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OFTHE 

ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE 


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AN  ENCYCLOPEDIC  LEXICON 


RO. 


PART  XX 
THE  CENTURY  CO.NEW  YORK 


fVTTVVV 


THE  CENTURY  DICTIONARY 

PREPARED    UNDER    THE    SUPERINTENDENCE    OF 

WILLIAM   DWIGHT  WHITNEY,  PH.  D.,  LL.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  AND  SANSKRIT  IN  YALE  UNIVERSITY 

THE  plan  of  "  The  Century  Dictionary  "  in-  miliar  examples  are  words  ending  in  or  or  our  ical  arts  and  trades,  and  of  the  philological 
eludes  three  things  :  the  construction  of  a  (as  labor,  labour),  in  er  or  re  (as  center,  centre),  sciences,  an  equally  broad  method  has  been 
general  dictionary  of  the  English  language  in  ize  or  ise  (as  civilize,  eii'ilise) ;  those  having  a  adopted.  In  the  definition  of  theological  and 
which  shall  be  serviceable  for  every  literary  single  or  double  consonant  after  an  unaccented  ecclesiastical  terms,  the  aim  of  the  Dictionary 
and  practical  use  ;  a  more  complete  collection  vowel  (as  traveler,  traveller),  or  spelled  with  e  or  has  been  to  present  all  the  special  doctrines  of 
of  the  technical  terms  of  the  various  sciences,  with  «;  or  <z  (as  hemorrhage,  Invmorrhage)  ;  and  the  different  divisions  of  the  Church  in  such  a 
arts,  trades,  and-  professions  than  has  yet  been  so  on.  In  such  eases  both  forms  are  given,  manner  as  to  convey  to  the  reader  the  actual 
attempted;  and  the  addition  to  the  definitions  with  an  expressed  preference  for  the  briefer  intent  of  those  who  accept  them.  In  defining 
proper  of  such  related  encyclopedic  matter,  one  or  the  one  more  accordant  with  native  legal  terms  the  design  has  been  to  offer  all  the 
with  pictorial  illustrations,  as  shall  constitute  analogies.  information  that  is  needed  by  the  general 

a  convenient  book  of  general  reference.  THE   PRONUNCIATION.  reader^  and  also  to  aid  the  professional  reader 

About  200,000  words  will  be  defined.     The      -T  .     „  ,,      by  giving  in  a  concise  form  all  the  important 

Dictionary  will  be  a  practically  complete  rec-      No  attempt  has  been  made  to  record  all  the  technical  words  and  meanings.     Special  atteu- 
ord  of  all  the  noteworthy  words  which  have  varieties  of  popular  or  even  educated  utter-  tion  hag  also  been       id  to  tho  definitions  of 
been  in  use  since  English   literature  has  ex-  a?«e'  or  to  report  the  determinations  made  by  the  prinoipal  terms  of  painting,  etching,  en- 
isted,  especially  of  all  that  wealth  of  new  words  different  recognized  authorities.    It  has  been  ^^ing,  and  various   other  art-processes;   of 
and  of  applications  of  old  words  which  has  necessary  rather  to  make  a  selection  of  words  |rchitefc'ture   scuipture,  archaeology,  decorative 
sprung  from  the  development  of  the  thought  to  whfh  alternative  pronunciations  should  be  art  ceramic^   ete  ;  of  musical  tei^is,  nautical 
and  life  of  the  nineteenth  century.    It  will  re-  accorded,  and  to  give  preference  among  these  an(J  military  'term  '  ete. 
cord  not  merely  the  written  language,  but  tho  according  to  the  circumstances  of  each  particu- 
spoken  language  as  well  (that  is*  all  important  'ar  !>ase>  m  ™w  °?  the  general  analogies  and  ENCYCLOPEDIC  FEATURES. 

provincial  and  colloquial  words)  audit  will  in-  tendencies  of  English  utterance.     The  scheme      Th    inclusion  of  so  extensive  and  varied  a 

e.\iei 


/•    7iT  i   u  u  I      i  "j        i, ;     -TV-      bvwhich  thp  pronunciation  is  indicated  is  rmitp       AmJ  inclusion  01  so  extensive  ana  varied  a 

i  (in  the  one  alphabetical  order  of  the  Die-  D.vwnl'  laicateo.  is  quite  vocav,uiarv  thp  introduction  of  «™>pial  tihrnsps 

..  \      i  i  .    i«  i       stiiYinlp     nvnirlincr    nvpr  rpfinpmpyit    in     tlio     Hia      vu^auuiitiy,  tile  lULluuuniun  Ul  bpccidl  pijluoth, 

tionary)  abbreviations  and  such  foreign  words  simple,  avoiding  over  us-       d  th    ,  ',!  description  of  thinsrs  often  found 

and  nhrflsps  as  have  hpoomp  a  fnmilinr  narf-  nf  crimination  of  sounds,  and  being  designed  to  B8V1'P"V  .  "i        ~g?,. 

EnsHsh  speech  tamiliar  part  ot  understood  and  used.     (See  Key  to  osse"tial  to  an  intelligible  definition  of  their 

Pronunciation  on  back  cover.)  J       name*'.  y.ould  alone  have  given  to  this  Diction- 

TUP   PTVMI~>I  nripc  ary  a  distinctly  encyclopedic  character.  It  has, 

TH  DEFINITIONS  OF  COMMON  WORDS.          however,  been  deemed  desirable  to  go  some- 

The  etymologies  have  been  written  anew  on  In  the  preparation  of  the  definitions  of  com-  what  further  in  this  direction  than  these  con- 
a  uniform  plan,  and  in  accordance  with  the  es-  mou  words,  there  has  been  at  hand,  besides  ditions  render  strictly  necessary, 
tablished  principles  of  comparative  philology.  tuo  material  generally  accessible  to  students  Accordingly,  not  only  have  many  technical 
It  has  been  possible  m  many  cases,  by  means  of  the  language,  a  special  collection  of  quota-  matters  been  treated  with  unusual  fullness, 
of  the  fresh  material  at  the  disposal  of  the  tions  selected  for  this  work  from  English  books  but  much  practical  information  of  a  kind  which 
etymologist,  to  clear  up  doubts  or  difficulties  of  all  kinds  and  of  all  periods  of  the  language  dictionaries  have  hitherto  excluded  has  been 
ntherto  resting  upon  the 'history  of  particular  which  is  pro1mbi  y  much  larger  than  any  which  added.  The  result  is  that  "The  Century 
words,  to  decide  definite  y  m  favor  of  one  of  has  hitherto  been  made  for  the  use  of  an  English  Dictionary"  covers  to  a  great  extent  the  field 
several  suggested  etymologies,  to  discard  nu-  dictionary,  except  that  accumulated  for  the  of  the  ordinary  encyclopedia,  with  this  princi- 
merous  current  errors,  and  to  give  for  the  first  Philological  Society  of  London.  Thousands  of  Pal  difference  — that  the  information  gfven  is 
time  tie  history  of  many  words  of  which  the  non-technical  words,  many  of  them  occurring  for  the  most  part  distributed  under  the  indi- 
etymologies  were  previously  unknown  or  erro-  in  the  classics  of  the  language,  and  thousands  vidual  words  and  phrases  with  which  it  is  con- 
leously  stated.  Beginning  with  the  current  of  meanings,  many  of  them  familiar,  which  nected,  instead  of  being  collected  under  a  few 
accepted  form  of  spelling,  each  important  word  have  not  hitherto  been  noticed  by  the  diction-  general  topics.  Proper  names,  both  biograph- 
has  been  traced  back  through  earlier  forms  to  arie  have  in  this  been  OD\ained.  *The  ical  and  geographical,  are  of  course  omitted,  ex- 

LnJTS ^est  known  origin    The  various  prefixes  arrangement  of  the  definitions  historically,  in  cept  as  they  appear  in  derivative  adjectives,  as 

ion  of  English  the  order  in  which  the  senses  defined  have  en-  Darwinian  from  Darwin,  or  Indian  from  India. 

words  are  treated  very  fully  in  separate  articles.  tered  the  language,  has  been  adopted  wher-  The  alphabetical  distribution  of  the  encyclo- 

HOMDNYVK  ever  possible.  pedic  matter  under  a  large  number  of  words 

NYMi-  THE  QUOTATIONS  will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  be  particularly 

Words  of  various  origin  and  meaning  but      _,.          .  helpful  in  the  search  for  those  details  which 

of  the  same  spelling,  have  been  distinguished  3  form  a  very  large  collection   (about  are  generally  looked  for  in  works  of  reference 

by  small  superior  figures   (1,  2,  3f  ete.).     In  200,000),      representing     all     periods     and 

numbering  these  homonyms  the  rule  has  been  branches  of  English  literature.     The   classics  ILLUSTRATIONS 

to  give  precedence  to  the  oldest  or  the  most  of  the  language  have  been  drawn   upon,  and      Th    pietorial  illustrations  hnve  hpp«  an  afi 
familiar,  or  to  that  one  which  is  most  nearly  valuable  citations  have  been  made  from  less  j  Jj.^  and  executed  M  to  hf ^nbordin»tp  tn  t> 
English  in  origin.     The  superior  numbers  ap-  famous  authors  in  all  departments  of  litera-  I  subordinate  to  the 

ply  not  so  much  to  the  individual  word  as  to  ture-    American  writers  especially  are  repre-  •  ?'  wn"e  siderable  degree  of 

the  group  or  root  to  which  it  belongs,  hence  sented  in  greater  fullness  than  in  any  similar  Jj??*  ls  an,d  artistic  value, 

the  different  grammatical  uses  of  the  same  work-  A  «»t  of  authors  and  works  (and  edi-  ?*Jf*^f!  !!^n,1Cal  accuracy  the  .llustratipns 
homonym  are  numbered  alike  when  thev  are  tions)  cited  will  be  published  with  the  con-  ^av?'  a«  a  rule,  been  selected  by  the  specialists 
"  •  entered  in  the  Dictionary  Thus  a  eluding  part  of  the  Dictionary.  ef  ar^e  of  the  various  departments,  and  have 

" "-  DEFINITIONS  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS  V  m  OT°°fs- 


^^ntetw^l^w^Sa^^f^      Much  space  has  been  devoted  to  the  special 

and  of  the  same  radical  origin  now  differ  con-  T™?  °,f  thf  vanous  sciences,  fine   arts,  me-  MO  ISSUE,  PRICE,  ETC. 

siderably  in  meaning,  so  as  to  be  used  as  dif-       aillcal    arts,   professions,   and    trades,   and       "  The  Century  Dictionary "  will  be  comprised 
ferent  words,  they  are  separately  numbered.          10f  H?,™  V*8  be,en  bestowed  upon  their  treat-  in  about  6,500  quarto  pages.    It  is  published 

ment.  They  have  been  collected  by  an  extended  by  subscription   and  in  twenty-four  parts   or 
THE  ORTHOGRAPHY.  J?ar5h  ™r™gh  all  branches  of  literature,  with  sections,  to  be  finally  bound  into  six  quarto  vol- 

may  be,  it  is  not  the  office  of  a  dictionary  hke  the  biological  sciences   a   deoT-pn   nf   nrmv,;        T^o^ior,  t     «.    TW  *• 

this  to  propose  improvements,  or  to  adopt  those  nence  has  been  given  coiTeSDofd^L  to  ftT?«~      ^h  HP  •    ti         *t  r>ictlo.narv  Vs  TM  fully.  de- 

™ i  being  sand  words  and  senses  not  recorded  even  in  mologies  and  defin 
either  in  special  dictionaries.  In  the  treatment  of  phy-  ciations  and  to  sig! 
>th.  Fa-  sical  and  mathematical  sciences,  of  the  mechan-  will  be  found  on  th 

THE  CENTURY  CO.,  33  EAST  17^  ST.,  NEW  YORK. 


«~v.  wp....rA'-,  and  ct'.  x/niith)-.  ('r  MTI(i.> 
kiss,  smack;  MIKi.  xm<iclc<::,-ii.  0. 
fell  a  tn-e.  xcliiiint:,  a  smack  :  so-  .v«mr7,-l.  Tin- 
word  xiiinxli  has  been  more  or  less  associate, i 
with  the  diff.  word  ninxlil.']  I.  «,-«««.  1.  To 
break  in  pieces  utterly  an,l  with  violence;  dash 
to  pieces;  shatter:  crush. 

Here  every  thing  is  broken  :md  munshed  to  pieces. 

liurke. 


<>r 


6713 

«,.,„•«,„„(,./,  ,,f  tht-fath.T-  i 

w  '*"" 


''""  '  I.M-    l',i,-i,-.  ],.  i-:i. 

Til"'!  :..  t  ;,  fellow  of  ut: |  ,. 

Ihy  lite  hath  hii'l  sonic  KHuiIrl,  uf  honour  In  It 

N/1'ifr...P.  I    . 
"I'ii-  us  KI« id,  und  Inisidl  0 

and  r. (/,,,-,)   ||,(.  \\  j,|,,w  j   | 

|  Also  xiiiili-h  ;  origin  ob- 


(irni-i-  tlm-iiiniiiil.  Recoil,  of  Childhood,  Torn  Frock. 
2.  To  render  insolvent;  bankrupt.  [Slang.] 
—  3.  To  dash  violently;  fling  violently  ami 
noisily:  as,  he  smashed  it  against  the  wall. 
[Vulgar.]  — 4.  In  linen-tennis,  to  strike  with 
much  strength;  bat  very  swiftly. 

He  told  them  where  to  stand  so  as  not  to  Interfere  with 
each  other's  play,  when  to  smashn.  ^  "       '     * 
high  in  the  air.  I 

=  Syn.  1.  Shatter,  etc.    See  dash. 


(smat'er).  r.      |<  M  ].;.  .,„,„„, , .,  .„_  make 

a  noise:  prob.  <  Sw.  xH,,,llr,i  (M1IH.  MK 
clatter,  crackle;  perhaps  a  var.  of  Sw.  xniittnt 
=  Ow.snaadre,  chatter,  Jabber,  =  I),  materen 

=  MHG.  snaterrn,  G.  sclmnlti  rn,  cackle,  chat 
ter,  prattle ;  a  freq.  form  of  an  imitative  root 

appearing  in  another  form  in  Hw.  *•««/•/•«,  chat, 


,  chat,  talk,  =  Dan.  snak  =  ( 


produce  a  crushing  or  crashing. 

The  500  Express,  of  exactly  J-inch  bore,  is  considered 
by  most  Indian  sportsmen  the"  most  effective  all-round 


noise),  croak,  Dan.  SIIKI*!,,,  MWM&0,  gnash  or 
smack  with  the  lips  in   eating:   see  smack'*, 


good  penetration,  and  it  is  not  too  cumbrous  to  cover 
moving  game.  If.  W.  Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  171. 

2.  To  be  broken  or  dashed  to  pieces  suddenly 
and  roughly;  go  to  pieces  by  a  violent  blow  or 
collision.— 3.  To  be  ruined;  fail;  become insol- 


—  2.  To  talk  superficially  or  iguorantly. 
For  I  abhore  to  smatter 
Of  one  so  deuyllyshe  a  matter ! 
Skelton,  Why  Come  ye  nat  to  Courte?  1.  711. 

vent  or  bankrupt:  generally  with  up.  7sfa~ng?     3'T  ^^  ' 'U ght  ?r  Slll)erficial  knowledge. 
-4.;ro  dash  violently:   as,  ttie  Lomotiv^s        I  «»««^  »' » thyng,  I  have  lytell  knowledge^,.  It.  ^ 

II.  trans.  1.  To  talk  iguorantly  or  superfi- 
cially about ;  use  in  conversation  or  quote  in  a 
superficial  manner. 


smashed  into  each  other.     [Colloq.]  — 5.   To 
utter  base  coin.     [Slang.] 

smash  (smash),  re.  [<  smash,  ».]  1.  A  violent 
dashing  or  crushing  to  pieces:  as,  the  lurch  of 
the  ship  was  attended  with  a  great  smash  of 
glass  and  china. —  2.  Destruction;  ruin  in  gen- 
eral; specifically,  failure;  bankruptcy:  as,  his 
business  has  goneto  smash.  [Colloq.] 

It  ran  thus:  —  "Your  hellish  machinery  is  shivered  to 
smash  on  Stilbro'  Moor,  and  your  men  are  lying  bound 
hand  and  foot  in  a  ditch  by  the  roadside." 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  ii. 

I  have  made  an  awful  smash  at  the  Literary  Fund,  and 
have  tumbled  into  'Evins  knows  where. 

Thackeray,  Letters,  1847-55,  p.  120. 

3.  A  drink  composed  of  spirit  (generally  bran- 
dy), cut  ice,  water,  sugar,  and  sprigs  of  mint: 
it  is  like  a  julep,  but  served  in  smaller  glasses. 
—  4.  A  disastrous  collision,  especially  on  a  rail- 
road; a  smash-up.  [Colloq.] 
smasher  (smash'er),  n.  [<  smash  +  -er1.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  smashes  or  breaks. — 2. 
A  pitman.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  Any- 
thing astounding,  extraordinary,  or  very  large 
and  unusual ;  anything  that  decides  or  settles 
a  question;  a  settler.  [Slang.] — 4.  One  who 
passes  counterfeit  money.  [Slang.]  —  5.  A 
counterfeit  coin.  [Slang.] 

Another  time  I  found  168.  ed.,  and  thought  that  was  a 
haul ;  but  every  bit  of  it,  every  coin,  shillings  and  six- 
pences and  joeys,  was  bad  —  all  smashers. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  488. 

6.  A  small  gooseberry  pie.  Halliwell.  [Local, 
Bag.] 

smashing  (smash 'ing),  p.  a.  1.  Crushing;  also, 
slashing;  dashing. 

Never  was  such  a  smashing  article  as  he  wrote. 

Thackeray,  Philip,  xvi. 

2.  Wild;  gay.     Halliwell     [Prov.  Eng.] 
smashing-machine  (smash'ing-ma-shen"),  ». 
A  heavy  and  quick  press  used  by  bookbinders 
to  flatten  and  make  solid  the  springy  folds  of 
books  before  they  are  sewed, 
smashing-press  '(smash'ing-pres),    n.     1.   A 
smashing-machine. —  2.  An  embossing-press. 
smash-up  (smash'up),  n.   A  smash ;  a  crash ;  es- 
pecially, a  serious  accident  on  a  railway,  as 
when  one  train  runs  into  another.     [Colloq.] 

There  was  a  final  smash-up  of  his  party  as  well  as  his 
own  reputation. 

St.  James's  Gazette,  Jan.  22, 1887.    (Encyc.  DM. ) 

In  the  smash-up  he  broke  his  left  fore-arm  and  leg. 

Alien,  and  Neural.,  X.  440. 

smatch1  (smach),  v.    [<  ME.  smachen.  smecehen, 
an  assibilated  form  of  smack1.']    I.  intrans.  To 
have  a  taste ;  smack. 
II.  traiix.  To  have  a  taste  of;  smack  of. 

Neuerthelesse  ye  haue  yet  two  or  three  other  figures  that 
smatch  a  spice  of  the  same  false  semblant,  but  in  another 
sort  and  maner  of  phrase. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  159. 

smatch1  (smach),  «.     [<  smatch1,  i1.]    Taste; 
tincture;  also,  a  smattering;  a  small  part. 
359 


The  barber  smatters  Latin,  I  remember. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  iv.  2. 
For,  though  to  smatter  ends  of  Greek 
Or  Latin  be  the  rhetorique 
Of  pedants  counted,  and  vain-glorious, 
To  smatter  French  is  meritorious. 

S.  Butler,  Our  Ridiculous  Imit.  of  the  French. 

2.  To  get  a  superficial  knowledge  of. 

I  have  smattered  law,  smattered  letters,  smattered  geog- 
raphy, smattered  mathematics. 

R.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  7. 

3.  To  taste  slightly. 

Yet  wol  they  kisse  .  .  .  and  nnatre  hem. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

smatter  (smat'er),  «.  [<  smatter, «%]  Slight  or 
superficial  knowledge ;  a  smattering. 

All  other  sciences  .  .  .  were  in  a  manner  extinguished 
during  the  course  of  this  [Assyrian]  empire,  excepting  only 
a  smatter  of  judicial  astrology. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  Ancient  and  Modern  Learning. 
That  worthless  smatter  of  the  classics. 

C.  F.  Adams,  Jr.,  A  College  Fetich,  p.  27. 
smatterer  (smat'er-er),  ».     One  who  smatters, 
in  any  sense ;  one  who  has  only  slight  or  super- 
ficial knowledge. 

Lord  B.  What  insolent,  half-witted  things  these  are ! 
Lord  L.  Ho  are  all  tmatterers.  Insolent  and  impudent. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  ii.  2. 

I  am  but  a  smatterer,  I  confess,  a  stranger ;  here  and 

there  I  pull  a  flower.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel,,  p.  24. 

Many  a  smatterer  acquires  the  reputation  of  a  man  of 

quick  parts.  Ining,  Knickerbocker,  p.  148. 

smattering  (snmt'er-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
smatter,  r.]  A  slight  or  superficial  knowledge : 
as,  to  have  a  smattering  of  Latin  or  Greek. 

He  went  to  schoole,  and  learned  by  12  yeares  a  compe- 
tent smattering  of  Latin,  und  «as  entred  into  the  Greek 
before  15.  Aubrey,  Lives  (William  Petty). 

As  to  myself,  I  am  proud  to  own  that,  except  some 
smattering  in  the  French,  I  am  what  the  pedants  and 
scholars  call  a  man  wholly  illiterate  —  that  is  to  say,  un- 
learned. Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  Int. 

smatteringly  (smat'er-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  smat- 
tering way ;  to  an  extent  amounting  to  only  a 
smatter. 

A  language  known  but  smatteringly 
In  phrases  here  and  there  at  random. 

Ti-niiiixtin.  Aylmer's  Field. 

S.  M.  D.  The  abbreviation  of  short  meter  double. 
See  meter2,  3. 

smear  (smer),  n.  [<  ME.  smere,  smer,  <  AS.  smer  a, 
smeorii,  fat,  grease,  =  OS.  smer  =  OFries.  smere 
=  MD.  smcre,  D.  smeer  =  MLG.  timer,  smer  = 
OHG.  smero,  MHG.  smer,  G.  schmeer,  schmiere 
=  Icel.  smjtir,  smiir,  fat,  grease,  =  Sw.  Dan.  smor, 
butter;  cf.  Goth,  smairthr,  fatness,  smarint, 
dung;  Olr.  smir,  marrow;  Lith.  xmarsas.  fat, 
xmala,  tar;  Gr.  /trpov,  unguent,  afi{-pt(,  emery  for 
polishing.  Cf.  smear,v.,  and  cf.  also. xmult,  xmrlfl. 
The  noun  is  in  part  (def .  2)  from  the  verb.  ]  1 . 
Fat;  grease;  ointment.  [Bare.] — 2.  A  spot, 
blotch,  or  stain  made  by,  or  as  if  by,  some  unc- 
tuous substance  rubbed  upon  a  surface. 


smeddom 

slow  liruli, 

Ml  damp  and  lolling  VRJMMII,  witb  no  HUH. 
Hut  •,  of  liKlit. 

Met  . 

3.  In  mgar-mannf.,  tin-  technical  term  f,, 
mriiliitiiiii. — 4.  Iii  jiiillirii.  ;i  mixture  ,  ' 
materials  iii    water,   use, I    x,r  coating 

In-fore    they    are    placed    in    the    sag).'. 

glazing-fun 

smear  '     [  <  Ml •'.. 

AS.  -.,1,1 1  in, i.  f  mi/nil  u  =  Mil.  1). 
xiiirrrii    =    Ml,(  !.    ..•«((  /•(  ii.    I.I  .. 
xnii-inii.    ^mi  linn,    greasi-.    =    ()||i; 
Mll'i.    xmini,    fiiiirn-i  n.    i,  ..    anoint. 

.ir,   =    Icel.   xmi/rjii  =  Sw.  KiiiJirjii   =   Dan. 
iioinl,  smear;  from  the  noun.     Hence 
1.  To  overspread  with  ointment:  an- 
oint. 

With  oilc  of  mylse  smerie  him.  and  his  immr  quenche. 
Hiii'  p.  18. 

2.  To  overspread  thickly,  irregularly,  or  in 
blotches  with  anything  unctuous,  viscous,  or 
ailhrsive  ;  besmear;  ilanb. 

a — 

Tlie  sleepy  grooms  with  blood. 

Shot.,  Macbeth,  U.  2.  49. 

3.  To  overspread  too  thickly,  especially  to  the 
violation  of  good  taste ;  paint,  or  otherwise 
adorn  with  something  applied  to  a  surface,  in 
a  way  that  is  overdone  or  tawdry. 

The  churches  smeared  as  usual  with  gold  and  stucco  and 
paint.  Lathra/i,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  22. 

4.  To  soil ;  contaminate  ;  pollute. 

Smeared  thna  and  mired  with  infamy. 

Shot.,  Much  Ado,  IT.  L  Iii. 

Smeared  dagger,  an  American  noctuid  moth,  Aeronyeht 
iililinita.  C.  V.  IMey,  3d  .Mo.  Ent.  Rep.,  p.  70.  See  cut 
under  dagger,  4.=  Syn.  2.  To  bedaub,  begrime. — 4.  To 
tarnish,  sully. 

smear-case  (smer'kas),  n.  [<  G.  schmier-kase, 
whey,  cheese,  <  schmtcr,  grease,  +  kiise,  cheese: 
see  smear  and  cheese.'}  Same  as  cottage  cheese 
(which  see,  under  cheesi'l).  [U.  S.] 

smear-dab  (smer'dab),  n.  The  smooth  dab,  or 
lemon-dab,  Microstomus  or  Cynicoglossus  micro- 
cephalux,  a  pleuronectoid  fish  of  British  waters. 
Also  called  miller's  topknot  and  sand-fluke. 

smear-gavelt,  ».    A  tax  upon  ointment. 

Euerych  sellere  fo  [of]  grece  and  of  smere  and  of  talwa 
shal,  at  the  feste  of  Estre.  to  the  kynge  a  peny,  in  the 
name  of  smergauel.  Knylish  Oilds  (E.  E.  T.  8.X  P-  358. 

smeariness  (smer'i-nes),  n.  The  character  of 
being  smeary  or  smeared. 

smeary  (smer'i),  a.    [<  smear  +  -yi.]    1.  Tend- 
ing to  smear  or  soil;  viscous;  adhesive.  [Bare.] 
The  smeary  wax  the  brightening  blaze  supplies, 
And  wavy  fires  from  pitchy  planks  arise. 

linirf,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  111. 

2.  Showing  smears;   smeared:    as,  a  smeary 
drawing. 

smeath  (smeth), «.  [Also  smethe  (also,  locally, 
in  a  corrupt  form  smees) ;  prob.  =  MD.  smeente, 
D.  smient,  a  widgeon.  The  equiv.  E.  smee  is 
prob.  in  part  a  reduction  of  smeath:  see  smee. 

1.  The  smew,  Mergellusalbellus.   [Prov. 

2.  The  pintail  duck:  same  as  smee,  4. 
[New  Jersey.] 

Smeaton's  blocks.  A  system  of  pulleys  in  two 
blocks,  so  arranged  that  the  parts 
of  a  continuous  rope  are  approxi- 
mately parallel.  The  order  in  which 
the  rope  passes  round  the  pulleys  consecu- 
tively is  shown  by  the  figures  in  the  cut. 
Named  after  the  engineer  who  invented  it 

smectite  (smek'tit),  ».  [<  Gr. 
aut/nrif  (also  afinnrplf),  a  kind  of  ful- 
lers' earth  (<  afif/^av,  rub,  wipe  off 
or  away,  a  collateral  form  of  a/iav, 
wipe,  rub,  smear),  +  -ite2.]  A  mas- 
sive, clay-like  mineral,  of  a  white  to 
green  or  gray  color:  it  is  so  called 
from  its  property  of  taking  grease 
out  of  cloth,  etc. 

smeddum  (smed'um),  ».  [Also 
smitliiini,  ftniitlinni  (lead  ore  beaten 
to  powder),  <  AS.  smedema,  smide- 
»ia,  smetlnia,  also  ftmedeme,  meal,  fine  flour.]  1 . 
The  powder  or  finest  part  of  ground  malt;  also, 
powder,  of  whatever  kind. — 2.  Sagacity;  quick- 
ness of  apprehension;  gumption;  spirit;  mettle. 

A  kindly  laas  she  Is,  I'm  seer, 

Has  fowth  o'  sense  and  mtddum  In  her. 

SUnner-s  Misc.  Poet.,  p.  156.    (JomiMOM.) 

3.  [In  this  sense  often  xniilliiini.']   Ore  small 
enough  to  pass  through  the  wire  bottom  of  tin- 
sieve  [north  of  England] ;  in  ciinl-niiiiiiiy,  fine 
slack  [Midland  coal-field,  England]:   also,  a 
layer  of  clay  or  shale  between  two  beds  of  coal 


smede 

smedet,  «.      [MI'I.;  <•)'.  sm<-<l<lu»i.]     Flour;  fine 

powder. 

The  emf'lrs  of  barly. 

JKS.  iinc.  Jtfnf.  f.  SOS,  XV.  Cent.    (HalliweU.) 

smee  (suit"),  «.  [Prob.  in  part  a  reduction  of 
smeatk-i-see  stneatfr.  Cf.  .«««(-.]  1.  The  mer- 
irinisrr,  Mn-/H'/liis  nlhi'llits:  same  as  smew. —  2. 
The  pochard,  Piiliijulii  fi-riiut.  [Norfolk,  Eng.] 
—  3.  The  widgeon  or  ba\dp&te,Marecapenelo]>e. 
[Norfolk,  Eng.]  — 4.  The  pintail  duck,  Diijilu 
itcutti.  Also  smethe.  Trumbull,  1888.  [New 
Jersey.] 

Smee  cell.    See  cell,  8. 

smee-duck  (sme'duk),  n.     Same  as  smee. 

smeekt,  »•    An  obsolete  variant  of  smoke. 

Smee's  battery.    See  cell,  8. 

smeetert,  «•    An  obsolete  variant  of  simitar. 

smeeth1  (smeTH),  a.  and  v.  A  dialectal  form 
of  smooth. 

smeeth2t  (srneth),  r.  t.  [Cf .  smother.']  To  smoke ; 
rub  or  blacken  with  soot.  Imp.  Diet. 

smegma  (smeg'ma),  ».  [NL..  <  Gr.  a/iijy/ia, 
a/aqfia,  an  unguent,  soap,  (  fffafxetV)  rub,  G^av, 
rub,  wipe,  smear:  see  smectite.']  Same  as  seba- 
ceous humor  (which  see,  under  sebaceous). — 
Prepuce  smegma,  or  smegma  prseputil,  the  whitish, 
cheesy  substance  which  accumulates  under  the  prepuce 
and  around  the  base  of  the  glans.  It  consists  mainly  of 
desquamated  cells  of  the  epidermis  of  the  parts,  impreg- 
nated with  the  odoriferous  secretion  of  Tyson's  glands. 
Sometimes  called  simply  smegma. 

smegmatic  (smeg-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ap/y/ia(r-), 
an  unguent,  soap:  see  smegma.]  Of  the  nature 
of  smegma  or  of  soap;  soapy;  cleansing;  de- 
tersive. Imp.  Diet. 

smeldet.    An  obsolete  preterit  of  smelt. 

smelite  (sme'lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  n/jffAr/,  soap  (< 
audv,  rub,  wipe,  smear),  +  -»te2.]  A  kind  of 
kaolin,  or  porcelain  clay,  found  in  connec- 
tion with  porphyry  iu  Hungary.  It  is  worked 
into  ornaments  in  the  lathe  and  polished. 
Weale. 

smell  (smel),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  smelled,  smelt, 
ppr.  smelling.  [<  ME.  smellen,  smullen,  smullen 
(pret.  smelde,  smilde,  smulde,  also  smoltc,  pp. 
ismelled)(not  found  in  AS. ),  smell ;  c  f .  D.  smeulen 
=  ~LG.smolcn,  smelen,  smolder;  Dan. smut,  dust, 
powder.  Cf.  smolder,  smother.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
perceive  through  the  nose,  by  means  of  the  ol- 
factory nerves;  perceive  the  scent  of;  scent; 
nose. 

Anon  ther  com  so  swete  a  smul  as  the!  hit  from  heuene 

were, 
That  al  hit  smulde  with  gret  loye  that  in  the  cuntre  weren 

there.  Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  67. 

I  smell  sweet  savours  and  I  feel  soft  things. 

Shot.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  ii.  73. 

Vespers  are  over,  though  not  so  long  but  that  I  can 
smell  the  heavy  resinous  incense  as  I  pass  the  church. 

Dickens,  Uncommercial  Traveller,  xxviii. 

2.  To  perceive  as  if  by  smell;  perceive  in  any 
way;  especially,  to  detect  by  peculiar  sagacity 
or  a  sort  of  instinct ;  smell  out. 

From  that  time  forward  I  began  to  smell  the  word  of 
God,  and  forsook  the  school-doctors  and  such  fooleries. 

Latimer,  Sermons,  p.  335. 
Come,  these  are  tricks;  I  smell  'em ;  I  will  go. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  ii.  1. 
I  like  this  old  Fellow,  I  smell  more  Money. 

Steele,  Grief  A-la-Mode,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  inhale  the  smell  or  odor  of;  test  by  the 
sense  of  smell:  oftener  intransitive,  with  o/or 
at —  TO  smell  a  rat.    See  ™<i .—  To  smell  out,  to  find 
out  by  prying  or  by  minute  investigation. 

What  a  man  cannot  smell  out  he  may  spy  into. 

Shak.,  Lear,  L  5.  22. 
To  smell  the  footlights.    See  footlights. 

II.  intrans.  I.  To  give  out  an  odor;  affect 
the  olfactory  sense:  as,  the  rose  smells  sweet. 
A  swote  smel  ther  com  a-non  out  of,  that  smelde  in-to  al 
Holy  Rood(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  27. 

The  king  is  but  a  man  as  I  am  ;  the  violet  smells  to  him 

as  it  doth  to  me ;  .  .  .  all  his  senses  have  but  human  con- 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 106. 

And  now  look  about  you,  and  see  how  pleasantly  that 

meadow  looks ;  nay,  and  the  earth  smells  as  sweetly  too. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  107. 

2.  Specifically,  to  give  out  an  offensive  odor- 
as,  how  the  place  smells! 

Ha™-  Dost  thou  think  Alexander  looked  o'  this  fashion 
Hor.  E'en  so. 

Ham.  And  smelt  so?  pah !  [Puts  down  the  skull. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1.  221. 

3.  To  have  an  odor  (of  a  specified  kind);  be 
scented  with:  with  of:  as,  to  smell  of  roses. 

A  dim  shop,  low  in  the  roof  and  smelling  strong  of  glue 
and  footlights. 

R.  L.  Stevenson,  A  Penny  Plain,  2d.  Coloured. 


5714 

4.  Figuratively,  to  appear  to  be  of  a  certain 
nature  or  character,  as  indicated  by  the  smell : 
generally  followed  by  like  or  of. 

"Thou  smells  of  a  coward,"  said  Robin  Hood, 


What  say  you  to  young  Master  Fenton?  he  capers,  he 
dances,  he  has  eyes  of  youth,  he  writes  verses,  he  speaks 
holiday,  he  smells  April  and  May. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  2. 69. 

These  are  circumstances  which  smell  strongly  of  im- 
posture and  contrivance.  Bp.  Atterbury,  Sermons,  II.  1. 

5.  To  inhale  a  smell  or  odor  as  a  gratification 
or  as  a  test  of  kind  or  quality,  etc.:  colloquially 
with  of,  formerly  sometimes  with  to  or  unto. 

To  pulle  a  rose  of  alle  that  route, .  .  . 
And  smellen  to  it  where  I  wente. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1. 1669. 
Smell  to  this  flower ;  here  Nature  has  her  excellence. 

Fletcher  (and  another  ?),  Prophetess,  v.  3. 
I'm  not  nice,  nor  care  who  plucks  the  Rose  I  smell  to. 
provided  it  has  not  lost  its  Sweetness. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Platonick  Lady,  i. 
A  young  girl's  heart,  which  he  held  in  his  hand,  and 
Kmelled  to,  like  a  rosebud. 

Haurthorne,  Blithedale  Romance,  ix. 

6.  To  snuff;  try  to  smell  something;  figurative- 
ly;  to  try  to  smell  out  something:   generally 
with  about:  as,  to  go  smelling  about A  smell- 
ing committee,  an  investigating  "committee.    [Colloq., 
u.  s.]— To  smell  of  the  footlights,  of  the  lamp,  of 
the  roastt,  etc.   Bee  footlights,  etc. 

smell  (smel),  «.  [<  ME.  smel,  smil,  smul,  smeal, 
smeol  (not  found  in  AS.):  see  the  verb.]  1. 
The  faculty  of  perceiving  by  the  nose;  sense- 
perception  through  the  olfactory  nerves;  the 
olfactory  faculty  or  function ;  the  physiological 
process  or  function  whereby  certain  odoriferous 


smelt 

grees  of  strength,  representing  a  strong,  penetrating,  and 
disgusting  odor ;  stink  is  not  for  polite  use. 
smellable   (smel'a-bl),  a.     [<  smrll   +    -able.] 
Capable  of  being  smelled.     [Rare.] 

An  apple  is  a  complex  of  visible,  tangible,  smellable, 
tastable  qualities.  Science,  VIII.  377. 

smeller  (smel'er),  «.  [<  smell  +  -erl.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  smells  or  perceives  the  smell 
of  anything;  also,  one  who  tests  anything  by 
smelling.— 2.  One  who  or  that  which  smells 
of  anything,  is  scented,  or  has  odor. 

Such  nasty  smellers 

That,  if  they'd  been  unfurnished  of  club-truncheons, 
They  might  have  cudgell'd  me  with  their  very  stink, 
It  was  so  strong  and  sturdy. 

Fletcher  (and  another  ?X  Nice  Valour,  v.  1. 

3.  The  nose;  in  the  plural, the  nostrils.  [Slang.] 

For  he  on  stnellers,  you  must  know, 
Recelv'd  a  sad  unlucky  blow. 

Cotton,  Scarronides,  p.  64.    (Dames.) 

4.  Familiarly,  a  feeler;  a  tactile  hair  or  pro- 
cess ;  especially,  a  rictal  yibrissa,  as  one  of  a 
cat's  whiskers. —  5.  A  prying  fellow ;  one  who 
tries  to  smell  out  something;  a  sneaking  spy. 
[Slang.] 

smell-feast  (smel'fest),  n.  [<  smell,  v.,  +  obj., 
feast.  In  def.  2  <  smell,  n.,  +  feast.']  1.  One 
who  finds  and  frequents  good  tables;  an  epi- 
cure. [Low.] 

No  more  smell-feast  Vitellio 

Smiles  on  his  master  for  a  meal  or  two. 

Bp.  Hatt,  Satires,  VI.  L  47. 

2.  A  feast  at  which  the  guests  are  supposed  to 
feed  upon  the  odors  of  the  viands.     Imp.  Diet. 
smelling  (smel'ing),  «.     [<  ME.  smellinge,  smell- 
ynge;  verbal  n.   of  smell,  v.]     The   sense  of 
" ;  olfaction. 


faction ;  scent:  often  with  the  definite  article,  as 
one  of  the  special  senses:  as,  the  smell  in  dogs 
is  keen.  The  essential  organ  of  smell  is  located  in  a 
special  part  or  lobe  of  the  brain,  the  rhinencephalon,  or 
olfactory  lobe,  whence  are  given  off  more  or  fewer  olfac- 
tory nerves,  which  pass  out  of  the  cranial  cavity  into  the 
nasal  organ,  or  nose,  in  the  mucous  or  Schneiderian  mem- 
brane of  the  interior  of  which  they  ramify,  so  that  air 
laden  with  odoriferous  particles  can  affect  the  nerves 
when  it  is  drawn  into  or  through  the  nasal  passages.  In 
man  the  sense  of  smell  is  very  feeble  and  imperfect  in 
comparison  with  that  of  many  animals,  especially  of  the 
carnivores,  which  pursue  their  prey  by  scent,  and  rumi- 
nants, which  escape  their  enemies  by  the  same  means. 
Smell  in  the  lower  animals  seems  to  be  the  guiding  sense 
in  determining  their  choice  of  food. 

Memory,  imagination,  old  sentiments  and  associations, 
are  more  readily  reached  through  the  sense  of  smell  than 
by  almost  any  other  channel.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  iv. 

Smell  is  a  sensation  excited  by  the  contact  with  the  ol- 
factory region  of  certain  substances,  usually  in  a  gaseous 
condition  and  necessarily  in  a  state  of  fine  subdivision. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  166. 

It  will  be  observed  that  sound  is  more  promptly  reacted 
on  than  either  sight  or  touch.  Taste  and  smell  are  slower 
than  either.  W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychology,  I.  96. 

His  [Thoreau's]  smell  was  so  dainty  that  he  could  per- 
ceive the  fojtor  of  dwelling-houses  as  he  passed  them  by 
at  night.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  Thoreau,  i. 

2.  That  quality  of  anything  which  is  or  may 
be  smelled ;  an  odoriferous  effluvium  ;  an  odor 
or  scent,  whether  agreeable  or  offensive;   a 
fragrance,  perfume,  or  stench;  aroma:  as,  the 
smell  of  thyme ;  the  smell  of  bilge-water. 

Theise  men  lyven  be  the  smelle  of  wylde  Apples. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  297. 
Suettere  smul  ne  myste  be  then  the  smoke  smulde 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  42. 

And  there  came  a  smell  off  the  shore  like  the  smelt  of  a 
garden.  Winthrop,  Hist  New  England,  I.  27. 

Impatient  of  some  crowded  room's  close  smell. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iv. 

3.  A  faint  impression ;  a  subtle  suggestion ;  a 
hint ;  a  trace :  as,  the  poem  has  a  smett  of  the 
woods. — 4.  An  act  of  smelling:  as,  he  took  a 
smell  at  the  bottle.  =  gyn.  Smell,  Scent,  Odor,  Savor, 
Perfume,  Fragrance,  Aroma,  Stench,  Stink.    Smell  and 
scent  express  the  physical  sense,  the  exercise  ot  the  sense, 
and  the  thing  which  appeals  to  the  sense.    The  others 
have  only  the  last  of  these  three  meanings.    Of  the  nine 
words  the  first  four  may  express  that  which  is  pleasant  or 
unpleasant,  the  next  three  only  that  which  is  pleasant,  the 
last  two  only  that  which  is  very  unpleasant.   Smell  is  the 


1  Cor.  xii.  17. 

smelling-bottle  (smering-bot'l),  n.  A  small 
portable  bottle  or  flask,  usually  of  fanciful  form 
or  decorated,  (a)  for  containing  smelling-salts, 
or  (6)  for  containing  an  agreeable  perfume. 

Handkerchiefs  were  pulled  out,  smelling  bottle*  were 
handed  round ;  hysterical  sobs  and  screams  were  heard. 
Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

smelling-salts  (smel'ing-salts),  w.  pi.  A  prep- 
aration of  ammonium  carbonate  with  some 
agreeable  scent,  as  lavender  or  bergamot,  used 
as  a  stimulant  and  restorative  in  faiutness  and 
for  the  relief  of  headache. 

At  this  point  she  was  so  entirely  overcome  that  a  squad- 
ron of  cousins  and  aunts  had  to  come  to  the  rescue,  with 
perfumes  and  smelling-salts  and  fans,  before  she  was  suf- 
ficiently restored.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXIX.  547. 

smell-less  (smel'les),  a.  [<  smell  +  -less.]  1. 
Having  no  sense  of  smell;  not  olf  active. —  2. 
Having  no  smell  or  odor;  scentless. 

smell-smockt  (smel'smok),  «.  [<  smell  +  obj. 
smock.]  1.  One  who  runs  after  women;  a  li- 
centious man.  [Low.] 

If  thou  dost  not  prove  as  arrant  a  smell-smock  as  any 
the  town  affords  in  a  term-time,  I'll  lose  my  judgment. 
Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  Besides  Women,  i.  4. 

2.  The  lady's-smock,  Cardaminepratensis;  rare- 
ly, the  wind-flower,  Anemone  nemorosa.  Brit- 
ten and  Holland,  Eng.  Plant  Names.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

smell-trap  (smel'trap),  n.  A  drain-trap  (which 
see) ;  a  stink-trap. 

"Where  have  you  been  staying?"  "With  young  Lord 
Vieuxbois,  among  high  art  and  painted  glass,  spade 
farms,  and  model  smeU-traps."  Kingsley,  Yeast,  vi. 

smelly  (smel'i),  a.     [<  smett  +  -yi.]    Having 
an  odor,  especially  an  offensive  one.   [Colloq.] 
Nasty,  dirty,  frowzy,  grubby,  smelly  old  monks. 

Kingsley,  Water-Babies,  p.  186. 

smelt1  (smelt),  v.  [Formerly  also  smilt;  not 
found  in  ME.;  <  MD.  smelten,  smilten,  D.  smelten 
=  MLG.  smelten,  LG.  smulten  =  OHG.  smelzen, 
smelzan,  smalzjan,  MHG.  smelzen,  G.  schmelzen 
=  Icel.  smelta  =  Sw.  smMta  =  Dan.  smelte,  fuse, 
smelt;  causal  of  G.  schmelzen  =  Sw.  smdlta  = 
Dan.  smelte,  melt,  dissolve,  become  liquid ;  cf . 
MD.  smalt,  grease  or  melted  butter,  D.  smalt, 
enamel,  =  OHG.  MHG.  smalz,  G.  scnmalz,  fat, 


life:  as,  the  scent  of  game;  the  scent  of  the  tea-rose.   Odor 
is  little  more  than  a  Latin  substitute  for  smett:  as,  the  odor 


taste  or  flavor,  proceeding  especially  from  some  article  of 
food :  as,  the  savor  of  garlic.  Perfume  is  generally  a  strong 
or  rich  but  agreeable  smell.  Fragrance  is  best  used  to 
express  fresh,  delicate,  and  delicious  odors,  especially 
such  as  emanate  from  living  things  :  as,  the  fragrance  of 
the  violet,  of  new-mown  hay,  of  the  breath  of  an  infant 
Aroma  should  be  restricted  to  a  somewhat  spicy  smell  • 
as,  the aroma  of  roasted  coffee,  or  of  the  musk-rose.  Stench 
and  stmk  are  historically  the  same  word,  in  different  de- 


lil,  enamel:  see  smalt,  amel,  enamel. 
Connection  with  melt  is  doubtful.]  I.  trans. 
To  fuse ;  melt ;  specifically,  to  treat  (ore)  in  the 
large  way,  and  chiefly  in  a  furnace  or  by  the  aid 
of  heat,  for  the  purpose  of  separating  the  con- 
tained metal.  Metallurgical  operations  carried  on  in 
the  moist  way,  as  the  amalgamation  of  gold  and  silver  ores 
in  pans,  treatment  by  lixiviation,  etc.,  are  not  generally 
designated  by  the  term  smelting.  Establishments  where 
this  is  done  are  more  commonly  called  mills  or  reduction- 
works,  and  those  in  which  iron  is  smelted  are  usually 
designated  as  blast-furuaces  or  iron-furnaces.  The  vari- 


smelt 

ous  smelting  operations  differ  greatly  from  each 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  combination*  operated  on. 
Simple  ores,  like  galena,  require  only  n  very  MID],] 
of  operation*,   which  arc  essentially  continuous  in  oni 
and  the  same  furnace;  more  complicated  combinations 
like  the  mixtures  of  various  cupriferous  ores  smelted  at 
Swansea  by  the  English  method.  re,|uitc  several 
sive  operations,  entirely  disconnected  from  eaeli  other 

and  performed  In  different  furnaces.     In  tin-  i 

eral  way,  the  essential  order  of  succession  of  the  rsnou 
processes  by  which  the  xulphureted  ores  (and  m-ist  arm 
are  sulphurets)  are  treated  is  as  follows:  (1>  calcination 
or  roasting,  to  oxidize  and  get  rid  (as  far  as  pnssihlc)  of 
the  sulphur;  (2) redaction  of  the  metal  contained  in  the 
oxidized  combination!  obtained;  (x)  refining,  or  getting 
rid  of  the  last  traces  of  deleterious  metals  associated  in 
the  ores  with  the  useful  metal,  to  obtain  which  is  the  c» 
sential  object  of  the  operation. 
II.  iiitniMn.  To  fuse;  melt;  dissolve. 
Having  too  much  water,  many  corns  will  miilt,  or  have 
their  pulp  turned  into  a  substance  like  thick  cream. 

Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

smelta  (smelt),  H.  [<  ME.  smelt,  <  AS.  gmelt  = 
Norw.  smelta  =  Dan.  mutlt,  a  smelt  (applied  to 
various  small  fishes);  perhaps  so  called  because 
it  was  'smooth';  cf.  AS.  ami-nil,  unnjlt,  serene, 
smooth  (as  the  sea):  see smalt*.]  1.  Any  one  of 
various  small  fishes,  (a)  A  small  fish  of  the  family 
Argentinidie  and  the  genus  Osmerus.  The  common  Eu- 
ropean smelt  is  the  sparling,  0.  eperlanus;  it  becomes 
about  10  to  12  inches  long,  and  is  of  an  olive-green  above 
and  a  silvery  white  below,  with  a  silver  longitudinal  lateral 
band.  It  exhales  when  fresh  a  peculiar  scent  suggesting 
the  cucumber.  This  flsh  is  prized  as  a  delicacy.  The  cor- 
responding American  smelt  is  0.  mordax,  of  the  Atlantic 


5715 


Smelting-furnace- 


Eastern  American  Smelt  (Otmerns  inordaxl. 


coast  from  Virginia  northward,  anadromous  to  some  ex- 
tent, and  otherwise  very  similar  to  the  sparling.  There  are 
several  true  smelts  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America, 
as  0.  thaleichthys,  the  Californian  smelt,  and  O.  dentex,  the 
Alaska  smelt.  Hence  —  (6)  Any  other  species  of  the  family 
Argentinidie  related  to  the  smelt,  such  as  the  Hupomesus 
pretio&itg  or  olidun,  also  called  surf -smelt,  which  is  distin- 
guished from  the  true  smelts  by  havitig  the  dorsal  most- 
ly advanced  beyond  the  ventrals  and  by  the  much  smaller 
mouth  and  weak  teeth.  It  inhabits  the  Pacific  coast  of  the 
United  States  from  California  northward,  reaches  a  length 
of  about  1 2  inches,  and  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  food-fish,  (c) 
In  California,  any  species  of  the  family  Atherinidx,  resem- 
bling the  true  smelt  in  general  appearance,  but  provided 
with  an  anterior  spinous  and  a  posterior  branched  dorsal 
fln,  and  having  the  ventrals  not  far  behind  the  pectorals. 
The  common  Californian  smelt,  Atherinopsis  caltforniensiii, 
reaches  a  length  of  about  18  inches,  and  its  flesh  is  fine, 
firm,  and  of  excellent  flavor,  though  a  little  dry.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  important  food-fishes  of  California,  never 
absent  from  the  markets.  Other  species  are  Atherinops 
iijlinix,  the  little  smelt,  and  Leuresthes  tennis,  (d)  A  fresh- 
water cyprinoid,  Hyboynathu*  regius,  which  somewhat  re- 
sembles the  true  smelt  in  form,  translucency,  and  color; 
also,  one  of  other  cyprinoids,  as  the  spawn-eater  and  the 
silversides.  [Eastern  U.S.]  (e)  A  gadoid  flsh,  Microyadus 
proximus,  the  torn-cod  of  the  Pacific  slope.  [San  Fran- 
cisco.] (/)  The  smolt,  a  young  salmon  before  its  visit  to 
the  sea.  [Eng.]  (;/)  The  lance  or  lant.  See  sand-eel,  and 
cut  under  Ainmodytidx. 
2f.  A  gull ;  a  simpleton. 

These  direct  men,  they  are  no  men  of  fashion ; 
Talk  what  you  will,  this  is  a  very  smelt. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  v.  2. 

Cup.  What's  he,  Mercury? 

Her.  A  notable  smelt.  B.  Jonsm,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 
Mullet-smelt,  Atherinopsis  californienas.  See  def.  1  (c). 
—  New  Zealand  smelt.  See  Retropinna. 
smelter  (smel'ter),  «.  [<  smelt*  +  -er1.]  1.  One 
who  is  engaged  in  smelting,  or  who  works  in 
an  establishment  where  ores  are  smelted. —  2. 
In  the  Cordilleran  region,  smelting-works.  [Re- 
cent.] 

At  Denver  is  made  much  of  the  machinery  used  at  the 
various  camps,  and  to  its  furnaces  and  smelters  is  shipped 
a  large  proportion  of  the  precious  ores. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  950. 

smeltery  (smel'ter-i),  «. ;  pi.  smelteries  (-iz). 
[<  smelt*  +  -cry.'}  An  establishment  or  place 
for  smelting  ores. 

The  product  of  the  smeltery  in  1886  had  a  money  value 
of  $1,105,190.76.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVII.  592. 

smeltie  (smel'ti),  ».  [Dim.  of  smelt'*.]  A  kind 
of  codfish,  the  bib.  [Scotch.] 

smelting-furnace  (smel'ting-fer'nas),  n.  A  fur- 
nace in  which  metals  are  separated  from  their 
ores.  See  blast-furnace,  reverberator y  furnace 
(under  rererberatory,  2),  and  cut  in  next  column. 

sm.elting-b.OUSe  (smel'ting-hous),  «.  In  metal., 
a  building  erected  over  a  smelting-furnace; 
smeltiug-works. 

smelting-works  (smel'ting-werks),  «.  pi.  and 
King.  A  building  or  set  of  buildings  in  which 
the  business  of  smelting  ore  is  carried  on. 
Compare  smelter,  2. 

smercht,  v.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  smirch. 


a.  fire-brick  lining ;  A,  masonry ;  <-.  opening  in  the  wile  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  furnace  through  which  it  is  charged  ;  t,  hushes;/,  tlirn.tt ; 
if,  hearth  or  crucible ;  A,  dam-stone  ;  i,  twyer.  That  part  lying  beluw 
the  widest  diameter,  above  the  bustles,  is  called  the  shaft. 

smeret,  » .  and  »>.   An  obsolete  spelling  of  smear. 

smere-gavelt,  ».     Same  &asmear-<inr<l. 

Smerinthus  (sme-rin'thus). «.  [NL.  (Latreille, 
1802),  <  Gr.  apiipivOof,  fiypivnoc,,  a  cord,  line.]  1. 
A  genus  of  sphinx-moths,  of  the  family  Snliini/i- 
dse,  having  the  antennas  serrate.  S.  octllatus  is 
the  eyed  sphinx;  S. popttli,  the  poplar-sphinx; 
and  tS.  tiJite,  the  lime-spliinx  or  hawk-motn. — 2. 
[i.e.]  A  moth  of  this  genus :  as,  the  lime-s»ier/H- 
tlmx,  whose  larva  feeds  on  the  lime-tree  or  linden. 

smerkt.    An  old  spelling  of  smirk*,  smirk2. 

smerkyt,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  smirky. 

smertt,  ».,  r.,  and  a.    An  old  spelling  of  smart*. 

smetheH,  «•   A  Middle  English  form  of  smooth. 

sniethe-,  n.  1.  Same  as  smew. — 2.  Same  as 
smee,  4. 

smew  (smu),  n.  [Prob.  a  var.  (simulating  mete*  f ) 
of  smee,  ult.  of  smeath:  see  smee,  smeath.  The 
conjecture  that  smew  is  a  contraction  of  "ice- 
mew  is  untenable,  even  if  such  a  name  as  ice- 
mew  existed.]  A  small  merganser  or  fishing- 
duck,  Mergellus  albellun,  the  white  nun,  or  smee, 
of  the  family  Anatidse  and  subfamily  Merginee, 


Smilax 

smlcket  i  -mik'ct  i.  a.      [<.••/»«.  •/•  i  with  11-11.. 
nation  of  flu-  vdwi-1)  +  -/7.J    A  xmock.     [1'mv. 
Bng.] 

Wide  antlers,  which  hud  Mhllimi  grac'd 
A  htag'»  bold  luiiv,,  on  pitchforks  pl.i 

.'    I'lllhpklh 

And  the  w  1 

\  '»  Tuura,  ii.  5.    (bavin.) 

Slllicklyt  (smik'li),  nilf.     [<  "xHiii-k,  var.  of  .«,««</ 
(or  a]ipun>iit  base  ..i  +  -///-.]      N 

ly;  trimly;  amorously. 

/;.<.    What  '-  he,-  thiit  look*  MI  m: 

1'ii.   A  Mnti  tiller  in  a  ftjitik*  |':in,  still  hkipping;  .  .  .  bee's 
an  Italian  duncer.         Delrker  anil  i'«r<l  sun's  Darling,  11 

Smicra  (smik'ni).   ;/.      [NL.   (Spiiiula,   1H11),  < 
(ir.  0  -mall  :    si-c   »/icro».] 

A  genus  of  parasitic  hyinrni)|>t<Ti)iis  insi-ctg,  of 
the  family  t'ltnlriilidte,  having  enlarged  hiod 
femora,  armed  with  one  or  two  large  teeth  fol- 
lowed by  numerous  smaller  ones.  Most  of  th<< 
American  species  which  have  been  placed  in 
this  genus  belong  to  the  allied  genus  Spiloehal- 
cis. 


Smew  (Mergtltits  al&ellus),  adult  male. 


inhabiting  northerly  parts  of  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere. The  male  in  adult  plumage  is  a  very  beautiful 
bird,  of  a  pure  white,  varied  with  black  and  gray,  and 
tinged  with  green  on  the  crested  head ;  the  length  is  about 
17  inches.  The  female  is  smaller,  with  reddish-brown  and 
gray  plumage,  and  is  called  the  red-headed  smew.  Also 
smeath.— Hooded  smew,  the  hooded  merganser,  Lopho- 
di/tes  cucuttatus,  resembling  and  related  to  the  above,  but 
of  another  genus.  See  cut  under  merganser. 
smickert  (smik'er),  a.  [<  ME.  smiker,  <  AS. 
*smicor,*f»nicer,snticere,smicre=OIlQ.smeli>iar, 
smechar,  MHG.  smecker,  neat,  elegant;  perhaps 
related  to  MHG.  smicke,  sminkt,  Q.  schminke, 
paint, rouge;  but  the  Svr.smickra  =  Dan. sm lyre, 
flatter,  Sw.  smicker  =  Dan.  smiger,  flattery,  be- 
long to  a  prob.  different  root,  MHG.  smeirlirln. 
G.  schmeieheln,  flatter,  freq.  of  MHG.  smeichen, 
flatter,  MLG.  smeken,  smeiken  =  D.  smeeken,  sup- 
plicate ;  OHG.  smeih,  smeich,  MHG.  smeich,  flat- 
tery. Cf.  smug.]  1.  Elegant;  fine;  gay. 

He  fell  off  heffne  dun  .  .  . 

And  warrth  till  atell  defell  thssr 

Off  shene  and  smikerr  enngell. 

Ormiilum,  1.  13679. 

Herdgroom,  what  gars  thy  pipe  to  go  so  loud? 
Why  bin  thy  looks  so  smicker  and  so  proud? 

Peek,  An  Eclogue. 
2.  Amorous. 

smickert  (smik'er),  v.  i.     [<  smicker,  a.]     To 
look  amorously.     Kersey. 

smickeringt  (smik'er-ing),  11.     [Verbal  n.  of 
smicktr,  r.]     An  amorous  inclination. 

We  had  a  young  Doctour,  who  rode  by  our  coach,  and 
seem'd  to  have  a  smickrrinn  to  our  young  lady  of  Pllton. 
Dryden,  Letters,  p.  88  (To  Mrs.  Steward,  Sept  28, 1099). 


smiddum-tails  (sinid'nin-I.-ilx'.  n.  /</.  |< 
ilinii,  var.  of  smeddum,  +  tnil*  (pi.  tail",  ends, 
'foots')-]  In  mining,  the  sludge  or  slimy  part 
deposited  in  washing  ore.  /vw;»"«(/>. 

smiddy  (smid'i),  «.  ;  pi.  smiddicg  (-iz).  A  dia- 
lectal variant  of  miiitlii/. 

smidgen  (smij'en),  n.  [Origin  obscure;  per- 
haps for  orig.*smitctiiiig,  <  smitch  +  -IMJ/S.]  A 
small  piece  ;  a  small  quantity. 

Smidgen,  "a  small  bit,  a  grain,"  as  "a  smidgen  of 
meal,"  Is  common  in  East  Tennessee. 

Tram.  Amer.  I'hilol.  An.,  XVII.  43. 

smift  (smift),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  bit  of 
touchwood,  touch-paper,  greased  candle-wick, 
or  paper  or  cotton  dipped  in  melted  sulphur, 
used  to  ignite  the  train  or  squib  in  blasting. 
This  old  method  of  setting  off  a  blast  has  been  almost  en- 
tirely done  away  with  by  the  Introduction  of  the  safety- 
fuse.  Also  called  muff. 

smightt,  r.  Ati  obsolete  erroneous  spelling  of 
minlc. 

Smilaceae  (smi-la'se-«),  u.  pi.  [NL.  (R.  Brown, 
1810),  for  'Smilacacex,  <  Smilajc  (Smilac-)  + 
-flce«.]  A  group  of  monocotyledonous  plants,  by 
many  regarded  as  a  distinct  order,  but  now  class- 
ed as  a  tribe  of  the  order  Liliaccee.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  a  sarmentose  or  climbing  stem,  three-  to  five- 
nerved  leaves,  anthers  apparently  of  a  single  cell,  the 
inner  cell  being  very  narrow,  and  ovules  solitary  or  twin. 
It  Includes  the  typical  genus  Smilax,  and  2  small  genera 
of  about  5  species  each,  Heterotrmilax  of  eastern  Asia,  and 
Rhipogonum  of  Australia  and  N'ew  Zealand. 

Smilacina(smi-la-si'na),H.  [NL.  (Desfontaines, 
1807),  <  Smilax  (-izo)  +'  -IH«I.]  A  genus  of  lilia- 
ceous plants,  of  the  tribe  Polygona  teee.  It  U  char- 
acterized by  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme  with 
a  spreading  six-parted  perianth,  six  stamens,  and  a  three- 
celled  ovary  which  becomes  in  fruit  a  globose  pulpy  berry, 
often  with  but  a  single  seed.  There  are  about  20  species, 
all  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  ;  3  occur  in  the 
eastern  and  3  in  the  Pacific  United  .States—  only  one,  S. 
gtellata,  being  common  to  both  ;  7  species  are  natives  of 
Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  others  are  found  in  Asia. 
They  are  somewhat  delicate  plants,  producing  an  erect  un- 
branched  leafy  stem  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  and  bear- 
ing alternate  short-petioled  leaves  and  small  usually  white 
or  cream-colored  flowers.  They  are  known  by  the  name 
of  false  Solomon's-teal,  especially  S.  racrmosa,  the  larger 
Eastern  species,  the  rhizome  of  which  is  said  to  be  diu- 
retic, diaphoretic,  and  a  mild  alterative. 

Smilax  (smi'laks),»i,  [NL.  (Tournefort,  1700),< 
L.  smilajc,  <  Gr.  ofu).a%,  the  yew  (also/u/.of  ),  also 
a  kind  of  evergreen  oak;  o//(/af  w/ira/a,  'garden 
smilax,'  a  leguminous  plant,  the  fruit  of  which 
was  dressed  and  eaten  like  kidney-beans;  o/ti- 
/>x»f  ?.f/o,  '  smooth  smilax,'  a  kind  of  bindweed 
or  convolvulus.]  1.  A  genus  of  liliaceous 
plants,  type  of  the 
tribe  Smilareie.  Ills 
characterized  by  dioe- 
cious flowers  in  um- 
bels, with  a  perianth 
of  six  distinct  curving 
segments,  the  fertile 
containing  several, 
sometimes  six,  thread- 
shaped  staminodes, 
three  broad  recurved 
stigmas,  and  a  three- 
celled  ovary  which  be- 
comes in  fruit  a  glo- 
bose berry  usually  con- 
taining but  one  or  two 
seeds.  There  are  about 
200  species,  widely 
scattered  through 
most  tropical  and  tem- 
perate regions;  11  oc- 
cur in  the  northeastern 
United  States.  They 
are  usually  woody 
vines  from  a  stout  root- 
stock,  bearing  alter- 
nate two-ranked  ever- 
green leaves  with  retic- 


I-  lowering  Branch  of  Smila*  i 
/o/w.     .',  the  fruit. 


Smilax 

ulated  veins  between  the  three  or  more  prominent  nerves. 
The  petioles  are  persistent  at  the  base,  and  are  often  fur- 
nished with  two  tendrils,  by  which  some  species  climb 


ii'ii  is  the  source  of  Italian  sarsaparilla.  Other  species 
are  used  medicinally  in  India,  Australia,  Mauritius,  and 
the  Philippines.  One  of  these,  S.  t/lucyplajlla,  an  ever- 
green  shrubby  climber  of  Australia,  is  there  known  as  sweet 
lea,  from  the  use  of  its  leaves.  The  rootstocks  of  many 
species  are  large  and  tuberiferous ;  those  of  f>.  I'seudu- 
China  are  used  in  the  southern  United  States  to  fatten 
hogs  and  as  the  source  of  a  domestic  beer ;  those  of  A. 
dSna  yield  a  dye.  The  stems  of  some  pliant  species, 
as  S  Pseudo-China,  are  used  in  basket-making,  and  the 
young  shoots  of  a  Persian  species  are  there  used  as  aspara- 
gus. S.  Pseudo-China  and  S.  lona-nox  are  known  as 
biUlbrier,  and  several  others  with  prickly  stems  as  cat- 
brier  and  greenbrier.  See  also  carrion- fawer. 

2.  (7.  e.]  (a)  A  plant  of  the  genus  Surtax,     (b) 
A  delicate  greenhouse  vine  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  best  known  as  Myrsiphyllum  aspa- 
raf/oides,  now  classed  under  Asparagus.  Its  appa- 
rent leaves  (really  expanded  branches)  are  bright-green  on 
both  sides,  with  the  aspect  of  those  of  Smilax,  but  finer. 
The  plant  grows  to  a  length  of  several  feet,  festooning 
beautifully.    It  is  much  used  in  decoration,  and  forms  the 
leading  green  constituent  in  bouquets.    It  is  sometimes 
called  Boston  smilaz. 

3.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Laporte,  1835. 

smile  (smil),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smiled,  ppr.  smil- 
ing. [<  ME.  smilen,  smylen,  <  Sw.  smila,  smile, 
smirk,  simper,  fawn,  =  Dan.  smile  =  MHG. 
smielen,  smicren,  G.  dial,  sclimicrcn,  schniielen, 
smile;  cf.  L.  rnirari  (for  *smirarit),  wonder  at 
(mints,  wonderful)  (see  miracle,  admire) ;  Gr. 
fieiiiav  (for  'apcidiavl),  smile,  //rioof,  a  smile; 
Skt.  -\/8mi,  smile.  Cf.  smirk.  The  MD.  smui/- 
len,  swollen  =  MHG.  smolkn,  G.  dial,  schmollen, 
smile,  appar.  belong  to  a  diff.  root.]  I.  intrans. 

1.  To  show  a  change  of  the  features  such  as 
characterizes  the  beginning  of  a  laugh;  give 
such  an  expression  to  the  face:  generally  as 
indicative  of  pleasure  or  of  slight  amusement, 
but  sometimes  of  depreciation,  contempt,  pity, 
or  hypocritical  complaisance. 

Seldom  he  smiles;  and  smiles  in  such  a  sort 
As  if  he  mock'd  himself,  and  scorn'd  his  spirit, 
That  could  be  moved  to  smile  at  anything. 

Sliak.,  J.  C.,  1.  2.  205. 

All  this  while  the  guide,  Mr.  Great-heart,  was  very 
much  pleased,  and  smiled  upon  his  companions. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

Smile  na  sae  sweet,  my  bonnie  babe,  .  .  . 
And  ye  smile  sae  sweet,  ye'll  smile  me  dead. 
Fine  Flowers  in  the  Valley  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  265). 
'Twas  what  I  said  to  Craggs  and  Child, 
Who  prais'd  my  modesty,  and  smiled. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  vii.  68. 
From  yon  blue  heavens  above  us  bent 
The  gardener  Adam  and  his  wife 
Smile  at  the  claims  of  long  descent. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

2.  To  look  gay  or  joyous,  or  have  an  appear- 
ance such  as  tends  to  excite  joy ;  appear  propi- 
tious or  favorable :  as,  the  smiling  spring. 

Then,  let  me  not  let  pass 
Occasion  which  now  smiles.     Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  480. 

The  desert  smiled, 
And  Paradise  was  open'd  in  the  wild. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1. 133. 

What  I  desire  of  you  is,  that  you,  who  are  courted  by 
all,  would  smile  upon  me,  who  am  shunned  by  all. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  456. 

3.  To  drink  in  company.     [Slang,  U.  S.] 
There  are  many  more  fast  boys  about  —  some  devoted 

to  "the  sex,"  some  to  horses,  some  to  smiling,  and  some  to 
"  the  tiger."  Baltimore  Sun,  Aug.  23, 1858.  (Barttett.) 

4.  To  ferment,  as  beer,  etc.    Halliujell.    [Prov. 
Eng.] 

II.  trans.  1 .  To  express  by  a  smile :  as,  to 
smile  a  welcome;  to  smile  content. —  2.  To 
change  or  affect  (in  a  specified  way)  by  smil- 
ing: with  a  modifying  word  or  clause  added. 

He  does  omiiehis  face  into  more  lines  than  is  in  the  new 
map.  Shale.,  T.  N.,  iii.  2.  84. 

What  author  shall  we  find  .  .  . 
The  courtly  Roman's  smiling  path  to  tread, 
And  sharply  smile  prevailing  folly  dead. 

Young,  Lore  of  Fame,  i.  46. 

3f.  To  smile  at;  receive  with  a  smile.    [Rare.] 
Smile  you  my  speeches,  as  I  were  a  fool? 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2.  88. 

smile  (smil),  >i.  [<  ME.  smil  =  Sw.  smil  =  Dan. 
smil  =  MHG.  smicl;  from  the  verb.]  1.  An 
expression  of  the  face  like  that  with  which  a 
laugh  begins,  indicating  naturally  pleasure, 
moderate  joy,  approbation,  amusement,  or  kind- 
liness, but  also  sometimes  amused  or  supercili- 
ous contempt,  pity,  disdain,  hypocritical  com- 
plaisance, or  the  like.  Compare  smirk,  simper, 
and  grin. 


57  Hi 

Loose  now  and  then 
A  scatter'd  surile,  and  that  I'll  live  upon. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  in.  5.  103. 

The  treach'rous  smile,  a  mask  for  secret  hate. 

i  'ini'ifr,  Expostulation,  1.  4-J. 

Though  little  Conlon  instructed  me  in  a  anile,  it  was  a 
cursed  forced  one,  that  looked  like  the  grin  of  a  person  in 
extreme  asioiiy. 

Thackeray,  Fitz-Boodle's  Confessions,  Dorothea. 

A  smile  .  .  .  maybe  said  to  be  the  first  stage  in  the  de- 
velopment of  a  laugh. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  210. 

Silent  smiles  of  slow  disparagement. 

Teiui  ijfun,  ( iuiuevere. 

2.  Gay  or  joyous  appearance;  an  appearance  gujjjjji 
that  would  naturally  be  productive  of  joy :  as, 
the  smiles  of  spring. 

Life  of  the  earth,  ornament  of  the  heauens,  beautie  and 
smile  of  the  world.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  9. 

Every  night  come  out  these  envoys  of  beauty,  and  light 
the  universe  with  their  admonishing  smile. 

Emerson,  Nature. 


smitch 

I'll        .  willl  a  kind  of  umliermiiir/i  my  face. 

Mule.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  3.  114. 

Hercules'  .  .  .  dog  had  seized  on  one  |of  these  shell- 
fish] thrown  up  by  the  sea,  and  smerched  his  lips  with  the 
tincture.  Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  168. 

2.   Figuratively,  to  degrade;  reduce  in  honor, 
dignity,  fame,  repute,  or  the  like:  as,  to  smin-li 
one's  own  or  another's  reputation. 
smirch  (smerch),  ».     [<  suiirHi,  r.]     A  soiling 
mark  or  smear ;  a  darkening  stain ;  a  smutch. 
My  love  must  come  on  silken  wings,  .  .  . 
Not  foul  with  kitchen  smirch, 
With  tallow  dip  for  torch. 

Whittier,  Maids  of  Attitash. 


3.  Favor;  countenance;  propitiousness:  as,  the 
smiles  of  Providence.— 4.  A  drink,  as  of  spirit, 
taken  in  company  and  when  one  person  treats 
another;  also,  the  giving  of  the  treat:  as,  it  is 
my  smile.  See  smile,  v.  i.,  3.  [Slang,  TJ.  S.]  — 
Sardonic  smile.  Same  as  canine  laugh  (which  see,  un- 
der canine). 

smileful  (smll'ful),  a.  [<  smile  +  -ful.]  Full 
of  smiles;  smiling.  [Bare.] 

smileless  (smil'les),  a.  [<  smile  +  -less.']  Not 
having  a  smile ;  cheerless. 

Preparing  themselves  for  that  smileless  eternity  to  which 
they  look  forward.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  iv. 

smiler  (smi'ler),  ».  [<  ME.  smiler,  smyler,  smi- 
lere  (=  Sw.  smiler,  smilare) ;  <  smile,  v.,  +  -er1.] 
One  who  smiles;  one  who  looks  smilingly,  as 
from  pleasure,  derision,  or  real  or  affected  com- 
plaisance. 

The  smyler,  with  the  knyf  under  his  cloke. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1141. 

Men  would  smile  .  .  .  and  say,  "  A  poor  Jew ! "  and  the 
chief  smilers  would  be  of  my  own  people. 

George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xl. 

srailet  (smi'let),  n.  [<  smile  +  -et.~\  A  little 
smile;  a  half-smile;  a  look  of  pleasure.  [Rare.] 

Those  happy  srnUeti 
That  play'd  on  her  ripe  lip. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  8.  21. 

smilingly  (smi'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  smiling  man- 
ner; with  a  smile  or  look  of  pleasure. 

Comparing  him  to  that  unhappy  guest 
Whose  deed  hath  made  herself  herself  detest ; 
At  last  she  smilingly  with  this  gives  o'er. 

Skak.,  Lucrece,  1. 1567. 

smiling-muscle  (smi'ling-mus"l),  n.    Same  as 

laughing-muscle.     See  risorius. 
smiiingness  (smi'ling-nes),  n.    The  state  of 

being  smiling. 

The  very  knowledge  that  he  lived  in  vain, 
That  all  was  over  on  this  side  the  tomb, 
Had  made  Despair  a  smiiingness  assume. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  16. 

siuiltt,  «'.    An  obsolete  form  of  smelfi. 

Smintnuridae  (smin-thu'ri-de),  n.pl.  [NL. 
(Lubbock,  1873,  as  Smynthuridie),  <  Sminthu- 
rus  +  -idx.~\  A  family  of  collembolous  insects, 
typified  by  the  genus  Smintluirus,  having  a 
globular  body,  four-jointed  antenna?  with  a 
long  terminal  joint, 
saltatory  appen- 
dage composed  of  a 
basal  part  and  two 
arms,  and  trachea; 
well  developed. 
They  are  found  com- 
monly among  grass  and 
fungi ;  many  species 
have  been  described. 
Also  Smynthuridx  and 
Sminthurides. 

Sminthurus  (smin- 
thu'rus),  «.  [NL. 
(Latreille,  1802),  < 
Gr.  a/iiv6of,  mouse, 
+  olpa,  tail.]  The 
typical  genus  of 
the  family  Smitithuridse.  About  20  species  are 
recognized  by  Lubbock.  Also  Smyntlmrus. 

sminuendo  (sme-no-en'do).  [It.,  ppr.  of  smi- 
iiuire,  diminish,  <  L.  ex,  out,  +  minuere,  dimin- 
ish: see  minuend.]  In  music,  same  as  diminu- 
endo. 

smirch  (smerch),  c.  t.  [Formerly  also  smiircli. 
smerch ;  assibilated  form  of  "smerk  (with  for- 
mative -J-,  as  in  smirk),  <  ME.  smeren,  smurien, 
smear:  see  smear.  Cf.  besmirch.]  1.  To  stain; 
smear;  soil;  smutch;  besmirch. 


Stninthurns  rostus. 
(Cross  shows  natural  size.) 


k1  (smerk),  )>.  i.  [Formerly  also  siurrk;  < 
ME.  Hiiiirken,  <  AS.  smercian,  smirk;  with  for- 
mative -c  (-A-),  from  the  simple  form  seen  in 
MHG.  smieren,  same  as  smielen,  siuile:  see 
smile.']  To  smile  affectedly  or  wantonly;  look 
affectedly  soft  or  kind. 

The  hostess,  smiling  and  smirking  as  each  new  guest 
was  presented,  was  the  centre  of  attraction  to  a  host  of 
young  dandies.  T.  Honk,  Gilbert  Ourney.  (Latham.) 

The  trivial  and  smirking  artificialities  of  social  inter- 
course. Harper's  May.,  LXXVII.960. 

=  Syn.  Simper,  Smirk.    See  simper?. 
smirk1  (smerk),  ».     [<  xmirk1,  v.]    An  affected 
smile ;  a  soft  look. 
A  constant  smirk  upon  the  face.  Chesterfield. 

smirk2  (smerk),  a.  [Also  smerk;  prob.  a  var. 
(simulating  smirk1  J)  of  smert,  older  form  of 
smart :  see  smart.]  Smart;  spruce.  [Obsolete 
or  prov.  Eng.] 

Seest  howe  brag  yond  Bullocke  beares, 
So  imirke,  so  smoothe,  his  pricked  eares? 

Spenser,  Shep.  CaL,  February. 

smirklingt(smerk'ling),a.  [<*mirfcl.]  Smirk- 
ing. 

He  gave  a  smirkling  smile. 
Lord  Dencenticater(CUltl's  Ballads,  VII.  165), 

smirklyt  (smerk'li),  adv.  [<  smirki  +  -ly2.] 
With  a  smirk.  [Rare.] 

Venus  was  glad  to  hear 
Such  proffer  made,  which  she  well  shewed  with  smiling 

chear,  .  .  . 
And  smirkly  thus  gan  say.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia. 

smirky  (smer'ki),  a.  [Also  smerkij ;  <  smirk1 
+  -i/1.]  Same  as  smirk".  [Provincial.] 

I  overtook  a  swarthy,  bright-eyed,  nnerky  little  fellow, 
riding  a  small  pony,  and  bearing  on  his  shoulder  a  long, 
heavy  rifle.  A.  B.  Lonystreet,  Georgia  Scenes,  p.  197. 

smit1  (smit).  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smittect,  ppr. 
smitting.  [<  ME.  smitten,  <  AS.  smittian,  spot, 
=  MD.  D.  smettcn  =  MLG.  smitten  =  OHG.  smiz- 
jan,  smizzan,  MHG.  smitzen,  infect,  contami- 
nate, =  Sw.  smitta  =  Dan.  smitte,  infect  (cf.  Sw. 
smitta,  Dan.  smitte,  contagion);  intensive  of 
AS.  smitan,  smite,  =  OHG.  smizan,  MHG.  smi- 
:en,  strike,  stroke,  smear ;  cf.  AS.  besmitan,  be- 
smear, defile,  =  Goth,  bi-smeitan,  smear:  see 
smite.  Hence  freq.  smittle.]  1.  To  infect. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.]  —  2.  To  mar;  de- 
stroy. Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

smit1  (smit),  n.  [Alsosmitt;  <  ME.  "smitte,  < 
AS.  smitta,  a  spot,  stain,  smut,  =  D.  smet,  a 
spot,  =  OHG.  MHG.  sniiz,  a  spot,  etc. :  see  sniiti, 
i'.,  and  cf.  smut,  smutch,  smudge^-.]  1.  A  spot ; 
a  stain. —  2.  The  finest  of  clayey  ore,  made  up 
into  balls  used  for  marking  sheep. —  3.  Infec- 
tion. [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

He  provocith  al  to  the  emit  of  falling. 

Apology  for  the  Lollards,  p.  70.    (Halliwett.) 

4f.  The  smut  in  corn. 

The  smit,  blasting,  or  burned  blacknes  of  the  eares  of 
corne.  Nomenclator,  1585.  (Hares.) 

smit2t  (smit),  n.  [<  ME.  smi/tt,  smite,  smeti'  (with 
short  vowel)  (=  MD.  smcte),  a  blow;  <  smite,  v. 
Cf.  smite,  n.;  and  cf.  also  bit,  n.,  and  bite,  n.,  < 
bite,  v.]  1.  A  blow;  a  cut. 

Tryamowre  on  the  hedd  he  hytt, 
He  had  gevyn  hym  an  evylle  smytt. 

MS.  Cantab.  Ft.  ii.  88,  f.  61.    (Halliicell.) 

2.  A  clashing  noise. 

She  heard  a  smit  o'  bridle  reins, 
She  wish'd  might  be  for  good. 

Lord  William  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  18). 

smit3t,  v.     An  obsolete  dialectal  form  of  smite. 
smit1  (smit).     A  past  participle  of  smite. 
smit5  (smit),  c.     A  contracted  form  of  smiteth, 

third  person   singular  present   indicative  of 

smite. 
smitch1  (smich),  n.     [Appar.  an  extension  of 

smifl,  a  spot,  smite,  a  bit.     Cf.  also  smutch, 

and    see   smiilijiit.]     1.    Dust;    smoke;    dirt. 

Halliwell.     [Prov.   Eng.]  — 2.    A   particle;    a 

bit:  as,  I  had  not  a  smitch  of  silk  left.     TCol- 

loq.] 


smitch 

smitch'2  (srnich),  K.     Same  as  siii 
smitchel   (smich 'el),  re.      [Appar.  a   dim.  of 
smiteh1."]     Same  as  smitch^,  2. 

A  bowl  of  slewed  oysters. 
4  slices  of  buttered  toast. 
A  bowl  of  te;i. 
And  there  wasn't  a  tnnitchel  left. 

S.  Bowles,  in  Men-lam,  I.  331. 

smite  (smit),  r.;  prot.  smote,  pp.  muittt'ii, 
ppr.  smiting.    [<  ME.  mnilfii,  xmi/ti-ii  ( |>rrt . 

also  siuette,  smatte,  pp.  smiii-n.  .-•nii/ti-n, 


'17 


smock 


2.  To  produce  an  effect  as  by  a  stroke ;  come,  BmithersfHiniTiiVr/. ).  «.  ///.     [Origin  obscure.] 
enter,  or  penetrate  with  (jnickiicss  and  Corn-.       Sumr  M  mitfcerMM.     [Colloq.] 

Arthur.  (miking  downward  ns  lie  past,  •  Sm:i»h  the  bottle  tOfrnAA«r>,  the  Dirll'i  In  'Im."  Mid  I. 

In:  light  uf  her  eyes  Into  his  life  Teiitiytun,  Northern  Cobbler,  xviil. 

''"vv , ,c ,K  of  Arthur,  smithery  (*mith','.,-i  ,.'„.;  ,,i  (>). 

[  <  smith  +  -"'#.]  1.  The  workshop  of  a  smith ; 
a  smithy;  especially,  a  shop  where  wrought- 
iron  work  is  miidr. 


Iron  clang  and  hammer's  ringing 
Smote  upon  his  ear.     Whitii>  r,  Thr  Fountain. 


That  loving  tender  voice 

.  .  .  smote  tm  his  ln-:iri. 
William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  168. 


mat,  also  metis,  smatte,  pp.  smi  ten,  .imyten, 

smeten),  <  AS.  ami  tun  (pret.  smut,  pp.  smiten)  =  smite  (smit),  n.     [<  smite,  v.    Ct.imUP.]     1.  A 

OFries.  smita  =  D.  ami/ten  =  MLG.  smiten,  LG.     blow-  [Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  A  small  portion.  [Prov. 


[<  ME.  smitarc  =  D.  smy- 
1.  One  who  or  that  which 


),  «. 
-erl.] 
smites  or  strikes. 

I  gave  my  back  to  the  tmiters.  Isa.  1.  6. 

2f.  A  sword ;  simitar.   [In  this  use  also  smeeter, 
and  really  an  accommodated  form  of  simitar."] 

Put  thy  smiter  up,  and  hear ; 
I  dare  not  tell  the  truth  to  a  drawn  sword. 

B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv.  3. 

mod.  E.  also  smith;  < 


The  tmithery  Is  as  iiopular  with  the  boys  as  any  depart- 
i  the  HbooL  The  Century,  XXXVIII.  IKS. 

2.  The  practice  of  mechanical  work,  especially 

in  iron:  usually  applied  to  hammer-work,  as 
distinguished  from  more  delicate  manual  op- 
erations. Also  smith' 

The  din  of  all  this  tmithery  may  some  time  or  other  pos- 
ilbly  wake  this  noble  duke.          Iturke,  To  a  Noble  Lord. 

Smithian  (smith'i-an),  a.  [<  Smith  (see  def., 
and  smith,  n.)  +  -ian."]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Adam  Smith,  a  Scottish  political  economist 
(1723-90),  or  his  economic  doctrines. 

In  fact  the  theological  assumptions  and  Inferences  of  the 
'Aion  economy  greatly  aided  in  giving  It  currency. 

New  Princeton  Ken.,  V.  S30. 


„,„..„.»  =  OHG.  smizan,  throw,  stroke,  smear, 
MHG.  smizen,  G.  schmeissen,  smite,  fling,  cast,  smiter  (smi 
=  OSw.  smita  =  Dan.  smide,  fling.  =  Goth.  •""/  as,««ii'- 
*smeitan(in  comp.);  orig.  'smear' or 'rub over,' 
as  in  AS.  besmitan  —  Goth,  lii-mxcitan  (also  ga- 
smeitau),  smear;  cf.  Icel.  smita,  steam  from  be- 
ing fat;  Sw.  smeta,  smear,  smet,  grease;  Skt. 
medas,  fat,  <  T/  med  or  mid,  be  fat.  Hence 
smit2.  Cf.  smear."]  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike; 
give  a  hard  blow,  as  with  the  hand  or  some- 
thing held  in  the  hand,  or,  archaically,  with  smith  (smith),  n.  [Early  i 

something  thrown;  hit  heavily.  ME.  smyth,  <  AS.  smith  =  OFries.  snifth,  smid,  smithing  (smith'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  smith, 

=  MD.  D.  smid  =  MLG.  smit,  smet,  LG.  smid    ,..]     Same  as  smithery,  2. 

=  OHG.  smid,  MHG.  smit,  G.  schmied  =  Icel.  Smithsonian  (smith-so'ni-an),  a.     [<  Smithson 
smidhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  smed  =  Goth,  "smiths  (found     /see  def.)  +  -i«».]     Of  or  pertaining  to  James 
only  in  comp.  in  weak  form  *smitha,  namely     Smithson,  an  English  scientific  man  and  philan- 
aiza-smitha,  'ore-smith'):  (a)  Prop,  a  'worker 
in  metal  or  wood';  with  formative  -th  (cf.  OHG. 

smeidar,  an  artisan,  artist,  with  formative  -dar  ington  an  institution  for  the  increase  and  diffu- 
=  E.  -ffter),  <  •/  smi,  work  in  metal,  forge,  prob.  gjon  of  knowledge ;  specifically,  noting  this  in- 
seen  also  in  Gr.  a/ilty,  a  knife  for  cutting  and  gtitution  or  its  operations:  as," Smithsonian  Re- 
carving,  9/iAefav,  cut  or  carve  freely,  a/avbii,  a  ports.  —  Smithsonian  gull,  Lana  mithionianut,  the 
two-pronged  hoe  or  mattock,  and  the  source  of  American  herring-gull.  Couet,  1882. 
the  words  mentioned  under  smicker  (AS.  smi-  smithsonite  (smith 'son-it),  n.  [<  Smithson 


Ich  haue  yseyne  it  ofte, 

There  smit  no  thinge  so  smerte,  ne  smelleth  so  soure, 
As  Shame,  there  he  sheweth  him  for  euery  man  hym 
shonyeth !  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xi.  426. 

She  ...  mot  togyder  her  bondes  two.  aiza-smitlia,  :  ore-smith'):  (a)  Prop,  a  'worker    too;p1gt~(dYe~d~!8i9}7  wholeft  alegacy*to >  the 

in  metal  or  wood ' ;  with  formative  -th  (cf .  OHG.     United  States  government  to  found  at  Wash- 

Merlin  .  .  .  drough  that  wey  that  he  were  not  knowen        _-».»—     _  -_i.i — *.?-*.  — iii-  a ^ —    j —     .  ...°  .  ... 

with  a  grete  staft'e  in  his  nekke  smytinye  grete  strokes  from 
oke  to  oke.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ill.  424. 

In  the  castel  was  a  belle, 
As  hit  had  smiten  houres  twelve. 

Chaucer,  Minor  Poems  (ed.  Skeat),  iii.  1323. 

Whosoever  shall  smile  thee  on  thy  right  cheek,  turn  to 

him  the  other  also.  Mat.  v.  39. 

The  storm-wind  siuiti-n  the  wall  of  the  mountain  cliff. 

Longfellow,  Hyperion,  11.  6. 

Love  took  up  the  harp  of  Life,  and  smote  on  all  the  chords 

with  might ; 
Smote  the  chord  of  Self,  that,  trembling,  pass'd  in  music 

out  of  sight.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

2.  To  destroy  the  life  of  by  beating  or  by  weap- 
ons of  any  kind;  slay  ;  kill.     [Archaic.] 

And  the  men  of  Ai  smote  of  them  about  thirty  and  six 
men.  Josh.  vii.  5. 

The  Lord  shall  smite  the  proud,  and  lay 
His  hand  upon  the  strong. 

Whittier,  Cassandra  Southwick. 

3.  To  visit  disastrously ;  seize  suddenly  or  se- 


(see  Smithsonian)  +  -tie2.]     Native  anhydrous 
zinc  carbonate,  an  important  ore  of  zinc :  one  of 


the  group  of  rhombohedral  carbonates.  It  occurs 
in  rhombohedral  or  scalenohedral  crystals,  also,  more  com- 
monly, massive,  stalactitic,  incrusting.  and  earthy ;  the 
color  varies  from  white  to  gray-green  and  brown,  less  often 
bright  green  or  blue.  Also  called  calnmin,  which  name, 
however,  properly  belongs  to  the  hydrous  silicate. 


verely ;  attack  in  a  way  that  threatens  or  de-    with  the  hammer  and  ™  metal:  t  M . 

armvs  lifp  nr  vi<ror :  as.  a  nerson  or  a  citv  smit-    *  silversmith ;  specifically  (and  now  generally), 


stroys  life  or  vigor :  as,  a  person  or  a  city  smit- 
ten with  pestilence. 

And  the  flax  and  the  barley  was  smitten.         Ex.  ix.  31. 

If  we  look  not  wisely  on  the  Sun  It  self,  it  smites  us  into 

darknes.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  43. 

Smit  by  nameless  horror  and  affright, 
He  fled  away  into  the  moonless  night. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  370. 

4.  To  afflict ;  chasten ;  punish. 

Let  us  not  mistake  God's  goodness,  nor  imagine,  because 
he  smites  us,  that  we  are  forsaken  by  him.       Abp.  Wake. 

5.  To  strike  or  affect  with  emotion  or  passion, 
especially  love ;  catch  the  affection  or  fancy  of. 

Twas  I  that  cast  a  dark  face  over  heaven, 
And  smote  ye  all  with  terror. 

Fletcher  (and  another  7),  Prophetess,  iii.  1. 

He  was  himself  no  less  smitten  with  Constantia. 

"o.  164. 


cere,  etc.,  neat,  elegant),  as  well  as  of  those 

connected  with  smooth:  see  smooth,     (b)  The 

word  was  formerly  derived,  as  'he  that  smiteth' 

(sc.  with  the  hammer),  from  smite,  v.;  but  this  is 

etymologically  untenable,     (c)  It  has  also  been 

explained  as  'the  smoother'  (sc.  of  metals,  etc.); 

but  the  connection  with  smooth  is  remote  (see 

above).  The  word  occurs  in  many  specific  com-  Bmithum(smith'um)^  n.    A  variant  of  smedd urn. 

pounds,  as  blacksmith,  whitesmith,  coppersmith,  smithwork  (smith '  werk),  n.    The  work  of  a 

goldsmith,  etc.    Hence  the  surname  Smith,  also    smith ;  work  in  metals.     The  Engineer. 

spelled  archaically  Smyth,  Smythe,  and  even  smithy  (smith'i),  «.;  p\.  smithies  (-iz).     [<  ME. 

Smijth  (where  y  represents  the  old  dotted  y);    smithy,  smythy,  smyththe,  smethi,  smiththe,  <  AS. 

with  Goldsmith,  Spearsmith,  etc.,  from  the  com-    smiththe  =  OFries.  smithe  =  D.  smidse,  smids  = 

OHG.  smitta,  smidda.  MHG.  smitte,  G.  schmii  di: 
=  Icel.  smidhja  =  Sw.  smedja  =  Dan.  smedjc,  a 
smithy:  see  smith."]  The  workshop  of  a  smith, 
especially  of  a  worker  in  iron;  a  forge. 
Al  thes  world  is  Ooddes  smiththe.  Ancren  Riwlt,  p.  284. 


pounds.]     1.  An  artificer;  especially,  a  worker 
with  the  hammer  and  in  metal:  as,  a  goldsmith, 


Under  a  spreading  chestnut-tree 
The  village  smithy  stands. 

Longfetlmc,  Village  Blacksmith. 


a  worker  in  iron.     See  blacksmith,  I. 

The  smyth 
That  forgeth  scharpe  swerdes  on  his  stlth. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale  (ed.  Morris),  1 
"The  smyth  that  the  made,"  seid  Robyn, 
"I  pray  God  wyrke  hym  woo." 
Jlokin  Hood  and  the  Monk  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  6).   Bmitliy-coal  (smith'i-kol), '».     A  grade  of  small 
The  smith  with  the  tongs  both  worketh  in  the  coals  and     coai  habitually  used  by  blacksmiths.     [Eng.] 

imiting-line  (smi'ting-lin),  n.  A  rope  by  which 
a  yarn-stoppered  sail  is  loosened  without  its 
being  necessary  to  send  men  aloft.  [Eng.] 


fashioneth  it  with  hammers.  Isa.  xliv.  12. 

2f.  One  who  makes  or  effects  anything. 
Tis  said  the  Doves  repented,  though  too  late, 


-mitt  Cumin 
Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  126S.          i' 


smittedt   (smit'ed).    An  obsolete  past  parti- 


Become  the  smiths  of  their  own  foolish  fate. 

Smith's  saw.    Sec  «u«". 

smith  (smith),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  smitten,  smi/the,,,     ciple  of  »m, te.     Imp.  Diet. 
Tmythien,  <  AS.  smithian  (=  D.  smrden  =  MLG.  smitten  (smit'n),  p.  a.    [Pp.  of  smite,  r.] 
smeden  —  OHG. smidon, MHG.  smiden,  G.schmie-    hard;  afflicted;  visited  with  some  great  disas- 
den  (the  Icel  smidha  work  in  metal  or  wood      ter ;  suddenly  or  powerfully  affected  in  body  or 
depends  on  smidh,  smiths'  work:  see  smooth)    mind:  sometimes  used  in  compounds,  as  fever- 
=  Sw  smida  =  Dan.  smede  =  Goth,  ga-smithon,     smitten,  drought-*»ii«<>N,  love-*OT«««n. 
etc.),  work  as  a  smith/ *»itt/i,  smith:  see  *»»itt,  Smittle  (smit  1),  r.  t.;  preh  and  pp.  ^iHterf, 
n  ]   To  fashion,  as  metal;  especially,  to  fashion     ppr.  smiUhng     [Freq.  of  smtfl.-\     To  infect. 


smittle,  r.]     Infection. 


In  the  fortieth  year  of  her  age,  she  was  again  smitten. 

Steele,  Taller,  No.  151. 
See  what  the  charms  that  smite  the  simple  heart. 

In  handling  the  coin  he  is  smit  with  the  fascination  of     w'jth  the  hammer:  at  the  present  time  most  com-     *<??:     '-Pp°Y- E"R- 
its  yellow  radiance.   5.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  250.      monly  applied  to  ironwork.  '  l>'  "• 

6.  To  trouble,  as  by  reproaches ;  distress.  If  he  do  it  «»,/(*.« 

In-to  sikul  or  to  sithe,  to  schare  or  to  kulter.  smittle  (arnit  1),  o.      [<  smittle,  r.J    Inlectn 

[Prov.  Eng.] 

Canst  thon  stay  here!  ...  In  course  thou  canst  .  .  . 
Get  thy  saddles  off,  lad,  and  come  in  ;  'tis  a  miltle  night 
for  rheumatics.  H.  Kingtley,  Geoffry  Hamlyn,  xxxvl. 


Her  heart  ^  to  sore. 


eve  him, 


Whyte  Melville,  White  Rose,  I.  xxvil. 
7t.  To  cast ;  bend. 

With  that  he  smot  his  hed  adoun  anon, 

And  gan  to  motre,  I  not  what  trewely. 

Chaucer, ''' — '• 

8.  To  come  upon ;  affect  suddenly 
blow;  strike. 


A  smyth  men  cleped  daun  Gerveys, 
That  in  his  forge  smythed  plough  harneys. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  576. 


•,  Troflus,  ii.  540.  smitham  (smith'am),  H.    Avariantofsm«M«|M.  gj^ttlish   (smit'lish),   a.     [<  smittle  +  -i«*i.] 
y  as  if  with  a  smithcraftt  (smith'kraft),  «.     The  art  of  the     game  as  smittle.     [Local,  Eng.] 

smith;  mechanical  work;  the  making  o       etui  Bmoafc»  ,-.  and  H.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  smote. 


the 


and  ornamental  metal  objects  by  hand.  [Bare.] 

Inventors  of  pastorage,  smithcraft,  and  mustck. 

from  the  white  shore.    -  »>  ^  *<**'*•  Hist-  WoM'  L  vl.  8.4 

Sirs.  Oaskett,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xxxviii.   smjther  (smiTH'er),  a.     [<  ME.  smythcr;  origin 
A  sudden  thought  smote  her.  oliscure.]     Light;  active.     [Prov.Eng.] 

IT.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  104.  £*  was  smyther  and  smerte. 

To  smite  Off,  to  cut  off  with  a  strong  swift  blow.  Owte  of  his  steroppus  he  sterte. 

He  that  leet  smyte  of  seynt  James  hed  was  Heroude  Antur,  of  Arther,  xlii  10.    (Ballvwell.) 

Agrippa.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  90.  smithereen8  (smiTH-er-enz'),  n.pl.  \\smithtr-, 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  strike;  collide:  knock.         +  dim.  -cen,  usually  of  Ir.  origin.]     Smallfrag- 
Ye  shull  smyte  vpon  hem  of  that  other  partye  with-oute     ments.      [Colloq.] 
rennyngo  of  yonre  bateile.       Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  624.         TJO  ,-nic,.,!  n  nrettv  nuarrel  there.  I  can  tell  you  —  klckei 


smoaKt, '  •  —  ---  —  - 

smock  (smok),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  smok,  smoc, 
xmock,  (.  AS.  smoc  =  Icel.  smokkr,  a  smock, 
=  OHG.  smoccho,  a  smock;  cf.  OSw.  smog,  a 
round  hole  for  the  head;  Icel.  smeygja  =  Dan. 
smoge,  slip  off  one's  neck ;  from  the  verb,  AS. 
smeAgan,  smugan  (pp.  smogen),  creep  into  (cf. 
E.  dial,  smook,  draw  on.  as  a  glove  or  stocking). 
=  Icel.  smjilga.  creep  through  a  hole,  put  on  a 
garment.  =  MHG.  smiri/i-ii.  cling  or  creep  into, 
G.  srhmiegrii.  cling  to,' bend,  etc.  Cf.  smug1, 


nynge  of  yo 
The  heart  melteth,  and  the  knees  smite  together. 

Xalinm  ii.  10. 


,.,-.    Hence  xuiii-kit."]    I.  w .  1 .  A  garment 

a  pretty  quarrel  there.  I  can  tell  you  -klc      I  •  •  DV  women  corresponding  to  the  shirt  worn 

,alf  acrosstheyard-knockedheap^f  thing,     fey  ^^  .  ^  c]tem.}Se.  „  Mtt 


smock 

oh  ill  starr'd  wench ! 

Pale  as  thy  smack!      Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2.  273. 
Many  of  their  women  and  children  goe  onely  in  their 
smocks  and  shirts.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  103. 

Thy  smock  of  silke,  both  faire  and  white. 

Grmufleeves  (Child's  Ballads,  TV.  241). 

2.  A  smock-frock. 

Ahappypeople,thatliveaccordingto  nature,  .  .  .  their 
apparel]  no  other  than  linnen  breeches ;  over  that  a  smock 
close  girt  unto  them  with  a  towell. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  14. 

Already  they  see  the  field  thronged  with  country  folk, 
the  men  in  clean  white  smocks  or  velveteen  or  fustian 
coats,  with  rough  plush  waistcoats  of  many  colours. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  2. 

II. t  n.  Belonging  or  relating  to  women;  char- 
acteristic of  women ;  female :  common  in  old 
writers. 

Sem.  Good  sir, 

There  are  of  us  can  be  as  exquisite  traitors 
As  e'er  a  male  conspirator  of  you  all. 
Cet    Ay,  at  smodt-treason,  matron,  I  believe  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iv.  5. 

Plague  ...  on  his  wnocAr-loyalty ! 

Dryden,  Spanish  Friar,  ii.  1. 

smock  (smok),  t'.  t.  [<  smock.  «.]  1.  To  pro- 
vide with  or  clothe  in  a  smock  or  smock-frock. 

Tho'  smock'd,  or  furr'd  and  pnrpled,  still  the  clown. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

2.  To  shir  or  pucker.     See  smocking. 
smock-facet  (smok'fas), «.   An  effeminate  face. 

Chapman,  All  Fools,  v.  1. 

smock-faced  (smok'fast),  a.  Having  a  femi- 
nine countenance  or  complexion;  white-faced; 
pale-faced. 

Young  Endymion,  your  smooth,  smock-fac'd  boy. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  x.  491. 

smock-frock  (smok'frok),  ».  A  garment  of 
coarse  linen,  resembling  a  shirt  in  shape,  worn 
by  field-laborers  over  their  other  clothes :  simi- 
lar to  the  French  blouse.  The  yoke  of  this  gar- 
ment at  its  best  is  elaborately  shirred  or  puck- 
ered. See  smocking. 

A  clothes-line,  with  some  clothes  on  it,  striped  blue  and 
red,  and  a  smock-frock,  is  stretched  between  the  trunks  of 
some  stunted  willows.  Ruskin,  Elements  of  Drawing,  iii. 

smocking  (smok'ing),  w.  [<  smock  +  -ing.']  An 
ornamental  shirring,  recently  used,  intended  to 
imitate  that  on  the  smock-frocks  of  field-la- 
borers. The  lines,  instead  of  being  horizontal, 
form  a  honeycomb,  the  material  being  puckered 
diagonally. 

This  shirt  was  a  curious  garment,  of  the  finest  drawn 
hair,  and  exquisitely  wrought  in  a  kind  of  smocking,  with 
each  little  nest  caught  together  by  tiny  bows  of  red  and 
blue  ribbon.  The  Critic,  XI.  147. 

smockless  (smok'les), a.  [ME.  smokies ;  <  smock 
+  -less.]  Having  no  smock;  unclothed. 

I  hope  it  be  nat  your  entente 
That  I  smokies  out  of  your  paleys  wente. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  819. 

smock-linen  (smok'linll'en),  n.  Strong  linen 
from  which  smock-frocks  are  made,  especially 
in  England. 

smock-mill  (smok'mil),  n.  A  form  of  wind- 
mill of  which  the  mill-house  is  fixed  and  the 
cap  only  turns  round  as  the  wind  varies,  it 
thus  differs  from  the  post-mil],  of  which  the  whole  fabric 
is  movable  round  a  vertical  axis.  It  is  also  called  the 
Dutch  mill,  as  being  that  most  commonly  employed  in 
the  Netherlands  for  pumping. 

smock-race  (smok'ras),  n.  A  race  for  which 
a  smock  is  the  prize. 

Smock  Races  are  commonly  performed  by  the  young 

country  wenches,  and  so  called  because  the  prize  is  a 

holland  smock,  or  shift,  usually  decorated  with  ribbands. 

StruU,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  476. 

smock-racing  (smok'ra"sing),  n.  The  running 
of  a  smock-race  or  of  smock-races. 

Among  other  amusements,  smock-racing  by  women  was 
kept  up  there  [Pall  Mall]  till  1783. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  iv. 

smokable  (smo'ka-bl),  a.  [<  smoke  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  smoked. 

smoke  (smok),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smoked,  ppr. 
smoking.  [Formerly  also  smoak;  <  ME.  smoken, 
smokien  (pret.  smokede) ;  <  AS.  smocian,  smoci- 
gan  (=  MD.  smoken,  smooken,  D.  smoken  = 
MLG.  smoken,  LG.  smoken,  smooken,  also  smoken 
=  G.  schmauchen,  dial,  schmoclien  =  Dan.  smoge), 
smoke,  reek ;  a  secondary  form,  taking  the  place 
of  the  orig.  strong  verb  stneocan  (pret.  smcdc, 
pp.  smocen),  smoke;  perhaps  related  to  Gr. 
auvxeiv,  burn  slowly,  smolder.  Cf.  Ir.  much  = 
W.  mwg,  smoke ;  cf.  also  smoor,  smother.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  emit  smoke;  throw  off  volatile 
matter  in  the  form  of  vapor  or  exhalation ;  reek ; 
fume;  especially,  to  send  off  visible  vapor  as 
the  product  of  combustion. 


5718 

Queen  Margaret  saw 
Thy  murderous  falchion  smoking  in  his  blood. 

SAO*.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  2.  94. 
To  him  no  temple  stood 

Or  altar  smoked.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  493. 

Lo  there  the  King  is  with  his  Nobles  set, 
And  all  the  crouded  Table  miwaks  with  meat. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  iii.  172. 

2.  To  burn  ;  be  kindled  ;  rage  ;  fume. 

The  amrerof  the  Lord  and  his  jealousy  shall  smoke  against 
that  man.  Deut.  xxix.  20. 

How  Wolsey  broke  off  the  insurance  is  very  well  told. 
Mistress  Anne  was  "sent  home  again  to  her  father  for  a 
season  ;  whereat  she  smoked." 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Forewords,  p.  x.,  note. 

3.  To  raise  a  dust  or  smoke  by  rapid  motion. 

Proud  of  his  steeds,  he  smokes  along  the  field. 

Dryden,  JEaelA,  vii.  909. 

4.  To  smell  or  hunt  something  out  ;   suspect 
something;  perceive  a  hidden  fact  or  meaning. 
[Now  only  colloq.]—  5.  To  permit  the  passage 
of  smoke  outward  instead  of  drawing  it  up- 
ward; send  out  smoke  for  want  of  sufficient 
draft:  said  of  chimneys,  stoves,  etc. 

When,  in  obedience  to  our  instructions,  a  fire  was  lighted, 

the  chimney  smoked  so  badly  that  we  had  to  throw  open 

door  and  windows,  and  to  sit,  as  it  were,  in  the  open  air. 

D.  Christie  Murray,  Weaker  Vessel,  xxxix. 

6.  To  draw  fumes  of  burning  tobacco,  opium,  or 
the  like,  into,  and  emit  them  from,  the  mouth; 
use  tobacco  or  opium  in  this  manner. 

I  hate  married  women  !  Do  they  not  hate  me,  and,  sim- 
ply because  I  smoke,  try  to  draw  their  husbands  away  from 
my  society?  Thackeray,  Fitz-Boodle's  Confessions. 

7.  To  suffer  as  fro"m  overwork  or  hard  treat- 
ment; be  punished. 

Some  of  you  shall  smoke  for  It  In  Rome. 

Shale.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2.  111. 

8.  To  emit  dust,  as  when  beaten. 

At  every  stroke  their  jackets  did  smoke.      ' 
Satin  Hood  and  the  Hanger  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  209). 


smoke-consuming 

Why,  you  know  you  never  laugh  at  the  old  folks,  and 
never  fly  at  your  servants,  nor  smoke  people  before  tin  ii 
jaces_  Miss  Buritey,  Cecilia,  vi.  11. 

6.  To  raise  dust  from  by  beating;  "dust":  as, 
I'll  smoke  his  jacket  for  him.     [Colloq.] 
I'll  smoke  your  skin-coat,  an  I  catch  you  right. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1.  139. 
Smoked  pearl.    See  pearl. 

smoke  (smOk),  ii.  [Early  mod.  E.  ulsosmoak;  < 
ME.  gmobe,  <  AS.  smoea  .(rare),  <  smcocan  (pret. 
xnicdc,  pp.  smocen),  smoke,  reek:  see  s»«>A<  -,  r. 
This  form  has  taken  the  place  of  the  more  orig. 
noun,  E.  dial,  gmecch,  <  ME.  smech,  smeke,  <  AS. 
smec,  smyc,  umlaut  forms  of  swfrfc  (=  D.  tt»tn<>/; 
=  MLG.  smok,  LG.  sinook  =  MHO.  smnnrh,  G. 


Smoking  salts.  . 

II.  trans.  1.  To  apply  smoke  to  ;  blacken  with 
smoke  ;  hang  in  smoke  ;  medicate  or  dry  by 
smoke  ;  fumigate  :  as,  to  smoke  infected  cloth- 
ing ;  to  subject  to  the  action  of  smoke,  as  meat  ; 
cure  by  means  of  smoke  ;  smoke-dry  ;  also,  to 
incense.  Smoking  meat  consists  in  exposing  meat  pre- 
viously salted,  or  rubbed  over  with  salt,  to  wood-smoke 
in  an  apartment  so  distant  from  the  fire  as  not  to  be 
unduly  heated  by  it,  the  smoke  being  admitted  by  flues 
at  the  bottom  of  the  side  walls.  Here  the  meat  absorbs  the 
empyreumatic  acid  of  the  smoke,  and  is  dried  at  the  same 
time.  The  kind  of  wood  used  affects  the  quality  and  taste 
of  the  meat,  smoke  from  beech  and  oak  being  preferable 
to  that  from  flr  and  larch.  Smoke  from  the  twigs  and  ber- 
ries of  juniper,  or  from  rosemary,  peppermint,  etc.,  im- 
parts somewhat  of  the  aromatic  flavor  of  these  plants.  A 
slow  smoking  with  a  slender  tire  is  better  than  a  quick  and 
hot  one,  as  it  allows  the  empyreumatic  principles  time  to 
penetrate  into  the  interior  without  over-drying  the  out- 
side. 

Smakynff  the  temple.       Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1423. 

Being  entertained  for  a  perfumer,  as  I  was  smoking  a 
musty  room,  comes  me  the  prince. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  3.  60. 
An  old  smoked  wall,  on  which  the  rain 
Ran  down  in  streaks  !         B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 

2.  To  affect  in  some  way  with  smoke;  espe- 
cially, to  drive  or  expel  by  smoke:  generally 
with  out;  also,  to  destroy  or  kill,  as  bees,  by 
smoke. 

Are  not  these  flies  gone  yet?    Pray  quit  my  house, 
I'll  smoke  you  out  else.    B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  ii.  1. 

The  king,  upon  that  outrage  against  his  person,  smoked 
the  Jesuits  met  of  his  nest. 

Sir  E.  Sandys,  State  of  Religion  (ed.  1605),  O.  3  b. 

(Latham.) 

So  the  king  arose,  and  went 
To  smoke  the  scandalous  hive  of  those  wild  bees 
That  made  such  honey  in  his  realm. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

3.  To  draw  smoke  from  into  the  mouth  and 
puff  it  out  ;  also,  to  burn  or  use  in  smoking  ;  in- 
hale the  smoke  of:   as,  to  smoke  tobacco  or 
opium;  to  smoke  a  pipe  or  a  cigar. 

Here  would  he  smoke  his  pipe  of  a  sultry  afternoon,  en- 
joying the  soft  southern  breeze. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  160. 

4.  To  smell  out;  find  out;   scent;  perceive; 
perceive  the  meaning  of;  suspect.    [Archaic.] 

Ill  hang  you  both,  you  rascals  ! 
.  .  .  you  for  the  purse  you  cut 
In  Paul's  at  a  sermon  ;  I  have  smoalred  you.  ha  ! 

Massinger,  City  Madam,  iii.  1. 

It  must  be  a  very  plausive  invention  that  carries  it; 
they  begin  to  smoke  me.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  1.  30. 

5f.  To  sneer  at;  quiz;  ridicule  to  one's  face. 

This  is  a  vile  dog  ;  I  see  that  already.  No  offence  !  Ha, 
ha,  ha!  to  him;  to  him,  Petulant;  smoke  him. 

Conyreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iii.  15. 

Pray,  madam,  smoke  miss  yonder  biting  her  lips  and 
playing  with  her  fan.  Sirtft,  Polite  Conversation,  i. 


,.. 

(pp.  smocen),  smoke  :  see  xmokr,  r.]  1. 
The  exhalation,  visible  vapor,  or  material  that 
escapes  or  is  expelled  from  a  burning  substance 
during  combustion:  applied  especially  to  the 
volatile  matter  expelled  from  wood,  coal,  peat, 
etc.,  together  with  the  solid  matter  which  is 
carried  off  in  suspension  witM  it,  that  expelled 
from  metallic  substances  being  more  generally 
called  fume  orfumcx. 

The  hill  obouen  bigan  to  quake, 
And  tharof  rase  a  ful  grete  reke, 
Bot  that  was  ful  wele  smell  and  smeke. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  94. 
Laud  we  the  gods  ; 

And  let  our  crooked  smokes  climb  to  their  nostrils 
From  our  blest  altars.         Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  6.  477. 
The  rmoak  of  juniper  ...  is  in  great  request  with  us 
at  Oxford,  to  sweeten  our  chambers. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  283. 

Usually  the  name  smoke  is  applied  to  this  vaporous  mix- 
ture discharged  from  a  chimney  only  when  it  contains  a 
sufficient  amount  of  finely  divided  carbon  to  render  it  dark- 
coloured  and  distinctly  visible.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  180. 

2.   Anything  that  resembles  smoke;   steam; 

vapor;  watery  exhalations;  dust. 

In  vayne,  mine  eyes,  in  vaine  you  wast  your  teares, 
In  vayne  my  sighs,  the  smokes  of  my  despaires. 

Sir  W.  Raleigh,  quoted  in  Puttenham's  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie, 

[p.  168. 

Hence  —  3.  Something  unsubstantial;  some- 
thing ephemeral  or  transient:  as,  the  affair 
ended  in  smoke. 

This  helpless  smoke  of  words  doth  me  no  right. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1027. 

