairs.
In some fishes, ribs are apparently doubled in number by
forking; this is the principal reason why the bones of a
shad, for example, seem so numerous. See also cuts un-
der carapace and skeleton.
Ut of his side he toe a rib,
And made a wimman him fnl sib,
And heled him that side wel.
Genesis and Exoilus (E. E. T. S.), 1. 227.
Dainty bits
Make rich the ribs, but bankrupt quite the wits.
Shak., L. L. L., i. 1. 27.
2. That which resembles a rib in use, position,
etc. ; a strip, band, or piece of anything when
used as a support, or as a member of a frame-
work or skeleton.
Thirdly, in settyng on of your fether [a question may
be asked], whether it be pared or drawen with a thickc
rybbe, or a thinne rybbe (the rybbe is ye hard quill whiche
deuydeth the fether). Ascham, Toxophilus, ii.
We should have been in love with flames, and have
thought the gridiron fairer than the sponda;, the ribs of a
marital bed. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iii. 9.
He consulted to remove the whole wall by binding it
about with ribs of iron and timber, to convey it into
France. Evelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.
Specifically — (a) Some part or organ of an animal like or
likened to a rib ; a costate or costiform process ; a long
narrow thickening of a surface ; a ridge ; a strip or stripe :
as, (1) one of the veins or nerves of an insect's wing; (2)
one of a set or series of parallel or radiating ridges on a
shell; (3) one of the ciliated rays or ctenophores of a
ctenophoran. (6) In ship-building, one of the bent timber
or metallic bars which spring from the keel, and form or
strengthen the side of the ship.
How like the prodigal doth she return,
With over-weather'd ribs and rugged sails !
Shalt., M. of V., ii. 6. 18.
(c) In arch. : (1) In vaulting, a plain or variously molded
and sculptured arch, properly, supporting a vault, or, in
combination with other ribs, the filling of a groined vault.
In pointed vaults the groins typically rest upon or are cov-
ered by ribs ; and secondary ribs connecting the main ribs,
especially in late and less pure designs, are sometimes ap-
plied, usually as a mere decoration, to the plain surfaces
of the vaulting-cells. The three main vaulting-ribs are
designated as (a) groin-ribs or ogives, (/3) doubleaux, and
(v) formerets. (See plan under arcl.) Ribs upon the sur-
faces of the cells are known as surface-ribs. The groin-rib
or ogive is also called the diagonal rib, because it occupies
the diagonal of the plan of a quadripartite vault. See
orcfti and arcl.
All these ribs [of Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris] are inde-
pendent arches, which determine the forms of, and actual-
ly sustain, the vault shells.
C. II. Moore, Gothic Architecture, p. 52.
(2) A n arch-formed piece of timber for supporting the lath-
and-plaster work of pseudo-domes, vaults, etc. (d) In coal-
mining, a narrow strip or block of solid coal left to sup-
port the workings, (e) One of the curved extension rods
on which the cover of an umbrella is stretched.
Let Persian Dames th' Umbrella's Ribs display,
To guard their Beauties from the sunny Ray.
Gay, Trivia, i.
CO In bot. : (1) One of the principal vascular bundles, other-
wise called nerves or veins, into which the primary bundle
divides on entering the blade to form the framework of a
leaf, commonly salient on its lower surface ; a primary
nerve : contrasted with vein and veinlet, the branches to
which it gives origin. See midrib and nervation. (2) A
prominent line on the surface of some other organ, as the
fruit, (y) In cloth or knitted work, a ridge or stripe rising
from the groundwork of the material, as in corduroy. (A)
In bookbinding, one of the ridges on the back of a book,
which serve for covering the tapes and for ornament, (i)
One of the narrow tracks or ways of iron in which the bed of a
printing-press slides to and from impression, (j) Inmach.,
an angle-plate cast between two other plates, to brace and
strengthen them, as between the sole and wall-plate of a
bracket, (k) In a violin or similar instrument, one of the
curved sides of the body, separating the belly from the
back. (I) In gun-making, either of the longitudinally ex-
tending upper or lower projections of the metal which
join the barrels of a double-barreled gun, and which in
fine guns are often ornamented or of ornamental shape.
The upper rib is called the top rib; the lower, the bottom rib.
3. A piece of meat containing one or more
ribs; a rib-piece: as, a rib of beef. — 4. A wife:
in allusion to Eye, who, according to the ac-
count in Genesis, was formed out of one of
Adam's ribs. [Humorous.]
Punch and his rib Joan. Scott, Pirate, xxvii.
5. A strip; a band or ribbon; a long and narrow
piece of anything.
A small rib of land, that is scarce to be found without
a guide.
J. Echard, Contempt of the Clergy, p. 104. (Latham.)
Abdominal ribs, in herpet. See abdominal.— Back Of a
rib, in arch., the upper surface of a vaulting rib. — Built
rib, in arch., for bridges or roofs, a rib constructed of
scvi ral layers of planks set on edge, breaking joints, and
united by bolts.— Diagonal rib, in arch. See def. 2 (rt (1).
—False rib. Si-edef. i.— Floating rib, a. rib tmatta. -in <:.
ribald
at one or both ends; a free or false rib, as the eleventh
or twelfth of man. — Laminated rib, in arch., a rib con-
structed of layers of plank, laid flat, one overanother, anil
bolted together.— Longitudinal rib, in areh., a formeret,
or arc formeret. See plan under «rci. — Rib and pillar.
See pillar. — Ribs of a parrel (/muM, a name formerly
given to short pieces of wood having holes through which
are reeved the two parts of the parrel-rope. — Rib-top
machine, a special form of knitting-machine for making
ribbed hosiery. — Ridge rib, in arch., a rib in the axis of
a vault and extending along its ridge. It is of rare occur-
rence except in English medieval vaulting, and is not
used in vaults of the most correct and scientific design. —
Sacral rib, the pleurapophysis of a sacral vertebra, of
whatever character. The very complex sacrarium of a
bird often bears articulated or ankylosed ribs of ordinary
character, called sacral, though these may be really lumbo-
sacral, or dorsolumbar. No mammal has such sacral ribs ;
but the whole "lateral mass," so called, of a mammalian
sacrum, as in man, which ossifies from several indepen-
dent centers, is regarded by some anatomists as pleurapo-
physial, and therefore as representing a consolidation of
sacral ribs.— Surface-rib, in areh., a rib without con-
structive office, applied to the surface of vaulting merely
for ornament ; a lierne, tierceron, etc. Such ribs, as a
rule, were not used until alter the best time of medieval
vaulting. — To give a rib of roastt, to rib-roast ; thrash
soundly. See rib-roast.
Though the skorneful do nmcke me for a time, yet in
the ende I hope to giue them al a rybbe of route for their
paynes. Gascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), Ep. Ded.
Transverse rib, in arch.,& doubleau or arc doubleau. See
plan under arcl.— Wall-rib, in arch., same as arc far-
mere! (which see, under arcl).
rib1 (rib), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ribbed, ppr. ribbinij.
[< czft1, «.] 1. To furnish with ribs ; strengthen
or support by ribs : as, to rib a ship.
Was I by rocks engender'd, ribb'd with steel,
Such tortures to resist, or not to feel?
Sandys, Paraphrase upon Job, vi.
2. To form into ribs or ridges ; mark with al-
ternate channels and projecting lines ; ridge :
as, to rib a field by plowing; to rib cloth.
The long dun wolds are ribb'd with snow.
Tennyson, Oriana.
The print of its first rush-wrapping,
Wound ere it dried, still ribbed the thing.
D. G. Rossetti, Burden of Nineveh.
3. To inclose as with ribs ; shut in ; confine.
It were too gross
To rib her cerecloth in the obscure grave.
Shak., M. of V., ii. 7. 81.
And by the hand of Justice, never arms more
Shall rib this body in, nor sword hang here, sir.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, i. 1.
rib2 (rib), ii. [< ME. ribbe, rybbe, < AS. ribbe.
hound's-tongue, Cynoglossitm offieinale."} 1.
Hound's-tongue. — 2. Costmary. Caili, Any.,
p. 306.— 3. Water-cress. Hattiicell.
rib3 (rib), r. t. [< ME. ribbcn, rybbyn, dress; of.
D. repelen, beat (flax), = Sw. repa, ripple flax :
see rip1, ripple1.] To dress (flax) ; ripple.
rib3t (rib), ii. [< ME. rybbe, ryb: see ribS, v.,
and ripple1.] An instrument for cleaning flax.
Halliwe/l.
ribadoquin (ri-bad'o-kin), n. 1. See ribaude-
quin.
The clash of arms, the thundering of ribadoquines and
arquebuses, . . . bespoke the deadly conflict waging.
Irving, Granada, p. 455.
2. Same as organ-gun.
ribald (rib'ald), n. and a. [< ME. ribald, ribald,
rebtild, riband, ryboitd, ribaut = Icel. ribbaJdi =
MHG. ribalt, < OF. ribald, riband, ribauld, ri-
baut, F. riband = Pr. ribaut = Sp. Pg. ribaldo
= It. ribaldo, rubaldo (ML. ribaldns) (fern. OF.
ribaude, ML. ribalda), a lewd, base person, a
ruffian, ribald, also, without moral implication,
a stout fellow, a porter, guard, soldier, etc. (see
riband2) ; of uncertain origin ; perhaps (with
suffix -aid) < OHG. liripa, MHG. ribe, a prosti-
tute ; cf. OF. riber, toy, wanton.] I. n. A low,
base fellow; a profligate; a ruffian; a person
of lewd habits: applied particularly to one who
is coarse, abusive, or obscene in language.
Ephistafus hym presit with his proude wordes,
As a ribold with reueray in his Koide speche.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7651.
A wise man seide, as we may seen.
Is no man wrecched, but he it wene,
Be he kyng, knyght or ribaude:
And many a ribaude is mery and baude,
That swynkith and berith. bothe day and nyght,
Many a burthen of grete myght.
Rom. of the Roue, 1. 5673.
As for that proverb, the Bishops foot hath been in it,
it were more fit for a S curra in Trivio, or som Ribald upon
an Ale-bench. Milton, On Def. of Hnnih. Remonst.
In the last year of this reign (1376) we find the Commons
petitioning the King "that Ribalds . . . and Sturdy Beg-
gars may be banished out of every town."
Ribton-Turner, Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 52
II. a. Licentious; profligate; obscene;
coarse; abusive or indecent, especially in lan-
guage ; foul-mouthed.
The bnsv day,
Waked by the lark, hath roused tile ribald crows.
Shak., T. and C., iv. 2. 'J.
ribald
5164
launching. See cut under /«««<•/(/«</-
iniyn. (c) A scantling of wood, about 15 feet
long and 4 inches square, used in rack-lashing
gun-platform* to keep the platform secure:
also used for mortar-platforms. Two rib-bands
accompany every platform Rib-band line in
Me they seized and me they tortured, me they lash'd and
humiliated,
Me the sport of ribald Veterans, mine of ruffian violators !
Tennyson, Boadicea.
Instead of having the solemn countenance of the aver-
age English driver, his face was almost ribald in its con-
viviality of expression.
T. C. Crawford, English Life, p. 37.
= Syn. Gross, coarse, filthy, indecent,
ribaldish (rib'al-dish), a. [< ribald + -wAi.J
Disposed to ribaldry.
They have a ribaldish tongue.
/;/'. II 11". Estate of a Christian.
ribaldroust (rib'al-drus), a. [Also ribaudroiis:
< ribaldr(y) + -o'iis.] Ribald; licentious; ob- nb-baste (rib bast), v. t. To baste the ribs of;
scene; indecent. beat severely; rib-roast. Halliwell. [Prov.
marked off upon the mold.— Rib-band nail, in ship-build-
ing, a nail having a large round head with a ring to prevent
the head from splitting the timber or being drawn through:
used chiefly for fastening rib-bands. Also written ribbing-
nail.
Arf6a«drotwandfllthietongue,osince8tum,obscaenum, _ T/ .
impurum, et impudicum. Baret, Alvearie. (Sores) nODCO (ribd), a. [< nftl + -«/2.] 1. Furnished
ribaldry (rib'al-dri), „. [< ME. ribaldric, rib- ^ltjl nbs; strengthened or supported by ribs,
audrie'ribawSrye, rybandrie, rybaudry, etc., < m any sense of the word'
OF. ribauderie, F. ribauderie (= Sp. ribalderia 1,,-"?,6e?. vaulti"8 was the greatest improvement which
— P<r rihnltinrin — It rilinl,!,,*;,, A,fT ..-'I,,,; tne Medneval aichitects made on the Roman vaults, giv-
7 . *f • . "°" M" "a. - «• ribalderia, ML. t tbal- ing not oniy additional strength of construction, but an
dna), <. ribald, nbaud, a ribald: see ribald.] apparent vigour and expression to the vault which is one
The qualities or acts of a ribald ; licentious or »» tne greatest beauties of the style,
foul language ; ribald conversation ; obscenity ;
indecency.
On fastingdais by-fore none ich fedde me with ale,
Out of reson, a-mong rybaudes here rybaudrye to huyre.
Her-of, good god, graunte me for3euenesse.
Piers Plowman (C), vii. 435.
Abstayn euer from wordes of rybaudry.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 106.
Satire has long since done his best ; and curst
And loathsome Ribaldry has done its worst.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 729.
He softens down the language for which the river was
noted, and ignores the torrent of licentious ribaldry with
which every boat greeted each other, and which was
known as "River Wit."
J. Athlon, Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne, II. 144.
ribaldyt, w. [ME. ribaudie,< OF. ribaudie, equiv.
to ribaudrie, ribaldry: see ribaldry.] Same as
ribaldry.
ribant, »• An obsolete form of ribbon.
riband, ». and v. An obsolete or archaic form
of ribbon.
riband-fish, riband-gurnard, etc. See ribbon-
fish, etc.
ribaningt, n. See ribboning.
• • ..?*'._,., 9 ^
J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 525.
2. Formed into ribs or ridges; having alter-
nate lines of projection and depression ; ridged :
as, ribbed cloth; ribbed hose.
And thoti art long, and lank, and brown,
As is the ribbed sea-sand.
Wardsivarth, Lines contributed to Coleridge's Ancient
[Mariner.
This ribbed mountain structure . . . always wears a
mantle of beauty, changeable purple and violet.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 205.
3. In anat. and zool., having a rib or ribs, in
any sense; costal; costate; costiferous Rib-
bed arch. See oreAl.— Ribbed armor, armor consist-
ing of ridges alternating with sunken bands, which are
usually set with studs. It is described in the tourney-
book of Kens' of Anjou as composed of cuir-bouilli upon
which small bars, apparently of metal, are laid, and either
sewed to the leather, or covered by an additional thick-
ness of leather, which is glued to the background.— Rib-
bed-fabric machine, a knitting-machine for making the
rib-stitch. It has special adjustments in both power- and
hines, and can be set to make different form
ribaud2 (re-bo'), «. [OFT, a soldier, porter,
etc., a particular use of ribaud, a base fellow:
see ribald.] In French hist., one of a body-
hand-machines, aim can De set to make different forms or
combinations of stitches, as the polka-rib, one-and-one rib,
etc. E. H. Kniijht.— Ribbed form, plate, velveteen,
etc. See the nouns.
•MS&SKSElt '&'{"*• fr T I!WSI&\BSSS5 5 riK^:
F r^7/ S ta.^ln'beat,bafck'reverb«ra*en' berwork sustaining a vaulted ceiling ridges
= F. rebattre, beat down, rebate : see rebate^.] Ou cloth, veins in the leaves of plants, etc -2
an »uLlSt?in £ ?mbel'1.shme"' consisting Jn a,,ri., a kind of imperfect plowing, former^-
.»Uv £*• ' ' tw".adJacf.nt.tf°°es. g^- common.by which stubbles were rapidly turned
'&S*?l*gg* m ral*ldlty unhl ll becomes a over, every alternate strip only being moved.
A Middle English form of ribald. being laid over quite flat, and covering an equal space of
the level surface. A similar operation is still in use in
some places, after land has been pulverized by clean plow-
=1 rinnin i * i, «'»8 and is ready for receiving the seed, and the mode of
see yoaffl.j in /TOM* hist., one of a body- sowing upon land thus prepared is also called ribbing.
guard created by Philip Augustus (1180-1223) ribbing-nail (rib'ing-nal), «. Same as rib-band
ot J) ranee.— King of the ribauds, the chief of the old nail (which see, under rib-band)
French royal guard known as the ribauds. In the field, Tibbie-rabble (rib'l rab*l) » PA vnriort rcdii
his station was at the door of the sovereign's quarters, and v *• t i if .9 i i i '\ LA varied redu-
he permitted to enter only those who had the right/ He Pllcatlon °f rabble?.] 1. A rabble ; a mob.
had jurisdiction of crimes and misdemeanors committed A ribble-rabble of gossips.
within the king's abode, as well as of gaming and debauch- John Taylor, Works (1630) (Sara )
ery, executed hisown sentences, and enjoyed various privi- o T ,,
leges and perquisites. The title disappeared after the flf- 2- *"\e and low talk; lewd or indecent lan-
teenth century, and the office became merged in that of guage : sometimes used adiectivelv
the executioner.
•WflSte^^a [Aisonfc,,^,™, Mssssg^^ttttsz
(< bp. ribadoquin); < OF. ribaudequin, ribaude- with thy ribble-rabble discourse.
quien, ribausdesquin (OFlem. rabaudeken) (see History of Frannon (1655). (Naret.)
def.); origin uncertain.] 1. (o) Originally, a Such wicked stuff, such poys'nous babble
cart or barrow plated with iron or other mate- Such uncouth, wretched ribble rabble.
rial to protect it from fire, and armed with long Hudibras Redivimw (1706). (Kares.)
iron-shod pikes; a movable cheval-de-frise. ribble-rowt (rib'l-ro), «. [A burlesque name,
Hewitt, (b) A similar cart armed with a large after analogy of rigmarole. Cf. ribble-rabble.]
crossbow, or with a small cannon in the fif- A list of rabble.
teenth century. Hence— (c) The cannon itself
so used.
ribaudourt, n. [ME., < OF. ribaudour, < riband,
ribald: see ribald.] A ribald. ribbon (rib'on), n. and a. [Formerly also ribon,
I schal fyuden hem heore fode that feithfuliche lyuen; riban, also riband, ribband (appar. simulating
Save Jacke the iogelour, and lonete of the stuyues, band, and still used archaically) ; < ME. riban,
And Robert the „****, ^ j™™- riband, < OF. ribanrifen, rliant F. r,,ban,
rihaviHi-rvnoi cn ami. rcbaiit, riban, (ML. rubanus), a ribbon;
BcJtfSF*35— » ps«&5s£iS3&3s
g».'S»i;*r.P,«.t»^,o,tl,, £,*:ft^fr.'.7S'-&^,'
ribband, «. An obsolete or archaic form of
ribbon.
This witch of rOMe-rmc rehearse*,
Of scurvy names in scurvy verses.
Cotton, Works (1734), p. 119. (Hallimll.)
selvages. Ribbons in this sense seem
have been introduced in the sixteenth century. Ordi-
square body of a vessel, used to secure the to nave been introduced in the sixteenth century. Ordi-
'8 in position until the outside planking narily ribbons are made of widths varying from one fourth
is put on. (b) A square timber of the slip fas- of a" incll> 01' perhaps even less, to seven or eight inches,
tened lengthwise in the bilgewavs to prevent hllt occas!OIlal1y8a8li-ril'D0n8 or the like are made of much
toned
the timbei of the
— ~ -™.~..™.^
K'areln'aoe'
ribbon
with velvet and satin stripes, satin-faced on each side, the
two sides being of different colors, each perfect, and in
many other styles.
Get your apparel together, good strings to your beards,
new ribbons to your pumps. ,sv/,i/,., M. N. L>., iv. 2. 37.
Sweet-faced Corinna, deign the riband tie
Of thy cork-shoe, or else thy slave will die.
Marston, Scourge of Villanie, viii. 7.
She 's torn the ribbons frae her head,
They were baith thick and narrow.
The Braes o' Yarrow (Child's Ballads, III. 71).
It was pretty to see the young, pretty ladies dressed like
men. in velvet coats, caps with ribbands, and with laced
bands, just like men. P>'j>!/», Diary, July 27, 1665.
Just for a handful of silver he left us •
Just for a riband to stick in his coat.
Browning, Lost Leader.
3. Specifically, the honorary distinction of an
order of knighthood, usually in two forms :
first, the broad ribbon, denoting the highest
class of such an order (for which see cordon, 7) ;
second, the small knot of ribbon worn in the
buttonhole by members of an order when not
wearing the cross or other badge. Blue ribbon and
red ribbon are often used to denote the orders of the Gar-
ter and Bath respectively. A blue ribbon was also a badge
of the Order of the Holy Ghost in France. Compare cordon
bleu, under cordon.
4. That which resembles a ribbon in shape j a
long and narrow strip of anything.
The houses stood well back, leaving a ribbon of waste
land on either side of the road.
JJ. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 68.
These tspiral nebulas] are usually elongated strings or
ribbons of nebulous matter twisted about a central nucleus
and seen by us in the form of a spiral curve.
The Century, XXXIX. 458.
5. pi. Reins for driving. [Colloq.]
He [EgallteJ drove his own phaeton when it was decid-
edly low for a man of fashion to handle the ribands.
Phillips, Essays from the Times, I. 76.
If he had ever held the coachman's ribbons in his hands,
as I have in my younger days— a— he would know that
stopping is not always easy.
George Eliot, Felix Holt, xvii.
6. A strip ; a shred : as, the sails were torn to
ribbons.
They're very naked ; their things is all to ribbins.
Mayhetr, London Labour and London Poor, II. 84.
7. In spinning, a continuous strand of cotton
or other fiber in a loose, untwisted condition ;
a sliver. — 8. In metal-working, a long, thin
strip of metal, such as (a) a watch-spring; (6)
a thin steel band for a belt, or an endless saw ;
(c) a thin band of magnesium for burning; (<?)
a thin steel strip for measuring, resembling a
tape-line.— 9. One of the stripes painted on
arrow-shafts, generally around the shaftment.
Also called clan-mark, owner-mark, game-tally,
etc. Amer. Nat., July, 1886, p. 675.— 10. A nar-
row web of silk for hand-stamps, saturated
with free color, which is readily transferred by
pressure to paper. — 11. In stained-glass work
and the like, a strip or thin bar of lead grooved
to hold the edges of the glass. See lead2, 7. —
12. In ]ier., a bearing considered usually as one
of the subordinaries. It is a di-
minutive of the bend, and one
eighth of its width. — 13. In
carp., a long thin strip of wood,
or a series of such strips, uniting
several parts. Compare rib-band.
— 14. Naut., a painted molding
on the side of a ship — Autophyte
ribbon, a Swiss ribbon printed in a lace pattern by means
of zinc plates produced by a photo-engraving process from
a real lace original. E. H. Knight.— Blue ribbon, (a)
A broad, dark-blue ribbon, the border embroidered with
gold, worn by members of the Order of the Garter diago-
nally across the breast.
They get invited ... to assemblies . . . where they
see stars and blue ribbons. Disraeli, Sybil, iv. 3.
(6) Figuratively, anything which marks the attainment of
an object of ambition ; also, the object itself.
In Germany the art of emending is no longer the chief
art of the scholar. A brilliant and certain conjecture is
no longer the blue ribbon of his career.
Fortnightly Rev., N. 8., XLIII. 47.
(c) A member of the Order of the Garter.
Why should dancing round a May-pole be more obso-
lete than holding a Chapter of the Garter? asked Lord
Henry. The Duke, who was a blue-ribbon, felt this a home
thrust. Disraeli, Coninpsby, iii. 3.
(d) The badge of a society pledged to total abstinence from
the use of intoxicating drinks : it consists of a bit of blue
ribbon worn in a buttonhole. — China ribbon, a ribbon,
about an eighth of an inch wide, formerly used in the toi-
let, but now for markers inserted in bound books and the
like, and also in a kind of embroidery whicli takes its name
from the employment of this material. — China-ribbon
embroidery, a kind of embroidery much in favor in the
early years of the nineteenth century, and recently re-
vived. The needle is threaded with a ribbon, which is
drawn through the material us well as applied upon it —
ribbon
A. rachiglnssate lingual ribbon, or radula, of a whelk (Bticcinutn
undatum r. n, anterior end ; *, posterior end. A', a transverse row of
radular teeth : c, central ; /, /, lateral.
Lingual ribbon, in Molhisca, the surface that bears the
teeth ; the radula. See odontophore, and radtda (with cut).
— Nidamental ribbon. See nidamental.— Petersham
ribbon, a ribbon of extra thickness, usually watered on
both sides, used in women's dress to strengthen the skirt
at the waist, etc., and also as a belt-ribbon when belt-rib-
bons are in fashion. Compare p«d3, 7.— Red ribbon, (a)
The ribbon of the Order of the Bath, used to denote the
decoration of that order, or the order itself : as, he has
got the red ribbon, (b) The ribbon of a knight of the
Legion of Honor.
II. a. 1. Made of ribbon: as, a ribbon bow;
ribbon trimming. — 2. In mineral., characterized
by parallel bands of different colors : as, ribbon
agate. — 3. [ca/>.] Pertaining to the Ribbon
Society or to Ribbonism: as, a Ribbon lodge.
— Ribbon isinglass, letter. See the nouns.— Ribbon
sections, a series or chain of microtome-cut sections
which remain attached to each other, edge to edge, by
nieansof the embedding material.— Ribbon Society, in
Irish hist., a secret association formed about 1808 in op-
position to the Orange organization of the northern Irish
counties, and so named from the green ribbon worn as a
5165
2. An ornament made of ribbon.
What gloves we'l give and ribanings.
Herrick, To the Maids, to Walke Abroad.
Ribbonism (rib'on-izm), n. [< Ribbon + -ism.']
The principles and methods of the Ribbon So-
ciety of Ireland. See under ribbon, n.
There had always smouldered Ribbonism, Whiteboyism,
some form of that protean Vehmgericht which strove,
too often by unmanly methods, to keep alive a flicker of
manly independence. Contemporary Rea., LI. 243.
ribbon-line (rib'on-lin), «. In hort., a long,
generally marginal, bed of close-set plants in
contrasted colors. Henderson, Handbook of
Plants.
Ribbonman (rib'on -man), n. ; pi. Ribbonmen
(-men). [See Ribbonism.'] A member of an
Irish Ribbon lodge ; an adherent of Ribbonism.
Orangemen and Ribbonmen once divided Ireland.
The American, VII. 133.
ribbon-map (rib'pu-map), ». A map printed
on a long strip which winds on an axis within
a case.
ribbon-pattern (rib'on-pat"ern), «. A deco-
rated design imitating interlacing and knotted
ribbons.
ribbon-register (rib'on-rej"is-ter), n. Same as
register^, 11.
ribbon-saw (rib'on-sa), n. Same as band-saw.
ribbon-seal (rib'on-sel), n. A seal of the genus
Histriophoca, H.faxciata, the male of which is
with the purpose of securing to tenants fixity of tenure,
or of inflicting retaliation for real or supposed agrarian
oppression. The members were bound together by an
oath, had passwords and signs, and were divided locally
into lodges.
ribbon (rib'on), r. t. [Formerly (and still ar-
chaically) also riband, ribbano>; early mod. E.
also reband; < ME. ribanen, rybanen, < riban, a
ribbon: see ribbon, «.] 1. To border with
stripes resembling ribbons ; stripe ; streak.
It is a slowe may not forbere
Ragges ribaned with gold to were.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4752.
I could see all the inland valleys ribboned with broad
waters. Jt. D. Blaekmore, Lorna Doone, xlviii.
When imitations of ribboned stones are wished, . . .
pour each of the colors separately upon the Marble, tak-
ing care to spread them in small poofs over the whole sur-
face ; then, with a wooden spatula, form the ribboned shades
which are wished by lightly moving the mixture.
Marble-Worker, § 128.
2. To adorn with ribbons.
Each her ribbon'd tambourine
Flinging on the mountain-sod,
With a lovely frlghten'd mien
Came about the youthful god.
1H. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
Herrick gaily assimilated to his antique dream these
pleasant pastoral survivals, ribbanding the may-pole as
though it were the cone-tipped rod of Dionysus
E. W. Gosse, in Ward's Eng. Poets, II. 126.
3. To form into long narrow strips; cause to
take the shape of ribbon.
When It [wax in bleaching] . . . still continues yellow
upon the fracture, it is remelted, ribboned, and again
bleached. Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 354.
ribbon-bordering (rib'ou-b6r"der-ing), «. In
liort., the use of foliage-plants set in ribbons or
stripes of contrasting shades as a border; also,
a border thus formed.
Whether It [the garden] went in for ribbon-bordering and
bedding-out plants, or essayed the classical, with marble
statues. Miss Ilraddon, Hostages to Fortune, li.
ribbon-brake (rib'on-brak), «. A brake hav-
ing a band which nearly surrounds the wheel
whose motion is to be checked.
rib-bone (rib'bon), n. [< ME. ribbebon (= Sw.
ribbeeit = Dan. ribbcn) ; < »•/&! + bone1.'] A rib.
And the] made man likkest to hym-self one,
And Eue of his ribbe-bon with-outen eny mene.
Piers Ploicman (B), he. 34.
ribbon-fish (rib'on-fish), n. One of sundry
fishes of long, slender, compressed form, like
a ribbon, as those of the genera Cepola, Tricltiu-
rus, Trachypterm, and Rer/alecus : especially ap-
plied to those of the suborder Tseniosomi. See
the technical names, and cut under hairtail.
ribbon-grass (rib'on-gras), «. A striped green
and white garden variety of the grass Phalaris
arundinacea. Also called painted-arass.
ribbon-gurnard (rib'on-ger'nard), '«. A fish of
the family Min-rnridse or Lcp'idosomatid«. A.
Adams.
ribboningt (rib'on-ing), n. [Also ribboning, rib-
anini/: < MK. ribunyug; verbal n. of ribbon, r.]
1. A striped or ornamented border.
It [the robe] ful wel
With orfrays leyd was everydel,
And purtraird i'n the ribanyngei
lit dukes storyes and of kynges.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1077.
ribibe
Ribes- (ri ')«•/.), H. [NL. (Linmpus, 1737), <
ML. ribcsiiint, currant: see ril/i-xl.] A genus
of polypetalous shrubs, constituting the tribe
Itibrxiex in the order Xn.rifrayacese, and produ-
cing small flowers with four or five scale-like
petals, four or five stamens, two styles, and an
ovoid calyx-tube united to the ovary, contin-
ued above into a tubular or bell-shaped four- or
live-cleft limb, which is often colored. There are
about 76 species, natives of temperate Europe, Asia, and
America, and of the Andes. Several species extend north-
ward in Alaska nearly or quite to the arctic circle. The
plants of this genus are often covered with resinous glands,
and the stems are sometimes sparingly armed with spines
below the axils. They bear scattered and often clustered
leaves, which are petioled and entire or crenately lobed or
cut, plicate or convolute in the bud. The flowers are of-
ten unisexual by abortion, are white, yellow, red, or green,
rarely purple, in color, and occur either singly or few to-
gether, or, in the currants, in racemes. The fruit is an
oblong or spherical pulpy berry, containing one cell and
few or many seeds, and crowned with the calyx-lobes.
Several species, mostly with thorny and often also prickly
stems, the flowers single or few together, the fruit often
spiny, are known as gooseberries ; other species, wholly
unarmed, with racemed flowers and smooth fruit, are
grouped as currants. R. Grossidaria, is the common gar-
den or English gooseberry. (See gooseberry.) Jt. specie-
sum is the showy flowering gooseberry or fuchsia-flowered
gooseberry of California, much prized in cultivation for its
bright-red drooping flowers with far-exserted red stamens.
R. gracile of the central United States, its fruit bearing
long red spines, is called Missouri gooseberry. R. rubnim,
the common red currant (see currant*, 2), is native in Eu-
rope, Asia, and northern North America. R. niyrum is
the garden black currant, a native of the northern Old
World ; R. floridum is the wild black currant of America.
Kibbon-seal (Histriophoca fasciata).
curiously banded with whitish on a dark ground,
as if adorned with ribbons. It inhabits the
North Pacific.
ribbon-snake (rib'on-snak), ». A small slen-
der striped snake, Eiitania saurita, abundant
in the United States : a kind of garden snake,
having several long yellow stripes on a dark
variegated ground. It is a very pretty and
quite harmless serpent. See Eutsenia.
ribbon-stamp (rib'on-stamp), n. A small and
simple form of printing-press which transfers
to paper the free color in a movable ribbon
which covers the stamp.
ribbon-tree (rib'on-tre), «. See Phigianthtis.
ribbon-wave (rib'on-wav), «. A common Eu-
ropean geometrid moth, Aadalia aversata : an
English collectors' name.
ribbonweed (rib 'on -wed), n. The ordinary
form of the seaweed Laminaria saccliarina,
whose frond has a long flat blade, sometimes
membranaceous and waved on the margin.
[Prov. Eng.] Treas. of Hot.
ribbon-wire (rib'on-wlr), ». A kind of tape in
which several fine wires are introduced, run-
ning in the direction of the length of the stuff.
It is employed by milliners for strengthening
or stiffening their work.
ribbonwood (rib'on-wud), n. A small hand-
some malvaceous tree, Holieria populnea, of
New Zealand. Its bark affords a demulcent drink, and
also serves for cordage. It is doubtless named from the
ribbon-like strips of its bark.
ribbon-WOrm(rib'on-wenn),H. 1. Same &s tape-
worm.— 2. A nemertean or nemertine worm;
one of the Nemertea: so called from the ex-
traordinary length and flattened form of some
of them, as the long sea-worms of the family
Lineidie, which attain a length of many feet, as
Linens marintis.
ribebat, ribecat, n. Same as rebec.
ribesit (ribz), n. sinn. and pi. [= Dan. rifts, cur-
rant; < OF. ribes, "red gooseberries, beyond-
sea gooseberries, garden currans, bastard cur-
rans" (Cotgrave), F. ribex = It. ribes, "red
gooseberies, bastard corans, or common ribes "
(Florio), prop, sing., = Sp. ribex, currant-tree,
< ML. ribes, ribus, ribesium, ribasium,<.AT. ribes,
ribds, Pers. "ribaj. gooseberry.] A currant;
generally as plural, currants.
Red Gooseberies, or ribes, do refresh :iiiil cook? the note
stomacke and liuer, and are good against all Inflamma-
tions, l.anr/haiii, Garden of Health, p. 289.
i. Branch with Flowers of Missouri Currant {Rtdes aurtitm).
2, fruits of red currant (A*, rubrum); 3, fruit of English gooseberry
( R. Crossularia) ; 4, fruit of wild gooseberry (.R. Cyttosbati).
R. aureum, the golden, buffalo, or Missouri currant, wild
In the western United States, is in common cultivation
for its early bright-yellow spicy-scented flowers. R. tan-
yuineum, the red-flowered currant of California and Ore-
gon, is another well-known ornamental species. R. pro-
stratum, the fetid currant of northern woods in America,
emits a nauseous odor when bruised.
Ribesiese (ri-be-sl'e-e), n.pl. [NL. (A. Richard,
1823), < RibesZ '+ -ex.] A tribe of polypetalous
plants of the order Saxifragacex. It is character-
ized by a one-celled ovary, seeds immersed in pulp, alter-
genus Ribes.
rib-faced (rib'fast), a. Having the face ribbed
or ridged ; rib-nosed,
rib-grass (rib'gras), «. The English or ribwort
plantain, Plantago lanceolata.
The rich infield ground produced spontaneously rib
grass, white, yellow, and red clover, with the other plants
of which cattle are fondest. Edinburgh Rev., CXLV. 19S.
ribibet, «. [Also ribible; < ME. ribibe, < OF. ri-
bibe, rubrbe, rcbnbe, etc.: see rebec.] 1. A mu-
sical instrument ; a rebec.
The ribibe is said to have had three strings, to have
been played with a bow, and to have been introduced Into
Spain by the Moors. Skeat, Piers Plowman, II. 426.
2. A shrill-voiced old woman.
This sompnour, erer waityng on his pray,
Rod forth to sompne a widew, an old ribibe,
Fynyng a cause, for he wolde bribe.
Chamer, friar's Tale, 1. 79.
There came an old rybybe,
She halted of a kybe.
Skelton, Elynour Rummyng, 1. 42.
Or some good ribibe about Kentish town
Or Hogsden, you would hang now for a witch.
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, I. 1.
(ri-bib'), r. i. [ME. ri/bi/ben; < ribibe, ».]
o play on a ribibe.
Tho ration rubybyd. Rel. Antiq., i. 81. (Hatthcttt.)
ribible
ribiblet (ri-bib'D. ». [ME. ribihlc, i-iibihlf: see
rihihr, rflici:] Same as ribibe.
In twenty manere koude he trippe and dauiu-. , .
And pleyen songes on a smal rufnble.
Chaucer. Miller's Tale, 1. 145.
Where, my friend, is your fiddle, your ribible, or such-
like instrument belonging to a minstrel?
Quoted in StrvU't Sports and Pastimes, p. 271.
ribibourt, »• [ME. ribibour, < OF. "ribibour, <
ribibe, a ribibe : see ribibe.] One who plays on
the ribibe.
A ribibour, a ratonere, a rakyer of Chepe.
Piers Ploivman (B), v. 322.
ribless (rib'les), «. [< rifti + -less.] 1. Hav-
ing no ribs. — 2. So fat that the ribs cannot be
felt.
Where Toil shall call the charmer Health his bride,
And Laughter tickle Plenty's ribless side !
Coleridge, To a Young Ass.
riblet (rib'let), ii. [< riftl + -let.] A little rib:
a rudimentary rib ; a vertebral pleurapophysis
not developed into a free and functional rib :
as, a cervical riblet of man. Seepburopcpkfvfe.
The surface has longitudinal ridges, which on the hinder
moiety of the valve are connected by transverse riblets.
Geol. Mai/., IV. 451.
rib-like (rib'lik), a. [< rib1 + like.] Resem-
bling a rib ; of the nature of a rib.
Jliblilce cartilaginous rods appear in the first, second,
and more or fewer of the succeeding visceral arches in all
but the lowest Vertebrata. Huxley, Anat. Vert, p. 22.
rib-nosed (rib'nozd), a. Having the side of the
snout ribbed; rib-faced, as a baboon. See
mandrill, and cut under baboon.
ribont, «• An obsolete form of ribbon.
ribosa (ri-bp'sa), H. Sam« as rebozo.
rib-piece (rib'pes), «. A rib-roast.
rib-roast (rib'rost), n. 1. A joint of meat for
roasting which includes one or more ribs of
the animal. — 2. A beating or drubbing; a
cudgeling.
Such a peece of niching is as punishable with ribroast
among the turne-spits at Pie Corner.
Maroccus Extaticus (1595). (Uallimll. )
rib-roast (rib'rost), «•. t. [< ri'&l + roast, r.]