4.  The  act  or  process  of  drawing  in  and  puff- 
ing out  the  fumes  of  burning  tobacco,  opium, 
or  the  like.     [Colloq.] 

Soldiers  .  .  .  lounging  about,  taking  an  early  morning 
smoke.  W.  11.  Russell,  Diary  in  India,  xxvU. 

5.  A  chimney.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 
Dublin  hath  Houses  of  more  than  one  Smoak. 

Petty,  Polit.  Survey  of  Ireland,  p.  9. 
A  dry  smoke,  the  holding  of  an  unlighted  cigar  or  pipe 
between  the  lips.    [Colloq.]—  Like  smoke,  very  rapidly. 
[Slang.] 
Taking  money  like  smoke. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  III.  105. 
London  smoke,  a  dull-gray  color. 

smoke-arch  (smok'arch),  n.  The  smoke-box  of 
a  locomotive. 

smoke-ball  (smok'bal),  «.  1.  ifilit.,  a  spheri- 
cal case  filled  with  a  composition  which,  while 
burning,  emits  a  great  quantity  of  smoke  :  used 
chiefly  for  purposes  of  concealment  or  for  an- 
noying an  enemy's  workmen  in  siege  opera- 
tions. —  2.  A  ball,  used  in  trap-shooting,  which 
on  being  struck  emits  a  cloud  of  dark  smoke. 
W.  W.  Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  504. 

smoke-bell  (sn:6k'bel),  «.  A  glass  bell  or  dish 
suspended  over  a  flame,  as  of  a  lamp  or  gas- 
light, to  keep  the  smoke  from  blackening  the 
ceiling. 

smoke-black  (smok'blak),  n.    Lampblack. 

smoke-board  (smok'bord),  «.  A  sliding  or  sus- 
pended board  or  plate  placed  before  the  upper 
part  of  a  fireplace  to  increase  the  draft. 

smoke-box  (smok'boks),  «.  A  chamber  in  a 
steam-boiler,  at  the  ends  of  the  tubes  or  flues 
and  opposite  to  the  fire-box,  into  which  all  the 
gases  of  combustion  enter  on  their  way  to  the 
smoke-stack. 

Smoke-brown  (smok'broun),  n.  In  entom.,  an 
obscure  grayish  brown,  resembling  the  hue  of 
thick  smoke. 

smoke-bush  (smok'bush),  n.  Same  as  nmoke- 
tree. 

smoke-condenser  (sm6k'kon-den*ser),n.  Same 
as  smoke-vaslter, 

smoke-consumer  (sm6k'kon-su'"mer),  n.  An 
apparatus  for  consuming  or  burning  all  the 
smoke  from  a  fire. 

smoke-consuming  (sm6k'kon-su"ming),  a. 
Serving  to  consume  or  burn  smoke  :  as,  a  snioke- 
consumiitg  furnace. 


smoke-dry 

smoke-dry  (smok'dri),  r.  t.     To  dry  or  cure  by 
smoke:  M.MM>£e-drfe<lme&t   Beewnoto,  r.  <.,]. 

smoke-farthingst  (smok'far"THingz),  «. 
Same 


6716 


smolder 


1. 


As  for  your  smoke-farthing*  and  Peter-pence,  I  make  no 
reckoning.  JewW,  Works,  iv.  1079. 

2.  Same  as  hearth-tax. 

smoke-gray  (smok'gra),  w.  An  orange-gray 
color  of  moderate  luminosity. 

smoke-house  (smok'hous),  «.  1  .  A  building  in 
which  meats  or  fish  are  cured  by  smoking  ;  also, 
one  in  which  smoked  meats  are  stored.  The 
former  Is  provided  with  hooks  for  suspending  the  pieces 
to  be  smoked,  which  are  hung  over  a  smoldering  lire  kin- 
dled at  the  bottom  of  the  apartment. 

I  recollected  the  smolte-hnuxe,  an  out-building  appended 
to  all  Virginian  establishments  for  the  smoking  of  hams 
and  other  kinds  of  meat. 

Irving,  Crayon  Papers,  Ralph  Ringwood. 
2.  In  leatlier-manuf.,  a  close  room  heated  by 
means  of  a  fire  of 
spent  tan,  whicli 
smolders,  but  pro- 
duces no  flame.  It  is 
used  for  unhairing  hides, 
which  are  hung  up  in  the 
smoky  atmosphere  until 
incipient  fermentation 
has  softened  the  epider- 
mis and  the  roots  of  the 
hair. 

smoke-jack  (smok'- 
jak),«.  1.  A  machine 
for  turning  a  roast- 
ing-spit  by  means  of  a 
fly-wheel  or  -wheels, 
set  in  motion  by  the 
current  of  ascending 
air  in  a  chimney. 

The  smoke-jack  clanked, 
and  the  tall  clock  ticked 


looks  us  if  the  bird  had  a  pipe  in  its  mouth.     Mt  of  holding  a  lighted  cigar,  cigaretie.  or  |>ii>c 
(i.  Tniniliii/l.     [New  Jersey.]  — Smoker's  cancer,     in  the  mouth  ami  drawing  in  ami  emitting  the 

Oke:    aK<i   iiM-.l   in  conijiiisitiiiii   with   i 

oimecteil  w  itli  i  I  :   a-, 

a  fiiiiil.nii/  car:    a  muni, i/»/-saloon. —  3.    A  ijui/.- 
/ing;  lianteriin.'. 

oli!  '  <n in!  Mrs.  Thrale,  "what  a  smoking  did  Mlw 
Burney  give  Mr.  Cruti:M' 

time.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  II.  C9.    (Varin.) 
4t.  The  act  of  spying,  suspecting,  or  fen. 
out.     l>i  1:1,  i. 

smoking  (smo'king\  j>.  </.     Kmitling  smoke  or 
steam;  hence,  brisk  or  fierce. 


Smoke-jack. 


,    .  the  chimney,  contracted  in  a 
circular  form  ;  b,  strong  bar  placed 


with  Official  importance.       over  the  fireplace,  to™supporrt  the 
J.  W.  Palmer,  After  his    I1"*  '•  c<  w""l  «'th  vanes  radiating 
from  its  center,  set  in  motion  by  the 
ascent  of  the  heated  air,  and  com- 
municating, by  the  pinion  d  and  the 
crown-wheel  e,  with   the   pulley  /, 
'  h  motion  is  transmitted  to 
in  passing  over  it. 


[Kind,  p.  112. 
2.    On    railways, 

hood  Or  Covering  for    from  whic 
the    end    Of    a   BtOVe-     ""^'^ 

pipe,  on  the  outside  of  a  car.    Also  called  store- 
jack. 

smokeless  (smok'les),  «.  [<  smoke  +  -less.] 
Having,  emitting,  or  causing  little  or  no  smoke : 
as,  smokeless  powder. 

No  noontide  bell  invites  the  country  round ; 
Tenants  with  sighs  the  smokeless  towers  survey. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  191. 

I  saw 

On  my  left,  through  the  beeches. 
Thy  palace,  Goddess, 
Smokeless,  empty ! 

a.  Arnold,  The  Strayed  Reveller. 

smokelessly  (smok'les-li),  adv.  Without  smoke. 

The  appliances  for,  or  methods  of,  consuming  coal 
xmokelexsly  are  already  at  work.  The  Engineer,  LXIX.  367. 

smokelessness  (smok'les-nes),  n.  The  charac- 
ter or  state  of  being  smokeless. 

Smoke-money  (smok'mun'i),  n.  Same  us  smoke- 
silver. 

smoke-painted  (smok'pan'ted),  n.  Produced 
by  the  process  of  smoke-painting. 

smoke-painting  (sm6k'pan"ting),  ».  The  art 
or  process  of  producing  drawings  in  lampblack, 
or  carbon  deposited  from  smoke.  Compare 
kapnography. 

smoke-penny  (sinok'pen'i), «.  Same  as  smoke- 
silver. 

smoke-pipe  (smok'pip),  n.  Same  as  smoke- 
stack. 

smoke-plant  (smok '  plant),  «.  1.  Same  as 
smoke-tree. —  2.  A  hydroid  polyp,  often  seen  in 
aquariums. 

smoke-quartz  (smok'kwarts),  ».  Smoky  quartz. 
See  smoky. 

smoker  (smo'ker),  ».  [=  D.  smoker  =  G. 
schmaucher;  as  smoke  +  -er1.]  1.  One  who  or 
that  which  smokes,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 
(«)  One  who  habitually  smokes  tobacco  or  opium,  (b)  One 
who  smoke-dries  meat,  (c)  One  who  quizzes  or  makes 
sport  of  another. 

These  wooden  Wits,  these  Quizzers,  Queerers,  Smokers, 
These  practical,  nothing-so-easy  Jokers. 
Caiman  the  Younger,  Poetical  Vagaries,  p.  150.    (Daties.) 

2.  See  the  quotation. 

At  Preston,  before  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill  in 
1882,  every  person  who  had  a  cottage  with  a  chimney, 
and  used  the  latter,  had  a  vote,  and  was  called  a  smoker. 

Ilalliwell. 

3.  A  smoking-car.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

The  engine,  baggage  car  and  smoker  passed  over  all 
right.  The  Engineer,  LXX.  56. 

4.  The  long-billed  curlew.  Numenius  longiros- 
tris:  so  called  from  the  shape  of  the  bill,  which 


I     Smoker's  cancer, 

an  eplthelloma  of  the  lips  or  mouth  which  i-,  ii.nMilrivd  to 
bedne  to  the  iiiiuhanlcal  Irritation  MI  thi- pipe.  Smoker's 
heart,  s™  heart.— Smoker's  patches,  ;>  f"i  m  ..f  1. -m •<>- 
placla  huccalls,  causing  while  patrhfa  on  the  mtic-.m-, 
membrane  uf  thr  mouth  and  lips. 

smoke-rocket  (smok'rok'et),  n.  In  iilum/iiii;/.  a 
device  for  testing  this  tightness  of  house-drains 
by  generating  smoke  within  them. 

smoke-sail  (smok'sul ).  >/.  A  small  sail  hoisted 
against  the  foremast  forward  of  the  galley-fun- 
nel when  a  ship 
rides  head  to 
wind,  to  give 
the  smoke  of  the 
galley  an  oppor- 
tunity to  rise, 
and  to  prevent 
it  from  being 
blown  aft  to  the 
quarter-deck. 

smoke-shade 
(smok'shad),  n. 
A  scale  some- 
times adopted 
in  estimating 
by  their  color 
the  amount  of 
unburnt  carbon 
in  the  gases 

yielded  by  coal  s.noke-san. 

burned  in  grates 

or  stoves:  it  ranges  from  0  to  10,  the  latter 
number  applying  when  the  color  is  very  black 
and  dense. 

smoke-silver  (smok'sil'ver),  «.  Money  former- 
ly paid  annually  to  the  minister  of  a  parish  as 
a  modus  in  lieu  of  tithe-wood. 

smoke-stack  (smok'stak),  «.  A  pipe,  usually 
of  sheet-iron,  through  which  the  smoke  and 
gases  of  combustion  from  a  steam-boiler  are 
discharged  into  the  open  air.  See  cut  under 
passenger-engirw. 

smoke-stone  (smok'ston),  w.  Same  as  smoky 
quartz,  or  cairngorm. 

smoke-tight  (smok 'tit),  a.  Impervious  to 
smoke;  not  permitting  smoke  to  enter  or  escape. 

smoke-tree  (smok'tre),  n.  A  tree-like  shrub, 
H/IIIX  Cotinus,  native  in  southern  Europe,  culti- 
vated elsewhere  for  ornament.  Most  of  the  flowers 
are  usually  abortive,  and  the  panicle  develops  into  a  light 


I,  Branch  with  Fmit  and  Sterile  Pedicels  of  Smoke-tree  (RhutCoti- 
«wj) ;  v,  the  inflorescence,  ti,  a  flower ;  />,  a  fruit,  with  sterile  pedicels. 

feathery  or  cloud-like  bunch  of  a  green  or  reddish  color 
(whence  the  above  name,  also  that  of  fringe-tree).  The 
wood  yields  a  valuable  dye,  the  young  fustic  (which  see, 
under  fustic) ;  the  leaves  are  used  for  tanning  (see  scotino). 
Also  called  smoke-bush,  smoke-plant,  Venetian  sumac,  and 
yenus's-sumac. 

smoke-washer  (sm6k'wosh*'er),  n.  A  device 
for  purifying  smoke  by  washing  as  it  passes 
through  a  chimney-flue.  A  simple  form  drives  a 
spray  of  water  upward  into  the  flue.  The  water  falls  back 
after  passing  through  the  smoke,  is  collected  below,  and 
furnishes  a  black  pigment,  used  for  paint.  A  more  com- 
plicated apparatus  consists  of  a  vertical  cylinder  of  boiler- 
plates having  several  perforated  diaphragms  of  sheet-iron. 
Water  is  made  to  enter  at  the  top  while  the  smoke  enters 
below  and  is  forced  upward  by  a  powerful  exhaust. 

smokewood  (smok'wiid),  n.  The  virgin's- 
bower,  Clematis  Vitalba :  so  called  because  boys 
smoke  its  porous  stems.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

smokily  (smo'ki-li),  adv.     In  a  smoky  manner. 

smokiness  (smo'ki-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
smoky. 

smoking  (smo'king),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  smoke, 
/-.]  1.  The  act  of  emitting  smoke.— 2.  The 


Look  how  it  lupins  tu  ruin,  :uid  l>y  tin-  clnmls.  If  I  mis- 
takt:  not,  we  shall  pnM:nt!y  h;ivc  u  .-//  >  r,  and 

therefore  sit  close.       /.  If' alton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  104. 

smoking-cap  (smo'king-kap),  w.  A  light  cap 
without  vizor  and  often  ornamental,  usually 
worn  by  smokers. 

smoking-car  (smo'king-kiir),  «.  A  railroad-car 
in  which  smoking  is  permitted.  [U.  8.] 

smoking-carriage  (smo'king-kar'fij),  n.    A 

smoking-ciir.     [Eng.] 

smoking-duck  (smo'king-duk),  H.  The  Amer- 
ican widgeon,  Marecu  inm  rii-nmi :  said  to  be  so 
called  from  some  fancied  resemblance  of  its 
note  to  the  puffing  sound  of  a  person  smoking. 
See  cut  under  iriili/i',,n.  I!.  Hi  nnii-olt.  [Brit- 
ish America.] 

smoking-jacket  (smo'king- jak'et),  ».  A  jacket 
for  wear  while  smoking. 

smoking-lamp  (smo'king-lamp),  n.  A  lamp 
hung  up  on  board  of  a  man-of-war  during  hours 
when  smoking  is  permitted,  for  the  men  to 
light  their  pipes  by. 

smokingly  (smo'king-li),  adv.  Like  or  as  smoke. 
The  sudden  dis-appearing  of  the  Lord 
Seem'd  like  to  Powder  flred  on  a  boord, 
When  smokingly  it  mounts  in  sudden  tl;i-li. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  U.,  The  Vocation. 

smoking-room  (smo'king-rom),  n.  A  room,  as 
in  a  private  dwelling  or  a  hotel,  set  apart  for 
the  use  of  smokers. 

smoky  (smo'ki),  a.  [Formerly  also  smoaky ;  < 
ME.  smoky;  <  smoke,  n.,  +  -y*.]  1.  Emitting 
smoke,  especially  much  smoke;  smoldering: 
as,  smoky  tires. 

Then  rise,  O  fleecy  Fog !  and  raise 
The  glory  of  her  coming  days ; 
Be  as  the  cloud  that  flecks  the  seas 
Above  her  ttiiwky  argosies. 

Bret  Hartt,  San  Francisco. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  nature  of  smoke. 
London  appears  in  a  morning  drowned  in  a  black  cloud, 

and  all  the  day  after  smothered  with  stiwky  fog.    Harvey. 

3.  Filled  with  smoke,  or  with  a  vapor  resem- 
bling it ;  filled  with  a  haze ;  hazy :  as,  a  smoky 
atmosphere. 

Swich  a  reyne  from  hevene  gafi  avale 
That  every  maner  woman  that  was  there 
Uadde  of  that  smoky  reyn  a  verray  fere. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  il.  628. 

4.  Subject  to  be  filled  with  smoke  from  the 
chimneys  or  fireplaces. 

He  is  as  tedious 
As  a  tired  horse,  a  railing  wife ; 
Worse  than  a  smoky  house. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ill.  1.  161. 

5.  Emitting  smoke  in  an  objectionable  or  trou- 
blesome way:  said  of  chimneys,  stoves,  etc., 
sending  out  smoke,  at   fireplaces    and  pipe- 
holes,  into  the  house,  because  of  poor  draft. — 

6.  Stained  or  tarnished  with  smoke. 

Lowly  sheds 
With  smoky  rafters.       Milton,  Comus,  L  324. 

7f.  Quick  to  smoke  an  idea;  keen  to  smell  out 
a  secret ;  suspicious. 

Besides,  Sir,  people  in  this  town  are  more  smoaky  and 
suspicious.  Oxford,  you  know,  is  the  seat  of  the  Muses, 
and  a  man  is  naturally  permitted  more  mnament  and  gar- 
niture to  his  conversation  than  they  will  allow  in  this  lati- 
tude. Foote,  The  Liar,  i.  1. 

I-gad,  I  don't  like  his  Looks — he  seems  a  little  smoky. 
Cither,  Provoked  Husband,  ii. 

8.  Of  the  color  of  smoke;  of  a  grayish-brown 
color.  —  Smoky  bat.  Molosswt  nasittwt,  the  South  Ameri- 
can monk-bat.  —  Smoky  pies,  the  large  dark-brown  jays  of 
the  genus  rxilorhiniis. —  Smoky  quartz,  the  smoky  or 
brownish-yellow  variety  of  quartz  found  on  Ilke's  ivak 
(Colorado)!  In  Scotland,  and  in  Brazil :  same  as  «it'rti- 
ffonn. —  Smoky  topaz,  a  name  frequently  applied  by  ji-w- 
elers  to  smoky  quartz.  —  Smoky  urine,  urine  of  a  darkish 
color,  occurring  in  some  cases  of  nephritis.  The  color  is 
due  to  the  presence  of  a  small  quantity  of  blood.  —  Smoky 
Wainscot,  Lmcania  impura,  a  British  moth. — Smoky 
Wave,  Aciitalia  fumata,  a  British  geometrid  moth, 
smolder,  smoulder  (smol'der),  r.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  xmookler:  <  ME.  xnmlili-nn,  smoliiren, 
<  smolder,  a  stifling  smoke:  see  smolder,  «., 
smother,  n.  Cf.  LG.  xmolen,  ftmelen,  smolder,  = 
D.  smeulen,  smoke  hiddenly,  smolder,  =  G.  dial. 
Kcluiialfii,  stifle,  bum  slowly:  SIT  xmt-ll.  The 


smolder 

form  mav  have  been  influenced  by  Dan.  KIIHI/- 
dre,  crumble,  molder,  <  sniul,  dust.]  I.  ititriinx. 

1.  To  burn  and  smoke  without  flame;    be 
smothery. 

In  smolderande  smoke. 

Alliterative  Poems  (eel.  Morris),  ii.  955. 

The  smouldering  weed-heap  by  the  garden  burned. 

WttKam  Harris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  24-2. 

Hence  —  2.  To  exist  in  a  suppressed  state; 
burn  inwardly, without  outward  demonstration, 
as  a  thought,  passion,  and  the  like. 

A  doubt  that  ever  smoulder'd  in  the  hearts 
Of  those  great  Lords  and  Barons  of  his  realm 
Flash'd  forth  and  into  war. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

We  frequently  find  in  the  writings  of  the  inquisitors 
language  which  implies  that  a  certain  amount  of  scepti- 
cism was,  even  in  their  time,  smouldering  in  some  minds. 
Lecky,  nationalism,  I.  103. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  suffocate;  smother. 

They  preassed  forward  vnder  their  ensignes,  bearing 
downe  such  as  stood  in  their  way,  and  with  their  owne 
fire  smooldered  and  burnt  them  to  ashes. 

HoKnshed,  Hist.  Eng.,  IT.  9. 

This  wind  and  dust,  see  how  it  smolders  me ; 
Some  drink,  good  Glocester,  or  I  die  for  drink. 

Peele,  Edward  I. 

2.  To  discolor  by  the  action  of  fire. 

Aside  the  beacon,  up  whose  smouldered  stones 
The  tender  ivy-trails  creep  thinly. 

Coleridge,  The  Destiny  of  Nations. 

smolder,  smoulder  (smol'der),  n.  [<  ME. 
smolder,  a  var.  of  smorther,  a  stifling  smoke: 
see  smother.  Cf.  smolder,  v.~\  Slow  or  sup- 
pressed combustion;  smoke;  smother. 

Ac  the  smoke  and  the  smolder  [var.  smorthre]  that  smyt 
in  owre  eyghen, 

That  is  coueityse  and  vnkyndenesse  that  quencheth  goddes 
mercy.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xvii.  341. 

The  smmdder  stops  our  nose  with  stench,  the  fume  of- 
fends our  eies. 
Gascoigne,  Deuise  of  a  Mask  for  Viscount  Mountacute. 

smolderingness,  smoulderingness  (smol'der- 
ing-nes),  n.  Disposition  to  smolder.  [Rare.] 
Whether  any  of  our  national  peculiarities  may  be  traced 
to  our  use  of  stoves,  as  a  certain  closeness  of  the  lips  in 
pronunciation,  and  a  smothered  smoulderingness  of  dis- 
position, seldom  roused  to  open  flame? 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser.,  Int. 

smolderyt,  smoulderyt,  a.  [Also  smotildry;  < 
smolder  +  -j1.]  Smothery;  suffocating. 

None  can  breath,  nor  see,  nor  heare  at  will, 
Through  smouldry  cloud  of  duskish  stincking  smoke. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  13. 

smolt '  (smolt),  «.  [Prpb.  a  var.  of  smelt*.  Cf. 
smolt2.']  A  salmon  in  its  second  year,  when  it 
has  lost  its  parr-marks  and  assumed  its  silvery 
scales;  the  stage  of  salmon-growth  between 
the  parr  and  the  grilse.  The  smolt  proceeds 
at  once  to  the  sea,  and  reappears  in  fresh  water 
as  the  grilse. 

When  they  [salmon]  remove  to  the  sea,  they  assume  a 
more  brilliant  dress,  and  there  become  the  smolt,  varying 
from  four  to  six  inches  in  length.  Baird. 

smolt2 (smolt), a.  [<  ME.s»i<>lt,smylt,AS.smeolt, 
smylt,  clear,  bright,  serene.]  Smooth  and  shin- 
ing. Hal/iwcll.  [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

smooch,  r.  't.     Same  as  smutch. 

smooldert,  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  smolder. 

smoor  (sraor),  r.     See  smorel. 

smooth  (smoTH),  a.  and  «.  [<  ME.  smoothe, 
smothe,  also  smethe  (>  E.  dial,  smeeth),  <  AS. 
smothe,  in  earliest  form  smothi  (only  in  neg. 
unsmdthe,iinsmdllii), usually  with  umlaut  smethe, 
ONorth.  smothe,  usually  with  umlaut  smoethe, 
smooth,  =  MLG.  smode,  LG.  smode,  smoede,  also 
smoe,  also  MLG.  smodich,  LG.  smodig,  smooth, 
malleable,  ductile;  related  to  MD.smedigh,smi/- 
digh,  D.  smijdif/  =  MLG.  smiilich ,  LG.  smidig,  mal- 
leable, =  MHG.  gesmidic,  G.  gesckmeidig,  malle- 
able, ductile,  smooth,  =  Sw.  Dan.  umidio,  plia- 
ble ;  to  OHG.  gesmidi,  gesmida,  metal,  MHG.  <je- 
smlde,  metal,  metal  weapons  or  ornaments,  G. 
gcschmeide,  ornaments ;  and  ult.  to  E.  smith  :  see 
Smith.  The  related  forms  smooth  and  smith,  and 
the  other  forms  above  cited,  with  Icel.  smidh 
=  Sw.  smide,  smiths'  work,  etc.,  point  to  an 
ong.  strong  verb,  Goth,  "smeithan  (pret.  "smaith 
pp.  "smithans)  =  AS.  "smithun  (pret.  'smath 
pp.  "smithen),  forge  (metals) ;  cf.  Sw. dial. smida 
(pret. smed,  pp.  smideri),  smooth.  Smooth  would 
then  mean  orig.  'forged,'  'flattened  with  the 
hammer'  (cf.  Sw.  smidesjcrn  =  Dan.  smcdeii-ni 
wrought-iron');  ult.  /  mi,  work  in  metals, 
forge:  see  smith.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  a  surface 
so  uniform  that  the  eye  and  the  touch  do  not 
readily  detect  any  projections  or  irregularities 
in  it;  not  rough;  of  water,  not  ruffled,  or  not 
undulating. 


5720 

The  erthe  sal  be  than  even  and  hale. 
And  smethe  and  clere  als  crystale. 

Hampole,  Pricke  of  Conscience,  1.  6349. 
My  smooth  moist  hand,  were  it  with  thy  hand  felt, 
Would  in  thy  palm  dissolve,  or  seem  to  melt. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  143. 
While  smooth  Adonis  from  his  native  rock 
Ran  purple  to  the  sea.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  450. 

Try  the  rough  water  as  well  as  the  smunili. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  ix. 

2.  Free  from  hair :  as,  a  smooth  face. 

Behold  Esau  my  brother  is  a  hairy  man,  and  I  am  a 
smooth  man.  Gen.  xxvii.  11. 

3.  Free  from  lumps:  especially  noting  flour, 
starch,  and  the  like. 

Put  the  flour  and  salt  in  a  bowl,  and  add  a  little  at  a 
time  of  the  water  or  milk,  working  it  very  smooth  as  you 
goon. 

M.  Harland,  Common  Sense  in  the  Household,  p.  183. 

4.  Not  harsh ;  not  rugged  ;  even ;  harmonious. 
Our  speech  is  made  melodious  or  harmonicall,  not  onely 

by  strayned  tunes,  as  those  of  Musick,  but  also  by  choise 

of  smoothe  words.     Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  164. 

He  writt  not  a  smooth  verse,  but  a  great  deal  of  sense. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (Lucius  Carey). 
Siiumth  verse,  inspired  by  no  unlettered  Muse. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  vi. 

5.  Using  pleasing  or  euphonious  language. 
The  only  smooth  poet  of  those  times.  Milton. 

6.  In  fir.  gram., free  from  aspiration ;  not  rough: 
as,  a  smooth  mute ;  the  smooth  breathing. —  7. 
Bland ;  mild ;   soothing ;  insinuating ;  wheed- 
ling :  noting  persons  or  speech,  etc. 

I  have  been  politic  with  my  friend,  smooth  with  mine 
enemy.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4.  46. 

They  know  howe  smooth  soeuer  his  lookes  were,  there 
was  a  diuell  in  his  bosome. 

Delcker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  36. 
Smooth  words  he  had  to  wheedle  simple  souls. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  ii. 

8.  Free  from  anything  disagreeable  or  unpleas- 
ant. 

Prophesy  not  unto  us  right  things,  speak  unto  us  smooth 
things,  prophesy  deceits.  Isa.  xxx.  10. 

From  Rumour's  tongues 
They  bring  smooth  comforts  false. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  Ind.,  1.  40. 

9.  Unruffled ;  calm  ;  even ;  complaisant :  as, 
a  smooth  temper. 

His  grace  looks  cheerfully  and  smooth  to-day. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  4.  50. 

10.  Without  jolt,   jar,   or  shock;    even:    as, 
smooth  sailing;  smooth  driving. — 11.  Gentle; 
mild;  placid. 

As  where  smooth  Zephyrus  plays  on  the  fleet 
Face  of  the  curled  streams. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  i.  1. 

12.  Free  from  astringency,  tartness,  or  any 
stinging  or  titillating  character;   soft  to  the 
nerves  of  taste:   used  especially  of  spirit. — 

13.  In  zool.,  not  rough,  as  an  unsculptured  sur- 
face, or  one  without  visible  elevations  (as  gran- 
ules, points,  papillte,  and  nodes)  or  impres- 
sions (as  strise,  punctures,  and  fovese),  though 
it  may  be  thinly  clothed  with  hairs  or  minute 
scales.— 14.  In  bot.,  either  opposed  to  scabrous 
(that  is,  not  rough),  or  equivalent  to  glabrous 
(that  is,  not  pubescent) :  the  former  is  the  more 
correct  sense.    Gray.-  Smooth  alder.  See  alder,  i. 
-Smooth  Dlenny,  the  shanny.— Smooth  calf,  fiber 
file.    See  the  nouns.— Smooth  fulL    Same  as  rap-full'. 

—  Smooth  holly.    See  Hedycarya. — Smooth  hound  a 
kind  of  shark.  Mustclus  hinnulus,  with  the  skin  less  sh'a- 
greened  than  usual.-  Smooth  lungwort.  See  Ivniru-ort. 

—  Smooth   muscle    a  non-striated   muscle.— Smooth 
painting,  in  stained -ylasx  work,  painting  in  which  the 
color  is  brought  to  a  uniform  surface,  as  distinguished 
from  stippling  and  smeared  work.  —  Smooth  scales    in 
herpet.,  specifically,  Hat,  keelless  or  ccarinate  scales,  as 
of  a  snake,  whatever  their  other  characters.    It  is  char- 
acteristic of  many  genera  of  serpents  to  have  keeled 
scales  on  most  of  the  body,  from  which  the  smooth  scales 
of  other  ophidians  are  distinguished.  — Smooth  snake 
sole,  sumac,  tare,  wiuterberry,  etc.    See  the  nouns.' 
[Smooth  is  often  used  in  the  formation  of  Kit-explaining 
compounds,  as  «mootfi-hau-ed,  <mioo<A-leafed,  roiooU-gkin- 
ned,  smooth- swarded. ]  =  Syn.  1.  Plain,  level,  polished.— 
5.  \oluble,  fluent— 7.  Oily. 

II.  w.  1.  The  act  of  smoothing.     [Colloq.] 
In  that  instant  she  put  a  rouge-pot,  a  brandy  bottle,  and 

a  plate  of  broken  meat  into  the  bed,  gave  one  smooth  to 

her  hair,  and  dually  let  in  her  visitor. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  Ixv. 

2.  That  which  is  smooth ;  the  smooth  part  of 
anything;  a  smooth  place.     [Chiefly  colloq.] 

And  she  [Kebekah]  put  the  skins  of  the  kids  of  the 
goats  upon  his  hands,  and  upon  the  smooth  of  his  neck. 

Gen.  xxvii.  16. 

A  raft  of  this  description  will  break  the  force  of  the  sea 
and  form  a  smooth  for  the  boat. 

Qualtrough,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  125. 

3.  Specifically,  a  field  or  plat  of  grass.    [U.  S.] 
Get  some  plantain  and  dandelion  on  the  smooth  for 

greens'  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  2. 


smoother 
smooth   (smoTH),   «'.     [Also  smoothe;   <   ME. 

xmoiltllfH,     xlllllllll  II.     Xllllltliifll.     XMflllieil,    <    AS. 

smfthUtn  (=  L<i.  xmwden},  <  smethe,  smooth: 
see  smooth,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  smooth; 
make  even  on  the  surface  by  any  means:  as, 
to  smooth  a  board  with  a  plane  ;  to  smooth  cloth 
with  an  iron. 

Her  eith'r  ende  ^smoothed  is  to  have, 
And  cubital  let  make  her  longitude. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  119. 
To  smooth  the  ice,  or  add  another  hue 
Unto  the  rainbow.          Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2.  13. 
They  [nurses]  smooth  pillows,  and  make  arrowroot ;  they 
get  up  at  nights ;  they  bear  complaints  and  querulousness. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xl. 

2.  To  free  from  obstruction;  make  easy;  re- 
move, as  an  obstruction  or  difficulty. 

Hee  counts  it  not  profanenesse  to  bee  polisht  with  hu- 
mane reading,  or  to  smooth  his  way  by  Aristotle  to  Schoole- 
diuinitie. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Graue  Diuine. 
Thou,  Abelard  !  the  last  sad  office  pay, 
And  smooth  my  passage  to  the'  realms  of  day. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  322. 

3.  To  free  from  harshness;  make  flowing. 

In  their  motions  harmony  divine 
So  smoothes  her  charming  tones. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  629. 

4.  To  palliate  ;  soften. 

To  smooth  his  fault  I  should  have  been  more  mild. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3.  240. 

5.  To  calm;  mollify;  allay. 

Each  perturbation  smooth'd  with  outward  calm. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  120. 

6.  To  make  agreeable  ;  make  flattering. 

I  am  against  the  prophets,  saith  the  Lord,  that  smooth 
their  tongues.  Jer.  xxiii.  31  (margin). 

7t.  To  utter  agreeably ;  hence,  to  free  from 
blame;  exonerate.  [Poetical.] 

What  tongue  shall  smooth  thy  name? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  2.  97. 

8.  To  modify  (a  given  series  of  values)  so  as 
to  remove  irregularities. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  become  smooth. 

The  falls  were  smoothing:  down. 

The  Field,  Dec.  6,  1884.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

2t.  To  repeat  flattering  or  wheedling  words. 
Learn  to  flatter  and  smooth. 

Stubbes,  Anatomle  of  Abuses,  an.  158S. 
Because  I  cannot  flatter  and  speak  fair, 
Smile  in  men's  faceg,  smooth,  deceive,  and  cog. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3.  48. 

smooth-bore  (smoTH'bor),  a.  and  ».  I.  a. 
Smooth-bored;  not  rifled:  as,  a  smooth-bore 
gun.  Compare  choke-bore. 

Fort  Sumter,  on  its  part,  was  a  scarcely  completed  work, 
dating  back  to  the  period  of  smooth-bore  guns  of  small 
caliber.  The  Century,  XXXV.  711. 

II.  n.  A  firearm  with  a  smooth-bored  bar- 
rel: in  contradistinction  to  rifle,  or  rifled  gun. 

smooth-bored  (smpTH'bord),  a.  Having  a 
smoothbore;  not  rifled:  noting  the  barrel  of  a 
gun  or  the  gun  itself. 

smooth-browed  (smoTH'broud),  «.  Having  a 
smooth  or  unwrinkled  brow. 

smooth-chinned  (smdTH'chind),  «.  Having  a 
smooth  or  shaven  chin ;  beardless. 

Look  to  your  wives  too ; 
The  smooth-chinn'd  courtiers  are  abroad. 

Massinger,  Duke  of  Milan,  ii.  1. 

smooth-dab  (smoTH'dab),  w.     The  smear-dab. 

[Prov.  Eng.] 

smooth-dittied  (smoTH'difid),  a.  Smoothly 
or  sweetly  sung  or  played;  having  a  flowing 
melody.  [Rare.] 

With  his  soft  pipe,  and  smooth-dittied  song, 
Well  knows  to  still  the  wild  winds  when  they  roar. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  86. 
smoothe,  r.     See  smooth. 

smoothen  (smo'THn).  v.  t.  [<  smooth  +  -tnl.] 
To  make  smooth ;  smooth. 

With  edged  grooving  tools  they  cut  down  and  smoothen 
the  extuberances  left.  Momn,  Mechanical  Exercises. 

Language  that  goes  as  easy  as  a  glove 
O'er  good  and  evil  smoothens  both  to  one. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  43. 
smoother1  (smo'THer),  «.     [<  smooth  +  -«•!.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  smooths. 

Scalds,  a  word  which  denotes  "smoothers  and  polishers 
of  language. "  Bp.  Percy,  On  Ancient  Minstrels. 

2.  A  flatterer ;  a  wheedler. 

These  are  my  flatterers,  my  soothers,  my  claw-backs, 
my  smoothers,  my  parasites. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.  3.    (Davies.) 

3.  In  printing,  a  tape  used  in  a  cylinder-press 
to  hold  the  sheets  in  position  against  the  cyl- 
inder.—4.   (a)  A  wheel  used  in  glass-cutting 
to  polish  the  faces  of  the  grooves  or  cuts  already 
made  by  another  wheel :  the  smoother  is  usu- 


smoother 

ally  of  stone.     (6)  The  workman  who  operates 
such  a  smoother  for  polishing  grooves  or  ent-.. 
SmOOther-t,    »•    and    r.      An    obsolete    I'onn    ot 
smotlii'r. 

Smooth-faced  (smi'mi'tast),  n.  1.  Having  a 
smooth  surface  in  general:  as.  a  xiiiniitli-l'in-i-il 
file. —  2.  Having  a  smooth  face;  beardless. — 
3.  Having  a  mild,  bland,  or  winning  look;  hav- 
ing a  fawning,  insinuating,  or  hypocritical  ex- 
pression. 

A  twelvemonth  and  a  day 
I'll  mark  no  words  that  mootk-faetd  wooers  say. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  838. 

Smooth-faced,  drawling,  hypocritical  fellows,  who  pre- 
tend ginger  isn't  hot  in  their  months,  and  cry  down  all 
innocent  pleasures.  George  Eliot,  Janet's  Repentance,  i. 

smooth-grained (smo¥H'grand),rt.  Smooth  in 
the  grain,  as  wood  or  stone. 

Nor  box,  nor  limes,  without  their  use  are  made, 
Smooth-grained,  and  proper  for  the  turner's  trade. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  11.  630. 

smoothing-box  (smo'THing-boks),  w.     A  box- 
iron.     EIICI/V.  Diet. 
Smoothing -boxes.  Buckles,  Steels,  and  Ai 


smudge 

=  Syn.  1.  >'<m>'/  fi-.  Su/o 

cnte.    To  fnuCfer,  in  the  itricUl  l.-ath 

venting  air  fmni  <  lit.  ting  Hie  tins,-  "i  inmitli.     To 
i-  t..  iinjunl  Iff  l>>   •'"pnni.'e,  external 

<H    internal.  Ill  the  w  IIM!]. 1;  »  I  "put  to  death 

In   rninpreSHioil  of   the  windpipe.      'I'lit'-  'neas 

[t     it    i,  nit. -n    IIM  'i    t"i    partial   or  at- 
t.'inptiil  Miaiik'ling,  and  that  it  suggests  its  derivation. 

>'«." ''•'  and  itijle  arc  essentially  the  name,  except  that 

utijte  is  the  htrouK'T:  tliey  mean  tn  kill  l>>  im|M:<linK  res- 
piration. 

II.  Mmit.  1.  To  be  sufToeated.— 2.  To 
breathe  with  great  difficulty  by  reason  of 
smoke,  dust,  close  covering  or  wrapping,  or 
the  like.— 3.  Of  a  tire,  to  burn  very  slowly  for 
want  of  air:  smolder. 

The  smoky  fume  nnorthrrting  so  wa«, 
The  Abbay  it  toke,  sore  gan  it  enbras. 

Jtak  «/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  8803. 
What  fenny  trash  maintains  the  nnolli'riny  nrei 
<  if  his  desires !  Qvarla,  Emblems,  11.  14. 

4.  Figuratively,  to  perish,  grow  feeble,  or  de- 
l-line. b\  suppression  or  concealment;  be  stifled; 
be  suppressed  or  concealed. 

Which  zeal|  may  He  tmothiring  lor  a  time  till  It  meet* 
with  suitable  matter  and  a  freer  vent  and  then  it  breaks 

xmorire,     out  into  a  dreadfull  flame.      Stillingfleet,  Sermons,  II.  vl. 

smoothing-iron  (smo'THing-I"eni),w.  A  heavy    die  away,  grow  pale, '<' L.ez,  out,  +  won,  die:  smotheration(smuTH-er-a'shon),  w.   [(.smother 
iron  utensil  with  a  flat  polished  face,  used  for    see  mart1.    Cf.  morendo.]     Same  as  morendo.       +  -ation.]     1.  The  act  of  smothering,  or_  the 
smoothing  clothes,  bed-linen,  etc.:  it  is  usual-  smorzando  (smor-tzan'do).     [<  It.  smor:aniln. 
ly  heated.    Solid  smoothing-irons  are  called  flat-irons;    ppr.  of  smorzare,  extinguish,  put  out,  die  out.] 
hollow  ones,  heated  with  burning  charcoal,  a  lamp,  a  piece     Jn  music,  same  as  morendo. 
of  red-hot  iron  inserted,  or  the  like,  are  called  by  different  aTTlnft       A  „  obsolete  nreterit  of  vmite 
names.    See  box  -inn,  sad-iron,  and  goose,  n.,  3.  «*.     An  <  or  smite, 

,   ,     smote  (smot).     Preterit  of  smite. 

The  motif  Auiff-iron*  .  .  .  hung  before  the  flre.  ready  for  ":        ,__ij_vi  rmf     /  „.„„*„..„„  /:„  „    K! 

Mary  when  she- should  want  them.  Smotcrlicht,  a.     [ME    <  smoteren  (m  cornp.  In 

Mrs.  Gaikell,  Mary  Barton,  viii.     smotered,  pp.,  smutted,  dirtied)  (cf.  MD.  siiiixl- 

rren,T>.  xnwitiliri'i,,  smut, soil:  see  smut)  +  -licit,  smothenness  (smuTH'er-i-nes),  n 


MLG.  xmiiiTii,  smother,  slide,  stew,  >  (i.  xi-lniiii- 
(•/•», stew  .sweltert;  prob.<  *mnni-(=  Ml). tiHiuir), 
a  MilVocating  vapor:  see  xmii/lii  r.  ximilili  f. J  I. 
lmii.1.  To  smother:  sntToeate.  [O1<1  Eng.  and 

Snitch.] 

All  suld  be  smored  with  ntiten  dout, 
Warne  tlia  hevens  ay  nmved  nhollt. 

Itinufxlt',  I'l  irkr  nf  I  'nnsrienee,  1.  7601. 
Sobewrapjied  tliem  and  entangled  them,  kep>  n^'  itnnnt 
by  force  tile   fetlhTlird    and    pillmvis  hanle   nntn  tln;ir 
mouthes,  that  within  a  while  they  smrrrtd  an<!    -t\tlnl 
them.  Hall,  Kichard  111.,  f. :).    (HaUiwett.) 

Manie  gcntillman  <lid  with  him  byil. 
\Vlms  prais  Honld  nnt  tie  */*«./-  /. 

Itattlf  of  Ilalriime*  (Child's  llallads,  VII.  228). 
Itt  suld  nocht  be  hid,  nor  obscurit : 
It  suld  nocht  be  throung  down,  nor  tnnurit. 

Lauder,  Dewtieof  Kyngis(r..  K.  T.  S.),  1.  220. 

II.    iiitriiits.    To    smother;    be    suffoeated. 
[Scotch.] 

By  this  time  he  was  cross  the  ford, 

W  hare  In  the  snaw  the  chapman  mnoor'd. 

Burnt,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

smore2  (smor),  r.  t.  A  dialectal  form  of  *•«»<;/. 
lldlltwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


Money  Masters  All  Things  (1698),  p.  70.   gmorendo  (smo-ren'do).      [It.,  ppr.  of 
Q(smo"THiug-I"ern),  w.  A  heavy    die  away,  grow  pale, '<  L.  ex,  out.  +  «/. 


smoothing-mill  (smo'THing-mil),  n.  In  gem- 
and  glass-cutting,  a  wheel  made  of  sandstone,  on 
which  a  continuous  stream  of  water  is  allowed 
to  flow  during  the  cutting  and  beveling  of  glass, 
gems,  and  small  glass  ornaments. 

Smoothing-plane  (smo'THing-plan),  n.  Incarp., 
a  small  tine  plane  used  for  finishing.  See 
plane%,  1. 

smoothing-stone  (smo'THing-ston),  n.  A  sub- 
stitute for  a  smoothing-iron,  made  of  steatite, 
with  a  plate  and  handle  of  metal.  E.  H.  Kniijli  t. 

smoothly  (smoTH'li),  adv.     [<  ME.  smetheliche; 

<  smooth  +  -ly'2.]     In  a  smooth  manner  or  form, 
in  any  sense  of  the  word  smooth. 

smoothness  (smo^H'nes),  n.     [<  ME.  smethnes, 

<  AS.  smethnys,  <  smethe,  smooth:  see  smooth, 
a.]     The  state  or  character  of  being  smooth,  in 
any  sense. 

The  sinoothnesse  of  your  words  and  silltibles  running 
vpon  feete  of  sundrie  quantities. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesle,  p.  65. 

I  want  smoothness 

To  thank  a  man  for  pardoning  of  a  crime 
I  never  knew. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  2. 

Hee  distinguishes  not  betwixt  falre  and  double-dealing, 
and  suspects  all  smoothnesse  for  the  dresse  of  knauerie. 


state  of  being  smothered;  suffocation. —  2.  A 
sailors'  dish  of  beef  and  pork  smothered  with 
potatoes.     [New  Eng.  in  both  senses.] 
smother-fly  (smuTH'er-fli),  «.     Any  aphid. 

Tlie  people  of  this  village  were  surprised  by  a  shower  of 
aphides,  or  nnother-flies,  which  fell  in  these  parts. 

Gilbert  White,  Nat  Hist,  of  Selborne,  liii. 

The  state 


Siiffo- 


E. -fyl.]     Smutty;  dirty.  of  being  smothery. 

And  eek  for  she  was  somdel  smoterlich,  Smotheringly  (smuTH'er-ing-li),    0*. 

She  was  as  digne  as  water  in  a  dich.  catingly ;  so  as  to  suppress. 

Chaucer,  Keeve's  Tale,  1.  43.   gmother-kiln   (smuTH'er-kil),  «.     A  kiln  into 

smother  (smura'er),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  which  smoke  is  admitted  for  the  purpose  of 
smoother;  <  ME.  smother,  a  contr.  of  the  earlier  blackening  pottery  in  firing. 
sinorther,  smorthur,  a  suffocating  vapor;  with  smothery  (smuTH'er-i),  a.  [<  smother  +  -yi.] 
formative  -ther,  <  AS.  smorian,  smother,  stifle,  Tending  to  smother;  full  of  smoke,  fog,  dust, 
suffocate:  see  smorei.]  1.  That  which  smo-  or  the  like;  stifling:  as,  a  smothery  atmosphere. 
thers  or  appears  to  smother,  in  any  sense.  What,  dullard  ?  we  and  you  In  smothery  chafe, 

(a)  Smoke,  fog,  thick  dust,  foul  air,  or  the  like.  Babes,  baldheads,  stumbled  thus  far  into  Zin 

Thus  must  I  from  the  smoke  into  the  mother;  ««e  Horrid,  getting  neither  out  nor 1^ 

From  tyrant  duke  unto  a  tyrant  brother.  Browning,  Sordello,  iil. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  1.  2.  299.   smouch1  (smoch  or  smouch),  r.  and  n.    [A  v#r. 
For  hundreds  of  acres  nothing  Is  to  beseen  but  mwther     of  smutch.]     Same  as  smutch. 
and  desolation,  the  whole  circuit  round  looking  like  the 
cinders  of  a  volcano. 

Gilbert  White,  Nat.  Hist,  of  Selborne,  Til. 

A  couple  of  yachts,  with  the  tacks  of  their  mainsails 
triced  up,  were  passing  us  in  a  smother  of  foam. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Jack's  Courtship,  xx. 
(6)  Smoldering  ;  slow  combustion,  (c)  Confusion ;  excess 
with  disorder  :  as,  a  perfect  smother  of  letters  and  papers. 
2.  The  state  of  being  stifled ;  suppression. 

There  Is  nothing  makes  aman  suspect  much,  more  than  SlllOUCh-  (smouch),  n.     [<  smouch2,  t'.] 
to  know  little;  and  therefore  men  should  remedy  sus-     kiss;  a  smack;  a  buss, 
piclon  by  procuring  to  know  more,  and  not  to  keep  their        ,,ome  gmack          j  ,        for  ,  ^^A. 
suspicions  in  smother.  Bacon,  Suspicion  (ed.  1887).  Promos  and  Catsandra,  p.  47.    (HallimU.) 


(smouch),  v.     [Perhaps  a  dial.  var.  of 
To  kiss;  buss.     [Obsolete  or  prov. 
Eng.] 

What  kissing  and  bussing,  what  smouching  &  slabber- 
Ing  one  of  another !  Stubbes,  Anat.  of  Abuses,  1. 16. 
I  had  rather  than  a  bend  of  leather 
Shee  and  I  might  smouch  together. 
Heywood,  1  Edw.  IV.  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  I.  40). 

A  loud 


Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Blunt  Man. 

The  torrent's  moothne*  ere  it  dash  below.      Campbell,  smother  (srnujH'er),   r.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  Bmonch3(8mouch),«.    [Origin  obscure.]  Alow- 

amoother;  <  ME.  smothren,  smorthercn,  smor-  (.rowne(j  hat.  UtiltiireU.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
tliren,  gmcorthren,  nmorther,  suffocating  vapor: 
see  smother,  n.  In  the  sense  'daub  or  smear,' 
regarded  by  some  as  due  to  ME.  bismotered,  be- 
daubed: see  smoterlich.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  suffo- 
cate ;  stifle ;  obstruct,  more  or  less  completely, 
the  respiration  of. 

The  beholders  of  this  tragic  play,  .  .  . 


smooth-paced  (smoTH'past),  n.  Having  a 
smooth  pace  or  movement ;  of  a  regular,  easy 
flow. 

In  mtooth-pac'd  Verse,  or  hobliug  Prose. 

Prior,  Alma,  ill. 

smooth-sayer  (sm6TH'sa"er),  n.  One  who  is 
smooth-tongued.  [Rare.] 

I  should  rather,  ten  times  over,  dispense  with  the  flat- 
terers and  the  smooth-sayerx  than  the  grumblers. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  141. 

smooth-scaled  (smoTH'skald),  a.  Having  flat, 
smooth,  or  ecariuate  scales,  as  a  reptile  or  a 
fish. 

smooth-Shod  (smpTH'shod),  a.  Having  shoes 
not  specially  provided  with  cogs,  calks,  or  spikes 


Some  who  had  the  holy  nre,  being  surrounded  and  almost 
smothered  by  the  crowd  that  pressed  about  them,  were 
forced  to  brand  the  candles  in  the  faces  of  the  people  in 
their  own  defence. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  I.  27. 

The  helpless  traveller  .  .  .  emothered  in  the  dusty  whirl- 
wind dies.  Adaison,  Cato,  II.  6. 

2.  To  extinguish  or  deaden,  as  fire,  by  cover- 


(smouch),  r.  t.  [Prob.  ult.  <  AS.  stneo- 
i/iin,  creep,  etc.:  see  smock.]  To  take  unfair- 
ly; also,  to  take  unfair  advantage  of;  chouse; 
gouge.  [Colloq.,  U.  8.] 

The  rest  of  it  was  emouched  from  House's  Atlantic  pa- 
per. New  Princeton  Ren.,  V.  49. 

Smouch'1  (smouch),  «.  [<  D.  "Swans,  Xmoiisje,  a 
German  Jew,  so  called  because  many  of  them 
being  named  Moses,  they  pronounce  this  name 
Moiwi/ir,  or  according  to  the  Dutch  spelling, 
Mmmjc"  (Sewel).]  A  Jew.  [Cant.] 

I  saw  them  roast  some  poor  Swmichet  at  Lisbon  became 
they  would  not  eat  pork. 

Johnston,  chrysal,  1.  228.    (.Dana.) 


smoothsides  , 
gurnard,  Triijla  hirtinclo.     [Prov.  Eng. 


as,  to  smother  a 


I'lll'll'M    j      K1  l"'"^1    t      *.•!!  *tjf    J      01 

,  fig-  smouider,  smoulderingness,  etc.    See  smolder, 


ing. 

smooth-tongued  (smoTH '  tungd),  a.  Lsmg 
smooth  words ;  smooth-spoken ;  plausible. 

Your  dancing-masters  and  barbers  are  such  finical, 
smooth-tonaiifd,  tattling  fellows;  and  if  you  set  'em  once 
a-talking  they'll  ne'er  a-done,  no  more  than  when  you  set 
'em  a-nddling. 

Wycherley,  (Jentleman  Dancing-Master,  iii.  1. 

Smooth-Winged  (smoTH'wingd),  n.  In  oniilh.. 
not  rough-winged:  specifically  noting  swallows 
which  have  not  the  peculiar  serration  of  the 
outer  primary  of  such  genera  as  PsaNdoproeue 
and  Stelgidopteryx. 

smore1  (smor).  r.  [Also  smitor;  <ME.  *»""•«». 
<  AS.  smoritni.  smother,  stifle,  suffocate  (=  MD. 


hide:  as,  the  committee's  report  was  smothered. 

Sextus  Tarquinius,  .  .     smothering  his  passions  for  the  . 

present,  departed  with  the  rest  back  to  the  camp.  SmOUt  (smout),  I .  I. 

Shak. ,  Lucrece,  Arg.      *"- —    ""•>»°'«""i    < 

I  am  afraid,  Son,  there's  something  Ijlon't  see  yet, 
something  that 


Sinouse  (smous),  w.    Same  as  i 

ha!     Admirable!  admirable!    I  honour  the 
C.  MacHin,  Man  of  the  World,  ii.  1. 

, „  -  -  [Origin  obscure.]  To  per- 
form occasional  work,  when  out  of  constant 
employment.  JJiillhrrll. 

under  aU  this  Raillery.  smout  (smout),  H.     [<  smout,  r.]     A  compositor 

Steele,  Conscious  Lovers,  i.  2.     wjjO   has   occasional    employment   in   various 
4.  In  cookery,  to  cook  in  a  close  dish :  as,  beef-    printing-offices.     [Printers' slang,  Eng.] 
steak  ttmolh'ei-ed  with  onions.  — 5.  To  daub  or  smuckle  (smuk'l),  r.  >.    An  obsolete  or  dialec- 
smear.     Hulliieell.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  Smothered     tal  form  of  MH »</<;'<  '• 

mate     See  motes.  -  TO  smother  up,  to  wrap  up  so  as  to  gmucklert,  ».    An  obsolete  variant  of  smuggler. 
produce  the  appearance  or  sensation  of  being  smothered.      t,y|/Y,f 

Tne  8U1?'  smudee1   (smui),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smudged, 

K^rnu  "-utT  SEJSSft. ,  223.  ^?5S4S*     [EarlyPmod.  E.  £  svoodoe; 


smudge 

<  ME.  xmoi/i'ii,  soil;  a  var.  of  smutch.]  I.  To 
smear  or  stain  with  dirt  or  filth;  blacken  with 
smoke.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Presuming  no  more  wound  belongs  vnto  't 
Than  only  to  be  miudg'd  and  grim  '1  with  soot. 
Heywood,  Dialogues  (Works,  ed.  1'earson,  1874,  \  I.  167). 

2f.  To  smoke  or  cure,  as  herring. 

In  the  craft  of  catching  or  taking  it,  and  smudging  it 
(the  herring]  (marchant-  and  chapman-able  as  it  should 
be),  it  sets  a-worke  thousands. 

Xashe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Hart.  Misc.,  V  I.  159). 

smudge1  (fmuj),  «.  [Also  smutch:  see  smudgr1. 
«•.]  1.  A  spot;  stain;  smear. 

Every  one,  however,  feels  the  magic  of  the  shapely 
strokes  and  vague  smudges,  which  .  .  .  reveal  not  only 
an  object,  but  an  artist's  conception  of  it. 

Art  Jour.,  March,  1888,  p.  67. 

Sometimes  a  page  bearing  a  special  smudge,  or  one  show- 
ing an  unusual  amount  of  interlineation,  seemed  to  re- 
quire particular  treatment.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXX.  448. 

2.  The  scrapings  and  cleanings  of  paint-pots, 
collected  and  used  to  cover  the  outer  sides  of 
roof-boards  as  a  bed  for  roofing-canvas.  Car- 
Builder's  Diet.  [Eng.] 

smudge2  (smuj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smudged, 
ppr.  smudging.  [Appar.  another  use  of  smudge'-, 
confused  with  smother.']  1.  To  stifle ;  smother. 
[Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  To  make  a  smudge  in;  fumi- 
gate with  a  smudge :  as,  to  smudge  a  tent  so  as 
to  drive  away  insects.  [U.  S.] 

smudge2  (smuj),  ».  [See  smudge"*,  r.]  1.  A 
suffocating  smoke. 

I  will  sacrifice  the  first  stanza  on  your  critical  altar, 
and  let  it  consume  either  in  flame  or  smudge  as  It  choose. 
W.  Mason.  To  Gray.    (Correspondence  of  Gray  and 
[Mason,  cxv.) 

2.  A  heap  of  combustibles  partially  ignited 
and  emitting  a  dense  smoke;  especially,  such 
a  fire  made  in  or  near  a  house,  tent,  or  the  like, 
so  as  to  raise  a  dense  smoke  to  repel  insects. 

I  have  had  a  smudge  made  in  a  chafing-dish  at  my  bed- 
side. Mrs.  Clavers  [Mrs.  C.  M.  Kirkland],  Forest  Life. 

smudger  (smuj'er),  «.  One  who  or  that  which 
smudges,  in  any  sense.  [Rare.] 

And  the  man  called  the  name  of  his  wife  Charah  (mudg- 
er\  for  she  was  the  stainer  of  life. 

S.  Pratt,  quoted  in  The  Academy,  Oct.  27, 1888,  p.  269. 

smudgy1  (smuj'i),  a.  [<  smudge1  +  -y1.]  Stained 
or  blackened  with  smudge ;  smeared :  as,  a 
smudgy  shop. 

I  do  not  suppose  that  the  book  is  at  all  rare,  or  in  any 
way  remarkable,  save,  perhaps,  for  its  wretched  woodcuts 
and  its  villainously  smudgy  letterpress. 

X.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  X.  91. 

smudgy2  (smuj'i),  a.  [<  smudge2  +  -y1.]  1. 
Making  a  smudge  or  dense  smoke:  as, a  smudgy 
fire. 

For  them  [the  artists  of  Magna  Gracia]  the  most  per- 
fect lamp  was  the  one  that  was  the  most  ornamental.    If 
more  light  was  needed,  other  smudgy  lamps  were  added. 
Pop.  Sd.  Mo.,  XIII.  267. 

2.  Stifling;  close.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Hot  or  close,  e.  g.  the  fire  is  so  large  that  it  makes  the 
room  feel  quite  hot  and  smudgy.  The  same  perhaps  as 
smothery.  Hallitcell. 

smug1  (smug),  a.  and  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
smoog;  for*smuck,  <MLG.  LG.s>»i«  =  NFries. 
smok  =  G.  schmuck  =  Dan.  smuk  =  Sw.  dial. 
muck,  smock  (G.  and  Scand.  forms  recent  and 
prob.  <  LG.,  but  appar.  ult.  of  MHG.  origin), 
neat,  trim,  spruce,  elegant,  fair;  from  the 
noun,  MHG.  gesmuc,  G.  schmuck,  ornament,  < 
MHG.  smucken,  G.  schmucken  =  MLG.  smucken, 
ornament,  adorn,  orig.  dress,  a  secondary  form 
of  MHG.  smiegen  =  AS.  smedgan,  creep  into, 
hence  put  on  (a  garment) :  see  smock,  n.]  I.  «. 

1.  Smooth;  sleek;  neat;  trim;  spruce;  fine; 
also,  affectedly  proper;  unctuous;  especially, 
affectedly  nice  in  dress ;   satisfied  with  one's 
own  appearance;  hence,  self-satisfied  in  any 
respect. 

A  beggar,  that  was  used  to  come  so  smug  upon  the 
mart.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1.  49. 

Oh,  that  imug  old  Woman !  there 's  no  enduring  her  Af- 
fectation of  Youth.  Steele,  Grief  A-la-JIode,  iii.  1. 
Smug  Sydney,  too,  thy  bitter  page  shall  seek 

Byron,  Eng.  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 
Stinking  and  savoury,  smug  and  gruff. 

Browning,  Holy-Cross  Day. 

2.  Affectedly  or  conceitedly  smart. 
That  trim  and  smug  saying. 

Annotations  on  Glanville  (1682),  p.  184.    (Latham.) 

II.  «.  One  who  is  affectedly  proper  and  nice ; 
a  self-satisfied  person.  [Slang.] 

Students  .  .  .  who,  almost  continually  at  study,  allow 
themselves  no  time  for  relaxation,  .  .  .  are  absent-minded 
and  seem  often  offended  at  the  trivialities  of  a  joke 
They  become  labelled  smugs,  and  are  avoided  by  their 
class-mates.  The  Lancet,  1889  II.  471 


5722 

smug1  (smug),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smugged,  ppr. 
*/// m/i/itu/.  [(  .s'w,'/  ,  a.]  To  make  smug  or 
spruce :  often  with  up. 

Smuq  up  your  beetle-brows,  none  look  grimly. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Uypsy,  iv.  1. 

No  sooner  doth  a  young  man  see  his  sweetheart  coming 

but  he  smugs  himself  up.      Burton,  Anat  of  Mel.,  p.  518. 

smug2  (smug).  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  smugged,  ppr. 

smiu/ging.    [Prob.  abbr.  of  smuggle,  or  from  the 

same  source.]    1.  To  confiscate  summarily,  as 

boys  used  to  confiscate  tops,  marbles,  etc.,  when 

the  game  was  played  out  of  season.  [Prov.  Eng.  ] 

I  shouldn't  mindhis  licking  me ;  I'dsmug  his  money  and 

get  his  halfpence  or  somethink. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  568. 

2.  To  hush  up.     [Slang.] 

She  wanted  a  guarantee  that  the  case  should  be  smugged, 
or,  in  other  words,  compromised. 

Morning  Chronicle,  Oct.  3, 1857.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

smugst  (smug),  n.  [Perhaps  so  called  as  being 
blackened  with  soot  or  smoke  (see  smudge1),  or 
else  as  being  "a  neat,  handy  fellow"  (Halli- 
well).]  A  smith. 

A  smug  of  Vulcan's  forging  trade, 

Besmoaked  with  sea-cole  fire. 

Rowland,  Knave  of  Clubs  (1611)i    (Halliwell.) 

I  must  now 

A  golden  handle  make  for  my  wife's  fann. 
Worke,  my  fine  Smugges.    Dekker,  Londons  Tempe. 

smug-boat  (smug'bot),  ».  A  contraband  boat 
on  the  coast  of  China;  an  opium-boat. 

smug-faced  (smug'fast),  a.  Having  a  smug  or 
precise  face ;  prim-faced. 

I  once  procured  for  a  smug-faced  client  of  mine  a  good 
douse  o'  the  chops,  which  put  a  couple  of  hundred  pounds 
into  his  pocket  J-  Baillie. 

smuggle1  (smug'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smuggled, 
ppr.  smuggling.  [Also  formerly  or  dial,  smuckle 
(<  D.);  =  G.  schmuygeln  =  Sw.  snmggla  =  Dan. 
smugle,  <  LG.  smuggeln  =  D.  smokkelcn,  smug- 
gle (cf.  D.  smuigen,  eat  secretly,  ter  smuig, 
secretly,  in  hugger-mugger,  Dan.  ismug,  adv., 
secretly,  privately,  smughandel,  contraband 
trade,  smoge,  a  narrow  (secret)  passage,  Sw. 
smyg,  a  lurking-hole,  Icel.smuga,  a  hole  to  creep 
through,  smugall,  penetrating,  smugligr,  pene- 
trating) :  all  from  a  strong  verb  found  in  Icel. 
smjuga  (pret.  smo,  mod.  smaug,  pi.  smugu,  pp. 
smoginn),  creep,  creep  through  a  hole,  put  on  a 
garment,  =  Norw.  smjuga,  creep  (cf.  Sw.  smy- 
ga,  sneak,  smuggle),  =  AS.  smedgan,  smugan, 
creep,  =  MHG.  smiegen,  G.  schmiegen,  cling  to, 
bend,  ply,  get  into :  see  smock,  smug1.]  I.  tram. 

1.  To  import  or  export  secretly,  and  contrary 
to  law ;  import  or  export  secretly  without  pay- 
ing the  duties  imposed  by  law ;  also,  to  intro- 
duce into  trade  or  consumption  in  violation 
of  excise  laws;  in  Scotland,  to  manufacture 
(spirits,  malt,  etc.)  illicitly. 

Where,  tippling  punch,  grave  Cato's  self  you'll  see, 
And  Amor  Patrise  vending  smuggled  tea.  Crabbe. 

2.  To  convey,  introduce,  or  handle  clandestine- 
ly :  as,  to  smuggle  something  out  of  the  way. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  secret  illegal  expor- 
tation or  importation  of  goods ;  export  or  im- 
port goods  without  payment  of  duties;  also,  to 
violate  excise  laws.  See  I.,  1,  and  sin  uggling. 

Now  there  are  plainly  but  two  ways  of  checking  this 
practice  — either  the  temptation  to  smuggle  must  be  di- 
minished by  lowering  the  duties,  or  the  difficulties  in  the 
way  of  smuggling  must  be  increased.  Cyc.  of  Commerce. 

smuggle2  (smug'l),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smug- 
gled, ppr.  smuggling.  [Appar.  another  use  of 
smuggle1.]  To  cuddle  or  fondle. 

Oh,  the  little  lips !  and  'tis  the  best-natured  little  dear. 
[Smuggles  and  kisses  it] 

Farquhar,  Love  and  a  Bottle,  i.  1. 

smuggler  (smug'ler),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  smug- 
ler;  also  smuckler;  =  G.  schmuggler  =  Dan.  smiig- 
ler  =  Sw.  smugglare  (cf.  F.  smuggler,  <  E.),  <  LG. 
smuggeler  =  D.  smokkelaar;  as  smuggle1  +  -erl.] 
1.  One  who  smuggles ;  one  who  imports  or  ex- 
ports secretly  and  contrary  to  law  either  con- 
traband goods  or  dutiable  goods  without  pay- 
ing the  customs;  also,  in  Scotland,  an  illicit 
distiller. — 2.  A  vessel  employed  in  smuggling 
goods. 

smuggling  (smug'ling),  n.  The  offense  of  car- 
rying, or  causing  to  be  carried,  across  the  boun- 
dary of  a  nation  or  district,  goods  which  are 
dutiable,  without  either  paying  the  duties  or 
allowing  the  goods  to  be  subjected  to  the  reve- 
nue laws ;  or  the  like  carrying  of  goods  the  tran- 
sit of  which  is  prohibited.  In  a  more  general  sense 
it  is  applied  to  the  violation  of  legal  restrictions  on  tran- 
sit, whether  by  revenue  laws  or  blockades,  and  the  viola- 
tion of  excise  laws,  by  introducing  into  trade  or  consump- 
tion prohibited  articles,  or  articles  evading  taxation.  In 
either  use  it  implies  clandestine  evasion  of  law. 


smut-ball 
smugly   (smug'li),  adv.     In  a  smug  manner; 

neatly;  sprucely. 

A  Sunday  face, 
Too  smugly  proper  for  a  world  of  sin. 

Lmmll,  Fitz  Adam  s  Story. 

smugness  (smug'nes),  «.  The  state  or  charac- 
ter of  being  smug;  neatness;  spruceness;  self- 
satisfaction;  conceited  smartness. 

She  looks  like  an  old  Coach  new  painted,  affecting  an 

unseemly  Smugness  whilst  she  is  ready  to  drop  in  pieces. 

Wycherley,  Plain  Dealer,  ii.  1. 

smuly  (smu'li),  a.  [Perhaps  for  *smooty,  a 
contracted  form  of  "smootli/i/,  adj.]  Looking 
smoothly  demure.  Halliuell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

smur  (smur),  n.  [Also smurr;  prob.  a  contr.  of 
smother;  or  <  smoor,  smore,  stifle:  see  swore1.] 
Fine  rain.  [Scotch.] 

Our  hopes  for  fine  weather  were  for  the  moment  dashed ; 
a  smurr  came  over,  and  the  thin  veil  of  the  shower  toned 
down  the  colors  of  the  red  houses. 

W.  Black,  House-boat,  vi. 

smur  (smur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smurred,  ppr. 

smiirring.     [Also  smurr;  <  smur,  n.]     To  rain 

slightly;  drizzle.    Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 
smurcnt,  ''.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  smirch. 
smurry  (smur'i),  a.     [<  smur  +  -y1.]     Having 

smur;  characterized  by  smur.     [Scotch.] 
The  cold  hues  of  green  through  which  we  had  been  sail 

ing  on  this  smurry  afternoon.       W.  Black,  House-boat,  x. 

smut  (smut),  n.  [Prob.  a  var.  of  smifl,  <  AS. 
smitta,  a  spot,  stain,  smut,  =  D.  smet,  a  blot, 
stain.  The  variation  is  appar.  due  to  the  in- 
fluence of  the  related  words,  ME.  Usmotered, 
smeared,  etc.,  and  to  the  words  cited  under 
smutch,  smudge1:  see  smudge*.]  1.  A  spot 
made  with  soot,  coal,  or  the  like ;  also,  the  foul- 
ing matter  itself. 

With  white  apron  and  cap  she  ventured  into  the  draw- 
ing-room, and  was  straightway  saluted  by  a  joyous  dance 
of  those  monads  called  vulgarly  smuts. 

Bulwer,  Caxtons,  xiv.  2. 

2.  Obscene  or  filthy  language. 

He  does  not  stand  upon  decency  in  conversation,  but 
will  talk  smut,  though  a  priest  and  his  mother  be  In  the 
room.  Addison,  The  Lover,  No.  89. 

3.  A  fungous  disease  of  plants,  affecting  espe- 
cially the  cereal  plants,  to  many  of  which  it  is 
exceedingly  destructive,    it  is  caused  by  fungi  of 
the  family  Uetilagineee.    There  are  in  the  United  States 
two  well-defined  kinds  of  smut  in  cereals :  (a)  the  black 
smut,  produced  by  Ustilago  segetum,  in  which  the  head  is 
mostly  changed  to  a  black  dust;  (6)  the  stinking  smut 
(called  bunt  in  England),  which  shows  only  when  the 
kernel  is  broken  open,  the  usual  contents  being  found  to 
be  replaced  by  a  black  unctuous  powder.    The  stinking 
smut  is  caused  by  two  species  of  fungus,  which  differ  only 
in  microscopic  characters  —  TiUetia  tritici,  with  rough 
spores,  and  T.  fastens,  with  smooth  snores.    It  is  the  most 
destructive  disease  of  wheat  known,  not  infrequently  caus- 
ing the  loss  of  half  of  the  crop  or  more.    It  occurs  to  some 
extent  throughout  all  the  wheat-growing  regions,  but  is 
especially  common  in  Indiana,  Iowa,  and  adjacent  States, 
as  well  as  in  California  and  Europe.    The  disease  does  not 
spread  from  plant  to  plant  or  from  field  to  field,  but  the 
infection  takes  place  at  the  time  the  seed  sprouts.    No 
remedy  can  be  applied  after  the  grain  is  sown,  but  the 
disease  can  be  prevented  by  sowing  clean  seed  in  clean  soil 
and  covering  well.    Smutty  seed  can  be  purified  by  wet- 
ting thoroughly  with  a  solution  of  blue  vitriol,  using  one 
pound  or  more  to  a  gallon  of  water.    Black  smut  may  be 
similarly  treated.     U.  Maydis  is  the  smut  of  Indian  corn  ; 
U.  destmens,  of  Setaria  glauca;  U.  urseolum,  of  many  spe- 
cies of  Carex,  etc.    See  Ustilago,  TiUetia,  maize  smut,  bunt*, 
bunt-ear,  burnt-ear,  brand,  6. 

4.  Earthy,  worthless  coal,  such  as  is  often  found 
at  the  outcrop  of  a  seam.   In  Pennsylvania  also 
called  black-dirt,  blossom,  and  crop. 

Smut  (smut),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  smutted,  ppr. 
smutting.  [<  smut,  n.]  I.  traits.  1.  To  stain 
or  mark  with  smut;  blacken  with  coal,  soot,  or 
other  dirty  substance. 

Tis  the  opinion  of  these  poor  People  that,  if  they  can 
but  have  the  happiness  to  be  bur(ed  in  a  shroud  smutted 
with  this  Celestial  Fire,  it  will  certainly  secure  them  from 
the  Flames  of  Hell.  Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  97. 

2.  To  affect  with  the  disease  called  smut; 
mildew. 

Mildew  falleth  upon  corn,  and  smutttth  it.  Bacon. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  tarnish;  defile;  make  im- 
pure; blacken. 

He  is  far  from  being  smutted  with  the  soil  of  atheism. 

Dr.  a.  More. 

4.  To  make  obscene. 

Here  one  gay  shew  and  costly  habit  tries,  .  .  . 
Another  smuts  his  scene. 

Steele,  Conscious  Lovers,  Prol. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  gather  smut;  be  converted 
into  smut. 
White  red-eared  wheat  .  .  .  seldom  smuts. 

Mortimer,  Husbandry. 
2.  To  give  off  smut;  crock, 
smut-ball  (smut'bal),  n.     1.  A  fungus  of  the 
genus  TiUetia. —  2.  A  fungus  of  the  genus  Lyco~ 
perdon;  a  puffball. 


smutch 

smutch  (smueh),  r.  t.  [Also  Aial.xnioiirli,  smooch 
(also  smudge,  q.v.);  <  Sw.  xmiitiai  =  Dan. siumlm- 
=  G.  schmnt'i  a.  soil,  sully,  =  J-).  xuiiitxi'ii,  soil, 
revile,  insult,  =  MH<i.  xninr.ru,  x<-liiiint;eii,  snil ; 
cf.  Sw.  «>»«/,«  =  Dan.  smui/n  =  MIUJ.  «HIII~,  <i. 
xcliHtitts,  dirt,  filth;  connected  with  s>iiifi,niniti; 
smut.]  To  blacken  with  smoke,  soot,  or  the 
like;  smudge. 

What,  hast  tmvtch'd  thy  nose?       Shot.,  W.  T.,  i.  2.  1 21. 
Have  you  mark'd  l»ut  the  fall  of  the  snow, 
Before  the  soil  hath  nnvtch'd  it? 

/.'.  Jonmm,  Devil  ia  an  Ass,  ii.  2. 

smutch  (srauch),  «.  [Also  dial,  smouch,  smooch 
(also  smudge,  q.  y.):  see  smutch,  ».]  A  black 
spot;  a  black  stain;  a  smudge. 

That  my  mantle  take  no  fnnutch 
From  thy  coarser  garments  touch. 

Fletcher,  Poems,  p.  101.    (HattimU.) 
A  broad  gray  smouch  on  each  side. 

W.  H.  Doll,  in  .Scammon's  Marine  Mammals,  p.  298. 

smutchint  (smuch'in),  n.  [Prob.  a  var.  of 
"smitfhin  (found  also  as  smidgen),  <  switch1, 
dust,  etc.:  see  smitcli ! ,  xiiiiili/cn.]  Snuff. 

The  Spanish  and  Irish  take  it  most  in  Powder,  or  Smutch- 
in,  and  it  mightily  refreshes  the  Brain,  and  I  believe  there 
is  as  much  taken  this  way  in  Ireland  as  there  Is  in 
Pipes  in  England.  Howett,  Letters,  iii.  7. 

smutchy  (smuch'i), «.  [<  smutch  +  -y1.]  Mark- 
ed, or  appearing  as  if  marked,  with  a  smutch  or 
smutches. 

The  illustrations  .  .  .  have  that  heavy  and  sinutehy  ef- 
fect in  the  closely  shaded  parts  which  is  a  constant  de- 
fect in  mechanical  engraving.  The  Nation,  Dec.  20,  1883. 

smut-fungUS  (smut'fung'gus),  n.  Seefun</iix, 
smut-ball,  and  smut,  3, 

sniuth  (smnth),  n.  [Cf.  smut.']  A  miners'  name 
for  waste,  poor,  or  small  coal.  See  smut,  4. 

smut-machine  (smufma-shen*'),  n.  A  smut- 
mill. 

smut-mill  (smut'mil),  n.  In  milling,  a  machine 
for  removing  smut  from  wheat.  It  consisted  ori- 
ginally of  a  cylindrical  screen  in  which  was  a  revolving 
brush  that  swept  off  the  smut  and  forced  it  through  the 
screen.  Improved  forms  now  consist  of  shaking  tables 
and  screens,  revolving  screens,  perforated  cylinders,  and 
the  like,  combined  with  an  air-blast ;  and  machines  of  this 
type,  besides  removing  the  smut,  point  and  clean  the 
grain.  Compare  separator,  2  (a). 

Smutsia  (smut'si-a),  n.  [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray): 
named  from  Smuts',  a  Dutch  naturalist.]  A 
genus  of  pangolins  or  scaly  ant-eaters,  of  the 
family  Maiiididse,  containing  the  East  African 
S.  temmincM,  about  three  feet  long,  with  com- 
paratively short  broad  obtuse  tail,  short  broad 
scales,  and  feet  scaly  to  the  toes. 

smuttied  (smut'id),  a.  [<  smutty  +  -erf2.]  In 
bot.,  made  smutty;  covered  with  or  bearing 
smut. 

smuttily  (smut'i-li),  adr.  In  a  smutty  manner, 
(a)  Blackly ;  smokily ;  foully.  (b)  With  obscene  language. 

smuttiness  (smut'i-nes),  n.  The  state  or  prop- 
erty of  being  smutty,  (a)  The  state  or  property  of 
being  soiled  or  smutted ;  dirt  from  smoke,  soot,  coal,  or 
smut.  (b)  Obsceneness  of  language. 

smutty  (smut'i),  a.  [<  smut  +  -«i.  Cf.  D. 
smoddig,  smodsig  =  G.  »ckm*teig  =  Sw.  smuteig 
=  Dan.  smiidsig,  smutty.]  1.  Soiled  with  smut, 
coal,  soot,  or  the  like. 

I  pray  leave  the  smutty  Air  of  London,  and  come  hither 
to  breathe  sweeter.  HoweU,  Letters,  I.  iv.  5. 

The  "Still,"  or  Distillery,  was  a  smutty,  clouted,  suspi- 
cious-looking building,  down  in  a  hollow  by  Mill  Brook. 
/S.  Jiull,  Margaret,  i.  15. 

2.  Affected  with  smut  or  mildew. 

Smutty  corn  will  sell  dearer  at  one  time  than  the  clean 
at  another.  £«*«• 

3.  Obscene;  immodest;  impure:  as,  smutty  lan- 
guage. 

Let  the  grave  sneer,  sarcastic  speak  thee  shrewd, 
The  smutty  Joke  ridiculously  lewd.  Smollett,  Advice. 
Smutty  coot,  the  black  scoter,  (Edemia  americana.  See 
cut  under  (Edemia.  [Salem,  Massachusetts.] 
smutty-nosed  (smut'i-nozd),  a.  In  ornith., 
having  black  or  blackish  nostrils.  The  term  is  ap- 
plied specifically  to  (a)  the  black-tailed  shearwater,  Pvffi- 
ntu  cinereus  or  Priofinwi  melanurus,  whieh  has  black  nasal 
tubes  on  a  yellow  bill ;  and  (b)  a  dark-colored  variety  of 
the  Canada  jay  found  in  Alaska,  Perimreus  canadenris 
fumifroits,  having  brownish  nasal  plumules. 

Smyrniot,  Smyrniote  (smer'ni-ot,  -6t), ».  and 

a.  [<  NGr.  2/tvpviuTr/f,  <  Gr.  Zuitpva,  'Luvpvn,  L. 
Smyrna,  Smyrna  (see  def.).]  I.  n.  A  native  or 
an  inhabitant  of  Smyrna,  a  city  in  Asia  Minor. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Smyrna. 
Smyrnium  (smer'ni-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  smyr- 
nioii,  zmijrnium,  <  Gr.  auvpviov,  a  plant  having 
seeds  smelling  like  myrrh,  <  afii'pva,  Ionic  auvprr/, 
var.  of  fivppa,  myrrh.]  A  genus  of  umbellifer- 
ous plants  of  the  tribe  Ammineie,  type  of  the 
subtribe  SiHi/riiitie.  It  is  characterized  by  polyga- 
mous flowers,  seldom  with  any  bracts  or  bractlets,  and  by 


6723 

fruit  with  :i  two- cleft  i  arjiophorc,  niimcroii»  oil-tubes,  In- 
conspicuous or  slightly  prominent  ridges  without  n.ik\ 
thickening,  and  ovoiil  or  roumhsli  M  r.ls  with  the-  face 
deeply  and  broadly  excavated.  'I  he  i;  or  ;  loriix 
fies  are  all  DOW Indnded  in  "lie,  .v.  liluxiilrina.  a  native 
of  Kill-ope,  northern  Africa,  and  western  Asia,  extending 

along  the  shores  northward  to  the  English  fha -1      II 

Is  a  smooth  erect  biennial,  with  dissected  radii-al  leaves, 
commonly  sessile  broad  and  undivided  or  three  parted 
stem-leaves,  ami  yellow  flowers  liornc  in  iniiiij  rayeil  com- 
ponnd  umbels.  See  alexunden,  horse -parsley,  and  hlnck 
pat-herb  (under  pot-herb). 
smytet,  r.  An  obsolete  spelling  (if  HIH<I< . 

smyterie,  smytrie  (smit'ri), «.  [Sc.,  more  prop. 

*mttery,<m»MB,  smi/te,  a  bit,  part  ii-li- :  >f- .-unit-. 

smitch1,]  A  numerous  collection  of  small  in- 
dividuals. 

A  anytrif  o'  wee  duddle  weans.    Burnt,  The  Twa  Dogs, 
smytht,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  smith. 
Sn.  In  ehem.,  the  symbol  fortin  (Latin  xtannum). 
snabble(snab'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sutibbled,  ppr. 

MobbHng.    [Var.  of  "snapplc,  freq.  of  xiiii)i.  \  I. 

trans.  Torino;  plunder;  kill.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 

Eng.] 
II.   Intrans.   1.  To  eat  greedily.     Haiti  in-ll. 

[Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  To  shovel  with  the  bill,  as 

a  water-fowl  seeking  for  food. 

You  see,  sir,  I  was  a  cruising  down  the  flats  aliout  sun- 
up, the  tide  list  at  the  nip,  as  it  Is  now ;  I  see  a  whole  pile 
of  shoveler  ducks  gnabbling  in  the  mud,  and  busy  as  dog- 
fish In  herring-time.  Fisheries  of  U.  S.,  V.  II.  612. 

snabby  (snab'i),  n. ;  pi.  snabbies  (-iz).  [Perhaps 
ult.  connected  with  MD.  snnbbe,  snebbe,  bill, 
beak:  see  snaffle  and  neb.]  The  chaffinch, 
l-'rini/illa  cwlebs.  [Scotch.] 

snack  (snak),  r.  [<  ME.  snakken  (also  assibi- 
lated  snaechen,  snecchea,  >  E.  snatch),  snatch,  = 
MD.  snacken,  snatch,  snap,  also  as  D.  snakki-n, 
gasp,  sob,  desire,  long  for;  prob.  the  same  as 
MD.  snacken,  chatter,  cackle,  bark,  MLG.  LG. 
snacken  =  G.  dial,  schnakkcn,  chatter;  prob.  ult., 
like  snap,  imitative  of  quick  motion.  Hence 
snatch.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  snatch.  Halliirell. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  To  bite.  Lei-ins. 
— 3.  To  go  snacks  in;  share. 

He  and  his  comrades  coming  to  an  inn  to  snack  their 
booty. 
Smith,  Lives  of  Highwaymen  (1719),  i.  85.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

II.  intrans.  To  go  snacks  or  shares ;  share. 

Who  is  that  that  is  to  be  bubbled?  Faith,  let  me  sitack; 
I  han't  met  with  a  bubble  since  Christmas. 

Wycherley,  Country  Wife,  ill  2. 

snack  (snak),  H.  [<  snack,  r.  Cf.  snatch.]  1. 
A  snatch  or  snap,  as  of  a  dog's  jaws. — 2.  A 
bite,  as  of  a  dog.  Levins. —  3.  A  portion  of 
food  that  can  be  eaten  hastily;  a  slight,  hasty 
repast;  a  bite;  a  luncheon. 

And  so,  as  the  cloth  is  laid  in  the  little  parlour  above 
stairs,  and  it  is  past  three  o'clock,  for  I  have  been  waiting 
this  hour  for  you,  and  I  have  had  a  snack  myself. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xxxviii. 

4.  A  portion  or  share  of  food  or  of  other  things : 
used  especially  in  the  phrase  to  go  snacks — that 
is,  to  share ;  divide  and  distribute  in  shares. 

If  the  master  gets  the  better  on 't,  they  come  in  for  their 
snack.  Sir  K.  L'Estrange. 

And  last  he  whispers,  "Do ;  and  we  go  snack*." 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires.  1.  06. 

snackett  (suak'et),  w.     Same  as  snecket. 

snacot  (snak'ot),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  syn- 
gnathid,  pipe-fish,  or  sea-needle,  as  Syngnathm 
acus  or  S.  peckianus.  See  cuts  under  pipe-Jish. 

snaffle  (snaf'l),  .«.  [Appar.  <  D.  snarel,  MD. 
snabel,  snavel,  the  nose  or  snout  of  a  beast  or  a 
fish  (OFries. snavel,  mouth) ;  dim.of  MD. snabbe, 
snebbe,  MLG.  snabbe,  the  bill  or  neb  of  a  bird: 
see  neb.~\  A  bridle  consisting  of  a  slender  bit- 
mouth  with  a  single  rein  and  without  a  curb ; 
a  snaffle-bit. 

Your  Monkish  prohibitions,  and  expurgatorious  indexes, 
your  gags  and  snaffles.  Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Bemonst. 

snaffle  (snaf'l),  «. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snaffled,  ppr. 

snaffling.    [<  snaffle,  n.~\    I.  trans.  1.  To  bridle; 

hold  or  manage  with  a  bridle. 

For  hitherto  slie  writers  wilie  wits. 

Which  haue  engrossed  princes  chiefe  affaires, 

Haue  been  like  horses  snaJKed  with  the  bits 

Of  fancie,  feare,  or  doubts.      Mir.  far  Mays.,  p.  39.1. 

2.  To  clutch  or  seize  by  the  snaffle — Snaffling 
lay,  the  "lay  "  or  special  occupation  of  a  thief  who  stops 
horsemen  by  clutching  the  horse's  snaffle. 

I  thought  by  your  look  you  had  been  a  clever  fellow, 
and  upon  the  snaffling  lay  at  least ;  bat  ...  I  find  vou 
are  some  sneaking  budge  rascal.  Fuldimj,  Amelia,  L  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  speak 
through  the  nose.  Halli- 
well. [Prov.  Eng.] 
snaffle-bit  (snaf'1-bit),  n. 
A  plain  slender  jointed 
bit  for  a  horse. 


snaggle-toothed 

In  liir  riKlit  hand  (which  lo  and  fro  did  .shake) 

She  liare  a  *l*  nil  rue,  V,  ilh   ln:ill>    II  k  nut  lie  M  > 

And  In  liir  left  a  Kiiajltr  Hit  or  n 

i  »  ilh  UM]<|,    :  muling  ring. 

(iatcoiyne,  I'hiloniem  (Mule  tilim,  etc.,  id.  Arbur\  p.  90. 

Snag1  (snag),  «.  [Prol).  <  Xnrw.  miuij,  mini/i . 
projecting  point,  a  point  of  land,  =  Icel.  xmiiii. 
a  peg.  Cf.  miai/'2,  r.J  1.  AsharpprotutM  lanei-; 

;i  [rnijiTtiiif;  point.;  a  jag. 

A  itaffe,  all  full  of  litle  magt. 

.r,  K.  Q.,  II.  xl.  23. 

Sp.  i-ilically  —  2.  A  short  proj<-<-ting  stump, 
stub,  or  branch  ;  the  stubby  base  of  a  broken 
or  cut-off  branch  or  twig;  a  jagged  brunch 
-rpHratti  from  the  tree. 

Snag  is  no  new  word,  though  perhaps  the  Western  ap- 
plication of  It  Is  BO  ;  lint  I  lind  in  (Mil  the  proverb  "A 
bird  in  the  bag  is  worth  two  on  the  tnag." 

Louxll,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.  Int. 

3.  A  tree,  or  part  of  a  tree,  lying  in  the  water 
with  its  briuii-h.-s  at  or  near  the  surface,  so  as 
to  be  dangerous  to  navigation. 

Unfortunately  for  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi, 
some  of  the  largest  [trees],  after  being  cast  down  from  the 
position  In  which  they  grew,  get  their  roots  entangled 
with  the  bottom  of  the  river.  .  .  .  These  fixtures,  called 
gnaifg  or  planters,  are  extremely  dangerous  to  the  steam- 
vessels  proceeding  up  the  stream. 

Cape.  B.  UaU,  Travels  in  North  America,  IL  802. 

Hence — 4.  A  hidden  danger  or  obstacle;  an 
unsuspected  source  or  occasion  of  error  or  mis- 
take; a  stumbling-block. — S.  A  snag-tooth. 

In  China  none  hold  Women  sweet 
Except  their  Snayyi  are  black  as  Jett. 

Prior,  Alma,  U. 

6.  The  fang  or  root  of  a  tooth. —  7.  A  branch 
or  tine  on  the  antler  of  a  deer;  a  point.  See  cut 
under  antler. 

The  antler  .  .  .  often  .  . .  sends  off  one  or  more  branches 
called  "tynes"or  "titaijs." 

W.  U.  Flower,  Encyc.  Brit,  XV.  431. 

8.  pi.  The  fruit  of  the  snag-bush. 
snag1  (snag),  r.  (.  [<  snagl,  n.]  I.  To  catch 
or  run  upon  a  snag:  as,  to  snag  a  fish-hook;  to 
KIIIII/  a  steamboat.  [U.  S.]  — 2.  Figuratively, 
to  entangle ;  embarrass ;  bring  to  a  standstill. 
[U.  S.] 

Stagnant  times  have  been  when  a  great  mind,  anchored 

In  error,  might  mag  the  slow-moving  current  of  society. 

H".  Phillips,  Speeches,  etc.,  p.  38. 

3.  To  fill  with  snags ;  act  as  a  snag  to.  [Rare.] 
— 4.  To  clear  of  snags.  [U.  8.  and  Australia.] 

Both  of  these  parties,  composed  of  about  fifty  men.  are 
engaged  in  magging  the  waterways,  which  will  he  dredged 
out  to  form  the  canal.  Jfew  York  Times,  July  21,  1S89. 

snag2  (snag),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snagged,  ppr. 
snagging.  [Prob.  <  Gael,  snagair,  carve,  whit- 
tle, snaigh,  snaidh,  hew,  cut  down;  lr.  snaigh, 
a  hewing,  cutting;  cf.  also  Gael,  snag,  a  knock ; 
Ir.  snag,  a  woodpecker.  Cf.  snag1.]  To  trim 
by  lopping  branches ;  cut  the  branches,  knots, 
or  protuberances  from,  as  the  stem  of  a  tree. 

You  are  one  of  his  "  lively  stones" ;  be  content  there- 
fore to  be  hewn  and  magged  at,  that  you  might  be  made 
the  more  meet  to  be  joined  to  your  fellows,  which  suffer 
with  you  Satan's  snatches. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Sac.,  1853X  II.  US. 

snag3  (snag),  n.  [<  ME.  snegge  =  MLG.  snifige, 
LG.  snigge,  sniche  =  OHG.  sneggo,  snecco,  MHG. 
siirgge,  xnecke,  G.  schiieeke  =  Sw.  sndcka  =  Dan. 
sntfeke,  a  snail ;  from  the  same  root  as  AS.  snaca, 
a  snake :  see  snail,  snakr.]  A  snail.  [Eng.] 

snag-boat  (snag'bot),  w.  A  steamboat  fitted 
with  an  apparatus  for  removing  snags  or  other 
obstacles  to  navigation  from  river-beds,  fiim- 
monds.  [U.  S.] 

snag-bush  (snag'bush),  n.  The  blackthorn  or 
sloe,  Primus  spinosa:  so  called  from  its  snaggy 
branches.  See  cut  under  sloe. 

snag-chamber  (suag'cbam'ber),  n.  A  water- 
tight compartment  made  in  the  bow  of  a  steam- 
er plying  in  snaggy  waters,  as  a  safeguard  in 
case  a  snag  is  struck.  Capt.  B.  Hall,  Travels 
in  North  America,  II.  302. 

snagged  (snag'ed),  n.  [<  gnagl  +  -ed^.]  Full 
of  snags  or  knots;  snaggy;  knotty. 

Belabouring  one  another  with  magiied  sticks. 

Dr.  U.  More.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

snagger  (snag'er),  n.  The  tool  with  which 
snagging  is  done :  a  bill-hook  without  the  usual 
edge  on  the  back.  Hti/liiri'l/. 

snaggle  (snag'l),  r.  t.  and  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snag- 
i/lcil,  ppr.  sntu/gliiiii.  [Freq.  of  ttnag't;  perhaps 
'in  this  sense  partly  due  to  nn;/1.]  To  nibble. 

snaggle-tooth  (suag'l-toth),  w.  A  tooth  grow- 
ing out  irregularly  from  the  others.  Halliirell. 
[Prov.  Eng.J 

snaggle-toothed  (snag'l-tStht),  a.  Having  a 
snaggle-tooth  or  snaggle-teeth. 


snaggy 

snaggy  (snag'i),  a.  [<  min  f/1  +  -//'•]  1-  F'1'! 
of  snags,  (o)  Knotty  ;  having  jags  or  sharp  protuber- 
ances ;  full  of  short  stumps  or  sharp  points  ;  abounding 
with  knots:  as,  u  xmi.'/.'/.v  tree;  a  snatjyij  stick. 

His  stalking  steps  are  stayde 
Upon  a  snaggy  oke.          Spenier,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  10. 

(6)  Abounding  in  fallen  trees  which  send  up  strong  stubby 
branches  from  the  bottum  of  the  water  so  as  to  make  navi- 
gation unsafe. 
We  passed  into  xnayjy  lakes  at  last. 

J.  E.  Hostner,  Color-Guard,  xii. 

2.  Being  or  resembling  a  snag;  snag-like. 
Just  where  the  waves  curl  beyond  such  a  point  you  may 

discern  a  multitude  of  blackened  tnagmi  shapes  protrud- 
ing above  the  water.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  7SS. 

3.  Ill-tempered.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

An'  I  wur  down  i'  tha  mouth,  couldn't  do  naw  work  an'all, 

Nasty  an'  Knaggy,  an'  shaaky,  an'  poonch'd  my  'and  wi'  the 

hawl.  Tennyson,  Northern  Cobbler,  xiv. 

snag-tooth  (snag'toth),  «.  A  long,  ugly,  irreg- 
ular tooth  ;  a  broken-down  tooth  ;  a  snaggle- 
tooth. 

How  thy  snag-teeth  stand  orderly, 

Like  stakes  which  strut  by  the  water  side. 

Cotgrave,  Wits  Interpreter  (1671),  p.  253.    (Nares.) 


5724 

man  snail.— Marine  snails,  pulmonate  gastropods  of  the 
old  group  Thalassophila.  Ocean  snails,  the  violet-snails 
or  iinitliiiiidif.— Open  snail.  Helix  (Zonitcs)  uamaeata, 
abundant  in  rockyplaces  in  England.  -  Periwinkle-snail, 
11  pulmonate  gastropod  of  the  family  Amphibolid.se,  resem- 
bling a  peri  winkle.  See  cut  under  Amptribula.— Pheasant- 
snail,  a  pheasant-shell.  — Pygmy  snail,  1'unctum  miim- 
tum,  a  minute  species  found  in  England  in  wet  places.— 
Roman  snail,  the  edible  snail.  -  Salt-water  snail,  one 
of  numerous  marine  gastropods  whose  shells  are  shaped 
like  those  of  snails,  as  species  of  Xatica  (or  Lunatia),  or  Ne- 
rerita,  or  hiitmna,  etc.;  a  sea-snail.  — Shell-less  snail. 
Same  as  slug",  1.— Silky  Snail,  Helix  sericra,  common 
on  wet  mossy  rocks,  especially  in  the  west  and  south  of 
England.  — Snail's  gallop,  a  snail's  pace;  very  slow  or 
almost  imperceptible  movement. 

I  see  what  haste  you  make ;  you  are  never  the  for- 
warder, you  go  a  snail's  gallop. 

Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  I.  6U 
Snail's  pace,  a  very  slow  pace. — Snakeskin-snail,  u 
tropical  American  snail  of  the  genus  Solarinpsis.—  Tooth- 
ed snails,  those  Helicidir  whose  aperture  has  a  tooth  or 
teeth,  as  of  the  genus  Tridopsis.— White  snail,  (a)  Va- 
lonia  pulchella,  of  which  a  ribbed  variety  has  been  de- 
scribed as  V.  costata.  [Eng.)  (b)  A  snail-bore:  an  oyster- 
men's  name  for  various  shells  injurious  to  the  beds,  as  the 
drills  or  borers,  particularly  of  the  genera  Urosalpinx  and 
Nalica.  See  snail-bore.—  Zoned  snail,  Helix  mnjata,  pro- 


Projecting  canines  or  snag  teeth  are  so  common  in  low 
faces  as  to  be  universally  remarked,  and  would  be  oftener 
seen  did  not  dentists  interfere  and  remove  them. 

Amer.  Anthrop.,  III.  316. 

snail  (snal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  snayle;  dial. 
snile;  <  ME.  snaile,  snayle,  snile,  snyle,  snele,  < 
AS.tlsnxgel,snxgl,snegel,snegl=M.iiG.sneil,iiG. 


Large-shelled,  Edible, 
(Helix pontatfa), 


J/r  ',    Oj    DlLOlLL,     111'.        Ou    BtUOll    *    I  (   t    |M[li^      I  Millie.       Oi    111- 

tle  reptile,  dim.  of  a  simpler  form  represented 
by  snag3,  from  the  same  root  as  AS.  snaea,  a 
snake:  see  snag3,  snake.]  1.  One  of  many 
small  gastropods. 

Tak  the  rede  snyle  that  crepis  houseles  and  sethe  it  in 
water,  and  gedir  the  fatt  that  comes  of  thame. 

1HS.  Line.  Med.,  1.  284.    (Halliwell.) 

Specifically  — (a)  A  member  of  the  family  Helicidse  in  a 
broad  sense ;  a  terrestrial  air-breathing  mollusk  with 
stalks  on  which  the  eyes  are  situated,  and  with  a  spiral  or 

helicoidshellwhich 
has  no  lid  or  oper- 
culum,  as  the  com- 
mon garden-snail, 
Helix  hortensis,  or 
edible  snail,  H.  po- 
malia.  There  are 
many  hundred  spe- 
cies, of  numerous 
genera  and  several 
subfamilies.  In  the 
phrases  below  are 
noted  some  of  the 
common  British 
species  which  have 
vernacular  names. 
See  Helicidse,  and 
cuts  under  Gastero- 
poda and  Pidnw- 
nata.  (b)  A  mollusk 
like  the  above,  but 
shell-less  or  nearly 
so ;  a  slug,  (c)  An 
aquatic  pulmonate  gastropod  with  an  operculate  spiral 
shell,  living  in  fresh  water ;  a  pond-snail  or  river-snail ;  a 
limneid.  See  Limniridte.  (d)  A  littoral  or  marine  not 
pulmonate,  gastropod  with  a  spiral  shell  like  a  snail's;  a 
sea-snail.asaperiwinkleor  any  member  of  the  Littorinidie  • 
a  salt-water  snail. 

Hence — 2.  A  slow,  lazy,  stupid  person. 
Thou  drone,  thou  snail,  thou  slug,  thou  sot ! 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2.  196. 
3f.  A  tortoise. 

There  ben  also  in  that  Contree  a  kynde  of  Snayles  that 
ben  so  grete  that  many  persones  may  loggen  hem  in  here 
Scnelles,  as  men  wolde  done  in  a  litylle  Hous. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  193. 

4f.  Milit.,  a  protective  shed,  usually  called  tor- 
toise or  testudo.—  5.  A  spiral  piece' of  machin- 
ery somewhat  resembling  a  snail;  specifically, 
the  piece  of  metal  forming  part  of  the  striking 
work  of  a  clock.  See  cut  under  snail-wheel.— 
Q.  In  nwrtf.,  the  cochlea  of  the  ear.—  7.  pi.  Same 
as  snail-clover. —Aquatic  snails,  pulmonate  gastro- 
pods of  the  old  group  [jimnophtta.— Bristly  snail  Helix 
hmjnda  and  its  varieties,  abounding  in  waste  places'in  the 
British  Isles.— Brown  snail,  (u)  The  garden  or  girdled 
Ui-i/Y  Helucfwxa,  »  delicate  species  peculiar  to  the 
British  Isles,  found  in  bushy  places. -Carnivorous 
snails  the  TaUuxUUm.  -  Common  snail,  Helix  a*perm 
It  is  edible,  and  in  some  places  annual  snail-feasts  are 
held  to  eat  it;  it  is  also  gathered  in  large  quantities  and 
sold  as  a  remedy  for  diseases  of  the  chest,  being  prepared 
by  boiling  in  milk.  [Eng.]-Edible  snail,  ffrf&  ponuMa 
the  Roman  snail.  See  cut  above. -Freshwater  snails' 
the  iimnstite.-Garden-snail,  the  brown  or  girdled 
""«'  (£ra  ™moralix  (including  the  varieties  described 
nthLl "rt™S*  £"?•  H'  h'Jbridu«)<  common  in  England.- 
Glbbs  S  snail,  Helix  aaOaiima.  found  in  Kent  and  Sur- 
rey, England  :  discovered  by  Mr.  Gibbs  in  1814  —Girdled 
snail,  the  garden-snail.— Gultweed-snails,  the  Litiopi- 
„  ;~Heatn  snail.  See  heath-mail.— Kentish  snail 
Helix  cantmna.-  Large-Shelled  snaili  the edible  KS 


poi 

snail,  violet-snail.) 
snail  (snal),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  snayle;  = 
Dan.  snegle;  from  the  noun.]     I.  intrans.  To 
move  slowly  or  lazily,  like  a  snail.     [Rare.] 

This  sayd,  shee  trots  on  snayling,  lyk  a  tooth-shaken  old 
hagge.  Stanihurst,  JEneid,  iv.  689. 

II.  trans.  To  give  the  form  of  a  snail-shell 
to;  make  spirally  winding.     [Rare.] 
God  plac't  the  Ears  (where  they  might  best  attend) 
As  in  two  Turrets,  on  the  buildings  top, 
Snailing  their  hollow  entries  so  a-sloap 
That,  while  the  voyce  about  those  windings  wanders, 
The  sound  might  lengthen  in  those  bow  d  Meanders. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  s  Weeks,  i.  6. 

snail-bore  (snal'bor),  n.  A  gastropod,  as  a 
whelk,  etc.,  which  bores  oysters  or  injures  oys- 
ter-beds; a  borer;  a  drill.  They  are  of  numer- 
ous different  genera.  Urosalpinx  einerea  is 
probably  the  most  destructive.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

snail-borer  (snal'b6r"er),  n.    A  snail-bore. 

snail-clover  (snal'kl6"ver),  n.  A  species  of 
medic,  Medicago  scutellata,  so  called  from  its 
spirally  coiled  pods.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  the 
lucern,  M.  mtim,  and  sometimes  extended  to  the  whole 
genus.  Also  snails,  snail-plant,  and  snail-trefoil. 

snailery  (snal'er-i),  «. ;  pi.  snailerien  (-iz).  [< 
snail  +  -cry."\  A  place  where  edible  snails  are 
kept,  reared,  and  fattened  to  be  used  for  food. 

The  numerous  continental  maileries  where  the  apple- 
snail  is  cultivated  for  home  consumption  or  for  the  mar- 
ket St.  James's  Gazette,  May  28, 1886.  (Kncyc.  Diet.) 

snail-fish  (snaTfish),  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus 
Liparis :  so  called  from  their  soft  unctuous 
feel,  and  their  habit  of  adhering  to  rocks  by 
means  of  a  ventral  sucker.  Several  species  which 


Snail-fish  ^Ltptins  tintata). 
(Lower  figure  shows  the  sucker  between  the  pectoral  fins.) 

commonly  receive  the  name  are  found  in  Great  Britain, 
as  L.  hneata  and  L.  montagui.  They  are  also  called  sea- 
snail  and  sucker.  See  Liparididse. 

snail-flower  (snal'flou'er),  H.  A  twining  bean, 
Pliaseolus  Caracalla, often  cultivated  in  tropical 
gardens  and  in  greenhouses  for  its  showy  white 
and  purple  fragrant  flowers.  The  standard  and 
the  long-beaked  keel  are  spirally  coiled,  sug- 
gesting the  name. 

snail-like  (snal'lik),  «.  Like  a  snail  in  moving 
slowly;  snail-paced. 

snail-pace  (snal'pas),  ».  A  very  slow  move- 
ment. Compare  snaiVs  gallop,  snail' 'space,  un- 
der snail. 

snail-paced  (snal'past),  a.  Snail-like  in  pace 
or  gait;  creeping  or  moving  slowly. 

Delay  leads  impotent  and  snail-paced  beggary 

Shale.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  3.53. 

snail-park  (snal'park),  n.  A  place  for  raising 
edible  snails ;  a  snailery.  Good  Housekeeping, 

III,    __.», 

snail-plant  (snal'plant),  n.  Snail-clover,  par- 
ticularly Medicago  scutellata  and  M.  Helix. 


snake 

'snailst  (smllz).  interj.  An  old  minced  oath,  an 
abbreviation  of  I/is  (Christ's)  nails  (with  which 
he  was  nailed  to  the  cross). 

'Snails,  I'm  almost  starved  with  love. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  v.  1. 

snail-shell  (snaTshel),  ii.  A  shell  secreted  by 
liny  snail  or  terrestrial  pulmoniferous  gastro- 
pod. 

snail-slow  (snal'slo),  «.     As  slow  as  a  snail; 
extremely  slow.     Sliak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  5.  47. 
snail-trefoil  (snal'tre"foil),  n.     Same  as  snail- 
clorer. 

snail-water  (snal'wa"ter),  ii.  An  old  remedy. 
See  the  second  quotation. 

And  to  learn  the  top  of  your  skill  in  Syrrup,  Sweetmeats. 
Aqua  mirabilis,  and  Snayl  water.  Shadwell,  The  Scowrers. 
Snail-water .  .  .  was  a  drink  made  by  infusing  in  water 
the  calcined  and  pulverized  shells  of  snails. 

-V.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  234. 

snail-wheel  (snal'hwel),  n.     In  horol.,  a  wheel 
having  its  edge  cut  into  twelve  ir-        ,  ~ — t^ 
regular  steps  arranged  spirally  in    ^jj 
such  a  manner  that  their  positions    *^ 
determine  the  number  of  strokes 
which  the  hammer'  makes  on  the 
bell;  a  snail.     The  snail  is  placed     snail-wheel. 
on  the  arbor  of  the  twelve-hour  wheel.     E.  U. 
Knif/}it. 

snaily  (sna'li),  o.  [<  snail  +  -«!.]  Resembling 
a  snail  or  its  motion ;  snail-like. 

O  how  I  do  ban 

Him  that  these  dials  against  walls  began, 
Whose  snaily  motion  of  the  moving  hand, 
Although  it  go,  yet  seem  to  me  to  stand. 

Drayton,  Of  His  Lady's  Not  Coming  to  London. 

snake  (snak),  «.  [<  ME.  snake,  <  AS.  snaca  (per- 
haps orig.  snaca)  (L.  scorpio)  =  Icel.  sndkr, snokr 
=  Sw.  snok  =  Dan.  snog  =  MD.  MLG.  snake, 
a  snake;  lit.  'creeper,'  derived,  like  the  relat- 
ed snag3  and  snail,  from  the  verb  seen  in  AS. 
snican  (pret.  "sniic.  pp.  *snicen),  creep,  crawl: 
see  sneak.  Cf.  Skt.  ndga,  a  serpent,  (it.  reptile 
and  serpent,  also  from  verbs  meaning  'creep.'] 

1 .  A  serpent ;  an  ophidian ;  any  member  of  the 
order  Ophidia.     See  serpent  and  Opliidia. 

So,  roll'd  up  in  his  den,  the  swelling  snake 
Beholds  the  traveller  approach  thebrake. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xxil.  130. 

2.  Specifically,  the  common  British   serpent 
Coluber  or  Tropi- 

donotus  natrix,  or 
Xatrix  torqtiata, 
a  harmless  ophid- 
ian of  the  family 
Colubridee:  dis-  HM<I< 
tinguished  from 
the  adder  or  riper,  a  poisonous  serpent  of  the 
same  country.  This  snake  is  widely  distributed  in  Eu- 
rope, and  attains  a  length  of  3  feet  or  more.  It  is  now 
sometimes  specified  as  the  common  or  ringed  make,  in 
distinction  from  the  smooth  snake  (Coronella  tens). 

3.  A  lizard  with  rudimentary  limbs  or  none, 
mistaken  for  a  true  snake :  as,  the  Aberdeen 
snake  (the  blindworm  or  slow-worm);  a  glass- 
xiiake.  See  snake-lizard,  and  cuts  under  amphis- 
hxna,  Mindworm,  dart-snake,  glass-snake,  scJiel- 
topusik,  and   serpent/form. —  4.    A    snake-like 
amphibian :   as,  the  Congo  snake,  the  North 
American   Amphiuma    means,  a  urodele    am- 
phibian.  See  Ampttiuma. —  5.  A  person  having 
the  character  attributed  to  a  snake ;  a  treach- 
erous person. 

If  thou  seest 

They  look  like  men  of  worth  and  state,  and  carry 
Ballast  of  both  sides,  like  tall  gentlemen, 
Admit  'em  ;  but  no  makes  to  poison  us 
With  poverty.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  i.  3. 

6f.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  a  long  curl  at- 
tached to  the  wig  behind. —  7.  The  stem  of  a 
narghile. — 8.  See  snake-box. — 9.  A  form  of  re- 
ceiving-instrument used  in  Wheatstone's  auto- 
matic telegraph.  [Colloq.]-  Aberdeen  snake.  See 
def.  3.— Austrian  snake,  a  harmless  colubrine  of  Europe, 
Coronella  Iseris,  also  called  smooth  make.—  Black  and 
white  ringed  snake.  See  Vermicella.—  Black  snake. 
See  black-snake  and  Scotophii.—  Brown  snake,  Haldea 
striatula  of  the  southern  United  States.—  Cleopatra's 
snake,  the  Egyptian  asp,  Xaja  haje,  or,  more  properly, 
the  cerastes.  See  cuts  under  <>»p  and  cerastes.— Coach- 
whip-snake  Bascanion  (or  Masticophis)  flayelliform-ti. 
See  Masticophis,  and  cut  under  black-snake. —  Common 
snake.  Seedef.  2.  [British.]  —  Congo  snakes,  the  family 
Amphiumidie.  See  def .  4.  -  Dwarf  snake.  See  dwarf. 
Egg-snake,  one  of  the  king-snakes,  Ophibolus  sayi.— 
Gopher-snake.  Same  as  gopher,  4. —  Grass-snake,  (a) 
Same  as  ringed  make.  (6)  Same  as  green-snake,  (c)  Same 
as  garter-make.— Green  snake.  See  green-snake.—  Har- 
lequin snake.  See  harlemdn.— Hog-nosed  snake 
See  hognose-snake  and  Heterodon.—  Hooded  snake.  See 
hooded.—  House-snake.  Same  as  chain-snake.—  Indi- 
go  snake,  the  gopher-snake.—  Innocuous  snakes,  all 
snakes  which  are  not  poisonous,  of  whatever  other  char- 
acter ;  Jnnocua.-  King  snake,  (a)  See  king- make,  (b) 
The  harlequin  snake.  —  Large-scaled  snake,  Uoplo- 


of  Snake  l.Vafrix  torgtn 
showing  forked  tongue. 


snake 


pe 

N 


snake  the  common  mike  of  Vmp*,  TrmtdmSSfiE. 

BinJ  i '"' !"•''»,"""'"•  ?M  <•'"  Mder  FrapUmotui 
-Ring-necked  snake,  in,,,!,,/,!,;,  ,,/,,,,7(((,K  s.-<-  /•///./- 
,u,.cfc,;  Russelian  snake,  Dofcfe  nuMiU.  See  cut "  i  . 

dor  ,labo,m .-Scarlet  snake.     („>  l;/,;,,,,*,,,,,,,  , ./„,„ 

of  the  southern  United  States,  ringed  with  red  l.laek' 
and  yellow  like  the  harlequin  or  a  .wal-snnke  but  Inrin" 
).  ( ')  see  scarlet.- Scarlet- spotted  snake,  Orach,/. 
»'ii,,i  iiiu.inna,— Sea-snake.  See  maZsnmL  2  and 
tiHdnyhiJu. -Short-tailed  snakes,  the  ¥ortrieid«.- 
brnooth  snake,  Corondla  leevis,  the  Austrian  snake  — 
Snake  in  the  grass,™  underhand,  plotting,  deceitful 
nerson  -Snake  pipe-flsh,  the  straight-nosed  pipe-fish, 
-Veraphisophidiim,  of  British  waters.  Couch.  -  Spectacled 
snake  the  true  cobra,  Xaja  tripudiam,  and  sonic  similar- 
ly marked  cobras.  See  cut  under  cobra-de-cavello  — Snot 
tea-neck  snake,  the  North  American  Stonria  'dckairi  a 

s^^±j^^yt^stSSi 
S&f^wvS^^^^^ 

of  Ophibolus  especially  0.  gehdm,  the  king,  or  chain- 
snake,  and  0.  mining,  the  house-  or  milk  snake  The 
name  probably  means  no  more  than  that  these  like  a 
good  many  other  snakes,  crawl  out  of  their  holes  when  it 

the  ringed  sea-snake,  Emi/dneeplialns  an'mdtitut '— 'Tosee 
snakes,  to  have  snakes  in  one's  boots,  to  have  deliri- 


Snake-buzzard  (Circaftus  fnllicHs). 

I  screamer,  or  seriema,  Carianut  cristata. 
See  cut  under  seriema. 


also  blind-snake,  blowing-snake,  bull-snake,  carpet-snake, 
chain-snake,  chicken-stiake,  coral-snake,  corn-gnake,  dart- 
snake,  desert-snake,  fetish-snake,  garter-snake,  glass  snake 
(/round-snake,  hog-snake,  hoop-snake,  horn-snake  milk- 
snake,  jnlot-snake,  pine-snake,  rat-snake,  ribbon-snake,  rncli- 
snake,  sand-snake,  siua-snake,  tree-snake,  water-snake  whin- 
snake,  worm-snake.) 

snake  (snak),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  snaked,  ppr. 
snaking.  [<  snake,  n.~\  I.  intrans.  To  move  or 
wind  like  a  snake  ;  serpentine ;  move  spirally. 


snake-doctor  (snak'dok'tor),  «.  1.  The  dob- 
son  or  hellgrammite.  [Pennsylvania.]— 2.  A 
dragon-fly,  horse-stinger,  or  mosquito-hawk. 

Also  snake-feeder. 

snake-eater  (snak'e"ter),  «.     Same  as  Ht-riM-iil- 
eater. 
snake-eel  (snak'el),  n.    An 


ester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  7.     no  tail-fin,  and  thus  resembles  a  snake's. 