To beat soundly ; cudgel ; thrash.
Tom, take thou a cndgell and rib-roost him.
Let me alone, quoth Tom, I will be-ghost him.
Rowland, Xight-Kaven (1620). (flares.)
But much I scorne my fingers should be foule
With beating such a durty dunghill-owle.
But I'll rib-roast thee and bum-bast thee still
With my enraged muse and angry quill.
John Taylor, Works (1630). (ffarei.)
I have been pinched in flesh, and well rib-roasted under
my former masters ; but I'm in now for skin and all.
Sir K. L'Estrange.
rib-roaster (rib'ros'ter), ii. A heavy blow on
the ribs; a body-blow. [Colloq.]
There was some terrible slugging. . . . In the fourth and
last round the men seemed afraid of each other. Cleary
planted two rib-roasters, and a tap on Langdon's face.
Philadelphia Times, May 6, 1886.
rib-roasting (rib'ros"ting), ». A beating or
drubbing; a cudgeling.
That done, he rises, humbly bows,
And gives thanks for the princely blows ;
Departs not meanly proud, and boasting
Of his magnificent rib roasting.
S. Butler, Hudibras, n. i. 248.
Every day or two he was sure to get a sound rib-roasting
for some of his misdemeanors.
Iroing, Knickerbocker, p. 835.
rib-rqostt, r. t. See rib-roast.
ribskint, «. [Early mod. E. rybskyn, < ME. ryb-
schyn (alfeo rubbynge-sJiin); < ri&3 + skin.] A
piece of leather worn in flax-dressing. Com-
pare trip-skin. IJalliwell.
Theyr rybskyn and theyr spyndell.
Skeltan, Elynour Eummjmg, 1. 299.
rib-stitch (rib'stich), »/. In crochet-work, a
stitch or point by which a fabric is produced
having raised ridges alternately on the one side
and the other.
Ribston pippin. [From Kibston, in Yorkshire,
where Sir Henry Goodricke planted three pips
obtained from Rouen in Normandy. Two died,
but one survived to become the parent of all the
Ribston apples in England. (Brewer.)] A fine
variety of winter apple.
rib-vaulting (rib'val"ting), ». In arc//., vault-
ing having ribs projecting below the general
surface of the ceiling for support or ornament.
ribwort (rib'wert), it. See plantain*.
-ric. [< ME. -rirlu', -rickc, used in comp., as in
bischoji-, kiui'-. l.-iiiii-, weoreld-, eortli-, lieoren-
riclie, realm, jurisdiction, power, of a bishop,
king, the world, earth, heaven, etc.: same as
ME. riche, < AS. rice, reign, realm, dominion:
see ricliel, «.] A termination denoting jurisdic-
5166
tion, or a district over which government is
exercised. It occurs in bixlmprir, and a few
words now obsolete.
Ricania (ri-ka'ni-ij ), «. [NL. (Germar, 1818).]
The typical genus of l'iciimiii;i .
Ricaniidse (rik-a-ui'i-de), n. pi. [NL.. < I!i<-<mi<i
+ -iilse.] A la'i-ge family of homopterotis in-
sects, typified by the genus liicanin, belonging
to the group l-'ii/</<>ii<l<i. n Includes many beautiful
and striking tropical and subtropical forms. Also, as a
subfamily, Jiicaniida, Jiicaninas.
Ricardian (ri-kar'di-an), ii. and it. [< Kii-m-iln
(see def.) + -fan.] T. a. Pertaining to or char-
acteristic of David Eicardo, an English politi-
cal economist (1772-1823), or his theories.
It Is interesting to observe that Malthus, though the
combination of his doctrine of population with the prin-
ciples of Rieardo composed the creed for some time pro-
fessed by all the ''orthodox " economists, did not himself
accept the Ricardian scheme. Kncye. Brit., XIX. 37fi.
II. n. An adherent or follower of Rieardo.
Though in his great work he IRau] kept clear of the
exaggerated abstraction of the Ricardians, and rejected
rice-milk
sai.l liy chance. The finest quality is produced in the
United states, South Carolina and (Jeorgia leading in
amount; but the production has considerably declined
since the civil war.— Canada rice. Same as Indian rice.
— False rice, a grass of the rice-like genus Leergia. —
Hungary rice, a corruption of hunyry rice.— Hungry
rice. Same as /imrfi — Indian rice, (a) A reed-like
^rtas.s, y.izniti'i 'I'fiititicii, cMMimoM in shallow water in east-
ern North America, and especially abundant northwest-
ward. The seeds, which are slender and half an inch long,
are tartuceotu. much eaten by birds, and largely gathered
by the Indians in canoes ; but they fall so easily as to ren-
der the plant unfit for cropping, even if otherwise worthy.
The straw has been recommended as a paper-stock. Its
height and large monoecious panicle render it a striking
plant. A more southerly species, Z. miliacea, is included
under the name. Also called Canada or mid rice, and In-
dian oats or trater-nati. (b) Kice produced in India.— Mil-
let-rice, the East Indian I'anicum colonwn. — Petty-rice.
See Quinon.— Rice cut-grass, see cut-grass.— Rice-
grain decoration, in ceram., a kind of decoration used
in porcelain, especially Chinese, and In fine earthen-
ware, as sometimes in Persian work. The paste of a eup
or bowl is cut through with a stamp bearing small leaf-
shaped or oval openings ; the vessel being dipped in the
glaze and then fired, the glaze fills these openings com-
pletely, leaving translucent spots in the opaque vessel.
Occasionally the openings are of different shapes, as small
ricasso (ri-kas'6), «. [Origin obscure.] That
part of the blade of a rapier which is included
between the outermost guard (see cup-guard,
counter-guurd) and the cross-guard, or the point
of connection between the blade and the hilt,
In the rapier of the sixteenth century this part was nar-
rower and thicker than the blade proper, and usually rec-
tangular in section. Compare heeli, 2 (e), and talon, and
see cut under hilt.
Riccati's equation. [Named after Count Jaco-
\)0 Siecati (1676-1754).] Properly, the equa-
tion
tion
sol
finite terms.
Riccia (rik'si-a), ii. [NL. (Mioheli, 1729), named
after P. Francisco Btoci, an Italian botanist.]
A genus of cryptogamous plants of the class
Hepatic*, typical of the order liicciaccte.
They are delicate little terrestrial or pseudo-aquatic,
chiefly annual, plants with thallose vegetation. The thai'
lus is at first radiately divided from the center, which often
soon decays: the divisions are bifid or ditrichotomous ;
the fruit is immersed in the thallus, sessile; and the spores
are alveolate or muriculate, flattish, and angular. There
L (End
rice2, «. Another spelling of rat2. Cotgrace.
rice-bird (ris'berd), 11. 1 . Another name of the
reed-bird: applied to the bobolink in the fall,
when it is in yellowish plumage and feeds large-
ly on wild rice (Zizania aquatica), or, in the
southern United States, upon cultivated rice, to
which it does much damage. The name is little
used north of the States where rice Is cultivated. Also
called rice-bttntinff and rice-troopial. See reed-bird, and cut
under bobolink.
2. The paddy-bird, Pandu oryzicora, well known
in confinement as the Java sparrow, and com-
mon in China, etc.
rice-bunting (ris'bun'ting), «. Same as nVr-
bird, 1.
rice-corn (ris'kdrn), ». Same as pampas-rice.
rice-drill (ris'dril), ii. In agri., a force-feed
machine, for planting rice in drills: same as
rice-planter. See drill1, 3. E. H. Knight.
rice-dust (ris'dust), w. The refuse of rice which
remains when it is cleaned for the market, con-
sisting of the husk, broken grains, and dust.
It is a valuable food for cattle. Also rice-
meal.
(ris'em-broi'der-i), 11. Em-
Leitges they are regarded as forming a connecting-link
between the Jungermanniacea and the M archantiacex ;
but they are in some respects of simpler structure than
either of these orders. The thallus is usually flat, branch-
ing dichptomously, and floating on water or rooting in soil.
The fruit is short-pedicelled or sessile on the thallus or
immersed in it; the capsule is free or connate with the
calyptra, globose, rupturing irregularly; the spores are
usually angular; and elaters are wanting.
rice1 (ris), ii. [Early mod. E. also ryce, rize; <
late ME. ri^ce = D. rijxt = MLG. ris = MHG.
ris, G. rets = Sw. Dan. ris, < OF. ris, F. riz =
Pr. ris = It. rim (ML. risus, risum), < ML. onj-
Kitm, L. oryza, rice, = Ar. iiruzz, anizz, nizz (>
Sp. Pg. arroz), < Gr. 6/wfa, o/wfov, rice (plant
and grain) ; from an OPers. form preserved in
the Pushtu (Afghan) icrijzey, wrijey, pi., rice,
wrijza'h, a grain of rice ; cf. Skt. rrilii, rice.]
1 . The grain of the rice-plant.
It forms a larger part of human food
than the product of any other one
plant, being often an almost exclusive
diet in India, China, and the Malayan
islands, and abundantly used else-
where. Over 75 per cent, of its sub-
stance consists of starchy matter,
but it is deficient in albuminoids,
the flesh-forming material, and is
rice-field (rls'feld), ii. A field on which rice is
grown — Rice-field mouse, an American sigmodont
murine rodent, the rice-rat, Hesperomys(0ryzomyg)palus-
tris, abounding in the rice-flelds of the southern United
States. It is the largest North American species of its
genus, and has the general appearance of a half-grown
house-rat. It is 4 Inches long, the scaly tail as much more.
boiling ; in warm countries it is much
employed in curries. Rice-flour, rice-
glue, rice-starch, rice-sugar, and rice-
one kind of true arrack is distilled
from it.
2. The rii
(see Oryza), native in India, also in
northern Australia ; extensively culti-
vated in India, China, Malaysia, Brazil,
Rice-field Mouse (Ory*omys palttstris\.
The pelage is hispid and glossy. The color is that of the
common rat. In habits this animal is the most aquatic of
its kind, resembling the European water-rat (Arvicola am-
phtbhu)\n this respect. It is a nuisance in the rice-plan-
tations.
rice-flour (ris'flour), ». Ground rice, used for
making puddings, gruel for infants, etc., and as
a face-powder.
rice-flower (ris'flou'er), ». See Pimelea.
rice-glue (ris'glS), «. A cement made by boil-
ing rice-flour in soft water. It dries nearly trans-
parent, and is used in making many paper articles ; when
made sufficiently stiff it can be molded into models, busts,
etc.
rice-grain (ris'gran), n. 1. A grain of rice. —
2. A mottled appearance upon the sun, resem-
bling grains or granules.
rice-ten (ris'hen), «. The common American
merous natural and cultivated varie-
ties, and ranges in height from 1 to
6 feet. It requires for ripening a
temperature of from sixty to eighty
i, aspiketet; *,the degrees, and in general can be grown
empty glumes : c, the only on irricable land (but see iiiiniti-
thepaiHt ; r "th'cfiocli' tain-rice). Rice is one of the most pn >
culch the staiuens and line of all crops. It was introduced
the pistil. into South Carolina about 1700— it is
rice-huller(ris'hul"er), ii. Sameasi'icc-;>o»/»/(j'.
rice-meal (ris'mel), «. Same as rice-riant.
rice-milk (ris'milk), ii. Milk boiled and thick-
ened with rice.
There are fifty street-sellers of rice-milk in London. Sat-
urday night is the best time of sale, when it is not uncom-
mon for a rice-milk woman to sell six quarts.
Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, I. 203.
rice-mill
rice-mill (ris'mil). ». A mill for removing the
husk from rough rice or paddy; a rico-huller.
rice-paper (ris 'pa 'per), w. 1. Paper made from
the straw of rice, used in China and Japan and
elsewhere.— 2. A name commonly but errone-
ously applied ( o a delicate white film prepared in
(Jhina from the pith of a shrill). l''ii/xin jxi/ii/rifem.
The pith freed from the stem is an inch or an inch and a
half in diameter, and is out into lengths of about three
iiK-hes. These by the use of ii sharp blade are pared into
thin rolls which are flattened and dried under pressure,
forming sheets a few inches square. The Chinese draw
and paint upon these, and they are much used in the man-
ufacture of artificial flowers, some pith being imported in
the stem for the same purpose. In the Malay archipelago
the pith of Scievdla Kaeitigii furnishes the rice-paper.
See Potato, — Rice-paper tree, a small tree. Fatgia papy-
rifera, native in the swamps of Formosa, and cultivated
in China, whose pith forms the material of so-called rice-
paper. It grows 20 feet high or less, has leaves a foot across,
palmately five- to seven-lowed, and clusters of small green-
ish flowers on long peduncles. From its ample leaves and
stately habit, it is a favorite in subtropical planting. The
Malayan rice-paper plant, Self cola Koeniyii, is a sea-shore
shrub found from India to Australia and Polynesia. Its
young stems are stout and succulent, and yield a ptth
used like that of Fatsia, though smaller. It is the taccada
of India and Ceylon.
rice-planter (ris'plan-ter), ii. An implement
for sowing or planting rice ; a special form of
grain-drill. The seed falls through the tubular stan-
dard of a plow which opens a furrow for it, is deflected by
a board or plate, and covered by a serrated or ribbed fol-
lower-plate. Also called rice-smcer and rice-drill. E. H.
KnigM.
rice-ppunder (ris'pouu"der), «. A rice-mill; a
machine for freeing rice from its outer skin or
hull. This is effected by placing the rice in mortars which
have small pointed elevations to prevent the pestles from
crushing the rice, while their action causes the grains to
rub off the red skin against one another.
rice-pudding (ris'pud"ing), ». A pudding made
of nee and milk, with sugar, and often enriched
with eggs and fruit, as currants, raisins, etc.
rice-rat (ris'rat), «. The rice-field mouse.
ricercare (re-cher-ka're), H. [It. ricercare, a pre-
lude, flourish, < ricercare, seek out, request, etc. :
see research.} In music, same as ricereata.
ricercata (re-cher-ka'ta), w. [It., a prelude,
search, < ricercare, search: see ricercare.'] In
music: (a) Originally, a composition in fugal
style, like a toccata. (6) Now, a fugue of spe-
cially learned character, in which every con-
trapuntal device is utilized ; or a fugue without
episodes, subject and answer recurring contin-
ually.
rice-shell (ris'shel), H. A shell of the genus
Olivella, of about the size and whiteness of a
grain of rice: sometimes extended to similar
shells of the family Oliritlx. See cut under
olive-shell.
rice-soup (ris'sop), n. A soup made with rice
and thickened with flour, enriched with veal,
chicken, or mutton stock.
rice-sower (ris'so"er), H. Same as r/ce-plantei:
rice-Stitch (ris'stich), «. An embroidery-stitch
by which a loop an eighth of an inch long and
pointed at each end is made on the surface of
the foundation. This, when done in white
thread, resembles a grain of rice.
rice-stone (ris'ston), M. Stone mottled as with
rice-grains.— Rice-stone glass. Same as alabaster
glass (which see, under alabaster).
rice-SUgar (ris'shug'''ar), «. A confection made
from rice in Japan, and there called amc.
rice-tenrec (iis'ten"rek), ». A species of the
genus Oryzuryctes. Also rice-teiulrac.
rice-troopial (ris'tro"pi-al), «. Same as rice-
bird, I. [A book-name.]
rice-water (r^'wa'ter), n. Water which has
been thickened with the substance of rice by
boiling. It is administered as a drink to the
sick, either plain, or sweetened and flavored. —
Rice-water evacuations, watery evacuations passed
hy cholera patients, containing albuminous flakes, epi-
thelial cells, bacteria, salts, and organic substances.
rice-weevil (ris'we'vl), H. The cosmopolitan
beetle, Calandra oryae, which feeds on rice and
other stored grains in all parts of the world.
It is an especial pest in the corn-cribs of the southern
United States, and in the rice-granaries of India. See cut
under Calandra.
rice-Wine (ris' win), «. A name given to the fer-
mented liquor made from rice, used by the Chi-
nese and Japanese. See minixlioo and sake'*.
rich1 (rich), ii. [< ME. rirh, ricltr, ryelir ; (a)
partly < AS. rire, rich, powerful, = OS. riki =
OFries. rike, rll, = I). rijl;= MLG. LG. rik, n/,v
= 011(4. rililii. MI 1C. >-i,-ln;(l. rriclt = Icel. rikr
= Sw. )•(/,• = Dan. riy = Goth, rrikx, powerful;
and (b) partly < OP. riclie, P. riflie = IJr. »•/'<• =
Sp. \>z. rim = It. ric,;,. rich (all from Tent.);
with adj. formative, < Goth, i-rikx, ruler, king, <
OCelt. /•/</ (Ir. i-it/li, Gael, rii/h), a king, = L. rci
5167
(rey-), a king (= Skt. rrijaii, a king), < m/"'' •
Skt. T/ n~ij. rule: see regent, re.r, Rajcfi. Cf.
rii'ln-^, n.~\ If. Ruling; powerful; mighty; no-
ble.
This kyng lay at Camylot vpon kryst.masse,
With mony lllflych lorde, ledej of the best,
Rekenly of the rounde table alle tho rich hrether.
Sir Gawayne aiul the Green KniijM (E. E. T. S.), 1. 39.
() rightwis riche Code, this rewthe thow be-holde !
JUorte Arthvre (E. E. T. .S.), 1. 3990.
2. Having wealth or large possessions; pos-
sessed of much money, goods, laud, or other
valuable property; wealthy; opulent: opposed
to poor.
This riche man hadde grete plente of hestes and of
othir richesse. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), L S.
Why, man, she is mine own,
And I as rich in having such a jewel
As twenty seas, if all their santl were pearl,
The water nectar, and the rocks pure gold.
Shall., T. O. of V., ii. 4. 109.
3. Amply supplied or equipped; abundantly
provided; abounding: often followed by in or
ti-it/t.
God, who is rich in mercy, . . . hath quickened us to-
gether with Christ. Eph. Ii. 4.
The King of Scots . . . she did send to France,
To fill King Edward's fame with prisoner kings.
And make her chronicle as rich u-ilh praise
As is the ooze and bottom of the sea
With sunken wreck and sumless treasuries.
Shale., Hen. V., i. 2. 183.
Foremost captain of his time,
Kich in saving common-sense.
Tennyson, Death of Wellington.
4. Abundant in materials ; producing or yield-
ing abundantly; productive; fertile; fruitful:
as, a rich mine ; rich ore ; rich soil.
Let us not hang like roping icicles
Upon our houses' thatch, whiles a more frosty people
Sweat drops of gallant youth in our rich fields !
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 5. 25.
After crossing a small ascent, we came into a very rich
Valley called Rooge.
MaundreU, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 3.
Where some refulgent sunset of India
Streams o'er a rich ambrosial ocean isle.
Tennyson, Experiments in Quantity, Milton.
5. Of great price or money value ; costly ; ex-
pensive ; sumptuous ; magnificent : as, rich jew-
els ; rich gifts.
Forthi I rede sow riche reueles whan se maketh
For to solace goure soules suche ministrales to haue.
Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 442.
The next day they came to the Savoy, the Duke of Lan-
caster's House, which they set on Fire, burning all his
rich Furniture. Baker, Chronicles, p. 138.
Yet some of the Portuguese, fearing the worst, would
every Sight put their richest Goods into a Boat, ready to
take their flight on the first Alarm.
Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 145.
He took me from a goodly house,
With store of rich apparel, sumptuous fare,
And page, and maid, and squire, and seneschal.
Tennyson, Geraint.
6. Of great moral worth; highly esteemed:
invaluable; precious.
As frendes be a rich and iofull possession, so be foes a
continuall torment and canker to the mimic of man.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 46.
Ah ! but those tears are pearl which thy love sheds,
And they are rich, and ransom all ill deeds.
Shak., Sonnets, xxxiv.
A faith once fair
Was richer than these diamonds.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
7. Ample ; copious ; abundant ; plentiful ; lux-
uriant.
In shorte tyine shall oure enmyes be put bakke, and
fayn to take flight, for I se ther my baners that brynge vs
riche socour. Merlin(E. E. T. S.), iii. 400.
Our duty is so rich, so infinite,
That we may do it still without accompt.
Shot., L. L. L., v. 2. 109.
Down on her shoulders falls the brown hair, in rich
liberal clusters.
Thackeray, Fitz-Boodle Papers, Dorothea.
With the flgure sculpture of French architecture is as-
sociated a rich profusion of carved leafage.
C. H. Moore, Gothic Architecture, p. 2(i«.
8. Abounding in desirable or effective qualities
or elements ; of superior quality, composition,
or potency.
The batayle was so stronge,
At many a betyr wownde
The ruche blod out spronsre.
Holy Kood(E. E. T. S.), p. 151.
Bees, tho little almsmen of spring-bowers,
Know there is -richest Juice in poison-flowers.
Kfiii-: Isabella, st. is.
Hence, specifically — 9. Having a pleasing or
otherwise marked effect upon the senses by vir-
tue of the abundance of some characteristic
<|ti;ility. (a) As applied to articles of food, highly sea-
soned, or containing an excess of nutritive, saccharine, or
rich
oily matter ; pleasing to the palate ; or to articles of drink,
highly flavorril. stimulating, or strung : as, rich wiin
cream ; rich cake ; rich gravy ; rich sauce.
That jelly's rich, this malmsey hculiiiL'.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. vi. L'oi.
Who now will bring me a beaker
Of the rich old \\iiH- tlmt here,
In the choked-up vaults of Windeck,
Has lain for many a year?
Bryant, Lady of Castle Windeck.
(6) Pleading to the ear ; full or mellow in tone ; harmoni-
ous; sweet.
Let rich music's tongue
Unfold the imagined happiness that both
Eeceive in either by this dear encounter.
Shak., R. and J., ii. B. 27.
What . . . voice, the rtcAest-toned that sings,
Hath power to give thee as thoit wert?
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Ixxv.
(c) Pleasing to the eye, through strength and beauty of
hue ; pure and strong ; vivid : applied especially to color.
Ther myght oon haue seyn many a riche garnement and
many afressh banere of riche colour wave in the wynde.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 384.
A sudden splendour from behind
Flush'd all the leaves with rich gold-green.
Tennyson, Arabian Sights.
A colour is said to be rich or " pure " when the propor-
tion of white light entering into its composition is small.
Field's Chmnatography, p. 41.
[Rich as applied to colors in zoology has a restricted mean -
ing, which, however, is very difficult to define. A metal-
lic, lustrous, or iridescent color is not rich ; the word is
generally applied to soft and velvety colors which are pure
and distinct, as a rich black, a rich scarlet spot, etc., just
as we speak of rich velvets, but generally of bright or glossy
silks. Vivid is very rich or very distinct.] (d) Pleasing
to the sense of smell; full of fragrance; sweet-scented;
aromatic.
No rich perfumes refresh the fruitful field,
Nor fragrant herbs their native incense yield.
Pope, Winter, 1. 47.
10. Excessive; extravagant; inordinate; out-
rageous; preposterous: commonly applied to
ideas, fancies, fabrications, claims, demands,
pretensions, conceits, jests, tricks, etc. : as, a
rich notion ; a rich idea ; rich impudence ; a
n'eftjoke; a rich hoax. [Colloq.]
"A capital party, only you were wanted. We had Beau-
manoir and Vere, and Jack Tufton and Spraggs. "— " Was
Spraggsrtcft?"— "Wasn't he! I have not done laughing
yet. He told us a story about the little Birou, who was
over here last year. . . . Killing ! Get him to tell it you.
The richest thing you ever heard."
Disraeli, Coningsby, viii. 1.
The rich, the rich man; more frequently, in the plural,
people of wealth.
The rich hath many friends. Prov. xiv. 20.
Vicissitude wheels round the motley crowd,
The rich grow poor, the poor become purse-proud.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 18.
The rich, on going out of the mosque, often give alms to
the poor outside the door.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 107.
[This word is often used in the formation of compounds
which are self-explanatory : as, n'cA-colored, ne/t-fleeced,
ricA-haired, ricA-laden, etc.] = Syn_ 2 and 3. Affluent. — 4.
fertile, etc. (see fruitful), luxuriant, teeming. — 5 and 6.
Splendid, valuable. — 7. Copious, plenteous. — 9, Savory,
delicious.
rich1? (rich), c. [Also sometimes ritcli ; < ME.
richen, rechen, ryclien (= OD. rijken = OHG.
riehan, rilihan, richen, rule, control), < rich1, a.
Cf. rich1, «-.] I. trans. To enrich.
To ritch his country, let his words lyke flowing water fall.
Drant, tr. of Horace. (Nares.)
Rich'd with the pride of nature's excellence.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
Of all these bounds, even from this line to this,
With shadowy forests and with champains rich a.
Shak., Lear, 1. 1. 65.
II. iii trans. To grow rich.
Thei rychen thorw regraterye and rentes hem buggen
With that the pore people shulde put in here wombe.
Piers Plouinan (B), iii. 83.
richH, ffrfc. [< ME. rielie; < riWii, n.] Richly.
Ful riche he was astored prively.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 609.
rich2t, ''• [ME. riclien, ricelieii, a var. of "rec-
chen, < AS. reccaii, stretch, direct, rule : see
retch1, rarf'1.] I. trans. 1. To stretch; pull.
Ector richit his reyne, the Eenke for to mete,
ffor to wreike of his wound, A- the wegh hanne.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 6693.
2. To direct.
5e schal not rise of your bedde, I riich yow better,
I schal happe yow here that other half als,
And sythen karp wyth my knyjt that I kajt haue.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1223.
3. To adjust; set right.
There launchit I to laiind, a litle for ese,
Restid me rifely, ricchit my seliiyn.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1S149.
4. To address: set (one's self to do a thin;,').
(He) riches him radly to ride and remowis his ost.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), flloss., p. 186. (K. Alex ,
(P- 172.)
rich
5. To dress.
When ho watj gon, syr O. gerej hym sone,
Rises, and riches hym in araye noble.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knir/ht (E. E. T. ft.), 1. 1878.
6. To mend; improve.
Then comford he caght In his cole hert,
Thus hengit in hope, and his hele mendit ;
More redy to rest, ricchit his chere.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 9257.
7. To avenge.
Than he purpost plainly with a proude ost
Ffor to send of his sonnes and other sibbe fryndes,
The Grekes for to greve, if horn grace felle ;
To wreke hym of wrathe and his wrong riche.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2059.
II. intrans. To take one's way.
As he herd the howndes, that hasted hym swythe,
Renaud com richchande thurg a rose greue,
And alle the rebel in a res, ryjt at his helej.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1898.
Richardia (ri-char'di-a), n. [NL. (Kunth, 1815),
named from the French botanists L. C. M.
Richard (1754-1821) and his son Achille Rich-
ard (1794-1859).] 1. A genus of monocotyle-
donous plants of the order Aracese, suborder
Philodendroideie, and tribe Richardiete (of the
last the only genus). It comprises perennial stem-
less herbs, with moncecious flowers without perianth, the
two sexes borne close together on the same spadix. The
male flowers bear two or three stamens, the female three
staminodia. The ovoid ovary ripens into a berry of from
two to five cells, each containing one or two anatropons
albuminous seeds. The leaves are sagittate, and the spa-
dix is surrounded with an open white or yellow spathe,
the persistent base of which adheres to the fruit. R.
Africana is the common calla (the Calla ^Sthiopica of
Linnteus), often called calla-lily on account of Its pure-
white spathe. Also called African or Ethiopian lily, and
lily of the Nile, though it is native only in South Africa.
R. albo-maculattt , having the leaves variegated with trans-
lucent white spots, is also cultivated. There are in all 5
species.
2. In entom., a genus of dipterous insects.
Descoidy, 1830.
Richardieae(rich-ar-di'e-e), n.pl. [NL. (Schott,
1856), < Richardia', q. v.,' + -««.] A plant tribe
of the order Araceee, and suborder Philoden-
droidese, formed by the single genus Richardia,
and marked by its leading characters.
Richardsonia (rich-iird-so'ni-a), n. [NL.
(Kunth, 1818), named from Richard Richardson,
an English botanist, who wrote (1699) on horti-
culture.] A genus of gamopetalous plants, be-
longing to the order Rubiacex, the madder fam-
ily, and to the tribe Spermucocese, character-
ized by three to four ovary-cells, as many style-
branches, and a two- to four-celled fruit crowned
with from four to eight calyx-lobes, the summit
finally falling away from the four lobes or nut-
lets which constitute its base, and so discharg-
ing the four oblong and furrowed seeds. There
are 5 or 6 species, natives of warm parts of America. They
are erect or prostrate hairy herbs, with a perennial root
and round stems, bearing opposite nearly or quite sessile
ovate leaves, stipules forming bristly sheaths, and small
white or rose-colored flowers in dense heads or whorls.
R. scabra, with succulent spreading stems and white flow-
ers, has been extensively naturalized from regions further
south in the southern United States, where it is known
as Mexican clover, also as Spanish or Florida clover, water-
parsley, etc. Though often a weed, it appears to be of
some value as a forage-plant, and perhaps of more value
as a green manure. The roots of this species, as also of
several others, are supplied to the market from Brazil as
a substitute for ipecacuanha.
Richardson's bellows. An apparatus for in-
jecting vapors into the middle ear.
Richardson's grouse. See dusky grouse, under
grouse.
richdomt, n. [Early mod. E. rychedome; < ME.
richedom, < AS. ricedom, power, rule, dominion
(= OS. rikidom, ricditom, power, = OFries. rike-
dom = D. rijkdom = MLG. rikedom = OHG.
richiduam, rihtuom, power, riches, MHG. rich-
tuom, G. reichthum = Icel. rikdomr, power,
riches, = Sw. rikedom = Dan. rigdom, riches,
wealth), < rice, rule (in later use taken as if rice,
rich), + dom, jurisdiction : see rich1, a., riche1,
»., and -fZow.] Riches; wealth.
They of Indyen hath one pryuce, and that is pope lohn,
whose myghtynes and rychedome amounteth aboue all
prynces of the world.
fi. Eden, tr. of Amerigo Vespucci (First Books on America,
[ed. Arber, p. xxx).
richeH, a. and adr. See riV-A1.
richeH, ». [ME. ricAe, ryche, rike, < AS. rice,
power, authority, dominion, empire, a king-
dom, realm, diocese, district, nation, = OS.
riki = OFries. rike, rik = D. rijk = MLG. rike
= OHG. richi, rihhi, MHG. riche, G. reich =
Icel. riki = Sw. rike = Dan. rige = Goth. r<-il:i,
power, authority, rule, kingdom; with orig.
formative -ja, from the noun represented only
by Goth, reiks, ruler, king: see rich1. Cf. -ric.]
A kingdom.
5168
Comforte thi careful, Oryst, in thi ryche,
For how thow confortest all creatures clerkes bereth wit-
nesse. Piers Plumnan (B), xiv. 179.
Ibesu Crist con calle to hym hys mylde
A: sayde hys ryche no wys myst wynne,
Bot he com thyder rygt as a chylde.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 721.
riche2, '•. See rii-ii-.
richel-bird (rich'el-berd), it. The least tern,
Xternii iiiiiiiitfi. [Prov. Eng.]
richellest, a. A form of rckrt*.
richellite (rl-shel'it), ». [< Sickelle (see def.)
+ -/te'A] A hydrated fluophosphate of iron
and calcium, occurring in compact masses of
a yellow color. It is found at Richelle, near
Vis6, in Belgium.
richen (rich'n), r. i. [< riV*1 + -c«l.] To be-
come rich; become superior in quality, com-
position, or effectiveness; specifically, to gain
richness of color; become heightened or inten-
sified in brilliancy. [Bare.]
As the afternoon 'wanes, and the skies richen in Inten-
sity, the wide calm stretch of sea becomes a lake of crim-
son fire. W. Black, In Far Lochaber, xxiii.
riches (rich'ez), n. sing, or pi. [Prop. riVAow
(with term, as in largess), the form riches being
erroneously used as a plural; early mod. E.
rirliexse, < ME. richesse, ritchesse, richeise, riches,
ri/t-hcn (pi. i-ii-hesses, ricchessis), < OF. richesse,
also rielieixe, richoine, F. richesse (= Pr. riquesa
= Sp. Pg. riquesa = It. rtcchezza), riches,
wealth; with suffix -«»*e, < riche, rich: seericA1,
n.} 1. The state of being rich, or of having
large possessions in land, goods, money, or
other valuable property; wealth; opulence;
affluence : originally a singular noun, but from
its form now regarded as plural.
In one hour so great rifhes is come to nought.
Eev. xviii. 17.
Jtiches do not consist in having more gold and silver, but
in having more in proportion than . . . our neighbours.
Locke, Consequences of the Lowering of Interest
2. That which makes wealthy ; any valuable
article or property; hence, collectively, wealth;
abundant possessions; material treasures.
[Formerly with a plural richesxeg.]
Coupes of clene gold and coppis of siluer,
Rynges with rubies and ricchesses manye.
J'iers Plowman (B), iii. 23.
Alle the richesses in this world ben in aventure and passen
as a shadowe on the wal. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
In living Princes court none ever knew
Such endlesse richegse, and so sumpteous shew.
Spenter, If. Q., L iv. 7.
I bequeath . . .
My riches to the earth from whence they came.
Shak., Pericles, 1. 1. 52.
Through the bounty of the soile he [Hacarius] acquired
much riches. Sandys, Travailes, p. 13.
The writings of the wise are the only riches our poster-
ity cannot squander.
Landor, Imag. Conv., Milton and Andrew Marvel.
3. That which has a high moral value ; any ob-
ject of high regard or esteem; an intellectual
or spiritual treasure : as, the riches of knowledge.
On her he spent the richet of his wit.
Spenser, Astrophel, 1. 62.
If therefore ye have not been faithful In the unrighteous
mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches'
Luke xvi. 11.
It is not your riches of this world, but your riches of
grace, that shall do your souls good.
Ren. T. Adams, Works, I. 141.
His best companions innocence and health,
And his best riches ignorance of wealth.
Goldsmith, Des. ViL, 1. 62.
4t. The choicest product or representative of
anything; the pearl; the flower; the cream.
For grace hath wold so ferforth him avaunce
That of knighthode he is parflt richegse.
Chaucer, Complaint of Venus, L 12.
5f. An abundance; a wealth: used as a hunting
term, in the form richess or richesse. Strutt.
The foresters . . . talk of ... a richesse of martens to
be chased. The Academy, Feb. 4, 1888, p. 71.
= Syn. 1. Wealth, Affluence, etc. (see opulence), weal thiness,
plenty, abundance.
richesst, richesset, ><• Obsolete forms of riches.
rich-left (rich'left), n. Inheriting great wealth.
[Rare.]
O bill, sore-shaming
Those rich-left heirs that let their fathers lie
Without a monument !
Shale., Cymbeline, iv. 2. 226.
richly (rich'li), adr. [< ME. riclitlicln-. rit-lu-
likc, < AS. riclice (= D. rijkelijk = MLG. rikelik
= OHG. richlifho, rihlichn, MHG. rirhlirhi; ri-
lirlir, G. reiclilich = Icel. rikiili;/ti = Sw. riklig =
Dan. riiji-liii), richly, < rice, rich: see rich1 and
-fy2.] With riches; with wealth or affluence:
Ricinus
sumptuously; amply or abundantly: with un-
usual excellence of qu.-ility: linrly.
She was faire and noble, . . . and richly married tu si-
natus the Tetrarch. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. :;•-?!.
Oh thou, my Muse! guid uuld Si-nU-h drink :
Whether thro' wimplin' worms Hum jink,
Or, richly brown, ream o'er the lirink
In glorious facm.
Burns, Scotch Drink.
Richmond herald. < >n<- of the six heralds of
the English heralds' college : an office created
by Henry VII., in memory of his previous title
of Earl of Richmond.
richness (rich'nes), n. [< ME. ricliuevFc; < rich1
+ -«ewt.] The state or quality of being rich.
The country-girl, willing to give her utmost assistance.
proposed to make an Indian cake, . . . which she could
vouch for as possessing a richness, and, if rightly pre-
pared, u delicacy, unequalled by any other mode of break-
fast-cake. Hawthorne, Seven Qables, vii.
richterite (rich'tcr-It), ». [Named after Dr. R.
Hit-liter, of Saxony.] In mineral., a variety of
amphibole or hornblende, containing a small
percentage of manganese, found in Sweden.
Richter's collyrium. A mixture of rose-water
and white of egg beaten to a froth.
richweed (rich'wed), ». 1. See lione-balm.—
2. Same as clearweed.
ricinelaidic (ris-i-nel-a-id'ik), a. [< ricine-
lnul(iii) + -ic.] Related to elaiidin; derived
from castor-oil — Ricinelaidic acid, an acid derived
from and isomeric with ricinolic acid.
ricinelaidin (ris"in-e-la'i-din), n. [< NL. Bi-
cimis (see Ricinus1) + Gr. e'/aiov, oil. + -if?1 +
-i)(z. ] A fatty substance obtained from castor-
oil by acting on it with nitric acid.
ricinia, «. Plural of riciiiiuni.
Riciniaet (ri-sin'i-e), n. pi. [NL., < L. ridim*.
a tick : see Ricinus1.'] In Latreille's classifica-
tion, a division of mites or acarines, including
such genera of ticks as Ixodes, Argus, etc. The
name indicates the common tick of the dog,
Ixodes rid n w.s-.
ricinium (ri-sin'i-um), n. ; pi. rifiuia (-a). [L.,
cf. ricinus, veiled, < riea, a veil to be thrown over
the head.] A piece of dress among the ancient
Romans, consisting of a mantle, smaller and
shorter than the pallium, and having a cowl or
hood for the head attached to it. It was worn
especially by women, particularly as a morning
garment, and by mimes on the stage.
The ricinium — in the form of a veil, as worn by the Ar-
val Brothers. Encyc. Brit., VI. 457.
ricinoleic (ris-i-no'le-ik), a. [< NL. Ridmm
(see Ridntis1) + L. oleum, oil, + -ic.] Same
as ricinolic.
It [porging-nut oil] is a violent purgative, and contains,
like castor oil, ricinoleic acid. Encyc. Brit.. XVII. 746.
ricinolein (ris-i-no'le-in), w. [< NL. Ricinus .
(see Ricinus1) + li.'ole(tim), oil, + -i'»2.] In
chem., a fatty substance obtained from castor-
oil, of which it is the chief constituent. It is
a glyceride of ricinolic acid.
ricinolic (ris-i-nol'ik), a. [< NL. Ricinus (see
Ricinus1) + L. o?(eM»i), oil, + -ic.] In chem.,
pertaining to or obtained from castor-oil. Also
ricinoleic.— Ricinolic acid. C18Ha4Og, an acid obtained
from castor-oil, in which it exists in combination with gly-
cerin. It is an oily, colorless liquid.
Ricinula (ri-sin'u-la), n. [NL. (Lamarck, 1812),
so called from a supposed
resemblance to the cas-
tor-oil bean; dim. of L.
riciw us, the castor-oil
plant: see Ricinus1.'] In
conch., a genus of gastro-
pods of the family Muri-
cidee, inhabiting the In-
dian and Pacific oceans.