An  arrow  snakes  when  it  slips  under  the  grass  Snake-feeder  (snak' fe'der),    H.      1.   Same  as 
M.  and  W.  Thompson,  Archery,  p.  64.     snake-doctor,  1.     [Ohio.]— 2.    Same  as  snakr- 
Projectiles  subject  to  this  influence  [spiral  motion  of     rfo<£'"'>  2- 

rotation  round  their  original  direction)  are  technically  Snake-fence  (snak'fens),   «.     See  snakf  fence 
said  to  make.                        Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc.,  III.  130.     under/f«ce. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  drag  or  haul,  especially  by  snake-fern  (snak'feru),  M.     The  hart's-tongue 
a  chain  or  rope  fastened  around  one  end  of  the  _™5r  s^>{»l>e>idriiimndf/are.     A1 '--  *— 


. 

object,  as  a  log;  hence,  to  pull  forcibly  ierk-  snake-fish  (snak'fish),  n.     1.  A  kind 
used  generally  with  out  or  -along.     TU  S  f  fisu'  as  ^"odusfcetctis  or  ,V.  >iii/ops.—2. 

- 


Also  snake-leave*. 
.  kind  of  lizard- 

.,  ,)«.— 2.  The  red 

band-fish,  Cepola  rubescens:  more  fully  called 
red  snake-fish.  See  Cepolitlee. —  3.  The  oar-fish. 
See  cut  under  Beyalecus. 

After  mining,  the  log  is  easily  snaked  out  of  the  swamp    sn.a.ke-fly  (™*£5fc, M'     A.  neuropterous  insect 
and  is  ready  for  the  mill  or  factory.  '     of  the  genus  Itapludia  or  family  Haphidiidse ;  a 

Sd.  Arner.,  N.  a,  LIX.  26fi.  camel-fly:  so  called  from  the  elongated  form  of 
the  head  and  neck,  and  the  facility  with  which 
it  moves  the  front  of  the  body  in  different  direc- 
tions. They  are  mostly  to  be  found  in  the  neighborhood 
of  woods  and  streams.  The  common  European  species  is 

_  „         .    .  4  ftaphidia  ophiopsis. 

between  the  strands  will  be  filled  up;  worm,  snake-gourd  (snak'gord),  H.     See  i/o,,rd. 
(c)  To  fasten   (backstays)   together  by  small  snakehead  (snak'hed),  «.     1.  Same  as  simke's- 
ropes  stretched  from  one  to  the  other,  so  that  if    head,  1.— 2.  A  plant,  the  turtle-head,  Clieloite 
one  backstay  is  shot  away  in  action  it  may  not 
fall  on  deck. 
snake-bird  (snak'berd),  n.     1.  A  totipalmate 


Unless  some  legal  loophole  can  be  found  through  which 
an  evasion  or  extension  can  be  successfully  snaked 

Philadelphia  Press,  No.  2810,  p.  4  (1883). 


2.  Naut.:  (a)  To  pass  small  stuff  across  the 
outer  turns  of  (a  seizing)  by  way  of  finish.  (6) 
To  wind  small  stuff,  as  marline  or  spun-yarn, 
spirally  round  (a  large  rope)  so  that  the  spaces 


natatorial  bird  of  the  family  Plotidse  and  genus 
Plotus:  so  called  from  the  long,  slender,  snaky 
neck ;  a  snake-neck ;  an  anhinga  or  water-tur- 
key; a  darter.  See  cut  under  anhinga. — 2. 
The  wryneck,  lynx  torquilla:  so  named  from 
the  serpentine  movement  of  the  neck.  See 
cut  under  wryneck.  [Eng.] 

snake-boat  (snak'bot),  n.  Same  as  pamban- 
manche. 

snake-box  (suak'boks),  «.  A  faro-box  fraudu- 
lently made  so  that  a  slight  projection  called  a 
snake  warns  the  dealer  of  the  approach  of  a 
particular  card. 

snake-buzzard  (snak'buz'iird),  «.  The  short- 
toed  eagle,  (lireaetux  gallicus.  See  Circaetus, 
and  description  under  short-toed.  See  also  cut 
in  next  column. 

snake-cane  (snak'kan),  n.  A  palm,  Kunthia 
montana,  of  the  United  States  of  Colombia  and 
Brazil,  having  a  reed-like  ringed  stem.  From  the  f 

resemblance  of  the  latter  to  a  snake,  its  Juice  is  fancied  by     •'<""„"•,  »ee  bcolopCHtlrtum. 
the  natives  to  be  a  cure  for  snake-bites.    The  stem  is  used  snakelet    (snak  let),  w.      [<  snake   +   -let.']     A 
for  blowpipes  to  propel  poisoned  arrows.  small  snake.     1'op.  Sri.  Mo.,  XXX.  167. 

snake-charmer  (snak'char"mer),  M.     Same  as  snake-line  (snak'lin),  «.     Small  stuff  passed  in 
serpen  t-i-huriiu-r.  a  zigzag  manner  or  spirally  between  two  larger 

snake-charming  (inak'eb.ar/ming),  M.     Same    ropes 


glabrn,  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  and  aperi- 
ent. See  Chelone.—S.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Ophiocepltalidee. —  4.  A  snake-headed  turtle, 
Cliclys  matamata,  having  a  large  flat  carapace 
and  long  pointed  head,  found  in  South  Amer- 
ica. See  cut  under  Cheli/d idse. —  5.  The  end  of 
a  flat  railroad-rail  when  curling  upward,  in  the 
beginning  of  railroad-building  in  America  the  track  was 
sometimes  made  by  screwing  or  spiking  straps  of  iron 
along  the  upper  side  of  timbers ;  an  end  of  such  a  rail 
often  became  bent  upward,  and  sometimes  so  far  as  to  be 
caught  by  a  wheel  and  driven  up  through  the  car,  to  the 
danger  or  injury  of  the  passengers.  Such  a  loose  end  was 
called  a  snakehead  from  its  moving  up  and  down  when 
the  wheels  passed  over  it.  Also  gnake's-head.  [U.  8.] 

snake-headed  (snak'hed'ed),  a.  Having  a 
head  like  a  snake's,  as  a  turtle.  See  fiitikv- 
hcad,  4. 

snake-killer  (snak'kiFer),  n.  1.  The  ground- 
cuckoo  or  chaparral-cock,  Geococeyx  calif orni- 
aniis.  See  cut  under  chapurritl-eock.  [Western 
U.  S.]  —  2.  The  secretary-bird.  See  cut  under 
secretary-bird. 

snake-leaves  (snak'levz),  «.     Same  as 


snake's-egg 
South  Africa,    i  .nin,  ««•• 

longing  in  iliiicn-iit  gem  ia  and  lamili  •'",  pop- 

M!;II]>  mi-tak'-M  lur  anil  .'alli-d  n,,ik,<.      Tin-  lilindn. 
wiilln  of  r.ni..  bi  M.i|iiiMk  (/ 

-!:.-* Miaki'  '  ' 

Hii^  •  i  Hi,'  amg.|ii>><:.  snake. 

n..  :',.  ami  ruts  nniiiT  /,/  .  Hinkr.  and  schelto- 

snake-locked  ^nak'lokt).  n.  Having  snaky 
lo«ks  Or  gOmetHiUg  like  (liem:  as.  su<ll;r-lu<-l;i:<t 
Medusa  :  (he  xiuil.'i-tiM-hd  ain-iiiiuie.  a  kiinl  "\ 

lea-Anemone,  >•/(/<//  tin  ,-i,i,,iiin. 

snake-moss  (.snak'mos),  «.  The  cnnimoii  club- 
moss.  l.i/,',i/i,i,liini,  rliirnliini.  I, nil.  Ilii-l. 

snakemouth  (tnftk'moatb),  n.     The  snake's- 

llltllllh    nrrhis.    l',,,/i,,,i,l    i,lillin,ll,,x*,ii,t,-H. 

snakeneck  (snak'nek).  «.  A  snaky-nei-keil 
bird;  the  snake-liiril. 

There  was  nothing  to  vary  the  uniform  prospect  [In  <hi 
\\  hiii-  \iii.  n-Kii,i||,  i-.M-i-pt  |n M  '  :  tin-re  a  soli- 

tary make-neck  | Pluttts  le,teiUanti\,or  a  cormorant  perched 
on  some  tall  mnhucli.     The  Academy,  Oct.  11, 1890,  p.  :ir2. 

snakenut,  snakenut-tree  (snak'nut,  -tre),  >,. 

Snake-piece    (sniik'pes),    «.       .V/i«/..    sume    as 

jt,iintf  i'.  :>. 
snakepipe  (snak'pip),  n.     A  species  of  Et/ni.-i 

titm,  especially  K.  an 
snake-prooft   (snak 'prof),   «.      Proof   against 

venom  ;  hence,  proof  against  envy.     [Rare.] 

I  am  gnake-proof;  and  though,  with  Hannibal,  you  bring 
whole  hogsheads  of  vinegar-railings,  It  Is  impossible  for 
you  to  quench  or  come  over  my  Alpine  resolution. 

Dekker,  Hulls  Hornbook. 

snake-rat  (snak'rat),  «.  The  common  Alexan- 
drine or  black  rat,  MHK  i-iittim  or  <il<s<nulr 
A  variety  of  it  Is  known  as  the  white-bellied  rat,  or  roof- 
rat,  Jfiw  tectnrum.  It  is  one  of  the  two  longest  and  best- 
known  of  all  rats  (the  other  being  the  gray,  brown,  Hano- 
verian,  or  Norway  rat,  M.  decmnantts),  runs  into  many  va- 
rieties, and  has  a  host  of  synonyms.  It  is  called  make-rat 


as  serpent-charming. 

snake-coralline  (snak'kor"a-lin),  H. 
stomatous  polyzoan,  Actea  anguiita. 


Same 

snake-lizard  (snak'liz'ard),  w.    A  lizard  which 
chilo-    resembles  a  snake  in  having  rudimentary  limbs 

or  none;  especially,  Chanuesaura  annuina,  of 


or  has  sometimes  been  regarded  as  a  remedy  for 
snakes'  bites,  or  both.  Several  have  a  medici- 
nal value.  Compare  rattlettnake-master  and  rat- 

Uesna1ce-root.-Ka.ai  snakeroot.  (a)  See  mnich.  1. 
(o)  The  black  cohosh,  Cimicifui/a  raceinota.  whose  root  is 
an  officinal  remedy  used  in  chorea,  and  formerly  for 
rheumatism.— Brazilian  snakeroot,  Chiocoeca  angui- 
fuga ;  also,  Catearia  serrulata.  —  Button-snakeroot  (o) 
See  Eryngimn,  and  cut  under  rattlesnake  master,  (b)  A 
genera]  name  for  the  species  of  Liatrit:  so  called  from 
the  button-shaped  corms,  or  from  the  button-like  heads 
of  some  species,  and  from  then-  reputed  remedial  prop- 
erty. (See  cut  under  lAatrut.)  L.  spicata,  also  called  gay- 
feather,  Is  said  to  have  diuretic  and  other  properties. 
The  leaves  of  L.  odoratissima  are  used  to  flavor  tobacco. 
—  Canada  snakeroot,  the  wild  ginger,  Asarum  Cana- 
dense.  See  Asarum  and  ffimjeri.  —  Ceylon  snakeroot, 
the  tubers  of  Arig/tma  Lescheiiatiltii.—  Heart-snake- 
root.  Same  as  Canada  gnakrroot. — Indian  snakeroot, 
a  rubiaceous  plant,  Ophwrhiia  Muugos,  whose  very  bitter 
roots  are  used  by  the  Cingalese  and  natives  of  India  as  a 
remedy  for  snake-bites.  '1  heir  actual  value  in  cases  of 
this  kind  is,  however,  questioned.—  Red  River  snake- 
root.  Same  as  Texas  gnakeroot.  —  Samson's  snakeroot, 
a  plant,  f'soralea  melUotoides,  of  the  southern  United 
States,  whose 
root  is  said  to  be 
a  gentle  stimu- 
lant tonic.  — 
Seneca  snake- 
root,  Polygala 
Senega  of  eastern 
North  America. 
It  sends  up  sev- 
eral stems  from 
hard  knotty  root- 
stocks,  bearing 
single  close  ra- 
cemes of  white 
flowers.  It  Is  the 
source  of  the  of- 
ficinal senega- 
root,  and  from  be- 
ing much  gather- 
ed is  said  to  have 
become  scarce  in 
the  east— Tex- 
as snakeroot, 
Aristolochia.  rcti- 
culata,  or  its  root- 
product,  which 
has  the  same 
properties  as  the 
Virginia  snake- 
root. —Virginia 
snakeroot,  the  _ 
serpentary  or 

Mrthwort,  Aristolochia  Serpentaria.ot  the  eastern  United 
States.  Its  root  is  a  stimulant  tonic,  acting  also  as  a  di- 
aphoretic or  diuretic.  It  is  offlcinally  recogniied,  and  is 
exported  in  considerable  quantity.—  White  snakeroot, 
the  American  Eupatoriuin  aijerntnides,  also  called  Indian 
or  white  sanifle.  It  hns  no  medicinal  standing. 

snake's-beard  (snaks'berd).  «.    See  o/iA/o/»,- 

i/on. 

snake's-egg  (snaks'eg),   w.      Same  as    Firgin 
Mary's  nut  (which  see,  under  rirgin). 


..  The  upper  part  of  the  stem  with    the 
flowcre  of  Seneca  snakeroot  (Polygala  Sftu- 
a.  The  root  ami  the  base  of  the  stem.    a. 


snake 's-head 
snake's-head  (snaks'hcd),  «.    1.  The  guiuea- 

hen  flower,  l-'rilillarin  Mrleaarix :  said  to  DP 
so  called  from  the  checkered  markings  on  the 
petals  — 2  Same a,sxnakehca(l,5.— Snake's-head 
Iris  a  plant  of  southern  Europe,  Strmodactylus  (Iris) 
tubcronu,  the  flowers  of  which  have  a  fancied  nMmUUM 
to  the  open  mouth  of  a  snake. 

snake-Shell  (snfik'shel),  ».  One  of  a  group  of 
gastropods  of  the  family  Turlnmdte,  which 
abound  in  the  Pacific  islands,  and  have  a  very 
rough  outside,  and  a  chink  at  the  pillar.  P.  P. 
Carpenter. 

snake's-mouth  (snaks'mouth),  n.  See  POIJO- 
«i'«i.  Also  called  xniiki'n-ininilh  orchis. 

snakes-stang  (snaks'staug),  n.  The  dragon- 
fly. Ualliirell.  [Prov.  Eug.] 

snake's-tail  (snaks'tal),  «.    The  sea  hard-grass 
Lcpturus  iiii'iiri'iitns. 
[Eng.] 

snakestone  (snak  - 
stou), «.  1.  Same  as 
ammonite :  from  an 
old  popular  notion 
that  these  shells 
were  coiled  snakes 
petrified.— 2.  Asmall 
rounded  piece  of 
stone,  such  as  is  *u**nuH£>****a« 
often  fouud  among 

prehistoric  and  other  antiquities,  probably  spin- 
dle-whorls or  the  like.  Compare  adder-stone. 

In  Harris  and  Lewis  the  distaff  and  spindle  are  still  in 
common  use,  and  yet  the  original  intention  of  the  stone 
spindle-whorls,  which  occur  there  and  elsewhere,  appears 
to  be  unknown.  They  are  called  clach-nathrach,  adder- 
stones,  or  snake-stones,  and  have  an  origin  assigned  them 
much  like  the  ovum  anguinum  of  Pliny. 
Emm,  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  391.  (Encyc.  Diet.) 

3.  A  kind  of  hone  or  whetstone  found  in  Scot- 
land.— 4.  Same  as  serpent-stone,  1. 

snake's-tongue  (snaks'tung),  n.  1.  The  spear- 
wort.  Ranunculus  Flammnla;  also,  the  closely  re- 
\&t,e&It.ophiof/loKxift>lius:  named  from  the  shape 
of  the  leaf. —  2.  More  rarely,  same  as  adder s- 
tonque. 

snakeweed  (snak 'wed),  ».  1.  The  bistort, 
Polygonnm  Ristorta,  a  perennial  herb  of  the 
northern  parts  of  both  hemispheres.  Its  root- 
is  a  powerful  astringent,  sometimes  employed 
in  medicine.  Also  adder"s-icort  and  snaketcort. 
See  bistort. —  2.  The  Virginia  snakeroot.  See 
snakeroot. — 3.  Vaguely,  any  of  the  weedy  plants 
among  which  snakes  are  supposed  to  abound. 

snakewood  (snak'wud),  n.  1.  In  India,  the 
bitter  root  and  wood  of  Strychnos  colubrina,  also 
that  of  S,  Nnx-vomiea,  which  is  esteemed  a  cure 
for  snake-poison,  and  is  also  employed  as  a 
tonic  remedy  in  dyspepsia,  etc.  See  mix  vomica, 
2. —  2.  The'leopard-  or  letter-wood,  Brosimum 
Aubletii :  so  called  from  the  markings  on  the 
wood.  See  letter-wood. — 3.  A  small  West  Indi- 
an tree,  Colubrina  ferruginosa  of  the  Rhamna- 
cese :  named  apparently  from  the  twisted  grain 
of  the  wood. —  4.  The  trumpet-tree,  Cecropia 
peltata,  or  sometimes  the  genus. —  5.  Some- 
times, same  as  serpentwood. — 6.  The  red  nose- 
gay-tree, Plumeria  rubra. 

snakewonn  (snak'werm),  n.  One  of  the  masses 
of  larvae  of  certain  midges  of  the  genus  Sciartt. 
These  lame,  when  full-grown,  often  migrate  in  armies 
forming  a  snake-like  body  a  foot  or  more  long,  an  inch  or 
more  wide,  and  a  half-inch  high.  Also  called  army-worm. 
[U.  S.] 

snaking  (sna'king),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  snake,  r.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  hauling  a  log,  or  of 
passing  a  line  in  a  zigzag  manner  or  spirally 
between  two  larger  ropes. —  2.   A  snake-like 
curl  or  spiral. 

The  fleecy  fog  of  spray,  .  .  .  sometimes  tumbling  in 
thunder  upon  her  forward  decks,  sometimes  curling  in 
blown  snakinys  ahead  of  her. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Death  Ship,  xli. 

snakish  (sna'kish), «.    Snaky.    Levins. 
snaky  (sna'ki),  «.     [<  snake  +  -fl.j     1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  snakes ;  resembling  a  snake ;  ser- 
pentiform;  snakish;  hence,  cunning;  insinuat- 
ing; deceitful;  treacherous. 

So  to  the  coast  of  Jordan  he  directs 
His  easy  steps,  girded  with  snakii  wiles. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  120. 
The  long,  snaky  locks.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  vi.  4. 

2.  Winding  about;    serpentine:   as,   a  tmakij 
stream. 

Watch  their  snaky  ways. 

Through  brakes  and  hedges,  into  woods  of  darkness, 
Where  they  are  fain  to  creep  upon  their  breasts. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  ill.  2. 

3.  Abounding  in  snakes:  as,  a  snaky  place. 
[U.  S.]— 4.  Consisting  of  snakes;   entwined 
with  snakes,  as  an  emblem. 


5720 

He  tooke  Caduceus,  his  niakie  wand. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  1292. 

snaky-headed   (sna'ki-hed/'ed),   a.     Having 
snakes  for  hair  or  in  the  hair. 


That  snaky-headed  Gorgon  shield 

Comus,  1.  447. 


That  fiiaky-iimdni  uorgon  HUBI 

That  wise  Minerva  wore,  unconquer'd  virgin. 

Milton  romtii 


snap  (snap),  i'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snapped,  ppr. 
ing.  [Early  mod.  E.  snappe ;  <  MD.  D. 
_.._„-..  =  MLG.  LG.  snappen,  snatch,  snap  up, 
intercept,  =  MHG.  snappen,  snap,  G.  schHiip- 
pen,  snap,  snort,  =  Svv.  Knappu  =  Dan.  miappe, 
snatch ;  perhaps  ult.  imitative,  and  practically 
a  var.  of  snack:  see  snack,  snatch.  Cf.  sneap, 
snip,  snipe, snib, snub1.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  snatch; 
take  or  catch  unexpectedly  with  or  as  with  a 
snapping  movement  or  sound;  hence,  to  steal. 

Fly,  fly,  Jacques ! 
We  are  taken  in  a  toil,  mapt  in  a  pitfall. 

Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  iii.  4. 

Did  I  not  see  you,  rascal,  did  I  not ! 
When  you  lay  snug  to  snap  young  Damon's  goat  ? 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iii.  24. 

Idiot  as  she  is,  she  is  not  quite  goose  enough  to  fall  in 
love  with  the  fox  who  has  snapped  her,  and  that  in  his 
very  den.  Scott,  (Juentin  Durward,  xxxvi. 

2.  To  bite  or  seize  suddenly  with  the  teeth. 

I  will  imitate  ye  dogs  of  JSgypt,  which,  coming  to  the 
bancks  of  Nylus  too  quenche  their  thirste,  syp  and  away, 
drinke  running,  lest  they  be  maple  short  for  a  pray  too 
Crocodiles.  Ooison,  Schoole  of  Abuse. 

3.  To  interrupt  or  break  in  upon  suddenly  with 
sharp,  angry  words :  often  with  up. 

A  surly  ill-bred  lord, 
Who  chides,  and  snaps  her  up  at  every  word. 

Granville,  Cleora. 

4.  To  shut  with  a  sharp  sound ;  operate  (some- 
thing which  produces  a  sharp  snapping  sound 
when  it  acts) ;  cause  to  make  a  sharp  sound  by 
shutting,  opening,  exploding,  etc.:  as,  to  snap 
a  percussion-cap;  to  snap  the  lid  of  a  box. 

We  snapped  a  pistol  four  feet  from  the  ground,  and  it 
would  not  go  off,  but  fired  when  it  was  held  higher. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  U.  225. 

Up  rose  the  bowsy  sire, 

And  shook  from  out  his  pipe  the  seeds  of  fire ; 
Then  snapp'd  his  box.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  495. 

5.  To  break  sharply,  as  some  tough  or  brittle 
object ;  break  short ;  break  with  a  sharp  crack- 
ing sound :  as,  to  snap  a  string  or  a  buckle. 

Dauntless  as  Death  away  he  walks, 
Breaks  the  doors  open :  snaps  the  locks. 

Prior,  An  English  Padlock. 

6.  To  make  a  sharp  sound  with ;  crack :  as,  to 
snap  a  whip. 

But  he  could  make  you  laugh  and  crow  with  his  fiddle, 
and  could  make  you  jump  up,  aetat.  60,  and  snap  your 
fingers  at  old  age.  C.  Reade,  Love  me  Little,  iii. 

7.  To  take  an  instantaneous  photograph  of,  es- 
pecially with  a  detective  camera  or  hand-cam- 
era.    [Colloq.] 

I  was  reading  the  other  day  of  a  European  painter  who 
.  .  .  had  hit  upon  the  plan  of  using  a  hand  camera,  with 
which  he  followed  the  babies  about,  snapping  them  in 
their  best  positions.  St.  Nicholas,  XVII.  1034. 

To  snap  back,  \nfoot-tall,  to  put  (the  ball)  in  play,  as  is 
done  by  the  snap-back  or  center  rusher  by  pushing  it 
with  the  foot  to  the  quarter-back. — To  snap  off.  (a)  To 
break  off  suddenly:  as,  to  snap  off  the  handle  of  a  cup.  (6) 
To  bite  off  suddenly  :  often  used  humorously  to  express 
a  sudden  attack  with  sharp  or  angry  words :  as,  speak 
quietly,  don't  snap  my  head  off. 

We  had  like  to  have  had  our  two  noses  snapped  ojfwith 
two  old  men  without  teeth.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1.  116. 

To  snap  the  eye,  to  wink.       HaUiwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  a  snatch;  do  any- 
thing hastily;  especially,  to  catch  eagerly  at  a 
proposal,  offer,  or  opportunity;  accept  gladly 
and  promptly:  with  at:  as,  to  snap  at  the  chance. 
—  2.  To  make  an  effort  to  bite;  aim  to  seize 
with  the  teeth:  usually  with  at. 

We  snap  at  the  bait  without  ever  dreaming  of  the  hook 
that  goes  along  with  It  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

3.  To  utter  sharp,  harsh,  or  petulant  words: 
usually  with  at. 

To  be  anxious  about  a  soul  that  is  always  snapping  at 
you  must  be  left  to  the  saints  of  the  earth. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xxxlii. 

4.  To  break  short;  part  asunder  suddenly,  as  a 
brittle  or  tense  object. 

When  his  tobacco-pipe  snapped  short  in  the  middle, 
he  had  nothing  to  do  ...  but  to  have  taken  hold  of  the 
two  pieces  and  thrown  them  gently  upon  the  back  of  the 
fire.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  32. 

5.  To  emit  a  sharp  cracking  or  crackling  sound. 
Enormous  flres  were  snapping  in  the  chimneys  of  the 

house.  j.  F.  Cooper,  The  Spy,  xvi. 

6.  To  appear  as  if  flashing,  as  with  fire;  flash. 
How  Caroline's  eyes  snapped  and  flashed  Ore ! 

E.  E.  Hale,  Ten  Times  One,  ii. 


snap-back 

snap  (snap),  «.  and  ".  [<  xntip,  ''•]  I-  "•  *• 
A  snatch;  that  which  is  caught  by  a  snatch  or 
grasp;  a  catch. 

He's  a  nimble  fellow, 
And  alike  skilled  in  every  liberal  science, 
As  having  certain  snaps  of  all. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  i.  2. 

2.  An  eager  bite;  a  sudden  seizing  or  effort  to 
seize,  as  with  the  teeth :  as.  the  xnap  of  a  dog. 

—  3.  A  slight  or  hurried  repast;  a  snack. 

He  had  sat  down  to  two  hearty  meals  that  might  have 
been  mistaken  for  dinners  if  he  had  not  declared  them  to 
be  maps.  George  Eliot,  Janet's  Repentance,  i. 

4.  A  sudden  breaking  or  parting  of  something 
brittle  or  tense :  as,  the  snap  of  glass. 

Let  us  hear 
The  snap  of  chain-links. 

Wliillier,  To  Ronge. 

6.  A  sharp  cracking  sound;  a  crack:  as,  the 
mittl*  of  a  whip. 

Two  successive  snaps  of  an  electric  spark,  when  their 
interval  was  made  as  small  as  about  1/500  of  a  second. 

W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  I.  613. 

6.  The  spring-catch  of  a  purse,  reticule,  book- 
clasp,  bracelet,  and  the  like ;  also,  a  snap-hook 
and  a  top-snap.— 7.  A  snap-bug  or  snapping- 
beetle. — 8.  A  crisp  kind  of  gingerbread  nut  or 
small  cake ;  a  ginger-snap. 

I  might  shut  up  house,  ...  if  it  was  the  thing  I  lived 
by  — me  that  has  seen  a'  our  gentlefolk  bairns,  and  gi'en 
them  mapi  and  sugar-biscuit  maist  of  them  wi'  my  ain 
hand :  Scott,  St.  Kenan's  Well,  ii. 

9.  Crispness ;  pithiness ;  epigrammatic  force : 
said  of  verbal  expression.     [Colloq.] 

The  vigorous  vernacular,  the  pithy  phrase  of  the  Yankee 
farmer,  gave  zest  and  snap  to  many  a  paragraph. 

G.  S.  Memam,  8.  Bowles,  II.  375. 

10.  Vigor;  energy;   briskness;   life:  as,  the 
heat  took  all  the  snap  out  of  me.     [Colloq.] 

When  the  curtain  rose  on  the  second  act,  the  outside  of 
"  Oak  Hall,"  there  was  an  enormous  amount  of  applause, 
and  that  act  went  with  the  most  perfect  snap. 

Lester  Wallack,  Scribner's  Mag.,  IV.  722. 

11.  A  position,  piece  of  work,  etc.,  that  is  pleas- 
ant, easy,  and  remunerative.     [Slang.] — 12. 
A  brief  engagement.     [Theatrical  slang.] 

Actors  and  actresses  who  have  just  come  in  from  "  sum- 
mer snaps"  to  prepare  for  the  work  of  the  coming  season. 
Freund,  Music  and  Drama,  XIV.  xvi.  3. 

13.  An  ear-ring:  so  called  from  being  snapped 
or  clasped  with  a  spring-catch. 

A  pair  of  diamond  snaps  in  her  ears. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  III.  29.    (Darnel.) 

14.  A  sharper;  a  cheat;  a  knavish  fellow. 

Take  heed  of  a  snap,  sir ;  h'  'as  a  cozening  countenance : 
I  do  not  like  hia  way.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  U.  1. 

15.  In  music,  same  as  Scotch  snrtp  (which  see, 
under  Scotch1). — 16.  A  glass-molding  tool,  used 
for  shaping  the  feet  of  goblets,  and  similar  work. 
— 17.  A  riveters'  tool  for  finishing  the  heads  of 
rivets  symmetrically. — 18.  An  oyster  of  the 
most  inferior  quality  marketable.    [Maryland.] 

—  19f.  Same  as  cloyer. —  20.  The  act  of  taking 
an  instantaneous  photograph  with  a  camera. 
[Colloq.] 

Our  appearance,  however,  attracted  shots  from  all  quar- 
ters. Fellows  took  maps&t  us  from  balconies,  from  doors, 
on  the  roofs  of  houses. 

W.  B.  Russell,  Diary  in  India,  I.  346. 
A  cold  snap,  a  sudden  brief  spell  of  severely  cold  weather. 
[Colloq.]  —  A  soft  snap,  an  easy,  pleasant  position;  a 
good  berth  or  situation;  light  duty;  a  sinecure:  as,  he 
has  rather  a  toft  snap.  [Slang,  U.  S.]— Not  to  care  a 
snap,  to  care  little  or  nothing  (about  something).  [Col- 
loq.l  — Not  worth  a  snap,  worthless  or  nearly  so.  [Col- 
loq\  ] — Scotch  snap.  See  Scotch^ . 

II.  «.  Sudden  or  quick,  like  a  snap;  done, 
made,  etc.,  hastily,  on  the  spur  of  the  moment, 
or  without  preparation.  [Colloq.] 

He  is  too  proud  and  lofty  to  ever  have  recourse  to  the 
petty  trickeries  and  snap  judgments  of  the  minnows  of 
his  noble  profession.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVII.  880. 

The  previous  assent  of  the  Chair  to  the  motion  for 
closure  would  prevent  map  divisions,  by  which  conceiv- 
ably a  debate  might  be  prematurely  brought  to  an  end. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XXIII.  252. 

A  snap  Shot,  a  quick  shot  taken  at  a  bird  when  rising  or 
passing,  or  at  an  animal  which  is  seen  only  for  a  moment ; 
an  offhand  shot ;  also,  a  snap-shooter. 

snap-action  (snap'ak//shpn),  «.  In  a  firearm, 
the  mechanism  of  a  hinged  barrel  which,  when 
shut,  is  closed  by  a  spring-catch :  distinguished 
from  lever-action. 

snap-apple  (snap'apl),  n. '  A  game  the  object 
of  which  is  to  catch  in  one's  mouth  an  apple 
twirling  on  one  end  of  a  stick  which  is  sus- 
pended at  its  center  and  has  a  lighted  candle 
at  the  other  end. 

snap-back  (snap'bak),  n.  In  foot-ball,  the  act 
of  a  center  rusher  in  putting  the  ball  in  play 
by  pushing  it  with  his  foot  back  toward  the 


snap-back 

<l»iirt<;r-back  ;    also,  the  center   nish.-r.      See 

(snap'be'tl),    ».     Same  as  <•//,•/.•- 


snap-block   (snap'blok),  «.     Same  as  g,,aM<- 

snap-bolt  (snap-bolt ),  ii.  A  self-acting  bolt  or 
latch ;  a  catch  which  slips  into  its  place  and  fas- 
tens a  door  or  lid  without  the  use  of  a  kev 

snap-bug  (snap'bug),  M.  A  click-beetle.   FU.SI 

snap-cap  (snap'kap),  n.  A  very  small  leather 
cylinder,  with  a  metal  top,  fitting  closely  to  the 
nipple  of  a  percussion-musket,  for  protecting 
the  nipple  from  the  action  of  the  hammer 

snap-cracker  (snap'krak'te),  n.  Same  as  snap- 
jack. 

snapdragon  (snap'drag»on),  n.  1.  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Antirrhinum,  especially  the  common 
garden-flower  A.  majus  and  its  varieties,  it  is 
an  herb  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  bearing  showy  crim- 
son, purple,  white,  or  variegated  flowers  In  sp  ken  The 
name  is  suggested  by  the  mask-like  corolla,  Thence  al» 
numerous  provincial  names,  such  mcalf-mottt  or  calm'- 
snout  Iwn^mouth,  rabbits-mouth,  /roys-mouth  etc  The 
SXwmwO  The'  Bouthenl  Eur°Pe- .  (s«e  cut  B  under 

thler.?HfPla'it'  A-^cioeum-  »  nne  plant  from  islands'  olf 
?„,.  ,  n  ,  ,"  '  h"?  recelved  some  notice  under  the 
name  if  Gambel «  snapdragon.  A.  mauraiulioides  is  a  cul- 
tivated  vine,  better  known  as  Ma«raIUUa.  Various  spec  es 
of  Linana,  especially  L.  mdgaris,  the  common  toad-t 
—  so  named  ;  also  several  other  plants  w 


5737 

Snap-jack  isnap'jak),  ii.  A  species  of  stitch- 
wort,<StoUarta  //„/.«/,„.•  sc,  culled  from  its  brit- 
tle stem.  Also  called  tnappers,  nap^raeker 

and  OMtpVOrt.     ll,;!!,,,  and  //:,II,,H,I,  Kng.  Plant 
Names.      [  1'rov.  Kng.] 
Snap-link  (siiap'lingk).  ».     An  open  link 


Snap-link. 


2.  A  sport  in  which  raisins  or  grapes  are  snap- 
ped from  burning  brandy  and  eaten. 

The  wantonness  of  the  thing  was  to  see  each  other  look 

hpfra,iteTi!'-'  f  ?e(VUI;nt  °u«el«»,  and  snatched  out 
the  fruit,   1  his  fantastical  mirth  was 
called  snap-dragon. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  85. 

3.  A  glass-makers'  tongs.—  Ja- 
maica snapdragon.   See  Kmllia. 


Snapdragon,  3. 


snape  (snap),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snapcd,  ppr. 
snaping.  [Origin  obscure.]  In  ship-buildiiui, 

>  bevel  the  end  of  (a  timber  or  plank)  so 
that  it  will  fit  accurately  upon  an  inclined  sur- 
face. 

snape  (snap),  «,  [<  snape,  «•.]  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  snaping. 

snap-flask  (snap'flask),  n.  A  founders'  flask, 
made  m  two  parts  connected  bv  a  butt-hinge 
and  secured  by  a  latch. 

snaphance  (snap'hans),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  snaphauncc;  <  D.  snaphaan  (=  MLG. 
snaphane,  LG.  snapphaan),  a  sort  of  flint-lock 
gun,  lit.  'snap-cock,'  <  gnappen,  snap,  +  haan, 
cock:  see  hen1.  The  name  is  found  earlier  in 
an  appar.  transferred  use:  MD.  snaphaen,  an 
armed  horseman,  freebooter,  highwayman,  a 
vagabond,  D.  snaphaan,  a  vagabond,  =  MLG. 
sna/>hane,  a  highwayman  (>  G.  schnapphahn,  a 
robber,  footpad,  constable,  =  Sw.  smtpphane  = 
Dan.  snaphane,  a  highwayman,  freebooter); 
hence  also,  in  MD.  and  MLG.,  a  coin  having  as 
its  device  the  figure  of  a  horseman.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  spring-lock  of  a  gun  or  pistol.  Narcs. 

I  would  that  the  trained  bands  were  increased,  and  all 
reformed  to  harquebusiers,  but  whether  their  pieces  to  be 
with  firelocks  or  smphaumes  is  questionable.  The  flre 
lock  is  more  certain  for  giving  flre,  the  other  more  easy 
*  or  use.  Barl.  M^  _  l  v.  275. 

Hence— 2.  A  hand-gun  or  a  pistol  made  to  be 
fired  by  flint  and  steel.  In  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth  centuries  unaphances  were  distinguished  from  fire- 
locks,  the  latter  being  preferred  as  late  as  about  1620,  at 
which  time  the  former  were  greatly  improved. 

In  the  meantime,  Captain  Miles  Standish,  having  a 
snaphance  ready,  made  a  shot,  and  after  him  another. 
A.  Young,  Chrou.  Pil.,  quoted  in  Tyler's  Amer.  Lit.,  1. 161. 

3.  A  snappish  retort ;  a  curt  or  sharp  answer ; 
a  repartee.  [Rare.] 

Old  crabb'd  Scotus,  on  th'  Organon, 
Pay'th  me  with  map/iaunce,  quick  distinction. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  iv. 
Il.t  a.  Snappish;  retorting  sharply.    [Rare.] 
I,  that  even  now  lisp'd  like  an  amorist, 
Am  turn'd  into  a  sna-phaunee  Satyrist, 

Marstan,  Satires,  ii. 

snap-head  (snap'hed),  «.  1.  A  riveters'  swa- 
ging-tool,  used  in  forming  the  rounded  head  of 
a  rivet  when  forged  into  place. —  2.  A  rounded 
head  of  a  rivet,  bolt,  or  pin.  E.  H.  Knight. 
Snap-hook  (snap'huk),  n.  1.  A  metal  hook 
having  a  spring-mousing  or  guard  for  prevent- 
ing an  eye,  strap,  or  line  caught  over  it  from 
slipping  off.  Such  hooks  are  made  in  many  forms :  one 
of  the  best  has  a  spring-bolt  that  meets  the  point  of  the 
hook,  and  is  so  arranged  that  the  latter  cannot  be  used 
unless  the  bolt  is  drawn  back  by  means  of  a  stud  on  the 
shank.  See  snap-link. 

2.  A  fish-hook  which  springs  and  catches  when 
the  fish  bites ;  a  spring-hook.  There  are  many 
varieties. 


by  a  spring,  used  to  connect   chains,  parts  of 

snap-lock  (snap'lok), «.  A  lock  that  shuts  with- 
out the  use  of  a  key. 

snap-machine  (snap'ma-shen*),  „.  An  appa- 
ratus used  by  bakers  "for  cutting  a  sheet  of 
dough  into  small  cakes  called  snaps ;  a  cracker- 
machine. 

snap-mackerel  (snap'mak'e-rel),  H.    The  blue- 

nsh,  J'omatomtis  saltatrix.   " 
snapper1  (suap'er),  n.     [<  map  +  -?i-l.]     <>,„. 

who  or  that  which  snaps,  in  any  sense,    gpecifl- 

Sn  ft^rfti  '*  Hh°  ,8Vap,8  up  HM**k  ;  one  who  takes 
up  stealthily  and  suddenly  ;  a  thief. 

Who  being,  as  I  am.littered  under  Mercury,  was  likewise 
a  mapper-up  of  unconsidered  trifles.  Shot.,  W.  T. ,  |v.  3. 26 
(o)  A  cracker-bonbon.  Dames. 

And  nasty  French  lucifer  mappers  with  mottoes 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  276. 

(c)  The  cracker  on  the  end  of  a  whip.lash ;  figuratively  a 
smart  or  caustic  saying  to  wind  up  a  speech  or  discourse 
T  "i1^.8?  not  put  that  «"»PP«-on  the  end  of  my  whip-lash 
tithwis    roToked       wlthout  the  U1  te">P«-  which  iny  an- 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Atlantic,  LXVI.  667. 

(d)  A  fire-cracker  or  snapping-cracker.    (e)  A  snapplng- 
JS5fe    (/)  A  "'•PPlng-turtle.    (n)  One  of  various  fishes: 
(l)inesnap.mackerelorblueflsh,  Pumatmnussaltatrix  See 
cut  under  Uueftsh.  (2)  The  rose-flsh,  redflsh,  or  hemdurgan 
Sebastes  mannm.   See  cut  under  Sebastes.    I  Nova  Scotia] 

3)  A  sparoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  Lutjanirue.  They  are 
large,  handsome  fishes,  of  much  economic  value  uLutja- 
nMrnnsortrriseut  thorny.  MM,*,  ot  PfMMOto  nUMt^ 
L.  blackfordl  or  rneanus,  the  red  snapper;  Rhomb,^ilile» 


snare 

i,  a   large  and  ferocious  turtle  of  the 
I  mtcd  States:  so  called  fro,,,  th,.  w.-iv  it  snaps 
us  to  bite;  a  snapper.    I,  ,„  ,  ,, 

rivers  and  streams  of  North  Am.-u,-;..  and  attains  a   arge 

M  poaodTln 

»«*hL    IttfoodconaliU  chiefly  of  B&,  ,|,ells 

but  not  u,,fi.:,|ii..ntly    jn.-l,,d,.»  ,1,,,-ks   un.l  ,,tl,,-r  water^ 
fowl.     II  .has  un~.il  ic-Nii.-it)  •  .„  savage    and 

I"™:  h  "(,:,».    |,  ,  ,,,(,„ 

mwk,-t  and  its  n,:»i,  ,s  erteemed  ).\  many,  tli«uKli  it  j« 
?-'r",;,"!i     n'U    J  "'  u'"k''  ""'':/<"<"•- 

snappish  (snap' ish),  a.  [<  *««/j  + -,w,i.]  j. 
l(<  ady  or  apt  to  snap  or  bite:  as,  a  *»«/,;«>/< 
cur.— 2.  Sharp  in  reply;  apt  to  speak  angrily 
ortartly;  tart  :  erkbbed;  also,  proceeding  • 
a  sharp  temper  or  from  anger;  also,  ehiding- 
scolding;  faultfinding. 

Snappuhe  askyng.  We  doo  aske  oftentymet  because 
wee  would  knowe;  we  doo  »ske  also  because  wee  would 
chide,  and  set  forth  our  grief  with  more  vchemencie. 

Wilton,  Klietorike. 

Some  silly  poor  souls  be  so  afraid  that  at  every  mau- 
pah  word  their  nose  shall  be  bitten  off  that  they  stand  in 
M"  l.'«s  dread  of  every  quick  and  sharp  word  than  he  that 
Is  bitten  of  a  mad  dug  feareth  water. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia,  Ded.  to  Peter  Giles,  p.  12. 

He  was  hungry  and  tnappuh ;  she  was  hurried  and  crosa. 

Whyle  Mflrillt,  White  ROM,  I.  vil. 

=  Syn.2.  Touchy,  testy,  crusty,  petulant,  pettish,  sple- 

snappishly  (snap'ish-li),  nth-.    In  a  snappish 
manner;  peevishly;  angrily;  tartly. 

"Sit  down,  I  tell  you,"  said  old  Featheretone,  ntan- 
fwhly.  "  Stop  where  you  are." 

George  Kliot,  Mlddlemarch,  mil. 
snappishness  (snap'ish-nes),  M.     The  charac- 
ter of  being  snappish;  peevishness;  tartness, 
snappy  (snap'ij,  a.     [<  snap  +  -yl.]     1.  Snap- 
pish.^      [Rare.]— 2.    Having  snap    or    "go." 
[U.  8.] 

It  [lacrosse]  is  a  game  well-suited  to  the  American 
taste,  being  short,  mappy,  and  vivacious  from  beginning 
to  finish.  Tribune  Book  o/  Sportt,  p. 


Florida  Red  Snapper  (Luljanut 


aurorubens,  the  bastard  snapper  or  mangrove-snapper.  All 
these  occur  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States, 
chiefly  southward.  The  red  snapper,  of  a  nearly  uniform 
rose-red  color,  is  the  most  valuable  of  these  •  it  is  caught 
in  large  numbers  off  the  coast  of  Florida,  and  taken  to  all 
the  principal  northern  markets.  The  gray  snapper  is  of 
a  greenish-olive  color,  with  brown  snots  on  each  scale  and 
a  narrow  blue  stripe  on  the  cheek.  There  are  also  Malayan 
and  Japanese  snappers  of  this  kind,  called  Mjang,  the 
source  of  the  technical  name  of  the  genus.  (A)  In  ornith. : 
(1)  1'he  green  woodpecker,  Qecinusviridis.  See  cut  under 
popinjay.  [Prov.  Eng.]  (2)  One  of  various  American 
flycatchers  (not  Musricapidx)  which  snap  at  flies,  often 
with  an  audible  click  of  the  beak  ;  a  flysnapper  See  cut 
under  fit/snapper,  (t)  pi.  Castanets. 

The  instruments  no  other  then  snajipers,  gingles,  and 
round  bottom'd  drums,  born  upon  the  back  of  one,  and 
beaten  upon  by  the  followers.  Sandys,  Travalles,  p.  133. 

Black  snapper,  a  local  name  of  a  form  of  the  cod  Oadus 
morrhua,  living  near  the  shore. 

snapper-back  (snap'er-bak),  H.  In  foot-ball,  a 
center  rusher.  See  rusher^. 

Neither  the  snapper-back  nor  his  opponent  can  take  the 
ball  out  with  the  hand  until  it  touches  a  third  man. 

Tribune  Book  of  Sports,  p.  128. 

snappers  (snap'erz),  «.     Same  as  snap-jack. 

snapping-beetle  (snap'ing-be'tl),  «.  A  snap, 
snapper,  or  snap-bug;  a  click-beetle;  a  skip- 
jack; an  elater:  so  called  from  the  way  they 
snap,  as  to  both  the  noise  and  the  movement. 
See  cut  under  click-beetle. 

Snapping-bng  (snap'ing-bug), «.    Sameasximyj- 


. 

snapping-cracker  (snap'ing-krak'er),  «.  A 
fire-cracker.  [U.  8.] 

snapping-mackerel  (snap'ing-mak'e-rel),  ». 
The  snap-mackerel  or  bluefish.  See  mackerel1. 

snapping-tongs  (snap'ing-tdngz),  n.  See  the 
quotation. 

Snapping-tmtfft,  a  game  at  forfeits.  There  are  seats  In 
the  room  for  all  but  one,  and  when  the  tongs  are  snapped 
all  run  to  sit  down,  the  one  that  fails  paying  a  forfeit. 

HaUiwett. 

snapping-tool  (snap'ing-tel), ».  A  stamp  used 
to  force  a  metal  plate  into  holes  in  a  die. 
E.  H.  Knifiht. 

snapping-turtle  (snap'ing-ter'tl),  «.  The  alli- 
gator-terrapin or  alligator-tortoise,  Chelydra 


snaps1  (snaps),  n,  [Cf.  snap.]  In  coal-mining, 
a  haulage-clip.  [Midland  coal-field,  Eng.] 

snaps2  (snaps),  11.     Same  as  schnapps. 

snapsack  (snap'sak),  n.  [<  G.  schnapp-sack. 
<  schnappen,  snap,  +  sack,  sack:  see  snap  and 
MM*.  Cf.  knapsack,  gripsack.'}  Same  as  knap- 
sack. [Obsolete  or  colloq.] 

While  we  were  landing,  and  fixing  our  Snap-sadrt  to 
march,  oar  Moskito  Indians  struck  a  plentiful  dish  of  Fish 
which  we  Immediately  drest.  Dumpier,  Voyages,  I.  7. 

snap-shooter  (snap'sho'ter),  n.    A  snap-shot; 
one  who  is  skilled  in  snap-shooting, 
snap-shooting  (snap'sho'ting),  n.  The  practice 
of  making  snap  shots.     See  snap,  a. 
snapt  (snapt).    A  spelling  of  snapped,  preterit 
and  past  participle  of  snap. 
snap-tool  (snap'tol),  n.    A  tool  used  in  forming 
rivet-points.   It  consists  of  a  hollow  cup  of  steel 
welded  to  a  punch-head  for  striking  upon, 
snapweed  (snap'wed),  n.    See  Impatiens. 
snapworkt  (snap'werk),  n.     The  lock  and  ap- 
purtenances of  a  snaphance  or  hackbut. 

Betwlit  the  third  couple  of  towers  were  the  butts  and 
marks  for  shooting  with  a  snap-work gun,  an  ordinary  bow 
for  common  archery,  or  with  a  cross-bow. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  L  55. 

snapwort  (snap'wert),  n.  Same  as  snap-jack. 
snart  (snar),p.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  snarre;  <  MD 
snarren  =  MLG.  snarren,  snarl,  scold,  brawl, 
=  MHG.  snarren,  G.  schnarren,  snarl,  grate; 
cf.  D.  snorken  =  MHG.  snarchen,  G.  schnarchen 
=  Sw.  snarka  =  Dan.  snorke,  snore :  see  sneer, 
snore,  snork,  snort.  Cf.  snarl1.'}  To  snarl. 

I  snarre,  as  a  dogge  doth  under  a  doore  whan  he  sheweth 
hls  t*'06-  Palsgrave. 

And  some  of  Tygres,  that  did  seeme  to  gren 
And  snar  at  all  that  ever  passed  bv. 

Spenter,  K.  Q.,  VI.  xli.  27. 

snare  (snar),  n.  (X  ME.  snare,  <  AS.  *»iear,  a 
string,  cord,  =  MD.  snare,  snaere,  D.  snaar  = 
MLG.  snare  =  OHG.  snarahha.  snaracha.  snara. 
MHG.  snar,  a  string,  noose,  =  Icel.  Sw.  snara  = 
Dan.  snare,  a  noose,  snare,  gin;  from  a  strong 
verb  preserved  in  OHG.  MHG.  snerhan,  snerhen, 
bind  tightly  (cf.  Icel.  snara  (weak  verb),  turn 
quickly,  twist,  wring) ;  Teut.  ^snarh,  Indo-Eur. 
•V/  snart,  draw  together,  contract,  in  Gr.  vapun, 
cramp,  numbness  (see  narcissus);  perhaps  an 
extended  form  of  •/  snar,  twist,  bind,  in  Lith. 
nirli,  thread  a  needle,  draw  into  a  chain,  L.  ner- 
riis  =  Gr.  veiipov,  a  sinew,  nerve :  see  nerrt .  Con- 
nection with  D.  snoer  =  MLG.  snor =OHG.  MHG. 
Htiunr,  G.  Hchnur,  acord,  band,  rope,  =  Icel.  xna-ri 
(for  snteri  =  Sw.  snore  =  Dan.  snor),  a  twisted 
string,  =  Goth,  snorjo,  basket,  woven  work,  and 
with  the  related  AS.  snod,  E.  snood,  and  Olr. 
snathe,  snath,  a  thread,  L.  nere,  spin,  Skt.  sntisd, 


snare 


5728 


.ii,  a  tendon,  sinew,  etc.,  is  uncertain,  snarl-  (sniirl),  ».  [<  xitnrl-.  <:\  1.  -\  snare: 
Heiice  nit.  .•oiitrP.']  1.  A  string;  a  con! ;  specifi-  any  knot  or  complication  ot  hair,  thread,  etc., 
cally,  in  a  side-drum,  one  of  the  strings  of  gut  which  it  is  difficult  to  disentangle ;  also,  a  group 
or  rawhide  that  are  stretched  across  the  lower  of  things  resembling,  in  entanglement,  such  a 
head  so  as  to  produce  a  rattling  reverberation  knot :  as,  a  snarl  of  yachts.  Hence  —  2.  Fig- 
on  it.— 2.  A  noose;  a  springe;  a  contrivance,  uratively,  complication;  intricacy;  embarrass- 

-  •  -—'  ing  condition:  as,  to  get  the  negotiation  into  a 


consisting  of  a  noose  or  set  of  nooses  of  cord, 
hair,  wire,  or  the  like,  by  which  a  bird  or  other 
animal  may  be  entangled;  a  net;  a  gin. 

The  hare  is  not  hunted  in  this  country  as  in  Europe, 
but  is  generally  roused  by  a  dog  and  shot,  or  is  caught  in 
various  traps  and  mare*. 

A.  A.  Gould,  Naturalist's  Library,  p.  259. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  by  which  one  is  en- 
tangled, entrapped,  or  inveigled. 

A  fool's  mouth  is  his  destruction,  and  his  lips  are  the 
tium  of  his  soul.  Prov.  xviii.  7. 

Comest  Hum  smiling  from 
The  world's  great  xnnre  uncaught  ? 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  iv.  8.  16. 


snarl. 

Let  Hymen's  easy  snarls  he  c|Uite  forgot ; 
Time  cannot  quench  our  fires,  nor  death  dissolve  our  knot. 
Quartet,  Emblems,  iv.  12. 

3.  A  vexations  controversy ;  a  squabble.     This 
sense  may  have  been  affected  by  snm-n.     [Col- 
loq.] 

We  find  "  boycott "  used  several  times  as  a  substantive, 

and  are  told  that  the  "  New  York  longshoremen  and  the 

Old  Dominion  Steamship  Company  had  got  into  a  snarl." 

X.  mid  </.,  7th  sen,  VII.  SSO. 

4.  A  knot  in  wood ;  a  gnai'l. 

Let  Italian  or  Spanish  yew  lie  the  wood,  clear  of  knots, 
snarl*,  and  cracks.  Tribune  Bottk  of  Sports,  p.  12. 


4.  In  xiiri/.,  a  light  4craseur,  consisting  usually 

of  a  wire  loop  or  noose,  for  removing  tumors  snarler1  (snar'ler).  ».    [<  snurfl  +  -er1.]    One 
and  the  like.  who  snarls;  a  surly,  growling  animal;  agrum- 

snare  (snar),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snared,  ppr.  snar-    bling,  quarrelsome  fellow. 
ing.     [<  ME.  snaren  ;  <  snare,  n.    Cf .  Icel.  snara        Next  to  the  peevish  fellow  is  the  snarler. 
=  Sw.  snaria  =  Dan.  snsere,  turn  quickly,  twist,  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  438. 

wring.]     I.  trans.  1.  To  catch  with  a  snare  or  snarler2  (snar'ler),  «. 
noose ;  net.  who  snarls  metal. 

Partridges,  because  they  flew  well  and  strongly,  were  snarling    (suiir'ling),  p.  a.     Growling;    grum- 
then  not  shot,  but  snared,  by  means  of  a  trained  dog.  bling  angrily ;  peevish;  waspish;  snappish. 

Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Beign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  313.  snarling_iron  (smir'ling-i'era),  H.  A  tool  for 
2.  Figuratively,  to  catch  or  take  by  guile;  bring  fluting  or  embossing  vessels  of  sheet-metal, 
by  cunning  into  unexpected  evil,  perplexity,  or  consisting  of  a  long  arm  which  is  turned  at  an 
danger;  entangle;  entrap. 

Become  more  humble,  &  cast  downe  thy  looke, 
Least  prides  bait  snare  thee  on  the  devils  hooke. 

Times'  WhMe  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  38. 

The  woman  .  .  .  entertained  discourse,  and  was  pres- 
ently snared.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  25. 

'o  use  snares;  catch  birds  or 


snatchingly 

rities  :uul  empires  creep  along,  enlarging  in  silent  nh 
scurity,  until  they  liurst  forth  in  sujnr  tremendous  ca- 
lamity —  and  matf.lt.  as  it  were,  immortality  from  the  ex- 
plosion !  Irrimj,  Knickerbocker,  p.  424. 

3.  To  seize  or  transport  away  quickly  or  for- 
cibly. 

Oh  Nature !  .  .  . 

Enrich  me  with  the  knowledge  of  thy  works  ! 
Snatch  me  to  Heaven.       Thomson,  Autumn,  1.  1354. 

4.  .\tiut.,  to  place  the  bight  of  (a  rope)  in  a 
snatch-block  so  that  it  may  lead  properly. 

II.  intrtntg.   1.  To  seize,  or  attempt  to' seize, 
a  thing  suddenly  :  generally  witli  nt. 
Snatch  not  at  every  favour. 

Sir  T.  ISn.mi,;  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  5. 
No  eager  man  among  his  joyous  peers 
To  match  nt  pleasure. 

William  Mum'*,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  111. 
2.  See  the  quotation. 

Snatchimj  is  a  form  of  illicit  piscicapture.  ...  A 
large  triangle  is  attached  to  a  line  of  tine  gut,  well 


pointed  or  terminated  in  any  shape  desired. 
It  is  inserted  into  the  vessel,  and  the  long  arm  or  bar  Is 
struck  outside  of  the  vessel  with  a  hammer,  causing  the 
point  or  head  to  raise  the  metal  from  within,  as  in  re- 
POUS.SI''  work.  It  is  used  especially  for  striking  up  pat- 
terns on  silverware. 


weighted  with  swan-shot  or  a  small  plummet.  .  .  .  The 
line  is  then  dropped  into  some  quiet  place  where  fish  are 
plentiful,  .  .  .  and,  as  soon  as  the  p'nmmrt  has  touched 
the  bottom,  is  twitched  violently  up.  It  is  almost  a  cer- 
tainty that  on  some  one  or  other  of  the  hooks,  and  possi- 
bly on  more  than  one,  will  be  a  nsh  foul-hooked. 

The  Standard  (London),  Oct.  21,  1878.    (Davies.) 
[<  xnarl-  +-er*.]    One  snatch  (snaeh),  ».     [<  siiatHi,  r.    Cf.  snack,  ».] 

1.  A  hasty  catch  or  seizing. 

How  can  he  live  by  snatches  from  such  people? 
He  bore  a  worthy  mint). 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  i.  1. 
His  scarsella  was  snatched  at,  but  all  the  while  he  was 
being  hustled  and  dragged,  and  the  snatch  failed. 

George  Eliot,  Romola,  Ixvi. 

2.  An  attempt  to  seize  suddenly;  a  sharp  at- 
tack. 


But  he,  triumphant  spirit !  all  things  dared, 
He  poached  the  wood  and  on  the  warren  snared. 


irritable  animals— that  the  cow  is  tranquil  and  gentle, 
and  the  hyena  snarly  and  fretful. 

H.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  262. 
snarret,  <•.  /'.     Same  as  snar. 
snary  (snar'i),  n.     [<  snare  +  -y1.]     Of  the  na- 
ture of  a  snare ;  entangling;  insidious.    [Rare.] 
Spiders  in  the  vault  their  snary  webs  have  spread. 

Dryden. 


snarling-tool  (suar'ling-tol),  M.    Same  as  xnart- 
Crabbe,  Parish  Register,  i.      in  (/-iron. 

snare-drum  (snar'drum),  M.  Same  as  side-drum,  snarly  (sna^li) ,  «.    [<  saarli +  -«i.]    Disposed 
snare-head  (snar'hed),  ».    The  lower  head  of    to  snarl ;  irritable ;  cross.     [Colloq.] 
a  snare-drum:  opposed  to  batter-head.  .  We  ?11  know  that  there  are  good-natured  animals  and 

snarer  (snai'er),  n.  [<  snare  +  -cr1.]  One  who 
lays  snares  or  entangles;  one  who  catches  ani- 
mals with  snares. 

Snarers  and  smugglers  here  their  gains  divide. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register,  i. 

snarl1  (snarl),  r.  [Freq.  of  sum;  like  gutirl1, 
freq.  of  gnar2,  gnarft,  freq.  of  snare,  etc.]  I.  iu- 

trans.  1.  To  growl  sharply,  as  an  angry  or  siirlv  «.  „,.!,  "'  "" — "••  ••»«•""=  •»"» 

dog;  gnarl  snash  (snash),  r.  i.     [Cf.  Dan.  masks,  gnash  or    at  weeding  after  a  shower. 

That  I  should  snarl  and  bite  and  play  the  dog.  C^  mP  "^  "  1°°    Sk     W  f"?6^?  "^  =  8W'         High-stepping  horses  seemed  necessary  to  all  Mr.  Lam- 

snaska,  smack,  snub,  chide  (snasle,  sweetmeat) ;     mle's  friends -as  necessary  as  their  transaction  of  bnsi- 
cf.  smash,  smack2,  and  also  snarl*  (D.  snakkcii, 
chatter,  etc.).]     To  talk  saucilv.     Jamieson. 
[Scotch.] 

snash  (snash),  ».    [<  snash, ».]    Insolent,  oppro- 
brious language ;  impertinent  abuse.  [Scotch.] 
Poor  tenant  bodies,  scant  o'  cash, 
How  they  maun  thole  the  factor's  snash! 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs. 

snastt  (snast),  •».      [Appar.  a  var.  of  gnast1, 
'When     I'm8t>  in  the  same  sense.]     The  snuff  of  a  can- 
dle. 


Thus  not  only  as  oft  as  we  speak,  as  one  salth,  but  also 
as  oft  as  we  do  anything  of  note  or  consequence,  we  sub- 
ject ourselves  to  every  one's  censure,  and  happy  is  he  that 
is  least  tossed  upon  tongues ;  for  utterly  to  escape  the 
snatch  of  them  it  is  impossible ! 

The  Translators  to  the  Reader  of  the  Bible  (A.  V.),  p.  cvi. 

3t.  A  catching  of  the  voice :  impeded  utterance. 
[Rare.] 

The  snatches  In  his  voice, 
And  burst  of  speaking,  were  as  his. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2.  105. 

4.  A  piece  snatched  or  broken  off;  a  small 
piece  or  quantity;  a  fragment;  a  bit. 

Mermaid-like,  awhile  they  bore  her  up ; 
Which  time  she  chanted  snatches  of  old  tunes. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7.  178. 
But  I  am  somewhat  worn, 
A  stiatch  of  sleep  were  like  the  peace  of  God. 

Tennyson,  Harold,  v.  1. 

6.  A  short  fit  of  vigorous  action :  as,  a  snatch 


Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  6.  77. 
2.  Figuratively,  to  speak  in  a  sharp  and  quar- 
relsome or  faultfinding  way;  talk  rudely  or 
churlishly;  snap. 

What !  were  you  snarling  all  before  I  came, 
Ready  to  catch  each  other  by  the  throat, 
And  turn  you  all  your  hatred  now  on  me? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3.  188. 

II.  h-ans.  To  utter  with  a  snarl :  as,  to  snarl 
one's  discontent;  to  snarl  out  an  oath. 


"No,  you  are  dreadfully  inspired,"  said  Felix, 
the  wicked  Tempter  is  tired  of  snarling  that  word  failure 
in  a  man's  cell,  he  sends  a  voice  like  a  thrush  to  say  it  for 
hlm-  George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xlv. 

snarl1  (snarl),  n.    [<  *»«»•?!,  r.] 


You  chandler,  I  like  not  your  tricks ;  .  .  .  after  your 
weeke  or  mwfl  [read  siiaxt]  is  stiffened,  you  dip  it  in  filthy 
drone,  and  after  give  him  a  coat  of  good  tallowe. 


ness  together  in  a  gipsy  way  at  untimely  hours.  .  .  .  and 
in  rushes  and  snatches.    Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  ii.  4. 

6.  A  hasty  repast ;  a  snack ;  a  bit  of  food. 
I  fear  you'll  have  cold  entertainment  when 

You  are  at  your  journey's  end ;  and  'twere  discretion 
To  take  a  snatch  by  the  way. 

Masxinger,  Duke  of  Milan,  iii.  2. 

7.  A  quibble ;  a  shuffling  answer.     [Rare.] 
Come,  sir,  leave  me  your  snatches,  and  yield  me  a  direct 

answer.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  2.  6. 

8.  An  open  lead  for  a  block.    See  snatch-block. 
—  By  snatches,  in  a  disconnected  or  spasmodic  manner; 
by  fits  and  starts.  — Dumb  snatch,  a  snatch  having  no 
sheave. 


as  related  to  gnar*,  etc.]     I.  trans.  1.' To  en- 
tangle; complicate;   involve  in  knots:  as    to 
snarl  a  skein  of  thread. 
I 


W  ...„„„  ;,,*„„  ,,tu,   njiu  acne  LO  i  Hum    ii 

s  own  leesse.  Palsgra," 

Through  thousand  snarled  thickets  posting  she 
Darted  her  self,  regardless  of  her  way. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  27. 

2.  To  embarrass ;  confuse ;  entangle. 

This  was  the  question  that  they  would  have  snarled 
Latimer.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

3.  To  shape  or  ornament  the  exterior  of  (ves- 
sels of  thin  metal)  by  repercussion  from  within 
bee  8narling-4ron. 


•        .      piou.      .uiin     icti.      Lirruv.  -^^g-J 

''""  'J  snatch  (snach),  )•.;  pret.  and  pp.  snatched  (for- 
•    merly«»««0At),ppr.  snatching.   [<  ME.  snaclieii, 

snacchen.  siiccchen,  an  assibilated  form  of  snak-  • 

A-ew,  E.  snack,  snatch:  see  snack.]    I.  trans.  1.  snatch-cleat  (snach'klet),  n.    Xaut.,  a  curved 
To  seize  or  take  hastily,  eagerly,  abmptlv,  or    cleat  or  chock  round  which  a  rope  may  be  led. 

..:~1~ *.! *^       •'  Cfvi  ri  4-  nln  rt*»    /L,vi««li'A«\       »  r/    ,.J~I.       I          ___1    -*        . 


„  --  — :h-block. 

heavy  purchases  where  a  warp  or  haw- 
ser is  brought  to  a  capstan,  it  is  called  a  voyal  or  viol  block 
Also  notch-block.     See  also  cut  und 


violently. 

He  ...  from  my  finger  snatch'd  that  ring. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1.  276. 
I'm  loth  to  snatch  thy  punishment 
Out  of  the  hand  of  justice. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iii.  e. 
Him  did  I  see  snatch  up  with  horrid  grasp 
Two  sprawling  Greeks,  in  either  hand  a  man. 

Addison,  ^Eneid,  iii. 
tched  down  their  rusty  firelocks  from 
to  make  good  the  resolute  words 


snatcher  (snach'er),  ii.    [<  snatch  +  -<ri.]    i. 
Onewho  snatches,  ortakes  suddenly  or  guiltily ': 
as,  a  body-snatcher;  specifically,  formerly,  in 
Scotland,  a  roving  thief,  especially  one  of  a  body 
of  plunderers  hanging  upon  a  military  force. 
We  do  not  mean  the  coursing  snatchers  only 
But  fear  the  main  intendment  of  the  Scot 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2.  143. 
The  Town-herd  .  .  .  regularly  drove  them  [all  the  cattle 


a  '8 


to  become  entangled. 


n...>,  »,^,,cl,  n»,,0,  lu  mane  gooa  me  resolute  words  of     ing,  and  brought  them  back  at  nieht  without  whi 
IH  trans.  To  make  tangles  or  snarls;  also,      4h«r  town  debates.    Emerson,  Hist.  Discourse  at  Concord,      caution  they  would  have  fallen  a speedv -prey  to Ts 

Hence,  figuratively  —  2.  To  get  or  save  by  sud-     the  s"«te*e™ in  ^  neighbourhood.    Scott,  Monastery,  i. 

2.  pi.  In  ornith.,  specifically,  birds  of  prey;  the 
Baptorm.     See  cuts  under  Kaptores. 
snatchingly  (snach'ing-li),  adr.  By  snatching; 
168.     hastily;  abruptly.     Imp.  Diet. 


snatching-roller 

snatching-roller  (smic-ii'mg-ro'liT),  n.  In  n 
printing-press  using  a  continuous  web  of  paper, 
one  of  a  pair  of  rollers  running  at  a  higher 
speed  than  those  next  behind  them,  and  scry  nit,- 
to  snatch  or  tear  off  the  printed  slice!  at  the 
line  of  perforations  made  to  divide  the  web 
into  sheets. 

snatchy  (snach'i),  a.  [<  snatch  +  -y1.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  characterized  by  snatches;  not 
uniform  or  continuous  ;  irregular. 

The  modern  style  [of  rowing]  seems  short  and  snatchy ; 
it  has  not  the  long  majestic  sweep  of  former  days. 

Cambridge  Sketches,  p.  16. 

snath  (snath),  n.    A  shortened  form  of  snatlic". 
O  mower,  lean  on  thy  bended  snath, 
Look  from  the  meadows  green  and  low. 

W hittier,  Wreck  of  Rivermouth. 

snathe1  (snaTH),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  snathed, 
ppr.  Sneaking.  A  variant  of  snead1.  Halliteell. 

snathe2  (snaTH),  n.  [A  var.  of  snead2.]  The 
curved  helve  or  handle  of  a  scythe,  to  which 
are  attached  short  handles  called  nibs.  See 
scytlw. 

snattock  (snat'ok),  »..  [Prob.  for  *snaddock,  < 
snead1  (ME.  snadc)  +  -ock.~\  A  chip ;  a  slice ; 
a  fragment.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Snattocks  of  that  very  cross  ;  of  cedar  some,  some  of  ju- 
niper. Gayton,  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  p.  275. 

snaughtt.  An  obsolete  preterit  and  past  parti- 
ciple of  snatch. 

snaw  (sna),  n.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  (Scotch) 
form  of  snow1. 

snead1  (sned),  v.  t.  [Also  sneed,  sued,  also 
snathe,  snaze;  <  MK  "sneden,  *snxden  (in  comp. 
to-sntfden),<  AS.  snsedan  (=  OHG.  sneiton,  MHG. 
sneiten  =  Icel.  sneidha),  cut,  also  feed,  a  secon- 
dary form  of  snithan,  cut :  see  snithe.  Cf .  sncad2.] 
To  cut ;  lop ;  prune. 

snead1  (sned),  n.  [<  ME.  snade,  snode,  <  AS. 
anted  (=  Icel.  sneidli),  a  piece,  bit,  slice,  <  sni- 
than (pret.  snatJi),  in  secondary  form  sniedan, 
cut :  see  snead1,  v.]  A.  piece ;  "bit ;  slice. 

snead2  (sned),  re.  [Also  sneed.  sned,  also  sncatJi, 
sneathe,  snathe,  snath;  <  ME.  *sned,  <  AS.  snied, 
the  handle  of  a  scythe,  appar.  <  snithan  (pret. 
snath),  cut:  see  snead1.]  The  handle  of  a 
scythe :  same  as  snathe?.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
This  is  fixed  on  a  long  sneed,  or  straight  handle. 

Evelyn. 

Argent,  a  scythe,  the  blade  in  chief,  the  meyd  (or  han- 
dle) in  bend  sinister  sable,  etc.  ..V.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VI.  14. 

snead3  (sned),  n.    Same  as  *«ee<J2. 

sneak  (snek),  v.  [<  ME.  sniken  (appar.  siiiken, 
whence  mod.  E.  'snick,  with  an  allowed  var. 
sneak),  for  orig.  sniken  (which  would  require  a 
mod.  E.  *snike),  <  AS.  sniean  (pret.  *sndc,  pp. 
*snicen),  creep,  =  Icel.  "snika  (in  pp.  snikinn, 
covetous,  hankering  after)  =  Sw.  dial,  sniga 
(pret.  sneg),  creep.  =  Dan.  reflex  snige,  sneak, 
slink  ;  cf.  Icel.  snikja  (weak  verb),  hanker  after, 
beg  for  food  silently,  as  a  dog,  =  Sw.  snika 
(pret.  snek),  hanker  after ;  cf.  OHG.  snahhan, 
sneak,  MHG.  snouken,  go  secretly,  G.  dial. 
schnaacken,  schnacken,  schiiaiohen,  creep;  cf.  Ir. 
Gael,  snaigh,  snaig,  creep,  crawl,  sneak.  From 
the  same  ult.  verb  are  E.  snail,  snake,  snag$, 
smack3,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  creep  or  steal 
about  privately ;  go  furtively,  as  if  afraid  or 
ashamed  to  be  seen ;  slink. 

A  poor  unminded  outlaw  sneaking  home. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3.  68. 

I  hate  to  see  an  awkward  gawky  come  sneaking  into  the 
market.  Sheridan  (?),  The  Camp,  i.  1. 

2.  To  behave  with  meanness  and  servility; 
crouch ;  truckle. 

Tom  struts  a  soldier,  open,  bold,  and  brave ; 
Will  sneaks  a  scrivener,  an  exceeding  knave. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  154. 

3.  To  steal;  pilfer.    See  sneak-thief .    [Colloq.] 
II.  trans.  To  hide;  conceal  in  a  furtive  or 

cowardly  manner.     [Rare.] 

Some  sins  dare  the  world  in  open  defiance,  yet  this  [slan- 
der] lurks,  and  sneaks  its  head. 

Abp.  Wake,  Rationale  on  Texts  of  Scripture  (1701).  p.  222. 

[(Latham.) 

sneak  (snek),  H.  [(sneak,  v.]  1.  A  mean,  con- 
temptible fellow ;  one  who  has  recourse  to  mean 
and  cowardly  methods ;  a  person  of  selfish  and 
cowardly  temper  and  conduct. 

A  set  of  simpletons  and  superstitious  sneaks. 

Olanmlle,  Sermons,  iv. 

They  may  tell  me  I  can't  alter  the  world— that  there 
must  be  a  certain  number  of  sneaks  and  robbers  in  it, 
and  if  I  don't  lie  and  filch  somebody  else  will. 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  v. 

Don't  jaw,  Dolly.  Hold  on,  and  listen  tome.  Yon  never 
were  a  sneak.  Whyte  Melville,  White  Rose,  II.  xiii. 

2.  Apettythief.   See  sneak-thief and  area-sneak. 
360 


sneakbillt  (snf-k'bil).  ».  [Also  sn«ii,-si,ni:  < 
MOM  +  bill1.]  A  sharp-nosed,  lean,  sneaking 
fellon-. 

Chiehe-face,  a  chichlface,  micher,  sneake-hi/l,  «n  irh.  d 
fellow,  one  out  of  whose  nose  hunger  drn|i-.        (Vtyrai*. 

sneak-boat  (snek'bot),  n.  A  small  decked  boat 
used  in  hunting  wild  fowl.  It  is  masked  with 
weeds  or  brush  when  used.  [U.S.] 

The  usual  length  of  a  Bnrnegat  sneakboat  Is  12  feet,  width 
4  feet,  square  stern  34  Inches  wide,  7  inches  deep. 

Set.  Amer.,  S.  S.,  LX.  219. 

sneak-box  (snek'boks),  n.   Same  as  sncak-lnmi. 

Tribune  Book  of  Sports,  p.  427.     [U.  S.] 
sneak-cupt  (snek'kup),  M.     [<  sneak,  v.,  +  obj. 

cup.]    A  toper  who  balks  his  glass;  one  who 

sneaks  from  his  cup ;  hence,  a  puny  or  paltry 

fellow. 

The  prince  is  a  Jack,  a  sneak-cup  \sncak-up  in  some  edi- 
tions, apparently  confused  with  sneck  up}. 

Shak.,  llien.  IV.,  III.  3.  99. 

sneaker  (sne'ker),  n.  [<  sneak  +  -cr1.]  1.  One 
who  sneaks ;  one  who  wants  spirit ;  a  sneak. 

Sneakers  and  time  servers.   Waterland,  Works,  III.  420. 
2.  A  drinking-vessel :  a  kind  of  punch-bowl. 

After  supper  he  asked  me  if  I  was  an  admirer  of  punch ; 
and  immediately  called  for  a  sneaker. 

Addison,  Freeholder,  No.  22. 

sneakiness  (sne'ki-nes),  n.  Same  as  sneaking- 
ness. 

sneaking  (sne'king),  p.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
worthy  of  a  sneak ;  acting  like  or  characteristic 
of  a  sneak;  mean;  servile;  crouching. 

He  objected  against  religion  itself.    He  said  it  wasa  piti- 
ful, low,  sneaking  business  for  a  man  to  mind  religion. 
He  said  that  a  tender  conscience  was  an  unmanly  thing. 
Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 
The  fawning,  sneaking,  and  flattering  hypocrite. 

Siaiingfleet,  Sermons,  II.  i. 

2.  Secret  or  clandestine.and  somewhat  discred- 
itable ;  underhand ;  hence,  in  a  less  reprehen- 
sible sense,  una vowed;  not  openly  or  frankly 
declared. 

For  they  possess'd.  with  all  their  pother, 
A  sneaking  kindness  for  each  other. 

W.  Combe,  Dr.  Syntax's  Tours,  i.  7. 

The  sneaking  kindness  for  "gentlemen  of  the  road"  is 
in  our  days  but  rarely  displayed. 

U.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  574. 

sneakingly  (sne'king-li),  adv.  In  a  sneaking 
manner;  meanly. 

Do  all  things  like  a  man,  not  sneakingly; 

Think  the  king  sees  thee  still ;  for  his  King  does. 

G.  Herbert,  Church  Porch. 

sneakingness  (sne'king-nes),  n.   The  character 
of  being  sneaking ;  meanness, 
sneaksbillt,  n.    See  sneakbill. 
sneaksby  (sneks'bi),  n.     [Formerly  also  sneaks- 
bie,  sneakesbie;  <  sneak  +  -s-by  as  also  in  idlesby, 
lewdsby,  rndesby,  suresbi/,  wigsby,  etc.   Cf.  sneak- 
bill, sneaksbill.]    A  paltry,  sneaking  fellow ;  a 
sneak. 
A  meacocke,  milkesop,  sneafabie,  worthlesse  fellow. 

Cotgrave. 
A  demure  sneaksby,  a  clownish  singularist. 

Barrow,  Works,  III.  xxxiv. 

sneak-shooting  (snek'sh6"ting),  n.  The  act  or 
practice  of  shooting  wild  fowl  from  a  sneak- 
boat  or  sneak-box. 

sneak-thief  (snek'thef),  n.  One  who  steals  by 
entering  houses  through  doors  or  windows  left 
open  or  unfastened.  [Colloq.] 

sneak-upt,  »•    See  sneak-cup. 

sneaky  (sne'ki),  a.  [<  sneak  +  -y1.]  Some- 
what sneaking.  Jean  Ingelow.  [Colloq.] 

Both  dogs  had  a  sneaky  appearance,  as  though  they 
knew  a  flogging  was  in  store  for  them. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  199. 

sneap  (snep),  v.  t.  [Formerly  also  sneep,-  E. 
dial,  also  snape ;  <  Icel.  snei/pa.  orig.  outrage, 
dishonor,  chide,  snub,  lit.  'castrate'  (>  sneypa,  a 
disgrace),  =  Sw.  snopa,  castrate ;  cf.  Sw.  snoppa, 
cut  off,  snuff  a  candle;  snubba,  reprove:  see 
snip,  stub,  snub1.]  1.  To  check;  reprove  ab- 
ruptly; reprimand. 

But  life  that 's  here. 

When  into  it  the  soul  doth  closely  wind, 
Is  often  sneep'd  by  anguish  and  by  fear. 
With  vexing  pain  and  rage  that  she  no'te  easly  bear. 
Dr.  H.  More,  Sleep  of  the  Soul,  ill.  18. 

2.  To  nip;  bite;  pinch. 

Give  the  sneaped  birds  more  cause  to  sing. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  333. 

[Obsolete  or  provincial  in  both  uses.] 
sneap  (snep),  n.     [<  mii-ap,  i\]     A  reprimand; 
a  rebuke  ;  a  check ;  a  snub.     [Obsolete  or  pro- 
vincial.] 


sneer 

I  will  nut  uiiiliTUn  this  mrap  without 

IV  ,ii.  1.  138. 

'l!i!  1  irpmc.f,  wi-iuhcd  so  much  on  the 

mind  of  thr  l;i-.|)np  thai   ;i*  hr   i 
many  times  with  suit  tears. 

/.'.  If.  liUi-ii,  Hht.  church  »f  Eng.,  Til. 

sneart,  ''•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  MMT. 

sneath,sneathe(sni-'t h, sm -TII).  Sinnr »**;•• 

XIIKHI-,    Kllllt/ll   ',    Xllllllll--,    XII'llll. 

snebt  (sneb),  t'.  t.    A  variant  of  tnib. 
sneck1  ( snek),  D.<.  [Avar.ofs«acfc.]  To  snatch. 
[Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

i:iin  of  pearl? 
I  surckt  it  away  finely. 

Middleton,  Vonr  Five  Gallants,  L  2. 

Snecked  rubble.  See  rubble.— Sneck  upt,  snick  upt 
(also  sneak  up),  shut  up  !  be  hanged !  go  hang  !  n«ed  in- 
ter] ectionally. 

We  did  keep  time,  sir,  In  our  catches.    Sneck  up! 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  II.  3.  101. 

Dost  want  a  master?  If  thou  dost,  I'm  for  thee ; 
Else  choose,  and  sneck  up !    Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  Ui.  2. 
Give  him  his  money,  George,  and  let  him  go  snick-up. 
Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  -.; 
She  shall  not  rise,  sir,  goe,  let  your  Muter  snick-up. 
Heyicood,  Fair  Maid  of  the  West  (Works,  ed.  1874,  II.  268). 

sneck1  (snek),  ».  [<  sneck1,  v.]  A  snap;  a  click. 
[Scotch.] 

An  industrious  house,  wherein  the  bur  of  the  wheel  and 
the  sneck  of  the  reel  hail  sounded. 

A.  Leighton,  Traditions  of  Scottish  Life,  p.  116. 

sneck2  (snek),  n.  [<  ME.  sneck,  snekk,  snekke, 
snek,  a  latch;  prob.  <  snack,  v.,  catch,  snatch: 
see  snack,  snatch.']  1.  The  latch  or  catch  of  a 
door  or  lid.  [Obsolete  or  provincial,  especially 
Scotch.] 

If  I  cud  tell  wheay  's  cutt  our  band  fra'  th'  sneck, 
Next  time  they  come  Ise  mack  them  jet  the  neck. 

A  Yorkshire  Dialogue  (1597),  p.  46.    (HattitccU.) 

2.  A  piece  of  land  jutting  into  an  adjoining 
field,  or  intersecting  it.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.J 

sneck2  (snek),  r.  t.  [<  sneck,2,  n.]  To  latch  or 
shut  (a  door  or  lid). 

sneck3  (snek),  v.  t.    A  Scotch  form  of  snick. 

sneck-drawer  (snek'dra'er),  H.  [<  ME.  snek- 
drawer;  <  sneck2  +  drawer.]  One  who  draws 
a  latch;  a  latch-lifter;  hence,  a  dishonest  fel- 
low ;  a  thief. 

sneck-drawing  (snek ' dra ' ing),  a.  Crafty; 
cheating;  roguish.  [Scotch.] 

And  you,  ye  auld  sneck-draicing  dog, 
Ye  came  to  Paradise  incog. 

Burns,  Address  to  the  Dell. 

sneck-drawn  (snek'dran),  a.  Mean;  stingy; 
close.  Hallimell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

sneckett  (snek'et),  w.  [<  sntck1  +  -el.  Cf. 
fnacket.]  Same  as  sneck1.  Cotgrate. 

snecking  (snek'ing),  n.  In  masonry,  rubble- 
work. 

sneck-pOSSet(suek'pos''et),H.  A"latch-drink'': 
the  kind  of  entertainment  a  person  receives 
when  the  door  is  shut  in  his  face.  AT.  and  Q., 
7th  ser.,  VII.  116.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

sned1  (sned),  r.     Same  as  snead1. 

sned2  (sned), ».    Same  as  snead2.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

snedden  (sned'n),  «.  The  larger  sand-lance. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

snee  (sue),  «.  [<  D.  snee,  snede,  a  cut,  cleft, 
slice,  edge,  section  (=  MHG.  snide,  G.  seltneide, 
edge),  <  snijden,  cut:  see  snithe,  snead1.]  A 
knife,  especially  a  large  knife;  a  dirk — Snick 
and  snee.  See  snick. 

sneed1  (sned).    A  spelling  of  snead1,  snead2. 

sneed2  (sned),  w.  [A  dial.  var.  of  snood.]  Same 
as  snood,  2.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

sneept,  v- 1.     An  obsolete  form  of  sneap. 

sneer  (sner),  r.  [Formerly  also  snear;  <  ME. 
sneren,  <  Dan.  snxrre,  grin  like  a  dog;  akin  to 
snar,  snarl1.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  grin  or  laugh 
foolishly. 

A  fourth  would  fondly  kiss  and  paw  his  companions,  and 
snear  in  their  faces,  with  a  countenance  more  antic  than 
any  in  a  Dutch  drolL  Beverley,  Virginia,  iv.  1  is. 

2.  To  grin;  especially  and  usually,  to  grin  or 
smile  in  a  contemptuous  manner;  express  con- 
tempt by  a  grimace  marked  by  slight  turning 
up  of  the  nose. 

I  have  no  power  over  one  muscle  In  their  faces,  though 
they  sneered  at  every  word  spoken  by  each  other.  Tatler. 

3.  To  insinuate  contempt  by  a  covert  expres- 
sion ;  use  words  suggestive  rather  than  expres- 
sive of  contempt ;  speak  derisively. 

To  sneer  at  the  sentiments  which  arc  the  springs  of  nil 
just  and  virtuous  actions  is  merely  a  display  of  unthink- 
ing levity,  or  of  want  of  the  natural  sensibilities. 

O.  If.  Holmes,  Essays,  p.  92. 

=  Syn.  3.  Sco/.  Sneer,  Jeer,  Gibe.  Scnff  is  the  strongest 
word  for  the  expression  of  utter  contempt  or  abhorrence 


sneer 


5730 


sniff 


by  opprobrious  language.   To  inter  ;is  to  express  contempt  sneeze  (snez),  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  also  sneesc;  snibt  (snib),  v.  t.     [Also  dial,  sncb,  early  mod. 


by  inure  or'less  covert  sarcasm.  To  jeer  is  to  try  to  raise 
a  laugh  by  sarcastic  language.  To  gibe  is  to  use  con- 
temptuous, mocking,  or  taunting  expressions. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  treat  or  address  with  sneers ; 
treat  with  contempt ;  sneer  at. 

lie  had  sneer'd  Sir  Thomas  Hanmer  for  changing  Sin  ah 
into  Sir. 


sneeze,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  one  who  sneezes, 
or  the  sound  made  by  sneezing;  sudden  and 
violent  ejection  of  air  through  the  r.ose  and 
mouth  with  au  audible  sound.  —  2.  Snuff.  Also 
snislt.  Uallticell.  [Prov.Eng.]—  Cup  o'  sneeze. 
See  cup. 


T.  Edwards,  Canons  of  Criticism  (1765),  p.  75.    (Hall.)  sneeze-horn  (snez'horn),  «.    A  sort  of  snuff-box 


2   To  utter  with  a  contemptuous  expression  or 

grimace. 

"A  ship  of  fools,"  he  shrlek'd  in  spite, 
"  A  ship  of  fools,"  he  sneer'd  and  wept. 

Tennyson,  The  Voyage. 

3.  To  affect  in  a  specified  way  by  sneering. 

Very  likely  Ihey  were  laughing  over  his  infatuation,  and 
sneering  her  fair  fame  away^t  that  very  inoineiit^  in  the 


One 


sneer  (sner),  «. 


who  sneezes. 

When  a  Hindu  sneezes,  bystanders  say  "live ! "  and  the 
sneezer  replies  "  With  you  !  " 

E.  B.  Ti/lor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  101. 

2.  A  violent  blow;   a  blow  that  knocks  the  snibt  (snib),  n.     [<  snib,  v.] 
breath  out.     [Prov.  Eng.]  rimand;  a  snub. 

Whyte'Melnlle,  White  Rose,  II  xviii.  sneezeweed(snez'wed),  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Frost-bit,  numb'd  with  il-straind  snibbes. 

[<  sneer,  v.']    1    A  derisive  or    Selenium,  mostly  the  common   H.  autumnale.  Sfarston,  What  you  Will,  ii.  i. 


E.  ,<<iii/ibc,  snabbe;  <  ME.  sxibben,  snyliben,  <  Dan. 
snibbe,  chide,  reprimand ;  another  form  of  snub 
(<  Icel.  snubba  =  Sw.  snubba):  see  snub*.  Cf. 
SHI;;,  si/crip.']  To  check;  reprimand;  snub; 
sneap  or  sneb. 

Him  wolde  he  snybbe  sharply  for  the  nones. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Plol.  to  f.  T.,  L  523. 

He  cast  him  to  scold 
And  sue  bbe  the  good  Oake  for  he  was  old. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  February. 

You  have  snibbed  the  poor  fellow  too  much ;  he  can 
scarce  speak,  he  cleaves  his  words  with  sobbing. 

Middleton,  Your  Five  Gallants,  11.  3. 

A  reproof;  a  rep- 


i  exnres°      i  of  In  En«la"a  this.  though  rather  coarse,  is  known  in  orna-  snick  (snik),  v.  t.     [Sc.  also  sneck,  E.  dial,  sniri ; 

1  mental  culture.    Its  powdered  leaves  and  flowers  when     ?YpV  „,„•](.;.„  _  Nm-w    unil-Trn  —  siw    rti.,1    «,,;;• 

the  face  marked  by  a  slight  turning  up  of  the  snuffed  up  produce  violent  sneezing.    Recently  the  finer          »l.«***a          oiw.  sntUca  =    bw.  dial,  sink- 

nose,  and  indicating  contempt ;  a  look  of  scorn,  southwestern  species,  //.  temttfolium,  has  received  some 

"       "  '  notice.    It  is  poisonous  to  human  beings  and  to  horses. 


disdain,  or  derision;  hence,  the  feeling  thus 
expressed. 

That  smile,  if  oft  observed  and  near, 
Waned  iu  its  mirth,  and  wither'd  to  a  sneer. 

Byron,  Lara,  i.  17. 

2.  A  verbal  expression  of  contempt ;  an  in- 
sinuation of  scorn  or  derision  by  language 
more  or  less  covert  and  indirect. 

Who  can  refute  a  sneer!    Paley,  Moral  Phllos.,11.  v.  9. 
=  Syn.  See  sneer,  v.  i. 

sneerer  (sner'er),  ».    [<  sneer  +  -er1.]  One  who 
sneers. 

sneerful  (sner'ful),  a. 
to  sneering.     [Bare.] 

Cell  ever  squalid!  where  the  sneerful  maid 
Will  not  fatigue  her  hand  !  broom  never  comes, 
That  comes  to  all.  Sheiatone,  Economy,  iii. 

sneeringly  (sner'ing-li),  adv.     In  a  sneering 

manner;  with  a  sneer. 
sneering-match  (sner'ing-mach),  n.     A  grin- 

ning-inatch  (which  see,  under  grin,  i>.).    Halli- 

well.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


Both  plants  have  been  advocated  for  medical  use  in  ner- 
vous diseases.  Less  properly  called  sneeze irvrt.  See  cut 
under  Helenium. 

ineezewood  (snez'wud),  n.  [A  translation  of 
S.  African  D.  nies-hntit,  <  D. nifzen,  sneeze  (=  E. 
neese),  +  liout,  wood  (=  E.  holft).']  A  South 
African  tree,  Fteeroxylon  utile,  or  its  timber. 
The  latter  Is  a  handsome  wood  taking  a  fine  polish  ;  it  is 
strong  and  very  durable,  and  but  slightly  affected  by 
moisture.  It  is  made  into  furniture,  agricultural  imple- 
ments, etc.,  and  is  used  for  railway-ties,  piles,  and  similar 
purposes.  The  dust  produced  in  working  it  causes  sneez- 
ing (whence  the  name). 

[<  sneer  +  -ful.~\  Given  sneezewprt  (snez' wert),  n.  [<  sneeze  +  wort1. 
Cf.  D.  nieswortel,  hellebore.]  1.  In  old  usage, 
the  white  hellebore,  Veratrum  albuni,TaoTO  often 
under  the  form  neezewort.  Britten  and  Hol- 
land,  Eng.  Plant  Names. — 2.  A  composite  herb, 
Achillcn  Ptarmica,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World. 
The  flower  heads  are  larger  and  much  fewer  than  those  of 
the  yarrow,  A.  Millefolium ;  the  leaves  are  simple  and 
sharply  serrate,  and  when  dried  and  pulverized  are  said 
to  provoke  sneezing  (whence  the  name). 
3.  Same  as  snce:ewced. 


sneering-muscle  (sner  mg-mus'l),  ».    A  mus-  sneezing  (sue'zing),  ».     [<  ME.  •snesijnge,  ear- 
cle  of  expression  which  lifts  the  upper  lip  and    \ierfuesynge,  <  A£.  fnedsung,  verbal  n.  of  fned-  snicker  (snik'er),  », 
draws  also  upon  the  nostril,  and  is  the  principal    san,  sneeze :  see  sneeze.    Cf.  necsina.']     1    The     ~^— *—**-'*"- 

agent  in  producing  a  sneer  or  sneering  expres- 
sion of  the  face;  the  levator  labii  superioris 

ahsque  nasi.  Persons  habitually  surly  or  scornful  often 

have  a  deep  line  engraven  on  the  face,  due  to  the  frequent 

exercise  of  this  muscle.    Compare  snarling-muscle,  under 

muscle^. 

sneeset,  »•  and  n.   An  obsolete  spelling  of  sneeze. 
sneesh  (snesh),  «.     [Also  snislt,  smisli;  <  Dan. 

snug,  snuff.    Cf.  sneege.']    See  snusli. 
sneeshing  (sne'shiug),  n.     [Also  sneeslrin;   < 

sneesh,  snisli,  snuff,  +  -iiiyl.]      Scuff;  also,  a     'han  chawing  arec 

pinch  of  snuff.     [Scotch.] 
A  mull  o'  gude  sneeshM  to  pria.    The  Blithesome  Bridal. 
Not  worth  a  sneeshin.  W.  Meston,  Poems. 

Sneesnlng-mull,  a  snuff-box,  generally  made  of  the  end 
of  a  horn.    [Scotch.] 

sneevlet,  v. 


act  of  emitting  a  snoeze. 
Looking  against  the  sun  doth  Induce  sneezing. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  8  687. 

2t.  A  medicine  to  promote  sneezing ;  au  errhine ; 
a  sternutatory. 
Sneezings,  masticatories,  and  nasals. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  363.    (Latham.) 
sneezing-powder  (sne'zing-pou"der),  n.  Snuff. 
Sneezing-powder  is  not  more  frequent  with  the  Irish 
.  .  is  with  these  savagt  s. 

Herbert,  Travels,  an.  ICSa 
A  Scotch  variant  of  snagl. 
[<  ME.  snel,  snell,  <  AS.  snel, 


snee  (sneg),  v.  t. 
snell1  (snel),  a. 
snell,  activ 


nwam 

(  =  OHG.  MHG.  S)ie 


.  snel- 


ka, nick,  cut,  esp.  as  a  mason  or  carpenter;  cf. 
Sw. snickare  =  Dan.  snedkcr, a  jpiner;  Sw.  snick- 
ra  =  Dan.  snedkre,  do  joiners'  work;  D.  unit;, 
a  hatchet,  a  sharp  tool.]  To  cut;  clip;  snip; 
nick. 

He  began  by  snicking  the  corner  of  her  foot  off  with 
nurse's  scissors.    //.  Kingsley,  Ravenshoe,  Ixiii.    (Daciei.) 
One  of  the  Fates,  with  a  long  sharp  knife, 
Snicking  off  bits  of  his  shortened  life. 

W.  S.  Gilbert,  Baby's  Vengeance. 

snick  (snik),  n.  [<  snick,  t\]  1.  A  small  cut; 
a  snip;  a  nick.  [Pro_v.  Eng.] — 2.  In  cricket, 
a  hit  in  which  the  bat  is  but  slightly  moved,'  the 
ball  glancing  off  it.— 3.  A  knot  or  kink,  as  in 
yarn  or  thread  where  it  is  twisted  too  tightly. 
—  Snick  and  snee,  snick  or  snee,  snlck-a-snee,  a  fight 
with  knives :  used  also  jocosely  for  a  knife,  as  a  sailors' 
sheath-knife,  a  bowie-knife,  etc.  Compare  enickersnee. 

Among  other  Customs  they  have  in  that  town  [Genoa], 
one  is  That  none  must  carry  a  pointed  Knife  about  him ; 
which  makes  the  Hollander,  who  Is  used  to  Snik  and  Snee, 
to  leave  his  Horn-sheath  and  Knife  a  Ship-board  when  he 
comes  ashore.  llowell,  Letters,  I.  i.  41. 

The  brutal  Sport  of  Snick-or-Snee. 

Dryden,  Parallel  of  Poetry  and  Painting. 

[Sc.  also  sniclier;  cf.  Sc. 
snecker,  breathe  loudly  through  the  nose,  snock- 
cr,  snort;  MD.  snick,  D.  snik,  a  sigh,  sob,  gasp, 
snikken,  gasp,  sob,  =  LG.  snvkken,  sob;  perhaps 
ult.  akin  to  Sc.  nicker,  niclier,  neigh,  and  to  E. 
neigh1,  regarded  as  orig.  imitative.]  I.  intrant. 
To  laugh  in  a  half-suppressed  or  foolish  :n;m- 
uer;  giggle. 

Could  we  but  hear  our  husbands  chat  it, 
How  their  tongues  run,  when  they  are  at  it, 
Their  bawdy  talss,  when  o'er  I  heir  liquor, 
I'll  warr'nt  would  make  a  woman  snicker. 

Uudibrai  Redivivut(na]).    (Naret.) 

II.  trans.  To  say  in  a  giggling  manner. 
"He!  he!  I  compliment  you  on  your  gloves,  and  your 
handkerchief,  I'm  sure,"  sniggers  Mrs.  Baynes. 

Thackeray,  Philip,  xxiv. 
Also  snigger. 


.„.,        An  obsolete  form  of  snivel.                lo  —  Pr.isnd,irnel  =  OF.isnel),G.sclinell, swift,  snicker  (snik'er),  «.     [<  snicker,  ».]     A  half- 
sneeze  (snez),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sneezed,  ppr     cluick.  =  Icel.  snjallr,  eloquent,  able,  bold,  =  suppressed  laugh ;  a  giggle.     Also  snigger. 
sneezing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sneese,  snese,  sueze;     bvT'  SHa!l  =.  ODa,n.  sneit  svvift?  fleet .  cf  gw  jjan  snickersnee  (snik'er-sne),  ».    [An  accom.  form 
<  ME.sneseii,  a  variant,  with  substitution  of  sn-    s'""ei  genius,  Dan.  siiihl,  shrewd,  sagacious.]  of  snick  and  snee,  a  combat  with  knives:  see 
for  the  uncommon  initial  sequence/*;-,  of  fiicscn,     1t-  Active;  brisk;  nimble;  spirited.  snick  and  s«ee.]    Same  as  snick  and  snee  (which 

Sythyne  wente  into  Wales  with  his  wyes  alle,  8ee,  under  snick). 

Forto  hu^aUh^ha"^  ta\2SftoJSj2U.  ^akeTha,8te'  ?>ake  haste'"  sa>'8  «uzzlin8  J'm»y- 

ny,e  'auilaes-  While  Jack  pulled  out  his   iii'liiinn, 

Morte  Arthure  (K  E.  T.  S.\  1.  57.  Thackeray,  Little  Billee. 

LHfTs^TsS8!     P!  S6Vere;  hard:  a8'a  ^M*  <8nid/1>'  »•     ^P11  obscure.]     Long 

coarse  grass;  sedges  and  allied  plants  of  wet 
There  came  a  wind  out  of  the  north, 
A  sharp  wind  and  a  snell. 
The  Young  Tamlane  (Chile 

snellsmi  dure  eneugh  in  casting  up  their  nonsense'tothem? 
Scott,  Antiquary,  xxi. 


<  AS.fnedsan  =  'D.fnie3en,  sneeze,  =  Ieel./«o»so, 
later  fnysa,  sneeze,  =  Sw.  fnysa  =  Dan.fnyse, 
snort:  see  fnese,  and ef.  xeece.]  I.  intraus.  To 
emit  air  from  the  nose  and  mouth  audibly  and 
violently  by  an  involuntary  convulsive  action, 
as  occasioned  by  irritation  of  the  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  nose  or  by  stimulation  of  the  retina 
by  a  bright  light.  In  sneezing  the  glottis  remains 
open,  while  the  passage  out  through  the  mouth  is  partial- 
ly obstructed  by  the  approximation  of  the  tongue  to  the 
roof  of  the  mouth.  See  sneezing. 


«.M5;  5aliburton  brinS3  forward,  as  his  strongest  case 

the  habit  of  saying  "God  bless  you  "  or  some  equivalent  Snell2  (snel),  n.     [Origin   obscure.]     A    short 
!J?.eS!0?. SMexi-    He  shows  that  this    piece  of  gut,  gimp,  or  sea-grass  on  which  fish- 


places.     Halliwell;  Britten  and  Holland,  Eng. 
Plant  Names.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

snitlte,  sharp.]     I.  a.  Sharp;  characterized  by 
low  cunning  and  sharp  practice ;  tricky ;  also, 
false;  spurious.     [Slang.] 
II.  n.  An  underhanded,  tricky  person  given 


11 —     •""•      ffmm  i*i  iiiiuc.  j                       r^\i          i                                                            J 

w.  Combe,  Dr.  Syntax's  Tours,  ii.  5.  deer.     [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

My  professional  reputation  is  not  to  be  sneezed  at  Snetet,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  suite? 

Sir  A.  H.  Elton,  Below  the  Surface',  xxvii.  Snevellt,  Snevelt,  ».     Obsolete  foras  of' snivel 

ii.  trans.  To  utter  with  or  like  a  sneeze  snewH,".  A  Middle  English  (and  more  original) 

Shall  not  I  ove  to  me  spelling  of  sn»M.l. 

Sn«'J,thetLl'flnn8Sn5lIeal'ntttt8chonl.  '  anew2.    A  Middle  English  or  modern  dialectal 

Sneeze  out  a  full  Ood-bless  you  right  aid  left?  preterit  of  s«owl. 

Tennyson,  Edwin  Morris,  sneydt,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  sneacP. 


So  then  you  look'd  scornful  and  tntft  at  the  dean. 

Swift,  Grand  Question  Debated. 

Miss  Pankey,  a  mild  little  blue-eyed  morsel  of  a  child, 
.  .  .  was  .  .  .  instructed  that  nobody  who  sniffed  before 
visitors  ever  went  to  Heaven. 

Dickem,  Dombey  and  Son,  viii. 

Sniffing  bronchophony,  a  form  of  bronchophouy  accom- 
panied with  a  sniffing  sound. 


sniff 


5731 


pies  and  lead"  atta'ch'e'cFfoTThe*  purpose'of  keeping  them 
to  the  bottom  of  the  pool. 

Fisldivj  Gazette,  Jan.  30, 1880.    (Kncyc.  Diet.) 


clover-field. 

The  horses  were  miffing  the  wind,  with  necks  out- 
stretched toward  the  east.  O'Donoean,  Merv,  iii. 

2.  To  perceive  as  by  snuffing;  smell;  scent-  Snte8erer  (snig'er-cr),  n. 
as,  to  sniff  danger.- 3.   To  draw  the  breath    ' 
through  (the  nose)  in  an  unpleasantly  audible 
manner. 


Sntjff  nor  snitynge  hyt  [the  nose]  to  lowd. 

Babees  Book  (B.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  134. 
sniff  (snif ),  H.    [<sniff,v.  Cf.  snuff1, n.'}    1.  The 
act  of  sniffing;  a  single  short  audible  inspira- 
tion through  the  nose. 

Oh,  could  I  but  have  had  one  single  sup, 
One  single  snif&t  Charlotte's  caudle-cup  ! 

T.  Warton,  Oxford  Newsman's  Verses  (1767). 

The  intensity  of  the  pleasurable  feeling  given  by  a  rose 

held  to  the  nostrils  rapidly  diminishes ;  and  when  the 

smffs  have  been  continued  for  some  time  scarcely  any 

scent  can  be  perceived.   H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  45. 

2.  Perception  of  smell  obtained  by  inhaling 
audibly;  that  which  is  taken  by  sniffing:  as  a 
swi/ot  fresh  air. 

We  were  within  sni/ol  Paris,  it  seemed. 

R.  L.  Stevenson,  Inland  Voyage,  p.  238. 

3.  The  sound  produced  by  passing  the  breath 
through  the  nose  with  a  quick  effort ;  a  short, 
quick  snuffle. 

Mrs.  Gamp  .  .  .  gave  a  sniff  of  uncommon  significance 
and  said,  it  didn't  signify. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xxlx. 


One  who  sniggers. 

The  nephew  is  himself  a  boy,  and  the  staggerers  tempt 
him  to  secular  thoughts  of  marbles  and  string. 

Dickens,  Uncommercial  Traveller,  Ix. 
sniggle1  (snig'l),  n.    [A  var.  of  snigger1.']    A 
guttural,  nasal,  or  grunting  laugh;  a  snicker: 
used  m  contempt. 

Marks  patronized  his  joke  by  a  quiet  introductory  snig- 
Ote.  H.  B.  Stowe,  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  viii. 

sniggle2  (snig'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snigqled,  ppr. 
sniggling.  [Cwi^a-f-fe.]  I.  in  trans,  T  o  fish  f or 
eels  by  thrusting  bait  into  their  lurking-places : 
a  method  chiefly  English. 

You  that  are  but  a  young  Angler  know  not  what  snig- 
Imyli.  .  .  .  Any  place  where  you  think  an  Eele  may  hide 
or  shelter  her  stlfe,  there  with  the  help  of  a  short  stick 
put  in  your  bait. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler(reprint  of  1663),  x. 
I  have  rowed  across  the  Pond,  and  sniggled  for  eels. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  ii.  2. 

II.  trans.  To  catch,  as  an  eel,  by  pushing 
the  bait  into  the  hole  where  the  eel  is;  hence, 
figuratively,  to  catch;  snare;  entrap. 
Theod.  Now,  Martell, 

Have  you  remember'd  what  we  thought  of? 
Mart.  Yes,  sir,  I  have  sniggled  him. 


The  snores  alone  were  quite  a  study,  varying  from  the  ,    "f"'  """.  F\™^  and  ""»*»»«•  «-  '• 

mild  sniff  to  the  stentorian  snort.  SmgSt  (smgz),  tnterj.     A  low  oath. 

Cred.   Snigs,  another ! 


L.  M.  Atcott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  43. 
sniffle  (snif 'I),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sniffled,  ppr. 
sniffling.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  snifle;  freq.  of 
sniff,  or  var.  of  snivel  or  snuff1.']     To  snuffle.         ,*P 
Brouffer.    To  snort  or  snifle  with  the  nose,  like  a  horse. 

Cotgrave. 

A  pretty  crowd  of  sniffling,  sneaking  varlets  he  has  been 
feeding  and  pampering.      A.  E.  Barr,  Friend  Olivi 


A  very  perillous  head,  a  dangerous  brain. 
W.  Carl-might,  The  Ordinary  (1651). 
'snip),  v. ;  pret.  and  p 


(Hares.) 
r. 


sniffler  (snif'ler),  n. 
a  capful  of  wind. 


[<  sniffle  +  -erl.] 
Same  as  snuffles. 


ia,  xiv. 
Naut., 


sniffles  (snif 'lz),  n.  pi. 

sniffy  (snif'i),  a.     [<  sniff  +  -#i.] "Given 

sniffing;  inclined  to  be  scornful  or  disdainful ; 

pettish.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
snift1  (snift),  v.     [<  ME.  snyftsn,  sniffle,  <  Sw. 

snyfta,  sob,  =  Dan.  snofte,  snort,  snuff,  sniff; 

a  secondary  form  cf  the  verb  represented  by 

sniff:  see  sniff.']    I.  intrans.  1.  To  sniff;  snuff; 

sniffle;  snivel.     Cotgrave. 

Still  snifting  and  hankering  after  their  old  quarters. 

Landor.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

2.  To  pass  the  breath  through  the  nose  in  a 
petulant  manner. 
Resentment  expressed  by  snifting. 

Johnson  (under  TOM/). 
II.  trans.  To  snuff,  as  a  candle. 
I  would  sooner  snift  thy  farthing  candle. 

Miss  Burney,  Camilla,  iv.  8. 

snift2  (snift),  ».  [Perhaps  a  particular  use  of 
snift1 ;  but  possibly  orig.  associated  with  snow1 
(AS.  sniwian,  snow).]  Slight  snow  or  sleet. 
Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

snifter  (snifter),  v.  i.    [<  ME.  snyftcren,  sniffle : 
a  freq.  form  of  snift1 :  see  snift1.']    To  sniff; 
snift.     [Obsolete  or  Scotch.] 
snifter  (snif'tfer),  n.   [<  snifter,  ».]   1.  Anaudi- 


peren,  cut  in  pieces).  =  MHG.  snipfen,  snippen, 
G.schnippen,  snap(cf.  G.schnippeln,schnippern, 
schnipfeln,  cut  in  pieces);  a  secondary  form  of 
the  verb  represented  by  E.  dial,  snap  (<  Sw. 
dial,  snoppa,  etc.,  snip),  and  perhaps  a  col- 
lateral related  to  snap  (D.  snappen,  G.  schnap- 
pen,  etc.),  snap,  catch:  see  snap,  snuff?,  and 
snap.  Of.  snib,  snub1.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  cut  off 
at  one  light,  quick  stroke  with  shears  or  scis- 
sors ;  clip ;  cut  off  in  any  way :  frequently  with 
off. 

He  wore  a  pair  of  scissors,  .  .  .  and  would  snip  it  off 
nicely.  Arbuthnot. 

He  has  snipped  off  as  much  as  he  could  pinch  from 
eveiy  author  of  reputation  in  his  time. 

Landor,  I  mag.  Conv.,  Southey  and  Person,  ii. 

2.  To  steal  by  snipping. 

Stars  and  "  Georges  "  were  snipped  off  ambassadors  and 
earls  [by  thieves]  as  they  entered  St.  James's  Palace. 

Quarterly  Rev .,  CXLV.  14. 

3.  To  make  bysnipping  or  cutting:  as,  tosnzpa 
hole  in  one's  coat. — 4.  To  move  or  work  lignt- 
ly;  make  signs  with,  as  the  fingers.     [Rare.] 

The  Eastern  brokers  have  used  for  ages,  and  still  use, 
the  method  of  secretly  indicating  numbers  to  one  ano- 
ther in  bargaining  by  "snipping  fingers  under  a  cloth." 
"Every  joynt  and  every  finger  hath  his  signification,"  as 
an  old  traveller  says,  and  the  system  seems  a  more  or  less 
artificial  development  of  ordinary  finger-counting. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  223. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  a  short,  quick  cut  or 
clip;  cut  out  a  bit;  clip:  sometimes  with  at  for 
the  attempt  to  cut. 


ble  passing  of  the  breath  through  the  nostrils;  snip  (snip),  n.    [See  the  verb.]     1.  A  clip;  a 


a  sniff. — 2.  pi.  The  stoppage  of  the  nostrils  in 
catarrh. —  3.  A  dram;  a  nip.  [Slang.]  —  4.  A 
severe  storm ;  a  blizzard.  [Western  U.  S.] 

snifting-valve  (snif'ting-valv),  n.  A  valve  in 
the  cylinder  of  a  steam-engine  for  the  escape 
or  the  admission  of  air:  so  called  from  the  pe- 
culiar noise  it  makes.  Also  called  tail-valve, 
blow-valve.  See  cut  under  atmospheric. 

Spiftv  (snif'ti),  a.  [X  snift1  +  •*?.]  Having  an 
inviting  odor;  smelling  agreeably :  a,s,a,snifty 
soup.  [Slang,  U.S.] 

snigi  (snig),  v.    [A  var.  of  snick.')    I.  trans.  To 
cut  or  chop  off.    Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
II.  intrans.  To  cut;  bite;  nag. 
Others  are  so  dangerously  worldly,  snigging  and  biting, 
usurers,  hard  and  oppressing. 

Rogers,  JSaaman  the  Syrian,  p.  211.    (Trench.) 

snig2  (snig),  n.      [Also  snigq;  <   ME.  snigge, 

smjgge,  an  eel ;  akin  to  snag^,  snail,  snake,  ult. 

from  the  root  of  sneak.~\    An  eel.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
snig3  (snig),  a.    A  dialectal  variant  of  snug. 

Halliwell. 
snig-eel(sniK'el),  n.    A  snig.    See  snig2.    Pop. 

Sci.  Mo.,  XXIX.  255. 
snigg,  n.    See  suiy2. 
snigger1  (snig'er),  v.  and  ».  A  variant  of  snicker. 


single  cut  with  shears  or  scissors ;  hence,  any 
similar  act  of  cutting. —  2.  A  small  piece  cut 
off;  a  shred;  a  bit. 

Her  sparkling  Eye  is  like  the  Morning  Star ; 
Her  lips  two  mips  of  crimsin  Sattin  are. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Trophies. 
Some  small  snip  of  gain. 

Dryden,  Epil.  at  his  Benefit,  1.  14. 

3.  A  share ;  a  snack.    See  to  go  snips,  below. 

He  found  his  friend  upon  the  mending  hand,  which  he 
was  glad  to  hear,  because  of  the  mip  that  he  himself  ex- 
pected upon  the  dividend.  Sir  B.  L'Estmnge. 

4.  A  tailor.     [Cant.] 

Sir,  here 's  Snip  the  taylor 
Charg'd  with  a  riot. 

Randolph,  Muse's  Looking  Glass,  iv.  3.    (Davits.) 
A  fashionable  snip,  who  had  authority  for  calling  him- 
self "  breeches-maker  to  H.  R.  H.  Prince  Albert,"  had  an 
order  to  prepare  some  finery  for  the  Emperor. 