Also called Pentadactylits
and Sixtrum.
Ricinus1 (ris'i-nus), n. [NL. (Tournefort, 1700),
< L. ricinus, a plant, also called cid and crotmi ;
perhaps orig. an error for "eicimis, < Gr. Kimvof,
of the castor-oil plant (K'IKIVOV i/aiov, castor-oil),
< aim (">lj. cid), the castor-oil plant.] A genns
of apetalous plants of the order Eitjiliin-binccir.
tribe Crtitonese, and subtribe Acali/jihcir. it is
characterized by monoecious flowers, the calyx in the stami-
nate floweis closed in the bud, in the pistillate sheath-like
and cleft and very caducous ; by verynumerons(sometimes
1,000) stamens, with their crowded filaments repeatedly
branched, each branch bearing two separate and roundish
anther-cells ; and by a three-celled ovary with two-cleft
plumose styles, ripening into a capsule with three twn-
valved cells, each containing one smooth ovoid hard-cru&t-
ed seed with fleshy albumen and two broad and flat cotyle-
dons. The only species, /i1. cfiminuuix, the well-known cas-
tor-oil plant, is a native probably of Africa, often natural-
ized In warm climates, and possibly indigenous In America
and Asia. It is a tall annual herb, smooth and often glau-
RuiHltlti arathnoirtts.
Ricinus
cous, becoming arborescent in warm regions, ami bearing
large alternate leaves palmately lobeil and peltate. The
conspicuous terminal inflorescence is composed of some-
what punicled racemes, the upper part of each formed of
crowded staminate flowers, the lower part of pistillate
flowers, each sliort-pedicelled. The plant is very variable
in its capsules, which are either smooth or prickly, and in
the seeds, which are often mottled with gray and brown
markings, and appendaged with a large whitish caruncle.
The castor-nil plant is uot only of medicinal value, as the
source of a mild and speedy cathartic, but is one of the
most imposing of ornamental plants, and thrives as an
annual in temperate climates. It has several garden va-
rieties. Also called cantor-bean and palma Christi. See
castor-oil; also arittode and caruncle.
Ricinus'-'
5169
nate mass: us, the man is u nV/,7c of bones.
[Scotch.]
The proud Percy caused hang five of the Laird's hench-
men at Alnwick fur burning a ricMe of houses some gate
beyond Fowberry. ScoU, Monastery, xiii.
rick-rack (rik'rak), u. [A varied redupl. of
»•«<*!.] A kind of openwork trimming made
by hand, with needle and thread, out of a nar-
row zigzag braid.
The young hostess sat placidly making rick-rack on the
. porch at the side of the house.
The Christian Union, Aug. 11, 1887.
"/•"Ta^Vr in"™ i-nm ]iru'i>rp • porn-'ripk' ber or iron, or sometimes wholly or partly of ma-
i&^&KSiStS.'S^jg^^-fSBS^SaSi
ricks of hay or corn. [Rare in U. S.]
ricochet (rik-o-sha' or -shet'), «• [< OF. rico-
chet; cf. F. ricoclier, ricochet, make ducks and
ISSEtwasar— ' SSsaifiasSJfcisys
Sylvester, tr. of l)u B;\rtas's Weeks, ii., The Magnificence, which it is passing, as in the case ot a stone
When the wild peasant rights himself, Ihe rick thrown along the surface of water — Ricochet
Flames, and his anger reddens in the heavens. battery. See battery. — Ricochet fire, ricochet firing.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
=Syn. Shock, etc. See sheaf.
rick1 (rik), v. t. [< rick1, ».] To pile up in ricks.
rick" (rik), r. See wrick-.
ricker (rik'6r), n. [< r/efci, v., + -er1.] An im-
plement, drawn by a horse or mule, for cocking
up or shocking hay. It has long teeth, and operates
like an earth-scraper while collecting the hay ; and inclin-
ing the handle upward causes the ricker to turn over and
discharge its load where a shock is to be formed. Also
called shocker. More properly called hay-ricker.
rickers (rik'erz), n. pi. [Perhaps so called as
riddance
Specifically — (a) To part from ; dispose of ; spend.
Hee [any handicraft manj will haue a thousand florishes.
which before hee neuer thought vpon, and in one day rid
more out of hand than erst he did in ten.
Nashe, Pierce Penilesse, p. 28.
(V) To get through or over ; accomplish ; achieve ; despatch.
As they are woont to say, not to stand all day trifling to
no purpose, but to rid it out of the way quickly.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 195.
We, having now the best at liarnet field,
Will thither straight, for willingness rids way.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 8. 21.
The Printer in one day shall rid
More Books then yerst a thousand Writers did.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Columnes.
(c) To put out of the way ; destroy ; kill.
I rid her not: I made her not away,
By heaven I swear ! traitors
They are to Edward and to England's Queen
That say I made away the Mayoress.
Peele, Edward I.
But if you ever chance to have a child,
Look in his youth to have him so cut or!
A», deathsmen, you have rid this sweet young prince !
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 5. 67.
Such mercy in thy heart was found,
To rid a lingering wretch.
beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, ii. 1.
5+. To part; put asunder; separate.
We ar in this valay, verayly oure one,
Here are no renkes vs to rydde, rele as vus like*.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2246.
To rid house to remove all the furniture from a house.
HaUiweU. [Prov. Eng.]
' Free; clear; quit;
bound by touching the earth or the surface of . .
water and glancing off, as a cannon-ball. rid1 (rid), p. a. [< rid1, v.)
The round-shot, which seemed to pitch into the centre relieved : followed by Of.
of a squadron of the Carabineers, ricochetted through the
fields? W. H. Russell, Diary iu India, II. 4.
The pioneer sunbeam . . . flashed into Richard Wade's
eyes, waked him, and was off, ricochetting across the black
ice of the river. T. Winthrop, Love and Skates.
^erinmakingabaseorpropsforricks; < rfcfci, ncolite^ko. ;Ht), n. JX Ww.inNewMw ico.
n., + -er1.] The stems or trunks of young trees
cut up into lengths for stowing flax, hemp, and
the like, or for spars for boat-masts and -yards,
boat-hook staves, etc. [Eng.]
+ Gr. /U0of, stone.] A stratified ornamental
stone, made up of successive layers of white
limestone and olive and snuff -green serpentine,
found in New Mexico.
Surely he was a wicked man ; the realm was well rid 0}
him. ' Latimer, 4th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
I would we were well rid of this knavery.
Shak., T. N., iv. 2. 73.
The townesmen remaining presently fraughted our
Barge to be rid of our companies.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 219.
Thence I rode all-shamed, hating the life
He gave me, meaning to be rid of it.
Tennyson, Geralut.
To get rid Of. See get.
Like ricket-bodies. upwards over-grown,
Which is no wholsome constitution.
Wilson, James I. (1653). (Nares.)
open the mouth wide, gape, grin (> It. ringhi-
are, grin, frown): see ringent.~\ A gaping.
Bailey.
Favorite grounds where the trout make their rids.
Report, of the Maine Fisheries Commission, 1875, p. 12.
rida (re'da), n. That part of the ihram, or Mos-
ricketily (rik'et-i-li), adv. In a rickety man- rictus (rik'tus), n.\ pi. rictus. [< L. rictus, a iem pilgrim's 'dress, which is thrown over the
ner; feebly; shakily; unsteadily. gaping, distention of the jaws of animals, < left shoulder and knotted at 1
At least this one among all her institutions she has suc-
ceeded in setting, however ricketily, on its legs again.
R. Broughton, Second Thoughts, iii. 4.
ricketiness (rik'et-i-nes), n. The state or char-
acter of being rickety ; hence, in general, shaki-
ness; unsteadiness.
ricketish (rik'et-ish), a. [< ricJcet(s) + -to*1.]
Having a tendency to rickets; rickety. [Rare.]
Surely there is some other cure for a ricketish body than
to kill it. Fuller, Worthies, xi.
ricketlyt (rik'et-li), a. [< ricket(s) + -fy1.]
Rickety; shaky; weak.
No wonder if the whole constitution of Religion grow
weak, ricketly, and consumptuous.
Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 262. (Dames.)
rickets (rik'ets), n. [Prop. *wrickets, < wrick,
twist, + -et-s: The NL. term rachitis is of Gr.
formation, but was suggested by the E. word:
see rachitis.'] A disease, technically called
rachitis. See rachitis, I.
The new disease.— There is a disease of infants, and an
infant-disease, having scarcely as yet got a proper name
in Latin, called the rickets; wherein the head waxeth too
great, whilst the legs and lower parts wain too little.
Fuller, Meditation on the Times (1647), xx. 163, quoted in
[Notes and Queries, 6th ser., II. 219.
rickety (rik'et-i), a. [< rictet(s) + -y1.] 1.
Affected with rickets.
But in a young Animal, when the Solids are too Lax (the
Case of rickety Children), the Diet ought to be gently As-
tringent. Arbuthnot, Aliments, II. vii. § 5.
2. Feeble in the joints ; tottering ; infirm; hence,
in general, shaky ; liable to fall or collapse, as a
table, chair, bridge, etc. ; figuratively, ill-sus-
tained; weak.
Crude and rickety notions, enfeebled by restraint, when
permitted to be drawn out and examined, may ... at
length acquire health and proportion.
Warburton, Works, I. 145.
rickle (rik'l), n. [< rick1 + dim. -le (-el).] 1.
A heap or pile, as of stones or peats, loosely
thrown together; specifically, a small rick of
hay or grain. [Scotch or prov. Eng.]
May Boreas never thrash your rigs,
Nor kick your ricklen arf their legs.
Burns, Third Epistle to J. Lapraik.
2. A quantity of anything loosely and care-
lessly put together: a loose or iniliscrimi-
gapmg,
ringi, pp. rictus, gape: see rmgeiit.]
«('«)., the gape of the bill; the cleft between the
upper and the lower mandible when the mouth
is open. — 2. In bot., the throat, as of a calyx,
corolla, etc.; the opening between the lips of a
ringent or personate flower. [Rare.]
rid1 (rid), r. t. ; pret. and pp. rid, formerly also
ridded, ppr. ridding. [Also dial, (and orig.) red;
< ME. ridden, rydden, redden (pret. redde, pp.
red), < AS. hreddnn, take away, save, liberate,
deliver, = OFries. liredda, reda = D. MLG. LG.
redden = OHG. rettan, retten, MHG. G. retten
= Norw. rxdda = Sw. radda = Dan. redde, save,
rescue, forms not found in Icel. or Goth, (the
Scand. forms are modern, < LG. or E. ) ; perhaps
= Skt.Vfratli, loosen.] It. To take away; re-
move, as from a position of trouble or danger;
deliver.
Why thow has redyne and raymede, and raunsound the
And kylly'de doune his cosyns, kyngys ennoynttyde.
MorteArthure(E. E. T. S.), 1. 100.
Take you your keen bright sword,
And rid me out of my life.
The Weft-Country Damosel's Complaint (Child's Ballads,
[II. 384).
We thought it safer to rid ourselves out of their hands
and the trouble we were brought into, and therefore we
patiently layd down the mony.
Evelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.
2. To separate or free from anything superflu-
ous or objectionable ; disencumber; clear.
Thi fader in fuerse with his fre will
Rid me this Rewme out of ronke Enmys.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5348.
I must
Kid all the sea of pirates.
Shak., A. and C., ii. 0. SO.
That is a light Burthen which rids one of a far harder.
StiUingfleet, Sermons, III. iii.
3f. To send or drive away ; expel ; banish.
I will rid evil beasts out of the land. Lev. xxvi. 6.
And, once before deceiv'd, she newly cast about
To rid him out of sight. Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 295.
4|. To clear away; disencumber or clear one's
self of; get rid of.
But if I my cage can rid,
I'll fly where I never did.
Wither, The Shepherd's Hunting.
the right side.
1. In or- ridable, rideable (ri'da-bl), a. [< ride + -able.]
1. Capable of being ridden, as a saddle-horse.
I rode everything rideable.
M. W. Savage, Reuben Medlicott, ii. 3. (Dames.)
2. Passable on horseback; capable of being
ridden through or over: as, a ridable stream
or bridge.
For at this very time there was a man that used to trade
to Hartlepool weekly, and who had many years known
when the water was rideable, and yet he ventured in as I
did, and he and his horse were both drowned at the very
time when I lay sick. Lister, Autobiog., p. 45. (Hallimll.)
riddance (rid'ans), «. [< n'rf1 + -ance.~\ 1.
The act of ridding or getting rid, as of some-
thing superfluous, objectionable, or injurious ;
the state of being thus relieved ; deliverance ;
specifically, the act of clearing or cleaning out.
Some [things] which ought not to be desired, as the de-
liverance from sudden death, riddance from all adversity,
and the extent of saving mercy towards all men.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 27.
Thou shall not make clean riddance of the corners of
thy field when thou reapest, neither shall thou gather any
gleaning of thy harvest ; thou shall leave them unto the
poor.
Lev. xxiii. 22.
They have agreat care to keep them [the Streets] clean ;
in Winter, for Example, upon the melting of the Ice, by a
heavy drag with a Horse, which makes a quick riddance
and cleaning the Gutters. Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 24.
2. The act of putting out of the way ; specifi-
cally, destruction.
The whole land shall be devoured by the flic of his jeal-
ousy ; for he shall make even a speedy riddance of all them
that dwell in the land. Zeph. I. 18.
Those blossoms also, and those dropping gums,
That lie bestrown, unsightly and unsmooth,
Ask riddance, if we mean to tread with ease.
Milton, P. L., Iv. 632.
3. The earth thrown out by an animal, as a fox,
badger, or woodchuck, in burrowing into the
ground.— A good riddance, a welcome relief from un
pleasant company or an embarrassing connection or com-
plication ; hence, something of which one is glad to be quit.
Thtr. I will see yon hanged, like clotpoles, ere I come
any more to your tents. . . . [Exit.]
Pair. A good riddance. Shak., T. and C., ii. 1. 132.
What o good riddance for Ainslie ! Xow the weight is
taken off, it is just possible he may get a fresh start, and
make a race of it after all.
Whyte MeMllt, White Rose, I. xxvii.
riddance
Riddance salts. Sec the quotation.
A group of salts chiefly magnesic and potassic, and for-
merly called riddance gaits (Anraumsal/e), because they
were at first without industrial application, and were
merely extracted to reach the rock-salt below.
Ure, Diet., III. 593.
riddelt, «• See riddle*.
ridden (rid'n). Past participle of ride.
ridder1 (rid'er), n. [< ME. ridder, rydder, <
AS. hridder, orig. h ridder = OHG. ritera, MHG.
ritere, riter, G. reiter, a sieve, = L. cribrum for
"erithrum, a sieve, = Ir. criathar, creathair =
5170
form of river-weir. — 4. In u-irc-trorfrhir/. a flat
board set with iron pins sloped in opposite di-
rections. It is used to straighten wire, which
is drawn in a zigzag course between the pins.
E. Jf. Kniglit.—A, riddle of claret. See the quotation.
A riddle of claret is thirteen bottles, a magnum and
twelve quarts. The name comes from the fact that the
wine is brought in on a literal riddle— the magnum In the
center surrounded by the quarts. A riddle of claret thus
displayed duly appeared recently at the Edinburgh arrow
dinner of the Royal Company of Archers.
X. and Q., 7th ser., VIII. 13.
tura, a sifting, etc., Gr. -^ npi, in Kpivetv, sepa-
rate: see concern, critic, etc. The G. rader,
rddel, a sieve, is of diff. origin, < MHG. reden,
OHG. redan, sift.] A sieve : now usually rid-
dle. [Prov. Eng.]
ridder1 (rid'er), v. t. [< ME. riddren, < AS. Tiri-
drian (= OHG. hritaron, riteron, MHG. riteren,
ritern, G. reitern), sift, winnow, < hridder, a
sieve: see ridder1,^} To sift ; riddle. Wyclif,
Luke xxii. 31.
ridder2 (rid'er), n. [= D. redder = G. retter,
saver, savior; as rid1 + -er1.} One who or that
which rids, frees, or relieves.
riddle1 (rid'l), n. [< ME. ridil, rydyl, redel (pi.
redeles), earlier rydels, redels, rtedels (pi. ne-
),< AS._rsedels (pi. rtedelsas), m., ri
redelse (pi. reedelsan), f., counsel, consideration,
debate, conjecture, interpretation, imagina-
tion, an enigma, riddle (= D. raadscl = MLG.
radelse, LG. redelse, radeUc = OHG. "rdtisal,
MHG. rdtsal, raetsel, G. ra'tsel, ratlisel, a riddle),
< rsedan, counsel, consider, interpret, read: see
read1.} 1. A proposition so framed as to exer-
cise one's ingenuity in discovering its mean-
ing; an ambiguous, complex, or puzzling ques- -j.iJi_3,
tion offered for solution; an enigma; a dark K * *• '
dle%, «.] I. tram. 1. To sift through a rid-
dle or sieve: as, to riddle sand. — 2. To sift
by means of a coarse-netted dredge, as young
oysters on a bed. — 3. To reduce in quantity
as if by sifting; condense.
For general use the book . . . wants riddling down into
a single volume or a large essay.
Athenxum, No. 3207, p. 467.
4. To fill with holes ; especially, to perforate
with shot so as to make like a riddle ; nence, to
puncture or pierce all over as if with shot;
penetrate.
His moral feelings . . . were regularly fusilladed by the
Major . . . and riddled through and through. Dickens.
II. intrans. 1. To use a riddle or sieve; pass
anything through a riddle.
Robin Goodfellow, he that sweeps the hearth and the
house clean, riddles for the country maids, and does all
their other drudgery. B. Jonton, Love Restored.
2. To fall in drops or fine streams, as through
a riddle or sieve.
The rsyn rueled adoun, ridlande thikke,
Of felle ftaunkes of fyr and flakes of soufre.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), II. 963.
saying.
"What?" quod Clergye to Conscience, "ar 30 coueitouse
nouthe
After seresjyues or jiftes, orsernen to rede redeles?"
Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 184.
We dissemble againe vnder couert and darke speaches,
when we speake by way of riddle (Enigma), of which the
sence can hardly be picked out but by the parties owne
assoile. Pttttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 157.
Life presented itself to him like the Sphinx with its
perpetual riddle of the real and the ideal.
Longfellow, Kavanagh, i.
2. Anything abstruse, intricate, paradoxical, or
puzzling ; a puzzle.
I would not yet be pointed at, as he Is,
For the tine courtier, the woman's man,
That tells my lady stories, dissolves riddles.
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, i. 2.
3. A person who manifests ambiguities or con-
tradictions of character or conduct.
iuuic-1, '•. IN a^j. riddel, ridel, redel, rudel, <
OF. ridel, F. rideau (ML. ridellus), a curtain,
orig. a plaited stuff, < rider, wrinkle, plait, <
MHG. riden, wrinkle, = E. writhe : see writhe.}
A curtain; a bed-curtain; in a church, one of
the pair of curtains inclosing an altar on the
nortn and south, often hung from rods driven
into the wall.
That was a mervelle thynge
To se the riddels hynge
With many red golde rynge
That thame up bare.
MS. Lincoln A. L 17, f. 186. (BattiweU.)
Kudeleg rennande on ropes, red golde ryngej.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. 8.), L 867.
Item ij ridelles of the same suyte, wt aungell.
Inventory of St. Peter Cheap (Cheapside), 1431, in Jour.
[Brit. Archffiol. Ass., XXIV.
5. ridlen; appar. <
, a plaited stuff.
She could love none but only such
As scorned and hated her as much.
Twas a strange riddle of a lady.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. iii. 337.
Great lord of all things, yet a prey to all ;
Sole judge of truth, In endless error hurled :
The glory, jest, and riddle of the world !
Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 18.
Riddle canon. Same as enigmatical canon (which see, riddle-like (rid'1-lik), a.
under canonix matieal ; paradoxical.
riddle1 (rid'l), v. ; pret. and pp. riddled, ppr.
riddling. [= G. rdthseln, ra'tseln; from the
noun: see riddle1, n.} I. trans. 1. Toexplain;
interpret; solve; unriddle.
c. t.
n., in its orig.
die1.} To plait.
Lord, it was ridled f etysly !
Ther nas not a poynt trewely
That it nas in his right assise.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1235.
Riddleberger Act. See act.
riddle-cake (rid'1-kak), n. A thick sour oaten
cake. Halliwell.
Like a riddle ; enig-
0, then, give pity
To her, whose state is such that cannot choose
But lend and give where she is sure to lose ;
That seeks not to find that her search implies,
But riddle-like lives sweetly where she dies !
Shak., All's Well, i. 3. 223.
Riddle me this, and guess him if you can :
Who bears a nation in a single man 1 riildlomoroo iVirl"l mn rS'\
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, iii. 136. r . A'me>- ' b. «•
2. To understand; make out.
What, do you riddle me ? Is she contracted?
And can I by your counsell attain e my wishes?
Carlell, Deserving Favorite (1629). (Nares.)
3. To puzzle; perplex.
I think it will riddle him or he gets his horse over the
Border again. Scott, Rob Roy, rviii.
II. intrans. To speak in riddles, ambiguous-
ly, or enigmatically.
Lys. Lying so, Hermia, I do not lie.
Her. Lysander riddles very prettily.
Shale., M. N. D., U. 2. 53.
riddle2 (rid'l), n. [< ME. "riddel, ryddel, rydel,
ridil, rydyl, for earlier ridder: see ridder1.} 1.
A sieve, especially a coarse one for sand, grain,
and the like.
So this young gentleman, who had scarcely done a day's
work in his life, made his way to the modern El Dorado
;?,,c,°?k!.and digl an<1 wield a Pickaxe, and shake a riddle
till his back ached. Whyte Melville, White Rose, I. xxx.
2. In founding, a sieve with half-inch mesh,
old floor-sand. — 3. In hydraul. engin., a
[A fanciful
word, based on riddle, as if riddle my riddle, ex-
plain my enigma.] Same as rigmarole.
This style, I apprehend, Sir, is what the learned Scrib-
lerus calls rigmarol in logic —Riddlemeree among School
boys. Junius, tetters (ed. Woodfall), II. 316.
riddler1 (rid'ler), n. [< riddle1 + -er1.'] One
who speaks in riddles or enigmatically.
Each songster, riddler, every nameless name,
All crowd, who foremost shall be damn'd to fame.
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 157.
riddler2 (rid'ler), n. [< riddle* + -er1.} One
who works with a riddle or sieve.
'ling), p. a. [Ppr. of riddle1, v.}
in riddles or ambiguously.
This is a riddling merchant for the nonce ;
He will be here, and yet he is not here :
How can these contrarieties agree?
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 3. 57.
2. Having the form or character of a riddle;
enigmatical; puzzling.
F.very man is under that complicated disease, and that
Donne, Sermons, v.
ride
He laugh'd as Is his wont, and answer'd im
In riddling triplets of old time.
Tenni/xiiu, Cumins; "f Arthur.
3. Divining; Interpreting; guessing.
Much she muz'd. yet could not construe it
By any ridling skill, or commune wit.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 54.
riddlingly (rid'ling-li), tidi-. In the manner of
a riddle; enigmatically; mysteriously.
Though, like the pestilence and old fashion'd love,
Riddlingly it catch men. Donne, Satires, ii.
riddlings (rid'liugz), «. pi. [Pi. of riddin,,/.
verbal n. of riddle2, v.} Ttie coarser part of
anything, as grain or ashes, which is left in the
riddle after sifting; sif tings; screenings.
She . . . pointed to the great bock of wash, and rid-
dlings, and brown hulkage (for we ground our own com
always). B. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, xxxu.
ride (rid), i>. ; pret. rode (formerly also rid), pp.
ridden (formerly also rid), ppr. riding. [< ME.
riden (pret. rod, rood, earlier rod, pi. riden, re-
den, pp. riden), < AS. ridan (pret. rdd, pi. ridon,
pp. riden), ride on horseback, move forward (as
a ship or a cloud), rock (as a ship at anchor),
swing (as one hung on a gallows), = OFries. rtrfa
= D. rijden, ride on horseback or in a vehicle,
slide, as on skates, = MLG. LG. riden = OHG.
ritan, move forward, proceed, ride on horse-
back or in a vehicle, MHG. riten, G. reiten, ride,
= Icel. ritha = Sw. rida = Dan. ride, ride;
orig. prob. simply 'go,' 'travel' (as in the de-
rived nounroarf, in the general sense 'a way');
cf. Olr. riad, ride, move, riadami, I ride, Gaul-
ish reda (> L. rheda, reda, rseda), a wagon.
Hence ult. road1, raid, bed-ridden.} I. intrans.
1. To be carried on the back of a horse, ass,
mule, camel, elephant, or other animal; spe-
cifically, to sit on and manage a horse in mo-
tion.
Beves an hakanai bestrit,
And in his wei forth a n't.
Beves of Hamtmm, p. 51. (Halliwell.)
And yet was he, whereso men wente or riden,
Founde on the beste. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 473.
And lastly came cold February, sitting
In an old wagon, for he could not ride.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vli. 43.
Brutus and Cassius
Are rid like madmen through the gates of Rome.
Shak., J. C., lit 2. 274.
2. To be borne along in a vehicle, or in or on
any kind of conveyance ; be carried in or on a
wagon, coach, car, balloon, ship, palanquin, bi-
cycle, or the like ; hence, in general, to travel
or make progress by means of any supporting
and moving agency.
So on a day, hys fadur and hee
Redyn yn a schyppe yn the see.
MS. Cantab. Ft. ii. 38. f. 144. (HalliweU.)
WiseCambina, . . .
Unto her Coch remounting, home did ride.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iii. 51.
Be 't to fly,
To swim, to dive into the flre, to ride
On the curl'd clouds, to thy strong bidding task
Ariel and all his quality. Shak., Tempest, I. 2. 191.
3. To be borne in or on a fluid ; float ; specifi-
cally, to lie at anchor.
Thanks to Heaven's goodness, no man lost !
The ship rides fair, too, and her leaks in good plight.
Fletcher (and another), Sea Voyage, L 3.
This we found to be an He, where we rid that night.
Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 224.
They shall be sent in the Ship Lion, which rides here at
Malamocco. Howell, Letters, I. i. 26.
I walk unseen . . .
To behold the wandering moon
Riding near her highest noon.
Maton, II Penseroso, 1. 68.
4. To move on or about something.
Strong as the axletree
On which heaven rides.
5Ao*.,T. andC., i. 3. 67.
5. To be mounted and borne along; hence, to
move triumphantly or proudly.
Disdain and scorn ride sparkling in her eyes.
Shak., Much Ado, iii. 1. 51.
6t. To be carted, as a convicted bawd.
Ill hang you both, you rascals !
I can but ride. Massinger, City Madam, iii. 1.
7. To have free play; have the upper hand;
domineer.
A brother noble,
... on whose foolish honesty
My practices ride easy ! Shak., Lear, i. 2. 198.
8. To lap or lie over: said especially of a rope
when the part on which the strain is brought
lies over and jams the other parts. HtiiHentli/.
Care must be taken not to raise the headle, or headles,
too high, or too much strain will be thrown upon the raised
threads, and the result will be that the weft threads will
ride
overlap or ride over each other, and the evil eflect will be
nliM-i TriMr mi both surfaces of the cloth.
A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 414.
9. To servo as a means of travel; be in con-
dition to support si rider or traveler: as, that
horse ritli-x \vi-ll under the saddle.
Honest man, will the water ride?
Jock o' the Side (Child's Ballads, VI. 86).
10. In snrg., said of the ends of a fractured
bone when they overlap each other.
When a fracture is oblique there will probably be some
shortening of the limb from the drawing np of the lower
portion of the lirnl), or ruling, as it is called, of one end
over the other. llryant, Surgery (3d Amer. ed.), p. 817.
11. To climb up or rise, as an ill-fitting coat
tends to do at the shoulders and the back of
the neck Riding committee. See committee.— Rid-
ing interests, in Scots lau>, interests saddled or depen-
dent upon other interests : thus, when any of the claimants
in an action of multiplepoiuding, or in a process of ranking
and sale, have creditors, these creditors may claim to be
ranked on the fund set aside for their debtor ; and such
claims are called riding interest*. — The devil rides on
a fiddlestick. See devil.— To ride and tie, to ride and
go on foot alternately : said of two persons. See the first
quotation.
Mr. Adams discharged the bill, and they were both set-
ting out, having agreed to ride and tie : & method of trav-
elling much used by persons who have but one horse be-
tween them, and is thus performed. The two travellers set
out together, one on horseback, the other on foot. How
as it generally happens that he on horseback outgoes him
on foot, the custom is that when he arrives at the distance
agreed on, he is to dismount, tie his horse to some gate,
tree, post, or other thing, and then proceed on foot, when
the other comes up to the horse, unties him, mounts, and
gallops on; till, having passed by his fellow-traveller, he
likewise arrives at the place of tying.
Fielding, Joseph Andrews, ii. 2. (Dames.)
Both of them [Garrick and Johnson] used to talk pleas-
antly of this their first journey to London. Garrick, evi-
dently meaning to embellish a little, said one day In my
hearing, " We rode and tied."
Bosicell, Johnson, I. v. (1737), note.
To ride a portlastt (naut.), to lie at anchor with the lower
yards lowered to the rail : an old use.— To ride at anchor
(naut.). See anchor.
After this Thomas Duke of Clarence, the King's second
Son, and the Earl of Kent, with competent Forces, entred
the Haven of Sluice, where they burnt four Ships riding at
Anchor. Baker, Chronicles, p. 162.
To ride at the ring. See ringi.— To ride bodkin. See
bodkini. — To ride easy (naut.), said of a ship when she
does not pitch, or strain her cables. — To ride hard, said
of a ship when she pitches violently, so as to strain her
cables and masts. —To ride in the marrow-bone coach,
to go on foot. [Slang.]— TO ride out*, to go upon a mill
tary expedition ; enter military service.
From the tyme that he first bigan
To riden out, he lovede chyvalrie.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 45.
To ride Over, to domineer over as if trampling upon ; over-
ride or overpower triumphantly, insolently, or roughly.
Thou hast caused men to ride over our heads.
Pe. Ixvi. 12.
Let thy dauntless mind
Still ride in triumph over all mischance.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iiL 3. 18.
To ride roughshod, to pursue a violent, stubborn, or
selfish course, regardless of consequences or of the pain
or distress that may be caused to others.
Henry [VIII.], in his later proceedings, rode roughshod
over the constitution of the Church.
Nineteenth Centura, XXVI. 894.
The Chamber had again been riding roughshod over His
Majesty's schemes of army reform.
Lowe, Bismarck, I. 288.
To ride rusty. See rmtn^.—to ride to hounds, to take
part in a fox-hunt ; specifically, to ride close behind the
hounds in fox-hunting.
He not only went straight as a die, but rode to hounds
instead of over them. Lawrence, Guy Livingstone, iii.
To ride upon a cowlstafft. See coidstaf. =Syn. 1 and
2. The effort has been made, in both England and America,
to confine ride to progression on horseback, and to use
drive for progression in a vehicle, but it has not been alto-
gether successful, being checked by the counter-tendency
to use drive only where the person in question holds the
reins or where the kind of motion is emphasized.
We have seen that Shakespeare, and Milton, and the
translators of the Bible, use drive in connection with char-
iot when they wish to express the urging it along ; but,
when they wish to say that a man is borne up and onward
in a chariot, they use ride.
R. O. White, Words and Their Uses, p. .193.
The practice of standard authors is exhibited in a lib-
eral list of citations, and proves the imputed Americanism
to ride (instead of to drive) in a carriage to be "Queen's
English," although there remains a nice distinction — not
a national one — established by good usage, between rid-
intj in a carriage and driving in a carriage.
Amer. Jour. PhOol., IX. 498.
II. trimn. 1. To sit on and drive; be car-
ried along on and by: used specifically of a
horse.
Neither shall he that rideth the horse deliver himself.
Amos ii. 15.
He tlash'd across me — mad,
And maddening what he rode.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
5171
Not Infrequently the boys will ride a log down the cur-
rent as fearlessly, and with as little danger of upsetting
into the water, as an old and well-practiced river-driver.
St. Nicholas, XVII. 584.
2. To be carried or travel on, through, or over.
Others . . . ride the air
In whirlwind. Milton, 1'. L., it 540.
The rising waves . . .
Thunder and flash upon the stcdfast shores,
Till he that rides the whirlwind checks the rein.
Cooper, Retirement, 1. 535.
This boat-shaped roof, which is extremely graceful and
is repeated in another apartment, would suggest that the
imagination of Jacques Coeur was fond of riding the waves.
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 85.
3. To do, make, or execute by riding: as, to
ride a race; to ride an errand.
Right here seith the frensch booke that, whan the
kynge Arthur was departed fro Bredigan, he and the
kynge Ban of Benoyk, and the kynge boors of Cannes,
his brother, that thei rode so her iournes till the! com to
Tarsaide. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 202.
And we can neither hunt nor ride
A foray on the Scottish side.
Scott, Marmion, i. 22.
4. To hurry over; gallop through.
He hath rid his prologue like a rough colt ; he knows
not the stop. Shak., M. N. D., v. 1. 119.
5. To control and manage, especially with
harshness or arrogance ; domineer or tyrannize
over: especially in the past participle ridden, in
composition, as in priest-ridden.
He that suffers himself to be ridden, or through pusil-
lanimity or sottishnesswill let every man baffle him,*shall
be a common laughing stock.
Burton, Auat. of Mel., p. 384.
And yet this man [Ambrose], such ag we hear he was,
would have the Emperor ride other people, that himself
might ride him, which is a common trick of almost all
ecclesiastics. MUton, Ans. to Salmasius, iii.
But as for them [scorners], they knew better things than
to fall in with the herd, and to give themselves np to be
ridden by the tribe of Levi. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. v.
What chance was there of reason being heard in a land
that was king-ridden, priest-ndden, peer-ridden /
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, iv.
6. To carry; transport. [Local, U. S.]
The custom-house license Nos. of the carts authorized
to ride the merchandise.
Laws and Regulations of Customs Inspectors, etc. , p. 48.
Riding the fair, the ceremony of proclaiming a fair, per-
formed by the steward of a court-baron, who rode through
the town attended by the tenants.— Riding the marches.
See march* . — To ride a hobby, to pursue a favorite the-
ory, notion, or habit on every possible occasion. See hobbyl .
It may look like riding a hobby to death, but I cannot
help suspecting a wooden origin for it [Raj Rani temple].
J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 425.
He must of course be naturally of a rather attitudiniz-
ing turn, fond of brooding and spouting and riding a
theological hobby. N. A. Rev., CXX. 189.
To ride circuit or the circuit. See circuit.— to ride
down, to overthrow, trample on, or drive over in riding ;
hence, to treat with extreme roughness or insolence.
We hunt them for the beauty of their skins ;
They love us for it, and we ride them down.
Tennyson, Princess, v.
To ride down a sail, to stretch the head of a sail by
bearing down on the middle.— To ride down a stay or
backstay (naut.), to come down on the stay for the pur-
pose of tarring it. — To ride out, to keep afloat during, as
a gale ; withstand the fury of, as a storm : said of a vessel
or of her crew.
He bears
A tempest, which his mortal vessel tears,
And yet he rides it out. Shak. , Pericles, iv. 4. 31.
The fleet rode out the storm in safety.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., IL 8.
To ride shanks' mare, to walk. [Colloq.j— To ride
the brooset. See brnose.— To ride the great horset,
to practise horsemanship in the fashion of the time.
Then comes he [Prince of Orange] abroad, and goes to
his Stables, if it be no Sermon-day, to see some of his
Gentlemen or Pages (of whose Breeding he is very care-
ful) ride the great horse. Howell, Letters, I. i. 10.
He told me he did not know what travelling was good
for but to teach a man to ride the great horse, to jabber
French, and to talk against passive obedience.
Addison, Tory Foxhunter.
TO ride the high horse. See to mount the high horse,
under Aornel.— To ride the line. See line-riding.
Even for those who do not have to look up stray horses,
and who are not forced to ride the line day in and day out,
there is apt to be some hardship and danger in being
abroad during the bitter weather.
T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 669.
To ride the Spanish mare (naut.), to be put astride
of a boom with the guys eased off when the vessel is in a
seaway : a punishment formerly in vogue. — To ride the
wild maret, to play at see-saw.
With that, bestriding the mast, I gat by little and little
towards him, after such manner as boys are wont, if ever
you saw that sport, when they ride the wild mare.
Sir P. Sidney. Arcadia, ii.
A' ... rides the wild-mare with the boys.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., U. 4. 268.
ride (rid), «. [< ME. ride = G. ritt = Icel. n-itl,
= S w. Dan. ridt ; from the verb : see ride, v. Cf .
rider
roaffi, raid."} 1. A journey on the back of a
horse, ass, mule, camel, elephant, or other ani-
mal; more broadly, any excursion, whether on
the back of an animal, in a vehicle, or by some
other mode of conveyance : as, a ride in a wagon
or a balloon; a ride on a bicycle or a cow-
catcher.
To Madian lond wente he [Balaam] his ride.
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3960.
" Alas," he said, "your ride has wearied you."
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
2. A saddle-horse. Grose. [Prov. Eng.] — 3.
A road intended expressly for riding; a bridle-
path ; a -place for exercise on horseback. Also
called ridiiiff.
This through the ride upon his steed
Goes slowly by, and this at speed.
M. Arnold, Epilogue to Lessing's Laocoon.
4. A little stream or brook. [Prov. Eng.] — 5.
A certain district patrolled by mounted excise
officers. — 6. In printing, a fault caused by over-
lapping : said of leads or rules that slip and over-
lap, of a kerned type that overlaps or binds a type
in a line below, also of a color that impinges
on another color in prints of two or more colors.
rideable, a. See ridable.
rideau (re-do'), «. [< F. rideau, a curtain : see
riddle3. ] In fort. , a small elevation of earth ex-
tended lengthwise on a plain, serving to cover
a camp from the approach of the enemy, or to
give other advantage to a post.
ridelt, »• See riddle3.
rident. An obsolete preterit plural of ride.
rident (ri'dent), a. [< L. riden(t-)s, ppr. of ri-
dere ( > It. ridere = Sp. reir = Pg. rir = Cat.
riurer = Pr. rir, rire = F. rire), laugh. Hence
(from L. ridere) arride, deride, ridiculous, risi-
ble, etc., also riant (a doublet of rident).~\ Smil-
ing broadly ; grinning.
A smile so wide and steady, so exceedingly rident, in-
deed, as almost to be ridiculous, may be drawn upon the
buxom face, if the artist chooses to attempt it.