C.  A.  Bruited,  English  University,  p.  292,  note. 
To  go  snipst,  to  go  snacks ;  share. 

The  Gamester  calls  out  to  me  to  give  him  good  Luck, 
and  promises  I  shall  go  Snips  with  him  In  what  he  shall 
win.  N.  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  II.  5. 

snipe1  (snip),  n. ;  pi.  snipe  of  snipes  (see  below). 
[<  ME.  snipe,  snype,  <  Icel.  snipa,  a  snipe  (niyri- 
snipa,  a  moor-snipe);  cf.  Sw.  sndppa,  a  sand- 


, \ 


snipe 

piper,   =  Dan.  SHCJIJII;   snipp.    =   MI).  s«/;i/». 
xni'/ijti;  D.  Hiiip.  .tiic/i  =  illji;.  .  pe  = 

OIK!,  ."•iii/iltil.   i-iti'iilm,   Hltljll'it,   Mlfli.    nut  l*!'*  ,   I!. 
acllin iij'r  (  >  lt.dial.x;/wy/yi«),ii  snipe;  prob.  Orig. 

a  'snipper'  or  'snapper,'  from  the  root  of 

orsiid/i:  sec  *«)/',  xim/i.  ]  1.  A  bird  of  t  lie  ge- 
nus fictiloptis  in  a  former  bi-o;i<l  -cn^-o.  <„, 
or  »ny  bird  belonging  to  the  family  Sculujmciilir,  having 
the  bill  straight,  much  longer  than  tin;  h 
and  sensitive  at  the  end,  and  with  a  median  lengthwise 
groove  on  the  upper  mandiUe  near  the  end,  the  toes 
cleft  to  the  base,  the  primaries  not  emarginate,  and  the 
tail-feathers  barred;  especially,  n  manlier  of  the  genus 
Gauinagt  (Aobpa  being  restricted  to  certain  wood- 
cock). In  Great  Britain  three  sp.-cies  of  Gnltinago  are 
called  snipe.  (1)  The  common  snipe,  or  whole  snipe,  is 
Gallinago  ecelettis  or  G.  media,  fonin  rly  "  ' 


jack-snipe  is  G.  gallmula.  They  differ  little  except  in  size. 
In  the  I  nitrd  .states  the  common  snipe,  also  called  jack- 
snipe  and  Wilson's  snipe,  is  G.  uilsoni  or  G.  delicata,  about 
as  large  as  G.  media,  which  it  very  closely  resembles,  so 
that  It  is  sometimes  known  as  the  "  English  "  snipe,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  various  snipe-like  birds  peculiar  to  Amer- 
ica, and  also  bog-snipe,  gutter  snipe,  meadow-snipe,  a  lev  \Jt- 
bird,  shad-bird,  and  shad-spirit.  It  is  from  10J  to  lit  Inches 
long  and  from  17J  to  19J  In  extent  of  wings ;  the  bill  is 
about  2j  inches  long.  The  upper  parts  are  blackish,  varied 
with  bay  and  tawny ;  the  scapulars  are  edged  with  tawny 
or  pale  buff,  forming  a  pair  of  firm  stripes  along  the  sides 
of  the  back  when  the  wings  are  closed  ;  the  lining  of  the 
wings  and  axillary  feathers  is  barred  regularly  with  black 
and  white;  the  tail-feathers,  normally  sixteen  in  number, 
are  barred  with  black,  white,  and  chestnut ;  the  fore  neck 
and  breast  are  light-brown  speckled  with  dark-brown ;  and 
the  belly  is  white.  (SeecutunderGai««aao.)  Snipeslike 
these,  and  of  the  same  genus,  are  found  in  most  countries, 
and  are  called  by  the  same  name,  with  or  without  a  quali- 
fying term,  (b)  Some  other  scolopacine  or  snipe  like  liiid. 
There  are  very  many  such  birds,  chiefly  distinguished  from 
sandpipers  (see  sandpiper)  by  the  length,  from  tattlers  or 
gambets  by  the  sensitiveness,  and  from  curlews,  godwits, 
etc.,  by  the  stralghtness  of  the  bill.  (1)  In  the  United 
States  the  gray-backed  or  red-breasted  snipes  are  birds  of 
the  genus  Macrorhamphus,  of  which  there  are  2  species  or 
varieties,  the  lesser  and  greater  longbeak,  M.  grlsrut  and 
M.  seolopaceus.  See  douitcher.  (2)  The  grass-snipe  is  the 
pectoral  sandpiper,  Actodromas  maeulata.  See  cut  under 
sandpiper.  Also  called  jack-snipe,  (s)  The  robin  -snipe  Is 

See 


r 

owlegi.   (5)  In  Great  Britain  the  sea-snipe  is  the  dunlin 
nga  or  Pelidnaalpina,  a  sandpiper.  (B)  In  Great  Britain 


Tringa 


, 
the  commo 


nnyncnsea  or  liostratula.  See  these  words,  (c)  A  common 
misnomer,  in  various  localities,  of  the  American  woodcock, 
Philohela  minor :  also  called  common  snipe,  big  snipe,  mud- 
snipe,  red-breasted  snipe,  big  headed  snipe,  blind  snipe, 
whistling  snipe,  wood-snipe.  See  woodcock,  (d)  A  misno- 
mer of  the  long-billed  curlew.  R.  Kidgway.  [Salt  Lake 
valley.]  (e) pi.  The  Scolopacida ;  the  snipe  family.  [The 
plural  means  either  two  or  more  birds  of  one  klna,  or  two 
or  more  kinds  of  these  birds :  in  the  former  sense,  the  plu- 
ral is  generally  snipe;  in  the  latter,  snipes.} 

2.  A  fool;  a  blockhead;  a  simpleton;  a  goose. 

I  mine  own  gain'd  knowledge  should  profane, 
If  I  would  time  expend  with  such  a  snipe. 
But  for  my  sport  and  profit.    Shale.,  Othello,  L  3.  391. 
And.  by  Jove,  I  sat  there  like  a  great  snipe  face  to  face 
with  him  [the  bushranger]  as  cool  and  unconcerned  as  yon 
like.  H.  Klngsley,  Geoffry  llamlyn,  xxxi. 

3.  A  half-smoked  cigar  found  on  the  street. 
[Slang,  U.  8.]  _ Bertram's  highland  snipe.    Same 
as  highland  plover.    See  planer.  —  Bay-snipe,  a  bay- bird, 
or  bay-birds  collectively;  a  shore-bird.— Beach-snipe, 
a  beach-bird ;  especially,  the  sanderling.    See  cut  under 
sanderling.— Blind  snipe,  the  stilt-sandpiper,  Microm- 
laina  himantopus.    See  cut  under  Sticropalama.    [New 
Jersey.)  —Brown  snipe.    Same  as  red-breasted  snipe  (a). 

—  Checkered  snipe,  the  turnstone,  Strepsilas  interpret. 
[Barnegat.]  —  Cow-snipe,  the  pectoral  sandpiper.  [Alex- 
andria, Virginia.]— Dutch   snlpet.     Same  as  German 
snipe.— English  snipe,  the  common   American  snipe, 
Gallinago  wilsoni  or  G.  delicata.     It  is  not  found  in 
England,  but  much  resembles  the  common  snipe  of  that 
and  other  European  countries,  G.  media  or  G.  ccelestis. 
See  cut  under  Gallinago.     [U.  S.]— Frost-snipe,  the 
stilt-sandpiper,  Xicropalama,  himantoptis.     [Local,  U.  8.) 

—  German  snipet.   fee  German  —  Gray  snipe,  the  red- 
breasted  snipe,  Macrorhamphus  griseus,  in  gray  plumage; 
the  grayback.—  Jadreka  snipe,  the  black-tailed  god- 
wit,  Limosa  segocephala.—  Mire-snipe,  the  common  Eu- 
ropean snipe,  Gallinago  media.     [Aberdeen,  Scotland.] 
—Painted  snipe,  a  snipe  of  the  genus  Rhynchxa  (or 
Rostratvla),  whose  plumage,  especially  in  the  female, 
is  of  varied  and  striking  colors.    See  Bhynchaa.— Bed- 
breasted  snipe.   See  red  breasted.  -  Red-legged  snipe, 
the  redshank.—  Sablne's  snipe,  a  melanistlc  variety  of 
the  whole-snipe,  formerly  described  as  a  different  species 
(Gallinago  sabinei}.—  Side  snipe,  a  carpenters'  molding 
side-plane.    See  sttipe-bitt,  1.— Solitary  snipe,  the  great 
or  double  snipe,  Gallinago  major.     [Great  Britain.]— 
Whistling  snipe.    Same  as  greenshank.— Whits-bel- 
lied snipe,  the  knot,  Tringa  cantitus,  in  winter  plumage. 
[Jamaica.]  —  Wilson's  snipe.    See  def.  1  (a\    [So  named 
from  Alexander  Wilson.] — Winter  snipe,  the  rock-snipe, 
or  purple  sandpiper.— Woodcock-snipe,  the  little  wood- 
cock, or  great  snipe,  Gallinago  major.    [Great  Britain.] 
(See   also  double-snipe,  halfstiipe.  horstfoot-snipe,  jack- 
snipe,  martin-snipe,   quail-snipe,  rail  snipe,  robin-snipe, 
rock-snipe,  shore-snipe,  whole  snipe.) 

snipe1  (snip),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  sniped,  ppr. 
sniping.    [<  snipe1,  n.}    To  hunt  snipe. 

The  pleasures  of  Bay  bird  shooting  should  not  be  spoken 
of  in  the  same  sentence  with  cocking  or  sniping. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  174, 


snipe 


5732 


snobbishness 


snipe2  (snip),  H.  [A  var.  of  imea]).~\  A  sharp, 
clever  answer;  a  sarcasm.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

snipe-bill  (snip'bil),  «.  1.  In  carp.,  a  plane 
with  a  sluirp  arris  for  forming  the  quirks  of 
moldings.  —  2.  A  rod  by  which  the  body  of  a 
cart  is  bolted  to  the  axle.  E.  H.  A'nii/lit. 

snipe-eel  (snip'el),  «.  An  eel-like  fish,  Xemii-lt- 
tliyx  .it-olii/Kicfim  ;  any  member  of  the  NeuiMi- 
I  III/  idee.  The  snipe-eel  attains  a  length  of  3  feet  ;  it  is  pale- 


snip.    Ct.  snip,  11. ,1.1    Small  stout  hand-shears  sniveler,  sniveller  (sniv'1-er),  «.     [<  snivel  + 


for  workers  in  sheet-metal, 
snip-snap  (snip'snap),  «.     [A  varied  redupli- 
cation of  snap.']    A  tart  dialogue  with  quick 
replies. 

Dennis  and  dissonance,  and  captious  art, 
And  snip-snap  short,  and  interruption  smart. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  it  -240. 

I  recollect,  when  I  was  keeping  school,  overhearing  at 
Esq.  Beach's  one  evening  a  sort  of  grave  snip-snap  about 


1.  One  who  snivels,  or  who  cries  with 
sniveling. —  2.  One  who  weeps;  especially,  one 
who  manifests  weakness  by  weeping. 
And  more  lament,  when  I  was  dead. 
Than  all  the  snivellers  round  my  bed. 

Swift,  Death  of  Dr.  Swift. 

3.  Figuratively,  one  who  affects  tearfulness  or 
expressions  of  penitence,  especially  with  a  na- 
sal tone. 

sniveling,  snivelling  (sniv'1-ing),  p.  a.    Run- 
not  "S.  Judd,  Margaret,  iii.     ning  at  the  nose;  drawing  up  the  mucus  in  tlio 
snipy  (sni'pi),  a.    [<  snipe*  +  -y*.]    Resembling    nose  with  an  audible  sound ;  hence,  figurative- 
a  smpe  ;  snipe-like ;  scolopacine ;  having  a  long    ly,  whining ;  weakly  tearful ;  affecting  tearful- 
pointed  nose  like  a  snipe's  bill.  ness:  much  used  loosely  as  an  epithet  of  eon- 

The  face  [of  the  spaniel]  is  very  peculiar,  being  smooth-     tempt. 

coated,  long,  rather  wedge-shaped,  but  not  snipy  or  weak.         "  That  sniveling  virtue  of  meekness,"  as  my  father  would 
The  Century,  XXX.  527.      always  call  it.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  U.  12. 

Snirt  (snert),  n,     [A  var.  of  snort.']     1.  A  sup-        Come  forward,  you  sneaking,  snivelling  sot  you. 

coloredabove,thebacksomewhatspeckled  ;  thebellyand     pressed  laMrh.-2.  A  wheeze.     [Prov.  Eng.]  s* 

anal  flu  are  blackish.  It  is  a  deep- water  flsh  of  the  Atlantic,  smrtle  (sner'tl),  v.  i.;  pret,  and  pp.  snirtled,  snivel-nose  (smv  1-noz),  H,  A  niggardly  fellow, 
often  taken  off  the  New  England  coast.    A  similar  flsh,     ppr.  snirtling.    [A  var.  of  snortle,  freq.  of  snort.     aalliitell.     [JLow.J 

.V.  amcetta.  is  found  in  Puget  Sound.  cf.  snirt.]    To  laugh  in  a  suppressed  manner:  snively,  snivelly  (sniv'l-i),  a.    [<  snivel  +  -(/!.] 

snipe-fish   (snip  nsh),  «,      1.    I  he  sea-snipe,     gnicker.     Bums,  Jolly  Beggars.  Running  at  the  nose;  snotty;  hence,  whining; 

woodcock-fish,    bellows-fish,  or    trumpet-fish,  snitcher  (snich'er),  n.     [Origin  obscure.]     1.     sniveling. 

An  informer ;  a  tell-tale ;  one  who  turns  queen's  Snob1  (snob),  n.     [Also  in  some  senses  Sc.  snab; 
(or  king's)  evidence. —  2.  A  handcuff.  prob.  a  var.  of  Sc.  and  E.  dial,  snap,  snape,  a 

[Slang  in  both  uses.]  boy,  servant,  prob.  <  Icel.  sndpr,  a  dolt,  idiot, 

sniteH  (suit),  «.     [<  ME.  suite,  snyte,  snyghte,     8w.  dial,  siiopp,  a  boy.    The  literary  use  (def. 
<  AS.  suite,  a  snipe ;  perhaps  allied  to  snout :  see 
snout.    Cf.  snipe1.]    A  snipe. 


Snipe-eel  (.Ve 


scelofaceits}. 


Snipe-fish  (Ctntrisctts  stolofax). 

dentriscus  (or  MacrorTiamphosus)  scolopax:  so 


Fine  fat  capon,  partridge,  suite,  plover,  larks,  teal,  ad* 
mirable  teal,  my  lord.  Ford,  Sun's  Darling,  iv.  1. 

Snite2  (suit),  v. ;  pret.  andpp.  snited,  ppr. 
v  v 


beak. — 2.  A  murtenoid  or  eel-like  fish  of  the 
genus  Nemiclttliys,  as  N.  scolopaceus;  a  snipe- 
eel. —  3.  The  garfish,  Belone  vulgaris:  in  allu- 
sion to  the  snipe-like  extension  of  the  jaws. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

snipe-fly  (snip'fli),  u.  A  dipterous  insect  of  the 
family  Leptidse. 

snipe-hawk  (snip'hak),  ».  The  marsh-harrier, 
Circus  eeruginosus.  [South  of  Ireland.] 

snipe-like  (smp'lik),  a.  Resembling  a  snipe 
in  any  respect ;  scolopacine :  as,  the  snipe-like 
thread-fish. 


snyten,  < 

only  in  verbal  n.  snytingc)  =  D.  snuiten  =  OHG. 
snuzan,  MHG.  sniuzen,  G.  schnauzen,  schneuzen 
=  Icel.  siiyta  =  Sw.  snyta  =  Dan.  snyde,  blow 
(the  nose),  snuff  (a  candle) :  see  snot."]'  I.  trans. 
To  blow  or  wipe  (the  nose);  snuff  (a  candle); 
in  falconry,  to  wipe  (the  beak)  after  feeding. 
tl.  intrans.  To  blow  or  wipe  the  nose. 
Fro  spettyng  <ft  snetyng  kepe  the  also. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  13. 
So  looks  he  like  a  marble  toward  rain, 
And  wrings  and  mites,  and  weeps  and  wipes  again. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  VI.  i.  104. 

snipe's-head  (snips'hed),  w.    Ina««*.,thecaput  snithet,  ».     [Early  ME.  snithcn,  <  AS.  snithan 

gallmagims.     bee  verumontanum.  (pret.  Sllatn  pp.  sniden)  =  OS.  *nitkan  =  OFries. 

snipper  (smp'er),  n.     [<  snip  +  -erl.]     i.  One    snitha,  snida,  snia  =  D.  gniiden  =  OHG.  snidan, 

who  snips ;  sometimes,  m  contempt,  a  tailor.      cut  (clothes),  MHG.  sniden,  G.  sehneiden  =  Icel! 

Our  nippers  go  over  once  a  year  into  France,  to  -bring     snidha  =  Goth,  sneithan,  cut.      Cf.  snitlie,  a., 

back  the  newest  mode,  and  to  learn  to  cut  and  shape  it.      snead*.  snead2,  sneath,  snathe*.!     To  cut. 

Dryden,  Postscript  to  Hist,  of  League.  snithe  '(goimj,  a.  [<  snithe,  ».  Cf.  snide,  a.] 
2.  pi.  A  pair  of  shears  or  scissors  shaped  for  Sharp;  cutting;  cold:  said  of  the  wind.  Halli- 
short  or  small  cuts  or  bites.  well.  [Prov.  Eug.] 

snipper-snapper  (snip'er-snap"er),H.   A  small,  snithy  (snith'i),  a.     [=  G.  schneidig,  cutting, 
insignificant  fellow ;  a  whipper-snapper.    [Col-    sharp-edged;  as  snithe  +  -y*.']     Same  as  snithe. 

Snivel  (sniv'l),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  suyvell  (after 


loq.] 

Having  ended  hisdiscourse,  this  seeming  gen  tile  snipper- 
imapper  vanisht,  so  did  the  rout  of  the  nonsensical!  delud- 
ing star-gazers,  and  I  was  left  alone. 

Poor  Robin's  Visions  (1677),  p.  12.    (Halliteell.) 

snippet  (snip'et),  «,  [<  snip  +  -et.'}  A  small 
part  or  share ;  a  small  piece  snipped  off. 

The  craze  to  have  everything  served  up  in  snippets,  the 
desire  to  be  fed  on  seasoned  or  sweetened  tid-bits  may 
be  deplored.  Contemporary  Jtee.,  XLIX.  678. 

snippetiness  (snip'et-i-nes),  w.  The  state  or 
character  of  being  snippety  or  fragmentary. 
[Colloq.] 

M.UttA«»,v»«tiH  °^^:;^JJS^^S, 


3)  seems  to  have  arisen  from  the  use  in  the 
universities  (def.  2),  this  being  a  contemptuous 
application  of  def.  1.  In  def.  4  the  word  is 
perhaps  an  independent  abusive  use  of  def.  1.] 

1.  A  shoemaker;  a  journeyman  shoemaker. 
The  Shoemaker,  born  a  Snob. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  220,  note. 

2.  A  townsman  as  opposed  to  a  gownsman ;  a 
Philistine.   [University  cant,  especially  in  Cam- 
bridge.] 

Snobs.— A  term  applied  indiscriminately  to  all  who  have 
not  the  honour  of  being  members  of  the  university ;  but 
in  a  more  particular  manner  to  the  "profanum  vulgus," 
the  tag-rag  and  bob-tail,  who  vegetate  on  the  sedgy  banks 
of  Camus.  Oradus  ad  L'antabrigiain  (1824). 

3.  One  who  is  servile  in   spirit  or  conduct 
toward  those  whom  he  considers  his  superiors, 
and  correspondingly  proud  and  insolent  toward 
those  whom  he  considers  his  inferiors ;  one  who 
vulgarly  apes  gentility. 

Ain't  a  snob  a  fellow  as  wants  to  be  taken  for  better  bred, 

or  richer,  or  cleverer,  or  more  influential  than  he  really  is? 

Lever,  One  of  Ihem,  xxxi.v. 

My  dear  Flunkies,  so  absurdly  conceited  at  one  moment, 

and  so  abject  at  the  next,  are  but  the  types  of  their  masters 

in  this  world.    He  who  meanly  admires  mean  things  is  a 

Snob  —  perhaps  that  is  a  safe  definition  of  the  character. 

Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  ii. 

4.  A  workman  who  continues  working  while 
others  are  out  ou  strike ;    one  who  works  for 
lower  wages  than   other  workmen;    a   knob- 
stick; a  rat :  so  called  in  abuse.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


the  verb),  <  ME.  "snovel,  'snofel,  <  AS.  *snofel  Snob2t,  snub2*  (snob,  snub),  v.  i.     [<  ME.  snob- 


(Somner),  snofl  (AS.  Leechdoms,  ii.  24),  mucus, 
snot.  Cf.  snuffle,  and  sniff,  snuff*.]  1.  Mucus 
running  from  the  nose  ;  snot. 

I  beraye  any  thynge  with  myvett.  Palsgrave,  p.  723. 
2.  Figuratively,  in  contempt,  weak,  forced,  or 
pretended  weeping;  hypocritical  expressions 
of  sorrow  or  repentance,  especially  in  a  nasal 
tone;  hypocrisy;  cant. 

The  cant  and  snivel  of  which  we  have  seen  so  much  of 
late.  St.  James's  Gazette,  Feb.  9, 1886.  (Encyc.  Diet.) 


small  fragments  than  we  think  quite  wise, 
pleasant,  snippetiness  is  not. 

Church  Times,  April  9,  1880,  p.  228. 


eamm,  sncvn,  nnevyii,  snyveu,  <,   MK.  snevelen,  annh3  tv-nnh)   » 
(Davits.)    yy^>>,  wjfi-dfeiti  also  snuvelen,  sniff,  snivel;  *  °Dn0se .ODft£ 
snippety  (snip'et-i),  a.    [<  snip  +  -eti/,  in  imita- 
tion of  rickety,  rackety,  etc.]     Insignificant; 
ridiculously  small;  fragmentary.     [Colloq.] 

What  The  Spectator  once  called  "  the  American  habit  of 
mippety  comment."  The  American,  IX.  52. 

snipping  (snip'ing),  ».     |  Verbal  n.  of  snip,  r.] 
That  which  is  snipped  off ;  a  clipping. 


lien,  sob,  <  MD.  stiuben,  snore,  snort;  cf.  D.  snui- 
cen,  snore,  =  LG.  snuven  =  MHG.  sndwen,  snup- 
fen,  G.  schnauben,  schnatifen,  snort,  snuff,  pant: 
see  stiuffl,  sniff,  snivel.']  To  sob  or  weep  vio- 
lently. 

Suh,  suh,  she  cannot  answer  me  for  snobbiny 

Middleton,  Mad  World,  iii.  2. 

snob2t,  snnb2t  (snob,  snub),  H.     [<snoV*,  snub?, 
v."]    A  convulsive  sob. 

And  eke  with  snubs  profound,  and  heaving  breast, 
Convulsions  intermitting !  [he]  does  declare 
His  grievous  wrong. 

Shenstone,  The  School-Mistress,  st.  24. 

[Cf.  snoW,  snuff1.']    Mucus  of 


up  the  mucus  audibly  anohhpsa  (snobVot  »     r< 

through  the.nose;  snuff.-3.  To  cry,  weep,  or  >'    •    " 


Landor,  Imag.  Conv.,  Lucian  and  Timotheus. 
snippy  (snip'i),  a.     [<  snip  +  .«!.]     1    Frae. 
mentary;  snipped.     [Colloq.]    ' 

The  mode  followed  in  collecting  these  papers  and  set- 
ting them  forth  suggests  a  somewhat  snippy  treatment 
2.  Mean ;  stingy.  Tke  Maniu,  LXVI.  714. 

HalliweH.  [Prov 
Eng.] 

snips  (snips),  n. 
xing.  and  pi.  [A 
plural  form  of 


fret,  as  children,  with  snuffing  or  sniveling.' 
Let  'em  snivel  and  cry  their  Hearts  out. 

Conyreve,  Way  of  the  World,  i.  9. 
4.  Figuratively,  to  utter  hypocritical  expres- 
sions of  contrition  or  regret,  especially  with  a 
nasal  tone ;  affect  a  tearful  or  repentant  state. 

He  snivels  in  the  cradle,  at  the  school  at  the  altar 
on  the  death-bed.  W hippie,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  '117! 

Il.t  trans.  To  suffer  to  be  covered,  as  the 
nose  or  face,  with  snivel  or  nasal  mucus. 
Nor  imitate  with  Socrates 

To  wipe  thy  snivelled  nose 

Vpon  thy  cap,  as  he  would  doe 

Nor  yet  upon  thy  clothes. 

Babees  Boot(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  292. 

snivelardt,  ».     [<  ME.  snyvelard;  <  snivel  + 
-ard.]    A  sniveler.     Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  461 


The 
iuct  of 

+  -ess.]    A  wo- 
See  snob*,  2. 


man  of  a  townsman's  family. 
[English  university  cant.] 
snobbish  (snob'ish),  a.     [<  snobl  +  -w7ii.] 


Of 


or  pertaining  to  a  snob;  resembling  a  snob. 
(a)  Vulgarly  ostentatious :  desirous  to  seem  better  than  one 
is,  or  to  have  a  social  position  not  deserved ;  inclined  to  ace 
gentility. 

That  which  we  call  a  snob  by  any  other  name  would  still 
be  snobbish.  Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xviii. 

(6)  Proud,  conceited,  or  insolent  over  adventitious  advan- 
tages. 

snobbishly  (snob'ish-li),  adv.     In  the  manner 
of  a  snob. 

snobbishness  (snob'ish-nes), ».     The  character 
or  conduct  of  a  snob. 

The  state  of  society,  viz.  Toadyism,  organi/ed  :  base 
Man-and- Mammon  worship,  instituted  by  command  of 
law;— snobbishness,  in  a  word,  perpetuated. 

Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  iii. 


snobbism 

Snobbism(snob'izin),  «.  [<SM«AI  +-ISHI.]  The 
state  of  being  a  snob;  the  manners  of  a  snob- 
snobbishness. 

The  mobbi*,,,  would  perish  forthwith  (if  for  no  other 
cause)  under  public  ridicule.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

snobby  (snob'i),  «.  [<  *«„/,!  +  _vi.]  <  >f  01,  re. 
lating  to  a  snob  ;  partaking  of  the  character  of 
a  snob;  snobbish. 

Our  Norwegian  travel  was  now  at  an  end  ;  and,  as  a 
rooMy  Englishman  once  said  to  me  of  the  Nile  "it  Is  a 
good  t\nt\g  to  have  gotten  over." 

B.  Taylor,  Xorthern  Travel,  p.  397. 
snobling  (snob'ling),  w.     [<  snobl  +  -«»«i.]     A 
little  snob. 


5733 


snotter 
[<  ME. 


snorkt  (snork),  r.   i.     [<   MK.  t,,imd 

only  as  ximrtnn,  <  I).  x,,i>rl;rn  =  XI  LC.  smarten, 
LG.  xiinrh-ii,  XHHfl.,-n,  snore,  =  iMn.  snnrkv  = 
Sw.  niinrkii,  xinirl.'i.  threaten,  =  led.  xnerkja, 
Kiinrka,  sputter,  =  XI I  It  i.  HHH-I-IH-II.  Ij.  schnar- 
I'lirn.  MI., re,  Mn.rt  ;  with  formative  -/.-,  from 
snore  (as  Imrkt 'mm  lirnrr.  xeesHore.  Ct.  snort.] 
To  snore;  snort. 
At  the  mi-ki-i'Mi»in^  ln-furc  dayu  thou  shall  not  hear 


You  see,  dear  mobli 
not  have  been  authorise 
for  interfering. 


y,  that,  though  the  parson  would 
,  yet  he  might  have  been  excused 


Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xii. 

snobocracy  (snob-ok'ra-si), ».  [<  snob*  + -o-cra- 
cy  as  in  aristocracy,  democracy.]  Snobs  collec- 
tively, especially  viewed  as  exercising  or  try- 
ing to  exercise  influence  or  social  power.  Kings- 
ley.  [Humorous.] 

f.£°*  ?,TYor=  gtu>bocra'y  ties  its  cravats  and  flirts  its 
fans  in  Madison  Square.  D.  J.  Hill,  Irving,  p.  188. 

snobographer  (snob-og'ra-fer),  n.  A  historian 
of  snobs.  Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xxviii 
[Humorous.] 

snobography  (suob-og'ra-fi), ».    [<  SHObi  +  .„. 
Or.  -jpafra.  <  -ypd^tv,  write.]     A  description 
of  snobs.      Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xxxi. 
[Humorous.] 

snod1,  n.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  (Scotch) 
form  of  snood. 

snod2  (snod),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  snodded,  ppr. 
snoddtng.  [Avar,  of  sneadi.]  To  trim;  make 
trim  or  tidy;  set  in  order.  [Scotch.] 

On  stake  and  ryce  he  knits  the  crooked  vines 
And  snoddes  their  howes. 

T.  Hudson,  tr,  of  Du  Bartas's  Judith,  Iv. 
snod2  (snod),  a.     [Appar.  a  form  of  the  pp.  of 
sneadi  or  of  snoeP,  v.]     Neat;  trim;  smooth. 
[Scotch.] 

snood  (snod),  n.  [Also  dial,  (in  sense  2)  sneed; 
<  ME.  snod,  <  AS.  snod,  a  fillet,  snood,  =  Icel. 
snuthr,  a  twist,  twirl,  =  Sw.  snod,  snodd,  sno, 
a  twist,  twine ;  cf.  Icel.  snua,  turn,  twist.  =  Sw. 
sno  =  Dan.  sno,  twist,  twine.  Cf.  stiare,  n.] 
1.  A  fillet  formerly  worn  by  young  women  in 


I  must  not  lose  my  harmlcsse  re. . 
Abroad,  to  xniiok  over  my  wife  at  Immr 

/hwne.  New* Academy,  11.  i.    (flares.)     ?'!)v  as  *'.""''"'  >, 
2.  To  smell;  search  out.     [Scotch.] 
Snottk  but,  and  stmuk  ben. 
I  llnd  tlie  snu'll  of  an  earthly  man  • 
M  In  living,  in-  In-  In-  <!.•:, i| 
His  heart  this  night  shall  kitchen  my  bread. 

The  Red  Ktin  (in  Lang's  Him-  Kairy  Book). 
snook2  (snok),  n.     [<  D.  siioek,  »   pike,  jack.]        A.  tne  cocKe-crov, 

1.  ine  coma,  crab-eater,  or  sergeant-fish,  Kla-     'h'-"-1  'be  servauntes mum. 

cate  Canada.    See  cut  under  eobia.    [Florida.] StapleUm,  Fortress  of  the  Falthe,  fol.  121  b.    (Latham.) 

2.  Any  fish  of  the  genus  Cen  ti;i/i  mi  us ,-  a  robalo.  snorlet,  r.  i.    [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  an  er- 
e6fi' ?        '  a      cut  Imder  Centi-i'/iomiis. — 3.  A    ror  for  snort,  or  snore,  or  miortle.]   To  snore  (T). 

E?S3b*mt  th  c*rane°id  fish>  Thyrsites  atnn :  DO  you  mutter?  sir,  snorle  this  way, 

so  called  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  also  That  I  may  hear,  and  answer  what  you  say. 

moat  (a  Dutch  form).  B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  1L  1. 

snool  (snol),«.    [A  contraction  of  snivel,  as  drool  snort  (snort;,  r.    [<  ME.  rnnri,,,.  .--inirten,  snore 

isofdnvcl.]    I.  intrans.  1.  To  snivel.— 2.  To    put  for  "snorken  (by  the  occasional  change  of 

submit  tamely.  I  tot  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  as  in  &«<«  from 

11.  trans,  lo  keep  in  subjection  by  tyranni-    back?):  see  snork.]    I.  inlrans.  It.  To  snore 

cal  means.  loudly. 

[Scotch  in  both  uses.] 

snool  (snol),  n.     [A  contraction  of  snivel;  cf. 


*woo/,  ».]     One  who  meanly  subjects  himself  to 
the  authority  of  another:  as.  "v«  aillv  *„,,.,/  » 


,    . 

the  authority  of  another:  as, 
Ramsay.     [Scotch.] 
snoop  (sn6p),  v.  i.    [Prob.  a  var.  of  snoofc1.] 


ye  silly  snoot,'1 


To 


As  an  hors  he  snorteth  In  his  slepe. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  L  243. 
Awake  the  snortiny  citizens  with  the  belL 

Shak.,  mhello,  L  1.  BO. 

2.  To  force  the  air  with  violence  through  the 
nose,  so  as  to  make  a  noise :  said  of  persons 


r  , — r,,....    L .-..«.„»  o.nvo/e'.j    To    ' 

pry  about ;  go  about  in  a  prying  or  sneaking    under  excitement,  and  especially  of  high-spirit- 
[Colloq.]  '     ed  horses. 


snoop  (snop),  n.    [<  snoop,  v.]    One  who  snoops, 
or  pries  or  sneaks  about;  a  snooper.    [Colloq.] 
snooper  (sno'per),  n.    One  who  pries  about;  a 
sneak.     [Colloq.] 

snooze  (sn8z),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snoozed,  ppr. 
snoozing.  [Prob.  imitative,  ult.  identical  with 
snore  (cf.  clioose,  AS.  pp.  coren;  lose,  AS.  pp.  lore 
or  lorn),  perhaps  affected  by  the  form  of  sneeze.] 
To  slumber;  take  a  short  nap.  [Colloq.] 
Snooze  gently  in  thy  arm-chair,  thou  easy  bald-head ! 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  xlix. 

Another  who  should  have  led  the  same  snooang  conn- 
trifled  existence  for  these  years,  another  had  become  rust- 
ed,  become  stereotype ;  but  I,  I  praise  my  happy  constitu- 
tion, retain  the  spring  unbroken. 
Jt.  L.  Stea 


mnuon,  Treasure  of  Franchard 
snooze  (snoz),  n.     [<  snooze,  v.]    A  short  nap. 
That  he  might  enjoy  his  short  snooze  in  comfort. 

Quarterly  Rev. 

snoozer  (sno'zer),  K.     One  who  snoozes. 
snoozle  (sno'zl),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  snoozled 
ppr.  snoozling.     [A  var.    " 
snuggle. 


He  chafes,  he  stamps,  careers,  and  turns  about ; 
He  foams,  snorts,  neighs,  and  lire  and  smoke  breathes  out 
Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  xx.  28. 

Duncan  .  .  .  conceived  the  speaker  was  drawing  a  par- 
allel between  the  Duke  and  Sir  Donald  Oorme  ofSleat: 
and,  being  of  opinion  that  such  comparison  was  odious, 
snorted  thrice,  and  prepared  himself  to  be  in  a  passion. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- Lothian,  xlvt 
3.  To  laugh  outright  or  boisterously;  burst 
into  a  horse-laugh.  [Vulgar.] — 4t.  To  turn 
up:  said  of  the  nose. 

Hlr  nose  snorted  up  for  tene.      Rom.  of  the  Base,  1. 157. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  express  by  a  snort;  say  with 
a  snort :  as,  to  snort  defiance. 

"Such  airs!"  he  snorted;  "the  likes  of  them  drinking 
t«a. "  The  Century,  XII.  S40. 

2.   To  expel  or  force  out  as  by  a  snort. 

Snortiny  a  cataract 
Of  rage-froth  from  every  cranny  and  ledge. 

Lowell,  Appledore. 
n.     [<  snort,  v.]    A  loud  abrupt 


_  its,  ill. 

snore  (snor),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snored,  ppr 
ing.     [<  ME.  snoren,  <  AS.  "snorian,  snore  (> 
snora,  a  snoring ;  cf .  fnora,  a  snoring),  =  MD. 
snorren  =  MLG.  snorren,  LG.  snoren,  grumble, 
mutter;  cf.  snork,  snort,  and  mar.]     I.  intrans 


Snoods. 

Scotland  to  confine  the  hair.  It  was  held  to  be 
emblematic  of  maidenhood  or  virginity. 

The  snood,  or  riband,  with  which  a  Scottish  lass  braided 
her  hair  had  an  emblematical  signification,  and  applied 
to  her  maiden  character.  It  was  exchanged  for  the  curch, 
toy,  or  coif  when  she  passed,  by  marriage,  into  the  matron 
state.  Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  Hi.  5,  note. 

2.  In  angling,  a  hair-line,  gut,  or  silk  cord  by 
which  a  fish-hook  is  fastened  to  the  line;  a  snell; 
a  leader  or  trace.  Also  sneed.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.]  — 3.  One  of  the  short  lines  of  a  bul- 
tow  to  which  the  hooks  are  attached:  also  called 
by  fishermen  ganging.  The  snoods  are  6  feet 
long,  and  placed  at  intervals  of  12  feet. 

snood  (sndd),  v.  t.  [<  snood,  n.~\  1.  To  bind 
up  with  a  snood,  as  a  maiden's  hair. 

Hae  ye  brought  me  a  braid  o'  lace, 
To  snood  up  my  gowden  hair? 

Sweet  WilliamandMayMargaret(Chl\d'sBM»A»,n.  153). 
2.  To  tie,  fasten,  or  affix,  as  an  anglers'  hook 
when  the  end  of  the  line  or  gut-loop  is  seized 
on  to  the  shank  of  the  hook. 

snooded  (sno'ded),  a.  [<  snood  +  -e<J2.]  Wear- 
ing or  having  a  snood. 

And  the  snooded  daughter  .  .  . 
Smiled  on  him.          Whittier,  Barclay  of  Ury. 

snooding  (sno'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  snood, 
».]  That  which  makes  a  snood ;  a  snood. 

Each  baited  hook  hanging  from  its  short  length  of 
snooding.  Field,  Oct.  17,  1885.  (Encyc.  Diet.) 

snook1  (snok),  r.  i.  [Also  Sc.  snouk ;  <  ME. 
siioken,<  iiG.snoken,  snoken  =  Sw.  snoka,  search, 
hunt  for,  lurk,  dog  (a  person) ;  cf.  Icel.  snaka. 
Dan.  snaf/e,  rummage,  snuff  about,  Sw.  dial. 
snok,  a  snout,  G.  scJiiiitkcrn,  snuff.]  1.  To  lurk ; 
lie  in  ambush ;  pry  about. 


.    •  diiort  i. snort;,  n.     |>  snort,  v.\    A  loud  abrupt 
<    sound  produced  by  forcing  air  through  the  nos- 
trils. 

snorter1  (sndr'ter),  n.  [<  snort  + -er1.]  l.One 
who  snores  loudly.— 2.  One  who  or  that  which 
snorts,  as  under  excitement. — 3.  Something 
fierce  or  furious,  especially  a  gale ;  something 
large  of  its  kind.  [Slang.]— 4.  The  wheatear 
or  stonechat,  Saxicola  cenantne.  See  cut  under 
stonechat.  [Pi-ov.  Eng.] 

Ai»'fAi»\     41  VT. 


~-~    -,•-*.  „...,..,,  „,  ,j     x.  "i     ins.     swnecnat.     \  frov.  ring.J 

To  breathe  with  a  rough  hoarse  noise  in  sleep  ;  snorter2  (sndr'ter),  n.  Naut,,  same  as  snotter*. 
breathe  noisily  through  the  nose  and  open  snorting  (snor'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  snort 
moutn  wnile  sleein.  The  noise  is  sometimes  made  »>  1  i  JrV-  •-*  ^r*.—  «—  —  *i  —  i  ----  iv  n  ______  i- 


moutn  wnile  sleeping.  The  noise  is  sometimes  made 
at  the  glottis,  the  vocal  chords  being  approximated,  but 
somewhat  loose  ;  while  the  very  loud  and  rattling  inspira- 
tory  noise  often  developed  is  due  to  the  vibrations  of  the 
soft  palate. 

Weariness 

Can  more  upon  the  flint,  when  resty  sloth 
Finds  the  down-pillow  hard. 

Shalt.,  Cymbeline,  ill.  6.  34. 
Cicely,  brisk  maid,  steps  forth  before  the  rout, 
And  kiss'd  with  smacking  lip  the  snoring  lout. 

Gay,  Shepherd  s  Week,  Saturday,  1.  38. 
II,  trans.  To  spend  in  snoring,  or  otherwise 


«'.]     1.  The  act  of  forcing  the  breath  through 
the  nose  with  violence  and  noise;  the  sound 
thus  made. 
The  snorting  of  his  horses  was  heard  from  Dan. 

Jer.  vllt  18. 

2f.  The  act  of  snoring;  the  noise  thus  made, 
snortlet  (sndr'tl),  ».  «.    [Preq.  of  snort,  «.]    To 
snort;  grunt. 

To  wallow  almost  like  a  beare, 
And  snortle  like  a  hog. 

Breton,  Floorish  upon  Fancle,  p.  7. 


A-I.   ft  ouuniig,  ur  utnerwioe  XJTCWH,  r loorisii  upon  f  ancie,  p.  j. 

affect  by  snoring,  the  particular  effect  or  influ-  snortyt  (sndr'ti),  a.    [<  snort  +  -w1.]    Snoring- 
ence  being  defined  by  a  word  or  words  follow-    broken  by  snorts  or  snores. 

ge  His  nodil  in  crossewise  wresting  downe  droups  to  the 

Snores  out  the  watch, of  night.  !n  blTche^^'vometing  with  dead  sleape  snortye  the 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  Iv.  5.  28.  collops.  Stanihurst,  .Kneid,  iii.  645.    (Dane*.) 

snore  (snor"),  n.    [<  snore,  v.]   A  breathing  with 

a  harsh  noise  through  the  nose  and  mouth  in 

sleep ;  especially,  a  single  respiration  of  this 

kind.     See  snore,  v.  i. 

There 's  meaning  in  thy  more*. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  II.  1.  218. 

snore-hole  (snor'hol),  n.  One  of  the  holes  in 
the  snore-piece  or  lowest  piece  in  a  pump-set, 
through  which  the  water  enters.  See  snore- 
piece. 

(snor'pes),  n.    In  mining,  the  sue 


1. 


snot  =  MLG.  LG.  snotte  =  MHG.  snuz,  a  , 
fling  cold,  =  Dan.  snot,  snot :  see  stiite^.] 
Nasal  mucus.  [Low.] 

Pieces  of  Linen  Rags,  a  great  many  of  them  retaining 
still  the  Marks  of  the  Snot. 

If.  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  II.  32. 

2.  A  low,  mean  fellow;  a  sneak;  a  snivel: 
used  as  a  vague  term  of  reproach.     [Low.]  — 

.uuic-yickc  v""«i  f"v,  n.    j.u  m,n,i,,j,  wo  BUC-    3.  The  snuff  of  a  candle.    Halliicell.    fProv 

tion-pipe  of  the  bottom  lift  or  drawing-lift  of    Eng.] 

a  pump,  or  that  piece  which  dips  into  the  sump  snot  (snot),  r.   t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  snotted,  ppr. 

£r,     i    .v,"  I.9,clo8ed  at  the  bottom,  but  provided  with    snotting.    [<  snot,  n.]    To  free  from  snot ;  blow 

holes  in  the  sides,  jiear^ the  bottom,  through  which  the     or  wjpg  (tge  noge)       [Low  1 

motter1  (snot'er),  r.  «.  [Freq.  of  smil.  r. 
D.  snottcrig  =  G.  dial,  sclinoddrig.  snotty.]  '  To 
breathe  through  an  obstruction  in  the  nostrils; 
blubber;  sob;  cry.  [Scotch.] 


,  ,  or  wnp        p  nnsp 

water  enters,  and  which  are  small  enough  to  keep  out  !e''     L 

chips  or  stones  which  might  otherwise  be  sucked  in.  Also  Snotter1  (snot  er),  r.  I.     [Freq.  of  snot,  v.;  cf. 
called  wind-bore  and  tail-piece. 

snorer  (suor'er),  «.    [<  ME.  snorare;  <  snore,  v. 
+  -er1.]     One  who  snores. 


snotter 

What  signified  his  bringing  n  woman  here  to  matter  and 
snivel,  and  bother  their  Lordships? 

Scott,  Heart  of -Mid-Lothian,  xxiii. 

snotter1  (snot' er),  n.  [<  snotterl,  «•.]  1.  The 
red  part  of  a  turkey-cock's  head. —  2.  Snot. 
[Scotch.] 


5734 

tinguished  by  qualifying  terms,  as  club-homed,  Anthribi- 
dtr;  leaf-rolling,  Attelabidx ;  elongate,  Brenthidle.  'Iheee 
are  collectively  known  as  sirai'jht-horned  snout-beetles  (Or- 
thocerata),  as  distinguished  from  the  ttent-horned  stiout- 
beetles  (Gonatocerata).  Among  the  latter  are  the  true  wee- 
vils or  curculios,  and  also  the  wood-eating  snout-beetles,  or 
Scotytidx. 


snotter2  (snot'cr),  «.     [Also  corruptly  snorter;  snout-butterfly  (snout'but"er-fli),  «.   Any  but- 


perhaps  ult.  connected 
with  tmntl1,  miooil,  n  fil- 
let, band,  <  Icel.  smith r, 
a  twist,  twirl:  see  snood, 
snod,  1.]  Naut.:  (a)  A 
rope  so  attached  to  a 
royal-  or  topgallant- 
yardarm  that  in  send- 
ing down  the  yard  a 
tripping-line  bent  to 
the  free  end  of  the  snot- 
ter pulls  off  the  lift  and 
brace.  (6)  A  beeket  fit- 
ted round  a  boat's  mast 
with  an  eye  to  hold  the 
lower  end  of  the  sprit 
which  is  used  to  extend 
the  sail. 

snottery  (enot'er-i),  n. ; 
pi.  snotteries  (-iz).     [< 
snot  + -erg.]     Snot;  snottiness;  hence,  figura- 
tively, filthiness. 

To  purge  the  snotteri/  of  our  slimie  time ! 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  ii. 

snottily  (snot'i-li),  adv.    In  a  snotty  manner. 


Snotter  ( 

a,  sprit  with  the  lower  end  in 

the  snotter  b. 


terfly  of  Hubner's  subfamily  Hwati,  or  Boisdu- 
val's  subfamily  Libgthides,  of  the  Erycinidse. 
Snouted  (snou'ted),fl.     [<  snout  +  -ert2.]     Hav- 
ing a  snout  of  a  kind  specified  by  a  qualifying 
word:  as,  long-snouted,  pig-snouted. 

Antae,  resembling  a  Mule,  but  somewhat  lesse  ;  slender 
snouted,  the  nether  cbappe  very  long,  like  a  Trumpet. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  835. 

snouter  (suou'ter),  n.    A  cutting-shears  for  re- 
moving the  cartilage  from  a  pig^s  nose,  to  pre- 
vent the  pig  from  rooting. 
snout-fairt  (snout'far),  «.     Good-looking. 
Sir.    Not  as  a  suitor  to  me,  Sir? 

Sw.  No,  you  are  too  great  for  me.  Nor  to  your  Mopsey 
without:  though  shee  be  snout-faire,  and  has  some  wit, 
shee  's  too  little  for  me.  Drome,  Court  Beggar,  ii.  1. 

snout-mite  (snont'mit),  n.    A  snouted  mite; 
any  acarid  or  mite  of  the  family  Sdellidse. 


snowbird 

molecular  contact,  and  the  snow,  losing  its  white  color, 
assumes  the  form  of  ice.  This  change  takes  place  when 
snow  is  gradually  transformed  into  the  ice  of  a  glacier. 
Precipitation  takes  the  form  of  snow  when  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  air  at  the  earth's  surface  is  near  or  below  the 
freezing-point,  and  the  flakes  are  larger  the  muister  the 
air  and  the  higher  its  temperature.  The  annual  depth  of 
snowfall  and  the  number  of  days  on  which  the  ground  is 
covered  with  snow  are  important  elements  of  climate.  In 
a  ship's  log-book  abbreviated  8. 

2.  A  snowfall;  a  snow-storm.  [Colloq.]  —  3. 
A  winter;  hence,  in  enumeration,  a  year:  as, 
five  snows.  [North  Amer.  Indian.]  —  4.  Some- 
tiling  that  resembles  snow,  as  white  blossoms. 

That  breast  of  mow.  Dionysim  (trans.). 

The  lily's  snow.  Moore,  tr.  of  Anacreon's  Odes,  Ii. 

5.  Iti  her.,  white;  argent. 

The  feeld  of  snow,  with  thegle  of  blak  therinne. 

Chaucer,  Monk  s  i'ale,  1.  383. 
Red  snow.    See  Protococcus. 

snow1  (sno),  v.  [<  ME.  snoiceu,  snaiceii  =  D. 
sneeuwcn  =  Icel.  snjofa,  snjoi'ii,  xiyacti  =  Sw. 
snoa,  snoga  =  Dan.  sne  (cf.  It.  nericarc,  iierigare 
=  Sp.  Pg.  nevar  =  F.  nciger\  snow  ;  from  the 
noun.  The  older  verb  was  ME.  siicwen,  smiroi, 
<  AS.  sniwian,  snow:  see  snow1,  «.]  I.  intrans. 


snout-moth  (snout'moth),  M.     1.  Anymothof    To  fall  as  snow:  used  chiefly  impersonally:  as, 
the  noetuid  or  deltoid  family  Hypenidse:  so     it  snows ;  it  snowed  yesterday, 
named  from  the  long,  compressed,  obliquely 
ascending  palpi.    See  cut  under  Hypena. — 2. 
A  pyralid  moth,  as  of  the  family  Crambidee :  so 
called  because  the  palpi  are  large,  erect,  and 


hairy,  together  forming  a  process  like  a  snout 
in  front  of  the  head.    See  cut  under  Crambidie. 


H.  trans.  1.  To  scatter  or  cause  to  fall  like 
snow. 

Let  it  thunder  to  the  tune  of  Oreen  Sleeves,  hail  kissing- 
comflts,  and  SHOW  eringoes.    Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  v.  5.  21. 


snottiness  (snot'i-nes),  «.    The  state  of  being    '  iea,°'.  b?e  cut  u™er.  tramlnda,.    with  in,  up,  under,  or  otv 

snotty.  snout-ring    (snout'ring),    «.    A   ring   passed    lively.    See  snow-bound. 

t.Vii*rtnwVi   Q  Tvi<»'a  it/tea  i~f\  rti>AUAnf  i*s\/\+irtrv 


2.  To  surround,  cover,  or  imprison  with  snow: 
with  in,  up,  under,  or  over:  often  used  figura- 


snot.     [Low.] 

Better  a  snotty  child  than  his  nose  wiped  off. 

0.  Herbert,  Jacula  Prudentum. 

2.  Mean;  dirty;  sneering;  sarcastic.     [Low.] 
Snotty-nosed  (snot'i-nozd),  a.     Same  as  snotty. 

[Low.] 
snouk  (snouk),  v.  i.    A  Scotch  form  of  snook*. 


snouty  (snou'ti),  a.  Resembling  a  beast's  snout ; 
long-nosed. 

The  nose  was  ugly,  long,  and  big, 
Broad  and  sittnttif  like  a  pig. 

Otway,  Poet's  Complaint  of  his  Muse. 
The  lower  race  had   long  snouty  noses,  prognathous 
mouths,  and  retreating  foreheads. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVII.  299. 


v /; iw VK  „„„„„-. 

snout  (snout),"?;.     [<  METs»o«<e"«MOKiI(e',"«»«te  snow1  (sno),  ».     [Sc.  snaw;  <  ME.  snow,  snou, 


I  was  snowed  up  at  a  friend's  house  once  for  a  week.  . 
I  went  for  only  one  night,  and  could  not  get  away  till 
that  very  day  se'nnight.  Jane  Austen,  Emma,  xiii. 

snow2  (sno),  «.  [<  MD.  snauw,  sunn,  D.  snaauw, 
a  kind  of  boat ;  prob.  <  LG.  snait,  G.  dial,  sclinau, 
a  snout,  beak,  =  G.  dial,  schnuff,  a  snout:  see 
snout.'}  A  vessel  equipped  with  two  masts,  re- 
sembling the  mainmast  and  foremast  of  a  ship, 
and  a  third  small  mast  just  abaft  and  close  to 


(not  found  in  AS.)  =  MD.  stiuite,  D.  s'nuit  =    *«?«*.  sjtoug,  snau,  snaw,  <  AS.  snwo  =  OS.     the  mainmast,  carrying  a  trysail.    It  is  identical 


snow-a 


Scott,  Kedgauntlet,  ch.  xiv. 

Sp.  niece  =  PR.  -ppe  (sno  ap'l),  n.    A  variety  of  apple 

>          >  .  a,  F.  ne.ige  ;  W.     WBM  has  very  white  flesh. 

or  nose  and  jaws,  when  protrusive  ;  a  probos-    ntf)  =  Gr-  vi^°  (acc-  )»  snow,  vi$6f,  a  snowflake,  snowball  (sno'bal),  n.   [<  ME.  *mtawel>a1Ie,  snay- 


ing  in  of  breath  through  the  nose.]     1.  Apart    *»«**«,  &•  sncachd,  Gael,  snec.chd,  snow;  L.  nix 
of  the  head  which  projects  forward-  the  fur-    ('"l''>  oriS-  **««</#«-)  (>It.  neve  =  Sp.  niece  =  P 
thest  part  or  fore  end  of  the  head;  the  nose      neve>  also>  through  LL.  *nivea, 


,  -  -  -  »          ,         ,  ,  .  , 

cis;  amuzzle;  a  beak,  or  beak-like  part;  aros-    ^end  snizli,  snow;  all  from  the  verb  represent-    bal'e;  <««o«'1  +  ftflW1.]     1.  A  ball  of  snow;  a 
trum.  ed  by  OHG.  sniwan,  MHG.  snien,  G.  sclineien,  L.    round  mass  of  snow  pressed  or  rolled  together. 

Thou  art  like  thy  name,  ningere,  impers.  ningit  (V  snighv-),  Gr.  viQeiv,        The  nobleman  would  have  dealt  with  her  like  a  noble- 

A  cruel  Boar,  whose  mout  hath  rooted  up  impers.  vid>et,  snow,  Lith.  sniati,  sninnti    Zend     man>  an<1  8he  8ent  him  away  as  cold  as  a  mowtarn. 

S/iak.,  Pericles,  iv.  6.  149. 

2.  The  cultivated  form  of  the  shrub  Viburnum 
Opulug;  the  guelder-rose.  The  name  is  from  its 
large  white  balls  of  flowers,  which  in  cultivation  have  be- 

L     Tlip  flnnpnn«  vnr.™.  nf     S°me  8te.rile  and  consist  merely  of  an  enlarged  corolla. 
•  '-i.       j  aqueous  vapor  ot     See  cranberry  tree,  and  cut  under  neutral. 


Th'. 

deformity, 
a  clear  sp 
waters  to  drink  in. 


.uwuv    lul     H1UUIMVW     MIIU    111UUIIV          .          »  '      -  ' 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  1. 439.     ls  from  the  noun.] 


2.  Specifically,  in  ichth.,  that  part  of  the  head    tbe  atmosphere  precipitated  in  a  crystalline 


3.  In  cookery :  (a)  A  pudding  made  by  putting 


ffKasHiS^rfl 

and  variously  served.-Wild  snowball.    Same  as 
redroot,  1. 

snowball  (sno'bal),  r.   [<  snowball,  «.]  I.  trans. 
To  pelt  with  snowballs. 
II.   intrans.  To  throw  snowballs. 


Be  the  knave  never  so  stoute 
I  shall  rappe  him  on  the  snoute. 

Playe  of  Jtobyn  Hade  (Child's  Ballads,  V. 
Her  subtle  mout 

Did  quickly  wind  his  meaning  out. 


428). 


. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  357. 

(6)  In  entom.  :  (1)  The  rostrum  or  beak  of  a  rhynchophorous 
beetle  or  weevil.  See  snout-beetle  and  rost.rum,  and  cuts 
under  Balanmus  and  dtamond-teetle.  (2)  A  snout-like 
prolongation  of,  or  formation  on,  the  head  of  various  other 
insects  See  snout-butterfly,  snout-mite,  snout-moth.  (" 


The  Merrlmac's  snout  was  knocked  askew  by  a  ball 

New  York  Tribune,  March  15, 1882. 
(e)  The  front  of  a  glacier. 

At  the  end,  or  snout,  of  the  glacier  this  water  issues  forth 
Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  161. 


Tynda.ll,  Forms  of  Water,  p.  58. 

lusk1"  MnCh'' th<J  rostrum  of  a  gastropod  or  similar  mol- 
snout  (snout),  v.  t.     [<  snout,  ».]     To  furnish 

1th  a  snout  or  nozle;  point.     Howell 
snout-beetle  (snout'be'tl),  ».    Any  beetle  of 


Crystals  of  Snow,  after  Scoresby. 


,  all  they  present  uncounted  varieties  of  very  beautiful  fig 

^S  ,u/e8-    The  whiteness  of  snow  is  due  prlmSSy  to  thge 

,      e  mrcae    snout-  I  KSJS2?S£  reflecting  surfaces  arising  from  the 
'tie,  EjxcxrusinMcatus.    several  kinds  are  dis- 


There  are  grave  professors  who  cannot  draw  the  dis- 
tinction between  the  immorality  of  drinking  and  snoic- 
Jv".  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  433. 

snowball-tree  (sno'bal-tre), «.     Same  as  snow- 
ball, 2. 

snowbank  (sno'bangk),  n.     A  bank  or  drift  of 
snow. 

The  whiteness  of  sea  sands  may  simulate  the  tint  of 
old  snowbanks.  The  Atlantic,  LXVI.  597. 

snowberry  (sud'her^i), ». ;  pi.  snotcben-ies  (-iz). 

1.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Symplioricarpi/s,  chief- 
ly S.    raccmosus,  native  northward  in  North 
America.    It  is  commonly  cultivated  for  its  ornamental 
but  not  edible,  white  berries,  which  are  ripe  in  autumn. 
1  he  flowers  are  not  showy,  and  the  habit  is  not  neat. 

2.  A  low  erect  or  trailing  rubiaceous  shrub, 
Chiococca  racemosa,  of  tropical  and  subtropi- 
calAmerica,  entering  Florida.-  Creeplnjc  snow- 
berry,  an  encaceous  plant.   Chiogenes  serpylli  folia    of 
112. '.IP.6™.  Aort,h  America.    It  is  a  slender  creeping  and 


H      *       v  head  more 

ged  into  a  beak:  as,  the  imbricated  snout- 
Excxr 


...  >•      -«    «o  u  oiruuoi    uicrpnrx  ium 

ling  scarcely  woody  evergreen,  with  thyme-like  leaves 
and  small  bright-white  berries.    It  has  the  aromatic  flavor 

.,-   =-- „   -.-™   ,..c     »' the  American  wintergreen. 

crystals     When  sufficient  pressure  is  snowbird  (sno'berd),  n. 
y  adhering  crystals  are  brought  into    some  way  with  snow      < 


snowbird 

finch,  (fc)  The  snow  bunting,  (c)  The  popular  name  in  the 
United  States  of  all  tile  species  of  the  genus  ./unco;  any 
junco.  They  are  small  frin 
gilline  birds  of  a  certain  type 
of  form  and  pattern  ot  color- 
ation, breeding  in  alpine  re- 
gionsand  northerly  localities, 
Hocking  in  winter  and  then 
becoming  familiar,  whence 
the  name.  The  common  snow- 
bird of  the  United  state-  is,/. 
hiemalif,  about  8  Inches  long, 
dark  slate-gray,  witli  white 
belly,  two  or  three  white 
feathers  on  each  side  of  the 
tail,  and  the  bill  white  or 
pinkish-white.  It  inhabits 
o  hiimalii).  North  America  at  large, 
breeding  in  the  northern 

United  States  and  British  America,  and  In  mountains  as 
far  south  as  Georgia  and  Arizona.  It  has  a  sweet  song 
in  the  summer,  in  winter  only  a  chirp.  It  nests  on  the 
ground  and  lays  speckled  eggs.  In  many  parts  of  the 
United  States  it  appears  with  the  first  cold  weather  in 
October,  and  is  seen  until  the  following  April,  in  Hocks. 
There  are  numerous  other  species  or  varieties,  some  reach- 
ing even  Central  America.  See  Junco.  (d)  The  fieldfare, 
Turdus  pilaris.  See  cut  under  fieldfare.  |Prov.  Eng.] 
snow-blind  (suo'blmd),  a.  Affected  with  snow- 
blindness. 

snow-blindness  (sno'blind'nes),  n.  Amblyo- 
pia  caused  by  the  reflection  of  light  from  the 
snow,  and  consequent  exhaustion  of  the  retina. 
snow-blink  (snp'bliugk),  ».  The  peculiar  re- 
flection that  arises  from  fields  of  ice  or  snow : 
same  as  ice-blink.  Also  called  snow-light. 
snow-boot  (sno'bot),  n.  A  boot  intended  to 
protect  the  feet  from  dampness  and  cold  when 
walking  in  snow.  Specifically  —(a)  A  boot  of  water- 
proof material  w  ith  warm  lining,  (b)  A  thick  and  high  boot 
of  leather,  specially  designed  for  use  in  snow,  (c)  Before 
the  introduction  of  lined  rubber  boots,  a  knitted  boot 
with  double  or  cork  sole,  usually  worn  over  another  boot 
or  a  shoe. 

Snow-bound  (sno'bound ), «.  Shut  in  by  a  heavy 
fall  of  snow;  unable  to  get  away  from  one's 
house  or  place  of  sojourn  on  account  of  the 
obstruction  of  travel  by  snow;  blocked  by 
snow,  as  a  railway-train. 

The  snow-bound  in  their  arctic  hulk  are  glad  to  see  even 
a  wandering  Esquimau. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  124. 

snow-box  (sno'boks),  n.  Tlieat.,  a  device  used 
in  producing  an  imitation  of  a  snow-storm. 

snowbreak  (sno'brak),  H.  A  melting  of  snow; 
a  thaw. 

And  so,  like  snowbreak  from  the  mountains,  for  every 
staircase  is  a  melted  brook,  it  storms,  tumultuous,  wild- 
shrilling,  towards  the  Hotel  de-Ville. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  vii.  4. 

snow-broth  (sno'broth),  n.    Snow  and  water 
mixed ;  figuratively,  very  cold  liquor. 
A  man  whose  blood- 
Is  very  snow-broth.     Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  1.  4.  5S. 
"This  Is  none  of  your  snow  broth ^ Peggy, "said  the  mo- 
ther, "  it 's  warming."  8.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  0. 

snow-bunting  (sno'bun'ting),  «.  A  kind  of 
snowbird,  Plectroplianes  nivalis,  a  bunting  of 
the  family  Fringilli- 
dx,  which  inhabits 
arctic  and  cold  tem- 
perate regions  of 
both  hemispheres, 
and  is  chiefly  white, 
varied  with  black  or 
brown.  Also  called 
snowbird,  snowflake, 
snowfleck,  snowfligli  t, 
snowfoicl.  In  full  plu- 
mage, rarely  seen  in  the 
United  States,  the  bird  is 
pure-white,  with  the  bill, 
feet,  middle  of  back,  and 
the  wings  and  tail  in  part 
jet-black.  In  the  usual 
plumage  the  white  is 
overlaid  with  rich,  warm  brown  in  various  places,  and  the 
black  is  not  pure  or  continuous.  The  length  Is  7  Inches, 
the  extent  of  wings  12J.  This  bird  is  a  near  relative  of  the 
longspnrs,  as  the  Lapland,  but  has  the  hind  claw  curved, 
and  is  sometimes  therefore  placed  in  another  genus  (Plec- 
trophenax).  It  breeds  only  in  high  latitudes,  moving  south 
in  the  fall  in  flocks,  often  of  vast  extent.  It  nests  on  the 
ground,  lines  the  nest  with  feathers,  and  lays  from  four  to 
six  variegated  eggs. 

snowbush  (sno'bush),  n.  One  of  several  shrubs 
bearing  profuse  white  flowers.  Such  are  Ceanoth\u> 
cordulatus  of  Californian  mountains,  Olearia  ttellulata  of 
Australia  and  Tasmania,  and  Phyllanthus  nimlw  of  the 
New  Hebrides. 

Snowcap  (sno'kap),  n.  A  humming-bird  of  the 
genus  Slicrocliiera.  having  a  snowy  cap.  There 
are  two  species.  SI.  albocoronatfi  and  M.  parviroKtris.  the 
former  of  Veragua,  the  latter  of  Nicaragua  and  Cos'a  Rica, 
both  of  minute  size  (ij  inches  long\  The  character  of  the 
white  crown  is  unique  among  the  Trochilidst. 

snow-capped  (sno'kapt),  a.  Capped  with  snow. 

snow-chukor  (sn6'chu"kor),  n.  [<  swoic1  + 
chukor,  a  native  name:  see  chourtka.]  A  kind 


smw-bunting  i  PUctrofh™,,  »«,* 

/«),  male,  in  breeding-plumage. 


of  snow-partridge.     See  clionrlka,  1,  and  mioir- 

Snow-CC-'ck  (sno'kok),  H.  Same  as  xnmr-nar- 
tridge.  -. 

Snowdonian  (sno-do'ni-an),  (I.   [<  Sunn;!,,,, 
def.)  +  -iii n.  \     Relating  to  Snow-don,  a  moun- 
tain   of  Carnarvonshire,  Wales. — siur-lonian 

series,  in  gcol ,  n  name  given  by  Scdgwick  to  a  part  .if  tin- 
Lower  Silurian  or  rambiian  in  Wales,  including  what  is 
now  known  as  the  Arenig  seiies  and  the  Itala  I 

Snow-drift  (sno'dril't),  ».  A  .h-in  m  snow; 
snow  driven  by  the  wind;  also,  a  bank  of  snow 
driven  together  by  the  wind. 

snowdrop  (sno'drop),  H.  Alow  herb,  (inlnntl/iix 
nivalis,  a  very  early  wild  (lower  of  Kuropcan 
woods,  often  cultivated.  Then  -,,pii,-,i, 

In  nn  extended  sense,  to  the  genus.  G.  plicatiix  the  Cri- 
mean snowdrop,  is  larger,  with  broader  plicate  leaves.  See 
(MMntmu  and  purijication-jlower.— Atncan  snowdrop 
See  Jtoyena. 

snowdrop-tree  (sno'drop-tre),  n.  1.  See  Lino- 
cicra.—it.  See  Halcsia  and  rattlebox,  2  (c). 

snow-eater  (snp'e"ter),  n.  A  warm,  dry  west 
wind  which  rapidly  evaporates  the  snow.  These 
winds  are  similar  in  character  to  Chinook  winds. 
Science,  VII.  242.  [Eastern  Colorado.] 

Snow-eyes  (sno'iz),  n.  pi.  A  contrivance  used 
by  the  Eskimos  as  a  preventive  of  snow- 
blindness.  It  is  made  of  extremely  light  wood,  with 
a  bridge  resting  on  the  nose,  and  a  narrow  slit  for  the 
passage  of  the  light. 

snowfall  (sno'fal), 11.  1 .  The  falling  of  snow : 
used  sometimes  of  a  quiet  fall  in  distinction 
from  a  snow-storm. 

Through  the  wavering  mow-fall,  the  Saint  Theodore 
upon  one  of  the  granite  pillars  of  the  Piazzetta  did  not 
show  so  grim  as  his  wont  is.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  Iii. 

2.  The  amount  of  snow  falling  in  a  given  time, 
as  during  one  storm,  day,  or  year.  This  amount 
Is  measured  popularly  by  the  depth  of  the  snow  at  the 
close  of  each  time  of  falling,  and  scientifically  by  melting 
the  snow  and  measuring  the  depth  of  the  water. 

Stations  reporting  the  largest  total  snmr-faU,  in  inches, 
were  Blue  Knob,  4B;  Eagles  Mere.  4fl;  Grampian  Hills, 
38.  Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXX1X.  S. 

snow-fed  (sno'fed),  a.  Originated  or  augment- 
ed by  melted  snow:  as,  a  snow-fed  stream. 

snow-field  (sno'feld),  n.  A  wide  expanse  of 
snow,  especially  permanent  snow,  as  iu  the 
arctic  regions. 

As  the  Deer  approach,  a  few  stones  come  hurtling  down, 
as  the  snow-field  begins  to  yield. 

D.  Q.  Elliot,  in  Wolf's  Wild  Animals,  p.  121. 

snow-finch  (sno'finch),  n.  A  fringilline  bird 
of  Europe,  Mantifringilla  nivalis;  the  stone- 
finch  or  mountain-finch,  somewhat  resembling 
the  snow-bunting,  but  of  a  different  genus.  See 
cut  under  brambling. 

snowflake  (sno'flak),  «.  1.  A  small  feathery 
mass  or  flake  of  falling  snow.  See  snow^,  n.,  1. 

Flowers  bloomed  and  snow-Jlakei  fell,  unquestioned  In  her 
sight  Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  lit 

2.  In ornith.,SB.iti6&88noic-buntinfl.  Cones. —  3. 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Leueoium,  chiefly  L.  sesti- 
vum  (the  summer  snowflake),  andZ..  rermtm  (the 
spring  snowflake).  They  are  European  wild  flowers, 
also  cultivated,  resembling  the  snowdrop,  but  larger.  Of 
the  two  species  the  latter  is  smaller,  and  chiefly  conti- 
nental. '1  he  name  was  devised  to  distinguish  this  plant 
from  the  snowdrop,  and  is  now  commonly  accepted. 
4.  A  particular  pattern  of  weaving  certain 
woolen  cloths,  by  which  small  knots  are  pro- 
duced upon  the  face,  which,  when  of  light  color, 
resemble  a  sprinkling  of  snow.  Diet,  of  Nee- 
dlework. 

snow-flange  (sno'flanj),  «.  A  metal  scraper 
fixed  to  a  railroad-car,  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
moving ice  or  snow  clinging  to  the  inside  of 
the  head  of  the  rail. 

snow-flea  (sno'fle),  «.  Any  kind  of  springtail 
or  poduran  which  is  found  on  the  snow.  Acho- 
rtuies  nivteola  is  the  common  snow-flea  of  the  United 
States,  often  appearing  in  great  numbers  on  the  snow.  See 
cut  under  springtail. 

Our  common  snmc-flpa  is  ...  sometimes  a  pest  where 
maple  sugar  Is  made,  the  insects  collecting  in  large  quan- 
tities in  the  sap.  Comstock,  Introd.  Entom.  (1888\  p.  01. 

snowfleck  (sno'flek),  n.  The  snow-bunting  or 
snowflake.  See  cut  under  snow-bunting. 

snowflight  (sno'flit),  ».  The  snowflake  or 
snow-bunting,  Plectroplianes  nil-alls. 

snow-flood  (sno'flud),  n.  A  flood  from  melted 
snow. 

snowflower  (sno'flou'er),  n.  1.  A  variant  name 
of  the  snowdrop,  Galantlnis. —  2.  Same  as 
fringe-tree. — 3.  A  shrub,  Dcutzia  nraciUs.  See 
'Dnitzia.  Miller,  Diet.  Eng.  Names  of  Plants. 

snow-fly  (sno'fli),  n.  1.  A  perlid  insect  or  kind 
of  stone-fly  which  appears  on  the  snow,  as  Prrla 
niricola  of  Fitch.  The  common  snow-fly  of  New  York 
is  Capnia  pyymfta,  which  is  black  with  gray  hairs. 


snow-light 

2.  A  neiiropt.  roui  insect  of  the  family  Panor- 

jiiil.r  and   gi-nu  ••ilux. 

which  appeal's  on  the  snow  in  northerly  parts 
of  the  Knit.  .1  States.    Al-o  ,-alled  spring  tail.— 

3.  A  wingless  dipterous   insect  of  the' family 
'I ijnititl,-!'  and  ^'enus  i'/'»>,  >ccur- 
rin^'  under  similar  circumstances.     A]-., 

"W-nnat.  —  8.   A  si:. . \\-ll.  •,< . 

Apaperon  '  ins. .  la  nivedcl»psn"or  'echnct-wiirmer," 
.  .  .  some  one  or  annthi-r  «f  the  'I  hyuinnra.     In  An 
we  Iii  urea  are  to  this  day  called 

snou  ]•:.  1'    Wrijl.l,  Animal  Li.e,  p.  4Ui. 

snowfowl  (Biio'foul),  M.      The  snow-bunting, 

J'/i'i-ti'n/iIni,  • 

snow-gage  (sno'gaj ),  «.  A  receptacle  for  catch- 

intf  falling  snow  for  the  purpose  of  measuring 

its  amount. 
snow-gem  (sno'jem),  ».    A  garden  name  of  Clii- 

oiti>ili>.rn  l.urirne.     See  snotc-ylonj, 
Snowght,  a.     An  old  spelling  of  unoic1. 
snow-glory  (sno'glo'n),  «.     A  plant  of  the  lili- 
OM  ^enns  i  .  .    Two  species  from  Asia 

Minor,  C.  lAmlite,  sometimes  called  snow-gem,  and  C. 

nana,  the  dwarf  snow-glory,  are  beautiful  hardy  garden 

flowers  with  some  resemblance  to  squill. 
snow-gnat  (sno'nat),  n.     1 .  Any  one  of  certain 

gnats  of  the  genus  Chironomus  found  on  the 

snow  in  early  spring,  as  C.  niroriundvs. —  2. 

Same  as  snow-fly,  3. 

snow-goggle  (sno'gog'l),  n.   Same  as  snow-eyes. 
Mr.  Mill-dock,  of  the  Point  Barrow  Station,  .  .  .  found 

an  Eskimo  snow-gogyle  beneath  more  than  twenty  feet  of 

frozen  gravel. 

A.  B.  Wallace,  Nineteenth  Century,  XXII.  672. 

snow-goose  (sno'gos), «.  A  goose  of  the  genus 
Chen,  of  which  the  white  brant,  C.  hyperborciis, 
is  the  best-known  species,  white,  with  blick- 
tipped  wings,  the  head  washed  with  rusty- 
brown,  and  the  bill  pink.  Also  called  Mexican 
goose,  red  goose,  Texas  goose.  See  icarey,  and 
cut  under  Chen.  -Blue  or  blue-  winged  snow-goose. 
See  goose  and  wavey. 

snow-grouse  (sno'grous), «.  A  ptarmigan ;  any 
bird  of  the  genus  Lagopus,  nearly  all  of  which 
turn  white  in  winter.  Also  snow-partridge.  See 
cuts  under  grouse  and  ptarmigan. 

Up  above  the  timber  line  were  tnme-grouse  [Layopui 
leucurus]  and  huge  hoary-white  woodchucks. 

T.  Roosevelt,  The  Century,  XXXVI.  210. 

snow-ice  (sno'Is),  n.  Ice  formed  by  the  freez- 
ing of  slush:  such  ice  is  opaque  and  white, 
owing  to  the  incompleteness  of  the  melting  of 
the  snow:  opposed  to  black  ice.  The  word  is  espe- 
cially used  of  Ice  thus  formed  in  places  where,  without 
the  snow,  black  Ice  would  have  been  formed,  as  on  a  pond 
or  a  river. 

snowily  (sno'i-li),  adv.  In  a  snowy  manner; 
with  or  as  snow. 

Afar  rose  the  peaks 
Of  Parnassus,  snoicily  clear. 

*.  Arnold,  Youth  of  Nature. 

snowiness  (sno'i-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
snowy,  in  any  sense. 

These  last  may,  in  extremely  bright  weather,  give  an 
effect  of  taoicinem  in  the  high  lights. 

Lea,  Photography,  p.  210. 

snow-in-harvest(sn6'in-har've8t),  n.  Amouse- 
ear  chickweed,  Cerastiuin  tomentosnm,&nd  some 
other  plants  with  abundant  white  flowers  in 
summer.  Britten  and  Holland,  Eng.  Plant 
Names.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

snow-insect  (sno'in'sekt),  n.  A  snow-flea, 
snow-fly,  or  snow-gnat. 

snow-in-summer  (sno'in-sum'er),  n.  A  gar- 
den name  of  Cerastiuin  tomeiitosum .  See  snotc- 
in-liarrest. 

snowish  (sno'ish),  a.  [<  ME.  snoicissli ;  <  snow1 
+  -i6'/ii.]  Eesembling  snow ;  somewhat  snowy; 
snow-white. 

He  gan  to  stroke ;  and  good  thrlfte  bad  fill  ofte 
Hire  snowttsh  [var.  OMW-tcMfl  Ihiote. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  III.  1260. 
Her  tnmiish  necke  with  blewish  values 

Stood  bolt  vpiight  vpon 
Her  portly  shoulders. 

11  arner,  Albion's  England,  iv.  54. 

snow-knife  (sno'nif),  «.  An  implement  used 
by  Eskimos  for  scraping  snow  from  fur  gar- 
ments, having  the  general  form  of  a  large  knife, 
but  made  of  morse-ivory  or  some  similar  ma- 
terial. 

snowl  (snoul).  H.  [Origin  obscure.]  The  hooded 
merganser,  Lopliodytes  ruculltiti'x.  See  cut  un- 
der merganser.  G.  Trunibull,  1888.  [Orisfield, 
Maryland.] 

snow-leopard  Ono'lpp'ftrd),  n.  The  ounce, 
Felix  tnicin  or  iritis.  See  cut  under  ounce. 

snowless(sn6'les),«r.  [<  snoif1  +  -less.]  Desti- 
tute of  snow. 

snow-light  (sno'lit),  n.    Same  as  snoic-blink. 


snowlike 

snowlike  (sno'lik),  a.  [<  *«o«-i  +  KA-c2.]  Re- 
sembling snow. 

snow-limbed  (sno'limd),  o.  Having  limbs 
white  like  snow.  [Rare.] 

The  siiow-limb'd  Eve  from  whom  she  came. 

Tennyson,  llaud,  xviii.  3. 

snow-line  (sno'lin),  n.  The  limit  of  continual 
suow,  or  the  line  above  which  a  mountain  is 
continually  covered  with  snow.  The  snow-line  is 
due  primarily  to  the  decrease  of  the  temperature  of  the 
atmosphere  with  increase  of  altitude.  Jn  general,  the 
height  of  the  snow-line  diminishes  as  we  proceed  from  the 
equator  toward  the  poles :  but  there  are  many  exceptions, 
since  the  position  of  the  snow-line  depends  not  only  upon 
the  mean  temperature,  but  upon  the  extreme  heat  of  sum- 
mer, the  total  annual  snowfall,  the  prevalent  winds,  the 
topography,  etc.  For  these  reasons,  the  mow-One  is  not 
only  at  different  heights  in  the  same  latitude,  but  its  posi- 
tion is  subject  to  oscillation  from  year  to  year  in  the  same 
locality.  Long  secular  oscillations  in  the  height  of  the 
snow-line  are  evidence  of  corresponding  oscillations  of 
climate.  In  the  Alps  the  snow-line  is  at  an  altitude  of 
8.0CO  to  9,000  feet ;  in  the  Andes,  at  the  equator,  it  is 
nearly  16,000  feet 

Between  the  glacier  below  the  ice-fall  and  the  plateau 
above  it  there  must  exist  a  line  where  the  quantity  of  snow 
which  falls  is  exactly  equal  to  the  quantity  annually  melt- 
ed. This  is  the  mow-line. 

Tyndall,  Forms  of  Water,  p.  48. 

snow-mouse  (sno'mous),  n.  1.  An  alpine  vole 
or  field-mouse,  Arcicola  nivalis,  inhabiting  the 
Alps  and  Pyrenees. — 2.  A  lemming  of  arctic 
America  which  turns  white  in  winter,  Cunicu- 
lus  torquatus.  See  Cuniculus,  2. 

snow-on-the-mountain  ( sno '  on  -  the  -  moun  '- 
tan),  n.  1.  A  white-flowered  garden-plant,  Ara- 
bia alpina,  from  southern  Russia;  also,  Ceras- 
tium  tomentosum,  from  eastern  Europe.  Britten 
and  Holland,  Eng.  Plant  Names,  f  Prov.  Eng.] 
— 2.  A  plant,  Euphorbia  marginata.  T,  Mee- 
han.  Native  Wild  Flowers  of  the  United  States. 
[Western  U.  S.] 

snow-owl  (sno'oul),  n.  The  gieat  white  or 
snowy  owl,  Strix  nyctea  or  Nyctea  scandiaca,  in- 


5736 

front,  and  spread  out  behind  to  any  required  distance. 
The  machine  being  drawn  by  horses  harnessed  to  the 
center  framework,  the  angular  point  enters  the  snow, 


"/ .' 

Wing  Snow-plow. 

a,  body  of  plow ;  6,  caboose  for  implements  and  workmen  ;  f,  mova- 
ble wings  for  widening  the  cuttings;  c'. doors  which  give  access  to 
leading  truck  for  oiling,  etc.;  d,  cupola ;  e,  headlight ;  f,  f,  iron  plates, 
scrapers,  or  shoes  which  remove  snow  from  the  outer  margins  of  the 
track  ;  /",/",  adjustable  aprons  which  clean  out  the  snow  from  between 
the  tracks  flush  with  the  wheel-flanges;  g,  Intonnedlatc  apron;  It, 
draw-bar  lor  hauling  the  plow  when  not  in  use ;  r,  adjustable  scraper 
for  removing  hard-packed  snow  or  ice  from  the  inner  side  of  the  rails. 

which  is  thrown  off  by  the  side-boards,  and  thus  a  free 
passage  is  opened  for  pedestrians,  etc.  1'or  railway  pur- 
poses, snow-plows  are  of  various  forms,  adapted  to  the 


Snow-owl  (<\yctea  scandiaca}. 


habiting  arctic  and  northerly  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  and  having  the  plumage  more  or 
less  white.  See  Nyctea,  and  cut  under  braccate. 

snow-partridge  (sno'par'-'trij),  n.  1.  A  galli- 
naceous bird  of  the  Himalayan  region,  Lena 
(or  Lerwa)  nivicola.  See  cut  under  Lerva. —  2. 
A  bird  of  the  genus  Tetraogallus,  as  T.  hima- 
layensis.  Also  called  snow-cock,  snoic-chukor, 
and  snow-pheasant.  See  choitrtka,  partridge, 
and  cut  under  TetraogaHus. —  3.  A  ptarmigan: 
same  as  snow-grouse, 

snow-pear  (sno'par),  u.    See  pear1. 

snow-pheasant  (sno'fez"ant), «.  1 .  Any  pheas- 
ant or  the  genus  Crossopfilon,  as  C.  mantchiiri- 
cum.  See  eared  pheasant,  under  pheasant. — 2. 
Same  as  snow-partridge,  2. 

snow-pigeon  (sno'pij'on),  n.  A  notable  true 
pigeon,  Columba  leuconota,  of  the  northwestern 
Himalayan  region,  known  to  some  sportsmen 
as  the  imperial  rock-pigeon,  and  found  at  an 
altitude  of  10,000  feet  and  upward.  The  upper 
parts  are  mostly  white,  the  crown  and  auriculars  blackish 
the  wmas  brownish-gray  with  several  dusky  bars,  and  the 
tail  is  ashy-black  with  a  broad  grayish-white  bar. 

snow-planer  (sn6'pla"ner),  n.    See, planer. 

snow-plant  (sno'plant),  n.  1.  Bed  snow.  See 
Protococcus.—2.  See  Sarcodes. 

snow-plow  (sno'plou),  n.  An  implement  for 
clearing  away  snow  from  roads,  railways,  etc 
I  here  are  two  kinds -one  to  be  Jiauled  by  horses  oxen 
etc.,  as  on  a  common  highway,  and  the  other  to  be  placed 
3  JKS.  ,1  a  .loc»mo«™  'o  clear  the  rails.  A  modification 
of  the  latter  is  adapted  to  street-railroads.  The  snow-plow 
ZLZFSSL  ™"ntry  roads  usually  consists  of  a  frame  of 
boards  braced  together  so  as  to  form  an  acute  angle  in 


"      Centrifugal  Snow-plow. 

a,  caboose ;  t>,  cab ;  c ,  tender ;  d,  shoe,  plate,  or  scraper  which  cuts 
horizontally  at  a  level  with  the  tops  of  the  rails ;  t,  auger  which  cuts 
into  the  snow-diift,  and  assists  by  its  screw-like  action  to  propel  the 
machine  [its  centrifugal  action  projects  the  snow  upward  through  the 
chute  f,  and  laterally  to  a  distance  of  60  feet). 

character  of  the  country,  the  amount  of  snowfall,  the 
tendency  to  drift,  etc.  Such  plows  vary  in  size  from  the 
simple  plows  carried  on  the  front  of  an  engine,  resem- 
bling a  cowcatcher  with  smooth  iron  sides,  to  heavy  struc- 
tures mounted  on  freight-car  trucks,  and  pushed  before 
one  locomotive  or  more,  or,  as  sometimes  made,  self-pro- 
pelling. In  recent  forms  the  principle  of  centrifugal  force 
has  been  utilized  for  removal  of  the  snow.  Snow-plows 
are  often  of  great  size,  sometimes  weighing  fifty  tons, 
and  can  be  forced  through  very  deep  drifts. 

snow-probe  (sno'prob),  n.  An  instrument  used 
by  the  Eskimos  to  probe  snow  and  ice  in  search- 
ing for  seals. 

snow-scraper  (sno'skra'per),  )i.  1.  A  form  of 
snow-plow  made  of  two  small  planks  and  a 
crosspiece,  like  the  letter  A. —  2.  An  iron 
scraper  attached  to  a  car  or  locomotive,  to  re- 
move snow  and  ice  from  the  rails. — 3.  Same 
as  snow-knife. 

snow-shed  (sno'shed),  n.  On  a  railroad,  a  con- 
struction covering  the  track  to  prevent  accu- 
mulations of  snow  on  the  line,  or  to  carry  snow- 
slides  or  avalanches  over  the  track  in  moun- 
tainous regions. 

Snow-shoe  (sno'shS),  H.  A  contrivance  attached 
to  the  foot  to  enable 
the  wearer  to  walk  on 
deep  snow  without 
sinking  to  the  extent  of 
being  disabled.  There 
are  two  principal  kinds 
—  the  web  or  Canadian, 
and  the  long  or  Norwegian. 
The  Canadian  is  a  contract- 
ed oval  in  front  and  pointed 
behind,  and  is  from  3  to  5 
feet  long  and  from  1  to  2 
feet  wide,  the  foot  being 
fastened  on  the  widest 
part  of  the  shoe  by  means 
of  thongs  and  so  as  to  leave 
the  heel  free.  It  has  a  light 
rim  of  tough  wood,  on  which 
is  woven  from  side  to  side  a 
web  of  rawhide.  The  Nor- 
wegian is  merely  a  thin 
board,  about  8  feet  long 
and  3  inches  wide,  slightly 
curved  upward  in  front; 
it  is  especially  adapted  to 
mountains,  in  descending 

Ssha!ffidt8Us1egr8Pee<l  Canadiansnow-shoe. 

O'er  the  heaped  drifts  of  winter's  moon 
Her  snow-shoes  tracked  the  hunter's  way. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  iii. 

Snow-shoe  disease,  a  painful  affection  of  the  feet  oc- 
curring in  arctic  and  subarctic  America  after  long  jour- 
neys on  snow-shoes.— Snow-shoe  rabbit.    See  rabbit>. 
snow-shoe  (sno'sho),  v.  i.    [<  snow-shoe,  n.]    To 
walk  on  snow-shoes. 

You  can  mow-shoe  anywhere,  even  up  to  some  chimney- 
tops.  Harper's  Hag.,  LXXVI.  S5S. 
Kink-skating  is  a  fine  art  in  Canada,  tobogganing  is  an 
accomplishment ;  but  sleighing  and  mow-shoeing,  though 
often  pastimes,  are  also  normal  methods  of  locomotion 
during  the  long  winter. 

Sir  C.  W.  DUke,  Probs.  of  Greater  Britain,  1.  2. 
snow-shoer   (sn6'sh6"er),  n.     [<  snow-shoe  + 
-er1.]    One  who  walks  on  snow-shoes. 


snub 

The  manly  xnow-slwer  hungers  for  the  tramp  on  snow- 
shoes.  The  Century,  XXIX.  622. 

snow-shovel  (sno'shuv"!),  n.  A  flat,  broad 
wooden  shovel  made  for  shoveling  snow. 

snow-skate  (sno'skat),  n.  In  northern  Europe, 
a  contrivance  for  gliding  rapidly  over  frozen  or 
compact  snow.  It  is  usually  a  long,  narrow  sole  of 
wood,  6  feet  or  more  in  length.  See  snow-shoe. 

He  put  on  his  mowdcates  and  started,  and  I  set  about 
turning  the  delay  to  profit  by  making  acquaintance  with 
the  inmates  of  the  tents. 

B.  Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  120. 

snow-slide  (sno'slid),  «.  An  avalanche;  also, 
any  mass  of  snow  sliding  down  sin  incline,  as  a 
roof. 

The  terms  "ground"  and  "dust"  avalanches  are  ap- 
plied to  different  varieties  of  snow  slips  or  slides. 

D.  O.  Elliot,  in  Wolf's  Wild  Animals,  p.  118. 

snow-slip  (suo'slip),  n.     A  snow-slide. 

snow-snake  (sno'snak),  n.  Among  North 
American  Indians,  a  slender  shaft  from  5  to  9 
feet  long,  with  a  head  curving  up  at  one  end 
and  a  notch  at  the  other  and  smaller  end ;  also, 
the  game  played  with  this  shaft. 

The  game  is  simply  one  of  dexterity  and  strength.  The 
forefinger  is  placed  in  the  basal  notch,  the  thumb  and  re- 
maining fingers  leaching  along  the  shaft,  and  the  mow- 
snake  is  thrown  forward  on  the  ice  or  hard  snow.  .  .  . 
When  the  slender  shaft  is  thrown,  it  glides  rapidly  over 
the  surface,  with  upraised  head  and  a  quivering  motion, 
that  gives  it  a  strange  resemblance  to  a  living  creature. 
.  .  .  The  game  is  to  see  which  person  or  side  can  throw 
it  farthest,  and  sometimes  the  distance  of  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  is  reached  under  favorable  circumstances,  but  I  think 
this  rare.  W.  M.  Bcauchamp,  Science,  XI.  87. 

Snow-sparrow  (sno'spar'o),  n.     Any  snowbird 
of  the  genus  Junco.     Cones. 
snow-squall  (sno'skwal),  n.    A  short  fall  of 
snow  with  a  high  wind. 
Almost  completely  thwarted  by  snow-squalls. 

Nature,  XXXVII.  GS3. 

snow-storm  (sno'stdrm),  n.  A  storm  with  a 
fall  of  snow. 

snow-sweeper  (sno'swe"per),  n.  A  snow-plow 
combined  with  a  street-sweeping  machine  for 
clearing  snow  from  a  horse-car  track. 

snow-track  (sno'trak),  n.  1.  The  footprints 
or  track  of  a  person  or  an  animal  going  through 
snow. —  2.  A  path  or  passage  made  through 
snow  for  persons  coming  and  going. 

snow-water  (sno'wa'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  snaw- 
water;  <  snow^  +  water.]  Melted  snow. 

The  ter  thet  mon  schet  for  his  emcristenes  sunne  is 
inemned  snow-water  for  hit  melt  of  the  neche  horte  swa 
deth  the  snaw  to-jeines  the  sunne. 

Old  Eng.  Horn.  (ed.  Morris,  E.  E.  T.  8.),  1st  ser.,  p.  159. 

snow-white  (sno'hwit),  a.  [<  ME.  snow-whyt, 
snaw-hwit,  snau-whit,  snowhwit,  AS.  sndwhwit 
(=  D.  snceuwwit  =.  MLG.  snewhit  =  MHG.  sne- 
wiz,  Or.  schneeweiss  =  Icel.  snxhvitr,  styohvitr  = 
Sw.  snohvit  =  Dan.  snchvid),  as  snaw,  snow,  + 
hwit,  white :  see  snoic1  and  white.']  White  as 
snow ;  very  white. 

And  than  hir  sette 
Upon  an  hors,  siuiw-whyt  and  wel  ambling. 

Chaiuxr,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  332. 
Why  are  you  sequester'd  from  all  your  train, 
Dismounted  from  your  snow-white  goodly  steed  ? 

Shale.,  Tit  And.,  1L  3.  76. 

snow-wreath  (sno'reth),  n.  A  snow-drift. 
[Scotch.] 

Was  that  the  same  Tarn  Linton  that  was  precipitated 
from  the  Ban  Law  by  the  break  of  a  snaw  wreathe  > 

Klaclcu-ood's  Mag.,  XIII.  320. 

snowy  (sno'i),  a.  [<  ME.  snawy,  snawi  (not  in 
AS_.)  (=  MLO.  sneig  =  OHG.  snewtic,  MHG. 
snewec,  G.  sclmeeig  =  Icel.  snteuyr  =  Sw.  snogig, 
sndig  =  Da,n. sneig);  (snowl  +  -)/!.]  1.  Abound- 
ing with  snow ;  covered  with  snow. 

The  snowy  top 
Of  cold  Olympus.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  515. 

2.  White  like  snow ;  niveous. 

So  shows  a  snowy  dove  trooping  with  crows, 
As  yonder  lady  o'er  her  fellows  shows. 

Shok.,  B.  and  J.,  i.  5.  50. 

3.  White;  pure;  spotless;  unblemished.- Snowy 
heron,  the  small  white  egret  of  the  United  States,  Gar- 
aetta  caiididissima,  when  adult  entirely  pure-white  with 
recurved  occipital  crest  and  dorsal  plumes.    See  cut  un- 
der Oarzetta.— Snowy  lemming,  the  collared  or  Hudson's 
Bay  lemming,  or  hare-tailed  rat.    See  snow-mouse,  2,  and 
Cuniculia,  2.—  Snowy  owl,  the  snow-owl.— Snowy  pear. 
See  pearl.— Snowy  plover,  .-Kyialites  nivosus,  a  small 
ring-plover  of  the  Pacific  and  Mexican  Gulf  coasts  of  the 
United  States,  related  to  the  Kentish  plover. 

snub1  (snub),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  snubbed,  ppr. 
snubbing.  [<  ME.  smibbeii,  snuben,  <  Icel.  snnb- 
ba.  snub,  chide,  =  Sw.  snnbba,  clip  or  snub 
off,  snobba,  lop  off,  snuff  (a  candle) ;  cf.  Icel. 
snubbotr,  snubbed,  nipped,  with  the  tip  cut  off, 
snupra,  snub,  chide ;  akin  to  E.  snip.  Cf.  snib, 
a  var.  of  snub.]  If.  To  cut  off  short;  nip; 
check  in  growth ;  stunt. 


snub 

Trees  .  .  .  whose  heads  and  boughs  I  have  observ'd  to 
run  out  far  to  landward,  but  toward  the  sea  to  be  so 
snubbed  by  the  winds  as  if  their  boughs  had  been  pared  or 
shaven  otf  on  that  side.  Ray,  Works  of  Creation,  i. 

2.  To  make  snub,  as  the  nose. 

They  laughed,  and  mubbed  their  noses  with  their  hand- 
kerchiefs. S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  14. 

3.  To  cheek  or  stop  suddenly;  check  the  head- 
way of,  as  a  vessel  by  means  of  a  rope  in  order 
to  turn  her  into  a  narrow  berth,  or  an  unbroken 
horse  in  order  to  break  him  to  the  halter:  com- 
monly with  up  ;  also,  to  fasten,  or  tie  up.  as  to 
a  snub  or  snubbing-post. 

One  of  the  first  lessons  the  newly  caught  animal  has  to 
learn  is  not  to  "run  on  a  rope,"  and  he  is  taught  this  by 
being  violently  snubbedup,  probably  turning  a  somersault, 
the  first  two  or  three  times  that  he  feels  the  noose  settle 
round  his  neck  and  makes  a  mad  rush  for  liberty. 

T.  Roosevelt,  The  Century,  XXXV.  660. 

4.  To  disconcert;  cheek;  rebuke  with  a  severe 
or  sarcastic  reply  or  remark ;  slight  designedly ; 
treat  with  deliberate  neglect. 

gif  the  brother  shal  synne  in  thee,  go  thou,  and  reproue 
hym,  or  snybbe.  Wyclif,  Mat.  xviii.  IS. 

Would  it  not  vex  a  Man  to  the  Heart  to  have  an  old 
Fool  snubbing  a  Body  every  Minute  afore  Company? 

Steele,  Tender  Husband,  1. 1. 

I  did  hear  him  say,  a  little  snubbing  before  marriage 
would  teach  you  to  bear  it  the  better  afterwards. 

Goldsmith,  Good-natured  Man,  iv. 
The  House  of  Lords,  or  a  majority  of  them,  about  200 
men,  can  snub  both  king  and  House  of  Commons. 

W.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  96. 
This  youth  spoke  his  mind  too  openly,  and  moreover 
would  not  be  snubbed. 

Q.  Meredith,  Ordeal  of  Richard  Feverel,  xii. 

5.  To  affect  or  compel  in  a  specific  way  by 
snubbing:  as,  to  snub  one  into  silence. 

"Deborah,  there  's  a  gentleman  sitting  in  the  drawing- 
room  with  his  arm  round  Miss  Jessie's  waist!"  .  .  .  Miss 
JenkynssnuMierfherdown  in  an  instant:  "The  most  prop- 
er place  in  the  world  for  his  arm  to  be  in.  Go  away,  Ma- 
tilda, and  mind  your  own  business." 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Cranford,  U. 

To  snub  a  cable  (naut.),  to  check  it  suddenly  in  running 
out. 

snub1  (snub),  «.  [See  snubi,  v.  «.]  1.  A  pro- 
tuberance or  knot  in  wood. 

And  lifting  up  his  dreadfnll  club  on  hight, 

All  armd  with  ragged  snubbes  a.nA  knottie  graine. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  7. 

2.  A  nose  turned  up  at  the  tip  and  somewhat 
flat  and  broad ;  a  pug-nose. 

My  father's  nose  was  aquiline,  and  mine  is  a  snub. 

Marryat. 

3.  A  check;  a  rebuff;  a  rebuke;  an  intentional 
slight. 

They  [theporphyrogeniti]  seldom  forget  faces,  and  never 
miss  an  opportunity  of  speaking  a  word  in  season,  or  ad- 
ministering a  snub  in  season,  according  to  circumstances. 
H.  A".  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  13. 

4.  The  sudden  checking  of  a  rope  or  cable  run- 
ning out. —  5.  A  stake,  set  in  the  bank  of  a 
river  or  canal,  around  which  a  rope  may  be 
cast  to  cheek  the  motion  of  a  boat  or  raft. 
[U.  S.  and  Canada.] 

snub1  (snub),  a.  [<*»«&!,  ».]  Somewhat  broad 
and  flat,  with  the  tip  turned  up:  said  of  the 
nose. 

Her  nose  was  unformed  and  snub,  and  her  lips  were  red 
and  dewy.  Mrs.  Gaskell,  Cranford,  i. 

snub2t,  v-  and  n.    See  snob%. 

snubber  (snub'er),  n.  Naut.,  a  contrivance  for 
snubbing  a  cable ;  a  check-stopper. 

snubbing-line  (snub'ing-lln),  «.  On  a  boat  or 
raft,  a  line  carried  on  the  bow  or  forward  end, 
and  passed  around  a  post  or  bollard,  to  check 
the  momentum  when  required. 

snubbing-post  (snub'ing-p6st),«.  A  post  around 
which  a  rope  can  be  wound  to  check  the  motion 
of  a  body,  as  a  boat  or  a  horse,  controlled  by  the 
rope ;  particularly,  a  post  framed  into  a  dock, 
or  set  in  the  bank  of  a  canal,  around  which  a 
line  or  hawser  attached  to  a  vessel  can  be  wound 
to  snub  or  check  the  vessel.  Also  snub-post. 

A  stout  line  is  carried  forward,  and  the  ends  are  attached 

on  starboard  and  port  to  snubbing  posts  that  project  over 

the  water  like  catheads.  Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVI.  326. 

Near  the  middle  of  the  glade  stands  the  high,  circular 

horse-corral,  with  a  snubbing-post  in  the  center. 

T.  Roosevelt,  The  Century,  XXXV.  655. 

snubbish(snub'ish),a.   [<«)!«&!+ -j'sftl.]  Tend- 
ing to  snub,  check,  or  repress.     [Colloq.] 
Spirit  of  Kant !  have  we  not  had  enough 
To  make  religion  sad,  and  sour,  and  snubbish .' 

Hood,  Open  Question. 

snubby  (snub'i),  «.  [<  snub1  +  -y1.]  Some- 
what snub ;  short  or  flat. 

Both  have  mottled  legs, 
Both  have  snubby  noses. 

Thackeray,  Peg  of  Limavaddy. 


5737 

snub-cube  (snub'kub),  ».  A  solid  with  thirty- 
eight  faces,  at  each  nf  whose  solid  angles  there 
are  four  triangles  anil  a  square,  having  six  faces 
belonging  to  a  cube,  eight  to  the  coaxial  octa- 
hedron, and  twenty-four  others  not  belonging 
to  any  regular  bodies.  It  is  one  of  the  thirteen 
Archimedean  solids.  See  cut  under  unlid. 

snub-dodecahedron  (snub'd6"dek-a-lic  dron), 
it.  A  solid  with  ninety-two  faces,"at  each  of 
whose  corners  there  are  four  triangles  and  a 
pentagon,  the  pentagonal  faces  belonging  to 
the  regular  dodecahedron,  twenty  of  the  trian- 
gular faces  to  the  icosahedrou,  and  the  remain- 
ing sixty  triangular  faces  to  no  regular  body. 
It  is  one  of  the  thirteen  Archimedean  solids. 
See  cut  under  solid. 

snub-nose  (snub'noz),  n.    A  bivalve  mollusk. 

snub-nosed  (snub'nozd),  a.  [<  sMufcl  +  nose1 
+  -ed?.  Cf.  Sw.  dial,  snubba,  a  cow  without 
horns  or  with  cut  horns,  Icel.  snubbottr,  snipped, 
clipped,  with  the  end  cut  off;  cf.  E.  snubbes 
(see  snubi,  ».),  knobs  on  a  roughly  trimmed 
staff.]  Having  a  short,  flat  nose  with  the  end 
somewhat  turned  up;  pug-nosed. 

Can  you  fancy  that  black-a-top,  snub-nosed,  sparrow- 
mouthed,  paunch-bellied  creature? 

Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  I.  44. 
Snub-nosed  auk,  any  auklet  of  the  genus  Simorhynchus. 
See  cut  under  auklet.  Coues.—  Snub-nosed  cachalot, 
a  pygmy  sperm-whale,  as  Kogia  breviceps.  See  Korjia  and 
sperm  whale.— Snub-nosed  eel,  the  pug-nosed  eel,  Si- 
menchelys  parasiticus.  See  cut  under  Simenchelys. 

snub-post  (snub'post),  n.  I.  Same  as  snubbing- 
post. —  2.  A  similar  post  on  a  raft  or  canal- 
boat  ;  a  head-fast. 

snudge1  (snuj),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  snudged, 
ppr.  snudging.  [Assibilated  form  of  snug.} 
To  move  along,  being  snugly  wrapped  up. 
Hattiwell. 

Now  he  will  fight  It  out,  and  to  the  wars ; 

Now  eat  his  bread  in  peace, 

And  snudge  in  quiet.  G.  Herbert,  Giddiness. 

snudge2  (snuj),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  snudi/ed, 
ppr.  snudging.  [Cf.  smidgel.']  To  save  penu- 
riously;  be  miserly  or  niggardly.  Hnlliwell. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eug.] 

snudge2t  (snuj),  «.  [See  snudge2,  u.]  A  miser, 
or  a  mean  sneaking  fellow. 

Like  the  life  of  a  covetous  snudge  that  ofte  very  evill 
proves.  Ascham,  Toxophilus,  i. 

They  may  not  say,  as  some  snudges  in  England  say,  I 
would  find  the  Queene  a  man  to  serue  in  my  place. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  240. 

snudging  (snuj'ing),  n.  Penurious  practices. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

Snudgynge  wittely  rebuked.  .  .  .  Wherupon  she  beeyng 
greved  charged  hym  with  these  wordes,  that  he  should 
saie  she  was  such  a  pinchpeny  as  would  sell  her  olde 
showes  for  mony.  Sir  T.  WOson,  Rhetorike. 

snudging  (snuj'ing),  p.  a.  Miserly;  niggardly. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

Some  of  his  friends,  that  were  snudging  peniefathers, 
would  take  him  vp  verie  roughlie  for  his  lavishing  and  his 
outragious  expenses. 

Stanihurst,  Descrip.  of  Ireland,  iii.    (HMnshed.) 

snuff1  (snuf),  v.  [<  MD.  snuffen,  <  D.  snuffen, 
snuff  (cf.  D.  snuf,  smelling,  scent),  =  G.  sclinauf- 
en,  breathe,  snuff,  wheeze,  snort;  cf.  Sw.  snufva, 
Dan.  snue,  cold,  catarrh;  Sw.  smtfven,  a  sniff; 
MHG.  snupfe,  G.  schnupfen,  a  catarrh,  schnupfen, 
take  snuff;  otherwise  in  freq.  form  snuffle,  and 
var.  sniff;  cf.  also  sniffle,  snivel.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  draw  in  through  the  nose  with  the  breath ; 
inhale:  as,  to  snuff  the  wind;  to  snuff  tobacco. 

The  youth  who  first  appears  in  sight, 
And  holds  the  nearest  station  to  the  light, 
Already  seems  to  sn«/the  vital  air. 

Dryden,  Mneid,  vi.  1031. 

He  called  suddenly  for  salts,  which  .  .  .  applying  to  the 
nostrils  of  poor  Madame  Duval,  she  involuntarily  snuffed 
up  such  a  quantity  that  the  pain  and  surprise  made  her 
scream  aloud.  Miss  Burney,  Evelina,  xix. 

2.  To  scent;  smell;  take  a  sniff  of;  perceive 
by  smelling.    Dryden. 

Mankind  were  then  familiar  with  the  God, 
He  snuff'd  their  Incense  with  a  gracious  Nod. 

Congrece,  tr.  of  Eleventh  Satire  of  Juvenal. 

Those  that  deal  in  elections  look  still  higher,  and  snuff 

a  new  parliament  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  227. 

3.  To  examine  by  smelling;  nose:  said  of  an 
animal. 

He  [Rab]  looked  down  at  his  victim  appeased,  ashamed, 
and  amazed ;  muffed  him  all  over,  stared  at  him.  and  .  .  . 
trotted  ofl.  Dr.  J.  Brown,  Rab  and  his  Friends. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  inhale  air  vigorously  or 
audibly,  as  dogs  and  horses. 

The  fury  fires  the  pack,  they  snuff,  they  vent. 
And  feed  their  hungry  nostrils  with  the  scent. 

Dryden,   Km-id.  vii.  667. 

2.  To  turn  up  the  nose  and  inhale  air,  as  in  con- 
tempt or  anger;  sniff  disdainfully  or  angrily. 


snuff 

Yesaid  also,  lleh..ld,  uhat  a  wearlne-  ra  have 

muffed  at  it,  saith  the  Lord  ..f  li  j.  l;j. 

Dothe.-ncinii  s  ,,f  Hie  Hnirrh  race,  and  muff,  and  nreathe 
nothing  but  threats  and  death'.' 

lip.  Hall,  Thanksgiving  Sermon,  Jan.  29,  1625. 

3.  To  smell;  especially,  to  Miiell  curiously  or 
doubtfully. 

Have,  any  time  this  three  years,  muffed  about 
With  your  must  groveubic  nose. 

ft.  .fonxrtn,  Volpone,  v.  1. 
A  sweet. breath  .1  . 

Whose  manger  is  stult'd  full  nf  good  fresh  hay, 
Snuff*  at  it  daintily,  and  stoops  her  head 
To  chew  the  straw,  her  litter,  at  her  feet. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

4.  To  take  snuff  into  the  nose.     Compare  to 
dip  Kimff,  under  <li]i,v.  t. 

Although  muffing  yet  belongs  to  the  polite  of  the  pres- 
ent day,  owing  perhaps  to  the  high  workmanship  and  tie- 
gance  of  our  modem  gold  snutt-boxes. 

J.  XoU,  Note  in  Dekker's  Gull's  Hornbook. 
Snuff1  (snuf),  H.     [<  A-WM.0'1,  t'.]     1.  Inhalation 
by  the  nose;  a  sniff;  also,  a  pinch  of  snuff. 

I  will  enrich  ...  thy  nose  with  a  muff  from  my  mull, 
and  thy  palate  with  a  dram  from  my  bottle  of  strong  wa- 
ters, called,  by  the  learned  of  Ganderclengh,  the  Dominie's 
Dribble  o'  Drink.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  Prol. 

2f.  Smell;  scent;  odor. 

The  Immortal,  the  Eternal,  wants  not  the  muffot  mor- 
tal incense  for  his,  but  for  our  sakes. 

Stulreley,  Paheographia  Sacra,  p.  93.    (Latham.) 

5.  Offense;  resentment;  huff,  expressed  by  a 
sniffing. 

Jupiter  took  muff  at  the  contempt,  and  punished  him 

Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

4.  A  powdered  preparation  of  tobacco  taken 
into  the  nostrils  by  inhalation.    It  is  made  by  grind- 
ing,  in  mortars  or  mills,  the  chopped  leaves  and  stalks 
of  tobacco  in  which  fermentation  has  been  induced  by 
moisture  and  warmth.     The  tobacco  is  well  dried  pre- 
vious to  grinding,  and  this  is  carried  sometimes  so  far  as 
to  give  the  peculiar  flavor  of  the  high-dried  snuffs,  such 
as  the  Irish,  Welsh,  and  Scotch.    Some  varieties,  as  the 
rappees,  are  moist.    The  admixture  of  different  flavoring 
agents  and  delicate  scents  has  given  rise  to  fanciful  names 
for  snuffs,  which,  the  flavor  excepted,  are  identical.    Dry 
snuffs  are  often  adulterated  with  quicklime,  and  the  moist 
kinds  with  ammonia,  hellebore,  pearl-ash,  etc. 

Thou  art  properly  my  cephaliek  muff,  and  art  no  bad 
medicine  against  megrims,  vertigoes,  and  profound  think- 
ing. Colman  and  Gat-rick,  Clandestine  Marriage,  iv. 

Among  these  [the  English  gentry',  the  mode  of  taking 
the  muff  was  with  pipes  of  the  size  of  quills,  out  of  small 
spring  boxes.  These  pipes  let  out  a  very  small  quantity 
of  snuff  upon  the  back  of  the  hand,  and  this  was  snuffed 
up  the  nostrils. 

J.  Athlan,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  208. 

5.  In  therap.,  any  powder  with  medicinal  prop- 
erties to  be  snuffed  up  into  the  nose Cephalic 

snuff,  an  errhine  powder  composed  of  asarabacca  (7  parts) 
and  dried  lavender-flowers  (1  part) ;  also,  a  powder  of  equal 
parts  each  of  dried  tobacco-leaves,  marjoram-leaves,  and 
lavender-leaves.  —  Fenier's  snuff,  a  snuff  for  nasal  ca- 
tarrh, composed  of  morphine  hydrochlotate,  powdered 
acacia,  and  bismuth  subnitrate.— To  dip  snuff.    See  dip. 
—To  take  a  thing  in  snufft,  to  be  offended  at  it ;  take 
offense  at  it. 

Who  therewith  angry,  when  it  next  came  there, 
Took  it  in  muff.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  8.  41. 

For,  I  tell  you  true,  I  take  it  highly  in  snuff  la  learn  how 
to  entertain  gentlefolks  of  you,  at  these  years. 

B.  Jonmn,  Poetaster,  U.  1. 

Up  to  snuff,  knowing ;  sharp ;  wide-awake ;  not  likely  to 
be  deceived.    [Slang.] 

Lady  A.,  who  is  now  what  some  call  up  to  muff, 
Straight  determines  to  patch 
Up  a  clandestine  match. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  1.  295. 

snuff2  (snuf),  f.  *.  [<  ME.  snuffen,  snuff  (a  can- 
dle) (cf.  snoffe,  the  snuff  of  a  candle) ;  perhaps 
a  var.  of  "snuppen,  'snoppen,  >  E.  dial,  snap, 
crop,  as  cattle  do  young  snoots:  see  snap,  and 
cf. snub1.']  To  crop  the  snuff  of,  as  a  candle; 
take  off  the  end  of  the  snuff  from. 

If  it  be  necessarie  In  one  houre  three  or  four  times  to 
muffe  the  candel,  it  shall  not  be  ouermuch  that  euery 
weeke,  at  the  leaste,  once  or  twice  to  purge  and  snuffe  the 
soule.  Guemra,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  865. 

This  candle  burns  not  clear;  tis  I  must  «n«/it; 

Then  out  it  goes.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2.  95. 


To  snuff  out,  to  extinguish  by  snuffing ;  hence,  figura- 
tively, to  put  an  end  to  suddenly  and  completely :  as. 
my  hopes  were  quickly  muffed  out. 

'Tis  strange  the  mind,  that  very  fiery  particle. 
Should  let  itself  be  snuff'd  out  by  an  article. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  60. 
To  snuff  peppert,  to  take  offense.    HattiiceU. 


by  tne  flame,  whether  burning  or  not. 
The  snoffes  ben  quenched. 

Wydif,  Ex.  xxv.  38  (earlier  version). 
There  lives  within  the  very  flame  of  love 
A  kind  of  wick  or  mu/that  will  abate  It. 

Skat.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7.  11& 


snuff 


5738 


Like  mu/s  that  do  offend,  we  tread  them  out,  snuffer-tray  (smif  'er-tra),  n.     A  tray  made  to 

Mamivjer,  Uuke  of  Milan,  v.  i.     recejve  the  snuffers  when  not  in  use. 
2.  A  candle  almost  burnt  out,  or  one  having  a  snuff-headed  (snut'hed"ed),  a.  Having  a  snuffy 


heavy  snuff.     [Bare.] 

Lamentable  !  What, 
To  hide  me  from  the  radiant  sun,  and  solace 

rthedungeonbyam"/- 


or  reddish-brown   head:   as,  the  snuff-headed 
widgeon,  the  pochard,  l''nlii/ulit  fcriim. 
Emr  1 
snuliess  (snuf'i-nes),  «.    The  state  or  char- 


snuggle 

snog,  snytj,  snot;  neat,  tidy,  smart,  comfortable; 
from  the  verb  seen  in  Icel.  Norw.  Sw.  dial,  miik- 
k/i,  cut,  >  E.  snick1,  sitig1,  cut,  notch :  see  snick1. 
The  'MD.snuggher,SHogglier.  slender,  sprightly, 


or  used  to  contain  snuff. 
It  is  a  matter  of  politen 


snuffing-pig  (snuf'ing-pig),  «.     A  porpoise  or 
around  the  snuff-bot-          ffl  snuffer 

WSSSift  snu&int  fsnuf'kin),  ;.     A  muff  for  the  hands. 
1.  A  box  for  holding  1'  C°t0rare- 


Cold  Snuff-box  with  incrusted  enamel  and  an  enamel  portrait, 
iSth  century. 

present,  whether  of  good  will  or  ceremony.  On  this  ac- 
count, and  for  personal  display,  these  boxes  were  often 
made  of  the  most  costly  materials,  highly  finished  por- 
traits were  set  in  their  lids,  and  settings  of  diamonds  or 
pearls  were  not  unknown.  See  also  cut  under  niello. 


nose,  or  through  the  nose  when  obstructed; 
draw  the  breath  noisily  on  account  of  obstruc- 
tions in  the  nasal  passages;  snuff  up  mucus 
in  the  nose  by  short  catches  of  breath ;  speak 
through  the  nose:  sometimes  used,  especially 
in  the  present  participle,  of  affected,  canting 
talk  or  persons:  as,  a  snuffling  fellow. 
Some  senseless  Phillis,  in  a  broken  note, 
Snuffling  at  nose,  and  croaking  in  his  throat. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires,  1.  75. 

Which  .  . .  they  would  not  stick  to  call,  in  their  snuffling 

cant,  the  judgment  of  Providence.     Scott,  Abbot,  II.  Ib'L 

2.  To  take  offense. 

And  making  a  speech  on  a  time  to  his  souldiors  all 
armed,  when  they  snuffled  and  became  unruly,  he  threat- 
ened that  he  would  betake  himselfe  to  a  private  life 
againe  unlesse  they  left  their  mutiny. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Ammianns  Marcellinus  (1609).    (Narea.) 


snuffle  (snuf'l),  n.     [<  snuffle,  ».]     1.  A  sound 

Many  a  lady  has  fetched  a  sigh  at  the  loss  of  a  wig,  and     made  by  the  passage  of  air  through  the  nostrils ; 

the  audible  drawing  up  of  air  or  of  mucus  by  in- 
halation, especially  in  short  catches  of  breath. 
A  snort  or  snufle.  Coleridge.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

2.  pi.  Troublesome  mucous  discharge  from  the 
nostrils.     Also  sniffles. 

First  the  Queen  deserts  us ;  then  Princess  Royal  begins 
coughing :  then  Princess  Augusta  gets  the  snuffles. 

Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  III.  180.    (Davies.) 

3.  A  speaking  through  the  nose,  especially  with 
short  audible  breaths ;  an  affected  nasal  twang; 
hence,  cant. 