Thackeray, Newcomes, xxiv.
ride-officer (rid'of'i-ser), «. An excise-officer
who makes his rounds on horseback; the of-
ficer of a ride.
rider (ri'der), ». [< ME. ridere, rydare, < AS.
ridere, a rider, cavalryman, knight (= OFries.
ridder = D. rijder = MLG. ridder = OHG. ritdre,
MHO. ritsere, riter, fitter, a rider, knight, G. rei-
ter, a rider, ritter, knight, = Icel. ritliari, ritJic-
ri, later riddari = Sw. riddarc, knight, ryttare,
horseman, trooper, = Dan. ridder, knight, ryt-
ter, horseman, rider, knight), < ridan, ride: see
ride. Cf. ritter, reitcr (< G.).] 1. One who
rides ; particularly, one who rides on the back
of a horse or other animal; specifically, one
who is skilled in horsemanship and the manege.
Ac now is Religioun a ridere and a rennere aboute.
Piers Plowman (A), xi. 208.
The horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea.
Ex. xv. 1.
Well could he ride, and often men would say,
"That horse his mettle from his rider takes."
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 107.
The weary steed of Pelleas floundering flung
His rider. Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
2f. A mounted reaver or robber.
In Ewsdale, Eight and Forty notorious Riders are hung
on growing Trees, the most famous of which was John
Armstrong. Drummond, Works, p. 99.
3. Formerly, one who traveled for a mercantile
house to collect orders, money, etc. : now called
a traveler or (in the United States) drummer.
They come to us as riders in a trade,
And with much art exhibit and persuade.
Crabbe, Works, II. 53.
4. In liort., a. budded or grafted standard or
stock branching from a main or parent trunk
or stem. — 5. A knight. [Archaic.]
He dubbed his youngest son, the ^Etheling Henry, to
rider or knight. Freeman, Norman Conquest, IV. 471.
6. Any device straddling something; something
mounted upon or attached to something else.
Especially — (a) A small piece of platinum or aluminium
set astride of the beam of a balance, and moved from
or toward the fulcrum in determining results requiring
weights of the utmost delicacy, (ft) A small piece of pa-
per or other light substance placed on a wire or string to
measure or mark distance.
We measure the distance between the two (nodes), and
cut the wire so that its total length shall be a multiple
of this length, and then we proceed to find all the nodes,
and mark them by paper riders. Pop. Set. Mo., XXXV. 673.
(c) Anything saddled upon or attached to a record, docu-
ment, statement, etc., after its supposed completion ; spe-
cifically, an additional clause, as to a bill in Congress.
Vholes finally adds, by way of rider to this declaration
of his principles, that as Mr. Carstone is about to rejoin
his regiment, perhaps Mr. C. will favour him with an or-
der on his agent for twenty pounds.
Dickens, Bleak House, xxxix.
rider
The proposed amendment had been given by the pre-
vious action of the House, a rider providing lor compen-
sation to distillers. The American, VI. 36.
But the Pacific Mail and its friends in Congress did not
despair, and success came at last by a rider to the General
Post-Ofnce appropriation bill passed by Congress, Febru-
ary 18, 1867. Congressional Record, XXI. 7770.
(</) In printing, a cylindrical rod of iron which in use rests
on the top of an ink-roller, and aids in evenly distributing
the ink on this roller, (e) A supplementary part of a
question in an examination, especially in the Cambridge
mathematical tripos, connected with or dependent on the
main question.
Though the riders were Joined to the propositions on
which then- solution depended, and though all these riders
were easy, very few of the papers were satisfactory.
Science, XI. 75.
(/) In a snake fence, a rail or stake one end of which rests
on the ground, while the other end crosses and bears upon
the fence-rails at their angle of meeting, and thus holds
them in place. [Local, IT. S.]
7. In mining, a ferruginous veinstone, or a simi-
lar impregnation of the walls adjacent to the
vein. [North of Eug. mining districts.]
In Alston the contents of the unproductive parts of
veins are chiefly described as dowk and rider. The former
is a brown, friable, and soft soil ; the latter a hard stony
matter, varying much in colour, hardness, and other char-
acteristics. Sopwith, Mining Districts of Alston Moor,
[Weardale, and Teesdale, p. 108.
8. One of a series of interior ribs fixed occa-
sionally iii a ship's hold, opposite to some of the
principal timbers, to which they are bolted, and
reaching from the keelson to the beams of the
lower deck, to strengthen the frame. — 0. A
piece of wood in a gun-carriage on which the
side pieces rest. — 10. A gold coin formerly cur-
rent in the Netherlands: so called from its ob-
verse type being the figure of a horseman. The
specimen nere illustrated was struck by Charles of Eg-
Kider of Charles of Egmont, Duke of Gelderland.— British Museum.
(Size of the original.)
mont, Duke of Gelderland (sixteenth century), and weighs
nearly 50 grains. The name was also given to a gold coin
of Scotland, issued by James VI., worth about ?2.
His mouldy money ! Half-a-dozen riders,
That cannot sit, but stampt fast to their saddles.
Beau, and Fl.
Bush-rider, in Australia, a cross-country rider ; one who
can ride horses over rough or dangerous ground ; also, one
who can ride imperfectly broken horses.
An excellent bushrider, if not a first-class rough-rider,
there were few horses he could not back with a fair chance
of remaining in the saddle.
A. C. Grant, Bush Life in Queensland, I. 262.
Rider keelson. .See keelson.— Rider's bone, an exosto-
sis at the origin of the adductor longus. Also called drill
bone.— Rider truss, an early form of tram truss, composed
of a cast-iron upper chord, wrought-iron lower chord, and
vertical posts of cast-iron, and diagonal braces of wrought-
iron.
ridered (ri'derd), a. [< rider + -ecP.] Carry-
ing a rider; specifically, having riders or stakes
laid across the bars, as a snake fence. [Local,
U.S.]
The fences are generally too high to jump, being usually
what are called staked and ridered fences.
Tribune Book of Sports, p. 4».
riderless (ri'der-les), a. [< rider + -7m.]
Having no rider.
He caught a riderless horse, and the cornet mounted.
//. Kingsley, Raveushoe, liv.
rider-roll (ri'der-rol), n, A separate addition
made to a roll or record. See rider, 5 (c).
ridge (rij), n. [< ME. rigge, rygge; also with-
out assibilation rig, ryg, rug (> E. dial, rig), <
AS. hrycg, the back of a man or beast, = MD.
rugge, D. rug = OLG. ruggi, MLQ. rugge = OHG.
hrucci, hriicki, rucki, MHG. rucke, rUcke, G.
riicken = Icel. hryggr = Sw. rygg = Dan. ryg,
the back; cf. Ir. crown, skin, back.] 1. The
back of aiiy animal ; especially, the upper or pro-
jecting part of the back of a quadruped.
All is rede, Ribbe and rigge,
The bak bledeth ajens the lx>rde.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 202.
His ryche robe he to rof of his rigge naked,
And of a hepe of askes he hitte in the myddej.
Alliterative Poems (ed. MorrisX UL 379.
There the pore preseth bifor the riche with a pakke at
hisrugge. Piers Plourman(B), xiv. 212.
On the other side of the aloes, not fifteen paces from
us, I made out the horns, neck, and the ridge of the back
of a tremendous old bull. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 186.
5172
2. Any extended protuberance; a projecting
line or strip ; a long and narrow pile sloping at
the sides; specifically, a long elevation of land,
or the summit of such an elevation ; an ex-
tended hill or mountain.
Even to the frozen ridges of the Alps,
Or any other ground inhabitaliK1.
Shot., Rich. II., i. 1. 64.
The snow-white ridge
Of carded wool, which the old man had piled.
Wordsworth, The Brothers.
3. In tigi'i., a strip of ground thrown up by a
plow or left between furrows ; a bed of ground
formed by furrow-slices running the whole
length of the field, varying in breadth accord-
ing to circumstances, and divided from another
by gutters or open furrows, parallel to each
other, which last serve as guides to the hand
and eye of the sower, to the reapers, and also
for the application of manures in a regular man-
ner. In wet soils they also serve as drains for
carrying off the surface-water. In Wales, for-
merly, a measure of land, 20$ feet.
Lete se the lltel plough, the large also,
The rimes forto enhance.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 42.
Thou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly : thou set-
tlest the furrows thereof. Ps. Ixv. 10.
4. The highest part of the roof of a building;
specifically, the meeting of the upper ends of
the rafters. When the upper ends of the rafters abut
against a horizontal piece of timber, it is called a ridge-
pole. Ridge also denotes the internal angle or nook of a
vault. See cut under roof.
5. In fort., the highest portion of the glacis, pro-
ceeding from the salient angle of the covered
way. — 6. In anat. and :ool., a prominent bor-
der; an elevated line, or crest; a lineal protu-
berance : said especially of rough elevations on
bonesformuscular or ligamentous attachments:
as, the superciliary, occipital, mylohyoid, con-
dylar, etc., ridge?. — 7. A succession of small
processes along the small abaft the hump of a
sperm-whale, or the top of the back just for-
ward of the small. The ridge is thickest just
around the hump. See scrag-whale. — 8. One
of the several linear elevations of the lining
membrane of the roof of a horse's mouth, more
commonly called bars. Similar ridges occur
on the hard palate of most mammals.— Bicipltal
ridges. Bee bieipital.— Dental ridge a thick ridge of
epithelium just over the spot where the future dental
structures are to be formed.— Frontal, genital, gluteal
Interantennal ridge. See the adjectives.— Maxillary
ridge. Same as dental ridge.— Mylohyoid ridge. See
mylohyoid. — Neural ridge, a series of enlargements along
the borders of the medullary plates, from which the dorsal
spinal nerves originate. More commonly called neural
crest.- Oblique ridge of the trapezium, of the ulna.
See oblique.- Palatine, pectlneal, pectoral, ptery-
gold ridge. See the adjectives.— Ridge rib. Seert&i.
— Ridge-roll, a batten with a rounded face, over which
the sheathing of lead or other metal is bent on the ridges
and hips of a roof. Also called ridge-batten.— Sagittal,
superciliary ridge. See the adjectives. — Temporal
ridges. See temporal lines (under line*), and cut under
parietal.
ridge (rij), r. ; pret. and pp. ridged, ppr. ridging.
4< ME. ryggen; from the noun: see ridge, ».~\
. trans. To cover or mark with ridges ; rib.
Though all thy hairs
Were bristles ranged like those that ridge the back
Of chafd wild boars, or raffled porcupines.
Milton, S. A., 1. 1137.
A north-midland shire, dusk with moorland, ridged with
mountain : this I see. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxviii.
Ridged Sleeve, a sleeve worn by women at the middle of
the seventeenth century, puffed in longitudinal ridges.
H. intrans. To rise or stretch in ridges.
The Biscay, roughly ridging eastward, shook
And almost overwhelm'd her.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
ridge-band (rij'band), n. That part of the har-
ness of a cart-, wagon-, or gig-horse which goes
over the saddle on the back,
ridge-beam (rij'bem), n. In carp., a beam at
the upper ends of the rafters, below the ridge ;
a crown-plate. E. H. Knight.
ridge-bonet (rij'bou), ». [< ME. rygge-bone, rig-
bone, < AS. lirycg-ban (= D. ruggebeen, rugbeen
= OHG. hruckipein, ruccipeini,MHG. riickebein
= Sw. ryggben = Dan. rygben), backbone, spine,
< liri/cg, back, + ban, bone.] The spine or
backbone.
So ryde thay of by resoun hi the rygge bonez
Euenden to the haunche.
Sir Oawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1344.
I would fain now see them rolled
Down a hill, or from a bridge
Headlong cast, to break their ridge-
Bones. B. Jonton, Masque of Oberon.
ridged (rijd), a. [< ridge + -ed?.] 1. Having
a ridge or back ; having an angular, projecting
backbone .
ridicule
The tinners could summarily lodge in Lydford Gaol
those who impeded them ; consequently two messengers,
sent from Plymouth to protect the leat on Koborough
Down, were set up on a bare ridged horse, with their legs
tied under his belly, and trotted olf to gaol.
H. and Q., 7th ser., VII. 443.
2. In zool., carinate; costate; having ridges
or carinw on a surface, generally longitudinal
ones. When the ridges run crosswise, the sur-
face is said to be transversely ridged. — 3. Ris-
ing in a ridge or ridges ; ridgy.
The sharp clear twang of the golden chords
Runs up the ridged sea. . Tennyson, Sea- Fairies.
ridge-drill (rij'dril), ». In agri., a seed-drill
adapted to sowing seeds upon the ridges of a
listed field. Compare list*, n., 10, and listhig-
plow.
ridge-fillet (rij'fil'et), ». 1. In arch., a fillet
bet ween two depressions, as between two flutes
of a column. — 2. In founding, the runner, or
principal channel. E. B. Knight.
ridge-harrow (rij'har'6), «. In agri., a harrow
hinged longitudinally so that it can lap upon
the sides of a ridge over which it passes. 1C.
H. Knight.
ridge-hoe (rij'ho), «. A horse-hoe operating
on the same principle as a ridge-plow.
ridgel, ridgil (rij 'el, -il), «. [Also rig (of which
ridgel may be a dim. form), rigsie; origin uncer-
tain; cf. Sc. riglan, rigland, rig-widdie, a nag,
a horse half-castrated, riggot, an animal half-
castrated.] A male animal with one testicle
removed or wanting. Also ridgeling, ridgiing.
0 Tityrns, tend my herd, and see them fed,
To morning pastures, evening waters, led ;
And 'ware the Libyan ridgU's butting head.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Pastorals, tx. 31.
Ridgiing or ridgil ... is still used in Tennessee and
the West, . . . but has been corrupted into riginal, and
would-be correct people say original.
Trans. Amer. Pltilol. Ass., XVII. 42.
ridgelet (rij'let), «. [< ridge + -let.'] A little
ridge. Encyc. Brit., I. 368.
ridgeling (rij'ling), n. [Also ridgiing; appar.
< ridgel + -ingZ.J Same as ridgel.
ridge-piece (rij'pes), «. Same as ridge-pole.
ridge-plate (rip'plat), «. Same as ridge-pole.
ridge-plow (rij'plou), «. In agri., a plow hav-
ing a double mold-board, used to make ridges
for planting or cultivating certain crops and
for opening water-furrows. Also called ridging-
plow.
ndge-pole (rij'pol), «. The board or timber at
the ridge of a roof, into which the rafters are
fastened. Also called ridge-plate or ridge-piece.
See cut under roo/.- Ridge-pole pine. Seepinei.
ridger (rij'er), M. 1. That which makes a ridge
or ridges.
A small ridger or subsoiler extending below to form a
small furrow into which the seed is dropped.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LXII. 181.
2. Same as ridge-band. Halliwell.
ridge-roof (rij'rof ), «. A raised or peaked roof.
ridge-rope (rij'rop), n. 1. Naut. : (a) The cen-
tral rope of an awning, usually called the back-
bone. (&) The rope along the side of a ship to
which an awning is stretched, (c) One of two
ropes running out on each side of the bowsprit
for the men to hold on by. — 2. A ridge-baud.
Surselle, a broad and great band or thong of strong
leather, <Sc., fastned on either side of a thill, and bearing
upon the pad or saddle of the thill-horse : about London
it is called the ridge-rope. Cotgrave.
ridge-stay (rij'sta), «. Same as ridge-band.
Halliwell.
ridge-tile (rij'til), w. In arch., same as crown-
tile, 2.
ridgil, n. See ridgel.
ridging-grass (rij'ing-gras), «. A coarse grass,
Andropogon (Anatherum) bicornis, of tropical
America. [West Indies.]
ridging-plow (rij'ing-plou), n. Same as ridge-
plow.
ridgiing (rij'ling), n. Same as ridgel.
ridgy (rij'i), a. [< ridge + -yi.] Rising in a
ridge or ridges; ridged.
Faint, lazy waves o'ercreep the ridgy sand.
Crabbe, Works. II. 10.
Scant along the ridgy land
The beans their new-born ranks expand.
T. Warton, The First of April.
ridicule1! (rid'i-kul), a. [< OF. (and P.) ridi-
cule = Sp. ridiculo = Pg. ridiculo = It. ridicolo,
< L. ridiculus, laughable, comical, amusing,
absurd, ridiculous, < ridere, laugh: see rident.
Cf. ridiculous.] Ridiculous.
That way (e. g. Mr. Edm. Waller's) of quibling with
sence will hereafter growe as much out of fashion and be
as ridicule as quibling with words.
Aubrey, Lives, Samnel Butler.
ridicule
ridicule1 (rid'i-kul). «. [Early mod. E. ridicle ;
= Sp. ridieuln = It. ridicolo, mockery, < L. ri-
tliculum, a jest, neut. of ridii'iiliia, ridiculous:
see ridiculous.'] 1. Mocking or jesting words
intended to excite laughter, with more or loss
contempt, at the expense of the person or thing
of whom they are spoken ov written ; also, ac-
tion or gesture designed to produce the same
effect.
Whoe'er offends, at some unlucky time
Slides into verse, and hitches in a rhyme,
Sacred to ridicule his whole life long,
And the sad burthen of some merry song.
I'ope, Imit. of Hoi-ace, II. i. 79.
Foote possessed a rich talent for ridicule, which tinted
vividly the genius for satire that shone within him.
Jon Bee, Essay on Samuel Foote, p. v.
2. An object of mockery or contemptuous jest-
ing.
They began to hate me likewise, and to turn my equi-
page into ridicule. Fielding, Amelia, iii. 12.
3f. Ridiculousness.
It does not want any great measure of sense to see the
ridicule of this monstrous practice.
Addition, Spectator, No. 18.
At the same time that I see all their ridicules, there is
a douceur in the society of the women of fashion that
captivates me. H. Walpole, To Chute, Jan., 1766.
= Syn. 1. Derision, mockery, gibe, jeer, sneer. See satire,
ludicrous, and banter, v.
ridicule1 (rid'i-kul), r. ; pret. and pp. ridiculed,
ppr. ridiculing. [< ridicule1, ».] I. trans. To
treat with ridicule; treat with contemptuous
merriment ; represent as deserving of con-
temptuous mirth ; mock ; make sport or game
of; deride.
I've known the young, who ridicul'd his rage,
Love's humblest vassals, when oppress'd with age.
Grainger, tr. of Tibullus, i. 5.
= Syn. Deride, Mock, etc. (see taunt\ jeer at, scoff at,
scout ; rally, make fun of, lampoon. See the noun.
II. intrans. To bring ridicule upon a person
or thing; make some one or something ridicu-
lous ; cause contemptuous laughter.
One dedicates in high heroic prose,
And ridicules beyond a hundred foes.
Pope, Prologue to Satires, 1. 110.
ridicule2 (rid'i-kul), «. [= P. ridicule, corrup-
tion of rtiticule.] A corruption of reticule, for-
merly common.
ridiculer (rid'i-ku-ler), n. [< ridicule* + -er1.]
One who ridicules. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons,
I. ix.
ridiculizet (ri-dik'u-liz), v. t. [< F. ridiculiser,
turn into ridicule, = Sp. Pg. ridiculizar; as ridi-
cule1 4- -ize.] To make ridiculous; ridicule.
My heart still trembling lest the false alarms
That words oft strike-up should ridiculize me.
Chapman, Odyssey, xxiii. 333.
ridiculpsity (ri-dik-u-lps'i-ti), «. ; pi. ridiculosi-
ties (-tiz). [= It. ridicofosM; < L. ridiculosus,
laughable, facetious (see ridiculous), + -ity.'}
The character of being ridiculous ; ridiculous-
ness; hence, anything that arouses laughter;
a jest or joke.
Shut up your ill-natured Muses at Home with your
Business, but bring your good-natured Muses, all your
witty Jests, your By-words, your Banters, your Pleasantries,
your pretty Sayings, and all your Ridiculosities, along with
yon. If. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, I. 120.
ridiculous (ri-dik'u-lus), a. [< L. ridifulun,
laughable, ridiculous: see ridicule1, a.] 1.
Worthy of ridicule or contemptuous laughter;
exciting derision ; amusingly absurd ; prepos-
terous.
Those that are good manners at the court are as ridic-
ulous in the country as the behaviour of the country is
most mockable at the court.
Shak., As you Like it, ill 2. 47.
2f. Expressive of ridicule ; derisive ; mocking.
He that sacriflceth of a thing wrongfully gotten, his
offering is ridiculous : and the gifts of unjust men are not
accepted. Ecclus. xxxiv. 18.
The heaving of my lungs provokes me to ridicvlirux
smiling. Shale., L. L. L., iii. 1. 78.
3. Abominable; outrageous; shocking. [Ob-
solete or provincial.]
A Nazarlte in place abominable
Vaunting my strength in honour to their Dagon !
Besides, how vile, contemptible, ridimlout !
What act more execrably unclean, profane?
Milton, 8. A., 1. 1361.
In the South we often say, "That's a ridiculous affair,"
warn we really mean outrageous. It seems to be so used
sometimes in the North.
Tram. Amer. Philol. Ass., XVII. 43.
This (ridiculous} is used in a very different sense in
some counties from its original meaning. Something very
indecent and improper is understood by it: as anyviolent
attack upon a woman's chastity is called " very ridiculnm
behaviour"; a very disorderly and ill-conducted house is
also called a "ridiculous one." Halliurell.
5173
A man once informed me that the death by drowning
of a relative was "most ridiculous."
K. mid Q., 7th ser., IX. 45.1.
= Syn. 1. Funny. Laughable, etc. (see ludicrous), absurd,
preposterous, farcical.
ridiculously (ri-dik'u-lus-li), adv. In a ridicu-
lous manner; laughably: absurdly.
ridiculousness (ri-dik'u-lus-nes), n. The char-
acter of being ridiculous, laughable, or absurd.
riding1 (ri'ding), n. [< ME. ridinge, rydynt/f :
verbal n. of ride, r.] 1. The act of going on
horseback, or in a carriage, etc. See ride, r.
Specifically — 2f. A festival procession.
Whan ther any ridyng was in Chepe,
Out of the shoppe thider wolde he lepe,
Til that he hadde al the sighte yseyn.
Chaucer, Cook's Tale, 1. 13.
On the return of Edward I. from his victory over the
Scots in 1298 occurred the earliest exhibition of shows
connected with the City trades. These processions were
in England frequently called ridings.
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 80.
3. Same as ride, 3.
The lodge is ... built in the form of a star, having
round about a garden framed into like points : and beyond
the garden ridings cut out, each answering the angles of
the lodge. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
The riding Of the Witch, the nightmare. HalKwell.
riding2 (ri'ding), n. [Prop. *tltriding, the loss of
th being prob. due to the wrong division of the
compounds Nortlt-tli riding (corrupted to North-
riding), South-th riding, East-thriding, West-thri-
ding; < Icel. thrithjutiyr (= Norw. tridjung), the
third part of a thing, third part of a shire, <
thritlii (= Norw. tridje) = E. third: see third.]
One of the three districts, each anciently un-
der the government of a reeve, into which the
county of York, in England, is divided. These
are called the North, East, a'nd West Ridings. The same
system of division exists also in Lincolnshire. Pennsyl-
vania also, iu the earliest portion of its colonial history,
was divided into ridings.
Gisborne is a market town in the west riding of the
county of York, on the borders of Lancashire.
Quoted in Child's Ballads, V. 156.
The most skilled housewife in all the three Ridings.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, v.
Lincolnshire was divided into three parts, Lindsey,
Kesteven, and Holland ; Lindsey was subdivided into three
ridings, North, West, and South.
Stubbi, Const. Hist., § 45.
riding-bittS (ri'ding-bits), n. pi. The bitts to
which a ship's cable is secured when riding at
anchor.
riding-boot (ri'ding-bot), ». A kind of high
boot worn in riding.
With such a tramp of his ponderous riding-boots as might
of itself have been audible in the remotest of the seven
gables, he advanced to the door, which the servant pointed
out. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, i.
riding-clerkt (ri'ding-klerk), H. 1. Amercan-
tile traveler. Imp. Diet. — 2. Formerly, one of
six clerks in Chancery, each of whom in his
turn, for one year, kept the controlment-books
of all grants that passed the great seal. The six
clerks were superseded by the clerks of records
and writs. Bapalje and Lawrence.
riding-day (ri'ding-da), n. A day given up to
a hostile incursion on horseback. Scott.
riding-glove (ri'ding-gluv), ». A stout, heavy
glove worn in riding; a gauntlet.
The walls were adorned with old-fashioned lithographs,
Erincipally portraits of country gentlemen with high col-
irs and ridiny-glova. The Century, XXXVI. 128.
riding-graith (ri'ding-grath), «. See graith.
riding-habit (ri'ding-hab'it), ». See habit, 5.
riding-hood (ri'ding-hud), n. A hood used by
women in the eighteenth century, and perhaps
earlier, when traveling or exposed to the wea-
ther, the use of it depending on the style of
head-dress or coiffure in fashion of the time.
Good housewives all the winter's rage despise,
Defended by the riding-hood's disguise.
Gay, Trivia, i. 210.
riding-houset (ri'ding-hous), n. Same as rid-
ing-school.
riding-light (ri'ding-lit), n. A light hung out
in the rigging at night when a vessel is riding
at anchor. Also called stay-light.
riding-master (ri'ding-mas'ter), «. A teacher
of the art of riding ; specifically (iniUt.),one who
instructs soldiers and officers in the manage-
ment of horses.
riding-rimet (rl'ding-rim), H. A form of verse,
the same as the rimed couplet that goes now
under the name heroic verse. It was introduced into
English versification by Chaucer, and in it are composed
moat of the "Canterbury Tales." From the fact that it was
represented as used by the pilgrims in telling these tales
on their journey, it received the name of riding-rime; but
it was not much used after Chaucer's death till the close
of the sixteenth century. In the sixteenth century it is
frequently contrasted with rime-royal (which see).
rifacimento
1 had forgotten a notable kinde of ryme, called ryding
rime, and that is suche as our Mayster and Father Chau-
cer vsed in his Canterburle Tales, and in diuers other de-
lectable and light enterprises.
Gascoigne, Notes on Eng. Verse (ed. Arber), § 16.
riding-robe (ri'ding-rob), «. A robe worn in
riding; a riding-habit.
But who comes in such haste in riding-robes?
What woman-post is this? Shalt., K. John, t. 1. 217.
riding-rod (ri'diug-rod), ». A switch or light
cane used as a whip by equestrians.
And if my legs were two such riding-rods, . . .
And, to his shape, were heir to all this land,
Would I might never stir from off this place,
I would give it every foot to have this face.
Shak., K. John, i. 1. 140.
riding-sail (ri'ding-sal), n. A triangular sail
bent to the mainmast and sheeted down aft,
to steady a vessel when head on to the wind.
riding-school (ri'ding-skol), n. A school or
place where the art of riding is taught; spe-
cifically, a military school to perfect troopers
in the management of their horses and the use
of arms.
riding-skirt (ri'ding-skert), «. 1. The skirt of
a riding-habit. — 2. A separate skirt fastened
around the waist over the other dress, worn by
women in riding.
riding-speart (ri'ding-sper), H. A javelin. Pals-
grave. (Halliwell.)
riding-suit (ri'ding-sut), «. A suit adapted for
riding.
Provide me presently
A riding-suit, no costlier than would fit
A franklin's wife. Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 2. 78.
riding-whip (ri'ding-hwip), n. A switch or a
whip with a short lash, used by riders,
ridotto (ri-dot'6), «. [= F. ridotte, < It. ridotto,
a retreat, resort, company, etc.: see redout^.]
1. A house or hall of public entertainment.
They went to the Ridotto;— 'tis a hall
Where people dance, and sup, and dance again ;
Its proper name, perhaps, were a masqued ball,
But that 's of no importance to my strain ;
'Tis (on a smaller scale) like our Vauxhall,
Excepting that it can't be spoilt by rain.
Byron, Beppo, Iviil.
2f. A company of persons met together for
amusement ; a social assembly. — 3. A public
entertainment devoted to music and dancing;
a dancing-party, often in masquerade.
The masked balls or Ridottos in Carnival are held in the
Imperial palace. Wraxall, Court of Berlin, II. 289.
To-night there is a masquerade at Ranelagh for him. a
play at Covent Garden on Monday, and a ridotto at the
Haymarket. Walpole, Letters, II. 24.
4. In music, an arrangement or reduction of a
piece from the full score.
ndotto (ri-dot'o), v. i. [< ridotto, «.] To fre-
quent or hold ridottos. [Rare.]
And heroines, whilst 'twas the fashion,
Ridotto'd on the rural plains.
Cou'per, Retreat of Aristippus.
riet, ». An old spelling of rye1. Ex. ix. 32.
riebeckite (re'bek-It), n. [Named after E. Bie-
beck.] A silicate of iron and sodium, belong-
ing to the amphibole group, and corresponding
to acmite among the pyroxenes.
riedet, «• A Middle English variant of reed1.
rief, «. See reefS.
rie-grasst, n. Same as rye-grass.
riein (rem), n. [< D. riem, a thong: see rim2.]
A rawhide thong, about 8 feet long, used in
South Africa for hitching horses, for fastening
yokes to the trek-tow, and generally as a strong
cord or binder. Also spelled reim.
He rose suddenly and walked slowly to a beam from
which an ox riem hung. Loosening it, he ran a noose in
one end and then doubled it round his arm.
Olive Schreiner, Story of an African Farm, i. 12.
Kiemann's function, surface. See function,
surface.
riesel-iron (re'zeWern), ». A sort of claw or
nipper used to remove irregularities from the
edges of glass where cut by the dividing-iron
(which see, under iron).
Riesling (res'ling), «. [G. riesslina, a kind of
grape.] Wine made from the Riesling grape,
and best known in the variety made in Alsace
and elsewhere on the upper Rhine, it keeps many
years, and isconsidered exceptionally wholesome. A good
Riesling wine is made in California.
rietbok (ret'bok), H. [< D. rietbok, < riet, = E.
reed1, + bok = E. buck1.'] The reedbuck of
South Africa, Eleotragus anindiuaceus.
riever, ». Same as rearer.
rifacimento (re-fa-chi-men'to), H. ; pi. rifaci-
nii-uti (-ti). [< It. rifacimento, < rifare, make
over again, < ML. rej'acere (L. refieere), make
over again, < L. re-, again, + faeere, make: see
rifacimento
fact. Cf. refect.'] A remaking or reestablish-
ment: a term most commonly applied to the pro-
cess of recasting literary works so as to adapt
them to a changed state or changed circum-
stances; an adaptation, as when a work written
in one age or country is modified to suit the cir-
cumstances of another. The term is applied in
an analogous sense to musical compositions.
What man of taste and feeling can endure rifacintenti,
harmonies, abridgments, expurgated editions?
Macaulay, Boswell's Johnson.
Shakespeare's earliest works were undoubtedly rifaci.
menti of the plays of his predecessors.
Dyce, Note to Greene, Int., p. 37.
life1 (rif), a. [< ME. rif, rife, rive, < AS. rife
(occurs but once), abundant, = OD. rijf, rijve,
abundant, copious, = MLG. LG. rive, abun-
dant, munificent, = Icel. rifr, abundant, mu-
nificent, rifligr, large, munificent, = OSw. rif,
rife. Cf. Icel. reifa, bestow, reifir, a giver.] 1.
Great in quantity or number; abundant; plen-
tiful; numerous.
That citie wer sure men sett for too keepe,
With mich riall arale redy too fight,
With atling of areblast & archers ryft.
Alisaunder of Maccdoine (E. E. T. S.), L 268.
The men who have given to one character life
And objective existence are not very rife.
Lowell, Fable for Critics.
2. Well supplied; abounding; rich; replete;
filled: followed by with.
Whose life was work, whose language rife
With rugged maxims hewn from life.
Tennyson, Death of Wellington.
Our swelling actions want the little leaven
To make them mth the sighed-for blessing rife.
Jones Very, Poems, p. 74.
3f. Easy.
With Gods it is rife
To geue and bereue breath.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 78.
Hath utmost Inde aught better than his own?
Then utmost Inde is near, and rife to gone.
Bp. Hatt, Satires, III. i. 55.
4. Prevalent; current; in common use or ac-
ceptance.
To be cumbrid with couetous, by custome of old.
That rote is & rankist of all the rif syns.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 11775.
Errors are infinite ; and follies, how universally /-/'* '
even of the wisest sort. 6. Harvey, Four Letters.
That grounded maxim,
So rife and celebrated in the months
Of wisest men. Milton, S. A., 1. 866.
5f. Publicly or openly known; hence, manifest;
plain; clear.
Adam abraid. and sag that wif,
Name he gaf hire dat is ful rif;
Issa was hire flrste name.
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. S.), 1. 282.
Even now the tumult of loud mirth
Was rife, and perfect in my listening ear.
Milton, Comus, 1. 203.
rife1! (rif), adv. [< ME. rife; < rife1, a.] 1.
Abundantly; plentifully.
I presse a grape with stork and stryf,
The Rede wyn renneth ryf.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 136.
In tribnlacioun y regne moore rijf
Ofttymes than in disport.
Political Poems, eta. (ed. Furnivall), p. 158.
2. Plainly; clearly.
Bi thi witt thon maist knowe rijf
That merci passith rigtwisnes.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.X p. 98.
3. Currently; commonly; frequently.
The Pestilence doth most rifest infect the clearest com-
pleetion, and the Caterpiller cleaueth vnto the ripest
fruite. Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit (ed. ArberX p. 39.
rife2t, v. An obsolete form of rive1.
rifely (rif 'H), adv. [< ME. rifli, rifliche (= Icel.
rifliga) ; < rife1 + -fy2.] In a rife manner, la)
Plentifully ; abundantly.
There launchit I to laund, a litle for ese,
Restid me rifely, ricchit my seluyn.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13149.
(6) Prevalently ; currently ; widely.
The word went wide how the mayde was geue
Rifliche thurth-out rome.
William of Paleme(E. E. T. S.X 1. 1472.
rifeness (rif 'nes), n. The state of being rife.
riffM (rif). n. [< ME. 'rif, < AS. hrif = OS.
hrif= OFries. rif, ref = OHG. href, ref, belly.
Cf. midriff.] The belly; the bowels.
Then came his good sword forth to act his part.
Which pierc'd skin, ribs, and rife, and rove her heart
The head (his trophy) from the trunk he cuts,
And with it back unto the shore he struts.
Legend of Captain Jones. (HalliweU.)
riff2 (rif), n. [Seeree/l.] If. An obsolete form
of reef1.— 2. A rapid or riffle. See riffle2. [Lo-
cal, TJ. S.]
5174
The lower side of large, loose stones at the ri/s or shal-
low places in streams; the rock amid the foaming water;
... in all these places they Ifresh-water sponges] have
been found in great abundance.
Pop. Set. Mo., XXXIV. 711.
rifPt, »• An obsolete form of ree/2.
riffle1 (rif '!), n. [< Dan. rifle, a groove, channel :
see rifle?, n.] 1. In mining, the lining of the
bottom of a sluice, made of blocks or slats of
wood, or stones, arranged in such a manner
that chinks are left open between them, in
these chinks more or less quicksilver is usually placed,
and it is by the aid of this arrangement that the particles
of gold, as they are carried downward by the current of
water, are arrested and held fast. The whole arrange-
ment at the bottom of the sluices is usually called the
riffles. In the smaller gold-saving machines, formerly
much used, as the cradle, the slats of wood nailed across
the bottom for the purpose of detaining the gold are called
riffle-bars or simply riffles.
2. A piece of plank placed transversely in, and
fastened to the bottom of, a fish-ladder. The rif-
fles do not extend from side to side, but only about two
thirds across. If the first riffle is fastened on the right
side of the box at right angles to its side, it will extend
about 30 inches across the box ; the next, about 4 feet
above, will be fastened on the left side of the box; the
next, about 4 feet above, on the right side ; and so on al-
ternately until the top is reached. The water passing
into the top is caught by the riffles and turned right and
left by them until it reaches the stream below. Riffles
furnish the fish a resting-place in scaling a dam.
3. In seal-engraving, a very small iron disk at
the end of a tool, used ttf develop a high polish.
riffle2 (rif '!), n. [Appar. a dim. of riff'*, prob.
associated with rippteX] A ripple, as upon the
surface of water; Tience, a rapid ; a place in a
stream where a swift current, striking upon
rocks, produces a boiling motion in the water.
[Local, U. S.]
riffle-bars (rif'l-biirz), n. pi. In mining, slats
of wood nailed across the bottom of a cradle
or other small gold-washing machine, for the
purpose of detaining the gold; riffles.
riffler (rifler), n. [< riffle1, rifle?, groove, + -er1.
Cf . G. riffel-feile, a riffle-file, a curved file grooved
for working in depressions : see riffle1."] 1. A
kind of file with a somewhat curved extremity,
suitable for working in small depressions.
The rifflers of sculptors and a few other files are curvi-
linear in their central line. Encyc. Brit., IX. 160.
2. A workman who uses such a file, especially
in metal-work.
riffraff (rif'raf), n. [Early mod. E. rifferaffe;
< ME. rif and raf, every particle, things of
small value, < OF. rif 'et raf("il ne luy lairra
rif ny raf, he will leave him neither rif nor
raf" — Cotgrave), also rifle rafle ("on n'y a
laisse ne rifle ne rafle, they have swept all
away, they have left no manner of thing be-
hind them"— Cotgrave), rt/and ra/being half-
riming quasi-nouns reduced respectively from
OF. rifler, rifle, ransack, spoil (see rifle1, v.),
and raffler (F. rafter), rifle, ravage, snatch
away: see raffle1. Cf. Olt. raffola, ruffola, "by
riffraffe, by hooke or crooke, by pinching or
scraping" (Florio).] 1. Scraps; refuse; rub-
bish; trash.
It is not Ciceroes tongue that can peerce their armour
to wound the body, nor Archimedes prickes, and lines,
and circles, and triangles, and rhombus, and ri/e-ra/e
that hath any force to drive them backe.
Qosson, Schools of Abuse (1579). (Balliwell.)
You would inforce upon us the old ri/e-raffe of Sarum,
and other monasticall reliques.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
"La, yes, Miss Matt," said she after seating me in her
splint-bottom chair before a rif -raff flre.
The Century, XXXVII. 939.
2. The rabble.
Like modern prize fights, they drew together all the
scum and ri/-raff, as well as the gentry who were fond of
so-called sport.
J. Ashton, Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne, I. 315.
Almack's, for instance, was far more exclusive than the
Court. Riff-raff might go to Court ; but they could not
get to Almack's, for at its gates there stood, not one angel
with a fiery sword, but six in the shape of English ladies,
terrible in turbans, splendid in diamonds, magnificent in
satin, and awful in rank.
W. Besant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 114.
3. Sport ; fun. HalliweU. [Prov. Eng.]
rifle1 (ri'fl), v. ; pret. and pp. rifled, ppr. rifling.
[< ME. riflen, < OF. rifler, rifle, ransack, spoil;
with freq. suffix, < Icel. hrifa, rifa, grapple,
seize, pull up, scratch, grasp, akin to krifsa,
rob, pillage, hrifs, plunder.] I. trans. I. To
seize and bear away by force; snatch away.
Till Time shall rifle ev'ry youthful Grace.
Pope, Iliad, 1. 41.
rifle
2. To rob; plunder; pillage: often followed
by of.
"Ones," quath he, "ich was yherborwed with an hep of
chapmen ;
Ich a-ros and rifled here males [bags) whenne thei a reste
were." Piers Plowman (C), vii. 236.
H. said, as touchyng the peple that rifled yow, and the
doyng thereof, he was not privy therto.
Paston Letters, I. 158.
The city shall be taken, and the houses rijled.
Zech. xiv. 2.
The roadside garden and the secret glen
Were rifled of their sweetest flowers.
Bryant, Sella.
3f. To raffle ; dispose of in a raffle.
I have at one throw
Rifled away the diadem of Spain.
Lust's Dominion, v. 1.
II. intrans. 1. To commit robbery or theft.
Thither repair at accustomed times their harlots, . . .
not with empty hands, for they he as skilful in picking,
rifling, and niching as the upright men.
Harmon, Caveat for Cursetors, p. 21.
2f. To raffle : play at dice or some other game
of chance wherein the winner secures stakes
previously agreed upon.
A rifling, or a kind of game wherein he that in casting
doth throw most on the dyce takes up all the monye that
is layd downe. Nomenclator (1586), p. 293. (Hallimll.)
We'll strike up a drum, set up a tent, call people to-
gether, put crowns apiece, let 's rifle for her.
Chapman, Blind Beggar of Alexandria.
rifle2 (ri'fl), i'.; pret. and pp. rifted, ppr. rifling.
[< Dan. rifle, rifle, groove (riflede sailer, fluted
columns; cf. rifle, a groove, flute), = Sw. reffla,
rifle (reffelbossa, a rifled gun), < rire (for "rife).
tear, = Sw. rifva, scratch, tear, grate, grind, =
Icel. rifa, rive : see me1, and cf. rivel. Cf. G.
riefe, a furrow (< LG.), riefen, rifle; and see
riffle1.'] I. trans. 1. In gun-making, to cut spiral
grooves in (the bore of a gun-barrel). Grooves
are now in universal use for small-arms, and for the most
part are used in ordnance. Small-arms are rifled by a
cutting-tool attached to a rod and drawn through the bar-
rel, while at the same time a revolution on the longitudi-
nal axis is imparted to the tool. Rifled cannon are rifled
by pushing through their bores a cutting-tool mounted on
an arbor that exactly fits the bore. See rifling-machine.
2. To whet, as a scythe, with a rifle. [Local,
Eng. and New Eng.]
n. intrans. To groove firearms spirally along
the interior of the bore.
The leading American match-rifle makers all rifle upon
the same plan — viz., a sharp continual spiral and very
shallow grooves. W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 148.
rifle2 (ri'fl), n. [Short for rifled gun : see rifle?,
v. Cf. Sw. reffelbossa, a rifled gun. The Dan.
riff el, Sw. rifle, a rifle, are < E.] 1. A firearm
or a piece of ordnance having a barrel (or bar-
rels) with a spirally grooved bore. Spirally grooved
gun-barrels are of German origin ; some authorities think
they were invented by Gaspard Kollner of Vienna, in
1498; others regard Augustus Hotter of Nuremberg as
the originator, the invention, according to these writers,
dating between 1500 and 1520. Straight grooves were
used in the fifteenth century, but their purpose was sim-
ply to form recesses for the reception of dirt and to aid in
cleaning the gun. Spiral grooving has a distinct object
beyond this, namely, to impart to the projectile a rotation
whereby its flight is rendered more nearly accurate — the
principle being that, when the center of gravity in the
bullet does not exactly coincide with its longitudinal axis,
as is nearly always the case, any tendency to deviate from
the vertical plane including that axis will, by the constant
revolution of the bullet, be exerted in all directions at
right angles with its geometrical axis. A variety of shapes
in the cross-sections of the grooves have been and are still
used. The number of grooves is also different for differ-
ent rifles, as is the pitch of the spiral — that is. the dis-
tance, measured on the axis of the bore, included by a sin-
gle turn of the spiral. The variation in small-arms in this
particular is wide — from one turn in 17 inches to one
turn in 7 feet. In ordnance the pitch is much greater.
Breech-loading guns began to appear in the first half of
the sixteenth century, and were probably either of French
or German origin. Such guns were made in Italy in the
latter half of the sixteenth century. During the war of
independence in America, a breech-loading rifle invented
by Major Patrick Fergusson, and known as the Fergusson
rifle, was used ; it was the flrst breech-loading carbine
used in the British regular army. A great many breech-
loading rifles have since appeared. Muzzle-loading rifles
have been superseded as military arms by these guns, and
to a large extent the latter have supplanted muzzle-loaders
for sporting arms. Many breech-loaders once of impor-
tance in American and European warfare have in their
turn been superseded by improved arms. Among them
is the once justly celebrated Prussian needle-gun. These
improvements have culminated in the Winchester and
other repeating arms, which admit of refined accuracy of
aim with great rapidity of firing. The tendency in mod-
ern rifles is toward smaller bores and chambers. The
most recent advance in this direction of improvement is
of German origin (1889-90X and consists in making rifles
nf much smaller bore and less weit'ht than have hitherto
been used, with bnllete of lead and wolfram alloy having
a specific gravity 50 per cent, greater than that of the lead
iind antimony alloy of the common hardened rifle-bullets.
The bores of guns with which experiments have been
made are less than 8 millimeters in diameter. Some hav-
ing bores only 4 millimeters (about J inch) in diameter
rifle
have been tried with surprising increase of range and ef-
fectiveness, on account of the diminished air-resistance.
Exclusive of repeating ritles or magazine-guns, the princi-
pal differences between modern rifles are in their breech-
actions and their firing-mechanism. Some of the more
important of these arms are described below.
2. A soldier armed with a rifle : so named at a
time when the rifle was not the usual weapon of
the infantry: as, the Royal Irish Rifles — that
is, the 83d and 86th regiments of British infan-
try Albini-Braendlin rifle, the firearm of the Belgian
government. The breech-block is opened in the manner
explained for the Berdan rifle. In closing, after insertion
of the cartridge, the block is fastened by a spring stud
until the hammer strikes. The hammer in striking op-
erates a locking-bolt, sliding it longitudinally into the
breech-block, thus preventing the latter from rising under
the stress at the instant of discharge. The spent cartridge
is extracted as in the Berdan rifle, the extractor-claws be-
ing attached to the breech-block, and engaging the car-
tridge-case when the block is turned forward over the bar-
rel. The cartridge is also exploded as described for the
Berdan rifle. The hammer strikes and drives the locking-
bolt forward against a striker or needle in the breech-
block, which impinges against the base of the cartridge.
— Berdan rifle, a combination of the Albini-Braendlin
and the Chassepot rifles (which see). It is named after
its inventor, an American, General Berdan. It has a
hinged breech-block, which, when turned forward over
the barrel, extracts the spent cartridge. A new car-
tridge having been inserted, the block is closed, and fas-
tened by a bolt analogous to the cock of the Chassepot
rifle. The lock has a spiral mainspring which drives the
locking-bolt against a striker working in the center of the
breech-block, instead of at the side as in the Albini-
Braendlin gun. This rifle was used in the American civil
war, and is still one of the United States arms. It has been
adopted by the Russian government, which now manu-
factures an improved pattern of the gun at its arsenal at
Tula. The arm is hence called iu Europe the Berdan-
Russian rifle.— Breech-loading rifle, in distinction from
muzzle-loadiny rifle, a rifle that is charged at the breech
instead of at the muzzle. — Chassepot rifle, a French
modification of the Prussian needle-gun (which see). The
barrel has four deep grooves with a left-handed instead of
a right-handed spiral, this direction being chosen to coun-
teract the disturbing effect of the pull-off on the aim. The
self-consuming cartridge was originally used, but, this
causing the gun to foul quickly, the arm (which is still re-
tained by the French government) has been adapted to
the use of metallic cartridges. — Double rifle, a double-
barreled rifle. Such rifles have hitherto been used only
as sporting guns.— Enfleld rifle, a muzzle-loading gun
f ormerly manufactured by the English government at En-
fleld. Several systems having been submitted by different
gun-makers, the government, instead of using any one ex-
clusively, adopted the best points of each, and combined
them in this arm. The gun in its original form is ntill used
by native regiments in India, but it has been converted
into a breech-loader, and is called the "Snider Enfield"
or " Snider rifle." It is, except in India, now superseded.
—Express-rifle. See express, n., 5.— Francotte-Mar-
tini rifle, a gun having the Martini breech-action with an
important modification by M. Francotte of Liege, whereby
the lock-mechanism may be, for cleaning, all removed at
once from below, by taking out a single pin from the trig-
ger-plate and guard to which the lock-work is wholly at-
tached, and by which it is supported in the breech-action
body.— Henry repeating rifle, a gun in which a maga-
zine for cartridges extends under the entire length of the
barrel, and holds fifteen cartridges. It can be fired thirty
times per minute, including the time necessary to supply
the magazine. The Winchester rifle has superseded this
arm, which was one of the weapons used in the United
States army during the American civil war. — High-pow-
ered, low-powered rifles. See powered.— Mannlicher
repeating rifle, a name of two different guns, one of
which is a revolving-magazine repeater, and the other a
detachable-magazine repeater. The revolving magazine
in the first-named consists of three joined parallel tubes,
each holding a number of cartridges, the whole being au-
tomatically revolved on a central axis as each tube is emp-
tied, to bring one after another into the proper position
for delivering the cartridges. The magazine is contained
in a chamber formed in the butt of the stock, and it is
loaded through an opening in front of the guard. The
cartridges are successively fed forward by a spiral spring,
and automatically thrown up into a horizontal position
and forced into the breech of the barrel while placing the
lock in the firing position. The cartridges are metallic
and central-flre, but are necessarily of rather small cali-
ber. The other Mannlicher rifle has a detachable maga-
zine, but the breech-mechanism is the same. The maga-
zine is fixed to the shoe of the breech-action, and, when
detached, is used as a cartridge-pouch. Several maga-
zines, each with eight or ten cartridges, can be loaded, and,
when needed, successively and quickly attached. This
arm has been adopted in the Austrian army. — Martini-
Henry rifle, a rifle adopted by the English government,
rifled on the Henry principle described under rifling^, and
having its breech-action that of Martini, in which the
breech-block is hinged, and opened backward by pushing
downward and forward a lever pivoted just back of the
trigger-guard, which movement also automatically extracts
the cartridge-case. The gun has been slightly improved
since its adoption. It is now used with a coiled brass
bottle-necked cartridge carrying a large charge of powder.
It shoots accurately at 800 yards, but has a range of 1,500
yards.— Match-rifle, a fine, well-made arm used for
match-shooting. The grain of the barrel is generally
parallel with the axis of the bore, which secures greater
accuracy in rifling than is possible in a twist barrel. The
grooves are also veiy shallow. For different English muz-
zle-loading match-rifles (still somewhat used), the Whit-
worth, Henry, and rectangular-grooved rifling (which see,
under riflinffi) are variously employed. For breech-load-
ers, either the Metford system or the American method
(also described under rifling?) is more in vogue. The sights
of match-rifles are usually a wind-gage fore-sight and an
elevating vernier peep-sight.— Mini6 rifle, a rifle using
the Miiiie ball.— Muzzle-loading rifle, a rifle which is
5175
charged or loaded at the muzzle, as distinguished from a
breech-loading rifle.— Peabody-Martini rifle, a breech-
loading military firearm, made at Providence, Rhode
Island. It is a modification of the English Martini-
Henry rifle, and is adopted by the armies of Turkey and
Rumania.— Peabody rifle, the first breech-loader which
used a dropping breech-block pivoted at the rear end
above the axis of the bore. The operating lever is also
the trigger-guard, and is connected with the block in
such manner that pressing it forward pulls downward the
front end of the block, thus rendering it impossible to jam
the block by any expansion of the cartridge at the base,
as sometimes has occurred in rifles wherein the whole
block slides downward below the bore. This breech-ac-
tion appears to have been the forerunner of the breech-
actions of the Martini, Westley -Richards, Swinburne, Stahl,
Field, and other arms that have appeared since 1862 (the
year in which the Peabodyrifle was first submitted to mili-
tary tests at the United States arsenal in Watertown).—
Photographic rifle, a fanciful form of camera arranged
for taking instantaneous photographs of objects in motion.
It is a camera fixed on a gun-stock, with sights to secure
accuracy in bringing the desired object within the field of
the lens, and a trigger for setting free the instantaneous
shutter to make the exposure. It has no practical use, be-
ing merely a very clumsy form of hand-camera or detective
camera. — Remington rifle, ;in arm extensively usedin the
armies of the United States, France, Denmark, Austria,
Italy, China, Egypt, and many South American govern-
ments. The bore has been made either to take a bottle-
necked cartridge, as do the Martini-Henry and some ex-
Remington Single-shot Rifle.
A A, receiver; B, breech-piece; C, hammer; D, locking lever, a,
mainspring; bb, pins; f, trigger; rf, locking-lever spring ; e, trigger-
spring ; /, firing-pin. In loading, C is drawn back till caught by c in
second notch of C. This enables K to be drawn back, opening the
cartridge-chamber. The pulling back of C extracts the cartridge by
an extractor not shown in the cut. The shell is then taken out and a
new cartridge inserted by hand. B is then closed against the loaded
chamber, leaving the gun cocked. Pulling the trigger then releases C,
which drives the firing-pin against the cartridge.
press-rifles, or a Berdan cartridge. The breech-action of
the earlier patterns has been criticized as lacking solid-
ity, but no other military rifle has ever proved more gen-
erally satisfactory in use. The construction is remarkably
simple. The breech-action of earlier patterns consisted
mainly of two pieces — a combined breech-piece and ex-
tractor, and a hammer breech-bolt. Each of these parts
works upon a strong center-pin with a breech-bolt to back
up the breech-piece, and a spring holds the latter till the
hammer falls. The action has, however, been much im-
proved In later models, and the earlier defects removed.
The breech-block is actuated by a side-lever, and it is
locked independently of the hammer. It is provided
with a powerful and durable extractor, and the lock-
mechanism is both simple and strong. In a slightly mod-
ified form and reduced caliber it was adopted by Great
rifle
opened. A link connecting the lever and hammer cocks
the gun.— Schulhof repeating rifle, a gun having a
striker of the bolt form, resembling that of the Chasse-
pot and other guns of that class, a spacious and handy
magazine in the stock-butt, a peculiar and efficient car-
tridge-carrier, and a trigger unlike that in any other rifle.
The trigger is on the top of the grip of the stock, and is
pressed instead of pulled in firing. Turning over the
breech-block and drawing it rearward cocks the gun, and
at the same time brings a cartridge into position for inser-
tion ; closing the block thrusts in the cartridge, leaving the
gun cocked ; pressing the trigger fires it. This is one of
the most simple and rapid of repeating arms. Twenty-five
well-aimed shots can be fired with it by an expert in 30
seconds.— Sharp's rifle, a rifle having a nearly vertical
breech-block sliding in a mortise behind the fixed chamber
in the barrel, and operated from below by a lever, which
forms the trigger-guard. This gun was used in the Ameri-
can civil war, and was also used to a very limited extent
in the British cavalry. It has now only historical im-
portance.—Snider rifle, an Enfleld rifle converted into
a breech-loader. (Compare Enfiddrifie.) In the change,
two inches in length of the breech was cut away at the
top, and a slightly tapered chamber made for the reception
of the cartridge. A breech-block hinged on the right-
hand side was used to close the opening thus made. This
block closes down behind the cartridge and receives the
recoil. The block is opened, and the cartridge pushed in
by the thumb. A striker passes through the breech-block,
and transmits the blow of the hammer to the fulminate.
The general principle of the breech-action is among the
earliest known in the history of breech-loading arms —
Soper rifle, an arm having a side-hinged swinging block
like the Wendl (Austrian) breech-loading rifle. The block
is, however, operated by a lever situated on the side of
the stock in a position where it can be depressed by the
thumb of the right hand, while the gun is at the shoulder,
without moving the hand from the grip of the stock. The
movement of the lever simultaneously opens the breech-
block, extracts the cartridge, carries back the striker in the
breech-block, and places the hammer at full cock. The
cartridge is then inserted with the left hand, and on releas-
ing the lever from pressure the breech-block closes. The
gun is then ready to fire. The possible rapidity of firing
with this gun is probably greater than that of any other
breech-loader not of the repeating class.— Sporting rifle,
in contradistinction to military rifle, one of a class of
rifles specially designed for use in hunting. The class in-
cludes the express-rifle, double rifle, large-bore rifles, rook
and rabbit rifle, punt-gun, etc.— Springfield rifle.a single
breech-loader adopted and manufactured (at Springfield
hi *'»
Remington Magazine-rifle.
a, receiver; b, bolt; f, firing-pin; rf, mainspring ; e, thumb-piece ;
/.key-sleeve; f, extractor ; A, sear; i, trigger; k, magazine-catch ;
/, sear-spring; M, magazine; «, magazine-spring; o, trigger -guard ;
/, stock; r, tang-screw ; s, guard-screw.
Britain in 1889. In the present United States govern-
ment caliber (.45) the gun has been officially adopted by
the United States Navy Department.— Repeating rifle,
a rifle which can be repeatedly fired without stopping to
load. Such arms are constructed either on the revolving
principle (see revolver) or the magazine principle, or, as in
the Needham and the Mannlicher systems, they comprise
both these principles.— Rook and rabbit rifle, a small
breech-loading sporting rifle, used only for short ranges.
The Remington, the Martini, and also top-lever and side-
lever actions are variously used in such guns, and they
generally have half or full pistol-hand stocks. When side-
lever actions are used, they have rebounding locks (which
see, under Zocfci). — Saloon rifle, a small smooth-bore,
breech-loading gun, incongruously named, having a strong
heavy barrel, and used for ranges of from 50 to 100 feet.
The cartridge is a small copper case charged with a ful-
minate. Such guns are principally used in shooting-gal-
leries or rifle-saloons. The best of these guns shoot
with remarkable accuracy, and hence are called by the
French "carabines de precision."— Schneider repeat-
ing rifle, a gun having a reciprocating block like the
Sharp's rifle, the block moving down vertically, instead
of being pivoted on hinges and turning downward as in
actions of rifles of the Peabody type. It has a tubular
magazine with a spring-coil feed extending under the bar-
rel. The breech-block is depressed by moving an under
lever downward and forward, and at the lowest position
of the lever a cartridge is delivered rearward upon the
top of the block. The lever is then moved back, which
lifts the cartridge into line with the bore, on arriving at'
which it is automatically thrust into the breech by a
swinging cam on the left side of the breech-block. This
cam also acts as the extractor when the breech is again
f
Springfield Rifle.
a, bottom of receiver ; b, barrel to which the receiver is attached by
a screw-thread ; c, breech-screw, having a circular recess for receiving
the cam-latch./", which locks the breech-block ft in place; e, hinge-pin,
around which the breech-block d turns; gt cam-latch spring which
presses the cam-latch /"into the circular recess ; ft, firing-pin pointed
at i, which transmits the blow of hammer to priming of cartridge (cen-
tral-fire) ; /, extractor which turns on e and withdraws the spent car-
tridge-shell after firing; k, the ejector-spring and spindle. When the
breech-block is closed, the rear end of the ejector-spring spindle
presses against the extractor. The drawing in full outline snows this
position. When the breech-block is raised into the position shown in
dotted outline, it presses against the lug tn of the extractor j and turns
j rearward, withdrawing the shell, and the ejector-spring is com-
pressed ; when the direction of the spindle and spring k passes to a
point below the center of e, the extractor is thrown quickly and forci-
bly backward, throwing out the shell, the latter being deflected up-
ward by the ejector-stud I.
in Massachusetts) by the United States government. The
breech- fermeture consists of a rotating breech-block and a
locking-cam. It is flred by means of a side-lock and firing-
pin. See the cut with explanation.— Vetterlin repeat-
ing rifle, a Swiss arm, of which its inventor, Vetterlin, has
produced several patterns. Its firing-mechanism acts on
the same principle as that of the Chassepot, but it has a
magazine placed longitudinally under the barrel. The car-
tridges are respectively delivered rearward into a carriage
which is moved upward into proper relation with the barrel
by a bell-crank connected with the sliding-block when the
latter is pulled backward, and descends again for another
cartridge when the breech-block is closed. The extrac-
tor is similar to that of the Winchester rifle (see cut be-
low). A coiled mainspring drives the needle against the
base of the cartridge.— Winchester rifle, a rifle invented
by B. B. Hotchkiss, an American, and first exhibited to the
Winchester Rifle.
a, rifled barrel ; b, stock ; c, c, receiver, which contains all the inter-
nal lock -mechanism, and is attached to the barrel by a screw-thread
as shown at e, and to the wooden stock b by the tangs a and if, through
which screws pass, one passing entirely through and binding both
tangs tightly against the stock ; f, the magazine, containing cartridges
g, which are pressed toward the rear by the long coiled spring A into a
recess in a vertically moving carrier-block i in the receiver c ; j, the
carrier- lever, pivoted at k to the finger-lever m, m, m, tn, which is
also pivoted to the receiver by the same pivot *; / and /' are abut-
ments respectively on the earner-lever ana finger-lever, whose action
is explained below ; n, the carrier-lever spring, which holds it down-
ward when not lifted by the finger-lever ; o, one of the two links or tog-
gles pivoted to the receiver at o\ to the breech-block / at o", and tog-
gle-jointed at o'" ; q, a pin attached to the finger-lever and working
m the slot rof the liuko ; /'.the firing-pin, which slides in the breech-
rifle
pin and whose point is driven against the cartridge by the hammer s
at the instant of firing ; t, the mainspring, connected by a link with
the hammer below the hammer-pivot it ; i', the bear with sear-spring
and safety-catch mechanism (not lettered) situated behind it ; -w, the
trigger ; x, extractor and extr.tctor-inech;tnisni, tile extractor engag-
ing the rim of the cartridge in the barrel and pulling the spent car*
triage-shell out when the breech-block is movea rearward. Turning
the linker-lever m, m, t», nt downward toward the front forces the
breech-block, breech-pin, and hammer rearward, cocking the hammer
and extracting the spent cartridge-shell. At the same time the ledge
or abutment T on the finger-lever presses against the ledge / on the
carrier-lever, forcing up the carrier r'. with its contained cartridge.
When moved back to its original position the finger-lever permits the
carrier to return to its original position and receive another cartridge
from :he magazine/", and also forces the breech-block / forward, press-
ing the cartridge into the breech of the barrel. The hammer remains
cocked until the trigger is pulled. The loading of the gun and cock-
ing for firing are thus effected by the single motion forward and rear-
ward of the finger-lever m. The opening of a side plate (not shown)
permits the charging of the magazine by successive insertions of car-
tridges.
public at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. Since that
time it has attained a world-wide reputation. Its con-
struction is shown in the cut, to which an explanation ia
appended.
rifle3 (i'1'fl), '(. [Origin uncertain.] 1. A bent
stick standing on the butt of the handle of
a scythe. HalliweU. — 2. An instrument used
after the manner of a whetstone for sharpen-
ing scythes, and consisting of a piece of wood
coated with sharp sand or emery, with a handle
at one end. [Local, Eng. and New Eng.]
rifle-ball (ri'ti-bal), «. A bullet designed to
be fired from a rifle. Such balls are not now made
spherical, as formerly, but generally cylindrical, with a
conoidal head, the base being usually hollowed and fitted
with a plug, which causes the bullet to expand into the
grooves of the bore of the weapon. See n/te2, v. t., and
cut under bullet.
rifle-bird (ri'fl-berd), w. An Australian bird of
paradise, Ptilorhis paradisea, belonging to the
slender-billed section (Epimaehinee) of the fam-
ily Paradiseidie : said to have been so named
by the early colonists from suggesting by its
colors the uniform of the Rifle Brigade. This
bird is 11 or 12 inches long, the wing 6, the tail -U, the
hill 2; the male is black, splendidly iridescent with fiery,
Rifle-bird (Ptitorhis faraditta).
purplish, violet, steel-blue, and green tints, which change
like burnished metal when viewed in differentlights ; the
female is plain brown, vailed with buff, white, and black.
The rifle-bin] inhabits especially New South Wales. There
are 3 or 4 other species of Ptilorhis, of other parts of Aus-
tralia and some of the adjacent islands, of which the best-
known is P. magnified of New Guinea.
rifle-corps (ri'fl-kor), M. A body of soldiers
armed with rifles. Especially, in England, since about
1857, a body of volunteers wearing a self-chosen uniform
and undergoing drill by their own officers as part of a body
of citizen-soldiers formed for the defense of the country.
rifleman (ri'fl-man), n. ; pi. riflemen (-men). [<
rifle2 + man.'] A man armed with a rifle; a
man skilled in shooting with the rifle; milit.,
formerly, a member of a body armed with the
rifle when most of the infantry had muskets.
rifleman-bird (ri'fl-man-berd), «. Same as
rifle-bird. Encyc. Brit", XX. 553.
rifle-pit (ri'fl-pit), ». A pit or short trench in
front of an army, fort, etc., generally about 4
feet long and 3 feet deep, with the earth thrown
up in front so as to afford cover to two skir-
mishers. Sometimes they are loopholed by laying a
sand-bag over two other bags on the top of the breast-
work, so that the head and shoulders of the rifleman are
covered.
rifler (ri'fler), ». [ME. rifler, riffler, riflowr ; <
riflei + -eri.] 1. One who rifles; a robber.
And eke repreue robbers and riffleria of peple.
Itichard the Jtedeless, ill. 197.
Parting both with cloak and coat, if any please to be the
M
ilton, Divorce.
2. A hawk that does not return to the lure.
Fran. Your Hawke is but a Rifler.
Heywood, Woman Killed with Kindness.
However well trained, these birds [falcons] were always
liable to prove riflers, that is, not to return to the lure.
Encyc. Brit., XI. 700.
rifle-range (ri'fl-ranj), ji. 1. A place for prac-
tice in shooting with the rifle.— 2. A specific
distance at which rifle-shooting is practised.
rifle-shell (ri'fl-shel), n. In ordnance, a shell
adapted for firing from a rifled cannon.
rifle-shot (ri'fl-shot), n. 1. A shot fired with
a rifle. — 2. One who shoots with a rifle.
5176
The scientific knowledge required to become a success
ful rifle-shot necessitates much study, anil continual prac-
tice with the weapon is also called for.
W. W. Oreener, The Gun, p. 157.
rifling1 (ri'fliug), n. [Verbal n. of rifle1, r.] 1.
The act of plundering or pillaging. — 2. pi. The
waste from sorting bristles.
rifling2 (ri'fling), H. [Verbal n. of rz/ZeV-] 1.
The operation of cutting spiral grooves in the
bore of a gun. — 2. A system or method of spiral
grooving in the bore of a rifle. Whatever may be the
form of cross-section in the grooves, the modern practice is
to make them, for small-arms, extremely shallow ; and,
though the rectangular form with sharp angles is still re-
tained, the angles are commonly rounded, this being an
easier form to keep clean. Henry's system of rifling, used
in most military rifles, has seven grooves ; and the gi • OT8i
make one turn in 22 inches. The grooves are broad, rec-
tangular, and very shallow, with rounded angles, the lands
being much narrower than the grooves. This is the sys-
tem used in the Martini-Henry rifle. The system most in
vogue in America for match-rifles Is that of a uniform spi-
ral, one turn in 18 inches, with very shallow grooves. With
shallow grooves, hardened bullets are required ; and the
method of shallow grooving, with hardened bullets, is now
taking the place of deep grooves and soft bullets, which
were characteristic of Whitworth's and Henry's system of
rifling. In express-rifles the rifling is very shallow with a
slow spiral (one turn in 4 feet to one turn In 6 feet) ; and
six is considered the best number of grooves. The so-called
" M et ford system"of rifling, used in England for fine match-
rifles, employs five extremely shallow grooves, each Includ-
ing about 32° of the circumference of the bore, the twist of
the spiral increasing toward the muzzle, generally finishing
with one turn in 17 inches ; but it is part of this system to
vary the spiral in different guns according to the character
of tne powder to be used. In large-bore rifles with shallow
circular-arc-bottomed grooves, the grooves are often ten in
number, with one turn in 7 feet. A system, still of doubt-
ful expediency, has been introduced, called the non-fmitiny
tyttem. In this method the barrel is rifled in its front
half only. Some very fine shooting has been done by
guns thus rifled. The VYhitworth system of rifling is that
of a hexagonal bore with spiral faces. It is still retained
for ordnance. The projectiles for such rifles are also hex-
agonal with twisted sides. The Haddan system of rifling
for ordnance consists of three spiral grooves of deep ellip-
tical cross-section, into which fit three wings on the front
of the shot or shell. Other shapes of grooves are also
used for ordnance. — Ratchet-rifling, a kind of grooving
in gun-barrels in which the grooves have a cross-section
closely approximating a right-angled triangle with the hy-
potenuse at the bottom of the groove, like the spaces be-
tween the teeth of a ratchet. It is now used only for In-
ferior guns.
rifling-machine (ri'fliug-ma-shen"), n. A ma-
chine serving to cut spiral grooves or rifles in
the surface of the bore of a small-arm or cannon.
For small-arms, the cutter-head is armed with two or more
cutters, and the grooves are cut in the pulling stroke of
the rifling rod to prevent bending, no work being done
on the return stroke. After every stroke the cutter-head
or barrel is revolved a certain angular distance (depending
on the number of grooves to be cut) by the automatic ro-
tation of the rifling bar, so that the several grooves are
successively occupied by each cutter. For cannon, the
cutter-head fits the bore exactly, and the cutter projects
above its cylindrical surface to a height equal to the depth
of the chip to be taken oat at each stroke, cutting but one
groove at a time. The twist is obtained automatically by
means of a rack and pinion. The pinion-wheel is made
fast to the cutter-bar, and gears into a rack carrying two
or three friction-wheels at one end. These friction-wheels
roll upon an inclined guide, curved or straight according
as the twist is to be increasing or uniform.
rifling-tool (ri'fling-tol), w. An instrument for
rifling firearms.
rift1 (rift), n. [< ME. rift, ryfte, < Dan. rift =
Norw. rift, a rift, crevice, rent, = Icel. ript, a
breach of contract; with formative -t, < Dan.
rive = Norw. rira, tear, rive: see rive1."] 1.
An opening made by riving or splitting; a fis-
sure ; a cleft or crevice ; a chink.
The grete barrez of the abynie he burst vp at onez,
That alle the regioun to-rof in rtfles ful grete,
<t clouen alle in lyttel cloutes the clyffez ay where,
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), it. 964.
He pluckt a bough, out of whose r\fte there came
Smal drops of gory bloud, that trickled down the same.
Spenser, F. Q., I. ii. 30.
It is the little rift within the lute
That by and by will make the music mute.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien (song).
2+. A riving or splitting ; a shattering.
The remnond, that rode by the rugh bonkis.
Herd the rurde and the njfle of the rank schippls,
The frusshe and the fare of folke that were drounet.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 12697.
rift1 (rift), r. [< riffl, n.] I. trans. 1. To rive;
cleave; split.
To the dread rattling thunder
Have I given fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak
With his own bolt. Shak., Tempest, v. 1. 45.
The rifted crags that hold
The gathered ice of winter. Bryant, Song.
2. To make or effect by cleavage.
The intellect is a cleaver; it discerns and rifts its way
into the secret of things. Thoreau, Walden, p. 106.
II. intrans. To burst open; split.
lid shriek, that even your ears
Should rift to hear me. Shalt., W. T., v. 1. 66.
lift1 (rift), p. a. Split; specifically, following
the general direction of the splitting or check-
rig
ing: said of a log: as, rift pine boards. Com-
pare quartered, 4.
rift-'t, w. [ME. rift, < AS. rift, a veil, curtain,
cloak, = Icel. ript. ripti, a kind of cloth or linen
jerkin.] A veil: a curtain. Lnynmon.
rift3 (rift), r. i. [< ME. riftcii, ryften, < Icel.
>'!//>ld, belch ; of. ropi. a belching, ropri, belch.]
To belch. [Obsolete or dialectal.]
rift4 (rift), 11. [Prob. an altered form, simulat-
ing riffi, of riffV; see riff?, m-/1, n.] A shal-
low place in a stream ; a fording-place ; also,
rough water indicating submerged rocks. [Lo-
cal.]
rig1 (rig), w. An obsolete or dialectal form of
ridge.
rig2 (rig), r. ; pret. and pp. rigged, ppr. rigging.
[Early mod. E. rygge; < Norw. rigga, bind up,
wrap round, rig (a ship) (cf. rigg, rigging of
a ship), = Sw. dial, rigga, in rigga p&, harness
(rigup) (ahorse); perhaps allied to AS. "vrilmn,
wredn (pp. wrigen), cover: M*wy8,] I. trans.
1 . To fit (a ship) with the necessary tackle ; fit,
as the shrouds, stays, braces, etc., to their re-
spective masts and yards.
I rygge a shyppe, I make It redye to go to the see.
Palsgrave, p. 091.
Our ship . . .
Is tight and yare and bravely rigg'd as when
We first put out to sea. Shale., Tempest, v. 1. 224.
Sow Patrick he rigg'd out his ship,
And sailed ower the faem.
Sir Patrick Spent (Child's Ballads, III. S3SI).
2. To dress; fit out or decorate with clothes
or personal adornments: often with out or vp.
[Colloq.]
She is not rigged, sir ; setting forth some lady
Will cost as much as furnishing a fleet.
/•'. Jonson, Staple of News, ii. 1.
Jack was rigged irui in his gold and silver lace, with a
feather in his cap. Sir K. L' Estrange.
You shall see how I rigg'd my Squire out with the Re-
mains of my shlpwreck'd Wardrobe.
Wycherley, Plain Dealer, Iv. 1.
Why, to show yon that I have a kindness for you and
your Husband, there is Ten Guineas to rig you for the
Honours I design to prefer you to.
Mrs. Centlivre, Gotham Election, L 1.
3. To fit out; furnish; equip; put in condition
for use: often followed by out or up. [Colloq.]
She insisted upon being stabbed on the stage, and she
had rigged up a kitchen carving-knife with a handle of
gilt paper, ornamented with various breastpins, ... as a
Tyrian dagger. H. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 501.
I was aroused by the order from the officer, "Forward
there! /-/•/ the head-pump !" . . . Having called up the
"idlers," . . . and rigged the pump, we began washing
down the decks. R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 8.
Cat-rigged, rigged as a cat-boat. See cut under cat^rig.
— To rig in a boom, to draw in a boom which is rigged
out.— To rig out a boom, to run out a studdingsail-boom
on the end of a yard, or a jib-boom or flying-jib boom on
the end of a bowsprit, in order to extend the foot of a sail.
—To rig the capstan. See capstan.— To rig the cast,
in angling, to fix the hooks on the leader by their snells. —
To rig the market, to raise or lower prices artificially in
order to one's private advantage ; especially, in the stock
exchange, to enhance fictitiously the value of the stock or
shares In a company, as when the directors or officers buy
them up out of the funds of the association. The market
Is also sometimes rigged by a combination of parties, as
large shareholders, interested in raising the value of the
stock.
The gold market may be rigged as well as the Iron or any
other special market.
Jevons, Money and Mech. of Exchange, p. 214.
II. intrans. To make or use a rig, as in an-
fling: as, to rig light (that is, to use a light
shing-tackle).
rig2 (rig), w. [= Norw. rigg, rigging: see the
verb.] 1. Naut., the characteristic manner of
fitting the masts and rigging to the hull of any
vessel: thus, schooner-ru/, ship-ni/, etc., have
reference to the masts and sails of those ves-
sels, without regard to the hull. — 2. Costume;
dress, especially of a gay or fanciful descrip-
tion. [Colloq.] — 3. An equipage or turnout;
a vehicle with a horse or horses, as for driving.
[Colloq., U. 8.]
One part of the team [in Homer] (or rig, as they say west
of the Hudson) had come to include by metonymy the
whole. Tram. Amer. Philol. Ass., XVI. 110.
4. Fishing-tackle collectively; an angler's
cast. [Colloq. 1 — Cat rig. See cat-rig — Gunter rig
(naut.\ a method of rigging •boats in which the topmast
is made to slide up and down alongside of the lower mast.
When hoisted, the topmast stretches up the head of the
three-cornered sail. This rig is largely used in the I'nited
States navy, and takes its name from the sliding scale
known as Qunter's scale, on account of the sliding up and
down of the topmast. Also sliding-gunter rift. — Square
rig, that rig in which the sails are bent to horizontal yards.
rig'3! (rig), r. [Early mod. E. rigge; prob. for
*n-rig, and akin to wrif/f/le, wrtde: see icriggle,
»,/,/.•.] I. intrang. To romp; play the wanton.
rig
To Rime, lasciuire puellam.
Levins, Manip. Vocab., p. 119.
II. trans. To make free with.
Some prowleth for fewel, and some away rig
Fat goose and the capon, duck, hen, and the pig.
Tusser, September's Husbandry, St. 39.
rig3 (rig), n. [< riys, «•.] It. A romp ; a wan-
ton: a strumpet.
Wantouis is a drab !
For the nonce she is an old rig.
Mariage of Witt and Wisdome (1679). (Halliwell.)
Nay, fy on thee, thou rampe, thou ryg, with al th
D«i GlaJJ flatumdT' nnvtAll's \'fifi<]](»
5177
under the roof and over the stage of a theater;
the place from which the scenery is lowered or
raised by means of ropes.
Looking upward from the floor of the stage, he would
call them [the beams) the gridiron ; standing on them, ho
would speak of them as the rigging-loft.
Scribner's May., IV. 438.
rigging-screws (rig'ing-skroz), •». pi. A ma-
chine formed of a clamp worked by a screw,
used to force together two parts of a stiff rope,
in order that a seizing may be put on.
[Also riggin-tree;
lattake rigging-tree (rig'ing-tre), n. [Also rujyin-tni' ;
thy p'arti Bp. Still, Gammer Gurfon's Needle, iii. 3. < rigging1 + tree.'] A roof-tree. [Scotch and
2 A frolic : a trick. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] prov. Eng.]
riggish (rig'ish), a. [< n,
the characteristics of a r
lewd.
For vilest things
Become themselves in her; that the holy priests
The one expressed his opinion that it was a rig, and the
other his conviction that it was a " go." Dtekens.
-f- -tsli*-.\ Having
rig or romp; wanton;
To run a rig, to play a trick or caper.
Away went Gilpin, neck or nought,
Away went hat and wig ;
He little dreamt, when he set out,
Of running such a rig. Cowper, John Gilpin.
To run the rig (or one's rig) upon, to practise a sportive
trick on.
I am afraid your goddess of bed-making has been run-
ning her rig upon you. Smollett.
rig4 (rig), 11. Same as ridgel.
Riga balsam. The essential oil or turpentine
distilled from the cones and young shoots of
Pinus Cembra. Also called Carpathian oil, Car-
pathian balsam, German oil.