The  doors  and  windows  were  painted  some  sort  of  muff-  Snuffler  (Snuf'ler),  «.      [<  snuffle  +  -erl.]     1. 

One  who  snuffles.  See  snuffle,  v. —  2.  One  who 
makes  a  pretentious  assumption  of  religion ;  a 
religious  canter. 


been  ruined  by  the  tapping  of  a  muff-box. 

Steele,  Taller,  No.  151. 

2.  A  puffball:  same  as  devil's  snuff-box  (which 
see,  under  devil).  See  also  Lt/coperdon Anato- 
mist's snuff-box,  the  depression  "formed  on  the  back  of 
the  hand  at  the  root  of  the  thumb,  when  the  thumb  is 
strongly  bent  back  by  the  action  of  the  extensor  muscles, 
whose  tendons  then  rise  in  two  ridges,  the  one  nearest 
the  border  of  the  wrist  formed  by  the  extensor  metacarpi 
pollicis,  and  the  other  formed  by  the  two  tendons  of  the 
extensor  primi  and  secundi  internodii  pollicis. 
snuff-color  (snuf'kul'or),  B.  A  cool  or  yellow- 
ish brown,  generally  of  a  dark  shade. 


T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  xliv. 
1.  With  suuf- 


colour.  If.  W.  Sarnie,  "Reuben  Medlicott, Tviii.l. 

snuff-dipper  (snuf'dip*er),  n.  One  who  prac- 
tises snuff-dipping. 

snuff-dipping  (snuf'dip'ing),  n.  A  mode  of 
taking  tobacco  practised  by  some  women  of 
the  lower  class  in  the  southern  United  States, 

consisting  in  wetting  a  stick  or  sort  of  brush,  Snuiflingly  (snuf  ling-h),  adv. 
putting  it  into  snuff,  and  rubbing  the  teeth  and     flmS '  m  a  snuffling  manner, 
gums  with  it.  Nor  practize  snuflingli/  to  speake. 

snuff-dish1  (snuf 'dish),  n.    A  small  open  dish  Babees  Book  <E-  E-  T-  s->.  P-  293- 

to  hold  snuff.  2.  Cantingly ;  hypocritically. 

snuff-dish2  (snuf 'dish),  n.     1.  A  dish  used  to  Snuffman  (snuf 'man),  n.;  pi.  sniiffmcn  (-men), 
hold  the  snuff  of  the  lamps  of  the  tabernacle.     [<  snuffi   +  man'.}    A  man  who  sells  snuff. 
In  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible  this  is  the  render-    M.  W.  Savage,  Reuben  Medlicott,  viii    1 
irs^r^M  sfnuff-^ll  (snuf'miD,  n      1    A  mill  or  machine 

applied  both  to  a  dish  for  carrying  live  coals  to  the  altar     tor  ^rinding  tobacco  into  the  powder  known  as 


l lie  ivi-LA  siiiiyyitei ,  o/«/(/y/'t  i ,  si^Jiuui.  O^II^IILIJ, 
[Local,     D.  snugger,  sprightly,  can  hardly  be  related.] 

1.  «.   1.  Trim;  compact;  especially,  protected 
from  the  weather;  tight;  comfortable. 

Captain  Read  .  .  .  ordered  the  Carpenters  to  cut  down 
A  pair  of     our  Quarter  Deck,  to  make  the  ship  snuff,  and  the  filter 
for  Sailing.  Daintier,  Voyages,  1.  380. 

They  spy'd  at  last  a  Country  Farm, 

\\  here  all  was  mug  and  clean  and  warm. 

Prior,  The  Ladle. 
O  'tis  a  snwj  little  island  ! 
A  right  little,  tight  little  island ! 

T.  Dibdin,  The  Snug  Little  Island. 

2.  Fitting  close,  but  not  too  close;  of  just  the 
size  to  accommodate  the  person  or  thing  con- 
tained: as,  a  snug  coat;  a  snug  fit. —  3.  Lying 
close ;  closely,  securely,  and  comfortably  placed 
or  circumstanced:  as,  the  baby  lay  snug  in  its 
cradle. 

Two  briefless  barristers  and  a  tithetess  parson  ;  the  for- 
mer are  now  lords,  and  the  latter  is  a  muy  prebendary. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  10. 

4.  Close-concealed ;  not  exposed  to  notice. 

Did  I  not  see  you,  rascal,  did  I  not, 

When  you  lay  snug  to  snap  young  Damon's  goats? 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Pastorals,  iii.  24. 
Snug 's  the  Word  :  I  shrug  and  an)  silent 

Comjreve,  Way  of  the  World,  1.  9. 

5.  Cozy;  agreeable  owing  to  exclusion  of  dis- 
agreeable circumstances   and  persons;  also, 
loosely,  agreeable  in  general. 

There  is  a  very  snug  little  dinner  to-day  at  Brompton. 
Sydney  Smith,  To  Lady  Holland. 

Duluth  has  a  cool  salubrious  summer,  and  a  snug  win- 
ter climate.  Harper's  Mag,  LXXVI.  582. 

As  snug  as  a  bug  In  a  rug,  in  a  state  of  comfort  due  to 
cozy  surroundings.    (Colloq.) 

I  find  it  in  1769  in  the  comedy  of  "The  Stratford  Jubi- 
lee "(ridiculing  liarrick's  vagary  as  it  was  called),  Act  II. 
sc.  i.  p.  32.  An  Irish  captain  says  of  a  rich  widow,  ''If 
she  has  the  mopus's,  I'll  have  her,  as  snuy  as  a  bug  in  a 
rug."  F.  J.  Furnivatt,  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VII.  126. 

II.  n.  1.  In  »»ac/i.,  a  projection  or  abutment 
which  holds  firmly  or  binds  by  a  wedge-like  ac- 
tion another  piece  in  contact  with  it,  or  which 
limits  the  motion  of  a  part  in  any  direction. — 
2.  In  a  steam-engine,  one  of  the  catches  on 
the  eccentric  pulley  and  intermediate  shaft,  by 
means  of  which  the  motion  of  the  shaft  is  trans- 
mitted through  the  eccentric  to  the  slide-valves. 
E.  H.  Knight. 


You  know  I  never  was  a  enuffter;  but  this  sort  of  life  Snug  (snug),  nrfr.     [<  snug,  a.]     Snugly, 
makes  one  seriousjf  one  has  any  reverence  at  all  in  one.         For  „  Guinea  they  may  do  it  Snug,  and  without  Noise. 


of  incense  and  to  a  dish  used  for  the  snuff  of  the  lamps. 

The  mm/dishes  thereof  shall  be  of  pure  gold. 

Ex.  xxv.  38. 

2.  A  tray  to  hold  the  snuff  of  candles,  or  to  hold 
snuffers ;  a  snuffer-tray. 

This  night  comes  home  my  new  silver  snuffe-dish,  which 
I  do  give  myself  for  my  closet.          Pepys,  Diary,  III.  54. 


snuff.— 2.  SameassH«/-6oj,2".  Also  snuff-mull. 
snuff-rasp  (snuf 'rasp),  n,    A  rasp  for  snuff.    See 
the  quotation  under  rappee. 

A  fine  snu/rasp  of  ivory,  given  me  by  Mrs.  St.  John  for 
Dingley.  and  a  large  roll  of  tobacco,  which  she  must  hide 
or  cut  shorter  out  of  modesty. 

Swtft,  Journal  to  Stella,  Oct.  23, 1711. 


snuffer1  (snuf'er), ».    ._ .M      .    „   , 

who  snuffs.—  2.  A  snuffing-pig  or  po 


snuff-spoon  (snuf'spon),  n.    A  spoon,   some- 
L\*M«zP  +  -eri.  J   i .  One    times  of  ivory,  used  to  take  snuff  out  of  a  snuff- 


box or  -dish.  Baker,  An  Act  at  Oxford,  iii. 
snuff-taker  (snuf 'ta"ker),«.  1.  One  who  takes 
snuff,  or  inhales  it  into  the  nose. — 2.  The  surf- 
scoter  or  surf-duck.  (Edemia  (Pelionetta)  per- 
spicillata :  so  called  because  the  variegated  col- 
ors of  the  beak  suggest  a  careless  snuff-taker's 
nose.  See  cut  under  Pelionetta.  G.  Trumbittt,  snugger  (snug'er),  «. 


1888.     [Connecticut.] 
snuff-taking  (snuf'ta/king),  n. 

taking  snuff. 
snuffy  (snnf'i),  a.    [<  snuffl  +  -j/l.] 


Quoted  in  Ashtnn's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen 
[Anne,  I.  36. 

snug  (snug),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  snugged,  ppr. 
snugging.  [<snug,  a.]  I.  intrant.  To  move  so 
as  to  lie  close ;  snuggle :  often  with  up  and  to  : 
as,  a  child  snugs  (up)  to  its  bedfellow ;  also,  to 
move  so  as  to  be  close. 
I  will  snug  close. 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  iv.  S. 
The  Summer  Clouds,  snugging  in  laps  of  Flowers. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  6. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  smooth  and  compact ; 
in  rope-manuf.,  to  finish  (rope)  by  rubbing  down 
the  fuzzy  projecting  fibers.  Also  slick  and  finish. 
E.  H.  Knight.— 2.  To  put  in  a  snug  position; 
place  snugly;  bring  or  move  close;  snuggle: 
often  reflexive. 

You  must  know,  sir,  every  woman  carries  in  her  hand 
a  stove  with  coals  in  it,  which,  when  she  sits,  she  snugs 
under  her  petticoats. 

Goldsmith,  To  Eev.  T.  Contarine  (1754). 
To  snug  UP,  to  make  snug  and  trim  ;  put  in  order. 
She  had  no  sister  to  nestle  with  her,  and  snuy  her  up. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  L  17. 
The  tent  was  shut,  and  everything  mugged  up. 

The  Century,  XXXVI.  617. 

[<  snug,  v.,  +  -er1.]    A 


Silver  Snuffers,  iSth  century. 


' 


die,  usually  fitted  with  a  close  box  to  receive 
the  burnt  snuff  and  retain  the  smoke  and  smell. 
Also  called  pair  of  snuffers. 

You  sell  mu/ert  too,  if  you  be  remembered. 
o.     a  B-  Jonxm,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

2t.  Same  as  snuff-dish,  2. 

snuffer-dish,  snuffer-pan  (snuf'er-dish,  -pan) 
n.     Same  as  snuffer-tray. 


bling  snuff  in  color,  smell,  or  other  character. 
— 2.  Soiled  with  snuff,  or  smelling  of  it. 
Georgius  Secundus  was  then  alive— 
Smi/y  old  drone  from  the  German  hive. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  One-Boss  Shay. 
3.  Offended;  displeased, 
snuftkint  (snuft'kin),  n.     Same  as  snnffkin. 
snug  (snug),  a.  and  n.     [E.  dial,  also  snog  and 
smg;  <  Icel.  sndggr,  smooth,  short  (noting  hair, 


device  for  imparting  to  twine  a  uniform  thick- 
The  habit  of    nes?  and  a  smooth  and  dense  surface.    E.  H. 

Knight. 
1.  Resem-  snuggery  (snug'er-i),  «.;  pi.  snuggeries  (-iz). 


snug  +  -ery."}    A  snug  "or  warm  and  com- 
fortable place,  as  a  small  room. 

"Vere  are  they?"  said  Sam.  ...  "In  the  snuggery," 

rejoined  Mr.  Weller.     "Catch  the  red-nosed  man  »goin' 

any  vere  but  vere  the  liquors  is ;  not  he,  Samivel,  not  he." 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  xlv. 

Knowing  simply  that  Mr.  Farebrother  was  a  bachelor, 
he  had  thought  of  being  ushered  into  a  snuggery,  where 
the  chief  furniture  would  probably  be  booVs 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xvii. 


wool,   grass,   etc.),   =  OSw.  *nyg_g,_  smooth;  snuggle  (_snu£l),«.;  pret.  and  pp.  snuggled,  ppr. 

I.  intrant.   To 


cropped,  trim,  neat,  Sw.  snygg,  trim,  neat,  een- 
teel,  =  Norw.  snogg,  short,  quick,  =  ODan. 


snuggling.     [Freq.  of  snug.'] 

move  one  way  and  the  other  to  get  close  to 


snuggle 

something  or  some  one;  lie  close  for  warmth 
or  from  affection  ;  cuddle ;  nestle. 

We  were  fricnils  in  a  minute -young  Newcorae  snua- 
glinij  by  my  side,  his  father  opposite. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  i. 

II.  trans.  To  bring  close  for  comfort  or  for 
affection;  cuddle;  nestle. 

snugify  (snug'i-fi),  v.  t.  [<  smt,/  +  -i-fy.]  To 
make  snug.  [Ludicrous.] 

Colei-idac',  I  devoutly  wish  that  Fortune,  who  has  made 
sport  with  you  so  long,  may  play  one  freak  more,  throw 
you  into  London,  or  some  spot  near  it.  and  there  snuiiifu 
you  for  life.  Lamb,  To  Coleridge. 

snugly  (snug'li),  adv.  In  a  snug  manner;  close- 
ly; comfortably. 

snugness  (snug'nes),  «.  The  state  or  character 
of  being  snug,  in  any  sense, 
snusht  (snush),  n.  [Also  snisli,  sneesh;  <  Dan. 
Sw,  snus,  snuff  (>Dan.  snuse,  Sw.  snusa,  snuff, 
take  snuff);  akin  to  sneeze.  Hence  sneenhimj, 
partly  confused  with  sneezing.]  Snuff. 

Whispering  over  their  New  Minuets  and  Bories,  with 
their  Hands  in  their  Pockets,  if  freed  from  their  Snush 
Vox-  Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Eeign  of 

[Queen  Anne,  I.  229. 

snusht  (snush), v.  t.  [<«««»/(,«.]  To  snuff;  use 
as  snuff. 

Then,  filling  his  short  pipe,  he  blows  a  blast, 
And  does  the  burning  weed  to  ashes  waste, 
Which, when  'tis  cool,  he  mus/iesup  his  nose, 
That  he  no  part  of  his  delight  may  lose. 

Tom  Brawn,  Works,  I.  117.    (Daoiet.) 

sny  (sni),  n.  [Perhaps  <  Icel.  snua  =  Sw.  Dan. 
sno,  turn,  twist.  Cf.  slue*.]  The  line  or  curve 
given  to  plankingput  upon  the  curving  surfaces 
at  the  bow  or  stern  of  a  ship ;  the  upward  curv- 
ing of  the  planking  at  the  bow  or  stern.  Some- 
times called  spiling. 

snybt,  v.  t.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  swift. 

snying  (sni'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  "any,  v.:  see 
sny,  n.]  In  ship-building,  curved  planks,  placed 
edgewise,  to  work  in  the  bows  or  stern  of  a 
ship. 

snypet,  ».    An  obsolete  spelling  of  snipe. 

snytet, «.  and  v.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  suite1, 
snite2. 

SO1  (so),  adv.  and  eonj.  [Also  So.  sac,  sa;  <  ME. 
so,  soo,  sa,  a  contraction  (with  loss  of  w,  as  also 
in  the  mod.  form,  as  pronounced,  of  two,  <  AS. 
two)  of  swo,  swa,  ana,  squa,  zuo,  <  AS.  swa  =  OS. 
so  =  OFries.  so,  sd  =  MD.  soo,  D.  soo  =  MLG. 
so,  LG.  so  =  OHG.  MHG.  so  =  Icel.  sva,  later 
svo,  svo,  so  =  Sw.  sd  =  Dan.  saa,  so,  =  Goth,  swa, 
so.  sine,  so,  just  as,  swa  swe,  just  as:  orig.  an 
oblique  case  of  a  pronominal  stem  "swa,  one's 
own.  oneself,  =  L.  suits,  one's  own  (his,  her,  its, 
their),  =  Gr.  6f  ("o-FoV),  his,  her,  its,  =  Skt.  sea, 
one's  own,  self,  own.  Cf.  L.  reflex  se,  Goth,  sik, 
etc.  (see  se$,  sere'',  etc.).  The  element  so  exists 
in  the  compound  also,  contracted  as.  and  in  such 
(Sc.  sic,  etc. ),  orig.  a  compound ;  also  in  the  pro- 
nouns and  adverbs  whoso,  whosoerer,  whatso, 
whatsoever,  wheresoever,  etc.  See  these  words, 
esp.  also,  as1,  and  such.']  I.  adv.  1.  In,  of,  or 
to  that  degree :  to  an  amount,  extent,  propor- 
tion, or  intensity  specified,  implied,  or  under- 
stood :  used  in  various  constructions,  (a)  In  cor- 
relation with  the  conjunction  as  (or  in  former  use  so)  in- 
troducing a  clause,  or  some  part  of  a  clause  understood, 
limiting  the  degree  of  a  preceding  adjective  or  adverb. 

Be  ...  eeruisabul  to  the  simple  so  as  to  the  riche. 

William  of  Palerne(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  338. 

So  treatablle  speakyng  as  possible  thou  can. 

BabeesBook(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  342. 
Look  I  so  pale,  Lord  Dorset,  as  the  rest? 

Shale.,  Rich.  HI.,  ii.  1.  83. 

Within  an  houre  after  his  arrival!,  he  caused  his  Drub- 
man  to  strip  him  naked,  and  shave  his  head  and  beard  so 
bare  as  his  hand.     Copt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  L  31. 
There  are  so  many  consciousnesses  as  there  are  sensa* 
tions,  emotions,  thoughts.         Maudsley,  Mind,  XII.  490. 
In  the  same  sense  so  sometimes  modifies  a  verb. 
I  loved  my  Country  so  as  only  they 
Who  love  a  mother  fit  to  die  for  may. 

Lawn,  To  G.  W.  Curtis. 

(6)  With  an  adjective,  adverb,  or  verb  only,  the  conse- 
quent being  omitted  or  ignored,  and  the  degree  being  fixed 
by  previous  statements  or  by  the  circumstances  of  the 
case. 

When  the  kynge  Ban  saugh  hir  so  affraied  he  asked  hir 
what  her  eyled.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ill.  415. 

Bot  crist,  that  nane  is  to  him  like, 
Walde  nogt  late  his  dere  relike, 
Squa  noteful  thing,  squa  lang  be  hid. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  108. 

Give  thanks  you  have  lived  so  long. 

SAa*.,  Tempest,  i.  1.  27. 

Thou  art  so  Becravated,  and  so  Beperriwig'd. 

Gangrene,  Way  of  the  World,  iii.  15. 

(c)  Followed  by  that,  as,  or  but,  introducing  a  clause  or  an 
infinitive  phrase  noting  result. 


5739 

.V"  mekill  pepull  is  coineii  to  town. 
That  we  can  nowhan:  herliered  he. 

York  1'latjf,  p.  112. 

He  raised  a  sigh  so  piteous  and  profound 
As  it  did  seem  to  shatter  all  his  bulk. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  ii.  1.  :n. 
Of  her  strict  guardian  to  bribe 
So  much  admittance  as  to  speak  to  mo. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  Iv.  6. 

She  complied  (by  singing)  In  a  manner  »o  exquisitely  pa- 
thetic as  moved  me.  (IMsmith,  Vicar,  xxlv. 

I  cannot  sink 

So  far  —  far  down,  but  I  shall  know 
Thy  voice,  and  answer  from  below. 

Tennyson,  My  Life  is  Full  of  Weary  Days. 
In  this  sense  sometimes  followed  by  a  phrase  or  clause 
of  result  without  any  connective. 

He  cust  hem  alle,  so  fayn  he  waa, 
And  seide,  "deo  gracias." 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  83. 

No  woman's  heart 
So  big  to  hold  so  much.       Shale.,  T.  N.,  11.  4.  99. 

I  am  not  yet  so  powerful 
To  meet  him  in  the  field ;  he  has  under  him 
The  flower  of  all  the  empire  and  the  strength. 

Fletcher  (and  another'!),  Prophetess,  i.  1. 
The  rest  he  as  their  Market  Clarke  set  the  price  hlm- 
selfe,  how  they  should  sell :  so  he  had  inchanted  these 
poore  soules,  being  their  prisoner. 

Quoted  in  Copt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  165. 
(dt)  Of  or  to  the  following  degree,  extent,  amount,  etc. ; 
thus. 

This  other  werldcs  elde  is  so, 

A  thusent  ger  [jam]  seuenti  and  two. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  1.  705. 

2.  In  that  manner;  in  such  manner  (as  the  con- 
text indicates),     (a)  In  the  manner  explained  by  a 
correlative  as  (or  so  or  how)  and  a  subordinate  clause. 

Yit  as  myne  auctor  spak,  so  wolde  I  speke. 

Palladia*,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  27. 
Like  as  a  father  pitieth  his  children,  so  the  Lord  pitieth 
them  that  fear  him.  Pa.  ciii.  13. 

Look,  how  a  bird  lies  tangled  in  a  net ; 
So  fasten'd  in  her  arms  Adonis  lies. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  L  68. 
Sae  as  he  wan  it,  mr  will  he  keep  It. 
Sang  of  the  Outlaw  Murray  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  28). 
(o)  In  the  following  manner;  as  follows;  thus. 

Mi  Ihord  sanyn  [read  soynf|  Ion  ine  .  .  .  the  apocalipse 
ma  zayth  thet  he  yzes  a  best  thet  com  out  of  the  ze,  won- 
derliche  ydist,  and  to  moche  dreduol. 

AyenuUe  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  14. 
<f)  111  the  manner  previously  noted  or  understood. 

Why  gab  ye  me  swa 
And  feynes  swilk  fautassy? 

York  Plays,  p.  106. 
My  horse  is  gone, 
And  'tis  your  fault  I  am  bereft  him  so. 

Shale.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  381. 

So  spake  the  seraph  Abdlel.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  896. 

Still  gath'ring  force,  It  smokes ;  and,  urg'd  amain, 
Whirls,  leaps,  and   thunders  down  impetuous   to   the 

plain ; 

There  stops  —  So  Hector.  Pope.,  Iliad,  xiii.  199. 

The  English  people  .  .  .  will  not  bear  to  be  governed  by 

the  unchecked  power  of  the  sovereign,  nor  ought  they  to 

be  so  governed.  tlacaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

(d)  In  such  a  manner :  followed  by  that  or  at,  with  a  clause 

or  phrase  of  result 

So  run,  that  ye  may  obtain.  1  Cor.  ix.  24. 

I  will  so  plead 
That  you  shall  say  my  cunning  drift  excels. 

Shak.,  T.  0.  of  V.,  Iv.  2.82. 

I  might  perhaps  leave  something  so  written  to  after- 
times  as  they  should  not  willingly  let  it  die. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  il,  Int. 

3.  By  this  or  that  means;  by  virtue  of  or  be- 
cause of  this  or  that;  for  that  reason;  there- 
fore; on  those  terms  or  conditions:  often  with 
a  conjunctive  quality  (see  II.). 

And  she  remembered  the  myschef  of  hir  fader  and 
moder.  .  .  .  and  «o  ther  was  grete  sorowe  and  grete  Ire 
at  hir  herte.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  9. 

Obey,  I  beseech  thee,  the  voice  of  the  Lord  :  ...  so  It 
shall  be  well  unto  thee.  Jer.  xxxviii.  20. 

Take  heed  how  you  in  thought  offend : 
So  mind  and  body  both  will  mend. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  2. 

As  the  Mahometans  have  a  great  regard  for  the  memory 

of  Alexander,  so  there  have  been  travellers  who  relate  that 

they  pretended  to  have  his  body  in  some  mosque ;  but  at 

present  they  have  no  account  of  It. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  4. 
Me  mightier  transports  move  and  thrill ; 
So  keep  I  fair  thro'  faith  and  prayer 
A  virgin  heart  in  work  and  will. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

4.  In  a  like  manner,  degree,  proportion,  etc. ; 
correspondingly ;  likewise :  with  a  correlative 
clause  (usually  with  as)  expressed  or  under- 
stood. 

As  thy  days,  so  shall  thy  strength  be.    Deut.  mill.  25. 

A  harsh  Mother  may  bring  forth  sometimes  a  mild 
Daughter  ;  So  Fear  begets  Love.  Hmcell,  Letters,  il.  53. 

As  I  mixed  more  with  the  people  of  the  country  of 
middle  rank,  so  I  had  a  better  opportunity  of  observing 
their  humours  and  customs  than  in  any  other  place. 

Pocodee,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  I.  126. 


80 

6.   In  such  way  as  al'orr^aid:  in  (lie  tifon 
state  or  condition  ;  tin- same:  a  pronominal  ail- 
vcrb  used  especially  1'or  tin    sake  of  avoiding 

repetition. 

Thanne  songe  I  that  songe  and  .•"  <li<]  u>:im  hum! 

Pin 

\Vell  may  the  kynfie  hyin  a  v:uint  th:tt  ytf  ye  lyve  to 
age  ye  shull  bu  the  wisest  laily  of  the  wuilde  ;  and  so  be 
ye  now,  as  1  beli-vi-.  M-  ,lm  (E.  K.  T.  .S.  , 

Thou  may'st  to  Court,  and  Progress  to  and  fro; 
Oh  that  thy  captiv'd  Master  could  do  sot 

Tr.  from  Ovid,  quoted  In  ItuiceU's  Letters,  I.  vl.  60. 

One  particular  tribe  of  Arabs,  called  Beni  Korelsh,  had 

the  care  of  the  Cuba,  for  so  the  round  tower  of  Mecca  was 

called.  Eruce,  s.mirc  of  tlie  Nile,  I.  511. 

Sadder  than  owl  songs  or  the  midnight  blast 
Is  that  portentous  phrase,  "I  tuld  you  so," 
Utter  d  by  friends,  those  prophets  of  the  past. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiv.  60. 
My  lord  was  ill,  and  my  lady  thought  herself  so. 

Macaulay,  in  Trevelyan,  I.  247. 

"Shakespeare  dramatised  stories  which  had  previously 
appeared  in  print,  it  is  tru>',  obMTVi  'I  Nicholas.— "  Mean- 
ing Bill,  Sir .' "  said  the  literary  gt -ntleuian.  "So  he  did. 
Hill  was  an  adapter,  certainly.  n>  lie  wad — and  very  well 
he  adapted  too  — considering." 

Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby,  xlvilL 

6.  As  aforesaid;  precisely  as  stated;  in  very 
truth;  in  accordance  with  fact;  verily. 

She  tells  me  that  the  Queen's  sickness  Is  the  spatted 
fever ;  that  she  was  as  full  of  the  spots  afa  a  leopard :  which 
is  very  strange  that  It  should  be  no  more  known ;  but  per- 
haps it  is  not  so.  Pepys,  Hilary,  II.  49. 

But  if  It  were  all  so— it  our  advice  and  opinion  had  thus 
been  asked,  it  would  not  alter  the  line  of  our  duty. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  April,  1826. 

7.  Such  being  the  case;  accordingly;  there- 
fore ;  well,  then :  used  in  continuation,  with  a 
conjunctive  quality. 

And  so  in  May,  when  all  true  hearts  rejoice,  they  stale 
out  of  the  castle,  without  staying  so  much  as  for  their 
breakfast.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  II. 

Why,  if  It  please  you,  take  it  for  your  labour ; 
And  so,  good  morrow,  servant. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  II.  1.  140. 

So,  when  he  was  come  in,  and  sat  down,  they  gave  him 
something  to  drink.    Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  118. 
So  to  this  hall  full  quickly  rode  the  King. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

8.  In  an  indefinite  degree;  extremely:  as,  you 
are  so  kind;  we  were  so  delighted.     [Chiefly 
colloq.] 

The  archbishops  and  bishops  .  .  .  commanded  to  give 
a  particular  recommendation  to  all  parsons  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  this  so  pious  a  work. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  IV.  454. 

9.  Then;  thereafter.     [Bare.] 

In  the  morning  my  lute  an  hour,  and  so  to  my  office. 

Pepys,  Diary,  Feb.  4,  1660. 

10.  An  abbreviation  of  so  be  it:  implying  ac- 
quiescence, assent,  or  approbation. 

And  when  It 's  writ,  for  my  sake  read  it  over. 
And  if  it  please  you,  so;  if  not,  why,  so. 

Shak.,  1.  0.  of  V.,  IL  1. 187. 
If  he  be  ruin'd,  so;  we  know  the  worst  then. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  U.  6. 

Ill  leave  him  to  the  mercy  of  your  search  ;  if  you  can 
take  him,  so .'  B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  Iii.  1. 

11.  An  abbreviation  of  is  it  sof  as,  He  leaves 
us  to-day.    Sot    [Colloq.] — 12.  In  assevera- 
tion, and  frequently  with  an  ellipsis:  as,  I  de- 
clare I  did  not,  so  help  me  God ! 

Never,  Paulina ;  so  be  blest  my  spirit ! 

SAoJ-.,  W.  T.,  v.  1.  71. 

13.  As  an  indefinite  particle:  Ever;  at  all: 
now  used  only  in  composition,  as  in  tcftoso, 
whosoerer,  whatsoever,  etc. 

Now  wol  i  telle  the  my  tene  wat  so  tide  after. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  607. 

Confesse  the  to  some  frere, 

He  shal  a-solle  the  thus  sone  how  «<  thow  euere  wynne  hit 
Piers  Plowman  (C\  xiii.  7. 

And  so  forth.    See/ortM,  ode  —  And  so  on.    Same  as 
and  so  forth.— By  BO  (that)t.    (a)  Provided  that. 
By  KO  thow  riche  were,  haue  thow  no  conscience 
How  that  thow  come  to  good. 

Piers  PlovmanfC),  xiii.  5. 
(&)  In  proportion  as. 

For  the  more  a  man  may  do  by  so  that  he  do  hir, 
The  more  is  he  worth  and  worth!  of  wyse  and  goode 
ypreised.  Piers  Ploirman  (C),  xi.  309. 

Ever  80.  See  mr. -In  SO  far  as.  See/or',  odu.— Not 
so  much  as.  Sec  much,  adv.—  Or  80,  or  about  thus;  or 
thereabouts :  or  something  of  that  kind :  now  used  pur- 
ticnlarly  with  reference  to  number. 

She  went  forth  early  this  morning  with  a  waiting-woman 
and  a  page  or  so.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  il.  1. 

I  will  take  occasion  of  sending  one  of  my  suits  to  the 
tailor's,  to  have  the  pocket  repaired,  or  so. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  1. 1. 
A  little  sleep,  once  in  a  week  or  so. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  L  i 

Quite  so.    Sec  stiflei.— Boas,    (at)  Such  a*. 


so 

Thou  art  as  tyrannous,  so  as  thou  art. 

As  those  whose  beauties  proudly  make  them  eraaL 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxxxi. 
(6)  So  long  as ;  provided  that. 

O,  never  mind  ;  so  as  you  get  them  off  [the  stage],  I'll 
answer  for  it  the  audience  won't  care  how. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  ii.  2. 

He  could  play  'em  a  tune  on  any  sort  of  pot  you  please, 
so  as  it  was  iron  or  block  tin.  Dickens,  Bleak  House,  xxvi. 
(c)  With  the  purpose  or  result  that ;  to  that  degree  that : 
now  followed  by  an  infinitive  phrase,  or,  in  dialectal  use, 
a  clause  of  purpose  or  result. 

And  his  raiment  became  shining,  exceeding  white  as 
snow ;  so  as  no  fuller  on  earth  can  white  them. 

Mark  ix.  3. 
D'ye  s'pose  ef  Jeff  giv  him  a  lick, 

Ole  liick'ry  'd  tried  his  head  to  sof'n 
So '« 't  wouldn't  hurt  thet  ebony  stick 
Thet 's  made  our  side  see  stare  so  of 'n  ? 

Louiell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  vii. 
SO  called,  commonly  called  ;  commonly  so  styled :  often 
a  saving  clause  introduced  to  indicate  that  the  writer  or 
speaker  does  not  accept  the  name,  either  because  he  re- 
gards It  as  erroneous  or  misleading,  or  because  he  wishes 
for  his  particular  purpose  to  modify  or  improve  the  defi- 
nition: as,  this  liberty,  so  called,  is  only  license;  one  of 
the  three  so-called  religions  of  China- 
He  advocates  the  supremacy  of  Human  Law  against  the 
so-called  doctrine  of  Divine  Kight. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  10. 

So  far  forth.  See  far-forth,  2.—  So  long.  See  so-long.  — 
So  many.  Seemanyi.a.— So  much.  (a)To  that  amount; 
just  to  that  extent :  as,  our  remonstrances  were  so  much 
wasted  effort.  (o)  Such  a  quantity  regarded  indefinitely 
or  disti  ibutivcly :  as,  so  much  of  this  kind  and  so  much  of 
that.  Compare  so  many,  under  manyl,  a. 

Ef  this  'ere  railkin'  o'  the  wits, 
So  much  a  month,  warn't  givin'  Natur'  fits. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser ,  vi. 
So  much  as,  however  much. 

So  much  as  you  admire  the  beauty  of  his  verse,  his  prose 
is  full  as  good.  Pope. 

So  that,  (a)  To  the  end  that ;  in  order  that ;  with  the 
purpose  or  intention  that :  as,  these  measures  were  taken 
so  that  he  might  escape,  (d)  With  the  effect  or  result  that. 
And  when  the  ark  ...  came  into  the  camp,  all  Israel 
shouted  with  a  great  shout,  so  that  the  earth  rang  again. 

1  Sam.  iv.  5. 

The  cider  is  such  an  enormous  crop  that  it  is  sold  at 
ten  shillings  per  hogshead  ;  sothat  a  human  creature  may 
lose  his  reason  for  a  penny. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey, 
(c)  Provided  that ;  in  case  that ;  if. 

Poor  Queen !  so  that  thy  state  might  be  no  worse, 
I  would  my  skill  were  subject  to  thy  curse. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II..  iii.  4.  102. 

It  [a  project]  involves  the  devotion  of  all  my  energies, 
.  .  .  but  that  is  nothing,  so  that  it  succeeds. 

Dic/cens,  Bleak  House,  iv. 

So  SO,  only  thus  (implying  but  an  ordinary  degree  of  ex- 
cellence) ;  only  tolerably ;  not  remarkably.  [Colloq.  ] 

She  is  a  mighty  proper  maid,  and  pretty  comely,  but  so 

so;  but  hath  a  most  pleasing  tone  of  voice,  and  speaks 

handsomely.  Pepys,  Diary,  IV.  129. 

Dr.  Taylor  [Johnson's  old  schoolfellow]  read  the  service 

[at  Dr.  Johnson's  funeral],  but  so  so. 

Dr.  S.  Parr,  quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  X.  274. 

So  to  say,  SO  to  speak,  to  use  or  borrow  that  expres- 
sion ;  speaking  figuratively,  by  analogy,  or  in  approximate 
terms  :  as,  a  moral  monstrosity,  so  to  speak. 

The  habits,  the  manners,  the  bye-play,  so  to  speak,  of 
those  picturesque  antiques,  the  pensioners  of  Greenwich 
College?  D.  Jerrold,  Men  of  Character,  II.  165. 

The  huge  original  openings  are  thus  divided,  so  to  say, 
into  two  open  stories.  The  Century,  XXXV.  705. 

So  well  ast,  as  well  as ;  in  the  same  way  as. 

The  rest  overgrowne  with  trees,  which,  so  well  as  the 
bushes,  were  so  overgrowne  with  Vines  we  could  scarce 
passe  them.  Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  1. 106. 

Than  sot,  than  something  indicated  or  signified ;  than 
that. 

Itane  contemnor  abs  te  >  I,  am  I  so  little  set  by  of  thee : 
yea,  make  you  no  more  account  of  me  than  so? 

Terence  in  English  (1614).    (Hares.) 
=Syn,  7.  Wherefore,  Accordingly.     See  therefore. 

II.  conj.  If.  In,  of,  or  to  what  degree,  extent, 
amount,  intensity,  or  the  like;  as:  used  with 
or  without  the  correlative  adverb  so  or  as,  in 
connecting  subordinate  with  principal  clauses. 
See  «sl,  II. 

He  was  brijt  so  the  glas, 
He  was  whit  so  the  flur, 
Rose  red  was  his  colur. 

King  Born  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  1. 
So  shalt  thow  come  to  a  court  as  cleer  so  the  sonne 

Piers  Plmimian  (C),  viii.  232. 
2f.  In  the  manner  that;  even  as;  as. 

Tho  so  wurth  fwasl  ligt  so  god  [God]  it  bad. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  57. 
Wary  so  water  in  wore  [weir] 

Alysoun,  1.  38.   (T.  Wright's  Specimens  of  Lyric  Poetry.) 
Alias !  thi  lovesnm  eyghen  to 
Loketh  m  man  doth  on  his  fo 

Sir  Orjiheo  (ed.  Laing),  1.  74.  (Balliwell.) 
3.  In  such  a  manner  that;  sothat:  followed  bv 
a  clause  of  purpose  or  result. 

Thanne  seide  I  to  my-self  so  Pacience  it  herde 

Piers  Plowman  (BX  xiii.  64. 


6740 

4.  Provided  that;  on  condition  that;  in  case 
that. 

"At  jowre  preyere,"  quod  Pacyenco  tho,  "so  no  man 
displese  hym."  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  135. 

And,  so  ye  wil  me  now  to  wyve  take 
As  ye  han  sworn,  than  wol  I  yive  yow  leve 
To  sleen  me.  Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1. 1319. 

Or  any  other  pretty  invention,  so  it  had  been  sudden. 

B.  Jonsoii,  Cynthia's  Kevels,  iii.  1. 
Soon  sot,  as  soon  as. 

The  child  him  answerde 
Sone  so  he  hit  herde. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  6. 

Sone  so  he  wist 

That  I  was  of  Wittis  hous  and  with  his  wyf  dame  Studye. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  x.  226. 

SO1  (so),  interj.     [The  adv.  so  used  elliptically: 
'stand,  hold,  keep,  etc.,  so.']     1.  Go  quietly! 
gently!  easy  now!  be  still :  often  used  in  quiet- 
ing a  restless  animal.    Sometimes  spelled  soli. 
The  cheerful  milkmaid  takes  her  stool, 
And  sits  and  milks  in  the  twilight  cool, 
Saying,  "So.'  so,  boss!  so!  so!" 

J.  T.  Trowkridge,  Farm-Yard  Song. 

2.  Naut.,  a  direction  to  the  helmsman  to  keep 
the  ship  steady:  as,  steady,  so!  steady! 

S02t,  «•     See  soe. 

S.  0.    In  exchange  transactions,  an  abbreviation 
of  seller's  option.    See  seller*. 

soat,  ".     Same  as  soe. 

Soak  (sok),  v.  [<  ME.  soken,  soak,  suck,  <  AS. 
socimi,  soak  (AS.  Leeehdoms,  ii.  252,  1.  11 ;  iii. 
14,  1.  17),  lit.  suck,  a  secondary  form  of  sucan 
(pp.  socen),  suck:  see  suck.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
lie  in  and  become  saturated  with  water  or  some 
other  liquid;  steep. 
Sokyn  yn  lycure  (as  thyng  to  be  made  softe,  or  other 


so-and-so 

7.  To  suck  dry;   exhaust;  drain.     [Ran-.] 
His  feastings,  wherein  he  was  only  sumptuous,  could 

not  but  soat  his  exchequer.  Wotton. 

8.  To  bake  thoroughly:  said  of  the  lengthened 
baking  given,  in  particular,  to  bread,  so  that 
the  cooking  may  be  complete.    [Prov.  Eng.  and 
U.  S.] — 9.  To  "put  in  soak";  pawn;  pledge: 
as,  he  soaked  his  watch  for  ten  dollars,   nSlang.] 
— To  soak  or  soak  up  bait,  to  consume  much  bait  with- 
out taking  the  hook,  as  flab.    [Fishermen's  slang.) 

soak  (sok),  n.  [<  soak,  v.]  1.  A  soaking,  in 
any  sense  of  the  verb. — 2.  Specifically,  a  drink- 
ing-bout ;  a  spree. 

When  a  Southron  intends  to  have  a  soa*-,  he  takes  the 
bottle  to  his  bedside,  goes  to  bed,  and  lies  there  till  he 
gets  drunk 

Parsom's  Tour  Among  the  Planters.    (Bartlett.) 

3.  That  in  which  anything  is  soaked ;  a  steep. 
A  soak  or  steep  for  seeds.   New  Amer.  Farm  Book,  p.  58. 

4.  One  who  or  that  which  soaks,    (a)  A  land- 
spring.    HalKwell.    [Prov.  Eng.]    (6)  A  tippler ;  a  hard 
drinker.    [Colloq.] 

5.  An  over-stocking,  with  or  •Without  a  foot, 
worn  over  the  long  stocking  for  warmth  or  pro- 
tection from  dirt.    Compare  boot-hose,  xtirrup- 

hose.—To  put  In  soak,  to  put  in  pawn  ;  pawn  ;  pledge : 
as,  to  put  one's  rings  in  sou*-.    [Slang.  ] 
soakage  (so'kaj),  n.    [<  soak  +  -age.]    The  act 
of  soaking;  also,  that  which  soaks;  the  amount 
of  fluid  absorbed  by  soaking. 

The  entire  country  from  Gozerajup  to  Cassaln  is  a  dead 
Bat  .  .  .  There  is  no  drainage  upon  this  perfect  level; 
thus,  during  the  rainy  season,  the  soakage  actually  melts 
the  soli.  Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  i. 


It  shall  be  rulable  to  allow  soakage  to  cover  the  moisture 
absorbed  by  the  package  from  its  contents  as  follows,  etc. 
New  York  Produce  Exchange  Report,  1888  -  8,  p.  808. 
cawsys  ellys).'  Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  463.  soak-barrel  (sok'bar'el),  n.   A  barrel  in  which 

The  farmer  who  got  his  hay  In  before  the  recent  rains     fresh  flsh  are  put  to  soak  before  salting. 
nmnyCacr°eT       nclghboure  wh°8e  crop  lies  ***"*  OTer  soaker  (so'ker),  «.     [<  soak  +  -€»'!.]     One  who 
Mortimer  Collins,  Thoughts  In  my  Garden,  I.  5.      or  that  which  soaks,    (a)  That  which  steeps,  wets,  or 

drenches,  as  a  rain. 

Well,  sir,  suppose  it's  a  soaker  in  the  morning,  .  .  . 
then  may  be,  after  all,  it  comes  out  a  fine  day. 

Mayheif,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  314. 
(6)  A  habitual  drinker ;  one  accustomed  to  drink  spirituous 
liquors  to  excess ;  a  toper.  [Colloq.] 

By  a  good  natur'd  man  is  usually  meant  neither  more 
nor  less  than  a  good  fellow,  a  painful,  able,  and  laborious 
soaker.  South,  Sermons,  VI.  ill. 


2.  To  pass,  especially  to  enter,  as  a  liquid, 
through  pores  or  interstices;  penetrate  thor- 
oughly by  saturation :  followed  by  in  or  through. 

That  all  the  tears  that  thy  poor  eyes  let  fall 
-ink.  and  soaking  in 


May  run  into  that  si 

Drown  the  lamenting  fool  in  sea-salt  tears. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And., iii.  2.  19. 

A  composition  .  .  .  hard  as  marble,  and  not  to  be  soked 
through  Dy  water.  Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  231. 

3f.   To  flow. 


The  Sun  's  a  good  Pimple,  an  honest  maker;  he  has  a  Cel- 
lar at  your  Antipodes.    Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iv.  10. 


The  sea-breezes  and  the  currents  thatsoa*  down  between   soak-hole  (sok'hol),  n.     A  space  marked  off  in 


Africa  and  Brazil.  Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  iii.  8. 

4.  To  drink  intemperately  and  habitually,  es- 
pecially strong  drink;  booze;  be  continually 
under  the  influence  of  liquor. 

You  do  nothing  but  soak  with  the  guests  all  day  long ; 
whereas,  if  a  spoonful  of  liquor  were  to  cure  me  of  a  fever, 
I  never  touch  a  drop.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxi. 

5.  To  become  drained  or  dry.     Compare  soaA-, 
».  t.,  7.     HalUwell.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 6.  To  sit 
over  the  fire  absorbing  the  heat.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Hence  —  7.    To  receive  a  prolonged  baking; 
bake  thoroughly:   said  of  bread.     [Southern 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  lie  immersed  in  a 
liquid  until  thoroughly  saturated ;  steep :  as,  to 
soak  rice  in  water;  to  soak  a  sponge. 


a  stream,  in  which  sheep  are  washed  before 
shearing.     [Australia.] 

Parallel  poles,  resting  on  forks  driven  Into  the  bed  of 
the  waterhole,  were  run  out  on  the  surface  of  the  stream, 
f'irniiii!.'  square  soak-holes,  a  long  narrow  lane  leading  to 
the  dry  land.  A.  C.  Grant,  Bush  Life  in  Queensland,  1. 82. 

soaking  (so'king),  n.  [<  ME.  sokynge;  verbal 
n.  of  soak,  v.]  1.  A  steeping;  a  wetting;  a 
drenching. 

Sokynge,  or  longe  lyynge  in  lycure.    Infusio,  inblbitura. 
Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  463. 
Few  in  the  ships  escaped  a  good  soaking. 

Cook,  Second  Voyage,  i.  1. 

2.  Intemperate  and  continual  drinking.    Com- 
pare soak,  v.  i.,  4.     [Colloq.] 
soakingly  (so'king-li),   adv.     As  in  soaking; 
hence,  little  by  little ;  gradually. 

A  mannes  enemies  In  battail  are  to  be  ouercomed  with 
a  carpenter's  squaring  axe  —  that  is  to  say,  soakingly,  one 
pece  after  an  other. 

Udatt,  tr.  of  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus. 
Their  land  shall  be  soaked  with  blood.  Isa.  xxxiy.  7.  soaking-pit  (so'king-pit),  n.  A  pit  in  which 
Winter  «oo*s  the  fields.  Cowper,  Task,  i.  2ift.  steel  ingots  are  placed  immediately  after  cast- 

3.  To  take  up  by  absorption ;  absorb  through     !"&'  in  order  that  the  mass  ma>'  inquire  a  uni- 
pores  or  other  openings;  suck  in,  as  a  liauid    lorm  temperature,  the   interior  of  such  ingots 

remaining  for  some  time  after  casting  too  hot 
to  roll  satisfactorily.  These  pits  are  generally  known 
as  "Gjers  soaking-pits,'  from  the  nameof  the  metalluigirt 
who  first  introduced  them  into  use. 
Soaky  (so'ki),  a.  [Also  dial,  socky;  <  soak  +  -yl. 
Cf.  soggy.]  1.  Moist  on  the  surface;  steeped 
in  water;  soggy.— 2.  Effeminate.  BaUncell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

soam1  (som),  n.     [Origin  obscure.]    1.  A  chain 
for  attaching  the  leading  horses  to  a  plow,     it 
is  supported  by  a  hanger  beneath  the  clevis,  in  order  to 
preserve  the  line  of  draft  and  avoid  pulling  down  the  nose 
Her  voice  is  as  cracked  as  thine,  O  thou  beer-sooKn.?     of  the  plow-beam.     E.  B.  Knight. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  Ixvi.     2.  A  short  rope  used  to  pull  the  tram  in  a  coal- 
5.  To  penetrate,  work,  or  accomplish  by  wet-    mine.     HalUwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
ting  thoroughly :  often  with  through.  SOam2  (som).  n.     [A  var.  of  seo»«2.]     A  horse- 

The  rivulet  beneath  soaked  its  way  obscurely  through     loa(J-      HalUwell.      [Prov.  Eng.] 
"reaths  of  snow.  scdtt.  so-and-so  (so'aiid-so),  «.     Some  one  or  some- 

6f.  To  make  soft  as  by  steeping  •  hence  to  en-    thing  not  definitely  named :   commonly  rcpre- 
feeble;  enervate.  senting  some  person  or  thing  in  an  imaginary 

And  furth  with  all  she  came  t*  the  kyng  ?r  suPP°sed  instance :  as,  Mrs.  So-and-so ;  was 

Which  was  febyll  and  sofri/d  with  sekenesse.  ne  wrong  in   doing  so-and-so  t     Compare  SO1, 

Qencrydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  234.     adv.,  5. 


Many  of  our  princes  —  woe  the  while !  — 
Lie  drown'd  and  soak'il  in  mercenary  blood. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  7.  79. 

2.  To  flood;  saturate;  drench;  steep. 


, liquid 

or  other  fluid:  followed  by  in  or  up. 
Hot.  Take  you  me  for  a  sponge,  my  lord  ? 
Ham.  Ay,  sir,  that  soa*g  up  the  king's  countenance,  his 
rewards,  his  authorities.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  2.  16. 

The  thirsty  earth  soaks  up  the  rain. 

Cowley,  Anacreontiques,  ii. 

4.  Heuce,  to  drink;  especially,  to  drink  im- 
moderately; guzzle. 

Scarce  a  Ship  goes  to  China  but  the  Men  come  home  fat 
with  soaking  this  Liquor  [Arrack],  and  bring  store  of  Jars 
of  it  home  with  them.  Dampier,  Voyages,  1  419. 


soap 


soap  (sop),  n.     [Early  moil.  E.  also  .in/x  ;  <  ME. 

SOpC,  fiixi/ir,  nil  jlf.  <  AS.  xli/if  =  M  l>.  .vr/ic.   I  i 

=  MLG.  *<7»",  L(i.  .«/;<>  =  OHG.  sc//'»,  m-i/ihn, 
scipfa,  soap,  MHG.  G.  seifc,  G.  dial.  «•//>/>•  = 
Icel.  s<y<«  =  Sw.  s#j>«  =  Dan.  s«6c  (Icel..  etc., 


<  AS.),  soap;  cf.  L.  sapo,  pomade 

the  hair  (Pliny:  see  def.  2),  LL.  ML.  soap  (> 
Or.  adiruv  =  It.  Kd/ioitc  =  Sp.jaboii  =  Pg.  xnliuo 
=  Pr.  sabo  =  F.  yttron  (>  Turk,  nabun)  =  W.  se- 
boit  =  Ir.  giabunn  =  Gael,  siopunn,  soap),  prob. 

<  Teut.,  the  true  L.  cognate  being  prob.  sebum, 
tallow,  grease  (see  sebum,  sebaceous).  Cf.  Finn. 
saippio,  <  Teut.     The  word,  if  orig.  Teut.,  is 
prob.  identical  with  AS.  sap  =  OHG.  scifa, 
resin,  and  connected  with  AS.  *sipim.  ,«/«»«. 
LG.  sipen,  MHG.  sifeti,  trickle,  and  perhaps  with 
AS.  sxp,  etc.,  sap:  see  seep,  sipe,  «y»i.]     1.  A 
chemical  compound  in  common  domestic  use 
for  washing  and  cleansing,  made  by  the  union 
of  certain  fatty  acids  with  a  salifiable  base. 
Fats  and  fixed  oils  consist  of  fatty  acids  combined  with 
glycerin.    On  treating  them  with  a  strong  base,  like  pot- 
ash or  soda,  glycerin  is  set  free,  and  the  fatty  acid  com- 
bines with  the  strong  base  and  forms  a  soap.    Soap  is  of 
two  kinds— soluble  soap,  in  which  the  base  is  potash,  soda, 
or  ammonia,  and  insoluble  soap,  whose  base  is  an  earth  or 
a  metallic  oxid.    Only  the  soluble  soaps  dissolve  readily 
in  water  and  have  detergent  qualities.    Insoluble  soaps 
are  used  only  in  pharmacy  for  liniments  or  plasters.    Of 
the  fats,  stearates  make  the  hardest,  oleates  the  softest 
soaps ;  and  of  the  bases,  soda  makes  the  hardest  and  least 
soluble,  and  potash  the  softest  and  most  soluble.    Per- 
fumes are  occasionally  added,  or  various  coloring  matters 
are  stirred  in  while  the  soap  is  semi-fluid.    White  soaps 
are  generally  made  of  olive-oil  and  soda.   Common  house- 
hold soaps  are  made  chiefly  of  soda  and  tallow.     Yellow 
soap  is  composed  of  tallow,  rosin,  and  soda,  to  which  some 
palm-oil  is  occasionally  added.    (See  rosin-soap.)  Mottled 
soap  is  made  by  simply  adding  mineral  and  other  colors 
during  the  manufacture  of  ordinary  hard  soap.    Marine 
soap,  known  as  salt-water  soap,  which  has  the  property 
of  dissolving  as  well  in  salt  water  as  in  fresh,  is  made  of 
palm-  or  cocoanut  oil  and  soda.     Soft  soaps  are  made 
with  potash,  instead  of  soda,  and  whale-,  seal-,  or  olive-oil, 
or  the  oils  of  linseed,  hemp-seed,  rape-secxi,  etc.,  with  the 
addition  of  a  little  tallow.  Excellent  soaps  are  made  from 
palm-oil  and  soda.     A  solution  of  soap  in  alcohol,  with 
camphor  and  a  little  essential  oil  added  to  scent  it,  forms 
a  soft  ointment  called  opodeldoc,  now  superseded  by  soap- 
liniment,  a  similar  preparation,  which  is  liquid     Medi- 
cinal soap,  when  pure,  is  prepared  from  caustic  soda  and 
either  olive-  or  almond-oil.    It  is  chiefly  employed  to  form 
pills  of  a  gently  aperient  antacid  action. 

2f.  A  kind  of  pomade  for  coloring  the  hair. 
[Only  as  a  translation  of  the  Latin.]  —  3. 
Smooth  words;  persuasion;  flattery:  more  of- 
ten called  soft  soap.  [Slang.] 

He  and  I  are  great  chums,  and  a  little  soft  soap  will  go 
a  long  way  with  him. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  xxxiii.    (Danies.) 

4.  Money  secretly  used  for  political  purposes. 
[Political  slang,  U.  S.] 

Soap. — Originally  used  by  the  Republican  managers  dur- 
ing the  campaign  of  1880,  as  the  cipher  for  "  money  "  in 
their  telegraphic  dispatches.  In  1884  it  was  revived  as  a 
derisive  war  cry  aimed  at  the  Republicans  by  their  oppo- 
nents. Hag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  XIII.  3»4. 

Almond-oil  soap,  a  soap  made  of  sodium  hydrate  and 
almond  oil.  Also  called  amyijdaline  soap.  —  Arsenical 
soap,  a  saponaceous  preparation  used  in  taxidermy  to 
preserve  skins  from  natural  decay  and  from  the  attacks 
of  insects.  There  are  many  kinds,  all  alike  consisting  in 
the  impregnation  of  some  kind  of  soap  with  arsenious  acid 
or  commercial  arsenic.  —  Beef  S-marrow  soap,  a  soap  of 
soda  and  animal  oil.— Boiled  soap.  Same  as  grained 
soap. — Bone  soap,  a  soap  made  from  cocoanut-oil  mixed 
with  jelly  from  bones.— Butter  soap,  soap  made  from 
soda  and  butter ;  sapo  butyricus.— Calcium  soap,  a  soap 
made  either  directly  by  saponifying  fat  with  hydrate  of 
lime,  or  by  treating  soluble  soap  with  a  solution  of  a  salt 
of  lime.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  stearin  wax. — 
Carbolic  soap,  a  disinfectant  soap  containing  1  part  of 
carbolic  acid  to  9  parts  of  soap.— Castile  soap,  a  hard 
soap  composed  of  soda  and  olive-oil,  of  two  varieties :  (1) 
white  Castile  soap,  which  contains  21  per  cent  of  water,  is 
of  a  pale  grayish-white  color,  giving  no  oily  stains  to  pa- 
per, free  from  rancid  odor,  and  entirely  soluble  in  alcohol 
or  water ;  and  (2)  marbled  Castile  soap,  which  is  harder  and 
more  alkaline,  contains  14  per  cent,  of  water,  and  has  veins 
or  streaks  of  ferruginous  matter  running  through  it. 
Formerly  also,  erroneously,  castle-soap;  also  Spanish  soap. 
Roll  but  with  your  eyes 

And  foam  at  the  mouth.     A  little  castle-soap 

Will  do 't,  to  rub  your  lips. 

B.  Jonson,  Devil  Is  an  Ass,  v.  8. 


Curd  soa 
fat  coni  ' 
used  in 


5741 

potash  lye  and  c.live-oil  or  fats  rich  in  oleic  acid.  (6)  See 
def.  3. -Spanish  soap.  -  '  map. 

Some  may  present  thee  with  a  pcninde  or  twalne 
(if  Si'Hinshr  xnape  to  washe  thy  Ij  until  white. 

•  inirell  lo  Master  \Vithipoll. 

Starkey's  soap,  a  soap  made  by  triturating  equal  parts 
of  potassium  carbonate,  oil  of  turpentine,  and  Venin 
tin  pentine.— Transparent  soap,  n  soap  made  of  soda 

and  kidney-fat,  dried,  then  dissolved  in  ak-ohol,  Illtrml, 
and  evaporated  in  molds. — Venice  soap,  a  mottled  soap 
made  of  olive-oil  and  soda,  with  a  small  quantity  <if 
iron  or  zinc  sulphate  in  solution.  Simmonds.—  Windsor 
soap,  a  scented  soap  made  of  soda  with  olive-oil  1  pai  I 
and  tallow  »  parts.- Zinc  soap,  a  soap  obtained  by  the 
double  decomposition  of  zinc  sulphate  and  noap,  or  by 
saponifying  zinc  white  with  olive-oil  or  fat.  It  is  used  as 
an  oil-color,  as  an  ointment,  and  as  zinc  plaster. 
soap  (sop ),  r.  t.  [<  snap,  M.]  1.  To  rub  or  treat 
with  soap;  apply  soap  to. 

Bella  soaped  his  face  and  rubbed  his  face,  ami  soaped 
his  hands  and  rubbed  his  hands,  and  splashed  him  and 
rinsed  him  and  toweled  him,  until  he  was  as  red  as  beet- 
root. Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv.  5. 

2.  To  use  smooth  words  to ;  flatter.     [Slang.] 
These  Dear  Jacks  soap  the  people  shameful,  but  we 
Cheap  Jacks  don't.    We  tell  'em  the  truth  about  them- 
selves to  their  faces,  and  scorn  to  court  'em. 

Dickens,  Doctor  Marigold. 

soap-apple  (sop'ap'l),  «.    Same  as  soap-plant. 

soap-ashes  (sop'ash'ez),  n.pl.  Ashes  contain- 
ing lye  or  potash,  and  thus  useful  in  making 
soap. 

So  drugs  and  sweet  woods,  where  they  are,  cannot  bat 
yield  great  profit ;  soap  ashes  likewise,  and  other  things 
that  may  be  thought  of.  Bacon,  Plantations  (ed.  1887). 

soap-balls  (sop'balz), n.  pi.  Balled  soap,  made 
by  dissolving  a  soap  in  a  little  hot  water,  mix- 
ing it  with  starch,  and  then  molding  the  mix- 
ture into  balls.  The  starch  acts  upon  the  skin 
as  an  emollient. 

soap-bark,  soap-bark  tree  (sop'biirk,  -tre). 
See  quilltii  and  I'itliecolobiiim. 

soap-beck  (sop'bek), «.  In  a  dye-house,  a  ves- 
sel filled  with  a  solution  of  soap  in  water. 

soapberry  (sop'ber"i),  n. ;  pi.  soapberries  (-iz). 
The  fruit  of  one  of  several  species  of  Sapitulu*; 
also,  any  of  the  trees  producing  it,  and,  by  ex- 
tension, any  member  of  the  genus.  The  fruit  of 
the  proper  soapberries  so  abounds  in  saponln  as  to  serve 
the  purpose  of  soap.  That  of  S.  Saponaria,  a  small  tree 
of  South  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  Florida,  is  much 
used  in  the  West  Indies  for  cleansing  linen,  etc.,  and  is 
said  to  he  extremely  efficacious,  though  with  frequent  use 
deleterious  to  the  fabric.  Its  roots  also  contain  saponin. 
Its  hard  black  seeds  are  made  up  into  rosaries  and  neck- 
laces, and  sometimes  have  been  used  as  buttons.  In  the 
East  Indies  the  fruit  of  S.  trtfoliatus  appears  to  have  been 
used  as  a  detergent  from  remote  times.  The  pulp  is  re- 
garded also  as  astringent,  anthelmintic,  and  tonic,  and 
the  seeds  yield  a  medicinal  oil.  The  wood  is  made  into 
combs  and  other  small  articles.  This  species  is  some- 
times called  Iiidian  filbert,  translating  the  Mohammedan 
name.  S.  (Dittelasma}  Rarak,  of  Cochin-China,  etc.,  has 
also  a  detergent  property.  The  wood  of  S.  acuminatus  (S. 
marginatus).  of  the  southern  United  States,  etc.,  is  hard 
and  strong,  easily  split  into  strips,  and  in  the  southwest 
much  used  for  making  cotton-baskets  and  the  frames  of 
pack-saddles.  Its  berries  are  reddish- brown,  of  the  size  of 
a  cherry,  with  a  soapy  pulp.  Also  called  itrild  china-tree 
(which  see,  under  china-tree).  The  fruit  of  some  species 
yields  an  edible  pulp,  though  the  seed  is  poisonous.  An- 
other name,  especially  of  &  trifoliatus,  is  soapnut. 

soap-boiler  (sop'boi'ler),  «.  1.  A  maker  of 
soap. 

The  new  company  of  gentlemen  soapboilers  have  pro- 
cured Mrs.  Sanderson,  the  Queen's  laundress,  to  subscribe 
to  the  goodness  of  the  new  soap. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  II.  230. 

2.  That  in  which  soap  is  boiled  or  made;  a 
soap-pan.  Imp.  Diet. 

soap-boiling  (sop'boi"ling),  n.  The  business 
of  boiling  or  manufacturing  soap. 

soap-bubble  (sop'bub'l),  ».  A  bubble  formed 
from  soapy  water;  especially,  a  thin  spherical 
film  of  soap-suds  inflated  by  blowing  through 
a  pipe,  and  forming  a  hollow  globe  which  has 
often  beautiful  iridescent  colors  playing  over 
the  surface. 

One  afternoon  he  was  seized  with  an  irresistible  desire 
to  blow  soap-bubbles.  .  .  .  Behold  him,  therefore,  at  the 
arched  window,  with  an  earthen  pipe  in  his  mouth !  .  .  . 
Behold  him  scattering  airy  spheres  abroad,  from  the  win- 
dow into  the  street.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xi. 


rd  soap,  soap  made  from  soda  and  a  purified  animal  v,,,i>,  /orm'hiilM   ti 

consisting  largely  of  stearin. -Fulling-soap,  a  soap  SOap-DUlD (sop  tmlD),  _ji      bame  as  soap-plant. 
•d  in  fulling  cloth  composed  of  124  parts  of  soap,  54  of  soap-cerate  (sop  se'rat),  «.    An  ointment  com- 
posed of  soap-plaster  (2  parts),  yellow  wax  (3i 
parts),  and  olive-oil  (4  parts). 

soap-coil  (sop'koil),  H.  A  coiled  pipe  fitted  to 
the  inside  of  a  soap-boiling  kettle,  through 
which  hot  steam  is  circulated  to  boil  the  con- 
tents of  the  kettle. 

soap-crutch  (sop'kruch),  n.  A  staff  or  rod 
with  a  crosspiece  at  one  end,  formerly  used 
in  crutching  or  stirring  soap, 

soap-crutching  (sop'knichlng),  n.  The  pro- 
cess of  crushing  or  stirring  soap  in  kettles. — 
Soap-crutching  machine, an  apparatus  formixing  soap. 


colored  by  indigo,  and  used  in  the  treamen  o  eczema  an 
other  cutaneous  diseases.     Gum  soap,  a  soap  prepared 
from  potash  and  fixed  oils.  —  Marine  soap.    See  def.  1.— 
Olive-Oil  soda-soap.    Same  as  Castile  soap.— QuiCksil- 


Ulive-Oll  soda-soap.     OHOIB  us  i>««n«  »vi*//. —  t/uiunau- 
ver  soapt.    See  quicksilver  plaster,  under  quicksilver.— 


Lse :  »o  caiieu  ueeause  11  uuco  uvt  IKUWHH  mtv  *,n.**.a,  .... 

mains  semi-fluid  or  ropy.   The  softest  soap  is  made  from 


soap-pod 

It  consists  of  a  vertical  cylinder  in  whirh  are  numerous 
spiral  wings  and  an  upright  bhaft  "ith  nidial  :i 

whirh    a    !•>! 

When  the  tank  is  tilled  with  so:ip,   tl" 

like  screws,  ranyini:  up  the  hea\  i,-r  part  nt  th>'  m  .'  • 

toward  the  top,  ami  thoi oii^hly  iiiteniiixitiK  the  \\  i 

soap-earth  t  M  ipvrt  h  i.  //.  Soapotone  or  steatite. 
soap-engine  (sop'en"jiu), «.     A  machine  upmi 
winch  slabs  of  soup  arc  piled  to  be  crosscut 
into  bars.      H'mli . 

soaper  (so'per),  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  also  ft 
<  ME.  xoparc;  <  soap  +  -fi-i.]    A  soap-maker; 
a  dealer  in  soap.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 
Sopers  and  here  sones  for  seiner  ban  be  knyghtes. 

Pier*  1  i,  vi.  72. 

soap-fat  (sop'fiit),  n.  Fatty  refuse  laid  aside 
for  use  in  tlio  making  of  soap. 

soap-fish  (sop'fish),  ».  A  serranoid  flsli  of  the 
genus  Khypticus  (or  Promicropterus) :  so  called 
from  the  soapy  skin.  Several  are  found  along  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  as  It.  maculatut,  Jt. 
ttecoratus,  and  It.  pituitosus.  See  cut  under  Rhypticut. 

soap-frame  (sop'fratn),  ».  A  series  of  square 
frames  locked  together,  designed  to  hold  soap 
while  solidifying,  preparatory  to  its  being  cut 
into  bars  or  cakes. 

The  interior  width  of  noap-framfs  corresponds  to  the 
length  of  a  bar  of  soap,  and  the  length  of  a  frame  is  equal 
to  the  thickness  of  about  tweuty  bars  of  soap. 

Watt,  Soap-making,  p.  20. 

soap-glue  (s6p'glo),w.  A  gelatinous  mass  re- 
sulting from  the  boiling  together  of  tallow  and 
lye. 

soap-house  (sop'hons),  n.  A  house  or  building 
in  which  soap  is  made. 

soapiness  (so'pi-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  soapy.  Bailey,  1727. 

soap-kettle  (sop'ket'l),  ».    A  soap-boiler. 

soapless  (sop'les),  a.  [<  soap  +  -?e«*.]  Lack- 
ing soap ;  free  from  soap ;  hence,  unwashed. 

He  accepted  the  offered  hand  of  his  new  friend,  which 
.  .  .  was  of  a  marvellously  dingy  and  soapiest  aspect. 

Bulwer,  Pelham,  xlix. 

soap-liniment  (86p'lin;"i-ment),  ».  A  liniment 
composed  of  soap  (10  parts),  camphor  (5),  oil 
of  rosemary  (1),  alcohol  (70),  and  water  (14): 
an  anodyne  and  nibefacient  embrocation. 

soap-lock  (sop'lok),  «.  A  lock  of  hair  worn 
on  the  temple  and  kept  smoothly  in  place  by 
being  soaped;  hence,  any  lock  brushed  apart 
from  the  rest  of  the  hair,  and  carefully  kept 
in  position.  [U.  S.] 

As  he  stepped  from  the  cars  he  ...  brushed  his  soap- 
locki  forward  with  his  hand.  The  Century,  XXXVI.  248. 

soap-maker  (s6p'ma"ker),  n.  A  manufacturer 
of  soap. 

Soap-making  (s6p'ma"king),  «.  The  manufac- 
ture of  soap;  soap-boiling. 

soap-mill  (sop'mil),  «.  1.  A  machine  for  cut- 
ting soap  into  thin  shavings,  preparatory  to 
drying  it,  and  as  a  step  toward  fitting  it  for 
grinding. —  2.  A  mill  for  grinding  dry  soap,  in 
the  manufacture  of  bath-soap  and  other  soap 
powders. 

soapnut  (sop'nut),  )i.  1.  Same  as  soapberry. — 
2.  The  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  climbing  shrub, 
Acacia  conciiina  ;  also,  the  plant  itself .  The  long 
flat  pods  have  a  saponaceous  property,  and  are  much  used 
in  Bombay  as  a  detergent,  especially  in  a  wash  for  the 
head.  They  are  also  used  as  a  deobstruent  and  expecto- 
rant and  in  jaundice.  Also  soap-pod. 

soap-pan  (sop'pan),  n.  In  the  manufacture  of 
soap,  a  large  pan  or  vessel,  generally  of  cast- 
iron,  in  which  the  ingredients  are  boiled  to  the 
desired  consistence. 

The  soap-pan  or  copper  (or,  as  the  French  and  Anieri 
cans  term  it,  kettle)  is  sometimes  made  of  cast-iron,  in 
several  divisions,  united  together  by  iron  cement. 

Watt,  Soap-making,  p.  17. 

soap-plant  (sop'plant),  ».  One  of  several 
plants  whose  bulbs  serve  the  purpose  of  soap : 
particularly,  the  Californian  Ctilnrogaliim  piimt- 
ridiamon,  of  the  lily  family.  It  is  a  stout  brown- 
ish plant,  from  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  long  linear  leaves 
and  a  spreading  panicle  of  white  flowers.  The  bulb, 
which  is  from  1  to  4  inches  thick,  when  divested  of  its 
coat  of  dark-brown  fibers,  produces,  if  rubbed  on  wet 
cloth,  a  thick  lather,  and  is  often  substituted  for  soap. 
Also  called  soap-apple  and  taapJmlb,  and,  together  with 
some  plants  of  a  similar  property,  by  the  Mexican  name 
amole.  Zyyadenus  Fremontit,  also  Californian,  Is  another 
soap-plant. —  Indian  soap-plant,  a  name  ascribed  to  the 
soapberry  Sapiiulu*  acuminatus,  and  to  the  CMornyalutii. 

soap-plaster  (sop'plas'ter),  «.  A  plaster  com- 
posed of  curd  soap  (10  ounces),  yellow  wax  (124 
ounces),  olive-oil  (1  pint),  oxid  of  lead  (15 
ounces),  and  vinegar  (1  gallon). 

soap-pod  (sop'pod),  n.  1.  One  of  the  legumes 
of  several  Chinese  species  of  drsalpiniti ;  also, 
the  plant  itself.  The  legumes  are  saponaceous, 
and  are  employed  by  the  Chinese  as  a  substi- 
tute for  soap.—  2.  Same  as  soapnut,  2. 


soaproot 

soaproot  (sop'rot),  n.  1.  A  Spanish  herb,  Gyp- 
sopltila  Slnttliiinit,  whose  root  contains  sapo- 
nin.  Also  called  Egyptian  or  Spanish  soaproot. 
—  2.  A  Calit'ornian  bulbous  plant,  Leucoerinum 
montaiiiini,  of  the  lily  family,  bearing  white 
fragrant  flowers  close  to  the  ground  in  early 
spring.  Soaproot  is  used  by  the  Digger  Indians  to  take 
trout.  At  the  season  of  the  year  when  the  streams  run 
but  little  water,  and  the  fish  collect  in  the  deepest  and 
widest  holes,  they  cut  otf  the  water  above  such  holes  in 
the  stream,  and  put  soaproot  rubbed  to  a  lather  into  the 
holes,  which  soon  causes  the  fish  in  the  holes  to  float  stupe- 
fled  on  the  surface. 

soapstone  (sop'ston),  •«.  A  variety  of  steatite 
(see  talc);  specifically,  a  piece  of  such  stone 
used  when  heated  for  a  griddle,  a  foot-warmer, 
or  other  like  purpose. 

He  ...  fished  up  a  disused  soapxtone  from  somewhere, 
put  it  on  the  stove  that  was  growing  hot  for  the  early  bak- 
ing, and  stood  erect  and  patient  —  like  a  guard  —  till  the 
eoapstone  was  warm.  The  Century,  XL.  531. 

soap-suds  (sop'sudz'),  n.pl.  A  solution  of  soap 
in  water  stirred  till  it  froths;  froth  of  soapy 
water. 

Phib  Cook  left  her  evening  wash-tub,  and  appeared  at 
her  door  in  soap-suds  .  .  .  and  general  dampness. 

George  EKot,  Janet's  Repentance,  iv. 

soap-tree  (sop'tre),  ».  The  soapberry-tree 
Sapindus  Saponaria.  See  soapberry. 

SoapTveed  (sop'wed), ».  A  plant,  Agave  hetera- 
cantlia,  or  some  other  species  of  the  same  ge- 
nus. See  amolc. 

soapwood  (sop'wud),  n.  A  West  Indian  tim- 
ber-tree or  shrub,  Clethra  tinifolia. 

soap-works  (sop'werks),  n.  sing,  or  pi.  A  place 
or  Duilding  for  the  manufacture  of  soap. 

The  high  price  of  potash,  and  the  diminished  price  as 
well  as  improved  quality  of  the  crude  sodas,  have  led  to 
their  general  adoption  in  soap-works.  Ure,  Diet,  III.  846. 

soapwort  (sop'  wert) ,  n.  1 .  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Saponaria,  chiefly  S. 
officinalis.  Itisasmooth 
perennial  herb,  a  rather 
stout  rambling  plant  a 
foot  or  two  high,  bearing 
white  or  pinkish  flowers, 
native  in  Europe  and 
western  Asia,  and  run- 
ning wild  from  gardens  In 
America  Its  leaves  and 
roots  abound  in  saponin ; 
theyproduce  a  froth  when 


5742 

the  swallow,  is  often  called  skimming.  Soaring  specifi- 
cally so  called,  or  sailing  on  the  air,  is  best  shown  in  the 
flight  of  long-winged  birds,  whether  their  wings  be  either 
narrow  and  sharp,  or  ample  and  blunt,  as  the  albatross, 
frigate,  and  some  other  sea-birds,  stores,  cranes,  and  some 
other  large  waders,  turkey-buzzards  and  other  vultures, 
eagles,  kites,  and  some  oiher  large  birds  of  prey.  It  is 
capable  of  being  indefinitely  protracted,  either  on  a  hori- 
zontal plane,  or  at  a  considerable  inclination  upward,  at 
least  in  some  cases ;  but  most  birds  which  soar  to  a  higher 
level  without  beating  the  wings  take  a  spiral  course, 
mounting  as  much  as  they  can  on  that  part  of  each  lap 
which  is  against  the  wind,  and  this  action  is  usually  spe- 
cified as  gyrating  or  circling. 

So  have  I  seen  a  lark  rising  from  his  bed  of  grass,  and 
soaring  upwards,  singing  as  he  rises,  and  hopes  to  get  to 
heaven,  and  climb  above  the  clouds. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermon,  The  Return  of  Prayers,  U. 

2.  To  mount  or  rise  aloft;  rise,  or  seem  to  rise, 
lightly  in  the  air. 

Flames  rise  and  sink  by  fits ;  at  last  they  soar 
In  one  bright  blaze,  and  then  descend  no  more. 

Dryden. 

He  could  see  at  once  the  huge  dark  shell  of  the  cupola, 
the  slender  soaring  grace  of  Giotto's  campanile,  ana  the 
quaint  octagon  of  San  Giovanni  in  front  of  them. 

George  Eliot,  Romola,  iii. 

We  miss  the  cupola  of  Saint  Cyriacus  soaring  in  triumph 
above  the  triumphal  monument  of  the  heathen. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  73. 

3.  To  float,  as  at  the  surface  of  a  liquid.  [Rare.] 

Tis  very  likely  that  the  shadow  of  your  rod  .  .  .  will 
cause  the  Chubs  to  sink  down  to  the  bottom  with  fear; 


sober 

2.  In  lute-playing,  to  deaden  the  tone  of  by 
damping  the  string,  or  relaxing  the  finger  by 
which  it  is  stopped. 

spb1  (sob),  «.   [<sobl,i\]    1.  A  convulsive  heav- 
ing of  the  breast  and  inspiration  of  breath, 
under  the  impulse  of  painful  emotion,  and  ac- 
companied with  weeping ;  a  strong  or  convul- 
sive sigh.    It  consists  of  a  short,  convulsive, 
somewhat  noisy  respiratory  movement. 
Herewith  hir  swelling  sobbey 
Did  tic  hir  tong  from  talke. 
Gascoigne,  Philomene  (Steele  Glas,  etc.,  ed.  Arber,  p.  99). 

I'll  go  in  and  weep,  .  .  . 
Crack  my  clear  voice  with  sobs. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iv.  2.  114. 

2.  A  sound  resembling  the  sobbing  of  a  human 
being. 

The  tremulous  sob  of  the  complaining  owl. 

Wordswoith.    (Webster.) 

sob2  (sob),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  sobbed,  ppr.  sob- 
bing. [Prob.  a  var.  of  sop :  see  sop,  suj).  Cf. 
MO*.]  1.  To  sup;  suck  up.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  — 2.  To  sop;  soak  with  a  liquid.  [Prov. 
Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

The  tree,  being  sobbed  and  wet,  swells.  Mortimer. 

The  highlands  are  sobbed  and  boggy. 
New  York  Uerald,  Letter  from  Charleston.    (Bartlett.) 


vauoc  vnc  vuuua  m   .iiiiiv  uutvii   MJ   ill'     OIIMOIII  wiiii  leur, 

for  they  be  a  very  fearful  flsh,  .  .  .  but  they  will  present- 
ly rise  up  to  the  top  again,  and  lie  there  soaring  till  some 
shadow  affrights  them  again. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler  (ed.  1653),  p.  53. 
4.  To  rise  mentally,  morally,  or  socially ;  as- 
pire beyond  the  commonplace  or  ordinary  level. 
How  high  a  pitch  his  resolution  nuurx  ! 

Shot.,  Rich.  II.,  L  1.  109. 


sob3  (sob),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sobbed,  ppr.  sob- 
bing.    [Origin  obscure.]    To  * 
ell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


The  Upper  Part  of  the  Stem 
witli  Flowers  of  Soapwort  (Safa- 
naria  offiiinalis). 


rubbed  in  water,  and  are 
useful    as    a    cleansing 
agent.    They  can  be  em- 
ployed with  advantage,  it 
is  said,  in  some  final  pro- 
cesses of  washing  silk  and 
wool,  imparting  a  pecu- 
liar gloss  without  injur- 
ing  the    most    sensitive 
color.    (Also  called  boun- 
cittg-bet,  fuller  g  herb,  and 
by  many  other  names.  See 
mtanAer  petal.)  S.  Vacca- 
ria  ( Vaccaria  vulgarin\  the 
cow-herb,    also    contains 
saponin.    S.  ciespitosa,  S. 
Calabrica,  and  S.  ocymoi- 
des  are  finer  European  species  desirable  in  culture. 
2.  Any  plant  of  the  order  Sapitidaccx.  Lindtcu 
— Soapwort-gentlan.    See  gentian. 
soapy  (so'pi),  a.     I.  Consisting  of  or  contain- 
ing soap;  resembling  soap;  having  some  of 
the  properties  of  soap ;  saponaceous. 

All  soaps  and  soapy  substances  .  .  .  resolve  solids,  and 
sometimes  attenuate  or  thin  the  fluids. 

Arbuthnot,  On  Diet,  i. 

2.  Smeared  with  soap :  as,  soapy  hands. 

Our  soapy  laundresses.      Randolph,  Conceited  Peddler. 

3.  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of  soap :  as 
a  soapy  taste  ;  a  soapy  feeling. 


But  know,  young  prince,  that  valour  soars  above 
What  the  world  calls  misfortune  and  affliction. 

Addison,  Cato,  ii.  4. 

In  every  age  the  first  necessary  step  towards  truth  has 
been  the  renunciation  of  those  soaring  dreams  of  the  hu- 
man heart  which  strive  to  picture  the  cosmic  frame  as 
other  and  fairer  than  it  appears  to  the  eye  of  the  impar- 
tial observer.  Lota:,  Microcosmus (trans.),  I.,  Int.,  p.  vii. 

soar1  (sor),  re.    [<  soari,  v.]    1.  The  act  of  soar- 
ing, or  rising  in  the  air. 

The  churches  themselves  [of  Rome]  are  generally  ugly. 
.  .  .  There  is  none  of  the  spring  and  soar  which  one  may 
see  even  in  the  Lombard  churches. 


The  Century,  XXXVII.  672. 
4.  Smooth-tongued;  unctuous;  plausible;  flat- 
tering. [Slang.] 

soarl  (sor),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sore-  <  ME 
soren,  sooren,  <  OF.  essoreir,  essorer,  F.  essorer 
lay  out,  mount,  or  soar,  dial,  essourer,  air  clothes' 
=  Pr.  essaureiar,  eisaurar  =  It.  sorare,  soar,' 
C  LL  exaware,  expose  to  the  air,  formed  <  L 
M,  out,  +  aura,  a  breeze,  the  air:  see  aural.] 
I  o  mount  on  wings,  or  as  on  wings,  through 
the  air;  fly  aloft,  as  a  bird  or  other  winged 
creature;  specifically,  to  rise  and  remain  on  the 


. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  306. 
2.  The  height  attained  in  soaring;  the  range 
of  one  who  or  that  which  soars.  [Bare.] 

Within  soar 

Of  towering  eagles,  to  all  the  fowls  he  seems 
A  phoenix.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  270. 

soar2t,  «.    See  sore?. 

soarant  (sor'ant),  a.  [<  OF.  essorant,  ppr.  of 
essorer,  mount,  soar:  see  soarl.]  In  her.,  fly- 
ing aloft,  poised  on  the  wing,  as  an  eagle. 

soar-eaglet,  soar-falcont,  «.  See  sore-eagle, 
sore-falcon. 

SOaringly  (sor'ing-li),  adv.  [<  soaring'  +  -ty2.] 
As  if  soaring ;  so  as  to  soar ;  with  an  upward 
motion  or  direction. 

Their  summits  to  heaven 
Shoot  suaringly  forth. 

Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

soave  (so-a've),  adv.  [It.,  <  L.  suavis,  sweet, 
grateful,  delightful :  see  suave.]  In  music,  with 
sweetness  or  tenderness. 

soavemente  (so-a-va-men'te),  adv.  [It.,<  soave 
sweet:  see  soave,  suave.]  Same  as  soave. 

SObi  (sob),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sobbed,  ppr.  sob- 
bing. [<  ME.  sobben,  <  AS.  "sobbian,  a  secondarv 
or  collateral  form  of  seofian,  sioftan,  lament; 
perhaps  connected  with  OHG.  sufton,  siiftedn, 
%£S'  ™<ften,  siufzen,  G.  seufzen,  sob,  sigh,  < 
OHG.  suft,  a  sob,  sigh  (cf.  Icel.  syptir,  a  sob- 
bing), <  sufan  (=  AS.  supun,  etc.),  drink  in,  sup- 
see  svp  sop.  Cf.sob?.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  sigh 
strongly  with  a  sudden  heaving  of  the  breast 
or  a  kind  of  convulsive  motion ;  weep  with  con- 
vulsive catchings  of  the  breath. 

And  wepte  water  with  his^'ygh'e^and^eyfed'the  tyme 
That  euere  he  dede  dede  that  dere  God  displesed ; 
Swowed  and  sobbed  and  syked  ful  ofte. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiv.  326. 
Sweet  father,  cease  your  tears ;  for,  at  your  grief, 
See  how  my  wretched  sister  sobs  and  weeps 

Shale.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 137. 
2.  To  make  a  sound  resembling  a  sob. 

.    Me  Ocean  in  unquiet  slumber  lay. 
And  the  wild  winds  flew  round,  sobbing  in  their  dismay. 
Shelley,  Adonais,  xlv. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  give  forth  or  utter  with  sobs ; 
particularly,  to  say  with  sobbing. 

He  sobs  his  soul  out  In  the  gush  of  blood. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xvi.  419. 


It  was  not  of  old  that  a  Consplracie  of  Bishops  could 

frustrate  and  sob  off  the  right  of  the  people. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 
sobal,  n.    Same  as  soboli. 
sobbing  (sob'ing),  n.     [<  ME.  sobbing,  sobbyngc  ; 

verbal  n.  of  so&i,  v.]    The  act  of  one  who  sobs ; 

a  series  of  sobs  or  sounds  of  a  similar  nature, 
sobbingly  (sob'ing-li),  adv.  With  sobs.   George 

Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xxxvii. 
SObeit  (so-be'it),  conj.     [Prop,  three  words,  so 

be  it,  if  it  be  so;  cf.  albeit,  hmebeit.]    If  it  be 

so;  provided  that. 

The  heart  of  his  friend  cared  little  whither  he  went,  »o- 
beit  he  were  not  too  much  alone. 

Longfellow,  Hyperion,  U.  9. 

sober  (so'ber),  a.  [<  ME.  sober,  sobtir,  sobre,  < 
OF.  (and  F.)  sobre  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  sobrio,  <  L.  so- 
britis,  sober,  <  so-,  a  var.  of  se-,  apart,  used  priv- 
atively,  +  ebrius,  drunken :  see  ebrioas,  ebriety. 
The  same  prefix  occurs  in  L.  socors.  without 
heart,  solcere,  loose  (see  solve).]  1.  Free  from 
the  influence  of  intoxicating  liquors ;  not  drunk ; 
unintoxicated. 

Ner.  How  like  you  the  young  German  ?     . 

For.  Very  vilely  in  the  morning,  when  he  is  sober,  and 
most  vilely  iu  the  afternoon,  when  he  is  drunk. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  L  2.  93. 

2.  Habitually  temperate  in  the  use  of  liquor ; 
not  given  to  the  use  of  strong  or  much  drink. 

A  sober  man  is  Percivale  and  pure ; 

But  once  in  life  was  fluster'd  with  new  wine. 

Trnnyton,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

3.  Temperate  in  general  character  or  habit;  free 
from  excess ;  avoiding  extremes ;  moderate. 

.  Be  sobre  of  syste  and  of  tonge, 

In  etynge  and  In  handlynge  and  in  alle  thi  fyue  wittis. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiv.  63. 
A  man  of  sober  life, 

Fond  of  his  friend  and  civil  to  his  wife; 
Not  quite  a  madman,  though  a  pasty  fell, 
And  much  too  wise  to  walk  into  a  well 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Hor.,  II.  li.  188. 

4.  Guided  or  tempered  by  reason;  rational; 
sensible;   sane;    sound;   dispassionate;  com- 
monplace. 

A  sober  and  humble  distinction  must  ...  be  made  be- 
twixt divine  and  human  things. 

Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  ii.,  Expl. 
The  dreams  of  Oriental  fancy  have  become  the  sober 
facts  of  our  every-day  life. 

0.  IT.  Holmes,  Med.  Essays,  p.  213. 

5.  Free  from  violence  or  tumult ;  serene ;  calm ; 
tranquil;  self-controlled. 

Then  the  se  wex  sober,  sesit  the  wyndis ; 
Calme  was  the  course,  clensit  the  aire. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4663. 
With  such  sober  and  unnoted  passion 
He  did  behave  his  anger,  ere  'twas  spent. 
As  if  he  had  but  proved  an  argument. 

Shale.,  T.  of  A.,  ill.  5.  21. 
I'd  have  you  sober,  and  contain  yourself. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

6.  Modest;  demure;  sedate;  staid;  dignified; 
serious;  grave;  solemn. 

He  sea  therydel  men  ful  stronge 

&  sa[y]de  to  hen  [hem  7]  with  sobre  soun 

"  Wy  stonde  se  ydel  thise  dnyej  longe?" 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Jl  orris),  i.  031. 
What  damned  error  but  some  sober  brow 
Will  bless  it,  and  approve  it  with  a  text? 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2.  78, 


5743 


To  Induce  habits  of  modesty,  humility,  temperance, 
rngnlity,  obedience -in  one  word,  sober-mindedness 
lip.  I'urteous,  Sermon  before  the  University  of  Cambridge. 


Bp. 


idge. 

((Latham.) 


sober 

Come,  pensive  Nun,  devout  and  pure, 
Sober,  stedfast,  and  demure. 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1.  82. 
What  parts  gay  France  from  sober  Spain  ? 

Prior,  Alma,  ii.  soberness  (so'bt-r-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  mbyrws, 
sobuniessv  ;  <  sober  +  -ness.]  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  sober,  in  any  sense  of  the  word ; 
sobriety. 

Sobuniesse.  Sobrietas,  modestla.   Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  402. 
I  nm  not  mad.  must  noble  Featus,  but  speak  forth  the 
words  of  truth  and  soberness.  Acts  xxvi.  26. 

sobersides  (so'ber-sldz),  «.    A  sedate  or  serious 
person.     [Humorous.] 

You  deemed  yourself  a  melancholy  sobersides  enough  ! 
Miss  tanshawe  there  regards  you  as  a  second  Diogenes  in 
"18  »*•  Charlotte  Bront,;  Villette,  xxviii. 

sober-suited  (so'ber-su'ted),  a.    Clad  in  dull 
colors;  somberly  dressed. 


The  "Good-natured  Man"  was  sober  when  compared 
with  the  rich  drollery  of  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer.' 

JUacaulay,  Goldsmith. 

7.  Plain  or  simple  in  color;  somber;  dull. 

Now  shall  my  friend  I'etruchio  do  me  grace, 
And  oifer  me  disguised  in  suber  robea 
To  old  Baptista  as  a  sclioolmaster 
Well  seen  in  music,  to  instruct  Bianca. 

Shale.,  T.  of  the  S.,  1.  2.  132. 
Twilight  gray 
Had  in  her  sober  livery  all  things  clad. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  iv.  590. 
Autumn  bold, 
With  universal  tinge  of  sober  gold. 

Keats,  Endymion,  1. 

8.  Little;  small;  mean;  poor;  weak. 
son.     [Obsolete  or  Scotch.  ] 


Jamie- 


Come,  civil  night, 
Thou  sober  suited  matron,  all  in  black 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  HI.  2.  11. 

Herald,  saith  he,  tell  the  Lord  Governor  and  the  Lord  SObol1  (so'bol),  n.  [<  Pol.  sobol  =  Russ.  soboli, 
Uuntley  that  we  have  entered  your  country  with  a  sober  sable :  see  sable.']  The  Russian  sable  Mustcla 
company  (which  in  the  language  of  the  Scots  is  poor  and  eibeUina  See  cut  undmv xHblr 
mean) :  your  army  is  both  great  and  fresh.  cr  Slll>le- 

Ueylin,  Hist.  Reformation,  I.  90. 
=  Syn.  3-5.  Cool,  collected,  unimpassioned,  steady,  staid, 


(Dames.)  Sgbole,  SObol2  (so'bol,  -bol),  It.     [<  L.  sobok'8.] 


Same  as  soboles. 


som'ber.    Sober  differs  from  the "words  compared  'under  SOboleS  (sob'o-lez),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  soboles,  more 
grave  in  expressing  the  absence  of  exhilaration  or  excite-     prop,  suboles,  a  sprout,  shoot,  <  sub,  under,  + 


Whet"er     °lere<  inerease,  grow.        In   lot.,  a   shoot,  or 
ME.  soberen,  <  LL  sobri-    ere£PlnS  underground  stem;  also,  a  sucker,  or 


sober  (so'ber),  v. 
are,  make  sober, 
a.]  I.  trans.  1. 
toxication. 

A  little  learning  is  a  dangerous  thing; 
Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian  spring  • 
There  shallow  draughts  intoxicate  the  brain, 
And  drinking  largely  sobers  us  again. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  218. 
2f.  To  mitigate ;  assuage ;  soften ;  restrain. 
A I  my  lord,  &  it  like  yow  at  this  lefe  tyme. 
I  be-seche  you,  for  my  sake  sober  youre  wille. 


ducingjsoboles  :  producing  strong,  lithe  shoots. 

Sobranje  (so-bran'ye),  n.     [Bulg.  sobranje  (so- 
branie)  =  Russ.  sobranie,  an  assembly,  gather- 
ing.]    The  national  assembly  of  Bulgaria.    It 
consists  of  one  chamber,  and  is  composed  of  members 
chosen  to  the  number  of  one  for  every  10,000  inhabitants. 
On  extraordinary  occasions  a  Great  Sobranje  is  summoned 
composed  of  twice  this  number  of  members.    Also  written 
,  ______  _________  ,  ____  ______  Sobramje. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  1.  8491.  sobret,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  sober. 
Thy  Fadir  that  in  heuen  is  moste,  SObresailltt,  '*•   An  obsolete  form  of  somersault 

sobrctet,  H.   A  Middle  English  form  of  sobriety. 

^^  (so-bri'e-ti),  «.  [<  ME.  sobertc,  sobretc, 
<  OF.  snbrete,  F.  sobnett  =  Pr.  sobritat,  sobrie- 
tat  =  Sp.  sobriedad  =  Pg.  sobriedade  =  It.  «o- 
bricta,  <  L.  sobrieta(t-)s,  moderation,  temper- 
ance, <  sobrius,  moderate,  temperate:  see  so- 
fter.] The  state,  habit,  or  character  of  being 
sober.  Especially—  (a)  Temperance  or  moderation  in 
the  use  of  strong  drink. 

The  English  in  their  long  wars  in  the  Netherlands  first 
learned  to  drown  themselves  with  immoderate  drinking. 
...  Of  all  the  northern  nations,  they  had  been  before  this 
most  commended  for  their  sobriety.  Camden,  Elizabeth,  iii. 


He  vppon  highte, 

Thy  sorowes  for  to  sobir 

To  the  he  base  me  sente.     York  Plays,  p.  245. 

3.  To  make  serious,  grave,  or  sad :  often  fol- 
lowed by  down. 

The  essential  qualities  of  ...  majestic  simplicity,  pa- 
thetic earnestness  of  supplication,  sobered  by  a  profound 
reverence,  are  common  between  the  translations  [incor- 
porated into  the  English  Liturgy]  and  the  originals. 
Jfi 


. 

acaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

The  usually  buoyant  spirits  of  his  attendant  had  of  late 
been  materially  sobered  down. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  36. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  sober,  in  any  sense  of 
the  word.  Especially— (<z)  To  recover  from  intoxica- 
tion :  generally  with  up.  (b)  To  become  staid,  serious,  or 
grave :  often  followed  by  down. 

Vance  gradually  sobered  down.  Bvlwer.  (Imp.  Diet.) 
But  when  we  found  that  no  one  knew  which  way  to  go, 
we  sobered  down  and  waited  for  them  to  come  up ;  and  it 
was  well  we  did,  for  otherwise  probably  not  one  of  us 
would  ever  have  reached  California,  because  of  our  inex- 
perience. The  Century,  XLI.  113. 

sober-blooded  (so'tier-blud'ed),  a.  Free  from 
passion  or  enthusiasm;  cool-blooded;  cool; 
calm.  [Rare.] 

This  same  young  sober-blooded  boy,  ...  a  man  cannot 
make  him  laugh.  Shah.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  S.  94. 

SOberize  (so'ber-iz),  e. ;  pret.  and  pp.  soberized, 
ppr.  soberizing.  [<  sober  +  -ize.']  I.  trans.  To 
make  sober.  [Rare.] 

And  I  was  thankful  for  the  moral  sight, 
That  soberised  the  vast  and  wild  delight. 

Crabbe,  Tales  of  the  Hall,  vi. 

Turning  her  head,  .  .  .  she  saw  her  own  face  and  form 
in  the  glass.  Such  reflections  are  soberizing  to  plain  peo- 
ple ;  their  own  eyes  are  not  enchanted  with  the  image. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  vii. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  sober.  [Rare.]  Imp. 
Diet. 

Also  spelled  soberise. 

soberlyt  (so'ber-li),  a.  [<  ME.  soberly;  <  sober 
+  -ly*.]  Sober;  solemn;  sad. 

He  nas  nat  right  fat,  I  undertake, 
Bat  loked  holwe,  and  therto  soberly. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  289. 

soberly  (so'ber-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  soberly,  sobre- 
liche,  soburli/,  sobyrly ;  <  sober  +  -fy2.]  In 


(b)  Moderation  in  general  conduct  or  character  ;  avoid- 
ance of  excess  or  extremes. 

The  thridde  stape  of  sobreU  is  zette  and  loki  mesure  ine 
wordes.  Ayenbtte  of  Inu-yt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  254. 

That  women  adorn  themselves  in  modest  apparel,  with 
shamefacedness  and  sobriety;  not  with  broided  hair,  or 
gold,  or  pearls,  or  costly  array.  1  Tim.  ii.  9. 

We  admire  the  sobriety  and  elegance  of  the  architectural 
accessories.  C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  30. 

(c)  Reasonableness  ;  saneness  ;  soundness  :  as,  sobriety  of 
Judgment. 

Our  English  sobriety,  and  unwillingness,  if  I  may  use  the 
phrase,  to  make  fools  of  ourselves,  has  checked  our  philo- 
sophical ambition.  Leslie  Stephen,  Eng.  Thought,  i.  §  60. 

(d)  Modest  or  quiet  demeanor  ;  composure  ;  sedateness  ; 
dignity;  gravity;  staidness. 

In  the  other's  silence  do  I  see 
Maid's  mild  behaviour  and  sobriety. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  i.  1.  71. 

Though  he  generally  did  his  best  to  preserve  the  grav- 
ity and  sobriety  befitting  a  prelate,  some  flashes  of  his  mili- 
tary spirit  would,  to  the  last,  occasionally  break  forth. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

=  Syn.  (a)  and  (b)  Abstinence,  Temperance,  etc.  See  06- 
stemiousncsa.—ic)  and  (d)  Soberness,  moderation,  moder- 
ateness, regularity,  steadiness,  quietness. 
sobriquet  (so-bre-ka'),  n.  [Also  soubriquet;  < 
F.  sobriquet,  formerly  soubriquet,  sotbriquet,  a 
surname,  nickname,  formerly  also  a  jest,  quip; 
.prob.  a  transferred  use  of  OF.  soubriquet,  sonbz- 
briquet,  a  chuck  under  the  chin,  <  sous,  soubz 
(F.  sous)  (<  L.  sub),  under,  +  briquet,  brichet, 
brucliet,  bruschet,  F.  brechet,  the  breast,  throat, 
brisket  :  see  sub-  and  brisket.]  A  nickname  ;  a 
fanciful  appellation. 

"Amen  "  was  not  the  real  name  of  the  missionary  ;  but 
it  was  a  sobrvjitft  bestowed  by  the  soldiers,  on  account  of 
the  unction  with  which  this  particular  word  was  ordina- 
rily pronounced.  Cooper,  Oak  Openings,  xi. 


a 

sober  manner,  or  with  a  sober  appearance,  in 
any  sense  of  the  word  sober. 

sober-minded  (so'ber-min"ded),  n.    Temperate  soc,  n.     See 
in  mind;  self-controlled  and  rational.  Soc.     An  abbreviation  of  Society. 

Young  men  likewise  exhort  to  be  sober-minded. 

Tit.  11.  6. 

sober-mindedness  (sp'ber-min"ded-nes),  n. 
Sobriety  of  mind ;  wise  self-control  and  mod- 
eration. 


socage,  soccage  (sok'aj),  n.  [<  OF.  socage  (ML. 
socaf/itim);  as  soc  +  -afic."]  In  Jaw,  a  tenure  of 
lands  in  England  by  the  performance  of  cer- 
tain determinate  service:  distinguished  both 
from  knight-service,  in  which  the  render  was  un- 


sociable 

certain,  and  from  rilli  iinujr,  where  the  service 
wns  of  the  meanest  kind:  the  only  freehold 
tenure  in  England  after  the  abolition  of  mili- 
tary tenures.  Socage  hasgenerally  been  distinguished 
\ntofree  and  villein — Jreesocayr,  m  ctnrmi'ni  or  simple  foc- 
aijt,  where  the  service  was  not  only  certain  but  honorable, 
as  by  fealty  and  the  payment  of  a  small  sum,  as  of  a  few 
shillings,  in  name  uf  annual  rent,  and  /  iltrin  svcaye,  where 
the  service,  though  certain,  was  of  a  baser  nature,  'llils 
last  tmm  was  the  equivalent  of  what  is  now  called  copy- 
hold tenure. 

In  tocaye  land  — the  land,  that  is,  which  was  held  by 
free  tenure,  but  without  military  service  —  the  contest 
between  primogeniture  and  gavel  kind  was  still  undecided 
in  the  thirteenth  century.  /•'.  1'ollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  57. 
Guardianship  In  socage.  a  guardianship  at  common  law 
as  an  incident  to  lands  held  by  socage  tenure.  It  occurs 
where  the  infant  is  seized,  by  descent,  of  lands  or  other 
hereditaments  holden  by  that  tenure,  and  Is  conferred  on 
the  next  of  kin  tn  the  infant  who  cannot  possibly  Inherit 
the  lands  from  him.  Minor. — Socage  roll,  the  roll  of 
those  holding  under  socage  tenure  —  that  is,  within  a  soke. 
Ewjlish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  475  (glos«.). 

Also  it  ys  ordeyned  that  the  charter  of  the  seld  cite, 
with  the  ij.  Socage  Holies,  shullen  be  putt  In  the  comyn 
cofour.  •/,  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  376. 

socager,  soccager  (sok'aj-er),  ».  [<  socage  + 
-er1.]  A  tenant  by  socage ;  a  socman. 

so-called  (so'kald),  a.  See  so  called,  under  to*, 
adv. 

socaloin  (so-kal'o-in),  n.  [<  Soc(otra)  (see  Soco- 
tran)  +  aloin.]  A  bitter  principle  contained  in 
Socotrine  aloes.  See  aloin. 

SOCCage,  soccager.     See  socage,  socager. 

soccatedt,  a.    An  erroneous  form  of  socketed. 

Soccotrine,  a.    See  Socotran. 

socdolager,  n.    See  sockdolager. 

sociability  (so'shia-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  F.  sociability 
=  Sp.  todtmUdafm  Pg.  sociabilidade,  <  ML. 
sociabilita(t-)s,  <  it.  sociabilis,  sociable:  see  so- 
ciable.]  Sociable  disposition  or  tendency;  dis- 
position or  inclination  for  the  society  of  others ; 
sociableness. 

Such  then  was  the  rootand  foundation  of  the  sociability 
of  religion  In  the  ancient  world,  so  much  envied  by  mod- 
era  Pagans.  Warburtm,  Divine  Legation,  U.  1. 

The  true  ground  (of  society]  Is  the  acceptance  of  condi- 
tions which  came  into  existence  by  the  sociability  Inhe- 
rent in  man,  and  were  developed  by  man's  spontaneous 
search  after  convenience.  J.  Morley,  Rousseau,  II.  183. 
sociable  (so'shia-bl),  a.  and  ».  [<  F.  sociable 
=  Sp.  sociable  =  Pg.  sociavel  =  It.  sociabile,  < 
L.  sociabilis,  sociable,  <  sociare,  associate,  join, 
accompany:  see  satiate.]  I.  a.  If.  Capable  of 
being  conjoined;  fit  to  be  united  in  one  body 
or  company. 

Another  law  there  Is,  which  toucheth  them  as  they  are 
sociable  parts  united  into  one  body ;  a  law  which  bindeth 
them  each  to  serve  unto  other's  good. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  L  3. 

2.  Disposed  to  associate  or  unite  with  others; 
inclined  to  company;  of  social  disposition;  so- 
cial ;  of  animals,  social. 

Society  Is  no  comfort 
To  one  not  sociable.     Shak.,  Cymbellne,  Iv.  2. 13. 

3.  Disposed  to  be  friendly  and  agreeable  in 
company ;  frank  and  companionable  ;  conver- 
sible. 

This  Macilente,  signlor,  begins  to  be  more  sociable  on  a 
sudden,  methinks,  than  he  was  before. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  IT.  6. 
4f.  Friendly:  with  reference  to  a  particular 
individual. 

Is  the  king  sociable, 

And  bids  thee  live  ?  Beau,  and  Fl. 

The  sociable  and  loving  reproof  of  a  Brother. 

Milton,  Reformation  In  Eng.,  L 
6.  Affording  opportunities  for  sociability  and 
friendly  conversation. 

I  will  have  no  little,  dirty,  second-hand  chariot  new 
furbished,  but  a  large,  sociable,  well  painted  coach. 

Wycherley,  Gentleman  Dancing-Master,  T.  1. 
6.  Characterized  by  sociability  and  the  ab- 
sence of  reserve  and  formality :  as,  a  sociable 
party. —  7.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  constituting 
society;  social.  [Rare.] 

His  divine  discourses  were  chiefly  spent  In  pressing  men 
to  exercise  those  graces  which  adorn  the  sociable  state. 

Bp.  Atterbury,  Sermons,  I.  x. 

Sociable  weaver  or  weaver-bird.  See  vxaixr-bird, 
and  cuts  tinder  Philetarus  and  Hne-nrst.  =Sjrn.  2  and  3. 
Social,  Sociable,  friendly,  communicative,  familiar.  So  far 
as  social  and  sociable  arc  like  In  meaning,  sociable  Is  the 
stronger  and  more  familiar.  They  nitty  differ  in  that  w- 
eial  may  express  more  of  the  permanent  character,  and 
sociable  the  temporary  mood:  man  is  a  social  being,  but 
is  not  always  inclined  to  be  sociable. 

II.  n.  1.  An  open  four-wheeled  carriage  with 
seats  facing  each  other. 

They  set  out  on  their  little  party  of  pleasure ;  the  chil- 
dren went  with  their  mother,  to  their  great  delight,  In  the 
sociable.  Miss  Edgevorth,  Belinda,  xlx. 

2.  A  tricycle  with  seats  for  two  persons  side 
by  side. 


5744 

effect  of  existing  social  forces  and  their resulton  the  gen- 
eral well-being  of  the  com  munity,  without  directly  discuss- 
ing or  expounding  the  theories  or  examining  the  prob- 


sociable 

A  sociable  is  a  wide  machine  having  two  seats,  side  by 
side.  This  style  of  cycle  has  been  used  in  Europe  for 
wedding  trips.  Tribune  Buok  of  Sports,  p.  454. 

3.  A  kind  of  couch  or  chair  with  a  curved 
S-sbaped  back,  and  seats  for  two  persons,  who 
sit  side  by  side  and  partially  facing  each  other. 
Also  called  vis-a-cis. — 4.  A  gathering  of  people 
for  social  purposes;  an  informal  party;  espe- 
cially, a  social  church  meeting.  [U.  S.] 

Their  wildest  idea  of  dissipation  was  a  church  sociable, 
or  a  couple  of  tickets  to  opera  or  theater. 

Tlie  Centura,  XL.  272. 

SOCiableness  (so'shia-bl-nes),  «.     [<  sociable  + 
-ness.'}     Sociable  character  or  disposition;  in-     "'eluding  hornets  or  yellow-jackets, .which  build  large 

,  .     i     .     j.  nnnprv   tipfitK    InhAtlftMl    MV    many    individuals       Kpp  puts 

chnation  to  company  and  social  intercourse ; 
sociability.  Bailey,  1727. 


society 

II.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of 
socialism  or  its  advocates;  relating  to  or  favor- 


branch.— Social  statics,  that  branch  of  sociology  which 
treats  of  the  conditions  of  the  stability  or  equilibrium  of 
the  different  parts  of  society  or  the  theory  of  the  mutual 
action  and  reaction  of  contemporaneous  social  phenomena 
on  each  other,  giving  rise  to  what  is  called  social  order. — 
Social  war,  in  Rom. 


It  must  be  remembered  that  in  a  mcialist  farm  or  manu- 
factory each  labourer  would  be  under  the  eye,  not  of  one 
master,  but  of  the  whole  community. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  II.  1.  §  S. 

socialistic  (so-sha-lis'tik),  a.    [<  socialist  +  -ic.~\ 

•3UU1C11     WCfcl,     111     JtVfl.     (tK,!..,      Lilt.     ITC41     \ou  —  uu    U.^.J    111      TTllllHll  T\~,  ,          .          .  L         "  1  .        i"  *  J.»  .         , 

the  Italian  tribes  specially  termed  the  allies  (socii)  of  the  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of  the  social- 
ists; based  on  the  principles  of  socialism:  as, 
socialistic  schemes;  socialistic  legislation. 

Socialistic  troubles  of  close  bonds 
Betwixt  the  generous  rich  and  grateful  poor. 

Mrs.  Broinriny,  Aurora  Leigh,  viii. 
The  general  tendency  is  to  regard  as  socialistic  any  in- 
terference with  property  undertaken  by  society  on  behalf 
of  the  poor,  the  limitation  of  the  principle  of  laissez-faire 


Roman  state  fought  for  admission  into  Roman  citizen- 
ship. In  the  end  the  allies  virtually  obtained  all  they 
strove  for,  though  at  the  expense  of  much  bloodshed.  Also 
called  the  Marsic  tear,  from  the  Marsi,  who  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  movement. —  Social  Wasps,  the  Vespidie, 
including  hornets  or  yellowjackets,  which  build  large 
papery  nests  inhabited  by  many  individuals.  See  cuts 
under  hornet,  Polities,  and  wasp.— The  social  evil  See 
evill.  =Syn.  See  sociable. 


Sociably  (so'shia-bli),  adv.  In  a  sociable  man-  social-democratic  (so'shal-dem-o-krat'ik),  ft.  in  favour  of  the  suffering  classes,  radical  social  reform 
ner;  with  free  intercourse;  conversibly;  fa-  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Social  Democrats;  char-  which  disturbs  the  present  system  of  private  property  as 
miliarlv.  Saileu.  1727.  nr-rpri™,!  hx  •«*«.«  regulated  by  free  competition.  Encyc.  Brit,,  XXII.  205. 


miliarly.     Bailey,  1727. 


acterized  by  or  founded  on  the  principles  of  the 


'•] 
is  a  social  animal. — 2.  Companionable;  socia-     Apidse,  including  the  genera  Bombus  and  Apis, 


social  (so'shal),  a.  [=  F.  social  =  Sp.  Pg.  social  democracy :  as,  social-democratic  agita-  socialistically  (so-sha-lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
social  =  It.  sbciale  =  G.  social,  <  L.  socialis,  of  tion.- Social-democratic  party.  Same  as  social  de-  socialistic  manner;  in  accordance  with  the 
or  belonging  to  a  companion  or  companionship  mocraey  (which  see,  under  social).  principles  of  socialism. 

or  association,  social,  <  socius,  a  companion,  Sociales  (so-si-a'lez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  so-  sociality  (so-shi-al'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  socialite  = 
fellow,  partner,  associate,  ally,  as  an  adj.  par-  cialis,  sociable,  social.]  A  group  of  social  as-  It.  socialM,  <  L.  socialita(t-)g,  fellowship,  so- 
taking,  sharing,  associated,  <  scqui,  follow:  see  cidians,  corresponding  to  the  family  Clavelli-  ciality,  <  gocialis,  social:  see  social.']  1.  The 
sequent.}  1.  Disposed  to  live  in  companies;  nidse.  character  of  being  social;  social  quality  or  dis- 

delighting  in  or  desirous  of  the  company,  fel-  Socialities  (so"si-a-li'ne),  n .  nl.  [NL.,  <  L.  sod-  position ;  sociability ;  social  intercourse,  or  its 
lowship,  and  cooperation  of  others:  as,  man  alls,  social,  +  -inae.  ]  A  subfamily  of  the  family  enjoyment. — 2.  The  impulses  which  cause  men 

to  form  society.  Sociality,  in  this  sense,  is  a  wider 
term  than  sociability,  which  embraces  only  the  higher 
parts  of  sociality.  The  latter  is  a  philosophical  word,  while 
the  former  is  common  in  familiar  language. 

Sociality  and  individuality,  .  .  .  liberty  and  discipline, 
and  all  the  other  standing  antagonisms  of  practical  life. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Liberty,  11. 

socialization  (s6"shal-i-za'shon),  >i.  [(socialize 
+  -ation.}  The  act  of  socializing,  or  the  state 
of  being  socialized ;  the  act  of  placing  or  es- 
tablishing something  on  a  socialistic  basis. 
Also  spelled  socialisation. 

It  was  necessary  in  order  to  bring  about  the  socialim- 
iw  we  see. 
Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLII.  648. 


ble;  ready  to  mix  in  friendly  relations  or  inter-    the  species  of  which  live  in  communities;  the 
course  with  one's  fellows;  also,  characteristic     social  bees.    Each  species  is  composed  of  three  classes 

of  individuals — males,  females,  and  workers.  They  have 
the  power  of  secreting  wax,  from  which  their  cells  are 
made,  and  the  larva?  are  fed  by  the  workers,  whose  legs 
are  furnished  with  corbicula  or  pollen-baskeU.  See  cuts 
under  Apidie,  bumblebee,  and  corbiculum. 


of  companionable  or  sociable  persons:  as,  so- 
cial tastes ;  a  man  of  fine  social  instincts. 

Withers,  adieu  I  yet  not  with  thee  remove 
Thy  martial  spirit  or  thy  social  love ! 

Pope,  Epitaph  on  withers,  socialisation,  socialise.    See  socialization,  so- 

He  (King  John]  was  of  an  amiable  disposition,  social     cialize. 

and  fond  of  pleasure,  and  so  little  jealous  of  his  royal  anrialiom  fsn'sTiiil  i^rnl    n       {—  V  snrinlieme  — 
dignity  that  he  mixed  freely  in  the  dances  and  other  en-  '  3nai-lzm;,  «.      L_  *  •  SOCiaiume  - 

tertainments  of  the  humblest  of  his  subjects.  SP-  Pg-  sociahsmo  =  Q.  socMltsmus  ;  as  social  + 

Prescott,  yerd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  23.     -Sly.]     Any  theory  or  system  of  social  organi-        ^  wwi  llcl;eBlalr,.  „,  orue 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  society,  or  to  the  com-    zatlotl  which  would  abolish,  entirely  or  in  great     «<,„  Of  labour  which  now  w. 
munity  as  a  body:  as,  social  duties,  interests,     Par>  the  individual  effort  and  competition  on 


usages,  problems,  questions,  etc.;  social  sci- 
ence. 

Thou  in  thy  secresy,  although  alone, 
Best  with  thyself  accompanied,  seek'st  not 
Social  communication.         Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  429. 
To  love  our  neighbour  as  ourselves  is  such  afundamen- 


.,    .    .,         .      . 

which  modern  society  rests  and  substitute  for  socialize  (so'shal-iz),  t>.  (.;  pret.  and  pp.  social- 
it  cooperative  action,  would  introduce  a  more  ized,  ppr.  socializing.  [<  social  +  -ire  f  1  To 
perfect  and  equal  distribution  of  the  products  render  social 


VVe  could  right  pleasantly  pursue 
Our  sports  in  social  silence  too. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.,  Int. 

Emerson  is  very  fair  to  the  antagonistic  claims  of  soli- 
tary and  social  life.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xi. 