Bless her when she is riggish.
Shak., A. and C., ii. 2. 245.
The wanton gesticulations of a virgin in a wild assem-
bly of gallants warmed with wine, could be no other than
ri'ifiish, and unmaidenly.
Bp. Hall, John Baptist Beheaded.
riggite (rig'it), «. [< rig*, a frolic, a prank, +
-;fci.] One who plays rigs ; a joker; a jester.
This and my being esteem'd a pretty good riggite — that
is, a jocular verbal satirist — supported my consequence
in the society. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 149.
German oil. rigglet, v . i. An obsolete spelling of wriggle.
rigadoon (rig-a-don'), «. [= D. rwoaon, < *. riggle(rig'l),«. [< riggle, wriggle, v.~\ A species
rigaudon, rigodon = Sp. rigodon = it. ngoclone, of san<j.eel, the Ammodytes laneea, or small-
a dance ; origin unknown.] 1 . A lively dance mouthed lance.
for one couple, characterized by a peculiar fj,igg's disease. Pvorrhcea alveolaris, or alve-
jumping step. It probably originated in Pro- ol°° at,seesa.
vence. It was very popular in England in the
seventeenth century.
Dance she would, not in such court-like measures as
she had learned abroad, but some high-paced jig, or hop-
skip rigadoon, befitting the brisk lasses at a rustic merry-
making. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xiii.
2. Music for such a dance, the rhythm being
usually duple (occasionally sextuple) and quick.
— 3. Formerly, in the French army, a beat of
drum while men condemned to be shelled were.
previous to their punishment, paraded up and
down the ranks.
Riga fir. Same as Riga pine.
rigal, n. Same as regatf, 1.
Riga pine. A variety of the Scotch pine or fir,
Piiius sylvestris, which comes from Riga, a sea- ,,,....„
port of Russia See Scotch pine, under pine1. th hout. as a rigU lini.
rigation (n-ga'shon), n. [< L. rigatio(n-), a '
watering, wetting,"< rigare(> It. rigor e), water,
wet. Cf. irrigation.} The act of watering ; ir-
rigation.
In dry years, every field that has not some spring, or
aqueduct, to furnish it with repeated rigations, is sure to
fail in its crop.
H. Swinburne, Travels through Spain, xvi. (Latham.)
rigescent (ri-jes'ent), a. [< L. riyescen(t-)s, „„, ^. „.„„.-,, ~... , ..
ppr. of rigescere,"grovf stiff or numb, < rigere, 2 In confortnity wjth the moral law; permit-
stiffen: see rigid.] In lot., approaching a rigid ted b tne principle which ought to regulate
„, oti» ^cHof^oo Coolce. conduct ; in accordance with truth, justice,
duty, or the will of God; ethically good; equi-
table; just.
Goodness in actions is like unto straightness ; where-
fore that which is done well we term right.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 8.
right (rit), a. and «. [Also dial, richt, reet; <
ME. right, ryght, ryth, ryt, rict, rigt, rigt, riht,
ryht, < AS. riht = OS. relit = OFries. rivcht =
MD. recht, regt, D. regt = MLG. LG. recht =
OHG. MHG. reht, G. recht, straight, right, just,
= Icel. rettr-(for *rehtr) = Sw. ratt = Dan. ret
= Goth, raihts, straight, right, just, = L. rectm
(for *regt«s) (> It. retto, ritto = Sp. Pg. recto),
right, direct, = Zend rashta, straight, right,
just; orig. pp. of a verb represented by AS.
reccan, stretch, etc., also direct, etc. (see rack1),
and L. regere, pp. rectus, direct, rule, Skt. •/ rij,
stretch, raj, rule : see regent, and cf . rail1, rule1,
a straight piece of wood, etc., from the same
L. source.] I. a. 1. Straight; direct; being
the shortest course ; keeping one direction
: line.
For crokid & creplis he makith rigt.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 46.
Than with al his real route he rides on gate,
Redili to-wardes Rome tho rigtes gates.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5322.
To Britaigne tooke they the righte way.
Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, 1. 512.
Circles and right lines limit and close all bodies.
Sir T. Brovme, Urn-burial, v.
or stiff consistence.
riggedt (rigd), a. [< rig1 + -ed* ; var.of ridged.]
Ridged; humped.
The young elephant, or two-tailed steer,
Or the rigg'd camel, or the fiddling frere.
Bp. Hall, Satires, IV. ii. 96.
rigger (rig'er), n. [<riff2 + -«•!.] 1. One who
rigs; specifically, one whose occupation is the
fitting of the rigging of ships. — 2. In mach.:
(a) A band-wheel having a slightly curved
rim. (6) A fast-and-loose pulley. E. H. Knight.
—3. Along-pointed sable brush used for paint-
ing, etc. Art Jour., 1887, p. 341 — Riggers' screw,
a screw-clamp for setting up shrouds and stays.
rigging1 (rig'ing), n. [< riffl + -ing1.] A ridge,
as of a house ; also, a roof. [Scotch and prov.
Eng.]
They broke the house in at the rigging.
Lads of Wamphray (Child's Ballads, VI. 170).
By some auld houlet-haunted biggin',
Or kirk deserted by its riggin',
It 's ten to ane ye'll find him snug in
Some eldritch part.
Burns, Captain Grose's Peregrinations.
rigginga (rig'ing), H
The ropes, chains,
to support and work all masts,
in a ship; tackle. Rigging is of two kinds: standing
rigging, or rigging set up permanently, as shrouds, stays,
backstays, etc. ; and running rigging, which comprises all
the ropes hauled upon to brace yards, make and take in
sail, etc., such as braces, sheets, clue-lines, buntlines, and
halyards. See cut under »/«/>.— Lower rigging. SeetowS.
— Rigging-cutter. Heecutteri.
rigging-loft (rig'ing-loft), H. 1. A large room
where rigging is fitted and prepared for use on
shipboard. — 2. Theat., the space immediately
When the son hath done that which is lawful and right,
and hath kept all my statutes, ... he shall surely live.
Ezek. xviii. 19.
Cousin of Hereford, as thy cause is right,
So be thy fortune in this royal flght !
Shak., Eich. II., i. 3. 56.
He
Who now is Sovran can dispose and bid
What shall be right. Milton, P. L., i. 247.
The adjective right has a much wider signification than
the substantive Right. Everything is right which is con-
formable to the Supreme Rule of human action ; but that
only is a Right which, being conformable to the Supreme
Rule, is realized in Society, and vested in a particular per-
son. Hence the two words may often be properly opposed.
We may say that a poor man has no Right to relief, but
it is right he should have it. A rich man has a Right to
destroy the harvest of his fields, but to do so would not be
right. Whewell, Elements of Morality, § 84.
n. '[Verbal n. of ri</2, «.] 3. Acting in accordance with the highest moral
is. etc., which are employed standard; upright in conduct ; righteous; free
rk all masts, yards, sails, etc., from guilt or blame.
A God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is
he. Deut. xxxii. 4.
I made him just and right,
Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall.
Milton, P. L., iii. 98.
If I am right, Thy grace impart,
Still in the right to stay;
If I am wrong, oh teach my heart
To flnd that better way !
Pope, The Universal Prayer.
right
4. Rightful; due; proper; fitting; suitable.
Aren none rather yrauysshed fro the rijte byleue
Than ar this cunnynge clerkes that comic many bokes.
Piers Plomnan (B), x. 456.
Put your bonnet to his right use ; 'tis for the head.
S/ra*., Hamlet, v. 2. 95.
The right word is always a power, and communicates its
deflniteness to our action.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, xxxi.
Hence — 5. Most convenient, desirable, or fa-
vorable; conforming to one's wish or desire;
to be preferred ; fortunate ; lucky.
If he should offer to choose, and choose the right casket,
you should refuse to perform your father's will, if you
should refuse to accept him. Shak., M. of V., i. 2. 100.
The lady has been disappointed on the right side.
Addison, Guardian, No. 113.
6. True; actual; real; genuine. [Obsolete or
archaic.]
Mv rwhte doghter, tresoure of myn herte.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2629.
The Poet is indeed the right Popular Philosopher,
whereof Esops tales glue good proofe.
Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
O this false soul of Egypt ! this grave charm, . . .
Like a right gipsy, hatli, at fast and loose,
Beguiled me to the very heart of loss.
Shak., A. and C., iv. 12. 28.
In truth, sir, if they be not right Granado silk— . . .
You give me not a penny, sir.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
She filled the one [glass] brimful for her guest, ... re-
peating, as the rich cordial trickled forth in a smooth oily
stream— "Right rosa soils as ever washed mulligrubs out
of a moody brain ! " Scott, Fortunes of Higel, xxi.
7f. Precise ; exact ; very. Compare right, adv., 5.
With that ich seyh an other
Rappliche renne the righte wey we wente.
Piers Plowman (C), xix. 291.
8. In conformity with truth or fact or reason;
correct ; not erroneous.
If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the inference
is certainly right, "Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow
we die." £«***•
Some praise at morning what they blame at night;
But always think the last opinion right.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 431.
9. Recognizing or stating truth; correct in
judgment or opinion.
You are right, justice, and you weigh this well.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 2. 102.
A fool must now and then be right by chance.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 96.
The world will not believe a man repents ;
And this wise world of ours is mainly right.
Tennyson, Geraint.
10. Properly done, made, placed, disposed, or
adjusted; orderly; well-regulated; well-per-
formed; correct: as, the sum is not right; the
drawing is not right.
But most by numbers judge a poet's song :
And smooth or rough, with them, is right or wrong.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 888.
11. In good health or spirits; well in body or
mind ; in good condition ; comfortable.
Nae treasures nor pleasures
Could mak' us happy lang ;
The heart aye 's the part aye
That makes us right or wrang.
Burns, First Epistle to Davie.
"Oh," said Mr. Winkle the elder, . . . "Ihopeyouare
well, sir." "Right as a trivet, sir," replied Bob Sawyer.
Dickens, Pickwick, 1.
12. Most finished, ornamental, or elaborate;
most important; chief; front: as, the right
side of a piece of cloth.
What the street medal-sellers call the right side . . .
presents the Crystal Palace, raised from the surface of the
medal, and whitened by the application of aqua fortis.
Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 388.
13. Belonging to or located upon that side
which, with reference to the human body, is
on the east when the face is toward the north ;
dexter or dextral: as, the right arm ; the right
cheek : opposed to left.
Hee raught forthe his right hand & his rigge frotus,
And coies hym as he kan with his clene handes.
AKmunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1176.
He set up the right pillar, and called the name thereof
Jachin, and he set up the left pillar, and called the name
thereof Boaz. 1 Ki. vii. 21.
If I forget thee, 0 Jerusalem, let my right hand forget
her cunning. Pa- cxxxvii. 6.
14. Formed by or with reference to a line
drawn to another line or surface by the short-
est course : as, a righ t angle ; a right cone ; right
ascension. -All right. See aU, adv.— At right an-
gles so as to form a right angle or right angles ; perpen-
dicular.—Directed right line. See direct. - Order of
multiplicity of a right line. See nndHplmtii.— Right
angle, an angle equal to a quarter of a complete rotation,
or subtending at the center of a circle one fourth of the
circumference; an angle formed by a line let fall upon
right
another line by the shortest way. — Right ascension. See
ascension. — Right bower. See bower^.— Right cam-
phor, the camphor produced from the Lauraceee, which
gives a right polai ization. — Right circle, in the stereo-
graphic projection, a circle represented by a right line.
— Right descenaion, in old outran. See descemion, 4.—
Right hand. See hand.— Right hand of fellowship.
See .fellowship.— Right helicoid, moneyt, reason. See
the nouns.— Right-line pen. See pen?.— Right solid,
a solid whose axis is perpendicular to its base, as a right
prism, pyramid, cone, cylinder, etc. — Right sphere, a
sphere so placed with regard to the horizon or plane of
projection that the latter is parallel to a meridian or to
the equator.— Right tensor, a dyadic of a form suitable
to represent a pure strain. — Right whale. See whale.
— To put the saddle on the right horse. See saddle.
= Syn. 2. and 3. Upright, honest, lawful, rightful.— 4.
Correct, meet, appropriate.
II. n. 1. Rightnesg; conformity to an au-
thoritative standard ; obedience to or harmony
with the rules of morality, justice, truth, rea-
son, propriety, etc.; especially, moral Tightness ;
justice; integrity; righteousness: opposed to
wrong.
Shall even he that hateth right govern ? and wilt thou
condemn him that is most just? Job v, vi\ . 17.
But right is might through all the world.
Emerson, Centennial Poem, Boston.
2. That which is right, or conforms to rule,
(a) Right conduct ; a just and good act, or course of ac-
tion ; anything which justly may or should be done.
Wrest once the law to your authority ;
To do a great right, do a little wrong.
Shale., M. of V., iv. 1. 216.
For a patriot too cool ; for a drudge disobedient ;
And too fond of the right to pursue the expedient.
Goldsmith, Retaliation.
With firmness in the right as God gives us to see the
right. Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address.
(6) The person, party, or cause which is sustained by
justice.
Receive thy lance ; and God defend the right !
Shale., Rich. II., i. 3. 101.
(c) That which accords with truth, fact, or reason ; the
truth.
Nym. The king hath run bad humours on the knight ;
that 's the even of it.
Pint. Nym, thou hast spoke the right.
Shale., Hen. V., ii. 1. 129.
3. A just claim or title ; a power or privilege
whereby one may be, do, receive, or enjoy
something; an authoritative title, whether
arising through custom, courtesy, reason, hu-
manity, or morality, or conceded by law.
Yey schal saue ye kynge hys rythe, and non prejudys
don a-geyn his lawe in yes ordenaunce.
English OUdi (E. E. T. S-X p. 30.
The right of the needy do they not judge. Jer. v. 28.
The people have a right supreme
To make their kings ; for kings are made for them.
Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. 409.
The right divine of kings to govern wrong.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 188.
And why is it, that still
Man with his lot thus fights ?
Tis that he makes his will
The measure of his rights.
M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
4. In law, that which any one is entitled to
have, or to do, or to require from others, within
the limits prescribed by law (Kent) ; any legal
consequence which any person, natural or arti-
ficial, is entitled to insist attaches to a given
state of facts ; the power recognized by law in
a person by virtue of which another or others
are bound to do or forbear toward or in regard
of him or his interests ; a legally protectable
interest. In this sense things possess no rights; but
every person has some rights irrespective of power to
act or to compel the acts of others, as, for instance, an
idiot, etc. ; and even the obligations of persons in being,
in view of the possibility of the future existence of one
not yet in being, are the subject of what are termed con-
tingent right*. In this general meaning of right are in-
cluded— (a) the just claim of one to whom another owes
a duty to have that duty performed ; (ft) the just free-
dom of a person to do any act not forbidden or to omit any
act not commanded ; (c) the title or interest which one
person has in a thing exclusive of other persons ; and (d)
a power of a person to appoint the disposition of a thing
in which he has no interest or title. Right has also been
defined as a legally protected interest. A distinction is
made between personal and real rights. The former term is
often used in English law for a right relating to personal,
the latter for a right relating to real property. But in the
language of writers on general jurisprudence and on civil
law, a personal right is a right exclusively against persons
specifically determined, and a real right is a right availing
against all persons generally. liy some writers a distinc-
tion is taken between primary rights and sanctioning
rights, by the latter being meant the rights of action which
the law gives to protect the primary rights, such as owner-
ship, or contracts.
5. That which is due by just claim ; a rightful
portion ; one's due or deserts.
I shall fast the this forward all with fyne othes,
All the londis to leue that longyn to Troy,
And our ground to the Grekes graunt as for right.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7985.
5178
Moderate lamentation is the ri:iht of the dead.
Shale., All's Well, i. 1. 64.
Honour and admiration are her rights.
Fletcher (and another), Nice Valour, v. 3.
Grief claimed his right, and tears their course.
Scott, L. of the L., iii. 18.
6f. A fee required ; a charge.
Qwo-so entrez in-to thys fraternite, he xal paye ye ri/tes
of ye hows, at his entre, viij. d.
English Oildi (E. E. T. S.), p. 54.
7. The outward, front, or most finished surface
of anything: as, the right of a piece of cloth, a
coin, etc : opposed to the reverse. — 8. The right
side ; the side or direction opposite to the left.
On his right
The radiant image of his glory sat,
His only Son. Milton, P. L., iii. 62.
9. Anything, usually one member of a pair,
shaped or otherwise adapted for a right-hand
position or use.
Those [bricks] . . . are termed rights and lefts when
they are so moulded or ornamented that they cannot be
used for any corner. C. T. Dams, Bricks and Tiles, p. 78.
The instrument is made in rights and lefts, so that the
convex bearing surface may always be next the gum of the
patient. Sci. Amer., N. S., LXII. 842.
10. [cop.] In the politics of continental Eu-
rope, the conservative party: so named from
their customary position on the right of the
president in the legislative assembly.
The occupation of Rome by the Italian troops in 1870,
and the removal of the Chamber of Deputies from Florence
to the new capital of united Italy, to a great extent re-
moved the political differences between the two great par-
ties, the parliamentary Right and Left.
Harper's May., LXXVI. 180.
Absolute rights, those rights which belong to human
beings as such ; those rights to which corresponds a neg-
ative obligation of respect on the part of every one. They
are usually accounted to be three — the right of a personal
security, of personal liberty, and of private property. The
right of freedom of conscience, if not involved in these
three, should be added. They are termed absolute, in con-
tradistinction to those to which corresponds the obliga-
tion of a particular person to do or forbear from doing
some act, which are termed relative. — At all rights',
at all points ; in all respects.
Everich of you shal brynge an hundred knightes,
Armed for lystes up at atte rightes.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 994.
Base right, in Scots law, the right which a disponer or
disposer of feudal property acquires when he dispones It
to be held under himself and not under his superior. —
Bill of Rights. See ftt«3.-By right, (a) In accordance
with right; rightfully ; properly. Also by rights.
For swich lawe as man yeveth another wyghte,
He sholde hiraselven usen it by ryghte.
Chaucer, Prol. to Man of Law's Tale, 1. 44.
I should have been a woman by right.
Shale., As you Like it, iv. 3. 177.
(ft) By authorization ; by reason or virtue ; because : fol-
lowed by of. Also in nght.
The first Place is yours, Timothy, in Right of your Grey
Hairs. A". Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, 1. 168.
Then of the moral instinct would she prate,
And of the rising from the dead,
As hers by right o/full-accomplish'd Fate.
Tennyson, Palace of Art.
Civil Rights Act, Bill, cases. See civil.— Commonable
Rights Compensation Act See compenmt ion.— Con-
junct rights. See conjunct. — Contingent rights, such
rights as are only to come into certain existence on an
event or a condition which may not happen or he performed
until some other event may prevent their vesting : as dis-
tinguished from vested rights, or those in which the right
to enjoyment, present or prospective, has become the
property of a particular person or persons as a present in-
terest, Cootey.— Corporeal rights. See corporeal.— Cot-
tage right. See cottage.— Declaration of rights, a
document setting forth the personal righte of individual
citizens over against the government. — Divine right. See
<Koin«.— Equal Rights party. See Locofoco, 3.— Free
trade and sailors rights. See free.— Inchoate right
of dower. See dower'-:.- Indivisible rights. See pro
indiviso.— Innominate right. See innominate.— In
one's own right, by absolute right; by inherent or per-
sonal rather than acquired right : as, a peeress in her own
right (that is, as distinguished from a peeress by marriage).
A bride who bad fourteen thousand a year in her own
right. Trollope, Doctor Thome, xlvii.
In the right, right; free from error, (a) Upright ; right-
eous.
For modes of faith let graceless zealots fight ;
His can't be wrong whose life is in the right.
Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 306.
(ft) Correct ; not deceived or mistaken as to the truth of a
matter.
Now how is it possible to believe that such devout per-
sons as these are mistaken, and the Sect of the Nazarenes
only in the right? StiUingfleet, Sermons, II. i.
I believe you're in the right, major !
I see you're in the right. Colman, Jealous Wife, i.
Joint rights in rem, in civil law, same as condominium.
—Mere right. See merez.— Mineral right or rights,
the right to seek for and possess all the mineral products
of a given territory: distinguished, in mining regions,
from the surface right, the privilege of using the surface
of land, as in farming, building, etc.— Natural rights,
those rights which exist by virtue of natural law, such as
liberty and security of person and property, as distin-
right
uuished from those which arise out of conventional rela-
tions or positice law.— Nominate right. See nominate.
— Of right, matter of rij;ht; dfinamlable as a right, as
di.stintruislu-d from that which is allowable or not in tilt-
discretion of the court: as, in an action for damages for a
tort, jury trial is nf right. — Personal rights. See per-
sonal, and def. 4.— Petition Of right, in Eng. law, a pro-
ceeding resembling an action by which a subject vindicates
his rights against the crown. See petition. — Petitions
Of Rights Act. See Bontt's Act (a), under act.— Pre-
tensed right, see pretexted.— Private rights, private
rights of way. See private.— Public right, in Scots
feudal law. See public.— Public rights, those rights
which the state possesses over its own subjects, and which
subjects, in their turn, possess in or against the state.
Robinson.— Real right, in lau', a right of property in a
subject, or, as it is termed, a jws in re, in virtue of which
the person vested with the real right may claim possession
of the subject. — Redeemable rights. See redeemable.—
Rental right. See rental.— Restitution of conjugal
rights. See restitution.— Right about! See about.—
Right-and-left coupling, a turnbuckle.— Right In rem,
the legal relation between a person and a thing in which
he has an interest or over which he has a power, as dis-
tinguished from a right in personam, or the legal relation
of a person to another who owes him a duty. (But see, for
the meaning implied in the civil law, the distinction be-
tween real right and personal right, indicated under def. 4.)
— Right of action, a right which will sustain a civil ac-
tion ; a right and an infringement or danger of infringe-
ment of it such as to entitle the possessor of the right to
apply to a court of justice for relief or redress. — Right
of drip, of eminent domain, of expatriation. See
drip, domain, etc.— Right Of entry. See entry, 10.—
Right of feud, forest, petition, search, succession.
See feudl, forest, etc.— Riparian rights. See riparian.
— To do one right, (a) To do one Justice.
I doo adiure thee (O great King) by all
That in the World we sacred count or call,
To doe me Right.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Magnificence.
In earnest. Sir, I am ravished to meet with a friend of
Mr. Izaac Walton's, and one that does him so much rinkf
in so good and true a character.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 225.
(ftt) To pledge one in a toast. [Compare the French phrase
faire raison d.]
Why, now you have done me right. [To Silence, seeing
him take off a bumper.) Shale., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3. 76.
Ero. Sighing has made me something short-winded.
Ill pledge y at twice.
Lys. 'Tis well done ; do me right.
Chapman, Widow's Tears, iv.
These glasses contain nothing ; — do me
right, [Takes the bottle.
As e'er you hope for liberty.
Magringer, Bondman, ii. 3.
To have a right, to have a good right, (a) To have
a moral obligation ; be under a moral necessity : equiva-
lent to ought. [Colloq.]
Luvv? what's Invv .' tlum can luvv thy lass an' 'er munny
too,
Maakin' 'em goa togither as they'ue good right to do.
Tennyson, Northern Farmer, 0. S.
As for spinning, why, you've wasted as much as your
wage i' the flax you've spoiled learning to spin. And
> c HI Yc a right to feel that, and not to go about as gaping
and as thoughtless as if you was beholding to nobody.
George Eliot, Adam Bede, vi.
I'm thinkin' . . . that thim Germans have declared a
war, and we're a right to go home.
Harper's Weekly, XXXIV. 86.
(6) To have good reason or cause. Hence — (e) To come
near ; have a narrow escape from : as, I'd a good right to be
run over by a runaway horse this morning ; I had a right
to get lost going through the woods. [Colloq. and local.]
—To have right*, to be right.
For trewely that swete wyght,
Whan I had wrong and she the ryght,
She wolde alway so goodely
Forgive me so debonairely.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 1282.
"Sir," seide Gawein, "the! haue right to go, for the
abidinge here for hem is not goode."
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 409.
To put to rights, to arrange in an orderly condition ;
bring into a normal state ; set in proper order.
Putting things to rights — an occupation he performed
with exemplary care once a-week.
Biilwer, My Novel, ii. 3.
To rights. (at)Inadirectline; directly; hence, straight-
way ; immediately ; at once.
These strata failing, the whole tract sinks down to rights
into the abyss. Woodward.
[The hull], by reason of many breaches made in the
bottom and sides, sunk to rights.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 8.
(6) In the right or proper order: properly; fittingly: now
rarely used except with the verbs put and set: as, to put a
room to rights (see above).
The quen er the day was digt wel to rijtes
Hendli in that hinde-skyn as swiche bestes were.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3066.
To set to rights. Same as to put to rights.
A scamper o'er the breezy wolds
Sets all to-right*. Browning, Stafford, v. 2.
Vested rights. See contingent right*.— Writ of right,
an action which had for its object to establish the title to
real property. It is now abolished, the same object being
secured by the order of ejectment. = Syn. 2 and 3. Eguitii.
Law, etc. See justice. — 3. Trerogative.
right (rit).ffrfi-. [Alsodial. rt-ct, So. riclit; < ME.
rit/lit, ryr/ht. rigt, Tit, f'njlite. ri/iihte, rigte. < AS.
rilite, rijntc, straight, directly, straightway,
right
rightly, justly, correctly (= OS. rehto, reht,
MD. recht, D. regt = OHG. rehto, MHG. rehte,
reht, G. recht = Icel. rett = Sw. ratt = Dan.
5179
At this moment the vessel ceased rolling, and riglited
herself. Everett, Orations, II. 130.
2. To set right; adjust or correct, as some-
rttll, V.T. rtfvnt = icci. /ett = *_,vv. » i*ff — •*«»• • .
ret, straight, directly), < riht, right: see right, thing out of the proper order or state; make
,, "1 1 T« «I «li4- *\ti L_'f YTI i r»l-i *• lino • ctvQirrVif'. * lMJ?ilL.
a.] 1. In a right or straight line; straight;
directly.
Unto Dianes temple goth she right,
And hente the ymage in llir handes two.
Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, 1. 662.
So to his graue I went ful rythe,
And pursuyd after to wetyn an ende.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 208.
Let thine eyes look right on. ' Prov. iv. 25.
Clark went right home, and told the captain that the
governour had ordered that the constable should set the
watch. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 89.
Right up Ben-Lomond could he press,
And not a sob his toil confess.
Scott, L. of the L., ii. 25.
2. In a right manner; justly; according to the
law or will of God, or to the standard of truth
and justice ; righteously.
Thise zeues uirtues loketh and ledeth wel rigte and wel
zikerliche thane gost of wytte thet hise let be the waye of
ristuolnesse. Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. 1. S.), p. 160.
Thou satest in the throne judging right [Heb. in right-
eousness]. Ps. ix. 4.
3. In a proper, suitable, or desirable manner;
according to rule, requirement, or desire; in
order and to the purpose ; properly ; well ; suc-
cessfully.
Alack, when once our grace we have forgot,
Nothing goes right. Shak., M. for M., iv. 4. 37.
Direct my course so right as with thy hand to show
Which way thy Forests range, which way thy Rivers flow.
Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 13.
The lines, though touch'd but faintly, are drawn right.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 22.
4. According to fact or truth ; truly ; correctly ;
not erroneously.
He sothli thus sayde, schortly to telle,
That it was Alphiouns his sone anon rijt he wist.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4248.
You say not right, old man. Shak., Much Ado, v. 1. 73.
The clock that stands still points right twice in the fonr-
and-twenty hours ; while others may keep going continu-
ally and be continually going wrong.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 270.
5. Exactly; precisely; completely; quite; just:
as, right here; right now; to speak rigjtt out.
Sche swelt for sorwe and swoned rit there.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S-X 1. 4268.
And be hem turnethe alle the Firmament, righte as
dothe a Wheel that turnethe be his Axille Tree.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 181.
Her waspish-headed son has broke his arrows,
Swears he will shoot no more, but play with sparrows,
And be a boy right out. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. 101.
I am right of mine old master's humour for that.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1.
Bight across its track there lay,
Down in the water, a long reef of gold.
right.
Henrri was entrid on the est half,
Whom all the londe loued, in lengthe and in brede,
And ros with him rapely to rigtyn his wronge.
Richard the Kedeless, Prol., 1. 13.
Your mother's hand shall right your mother's wrong.
Shak., Tit. And., ii. 3. 121.
3. To do justice to; relieve from wrong; vin-
dicate : often used reflexively.
So just is God, to right the innocent.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. 182.
Here let our hate be buried ; and this hand
Shall right us both.
Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iv. 2.
4f. To direct ; address.
When none wolde kepe hym with carp he cosed ful hyje,
Ande rimed him ful richley, and ry jt him to speke.
" What, is this Arthures hous," quoth the hathel thenne.
Sir Oawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 308.
To right the helm, to put the helm amidships — that is,
in a line with the keel.
II. intrans. To resume an upright or vertical
position: as, the ship righted.
With Crist than sail thai right vp ryght,
And wende to won in last and light.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 67.
right about, right': as, he
righteousness
Rome and the rvthteuus heavens be my judge.
Shak., Tit. And., i. 1. 426.
2. In accordance with right; authorized by
moral or divine law ; just and good ; right ;
worthy.
We lefte hym there for man moste wise,
If any rebelles wolde ought rise
Oure riglitimse dome for to dispisc,
Or it offende,
To sese thame till the nexte assise.
York Plays, p. 397.
I will keep thy righteous judgments. Ps. cxix. 106.
I love your daughter
In such a righteous fashion.
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 4. 83.
Faithful hath been your warfare, and of God
Accepted, fearless in his righteous cause.
Milton, P. L., vi. 804.
3. Proper; fitting: as, righteous indignation.
Is this rygt-wys, thou renk, alle thy ronk noyse,
So wroth for a wodbynde to wax so sone,
Why art thou so waymot [sorrowful] wyje for so lyttel
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 490.
= Syn. 1. Righteous, Rightful, Upright, Just; honest, equi-
table, fair ; godly, holy, saintly. The first three of the itali-
cized words go back directly to the first principles of right,
while just though expressing quite as much conformity to
right, suggests more of the intricate questions arising out
of the relations of men. Upright gets force from the
idea of physical perpendicularity, a standing up straight
by the standard of right; righteous carries up the idea
of right to the standards, motives, and sanctions of reli-
gion • rightful applies not to conduct, but to claims by
right : as, he is the rightful owner of the land ; just sug-
right-about
adverbial p .,
used only in the phrase to send or turn to the 8ary overru]jng jt, a law of God. This last is the uniform
right-about, to send or turn in the opposite di- Biblical usage. Just generally implies the exercise of some
here is above it, and if neces-
i law of God. This last is the uniform
rectionT Pads off; send or turn off; "dismiss. Jower'or'Shority. See justice and honest y
. would have sent all righteOUSt (n'tyus), v. t. [< ME. ryhtotvm. <
Scott, Waverley, xxxv. rightwis, righteous : see righteous, a.] lomake
Now, I tell you what, Gradgrind," said Mr. Bounderby. righteous ; justify.
Turn this girl to the right-about, and there 's an end of it. " can we meryte grace with synne? or deserve to be ryght-
Dickens, Hard Times, iv. mused by folye?
Containing a Bp.J?<rie,ACourseattheRomysheFoxe,fol.62,b. (Latham.)
as, a righteously (ri'tyus-li), adv. [< ME. *rightwis-
' AS. rihtwislice (= Icel. rettvis-
six grenadiers of Ligonier's
these SwtothfrigRout.
right-angled (rit'ang"gld),
right angle or right angles ; rectangular : as, a righteously (.n t
right-angled triangle ; a right-angled parallelo- ly, rystwysly, <
gram. ' ».<?«)> rightly, justly, <J***^(-J>H&lf£f-
grai-
jht-drawn (rit'dran), a. Drawn in a just
cause. [Bare.]
What my tongue speaks my right-drawn sword may prove.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 1. 46.
right-edge (rit'ej), n. In a flat sword-blade,
that edge which is outward, or turned away
from the arm and person of the holder, when
the sword is held as on guard. See false edge,
under false.
righten (ri'tn), v. t. [< right + -en*. Cf . right,
TJ.~\ To set right; right.
Relieve [margin, righten] the oppressed. Isa. i. 17.
We shut our eyes, and muse
How our own minds are made,
What springs of thought they use,
How righten'd, how betray'd.
M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
Tennyson, Sea Dreams.
6. In a great degree; very: used specifically righteous (ri'tyus), a. [Early mod. E. also
in certain titles: as, right reverend ; right hon- rightuous, the termination -u-ous,^ later -e-ous,^
orable.
Thei asked yef thei hadde grete —
suerde, " Ye, right grete. " Merlin (E.
Right truly it may be said, that Anti
mons Son. Milton, Refi
7. Toward the right hand ; to the right ; dex-
trad.
She 's twisted right, she 's twisted left,
To balance fair in ilka quarter.
Burns, Willie Wastle.
All right. See all.— Guide right. See guide.— Right
aft See afti.— Right and left, to the right and to the
left; on both sides; on all sides; inr" " — " — "•-
enemy were dispersed right and left.
Miraclis of the crossis mist
Has oft standen in stede and rigt,
Ouer and vnder, rigt and left,
In this compas god has al weft.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 116.
When storm is on the heights, and right and left . . . roll
The torrents, dash'd to the vale. Tennyson, Princess, v.
Right away. See away.— Right down, downright;
plainly ; bluntly.
The wisdom of God . . . can speak that pleasingly by a
prudent circumlocution which right down would not be
digested. Bp. Hall, Contemplations (ed. Tegg), V. 176.
being a corruption of the second element of
* 'it ™ / 7 O «/ 7 « •> ' . , •• • 1 i • 1. J.
wislih), right, righteous, < nhtms, right, right-
eous, + -lie, E. -ly1; or rather orig. < riht, a.,
right, + wise, way, manner, wise, + -lie, E. -ly1:
see righteous.'] 1. In a righteous or upright
manner; rightly; worthily; justly.
Thou shalt judge the people righteously. Ps. Ixvii. 4.
We should live soberly, righteously. Tit. ii. 12.
2f. Aright; properly; well.
Rygt-wysly quo con rede,
He loke on bok & be awayed
How Ihesu Crist hym welke in are thede [country],
& burnes [men] her barnej [children] vnto hym brayde
[brought]. Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 708.
I could have taught my love to take thy father for mine ;
so wouldst thou, if the truth of thy love to me were so
righteously tempered as mine is to thee.
Shak., As you Like It, i. 2. 14.
3. Rightfully; deservedly; by right. [Archaic.]
Turn from us all those evils that we most righteously
have deserved.
Book of Common Prayer (Church of England), Litany.
rihtwis, < AS. rihtwis (cf. OHG. rehtwisic, Icel.
rettviss), righteous, just; heretofore explained
as lit. ' wise as to what is right,' < riht, n., right,
+ wis, a., wise; but such a construction of
ideas would hardly be expressed by a mere
comnound. and the explanation fails when ap-
see arti. — Kieni ana leu. 10 uie rigin. aim to me v . . 3" ~ - -.r-ci
left ; on both sides f on all sides ; in all directions : as, the plied to the opposite adj. *wrangwis, ME. wrang-
ivis, wrongwise, wrongwis, mod. E. wrongous,
which cannot well mean 'wise as to what is
wrong ' (though this adj. may have been formed
merely on the external model of rihtwis). The
formation is, no doubt, as the cognate OHG.
form rehtwisic, which has an additional adj.
suffix, also indicates, < AS. riht, a., right, just,
+ wise, n., way, manner, wise (reduced to -wis
in comp., as also in Icel. odlmrvis = E. other-
wise; the Icel. rettviss, prop, "rettois, simulates
viss = E. wise); the compound meaning lit.
': see
right (rit), v. [<"ME. 'righten, rihten, rigten,
rigten, rygten, < AS. rihtan, ONorth. rehta (=
OS. rihtian = OFries. riitchta = MD. reehten, D.
regten = MLG. richten = OHG. rihtan, MHG.
rihten, (',. rit-l/ten = Icel. retta = Sw. ratta =
Dan. rette = Goth. *raihtji>n, in ga-niihtjan, and
at-ga-raihtjait), make right, set right, restore,
amend, correct, keep right, rule, \ riht, right:
aeeriglit.it.'] I. li'nn.i. 1. To set straight or up-
right; restore to the normal or proper position.
dient to the moral or divine law.
It is reuth to rede how rigtuiis men lyued,
How thei defouled her flessh, forsoke her owne wille,
Ker fro kitth and fro kynne yuel-yclothed jeden.
Piers Plouman (B), xv. 495.
Aristides, who for his vertue was surnamed rightwise.
Sir T. Klyot, The Governour, iii. 5.
And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father,
Jesus Christ the righteous. 1 John ii. 1.
see rightemis and -ness.] 1. The character of
being righteous ; purity of heart and rectitude
of life ; the being and doing right ; conformity
in character and conduct to a right standard.
Ihesu fro the realme of rightwymes descended down
To take the meke clothyng of our humanyte.
Joseph ofArimathie (E. E. T. S.), p. 37.
Pure religion, I say, standeth not in wearing of a monk's
cowl, but in righteousness, justice, and well-doing.
Latimer, Misc. Sel.
If this we swore to do, with what Righteousness in the
sight of God, with what Assurance that we bring not by
such an Oath the whole Sea of Blood-guiltiness upon our
own Heads? Milton, Free Commonwealth.
Justification is an act of God's free grace wherein he
pardoneth all our sins, and aecepteth us as righteous in
his sight, only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to
us, and received by faith alone.
Shorter Catechism, ans. to qu. 33.
Hence, also— 2. In theol., a coming into spirit-
ual oneness with God, because for Christ's sake
the believer in Christ is treated as righteous.—
3. A righteous act or quality; anything which
is or purports to be righteous.
All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags. Isa. Ixiv. 6.
4. Kightfulness ; justice. [Rare.]
"Catching bargains." as they arc called, throw on the
persons claiming the benefit of them the burden of prov-
ing their substantial righteousness. Encijc. Brit., XIII. 2.
Active righteousness.passive righteousness. Luther
("Commentary on the Epistle to the (ialatiaus," Introd.)
and other Protestant theologians following him distinguish
righteousness
between active and passim righteottsness, the fonuer con-
sisting in what is right because it is right, the latter in
accepting for Christ's sake by faith the free gift of right-
eousness as defined in the second definition above.—
Original righteousness.in scholastic theol., the condition
of man as made in the image of God before the fall.—
Proselytes of righteousness. See proselyte. — • The
righteousness of God (Rom. i. 17), a phrase defined an-
tagonistically by Biblical interpreters as " Righteousness
which proceeds from God, the relation of being right into
which man is put by God —that is, by an act of God de-
claring him righteous " (Meyer), and as " The attribute of
God, embodied in Christ, manifested in the world, revealed
in the Gospel, communicated to the individual soul, the
righteousness not of the law, but of faith " (Jowelt). The
former is the general Protestant view; the latter comes
near the view of the Roman Catholic Church, Greek
Church, etc. The one regards righteousness as indicating
a relation, the other as descriptive of character ; the one
as something bestowed by God and imputed to man, the
other as something inherent in God and spiritually com-
municated to man. = Syn. 1. See righteous.