4.  Inzool. :  (a)  Associating  together;  gregari- 
ous; given  to  flocking;  republican;  sociable: 
as,  social,  ants,  bees,  wasps,  or  birds,  (ft)  Colo- 
nial, aggregate,  or  compound;  not  simple  or 
solitary :  as,  the  social  ascidians ;  social  polyps. 
See  Sociales. — 5.  In  hot.,  noting  species  of 
plants,  as  the  common  ragweed  (Ambrosia  tri- 
fida),  in  which  the  individuals  grow  in  clumps 
or  patches,  or  often  cover  large  tracts  to  the 
exclusion  of  other  species.  Species  of  sage-brush 
the  common  white  pine  and  other  conifers  forming  exten- 
sive forests,  species  of  seaweed,  etc.,  are  social.  — Social 
ascidians.  See  Sociales  and  ClaaelKnidte.— Social  bees 
the  Apidie,  including  the  hive-bees  :  distinguished  from 
solitary  bees,  or  Andrenidie.  See  Sonatinas.— Social  con- 
tract, or  original  contract  See  contract. — Social  de- 
mocracy, the  principles  of  the  Social  Democrats  •  the 
scheme  or  system  of  social  and  democratic  reforms  pro- 
posed and  aimed  at  by  the  Social  Democrats  of  Germany 
and  elsewhere ;  the  party  of  the  Social  Democrats.— So- 
cial Democrat,  a  member  of  a  socialistic  party  found- 
ed in  Germany  in  1863  by  Ferdinand  Lassalle,  whose 
ultimate  object  is  the  abolition  of  the  present  forms  of 
government  and  the  substitution  of  a  socialistic  one  in 
which  labor  interests  shall  he  supreme,  land  and  capi- 
tal  shall  both  belong  to  the  people,  private  competition 
shall  cease,  its  place  being  taken  by  associations  of  work- 
ing-men, production  shall  he  regulated  and  limited  by 
officers  chosen  by  the  people,  and  the  whole  product  of 
industry  shall  be  distributed  among  the  producers  For 
the  present  its  members  content  themselves  with  the  pro- 
motion of  measures  for  the  amelioration  of  the  condition 
W^MSSSP  "Iff"68'  8uch  "*  8h°rtening  the  hours  of 
and  V  .'0,rbllld.'n«  'he  employment  of  children  in  factories 
and  higher  education  for  all.  Social  Democrats  are  now 

th™&,ltedS&0f  "*•  C°"!Vtrie8  of  Europe,  as  we"  as°n 
the  Lnited  States.  Since  the  fusion  of  the  Lassalle  and 
Marx  groups  of  socialists  in  1875,  the  soda] Tmocrato 
SffitaSSHS^SS ^ad  re™rkable  development  -So- 

NB^Aid&EHi 
«w«s»S«sg^:K 
sS^p^aLJiSSSSS£ 

to  the  social  condition,  the  relations  and  the  institutic 
wh!ch  are  involved  in  man's  existence  and  r  Is  well  he "ne  "s 
a  member  of  an  organized  community.    It  concerns  S 
more  especially  with  questions  relating" 


.I 
inals,  pauperism,  and  the  like.    It  thus  deals  with  the 


joint  possession  of  the  members  of  the  com- 
munity. The  name  is  used  to  include  a  great  variety 
of  social  theories  and  reforms  which  have  more  or  less  of 
this  character. 

What  is  characteristic  of  socialism  is  the  joint  owner- 
ship by  all  the  members  of  the  community  of  the  instru- 
ments and  means  of  production  ;  which  carries  with  it 
the  consequence  that  the  division  of  the  produce  among 
the  body  of  owners  must  be  a  public  act  performed  ac- 
cording to  rules  laid  down  by  the  community.  Socialism 
by  no  means  excludes  private  ownership  of  articles  of 
consumption.  J.  S.  Mill,  Socialism. 

Socialism,  .  .  .  while  it  may  admit  the  state's  right  of 
property  over  against  another  state,  does  away  with  all 
ownership,  on  the  part  of  members  of  the  state,  of  things 
that  do  not  perish  in  the  using,  or  of  their  own  labor  in 
creating  material  products. 

Woolsey,  Communism  and  Socialism,  p.  7. 

Christian  socialism,  a  doctrine  of  somewhat  socialistic 
tendency  which  sprang  up  in  England  about  1S50,  and 
flourished  under  the  leadership  of  Charles  Kingsley 
Frederick  D.  Maurice,  Thomas  Hughes,  and  others.  The 
mam  contentions  of  its  advocates  were  (1)  that  Christian- 
ity should  be  directly  applied  to  the  ordinary  business  of 
life,  and  that  in  view  of  this  the  present  system  of  compe- 
tition should  give  place  to  cooperative  associations  both 
productive  and  distributive,  where  all  might  work  toge- 
ther as  brothers ;  (2)  that  any  outer  change  of  the  labor- 
er s  life,  as  aimed  at  in  most  socialistic  schemes,  would  not 
suffice  to  settle  the  labor  question,  but  that  there  must  be 
an  inner  change  brought  about  by  education  and  eleva- 
tion of  character,  especially  through  Christianity ;  and  (3) 
that  the  aid  of  the  state  should  not  be  invoked  further 
than  to  remove  all  hostile  legislation.  A  similar  scheme 
appeared  somewhat  earlier  in  France.  The  doctrines  of 
Christian  socialism,  or  similar  doctrines  under  the  same 
name,  have  been  frequentlyadvocated  in  the  United  States 
-Professorial  socialism.  Same  as  socialism  of  the  chair. 
-  Socialism  of  the  chair,  a  name  (first  used  in  ridicule 
in  1872  by  Oppenheim,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  National 
Liberals)  for  the  doctrines  of  a  school  of  political  economy 
in  Germany  which  repudiated  the  principle  of  laisser-faire 
adopted  in  the  study  of  political  economy  the  historical 
method  (which  see,  under  historical),  and  strove  to  secure 
the  aid  of  the  state  in  bringing  about  a  better  distribution 
of  the  products  of  labor  and  capital,  especially  to  bring 
to  the  laborer  a  larger  share  of  this  product,  and  to  elevate 
s  condition  by  means  of  factory  acts,  savings-banks, 
sanitary  measures,  shortening  of  the  hours  of  labor,  etc. 
socialist  (so'shal-ist),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  socia- 
fesfc  =  Sp.  Pg.  socialista  =  G.  socialist;  as  social 
+  -ist.j  I.  n.  One  who  advocates  socialism. 

n,*!0?"}681  who  can  do  most  *or  tne  common  good  is  not 
the  kind  of  competition  which  Socialiits  repudiate 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  II.  i.  §  3. 

Christian  socialist,  a  believer  in,  or  an  advocate  of,  the 
doctrines  of  Christian  socialism  Sevsocialism  -  Prates 
BOrlal  socialist.  Same  as  socialist  of  the  chair.-  Social- 
f  the  chair,  a  believer  in,  or  an  advocate  of,  socialism 
of  the  chair.  See  socialism. 


the  world  a  happier  and  better  one. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.  128. 
2.  To  form  or  regulate  according  to  the  theo- 
ries of  socialism. 
Also  spelled  socialise. 

socially  (so'shal-i),  adr.  In  a  social  manner  or 
way:  as,  to  mingle  socially  with  one's  neigh- 
bors. Latham. 

SOCialness  (so'shal-nes),  n.  Social  character 
or  disposition ;  sociability  or  sociality.  Bailey, 

sociatet  (so'shi-at),  v.  i.  [<  L.  sociatus,  pp.  of 
sociare,  join,  associate,  accompany,  <  socius, 
partaking,  associated,  as  a  noun  a  companion, 
fellow :  see  social.  Cf.  associate.]  To  asso- 
ciate. 

They  seem  also  to  have  a  very  great  love  for  professors 
that  are  sincere ;  and.  above  all  others,  to  desire  to  sociate 
with  them,  and  to  be  in  their  company. 

Bvnyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  254. 

sociatet  (so'shi-at),  n.     [<  L.  sociatus,  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]    An  associate. 
Fortitude  is  wisdom's \sociate. 

Middleton,  Solomon  Paraphrased,  vi. 
As  for  you.  Dr.  Reynolds,  and  your  sociates,  how  much 
are  ye  bound  to  his  majesty's  clemency ! 

Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  X.  i.  22. 

SOCiative  (so'shia-tiv),  a.  [<  sociate  +  -ire.] 
Expressing  association,  cooperation,  or  accom- 
paniment. [Rare.] 

The  pure  dative,  the  locative,  and  the  instrumental  (in- 
cluding the  sociative). 

Trans.  Amer.  PhUol.  Ass.,  XVII.  79. 

SOCietarian  (so-si-e-ta'ri-an),  a.     [<  societary  + 
-an.}    Of  or  pertaining  to  society. 
The  all-sweeping  besom  of  societarian  reformation. 

Lamb,  Decay  of  Beggars. 

societary  (so-si'e-ta-ri),  a.  [=  F.  socictaire;  as 
soeift-y  +  -ary.'}  Of  or  pertaining  to  society; 
societarian.  [Rare.] 

A  philosopher  of  society,  in  search  of  laws  that  measure 

and  forces  that  govern  the  aggregate  societary  movement. 

If.  A.  .Kei'.,CXXXIX.  18. 

society  (so-si'e-ti),  n. ;  pi.  societies  (-tiz).  [<  F. 
societe  =  Pr.  societat  =  Sp  sociedad  =  Pg.  socie- 
dade=  It.  societa,  <  L.  societa(t-)s,  companion- 
ship, society,  <  socius,  sharing,  partaking,  asso- 
ciated, as  a  noun  a  companion,  fellow:  see 
social.}  1.  Fellowship;  companionship;  com- 
pany: as,  to  enjoy  the  society  of  the  learned;  to 
avoid  the  society  of  the  vicious. 


society 

Hoi.  1  beseech  your  society. 

n,    i        And  th?nk  you'  too;  'or  society,  suith  the  text,  in 
the  happiness  of  life.  SA«J-..  I..  L.  L.,  iv.  21(17 

The  sentiments  which  beautify  and  soften  private  *>- 
"*  Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

2f.  Participation;  sympathy. 

If  the  partie  die  in  the  euening,  they  weepe  all  night 

with  a  high  voice  calling  their  neighbors  and  kinred  to 

society  of  their  griefe.  Purehat,  Pilgrimage,  p.  847. 

The  meanest  of  the  people,  and  such  as  have  least  *>- 

nftij  with  the  acts  and  crimes  of  kings. 

Jer.  Taylor.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

3.  Those  persons  collectively  who  are  united 
by  the  common  bond  of  neighborhood  and  in- 
tercourse, and  who  recognize  one  another  as 
associates,  friends,  and  acquaintances.— 4  An 
entire  civilized  community,  or  a  body  of  some 
or  all  such  communities  collectively,  with  its  or 
their  body  of  common  interests  and  aims:  with 
especial  reference  to  the  state  of  civilization 
thought,  usage,  etc.,  at  any  period  or  in  anv 
land  or  region. 

Although  society  and  government  are  thus  intimately 
connected  with  and  dependent  on  each  other  of  the  two 
moiety  is  the  greater.  J.  c.  Calhmm,  Works,  I.  5. 

Among  philosophical  politicians  there  has  been  spread- 
ing the  perception  that  the  progress  of  society  is  an  evolu- 
B.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  117. 
Specifically  — 5.  The  more  cultivated  part  of 
any  community  in  its  social  and  intellectual 
relations,  interests,  and  influences;  in  a  nar- 
row sense,  those,  collectively,  who  are  recog- 
nized as  taking  the  lead  in  fashionable  life; 
those  persons  of  wealth  and  position  who  pro- 
fess to  act  in  accordance  with  a  more  or  less 
artificial  and  exclusive  code  of  etiquette ;  fash- 
ionable people  in  general :  as,  he  is  not  received 
into  society.  In  this  sense  frequently  used  ad- 
jectively :  as,  society  people  ;  society  gossip ;  a 
society  journal. 

Society  became  interested,  and  opened  its  ranks  to  wel- 
come one  who  had  just  received  the  brevet  of  "  Man  of 
Letters. '  Hayward,  Letters,  I.  ii.  (Eneyc.  Diet.) 

These  envied  ladies  have  no  more  chance  of  establish- 
ing  themselves  in  society  than  the  benighted  squire's  wife 
in  .Somersetshire,  who  reads  of  their  doings  in  the  Morn- 
Thacleray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxvii 


5745 
'k.6.".*"!*.'"1"?'  Polished  character.— The 


-I.— 6  and  7.  Union,  league,  lodge. 

socii,  «.    Plural  of  eooiui, 

Socinian  (so-sin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [=  Sp.  Pg 
It.  WOfetaftO,  <  NL.  S»,'ii, (rtwwx,  <  />'„,.,•„„*  (II. 
bogsmt):  gee  def.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Lielius 
or  *  austus  Socinus  or  their  religious  creed. 

II.  «.  One  who  holds  to  Socinian  doctrines, 
nee  aofmianism. 

Socinianism  (so-sin'i-an-izm),  n.  [<  Soci,,i,:,, 
l-  -(*'».]  The  doctrines  of  the  Italian  theologi- 
ans LsBlras  Socinus  (1525-62)  and  Faustus  So- 
cinus (1539-1604)  and  their  followers.  The  t, „„ 

»i,lir T  K'C1  U8fage.a  .general  ""^  aml  '"dudes  a  con- 
smerable  variety  of  opinion.  The  Socinians  believe  that 
Lniist  was  a  man,  miraculously  conceived  and  divinely 
endowed  and  thus  entitled  to  honor  and  reverence  but 
to  nlSrv!  T ine,worBnip;  that  the  object  of  his  death  was 
to  perfect  and  complete  his  example  and  to  prepare  the 

OhJi.H1'  V,"  re»8v!"7KCti40.D'  the  nece881"T  historical basis  of 

tianity :  that  baptism  is  a  declarative  rite  merely  and 

ie  IXMII  s  Supper  merely  commemorative  ;  that  divine 

grace  is  general  and  exerted  through  the  means  of  grace 

not  special  and  personally  efficacious ;  that  the  Holy  Spirit 

Is  not  a  distinct  person,  but  the  divine  energy  ;  that  the 

authority  of  Scripture  is  subordinate  to  that  of  the  reason  • 

evn  «™9,?i     i8,Pure.b.>'  nature.  though  contaminated  by 
l  example  and  teaching  from  a  very  early  age  •  and  that 
salvation  consists  in  accepting  Christ's  teaching  and  fol- 
lowing  his  example.    The  Socinians  thus  occupy  theoloKi- 
rally  a  midway  position  between  the  Arians,  who  main- 
the  divinity  of  Jesus  Christ,  but  deny  that  he  is  co- 
equal  with  the  lather,  and  the  Humanitarians,  who  deny 
his  supernatural  character  altogether. 
Socinianize  (eo-sin'i-an-iz),  t'.  t.;  pret.  and  pp 
Sociniamzed,  ppr.  Sociiiianizing .     [<  Sfx-ini,,,,  + 
-»«!.]     To  render  Socinian  in  doctrine  or  be- 
lief; tinge  or  tincture  with  Socinian  doctrines; 
convert  to  Socinianism.    Also  spelled  Socini- 
amse. 

I  cannot  be  ordained  before  I  have  subscribed  and  taken 
some  oaths.  Neither  of  which  will  pass  very  well,  if  I  am 
ever  so  little  Poplshly  Inclined  or  Sonnianu'd. 

Tom  Brown,  Works,  I.  4.    (Daniel.) 


As  to  society  in  1837,  contemporary  commentators  differ 
for,  according  to  some,  society  was  always  gambling  run. 
ningaway  with  each  other's  wives,  causing  and  commit- 
ting scandals,  or  whispering  them  ;  the  men  were  spend- 
thrifts and  profligates,  the  women  extravagant  and  heart- 
W  Besant,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  110. 
6.  An  organized  association  of  persons  united 
for  the  promotion  of  some  common  purpose  or 
object,  whether  religious,  benevolent,  literary, 
scientific,  political,  convivial,  or  other ;  an  as- 
sociation for  pleasure,  profit,  or  usefulness ;  a 
social  union ;  a  partnership ;  a  club  :  as,  the 
Society  of  Friends ;  the  Society  of  the  Cincin- 
nati; a  sewing  society;  a,  friendly  society. 

In  this  sense  the  Church  Is  always  a  visible  society  of 
men  ;  not  an  assembly,  but  a  society. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  iii.  1. 

It  is  now  near  two  hundred  years  since  the  Society  of 
Quakers  denied  the  authority  of  the  rite  altogether  and 
gave  good  reasons  for  disusing  it. 

Emerson,  The  Lord's  Supper. 


SOClOgeny  (so-shi-oj'e-ni),  n.  [<  L.  socius,  a 
companion  (see  social),  +  Gr.  -yfveia,  produc- 
tion :  see  -geny,]  The  science  of  the  origin  or 
genesis  of  society. 

SOCiography  (so-shi-og'ra-fi).  «.  [<  L.  socius, 
a  companion,  +  -ypajua,  <  ypfyeiv,  write.]  The 
observing  and  descriptive  stage  of  sociology. 
O.T.  Mason,  Smithsonian  Report.  1881,  p.  501. 

SOCiologic  (so"8hi-9-loj'ik),  a.  [<  sociolog-y  + 
-Jc.]  Same  as  sociological. 

sociological  (so"shi-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  sociologic 
+  -al.~]  Of  or  pertaining  to  sociology,  or  so- 
ciologic  principles  or  matters :  as,  sociological 
studies  or  observations. 


-ist.]  One  who  treats  of  or  devotes  himself  to 
the  study  of  sociology.  J.  S.  Mill. 
sociology  (so-shi-ol'9-ji),  n.  [<  L.  socius,  a 
companion,  +  Gr.  -toyta,  <  Mymv,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  The  science  of  social  phenomena;  the 
science  which  investigates  the  laws  regulating 
human  society ;  the  science  which  treats  of  the 

~    T  '    general  structure  of  society,  the  laws  of  its 

Specifically- 7    In  cedes,  law,  in  some  of  the    development,  the  progress  of  civilization,  and 
H!"  „  !?.?la!e.lLth_e^05?°,ratlon.?,r  seculai;  body    all  that  relates  to  socfety. 


organized  pursuant  to  law  with  power  to  sue 
and  be  sued,  and  to  hold  and  administer  all  the 
temporalities  of  a  religious  society  or  church, 
as  distinguished  from  the  body  of  communi- 
cants ormembers  united  bya  confession  of  faith. 
When  so  used  in  this  specific  sense,  members  of  the  so- 
ciety are  those  who  are  entitled  under  the  law  to  vote  for 
trustees  —  usually  adults  who  have  been  stated  attendants 
for  one  year  and  have  contributed  to  the  support  of  the 
organization  according  to  its  usages,  while  members  of 
the  church  are  those  who  have  entered  into  a  religious 
covenant  with  one  another.  To  a  considerable  extent 
both  bodies  are  the  same  persons  acting  in  different  capa- 
cities. Under  the  law  in  some  Jurisdictions,  and  in  some 
denominations  in  all  jurisdictions,  there  is  no  such  dis- 
tinction.—Amalgamated  societies.  See  amalgamate. 
-  Bible,  building,  cooperative,  etc.,  society.  See  the 
qualifying  words.  — Dorcas  Society,  an  association  of 
women  organized  for  the  supply  of  clothes  to  the  poor : 
named  from  the  Dorcas  mentioned  in  Acts  ix.  36.  Fre- 
quently the  members  of  the  society  meet  at  stated  times 
and  work  in  common.  Partial  payment  is  generally  re- 
quired from  all  except  the  very  poorest  recipients.—  Emi- 
grant aid  societies.  Sue  emigrant.— Fruit-bringing 
Society.  Same  as  Order  of  the  Palm  (which  see,  under 
•palm*).— Guaranty  society.  See  tfuaronfy.— Har- 
mony Society.  See  Harmonist,  4.—  Red-Cross  Socie- 
ty, Ribbon  Soctety,  etc.  See  the  adjectives.— Society 
hands,  in  printing,  workmen  who  belong  to  a  trade 
society,  and  work  under  Its  rules.  (Eng.) —  Society 
nouses,  in  printing,  offices  that  conform  to  the  rules  of  a 
trade  society.  [Eng.j— Society  journal  or  newspaper, 
a  Journal  which  professes  to  chronicle  the  doings  of  fash- 
'onable  society.  -  Society  of  the  Perfectlbilists.  Same 
as  Order  of  the  llluminati  (which  see,  under  Illuminati). 
—  Society  screw.  See  tenwi.—  Society  verse,  verse 
concerned  with  the  lighter  society  topics;  poetry  of  a 


The  philosophical  student  of  sociology  assumes  as  data 
the  general  and  undisputed  facts  of  human  nature  and 
with  the  aid  of  all  such  concrete  facts  as  he  can  get  from 
history  he  constructs  his  theory  of  the  general  course  of 
social  evolution  —  of  the  changes  which  societies  have 
undergone,  or  will  undergo,  under  given  conditions. 

J.  Fitke,  Evolutionist,  p.  198. 

socionomy  (so-shi-on'o-mi).  n.  [<  L.  sociun, 
a  companion,  +  Gr.  vd>of,  law:  see  name6.'] 
The  deductive  and  predictive  stage  of  soci- 
ology. O.  T.  Mason,  Smithsonian  Report,  1881, 
p.  501.  , 

SOCius  (so'shi-us),  «.;  pi.  socii  (-i).  [NL.,  <  L. 
socius,  a.  companion,  associate :  see  social.]  An 
associate ;  a  member  or  fellow,  as  of  a  sodal- 
ity, an  academy,  or  an  institution  of  learning. 
[Archaic.] 

socius  criminis  (so'shi-us  krim'i-nis).  [L.: 
socius,  a  sharer,  a  partner  (see  social) ;  criminis, 
gen.  of  crimea,  fault,  offense:  see  crime.']  In 
law,  an  accomplice  or  associate  in  the  commis- 
sion of  a  crime. 

sock1  (sok),  «.  [<  ME.  socke,  sokke,  sok,  <  AS. 
socc  =  OFries.  sokka  =  MD.  socke,  D.  sole  = 
OHG.  soc,  soch,  MHG.  soc,  G.  socke  =  MLG. 
socke  =  Icel.  sokkr  =  Sw.  socka  =  Dan.  sokke, 
a  sock,  =  F.  socque,  a  clog,  =  Pr.  soc  =  Sp.  ztieco, 
zoco  =  Pg.  socco,  a  clog,  =  It.  socco,  half-boot, 
<  L.  soccus,  a  light  shoe  or  slipper,  buskin, 
sock.  Hence  socket.']  1.  Alight  shoe  worn  by 
the  ancient  actors  of  comedy ;  hence,  comedy, 


socket 

in  distinction  from  tra(,'o<ly,  which  is  symbol- 
ized by  the  buskin. 

Where  be  the  sweeti  di-lights .,[  I,  ;,i  nine-  treasure. 
That  wont  with  Comtek  xxk  to  beauU'dc 
The  paints  I  Theaters? 

Spenser,  Tears  of  the  Muses,  1.  17(1. 
Then  to  the  well-trod  stage  anon. 
If  Jonson's  learned  socle  l. 
Or  sweetest  Shakespeare,  Fancy's  child. 
Warble  his  native  wood-notes  wild 

Milton,  L'Allegr... 

2.  A  knitted  or  woven  covering  fur  the-  foot, 
shorter  than  a  stocking;  a  stocking  n-ai-hin^ 
but  a  short  distance  above  tin-  ankle. 
Hli  weren  socket  In  here  shon,  and  felted  botes  above 

Political  Songs  (ed.  WrlghtX  P-  '«"- 

3f.  A  sandal,  wooden  patten,  or  clog  for  \\\<- 
feet,  worn  by  the  friars  called  Recollett-      / 
Phillip*,  1706. 

sock12  (sok),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ».«•/•/ .  *«,•/•/ 
=  MD.  sock,  <  OF.  soc,  F.  dial,  so,  sole,  sou  (ML. 
soccus),  a  plowshare,  <  Bret,  souc'h,  soc'h  = 
Gael.  «oc  =  W.  swch  =  Corn,  soch,  a  plowshare, 
a  snout.]  A  plowshare;  a  movable  share 
slipped  over  the  sole  of  a  plow. 
SOCk3t  (sok),  r.  t.  [Origin  obscure.]  To  sew 
up. 

Needels  wherwlth  dead  bodies  are  sowne  or  sockt  into 
their  sheets,     fi.  Scot,  Disooverie  of  Witchcraft  (N.  and  O 

[8th  ser.,  XI.  288X 

The  same  needles  thrust  into  their  pillows 
That  sews  and  socks  up  dead  men  In  their  sheets. 

Middleton,  The  Witch,  I.  2. 
soci4t,  «.    Same  as  sake1. 

sock5  (sok),  v.  t.  [Perhaps  abbr.  from  socktlol- 
oger.]  1.  To  throw;  especially,  to  hurl  or 
send  with  swiftness  and  violence:  as,  to  sock 
a  ball.  Wright.  [Prov.  or  colloq.]— 2.  To  hit 
hard;  pitch  into:  as,  to  sock  one  in  the  eye. 
[Slang.]— 3.  With  an  impersonal  it,  to  strike 
a  hard  blow;  give  a  drubbing:  as,  sock  it  to 
him!  [Slang.] 
sock6  (sok),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  soy. 
SOCkdologer  (sok-dol'o-jer),  n.  [Also  gockdoUi- 
ger,  socdolager,  sogdologer;  a  perversion  of  aer- 
ology, taken  in  the  sense  of  'the  finishing  act,' 
in  allusion  to  the  customary  singing  of  the 
doxology  at  the  close  of  service.]  1.  A  conclu- 
sive argument;  the  winding  up  of  a  debate;  a 
settler. —  2.  A  knock-down  or  decisive  blow. — 

3.  Something  very  big ;  a  whopper. 

Fit  for  an  Abbot  of  Theleme,  . 
The  Pope  himself  to  see  in  dream 
Before  his  lenten  vision  gleam, 

He  lies  there,  the  sogdologer.' 

Lowell,  To  Mr.  John  Bartlett,  who  had  sent  me  a  seven- 

[pound  trout. 

4.  A  patent  fish-hook  having  two  hooked  points 
which  close  upon  each  other  as  soon  as  the  fish 
bites,  thus  securing  the  fish  with  certainty. 

[U.  S.  slang  in  all  uses.] 

socket  (sok'et),  n.  [<  ME.  soket,  sokete,  <  OF. 
soket,  dim.  of  *soc,  m.,  soche,  souche,  F.  soucln; 
f.,  =  It.  zocco,  m.,  a  stump  or  stock  of  a  tree; 
same  as  F.  soeque  =  8p.  zoco  =  Pg.  soco,  socco, 
a  sock,  wooden  shoe,  clog,  <  L.  soccus,  a  sock, 
shoe:  see «ocfci.  Cf.  socle.']  1.  An  opening  or 
cavity  into  which  anything  is  fitted ;  any  hollow 
thing  or  place  which  receives  and  holds  some- 
thing else. 

Another  pyece  wherin  the  mkette  or  morteys  was  maade 
that  the  body  of  the  crosse  stood  In. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  15S. 
My  eyes  burn  out,  and  sink  into  their  sockets. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  Iv.  4. 
The  head  [of  the  statue]  seems  to  have  been  of  another 
piece,  there  being  a  socket  for  It  to  go  In,  and  probably  it 
was  of  a  more  costly  material. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  ii.  74. 
Specifically— 2.  A  small  hollow  tube  or  de- 
pression in  a  candlestick  to  hold  a  candle. 
Also  called  nozle. 

Item,  J.  candllstlk,  withoute  sokettet,  weiyng  xviij.  unces. 
Paston  Letters,  I.  47S. 

There  was  a  lamp  of  brasse,  with  eight  socketts  from  the 
middle  stem,  like  those  we  use  In  churches. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  19, 1641. 

3.  In  anat.,  specifically,  the  hollow  of  one  part 
which  receives  another;  the  con- 
cavity or  excavation  of  an  ar- 
ticulation: as,  an  eye-socket; 
the  socket  of  the  hip. — 4.  In 
mining,  the  end  of  a  shot-hole, 
when  this  remains  visible  after 
the  shot  has  been  fired. —  5.  In 
well-boring,  a  tool  with  various 
forms  of  gripping  mechanism, 
for  seizing  and  lifting  tools 
dropped  in  the  tube. — 6.  In  Right  scapuia.snn 


. — . 

the  just,  a  defense  of  steel  at- 
tached to  the  saddle,  and  serv- 


, 

rom  in  front. 
t.,  glenoid  fbwa  or 


socket 


Socket.  French  form,  end  of  i4th  century.    (From  Viollel-le-Duc's 
"  Diet,  du  Mobilier  francais.") 

ing  to  protect  the  legs  and  thighs.     Compare 
&»«•!,  3  (c).     Also  socquette  —  Ball  and  socket. 


e. 
socket  (sok'et),  v.  t.    [<  socket,  «.]    To  provide 

with  or  place  in  a  socket. 
socket-bayonet  (sok'et-ba'o-net),  w.    A  bayo- 

net of  modern  type,  in  which  a  short  cylinder 

fits  outside  the  barrel  of  the  gun. 
socket-bolt  (sok'et-bolt),  ».    In  macli.,  a  bolt 

that  passes  through  a  thimble  placed  between 

the  parts  connected  by  the  bolt. 
socket-caster  (sok'et-kas'ter),  n.     A  caster  at- 

tached to  a  socket  which  is  fitted  over  the  end 

of  a  leg  of  a  piece  of  furniture. 
socket-celt  (sok'et-selt),  11.  A  celt  with  a  socket 

into  which  the  handle  or  haft  is  fitted,  as  dis- 

tinguished from  celts  of  those  forms  in  which 

the  handle  is  secured  to  the  outside  of  the 

head. 
socket-chisel  (sok'et-chiz"el),  n.    A  chisel  hav- 

ing a  hollow  tang  in  which  the  handle  is  in- 

serted.    The  form  is  used  for  heavy  chisels 

employed  especially  in  mortising. 
socket-drill  (sok'et-dril),  n.    A  drill  for  coun- 

tersinking or  enlarging  a  previously  drilled 

hole.     It  has  a  central  projection  which  fits  the  drilled 

hole,  and  laterally  projecting  cutting  edges  which  enlarge 

or  countersink  the  hole. 
socketed  (sok'et-ed),  p.  a.     1.  Provided  with 

or  placed  in  a  socket. 

Two  whyte  marble  colums  or  pillers,  soccalfd  in  two 
foote  stepps  of  black  marble  well  polished. 

Archteoloyia,  X.  404. 

Referring  to  drainage,  we  read  of  socketed  pipes  which 
are  uncemented  at  the  joints.  Lancet,  1889,  II.  915. 

2.  In  auat.,  received  in  a  socket;  articulated 

by  reception  in  a  socket. 
socket-joint    (sok'et  -joint),    n.     A   ball-and- 

socket  joint;  an  enarthrodial  articulation,  or 

enarthrosis,  as  those  of  the 

shoulder  and  hip. 
socket-pipe  (sok'et-pip),  «. 

A  joint  of  pipe  with  a  socket 

at  one  end,  usually  intend- 

ed to  receive  the  small  end 

of  another  similar  joint. 
socket-washer      (  sok'et  - 

wpsh"er),  «.      A    washer 

with  a  countersunk  face  to 

receive  the  head  of  a  bolt, 

etc.;  a  cup-washer.    K.  IT. 

Knight. 
socket-Wrench  (sok'et-rench),  n.     A  wrench 

for  turning  nuts,  having  a  socket  fitted  to  a 

special  size  and  shape  of  nut  to  be  turned.    See 

cut  under  wrench. 
SOCkhead  (sok'hed),  •«.   A  stupid  fellow.  [Prov. 

Eng.] 
SOCkless  (sok'les),  a.      [<  soc*1,  «.,  +  -less.] 

Lacking  socks;  hence,  without  protection  or 

covering:  said  of  the  feet. 

You  shall  behold  one  pair  [of  legs],  the  feet  of  which 
were  in  times  past  Backless. 

Beau,  and  Fl,  Woman-Hater,  I.  3. 

sockman,  »•    See  socman. 

socky  (sok'i),  a.    See  soaky. 

socle  (so'kl),  w.  [Also  zocJe  ;  =  G.  Sw.  socket  = 
Dan.  sokkel,  <  F.  socle,  a  plinth,  pedestal,  <  It. 
zoccolo,  formerly  soccolo,  a  plinth,  a  wooden 
shoe,  formerly  also  a  stilt,  <  L.  socculus,  dim. 
of  soccus,  a  light  shoe,  sock  :  see  sock1.  Cf  .  sock- 
et.] 1.  In  arch.,  a  low,  plain  member,  serving 
as  a  foundation  for  a  wall  or  pedestal,  or  to  sup- 
port vases  or  other  ornaments.  It  differs  from  a 
pedestal  in  being  without  base  or  cornice,  and  is  higher 
than  a  plinth.  A  continued  socle  is  one  extending  around 
a  building  or  part  of  a  building. 
2.  One  of  the  ridges  or  elevations  which  sup- 
port the  tentacles  and  sense-bodies  of  some 
worms. 


»,b 


Socket-pipe, 
lenetli  of  socket-pipe ; 
anch-piece  ;  c,  connect 
piece  ;  rf,  elbow. 


5746 

socman  (sok'man),  H.  [Also  sockman,  sol-ami  n : 
repr.  AS.  'socman  (ME.  socheman,  ML.  sol-mtin- 
inis,  sociimanmis,  soc<ima>iiuis,  Korniaiinns,  socke- 
,iiiiiniii.t),  a  feudal  tenant  or  vassal,  <  soc,  the 
exercise  of  judicial  power,  +  man:  see  sake* 
and  token.']  One  who  holds  lands  or  tenements 
by  socage. 

A  seignorie  of  pillage,  which  had  a  baron  of  old  ever 
ventured  to  arrogate,  burgess  and  citizen,  socman  and 
bncman,  villein  and  churl,  would  have  burned  him  alive 
in  his  castle.  Buliver,  My  Novel,  xii.  1». 

socmanry  (sok'mau-ri), «.;  pi.  socmanries  (-riz). 
[<.Wj.socn>anHi-i!t,<xofma»nHx,xok»ian>iiis,ote., 
<  AS.  socman :  see  soeman.]  Tenure  by  soeage. 

These  tenants  .  .  .  could  not  be  compelled  (1'^e  pure 
villeins)  to  relinquish  these  tenements  at  the  lord's  will, 
or  to  hold  them  against  their  own  :  "et  ideo,"  says  Brae- 
ton  "dicunturliberi."  Britton  also,  from  such  their  free- 
dom calls  them  absolutely  sokemans,  and  their  tenure 
sokemanriet.  Blackstmie,  Com.,  II.  vi. 

Socotran  (sok'o-tran),  a.  and  «.  [<  Socotra 
(see  def.)  +  -an.]"  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Socotra,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  off  the 
east  coast  of  Africa. 

II.  ».  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Socotra. 
Also  Socotrine. 

Socotrine  (sok'6-trin),  n.  and  »i.  [<  Socotra 
(see  Socotran)  4-  -ine*.]  Same  as  Socotran.— 
Socotrine  aloes.  See  aloes,  l. 

socourt,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  succor. 

socquette,  «.    Same  as  socket,  6. 

Socratic  (so-krat'ik),  a.  andw.  [=Y.Socratique 
=  Sp.  Socrdtico  =  Pg.  It.  Socratico,  <  L.Socra- 
ticus,  <  Gr.  ZanpaTtKof,  of  or  pertaining  to  Soc- 
rates, <  ZuupdTiK, Socrates.]  I.  a.  Oforpertain- 
ing  to  the  methods,  style,  doctrine,  character, 
person,  or  followers  of  the  illustrious  Athe- 
nian philosopher  Socrates  (about  470-399  B.  c.). 
His  father,  Sophroniscus,  was  a  sculptor,  and  he  was 
brought  up  to  the  same  profession.  His  mother,  Phffi- 
narete.was  a  midwife.  Socrates  was  unjustly  accused  before 
the  council  of  the  prytanes  of  being  a  corrupter  of  youth 
and  of  not  believing  in  the  gods  of  the  city,  was  condemned, 
and  died  by  drinking  hemlock.  His  philosophy  is  known 
to  us  by  the  account  of  Xenophon,  written  to  show  the  prac- 
tical upshot  of  his  teachings  and  the  injustice  of  his  gen* 
tence,  and  by  the  Dialogues  of  Plato,  in  most  of  which  Soc- 
rates is  introduced  only  to  give  an  artistic  setting  to  Plato's 
own  discussions.  Some  things  can  also  be  inferred  from 
fragments  of  -Dschines,  and  from  the  doctrines  of  other 
companions  of  Socrates.  He  wrote  nothing,  but  went  about 
Athens  frequenting  some  of  the  best  houses,  and  followed 
by  a  train  of  wealthy  young  men,  frequently  cross-question- 
ing those  teachers  whose  influence  he  distrusted.  He 
himself  did  not  profess  to  be  capable  of  teaching  anything, 
except  consciousness  of  ignorance ;  and  he  bargained  for 
no  pay,  though  he  no  doubt  took  moderate  presents.  He 
called  his  method  of  discussion  (the  Socratic  method)  ob- 
utetrics  (see  maieutic\  because  it  was  an  art  of  inducing 
his  interlocutors  to  develop  their  own  ideas  under  a  cate- 
chetical system.  He  put  the  pretentious  to  shame  by  the 
practice  of  Socratic  irony,  which  consisted  In  sincerely 
acknowledging  his  own  defective  knowledge  and  profess- 
ing his  earnest  desire  to  learn,  while  courteously  admit- 
ting the  pretensions  of  the  person  interrogated,  and  in 
persisting  in  this  attitude  until  examination  made  it  ap- 
pear bitter  sarcasm.  He  was  opposed  to  the  rhetorical 
teaching  of  the  sophists,  and  had  neither  interest  nor 
confidence  in  the  physical  speculations  of  his  time.  The 
center  of  his  philosophy,  as  of  all  those  which  sprang  di- 
rectly or  indirectly  from  his — that  is  to  say,  of  all  European 
philosophy  down  to  the  rise  of  modern  science—  was  moral- 
ity. He  held  that  virtue  was  a  species  of  knowledge  ; 
really  to  know  the  right  and  not  to  do  it  was  impossible, 
hence  wrong-doers  ought  not  to  be  punished ;  virtue 
was  knowledge  of  the  truly  useful.  He  was  far,  however, 
from  regarding  pleasure  as  the  ultimate  good,  declaring 
that  if  anything  was  good  in  itself,  he  neither  knew  it  nor 
wished  to  know  it.  The  great  problems  he  held  to  consist 
in  forming  general  conceptions  of  the  nature  of  truth, 
happiness,  virtue  and  the  virtues,  friendships,  the  soul, 
a  ruler,  a  suit  of  armor  —  in  short,  of  all  objects  of  interest. 
These  conceptions  were  embodied  in  definitions,  and  these 
definitions  were  framed  by  means  of  analytic  reflection 
upon  special  instances  concerning  which  all  the  world 
were  agreed.  He  would  not  allow  that  anything  was 
known  for  certain  concerning  which  competent  minds 
opined  differently.  This  process  of  generalization,  the 
Socratic  induction,  together  with  the  doctrine  of  the  ne- 
cessity of  definitions,  were  his  two  contributions  to  logic. 
The  disciples  of  Socrates  were  Plato,  Euclides,  Phsedo, 
Antisthenes,  Aristippus,  Xenophon,  .Ksdiim's.  Simonias, 
Cebes,  and  about  twenty  more.  Properly  speaking,  there 
was  no  Socratic  school ;  but  the  Academy  and  the  Mega- 
rian,  Elean,  Eretrian,  Cynic,  and  Cyrenaic  schools  are 
called  Socratic,  as  having  been  founded  by  immediate  dis 
ciples  of  Socrates.— Socratic  school.  See  schodl. 

II.  «.  A  disciple  of  Socrates:  as,  .iEschines 
the  Socratie. 

Socratical  (so-krat'i-kal),  a.  [<  Socratic  +  -al.] 
Socratic  in  some  sense,  or  to  some  extent. 
[Bare.] 

Socratically  (so-krat'i-kal-i),  adv.     In  the  So- 
cratic manner;  by  the  Socratie  method. 
Socraticism  (so-krat'i-sizm),  n.     [<  Socratic  + 
-ism.]     A  Socratic  peculiarity,  absurdity,  or 
the  like.     Eneyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  579. 

Soeratism(sok'ra-tizm),  n.  [<  Socrates  +  -igni.] 
The  doctrines  or  philosophy  of  Socrates.  Imp. 
Diet. 


soda 

Socratist  (sok'ra-tist),  n.  [<  Xocrate*  +  -int.'] 
A  disciple  of  Socrates ;  one  who  uses  the  So- 
cratic  method;  a  Socratic. 

Socratize  (sok'ra-tiz),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  >'•«•- 
ratixd,  ppr.  Socratietng.  1^  's'»<'''"'''*  +  -'.:'•.] 
To  use  the  Socratic  method.  [Bare.] 

"What  is  to  prevent  me  from  Sokratiany > "  was  the 
question  by  which  he  IRamus]  established  his  individual 
right  to  doubt  and  inquiry. 

J.  Owen,  Evenings  with  Skeptics,  I.  255. 

sod1  (sod),  M.  [<  ME.  soil,  sodde  =  OFries.  siitlnt. 
xcida  =  MD.  node,  soode,  soede,  soeuu-e,  soije,  D. 
zode,  zoo;  =  MLG.  node,  LG.  sode  =  G.  midr. 
sod,  turf:  so  called  as  being  sodden  or  satu- 
rated with  water;  a  deriv.  or  particular  use  of 
OFries.  satli,  w7rf  =  MD.  .««fc,  later  sood,  ;<>n 
=  MLG.  sod,  LG.  sood  =  MHG.  sot,  sod,  boil- 
ing, seething,  also  a  well,  =  AS.  seatli,  a  well, 
pit,  <  seothan  (pret.  sedtli,  pp.  soden),  etc.,  boil, 
seethe:  see  seethe,  sodden1,  etc.]  1.  The  upper 
stratum  of  grass-land,  containing  the  roots  of 
grass  and  the  other  herbs  that  may  be  growing 
in  it ;  the  sward  or  turf. 

Tender  blue-bells,  at  whose  birth 
The  god  scarce  heaved.       Shelley,  The  Question. 

To  rest  beneath  the  clover  sod. 

Tennyson,  In  Memorlam,  x. 

2.  A  piece  of  this  grassy  stratum  pared  or 
pulled  off;  a  turf;  a  divot  or  fail. 

She  therefore,  to  encourage  hir  people  against  the  eni- 
mles,  mounted  vp  into  an  high  place  raised  vp  of  turfes 
and  sods  made  for  the  nonce. 

Holinshed,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv.  10. 

Sod  kiln,  a  lime-kiln  made  by  excavating  the  earth  in 
the  form  of  a  cone,  filling  with  alternate  layers  of  fuel  and 
broken  limestone,  and  covering  the  top  with  sods  to  pre- 
vent loss  of  heat  Sometimes  the  sides  are  lined  with 
sods. — The  Old  sod,  one's  native  country :  especially  used 
by  Irish  emigrants :  as,  he 's  a  clever  lad  from  the  old  sod. 
[Colloq.] 

sod1  (sod),  «.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sodded,  ppr.  sod- 
ding. [<  sod1,  n.]  To  cover  with  sod;  turf. 

The  slope  was  sndded  and  terraced  with  rows  of  seats. 
and  the  spectators  looked  down  upon  the  circular  basin 
at  the  bottom.  Harper's  Hag.,  LXXIX.  568. 

S0d'2t.  An  obsolete  preterit  and  past  participle 
of  seethe. 

SOda  (so'da),  x.  [=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan. 
soda  (NLi  soda),  <  It.  soda,  soda,  Olt.  soda 
(=  OF.  souldc),  saltwort,  glasswort,  fern,  of 
sodo,  contr.  of  solido,  solid,  hard :  see  solid.]  1 . 
Sesquicarbonate  or  normal  carbonate  of  sodium 
(Na2CO3) ;  soda-ash:  the  latter  being  the  com- 
mon name  of  the  commercial  article,  one  of 
the  most,  if  not  the  most,  important  of  all  the 
products  of  chemical  manufacture.  Various  hy- 
urated  carbonates  of  sodium  occur  In  nature  —  the  deca- 
hydrate  or  natron ;  the  monohydrate,  known  as  thermona- 
trite;  and  trona,  a  compound  of  the  Sesquicarbonate  and 
the  bicarbonate  with  three  equivalents  of  water.  These 
natural  carbonates  occur  in  solution  in  the  water  of  vari 
ous  alkaline  lakes,  or  as  deposits  at  the  bottoms  of  such  as 
have  become  dried  up,  but  usually  mixed  with  more  or  less 
common  salt,  sodium  sulphate,  and  other  saline  combina- 
tions. It  was  from  these  deposits,  and  from  the  incinera- 
tion of  various  plants  growing  by  the  sea-shore  (Salsola. 
Salicornia,  Chenopodium,  Statice,  Seaumuria,  Xitraria, 
Tetragonia,  Mesembryanthemum),  that  soda  was  formerly 
obtained.  These  sources  have  become  of  little  impor- 
tance since  artificial  soda  began  to  be  made  from  common 
salt,  a  process  invented  by  Leblanc,  and  put  in  operation 
near  Paris  toward  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century.  By 
this  process  common  salt  is  decomposed  by  sulphuric 
acid,  and  the  resulting  sodium  sulphate  is  mixed  with 
limestone  and  coal,  and  neated  in  a  reverberatory  furnace, 
the  product  (technically  known  as  Mack  ash)  consisting 
essentially  of  soluble  sodium  carbonate  and  insoluble  cal- 
cium sulphid,  which  are  easily  separated  from  each  other 
bylixiviation.  By  the  Leblanc  process  the  soda  used  In 
the  arts  was  almost  exclusively  produced  until  about 
thirty  years  ago,  when  the  so-called  ammonia  or  Solvay 
process  began  to  become  of  importance.  This  process 
had  been  patented  in  England  as  early  as  1838,  and  tried 
there  and  near  Paris,  but  without  success.  The  dimcul 
ties  were  first  overcome  by  E.  Solvay,  who  in  1861  es- 
tablished a  manufactory  of  soda  by  this  process  (since 
known  by  his  name)  near  Brussels.  By  the  ammonia  or 
Solvay  process  a  concentrated  solution  of  common  salt  is 
saturated  with  ammonia,  and  then  decomposed  by  car- 
bonic acid.  By  this  means  sodium  chlorid  is  converted 
into  sodium  carbonate,  and  the  ammonia  is  afterward  re- 
covered by  the  aid  of  lime  or  magnesia.  This  process  has 
within  the  past  few  years  become  of  great  importance,  and 
at  the  present  time  about  half  the  soda  consumed  in  the 
world  is  made  by  it.  Whether  it  will  eventually  entirely 
supplant  the  Leblanc  process  cannot  yet  be  stated.  The 
chief  advantage  which  it  presents  is  that  the  amount  of 
coal  consumed  by  it  is  much  smaller  than  that  required  by 
the  older  process,  so  that  countries  where  fuel  is  not  very 
cheap  and  abundant  can  now  make  their  own  soda,  being 
no  longer  dependent  on  England,  as  they  were  in  huge 
degree  before  the  Solvay  process  became  successful.  For 
the  properties  of  pure  soda,  see  sodium  carbonate,  under 
sodium.  Also  called  mineral  alkali. 
2.  Soda-water.  [Colloq.]— Ball  soda,  crude  soda. 
—  Caustic  soda.  See  caustic.— Nitrate  of  soda.  See 
nitrate.—  Salt  of  soda,  sodium  carbonate.— Soda  cock- 
tail. See  cocktail.  —  Soda  niter.  Same  as  nitratin. — 
Soda  powder.  See  jmcder. 


soda-alum  5747 

SOda-alum  (so'ilii  :il   nm).«.    A  crystalline  min-  sodden1  (tunl'ii),  j>.  n. 
eral,  a  hydrated  double  sulphate  of  aluminium     AS. 
and  sodium,  found  on  the  island  of  Melos,  at 
Solfatara  in  Italy,  and  near  Mendo/.a  mi  t  lie  east 
of  the  Andes.     Also  called  mi •m/irjli . 

SOda-ash  (so'dii-ash).  n.  The  trade-name  of  so- 
dium carbonate.  See  xoitn. 

soda-ball  (so'dii-bal),  ».  An  int. -rini-diiite  pro- 
duct in  the  manufacture  of  sodium  carbonate, 
formed  by  fusing  together  sodium  sulphate. 
coal-dust,  and  limestone.  Also  called  hlnrl.- 
fixli.  See  also  mda. 

soda-biscuit  (so'dii-bis  'kit),  «.  A  biscuit  raised 
with  soda.  See  biscuit,  '2.  [U.  S.] 

soda-cracker  (so'da-krak'er),  n.  A  kind  of 
cracker  or  biscuit,  consisting  of  flour  and  wa- 
ter, with  a  little  salt,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  and 


sofa 


Sodium  line,  the  i>rinht-yi-ll<>n  lint  i 

.-  g**£ 

dark  ab.*<>ii>tli>ii  lim   Inn,  :uni  K..I  </t  th,  -,-I.H  -p,  -,  -1111111. 
~  Sodium  nitrate.    --< 


[<  MK.  s,i,liti'n.  xi,,lni.  <      Seemtti,  i. 

1.    Boiled:  seethed.        ^hen° 
And  also  brede,  mddyn  ruin-*,  :ui<l  muntyme  other  vyt- 
aylles.  .v/r  /;  f;u:/tin,</, .  I'ylgrymage,  ji.  17. 

\Vlikh  diiiined  by  the  lil;i.  I.  Ii.  :  Mjdile  and   SOd-Oll  (sod'oil).    //.      Oil    |n-e.**ed    from    slice]. - 

thi-ii  burnt  tn  powder.  Purclia*.  Pilgrlmagv,  p.  414.      Mkins  by  tanner*,  ami   used  in  manufacturing 

2.  Soaked  and  softened,  as  in  water;  soaked     the  lowest  m-ade*  oi1  bro\vn  soap, 
through   and  through;   soggy;   pulpy;   pulta-  Sodom-apple  (so<l'<jm-ap  I),  n.    1.  Sameiis«/.- 
ceous;  of  bread,  not  well  baked;  doughy.  i>l>-  of  Bottom  (which  see.  under  »///</<  i.  S|, 

cally  —  2.   The  nightshade,  Solanum  .s;«/««/,v 
inn  :   n  Isn,  sometime*,  in  the  Cn  i  ted  Slates,  the 
horse-nettle.  .V   t  'in-ulim  HXI.   or  some  similar 
species. 
SOdomist  (sod'om-ist ),  ii.     [<  Sodnm  (see  .W/..» 


It  had  ceased  to  rain,  but  the  earth  was  sodden,  and  the 
pools  and  rivulets  were  full.    Charlotte  lirontr,  Shirley,  Iv. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  having  been  sub- 
jected to  long  boiling;  parboiled;  bloated; 
soaked  or  saturated,  as  with  drink. 


Double  your  flies  !  as  you  were  !  faces  about : 
Now,  you  with  the  itadden  face,  keep  In  there! 


ite)  +  -ixt.~\     A  sodomite. 
Sodomite  (sod'om-it),  n. 


[<  MK.  .iiiiliinn. 


cream  of  tartar,  made  into  a  stiff  dough,  rolled  sodden- (sod'n),p. 

thin,  and  cut  into  squares.     [U.  S.]  J     "'-  ' "--- ' 

The  eccentric  old  telegraph  editor  .  .  .  kept  a  colony 
of  white  mice  in  a  squirrel-cage,  feeding  them  upon  goda- 
cmckers  and  milk.  The  Century,  XXXVIII.  87fi. 

soda-feldspar  (so'da-feld"spar), H.  Seefelilxiitn-. 

soda-fountain  (so'da-foun"tan),  n.  1.  A  metal 
or  marble  structure  containing  water  charged 
with  carbonic-acid  gas  (or  containing  materials 
for  its  production),  with  faucets  through  which 
the  water  can  be  drawn  off.  Soda-fountains 
commonly  contain  tanks  for  flavoring-syrups 
and  a  reservoir  for  ice. — 2.  A  strong  metal  ves- 
sel lined  with  glass  or  other  non-corrosible  ma- 
terial, used  to  store  and  transport  water  charged 


you  wiiii  im-  Hutaen  nice,  Keep  in  mere:  uuuuuiiire   ir»wi  viu-i*^,    «.      ^N    .MI.,    m     i»mfutf. 

Beau,  and  PL,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  v.  2.     OF.  (and  F.)  sodomite  =  Sp.  P«.  smlnmitu  =  It. 


I.  i  at  ni  HX. 

be  seethed  or  soaked ;  settle  down  as  if 
by  seething  or  boiling. 

It  [avarice]  takes  as  many  shapes  as  Proteus,  ami  may 
be  called  above  all  the  vice  of  middle  life,  that  toddeiut 
into  the  gangrene  of  old  age,  gaining  strength  by  van- 
quishing all  virtues.  .Vr>.  S.  C.  Hall. 

2.  To  become  soft,  as  by  rotting.     [Unique.] 

They  never  fall  who  die 

In  a  KM  :ii  cause :  the  block  may  soak  their  gore ; 
Their  heads  may  sodden  in  the  sun. 

Byron,  Marino  Faliero,  II.  i 

II.  trans.  To  soak;  fill  the  tissues  of  with 
water,  as  in  the  process  of  seething;  saturate. 
Clothes  .  .  .  saddened  with  wet. 

Diclcem,  Little  Don-it,  i.  11. 


with  carbonic-acid  gas  under  pressure. 
soda-furnace  (so'da-fer'nas),  n.    A  furnace  for  SOdden-H  (sod  n),  a.    [<  »odl  +  -e«2.]   Of  sods : 
converting  into  the  carbonate,  by  fusing  with     ^oddy.     Court  and  Times  of  (  harles  I.,  II.  285. 
chalk  and  slaked  lime  or  small  coal,  the  sulphate     [Kare.  J 


ual  relations,  as  between  persons  of  the  same 
sex,  or  with  beasts. 
They  are  addicted  to  godomie  or  bnggerie. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  410. 


=  SP-  Pg 

iodonUto  =  (!.  xoilnmit,  <  LL.  Sodomita,  <  (Jr. 
;,  an  inhabitant  of  Sodom,  <  2oV)o//a,  LL. 
r,  <  Heb.  Neili'im,  Sodom.]    1.  An  inhabi- 
tant of  Sodom,  an  ancient  city  which,  according 
to  the  account  in  Genesis,  was  destroyed  by  fire 
from  heaven  on  account  of  the  wickedness  of 
its  inhabitants. — 2.   [/.  r.]  One  who  is  guilty  of 
sodomy.     Deut.  xxiii.  17. 

SOdomitical  (sod-o-mit'i-kal),  </.  (X  *nod<nnitic 
(<  LL.  finitiiiiiitieus,  pertaining  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Sodom,  <  Sodomita,  an  inhabitant  of  Sodom : 
see  Sodomite)  +  -al.]  Relating  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  sodomy;  given  to  or  guilty  of  sodomy: 
grossly  wicked. 

So  are  the  hearte  of  our  popish  protestants,  I  fear  me, 
hardened  from  fearing  God,  in  that  they  look,  yea,  go 
hack  again  to  their  nodomitical  minion. 

J.  Bradford,  Works  (Parker  Soe.,  1853),  II.  3311. 

sodomitically   (sod-o-mit'i-kal-i),   adv.    In  a 

of  sodro"btalnedbytr7atini'con^mo7s7l't'wTth  soddenhess  (sod'n-nes),  «.    Sodden,  soaked,  or    sodomitical  manner;' with  sodomy, 
sulphuric  acid,    in  a  usual  form  the  cylinder  which  re-     s°ggv  character  or  quality.  sodomitryt,  n     [<  sodomite  +  -ry]    Sodomitic- 

ceivesthechargeisheatedred-hotbelorebeingfllled.andis        The  soddennegs  of  improperly  boiled  or  fried  foods  will     practices;  sodomy;  gross  wickedness, 
caused  to  rotate  by  appropriate  mechanism.  E.H.  Knight,     be  avoided.  Science,  XV.  230.         Their  aodmnrtrj/,  whereof  they  cast  each  other  in  the 

Spdaic  (so-da'ik),  «.     [<  soda  +  -ic.']     Of,  relat-  sodding-mallet  (sod'ing-mal'et),  «.  A  beating-     teeth  daily  in  every  abbey,  for  the  least  displeasure  that 
ing  to,  of  containing  soda :  as,  sodaic  powders,     tool  with  a  broad,  flat  face,  for  smoothing  and     °°e  do'n  \°  anot,h.er- 

SOdainet,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  sudden.  compacting  newly  laid  sods.  **"**• An8' to  8lr  T'  More' etc'  <•****"  S«c   1850),  p  IH. 

soda-lime  (so'da-lim),  n.  In  cliem.,  a  mixture  sodding-spade  (sod'ing-spad),  w.  A  spade  with  sodomy  (sod  om-i),  «.  [=  D.  G.  xodonne,  <  F. 
of  caustic  soda  and  quicklime,  used  chiefly  for  a  flat,  sharp  blade,  used  for  cutting  sods ;  a  sod-  mdomw  =  bp.  sodomta  =  Pg.  It.  sodonna,  sod- 
nitrogen  determinations  in  organic  analysis.  cutter.  omv>  8O  called  because  it  was  imputed  to  the 
sodalite  (so'da-lit),  H.  [<  soda  +  -lite.-]  Amin-  soddy  (sod'i),  a.  [<  sorfl  -I-  -#l.]  Consisting  inhabitants  of  Sodom,  <  LL.  Sodoma,  <  Gr. 
era!  so  called  from  the  large  portion  of  soda  of  sod;  covered  with  sod;  turfy.  Mafia,  Sodoi 
which  enters  into  its  composition,  it  is  commonly  soden '  t,  sodet.  Middle  English  forms  of  sodden, 
found  in  volcanic  rocks,  occurring  in  isometric  crystals  past  participle  of  seethe 

and  also  massive,  and  is  usually  of  a  blue  color,  also  gray-  -HlnS*  unriaini  n  OVisnlpto  forms  nf  xuMfu 
ish,  greenish,  yellowish,  and  white.  It  is  a  silicate  of  alu-  SOden-t,  SOdeint,  «-  Obsolete  loims  of  *««"'''• 
minium  and  sodium  with  sodium  eWorld.  sodenet,  «-  A  Middle  English  form  of  swbdean. 

sodality  (so-dal'i-ti),  H.     [=  F.  sodaliU,  <  sodert,  «-  and  v.    A  former  spelling  of  solder,  sod-plow  (sod  plou),  «.     A  plow  designed  to 
L.  nodalita(t-)s,  companionship,  friendship,  a    Isa.  xli.  7.  cut  and  turn  sods,     [t  is  made  with  a  long  share 

brotherhood  or  society,  <  sodalis,  a  mate,  a  f  el-  SOdeynt,  sodeynlichet.    Obsolete  forms  of  siiri- 
low,  a  boon  companion," 
fraternity:  especially  in 

lies  for  a  religious  fraternity  or  society.  S0dger2(soj  —„... u 

,       ..  j         fth     l  b   ttl       Eng.]  turf-worm  and  turf  weo-icorm.     [U.S.] 

lUra^ta^diyitKeV^Br Walter BaMgfe*o.,ol  sodic  (so'dik),  a.    [<  sod(ium)  +  -ic.]    Consist-  806  (so),  H.     [Also  so,  soa ;  8c.  sae,  sary,  se;  < 

that  lodalitie,  hei-oes  and  witts  of  that  time.  jng  of  or  containing  sodium.  ME.  so,  soo,  saa,  a  tub,  bucket,  <  AS.  *sd,  xaa. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (Thomas  Harlot),  note,  g^ic-chalybeate  (so'dik-ka-lib'f-at),  a.   Con-    a  vessel,  =  tcel.  *«r.  a  cask,  a  dairy  vessel,  = 

SOda-lye  (so'da-H),  M.     A  solution  of  sodium     taining  both  iron  and  sodium :  used  of  mineral     Sw.  so,  (sa-st&ng)  =  Dan.  xaa  (saa-stang),  a  e 

hydrate  in  water.  waters. 

soda-mesotype  (s6'da-mes''o-tip),  «.     Same  as  sodium  (so'di-um), «.    [=  F.G.  sodium  =  Sp.Pg. 
natrolitc.  It.  sodio,  <  NL.  sodium,  <  soda  +  -ium.']    Chem- 

spda-mint  (so'da-mint),  ii.     A  mixture  contain-    icai  symbol,  Na  (natrium);  atomic  weight,  23. 

The  metallic  base  of  the  alkali  soda.  See  sodn 
and  metal.  It  was  first  isolated  by  Davy,  In  1807,  by 
electrolysis,  and  is  at  present  obtained  on  a  large  scale  by  ig- 
niting sodium  carbonate  with  charcoal.  Sodium  is  a  silver- 
white  metal  with  a  high  luster,  but  it  oxidizes  rapidly  on 
exposure  to  moist  air.  Heated  in  the  air,  it  burns  rapid- 
ly with  a  bright-yellow  flame,  very  characteristic  of  the 
metal ;  thrown  into  cold  water,  it  oxidizes,  but  does  not 
become  hot  enough  to  set  the  evolved  hydrogen  on  fire, 
as  potassium  does ;  with  hot  water,  ignition  of  the  hydro- 
gen takes  place.  Its  specific  gravity  at  56°  is  0.9735 ;  at 
the  ordinary  temperature  it  has  the  consistency  of  wax  ; 
at  204°  it  melts,  and  forms  a  liquid  resembling  mercury 

in  appearance.    Next  to  silver,  copper,  and  gold,  It  Is,  of  Soemmering  S      (or     Sommermg  S)     mirror, 

r«irt  of  sndn         I  or  hi  i     the  metals,  the  best  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity;     mohr,  spot.     See  mirror,  moiir,  spot. 

dustry,  tnat  part  oi  soaa-Dall  i  next  to  c»sium,  rubidium,  and  potassium,  it  is  the  most     "t"' ,^    '/.^       ,       r  (,,„!  + e-ipr  1    A  won! 

is  insoluble  in  water.     It  contains  sulphids  and     electropositive  of  the  metals.    It  is  extensively  used  in  soever  (so-ev  er),  aai .    (.<,  .-o 
hydrates  of  calcium,  coal,  and  other  matters.        the  laboratory  as  a  powerful  reducing  agent ;  it  is  closely     generally  used  in  composition  to  extend  or  ren- 
anrt*  -nrntor  fxn'ftu  wV't£r'>  »      1    A  drink  ffen-     analogous  to  potassium  in  its  chemical  relations.    Two  of    der  indefinite  the  sense  of  such  words  as  MVIO, 
><la:water.(s(  aw;,*.     LA  an     Lgen      It8  co*lpouna^al.e  very  wldely  diffused  in  nature,  and  of 

the  highest  importance  from  various  points  of  view ;  these 
are  common  salt  and  sodium  carbonate,  or  soda. — Sodium 
bicarbonate,  a  compound  having  the  formula  NaH('O:i. 
It  is  a  white  crystalline  powder,  with  a  weaker  alkaline 
taste  than  the  other  carbonate  described  below,  and  less 
soluble  in  water.  Also  called  soda  tdteratus. — Sodium 
borate.  See  borax.— Sodium  carbonate,  a  compound 
having  the  formula  Na-jCOa,  either  anhydrous  or  contain- 
ing water  of  crystallization.  (The  method  of  manufacture 


and  mold-board. 
sod-worm  (sod'werm),  «. 


The  larva  of  certain 


lion.]     A  fraternity;  con-    den,  suddenly.  S0d-wprm  (sofl-werm),  ».     1  He  larva  of  certain 

ly  in  use  by  Roman  Catho-  SOdger1  (so'jer),  «.    A  dialectal  form  of  soldier,     pyralid  moths,  as  Crambu*  ex«iccatiis,  which  de- 
raternity  or  society.  sodger2(soj'er),«.  The  whelk.  Halliwell.  [Prov.     stroys  the  roots  of  grass  and  corn.    Alsocalled 


A  mixture  contain- 
ing sodium  bicarbonate  and  spearmint. 

soda-paper  (so'da-pa"per),  H.  A  paper  satu- 
rated with  sodiuin  carbonate :  used  as  a  test- 
paper,  and  also  for  inclosing  powders  which 
are  to  be  ignited  under  the  blowpipe,  so  that 
they  may  not  be  blown  away. 

soda-plant  (so'da-plant),  •«.  A  saltwort,  «S'a/- 
sola  Soda,  one  of  the  plants  from  whose  ashes 
barilla  was  formerly  obtained. 

soda-salt  (so'da-salt),  «.  In  ehem.,  a  salt  hav- 
ing soda  for  its  base. 

soda-waste  (so'da-wast),   «.     In  the  soda  in- 


or  tub,  a  cowl.]  A  pail  or  bucket,  especially 
one  to  be  carried  on  a  yoke  or  stick.  [Prov. 
Kng.] 

He  kam  to  the  welle,  water  up-drow. 
And  tilde  their]  a  mickel  no. 

Havelok  (E.  E.  T.  8.X  1.  933. 

Beer,  which  Is  brewed  of  Malt  and  Hops  .  .  .  and  car- 
ried in  Soes  into  the  cellar. 

Conuniut,  Visible  World  (trans.X  p.  91. 

soeful  (so'ful),  «.    [<  soe  +  -fill.']    The  contents 
of  a  soe. 

A  pump  grown  dry  will  yield  no  water ;  but  pour  a  lit- 
tle into  it  at  first,  for  one  bason-full  you  may  fetch  up  so 
many  goe-fulls. 
Dr.  II.  More,  Antidote  against  Atheism,  I.  ii.  n.    (Kichard- 


erally  consisting  of  ordinary  water  into  which 
carbonic  acid  has  been  forced  under  pressure. 
On  exposure  to  the  ordinary  atmospheric  pressure,  the 
excess  of  carbonic  acid  escapes,  thus  causing  effervescence. 
It  rarely  contains  soda  in  any  form ;  but  the  naiue  origi- 
nally applied  when  sodium  carbonate  was  contained  in  it 
has  been  retained.  It  is  generally  sweetened  and  flavored 
with  syrups. 

2.  A  solution  used  to  cool  drills,  punches,  etc., 
used  in  metal-working. 

sod-burning  (sod'ber"ning),  n.  In  agri.,  the 
burning  of  the  turf  of  old  pasture-lands  for  the 
sake  of  the  ashes  as  manure. 

sod-cutter  (sod'kut'er),  w.  A  tool  or  machine 
for  cutting  or  trimming  sods;  a  paring-plow; 
a  sodding-spade. 


is  used  in  enormous  quantities  in  the  arts  for  a  great  vari- 
ety of  purposes.  When  crystallized  from  aqueous  solu- 
tion it  forms  transparent  crystals,  called  imhing-crystali, 
which  contain  ten  equivalent*  of  water.  These  effloresce  on 
exposure  to  air.  —  Sodium  eWorld,  common  salt,  NaCl. 


what,  where,  irhen,  how,  etc.,  as  in  xhosoercr. 
irheresoerer,  etc.  (See  these  words.)  It  is  some- 
times used  separate  from  trim,  liotr,  etc. 

What  Beverage  soever  we  make,  either  by  Brewing,  by 
Distillation,  Decoction,  Percolation,  or  pressing,  It  is  but 
Water  at  first.  llmrell,  Letters,  II.  M. 

We  can  create,  and  in  irhat  place  eoe'er 

Thrive  under  evil.  Milton.  P.  L.,  ii.  260. 

eoplia;  =  F. 
Dan.  sofa  = 
soffa  (=  AT. 

ii,  xiiffah),  a  bench  of'stone  or  wood,  a  couch, 
a  sofa,  <  taffa,  draw  up  in  line,  put  a  seat  to  a 
saddle.]  A  long  seat  or  settee  with  a  stuffed 
bottom  and  raised  Htuffed  back  and  ends;  a 


sofa 

bench  or  settee  upholstered  with  permanent 

cushions.    See  cut  under  settee. 

Thus  first  Necessity  invented  stools, 

Convenience  next  suggested  elbow  chairs. 

And  Luxury  th'  accomplish  d  SoSaJwt.  ^^  .  ^ 

sofa-bed  (so'fa-bed),  «.     A  piece  of  furniture 
forming  a  sofa,  as  during  the  day,  but  capable 
of  being  opened  or  altered  in  shape  so  as  to  rur- 
nish  a  bed  at  night. 
One  of  those  sofa-beds  common  In  French  houses. 

Buhner,  Night  and  Morning,  ill.  12. 

sofa-bedstead  (so'fa-bed'sted),  «.     Same  as 

*tifa-l>e(t. 
innumerable  specimens  of  that  imposition  on  society  - 

a  sofa  bedstead.  Dickens,  Sketches,  Scenes,  xxi. 

SOfettt(so'fet),H.    [Dim.  <  so/a +  -e<.]    A  small 

sofa.     [Rare.] 
soffit  (sof'it),  w.   [<  F.  soffite  =  Sp.  sofito,  <  It. 

soffitta,  soffitto,  <  L.  as  if  "sufficta,  'suffictus  (tor 

suffixa,  suffixws),  pp.  of  suffigere,  fix  beneath :  see 

suffix.]     1.  In 

arch.:  (a)  The 

under       hori- 
zontal face  of 

an  architrave 

between    col- 
umns. (6)  The 

lower  surface 

of  an  arch,  (c) 

The  ceiling  of 

a  room,  when 


j,  j,  Soffits  («)  and  (*). 


at  cvviuj    wiiuii 

divided  by  cross-beams  into  panels,  compart- 
ments, or  laeunaria.  (d)  The  under  face  of  an 
overhanging  cornice,  of  a  projecting  balcony, 
an  entablature,  a  staircase,  etc. —  2.  In  scene- 
painting,  a  border.  See  scene,  4. 

SOffreH,  «•    A  Middle  English  form  of  suffer. 

soffre2  (sof  er),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  A  South  Amer- 
ican yellow  troopial,  Icterus  jamacaii. 

sofl,  sofism.    See  sufi,  sufism. 

soft  (soft),  a.  and  «.  [<  ME.  soft,  softe,  <  AS. 
softe,  sefte  =  OS.  sdfti  =  MD.  sacht,  saecM,  D. 
zacht  =  MLG.  LG.  sacht  (>  G.  sacht)  =  OHG. 
semfti,  MHG.  semfte,  senfte,  G.  sanft,  soft  (see 
the  adv.);  perhaps  akin  to  Goth,  samjan,  please : 
see  seem,  same.  For  the  D.  and  LG.  forms,  which 
havec/ifor/,  cf.  similar  forms  of  shaft1,  shaft2.] 

1.  «.   1.  Yielding  readily  to  pressure;  easily 
penetrated;  impressible;  yielding:  opposed  to 
hard:  as,  a  soft  bed;  a  soft  apple;  soft  earth; 
softwood;  a  soft  mineral ;  easily  susceptible  of 
change  of  form ;  hence,  easily  worked ;  mallea- 
ble: as,  soft  iron;  lead  is  softer  than  gold. 

A  good  soft  pillow  for  that  good  white  head 
Were  better  than  a  churlish  turf  of  France. 

Shot.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1.  14. 
For  spirits,  when  they  please, 
Can  either  sex  assume,  or  both ;  so  soft 
And  uncompounded  is  their  essence  pure. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  424. 

The  earth,  that  ought  to  be  as  hard  as  a  biscuit,  is  as 
soft  as  dough.  Sydney  Smith,  To  Lady  Ilolland,  vl. 

2.  Affecting  the  senses  in  a  mild,  smooth,  bland, 
delicate,  or  agreeable  manner,    (a)  Smooth  and 
agreeable  to  the  touch ;  free  from  roughness  or  harsh- 
ness ;  not  rugged,  rough,  or  coarse ;  delicate ;  fine  :  as,  a 
soft  skin;  soft  hair;  soft  silk ;  soft  dress-materials. 

Buy  is  a  small  hound ;  his  coat  of  soft  and  erect  ash- 
coloured  hair  is  especially  long  and  thick  about  the  neck 
and  shoulders.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.  89. 

(b)  Mild  and  agreeable;  gentle;  genial;  kindly. 

The  soft  airs  that  o'er  the  meadows  play. 

Bryant,  Our  Fellow- Worshippers. 
Soft  the  ail1  was  as  of  deathless  May. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  343. 

(c)  Smooth;  flowing;  not  rough  or  vehement;  not  harsh; 
gentle  or  melodious  to  the  ear :  as,  a  sofl  sound  ;  sofl  ac- 
cents ;  soft  whispers. 

Her  voice  was  ever  soft, 
Gentle,  and  low—  an  excellent  thing  in  woman. 

Shale.,  Lear,  v.  8.  272. 
Soft  were  ray  numbers ;  who  could  take  offence? 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1. 147. 
The  sofl  murmur  of  the  vagrant  Bee. 

Wordsworth,  Vernal  Ode,  iv. 

(d)  Not  harsh  or  offensive  to  the  sight ;  mild  to  the  eye ; 
not  strong  or  glaring ;  not  exciting  by  intensity  of  color 
or  violent  contrast :  as,  soft  colors ;  the  soft,  coloring  of  a 
picture. 

The  sun,  shining  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  clouds 
made  ...  the  softest,  sweetest  lights  imaginable. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Travels.    (Latham.) 

It  is  hard  to  Imagine  a  softer  curve  than  that  with  which 
the  mountain  sweeps  down  from  Albano  to  the  plain. 

B.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  146. 
8.  Bituminous,  as  opposed  to  anthracitie:  said 
of  coal.—  4.  Nearly  free  from  lime  or  magnesia 
salts,  and  therefore  forming  a  lather  with  soap 
without  leaving  a  curd-like  deposit:  said  of 
water. 


5748 

A  great  elm-tree  spread  its  broad  branches  over  it[Van 
Tassel's  farmhouse],' at  the  foot  of  which  bubbled  up  a 
spring  of  the  softest  and  sweetest  water,  in  a  little  well 
formed  of  a  barrel.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  427. 

5.  Unsized:  as,  soft  paper.— 6.  Mild:  noting 
the  weather,     (a)  Open ;  genial. 

The  nyght  was  feire  and  clere,  and  a .sofle  weder  in  the 
myddill  of  Aprill.  Merhn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  il.  240. 

The  wild  hedge-rose 
Of  a  soft  winter. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  111.  6. 

(b)  Moist ;  wet  or  rainy :  as,  a  ioft  day. 

It  was  a  gray  day,  damp  and  soft,  with  no  wind ;  one  of 
those  days  which  are  not  unusual  in  the  valley  of  the 
Thames.  Mrs.  Oliphant,  Poor  Gentleman,  xxxix. 

(c)  Warm  enough  to  melt  snow  or  ice ;  thawing.    [New 

7"  In  phonetics,  pronounced  with  more  or  less 
of  a  sibilant  sound  and  without  explosive  ut- 
terance, as  c  in  cinder  as  opposed  to  c  in  can- 
dle, g  in  gin  as  opposed  to  g  in  gift;  also  often 
used  instead  of  sonant  or  voiced  or  the  like  for 
an  alphabetic  sound  uttered  with  tone.— 8. 
Tender;  delicate. 
Have  I  nat  of  a  capoun  but  the  lyvere, 
And  of  youre  softe  [var.  white]  breed  nat  but  a  shyvere, .  .  . 
Thanne  hadde  I  with  yow  hoomly  sufflsannce. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  132. 

Why  are  our  bodies  soft  and  weak  and  smooth. 
Unapt  to  toil  and  trouble  in  the  world, 
But  that  our  sofl  conditions  and  our  hearts 
Should  well  agree  with  our  external  parts? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  a,  v.  2. 1B7. 

9.  Effeminate;  lacking  manliness,  hardiness, 
or  courage;  easy  to  overcome ;  gentle. 

Somday  boughten  they  of  Troye  it  dere, 
And  eft  the  Greekes  founden  nothinge  sofle 
The  folk  of  Troy.  Chaucer,  Trollus,  i.  137. 

When  a  warlike  State  grows  soft  and  effeminate,  they 
may  be  sure  of  a  war. 

Bacon,  Vicissitudes  of  Things  (ed.  1887X 

10.  Easily  persuaded,  moved,  or  acted  upon ; 
impressible ;  hence,  facile ;  weak ;  simple ;  fool- 
ish; silly. 

What  cannot  such  scoffers  do,  especially  if  they  find  a 
soft  creature  on  whom  they  may  work. 

Burton,  Anat  of  Mel.,  p.  209. 

A  few  divines  of  so  sort  and  servile  tempers  as  disposed 
them  to  so  sudden  acting  and  compliance. 

Kticon  Basilike. 

He  made  .  .  .  soft  fellows  stark  noddies ;  and  such  as 
were  foolish  quite  mad.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  149. 

11.  Slack;  easy-going;  without  care  or  anxiety. 

Under  a  shepherde  softe  and  necligent 

The  wolf  hath  many  a  sheepe  and  lamb  to-rent 

Chaucer,  Physician's  Tale,  1.  101. 

12.  Mild;  gentle;  kind;  sympathetic;  easily 
touched  or  moved;  susceptible;  tender;  mer- 
ciful; courteous;  not  rough,  rude,  or  irritat- 
ing: as,  soft  manners. 

There  segh  thai  that  semly,  &  with  soft  wordys, 
Comford  hur  kyndly  with  carpyng  of  mowthe. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7608. 

A  so/6  answer  turneth  away  wrath.  Prov.  xv.  1. 

Women  are  soft,  mild,  pitiful,  and  flexible  ; 
Thou  stern,  obdurate,  flinty,  rough,  remorseless. 

Shak.,  S  Ben.  VI.,  1.4.  141. 

13.  Easy;  gentle;  steady  and  even,  especially 
in  action  or  motion. 

Furth  they  went, 

As  soft  a  pace  as  y«>  myght  with  hym  goo ; 
Too  se  hym  in  that  plight  they  were  full  woo. 

Oenerydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2870. 

Notwithstondynge  the  contynuall  tedyous  calme,  we 
made  sayle  with  right  softe  spede. 

Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  77. 
With  inoffensive  pace  that  spinning  sleeps 
On  her  soft  axle ;  while  she  [the  earth]  paces  even, 
And  bears  thee  soft  with  the  smooth  air  along. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  viii.  165. 

14.  In  anat.,  not  bony,  cartilaginous,  dentinal, 
etc. :  as,  the  so/<  parts  or  soft  tissues  of  the  body : 
not  specific. — 15.  When  noting  silk,  having 
the  natural  gum  removed  by  cleaning  or  wash- 
ing: distinguished  from  hard. — 16.  In  ichth., 
not  spinous ;  soft-rayed :  noting  fins  or  fin-rays : 
as,  a  soft  dorsal  or  anal  (fin).    See  soft-finned, 
and  cut  under  Malacopterygii. — 17.  In  conch. 
&n(iherpet. ,  soft-shelled.— 18.  In  Crustacea,  soft- 
shelled —  A  soft  thing,  a  snug  berth,  in  which  work  is 
light  and  remunerative ;  a  comfortable  or  very  desirable 
place.  Also  called  a  soft  snap.  [Slang.]— Soft  bast.  See 
oo«<i,  2.— Soft  carbonates.  See  carbonate!.— Soft  chan- 
cre.   Same  as  chancroid. — Soft  Clam,  the  common  clam, 
Hya  arenaria,  and  related  forms,  whose  shell  is  compara- 
tively thin;  a  long  clam:  so  called  in  distinction  from  vari- 
ous hard  or  round  clams,  as  species  of  Venus,  Mactra,  etc. 
See  cut  under  Mya.  —  Soft  CoaL    See  def.  3  and  coal,  2.— 
Soft  commissure  of  the  brain.    Same  as  middle  com- 
missure (which  see,  under  commissure). — Soft  crab,  a  soft- 
shelled  crab.   See  soft-shelled. — Soft  eplthem,  a  poultice ; 
specifically,  a  cold  poultice  of  scraped  raw  potato  applied 
to  burns  and  scalds. — Soft  fish,  maple,  money,  oyster. 
Seethe  nouns.— Soft  palate.  See  palate,  1.— Soft  pedal 
pottery,  pulse,  sawder,  snap,  soap,  solder.    See  the 


softener 

nouns.— Soft  tortoise  or  turtle.  See  mft-ehelled.— Soft 
weather,  a  thaw.  [New  Eng.]-The  softer  sex  See 
sexl.=8yn  1.  Plastic,  pliable.-2.  (c)  Mellifluous,  dulcet. 
-10.  Compliant,  submissive,  irresolute. -12  and  13.  MM. 
Bland,  etc.  See  gentle. 

II.  n.  1.  A  soft  or  silly  person ;  a  person  who 
is  weak  or  foolish ;  a  fool.  Also  softy.  [Colloq. 
or  slang.] 

It'll  do  you  no  good  to  sit  in  a  spring-cart  o'  your  own, 
if  you've  got  a  soft  to  drive  you  :  he'll  soon  turn  you  over 
into  the  ditch.  '  Qeorye  Kliot,  Adam  Bede,  ix. 

2.  [cop.]  In  V.  S. politics:  (a)  A  member  or  an 
adherent  of  that  one  of  the  two  factions  into 
which  in  1852  and  succeeding  years  the  Demo- 
cratic party  in  the  State  of  New  York  was  di- 
vided which  was  less  favorable  to  the  extension 
of  slavery.  (6)  A  member  of  the  pro-slavery 
wing  of  the  Democratic  party  in  Missouri  about 
1850.  See  nard,  n.,  5. 

soft  (soft),  adv.  [<  ME.  softe,  <  AS.  softe  =  OS. 
sdfto  =  OHG.  samfto,  sanfto,  MHG.  samftr, 
sanfte,  G.  sanft,  softly ;  from  the  adj.]  Softly ; 
gently;  quietly. 

This  child  ful  softe  wynde  and  wrappe. 

Chaucer,  Clerks  Tale,  1.  527. 
Soft  whispering  thus  to  Nestor's  son, 
His  head  reclin  d,  young  Ithacus  begun. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  Iv.  81. 

soft  (soft),  interj.  [An  elliptical  use  of  soft,  orfr.] 
Go  softly!  hold!  stop!  not  so  fast! 

Soft! 

The  Jew  shall  have  all  justice  ;  soft!  no  haste ; 
He  shall  have  nothing  but  the  penalty. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1.  320. 

Soft  —  who  is  that  stands  by  the  dying  flre? 

M.  Arnold,  Tristram  and  Iseult. 

softt  (s6ft),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  soften,  softien  (=  MLG. 
sachten),  soften;  <  soft,  o.]  To  soften;  make 
soft. 

Soflynff  with  oynement.  Rom.  of  the  Rose,  \.  1924. 

Yet  cannot  all  these  flames,  in  which  I  fry, 
Her  hart  more  harde  then  yron  soft  a  whit. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xxxii. 

softa  (softs),  n.  [Alsoso/iJite;  <  Turk,  so/to.] 
A  Moslem  student  of  sacred  law  and  theologi- 
cal science. 

soft-bodied  (soft'bod"id),  a.  In  zool.,  having 
a  soft  body.  Specifically  applied  to  (o)  the  Mottusca 
or  Malacozoa  (see  malacology);  (b)  the  Malacodermata; 
(c)  In  Coleoptera,  the  Malacodermi;  (d)  in  Bemiptera,  the 
Capsidif. 

soft-conscienced  (spft'kon'shenst),  a.  Hav- 
ing a  tender  conscience.  Sliatc.,  Cor.,i.  1.37. 
[Rare.] 

soften  (sof  n),  v.  [<  so/<  +  -e»i.  Cf.  soft,  v.] 
I.  intrans.  To  become  soft  or  less  hard,  (o)  To  be- 
come more  penetrable,  pliable,  and  yielding  to  pressure : 
as,  iron  softens  with  heat 

Many  of  those  bodies  that  will  not  melt,  or  will  hardly 
melt  will  notwithstanding  soften. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist,  J  840. 

(&)  To  become  less  rude,  harsh,  severe,  or  cruel ;  grow  less 
obstinate  or  obdurate;  become  more  susceptible  of  hu- 
mane feelings  and  tenderness;  relent. 

We  do  not  know 
How  he  may  soften  at  the  sight  o'  the  child. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  2.  40. 

(c)  To  pass  by  soft,  imperceptible  degrees ;  melt ;  blend. 
Shade  unperceiv'd,  so  softening  into  shade. 

Thomson,  Hymn,  1.  26. 

II.  trans.  To  make  soft,  or  more  soft,  (a)  To 
make  less  hard  in  substance. 

Orpheus'  lute  was  strune  with  poets'  sinews, 
Whose  golden  touch  could  soften  steel  and  stones. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ill.  2.  79. 
Their  arrows'  point  they  soften  in  the  flame. 

Oay,  The  Fan,  i.  183. 

(b)  To  mollify ;    make  less  fierce  or  intractable ;  make 
more  susceptible  of  humane  or  fine  feelings :  as,  to  soften 
a  hard  heart  ;  to  soften  savage  natures. 

Even  the  sullen  disposition  of  Hash  she  evinced  a  facil- 
ity for  softening  by  her  playful  repartees  and  beautiful 
smiles.  5.  Judd,  Margaret,  li.  1. 

(c)  To  make  tender ;    make  effeminate ;    enervate :  as, 
troops  softened  by  luxury. 

Before  Poets  did  soften  TB,  we  were  full  of  courage, 
ginen  to  martiall  exercises. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

(ti)  To  make  less  harsh  or  severe,  less  rude,  less  offensive 
or  violent ;  mitigate :  as,  to  xoften  an  expression. 
He  bore  his  great  commission  in  his  look, 
But  sweetly  temper*d  awe,  and  soften'd  all  he  spoke. 

Dryden. 

The  asperity  of  his  opinions  was  softened  as  his  mind 
enlarged.  Southey,  Bunyan,  p.  54. 

(e)  To  make  less  glaring ;  tone  down ;  make  less  sharp  01 
harsh  :  as,  to  soften  the  coloring  of  a  picture ;  to  soften 
the  outline  of  something.  (/)  To  make  less  strong  or  in- 
tense in  sound ;  make  less  loud  ;  make  smooth  to  the  ear : 
as,  to  soften  the  voice. 

softener  (sof'ner),  it.  [<  so/te»  +  -«*.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  softens. 

His  [Milton's]  hand  falls  on  his  subject  without  the 
softener  of  cuff  or  ruffle. 

Landor,  Imag.  Conv.,  Andrew  Marvel  and  Bp.  Parker. 


softener 

2.  Specifically,  in  ceram.,  a  broad  brush  used 
to  spread  verifiable  color  thinly  and  uniformly 
on  the  biscuit. 

softening  (sofniug),  „.  [Verbal  n.  of  soften,  v.] 
1.   ihe  act  of  making  soft  or  softer— 2    In 
painting,  the  blending  of  colors  into  each  other 
~  ,  i.     ,^"      '•'  a  diminutiou  of  the  natural 
thy  firmness  of  organs  or  parts  of  or- 
gans; mollities.— Cerebral  softening,  softening  of 
e  Drain.— Colloidal  Softening.     Same  as  colloid  df 
generation  (which  see,  under  eottaB)   -  Softening  of  th» 
brain,  an  affection  of  some  part  n  pZrt?rft£  taSf 
in  which  it  is  necrosed  and  softened     Red  yellow  a    i 
wink'  softening,  are  distinguished.    The  color  depends  o 
the  presence  or  absence  of  blood-pigmei.t.  These  snots 
softening  are  usually  produced  by  the  occlusion  of  an  i" 
tery  most  frequently  by  embolUi  or  thrombo Is     Rarer 
conditions  are  ascribed  to  a  local  inllnmmation     The 
phrase  is  sometimes  popularly  but  improperly  applied  to 
dementia  paralytica.- Softening  of  the  spinal  cord 
a  local  condition  similar  to  thelike-nanied  inthi  brain 
but  most  frequently  dependent  on  inflammation. 

softening-iron  (sorning-I'ern),  ».  In  leather- 
manuf.,  a  round-edged  iron  plate  mounted  on 
an  upright  beam,  and  fixed  to  a  heavy  plank 
securely  fastened  in  the  floor  of  a  drying-loft 
The  skins  are  wetted,  and  then  stretched  upon 
this  iron.  Also  called  stretching-iron. 

softening-machine  (sof 'ning-ma-shen*),  n.  In 
teather-manuf.,  a  machine  for  treating  dry  hides 
with  water  to  prepare  them  for  the  tan-pits, 
and  also  for  treating  sheepskins,  etc.,  with  oil 

soft-eyed  (sdft'id),  a.  Having  soft,  gentle,  or 
tender  eyes. 


5749 


SSSKJ  SJfft^Jlr!"  ••J^*SSS&'- 

soft-sawder  (idft'iA'dte),  p.  *.    |  <  wrt  MwA  /  • 
see  under  sawder.-]  To  flatter;  blarney.  [Slang', 

' 


nfn  (sd^'A8hel).  »•    Same  as  soft-shelled. 
soft-shelled  (s6ft'sheld),  a.     Having  a  soft 


. 

any  soft  clam     See  cuts  under  Mya  L\  J^te- 

sSfflfkSffi^l  c';n'mo"  c'""10  crab  «**•  u'i 

alien  i',H  ?"  A<"*<""8-  whe"  "  has  molted  its  lu.nl 

11  and  not  yet  grown  another,  so  that  it  is  ooraredonl. 
™  T?Xlble  ,8,ki"-  In  thl"  state  ll  is  accounted  a  delf. 
Sn  ™t  »"!£  OCCUP8  from  late  '"  tno  "Prl'iB  through- 
edilZ  rr  1°  "1°  8",n!1"e,r-  The  tern,  is  extended  to  Btfin 
r  A^intheactofcastingltsshellista.m.l 
r,  peeler  or  fciwter;  when  the  new  shell  begins  („ 
c™kler-  s<*  cut  under  paddle-crab.  -Soft- 
rrP  rt°J^8  or  turtles,  tortoises  or  turtles  of  the 
whtfl  •'.".'","'*!.  "'I11  othcr8  Wno8e  ca™P»ce  is  some- 
what  flexible  ;  eatherbacks  or  leathcr-turtfes.  Also  toft 

See  cut8  under 


Give  Virtue  scandal,  Innocence  a  fear 
Or  from  the  soft-eyed  virgin  steal  a  tear ! 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  286. 

soft-finned  (sdft'find),  a.     In  iclith.,  having  no 
nn-spmes;  spineless;  anacanthiue;  malacop- 
terous;  malacopterygian.    See  Malacopterunii. 
soft-grass  (soft'gras),  n.    See  Holcus. 
soft-handed  (soft'han'ded),  a.     Having  soft 
hands.    Hence,  figuratively -(o)  Unused  and  therefore 
unable  to  work     (6)  Not  firm  In  rule,  discipline,  or  the 
like :  aa,  a  soft-handed  kind  of  justice 
soft-headed  (soft'hed'ed),  a.     Having  a  soft 
or  silly  head ;  silly ;  stupid. 
soft-hearted  (soft'har'ted),  a.    Having  a  soft 
or  tender  heart. 

SOft-heartedness  (s6ft'har"ted-nes),  n.     The 
quality  of  being  soft-hearted ;  tendency  or  dis- 
position to  be  touched,  or  moved  to  sympathy ; 
tenderness  of  heart;  benevolence;  gentleness. 
Soft-heartedness,  in  times  like  these, 
Shows  sof'ness  in  the  upper  story  ! 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  vii. 
SOfthorn  (sdft'hdru),  ».    A  foolish  person;  one 
easily  imposed  upon;  a  greenhorn.     [Colloq.1 
softie,  H.     See  softi/. 

SOftlingt  (soft'liiig),  H.     [<  soft  +  -lingl.]     A 
sybarite ;  a  voluptuary. 

Effeminate  men  and  softlingi  cause  the  stoute  man  to 
waxe  tender.  Bp.  Woolton,  Christ.  Manual  (1576). 

SOftlyt (sdft'li),  a.    [_<soft  +  -lyi.]   Soft;  easy: 
gentle;  slow. 

The  gentle  Prince  not  farre  away  they  spyde 
Ryding  a  softly  pace  with  portance  sad. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  vii.  6. 

y,  softeli, 

.--,  .  ~~j  ~  .  .y  .j  j.ii  ,j  ovi.i/  manner, 
(o)  Without  force  or  violence;  gently  :  as,  he  softlv 
pressed  my  hand.  (6)  Not  loudly;  without  noise:  as 
speak  softly;  walk  softly. 


soft-sized  (soft'sizd),  «.    See  m'raf' 
soft-skinned  (sdft  '  skind),  a.    Having  a  soft 

skin;  specifically,  in  zool.,  malacodermatous. 
soft-soap  (sdft'sop'),  v.  t.     [<  soft  soap:  see 

under  soap.]     To  flatter,  especially  for  the 

attainment  of  some  selfish  end.    See  soav  n 

and  t>.     [Colloq.] 

soft-solid  (sdft'soPid),  a.  Pulp-like  in  consis- 
tence. 

soft-spoken  (sdft'spo'kn),  a.  Speaking  soft- 
ly ;  having  a  mild  or  gentle  voice  ;  hence,  mild  ; 
affable;  plausible. 

He  has  heard  of  one  that's  lodged  in  the  next  street  to 

him  who  is  exceedingly  soft-spoken,  thrifty  of  her  speech, 

that  spends  but  six  words  a  day.  B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  1.  1. 

A  nice,  soft-spoken  old  gentleman;  .  .  .  butter  wouldn't 

It  in  his  mouth.  Thackeray,  Pendennis,  xi. 

soft-tack  (soft'tak),  «.   Soft  wheaten  bread,  as 


soil 

soil'  (soil).  ,,.  [Enrly  mod.  E.  also.sW,,  >•„«/,  . 
<  -ME.  soile,  no,//,,  tojflh.  Mfe,  -oil,  ground 
earth;  (a)  <  OF.  .ml,  F.  *,,i  =  pr.  snl  =  Sp.  ,„,  /,', 
Fg.  fOto  =  It.  miolo,  bottom,  ground,  soil 
pavement,  <  L.  soluni,  the  bottom,  foundation 
ground,  soil,  earth,  land,  the  sole  of  the  foot  or 
of  a  shoe  (see  so/el);  the  E.  form  tott  instead 
ot  sole  in  this  sense  ('soil,  ground,'  etc.)  being 
due  to  confusion  with  (I,)  OF.  ,,„/. 
seutt,  threshold,  also  area,  place,  F.  muil  =  Pr 
•»'/-.  Ml..  foIteM,  tolmm,  tueuotd,  <  L.Mfan 
(see  above);  (c)  OF.  .«,/,•,  m,Hic  =  Sp.  sueln  = 
Pg.  sola  =  Olt.  sHola.  sola,  It.  siiola,  sole  of  a 
slmo,  tOffUa,  threshold/  L.  solea,  a  sole,  sandal 
sill,  threshold,  etc.,  ML.  also  ground,  joist,  etc. 
(see  *o/el);  (rf)  OF.  toil,  toM,  a  mirv  place 
(see  «oi72).  The  forms  and  senses  of  soil'  and 
Holci  are  much  involved  with  other  forms  and 
senses.]  1.  The  ground;  the  earth. 

That  euery  man  kepe  his  soyle  clene  ayenst  his  tenement, 
ana  his  pavyment  hole.  In  peyne  of  xl.  d. 

English  Gild*  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  884. 

2.  Land;  country;  native  land. 

Paris,  that  the  prlnse  loult,  .  . 
lhat  ordant  on  all  wise  after  his  dethe, 
The  souerain  to  send  into  his  soile  horn. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  9068. 
Dorset  your  son,  that  with  a  fearful  soul 
Leads  discontented  steps  in  foreign  soil. 

Shale.,  Rich.  III.,  Iv.  4.  Sit 


3.  A  mixture  of  fine  earthy  material  with  more 
or  less  organic  matter  resulting  from  the  growth 
and  decomposition  of  vegetation  on  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  or  from  the  decay  of  animal  mat- 
ter (manure)  artificially  supplied.  The  existence 
of  soil  over  any  area  Implies  a  previous  decomposition  of 
the  rocks,  and  climatic  and  other  physical  conditions  fa- 
vorable  to  the  growth  of  vegetation.  As  these  conditions 

"jr-  .—•—  '""••'  "—/I  "•    ««"  wiieaieii  ureaa,  as     vary,  so  varies  the  thickness  of  the  soil.    That  which  II 
distinguished  from  hardtack,  or  hard  sea-bread     *""*•  beneath  the  soil  and  partakes  of  its  qualities  but  to 
or -biscuit.     [Sailors' and  soldiers' slang  1  "  less  degree,  is  called  the  .ufwofl. 

i«**^^j  /»AW/— ,J4    .       o       „       .  S'r  Walter  Blunt,  new  lighted  from  his  horse, 

Stain'd  with  the  variation  of  each  soil 
Betwixt  that  Holmedon  and  this  seat  of  ours. 

Shale.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  I.  1.  «. 


ui  -uiBcuiu.     Loauors-  aim  soldiers'  slang.] 
softwood  (spft'wud),  n.    See  Myrsine. 
softy  (sdf'ti),  n.;  pi.  softies  (-tiz).     [<  soft  + 

dim. -y2.]     A  soft  or  silly  person.    Also  softie. 

[Colloq.] 

Nancy  .  .  .  were  but  a  softy  after  all,  for  she  left  off 
doing  her  work  in  a  proper  manner. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xv. 

He  is  a  kind  of  softie— all  alive  on  one  side  of  his  brain 
and  a  noodle  on  the  other. 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  Robert  Elsmere,  ill. 
sog1  (sog),  «.     [Cf.  Icel.  so'ggr,  dank,  wet,  saggi, 
moisture,  wet,  dampness;  prob.  akin  to  t/juya 
=  AS.  sugan,  sucan,  suck,  AS.  soeiaii,  E.  soak: 


seesoafc.]    A  bog;  quagmire 

A  lethargy.    Bartlett.    [U.  S.] 


waved  a  limp  hand  warningly 
"She's  layln1  in  a  sog,"  he 


SOg2  (sog),  ». 

Old  Ezra  Barnet  .  .  . 

toward  the  bedroom  door.  nog       e 

said,  hopelessly.       S.  0.  Jewett,  Scribner's  Mag.,  II.  788. 
soger  (so'jer),  M.     1.  A  dialectal  or  colloquial 
form  of  soldier.    Also  soier,  so<lger.—  2.  Naut., 
a  skulk  or  shirk ;  one  who  is  always  trying  to 
evade  his  share  of  work. 
The  captain  called  him  a  soger. 

R.  U.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  142. 


apenser,  n.  y.,  v 

softly  (sdft'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  softly,  softely, 
softeliche;  <  soft  +  -ly?.]     In  a  soft  m 

*-«\    u-;n,~,,*     .- .    ...  -i_._  _  _ 


And  seide  ful  softly  in  shrifte  as  it  were. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  iii.  37. 
In  this  dark  silence  softly  leave  the  Town. 

Dryden,  Indian  Emperor,  iii.  1. 

(c)  Gently;  slowly;  calmly;  quietly;  hence,  at  an  easy 
pace :  as,  to  lay  a  thing  down  softly. 

His  bowe  he  toke  in  hand  toward  the  deere  to  stalke  • 
Y  prayed  hym  his  shote  to  leue  &  softely  with  me  to  walke 
Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  118. 

He  commaunded  certaine  Captaines  to  stay  behinde,  and 
to  row  softly  after  him.  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  178. 

(d)  Mildly ;  tenderly. 

The  king  must  die  — 
Though  pity  softly  plead  within  my  soul. 

Dryden,  Spanish  Friar,  iii.  3. 

(e)  Slackly;  carelessly. 

All  that  softly  shiftless  class  who,  for  some  reason  or 
other,  are  never  to  be  found  with  anything  In  hand  at  the 
moment  that  it  is  wanted.  H.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  843. 

softner,  «.     Same  as  softener. 

softness  (soft'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  softnesse,  <  AS. 
softness,  seftnes,  <  softe,  soft:  see  soft  and  -ness.] 
The  property  or  character  of  being  soft,  in  any 
sense  of  that  word. 

There  is  on  the  face  of  the  whole  earth  no  do-nothing 
whose  softness,  idleness,  general  inaptitude  to  labor,  and 
everlasting,  universal  shiftlessness  can  compare  with  that 
of  this  worthy.  a.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  29. 

SOft-rayed  (soft'rad),  a.  In  ichth.,  malacop- 
terygian ;  soft-finued:  said  of  a  fish  or  its  fins.— 


soger  (so'jer),  r.  f.  [<  soger,  n. :  see  soger,  it.,  2.] 
Naut.,  to  play  the  soger  or  shirk. 

Reefing  is  the  most  exciting  part  of  a  sailor's  duty 
All  hands  are  engaged  upon  it.  and,  after  the  halyards  are 
let  go,  there  is  no  time  to  be  lost  —  no  sogering.  or  hang- 
ing back,  then.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  20. 

SOgett.    A  Middle  English  form  ofsutyect. 

soggetto  (so-jet'to),  n.  [It. :  see  subject.]  In 
music,  same  as  subject  or  theme. 

SOggy  (sog'i),  a.  [<  sogl  +  -#1 ;  in  part  a  var. 
of  socky,  soaky.]  Soaked  with  water  or  moist- 
ure; thoroughly  wet;  damp  and  heavy:  as, 
soggy  land;  soggy  timber;  soggy  bread. 

Cor.  How  now,  Mitis !  what 't  that  you  consider  so  seri- 
ously? 

Mil.  Troth,  that  which  doth  essentially  please  me,  the 
warping  condition  of  this  green  and  soggy  multitude. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  111.  2. 
soh  (so),  interj.    See  so1,  interj. 
sohare,  n.    Same  as  sura-hai. 
soho  (so-ho'),  interj.    [<  ME.  sohoice:  see  so1 
and  ho1.]    A  word  used  in  calling  from  a  dis- 
tant place ;  a  sportsmen's  halloo. 
Launce.  Soho!  soho! 
Pro.  What  seestthouV 
Launce.  Him  we  go  to  find. 

Shale.,  T.  O.  of  V.,  III.  1.  189. 
So  ho,  birds !    (Holds  up  a  piece  of  bread.) 
How  the  eyasses  scratch  and  scramble ! 

Jfassinger,  The  Picture,  v.  1. 

soi-disant  (swo-de-zon'),  a.  [P.:  soi,  reflexive 
pron.,  oneself  ('<.  L.  se,  oneself);  disant  (<  L. 
dicen(t-)s),  ppr.  of  dire,  say,  speak,  <  L.  rft- 
cere,  say:  see  diction.]  Calling  one's  self ;  self- 
styled;  pretended;  would-be. 


Life  without  a  plan, 
As  useless  as  the  moment  It  began, 
Serves  merely  as  a  soil  for  discontent 
To  thrive  in.  Cowper,  Hope,  L  97. 

4.  In  soldering,  a  mixture  of  size  and  lamp- 
black applied  around  the  parts  to  be  joined  to 
prevent  the  adhesion  of  melted  solder. 
soil2  (soil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  soyl,  sovle  • 
<  OP.  soil,  souil,  F.  souille,  the  mire  in  which  a 
wild  boar  wallows,  =  Pr.  solh,  mire,  prob.  <  L. 
suillug,  belonging  to  swine,  <  sits,  swine,  sow 
see  «oic2.  Cf  .  soi  ft,  v.]  A  marshy  or  wet  place 
to  which  a  hunted  boar  resorts  for  refuge; 
hence,  a  wet  place,  stream,  or  water  sought 
for  by  other  game,  as  deer. 

Soil,  or  souU  de  tanglier,  the  toile  of  a  wllde  boare,  the 
slough  or  mire  wherein  he  hath  wallowed.  Cotgravc. 

As  deer,  being  struck,  fly  through  many  tails, 
Yet  still  the  shaft  sticks  fast. 

Manton,  Malcontent,  Iii.  1. 

To  take  soil,  to  run  into  the  water  or  a  wet  place  as  an 
animal  when  pursued  ;  hence,  to  take  refuge  or  shelter. 
O!  what  a  sport,  to  see  a  Heard  of  them  [harts] 
Take  soyl  in  Sommer  In  som  spacious  stream  ' 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  L  6. 
O,  sir,  have  you  ta'en  sou  here?    It  's  well  a  man  may 
reach  you  after  three  hours  running  yet. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  L  1. 
soil3  (soil),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  soyle;  <  ME. 
soilen,  soillen,  stiilen,  soulen,  suylen,  <  6F.  sollier 
so»iller,  soil,  refl.  (of  a  swine),  take  soil,  wal- 
low in  the  mire,  F.  souiller,  soil,  sully,  dirty, 
=  Pr.  sulhar,  solar  =  Pg.  sujar=  Olt.  sogliare, 
soil;  from  the  noun  soil?:  see  soi&.  In  an- 
other view,  F.  souiller,  soil,  dirty,  is  <  L.  *sucu- 
lare,  wallow  like  a  pig,  <  LL.  suculus,  a  porker, 
dim.  of  sus,  swine,  sow,  being  thus  from  the 
same  ult.  source  as  above;  so  Pr.  sulhar,  soil, 
<  mBa,  a  sow  ;  cf.  Sp.  emporcar,  soil,<  Ij.porctis, 
a  pig.  The  relations  of  the  forms  here  grouped 
under  soifi  are  somewhat  uncertain.  The  word 
is  not  akin  to  sully.-]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
dirty  on  the  surface;  dirty;  defile;  tarnish: 
sully;  smirch;  contaminate. 

I  haue  but  one  hool  hatere.  ...  I  am  the  lasse  to  blame 
Though  it  be  soiled  and  selde  clene. 

Piert  Plowman  (B),  xhr.  t. 
Our  kingdom's  earth  should  not  be  soil'd 
With  that  dear  blood  which  It  hath  fostered. 

Shalr.,  Rich.  II.,  I.  3.  126. 

Truth  is  as  Impossible  to  be  soiled  by  any  outward 
touch  as  the  sunbeam.  Milton,  Divorce. 

2.  To  dung;  manure. 

Men  .  .  .  soil  their  ground:  not  that  they  love  the  dirt, 
but  that  they  expect  a  crop.  South. 


soil 

II.  iiilntiiK.  To  take  on  dirt;  become  soiled  : 
take  a  soil  or  stain:  tarnish:  as,  silver  «»'/» 
sooner  than  gold. 

soil3 (soil),  it.  [Early  mod. E. also <soyle;  <soilA,r. 
In  def.  3  prob.  now  associated  with  soil1, 3.]  1. 
Any  foul  matter  upon  another  substance ;  foul- 
ness. 

A  lady's  honour  must  be  touched. 
Which,  nice  as  ermines,  will  not  bear  a  soil. 

I>ri/den. 

The  very  garments  of  a  Quaker  seem  incapable  of  re- 
(•dving  a  mil.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXX.  31fl. 

2.  Stain;  tarnish;  spot;  defilement  or  taint. 

As  free  from  touch  or  soil  with  her 

As  she  from  one  uugot.    Shak.,  II.  for  SI.,  v.  1. 141. 

For  euen  alreadie  it  is  one  good  steppe  of  an  Atheist 

and  Infidell  to  become  a  Proselyte,  although  with  some 

soyle.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  49. 

3.  Manure;  compost.     Compare  nii/lit-soil. 

Improve  land  by  dung  and  other  sort  of  soils. 

Mortimer, 

soil4  (soil),  r.  t.  [A  var.  of  saul  (f ),  soul  (?),  < 
OF.  saoler,  later  saouler,  F.  sofder,  glut,  cloy,  fill, 
satiate,  <  OF.  saol,  saoul,  F.  soul  =  Pr.  sadol  =  It. 
satol/o,  full,  satiated,  <  L.  satulliis,  dim.  ofsatur, 
full,  satiated:  see  sad,  sate2,  satiate.  Cf.  soul?, 
«.]  To  stall-feed  with  green  food ;  feed  for 
the  purpose  of  fattening. 

The  fitchew,  nor  the  soiled  horse,  goes  to 't 

With  a  more  riotous  appetite. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6.  124. 

You  shall  cozen  me,  and  I'll  thank  you,  and  send  you 
brawn  and  bacon,  and  soil  you  every  long  vacation  a  brace 
of  foremen  [geese],  that  at  Michaelmas  shall  come  up  fat 
and  kicking.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  v.  3. 

During  their  flrst  summer  they  [calves]  do  best  to  be 
soiled  on  vetches,  clover,  or  Italian  ryegrass,  with  from 
1  Ib.  to  2  Ib.  of  cake  to  each  calf  daily. 

Encyc.  Brit,,  I.  390. 

S0il6t  (soil),  ».  t.  [<  ME.  soilen,  by  apheresis 
from  assoin.]  1.  To  solve ;  resolve. 

M.  More  throughout  all  his  book  maketh  "  Quod  he " 
[his  opponent]  to  dispute  and  move  questions  after  such 
a  manner  as  he  can  soil  them  or  make  them  appear  soiled. 
Tyndale,  Ans.  to  Sir  T.  More,  etc.  (Parker  Soc.,  1850),  p.  194. 

The  doubt  yet  remaineth  there  in  minde,  which  riseth 
vpon  this  answere  that  you  make,  and,  that  doubt  soiled, 
1  wil  as  for  this  time  .  .  .  encombre  you  no  farther. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  43. 

2.  To  absolve ;  assoil. 

Faste,  freke,  for  thy  faith,  on  thy  fote  fonde  be ! 
And  fro  this  place,  bewschere,  I  soile  the  for  euere. 

York  Plays,  p.  318. 

soil8  (soil),  v.  A  dialectal  variant  of  site1. 
soil7  (soil),  «.  Same  as  syle?.  Buchanan, 
soil8  (soil),  «.  A  dialectal  variant  of  sill1. 
soil8  (soil),  ».  [Origin  obscure  (?).]  A  young 

eoalfish.     [Local,  Eng.] 
soil-bound  (soil'bonnH),  a.    Bound  or  attached 

to  the  soil :  a  translation  of  the  Latin  adscriptux 

glebee. 

That  morning  he  had  freed  the  soil-bound  slaves. 

Byron,  Lara,  ii.  8. 

soil-branch  (soil'branch),  n.     A  lateral  con- 
nection with  a  sewer-pipe. 
soil-cap  (soil'kap),  n.     The  covering  of  soil  and 
detrital  material  in  general  which  rests  upon 
the  bed-rock:  occasionally  used  by  geologists. 
Mere  gravitation,  aided  by  the  downward  pressure  of 
sliding  detritus  or  soil-cap,  suffices  to  bend  over  the  edges 
of  fissile  strata. 

A.  GeOde,  Text- Book  of  Geol.  (2d  ed.X  p.  496. 
soiled  (soild),  a .    [<  soffi-  +  -c (ft.']    Having  soil : 
used  chiefly  in  composition :  as,  deep-sowed. 

The  Province  .  .  .  is  far  greater,  more  populous,  better 
soiled,  and  more  stored  with  Gentry. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  ii.  15. 

sqilinesst  (soi'li-nes),  n.    The  quality  or  condi- 
tion of  being  soily ;  soil;  tarnish.     [Rare.] 
To  make  proof  of  the  incorporation  of  silver  and  tin 
and  to  observe  .  .  .  whether  it  yield  no  soilinem  more  than 
Bacon,  Physiological  Remains. 

Spiling  (soi'ling),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  soifr,  r.]  1. 
The  act  of  stall-feeding  with  green  food. 

In  our  American  climate  ...  the  sotting  of  dairy  cows 
is  altogether  important.  Sew  Amtr.  Farm  Book,  p.  141. 
2.  Green  food  stall-fed  to  cattle. 

Soiling,  when  the  pastures  fall  short,  should  always  be 
supplied.  .  .  .  The  rye,  grasses,  clover,  and  millet     . 
should  be  fed  in  mangers  under  shelter,  or  in  the  stables. 
New  Amer.  Farm  Boo*,  p.  141. 

soilless  (soil'les),  (i.    [<  so«l  +  -less.']    Destitute 
of  soil  or  mold.     Wright.     (Imp.  Di.ct.) 
SOll-pipe  (soil'pip),  n.    An  upright  discharge- 
pipe  which  receives  the  general  refuse  from 
water-closets,  etc.,  in  a  building. 

A  round  cover  and  a  water  trap  to  exclude  noxious  air 

trom  the  mi-pipe.      0.  Kennan,  The  Century,  XXXV.  764. 

soil-pulverizer  (soil'puFve-ri-zer),  n.     A  tool 

or  machine  for  breaking  up  or  pulverizing  the 


soil  preparatory  to  seeding,  etc.,  as  a  special 
form  of  harrow,  or  a  flanged  roller;  a  clod- 
crusher. 

SOilure  (soi'lur),  w.  [<  OF.  xnnilhio-i.  xiiillurr, 
F.  souillnre,  filth,  ordure,  <  soniller,  soil:  see 
soil3.]  The  act  of  soiling,  or  the  state  of  being 
soiled;  stain  or  staining;  tarnish  or  tarnishing. 

He  merits  well  to  have  her  that  doth  seek  her, 

Not  making  any  scruple  of  her  soilure, 

With  such  a  hell  of  pain  and  world  of  charge. 

Shale.,  T.  andC.,iv.  1.  5e. 

SOilyt  (soi'li),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  soylic;  <  soil* 
+  -yl.]  Somewhat  dirty,  soiled,  or  tarnished ; 
polluting. 

So  spots  of  sinne  the  writer's  soule  did  staine, 
Whose  soylie  tincture  did  therein  remaint-, 
Till  brinish  teares  had  washt  it  out  againe. 

Fuller,  David's  Sinne,  st.  32.    (Davits. ) 

soimonite  (soi'inon-5t),  n.  [After  Soimonoff,  a 
Russian  statesman.]  A  variety  of  corundum, 
occurring  with  barsowite  near  Zlatoust  in  the 
Urals. 

soiree  (swo-ra'),  n.  [<  F.  soiree,  serfe,  Norm, 
dial,  aerie,  evening-tide,  an  evening  party,  =  It. 
serctta,  evening-tide.  <  ~LL.*scrare,  become  late, 
<  L.  sertts,  late  in  the  day,  neut.  serum,  evening, 
>  It.  sera  =  Pr.  ser,  sera  =  F.  soir,  evening.  Cf. 
serotine.]  An  evening  party  or  reunion :  as,  a 
musical  soiree. 

Mrs.  Tuffin  was  determined  she  would  not  ask  Philip  to 
her  soirees.  Thackeray,  Philip,  xxiii. 

Soja  (so'ja),  n.  [NL.  (Savi,  1824),  <  soy,  a  kind 
of  sauce,  j  A  former  genus  of  leguminousplants, 
consisting  of  a  single  species.  S.  Iiispida,  now 
classed  as  Glycinc  Soja.  Also  written  Soya. 
See  soy. 

SOJer  (so'jer),  w.  A  dialectal  or  colloquial  form 
of  soldier. 

SOJOUTt,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  sojourn. 

sojourn  (so'jern  or  so-jern'),  r.  i.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  sojorn  ;<.WE.sojournen,  sojornen,<  OF.  so- 
journer,  sojorner,  sejourner,  scjorner,  F.  sejourner 
=  Pr.  sojornar,  sejoruar  =  It.  soggiornare  (ML. 
reflex  sejornare),  dwell  for  a  time,  sojourn,  < 
Mii."sul>diurnare  (or  "superdiurnare  f),  <  L.  ««6, 
under,  +  diurnare, stay, last, <  diurnus, daily:  see 
.wft-and  diurnal,  journal.  Cf.  adjourn,  journey.] 
To  dwell  for  a  time ;  dwell  or  live  in  a  place  as 
a  temporary  resident,  or  as  a  stranger,  not  con- 
sidering the  place  as  a  permanent  habitation. 

Thus  restede  the  childeren  and  soiournede  in  the  Citee  of 
logres,  that  the  saisnes  ne  dide  hem  no  forfete. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  202. 
Abram  went  down  Into  Egypt  to  sojourn  there. 

Gen.  xii.  In. 

The  old  King  is  put  to  sojorn  with  his  Eldest  Daughter, 
attended  only  by  threescore  Knights. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

=Syn.  Abide,  Sojourn,  Continue,  etc.  See  abided. 
SOJpurn  (so'jern  or  so-jern'),  n.  [<  ME.  sojourne, 
sojorne,  sojorn,  sojour,  <  OF.  'sojourn,  siijurn,  so- 
jour,  sujur,  sejor,  sejour,  F.  sejoitr  =  Pr.  sojorn, 
sejorn  =  OSp.  sojorno  =  It.  soggiorno  ;  from  the 
verb.]  1.  A  temporary  stay  or  residence,  as 
that  of  a  traveler. 

Ful  longe  to  holde  there  sojour. 

Rom.  of  the  Hone,  1.  4282. 
The  princes,  France  and  Burgundy,  .  .  . 
Long  in  our  court  have  made  their  amorous  sojourn. 

Shak.,  Lear,  L  1.  48. 

2.  A  place  of  temporary  stay  or  abode.    [Rare.] 
That  day  I  bode  stille  in  ther  companye, 
Which  was  to  me  a  gracious  soimirne. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  55. 
Escaped  the  Stygian  pool,  though  long  detain'd 
In  that  obscure  sojourn.  Milton,  P.  L.,  Hi.  lf>. 

sojournantt,  »•  [ME.  sojornawnt,  <  OF.  sojor- 
nant,  ppr.  of  sojorner,  sojourn:  see  sojourn.] 
One  making  a  sojourn ;  a  visitor.  [Rare.] 

Your  doughter  of  Sweynsthorpp  and  hyr  gojornaunt  E 
Paston,  recomandyth  hem  to  yow  in  ther  most  humble 
«7se-  Potion  Letters,  III.  219. 

SOJOUrner  (so'jer-ner  or  so-jer'ner),  n.  [<  ME. 
*sojourner,  sojorner;  <  sojourn  +  -er1.]  1.  One 
who  sojourns;  a  temporary  resident;  a  stran- 
ger or  traveler  who  dwells  in  a  place  for  a  time. 
We  are  strangers  before  thee  and  sojourners,  as  were  all 
our  fathers.  i  Chron.  xxix.  15. 

2.  A  guest:  a  visitor. 

We've  no  strangers,  woman, 
None  but  my  sojourners  and  I. 

Middkton,  Women  Beware  Women,  ii.  2. 
Thus  graciously  bespoke  her  welcome  guest : 
"Welcome  an  owner,  not  a  sojovrner." 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  ii.  704. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  quarter  .  .  .  objected  to  my  liv- 
ing among  them,  because  I  was  not  married  I  re- 
plied that,  being  merely  a  sojourner  in  Egypt,  I  did  not 
like  either  to  take  a  wife  or  female  slave. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modem  Egyptians,  1. 193. 


sol 

SOJOUming  (so' jer-ning  or  scYjrr'uing),  n.  [Ver- 
bal n.  of  xojniirii,  r.\  The  act  of  dwelling  in  » 
place  for  a  time ;  also,  the  time  of  abode. 

The  sojourning  of  the  children  of  Israel  [in  Egypt)  .  .  . 
was  four  hundred  and  thirty  years.  Ex.  xii.  40. 


The  act  of  sojourning;  temporary  residence,  as 
that  of  a  stranger  or  traveler. 

God  has  appointed  our  mjiMrnwi'nt  hciv  as  a  period  of 
preparation  for  futurity.  Wnkcfield. 

soke1  (eok),  n.  [Also  soc;  <  ME.  soke,  sok  (AF. 
soc,  ML.  soca),  the  exercise  of  judicial  power,  a 
franchise,  land  held  by  socage,  <  AS.  sm;  juris 
diction,  lit.  inquiry  or  investigation,  <  KHI-IIH 
(pret.  soc),  contend,  litigate,  >  sacu.  a,  conten- 
tion, a  lawsuit,  hence  in  old  law  sac,  the  power 
of  hearing  suits  and  administering  justice  with- 
in a  certain  precinct:  seesaci,sakei.  Thewords 
soke  and  soken  are  practically  identical  in  orig. 
sense,  but  are  to  be  kept  separate,  being  differ- 
ent forms.  6'ocis  the  AF.  (Law  F.)  form  of  soke, 
which  is  itself  a  ME.  form  archaically  pre- 
served (like  botc,  mote).  The  mod.  form  would 
be  sook,  as  the  mod.  form  of  bote  is  boot,  and 
that  of  mote  is  moot.]  1.  The  power  or  privi- 
lege of  holding  a  court  in  a  district,  as  in  a 
manor;  jurisdiction  of  causes;  also,  the  limits 
of  such  jurisdiction. 

The  land  was  equally  divided  among  the  three,  but  the 
.-"/,' ,  the  judicial  rights,  passed  to  Harold  and  Godward 
only.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  v.  626. 

2.  The  liberty  or  privilege  of  tenants  excused 
from  customary  burdens. — 3.  Same  as  soken,  1. 

If  there  is  no  retail  tavern  in  the  soke  where  he  dwells. 
Enfilish  GHd«(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  185. 

4.  Same  as  soken,  2. 

S0ke2t,  v.    An  old  spelling  of  soak,  suck. 

sokelingt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  suckling. 

sokeman  (sok'man),  ».  In  old  Eng.  law,  same 
as  socman. 

soken  (so'kn),  ».  [ME.  soken,  sokne,  sokene,  < 
AS.  socn,  socen  (>  ML.  socna),  an  inquiry  (= 
Icel.  sokn  =  Sw.  socken  =  Dan.  sogn,  a  parish); 
cf.  AS.  soc,  the  exercise  of  judicial  power  (see 
soke1);  <  sacan,  contend,  litigate,  etc.:  see 
sake^.]  1.  A  district  or  territory  within  which 
certain  privileges  or  powers  were  exercised; 
specifically,  a  district  held  by  tenure  of  socage. 

Bette  the  bedel  of  Bokyngham-shire, 
Rainalde  the  reue  of  Rotland  sokene. 

Fieri  Plowman  (B),  ii.  110. 

He  [the  freeman]  may  be  a  simple  husbandman,  or  the 
lord  of  a  soken  and  patron  of  hundreds  of  servants  and  fol- 
lowers. Stubbi,  Const.  Hist.,  $  37. 

2.  An  exclusive  privilege  claimed  by  a  miller 
of  grinding  all  the  corn  used  within  the  manor 
in  which  his  mill  stands,  or  of  being  paid  for 
the  same  as  if  actually  ground. 

Gret  mkene  hath  this  millere,  out  of  doute. 
With  whete  and  malt  of  al  the  land  aboute. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  L  87. 

soke-reeve  (sok'rev),  «.  A  rent-gatherer  in  a 
lord's  soke. 

sokerelt,  ».  [ME.  (mod.  E.  as  if  "suekerel,  < 
suck  +  dim.  -er-el  as  in  cockerel).]  A  child  not 
weaned.  Halliicell. 

sokinah,  «.  [Malagasy.]  An  insectivorous 
mammal  of  Madagascar,  Echinops  telfairi,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Centetidee.  It  is  a  typical 


Sokinah  (Echmofs  Irl/airi). 

centetid,  closely  related  to  and  much  resem- 
bling the  common  tenrec. 

soko  (so'ko),  w.  [African.]  The  native  name 
of  an  ape  closely  allied  to  the  chimpanzee,  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Livingstone  in  Manynema,  near 
Lake  Tanganyika,  in  Central  Africa.  The  ani- 
mal has  not  been  scientifically  identified. 

SOl1  (sol),  11.  [Used  chiefly  as  mere  L.;  ME.  sol 
(in  def.  3) ;  =  OF.  sol  (dim.  soleil,  solail,  soleis, 


sol 

ete.j'F.  We/0  =  Sp-  Pg.  not  =  It.  mle;  <  L.  w, 
the  sun,  =  AS.  sol,  the  sun  (8dl-4n6naOt,  Febru- 
ary), =  Icel.  so/  =  Sw.  Dan.  W  =  Goth,  .win/ 
=  W.  /!««/  =  Ir.  SH/  =  Lith.  Lett.  OPruss.  saule, 
the  sun;  also  with  added  suffixes,  in  Teut.  nn.l 
Slav,  forms,  AS.  sunne,  etc.,  E.  sun:  see  sun.] 

1.  [cap.]  The  sun.    See  Phoebus. 

And  therefore  is  the  glorious  planet  Sol 
In  noble  eminence  enthroned  and  sphered. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  8.  89. 
Dan  SW  to  slope  his  wheels  began. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  Iviii. 

2.  In  her.,  a  tincture,  the  metal  or,  or  gold,  in 
blazoning  by  planets,  as  in  the  arms  of  sover- 
eigns.    See  blazon,  n.,2.—  3.  In  alchemy,  gold. 

Sol  gold  is,  and  Luna  silver  we  threpe. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  273. 
Good  gold  nature!,  and  of  the  myn  of  the  erthe,  is  clepld 
of  philosophoris  sol  in  latyn ;  for  he  is  the  sonne  of  oure 
heuene,  lich  as  sol  the  planet  is  in  the  heuene  aboue. 

Book  of  Quinte  Essence  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  8. 

sol2  (sol),  «.  [<  OF.  sol,  later  sou,  F.  sou  =  It, 
soldo,  <  ML.  solidus,  a  coin,  <  L.  solidus,  solid : 
see  solid,  solidus,  and  cf.  sou,  soldo,  sold?,  etc.] 
An  old  French  coin,  the  twentieth  part  of  the 
livre,  and  equivalent  to  twelve  deniers.  At  the 
revolution  it  was  superseded  by  the  sou. 
For  six  sols  more  would  plead  against  his  Maker. 

B.  Jonsoii,  Volpone,  iv.  2. 

SOl3  (sol),  n.  [Sp.  sol,  lit.  sun:  see  so/1.]  A 
current  silver  coin  of  Peru,  of  the  same  weight 
and  fineness  as  the  French  5-franc  piece.  Gold 
pieces  of  1,  2,  5, 10,  and  20  sols  are  also  struck. 
Also  sole. 

sol*  (sol), »».  [=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  so/ :  see  gamut.] 
In  solmization,  the  syllable  used  for  the  fifth 
tone  of  the  scale,  or  dominant.  In  the  scale  of 
C  this  tone  is  G,  which  is  therefore  called  sol  in 
France,  Italy,  etc. 

sol.    An  abbreviation  of  solution. 

sola1  (so-la'),  interj.  [Prob.  <  so  +  la  (interj. ).] 
A  cry  or  call  to  attract  the  attention  of  one  at  a 
distance. 

Laun.  Sola,  sola !  wo  ha,  ho !  sola,  sola ! 

Lor.  Who  calls? 

Laun.  Sola!  did  you  see  Master  Lorenzo?  .  .  .  Tell  him 
there 's  a  post  come  from  my  master,  with  his  horn  full  of 
good  news.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 39. 

sola2  (so'la),  H.  [Also  solah,  also  solar  (simu- 
lating solar1) ;  <  Beng.  sold,  Hind,  shold,  the 
plant  here  defined.]  1.  A  tall  leguminous 
swamp-plant,  jUschynomene  aspera,  found  wide- 
ly in  the  Old  World  tropics.  Its  robust  stems  are  of 
a  pith-like  texture  (sometimes  called  spongewood),  and  in 
India  are  worked  up  into  many  articles,  especially  hats  and 
military  helmets,  which  are  very  light  and  cool.  See  JEs- 
chynomene  and  hat-plant. 

2.  Same  as  sola,  topi — goia  topi  or  topee,  a  pith 
helmet  or  sun-hat  made  in  India  from  the  pith  of  the  sola. 
See  pith-work.  Also  solar  topi,  solar  hat,  and  simply  sola. 

solace  (sol'as),  •».  [<  ME.  solace,  solas,  <  OF. 
solas,  solaz,  'soulas,  F.  soulas  =  Pr.  solatz  =  Cat. 
solas  =  Sp.  Pg.  solaz  =  It.  sollazzo,  <  L.  solatium, 
solacium,  soothing,  consolation,  comfort,  <  so- 
tan,  pp.  solatus,  soothe,  console,  comfort.  Cf. 
console.]  1.  Comfort  in  sorrow,  sadness,  or 
misfortune ;  alleviation  of  distress  or  of  dis- 
comfort. 

I  beseech  your  majesty,  give  me  leave  to  go ; 
Sorrow  would  solace,  and  mine  age  would  ease. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3.  21. 

2.  That  which  gives  relief,  comfort,  or  allevia- 
tion tinder  any  affliction  or  burden. 

Two  goldfinches,  whose  sprightly  song 
Had  been  their  mutual  solace  long, 
Liv'd  happy  pris'ners  there. 

Cowper,  The  Faithful  Bird. 

3f.  Sport;  pleasure;  delight;  amusement;  rec- 
reation; happiness. 

I  am  so  ful  of  joye  and  of  solas. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  350. 

And  therein  sate  a  Lady  fresh  and  fayre, 
Making  sweet  solace  to  herselfe  alone. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vl.  8. 

4.  In  printing,  the  penalty  prescribed  by  the 
early  printers  for  a  violation  of  office  rules. 
=  Syh.  1  and  2.  Consolation,  etc.  (see  comfort),  mitiga- 
tion, relief,  softening,  soothing,  cheer,  diversion,  amuse- 
ment. 

solace  (sol'as),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  solaced,  ppr. 
solacing.  [<!  ME.  solacen,  solacien,<.OF.  solacier, 
solacer,  F.  solacier  =  Sp.  solazar  =  It.  sollazzare, 

<  ML.  solatiare,  solatiari,  give  solace,  console, 

<  L.  solatium,  solatium,^  solace :  see  solace,  n.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  cheer  in  grief,  trouble,  or  de- 
spondency; console  under  affliction  or  calam- 
ity; comfort. 

Thy  own  sweet  smile  I  see, 
The  same  that  oft  in  childhood  solac'd  me. 

Cowper,  My  Mother's  Picture. 


Leolill  .   .   .    funmi-d  uwny  hi.-  lieiirt  ill  AvmllV  MI 
"  BOO  Avei'ill  Kiihirnl  ns  he  might. 

"imn,  Aylmcr'a  Field. 

2.  To  allay;   assuage;   soothe:   UN.   to   W«<v 
grief  by  sympathy. 

We  sate  sad  together, 
Solacing  our  despondenej  wiih  tears. 

Shelley,  The  Cencl,  III.  1. 

3.  To  amuse;  delight;  give  pleasure  to:  some 
times  used  reflexively. 

From  that  Cytee  men  gon  be  Watre,  nolacynge  and  dls- 
portynge  hem.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  21. 

Houses  of  retraite  for  the  Gentlemen  of  Venice  &  Padux 
wherein  they  unlace  themselves  in  BOIIHIHT. 

fin-lint.  Crudities,  I.  152. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.    See  solace,  n. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  take  comfort ;  be  consoled 
or  relieved  in  grief. 

One  poor  and  loving  child, 
But  one  thing  to  rejoice  and  solace  in, 
And  cruel  death  hath  catch'd  it  from  my  sight ! 

Shak.,  B.  and  J.,  Iv.  5.47. 

2.  To  take  pleasure  or  delight;  be  amused;  en- 
joy one's  self. 

These  six  assaulted  the  Castle,  whom  the  Ladles  seeing 
so  lusty  and  couragious,  they  were  contented  tosolace  with 
them.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  255. 

splacement(sol'as-ment),  H.  [< solace  +  -ment.] 
The  act  of  solacing  or  comforting;  the  state  of 
being  solaced. 

Solaeement  of  the  poor,  to  which  our  archquack  now 
more  and  more  betook  himself. 

Carlyle,  Cagliostro.    (Latham.) 

solacioust  (so-la'shus),  a.  [<  OF.  solacieux  = 
Sp.  solazoso  =  Pg.  solagoso,  <  ML.  solatiosus,  full 
of  solace,  cheering,  entertaining,  <  L.  solatium, 
solacium,  solace:  see  solace.]  Affording  plea- 
sure or  amusement ;  entertaining. 

The  aboundaunt  pleasures  of  Sodome,  whych  were  .  .  . 
pryde,  plenty  of  feadyng,  solacyouse  pastymes,  ydelnesse, 
and  crueltle.  Bp.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  ii. 

In  the  literal  sense  you  meet  with  purposes  merry  and 
salacious  enough. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  Prol.  to  Gargantua,  p.  95. 

solaeus,  w.     See  soleus. 
solah,  n.    See  sola2,  1. 

SOlaint,  a.     A  Middle  English  form  of  sullen. 
All  redy  was  made  a  place  ful  solain. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  8«4. 

solan  (so'lan),  H.  [Also  (So.)  soland  (with  ex- 
crescent d) ;  <  Icel.  sula  =  Norw.  sula  (in  comp. 
Icel.  haf-sftla  =  Norw.  hav-sula,  '  sea-solan '),  a 
gannet,  solan-goose.  The  n  appar.  represents 
the  affixed  def.  art. ;  cf.  Shetland  sooleen,  the 
sun,  <  Dan.  sol,  sun,  +  def.  art.  en,  the.]  The 
solan-goose. 

Along  th'  Atlantick  rock  undreading  climb, 
And  of  its  eggs  despoil  the  solan's  nest. 

Collins,  Works  (ed.  1800),  p.  99.    (JodreU.) 

A  white  solan,  far  away  by  the  shores  of  Mull,  struck 
the  water  as  he  dived,  and  sent  a  jet  of  spray  into  the  air. 
W.  Black,  Princess  of  Thule,  xxvii. 

Solanacese  (sol-a-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Bart- 
ling,  1830),  <  Solanum  +  -aceee.]  An  order  of 
gamopetalous  plants,  of  the  series  Bicarpellatx 
and  cohort  Polemoniales,  characterized  by  regu- 
lar flowers  commonly  with  a  plicate  border, 
carpels  with  many  ovules,  and  a  straight,  spiral, 
or  coiled  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  The  sepals, 
petals,  and  stamens  are  each  usually  five,  the  ovary  usually 
entire  and  two-celled,  with  an  undivided  style.  In  its  pli- 
cate corolla  the  order  resembles  the  Comiolmdacea,  which 
are,  however,  unlike  it  in  their  few-seeded  carpels  and  usu- 
ally twining  habit.  Its  other  nearest  ally  is  the  Scrophula- 
rinese,  to  which  the  tribe  Salpiglosside«,oy  its  didynamous 
stamens  and  somewhat  irregular  flowers,  forms  a  direct 
transition.  The  order  includes  about  1,750  species,  perhaps 
to  be  reduced  to  1,500,  classed  in  72  genera  of  5  tribes,  for 
the  types  of  which  see  Solanum,  Atropa,  Hyoscyamus, 
Cestrumi,  and  Salpiglossis.  They  are  erect  or  climbing 
herbs  or  shrubs,  or  sometimes  trees,  and  either  smooth  or 
downy,  but  rarely  with  bristles.  They  bear  alternate  and 
entire  toothed  or  dissected  leaves,  often  in  scattered  un- 
equal pairs,  but  never  truly  opposite.  The  typical  inflo- 
rescence is  a  bractless  cyme,  either  terminal,  opposite  the 
leaves,  or  lateral,  but  not  truly  axillary,  and  sometimes 
converted  into  umbels  or  sessile  clusters  or  reduced  to  a 
single  flower.  They  are  usually  rank-scented  and  possess 
strongly  narcotic  properties,  either  throughout  or  in  spe- 
cial organs,  in  Mandragora  in  the  root,  in  most  others 
strongly  developed  in  the  leaves,  as  in  belladonna,  tobacco, 
henbane,  stramonium,  and  nightshade.  In  some,  as  the 
henbane,  this  principle  is  actively  developed  for  a  limited 
time  only;  in  others,  parts  from  which  it  is  absent  furnish 
a  valued  food,  as  the  potato,  tomato,  and  egg-plant,  or  a 
condiment,  as  Cayenne  pepper.  The  order  furnishes  also 
several  tonics  and  numerous  diuretic  remedies,  as  species 
of  Physalis,  Nicandra,  Cestrum.  and  Solanum.  Plants  of 
this  order  are  widely  dispersed  through  warm  climates  of 
both  hemispheres,  extending  beyond  the  tropics  in  North 
and  South  America,  especially  in  the  west,  but  less  fre- 
quent in  Europe  and  Asia.  They  are  absent  in  alpine 
and  arctic  regions  and  in  Australia.  About  17  genera  and 
55  species  are  natives  of  the  United  States,  chiefly  in  the 
southwest,  and  largely  of  the  genera  Lycium,  Solanum,  and 
Physalis.  For  other  important  genera,  see  Lycopersicum, 
Capsicum,  Datura,  Nicotianal,  Petunia,  and  Solandra. 


Solanuiu 

solanaceous  (sni-M-nn'siims),  <i.  [<  NL.  ,s.,/«- 
n/ii-i;r  +  -mi.*.]  Belonging  to  the  >'" 

SOland  (so'lanil),  H.      SIT  sal, 111. 

solander1  (so-iaa'drr).  ii.    Bua 
solander-  («o-lanM<'T),  ».     [<  .w</ 
quot.  iinil  Xiiliiiiilrti).]    A  form  of  box  designed 
to  contain  prints  or  drawings.    See  the  quota- 
tion. 

\  >Y<i/r/. reuse  is  tile  invention  of  Dr.  Solander,  of  mem 
ory  dear  to  readers  of  "  Cook's  Voyages,"  who  used  < 
contain  and  preserve  specimens  for  natural  history,  draw- 
ings, ami  mailers  of  the  kind.    It  is  really  n  !><».,  general- 
ly shaped  like  ;i  hook,  one  side  of  which,  turning  "ii  h 
serves  for  a  lid,  while  the  front,  or  fore  edge  ol  Hie  case, 
is  furnished  with  hinges  to  be  let  down,  MI  that  tin  i 
as  well  as  the  tops  of  the  contents  can  be  got  ;ii . 

X.  andQ.,  7th  ser.,  VII 

Solandra  (so-lau'drS),  «.  [NL.  (Swartz,  1787), 
named  after  Daniel  Solan  dor  (born  1736,  <li.  .1 
about  1781),  a  Swedish  botanist  and  traveler.  ] 
A  genus  of  solanaceous  plants,  of  the  tribe 
Atropex.  It  is  characterized  by  solitary  flowers  with  a 
long  calyx-tube,  an  obliquely  funnel-shaped  corolla  with 
broad  Imbricated  lobes  and  iuduplicate  sinuses,  five  sta- 
mens, and  a  two-celled  ovary  Imperfectly  four-celled  by 
false  partitions,  forming  in  fruit  a  pulpy  berry  half-pro- 
truded from  the  torn  membranous  calyx.  The  4  specie* 
are  all  American  and  tropical.  They  are  lofty  climbing 
coarse  shrubby  plants,  with  entile  smooth  fleshy  and  cori- 
aceous shining  leaves,  clustered  near  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  and  very  large  terminal  white,  yellowish,  or 
greenish  flowers  on  fleshy  pedicels.  S.  yrandillora,  S. 
longijlora,  and  other  species  are  sometimes  cultivated  from 
the  West  Indies  under  the  name  trumpe&flower,  forming 
handsome  greenhouse  evergreens,  usually  grown  as  climb- 
ers, or,  in  S.  longijlora,  as  small  shrubs. 

Solaneae  (so-la'ne-e),  w.  pi.  [NL.  (A.  L.  de 
Jnssieu,  1789),  <  'Solanum  +  -ete.'}  A  tribe  of 
plants  of  the  order  Solanacese.  it  is  distinguished 
by  flowers  with  the  corolla  somewhat  equally  plicate  or 
divided  into  valvate  or  induplicate  lobes,  and  having  per- 
fect stamens  and  a  two-celled  ovary  which  becomes  an 
indehiscent  berry  In  fruit,  containing  compressed  seeds 
with  a  curved  embryo  and  slender  seed-leaves  not  broader 
than  the  radicle.  It  includes  31  genera,  very  largely  na- 
tives of  South  America.  For  some  of  the  most  Impor- 
tant, see  Solanum  (the  type),  Capsicum,  Lycoperincum,  and 
Physalis. 

solaneous  (so-la'ne-us),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
Solanacese,  or  especially  to  Solanum. 

solan-goose  (so'lan-gos),  n.  [<  solan  +  goose.~\ 
The  gannet,  Sula  OOUOna.  Also  solan  and 
soland-goose.  See  Sula,  and  cut  under  gannet. 

SOlania  (so-la'ni  a),  w.  [NL.,  <  Solatium.']  The 
active  principle  of  Solatium  Dulcamara.  See 
solanine. 

S0lanine(sol'a-nin),«.  [NL.,<5oia««/«  +  -i'wc2.] 
A  complex  body,  either  itself  an  alkaloid  or 
containing  an  alkaloid,  the  active  principle  of 
bittersweet,  Solanum  Dulcamara.  It  is  a  nar- 
cotic poison. 

solano  (so-la'no),  «.  [<  Sp.  solatia,  an  easterly 
wind  (cf.  solanazo,  &  hot,  violent  easterly  wind, 
solatia,  a  sunny  place),  <  L.  solanus(sc.  ventus), 
the  east  wind  (usually  called  subsolanus),  <  sol, 
sun:  see  sol1,  solar±.~\  The  Spanish  name  of  an 
easterly  wind. 

SOlanoid  (sol'a-noid),  a.  [<  NL.  Solanum  +  Gr. 
Ejdoc,  form.]  Resembling  a  potato  in  texture : 
said  of  cancers. 

Solanum  (so-la'num),  w.  [NL.  (Tournefort. 
1700),  <  LL.  solatium,  the  nightshade.]  A  genus 
of  gamopetalous  plants,  type  of  the  order  Sola- 
naceee,  the  nightshade  family,  and  tribe  Sola- 
n€cff.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers  usually  with  a  deeply 
flve-  or  ten-lobed  spreading  calyx,  an  angled  or  flve-lobed 
wheel-shaped  corolla,  very  short  filaments  with  long  an- 
thers which  form  a  cone  or  cylinder,  open  by  a  vertical 
pore  or  a  larger  chink,  and  are  almost  destitute  of  any 
connective,  and  a  generally  two-celled  ovary  with  its  con- 
spicuous placentce  projecting  from  the  partition.  It  is 
one  of  the  largest  genera  of  plants  (compare  Senecio),  and 
includes  over  950  published  species,  of  which  perhaps  750 
are  distinct.  Their  distribution  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
order,  and  they  constitute  half  or  two  thirds  of  its  species. 
They  are  herbs,  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  sometimes  climbers, 
of  polymorphous  habit,  either  smooth,  downy,  or  woolly, 
or  even  viscous.  They  bear  alternate  entire  or  divided 
leaves,  sometimes  in  pairs,  bntnevertrulyopposite.  Their 
flowers  are  yellow,  white,  violet,  or  purplish,  grouped  in 
panicled  or  umbeled  cymes  which  are  usually  scorpioid, 
sometimes  apparently  racemose,  rarely  reduced  to  a  single 
flower.  The  species  form  two  groups,  the  subgenera  Pa- 
chystemomtm  and  Leptostemonvm  (l)unal,  1813),  the  first 
unarmed  and  with  broad  anthers,  the  other  with  long  an- 
thers opening  by  minute  pores,  and  commonly  armed  with 
straight  spines  on  the  branchlets,  leaves,  and  calyx.  South 
America  is  the  central  home  of  the  genus,  and  of  its  most 
useful  member,  the  potato,  S.  tuberosum,  which  occurs  in 
numerous  wild  varieties,  with  or  without  small  tubers  on 
the  rootstocks,  from  Lima  to  latitude  45*  S.  in  Patagonia, 
and  northward  to  New  Mexico.  (See  potato,  potato-rot,  and 
cuts  under  rotate  and  tuber.)  There  are  15  native  species 
in  the  United  States,  chiefly  in  the  southwest,  besides  nu- 
merous prominent  varieties  and  5  introduced  species.  The 
seeds  of  many  species  are  remarkably  tenacious  of  life,  and 
are  therefore  soon  naturalized,  especially  the  cosmopoli- 
tan weed  5.  nigrum,  the  common  or  black  nightshade,  the 
original  type  of  the  genus  (for  which  see  nightshade,  and 
figure  of  leaf  under  repand;  and  compare  ointment  of  pop- 
lar-lnnta,  under  ointment):  from  this  the  name  nightshade 


Solan  um 

is  sometimes  extended  to  several  other  European  species. 
For  S.  Dulcamara,  the  bittersweet,  the  other  common  spe- 
cies of  the  northeastern  I'nited  states,  a  climber  intro- 
duced lor  ornament,  see  niyhtshade./elouuiort,  dulcamara 
and  dulcamariti.  Two  others  in  the  United  States  are  of 
importance  as  prickly  weeds,  S.  CartOnam  (for  which  see 
hme-nettle),  a  pest  which  has  sometimes  caused  fields  in 
Delaware  to  be  abandoned,  and  S.  rostratum  (for  which 
see  gaud-bur),  of  abundant  growth  on  the  plains  beyond 
the  Mississippi,  and  known  as  the  chief  food  of  the  Colo- 
rado beetle  or  potato-bug  before  the  introduction  of  the 
potato  westward.  The  genus  is  one  of  strongly  marked 
properties.  A  few  species  with  comparatively  inert  foliage 
have  been  used  as  salads,  as  5.  nodiflorum  in  the  West 
Indies  and  S.  semlijlttrum  in  Brazil;  but  the  leaves  of 
most,  as  of  the  common  potato,  bittersweet,  and  night- 
shade, are  more  or  less  powerfully  narcotic.  (See  solanine.) 
The  roots  leaves,  seeds,  and  fruit-juices  yield  numerous 
remedies  of  the  tropics  ;  S.  jubatum  is  strongly  sudorific  : 
S.  pseudoauina  is  a  source  of  quina  in  Brazil,  a  powerful 
bitter  and  febrifuge  ;  others  are  purgative  or  diuretic,  as 
S.  panKiilatum,  the  jerubeba  of  Brazil  ;  S.  stramontfolmm 
is  used  as  a  poison  in  Cayenne.  The  berries  are  often 
edible,  as  in  the  well-known  S.  Melongena  (S.  esculentum) 
(for  which  see  egg-plant,  brinjal,  and  aubergine).  Others 
with  edible  fruit  are  S.  amculare  (see  kangaroo-apple),  S. 
Upon,  the  cannibal-apple  or  borodina  of  the  Fiji  and  other 
Pacific  islands,  with  large  red  fruit  used  like  the  tomato, 
S.  vesmm,  the  gunyang  of  southeastern  Australia,  S.  album 
and  S.  Jlthiopicum,  cultivated  in  China  and  southern  Asia, 
S.  Gilo  in  tropical  America,  S.  muricatum,  the  pepino  or 
melon-pear  of  Peru,  and  S.  racemasum  in  the  West  Indies. 
S.  Quitoense,  the  Quito  orange,  yields  a  fruit  resembling  a 
small  orange  in  color,  fragrance,  and  taste.  S.  Indicum 
(S.  Anguioi)  is  known  as  Madagascar  potato,  and  S.  criepum 
of  Chj)i  as  potato-tree.  Some  species  bear  an  inedible  fruit, 
as  S.  mmnmomm,  the  macaw-bush  (which  see),  also  called 
tusumber  and  (together  with  S.  toman)  turkey-berry.  For 
S.  Bahamense,  see  cankerberry,  and  for  S.  Sodomxtim,  see 
Sodom-apple.  Other  species  yield  dyes,  as  S.  gnaphalioidet 
in  Peru  and  S.  Vespertilio  in  the  Canaries,  used  to  paint  the 
face  ;  S.  Guineense,  used  to  dye  silk  violet  ;  and  S.  indigo- 
ferum,  in  cultivation  in  Brazil  for  indigo.  S.  margina- 
tum  is  used  in  Abyssinia  to  tan  leather  ;  and  the  fruit  of 
S.  saponaceum  is  used  as  soap  in  Peru.  Several  species 
have  been  long  cultivated  as  ornaments  for  their  abun- 
dant red  or  orange  berries,  as  S.  Pseudo-capsicum,  the 
Jerusalem  cherry  or  winter-cherry  (see  cherryi),  and  the 
Brazilian  5.  Capsicagtrum,  the  dwarf  winter-cherry  or  star- 
capsicum.  Many  others  are  now  cultivated  as  ornamental 
plants,  and  are  known  by  the  generic  name  Solanum,  as 
S.  Kargtenii,  from  Venezuela,  with  violet  flowers  ;  S.  beta- 
ceum,  a  small  pink-flowered  fleshy  South  American  tree 
with  fine  scarlet  egg-like  fruit  ;  and  5.  lanceolatum,  with 
narrow  willow-like  leaves,  reputed  the  most  showy  bloom- 
ing species.  Others  are  cultivated  for  their  conspicuous 
foliage,  as  S.  crinitum  and  S.  macranthum,  with  leaves  2J 
feet  long  ;  S.  robustum,  clad  in  showy  red  down  ;  and  S. 
Warsceiviczii,  with  handsome  flowers  and  large  leaves  ele- 
gantly cut.  The  climber  S.  ja»minoidest  the  jasmine-sola- 
num,  is  a  house-plant  from  Brazil,  esteemed  for  its  large 
and  abundant  clusters  of  fragrant  white  or  bluish  flowers. 
solar1  (so'lar),  a.  [=  F.  solaire  =  Sp.  Pg.  solar 
=  It.  solare,  <  L.  Solaris,  of  the  sun,  solar,  <  sol, 
the  sun:  see  so?1.]  1.  Of  ,  pertaining  or  related 
to,  or  determined  by  the  sun  :  as,  the  solar  sys- 
tem ;  solar  light  ;  solar  rays  ;  solar  influence. 
To  make  the  solar  and  lunary  year  agree. 

Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  ii.  3. 

His  soul  proud  science  never  taught  to  stray 

Far  as  the  solar  walk  or  milky  way. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  102. 

2.  In  astrol.,  born  under  the  predominant  in- 
fluence of  the  sun  ;  influenced  by  the  sun. 

The  cock  was  pleased  to  hear  him  speak  so  fair, 
And  proud  beside,  as  tolar  people  are. 

Bryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  1.  652. 

Solar  apex,  the  point  in  space,  situated  in  the  constella- 
tion Hercules,  toward  which  the  sun  is  moving.—  Solar 
asphyxia.  Same  as  sunstroke.  —  So- 
lar boiler,  an  apparatus  for  utilizing 
the  heat  of  the  sun's  rays  in  the  heat- 
ing of  water  and  the  production  of 
steam.—  Solar  caloric  engine.  Same 
as  solar  engine.  —  Solar  camera, 
chronometer.  See  the  nouns.—  So- 
lar constant,  the  number  which  ex- 
presses the  quantity  of  radiant  heat 
received  from  the  sun  by  the  outer 
layer  of  the  earth's  atmosphere  in  a 
unit  of  time.  As  shown  by  the  re- 
searches of  Langley,  its  value  is  prob- 
ably somewhat  over  three  (small)  calo- 
ries per  minute  for  a  square  centime- 
ter of  surface  normal  to  the  sun's  rays. 
See  calory  and  sun.—  Solar  cooking- 
apparatus,  an  arrangement  for  cook- 
ing  food  by  the  heat  of  the  sun's  rays. 
It  consists  essentially  of  a  cooking- 
vessel  inclosed  in  a  glass  frame,  upon 
which  the  solar  rays  are  directed  by 
reflectors.—  Solar  cycle.  Seecyclel. 
—  Solar  day.  See  dayi,  3.—  Solar 
deity,  in  myth.,  a  deity  of  the  sun,  or 
personifying  some  of  the  attributes  or 
characteristics  of  the  sun,  or  of  the 
sun's  action.  A  familiar  example  is 
the  Greek  Apollo  or  Helios.  Solar 
deities  play  an  important  part  in  the 
Egyptian  Solar  mythology  of  ancient  Egypt,  the  chief 
Deity.—  Bronze  figu-  of  them  being  Ba,  the  supreme  power 
forS°od-  The  Egyptian  solar  deities 
?re  c°n»n°nly  distinguished  in  art  by 
politan  Museum  of  bearing  upon  their  heads  the  solar 
Art,  New  York.  disk.  See  also  cut  under  Apollo,  and 

compare  solarism.—  Solar  eclipse 
See  eclipse,  1.  —  Solar  engine,  an  engine  in  which  steam 
for  motive  power  is  generated  by  direct  solar  heat  concen- 
trated by  lenses  or  by  reflectors  upon  a  steam-generator 


solary 

live  view  of  the  planets.    For  further  Information,  see  the 
proper  names. 


Sc- 

3 

S 

. 

Ill 

Mean  distat 
from  sun  i 
millions  o: 
miles. 

Diameter 
in  thousalK 
of  miles. 

Massrclati 
to  earth. 

ft 

iff 

Mercury 

88 

36 

3 

0.1 

7.2 

i 

Venus  .  .  . 

225 

67 

7 

0.8 

5.2 

? 

Earth  .... 

M 

M 

8 

1.0 

6.7 

24 

Mars  

687 

141 

4 

0.1 

4.0 

26 

Jupiter  .  . 

4333 

482 

88 

317.0 

1.8 

10 

Saturn  .  .  . 

10759 

883 

75 

94.9 

0.6 

10 

Uranus  . 

30687 

1778 

30 

14.7 

1.4 

f 

Neptune  . 

80127 

2786 

37 

17.1 

0.9 

? 

lu 

days. 

Sun 

860 

1.4 

26 

From 

earth. 

Moon  .   . 

0.24 

2 

A 

8.5 

27 

as  in  Mouchot's  solar  engine,  or  in  which  direct  solar  heat 
is  concentrated  upon  the  cylinder  of  a  hot-air  or  caloric 
engine,  as  in  the  solar  engine  of  Ericsson.— Solar  equa- 
tion. See  equation.— Solar  eyepiece,  a  helioscope;  an 
eyepiece  suitable  for  observing  the  sun.  In  the  ordinary 
form,  devised  by  Sir  John  Herschel,  the  sunlight  is  reflect- 
ed at  right  angles  by  a  transparent  plane  surface  which 
allows  most  of  the  light  and  heat  to  pass  through,  so  that 
only  a  thin  shade-glass  is  needed.  In  the  more  perfect 
polarization-helioscopes  of  Merz  and  others  the  light  is 
polarized  by  reflection  at  the  proper  angle  from  one  or 
more  glass  surfaces,  and  afterward  modified  in  intensity 
at  pleasure  by  reflection  at  a  second  polarizing  surface,  or 
by  transmission  through  a  Nicol  prism  which  can  be  ro- 
tated.—Solar  fever,  dengue.— Solar  flowers,  flowers 
which  open  and  shut  daily  at  certain  determinate  hours. 
—  Solar  ganglion.  Same  as  solar  plexus.— Solar  hour. 
See  hour. — Solar  lamp,  (a)  Same  as  Argand  lamp 
(which  see,  under  lampi).  (b)  An  electric  lamp  of  the 
fourth  class — Solar  microscope.  See  microscope.— 
Solar  month.  See  month,  2.— Solar  myth,  in  compar. 
myth.,  a  myth  or  heroic  legend  containing  or  supposed  to 
contain  allegorical  reference  to  the  course  of  the  sun,  and 
used  by  modern  scholars  to  explain  the  Aryan  mytholo- 
gies. The  fable  of  Apollo  and  Daphne  is  an  example.— 
Solar  observatory,  an  astronomical  observatory  special- 
ly equipped  for  the  study  of  solar  phenomena.  The  ob- 
servatory at  Meudon,  near  Paris,  is  an  example, —  Solar 
physics,  the  study  of  the  physical  phenomena  presented 
by  the  sun.— Solar  plexus,  in  anat.  See  plexus.  Also 
called  brain  of  the  beuy. — Solar  print,  in  photog.,  a  pho- 
tographic print  made  in  a  solar  camera  from  a  negative. 
It  is  usually  an  enlargement,  and  is  so  called  to  distin- 
guish it  from  an  ordinary  photo- print  made  by  direct  con- 
tact in  a  printing-frame,  or  otherwise. — Solar  promi- 
nence or  protuberance.  See  TOW.— Solar  radiation. 
See  radiatwn.—  Solar-radiation  register,  an  apparatus 
for  automatically  registering  the  times  during  which  the 
sun  is  shining.— Solar  salt,  sea-salt;  bay-salt — Solar 
spectrum.  See  spectrum,  3,  and  cut  under  absorption. — 
Solar  spots.  See  sun-spot.— Solar  system,  in  aslron., 
the  system  consisting  of  the  sun  and  the  bodies  revolving 
round  it  (and  those  revolving  round  them)  or  otherwise 


Solar  System,  showing  especially  the  orbits  of  the  four  outer  planets. 

dependent  upon  it.  To  this  system  belong  the  planets, 
planetoids,  satellites,  comets,  and  meteorites,  which  all 
directly  or  indirectly  revolve  round  the  central  sun  —  the 


opashn  Met 


Solar  System,  showing  the  orbits  of  the  four  inner  planets. 

whole  being  bound  together  by  the  mutual  attractions  of 
the  several  parts.    The  following  table  gives  a  compara- 


Solar  telegraph.  See  telegraph.—  Solar  theory.  See 
solarism.  —  Solar  time.  Sam  e  as  apparent  time.  See  time . 
—  Solar  walk,  the  zodiac.—  Solar  year.  See  year. 

solar2  (so'lar),  n.    See  sollar. 

solar3  (so'lar),  n.    See  sola2. 

Solariidae  (so-la-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Solari- 
um +  -idfe.]  A  family  of  pectiniforanchiate 
gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Solarium. 
The  animal  has  the  tentacle's  nearly  united  at  the  base ; 
eyes  on  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  side  of  their  base ;  the 
proboscis  long,  cylindrical,  completely  retractile ;  and  the 
shell  conical  and  generally  declivous  from  the  apex,  with 
carinated  margin  of  the  last  whorl,  and  a  deep  umbilical 
cavity,  recalling  a  spiral  staircase.  The  species  inhabit 
tropical  seas.  They  are  rather  large  and  generally  hand- 
some shells,  some  of  which  are  common  parlor  ornaments. 
See  cut  under  .Solarium. 

solarioid  (so-la'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Solarium  +  -oid.] 
Of,  or  having  characters  of,  the  Solariidx. 

solariplex  (so-lar'i-pleks),  n.  The  solar  plexus 
(which  see,  under  plexus).  Coves,  1887. 

solarism  (so'lar-izm),  n.  [<  sotar1  + -i«m.]  Ex- 
clusive or  excessive  explanation  of  mythology 
by  reference  to  the  sun ;  over-addiction  to  the 
assumption  of  solar  myths.  Gladstone,  in  Pop. 
Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  634. 

solarist  (so'liir-ist),  n.  [<  solar1  +  -ist.]  An 
adherent  of  the  doctrine  of  solarism.  Glad- 
atone,  in  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  876. 

solarium  (so-la'ri-um),  n.  [<  L.  solarium,  a 
sun-dial,  a  part  of  a  house  exposed  to  the  sun, 
<  Solaris,  of  the  sun:  see  solar1.']  1.  A  sun- 
dial, fixed  or  portable.  See  dial,  poke-dial,  ring- 
dial,  sun-dial. —  2.  A  place  arranged  to  receive 
the  sun's  rays,  usually  a  flat  house-top,  ter- 
race, or  open  gallery,  formerly  used  for  plea- 
sure only,  but  in  modern  times  commonly  as  an 
adjunct  of  a  hospital  or  sanatorium,  in  which 
case  it  is  inclosed  with  glass;  a  room  arranged 
with  a  view  to  giving  patients  sun-baths. — 
3.  [cap.]  [NL.  (Lamarck,  1799).]  The  typical 
genus  of  Solariidx,  containing  the  staircase- 
shells,  as  the  per- 
spective shell,  S. 
perspectivum.  They 
nave  a  much  depressed 
but  regularly  conic 
shell,  angular  at  the 
periphery,  and  with  a 
wide  spiral  umbilicus 
which  has  suggested 
the  idea  of  a  spiral 
stairway. 

SOlarization  (s6"lar-i-za'shon),  n.  [=  F.  solari- 
sation;  as  solarize  +  -ation.]  1.  Exposure  to  the 
action  of  the  rays  of  the  sun. —  2.  Inphotog., 
the  injurious  effects  produced  on  a  negative  by 
over-exposing  it  in  the  camera  to  the  light  of 
the  sun,  as  blurring  of  outlines,  obliteration  of 
high  lights,  loss  of  relief,  etc. ;  also,  the  effects 
on  a  print  resulting  from  over-printing  the  sen- 
sitized paper  or  other  medium. 

solarize  (so'lar-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  solarized. 
ppr.  solarizing.  [=  F.  solariser;  as  solar1  + 
-ize.~\  I.  intrans.  Inphotog.,  to  become  in  jured 
by  too  long  exposure  to  the  action  of  light. 

It  is  a  familiar  fact  that  iodide  of  silver  solarizes  very 
easily  — that  is,  the  maximum  effect  of  light  is  quickly 
reached,  after  which  its  action  is  reversed. 

Lea,  Photography,  p.  137. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  affect  by  sunlight;  modify 
in  some  way  by  the  action  of  solar  rays. 

A  spore  born  of  a  solarized  bacillus  is  more  susceptible 
to  the  reforming  influence  than  its  parent  was. 

Science,  VI.  475. 

2.  In  photog.,  to  affect  injuriously  by  exposing 
too  long  to  light. 

SOlary  (so'la-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  "Solaris  (used  only 
as  a  noun),  pertaining  to  the  ground  or  soil,  < 
L.  solum,  the  ground,  soil:  see  soil1.]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  the  ground.  [Rare.] 


Staircase-shell  (Solanittti  fersfet- 
tfvum). 


solary 

From  the  like  spirits  in  the  earth  the  plants  thereof 
perhaps  acquire  their  verdure.  And  from  such  solary  ir- 
radiations may  those  wondrous  varieties  arise  which  are 
observable  in  animals.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  En-.,  vi.  Ii. 

solast,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  solace, 
Solaster   (so-las'ti>r),  ii.     [NL.,  <  L.   sol,  the 

sun,  +  aster,  a  star.]      The  typical  genus  of 

Solasteridas,  having 

more  than  five  rays. 

In  S.  endeca,  a  common 

North  Atlantic  species. 

there  are  usually  eleven 

or  ten  slender,  tapering, 

and  smooth  arms,  and 

the    whole    surface     is 

closely  reticulated.  The 

corresponding    sun-star 

of  the  North  Pacific  is 

S.  decemradiatus, 

Solasteridse  (so-las- 
ter'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Solaster  + 
-idle.}  A  family  of 
starfishes,  typified 
by  the  genus  Solaster.  The  limits  of  the  family  vary, 
and  it  is  sometimes  merged  in  or  called  EchinaMeridie. 
There  are  several  genera,  most  of  them  with  more  than 
five  rays,  as  in  Solaster.  In  Cribella  (or  CribreUa)  the  rays 
are  six.  In  Crossaster  pappostts,  a  common  sun-star  of 
both  coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  there  are  twelve  short 
obtuse  arms,  extensively  united  by  a  membrane  on  the  oral 
surface,  and  the  upper  aide  is  roughened  with  clubbed 
processes  and  spines.  Kchinaster  sentus  is  five-armed  (see 
cut  at  EMnaster).  The  many-armed  sun-stars  of  the  ge- 
nus Heliaster  (in  some  forms  of  which  the  rays  are  more 
than  thirty  in  number)  are  brought  under  this  family  or 
referred  elsewhere.  Also  written  Solastridas. 

solatium  (so-la'shi-um),  n.;  pi.  solatia  (-a). 
[L.,  also  solatium,  consolation,  solace :  see  sol- 
dce.]  Anything  that  alleviates  or  compensates 
for  suffering  or  loss;  a  compensation;  specifi- 
cally, in  Scots  law,  a  sum  of  money  paid,  over 
and  above  actual  damages,  to  an  injured  party 
by  the  person  who  inflicted  the  injury,  as  a  sol- 
ace for  wounded  feelings. 

sold1  (sold).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  sell1. 

S0ld2t,  ».  [<  ME.  solde,  souldye,  soitcle,  sowde, 
sowd  =  MHG.  salt,  G.  sold  =  Sw.  Dan.  sold,  < 
OF.  solde,  soulde,  soude,  F.  solde,  pay  (of  sol- 
diers), =  Sp.  sueldo  =  Pg.  It.  soldo,  pay,  <  ML. 
soldus,  soldiim,  pay  (of  soldiers);  cf.  OF.  sol, 
you,  a  piece  of  money,  a  shilling,  F.  sow,  a  small 
coin  or  value,  =  Pr.  sol  =  Sp.  sueldo  =  Pg.  It. 
soldo,  a  coin  (see  sol'2,  sou,  soldo),  <  LL.  solidus, 
a  piece  of  money,  ML.  also  in  gen.  money,  < 
L.  soUdus,  solid :  see  solid,  solidus.  Hence  ult. 
soldier.]  Pay  (of  soldiers,  etc.);  salary.  Spon- 
ger, F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  6. 

My  Lord  Tresorer  graunted  the  seid  vij.  c.  marc  to  my 
Lord  of  Norffolk,  for  the  arrerag  of  hys  sowde  qeyl  he  was 
in  Scotland.  Fasten  Letters,  I.  41. 

S0ld2t,  SOUd2t,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  *solde>i,  souden,  <  OF. 
solder,  souder,  pay,  <  solde,  soude,  pay:  see  sold2, 
n.]  To  pay. 

Imparnt  is  the  pope  that  al  the  peuple  sholde  helpe, 
And  soudeth  hem  that  sleeth  suche  as  he  sholde  sane. 
Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxii.  431. 

soldadot  (sol-da'do),  n.  [<  Sp.  soldado,  a  sol- 
dier :  see  soldier.]  A  soldier.  Scott,  Legend  of 
Montrose,  iii. 

Come,  help  me ;  come,  come,  boys ;  soldadoes,  comrades. 
Fletcher,  Kule  a  Wife,  iv.  3. 

soldant,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  sultan. 

soldanel  (sol'da-nel),  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Soldanetta.  Also  written  soldanelle. 

Soldanella  (sol-da-nel'a),  n.  [NL.  (Tournefort, 
1700)  soldanella,  dim.  of  soldana,  a  plant  so 
called,  <  Olt.  soldo,  a  coin :  see  soldo.]  A  genus 
of  gamopetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Primula- 
cese,  the  primrose  family,  and  tribe  Prinmless. 
It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  a  five-parted  calyx,  a 
broadly  funnel-shaped  or  somewhat  bell-shaped  corolla 
with  fringed  lobes,  five  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
and  an  ovoid  ovary  which  becomes  a  circumscissile  cap- 
sule with  a  five-  to  ten-toothed  mouth,  containing  many 
seeds  on  an  elongated  central  placenta.  There  are  4  spe- 
cies, alpine  plants  of  Europe.  They  are  smooth,  delicate, 
stemless  herbs,  growing  from  a  short  perennial  rootstock, 
and  bearing  long-stalked,  fleshy,  and  entire  roundish 
leaves  with  a  heart-shaped  base.  The  nodding  flowers, 
single  or  umbeled,  are  borne  on  a  slender  scape,  and  are 
blue,  violet,  rose-colored,  or  rarely  white.  S.  alpina, 
growing  near  the  snow-line  on  many  European  moun- 
tains, is,  with  other  species,  sometimes  cultivated  under 
the  name  soldanel  or  soldanelle,  and  has  been  also  called 
blue  moonwort. 

soldanesst,  •«.    An  obsolete  form  of  sultanesx. 

soldanriet,  soldanryt,  «•  Obsolete  forms  of 
sultanry. 

soldatesque  (sol-da-tesk'),  «•  [<  F.  soldatesque, 
<  soldat,  a  soldier  "(see  soldier),  +  -esque.]  Of 
or  relating  to  a  soldier ;  soldier-like.  [AGalli- 
I'ism.] 

His  [the  Captain's)  cane  clanking  on  the  pavement,  or 
waving  round  him  in  the  execution  of  military  cuts  and 
^tliiatfuque  manoeuvres.  Thackeray,  Pendennis,  xxii. 


5753 

solder  (sod 'IT  or  sol'der),  ».  [Early  moil.  K. 
BJSO  SOUlder.  WI//T,  .«)»•<//•/•  (dial,  also  satcdi-r); 
<  OF.  souldure,  soudun ,  x<md<-«rf,  soiidure,  F. 
soudure  =  Sp.  Pg.  soldadura  =  It.  soldatura,  a 
soldering,  <  OF.  xnudrr,  .imililrr,  m-i";.  'lolder, 
solder,  consolidate,  close  or  fasten  together,  = 
Pr.MMor  *<ii/<tar  =  Sp.  Pg.  mildn>-  =  lt.aoliliu-i . 
xodare,  <  L.  solidare,  make  firm,  <  solidus,  solid, 
firm:  see  so/id,  and  cf.  jjourfi.]  1.  A  fusible 
alloy  used  for  joining  or  binding  together  metal 
surfaces  or  joints,  as  the  edges  of  tin  cans,  jew- 
elry, and  kitchen  utensils.  Being  melted  on  each 
surface,  the  solder,  partly 
by  chemical  attraction  and 
partly  by  cohesive  force, 
binds  them  together.  After 
cleaning  the  edges  to  be 
Joined, the  workman  applies 

sshtfarsSS  —1--— 

dered  rosin  to  the  cleaned       „,  bar  of  solder;  »,  soldering 

surfaces;    then   he   touches     iron;  c,  rosin-box  ;ct,d,  shavers  or 

the  heated  soldering-iron  to    '""fas,  used  for  cleaning  sur- 
the  rosin,  and  holding  the    ££™lM$r.jfe; 
solder-bar  and   iron    over    after  it  is  applied. 
the  parts  to  be  joined  melts 

off  little  drops  of  solder  at  intervals  along  the  margins, 
and  runs  all  together  with  the  hot  iron.  There  are  many 
of  these  alloys,  as  soft  solder  used  for  tinware,  hard  solder 
for  brass  and  iron,  gold  solder,  silver  solder,  spelter  solder, 
plumbers'  solder,  etc.  Every  kind  is  used  at  its  own  melt- 
ing-point,  which  must  always  be  lower  than  that  of  the 
metals  to  be  united,  soft  solders  being  the  most  fusible. 
To  soder  such  gold,  there  is  a  proper  glew  or  soder. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxxiii.  5. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  that  which  unites  in 
any  way. 

Friendship !  mysterious  cement  of  the  soul, 
Sweetener  of  life,  and  solder  of  society. 

Blair,  The  Grave,  1.  89. 

Aluminium  solder.  See  aluminium.— Hard  solder, 
solder  which  fuses  only  at  red  heat,  and  therefore  is  used 
only  to  unite  the  metals  and  alloys  which  can  endure  that 
temperature.  Spelter  solder  and  silver  solder  are  the  prin- 
cipal varieties.— Soft  solder,  (a)  See  def.  1.  (6)  Gross 
flattery  or  fulsome  praise,  particularly  when  used  for  self- 
ish aims. 

solder  (sod'er  or  sol'der),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  soulder,  soder,  sowder;  <  solder,  n.]  1.  To 
unite  by  a  metallic  cement ;  join  by  a  metallic 
substance  in  a  state  of  fusion,  which  hardens 
in  cooling,  and  renders  the  joint  solid. 

I  sowder  a  metall  with  sowlder.   Je  sonlde. 

Palsgrave,  p.  725. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  close  up  or  unite  firmly  by 
any  means. 

As  if  the  world  should  cleaue,  and  that  slaine  men 
Should  soader  vp  the  Rift. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.  (folio  1623),  iii.  4.  32. 

Would  my  lips  had  been  soldered  when  I  spake  on 't  I 
/;.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  ii.  2. 

solderer  (sod'er-er  or  sol'der-er),  n.  [<  solder 
+  -er1.]  One  who  or  a  machine  which  solders. 

soldering  (sod'er-ing  or  sol'der-ing), «.  [Verbal 
n.  of  solder,  v.]  I.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that 
which  solders. —  2.  A  soldered  place  or  part. 

Even  the  delicate  solderings  of  the  ends  of  these  wires 
to  the  copper  clips  were  apparently  the  same  as  ever. 

Elect.  Bee.  (Eng.),  XXV.  349. 

Autogenous  soldering.  See  autogenous.— Galvanic 
soldering,  the  process  of  uniting  two  pieces  of  metal  by 
means  of  another  metal  deposited  between  them  through 
the  agency  of  a  voltaic  current.—  Soldering  nipple.  See 
nipple. 

soldering-block  (sod'er-ing-blok),  n.  A  tool 
employed  in  soldering  cans,  as  a  support  and 
for  trimming.  It  is  adjustable  for  different 
sizes. 

soldering-bolt  (sod'er-ing-bolt),  n.  Same  as 
soldering-iron. 

soldering-frame  (sod'er-ing-fram),  n.  A  form 
of  clamp  for  holding  the  parts  together  in  sol- 
dering cans. 

soldering-furnace  (sod'er-ing-fer"nas),  n.  A 
portable  furnace  used  by  tinners,  etc.,  for  heat- 
ing soldering-irons. 

soldering-iron  (sod'er-ing-I*'ern),  «.  A  tool 
with  which  solder  is  melted  and  applied,  it  con- 
sists of  a  copper  bit  or  bolt,  having  a  pointed  or  wedge- 
shaped  end,  fastened  to  an  iron  rod  with  a  wooden  handle. 
In  some  forms  the  copper  bit  is  kept  hot  by  means  of  a 
gas-flame  supplied  through  a  flexible  pipe  connected  with 
the  handle.  See  cut  under  solder. 

soldering-machine  (sod'er-ing-ma-shen*),  w. 
In  sheet-metal  mark,  a  general  name  for  appli- 
ances and  machines  for  closing  the  seams  of  tin 
cans  with  solder;  also,  a  soldering-block,  or 
any  other  machine  or  appliance  rendering  me- 
chanical aid  in  soldering.  The  cans  may  be  auto- 
matically dipped  in  molten  solder,  or  the  solder  may  be 
laid  on  the  seams,  which  are  then  exposed  to  a  gas-flame, 
hot  blast,  or  the  direct  heat  of  a  furnace. 

soldering-pot  (sod'er-ing-pot),  n.  A  small 
portable  furnace  used  in  soldering,  especially 
for  uniting  the  ends  of  telegraph-wires,  it  is 


soldier 

!iti<  i|  u  itli  n  clump  fur  li"l 

In  position;  :inil  when  they  are  in  place  the  furnace  i* 
tilted,  and  UM  melted  Mldflr  flowi  o\*-r  tin-  wir.-s,  i-te  .  anil 
forms  11  soMi.-iv<l  joint. 

soldering-tongs  (sod'to-tafl-tingz),  n.ihtg.  ami 

/)/.  A  Hat-iKisi-il  tone's  fur  brazing  thr  ji lints  of 
band-saws.  The  saw  is  held  in  a  searflng-frame,  with 
a  film  of  solder  between  the  lapping  scarfed  edges.  ThU 
Him  is  ini-lU-d  by  clamping  tin-  hi-iiti'd  tongs  over  the 
edge*.  E.  U.  Knight. 

soldering-tool  (iod'er-ing-MJl),  «.  A  soldering- 
iron,  or  other  tool  for  soldering. 

solder-machine  (sod'i  i  ma-shiiir).  ».  A  ma- 
chine for  forming  molten  solder  into  rods  or 
drops  for  use. 

soldi,  H.     Plural  of  soldi,. 

soldier  (sol'jer),  n.  [Also  dial,  soijcr,  sodger,  so- 
jer;  early  mod.  E.  souldier,  soldiour,  souldiour; 

<  ME.  souldi/r,  isiiii/ili/iiiii;  miiuliniir,  soiediour, 
sowdijinrn  .  muliinir,  xoiiiti-itr,  .inuilii  r,  .•.umliiier,  < 
OF.  soldier,  also  soldoier,  sovldoier,  souldoyer,  < 
ML.  soldarius,  a  soldier,  lit.  'one  having  pay,' 

<  soldus,  soldiim,  pay :  see  sold2.     Cf.  D.  nol- 
daat  =  G.  Sw.  Dan.  soldat,  <  F.  soldat,  <  It.  sol- 
dato  =  Sp.  Pg.  soldado,  a  soldier,  lit. '  one  paid,' 

<  ML.  soldatus,  pp.  of  soldare  (>  It.  soldare  = 
OF.  solder),  pay,  <  soldum,  pay :  see  told3.]    It. 
One  who  receives  pay,  especially  for  military 
service. 

Bruyn  the  here  and  ysegrym  the  wulf  sente  alle  the 
londe  a  boute  yf  ony  man  wolde  take  wages  that  they 
shold  come  to  bruyn  and  he  wolde  paye  them  their  soul 
dye  or  wagis  to  fore,  my  fader  ranne  alle  ouer  the  londe 
and  bare  the  lettres.  .  .  .  My  fader  hadde  ben  oneral  in 
the  lande  bytwene  the  elue  and  the  somme.  And  hadde 
goten  many  a  souldyour  that  shold  the  next  somer  haue 
comen  to  helpe  bruyn. 

Caxton,  Reynard  the  Fox  (ed.  ArberX  p.  3(t. 

2.  A  person  in  military  service,    (a)  One  whose 
business  is  warfare,  as  opposed  to  a  civilian. 

Madame,  30  misdon  .  .  . 
To  swiche  a  simpul  suwdiour  as  icham  forto  knele. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  3951. 
Fie,  my  lord,  tie  !  a  soldier,  and  afeard  ? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  1.  40. 

(ft)  One  who  serves  In  the  land  forces,  as  opposed  to  one 
serving  at  sea. 

3.  Hence,  one  who  obeys  the  commands  and 
contends  in  the  cause  of  another. 

Give  me  a  favour,  that  the  world  may  know 
I  am  your  soldier.  Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  v.  4. 

To  continue  Christ's  faithful  soldier  and  servant  unto 
his  life's  end. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Public  Baptism  of  Infants. 

4.  One  of  the  rank  and  file,  or  sometimes  in- 
cluding non-commissioned  officers  as  opposed 
to  commissioned  officers. 

Me  thinkes  it  were  meete  that  any  one,  before  he  conn' 
to  be  a  captayne,  should  have  bene  a  soldwur. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
That  in  the  captain  's  but  a  choleric  word 
Which  in  the  soldier  is  flat  blasphemy. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  IL  2.  131. 

5.  Emphatically,  a  brave  warrior;  a  man  of 
military  experience,  skill,  or  genius;  a  man  of 
distinguished  valor;    one  possessing  the  dis- 
tinctive carriage,   looks,  habits,   or  traits  of 
those  who  make  a  profession  of  military  ser- 
vice :  as,  he  is  every  inch  a  soldier. 

So  great  a  soldier  taught  us  there 
What  long-enduring  hearts  could  do 
In  that  world's-earthquake,  Waterloo ! 

Tennyson,  Death  of  Wellington. 

6.  In  zool.:  (a)  One  of  that  section  of  a  colony 
of  some  kinds  of  ants  which  does  the  fighting, 
takes  slaves,  etc. ;  a  soldier-ant.    (6)  The  cor- 
responding form  in  a  colony  of  white  ants  or 
termites,    (c)  A  soldier-beetle,     (d)  A  sort  of 
hermit-crab ;  also,  a  fiddler-crab. 

Under  those  Trees  [Sapadillies]  we  found  plenty  of  Sol- 
diers, a  little  kind  of  Animals  that  live  in  Shells,  and  have 
two  great  Claws  like  a  Crab,  and  are  good  food. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  39. 

(e)  The  red  gurnard,  Trigta  cuculus.  [Local, 
Eng.]  (/)  A  red  herring.  [British  sailors' 
slang.]  —  7.  One  who  makes  a  pretense  of 
working,  but  is  really  of  little  or  no  use;  one 
who  works  no  more  than  is  necessary  to  secure 
pay.  See  soger,  2.  [Colloq.] — 8.  pi.  A  name 
of  the  red  campion  (Lychnis  ditima),  of  the  rib- 
wort (Plantago  lanceolata),  and  of  various  other 
plants.  Britten  and  Holland.  Eng.  Plant  Names. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.]  — Fresh-water  soldier. 
See  fresh-water.—  Old  soldier,  (a)  A  bottle  emptied  at 
a  banquet,  carouse,  etc.  (Slang.)  (6)  The  stump,  or  un- 
smoked  part,  of  a  cigar.  See  «n«p«i,  3.  [Slang.]  — Red 
soldier,  a  disorder  of  pigs ;  rouget. 

A  disorder  affecting  pigs,  called  In  France  "rouget," 
and  in  Ireland  "red  soldier,"  from  the  red  patches  that 
appear  on  the  skin  in  fatal  cases.  This  affection  depends 
on  a  bacillus.  Lancet,  1890,  II.  217. 

Single  soldiert.  See  tingle).—  Soldier  of  fortune,  one 
who  is  ready  to  serve  as  a  soldier  wherever  profit,  honor, 


soldier 

pleasure,  or  other  advantage  is  most  to  be  had.  — Soldiers 
and  sailors,  soldier-beetles.—  Soldier's  wind  (naul.), 
:i  fair  «ind  for  going  nnd  returning.— To  come  the  Old 
soldier  over  one,  to  impose  upon  one.  [Colloq.  | 

I  should  think  he  was  coming  the  old  soldier  over  me, 
and  keeping  up  his  (same.  But  no  — he  can  scarce  have 
the  impudence  to  think  of  that. 

Scott,  St.  Roiuui  s  Well,  xvin. 

soldier  (sol'jer), «.  i.  [<  soldier, ».]  1.  To  s.-rv< 
as  a  soldier:  as,  to  go  soldier in;/. 

Few  nobles  come.  .  .  .  Barras  ...  is  one.  The  reck- 
less shipwrecked  man :  HUIIK  ashore  on  the  coast  of  the 
Maldives  long  ago,  while  sailing  and  soldiering  as  Indian 
Fighter.  Carlyle,  French  Key.,  III.  i.  7. 

2.  To  bully;  hector.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  3.  To  make  a  pretense  or  show  of  working, 
so  as  to  be  kept  upon  the  pay-roll ;  shirk ;  feign 
sickness  ;  malinger.  See  soger,  2.  [Colloq.] 

The  two  long  lines  of  men  attached  to  the  ropes  on  the 
left  shore  .  .  .  stretchout  ahead  of  us  so  far  that  it  needs 
an  opera-glass  to  discover  whether  the  leaders  are  pulling 
or  only  soldiering. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  24S. 

4.  To  make  temporary  use  of  (another  man's 
horse).  Thus,  a  man  wanting  a  mount  catches  the  first 
horse  he  can,  rides  it  to  his  destination,  and  then  lets  it 
go.  [Slang,  Australia.] 

soldier-ant  (sol'jer-ant),  n.  Same  as  soldier, 
6  (a)  (b). 

soldier-beetle  (sol'jer-be'tl),  ti.    Any  beetle  of 


Pennsylvania  Soldier-beetle  (Chanlwettttt hits  yams ***•**.*,**,. 

a,  larva,  natural  size ;    f>,  head  of  sume,  from  below,  enlarged  ; 

c  to  H,  mouth-parts,  enlarged  ;  i,  beetle,  natural  size. 

the  family  Tcleplwridee.     The  Pennsylvania  soldier- 
beetle,  Chauliognathus  pennsylvanic-us,  is  common  in  the 

United  states. 
The  beetles  live 
upon  pollen,  but 
then4  larvie  are 
carnivorous  and 
destroy  other  in- 
sects. The  two- 
lined  soldier-bee- 
tle, Telephorui 
bilineatus,  is  also 
u 

Two-lined  Soldier-beetle  (Ttlefihoru. 
neatus).      a,    larva ;     b,  head    and    thorauit 
joints  of  same,  enlarged  ;  f,  beetle,     (a  and  <-     preys     Upon     the 
natural  size.)  larvie  of  the  COd- 


ling-moth. 
A  predaceous  bug 


.  Soldier-bug  (Podistti 
r).  a,  nymph  ;  *,  larva  : 
<",  egg ;  d,  proboscis  of  adult,  all 
enlarged  (lines  show  natural  sizes 
of  a  and  #) ;  f,  adult,  natural  size. 


soldier-bug  (sol'jer-bug), 
of  the  family  Peiitato- 
midse;  any  rapacious 
reduvioid.  Podisus  spi- 
nosus  is  a  common  North 
American  species  known  as 
the  spined  soldier-bug.  It 
preys  upon  many  destruc- 
tive Iarva3,  such  as  the  fall 
web-worm,  cutworms,  and 
the  larvse  of  the  Colorado 
potato-beetle.  The  ring- 
banded  soldier-bug  is  Peril- 
lus  circumcinetus.  The  rapa- 
cious soldier-bug  is  Sinea 
diadema.  See  cuts  under 
Pentatomulae,  Perillus,  Po- 
disus, Sinea.  and  Harpactor. 

soldier-bush  (sol'jer- 
bush),  n.  Same  as  sol- 
dierwood. 

soldier-crab  (sol '  jer- 
krab),  w.  A  hermit- 
crab  ;  a  soldier. 

soldieress  (sol'jer-es),  «.  [<  goldier  +  -ess.]  A 
female  soldier.  [Rare.] 

Soldieress, 
lhat  equally  canst  poise  sternness  with  pity. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  i.  I. 

soldier-fish  (sol'jer-fish),  ».  The  blue  darter 
or  rainbow-darter,  Etlieostoma  cxruleum,  of 
gorgeous  colors,  the  male  having  about  twelve 
•nmgO-Mue  bars  running  obliquely  downward 
and  backward,  and  being  otherwise  vividly 
colored.  It  is  abundant  in  rivers  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi valley. 

soldier-fly  (sol'jer-fli),  «.  A  dipterous  insect  of 
the  family  Stratoomyidie :  so  called  from  its  or- 
namentation. 

soldiering  (sol 'jer-ing),  „.  [Verbal  n.  of  sol- 
dier, v.]  1.  The  state  of  being  a  soldier;  the 
act  or  condition  of  serving  as  a  soldier;  mili- 
tary duty;  campaigning. 

The  simple  soldiering  of  Grant  and  Foote  was  solving 

.ome  of  the  problems  that  confused  scientific  hypothesis 

The  Century,  XXXVI.  (164. 


6764 

2.    The   act   of  feigning  to   work ;    shirking. 
[Colloq.] 
soldier-like  (sol'jer-lik),  a.     Soldierly. 

I  will  not  say  pity  me ;  'tis  not  a  soldier-like  phrase. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  1.  13. 

On  hearing  the  general  orders,  he  discharged  a  tempest 
of  veteran,  soldier-like  oaths. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  318. 

soldierly  (sol'jer-li),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  snul- 
dicrly;  <  soldier  +  -ly1.]   Like  or  befitting  a  sol- 
dier, especially  in  a  moral  sense:  as,  soldierly 
conduct. 
He  seem'd  a  souldierlij  person  and  a  good  fellow. 

Krrli/n,  Diary,  June  IB,  167;'.. 

His  own  [face),  tho'  keen  and  bold  and  xoldirrlii, 
Sear'd  by  the  close  ecliptic,  was  not  fair. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

soldier-moth  (sol'jer-moth),  «.  An  East  Indian 
geometrid  moth,  Emclioim  iiiilititrix. 

soldier-orchis  (s61'jer-6r"kis),  n.  A  handsome 
orchid,  Orchis  militaris,  of  the  northern  Old 
World.  It  bears  a  dense  oblong  spike  of  small  chiefly 
purple  flowers.  So  named,  perhaps,  from  the  helmet-like 
adjustment  of  the  sepals,  or  from  Its  erect  habit. 

soldier 's-herb  (sol'jerz-erb),  H.  Same  as  niati- 
col. 

soldiership   (sol'jer-ship),   H.      [<   goldier   + 
-ship.]     Tne  state  of  being  a  soldier ;  the  quali- 
ties of  a  soldier,  or  those  becoming  a  soldier ; 
especially,  skill  in  military  matters. 
His  soldiership 
Is  twice  the  other  twain. 

Shale.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  1.  34. 

soldierwood  (sdl'jer-wud),  «.  A  West  Indian 
leguminous  shrub,  Calliandra  purpurea.  Its 
flowers  are  in  heads,  the  stamens,  as  in  the  genus  gen- 
erally, united  into  a  tube  and  long-exserted,  forming  the 
conspicuous  part. 

soldiery  (sol'jer-i),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  soal- 
diery,  soldiourie;  <  soldier  +  -y*.]  If.  Soldier- 
ship; military  service. 

Basilius  .  .  .  inquired  of  his  estate,  adding  promise  of 
great  rewards,  among  the  rest  offering  to  him,  if  he  would 
exercise  his  courage  in  soldiery,  he  would  commit  some 
charge  unto  him  under  his  lieutenant  Philanax. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

To  read  a  lecture  of  soldiery  to  Hannibal,  the  most  cun- 
ningest  warrior  of  his  time.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

2.  Soldiers  collectively,  whether  in  general, 
or  in  any  state,  or  any  army,  camp,  or  the  like. 

They,  expecting  a  sharp  encounter,  brought  Sigebert, 
whom  they  esteem 'd  an  expert  Leader,  with  his  presence 
to  confirm  the  Souldiery.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

The  ferocious  deeds  of  a  savage  and  infuriated  soldiery. 
Clay,  Speech  on  Greek  Rev. 

soldo  (sol'do),  w. ;  pi.  soldi  (-di).  [<  It.  soldo, 
a  coin:  see  sol2,  sou.]  A  small  Italian  coin  of 


sole 

The  sole  of  their  [the  cherubim  <  I  fn-t  was  lik.  ihc  .w,' 
nf  a  calf's  foot.  I'zi'k.  i.  7. 

2.  The  foot.     [Rare.] 

Hast  wandred  through  the  world  now  long  a  day, 
Yett  ceassest  not  thy  weary  soles  to  lead. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  9. 

3.  That  part  of  a  shoe  or  boot  which  comes 
under  the  sole  of  the  foot,  and'  upon  which  the 
wearer  treads.    In  boots  and  shoes  with  heels,  the  term 
is  usually  limited  to  the  part  that  is  in  front  of  the  heel 
and  of  nearly  uniform  thickness  throughout.    See  half- 
sole,  and  cuts  under  boot?  and  pmilaine. 

You  have  dancing  shoes 
With  nimble  Mir*.         lihak.,  R.  and  J..  i.  4.  I/,. 

4.  The  part  of  anything  that  forms  the  bottom. 
and  on  which  it  stands  upon  the  ground;  the 
bottom  or  lower  part  of  anything,    (a)  In  agri., 
the  bottom  part  of  a  plow,  to  the  fore  part  of  which  is 
attached  the  point  or  share,    (b)  In  farriery,  the  horny 
under  side  of  any  foot ;  the  bottom  of  the  hoof,    (c)  In 
fort.,  the  bottom  of  an  embrasure  or  gun-port.    See  em- 
Erasure,  2.    (d)  Xaut.,  a  piece  of  timber  attached  to  the 
lower  part  of  a  rudder,  to  render  it  level  with  the  false 
keel,    (e)  The  seat  or  bottom  of  a  mine  :  applied  to  hori- 
zontal veins  or  lodes.    (/)  The  floor  of  a  bracket  on  which 
a  plumber-block  rests.    (</)  The  plate  which  constitutes 
the  foundation  of  a  marine  steam-engine,  and  which  is 
bolted  to  the  keelson.    (A)  The  floor  or  hearth  of  the  metal 
chamber  in  a  reverberatory,  puddling,  or  boiling  furnace, 
(i)  In  carp.,  the  lower  surface  of  a  plane,    (j)  The  bottom 
frame  of  a  wagon,  coach,  or  railway-car.    (A1)  The  metal 
shoe  of  a  sled-runner.    (0  The  lower  edge  of  a  turbine. 
(m)  In  ship-building,  the  bottom  plank  of  the  cradle,  rest- 
ing on  the  bilgeways,  and  sustaining  the  lower  ends  of 
the  poppets,  which  are  mortised  into  the  sole  and  support 
the  vessel.    See  cut  under  launchiny-ways.    E.  //.  Kniyht. 
(«)  In  eoiich.,  the  surface  of  the  body  on  which  a  gastro- 
pod creeps. 

5.  A  flat  surface  like  the  sole  of  the  foot. 

The  stones  in  the  boulder-clay  have  a  characteristic 
form  and  surface.  They  are  usually  oblong,  have  one  or 
more  flat  sides  or  soles,  are  smoothed  or  polished,  and  have 
their  edges  worn  round.  A.  Qeikie,  Encyc.  Brit,  X.  367. 

sole1  (sol),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  soled,  ppr.  soling. 
[<  «oiV;l,  M.]  To  furnish  with  a  sole,  as  a  shoe 
or  boot ;  put  a  new  sole  on.  Compare  liu/f- 
xole, «'.  t. 

This  fellow  waits  on  him  now  in  tennis  court  socks,  or 
slippers  soled  with  wool.  B.  Jonson,  Eplccene,  1.  1. 

sole-  (sol),  n.  [<  ME.  sole  =  G.  sohle  =  8w. 
sola,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  sole  =  Pr.  solha  =  Sp. 
xueltt  =  Pg.  sollia  =  It.  soglia,  <  L.  solea,  the 
sole  (fish),  prob.  so  called  from  its  flatness, 
<  solea,  a  slipper  or  sandal :  see  sole*.]  In 
iclith.,  a  flatfish  of  the  family  Soleidsp,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  genus  Solea  ;  a  goleid  or  sole-fish. 
The  common  sole  of  Europe  Is  S.  vulgaris,  formerly  Pleu- 
ronectes  solea.  The  body  is  elongate-oval,  and  has  been 


Obverse.  Reverse 

Billon  Soldo  of  Peter  Leopold,  Grand  Duke  of  Etruria,  1778,  in  the 
British  Museum.    (Size  of  original.) 

copper  or  billon,  the  twentieth  part  of  the  lira ; 
a  sol  or  sou. 

sole1  (sol),  H.  [<  ME.  sole,  soole  (of  the  foot  or  of 
a  shoe),  <  AS.  sole  (pi.  solen,  for  "solan)  =MD. 
sole,  D.  :ool  =  MLG.  sole,  LG.  sale  =  OHG. 
sola,  MHG.  sole,  sol,  G.  sohle  =  Icel.  soli  =  Sw. 
s&la  =  Dan.  saale  =  Goth,  sulja,  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  =  Olt.  suola,  also  suolo,  It.  suolo  =  Sp. 
sitela  =  Pg.  sola  =  Pr.  sola,  sol  =  F.  sole,  the 
sole  of  the  foot,  <  ML.  sola,  a  collateral  form 
(found  in  glossaries)  of  L.  solea,  a  slipper  or 
sandal  (consisting  of  a  single  sole  fastened  on 
by  a  strap  across  the  instep),  a  kind  of  shoe 
for  animals,  also  the  sole  of  the  foot  (of  ani- 
mals), in  ML.  also  the  sole  of  a  shoe,  a  flat 
under  surface,  the  bottom,  <  solum,  the  ground, 
soil.  Cf.  soift,  sole".]  1.  The  bottom  or 
under  side  of  the  foot;  technically,  the  plan- 
ta,  corresponding  to  the  palm  of  the  hand. 
The  sale  of  ordinary  language  does  not  correspond  well 
with  planta,  except  in  the  cases  of  plantigrades.  In  digiti- 
grades  sole  usually  means  only  that  part  of  the  planta 
which  rests  upon  the  ground  in  ordinary  locomotion,  or 
the  balls  of  the  toes  collectively ;  it  also  applies  to  the 
fore  as  well  as  the  hind  feet  of  such  quadrupeds,  thus 
including  the  corresponding  parts  of  the  palma,  or  palm  ; 
while  the  planta  may  extend  far  up  the  hind  leg  (only),  as 
to  the  hock  of  the  horse.  In  the  horse  sole  is  restricted 
to  the  under  side  of  the  hoof  of  either  fore  or  hind  feet 
(see  def  4  (6)).  In  birds  the  sole  of  the  foot  is  the  under 
side  of  the  toes  taken  together.  See  planta,  and  cuts  under 
plantigrade,  di?itigrade,scutelliplantnr,  and  solidtingulate 


•;-1^     . 

European  Sole  (Solea  vnlgaris  or  sotea). 

compared  to  the  form  of  a  human  sole;  the  dorsal  and 
anal  flns  are  very  long,  but  free  from  the  caudal,  which 
has  a  rounded  end,  and  pectorals  are  developed  on 
both  sides ;  the  mouth  is  moderately  decurved ;  the  nos- 
trils of  the  blind  side  are  not  dilated ;  and  the  height 
of  the  body  is  a  little  less  than  a  third  of  the  total 
length.  The  color  is  a  dark  brown,  with  a  black  spot  at 
the  end  of  the  pectoral  fln.  This  sole  is  common  along 
the  European  coasts,  and  is  one  of  the  most  esteemed 
of  food-fishes.  The  flesh  is  white,  firm,  and  of  excellent 
flavor,  especially  when  the  fish  has  been  taken  in  deep 
water.  The  average  weight  is  about  a  pound,  although 
the  fish  occasionally  reaches  a  much  larger  size.  It  pre- 
fers sandy  or  gravelly  shores,  but  retires  into  deep  water 
when  frost  sets  in.  It  feeds  chiefly  upon  mollusks,  but 
also  on  the  eggs  of  fishes  and  other  animals.  It  some- 
times ascends  into  fresh  water.  There  are  other  spe- 
cies, of  several  different  genera,  as  Achirus  Kneatus, 
commonly  called  hog-chotter.  The  name  sole  is  also 
given  to  various  species  of  the  related  family  Plemo- 
nectidtf.  Along  the  California!!  coast  the  common  sole 
is  a  pleuronectoid,  Lepidopsetta  bilineata.  which  reaches 
a  length  of  about  20  inches  and  a  weight  of  five  or 
six  pounds,  although  its  average  weight  as  seen  in  the 
markets  is  about  three  pounds.  In  San  Francisco  only 
about  two  per  cent,  of  the  flatfishes  caught  belong  to 
this  species,  but  along  Puget  Sound  it  constitutes  about 
thirty  per  cent,  of  the  catch.  It  feeds  chiefly  on  crus- 
taceans and  small  fishes,  and  is  regarded  as  an  excellent 
food-fish.  Other  Pleuroneetidje  called  sales  along  the  Pa 
cific  coast  of  North  America  are  the  Paropttrys  vetulus  and 
nippoglossnidesjordani.  See  also  cuts-under  Pleuronecti- 
da  and  Soleida. 

Solea  is  the  sole,  that  is  a  swete  flsshe  and  holsom  for 
seke  people.  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  238. 

Bastard  sole.     See  bastard.— Dwarf  sole,  the  little 
sole,  or  solenette,  Solea  minuta.  —  French  sole     Same  as 
lemon-sole,  I.— Land-sole,  a  slug  of  the  genus  Arum. 
The  Arions,  or  Land-soles. 

P.  P.  Carpenter,  Led.  Mollusca  (1861),  p.  79. 


sole 

Lemon  sole.  See  lemon-mle.  —  Smooth  sole,  A  nmjlos- 
"us  laltrna,  the  megrim  or  scald-fish.  -Variegated  sole 
tile  bastard  sole,  Solea  vari*"/,*!,,.  Bee  bastard. 
sole3  (sol),  «.  [<  ME.  soli;  <  OF.  ml,  F.  seul  = 
Pr.  xul  =  Sp.  xiiln  =  Pg.  *o  =  It.  so/o,  <  L.  solus, 
alone,  only,  single,  sole,  lonely,  solitary;  prob. 
the  same  word  as  OL.  suit  us,  entire,  complete, 
=  Gr.  6/of  (Ionic  <n''?,of),  whole,  =  Skt.  garca, 
all,  whole:  see  .w/r.  Hence  (<  L.) sulilni-i/.  00ft- 
tiule.  soln,  milli'ii.  .iii/iliii/iii/,  ill. -iii/iit/',  etc.  From 
the  Gr.  word  is  the  first  element  in  holocauxt, 
holograph,  eto.]  1.  Only;  alone  in  its  kind ;  be- 
ing or  acting  without  another;  single;  unique; 
individual:  as,  God  is  the  sole  creator  and  sov- 
ereign of  the  world. 

To  parley  with  the  sole  inheritor 
Of  all  perfections  that  a  man  may  owe, 
Matchless  Navarre.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1.  5. 

I  mean,  says  he,  never  to  allow  of  the  lie  being  by  con- 
struction, implication,  or  induction,  but  by  the  sole  use 
of  the  word  itself.  Addison,  Tatler,  No.  256. 

2.  Alone ;  unaccompanied ;  solitary.  [Archaic.] 
Go  forth  sole  and  make  thy  moue. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  2396. 
I  am  oft-times  sole,  but  seldom  solitary. 

Howell,  Letters,  u.  77. 
Flush'd  Ganymede,  his  rosy  thigh 
Half-buried  in  the  Eagle's  down, 
Sole  as  a  flying  star  shot  thro'  the  sky. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 
3t.  Mere. 

Whose  sole  name  blisters  our  tongues. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 12. 

4.  In  law,  single;  unmarried;  not  having  a 
spouse :  as,  a  feme  sole.  See/ewe sole  corpora- 
tion. See  corporation  sole,  under  corporation,  1.— Sole 
tenant.  See  tenant. 

sole3  (sol),  adv.  [<  so/«3,  «.]  Alone ;  by  itself ; 
singly.  [Rare.] 

But  what  the  repining  enemy  commends, 
That  breath  fame  blows ;  that  praise,  sole  pure,  tran- 
scends. Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  3.  244. 

SOle4t  (sol), «.  [<  ME.  sole,  soole,  <  AS.  sal,  a  cord, 
rope,  rein,  chain,  collar,  =  OS.  sel  =  OHG.  MHG. 
G.  sell  =  Icel.  seil  =  Goth.  *sail  (in  deriv.  insail- 
jan),  a  cord,  =  OBulg.  silo,  a  cord;  akin  to  Gr. 
l/idf,  a  band,  Skt.  •/  si,  bind.]  A  wooden  band 
or  yoke  put  around  the  neck  of  an  ox  or  a  cow 
in  a  stall.  Palsgrave. 

sole5  (sol),  H.  [Also  sort/;  prob.  a  particular 
use  of  sole1.]  A  pond.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

sole6  (sol),  c.  t.  [Also  soal,  sowl,  formerly  sowle; 
origin  uncertain.]  To  pull  by  the  ears;  pull 
about;  haul;  lug.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

He'll  go,  he  says,  and  •••"/'•/  the  porter  of  Rome  gates  by 
the  ears.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5.  214. 

Venus  will  sowle  me  by  the  ears  for  this. 

lleywood,  Love's  Mistress  (1636). 
To  sole  a  bowlt,  to  handle  it  skilfully. 
To  sole  a  bowl,  probe  et  rite  emittere  globum. 

Coles,  Lat.  Diet.    (Halliwell.) 

I  censured  his  light  and  ludicrous  title  of  "  Down-Derry  " 
modestly  in  these  words  :  "It  were  strange  if  he  should 
throw  a  good  cast  who  soals  his  bowl  upon  an  undersong  "; 
alluding  to  that  ordinary  and  elegant  expression  in  our 
English  tongue,  "  soal  your  bowl  well "  —  that  is,  be  careful 
to  begin  your  work  well. 

Abp.  Bramhall,  Works,  II.  366.    (Davies.) 

sole7  (sol),  u.    Same  as  so/3. 

solea1  (so'le-a),  n.;  pi.  soleas  (-e).  [NL.,  <  L. 
solea,  sole,  etc. :  see  sole1.]  1.  The  sole  of  the 
foot.  See  sole1. — 2.  Same  as  soleus. 

Solea2  (so'le-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  solea,  a  sole:  see 
sole2.]  In  iclith.,  an  old  name  of  the  sole-fish 
(as  Klein,  1748),  now  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Soleidss,  with  various  limits:  (a)  includ- 
ing all  the  species  of  the  family,  or  (6)  limited 
to  the  sole  of  the  European  seas  and  closely 
related  species.  See  cut  under  so/e2. 

sole-channel  (sol'chan"el),  «.  In  a  boot-  or 
shoe-sole,  a  groove  in  which  the  sewing  is  sunk 
to  protect  it  from  wear. 

solecise,  c.  «•     See  solecize. 

solecism  (sol'e-sizm),  «.  [<  OF.  solecisme,  F. 
xolecisme  =  Sp!  Pg.  It.  solecismo  =  G.  solodsmus, 
<  L.  soloidsmus,  <  Gr.  aotomiafiof,  <  ao/MniZeiv, 
speak  or  write  incorrectly,  be  rude  or  awkward 
in  manner,  <  cruAowcof,  speaking  incorrectly,  us- 
ing provincialisms  (oi  ootoiKoi,  foreigners),  also 
awkward  or  rude  in  manners :  said  to  have 
meant  orig.  'speaking  or  acting  like  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Soli,'  <  26~Aoi,  L.  Soli,  Soloe,  a  town  in 
Cilicia,  a  place  said  to  have  been  colonized  by 
Athenian  emigrants  (afterward  called  Pom- 
peiopolis,  now  Mesetli),  or,  according  to  another 
account,  by  Argives  and  Lydians  from  Rhodes. 
Others  refer  the  word  to  another  town,  Soli. 
2<i/loi,  in  Cyprus.]  1.  A  gross  deviation  from 
the  settled  usages  of  grammar;  a  gross  gram- 
matical error,  such  as  "I  done  it"  for  "I  did 
it." 


Whatever  you  meddle  with,  excipt  when  ynu  makewk- 
cums,  Is  grammar  still.  Mill;,,,  Ans.  I,,  Salmaslus,  I. 

The  offences  against  the  usage  of  the  English  language 
are— (1)  Barbarisms,  »-,,nls  n.,t  Mniilisli:  (y  ,sWcci«n«, 
constructions  not  English;  (3)  Improprieties,  words  or 
phrases  used  in  a  «ense  not  English. 

A.  S.  Hill,  Rhetoric,  III. 

2.  Loosely,  any  small  blunder  in  speech. 

Think  on  't,  a  close  fri.  ml, 
Or  private  mistress,  Is  court  rhct,,j  i. 
A  wife,  mere  rustic  solea  m. 

Matrinyer,  Guardian,  i.  1. 

They  (the  inhabitants  of  London]  are  thu  minimi  -<•!•. 
ci,  and  their  solecisms  have  furnished  much  food  for  laugh- 
ter.   Ihls  kind  of  local  reproach  is  not  common,  but  II  is 
not  unprecedented.  \    ,,,,d  V.,  7th  ser.,  IX.  74. 

3.  Any  unfitness,  absurdity,  or  impropriety,  us 
in  behavior;  a  violation  of  the  conventional 
rules  of  society. 

T.  Ca.  [Carew]  buzzed  me  in  the  Ear  that,  tho'  Ben  [Jon 
son]  had  barrelled  up  a  great  deal  of  Knowledge  yet  ii 
seems  he  had  not  read  the  Ethics,  which,  unonnt  other 
Precepts  of  Morality,  forbid  Self-commendation,  declaring 
it  to  be  an  Ul-favor  d  Solecism  in  good  Manners. 

Unwell,  Letters,  ii.  IS. 

4.  An  incongruity;    an  inconsistency;    that 
which  is  incongruous  with  the  nature  of  things 
or  with  its  surroundings;  an  unnatural  phenom- 
enon or  product;  a  prodigy;  a  monster. 

It  is  the  solecism  of  power  to  think  to  command  the  end, 

and  yet  not  to  endure  the  mean.   Bacon,  Empire  (ed.  1887). 

An  ungodly  man  of  God  — what  a  solecism!  What  a 

monster !      Mather  Dyles,  Sermon  at  New  London  (1758). 

=Syn.  1.  Barbarism,  etc.    See  impropriety. 

SOlecist  (sol'e-sist),  «.  [<  Gr.  ao^MKiartK,  one 
who  speaks  or  pronounces  incorrectly,  <  oototici- 
&iv,  speak  or  write  incorrectly:  see  solecism.'] 
One  who  is  guilty  of  a  solecism  or  solecisms  in 
language  or  behavior. 

solecistic  (sol-e-sis'tik),  a.  [<  solecist  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  involving  a  solecism ;  incor- 
rect; incongruous. 

SOlecistical  (sol-e-sis'ti-kal),  a.  [<  solecistic  + 
-al.]  Same  as  solecistic. ' 

The  use  of  these  combinations,  with  respect  to  the  pro- 
nouns, Is  almost  always  solecistital. 

Tyrwhitt,  Gloss,  to  Chaucer,  under  self. 

solecistically  (sol-e-sis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  sole- 
cistic manner.  Wollaston. 

solecize  (sol'e-siz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  solecized, 
ppr.  solecizing.  [<  Gr.  oo/juKifctv,  speak  or  write 
incorrectly:  see  solecism.']  To  commit  sole- 
cisms. Also  spelled  solecise. 

This  being  too  loose  a  principle,  to  fancy  the  holy  writ 
ers  to  solecize  in  their  language  when  we  do  not  like  the 
sense.  Dr.  H.  More,  Mystery  of  Godliness  (1660),  1.  9. 

Solecurtidas  (sol-e-ker'ti-de),  •«.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Solecurtus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Solecurtus. 

Solecurtus  (sol-e-ker'tus),  n.  [NL.  (De  Blain- 
ville,  1824),  also  Solecurtius,  Solenicurtus,  Sole- 
nocurtus,  Solenociirtiiis;  <  Solen  +  L.  curhis, 
short.]  A  genus  of  razor-shells,  of  the  family 
Solenidse,  containing  forms  shorter  and  com- 


Sfftecurtiis  strigilatits. 


paratively  deeper  than  the  species  of  Solen, 
and  with  submediau  umbones:  in  some  systems 
made  type  of  the  family  Soleeurtldse. 

sole-fish  (sol'fish),  n.     The  sole.     See  sole*. 

sole-fleuk  (sol'flOk), «.  The  smear-dab.  [Scotch.] 

solei,  n.    Plural  of  soleus. 

Soleidse  (so-le'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Solea*  + 
-idle.]  The  soles  or  sole-fish,  a  family  of  pleu- 
ronectoid  fishes  typified  by  the  genus  Solen. 
The  body  is  oval  or  elliptical,  the  snout  roundish,  and  the 
oral  cleft  more  or  less  decurved  and  very  small.  The  oper 
cular  bones  are  concealed  in  the  scaly  skin,  the  upper  eye 
is  advanced  more  or  less  In  front  of  the  lower,  and  the  pec- 
torals are  often  rudimentary  or  absent.  The  species  are 
numerous,  and  of  several  genera  in  different  seas.  Some 
are  much  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  their  flesh,  while 
others  are  quite  worthless.  The  common  sole  of  Europe 
is  the  best-known.  The  American  sole  is  AcMrus  lineatm 
(figured  in  next  column).  See  Sofeo2,  and  cuts  under  Plev- 
ronectidte  and  sole?. 

soleifonn  (so'le-i-form),  a.  [<  L.  solea,  sole,  + 
forma,  form.]  '  Having  the  form  of  a  slipper. 

SOleint,  «•  and  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
sullen . 


i./i.  i.  A  siron^, i,,.a\  v 
leather  especially  prepared  for  boot-  and  Kh<n;- 
.  The  hides  are  taken  from  the  tanning-tanks,  the 
spent  tan  is  brushed  off,  and  the  hides  are  dried  In  a  cool 
place,  then  laid  mi  »  polished  stone  slab,  and  beaten  with 
Iron  or  wooden  hammers  operated  by  machinery. 

2.  Same  as  Hole-leather  kel)> Sole-leather  kelp, 

a  name  given  to  some  of  the  larger  Latninariaccie,  such  as 
L.  digiiata.  See  iMminaria.—  Sole-leather  stripper, » 
machine  with  adjustable  blades  or  skivers  for  stripping 
the  rough  side  of  leather.  E.  II.  Kniyht. 
solely  (sol'li),  adv.  1.  Singly;  alone;  only: 
without  another:  as,  to  rest  a  cause  solely  »n 
one  argument. 

To  supply  those  defects  and  imperfections  which  are  in 
us  living  single  and  tolely  by  ourselves,  we  are  naturally 
Induced  to  seek  communion  and  fellowship  with  others. 
Booker,  Eccles.  Polity,  1. 10. 
I  am  not  solely  led 
By  nice  direction  of  a  maiden's  eyes. 

SAo*.,  M.  of  V.,  II.  1.  is. 

2f.  Completely;  wholly;  altogether. 

Think  him  a  great  way  fool,  solely  a  coward. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  1.  1. 112. 

solemn  (sol'em),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also golcmm: 
<  ME.  solemne,  solempne,  solenne,  soleyn,  <  OF. 
solempne,  solennie,  F.  solennel  =  Sp.  Pg.  solemne. 
=  It.  solenne,  stated,  appointed,  as  a  religious 
rite,  <  L.  sollemnis,  alsosollemjinis,  sollennis,  less 
correctly  with  a  single  I,  solemnis,  solennis.  year- 
ly, annual,  occurring  annually,  as  a  religious 
rite,  religious,  festive,  solemn,  <  sollus,  entire, 
complete  (prob.  same  as  solus,  alone,  >  E.  sole3). 
+  annus,  a  year.]  It.  Recurring  yearly ;  an- 
nual. 

And  his  fadlr  and  modir  wenten  ech J?eer  in  to  Jerusa- 
lem, In  the  solempne  dai  of  pask.  Wyd\f,  Luke  ii.  41. 

Me  thought  y  herd  a  crowned  kyng  of  his  comunes  axe 

A  snleyn  subsidie  to  susteyne  his  werres. 

The  Crowned  King  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  SO. 

2.  Marked  by  religious  rites  or  ceremonious 
observances;  connected  with  religion ;  sacred; 
also,  marked  by  special  ritual  or  ceremony. 

O,  the  sacrifice ! 

How  ceremonious,  solemn,  and  unearthly 

It  was  1'  the  offering  !  Shak.,  W.  T.,  Hi.  1.  7. 

He  [King  Richard]  took  a  solemn  Oath,  That  he  should 

observe  Peace,  Honour,  and  Reverence  to  Almighty  God, 

to  his  Church,  and  to  his  Ministers,  all  the  Days  of  his  Life. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  01. 

3f.  Pertaining  to  holiday ;  festive;  joyous. 
A  Frere  ther  was,  a  wantoun  and  a  merye. 
A  lymytour,  a  ful  solempne  man. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  209. 
And  let  be  there  thre  yomen  assigned  to  serue  the  bye 
tabulle  and  the  two  syde  tabullis  in  mlenne  dayes. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S. ),  p.  ago. 
My  lords,  a  solemn  hunting  is  In  hand ; 
There  will  the  lovely  Roman  ladies  troop 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  II.  1. 112. 

4f.  Of  high  repute ;  important;  dignified. 

A  Webbe,  a  Deyere,  and  a  Tapicer, 
And  they  were  clothed  alle  In  oo  lyvere. 
Of  a  folempne  and  a  gret  fraternlW. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  t.  364. 

5.  Fitted  to  excite  or  express  serious  or  devout 
reflections;  grave;  impressive;  awe-inspiring: 
as,  a  solemn  pile  of  buildings. 

There  ralgnd  a  solemne  silence  over  all. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vlll.  S'. 
A  figure  like  your  father  .  .  . 
Appears  before  them,  and  with  solemn  march 
Goes  slow  and  stately  by  them. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,!,  -j.  LMI 

It  (life)  becomes  vastly  more  solemn  than  death :  for  we 
are  not  responsible  for  dying:  we  are  responsible  for  liv- 
ing. J.  F.  Clarke,  self-fnltare,  p.  7.'.. 

6.  Marked  by  seriousness  or  earnestness  in  lan- 
guage or  demeanor;  impressive;  grave:  as,  to 
make  a  solemn  promise ;  a  solemn  utterance. 

Why  do  you  bend  such  solemn  brows  on  me? 

Shak.,  K.  John,  Iv.  2.  90. 

What  signifies  breaking  some  scores  of  solemn  prom- 
ises?—all  that 's  of  no  consequence,  you  know. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  Iv.  2. 

7.  Affectedly  grave,  serious,  or  important:  as, 
to  put  on  a  solemn  face. 


solemn 

How  would  an  old  Roman  laugh,  were  it  possible  for 
him  to  see  the  solemn  dissertations  that  have  been  made 
on  these  weighty  subjects  !      Addison,  Ancient  Medals,  i. 
The  solemn  fop,  significant  and  budge ; 
A  fool  with  judges,  amongst  fools  a  judge. 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  299. 

Thou  say'st  au  undisputed  thing 
In  such  a  solemn  way. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  To  an  Insect. 

8.  Accompanied  with  all  due  forms  or  cere- 
monies; made  in  form;  formal;  regular:  now 
chiefly  a  law  term:  as,  probate  in  solemn  form. 

On  the  16th  of  June,  1515,  the  Catholic  monarch,  by  a 
solemn  act  in  cortes,  held  at  Burgos,  incorporated  his  new 
conquests  into  the  kingdom  of  Castile. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  23. 

Neither  in  England  nor  in  Sicily  did  official  formalism 
acknowledge  even  French,  much  less  Italian,  as  a  fit  tongue 
for  solemn  documents. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  550. 

9.  Sober;  gloomy;  dark:  noting  color  or  tint. 
[Bare.] 

Tis  not  alone  my  inky  cloak,  good  mother, 
Nor  customary  suits  of  solemn  black,  .  .  . 
That  can  denote  me  truly.     Shale.,  Hamlet,  i.  2.  78. 
We  see  in  needleworks  and  embroideries  it  is  more 
pleasing  to  have  a  lively  work  upon  a  sad  and  solemn 
ground  than  to  have  a  dark  and  melancholy  work  upon 
a  lightsome  ground.  Bacon,  Adversity  (ed.  1887). 

Solemn  degradation,  in  eccles.  law.  See  degradation,  1 
(a).— Solemn  League  and  Covenant.  See  covenant.— 
Solemn  service,  specifically,  in  the  Church  of  England, 
a  choral  celebration  of  the  communion.  =  8yn.  5.  August, 
venerable,  grand,  stately.— 6.  Serious,  etc.  (see  grace3\ 
reverential,  sober. 

solemnt,  v.  t.  [<  solemn,  a.]  To  solemnize. 
[Bare.] 

They  [the  Lapones]  solemne  marriages,  and  begynne  the 
same  with  fyre  and  flynte. 

R.  Eden,  tr.  of  Jacobus  Ziglerus  (First  Books  on  America, 
[ed.  Arber,  p.  302). 

solemness  (sol'em-nes),  n.  The  state  or  charac- 
ter of  being  solemn;  seriousness  or  gravity  of 
manner ;  solemnity.  Also  solemnness. 

Prithee,  Virgilia,  turn  thy  solemness  out  o'  door  and  go 
along  with  us.  Shak. ,  Cor.,  i.  3. 120. 

solemnisation,  solemnise,  etc.  See  solemnisa- 
tion, etc. 

solemnity  (so-lem'ni-ti),  n.;  pi.  solemnities 
(-tiz).  [<  ME.  solempnitee,  solempnyte,  solenite, 
solempte,  <  OF.  solempnite,  sollempnite,  soknnite, 
F.  solennite  =  Sp.  solemnidad  =  Pg.  solemnidade 
= It.  solennita,  <  L.  sollemnita(  t-)s,  sollennita(  t-)s, 
a  solemnity,  <  sollemnis,  sollennis,  solemn:  see 
solemn.']  1 .  A  rite  or  ceremony  performed  with 
religious  reverence;  a  ceremonial  or  festal  oc- 
casion ;  ceremony  in  general ;  celebration ;  fes- 
tivity. 

He  ...  broughte  hire  hoom  with  him  in  his  centre, 
With  mochel  glorie  and  gret  solempnite. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  12. 
And  nowe  in  places  colde 
Solempnitee  of  sheryng  sheepes  is  holde. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  162. 
A  fortnight  hold  we  this  solemnity, 
In  nightly  revels  and  new  jollity. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1.  376. 
Use  all  your  sports, 

All  your  solemnities:  'tis  the  king's  day  to-morrow, 
His  birth-day  and  his  marriage.  Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  v.  3. 

2.  The  state  or  character  of  being  solemn; 
gravity  ;  impressiveness ;   solemness :  as,  the 
solemnity  of  his  manner;  a  ceremony  of  great 
solemnity. 

So  my  state, 

Seldom  but  sumptuous,  showed  like  a  feast, 
And  won  by  rareness  such  solemnity. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2.  59. 
Have  they  faith 

In  what  with  such  solemnity  of  tone 
And  gesture  they  propound  to  our  belief? 

Cowper,  Task,  v.  648. 

3.  Affected  or  mock  gravity  or  seriousness ;  an 
aspect  of  pompous  importance. 

Solemnity  'a  a  cover  for  a  sot.    Young,  Love  of  Fame,  ii. 

4.  In  law,  a  solemn  or  formal  observance ;  the 
formality  requisite  to  render  an  act  valid.— 
Paschal  solemnity.    See  paschal. 

solemnizatet  (so-lein'ni-zat),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  so- 
lemnizatns,  pp.  of  solemnizare,  solemnize :  see 
solemnize.']  To  solemnize. 

solemnization  (sol'/em-ni-za'shou),  n.  [=  F. 
solennisation  ;  as  solemnize  +  -ation.J  The  act 
of  solemnizing;  celebration.  Also  written  sol- 
emnisation. 

The  day  and  time  appointed  for  Solemnization  of  Mat- 
rimony. Book  of  Common  Prayer. 
solemnize  (sol'em-niz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sol- 
emnized, ppr.  solemnizing.  [Early  mod.  E.  sol- 
empnyse,  <  ME.  solemnysen,  <  OF.  solempniser 
solenniser,  F.  solenniser  =  Sp.  Pg.  sotemnizar 
(cf.  It.  solenneggiare),  <  ML.  solemnizare,  solen- 
nizare,  <  L.  sollemmx,  sollennis,  solemn:  see 


5756 

solemn.]     It.    To  perform  annually;    perform 
as  the  year  comes  round. 

As  in  this  moone  in  places  warm  and  glade 

Thl  grafflng  good  it  is  to  solemnyse. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  73. 

2.  To  honor  by  ceremonies;  celebrate:  as,  to 
solemnize  the  birth  of  Christ. 

To  solemnize  this  day  the  glorious  sun 
Stavs  in  his  course  and  plays  the  alchemist. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  Ui.  1.  77. 

3.  To  perform  with  ritual  ceremonies,  or  ac- 
cording to  legal  forms :  used  especially  of  mar- 
riage. 

Baptism  to  be  administered  in  one  place,  and  marriage 
solemnized  in  another.  Hooker. 

Straight  shall  our  nuptial  rites  be  solemnized. 

Shak.,M.otV.,li.9.  6. 

I  saw  a  Procession  that  the  Priests  solemnized  In  the 
streets.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  104. 

4.  To  render  solemn ;  make  serious,  grave,  and 
reverential:  as,  to  solemnize  the  mind  for  the 
duties  of  the  sanctuary. 

A  solemnizing  twilight  is  the  very  utmost  which  could 
ever  steal  over  Homer's  diction.    De  Quincey,  Homer,  iii. 

Also  spelled  solemnise. 

=Syn.2and3.  Observe,  Commemorate,  etc.   See  celebrate. 
SOlemnizet   (sol'em-niz),  n.     [<  solemnize,  v.] 
Solemnization.    "[Rare.] 

Fidelia  and  Sparanza  virgins  were ; 

Though  snousd,  yet  wanting  wedlocks  solemnize. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  4. 

solemnizer  (sol'em-ni-z6r),  n.  [<  solemnize  + 
-erl.]  One  who  solemnizes;  one  who  performs 
a  solemn  rite.  Also  spelled  solemniser. 
solemnly  (sol'em-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  solemnly, 
solempnely,  solenliche;  <  solemn  +  -ly2.]  In  a 
solemn  manner,  (o)  With  religious  ceremonies ;  rev- 
erently; devoutly. 

And  the  angels  bifore  gan  gang, 
Singand  all  ful  solempnely, 
And  makaud  nobill  melody. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  72. 
(6)  With  impressive  seriousness. 

I  do  solemnly  assure  the  reader  that  he  is  the  only  per- 
son from  whom  I  have  heard  that  objection.  Swift. 

(c)  With  all  dueform;  ceremoniously;  formally;  regularly: 
as,  this  question  has  been  solemnly  decided  in  the  highest 
courts. 

Now  thou  and  I  are  new  in  amity, 
And  will  to  morrow  midnight  solemnly 
Dance  in  Duke  Theseus'  house  triumphantly. 

Shak.,  M.  K  D.,  iv.  1.  93. 

(d)  With  formal  gravity,  importance,  or  stateliness ;  with 
pompous  or  affected  gravity. 

His  resons  he  spak  ful  solempnely. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  274. 
The  ministers  of  state,  who  gave  us  law, 
In  corners,  with  selected  friends,  withdraw ; 
There  in  deaf  murmurs  solemnly  are  wise.    Dryden. 

solemnness,  ».    See  solemness. 
sqlemnyt,  ».     [<  L.  sollemne,  pi.  sollemnia,  a  re- 
ligious rite,  festival  solemnity,  neut.  of  sollem- 
nis, religious,  solemn :  see  solemn.]    Solemnity. 
[Rare.] 

Else  the  glory  of  all  these  solemnies  had  perished  like  a 
blaze,  and  gone  out,  in  the  beholders'  eyes. 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Hymen. 

solempnet,  «.    An  old  spelling  of  solemn. 

Solemya  (so-lem'i-a),  n.    See  Solenomya. 

solen  (so'len),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  solen,  <  Gr.  aulr/v, 
a  channel,  pipe,  a  kind  of  shell-fish,  perhaps  the 
razor-fish.]  1.  In  surg.,  same  as  cradle,  4  (6) 
(2). — 2.  [cop.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  typical  of  the  family  Solenidx,  of  which 

5.  vagina,  a  common  razor-fish  of  the  North 
Atlantic,  is  the  best-known  species. — 3.  Any 
member  of  this  genus,  or  a  related  form;  a 
razor-clam,  razor-fish,  or  razor-shell.     See  So- 
lenidse,  and  cut  under  Ensis. 

Solenacea  (sol-e-na'se-a),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Solen 
+  -acea.~]  Same  as  Sblenidse.  Menke,  1828. 

solenacean  (sol-e-na'se-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  Sole- 
nacea +  -an.']    1.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Solenacea  or  Solenidss;  solenaceous. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Solenacea. 

solenaceous  (sol-e-na'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  Solena- 
cea +  -oils.]  Resembling  a  solen;  belonging 
to  the  Solenacea;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  So- 
lenidse. 

solenarium  (sol-e-na'ri-um),  n.;  pi.  solenaria 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  auMjv,  a  channel,  pipe,  + 
-arimn.]  Either  of  the  two  (right  and  left) 
tubes  of  the  spiral  proboscis  or  antlia  of  lepi- 
dopterous  insects.  Kirby  and  Spence. 

solen-ark  (so'len-ark),  n.  An  ark-shell  of  the 
subfamily  Solenellinte. 

Solenella  (sol-e-nel'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Solen  + 
dim.  -ella.J  A  genus" of  Ledidx,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Solenellinee.  Also  called  Malktia. 


Solenoglypha 

Solenellinse  (sol"e-ne-H'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sol- 
enella +  -inas.  ]  A'  subfamily  of  Ledidse,  charac- 
terized by  the  external  ligament.  Also  called 
Malletiinse. 

SOleness  (sol'nes),  n.     The  state  of  being  sole. 

alone,  or  unconnected  with  others;  singleness. 

France  has  an  advantage,  .  .  .  which  is  (if  I  may  use 

the  expression)  its  soleness,  continuity  of  riches  and  power 

within  itself,  and  the  nature  of  its  government. 

Chesterfield.    (Latham.) 

SOlenette  (sol-e-nef),  «.  [<  sole2  +  dim. 
-(n)ette.]  A  fish,  the  little  sole,  or  dwarf  sole, 
Solea  minuta  orMonoehiruslinguatulus,  a  Euro- 
pean flatfish,  about  5  inches  long,  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color  on  the  upper  side. 

Solenhofen  limestone.  A  rock  quarried  at 
Solenhofen  (or  Solnhofen)  in  Bavaria.  It  belongs 
to  the  Upper  or  White  Jura,  and  is  of  the  same  geological 
age  as  the  Kimmeridge  group  of  England.  It  is  remark- 
able as  furnishing  the  world  with  the  only  really  satisfac- 
tory lithographic  stone,  and  as  containing  an  extremely 
varied  and  well-preserved  fauna,  preeminent  in  which  are 
the  remains  of  the  earliest  known  bird,  the  archieopteryx. 

Solenidae  (so-len'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.  (Fleming, 
1828),  <  Solen  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  bivalve 
mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Solen  ;  the  razor- 
shells  :  so  called  on  account  of  the  resemblance 
of  the  shell  in  form  to  a  razor.  The  animal  is  elon- 
gate ;  the  siphons  are  short  and  united ;  the  foot  is  rather 
large  and  more  or  less  cylindrical ;  the  long  slender  shell 
has  nearly  parallel  dorsal  and  ventral  contours,  and  is  trun- 
cate or  subtruncate  in  front  as  well  as  behind,  while  the 
hinge  Is  nearly  or  quite  terminal  and  has  usually  a  single 
tooth  in  each  valve ;  and  the  pallia!  line  has  a  deep  sinus. 
The  species  are  widely  distributed  and  numerous,  belong- 
ing to  several  genera.  See  cut  under  Ensis.  Also  Sole- 
nacea. 

solenite  (sol'e-nit),  «.  [<  Gr.  au?.f/v,  a  channel, 
pipe  (see  solen),  +  -ite%.]  A  fossil  razor-shell, 
or  some  similar  shell. 

solenoconch  (so-le'no-kongk),  n.  [<  NL.  Sole- 
noconchee.]  A'  tooth-shell  or  dentaliid,  as  a 
member  of  the  Solenoconchee. 

Solenoconchse  (so-le-ng-kong'ke),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aohrfv,  a  channel,  pipe,  +  n6yxii  a,  shell : 
see  conch."]  An  order  or  a  class  of  mollusks ; 
the  tooth-shells:  so  called  from  the  tubular 
shell.  As  an  order,  the  Solenoconchee  are  the  only  order  of 
the  class  Scaphopoda;  as  a  class,  the  name  is  synonymous 
with  the  latter.  See  Dentaliidse.  Also  Prosopocephala, 
Solenoconcha. 