Tighter (ri'ter), «. [< AS. rihtere, a ruler, di-
rector, = OFries. riuchtere, riuchter = D. regter
= MLG. riehter = OHG. rihtari, MHG. rihtsere,
G. richter, ruler, judge, = Icel. rettari, a justi-
ciary; as right, v.,+ -eel.] One who sets right;
one who adjusts or redresses that which is
wrong.
I will pay thee what I owe thee, as that lighter of
wrongs hath left me commanded.
Shdton, tr. of Don Quixote, i. 4. (Latham.)
rightful (rit'ful), ii. [< ME. rightful, rigtful,
rygtfol, restful; < right, n., + -ful.~\ If. Right-
eous; upright; just and good.
The laborer schulde truly traueile than,
And be fistful bothe in worde & deede.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. S8.
Were now the bowe bent in swich maneere
As it was first, of justice and of ire,
The rightful God nolde of no mercy heere.
Chaucer, A. B. C., 1. 31.
8. Just; consonant to justice: as, a rightful
cause ; a rightful war.
My bloody judge forbade my tongue to speak ;
No rightful plea might plead for justice there.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1649.
3. Having the right or just claim according
to established laws: as, the rightful heir to a
throne or an estate.
Some will mourn in ashes, some coal-black,
For the deposing of a rightful king.
Shale., Rich. II., v. 1. 50.
The legitimate and rightful lord
Is but a transient guest, newly arriv'd,
As soon to be supplanted. Cou>per, Task, iii. 749.
4. Being or belonging by right or just claim :
as, one's rightful property.
Wink at our advent : help my prince to gain
His rightful bride. Tennyson, Princess, iii.
8. Proper; suitable; appropriate.
The hand and foot that stir not, they shall find
Sooner than all the rightful place to go.
Jones Very, Poems, p. 42.
=Syn. 2-4. Just, Upright, etc. (see righteous), true, law-
ful, proper.
rightfully (rit'ful-i), adv. [< ME. ryghtefully;
< rightful + -Iy2.~\ If. In a righteous manner;
righteously.
Whate are all thi werkes worthe, whethire thay be body-
ly or gastely, hot if thay be done ryghtefully and reson-
ably, to the wirchipp of Godde, and at His byddynges 1
Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 27.
2. In a rightful manner; according to right,
law, or justice; legitimately: as, a title right-
fully vested.
Plain and right must my possession be :
Which I with more than with a common pain
'Gainst all the world will rightfully maintain.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 5. 225.
3. Properly; fittingly.
Books, the oldest and the best, stand naturally and right-
fully on the shelves of every cottage.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 112.
rightfulness (rit'ful-nes), «. [< ME. rigtful-
nesse, rigtfuhies, rigtvolnesse : see rightful and
-ness.~\ If. Righteousness.
Ouerweninge . . . maketh tomochespredethe merciof
oure Ihorde, and litel prayzeth his ri^tuolnesse.
Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 29.
But still, although we fail of perfect rightfulness,
Seek we to tame these superfluities,
Nor wholly wink though void of purest sijthtfulness.
Sir P. Sidney.
2. The character or state of being rightful ; jus-
tice ; accordance with the rules of right : as, the
rightfulness of a claim to lands or tenements,
right-hand (rit'hand), a. [< ME. rughte-hande,
CAS. riht-hand, ryht-hand, the right hand, < riht,
right, + hand, hand : see right, a., and hand, ».]
1. Belonging or adapted to the right hand.
The right-hand glove must always be worn when prac-
ticing throwing [in base-ball], in order that this also shall
offer no unusual difficulty in the later work.
St. Nicholas, XVII. 828.
5180
2. Situated on the right hand, or iu a direction
from the right side; leading to the right: as, a
right-hand road.
Sir Jeoffrey Notch, who Is the oldest of the club, has
been in possession of the right-hand chair time out of
mind. Steele, Tatler, No. 132.
3. Serving as a right hand ; hence, foremost in
usefulness; of greatest service as an assistant.
0 wha has slain my right-hand man,
That held my hawk and hound?
Earl Richard (Child's Ballads, III. 8).
Right-hand file*, patricians ; aristocrats.
Do you two know how you are censured here in the city,
I mean of iu o' the right-hand file ? Shak., Cor., ii. 1. 26.
Right-hand rope. See ropei .
right-handed (rit'han'ded). a. 1. Using the
right hand more easily and readily than the
left. See dexterous.
A left-handed pitcher [in base-ball] is able to make
much more of what to a right-handed batsman is an in-
curve, . . . while ita opposite, or the out-curve to a right-
handed batsman, ia correspondingly weak.
St. Nicholas, XVII. 827.
2. Turning so as to pass from above or in front
to the right hand ; clockwise : thus, an ordinary
screw is driven in by a right-handed rotation;
specifically, in conch., dextral, as the spiral
shell of a univalve (see cut under purpura). The
rotation of the plane of polarization by certain substances
showing circular polarization is called right-handed when,
to an observer looking in the direction in which the ray
is moving, the rotation is clockwise — that is, in the same
direction as that of the hands of a clock ; if in the oppo-
site direction (counter-clockwise), the rotation is called
left-handed. These terms are also applied to the sub-
stances themselves which produce these effects: as, a
right-handed quartz-crystal.
3. In bot., of twining plants or circummi-
tating parts, properly, rising or advancing in
the direction of a right-handed screw or spiral,
or that of the hands of a watch. Certain authors,
neglecting the notion of forward growth and conceiving
the plant as viewed from above, have used the term in
the opposite sense, which is quite unnatural.
4. Laid from left to right, as the strands of a
rope. — 5. Executed by the right hand.
The Slogger waits for the attack, and hopes to finish it
by some heavy right-handed blow.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 5.
6. On the right side; of a favorable, conve-
nient, or easily pardoned character.
St. Paul tells us of divisions and factions and "schisms "
that were in the Church of Corinth; yet these were not
about the essentials of religion, but about a right-handed
error, even too much admiration of their pastors.
Abp. Bramhall, Works, II. 28.
right-handedness (rit'han"ded-nes), n. The
state or property of being right-handed ; hence,
skill ; dexterity. Imp. Diet.
right-hander (rit'han'der), «. 1. One who is
right-handed; one who uses the right hand
more skilfully than the left.
There are, however, some right-handers (if this useful
abbreviative term may be allowed) who, if they try to
write with their left hands, instinctively produce Spiegel-
Schrift. Proc. Soc. Ptych. Research, III. 42.
2. A blow with the right hand. [Colloq.]
Tom gets out-and-out the worst of it, and is at last hit
clean off his legs, and deposited on the grass by a right-
hander from the Slogger.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 5.
right-hearted (rit'har'ted), a. [<right + heart
+ -ed%. Cf . AS. riht-heort, reht-heort = OHG.
reht-herze, upright in heart : see right and
heart.~\ Having a right heart or disposition.
Imp. Diet.
rightlechet, v. t. [ME. rigtlechen, rygtloken; <
AS. rihtlsecan, make right, correct, < riht, right,
+ -Isecan, ME. -Uehen, as in cnawlechen, later
E. knowledge, q. v.] To set right; direct.
The! sente with hem sondes to saxoyne that time.
And nomen omage in his name nougt forto layne,
Forto rigtleche that reaume real of riche & of pore.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1310.
rightless (rifles), a. [< right + -less.] Desti-
tute of rights ; without right.
Whoso enters (Right-lea)
By Force, is forced to go out with shame.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Captaines.
Thou art liable to the Ban of the Empire — hast deserved
to be declared outlawed and fugitive, landless and right-
less. Scott, Quentin Durward, xxii.
rightly (rit'li), adv. [< ME. "rightly, rigtli, riht-
liche, < AS. rihtlice, rightly, justly, < rihtlie,
right, just, < riht, right, + -lie, E. -ly^: see
right and -Z#2.] If. In a straight or right line ;
directly.
Like perspectives which rightly gazed upon
Show nothing but confusion, eyed awry
Distinguish form. Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2. ia
2. According to justice, duty, or the divine
will; uprightly: honestly; viituously.
rigid
Master, we know that thou sayest and teachest rightly.
Luke xx. 21.
3. Properly; fitly; suitably: as, apersou rightly
named.
Descend from heaven, Urania, by that name
If rightly thou art call'd. Milton, P. L., vU. 2.
4. According to truth or fact; not erroneously ;
correctly: as, he has rightly conjectured.
He it was that might rightly say Veni, vidi, viei.
Shalt., L. L. L., iv. 1. 68.
No man has learned anything rightly, until he knows
that every day is Doomsday.
Emerson, Society and Solitude.
right-minded (rit'mm'ded), a. Having a right
mind; well or properly disposed,
right-mindedness (iit'inin"ded-nes), «. The
state of being right-minded.
While Lady Elliot lived, there had been method, modera-
tion, and economy, . . . but with her had died all such
right-mindedness. Jane Austen, Persuasion, i.
rightness (rit'nes), «. [ < ME. rigtnesee, < AS.
rilitiiess (= OS. rehtnussi = OHG. rehtnissa), <
riht, right: see right and -HCSS.] 1. The state
or character of being right, (a) Straightness ; di-
rectness : as, the riyhtness of a line.
They (sounds] move strongest in a right line : which
nevertheless is not caused by the rightness of the line, but
by the shortness of the distance. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 201.
(6) Conformity with the laws regulating conduct ; upright-
ness; rectitude; righteousness.
RysWnesse zayth, Lybbe we sobreliche, ryuollyche, an
bonayrelyche. Aymbite of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 265.
Rightness expresses of actions what straightness does of
lines ; and there can no more be two kinds of right action
than there can be two kinds of straight line.
11. Spencer, Social Statics (ed. 1884), xxxil. § 4.
(c) Propriety ; appropriateness ; flttingness.
Sir Hugo's watch-chain and seals, his handwriting, his
mode of smoking, . . . had all a rightness and charm about
them to the boy. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xvi.
(d) Correctness ; truth : as, the rightness of a conjecture.
2. The state or attribute of being on the right
hand; hence, in psycho!., the sensation or per-
ception of such a position or attribute.
Rightnets and leftness, upness and downness, are again
pure sensations, differing specifically from each other,
and generically from everything else.
W. James, in Mind, XII. 14.
rightst (rits), adv. [< ME. rightes, rigtes, adv.
gen. of right, «.] Right; rightly; properly.
Alle anon rijtes there omage him dede.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 130(5.
rightward (rit'ward), adv. [< right + -ward.']
To or on the right hand. [Rare.]
Rightviard and leftward rise the rocks,
And now they meet across the vale. Southey.
right-Whaler (rit'hwa"ler), n. One who pur-
sues the right whale. Also right-whaleman.
light-whaling (iit'hwa"ling), n. The practice,
method, or industry of capturing the right
whale : opposed to sperm-whaling.
rightwiset (rit'wiz), a. and e. Same as righteous.
rightwiselyt (rit'wiz'li), adv. Same as right-
eously.
rightwisenesst (rit'wiz'nes), n. Same as right-
eousness.
rigid (rij'id), a. [= F. rigide, vernacularly
roide, raide (> ME. raid) = Pr. rege, rede, rot
= Sp. rigido = Pg. It. rigido, < L. rigidwt, stiff,
< rigcre, be stiff; prob. orig. 'be straight'; cf.
rectus, straight, < regere, taken in sense of
'stretch': see regen t and right. Cf. rigor.] 1.
Stiff; not pliant or easily bent; not plastic or
easily molded ; resisting any change of font)
when acted upon by force; hard.
The earth as a whole is much more rigid than any of
the rocks that constitute its upper crust.
Thomson and Tail, Nat. Phil., § 832.
2. Not easily driven back or thrust out of place ;
unyielding; firm.
Bristled with upright beams innumerable
Of rigid, spears. Milton, P. L., vi. 83.
3. Not easily wrought upon or affected; inflexi-
ble; hence, harsh; severe; rigorous; rigorous-
ly framed or executed: as, a rigid sentence;
rigid criticism.
Witness also his Harshness to our Ambassadors, and
the rigid Terms he would have tied the Prince Palsgrave
to. Howell, Letters, I. vl. 6.
Thy mandate rigid as the will of Fate.
Brijant, Death of Slavery.
The absurdities of official routine, rigid where it need
not be and lax where it should be rigid, occasionally be-
come glaring enough to cause scandals.
H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 57.
4. Strict in opinion, conduct, discipline, or ob-
servance ; uncompromising; scrupulously exact
or exacting: as, a rigid disciplinarian ; a, rigid
Calvinist.
rigid
Soft, debonaire, and amiable Prue
May do as well as rough and rigid Prue.
B. Jonson, New Inn, ii. 2.
The rigid Jews were wont to garnish the sepulchres of
the righteous. Sir T. lirmcne, I'm burial, ill.
David was a rigid adherent to the church of Alexandria,
and educated by his mother in the tenets of the monks of
Saint Eustathius. Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 57!*.
He was one of those rare men who are rigid to them-
selves and indulgent to others.
George Eliot, Hiddlemarch, xxiii.
5. Stiff in outline or aspect ; harsh ; hard ; rug-
ged ; without smoothness, softness, or delicacy
of appearance.
The broken landscape, by degrees
Ascending, roughens into rigid hills.
Thomson, Spring, 1. 958.
But still the preaching cant forbear,
An' ev'n the rigid feature.
Burns, Epistle to a Young Friend.
Pale as the Jephtha's daughter, a rough piece
Of early rigid colour. Tennyson, Ayluier's Field.
6. Sharp; severe; bitter; cruel.
Sealed up and silent, as when rigid frosts
Have bound up brooks and rivers.
B. Jonson, Catiline, i. 1.
Cressy's plains
And Agincourt, deep ting'd with blood, confess
What the Silures vigour unwithstood
Could do in rigid fight. J. Philips, Cider, i.
7. In dynam. : (a) Absolutely incapable of be-
ing strained. (/*) Besisting stresses. — Rigid
antennae, those antennas that do not admit of motion,
either at the base or at any of the joints as of the dragon-
flies.— Rigid atrophy, muscular atrophy combined with
rigidity.— Rigid dynamics. See dynamics. = Syn. 3 and
4. Severe, Rigorous, etc. (see austere), inflexible, unbend-
ing, unyielding.
rigidity (ri-jid'i-ti), «. [= P. rigidite = It. rigi-
ditA,< L. rigidita(t-)s, < riyidus, rigid : see rigid.']
1. The quality of being rigid ; stiffness; inflexi-
bility; absence of pliancy; specifically, in mech.,
resistance to change of form, in all theoretical dis-
cussions respecting the application of forces through the
intervention of machines, those machines are assumed to
be perfectly rigid so far as the forces employed are able
to affect their integrity of form and structure. Rigidity
is directly opposed to flexibility, and only indirectly to
malleability and ductility, which depend chiefly on rela-
tions between the tenacity, the rigidity, and the limit of
elasticity.
Whilst there is some evidence of a tidal yielding of the
earth's mass, that yielding is certainly small, and . . .
the effective rigidity is at least as great as that of steel.
Thomson and Ttt.it, Nat. Phil., § 848.
The restraint of the figure [statue of the west portal of
Chartres Cathedral] is apparently self-imposed in obedi-
ence to its architectural position. The rigidity of the
example from St. Trophime appears, on the other hand,
to be inherent in its nature.
C. H. Moore, Gothic Architecture, p. 254.
2. Strictness ; severity ; harshness : as, rigidity
of principles or of censure — Cadaveric rigidity.
Same as rigor mortis (which see, under rigor). — Modulus
Of rigidity, the amount of stress upon a solid per unit of
area divided by the corresponding deformation of a right
angle In that area. =Syn. 2. Inflexibility. See austere,
rigor.
rigidly (rij'id-li), adv. In a rigid manner, (a)
Stiffly; unpliantly; inflexibly.
Be not too rigidly censorious ;
A string may jar in the best master's hand.
Roscommon, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry.
(6) Severely; strictly; exactingly; without allowance, in-
dulgence, or abatement: as, to judge rigidly; to execute
a law rigidly.
He was a plain, busy man, who wrought in stone and
lived a little rigidly. The granite of his quarries had got
into him, one might say. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 127.
rigidness (rij'id-nes), «. Rigidity.
Many excellent men, ... wholy giving themselves over
to meditation, to prayer, to fasting, to all severity and ri-
gidness of life. Holes, Remains, Sermon on Peter's Fall.
=Syn. See rigor.
Rigldulit (ri-jid'u-li), ». pi. [NL. . pi. of ri<i<<li<-
lus: see rigid 'ulous.] In Lamarck's classifica-
tion (1801 -12), an order of his Vermeg, contain-
ing the nematoids or threadworms.
rigidulous (ri-jid'u-lus), a. [< NL. rigid-ulm,
dim. of L. rigidus, rigid: see rigid.] Bather
stiff.
rigleen (rig-len'),»j. [< Ar. rijlin, pi. of rijl, foot.]
An ear-ring having five main projections. See
the quotation.
The Rigleen or " feet " earrings, which are like fans with
flve knobs or balls at the edge, to each of which a small
coin is sometimes attached.
C. G. Leland, Egyptian Sketch-Book, xviil.
riglet (rig'let), H. Same as reglet.
rigmarole (rig'ma-rol), n, and a. [Formerly
also rifl-my-roll ; corrupted from ragman-roll.]
I. n. A succession of confused or foolish state-
ments ; an incoherent, long-winded harangue ;
disjointed talk or writing; balderdash; non-
sense.
A variety of other heart-rending, soul-stirring tropes
and figures. ... of the kind which even to the present
5181
day form the style of popular harangues and patriotic ora-
tions, and may be classed in rhetoric under the general
title of Rigmarole. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 444.
= Syn. Chat, Jargon, etc. Bee prattle.
II. a,. Consistingof orcharacterizedbyrigma-
role ; long-winded and foolish ; prolix ; hence,
formal; tedious.
You must all of you go on in one rig-my-roll way, in one
beaten track. Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, IV. iv.
rigol1! (rig'ol), n. [< It. rigolo, < OHG. ringild,
MHCr. ringel, G. ringel, a little ring, dim. of ring,
a ring: see ring1.'} A circle; a ring; hence, a
diadem; a crown.
This is a sleep
That from this golden rigol hath divorced
So many English kings.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., Iv. 5. 36.
rigo!2t, «• An obsolete form of regal2.
rigolet, ». Same as regaft, 1.
rigolette (rig-o-lef), n. A light wrap some-
times worn by women upon the head; a head-
covering resembling a scarf rather than a hood,
and usually knitted or crocheted of wool.
rigor, rigour (rig'or), ». [< ME. rigour, < OF.
rigour, rigucur, F. rigueur = Pr. rigtior = Sp.
Pg. rigor = It. rigorc, < L. rigor, stiffness, rigid-
ness, rigor, cold, harshness, < rigere, be rigid:
see rigid.'} 1. The state or property of being
stiff or rigid ; stiffness ; rigidity; rigidness.
The rest his look
Bound with Qorgonian rigour not to move.
Milton, P. L.,x. 297.
2. The property of not bending or yielding; in-
flexibility ; stiffness ; hence, strictness without
allowance, latitude, or indulgence; exacting-
ness: as, to execute a law with rigor; to criti-
cize with rigor.
To me and other Kings who are to govern the People
belongs the Rigour of Judgment and Justice.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 83.
3. Severity of life; austerity.
All the rigoitr and austerity of a Capuchin.
Addison, Remarks on Italy, etc.
4. Sternness; harshness; cruelty.
Such as can punishe sharpely with pacience, and not
with rygour. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 64.
We shall be judged by the grace and mercy of the Gos-
pel, and not by the rigours of unrelenting justice.
Bp. Attertntry, Sermons, I. xv.
I tell you
'Tis rigour and not law.
Shak., W. T., ill. 2. 116.
5. Sharpness; violence; asperity; inclemency:
as, the rigor of winter.
Like as rigour of tempestuous gusts
Provokes the mightiest hulk against the tide.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 6. 6.
They defy
The rage and rigour of a polar sky,
And plant successfully sweet Sharon's rose
On Icy plains, and in eternal snows.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 482.
6. That which is harsh or severe ; especially,
an act of injustice, oppression, or cruelty.
The cruel and insupportable hardships which those
forest laws created to the subject occasioned our ances-
tors to be as jealous for their reformation as for the
relaxation of the feodal rigours and the other exactions
introduced by the Norman family.
Blackstone, Com., II. xxvii.
Slavery extended, with new rigors, under the military
dominion of Rome. Sumner, Orations, I. 214.
7 (ri'gor). [NL.] In pathol., a sudden coldness,
attended by shivering more or less marked,
which ushers in many diseases, especially fe-
vers and acute inflammation : commonly called
chill. It is also produced by nervous distur-
bance or shock. [In this sense always spelled
rigor.'] —Rigor mortis, the characteristic stiffening of
the body caused by the contraction of the muscles after
death. It comes on more or less speedily according to tem-
perature or climate, and also after death by different dis-
eases, both of which circumstances also Influence Its In-
tensity and duration. In hot countries, and after some
diseases, the rigor is slight or brief, or may hardly be ap-
preciable. The relaxation of the body as the rigor passes
off is one of the earliest signs of incipient decomposition.
See sti/, n. Also called cadaveric rigidity. = Syn. 1 and 2.
Rigor, Rigidity, Rigidness, inclemency. "There is a marked
tendency to use rigidity of physical stiffness. Rigidity
seems to take also the passive, while rigor takes the active,
of the moral senses : as, rigidity of manner, of mood ; rigor
in the enforcement of laws. Rigidness perhaps holds a
middle position, or inclines to be synonymous wlthrigiditi/.
Rigor applies also to severity of cold. See austere.
rigore (ri-go're), «. [It.: see rigor.] In mu-
sic, strictness or regularity of rhythm.
rigorism, rigourism (rig'or-izm), «. [< F. ri-
gorisme = Sp. Pg. It. rir/orismo; as rigor +
-ism.] 1. Bigidity in principles or practice;
exactingness ; strictness; severity, as of style,
conduct, etc. ; especially, severity in the mode
of life : austerity.
rig-out
Your morals have a flavour of rigorism; they are sour,
morose, ill-natui •'<!, and call for a dram of Charity.
Gentleman Instructed, p. 69. (Davieg.)
Basil's rigorism had a decided influence on the later
Greek Church. A council of Constantinople, in 920, dis-
couraged second, imposed penance for third, and excom-
munication for fourth marriage. Cath. Diet., p. 550.
2. In Bom. Cath. theol., the doctrine that one
must always in a case of doubt as to right and
wrong take the safer way, sacrificing his free-
dom of choice, however small the doubt as
to the morality of the action: the opposite of
probabilinm. Also tittiorism.
rigorist, rigOUrist (rig'or-ist), «. and a. [< F.
rigoriste = Sp. Pg. It. rigorista ; as rigor + -ist.]
1. ». 1. A person of strict or rigid principles
or manners; in general, one who adheres to
severity or purity in anything, as in style.
The exhortation of the worthy Abbot Trithemius proves
that he was no rigorist in conduct. Sir W. Hamilton.
2. One who maintained the doctrine of rigor-
ism: a term sometimes applied to Jansenists.
Also tutiorist.
Rigorists . . . lay down that the safer way, that of obe-
dience to the law, is always to be followed.
Encyc. Brit., XIV. 686.
II. a. 1. Characterized by strictness or se-
verity in principles or practice ; rigid ; strict ;
exacting.
They [certain translations] are a thought too free, per-
haps, to give satisfaction to persons of very rigourist ten-
dencies, but they admirably give the sense.
N. and Q., 7th ser., VII. 240.
2. Specifically, pertaining to rigorism in the-
ology: as, rigorist doctrines.
rigorous (rig'or-us), «. [< OF. rigoitreux, rigo-
reux, F. rigoureux = Pr. rigoros = Sp. rigoroso,
rigitroso = Pg. It. rigoroso, < ML. rigorosus,
rigorous, < L. rigor, rigor: see rigor."] 1. Act-
ing with rigor; strict in performance or re-
quirement.
They have no set rites prescribed by Law, . . . although
in some of their customs they are very rigorous.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 412.
2. Marked by inflexibility or severity ; strin-
gent ; exacting ; hence, unmitigated ; merciless.
Merchants, our well-dealing countrymen,
Who, wanting guilders to redeem their lives.
Have seal'd his rigorous statutes with their bloods.
Shak., C. of E., 1. 1. 9.
The ministers are obliged to have recourse to the most
rigorous methods to raise the expenses of the war.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, v.
Religion curbs Indeed its [wit's] wanton play,
And brings the trifler under rig'rous sway.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 096.
3. Exact; strict; precise; scrupulously accu-
rate : as, a rigorous definition or demonstration.
It Is absurd to speak, as many authors have recently
done, of a rigorous proof of the equality of absorption and
emissivity. Tail, Light, § 314.
4. Hard; inclement; bitter; severe: as, a, rig-
orous winter.
At a period comparatively recent almost the entire
Northern hemisphere down to tolerably low latitudes was
buried under snow and ice, the climate being perhaps as
rigorous as that of Greenland at the present day.
J. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 12.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Severe, Rigid, etc. (see austere), inflexible,
unbending, unyielding.
rigorously (rig'or-us-li), adv. In a rigorous
manner, (a) Severely ; without relaxation, mitigation,
or abatement; relentlessly; inexorably; mercilessly: as,
a sentence rigorously executed.
I am derided, suspected, accused, and condemned : yea,
more than that, I am rygorously reiected when I proffer
amendes for my harme.
Oascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), Ep. Ded., p. 43.
Joan of Arc, . . .
Whose maiden blood, thus rigorously effused,
Will cry for vengeance at the gates of heaven.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4. 52.
They faint
At the sad sentence rigorously urged.
MUton, P. L., xi. 109.
(6) Strictly; severely; exactly; precisely ; with scrupulous
nicety.
Nothing could be more rigorously simple than the fur-
niture of the parlor. Poe, Lander's Cottage.
I have endeavoured to make the " Chronology of Steele's
Life " as rigorously exact as possible.
A. Dobson, Pref. to Steele.
rigorousness (rig'or-us-nes), «. The quality
or state of being rigorous ; severity without al-
lowance or mitigation ; strictness ; exactness ;
rigor. Railey, 1727.
rigour, rigourism, etc. See rigor, etc.
rig-out (rig'out), n. A rig ; an outfit ; a suit of
clothes; a costume. [Colloq.]
I could get a goodish rig-out in the lane for a few shil-
lings. A pair of boots would cost me 2s., and a coat I get
for 2«. 6<f.
Mayhetc, London Labour and London Poor, II. 89.
rig-out
Desprez, who had exchanged his toilette for a ready-
made riff-out of poor materials, . . . sank speechless on
the nearest chair. /(. L. Stevenson, Treasure of Franchard.
Rigsdag (rigz'dag), 11. [Dan. (= Sw. rikxdaij
= G. reichytag = D. rijksday), < rige, kingdom,
+ (lag, day: see riclte1, «., and day1.] The par-
liament or diet of Denmark. It is composed of
an upper house (Landsthiug) and a lower house
(Folke thing).
rigsdaler (rigz'da'ler), w. [Dan.: see rix-dol-
lar.] Same as rix-dollar.
rigsie (rig'si), n. Same as ridgel.
Rig-Veda (rig-va'da), it. [Skt, < rich, a hymn
of praise, esp. a stanza spoken, as distinguished
from samtm, a stanza sung (-\/ rich, praise),
+ veda, knowledge (the general name for the
Hindu sacred writings, esp. the four collec-
tions called Big-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda,
and Atharca-Veda): see Feda.] The first and
principal of the Vedas, or sacred books of the
Hindus. See Veda.
rigwiddie (rig-wid'i), n. [< r/«/i, the back, +
widdie, a So. form of withy, a rope, withy: see
withy.] The rope or chain that goes over a
horse's back to support the shafts of a vehicle.
Burns uses it adjectively in the sense of resembling a
rigwiddie, and hence ill-shaped, thrawn, weazen. [Scotch. ]
Wither'd beldams, auld and droll,
Rigwoodie hags, wad spean a foal.
Burns, Tarn o' Shanter.
rikk (rik), n. A small form of tambourine, used
in Egypt.
rilasciando (re-la-shian'do), a. [It., ppr. of ri-
lasciare, relax: see relax."] In music, same as
/•allentando.
rile (ril), t-. t. A dialectal variant of roil?.
rilievo (re-lya'vo), n. [< It. rilievo, pi. rilievi:
see relief.] Same as relief, in sculpture, etc.:
the Italian form, often used in English. Some-
times spelled relievo.
Shallow porticoes of columns . . . supported statues,
or rather, to judge from the coins representing the build-
ing, rilievos, which may have set off, but could hardly
have given much dignity to, a building designed as this
was. J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 318.
rill (ril), M. [= LG. rille, rile, a channel, a rill,
G. rille, a small furrow, chamfer; origin un-
certain. Cf.W. rhill, a trench, drill, row, contr.
< rliigol, a trench, groove, dim. of ring, a notch,
groove, hence a shallow trench, channel. Cf.
F. rigole, > G. rigole, riole, a trench, furrow. Cf.
rillet, rivulet.] 1. A small brook; a rivulet; a
streamlet.
Hay thy brimmed waves for this
Their full tribute never miss
From a thousand petty rills,
That tumble down the snowy hills.
Milton, Comus, 1. 926.
2. A deep, winding valley on the moon. [Little
used.]
rill (ril), v. i. [< rill, n.] To flow in a small
stream or rill ; run in streamlets ; purl. [Rare.]
The wholesome Draught from Aganippe's Spring
Genuine, and with soft Murmurs gently rUling
Adown the Mountains where thy Daughters haunt.
Prior, Second Hymn of Callimachus.
rillet (ril'et), n. [< rill + -et. Cf. rivulet; cf.
also F. rigolet, an irrigation ditch, < rigole, a rill :
see rill] A little rill; a brook; a rivulet.
The water which in one poole hath abiding
Is not so sweet as ritteti ever gliding.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 3.
From the green rivage many a fall
Of diamond rittets musical, . . .
Fall'n silver-chiming, seem'd to shake
The sparkling flints beneath the prow.
Tennyson, Arabian Nights.
rill-mark (ril'mark), ?i. A marking or tracery
formed upon any surface by the action of water
trickling over it in little rills.
Another kind of markings not even organic, but alto-
gether depending on physical causes, are the beautiful
branching rill-marks produced by the oozing of water out
of mud and sand-banks left by the tide.
Dawson, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 32.
rim1 (rim), n. [< ME. rim, rym, rime, < AS.
rima, rim, edge, border (sse-rima, sea-coast);
cf. Icel. rim, a rail, rimi, a strip of land; prob.
from the same root (•/ ram) as rindi and rand1,
q. v. The W. rhim, with the secondary forms
rhimp, rhimi/ii, a rim, edge, rhimpyn, an extrem-
ity, is appar. from the E.] 1 . The border, edge,
or margin of anything, whether forming part
of the thing itself, or separate from it and sur-
rounding or partly surrounding it, most com-
monly a circular border, often raised above
the inclosed surface : as, the rim of a hat.
The moon lifting her silver rim
Above a cloud, and with a gradual swim
Coming into the blue with all her light.
Keats, I stood Tiptoe upon a Little Hill.
5182
A large caldron lined with copper, with a rim at brass.
//. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 165.
We have observed them [whales] just "under the rim
of the water" (as whalemen used to say).
C. M. Scammon, Marine Mammals, p. 42.
Specifically — 2. In a wheel, the circular part
furthest from the axle, connected by spokes to
the hub, nave, or boss. In a carriage- or wagon-wheel
the rim is built up of bent or sawed pieces called fellies,
and la encircled by the tire. See cut under felly.
The rim proper appears to have been bent into shape ;
the wooden tire was cut out from the solid timber.
E. M. Stratton, World on Wheels, p. 67.
= Syn. 1. The rim of a vessel ; the brim of a cup or gob-
let ; the brink, verge, or edge of a precipice ; the margin of
a brook or a book ; the border of a garment or a country.
rim1 (rim), v. t. ; pret. and pp. rimmed, Turn, rim-
miiif/. [<nw1, «.] 1. To surround with a rim
or border; form a rim round.
A length of bright horizon rimm'd the dark.
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
All night they ate the boar Serimner's flesh,
And from their horns, with silver rimm'd, drank mead.
W. Arnold, Balder Dead.
2. To plow or slash the sides of, as mackerel,
to make them seem fatter.
rim2 (rim), n. [Early mod. E. also rimme, rymine;
< ME. rim, rym, ryme, earlier rente, a membrane.
< AS. reoma, a membrane, ligament, = OS!
Homo, reomo, a thong, latchet, = D. riem, a
thong (see riem), = OHG. riomo, rivmo, thong,
band, girdle, rein, etc., MHO. rieme, Q. riemen,
a thong, band, etc., = Sw. Dan. rem, thong, a
strap, = Gr. pv/ia, a tow-line, < "frveiv, ipvciv,
draw. No connection with rim1.] 1. A mem-
brane. [Prov. Eng.]
A» is the walnutte, so is this fraite [nutmeg] defended
with a double couering, as fyrste with a grene hnske,
vnder the whiche is a thinne skinne or rimme like a nette,
encompassing the shell of a nutte.
Ji. Eden, tr. of Sebastian Minister (First Books on Amer-
[Ica, cd. Arber, p. 35).
2. The membrane inclosing the intestines; the
peritoneum ; hence, loosely, the intestines ; the
belly. [Obsolete or provincial.]
Alle the rymez by the rybbez radly thay lance.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.\ 1.
1343.
I will fetch thy rim out at thy throat
In drops of crimson blood.
Shale., Hen. V., iv. 4. 15.
We may not affirm that . . . ruptures are conflnable
unto one side ; whereas the peritoneum or rim of the belly
may be broke, or its perforations relaxed in either.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. a
Struck through the belly's rim, the warrior lies
Supine, and shades eternal veil his eyes.
Pope. Iliad, xiv. 521.
rima (ri'ma), n.; pi. rimte (-me). [< L. rima, a
crack, cleft, opening: see rimeQ.] 1. In Wo/.,
an opening, as a fissure or cleft; a long or nar-
row aperture. — 2. IncoHC/i., the fissure or aper-
ture between the valves of a bivalve shell when
the hymen is removed. -Rima glottldls, the open-
ing between the vocal cords in front and the arytenoid
cartilages behind.— Rima glottldls cartilaginea, that
part of the rima glottidis which lies between the aryte-
noid cartilages. Also called respiratory glottis.— Rima
orls, the orifice of the mouth ; in ornith., the rictus ; the
gape. See rictus.— Rima vocalls, that part of the rima
glottidis which lies between the vocal cords. Also called
rima glottidis membranacea and vocal glottis.
rimbase (rim'bas), n. [< rim* + base?, n.] In
gun. : (a) A short cylinder connecting a trunnion
with the body of a cannon. (6) The shoulder
on the stock of a musket against which the
breech of the barrel rests.
rime1 (rim), n. [Also and more commonly
rhyme, a spelling first used, alternating with
rhime, about the year 1550, and due to the er-
roneous notion that the word is identical with
rhythm (indeed even the spellings rhythm and
rhithm were sometimes used for the proper word
rime); prop, only rime, a spelling which has
never become wholly obsolete and is now wide-
ly used by persons who are aware of the blun-
der involved in the spelling rhyme. Early mod.
E. rime, ryme, < ME. rime, ryme, rim, rym, num-
ber, rime, verse, < AS. rim, number (not in the
senses 'verse ' or 'rime,' which appear to be of
Rom. origin), = OS. "rim, number (in comp. un-
rim = AS. unrim, "numbers without number,"
a great number), = OFries. rim, tale, = MD.
rijm, rijme, D. rijm = MLG. rim, LG. riem, rim,
rime, = OHG. rim, erroneously hrim, number,
series, row, MHG. rim, verse, rime, G. reim,
rime, = Icel. rim, also rima = Sw. Dan. rim,
rime; hence (< OHG.) OF. rime, F. rime = Pr.
rim, rima = OCat. rim = Sp. Pg. It. rima (ML.
rima), verse, rime. The sense of ' poetic num-
ber,' whence 'verse,' 'a tale in verse,' 'agree-
ment of terminal sounds,' seems to have arisen
in Rom., this meaning, with the thing itself,
being unknown to the earlier Teut. tongues.
rime
The transition of sense, though paralleled by
a similar development of number and tale, was
prob. due in part to association with L. rlii/t/i-
HIIIX, ML. also rliillniiHx, ritliniiix, ritmiig, which,
with the Rom. forms, and later the E. form
rhythm, seems to have been constantly con-
fused with rime, the two words having the
sense ' verse ' in common. Connection of AS.
rim, etc., with Gr. ap/fi/juf, number (see arith-
metic), Ir. Gael, aireamh, number, = W. cirif.
number, Ir. rimh = W. rhif, number, is im-
probable.] If. Number. .
Thurh tale and rime of fowertij. Ormwlum, 1. 11248.
2. Thought expressed in verse ; verse; meter;
poetry; also, a composition in verse; a poem,
especially a short one ; a tale in verse.
Horn sede on his rime:
" Iblessed beo the time
I com to Suddenne
With mine irisse men."
King Born (E. E. T. S.), p. 39.
Other tale certes can I noon,
But of a ryme I lerned longe agoon.
Chaucer, Prol. to Sir Thopas, 1. 19.
Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.
Milton, P. L., 1. 16.
3. Agreement in the terminal sounds of two or
more words, namely in the last accented vowel
and the sounds following, if there be any, while
the sounds preceding differ ; also, by extension,
such agreement in the initial sounds (initial
rime, usually called alliteration). See Itomceote-
leuton, and compare assonance.
Rime is the rhythmical repetition of letters. Nations
who unite arsis and prose accent need to mark off their
verses plainly. They do it by rime. Other nations shun
rime. When the riming letters begin their words, it is
called alliteration. When the accented vowels and the
following letters are alike, it is called perfect rime. When
only the consonants are alike, it is called half rime.
F. A. March, Anglo-Sax. Gram., p. 223.
The clock-work tintinnabulum of rhyme.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 529.
4. Averse or line agreeing with another in ter-
minal sounds: as, to string rimes together.
The rhymes are dazzled from their place,
And order'd words asunder fly.
Tennyson, The Day-Dream, Prol.
5. A word answering in sound to another word.
They ring round the same unvaried chimes,
With sure returns of still expected rhymes;
Where'er you find " the cooling western breeze,"
In the next line it " whispers through the trees."
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 349.
Caudate rime, rime at the end of successive lines : op-
posed to leonine (which see) or other rime between the
ends of sections of the same line. Also tailed rime.—
Female nr feminine rimes. See female.— Hale or
masculine rimes. See malei .— Neither rime nor rea-
son, neither consistency nor rational meaning ; neither
sound nor sense; hence, with no mitigating feature or ex-
cuse. The phrase occurs under various forms, and espe-
cially in plays upon words.
I would exhorte you also to beware of rime without rea-
son: my meaning is hereby that your rime leade you not
from your tlrste Inuention.
Gascoigne, Notes on Eng. Verse (ed. Arber), { 6.
I was promis'd on a time
To have reason for my rhyme ;
From that time unto this season,
I receiv'd nor rhyme nor reason.
Sfenser, Lines on his Promised Pension, Int. to Works,
[p. xiv.
Thus sayd one in a ineeter of eleuen very harshly in
mine eare, whether it be for lacke of good rime or of good
reason, or of both, I wot not.
I'uttenham, Arte of Eng. Pocsie, p. 59.
Was there ever any man thus beaten out of season
When in the why and the wherefore is neither rht/me nor
reason f Shak., C. of E., ii. 2. 49.
These fellows of infinite tongue, that can rhyme them-
selves into ladies' favours, they do always reamn them-
selves out again. Shale., Hen. V., v. 2. 164.
And everyone snper-aboundeth in hisown humour, even
to the annihilating of any other u-ithout rhyme or reason.
O. Harvey, Four Letters.
rime1 (rim), v. ; pret. and pp. rimed, ppr. riming.
[Also and more commonly rhyme (formerly also
rhime), an erroneous spelling as with the noun ;
early mod. E. rime, ryme, < ME. rimen, rymen,
rime, < AS. rimau, number, count, reckon, = D.
rijmen, rime, = OHG. riman, number, count,
count up, MHG. rimen, rime, fig. bring toge-
ther, unite, G. reimen, rime, = Sw. rimma =:
Dan. rime = OF. and F. rimer = Pr. Sp. Pg.
rimar = It. rimare (ML. rimare), rime ; from the
noun: see rime'1, n.] I. tntus. If. To number;
count; reckon. — 2. To compose in verse; treat
in verse ; versify.
But alle shal passen that men prose or ryme,
Take every man hys turn as for his tyme.
Chaucer, Envoy of Chaucer to Scogan, 1. 41.
3. To put into rime: as, to rime a story.— 4.
To bring into a certain condition by riming:
influence by rime.
rime
Fellows of infinite tongue, that can rhyme themselves rimer2 (ri'mi'r)
into ladies' favours. Shale., Hen. V., v. 2. 164. \lso rititi/u r
5183
/. [< rimer2, n.]
rin
TO rime to death, to destroy by the use of riming incan
tations; hence, to kill off in any manner; get rid of ; make
an end of.
And my poets
Shall with a satire, steep'd in gall and vinegar,
Wujitie 'em to death, as they do rats in Ireland.
Randolph, Jealous Lovers, v. 2.
Were the brute capable of being rhymed to death, Mr.
Creech should doit genteely, and take the widow with her rimer:! (ri'mer), n. In fort., a palisade,
jointure. Jt. Parson, iji^etter^ol Eminent Men, from rime-royalt (rim'roFal), ». A seven-line stanza
which Chaucer introduced into English versifi-
cation.
1.
[Bodl. Coll. (Lond., 1813), I. 54.
To compose verses; make
To ream, in entomology, of the sculpture of insects when
[Eng.] the surface shows many minute narrow and
When . . . the rivet cannot be inserted without re- generally parallel excavations. Also rimovs.
course to some means for straightening the holes, it is rimosely (ri'mos-li), adv. In a rimose manner,
best to rimer them out ami I use a larger rivet rimosity (ri-mos'i-ti), n, [< rimose + -%.] The
R. IT*™, Steam Boilers, p. 67. gMe j£ei riio * or eLhink
Ihe lower end of each column is bolted by turned bolts rimniia Cri'mnn^ n IY1, r/»i/i«»/e full nf nhintu-
in rimered holes to cast iron girders 20 in. deep. nmous (n mils;, a. |_<- Li.rtmosus, lull ot cnmks.
The Engineer, LXVI. 520. ?ee rimose.] Same as rimose.
rim-planer (rim'pla"n6r), n. A machine for
dressing wheel-fellies, planing simultaneously
one flat and one curved surface.
II. in trail*.
verses.
There march'd the bard and blockhead side by side,
Who rhymed for hire, and patronized for pride.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 102.
2. To accord in the terminal sounds; more
widely, to correspond in sound ; assonate ; har-
monize ; accord ; chime.
But fagotted his notions as they fell,
And, if they rhymed and rattled, all was well.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., ii. 4-JO.
Riming delirium, a form of mania in which the patient
speaks in verses.
rime2 (rim), ». [< ME. rime, rim, ryme, < AS.
hrim = OD. D. rijni — OHG. "/trim, *rim, rime,
MHG. "rim (in verb rimeln), G. dial, reim, rein
= Icel. hrim = Sw. Dan. rim, frost ; cf. D. rijp =
There are in it three
lines riming together, the second,
riming, and the sixth and seventh. It is generally sup
posed that this form of verse received the name of rime-
royal from the fact that it was used by King James I. of
Scotland in his poem of the "Kinges Quair." It was a
favorite form of verse till the end of the sixteenth cen-
tury. The following stanza is an example :
And first, within the porch and jaws of hell,
Sat deep Remorse of Conscience, all besprent
With tears ; and to herself oft would she tell
Her wretchedness, and, cursing, never stent
To sob and sigh, but ever thus lament
With thoughtful care, as she that, all in vain,
Would wear and waste continually in pain.
SackmUe, Induction to Mir. for Mags.
rimery (ri'mer-i), n. [< rime1 + -ery.~\ The
art of making rimes. Eclee.Rev. [Rare.] (Imp.
Diet.)
OHG. hrifo, rifo, MHG. rife, G. reif, frost. Some rimester (rim'ster), ». [Also and more corn-
erroneously connect the word with Gr. icpv/i6f,
Kpitof, frost, KpiiaraMof, ice, < -\/ kru, be hard : Bee
crystal, crude.] White frost, or hoar-frost; con-
gealed dew or vapor : same as frost, 3.
Frosty rime,
That in the morning whitened hill and plain
And is no more. Wordsworth, Eccles. Sonnets, iii. J4.
My grated casement whitened with Autumn's early rime.
Whittier, Cassandra Southwick.
rime2 (rim), v. i. ; pret. and pp. rimed, ppr. rim-
ing. [< rime2, «.] To freeze or congeal into
hoar-frost.
rime3 (rim), r. /. Same as ream2.
rime4, n. A Middle English or modern dialectal
form of rim1.
rimeBt, »• A Middle English form of rim2.
rime6 (rim), n. [< OF. rime, < L. rima, a crack,
fissure, cleft, chink.] A chink ; a fissure ; a rent rim fire (rim'fir) a
or long aperture. Sir T. Browne.
rime-frost (rim'frost), n. [< ME. rymefrost, rim-
frost (= Sw. Dan. rimfrost), < rime2 + frost.]
Hoar-frost; rime.
monly rhymester (see rime1); < rime1 + -ster.]
A rimer; a- maker of rimes, generally of an in-
ferior order; a would-be poet ; a poetaster.
Railing was the ypocras of the drunken rhymester, and
Quipping the marchpane of the mad libeller.
0. Harvey, Four Letters.
But who forgives the senior's ceaseless verse,
Whose hairs grow hoary as his rhymes grow worse?
What heterogeneous honours deck the peer !
Lord, rhymester, petit-mattre, and pamphleteer !
Byron, Eng. Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
rimeyt, v. t. [ME. rimeyen, < OF. rimeier, rimaier,
rimoier, rimoyer, < rime, rime : see rime1.]
compose in rime ; versify.
This olde gentil Britons in hir dayes
Of diverse aventures maden layes,
pelle, a rimple). wrinkle, freq. of "hrimpan, rim-
pan (pp. gerumpen) = MD. D. rimpelen = MLG.
rimpen, wrinkle, = OHG. hrimfan, rimphan,
rimpfan, rimpfen, MHG. rimpfen, riimphen, G.
riimpfen, crook, bend, wrinkle ; perhaps (assum-
ing the Teut. root to be hramp) a nasalized
form of •/ hrap = Gr. ndp^eiv, wrinkle; other-
wise (assuming the initial h to be merely cas-
ual), akin to Gr. pa^^of, a curved beak, pafufrf/, a
curved sword.] I. trans. To wrinkle; rumple.
See rumple.
A rympled vekke, ferre ronne in age.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4495.
He was grete and longe, and blakke and rowe rympled.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 168.
No more by the banks of the streamlet we'll wander,
And smile at the moon's rimpled face on the wave.
Burns, O'er the Mist-shrouded Cliffs.
Rymeyed in hir flrste Briton tonge.
Chaucer, Prol. to Franklin's Tale, 1.
II. intrans. To wrinkle ; ripple.
As gilds the moon the rimpling of the brook.
Crabbe, Parish Register (ed. 1807X i.
rimple (rim'pl), ». [Also (now more common-
ly) rumple; < ME. rimple, rympyl, rimpel, < AS.
*hrimpele, hrympelle = MD. D. rimpel = MLG.
rimpel (also rimpe), a wrinkle ; from the verb.]
A wrinkle ; rumple. See rumple.
To rim-rock (rim'rok), n. In mining, parts still
remaining of the edges of the channels which
the old or Tertiary rivers wore away in the
bed-rock, and within which the auriferous
detritus was
accumulated.
[California.]
1. Noting a cartridge
which has a detonating substance placed in rim-saw
some part of the rim of its base : distinguished (rim'sa),ii. A
from center-fire. Such cartridges have the defect (from
which center-fire cartridges are free) that, unless the de-
tonating substance is distributed all around the base, par-
ticular care must be used in their insertion to obtain the
proper position for it relatively to the hammer of the lock.
2. Pertaining to or adapted for the use of a
rim-fire cartridge : as, a rim-fire gun (a gun in
which rim-fire cartridges are used).
The birch-trees delicately rime-frosted to their finest rimir Tri'mikl n t<rimf1 -4- if ~\ Pprtninirxr
tips. Harper's Mag., LXXVIIL 643. r ,;' ', \-\nmei + -«C.J Pertaining
, to rime. Also rhvmic. [Rare.]
rimeless (nm'les), a. [< rime1 + -?-"- n CT — = —
no rime ; not in the form of rime.
less.
Too popular is Tragic Poesy, .-»*• / -/ • «* v r, T
Straining his tip-toes for a farthing fee, rimiform (n mi-form), a. [< L. rima, a chink, +
And doth beside on rhymeless numbers tread, forma, torm.] In hot., having a longitudinal rimu (run o)
Unhid Iambics flow from careless head. chink or furrow. Leighton, Brit. Lichens, glos- n. [Maori.]
Bp. Uatt, Satires, I. iv. 3. sarv. Same as imott-
A recurring letter, rimist (n'mist), n. [< rime1 + -ist.] A rimer, pine.
Also rhymist. [Rare.] Rimula (rim'u-la), n. [NL., < L. rimula, dim.
His [Milton's] character of Dryden, who sometimes visit- of rima, a crack : eeerime6.] In conch., a genus
ed him, was that he was a good rhymist, but no poet. of fossil keyhole-limpets, or Fisstirellidx. De-
Johnson, Milton, france, 1819.
On morgen fel hem a dew a-gein. . . .
It lai thor, quit as a rim front.
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. 8.), L 3328.
rime-frosted (rim'fros''ted), a. Covered with
hoar-frost or rime.
'.SB.] Having
Also rhyme-
rime-letter (lim'lefer), ».
as in alliteration.
The repeated letter [in alliteration] is called the rime-
letter. F. A. March, Anglo-Sax. Gram., p. 224.
His [Mitford's] remarks are on the verbal, grammatical,
and rhymic (why not rhymical!) inaccuracies to be met
with in the Elegy. s. and Q., 7th ser., VII. 517.
saw the cut-
ting part of
which is an-
milar and is
mounted up-
on a central
circular disk.
E. H. Knight.
rim-stock
(rim'stok),w.
A clog-alma-
nac. Cham-
bers's Encyc.
Rim-saw.
a, central disk upon which the cutting part * is
mounted, attached to the disk by rivets.
(ef. AS. rimere, a computer, reckoner, calcula-
bling or related to the genus Simula.
•imiilrtoA /I.TTVI'V^ l*\ci\ f. r/ ATT #..,'.,,
the pound-nets used on the Great Lakes. These i
ropes serve the double purpose of holding the stakes firm- : u/r_.i^
ly and affording a means of hauling a boat along the net Timy1t (n mi), a.
when the crib is lifted.
marius, a rimer; F. rimeur — Pg. rimador = It.
rimatore, a rimer.] One who makes rimes or
verses ; especially, a maker of verses wherein
rime or metrical form predominates over poetic nm-lOCk (rim lok), n, A lock having a metal-
thought or creation; hence, an inferior poet; Iic case> intended to be affixed to the outside
in former use, also, a minstrel. °* a door, etc., instead of being inserted within
it. See mortise-lock.
I<.rim1,v., + -er1.] 1. An
implement used in impressing ornamental fig-
ures upon the margins of the paste or crust of
pies, etc. It may have the nature either of a
hand-stamp or of an embossed roller. — 2. An
instrument used in rimming mackerel ; a plow ;
I-TT
[Usually rhymy ; < rime1
To eschew many Diseases and mischiefs, which have . „, , . , . ,
happened before this time in the Land of Wales, by many rimmer1 (rim er), n.
Wasters, Rhymers, Minstrels, and other Vagabonds: It is
ordained, etc.
Laws of Hen. IV. (1402), in Ribton-Turner's Vagrants and
[Vagrancy, p. 64.
Sawcie Lictors
\\ ill catch at vs like Strumpets, and scald Rimers
Ballad vs out a Tune.
-fl1.] Riming.
Playing rhimy plays with scurvy heroes.
Tom Brown, Works, III. 39. (Dames.)
(ri'mi), a. [< ME. "rimy, < AS. hrimig,
rimy, frosty, < hrim, rime, frost : see rime2.] 1 .
Covered with rime or hoar-frost.
But now the clear bright Moon her zenith gains,
And rimy without speck extend the plains.
Wordsworth, Evening Walk.
2. Frosty; cold.
a rimming-knife.
Shak., A. and C. (folio 1623), v. 2. 215. rimmer2 (rim'er), w. and r. Same as reamer,
I am nae poet in a sense, rimer2. rin1 (rin), V. and H.
But just a rhymer^ like by chance. rimOSB (ri'mos), «, [= Sp. Pg. It. rimoso, < L. riant of run1.
Burns, First Epistle to J. Lapraik. «,•„,„„.., ~ *..n ~« -u—iTL s ::.. - -» f i /*
(ri'mer), ». Same as reamer. Also rim-
[En&-] chinky, like the bark of a tree : specifically said,'
In little more than a month after that meeting on the
hill — on a rimy morning in departing November— Adam
and Dinah were married. George Eliot, Adam Bede, Iv.
An obsolete or Scotch va-
of chinks, < rima, a chink, fissure: rin1* (rin), «. [Jap., = Chinese /(, the thou-
Full of chinks, clefts, or crevices; sandth part of a Hang or ounce.] A Japanese
bronze or brass coin, exactly similar in form to
rin
the Chinese cash, and equal in value to the
thousandth part of a yen. See Ki and yen.
rinabout (rin'a-bout), H. [So. form of run-
about, < run1 4- about.'} One who runs about
through the country; a vagabond. [Scotch.]
rind1 (rind), «. [< ME. rind, rinde, < AS. rind,
rinde, bark of a tree, crust, = MD. rinde, the
bark of a tree, D. rinde, oak-bark, tan, = MLG.
rinde = OHG. rinta, rinda, MHG. rinte, rinde, G.
rinde, rind, crust, crust of bread ; prob. akin to
AS. rand, E. rand, edge, border, and to AS.
n'roa.E. rim, border: see rnnrfi and rim*.] 1. A
thick and firm outer coat or covering, as of ani-
mals, plants, fruits, cheeses, etc.; a thick skin
orintegument; specifically, inbot., same as cor-
tex: applied to the outer layer or layers of a fun-
gus-body, to the cortical layer (see cortical) of
a lichen, as well as to the bark of trees.
His shelde todasshed was with swerds and maces.
In which men myghte many an arwe fynde,
That thyrled hadde horn and nerf and rynde.
Chaucer, Troilus, II. 642.
Whoso takithe from the tre the rinde and the levis,
It wer better that he in his bed lay long.
Song of Roland, 152 (quoted in Cath. Ang., p. 808).
Sweetest nut hath sourest rind.
Shale., As you Like it, ill. •_' 115.
Leviathan . . .
The pilot of some small night-founder'd skiff
Deeming some island, oft, as seamen tell,
With fixed anchor in his scaly rind
Moors by his side under the lee. Milton, P. I,., i. 206.
Hard wood I am, and wrinkled rind,
Bat yet my sap was stirr'd.
Tennyson, Talking Oak.
2. The skin of a whale ; whale-rind: a whalers'
term.— 3f. Edge; border.
Thane they roodc by that ryver, that rynnyd so swythe,
Thare the ryndei overrechez with realle bowghez.
Morte Artfatrr (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 921.
= Byn. 1. Peel, etc. See skin.
rind1 (rind), v. t. [< ri/irfi, «. ; cf. AS. be-rin-
dan, strip the rind off.] To take the rind from ;
bark; decorticate.
All persons were forbidden . . . to set flre to the woods
of the country, or work detriment to them by "rinding of
the trees." W. F. Roe, Newfoundland to Manitoba, I.
rind2, n. See rynd.
rinded (rin'ded), a. (X rind* + -erf2.] "Having a
rind or outer coat: occurring chiefly in compo-
sition with a descriptive adjective : as, smooth-
rinded trees.
Summer herself should minister
To thee, with fruitage golden-rinded
On golden salvers. Tennyson, Eleanore.
The soft-rinded smoothening facile chalk,
That yields your outline to the air's embrace,
Half-softened by a halo's pearly gloom.
Browning, Pippa Passes.
rinderpest (rin'der-pest), w. [< G. rinderpest
(= D. rindcr-pest), cattle-plague, < rinder, pi. of
rind, horned cattle (= E. dial, rotlier, a horned
beast: see rather*), + pest, plague (= E. pest):
see pest.'] An acute infectious disease of cat-
tle, appearing occasionally among sheep, and
communicable to other ruminants, in western
Europe the disease has prevailed from time to time since
the fourth century in extensive epizootics. From its home
on the steppes of eastern Russia and central Asia it has
been carried westward by the great migrations and later
by the transportation of cattle. The losses in Europe have
been enormous. Thus, in 1711-14 1,500,000 beeves are said
to have perished, and in 1870-1 30,000 beeves In France
alone. The infection (the precise nature of which has not
yet been definitely determined) may be transmitted direct-
ly by sick animals or indirectly by manure, or by persons
and animals going from the sick to the well. It may be
carried a short distance in the air. Its vitality is retained
longest in the moist condition. The disease, after a pe-
riod of incubation of from three to six days, begins with
high temperature, rapid pulse, and cessation of milk-secre-
tion. This latent period is followed by a congestion of all
the visible mucous membranes, on which small erosions or
ulcers subsequently develop. About 90 per cent, of all
attacked die in from four to seven days after the appear-
ance of the disease. If the animal survives, one attack
confers a lasting immunity.
rind-gall (riud'gal), n. A defect in timber
caused by a bruise in the bark which produces
a callus upon the wood over which the later
layers grow without consolidating. Laslett,
Timber and Timber Trees.
rind-grafting (rind'grafting), n. See graft-
ing, 1.
rind-layer (rind'la"er), n. Same as cortical
layer (which see, under cortical).
rindle (rin'dl), n. A dialectal form of runnel
rindmart (rind'mart), ». [Erroneously rhind-
mart, rynmart; < "rind, prob. < G. rind, horned
cattle (see rinderpest), + mart, said to be short-
ened < Martinmas, because such carcasses were
deliverable then for rent or feu-duty : see Mar-
tinmas, mart3."] In Scots law, a word of occa-
sional occurrence in the reddendo of charters
5184
in the north of Scotland, signifying any species
of horned cattle given at Martinmas as part of
the rent or feu-duty. Hell.
rine1 (rin), «. [Also erroneously rhiiie, and in
var. form rone, rune; < ME. rune, < AS. ryne, a
run, course, flow, watercourse, orbit, course
of time (= OFries. rene, a flow (in comp. blod-
rene), = G. ronne, a channel, = Icel. ryne (in
comp.), a flow, stream. = Goth, runs, a flow,
flux), < rinnan, run: see r*»i, v., and cf. run1,
w.,in part identical with rine; cf. also runnel.']
A watercourse or ditch. [Prov. Eug.]
This plain [Sedgemoor], intersected by ditches known
as rhinet, and in some parts rich in peat, is broken by iso-
lated hills and lower ridges. Encyc. Brit., XXII. 267.
rine2, r. t. [< ME. rinen (pret. ran), also rynde,
< AS. hrinan = OS. lirinan = OHG. hrinan, touch,
etc., = Icel. hrina, cleave, hurt.] 1. To touch.
[Prov. Eng.] — 2f. To concern. Jamieson.
rine2 (rin), «. A dialectal form of rinrfi.
rine3t, ". Same as rim2.
rinforzando (rin-f6r-tsan'do), a. [< It. rinfor-
zando, ppr. of rinforzare, strengthen, reinforce:
see reinforce.'] In music, with special or in-
creased emphasis : usually applied to a single
phrase or voice-part which is to be made spe-
cially prominent. Abbreviated rinf., rf., and
rfz.
rinforzato (rin-fdr-tsii'to), a. [It., pp. of rin-
forzare, strengthen : see rinforzando.] Same
as rinforzando.
ring1 (ring), ». [< ME. ring, ryng, also rink,
rynk, < AS. hring = OS. hring = OPries. bring,
ring = D. ring = MLG. rink, LG. ring, rink =
OHG. hring, ring, MHG. rine (ring-), G. ring =
Icel. hringr = 8w. Dan. ring (= Goth, "hriggg,
not recorded), a ring, circle; cf. F. rang, a row,
rank (see rank'*), F. harangue = Sp. Pg. arenga
= It. aringa, harangue, etc. (see harangue), <
OHG.; = OSlav. krangu, circle, kranglti, round,
= Russ. krugu, a circle, round ; supposed to be
akin also to L. circus = Gr. np'tnac,, Kipnof (see cir-
cus), Skt. chakra (for "kakra), a wheel, circle.
Hence ult. rink2, rant2, range, arrange, de-
range, harangue.'] 1. A circular body with a
comparatively large central circular opening.
Specifically — (o) A circular band of any material or size,
or designed for any purpose ; a circlet ; a hoop : as, a key-
ring; a napkiu-rin^; an umbrella-rim/; arin^-bolt; ari/i</-
dial ; especially, a circlet of gold or other material worn
as an ornament upon the finger, in the ear, or upon some
other part of the body.
Ho rajt hyni a riche rynk of red golde werkez,
Wyth a staraude ston, stondande alofte,
That here hlusschande bemez as the bryjt snnne.
Sir Gaicayne and the Qrten Knight (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1817.
With this Ring I thee wed.
Boot of Common Prayer, Solemnization of Matrimony.
Hangings fastened with cords of fine linen and purple
to silver rings and pillars of marble. Esther i. 6.
There 's a French lord coming o'er the sea
To wed me wi' a ring.
Fair Janet (Child's Ballads, II. 87).
Hence— (6) A circular group; a circular disposition of
persons or things.
Then make a ring about the corpse of Caesar,
And let me show you him that made the will.
Skat., J. C.,iii. 2. 162.
Banks wedg'd in ranks ; of arms a steely ring
Still grows, and spreads, and thickens round the king.
Pope, Iliad, xvi. 264.
A cottage . . . perch'd upon the green hill top, but close
Environ'd with a ring of branching elms.
Cowper, Task, i. 223.
(c) One of the circular layers of wood acquired periodically
by many growing trees. See annual ring, below.
Huge trees, a thousand rings of Spring
In every bole. Tennyson, Princess, v.
2. In geom.: (a) The area or space between two
concentric circles. (6) An anallagmatic sur-
face; an anchor-ring. — 3. A circle or circular
line. Hence— (a) A circular course ; a revolution ; a cir-
cuit.
Ere twice the horses of the sun shall bring
Then- flery torcher his diurnal ring.
Sha*., All's Well, ii. 1. 165.
(6) A limiting boundary ; compass.
But life, within a narrow ring
Of giddy joys comprised.
Cowper, On the Bill of Mortality for 1793.
4. A constantly curving line ; a helix.
Oft, as in airy rings they skim the heath,
The clamorous lapwings feel the leaden death.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 131.
Woodbine . . .
In spiral fin;/« ascends the trunk, and lays
Her golden tassels on the leafy sprays.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 231.
5. A circular or oval or even square area ; an
arena, (a) An area in which games or sports are per-
formed. (?i) The arena of a hippodrome or circus.
ring
"Your father breaks horses, don't he?" '• If you please,
sir, when they can get any to break, they do break horses
In the ring, sir. " Dickent, Hard Times, ii.
(c) The inclosure in which pugilists fight, usually a square
area marked off by a rope and stakes.
And being powerfully aided by Jcnkln Vincent .
with plenty of cold water, and a little vinegar applied ac-
cording to the scientific method practised by the bottle-
holders in a modern ring, the man began to raise himself.
Scott, fortunes of Nigel, ii.
(d) The betting-arena on a race-course, (e) The space In
which horses are exhibited or exercised at a cattle-show
or market, or on a public promenade.
One day, in the ring, Rawdon's^tanhope came in sight.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xix.
6. A combination of persons for attaining
such objects as the controlling of the market
in stocks, or the price of a commodity, or the
effecting of personal and selfish (especially
corrupt) ends, as by the control of political or
legislative agencies.
A [political] Ring Is, in its common form, a small num-
ber of persons who get possession of an administrative ma-
chine, and distribute the offices or other good things con-
nected with it among a band of fellows, of greater or less
dimensions, who agree to divide with them whatever they
make. The Nation, XIII. 833.
Those who in great cities form the committees and work
the machine are persons whose chief aim in life Is to make
their living by office. . . . They cement their dominion by
combination, each placing his influence at the disposal of
the others, and settle all important measures in secret
conclave. Such a combination is called a Ring.
Bryce, Amer. Commonwealth, II. 75.
7. In the language of produce-exchanges, a de-
vice to simplify the settlement of contracts for
delivery, where the same quantity of a com-
modity is called for by several contracts, the
buyer in one being the seller in another, the ob-
ject of the ring being to fill all contracts by de-
livery made by the first seller to the last buyer.
T. S. Dewey, Contracts, etc., p. 66.— 8. In arch.:
(a) A list, cincture, or annulet round a column.
(6) An archivolt.in its specific sense of the arch
proper.
They [old arches of stone or brick] differ from metal or
wooden arches, inasmuch as the compressed arc of mate-
rials called the ring is built of a number of separate pieces
having little or no cohesion. Encyc. Brit., IV. 306.
9. An instrument formerly used for taking the
sun's altitude, etc., consisting of a ring, usually
of brass, suspended by a swivel, with a hole in
one side, through which a solar ray entering in-
dicated the altitude upon the inner graduated
concave surface. Compare ring-dial. — 10. In
angling, a guide. — 11. In anat. and rod/., an
annulus ; any circular part or structure like a
ring or hoop: as, a tracheal ring (one of the
circular hoop-like cartilages of the windpipe) ;
a somitic ring (an annular somite, as one of the
segments of a worm); a ring of color. — 12.
In bot., same as annulus. — 13. A commercial
measure of staves, or wood prepared for casks,
containing four shocks, or 240 pieces — Abdom-
inal ring. See abdominal. — Annual ring, in hot., one of
the concentric layers of wood produced yearly in exoge
nous trunks. Such rings result from the more porous
structure of the wood formed in spring as compared with
the autumn growth, a difference attributed to less and
greater tension of the bark at the two seasons. In the
exogens of temperate regions, on account of the winter
rest, these zones are strongly marked ; in those of the
tropics they are less obvious, but the same difference of
structure exists in them with few if any exceptions, save
In cases of individual peculiarity. In temperate climates
a double ring is exceptionally produced in one season,
owing to a cessation and resumption of growth, ca used, for
example, by the stripping of the leaves. It is a question
whether some, especially tropical, trees do not normally
form semiannual rings corresponding to two growing sea-
sons. Somewhat similar rings are formed, several in a sea-
son, in such roots as the beet. These have no reference
to seasons, but result, according to De Bary, from the suc-
cessive formation of cambium-zones in the peripheral layer
of parenchyma. Also annual layer or zone. — A ring !
a ring! See a hall! a hall! under hall.— Arthritic ring,
the zone of injected blood-vessels surrounding the cor-
neal margin, seen In iritis.— Auriculoventricular ring,
the margin of the auriculoventricular opening.— Ben-
zene ring, a circular group of six carbon and six hydro-
gen atoms which is regarded as representing the consti-
tution of benzene, and by which its relations to its deriv-
atives may be most conveniently expressed. — Bishop's
ring. See bishop.— Broadwell ring, a gas-check for
use in heavy breech-loading guns, invented by L. W.
Broadwell. See gas-check and fennelure.— Bronchial
rings, cartilaginous hoops in the walls of the bronchi,
serving to distend those air-passages. Theyaie often in-
complete in a part (about half) of their circumference,
in which case they are more precisely called bronchial
half rings. Such is the rule in birds.— Chinese rings,
a set of seven rings used by presti£i:itors.— Ciliary
ring, the inner circular part of the ciliary muscle. —
Circumesophageal ring. See circumesophaneal.—
Clearing ring, in angling, a ring or ring-shaped sinker
used for clearing a foul hook. Such rings are of brass
or iron, comparatively heavy, opening with a hinge to
be put on the line, and having a cord attached to re-
cover them. In case the hook gets fast, the ring is rnn
down tn dislodge it ; or if a salmon or striped-bass sulks,
The Century dictionary
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS.
a., adj adjective.
abbr. . ... abbreviation.
abl ablative.
ace accusative.
accom accommodated, accom-
modation.
act active.
adv adverb.
AF Anglo-French,
agri agriculture.
AL Anglo-Latin.
alg algebra.
Amer. American.
anat anatomy.
anc ancient.
antiq antiquity.
aor aorist.
appar apparently.
Ar. Arabic.
arch architecture.
archtfcol archaeology.
arith arithmetic.
art article.
AS Anglo-Saxon.
astrol astrology.
astron astronomy.
attrib attributive.
aug augmentative.
Bav. Bavarian.
Beng Bengali.
biol biology.
Bohem Bohemian.
bot botany.
Braz. Brazilian.
Bret Breton.
bryol bryology.
Bulg. Bulgarian.
carp carpentry.
Cat Catalan.
Cath Catholic.
caus. causative.
ceram ceramics.
cL L. confer, compare.
ch church.
Chal Chaldee.
chem chemical, chemistry.
Chin Chinese.
chron chronology.
colloq colloquial, colloquially.
com commerce, commer-
cial.
'comp. composition, com-
pound.
compar. comparative.
conch conchology.
conj conjunction.
contr contracted, contrac-
tion.
Corn Cornish.
craniol craniology.
craniom craniometry.
crystal crystallography.
D. Dutch.
Dan Danish.
dat dative.
def definite, definition.
deriv. derivative, derivation.
dial dialect, dialectal.
dlff different.
dim diminutive.
distrib. distributive.
dram dramatic.
dynam dynamics.
E. East.
K. English (ust'aZfy mean-
ing modernEnglish).
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical.
econ economy.
e. g. L. exempli gratia, lor
example.
Egypt Egyptian.
E. Ind East Indian.
elect electricity.
embryo} embryology.
Eng. English.
engin engineering.
i nt MI i. entomology.
Epis. Episcopal.
eqniv equivalent.
esp. especially.
Eth Ethiopia
ethnog ethnography.
ethnol ethnology.
etym etymology.
Eur European.
exclam exclamation.
t., fern feminine.
F. French (usually mean-
ing modern French).
Flem Flemish.
fort fortification.
Ireq frequentative.
Fries. Friesic.
fut future.
G QermSiU(usuallymean-
ing New High Ger-
man).
Gael Gaelic.
galv galvanism.
gen genitive.
geog geography.
geol geology.
geom geometry.
Goth Gothic (Mcesogothic).
Or Greek.
gram grammar.
gun gunnery.
Heb Hebrew.
her. heraldry.
herpet. herpetology.
Hind Hindustani.
hist history.
horol horology.
hort horticulture.
Hung Hungarian.
hydraul hydraulics.
hydros hydrostatics.
Icel Icelandic (itsuaUjt
meaning Old Ice-
landic, oiherwisecaU-
ed Old Norse).
ichth ichthyology.
i. e L. id est, that is.
impers impersonal.
impf. imperfect.
impv. .' imperative.
improp improperly.
Ind Indian.
ind indicative.
Indo-Eur Indo-European.
indel indefinite.
Inf. infinitive.
instr. instrumental.
interj interjection.
intr., intrans — intransitive.
Ir. Irish.
Irreg irregular, irregularly.
It. Italian.
Jap Japanese.
L. Latin (usually mean-
ing classical Latin).
Lett Lettish.
LG Low German.
lichenol lichenology.
lit literal, literally.
lit literature.
Lith Lithuanian.
lithog lithography.
lithol lithology.
LL. Late Latin.
in . , masc masculine.
M. Middle.
mach machinery.
mammal mammalogy.
manuf manufacturing.
math mathematics.
MD Middle Dutch.
ME Middle English (other-
wise called Old Eng-
lish).
rnech mechanics, mechani-
cal.
med medicine.
mensur. mensuration.
metal metallurgy.
metaph metaphysics.
meteor meteorology.
Mex Mexican.
MGr Middle Greek, medie-
val Greek.
MHG Middle High German.
mllit. military.
mineraL mineralogy.
ML Middle Latin, medie-
val Latin.
MLG. Middle Low German.
mod modern.
mycol mycology.
myth mythology.
n .noun.
n., neut. neuter.
N New.
N North.
N. Amer North America.
nat natural.
naut nautical.
nav navigation.
NGr New Greek, modern
Greek.
NHG New High German
(usually simply G.,
German).
NL. New Latin, modern
Latin.
nom nominative.
Norm Norman.
north northern.
Norw Norwegian.
numis numismatics.
0 Old.
obs obsolete.
obstet obstetrics.
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other-
wise called Church
Slavonic, Old Slavic,
Old Slavonic).
OCat Old Catalan.
OD. Old Dutch.
ODan Old Danish.
odontog odontography.
odontol odontology.
OF. Old French.
OFlem Old Flemish.
OGaeL Old Gaelic.
OHG Old High German.
Olr Old Irish.
OH Old Italian.
OL. Old Latin.
OLG Old Low German.
ONorth Old Northumbrian.
OPruss Old Prussian.
orig original, originally.
ornith ornithology.
OS Old Saxon.
OSp Old Spanish.
osteoL osteology.
OSw Old Swedish.
Ol'eut Old Teutonic.
p. a. participial adjective.
pal eon paleontology.
part. participle.
pass passive.
pathoL pathology.
pert perfect.
Pers Persian.
pers person.
persp perspective.
Peruv Peruvian.
petrog petrography.
Pg Portuguese.
phar pharmacy.
Phen Phenician.
philol philology.
plains philosophy.
phonog phonography.
photog photography.
phren phrenology.
phys. physical.
physiol physiology.
pl.,plur plural.
poet poetical.
pollt political.
Pol Polish.
pass possessive.
pp past participle.
ppr. present participle.
Pr Provencal (usually
meaning Old Pro-
vencal).
pref. prefix.
prep preposition.
pres. present.
pret preterit.
priv privative.
prob probably, probable.
pron pronoun.
pron pronounced, pronun-
ciation.
prop properly.
pros prosody.
Prot. Protestant.
prov provincial.
psychoL psychology.
q. v L. quod (or pi. auae)
wdc, which see.
refl reflexive.
reg regular, regularly.
repr representing.
rhet rhetoric.
Horn Roman.
Rom Romanic, Romance
(languages).
Rnss Russian.
8. South.
S. Amer South American.
sc L. scilicet, understand,
supply.
Sc. Scotch.
Scand Scandinavian.
Scrip Scripture.
sculp sculpture.
Serv Servian.
Bing singular.
Skt Sanskrit.
Slav Slavic, Slavonic.
Sp Spanish.
subj subjunctive.
superl superlative.
surg surgery.
Burv surveying.
8w Swedish.
syn synonymy.
Syr Syriac.
techno! technology.
teleg telegraphy.
teratol teratology.
term termination.
Teut Teutonic.
theat theatrical.
theol theology.
therap therapeutics.
toxicol toxicology.
tr., trans transitive.
trigon trigonometry.
Turk Turkish.
typog typography.
ult ultimate, ultimately.
v verb.
var variant.
vet. veterinary.
v. L intransitive verb.
v. t. transitive verb.
W Welsh.
Wall Walloon.
Wallach Wallachtan.
W. Ind West Indian.
zobgeog zoogeography.
zool. zoology.
zoot. zootomy.
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION.
a as In fat, man, pang.
as in fate, mane, dale.
as in far, father, guard.
aa in fall, talk, naught.
as in ask, fast, ant.
as in fare, hair, bear.
e as in met, pen, bless,
e as in mete, meet, meat,
e as in her, fern, heard,
i as in pin, it, biscuit.
i as in pine, fight, file,
o as in not, on, frog.
6 as in note, poke, floor.
b as in move, spoon, room.
6 as in nor, song, off.
u as in tub, son, blood,
u as in mute, acute, few (also new,
tube, duty : see Preface, pp.
ix, x).
ft- aa in pull, book, could.
u German ii, French n.
oi as in oil, joint* boy.
ou as in pound, proud, now.
A single dot under a vowel in an unac-
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation
and lightening, without absolute loss of
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi.
Thus:
i> as in prelate, courage, captain.
V as In ablegate, episcopal.
0 as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat.
i.i as in singular, education.
A double dot under a vowel in an unac-
cented syllable indicates that, even in the
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac-
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but,
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus :
a. as in errant, republican.
e. as in prudent, difference,
i as in charity, density.
o as in valor, actor, Idiot.
H as in Persia, peninsula,
e as in the book.
ft as in nature, feature.
A mark (^) under the consonants (, d,
s, z indicates that they in like manner
are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus :
t as in nature, adventure.
'I as in arduous, education.
g as in leisure,
z, as in seizure.
th as in thin.
TH as in then.
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch.
ii French nasalizing n, as in ton, en.
ly (in French words) French liquid (mou-
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent.
(A secondary accent is not marked if at its
regular interval of two syllables from the
primary, or from another secondary.)
SIGNS.
<read/rom; i. e., derived from.
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived.
-i- read and ; i. e., compounded with, or
with suffix.
= read cogitate with; L e., etymologically
parallel with.
y read root.
* read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoreti-
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri-
fied, form.
t read obsolete.
e c L*
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