Solenodon  (so-len'o-don),  n.  [NL.  (Brandt, 
1833),  <  Gr.  au/.ffv,  a  channel,  pipe,  +  orfoi'c 
(bSavr-)  =  E.  tooth,]  1.  The  typical  and  only 
genus  of  the  family  Solenodontidss,  containing 
the  opossum-shrews,  S.  paradoxus  of  Hayti  and 

.  S.  cuoanus  of  Cuba,  respectively  called  agottta 
and  almiqui.  They  are  insectivorous  mammals,  singu- 
larly resembling  opossums,  with  a  long  cylindroid  snout, 
long  scaly  tail,  five  toes  on  each  foot,  the  fore  feet  with 
very  long  claws,  the  ears  moderate  and  rounded,  and  the 
pelage  long  and  harsh.  See  Solenodontid/e.  Also  Soleno- 
donta. 

2.  [I,  c.]  A  species  of  this  genus;  asolenodont. 
See  almiqui,  and  cut  under  agouta. 

SOlenodont  ^so-len'o-dont),  a.  and  n.     [<  Solen- 
odon(t-).]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Soleno- 
dontidse,  or  having  their  characters. 
II.  «.  A  solenodon. 

Solenodontidae  (so-le-no-don'ti-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Solenodon(t-)  +  -idee."]  A  family  of 
mammals,  of  the  order  Insectivora,  peculiar  to 
the  West  Indies.  It  is  related  to  the  Madagascar 
Centetidee,  but  has  the  pelage  without  spines,  the  penis 
abdominal,  the  testes  perinea!,  the  teats  on  the  buttocks, 
the  uterine  horns  ending  in  csecal  sacs,  the  intestine  with- 
out a  csecum,  the  tibia  and  fibula  distinct,  the  pubic 
symphysis  short,  the  skull  slender  with  an  orbital  con- 
striction, small  brain-case,  large  squamosal  bones,  annu- 
lar tympanics,  no  postorbital  processes  or  zygomatic 
arches,  and  the  dental  formula  characteristic,  there  is 
but  one  genus,  Solenodon.  See  cut  under  agouta. 

Solenogastra  (so-le-no-gas'tra),  n.  pi.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Solenogastres. 

Solenogastres(so-le-no-gas'trez),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<Gr.o-uA#v,  a  channel,  pipe,  +  yaoTr/p,  the  belly.] 
A  group  proposed  by  Gegenbaur  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  two  genera  Neomenia  (with  Proneo- 
menia)  and  Chsstoderma:  now  referred  to  the 
isopleurous  Mollusca.  See  Isopleura,  and  cut 
under  Neomenia. 

SOlenoglyph  (so-le'no-glif),  o.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
ou}.rni,  a  channel,  pipe,  +  yhvfyetv,  carve,  cut:  see 
glyph."]  I.  a.  Having  apparently  hollow  or  per- 
forated maxillary  teeth  specialized  and  iso- 
lated from  the  rest;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  So- 
lenoglypha, or  having  their  characters.  These 
teeth  are  the  venom-fangs  of  such  serpents  as  vipers  and 
rattlesnakes.  They  are  not  actually  perforated,  but  have 
an  involute  groove  whose  lips  roll  together  and  fuse, 
forming  a  tube  through  which  the  poison  is  spirted  when 
the  snake  strikes.  See  cut  under  Crotalus. 
II.  n.  A  solenoglyphic  serpent. 

Solenoglypha,  Solenoglyphia  (sol-e-nog'li-fa, 
so-le-no-glif'i-a),  n.pl.  [NL. :  see  solenoglyplt.} 


vipers,  and  the  true  vipers  or  adders.    Nearly  all  fall  i 

the  two  families  Crot(tli<l;t    ami   Viiwridie,  though  two       ,       -    • 

others  (Causidai  and  Atractaspididjf)  are  recognized.    See  SOle-plate  (sol    plat),  II.      1.   In  macll,,  a  bed- 

Pntemiilupha,  and  cuts  under  adder,  Crotalus,  pit-viper,     plate:  as,  the  sole-plate  of  an  engine. — 2.  In  n 

and  rattlcfnake. 

solenoglyphic  (so-le-no-glif'ik),  a. 
</lyi>lt  T  -ic.]     Same  as  solenoyli/pli. 


[<  soli  iin- 


x<il-l'n).  +  -fiji/i",  a  common  It.  termination 

:    (ii)    Same    a-    xiiliili:iitinii.      ill)   A  VOCttl 

exercise  consisting  of  tones  variously  com 
bined  in   steps,  skips,   or  running   passages, 

sunji  either  to  simple    vowels  or  to  arbitrary 
syllables,  and  designed  to  develop  the  quality. 


Solenoglypha  5757  solicit 

The  viperine  or  crotalifonn  serpents,  a  group  of    nostotniilte,  including  such  species  as  S.  cya-  rious  orili.-es.   frequently  giving  rise  to 

the  order  (>iiliiilin,  having  the  maxillary  teeth     nopterus.     Also  Hi>l< 'iinxtniHi i.  are    known   asniud-\olr- 

few,  canaliculated,andfang-like.  it  includes  some  sole-piece  (sol'pes),  «.     In  «/»/«</,  the  lower  salscs:  a  region  of  dying  or  don  IUMH. 

of  the  most  venomous  serpents,  as  the  rattlesnakes  or  pit-     part  of  a  set  or  dum/.       &  '.ition  un-  solfataric  likj.'i.     \<  mlfiiliiru -* 

di-rxi/i,  n.,  1:1  (6).  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  recembling  a  colfat 

n-ic  gases  still  issue,  and  :.  .is  the  re- 

sult  of  tilt    *'>fHlf{lril-  Hrtioll  H|wlll  rljniail 

water-wheel,  the  back  part  of  a  bucket,    it  is 

oftenformed  by  acontinuouscylinderconcentric  with  the  solfeggio  (sol-fcj'io).  «.:  ]il.  tolffagii  (-11).    [It.. 
.,.„, .,     »-«•--  axis  of  the  wheel,  and  having  the  buckets  lmiUu|«,u  it.      <  WJ  +    I'n.  nann  -  of  notes  of  the  gamut  (see 

solenoid  (so-le'noid),  w.  [<Gr.  mMfwmdfc.pipe-       v,  *'"»«*• 
shaped,  grooved,  <  aw\i/v.  a  channel,  pipe,  +        Also  called I'/'''.-/1'"''  • 
cMoc,  form.]     A  helix  of  copper  or  other  con-  SOlert,  «.     A  Middle  hnglish  form  tttoUor. 

ducting       wire  sole-reflex  (solre"fleks),  n.     See  re/Zftr. 

wound    in    the  SOleret,  »•     See  solleret. 

form  of  a  cylin-  SOlertt  (sol'ert),  a.     [<  L.  sailers,  less  correctly 

der  so  as  to  be    so'ers  (-**•*-))  skilful,  clever,  crafty,  <  xulliix, 

nearly    equiva-    a^  (8ee  *°'e^)j  +  ar(t-)s,  art,  craft:  see  art2.] 

lent  to  a  number    Crafty;  subtle. 

of     eoii-il      -uid         It  was  far  more  reasonable  to  think  that,  because  man 
equal      ail  L      WM  the  wiaegt  (or  moat  ^^^  and  MtlTe>of  an  anj,,,,,!,,, 

therefore  he  had  hands  given  him. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  685. 

solertiousnesst  (so-lfer'shus-nes),  «.     [<  "soler- 

tious  (<  L.  soltertia,  solertia,  skill,  cunning,  <  DU**.  •<•     ......—•  j..-.~..  —  — 

sollers,  solers,  skilful)  +  -»<•**.]     The  quality  of  Solibranchia  (so-li-brang'ki-a).  n.  pi. 

being  solert;  subtleness;  expertness;  clever-  L.  solus,  sole,  +  taMMM*  gills.]      Fishes:   a 

ness;  skill.  synonym  of  Pisces.     Lain  in,. 

The  king  confessed  that  they  had  hit  upon  the  Inter-  Solicit  (so-lis'it),  r.      [<  ME.  MiMfe*,  xolycyteii, 

pretation  of  his  secret  meaning :  which  abounded  to  the  <  OF.  soliciter,  F.   solliciter  =  Pr.  sollicitar  = 

praise  of  Mr.  Williams'  solertiousnets.  ••  ••          *•       >»--•'  — 

Bp.  Backet,  Abp.  Williams,  i.  22.    (Daviet.) 

soleship  (sol'ship),  H.  [<  sol?3  +  -ship.]  Limi- 
tation to  only  one  individual ;  sole  or  exclusive 
right;  monopoly.  [Rare.] 

The  soleship  ol 
was  in  the  bish 

solenoidal  (sol-e-noi'dal),  a.    [<  solenoid  +  -al]     themselves. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  solenoid;  resembling  sole-tile  (sol 

a  solenoid,  or  equivalent  to  a  solenoid  magneti-    bottoms  of  sewers,  muffles,  etc.,  of  which  the 
cally .-  Solenoidal  magnet.    See  magnet.  whole  circumference  is  not  in  one  piece.     It  is 

SOlenoidally  (sol-e-noi'dal-i),  adv.     As  a  sole-    made  flat  or  curved,  according  to  the  needs  of       

noid      Encuc  Brit    XV.  231.  the  case.    See  cuts  under  seim-3.  E.  H.  Knit/Ill,     then- proper  senses,  and  force  an  entrance  to  the  mind. 

Solenomya  (sol-e-no'mi-a),  *.     [NL.,  <  Sole*  SOleUS  (so-le'us),  n. ;  pi.  sold  (-i).     [NL.    also  Locke,  Human  CndersUnding,  II.  i  I «. 

+  Hi/an     The  typical  genus  ofSolenomyidx:    solans  (and  solea),<l,.sotea,  the  sole  of  the  foot: 

so  called  because  seesofe1.]    A  broad  flat  muscle  of  the  calf  of  the 

supposed  to  com-     /^5iHHBIP*T^^\      le&'  situated  immediately  in  front  of  (deeper 
bine    characters    f-JJU  $R\     than)  the  gastrocnemius.    It  arises  from  the  back 

cTpnpra    4  I  ~  "'"l^>  \     upper  part  of  the  fibula  and  tibia,  and  its  tendon  unites 

genert    ^  ^  j    ^  ^  rf  thg  gastrocnemiu8  to  form  the  tendo  Achiilis. 


parallel  circu- 
lar circuits  ar- 
ranged upon  a 
common  axis, 
solenoid.  Theendsof  thewire 

are  brought  to  the 

middle  point,  and  when  a  current  is  passed  through  the 
circuit  the  solenoid  behaves,  as  far  as  external  action  is  con- 
cerned, like  a  long  and  thin  bar  magnet.  For  this  reason, 
such  a  magnet  is  called  &  solenoidal  magnet ;  and  Ampere's 
theory  of  magnetism  is  based  on  the  assumption  that 
magnets  and  solenoidal  systems  of  currents  are  fundamen- 
tally identical. 

A  magnetic  solenoid  is  an  infinitely  thin  bar  of  any  form 
longitudinally  magnetized  with  an  intensity  varying  in- 
versely as  the  area  of  the  normal  section  [that  is,  the 
cross-section  perpendicular  to  the  length]  in  different 
parts.  J.  E.  H.  Gordon,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  1. 157. 


named  from 
s,>lf<-ri,,<>  in  ItaTv,  because  this  color  was  dis- 

SL..J  ;„  »11A  VPHP  (IKiSft  of  the  French   vic- 
covered  in  t  le  r  re 

tory  of  Sotjmixi.     (  \    /»«;/</'  In.  } 
rosaniline;   an  intensely  cliromatic  and  lumi- 
nous  purplish  rose-color.     Se 
soli,  n.     Italian  plural  of  miln. 


,     . 

.  solicitor  =  It.  soiled  t<n'<:  ,,,,11,,-il,,,;;  <  L. 
,egs  correctly  solicilnre,  agitate, 
arou8e(  solicit,  <  sollicitus,  less  correctly  soli- 
tftus,  agitated,  anxious,  punctilious,  lit.  'thor- 
oughly  moved,'  <  OL.  soltus,  whole,  entire  (see 


That  fruit  .  .  .  solicited  her  longing 

Sounds  and  some  tangible  qualities  fall  not  to  toUal 


Oton,  P.  L,  ix.  743. 


of     the 

Solen  and  Mya. 
Menke,183Q.  Al- 
so Solemya. 

Solen OinyidSB  Soltnomya  lagata  (right  valve). 

(89-le-no-mi'i- 

de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Solenomya  +  -idee.']  Afamily 


of  bivalve  mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Sole-  80j.fa  (sol'fa),  r 
nomya  ~          "  ''  ' "-'  -'"•  --•--•- 


The  soleus  is  not  a  common  muscle,  and  its  great  bulk  in 
man,  where  it  largely  contributes  to  the  swelling  of  the 
calf,  is  exceptional,  and  inversely  proportionate  to  the 
smallness  of  the  plantaris.  See  cuts  under  mwwfei  and 
tendon. 

soleynt,  ".  and  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  sul- 
len. 


[In  ME.  solfe,  solfye,  <  OF. 


bivalves  are  sometimes  called  pod-gapers, 
myada  (J.  E.  Gray,  1840)  and  Solemyidee. 

solenostome  (so-le'no-stom),  n.     [<  Solenosto- 
»»«*.]     A  solenostombid. 

Solenostomi   (sol-e-nos'to-mi),   H.  pi.    A  sub- 
order of  lophobraiichiate  fishes  with  an  ante- 


zate,  or  sing  solfeggi). 
I  haue  be  prest  and  parsonn  passynge  thretti  wynter, 
jete  can  I  neither  solfe  ne  synge  ne  seyntcs  lyues  rede. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  423. 

II.  trans.  In  music,  to  sing  to  solmization- 
syllables  instead  of  to  words. 


rior  spinous  dorsal  and  spinous  ventral  fins,  so^.fa  (gol'fit),  n.  and  a.     [See  sol-fa,  i:]    I. 
including  the  family  Solenostomidx. 

Solenostomida  (so-le-no-stom'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Solenostomus  +  -idx.]  A  family  of  sol- 
enostomous  lophobranchiate  fishes,  typified  by 
the  genus  Solenostomus.  An  anterior  high  short  spi- 
nous dorsal  and  a  posterior  low  one  are  widely  separated ; 
the  pectorals  are  inserted  low  on  narrow  bases,  and  the 
caudal  is  well  developed.  The  few  known  species  are  pe- 
culiar to  the  Indo- Pacific  ocean.  The  females  carry  their 
eggs  under  the  belly,  in  a  pouch  formed  by  the  ventral 
flns.  Also  SoleHostmnatidte. 

solenostomoid  (sol-e-nos't§-moid),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Solenostomus  +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Of,  or  having 


Solenostomidse. 
solenostomous  (sol-e-nos'to-mus),  a.  [<  br.  au- 
'/.!/v,  a  channel,  pipe, '+  or<Va,  mouth.]  In  ichth., 
having  a  tubular  or  fistulous  snout,  as  a  pipe- 
fish of  the  genus  Solenostomus;  of  or  pertaining 


2.  In  criminal  law:  (a)  To  incite  (another)  to 
commit  a  crime.     (6)  To  entice  (a  man)  in  a 
public  place:  said  of  a  prostitute,     (c)  To  en- 
deavor to  bias  or  influence  by  the  offer  of  a 
bribe. 

The  judge  is  solicited  as  a  matter  of  course  by  the  parties, 
and  they  do  not  approach  empty-handed.         Brougham. 

3.  To  disturb;  disquiet;  make  anxious.     [A 
Latinism.] 

Solicit  not  thy  thoughts  with  matters  hid. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  Till.  107. 

But  anxious  fears  solicit  my  weak  breast 

Dryden,  Spanish  Friar,  Hi.  3. 

4.  To  seek  to  obtain ;  strive  after,  especially 
by  pleading;  ask  (a  thing)  with  some  degree 
of  earnestness  or  persistency :  as,  to  solicit  an 
office  or  a  favor;  to  solicit  orders. 

But,  would  you  undertake  another  suit, 
I  had  rather  hear  you  to  solicit  that 
Than  music  from  the  spheres. 

Shalt.,  T.  N.,  HL  1.  120. 

To  tulicil  by  labour  what  might  be  ravished  by  arms  wa» 
esteemed  unworthy  of  the  German  spirit. 

Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  iv 

The  port  .  .  .  was  crowded  with  those  who  hastened  to 
solicit  permission  to  share  in  the  enterprise, 

Bancroft,  Hist  V.  S.,  I.  40. 

5.  To  petition  or  ask  (a  person)  with  some  de- 
gree of  earnestness  or  persistency;  make  peti- 
tion to. 

Did  I  g,j  if  H  tbee 
From  darkness  to  promote  me  1 

Milton,  P.  L-,  x.  744. 

6t.  To  advocate ;  plead ;  enforce  the  claims 
of ;  act  as  solicitor  or  advocate  for  or  with  ref- 
erence to. 

Should 

My  brothel-  henceforth  study  to  forget 
The  vow  that  he  hath  made  thee,  I  would  ever 
Solicit  thy  desert        Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  v.  1. 
Who  solicited  the  cause  of  the  poor  and  the  inflrm,  the 
lame  and  wounded,  the  vagrant  and  lunatic,  with  such  a 
particular  industry  and  zeal  as  had  those  great  and  ble«ed 
effects  which  we  at  this  day  see  and  feel. 

Bp.  AUertmry,  Sermons,  I.  Ii. 

=  8yn,  4  and  B.  Request,  Beg,  etc.  (seearfri),  press,  urge, 
pray,  plead  for  or  with,  sue  for. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  solicitation. 

There  are  greater  numbers  of  persons  who  tolicit  for 
places  ...  in  our  own  country,  than  in  any  other. 

Additon.  Freeholder,  No.  48. 

•V,  / i  *„  r.x'm  s\   n  When  the  same  distress  noliciU  the  second  time,  we  then 

SOlfanana  (sol-fa-na  "-»),»•     I"..,  <  SOIJO,  si  diminished  sensibility, 

phur :  see  sulphur.]    A  sulphur-mine.  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  Xo.  3. 

iWSuU^:^^]  ^na^Kre  -"Bj*^^-    *  """'•••'    ^^ 
or  less  corroded  and   disintegrated  volcanic  ^^  Vour9elf 

rock  over  which  sulphurous  gases,  steam,  and  TO  orderly  tolieitt. 

other  volcanic  emanations  escape  through  va-  Sluilc.,  Cymbellne,  ii. ».  '>i 


In  music:  (a)  The  syllables  used  in  solmiza- 
tion taken  collectively;  the  act  or  process  of 
solmization;  solfeggio;  also,  rarely,  same  as 
scale  or  gamut. 

As  out  of  an  alphabet  or  sol-fa. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  40. 

Now  was  our  overabundant  quaver  and  trilling  done 
awav  and  in  lieu  thereof  was  instituted  the  sol-fa. 

Swift,  Mem.  of  P.  P. 

(6)  See  tonic  sol-fa,  under  tonic,    (c)  The  roll 
or  baton  used  by  the  leaders  of  Italian  choirs. 
II.   a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  solmization  in 


characters  of,  the  Sotenostomidx ;    solenosto-    singing:'  aS)  the  sol-fa  method,  or  tonic  sol-fa 
mous.  method. 

II.  it.  A  solenostome ;  any  fish  of  the  family  sol_faing  (sol'fa-ing),  ".  [Verbal  n.  of  sol-fa,  r.] 


In  music,  same  as  solmization. 
SOl-faist  (sol'fii-ist),  «.  [<  sol-fa  +  -i*t.]  In 
mwic,  one  who  uses  or  advocates  solmization. 
—  Tonic  SOl-faist,  one  who  uses  the  tonic  sol-fa  system 
(which  see,  under  tonic). 


solicit 

Within  this  hour  he  means  hi»  flrst  solicit 
And  personal  siege. 

Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  I.  2. 

SOlicitant  (so-lis'i-tant),  rt.  tmd  ».  [<  L.  sollici- 
ttin(t-)x.  noli'citan(t-)8,  ppr.  of  sollicitare,  urge, 
incite:  sec  solicit.]  I.  «.  Solicitous;  seeking; 
making  petition:  as,  *oli<-ita>it  of  a  job.  EHCIJC. 
Diet. 
II  11.  One  who  solicits.  Iiitji.  DM. 

solicitatet  (so-lis'i-tat),  r.  t.  [<  L.  sollicitatus. 
snlifHiitiis,  pp.  of  sollicitare,  solicititrc,  solicit: 
see  solicit.]  To  solicit. 

[He]  dill  urge  and  solicitate  him,  according  to  his  man- 
ner of  words,  to  recant. 
Foxe,  quoted  in  Maitland  on  Reformation,  p.  494.  (Dames.) 

solicitatet  (so-lis'i-tat),  a.  [<  L.  xollicitatiis, 
solicitatits,  pp. :  see  solicit.]  Solicitous. 

Beinge  no  lesse  solicitate  for  them  selues  then  medi- 
tatynge  in  what  daunger  theyr  felowes  had  byn  in  Riuo 

Peter  Martyr  (tr.  in  Eden's  First  Books  on  America,  ed. 

[Arber,  p.  121). 

solicitation  (so-lis-i-ta'shou),  n.  [Formerly 
also  solicitation ;  <  OF.  solicitation,  F.  sollicita- 
tion  =  Sp.  solicitation  =  Pg.  solicitaqUo  =  It. 
solleeitazione,  sollicitazione,  <  L.  sollicttatio(n-), 
solieitatio(n-j,  vexation,  instigation,  <  sollicitare, 
soliciiarc,  pp.  sollicitatus,  urge,  incite,  solicit: 
see  solicit.']  The  act  of  soliciting,  (a)  Excitation ; 
invitation;  temptation;  allurement;  enticement;  dis- 
turbing effect. 

Children  are  surrounded  with  new  things,  which,  by  a 
constant  solicitation  of  their  senses,  draw  the  mind  con- 
stantly to  them.  Locke. 

The  power  of  sustained  attention  grows  with  the  ability 
to  resist  distractions  and  solicitations. 

J.  Sully,  Outlines  of  Psychol.,  p.  99. 

To  use  an  old-fashioned  expression  of  the  flrst  students 
of  gravitation  (an  expression  which  has  always  seemed  to 
me  amusingly  quaint),  the  solicitations  of  Jupiter's  attrac- 
tive force  are  as  urgent  on  a  swiftly  rushing  body  as  on 
one  at  rest  JV.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  115. 

(»)  In  criminal  law :  (1)  The  inciting  of  another  to  com- 
mit a  crime.  (2)  The  enticing  of  a  man  by  a  prostitute 
in  a  public  place.  (3)  Endeavor  to  influence  by  bribery. 

The  practice  of  judicial  solicitation  has  even  prevailed 
in  less  despotic  countries.  Brougham. 

(c)  An  earnest  request;  a  seeking  with  some  degree  of 
zeal  and  earnestness  to  obtain  something  from  another : 
as,  the  solicitation  of  a  favor. 

He  was  generally  poor,  and  often  sent  bold  solicitations 
to  everybody,  .  .  .  asking  for  places,  for  money,  and  even 
for  clothes.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  353. 

(dt)  Advocacy. 

So  as  ye  may  be  sure  to  have  of  him  effectual  concur- 
rence and  advise  in  the  furtherance  and  sollicitation  of 
your  charges,  whether  the  pope's  holiness  amend,  remain 
long  sick,  or  (as  God  forbid)  should  fortune  to  die. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Eef.,  I.  ii.  2. 

=  SytL  (")  Entreaty,  supplication,  importunity,  appeal, 
petition,  suit. 

solicitor  (so-lis'i-ter),  H.  [<  solicit  +  -<•*•!. ] 
Same  as  solicitor. 

I  ...  thancke  God  that  ye  have  occasyon  govyn  unto 
you  to  be  a  gollycyter  and  setter  forth  of  such  thyugs  as 
do  and  shall  conserve  my  said  ende. 

Cardinal  Wolseti,  To  S.  Gardiner  (EUis's  Hist.  Letters 

[Ist8er.,ciii.). 

solicitor  (so-lis'i-tor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  soli- 
citour,  <  OF.  (and'F.)  solliciteur  =  Pr.  sollicitd- 
dor  =  Sp.  Pg.  solicitador  =  It.  sollecitatore,  sol- 
licitatore,  <  LL.  sollid  tator,  solieitator,  a  solici- 
tor, first  used  in  sense  of  'a  tempter,  seducer,' 
ML.  an  advocate,  etc.,  <  L.  sollicitare,  solieitare, 
urge,  incite,  solicit :  nee  solicit.]  If.  A  tempter; 
an  instigator. 

Appetite  is  the  Will's  solicitor,  and  the  Will  is  Appe- 
tite's controller.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  i.  7. 

2.  One  who  solicits;  one  who  asks  with  ear- 
nestness. 

We  single  you 
As  our  best-moving  fair  solicitor. 

Shak.,L.L.  L.,  ii.  1.2!). 

3.  An  advocate ;  specifically,  one  who  repre- 
sents a  party  in  a  court  of  justice,  particularly 
a  court  of  equity.    Generally,  in  the  United  States 
wherever  the  distinction  between  courts  of  law  and  of 
equity  remains,  practitioners  in  the  latter  are  termed  so- 
licitors.   In  England  solicitors  are  officers  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  the  medium  between  barristers  and  the  gen- 
eral public ;  they  prepare  causes  for  the  barrister,  and 
have  a  right  of  audience  as  advocates  before  magistrates 
at  petty  sessions,  at  quarter-sessions  where  there  is  no 
bar,  in  county  courts,  and  in  the  bankruptcy  court,  but 
they  cannot  appear  as  advocates  in  any  of  the  superior 
courts,  or  at  assizes,  or  at  any  court  of  commission     So- 
icitors  were  at  one  time  officers  only  of  the  court  of  chan- 
cery but  the  term  is  now  applied  to  all  attorneys.    In 
Scotland  solicitors  are  of  two  classes- solicitors  in  the 
supreme  court,  who  occupy  a  position  similar  to  that  of 
solicitors  in  England ;  and  solicitors  at  law,  who  are  mem- 
bers of  a  society  of  law-agents  at  Edinburgh,  incorporated 
by  royal  charter  and  entitled  to  practise  before  inferior 
courts ;  they  are  also  known  by  the  name  of  procurators. 
ft          SZ  m  Scotland  are  now  on  an  equal 


5758 

Be  merry,  Cassio, 
For  thy  solicitor  shall  rather  die 
Than  give  thy  cause  away. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  27. 
I  take  bishops  to  be  the  worst  solicitnrs  in  the  world. 

Sw^ft,  Letter,  Oct.  10,  1710. 

City  solicitor,  in  some  of  the  United  States,  an  officer 
having  charge  of  the  legal  business  of  a  municipality.— 
Crown  solicitor.  See  crown.— Solicitor  of  the  Trea- 
sury, an  officer  of  the  Treasury  Department  having  charge 
of  the  prevention  and  punishment  of  all  frauds,  and  the 
conduct  of  all  suits  involving  the  revenue  of  the  United 
States  except  those  arising  under  the  internal  revenue 
laws  of  the  United  States,  which  are  in  charge  of  the  So- 
licitor of  Internal  Revenue. 

solicitor-general  (so-lis'i-tor-jen'e-ral),  «.;  pi. 
solicitors-general.  1.  In  England,  an  officer  of 
the  crown,  next  in  rank  to  the  attorney-general, 
with  whom  he  is  in  fact  associated  in  the  man- 
agement of  the  legal  business  of  the  crown  and 
public  offices.  On  him  generally  devolves  the 
maintenance  of  the  rights  of  the  crown  in  reve- 
nue cases,  patent  causes,  etc. —  2.  In  Scotland, 
one  of  the  crown  counsel,  next  in  dignity  and 
importance  to  the  lord  advocate,  to  whom  he 
gives  his  aid  in  protecting  the  interests  of  the 
crown,  in  conducting  prosecutions,  etc. —  3.  In 
the  United  States :  (a)  The  second  officer  of  the 
Department  of  Justice,  who  assists  the  attorney- 
general,  and  in  his  absence  performs  his  duties. 
(6)  A  chief  law  officer  of  some  of  the  States,  cor- 
responding to  the  attorney-general  in  others. 
W.  C.  Anderson,  Law  Diet. 

solicitorship  (so-lis'i-tor-ship),  H.  [<  solicitor 
+  -ship.]  1.  The  office  or  status  of  solicitor. 
—  2.  A  mock  respectful  title  of  address  applied 
with  a  possessive  pronoun  to  a  solicitor.  Com- 
pare the  analogous  use  of  lordship.  [Rare.] 

Your  good  solicitorship,  and  rogue  Welborn, 
Were  brought  into  her  presence. 

Massinger,  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  ii.  3. 

Solicitous  (so-lis'i-tus),  a.  [=  Sp.  solicito  =  Pg. 
solicito  =  It.  sollccito,  sollicito,  <  L.  sollicitus, 
less  correctly  solicitus,  agitated,  disturbed, 
anxious,  careful:  see  solicit.]  Anxious;  con- 
cerned; apprehensive;  eager,  whether  to  ob- 
tain something  desirable  or  to  avoid  some- 
thing evil;  very  desirous;  greatly  concerned: 
disturbed;  uneasy:  as,  a  solidtous  temper  or 
temperament :  generally  followed  by  an  infini- 
tive, or  by  about,  concerning,  or  for  (less  fre- 
quently of)  before  the  object  of  anxiety  or 
concern. 

Ever  suspicious,  anxious,  solicitous,  they  are  childishly 
drooping  without  reason.      Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  1(>4. 
You  are  solicitous  of  the  good-will  of  the  meanest  per- 
son, uneasy  at  his  ill-will. 

Einerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  210. 

solicitously  (so-lis'i-tus-li),  adv.  In  a  solici- 
tous manner;  anxiously;  with  care  or  concern. 

solicitousness  (so-lis'i-tus-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  solicitous ;  solicitude. 

solicitress  (so-lis'i-tres),  n.  [<  solicitor  +  -ess.] 
A  female  solicitor  or  petitioner. 

Beauty  is  a  good  solicitress  of  an  equal  suit,  especially 
where  youth  is  to  be  the  judge  thereof. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Northamptonshire. 

solicitrix  (so-lis'i-triks),  «.  [<  solicitor,  with 
accom.  L.  fern.  term,  -trir.]  Same  as  solicitress. 
Danes. 

solicitude  (so-lis'i-tud),  n.  [<  OF.  solicitude, 
sollicitude,  F.  sollicitude  =  Pr.  sollicitut  =  Sp. 
solicitud  =  Pg.  solicitude  =  It.  solledtiidine.  sol- 
licitudine,  <  L.  sollicitudo,  solicitudo,  anxiety,  < 
sollicitus,  solicitus,  anxious,  solicitous:  see  so- 
licitous.'] 1.  The  state  of  being  solicitous: 
anxious  care;  carefulness;  anxiety;  concern; 
eager  uneasiness  of  mind  lest  some  desired 
thing  may  not  be  obtained  or  some  apprehend- 
ed evil  may  happen. 

The  terseness  and  brilliancy  of  his  diction,  though  not 
at  all  artificial  in  appearance,  could  not  have  been  at- 
tained without  labor  and  solicitude. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  141. 
2.  A  cause  or  occasion  of  anxiety  or  concern. 
Mrs.  Todgers  looked  a  little  worn  by  cares  of  gravy  and 
other  such  solicitudes  arising  out  of  her  establishment. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xxxii. 
=  Syn.  Concern,  Anxiety,  etc.    See  care. 
sqlicitudinous  (so-lis-i-tu'di-nus),  it.    [<  L.  sol- 
licitudo, solicitudo  (-din-),  solicitude,  +  -ous.] 
Full  of  solicitude.     [Rare.] 

Move  circumspectly,  not  meticulously,  and  rather  care- 
fully solicitous  than  anxiously  eolicitudinoui. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  S3. 
solid  (sol'id),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
sollid;  <  ME.  solide,  <  OF.  solide,  vernacularly 
soude,  F.  solide  =  Sp.  solido  =  Pg.  solido  =  It. 
solido,  sodo,  <  L.  solidtis,  also  contracted  soldus, 
firm,  dense,  compact,  solid;  akin  to  OL.  sollus. 
whole,  entire,  Or.  8?.oc,  whole,  entire,  Skt. 


solid 

xnri-ii,  all.  whole:  see  .w/e3.  HIMK-C  nit.  .toM*, 
stililo,  so/2,  sow>  solder,  soldier,  consolidate,  etc.] 

1.  a.  1.  Resisting  flexure ;  not  to  be  bent  with- 
out force ;  capable  of  tangential  stress :  said  of 
a  kind  of  material  substance.     See  II.,  1. 

O,  that  this  too,  too  solid  flesh  would  melt. 
Thaw,  and  resolve  itself  into  a  dew  ! 

SAn*.,Uamlet,  i.  2.  129. 

2.  Completely  filled  up;  compact;  without  cavi- 
ties, pores,  or  interstices;  not  hollow:  as,  a  WiW 
ball,  as  distinguished  from  a  hollow  one;  miliil 
soda-water,  not  frothy. 

With  the  solid  darkness  hlai-k 
('liming  round  his  vessel's  track. 
Shelley,  Lines  written  among  the  Euganean  Hills. 

3.  Firm;  strong:  as,  a  solid  pier ;  a  nolirl  wall. 
Doubtless  a  stanch  and  solid  peece  of  framework  as  any 

January  could  freeze  together. 

Miltiin,  Areopagitica,  p.  40. 

4.  In  hot.,  of  a  fleshy,  uniform,  undivided  sub- 
stance, as  a  bulb  or  root;  not  spongy  or  hol- 
low within,  as  a  stem. —  5.  ha  (mat.  and  xool. : 
(a)  Hard,  compact,  or  firm  in  consistency;  hav- 
ing no  cavities  or  spongy  structure:  opposed 
to  spoiif/iose,  porous,  hollow,  cancellate,  exca- 
i-iili-il,  etc.     (6)  In  eiitom.,  specifically,  formed 
of  a  single  joint,  or  of  several  joints  so  closely 
applied  that  they  appear  to  be  one :  especially 
said  of  the  capitulum  or  club  of  capitate  an- 
tennas.—  6.  Having  three  dimensions ;  having 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness;  cubic:   as,  a 
solid  foot   contains    1,728   solid   inches. —  7. 
Sound;  not  weak;  strong. 

A  solid  and  strong  constitution  of  body,  to  bear  the  fa- 
tigue. Walts,  Improvement  of  Mind.  (Latham.) 

A  Bottle  or  two  of  good  solid  Edifying  Port,  at  honest 
George's,  made  a  Night  chearful,  and  threw  off  Reserve. 

Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 

|I.  199. 

8.  Substantial,  as  opposed  to  frivolous,  falla- 
cious, or  the  like;  worthy  of  credit,  trust,  or 
esteem ;  not  empty  or  vain ;  real ;  time ;  just : 
valid;  firm;   strong;   hence,  satisfactory:  as, 
solid  arguments  ;  solid  comfort ;  solid  sense. 

In  sollid  content  together  they  liv'd. 
KMn  flood  and  Maid  Marian  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  375). 
Not  barren  praise  alone,  that  gaudy  flower, 
Fair  only  to  the  sight,  but  solid  power. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  i.  298. 

9.  Not  light,  trifling,  or  superficial ;  grave ;  pro- 
found. 

The  older  an  Author  is,  commonly  the  more  solid  he  is, 
and  the  greater  teller  of  Truth.  Ilowell,  Letters,  iv.  31. 

These,  wanting  wit,  affect  gravity,  and  go  by  the  name 
of  solid  men,  and  a  solid  man  is,  in  plain  English,  a  solid 
solemn  fool.  Dryden.  (Johnson.) 

This  nobleman,  being  ...  of  a  very  solid  mind,  could 

never  be  brought  to  understand  the  nature  of  my  thoughts. 

It.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  Ixviii. 

10.  Financially  sound  or    safe;    possessing 
plenty  of  capital ;  wealthy ;  well-established ; 
reliable. 

Solid  men  of  Boston,  banish  long  potations ; 
Solid  men  of  Boston,  make  no  long  orations. 
C.  Morris.  Pitt  and  Dundas's  Return.     From  Lyra  Ur- 
[banica.    (Bartlelt.) 

11.  Unanimous,  or  practically  unanimous:  as, 
a  solid  vote ;  the  solid  South.   [Political  slang. 
U.  S.]  — 12.  Without  break  or  opening,  as  a 
wall  or  facade. 

The  apse,  properly  speaking,  is  a  solid  semidome,  but 
always  solid  below,  though  generally  broken  by  windows 
above.  J.  Fergusson,  Hist.  Arch.,  I.  475. 

13.  Smooth;  even;  unbroken;  unvaried;  un- 
shaded: noting  a  color  or  pigment. — 14.  With- 
out the  liquor,  as  oysters :  said  in  measuring : 
opposite  to  in  liquor.-pUe  solid,  in  her.  Seejafc*. 
-  Solid  angle.  See  angle*.  —  Solid  bath,  a  form  of  bath 
in  which  the  body  is  enveloped  in  a  solid  or  semisolid 
substance,  as  mud,  hay,  dung,  peat,  sand,  or  ashes.— Solid 
blow,  cam,  content,  culture.  See  the  nouns.—  Solid 
bulb.  See  trtdb,  i._ Solid  color,  (a)  In  decorative  art, 
a  color  which  invests  the  whole  of  an  object,  as  a  porce- 
lain vase :  more  often  used  adjectively :  as,  solid-color 
porcelains  ;  a  collection  of  solid-color  pieces.  See  def.  13. 
(6)  With  reference  to  fabrics,  etc.,  a  uniform  color.— 
Solid  geometry,  green,  harmonic.  See  the  nouns. - 
Solid  linkage.  See  linkage,  1.— Solid  matter,  in  print- 
ing, matter  set  without  leads  between  the  lines.— Solid 
measure.  Same  as  cubic  measure  (which  see,  under  mea- 
sure).— Solid  number,  an  integer  having  three  prime  fac- 
tors.—Solid  problem,  a  problem  which  virtually  involves 
a  cubic  equation,  and  can  therefore  not  be  solved  geometri- 
cally by  the  rule  and  compass  alone.— Solid  South.  See 
«OT(/A.-Solld  square  (mStf.).  Seesguarel.-To  be  solid 
for,  to  be  thoroughly  in  favorof :  be  unflagging  in  support 
of.  [Slang,  U.  8.) 

"Lyra,  don't  speak  of  it."  "Never!"  said  Mrs.  Wil- 
mington, with  delight.  "I'm  solid  for  Mr.  Peck  every 
time."  HoweUs,  Annie  Kilburn,  xviii 

To  be  or  make  one's  self  solid  with,  to  be  or  put  one's 
self  on  a  firm  or  satisfactory  footing  with;  have  or  secure 
the  unfailing  favor  or  support  of :  as.  to  be  solid  m'th  the 
police :  to  make  one's  self  soli/I  mth  those  in  authority  or 
power.  [Slang,  U.  S.] 


solid 

In  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  we  thus  succeeded  in  inukn:,, 
ourselves  "solid  iiMh  the  administration"  before  we  In'/i 
been  in  a  town  or  village  forty-eight  hours. 

The  Century,  XXXVII.  30. 
=  Syu.  1.  Dense.  — 8.  Stable,  weighty,  important. 

II.  «.  1.  A  body  which  throughout  its  mass 
(and  not  merely  at  its  surface)  resists  for  an 
indefinite  time  a  sufficiently  small  force  that 
tends  to  alter  its  equilibrium  figure,  always 
springing  back  into  shape  after  the  force  is  re- 
moved; a  body  possessing  elasticity  of  figure 
Every  such  body  has  limits  of  elasticity,  and,  if  mb}«oted 
to  a  strain  exceeding  these  limits,  it  takes  a  set  and  does 
notreturntoitBoriKitmlsliapeon  being  let  go.  Thisprop- 
erty  is  called  plasticity.  The  minimum  energy  required 
to  give  a  set  to  a  body  of  definite  form  and  size  measures 
its  resilience.  When  the  resilience  of  a  body  is  small  and 
masks  its  springiness,  the  body  is  called  soft.  Even  fluids 
transmit  shearing  forces  if  time  be  allowed,  and  many  sub- 
stances will  yield  Indefinitely  to  very  small  (but  not  Indefi- 
nitely small)  forces  applied  for  great  lengths  of  time.  So 
solids  that  have  received  a  small  set  will  sometimes  par- 
tially recover  their  figures  after  a  long  time.  This  prop- 
erty in  fluids  is  called  viscosity,  in  solids  after-effect  (Ger- 
man nachtuirkung).  The  phenomenon  is  connected  with 
a  regrouping  of  the  molecules,  and  indicates  the  essential 
difference  between  a  solid  and  a  liquid.  In  fluids  diffusion 
is  continually  active,  and  in  gases  it  produces  phenomena 
of  viscosity.  In  liquids  it  is  not  rapid  enough  to  give  rise 
to  sensible  viscosity,  but  the  free  motion  of  the  molecules 
makes  the  body  fluid,  while  the  tendency  of  sets  of  mole- 
cules to  continue  for  a  while  associated  makes  the  fluidity 
imperfect.  In  solids,  on  the  other  hand  (at  least  when  not 
under  strain),  there  is  no  diffusion,  and  the  molecules  are 
consequently  in  stationary  motion  or  describing  quasi- 
orbits.  They  thus  become  grouped  in  the  mode  in  which 
they  have  least  positional  energy  consistent  with  their  ki- 
netic energy.  When  this  grouping  is  slightly  disturbed, 
it  tends  to  restore  itself;  but  when  the  disturbance  is 
greater,  some  of  the  molecules  will  tend  to  return  to  their 
old  places  and  others  to  move  on  to  new  situations,  and 
this  may  give  rise  to  a  new  permanent  grouping,  and 
exhibit  the  phenomenon  of  plasticity.  But  if  not  quite 
sufficient  for  this,  disturbances  of  the  molecular  motions 
somewhat  similar  to  the  secular  perturbations  of  the 
planets  will  result,  from  which  there  will  be  no  restora- 
tion for  a  very  long  time.  Solid  bodies  are  very  strongly 
cohesive,  showing  that  the  molecules  attract  one  another 
on  the  whole ;  and  they  are  generally  capable  of  crystalli- 
zation, showing  that  the  attractions  of  the  molecules  are 
different  in  different  directions. 
2.  In  geoin.,  a  body  or  magnitude  which  has 
three  dimensions — length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness— being  thus  distinguished  from  a  surface, 
which  has  but  two  dimensions,  and  from  a  line, 
which  has  but  one.  The  boundaries  of  solids  are  sur- 
faces. Besides  the  three  round  bodies  (the  sphere,  cone, 
and  cylinder),  together  with  the  conoids,  and  the  pyramids, 
prisms,  and  prismatoids,  the  most  important  geometrical 
solids  are  the  five  Platonic  and  the  Kepler-Poinsot  regu- 
lar pqlyhedra,  the  two  semi-regular  solids,  and  the  thirteen 
Archimedean  solids.  The  faces,  edges,  or  summits  of  one 
solid  are  said  to  correspond  with  the  faces,  edges,  or  sum- 
mits of  another  when  the  radii  from  the  center  of  the  for- 


5759 


Geometrical  Solids. 


i,  tetrahedron  :  a.  cube ;  3.  octahedron  ;  4,  Platonic  clod. 
5.  iccNiihjsclron ;    6  .great  icosahedron:    7.  Cre.it    dodecahedron;    8. 
small  stel  ate,  dodecahedron  ;  9,  great  stellated  dudec.U. 
soul-regular  dodecahedron:    n.  scmi-rci.Mil.ir   In. icnnl., 1 
truncated  tetrahedron;   13,  cuboctahedron  ;   14,  truncate. I 
truncated  octahedron;    its.  small  riwmbfcuboctalwdnmi    ij,  (iron 
rhombiciiboctahedron ;     ,8,  snub-cul* ;     19,  icosidodecahe.l, 
truncated  dodecahedron;  21.  truncated  icosahedron  ;  22.  small  rhrmi 
bicosidodecahedron ;  3i,j!reat  rhomblcosidodecahedroii ;  24.  sunl.  ,|., 
decahedron.     (12  to  24  are  the  Archimedean  solids.) 

mer  to  the  mid-faces,  mid-edges,  or  summits  can  be  simul- 
taneously brought  into  coincidence  with  the  radii  from  the 
center  to  the  mid-faces,  mid-edges,  or  summits  of  the  lat- 
ter. If  two  solids  correspond  faces  to  summits,  summits 
to  faces,  and  edges  to  edges,  they  are  said  to  bereciprocal. 
If  to  the  edges  of  one  solid  correspond  the  faces  or  sum- 
mits of  another,  while  to  the  faces  and  summits  together 
of  the  former  correspond  the  summits  or  faces  of  another, 
the  latter  is  said  to  be  the  mmmital  or  facial  hnlohedrnn 
of  the  former.  The  regular  tetrahedron  is  the  reciprocal 
of  itself,  and  its  reciprocal  holohedra  are  the  cube  and  oc- 
tahedron. The  reciprocal  holohedra  of  these,  again,  are  the 
semi-regular  dodecahedron  and  the  cuboctahedron.  The 
facial  holohedron  of  these,  again,  is  the  small  rhombicuboc- 
tahedron.  The  faces  of  the  truncated  cube  and  truncated 
octahedron  correspond  to  those  of  the  cuboctahedron. 
The  snub-cube  has  faces  corresponding  to  the  cuboctahe- 
dron, and  twenty-four  faces  which  in  two  sets  of  twelve  cor- 
respond to  the  summits  of  two  other  cuboctahedra.  The 
faces  of  the  great  rhombicuboctahedrou  correspond  to 
those  of  the  small  rhombicuboctahedron.  Just  as  the  cube 
and  octahedron  are  reciprocal,  so  likewise  are  the  Platonic 
dodecahedron  and  icosahedron,  though  they  are  related  to 
no  hemihedral  body  like  the  tetrahedron.  Their  recipro- 
cal holohedra  are  the  semi-regular  triacontahedron  and  the 
icosidodecahedron,  and  the  facial  holohedron  of  these, 
again,  is  the  small  rhombicosidodecahedron.  The  faces  of 
the  truncated  dodecahedron  and  truncated  icosahedron 
correspond  to  those  of  the  icosidodecahedron.  The  snub 
dodecahedron  has  faces  corresponding  to  those  of  the  ico- 
sidodecahedron, and  two  sets  of  others  corresponding  ti 
the  summits  of  two  other  icosidodecahedra.  The  faces 
of  the  great  rhombicosidodecahedron  correspond  to  those 
of  the  small  rhombicosidodecahedron.  The  faces,  sum- 
mits, and  edges  of  the  great  Icosahedron  and  great  stel- 
lated dodecahedron  correspond  respectively  to  the  faces, 
summits,  and  edges  of  the  Platonic  dodecahedron  and  ico- 
sahedron. The  great  dodecahedron  and  small  stellated 
dodecahedron  are  self-reciprocal,  both  faces  and  summits 
corresponding  to  the  faces  of  the  Platonic  dodecahedron 
or  summits  of  the  icosahedron.  The  faces  of  the  trun- 
cated tetrahedron  correspond  to  the  faces  of  the  octahe- 
dron or  summits  of  the  cube. 

3.  pi.  In  anat.,  all  parts  of  the  body  which  are 
not  fluid :  as,  the  solids  and  fluids  of  the  body. 
— 4.  pi.  In  printing,  the  parts  of  an  engraving 
which  show  black  or  solid  in  print Archime- 
dean, rectangular,  right  solid.  See  the  adjectives.— 
Cissoidal  solid,  a  solid  generated  by  the  rotation  of  the 
cissoid  about  its  axis.— Kepler  solid,  or  Kepler-Poinsot 
solid,  a  regular  solid  which  inwraps  its  center  more  than 
once.  There  are  four  such  solids — the  great  icosahedron, 
the  great  dodecahedron,  the  small  stellated  dodecahedron, 
and  the  great  stellated  dodecahedron.  Three  of  them 
were  mentioned  by  Kepler,  and  all  were  rediscovered  by 
Poinsot.  The  names  here  used  were  given  by  Cayley. — 
Logistic  solid,  a  solid  generated  by  the  revolution  of  a 
logarithmic  curve  about  its  asymptote. — Plastic  solid, 
a  solid  substance  whose  limit  of  elasticity  is  far  below  its 
point  of  rupture,  so  that  it  can  be  shaped :  thus,  putty  and 
wrought-iron  are  plastic  solids. — Platonic  solid,  one  of 
the  old  regular  solids  which  inwrap  the  center  only  once. 
They  are  five — the  tetrahedron,  the  cube,  the  octahedron, 
the  twenty-vertexed  dodecahedron,  and  the  icosahedron. 
— Regular  solid,  a  polyhedron  whose  faces  are  regular 
polygons,  all  alike.— Semi-regular  solid,  a  body  whose 
edges  are  all  of  equal  length,  whose  faces  are  all  alike  and 
equally  incline  to  one  another  at  the  edges,  but  whose  faces 
are  not  regular  polygons.  Two  such  solids  are  known  — 
the  rhombic  dodecahedron  and  triacontahedron. —  Solid 
of  least  resistance.  See  resistance.— Solid  of  revolu- 
tion. See  revolution. 
Solidago  (sol-i-da'go),  n.  [NL.  ( Vaillant,  1720), 

<  ML.  solidago,  goldenrod  (Solidago  Virc/auna), 
so  called  from  its  reputed  vulnerary  qualities, 

<  L.  solidus,  solid:  see  solid.']    1.  A  genus  of 
composite  plants,  the  goldenrods,  of  the  tribe 
Asteroideee  and  subtribe  HomocJiromeee,  some- 
times made  the  type  of  a  further  subdivision, 
Solidaf/inese  (De  Candolle,  1836).     It  is  charac- 
terized by  several-flowered  small  and  radiate  yellow  heads, 
with  a  small  flat  usually  alveolate  receptacle,  and  an  oblong 
involucre  of  erect  rigid  bracts  which  are  closely  imbricated 
in  several  rows  and  are  without  herbaceous  tips.    The  ob- 
long or  obovoid  five-  to  twelve-ribbed  achenes  bear  a  copi- 
ous whitish  pappus  of  long  and  nearly  equal  slender  bris- 
tles.   From  Aster,  which  it  closely  resembles  in  technical 
characters,  it  is  distinguished  by  its  taller  wand-like  habit, 
yellow  rays,  smaller  heads,  and  the  absence  of  cordate 
leaves ;  from  Chrysopsis  and  Haplopappus  by  its  narrow 
few-flowered  heads ;  and  from  Bij/elitna,  its  other  most 


Solidago 

ll!l]KirtHllt   tll'lurl'latin'.  1 1)   till'  J. 

rii'S  liavi-  in 

c-'linial  he-ills,  liMlall)  will 

whh'h  heal    1111111,1  .    alU-niatc-   ft 

narrow  Htem-li'avrs  and  brotder  TOOt-lflftTW,  wUob 

into  niiiritinnl  pi-tit. 1,-s.     Nimn-mii-  inti-mi. 
mider  mini}  ipeciet  difficult  t«,  .lMinj:iii<.|i     In  tin-  origi 
mil  species,  .s1.  r/r/.///,-,  ,/,  tin    i;, .!. I.  n  \, •!!,.«   II,  ,u. 
I  in  small  ,-lii-tri-,  whirh  fcirm  an  <•!., 

t,  •Illlptl    ll     >],](,,    ,    V. 

typical    intli.lVM  rnrr,    liitu.vn.    i^   ;,    t.llnilnil    JIM  , 

i irlcof  determinate  iii-niuim, 

,ni<  rrnnvinir  and  srurpiuid  um-sidi-.l  ,  t  seen 

In   .V.    i  ml    X.    nn/imi.        |. 

flowers  form  a  dense  thynusof  si  i  • ,  .wded 

mi  .  mes.as.S'.  gpecinm.  of  the  Atlantic-  and  int,  ii,,r  I  nit,, I 
Slati-s.       A    few    nthc-is    In. ni    tin     "liin    and    Mississippi 
valleys,  as  S.  riyitta,  produce  nearly  level-tuppi-il  n 
l,,nr  other  cymoae  species  were  form. 
gi-nu*.  KuttmUcj  (Nniiiili,  1-iM.  .listiiiKiiislu',1  hy  lack  of 
s,'..i  [liuid  hranc'Iili-ts  and  by  tin  ir  lii  ,.  ti, 

tn  BI  mi  I.  n«  .  Including  thr  uid,-l\  distributed  spe- 
c-ii's  .V.  lanceolata  and  S.  Caroliniana  (8.  temtifolia),  and 
ooonaottag  with  .<?.  paucifoKidoM,  of  the  Southern  States 
ami  tin-  I'.ahamas,  formerly  separated  as  a  genus,  Chrytuma 
iNnttall,  I --I"),  Ini-aiiseof  Its  shrubby  Klein  and  few-flow, 
ered  heads  with  one  to  three  rays.  Several  other  species 
are  slightly  aberrant :  .y.  innlliradiata,  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, sometimes  has  twelve  rays,  others  usually  five;  8. 
discaidea,  a  racemose  Gulf  species,  is  wholly  without  rays 
and  has  a  purplish  pappus;  this,  with  .S'.  gquarrota  of  north- 
ern rocks  and  S.  petiolarix  of  southern  pine-barrens,  varies 
also  in  the  spreading  tips  of  the  Involucral  bracts.  S.  tri 
color  is  remarkable  for  its  cream  -colored  flowers.  S.  vtrna, 
of  pine-woods  near  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  blooms  in 
May;  S.  nliyinosa,  of  northern  peat-bogs,  in  July;  S.juncm 
and  S.  elliptica  in  August ;  and  .S.  ruyom,  S.  Canadewit,  and 
most  others  mainly  in  September ;  S.  nemoraiit  and  S.  cn- 


A  Coldenrod  (Solidaga  ntmoralis). 

i.  The  upper  part  of  the  stem  with  the  inflorescence.    2.  The  lower 
part  of  the  stem,  showing  a  stolon. 

gia  continue  well  into  October.  The  genus  is  one  of  the 
most  characteristic  of  the  United  States,  numerous  both  in 
species  and  in  individuals,  and  not  entirely  wanting  in  any 
region.  In  the  northern  and  central  States  it  gives  to  the 
landscape  much  of  its  beauty,  and  is  an  important  element 
of  the  prevailing  yellow  of  autumn.  There  are  nearly  100 
species,  of  which  80,  besides  more  than  30  important  varie- 
ties, are  natives  of  the  United  States,  and  the  others  are 
nearly  all  American,  Oof  them  occurring  in  Mexico,  2, 3,  or  5 
in  South  America  (3  in  southern  Brazil,  2  in  Uruguay,  and  1 
in  Chili),  and  1  in  Hayti.  Only  2  species  are  natives  of  the 
Old  World,  S.  litt.ara.lii,  limited  to  the  Tuscan  and  Ligurfan 
coast,  and  5.  Viryaurea,  which  extends  from  Mount  Parnas- 
sus north  and  west  throughout  Europe  and  into  Siberia, 
Alaska,  New  York,  and  New  England,  in  many  widely  dif- 
fering varieties.  Those  of  the  United  States  are  all,  with  5 
exceptions,  confined  to  them  and  to  British  America  (into 
which  32  extend),  and  are  mainly  natives  of  the  Atlanticand 
central  States.  Numerous  isolated  species  are  southern  ; 
the  northern  are  mostly  of  wider  distribution  and  more 
abundant  in  individuals ;  11  species  are  mainly  confined 
to  the  high  northern,  12  to  the  northeastern,  24  to  the 
southern,  8  to  the  southwestern,  10  to  the  Pacific  States: 
(1  belong  to  the  Mississippi  valley,  of  which  S.  Minourt- 
ensig  is  the  only  one  widely  distributed ;  2  species,  S. 
odora  and  S.  tempervireiu,  extend  throughout  tne  Atlan- 
tic coast  from  Canada  to  Mexico,  and  the  latter,  the  salt- 
marsh  goldenrod,  reappears  at  the  Azores  and  at  San 
Francisco,  forty-two  species  occur  in  the  northeast  quar- 
ter of  the  United  States,  53  in  the  Southern  States,  and 
about  14  among  the  Rocky  Mountains.  S.  Canadentit, 
the  most  numerous  and  most  typical  species,  is  also  the 
one  most  widely  diffused  through  the  United  States,  fol- 
lowed next  by  5.  neinoralif  and  5.  rvyota.  The  species 
of  this  genus  range  from  beyond  86°  N.  latitude  to  the  city 
of  Mexico,  and  from  alpine  summits  to  the  sea-level ;  sev- 
eral are  mostly  confined  to  swamps,  as  S.  aatvla,  and  a  few 
to  woodland  borders,  as  5.  cvroia  and  S.  Wcotor,  but  meet 
are  plants  of  dry  open  soil,  especially  S.  nemoraiit.  In 
parts  of  the  Atlantic  coast  the  name  goldenrod  Is  local- 
ly confined  to  5.  odora,  the  eweet  goldenrod  of  authors, 
which  contains  In  its  dotted  leaves  an  aromatic  and  stimu 
lating  volatile  oil  of  an  anlsate  odor  and  pale  greenish-yel- 
low color ;  it  is  also  carminative  and  diaphoretic,  and  its  in- 
fusion is  used  to  relieve  spasmodic  pains  and  nausea;  its 
dried  flowers  and  leaves  have  been  employed  as  a  bever- 
age, under  the  name  of  Bltte-Mimiitain  tea.  S.  Virgavrea, 
the  goldenrod  of  Europe,  contains  an  astringent  and  tnni. 
principle,  and  was  long  In  esteem  for  healing  wounds. 


Solidago 

herbalists  of  two  and  three  centuries  ago  pronouncing  it 
"one  of  the  most  noble  wonnd-herbs,"  and  prescribing  "a 
tea  of  the  young  leaves,  green  or  dry."  It  was  also  once 
in  repute  in  Europe  as  a  dye,  and  a  variety  of  S.  nemoralis 
is  locally  called  dyer's-weed  in  America.  S.  Canadensis  and 
others  have  been  popularly  known  as  yellow-weed,  and  S. 
ruyosa  as  bitterweed.  S.  riyida,  is  also  a  reputed  astringent. 
The  goldenrod  has  been  recommended  by  many  as  the 
national  emblem  of  the  United  States. 
2.  [/.  e.]  A  plant  of  this  genus;  goldenrod. 
solidaret  (sol-i-dar'),  «.  [Appar.<  F.  solidaire, 
solid  (see  solidary),  with  sense  of  ML.  solidus, 
a  piece  of  money:  see  solidus,  soldo,  sol2.]  A 
small  piece  of  money. 

Here 's  three  solidares  for  thee ;  good  boy,  wink  at  me, 
and  say  thou  sawest  me  not.  Shale.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  1.  46. 

solidaric  (sol-i-dar'ik),  a.  [Irreg.  <  solidar-y 
+  -ic.]  Characterized  by  solidarity.  [Rare.] 

In  the  very  nature  of  things  family  supremacy  will  be 
absolutely  incompatible  with  an  interdependent  solidaric 
commonwealth.  The  Century,  XXXI.  745. 

solidarity  (sol-e-dar-e-ta'),  n.  [F.:  see  soli- 
darity.] In  French  law:  (a)  The  relation 
among  co-debtors  who  are  jointly  and  severally 
bound — that  is,  may  be  held  jointly  or  sever- 
ally at  the  option  of  the  creditor,  (b)  The  re- 
lation among  co-creditors  holding  an  obliga- 
tion which  gives  expressly  to  each  of  them  the 
right  to  demand  payment  of  the  entire  debt, 
so  that  a  payment  made  to  any  one  will  dis- 
charge the  debt. 

solidarity  (sol-i-dar'i-ti),  n.  [<  F.  solidarity  (= 
Sp.  solidaridad  =  Pg.  solidariedade),  joint  lia- 
bility, mutual  responsibility,  <  solidaire,  solid: 
see  solidary.]  Mutual  responsibility  existing 
between  two  or  more  persons;  communion  of 
interests  and  responsibilities. 

Solidarity,  a  word  which  we  owe  to  the  French  commu- 
nists, and  which  signifies  a  fellowship  in  gain  and  loss,  in 
honour  and  dishonour. 

Trench,  English  Past  and  Present,  p.  68. 

Strong  government  came  in  with  the  sixteenth  century, 
and  strong  government  was  a  very  strong  element  in  ref- 
ormation history,  for  it  weakened  the  solidarity  of  the 
Catholic  Church. 

Slubbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist,  p.  232. 

There  is  a  solidarity  in  the  arts ;  they  do  not  flourish  in 
isolated  independence. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  31. 

solidary  (sol'i-da-ri),  a.  [=  F.  solidaire  (=  Sp. 
Pg.  so/ida  rio),  <  solide,  solid:  see  solid.]  Char- 
acterized by  solidarity,  or  community  of  in- 
terests and  responsibilities;  jointly  interested 
or  responsible. 

Our  one  object  is  to  save  the  revelation  in  the  Bible 
from  being  made  solidary,  as  our  Comtist  friends  say 
with  miracles ;  from  being  attended  to  or  held  cheap  just 
in  proportion  as  miracles  are  attended  to  or  are  held 
cheap.  M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  viii. 

SOlidate  (sol'i-dat),  i:  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  soli- 
dated,  ppr.  solidating.  [<  L.  solidatits,  pp.  of 
solidare,  make  dense,  make  whole  or  sound,  < 
solidus,  compact,  firm,  solid:  see  solid.]  To 
make  solid  or  firm.  [Rare.] 

This  shining  Piece  of  Ice, 
Which  melts  so  soon  away  ' 

With  the  Sun's  Ray,      ' 
Thy  verse  does  solidatt.  and  crystallize. 

Cotfley,  Pindaric  Odes,  iv.  3. 

solid-drawn  (sol'id-dran),  a.  In  mctal-workinn, 
drawn  from  hollow  ingots,  in  which  mandrels 
of  constantly  decreasing  diameter  are  succes- 
sively inserted,  till  both  exterior  and  interior 
diameters  are  brought  down  to  the  required 
dimensions. 

solid-hoofed  (sol  'id-hof t ),  a.  Solidungulate  or 
soliped;  whole-hoofed;  not  cloven-hoofed  See 
cut  under  Solidungulate. 

solid-horned  (sol'id-h6rnd),   a.     Having  solid 
deciduous  horns  or  antlers,  as  deer;  not  hollow- 
horned.    The  solid-horned  ruminants  are  the 
deer  tribe.     See  Cercidse  and  Tragulidie. 
sohdl,  n.     Plural  of  solidus. 
solidifiable  (so-lid'i-fi-a-bl),  a.     [<  soudif,j  + 
solid       Capable  of  bei"g  solidified  or  rendered 

solidification  (so-lid"i-fi-ka'shou),  n.  [<  solidi- 
fy +  -alion  (see  -fy).]  The  act  or  process  of 
making  solid;  specifically,  in  physics,  the  pas- 
sage of  a  body  from  a  liquid  or  gaseous  to  a  solid 
Mate.  It  is  accompanied  by  evolution  of  heat 
without  a  decrease  of  temperature,  and  bv 
change  of  volume. 

solidify  (so-lid'i-fl),  ». ;  pret.  and  pp.  solidified, 

ppr.  soM.Jymg    [<  F.  solidifier=  gp.  Pg.  solid - 

ficar;  as  solid  +  -fy.]     I.  trans.  To  convert 

om  a  liquid  or  gaseous  state  to  a  solid  state; 

make  solid  or  compact:  as,  to  solidify  hydro- 

II.  intmns.  To  become  solid  or  compact-  as 
water  solidifies  into  ice  through  cold 


5760 

SOlidism  (sol'i-dizm),  n.  [<  solid  +  -ism.]  In 
med.,  the  doctrine  that  refers  all  diseases  to  al- 
terations of  the  solid  parts  of  the  body.  It  rests 
on  the  opinion  that  the  solids  alone  are  endowed  with  vi- 
tal properties,  and  that  they  only  can  receive  the  impres- 
sion of  morbific  agents  and  be  the  seat  of  pathological  phe- 
nomena. Opposed  to  Galenimi  or  humorism. 

solidist  (sol'i-dist),  «.  [<  solid  +  -ist.]  One 
who  believes  in  or  maintains  the  doctrine  of 
solidism. 

solidistic  (sol-i-dis'tik),  a.  [<  solidist  +  -ir.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  solidists. 

It  is  perhaps  natural  that  we  should  revert  to  thesolidis- 
tic  notion  of  the  all-pervading  influence  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem. Lancet,  1889,  II.  1123. 

solidity  (so-lid'i-ti),  n.  [<  F.  solidite  =  Pr.  so- 
liditat  =  It.  soliditd,  <  L.  solidita(t-)s,  <  solidus, 
solid:  see  solid.]  1.  The  state  or  property  of 
being  solid.  Specifically— (o)  The  property  of  resisting 
a  force  tending  to  change  the  figure  of  a  body :  opposed 
to  fluidity. 

The  idea  of  solidity  we  receive  by  our  touch ;  and  it 
arises  from  the  resistance  which  we  find  in  a  body  to  the 
entrance  of  any  other  body  into  the  place  it  possesses  till 
it  has  left  it.  Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  iv.  1. 

(b)  The  absolute  impenetrability  attributed  by  some  meta- 
physicians to  matter.  [This  use  of  the  word  is  almost  pe- 
culiar to  Locke.  Sir  W.  Hamilton  attributes  eight  physical 
meanings  to  the  word  —  the  property  of  occupying  space ; 
extension  in  three  dimensions ;  absolute  impenetrability; 
great  density ;  relative  immovability;  weight;  hardness; 
and  non-fluidity.]  (c)  Fullness  of  matter :  opposed  to  hol- 
loiniiess.  (d) Massiveness ;  substantiality;  hence,  strength ; 
stability. 

These  towers  are  of  tremendous  girth  and  solidity;  they 
are  encircled  with  great  bands,  or  hoops,  of  white  stone, 
and  are  much  enlarged  at  the  base. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  98. 

(e)  Strength  and  firmness  in  general;  soundness ;  strength ; 
validity ;  truth  ;  certainty. 

They  answered  the  objections  with  great  strength  and 
solidity  of  argument.  Addison,  Tatler,  No.  116. 

The  very  laws  which  at  flrst  gave  the  government  solid- 
tty.  Goldsmith,  Polite  Learning,  i. 

2.  In  geom.,  the  quantity  of  space  occupied  by 
a  solid  body.    Also  called  its  solid  or  cubic  content  or 
contents.    The  solidity  of  a  body  is  estimated  by  the  num- 
ber of  cubic  inches,  feet,  yards,  etc.,  which  it  contains. 
3f.  A  solid  body  or  mass.     [Rare.] 

Heaven's  face  doth  glow ; 
Yea,  this  solidity  and  compound  mass, 
With  tristful  visage,  as  against  the  doom, 
Is  thought-sick  at  the  act.  Shalt.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  49. 


soliloquacious 

Solidungulata  (sol-i-dung-gu-la'tii).  H.  jil. 
Same  as  Solidungiila. 

Solidungulate  (s'ol-i-dung'gu-lat),  «.  and  «.  [< 
NL.  soliduHgulatus,  <  L.  solidus,  solid,  +  ungu- 
latus,  hoofed:  see  ungulate.]  I.  «.  Solid-hoofed 
or  whole-hoofed,  as  the  horse ;  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Solidungula;  equine.  Also  soli/ml,  suli- 
pedal,  soliduiif/ular,  solidungulous.  See  cut  in 
preceding  column,  and  cuts  under  Imof  ami 
I'frissodaetyla. 

II.  «.  A  member  of  the  Nulidungula,  as  the 
horse  or  ass;  an  equine.  Also  soliped,  solijiedf . 
SOlidungulous  (sol-i-dung'gu-lus),  a.  [<  NL. 
soKthutguha,  <  L.  sol/tins,  solid,  +  ungula,  a 
hoof:  see  ungulate.']  Same  as  xnlidungidate. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  2. 
solidus  (sol'i-dus),  «.;  pi.  solidi  (-di).  [LL.,  an 
imperial  gold  coin,  ML.  applied  to  various  coins, 
also  any  piece  of  money,  money  (see  def. ).  lit. 
'solid'  (sc.  mini  HI  us,  coin) :  see  solid.  Cf.  suldn. 
soP,  sou.]  1.  A  gold  coin  introduced  by  Con- 
stantine  the  Great  to  take  the  place  of  the  au- 
reus,  previously  the  chief  coin  of  the  Roman 
currency.  The  coin  weighed  about  TOgrains,  and  72  soli- 
di were  struck  to  the  pound.  The  solidus  continued  to  be 


.  .,  , 

Measure  of  solidity.    See  measure. 
solidly  (sol'id-li),  adv.  In  a  solid  manner,  in  any 
sense  of  the  word  solid,    (a)  Firmly:  densely;  com- 


pactly:  as,  the  parts  of  a  pier 
solidly  united,  (b)  Securely ; 
truly;  on  firm  grounds,  (c) 
In  a  body ;  unanimously  :  as, 
the  Democrats  voted  solidly 
against  the  bill.  [Colloq.J 
SOlidness  (sol'id-nes).  n. 

1.  The  state   or  prop- 
erty of  being  solid;  so-    a 
lidity. 

The  closeness  and  solidness 
of  the  wood. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  635. 

2.  Soundness;  strength; 
truth ;  validity,  as  of  ar- 
guments, reasons,  prin- 
ciples, etc. 

solidum  (sol'i-dum),  n. 
[<  L.  solidum,  a  solid  sub- 
stance, neut.  of  solidus, 
firm,  compact:  see  sol- 
id.] 1.  In  arcli.,  the 
die  of  a  pedestal.  See 
cut  under  dado.—  2. 
In  Scots  law,  a  complete 
sum._To  be  bound  in  sol- 
idum, to  be  bound  for  the 
whole  debt,  though  only  one 
of  several  obligants.  When 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Solidusof  Constantine  the  Great.— British  Museum.  (Sizeof  original,  t 

coined  under  the  Byzantine  empire,  and  at  a  later  period 
received  in  western  Europe  the  name  of  bezant.  (See  be- 
zant.) In  the  middle  ages  the  word  svliitu*  often  in- 
dicates not  any  special  coin,  but  a  money  of  account,  and 
was  translated  in  the  Teutonic  languages  by  shilling  and 
its  cognates.  Generally,  the  solidus  or  shilling  of  account 
contained  12  denarii,  silver  "pennies,"  the  ordinary  silver 
coins  of  the  period.  Abbreviated  ».,  in  the  sequence  £  «.  d 
(librse,  solidi,  denarii),  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence. 

Also  I  bequeith  to  the  reparacion  of  the  stepull  of  the  said 
churche  of  Saint  Albane  XX.  solidof. 

Patton  Letters,  IIL  463. 

2.  A  sign  ( / )  used  to  denote  the  English  shil- 
ling, representing  the  old  lengthened  form  of 
s.,  as  in  2/6,  for  2s.  6d.  This  sign  is  often  a  conve- 
nient  substitute  for  the  horizontal  line  in  fractions,  as  in 


several  debtors  are  bound 
each  for  a  proportionate  share 
only,  they  are  said  to  be  bound 
pro  rota. 

Solidungula  (sol-i- 
dung'gu-la),  w.  t,I.  [NL. 
(Blumenbach,  about 
1799),  neut.  pi.  of  soli- 
dmtgulus:  see  soliduii- 
gulows.]  The  solid-hoof- 
ed, soliped,  or  solidun- 
gulate  perissodactyl 
mammals,  correspond- 
ingto  the  family  Equidx. 

solidungular  (sol-i- 
dung'gu-lar),  a.  [<NL. 
solidungularis,  <  L.  so- 
lidus, solid,  +  ungula, 
hoof.]  Same  as  soli- 
dungulate. 


1/2000,  a 'ft,  (a   :   <>)'«,  for 


1       a    a  +  b 


Solidungulate  (right  fore)  Foot 

of  Horse. 

I,  radius,  its  lower  end  with 
3,  a  groove ;  3,  scaphoid ;  4,  lu- 
nar; 5,  cuneiform;  6,  pisiform  ; 
7,  magnum  ;  8,  unciform  (3  to  8 
are  in  the  carpus,  and  form  the 
so-called  "  knee,"  which  is  the 
wnst,  of  a  horse);  9,  main  (third) 
or  middle  metacarpal,  or  can- 
non-bone; 10,  outer  or  fourth 
metacarpal,  or  splint-hone;  i- 
sesamoids  or  nut-hones  in  lie 
•nents  at  back  of  metac 


phalangeal  articulation,  or  ,cl 
lock -joint;  la.proximalphalanx 
great  pastern,  or  fetter-bone ;  13 


middle  phalanx,  small  pastern 
or  coronary;  14,  sesamoid  in 
tendon  of  flexor  perforans.called 
naincHlar  by  veterinarians;  15 
hoof,  incasing  distal  phalanx,  or 
comn-bone ;  r6,  coronet. 


2000'    b' 

solifidian  (sol-i-fid'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly 
also  solijidean ;  <  L.  'solus,  alone,  only,  +  fides, 
faith:  seefaitli.]  I.  a.  Holding  the  tenets  of 
solifidians;  pertaining  to  the  solifidiaus. 

A  solijidean  Christian  is  a  nullifldean  Pagan,  and  con- 
futes his  tongue  with  his  hand.  Feltham,  Hesolves,  ii.  47. 
II.  H.  One  who  maintains  that  faith  alone, 
without  works,  is  all  that  is  necessary  to  justi- 
fication. See  fiduciary,  II.,  2.  Rev.  T.  Adams. 
Works,  I.  325. 

solifidianism  (sol-i-fid'i-an-izm),  w.  [<  soli- 
fidian +  -ism.]  The  doctrine  that  justification 
is  of  faith  only,  without  works. 

It  was  ordered  that  ...  for  a  year  no  preacher  should 

preach  either  for  or  against  purgatory,  honouring  of  saints 

marriage  of  priests,  pilgrimages,  miracles,  orsolifidianism 

R.  W.  Diton,  Hist  Church  of  Eng.,  iv. 

SOliform  (sol'i-form),  a.     [<  L.  sol,  the  sun,  + 

forma,  form.]     Formed  like  the  sun.      [Rare.] 

For  light,  and  sight  and  the  seeing  faculty,  may  both  of 

them  rightly  be  said  to  be  soUform  things,  or  of  kin  to  the 

sun,  but  neither  of  them  to  be  the  sun  itself. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  204. 
Solifugae  (so-lif'u-je),  n.  pi.     [NL.  (Sundevall), 
fern.  pi.  of  solifugus:  see   solifugous.]     A  sub- 
order or  superfamily  of   tracheate  Araclinida, 
having  the  cephalothorax  segmented,  the  che- 
hceres  chelate,  and  the    palpi  pediform.    Thev 
are  nocturnal  hiding  by  day.    active,  pugnacious,  and 
predatory,  and  are  reputed  to  be  venomous;  they  chiefly 
it  warm  countries.    There  are  15  genera,  of  which 
IMames   and  Cleobis  are  found  in  the  United  States,  and 
Unicodes  is  the  most  prominent.    See  Oaleodida,  and  com- 
pare  the  alternative  Solpugida  (with  cut). 
SOlliuge  (sol'i-fuj),  „.     [<  NL.  solifugus:  see  so- 
lifugous.]  A  nocturnal  arachnidan  of  the  group 
Solifugte. 

solifugous  (so-lif'u-gus),  a.  [<  NL.  solifui/us, 
shunning  sunlight  (cf.  ML.  solifuga,  an  animal 
that  shuns  the  light),  <  L.  sol,  sun,  +  fugere, 
flee,  fly.  ]  Shunning  sunlight ;  fleeing  from  the 
light  of  day;  nocturnal,  as  a  member  of  the 
Soltfttgie. 

solil'oquacipus  (so-lil-o-kwa'shus),  a.  Solilo- 
quizing; disposed  to  soliloquize.  M oore,  in  Ma- 
son's Personal  Traits  of  British  Authors,  II.  17. 


soliloquize 

soliloquize  (so-lil'o-kwiz),  r.  /. ;  pret.  ami  pp. 
xolilnquizrd,  ppr.  noliloijiii~init.  [<  mlHo<in-y  + 
-i::i:]  To  utter  a  soliloquy;  talk  to  one's  self. 
Also  spelled  xnliliii/iiixr. 

soliloquy  (so-lil'o-kwi).  «.;  j)!.  siililniiiiii-.i 
(-kwi)',).  [='  F.  soliloque  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  solilo- 
i/iiio,  <  LL.  soliliii/iiiiim,  a  talking  to  one's  self, 

<  so/ii.'-;  iilone,  +  loqui,  speak.]     1.  A  talking 
to  one's  self;  a  discourse  or  talk  by  a  person 
who  is  alone,  or  which  is  not  addressed  to  any 
one  even  when  others  are  present. — 2.  A  writ- 
ten composition  containing  such  a  talk  or  dis- 
course, or  what  purports  to  be  one. 

Soliloquies ;  or,  holy  self-conferences  of  the  devout  soul, 
upon  sundry  choice  occasions. 

Bp.  Hall,  Soliloquies,  Title. 

The  whole  Poem  is  a  Soliloquy.      Prior,  Solomon,  Pref. 

SOliped  (sol'i-ped),  a.  and  n.    [Also  solipede;  = 

F.  xolipede  =  Sp.  solipedo  =  Pg.  solipede,  contr.  < 

L.  solidipes  (-ped-),  solid-hoofed,  whole-hoofed, 

<  solidus,  solid,  +  peg  (ped-)  =  E.  foot.']    Same 
as  solidmif/ulate. 

solipedal  (sol'i-ped-al),  a.  [<  soliped  +  -al.] 
Same  as  solidunyulafe. 

solipede  (sol'i-ped),  ».  Same  as  solidnngulate. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

solipedous  (so-lip'e-dus),  a.  Same  as  solidiiii- 
t/ulate. 

solipsism  (sol'ip-sizm),  •».  [<  L.  solus,  alone, 
+  ipse,  self,  +  -ism.'}  The  belief  or  proposition 
that  the  person  entertaining  it  alone  exists,  and 
that  other  people  exist  only  as  ideas  in  his  mind. 
The  identification  of  one's  self  with  the  Absolute  Is  not  gen- 
erally intended,  but  the  denial  of  there  being  really  any- 
body else.  The  doctrine  appears  to  be  nothing  more  than 
a  man  of  straw  set  up  by  metaphysicians  in  their  reason- 
ings. 

solipsist  (sol'ip-sist),  n.  [<  L.  solus,  alone,  + 
ipse,  self,  +  -ist.]  One  who  believes  in  his  own 
existence  only. 

solipsistic  (sol-ip-sis'tik),  a.  [<  solipsist  +  -ic.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  solipsism. 

solisequious  (sol-i-se'kwi-us),  a.  [Cf.  L.  solsc- 
quium,  the  sunflower;  <  L.  sol,  the  sun,  +  sequl, 
follow:  see  sequent.]  Following  the  course  of 
the  sun :  as,  the  sunflower  is  a  solisequious  plant. 

solist  (so'list),  w.     Same  as  soloist. 

solitaire  (sol-i-tar'),  ».  [F.,  <  L.  solitarius, 
alone,  lonely:  see  solitary.]  1.  A  person  who 
lives  in  solitude ;  a  recluse ;  a  hermit ;  a  solitary. 

Often  have  I  been  quietly  going  to  take  possession  of 
that  tranquillity  and  indolence  I  had  so  long  found  in  the 
country,  when  one  evening  of  your  conversation  has  spoiled 
me  for  a  solitaire  too  ! 

Pope,  To  Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  Aug.  18, 1716. 

2.  A  precious  stone,  oftenest  a  diamond,  set  by 
itself,  and  not  combined  with  other  jewels. — 
3f.  A  loose  necktie  of  black  silk,  resembling 
a  ribbon,  sometimes  secured  to  the  bag  of  the 
wig  behind,  and  in  front  either  falling  loosely 
or  secured  by  a  brooch  or  similar  jewel:  a 
fashion  for  men  in  the  eighteenth  century. 

He  came  In  a  solitaire,  great  sleeves,  jessamine-powder, 
and  a  large  bouquet  of  jonquils.  Gray,  Letters,  I.  310. 

4.  A  game  which  one  person  can  play  alone.    In 
particular  and  properly  — (a)  A  game  played  on  a  board 
indented  with  thirty-three  or  thirty-seven  hemispherical 
hollows,  with  an  equal  number  of  balls.    One  ball  is  re- 
moved from  the  board,  and  the  empty  hollow  thus  left  en- 
ables pieces  to  be  captured.    The  object  of  the  player  is 
to  take  by  jumping,  as  in  checkers,  all  the  pieces  except 
one  without  moving  diagonally  or  over  more  than  one 
space  at  a  time;  or  else,  by  similar  moves,  to  leave  cer- 
tain configurations.    (&)  One  of  a  great  number  of  card- 
games,  the  usual  object  of  which  is  to  bring  the  shuffled 
and  confused  cards  into  regular  order  or  sequence.    This 
sort  of  game  is  more  properly  called  patience. 

5.  In  ornith. :  (a)  An  extinct  didine  bird,  Pe- 
eophaps  solitarius.    See  Pezophaps.     (6)  A  fly- 
catching  thrush  of  Jamaica,  Myiadestes  arm  Hia- 
tus, which  leads  a  retired  life  in  wooded  moun- 
tainous resorts:  hence, any  bird  of  this  genus. 
The  name  was  originally  applied  to  the  bird  of  Marti- 
nique, now  known  as  tl.  gembarbis.    Townsend's  solitaire 
is  a  common  bird  of  many  parts  of  the  western  United 
States.    All  are  fine  songsters.   See  Myiadestes.    (<•)  The 
pensive  thrush,   Monticola  or  Petrocincla  soli- 
liir/a.     See  rock-thrush. 

solitariant  (sol-i-ta'ri-an),  ii.  [<  L.  toutartas, 
alone,  lonely,  +  -an.]  "  A  hermit:  a  solitary. 

solitariety  (sol'i-ta-ri'e-ti),  n.  [<  L.  solitarius, 
alone,  lonely,  +  '-etij.]  Solitary  condition  or 
state;  aloneness. 

According  to  the  Egyptians,  before  all  entities  and  prin- 
ciples there  is  one  God,  who  is  in  order  of  nature  before 
(him  that  is  commonly  called)  the  first  God  and  King, 
immoveable,  and  alway  remaining  in  the  sohtanety  of  his 
own  unity.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  336. 

solitarily   (sol'i-ta-ri-li),   adv.     In  a  solitary 
manner;  without  company;  alone;   by  ones 
self;  in  solitude. 
362 


B781 

Feed  thy  people  with  thy  rod,  the  flock  ,,f  thine  her! 
tage,  which  dwell  solitarilii  in  tin-  » 1.       Mi.-iih  vii.  1 1. 

Solitariness  (sori-ta-ri-nos),  ».  1.  Tin-  f:tet 
or  itate  <>f  bring  solitiirv,  or  ulonc,  or  without 
mate,  partner,  or  companion,  or  of  dwelling 
apart  from  others  or  by  one's  self:  Imhit  mil  re- 
tirement ;  solitude. 

A  man  to  eate  alone  is  likewise  great  solitanneste. 
Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Ilellowes,  l.'.T. 

2.  The  state  or  character  of  being  retired  or 
unfrequented;  solitude;  seclusion:  as,  the  »<ili- 
turiiicxs  of  a  wood. 

Birds  .  .  .  had  found  their  way  into  the  chapel,  and 
built  their  nests  among  itw  friezes  anil  pendants  —  sure 
signs  of  solitariness  and  desertion. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  218. 

solitariousness  (sol-i-ta'ri-us-nes),?!.  Solitude; 
seclusion,  Asrham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  1864),  p. 41. 
SOlitarityt  (sol-i-tar'i-ti),  «.    [<  solitary  +  -ity.] 
Solitude ;  loneliness!' 

I  shall  be  abandoned  at  once  to  solidarity  and  penury. 
W.  Taylor,  To  Southey,  Dec.  10, 1811. 

solitary  (sol'i-ta-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  solihi- 
rii;  xnlijtarye,  <  OF.  "solitarie,  solitaire,  F.  soli- 
taire =  Pr.  solitari,  soletari  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  soli- 
tario,  <  L.  solitarius,  solitary  (LL.  as  n.  an 
anchorite),  for  "solitatarius,  \  solita(t-)s,  lone- 
liness, <  solus,  alone:  see  sole3.]  I.  a.  1. 
Living  alone,  or  by  one's  self  or  by  itself; 
without  companions  or  associates ;  habitually 
inclined  to  avoid  company. 

Those  rare  and  solitary,  these  in  flocks. 

Milton,  f.  L.,  vil.  461. 

The  solitary  man  is  as  speechless  as  the  lower  animals. 
Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  286. 

2.  All  by  one's  self ;  without  companions ;  un- 
attended. 

The  Indian  holds  his  course,  silent,  solitary,  but  un- 
daunted, through  the  boundless  tx>som  of  the  wilderness. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  361. 

3.  Marked  by  solitude ;  especially,  remote  from 
society;  unfrequented;  retired;  secluded;  lone- 
ly: as,  a  solitary  glen. 

Whiche  bothe  lye  in  the  abbey  of  saynt  Justyne  vyrgyn, 
a  place  of  Blake  Monkes,  ryght  delectable,  and  also  soly- 
tarye.  Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  6. 

Cor.  And  how  like  you  this  shepherd's  life,  Master 
Touchstone?  .  .  . 

Touch.  ...  In  respect  that  it  is  solitary,  I  like  it  very 
well.  Shale.,  As  you  Like  it,  lit  2.  16. 

4.  Free  from  the  sounds  of  human  life ;  still; 
dismal. 

Let  that  night  be  solitary,  let  no  joyful  voice  come 
therein.  Job  Hi.  7. 

5.  Having  a  sense  of  loneliness ;  lonesome. 

I  am  not  solitary  whilst  I  read  and  write,  though  nobody 
is  with  me.  Emerson,  Nature,  I. 

6f.  Retiring;  diffident. 

Your  honour  doth  say  that  you  doe  iudge  me  to  be  a 
man  solitarie  and  vertuous. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577X  p.  78. 

7.  Passed  without  company;    shared  by  no 
companions;  lonely. 

I  was  upon  Point  of  going  abroad  to  steal  a  solitary 
Walk  when  yours  of  the  12th  current  came  to  hand. 

Hoicell,  Letters,  ii.  50. 

Him  fair  Lavinia,  thy  surviving  wife, 
Shall  breed  in  groves,  to  lead  a  solitary  life. 

Dryden,  Maeld,  vi.  1088. 

8.  Single ;  sole ;  only,  or  only  one :  as,  a  soli- 
tary instance ;  a  solitary  example. 

A  solitary  shriek,  the  bubbling  cry 
Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  53. 

Politeness  was  his  [Charles  II. 's]  solitary  good  quality. 
Macaulay,  Dryden. 

9.  In  bot.,  one  only  in  a  place;  separate:  as, 
a  solitary  stipule.    A  flower  is  said  to  be  solitary  when 
there  is  only  one  on  each  peduncle,  or  only  one  to  each 
plant ;  a  seed,  when  there  is  only  one  in  a  pericarp. 

All  the  New  Zealand  species  [Pterostylis  trullifolia]  bear 
solitary  flowers,  so  that  distinct  plants  cannot  fail  to  be 
intercrossed.  Darwin,  Fertil.  of  Orchids  by  Insects,  p.  89. 

10.  In  anat.,  single;  separate;  not  clustered ; 
not  agminate  or  gathered  into  patches ;  sim- 
ple; not  compound:  as.  the  solitary  follicles  of 
the  intestine.— 11.  In  rod'/.:  (a)  Not  social, 
sociable,  or  gregarious :  noting  species  living 
habitually  alone,  or  in  pairs  only.    (6)  Simple ; 
not  compound,  aggregate,  or  colonial:  as,  soli- 
tary ascidians.     See  Simpliees — Solitary  ante, 
the  MutiUidx  or  spider-ants.— Solitary  bees,  bees  that 
do  not  live  in  a  hive  or  community  like  the  honey-bee, 
and  are  represented  only  by  developed  males  and  females, 
like  most  insects.    There  are  very  many  species,  of  nu- 
merous genera.     The  designation  is  chiefly  descriptive, 
not  classincatory,  but  sometimes  denotes  the  A  nanmaa 
as  distinguished  from  the  .4 nidte.  —  Solitary  bundle. 
Same  as  solitary  funiculus.  —  Solitary  confinement,  in 
a  general  sense,  the  separate  confinement  of  a  prisoner, 


solitude 

with  only  "H-easional  access  of  any  other  j>er*on,  and  that 
only  at  the  discretion  of  the  jailer  ;  In  a  stricter  sense,  the 

'  "iniilrte  Nilrttion  cf  :i  jirisom-t  from  :tl]  linnian  ^ 
..r.il  his  ronnneiiieiit  In  ;<  eil  tint   he  tias  no 

ililert  inteir.miM'  \vjth,  MI  siu'ht  of,  :inj  hilmiin  being,  and 
Mo  employment  01  H-  Medley, 

I:H  r.  s.,  HIM.    Solitary  follicle.  -  ••' .  un- 

i\i-r:il<iml.      Solitary  funlCUlU8,:u  oiiml  bundle  of  Hbeis 

laterad  of  the  eomliine'l  unftU-oeued  nucleus  of  die  K!OB- 
sopharyngeus,  vagus,  and  spinal  accessory,  which  pauea 
out  aa  ont  of  the  ioot>  uf  tfie  gloMophanrnffMU,  l>ui  m:iy 
eontrilmte  to  the  vagus  and  acccMnry.  ''-end- 

ing rout  of  ijlotwifphfirynt/fwt,  fasciculus  rotundus,  ascend- 
ing root  ftf  the  lateral  mixed  w  'nrius, 
respiratory  bundle,  and  fascicle  of  Krause.  -  Solitary 
glands.  Bee  pbmd  Solitary  greenlet  or  vlreo, 
Vino  solitarius,  the  blue-headed  Ki'eenlet  or  vireo  of 
the  United  States,  having  greenish  upper  parts,  a  bluish 


Solitary  Greenlet  or  Vireo  (t-'irto  solitarius). 

head,  an  eye  ring,  and  the  under  parts  white,  tinged  with 
yellowish  on  the  sides.  It  is  6A  inches  long,  and  si  in  extent 
of  wings.— Solitary  sandpiper,  the  green  sandpiper  of 
North  America,  Rhyacophuus  solitarius,  8}  inches  long, 
extent  16,  having  the  upper  parts  blackish  with  a  tinge 
of  green  and  spotted  with  white,  the  under  parts  white, 
streaked  on  the  throat  and  breast  with  dusky,  barred  on 
the  sides,  lining  of  wings,  and  tail  with  black  and  white, 
the  bill  black,  the  feet  greenish-black.  See  cut  under 
Rhyacophilus.  —  Solitary  snipe.  See  snipe,  1  (a)  BX— 
Solitary  Vlreo.  Same  as  solitary  greenlet.—  Solitary 
wasps,  wasps  which,  like  certain  bees  and  ants,  do  not 


A  Solitary  Wasp  (l.arratia  stmirttfa).    (Cross  shows  natural  size.) 


live  in  society,  as  the  true  wasps  of  the  families  Kumeni- 
dee  and  Mamri<t<r,  as  well  as  all  the  digger-wasps :  con- 
trasted with  social  maps.  See  digyer-watp,  sand-mup, 
and  wasp. 

II.  ;;. ;  pi.  solitaries  (-riz).  One  who  lives 
alone  or  in  solitude;  an  anchorite;  a  recluse; 
a  hermit. 

The  world  itself  has  some  attractions  in  it  to  a  solitary 
of  »ix  years'  standing.  Gray,  Letters,  I.  154. 

Downward  from  his  mountain  gorge 
Slept  the  long-hair  d,  long-bearded  solitary. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

solito  (sol'i-to),  adr.  [It.,  <  L.  solitus,  accus- 
tomed, <  solere,  be  accustomed.]  In  music,  in 
the  usual,  customary  manner. 

solitude  (sol'i-tud),  n.  [<  ME.  solitude,  <  OF. 
(and  F.)  solitude  =  It.  solitudine,  <  L.  solittido. 
loneliness,  <  solus,  alone:  see  sole3.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  alone;  a  lonely  life;  loneliness. 
Little  do  men  perceive  what  solitude  is,  and  how  far  it 
extendeth ;  for  a  crowd  is  not  company.  .  .  .  It  is  a  mere 
and  miserable  solitude  to  want  true  friends. 

Bacon,  Friendship. 

O,  might  I  here 

In  solitude  live  savage,  in  some  glade 
Obscured !  Milton,  f.  L.,  ix.  1085. 

2.  Remoteness  from   society;   lack  or  utter 
want  of  companionship :  applied  to  place :  as, 
the  solitude  of  a  wood  or  a  valley. 

The  solitude  of  his  little  parish  Is  become  matter  of 
great  comfort  to  him.  Law. 

3.  A  lonely,  secluded,  or  unfrequented  place ; 
a  desert. 

We  walked  about  2  miles  from  y  citty  to  an  agreeable 
solitude  called  Uu  Plewls,  a  house  belonging  to  y*  King. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  June  7,  1644. 


solitude 

There  is  such  an  agreeable  variety  of  fields,  wood  water, 
and  cascades  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  soli- 
tudes I  ever  ""^^  De8cription  of  the  East,  II.  i.  224. 
=  Syn  1  Solitude,  Retirement,  Seclusion  Loneliness  Lone- 
wnunuK  Solitude  is  the  condition  of  being  absolute  y 
alone  whether  or  not  one  has  been  with  others,  or  desires 
™  f  mm  them :  as.  the  soliliuleu!  tlie  Sphinx.  Retirement 


5762 

gested  by  a  similar  usage  among  the  ancient  Greeks.  (See 
gamut.)  The  series  ut,  re,  mi,  fa  sol,  to  (Derived  from  the 
initial  syllables  of  the  lines  of  a  hymn  to  St.  John,  begin- 
nlng '•  01  queant  laxis  ")  was  applied  to  the  tones  of  each  of 
the  hexachords  then  recognized.  (See  hexachord.)  W  hen 
a  melody  exceeded  the  limits  of  a  single  hexachord  a 
change  from  one  series  of  syllables  to  another  was  made, 
which  was  called  a  mutation  or  modulation.  Early  in  tn< 
rppnr.l,  r.Rnturv.  when  the  modern  octave  scale  became 


solsticion 

A  smaller  Old  World  species  is  P.  ojficinak,  whose  root 
aike  that  of  P.  muUijlorum)  is  emetic,  cathartic,  etc.,  and 
was  formerly  much  applied  to  bruises.  In  America  P 
yiyanteinn  is  the  great  Solomon's-seal,  a  species  2  to  7  feet 
high  with  leaves  » to  8  inches  long,  and  two  to  eight  flow, 
ere  in  a  cluster ;  and  P.  Ufarvm  Is  the  smaller  Solomon1., 
seal  growing  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  the  peduncles  com- 
monly  two-flowered.  The  larger  species  are ,  rather  sink- 
ing  plants;  P.  multijlnrum  has  been  much  cultivated. 


or  otherwise,  from  contain  wun.i,  "»"-  •»">  —-^  "•:r"";~"i" 
Sedmion  is  stronger  than  retirement-,  implying  the  shut- 
ttagout  of  others  from  access :  after  the  Restoration  Mi  - 
on  for  safety's  sake  kept  himself  in  retirement;  indeed, 
Scent  to  a  few  trusted  friends,  he  was  in  complete  seclu- 
rtmTlmMMH  expresses  the  uncomfortable  feelings,  the 
longing  for  society,  of  one  who  is  alone.  Lonesomemss 
Mb!  a  lighter  kind  of  loneliness,  especially  a  feeling 
less  spiritual  than  physical,  growing  out  of  the  animal 
instinct  for  society  and  the  desire  of  protection,  the  co 
sciousncss  of  being  alone  :  as,  the  lonesameness  of  a  walk 
through  a  cemetery  at  night.  Lonesomeness,  more  often 
than  loneliness,  may  express  the  impression  made  upon  the 

solivagant  (so-liv'a-gant),  fl.  [<  L.  solus,  alone, 
+  vuyan(  <-)«,'ppr.  of  vagari,  wander,  roam :  see 
ragrant.]  Same  as  solivagous.  [Rare.] 

solivagous  (so-liv'a-gus),  a.  [<  L.  solivagus, 
wandering  alone,  <  solus,  alone,  +  vagus,  wan- 
dering: see  vague.]  Wandering  alone.  Bailey, 
1727.  [Rare.] 

SOlive  (so-leV),  n.  [<  OF.  solive,  solieve,  F.  so- 
live  (ML.  reflex  soliea,  suliva,  solicia),  a  girder, 
joist ;  origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  ult.  <  L.  sub- 
levare,  lift  up  from  beneath,  support:  see  sol- 
levate,  sullevate,  sublevate.]  A  joist,  rafter,  or 
secondary  beam  of  wood,  either  split  or  sawed, 
used  in  laying  ceilings  or  floors,  and  for  resting 
upon  the  main  beams. 

SOllar,  seller  (sol'ar,  -er),  n.  [Also  solar;  < 
ME.  soller,  sollar.  soler,  solere,<  OF.  soler,  solinr, 
solier,  a  floor,  loft,  granary,  cellar,  F.  dial. 
solier,  a  granary.  =  Pr.  solar,  solier  =  It.  so- 
lare,  solajo  =  AS.  sokre,  solor  =  OS.  soleri  = 
MD.  solder,  D.  zolder  =  MLG.  solder,  soller  = 
OHG.  soleri,  soldri,  the  pretorium,  a  guest- 
chamber,  MHG.  solre,  soleere,  G.  soller,  a  balcony, 
an  upper  room,  garret,  <  L.  solarium,  a  sunny 
place,  a  terrace,  the  flat  roof  of  a  house  ex- 
posed to  the  sun,  a  sun-dial,  <  soothe  sun:  see 
sol1,  solarium.  Perhaps  in  some  senses  con- 
fused with  L.  solum,  ground:  see  soil1.]  If. 
Originally,  an  open  gallery  or  balcony  at  the 
top  of  a  house,  exposed  to  the  sun ;  later,  any 
upper  room,  loft,  or  garret. 

Thou  shalt  make  soleris  and  placis  of  thre  chaumbris  in 
the  schip.  Wyclif,  Gen.  vi.  16. 

2.  An  elevated  chamber  in  a  church  from  which 
to  watch  the  lamps  burning  before  the  altars. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  473.— 3f.  A  story  of  a  house. 
See  the  quotation. 

Maison  a  trois  estages.    An  house  of  three  sailers,  floores, 
stories,  or  lofts  one  over  another.   Nomenclator.   (Nares.) 

4.  In  mining,  a  platform  or  resting-place.  See 
ladder-sollar  and  air-sollar. 


seventh  or  leading  tone.  Somewhat  later  do  was  substi- 
tuted in  Italy  and  Germany  for  ut,  on  accountof  its  greater 
sonority  The  series  thus  formed  is  still  in  use,  though 
other  systems  have  been  proposed.  Such  other  systems 
are  bocedization  (bo.  ce,  di,  ga,  lo,  ma,  m),  also  called  bobi- 


Km(d'a~me,~n£po,  lu,  la,  be).'  In  England  an  - 
from  before  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  to  the 
beginning  of  the  nineteenth,  an  abbreviated  system  was 
used,  including  only  mi,  fa,  sol,  la.  The  ideal  application 
of  solmization  involves  calling  'rttttoriBlMOT^BTWtejJ^M 

shallVways'be  named  by  the  same  syllables  respectively 
and  the  various  intervals  by  the  same  combination  of  syl- 
lables. This  system  is  often  called  that  of  the  mamUe  do 
since  the  pitch  of  do  is  variable.  What  is  called  the  fixed, 
do  system  has  also  had  considerable  currency  in  Italy, 
France,  and  England,  according  to  which  the  tone  C 
always  called  do,  D  re,  E  mi,  etc.,  and  this  too  when  the 
pitch  of  these  tones  is  chromatically  altered,  the  system 
therefore  following  the  arbitrary  features  of  the  keyboard 
and  the  staff-notation.  This  system  is  regarded  by  many 
musicians  as  contrary  to  the  historic  and  logical  idea  of 
solmization,  and  its  use  in  England  and  America  is  de- 


<wWch  geei  unljer  (onic),  the  syllables  of  which  are  doft, 
In  the  movable-do  system  the 


IUMM 'iangles  interlaced 

or  superposed",  presenting  a  six-rayed  figure, 
/\.     Compare  pentode — False  Solomon's-seal 
XX     (a)  See  Smilacina.    (b)  See  Maianthemum. 
SO-long  (so-long' ),  in  terj.     [Prob.  a  sailors'  per- 
version of  salaam.]     Good-by.    Also  so  long. 

Solonian  (so-16'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Solon,  <  Gr.  2<i- 
~tuv  Solon,  4--MZM.J  Of  or  pertaining  to  Solon, 
a  famous  lawgiver  of  Athens  (about  594  B.  c.)  : 
as,  the  Solonian  Constitutions;  Solonian  legis- 
lation. 

Solonic  (so-lon'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Solon  (see  Soloni- 
an) +  -10.]  Same  as  Solonian:  as,  the  Solan  ii- 
talents. 

Solon  porcelain.    See  porcelain1. 

Solpuga  (sol-pu'gft),  n.  [NL.  (Herbst),  <  L.  sol- 
puga,  galpuga,  soli/mga,  ttolipugna  (as  if  <  sol, 
sun,  +  pugnare,  fight),  solifuga  (as  if  <  sol,  sun, 
-f-  fugere,  flee),  a  kind  of  venomous  insect, 
an  ant  or  spider.]  1.  The  name-giving  ge- 
nus of  Solpugidee,  having  the  tarsi  more  than 
three-jointed.  See  Galeodes.—  Z.  [I.  c.]  A 
member  of  this  genus;  a  solifuge  or  weasel - 


t  •  as  di  for  dot,  ft  for /at,  etc. ;  and  similarly  the  flat  of 
any  tone  is  indicated  by  a  syllable  using  the  vowel  e:  as, 
me  for  mik,  le  for  lab,  etc-  The  minor  scale  is  solmizated 
in  two  ways:  either  beginning  with  la,  and  using  the 
same  syllables  as  in  the  major  scale ;  or  beginning  with 
do,  and  using  such  modified  syllables  as  may  be  needed 
(do,  re,  me,  etc.).  The  great  utility  of  solmization  lies  in 
its  offering  an  abstract  vocal  notation  of  musical  facts, 
whereby  they  may  be  named,  remembered,  and  studied. 
Also  solmisation,  solfamization,  solfeggio,  and  sol-faing. 
solo  (so'16),  a.  and  n.  [X  It.  solo,  alone,  <  L. 
solus,  sole :  see  sole^.]  I.  a.  In  music,  alone ; 


not  combined  with  other  voices  or 
ments  of  equal  importance  ;  not  concerted.  A 
solo  passage  may  be  accompanied,  however, 
by  voices  or  instruments  of  less  importance. — 
Solo  organ,  in  organ-building,  a  partial  organ  introduced 
into  large  instruments,  containing  stops  of  special  power 
or  effectiveness,  such  as  are  used  in  producing  striking 
solo  effects.  Its  keyboard  is  usually  the  upper  one  when 
there  are  four,  or  the  lower  when  there  are  three.  Its 
stops  are  often  connected  with  a  special  bellow.,  which  is 
weighted  with  extra  weights ;  they  are  then  said  to  be  "  on 
a  heavy  wind."  The  choir-organ  is  also  sometimes  loosely- 
called  the  solo  organ.  See  organi.— Solo  pitch,  in  mutic, 
a  special  pitch  or  accordatura  (scordatura)  adopted  by  a 
solo  performer  upon  a  violin  or  other  solo  instrument,  so 
as  to  produce  peculiar  and  startling  effects.—  Solo  Stop, 
in  organ-building,  a  stop  either  of  special  quality  or  placed 
on  a  heavy  wind,  so  as  to  be  fitted  for  the  performance  of 
solos.  Such  stops  often  occur  in  each  of  the  usual  partial 
organs,  but  in  large  instruments  the  most  important  of 


Solpugida  (sol-pu'ji-da),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Solpuga 
+ -ida.]  An  order  of  arachnids.  They  have  tra- 
chea! respiration,  the 
cephalothorax  and 
abdomen  distinct 
(the  former  segment- 
ed into  a  large  cepha- 
lic and  small  thoracic 
partX  the  abdomen 
annulated,  the  cheli- 
ceres  one-jointed  and 
chelate,  the  palpi 
long  and  slender,  ex- 
tending forward,  the 
first  pair  of  legs  pal- 
piform  and  porrect, 
the  other  legs  ending 
in  pairs  of  claws,  and 
the  eyes  two  in  num- 
ber. The  whole  body 
and  the  limbs  are 
clothed  with  hairs. 
These  arachnids  re- 
semble large  hairy 
spiders  externally, 
but  are  more  nearly 
related  to  scorpions. 
The  head  is  largely  made  up  of  the  massive  chelate  falces. 
The  only  or  the  leading  family  is  Galeodidx  or  Solpitgidx. 
Also  Solpugidea,  Solpuyides,  and  in  later  variant  form  Soli- 
fugse.  Qaleodea  is  a  synonym. 

Solpugidae  (sol-pu'ji-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Sol- 
puga +  -idee.]    A  family  of  arachnidans,  named 


Datemei  girardi.  one  of  the  Solfufidm 
(About  two  thirds  natural  size.) 


Solleret  (a)  and  Jambe  (*), 
uth  century. 


sole1.]  The  steel  shoe 
forming  a  part  of  armor 
in  the  fourteenth  century 
and  later,  usually  having 
splints  overlapping  one 
another  and  a  long  point 
or  toe  curved  downward. 
It  was  worn  only  when  the  foot 
was  in  the  stirrup,  and  could 
be  removed  when  the  rider  dis- 
mounted. See  also  cuts  under 
armor  and  poulaine..  —  Bear- 
paw  solleret,  the  steel  foot- 
covering  worn  during  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, resembling  remotely  the  broad  foot  of  the  bear. 
Compare  sabbaton. 

sollevatet,  v.  t.    See  sublevate. 
sollicitt,  sollicitationt,  etc.    See  solicit,  etc. 
Sol-lunar  (sol'lu'nar),  a.     [<  L.  sol,  the  sun,  + 
luna,  the  moon:  see  lunar.]     Proceeding  from 
or  due  to  the  influence  of  both  the  sun  and  the 
moon:  in  old  medicine  applied  to  the  influence 
supposed  to  be  produced  on  various  diseases 
when  the  sun  and  moon  are  in  conjunction, 
solmizate  (sol'mi-zat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sol- 
mizated, ppr.  solmizating.    [<  F.  solmiser  (as  sol 
+  mi,  notes  of  the  gamut  (cf .  sol-fa),  +  -iser  = 
E.  -ize),  ~T-  -ate^.]    In  music,  to  use  solmization 


II.  n. ;  It.  pi.  soli  (-li),  E.  pi.  solos  (-loz). 
1.  A  melody,  movement,  or  work  intended 
for  or  performed  by  a  single  performer,  vocal 
or  instrumental,  with  or  without  accompani- 
ment. Opposed  to  concerted  piece,  whether 
chorus,  duet,  trio,  or  for  a  number  of  instru- 
ments.—  2.  A  game  of  cards,  played  usually  by 
four  persons,  with  a  euchre  pack.  That  player 
who  bids  highest— that  is,  offers  to  take  the  greatest 
number  of  tricks  alone,  or,  in  a  variety  of  the  game,  aided 
by  a  partner— plays  against  the  rest.  If  he  takes  five  or 
more  tricks,  he  receives  a  payment  from  them ;  if  not,  he 
makes  a  payment  to  them. 

solograph  (sol'o-graf ),  n.     [<  L.  sol,  the  sun,  + 
Gr.  -ypdijieiv,  write.]     A  picture  on  paper  taken 
by  the  talbotype  or  calotype 
process.     Simmonds. 

soloist  (so'lo-ist),  n.  [<  solo  + 
-ist.]  In  music,  a  performer 
of  solos,  vocal  or  instrumen- 
tal. Also  solist. 

Solomonic  (sol-o-mon'ik),  o. 
[<  Solomon  (see  def .)  +  -ic.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Solomon, 
son  of  David  and  his  succes- 
sor as  king  of  Israel:  as, 
Solomonic  wisdom. 

Solomon's  hyssop,  Porch, 
servants. 


„  rxTT          f    a 

Solpugidea  (sol-pu-jid  e-a),  n.  pi.       NL.,  <  Sol- 

P«(/n  +  -i^-ea.]      Same  as  Solptigtda.     Also 

called  Galeoaea. 
solsteadt  (sol  sted),  n.     [<  L.  sol.  sun,  4 

st«ad.    Cf.  sunstead  and  solstice.]     Same  as 

solstice.     [Rare.] 

If  it  be  gathered  about  the  summer  tolstrad. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxvl.  6. 


tain  syllables  to  name  or  represent  the  tones  of 
the  scale,  or  of  a  particular^eries,  as  the  scale 
t  O.    The  oldest  and  most  important  system  of  solmiza- 
' 


i.  The  upper  part  of 
tbeflowenniT  stein  ofSol- 


mvitiflorum,  a  plant  with  erect  or 


solstice  (sol'stis),  n.     [Formerly  also  sokticy; 

<  ME.  solstice,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  solstice  =  Sp.  Pg. 
solsticio  =  It.  solstizio,  <  L.  solstitium,  the  sol- 
stice, a  point  in  the  ecliptic  at  which  the  sun 
seems  to  stand  still,  <  sol,  the  sun,  +  -stitium, 

<  status,  pp.  of  sistere,  make  to  stand  still,  a  re- 
duplicated form  of  stare  —  E.  stand:  see  sol1, 
stand,  and .  sist.     Cf.  armistice.]     1.  In  astron.: 
(a)  The  time  at  which  the  sun  is  at  its  greatest 
distance  from  the  equator,  and  when  its  diur- 
nal motion  in  declination  ceases,  which  hap- 
pens about  June  21st,  when  it  enters  Cancer 
(the  summer  solstice),  and  about  December22d, 
when  it  enters  Capricorn  (the  winter  solstice). 
(6)  A  solstitial  point.     Hence  — 2.    Figura- 
tively, culmination  or  turning-point;  furthest 
limit. 

He  died  before  his  time,  perhaps,  not  yet  come  to  the 
solstice  of  his  age.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  373. 

3f.  A  stopping  or  standing  still  of  the  sun. 

The  supernatural  solstice  of  the  sun  in  the  days  of 
Joshua.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

"",'.  SOlsticiont,  n.    [ME.  solsticioun,  also  solstacion, 


UUUVIVBUII  •JBUVUI  Ul    BirilUl&a-  MKltlt/U7/  tllll.    dk     pliUll      Wllll     ClCUlf     *J1          ir-,1         1  *      L  J    *"\^      41  7      J.-       •  S  T  T      j'j-  il  1      -i* 

tion  is  that  attributed  to  Guide  d'Arezzo,  early  in  the  elev-     curving  stems  2  feet  high  and  flow-    The  '""!£'  tff'h  •  '  ®F'    wlsticion,  <  L.  solsti  ti  urn,  the  solstice :  see 

enthcentury-.thoughthisinturnappearstohavebeensug-     era  from  one  to  eight  in  a  cluster.    £  a  flower  ™  "fruit.        solstice.]     A  solstitial  point. 


solsticion 

In  this  heved  of  Cancer  is  the  grettest  declinarl 
northward  of  the  sonne,  and  therfor  is  he  cl±  the 
stmmn  ot  s«'«er.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  I  . 

solsticyt,  «.     [<  L.  xolxiiii,,,,,.  solstice:  see  sol- 
••-'"•''.]     Same  as  .W.v//,r. 

The  high-heated  year 
Is  in  her  solttici,. 

UUdUm  and  Rowley,  World  Tost  at  Tennis,  Ind 
solstitial  (sol-stish'iil),  „.  [<  p.  goltttOaL  *„/. 
*'"'"''  .=>!>;  p£-  *"'*''•'•'«/  =  It.  soMi-ial,-,  <  L 
xolstittnlis,  <  golstitium,  solstice  :  see  solxlic,  i 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  solstice  :  as,  a  sols/i/i,,/ 
point.—  2.  Happening  at  a  solstice  —  especial- 
ly, with  reference  to  the  northern  hemisphere 
at  the  summer  solstice,  or  midsummer. 

The  sun 

Had     .  .  from  the  south  to  bring 
Solstitial  summer's  heat.     Hilton,  P.  L    x  656 


5763 

tio(n-),  a  loosing,  dissolving,  <  Hnlrrrr,  pp.  sola- 
tun, loose,  resolve,  dissolve:  see.™/,,.  I  [  The 
act  of  separating  the  parti  of  anybody:  dis- 
ruption; ruptur,  :  fixture;  breacfi:  as.VvW,,- 
tton  of  continuity  (see  below).— 2  Th('  ir-uis 
formation  of  matter  from  a  solid  £$£££ 
to  the  liquid  state  by  means 
the  mli-i-ii/  or  nn-ntitriiiiiii :  I  lie  stati" 


.  ,    .       x     56 

Solstitial  annil.    See  armil,  L-  Solstitial  point  o. 
of  the  two  points  i,,  the  ecliptic  which  a  re  fmS  fro  n 


solubility  (sol-$-bil'i-ti),  w.  [=  F.  m, 
^P-solubilidad=Pg.  solubilidadc  =  It.  ,v, 
<  NL.  *8olubilita.(t-)s,  <  L.  sal iibilis,  soluble:  see 
wlnble.]  L  The  property  of  being  soluble ; 
that  property  of  a  body  which  renders  it  susl 
eeptible  of  solution ;  susceptibility  of  being  dis- 
solved in  a  fluid.— 2.  In  hot.,  a  capability  of 
separating  easily  into  parts,  as  that  of  certain 
legumes  to  divide  transversely  into  parts  or 
joints.— 3.  Capability  of  being  solved,  resolved 
answered,  cleared  up,  or  disentangled,  as  a 
problem,  a  question,  or  a  doubt, 
soluble  (sol'u-bl),  a.  [<  F.  soluble  =  Sp.  soluble 
Pg.soluvel  =  It.  solubile,  <  L.  solubilis,  dis- 
solvable, <  solvere,  solve,  dissolve :  see  solve.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid;  capa- 
ble ot  solution;  dissolvable.— 2.  Figuratively 
capable  of  being  solved  or  resolved,  as  an  al- 
gebraical equation;  capable  of  being  disen- 
tangled, cleared  up,  unfolded,  or  settled  by  ex- 
planation, as  a  doubt,  question,  etc.;  solvable. 

H.™ad  h£  de.noun<;,ed  '*  »"  »  fruitless  question,  and  (to  un- 
derstanding) soluble  by  none,  the  world  might  have  been 
spared  a  large  library  of  resultless  disputation. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 
More  soluble  is  this  knot 

By  gentleness  than  war.     Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 
3f.  Relaxed;  loose;  open. 

Ale  is  their  eating  and  their  drinking,  surely  which 
keeps  their  bodies  clear  and  soluble. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  iv.  1. 
And  then,  if  Balaam's  ass  hath  but  an  audible  voice  and 
a  soluble  purse,  he  shall  be  preferred  before  his  master 
were  he  ten  prophets.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  469! 

Soluble  blue  cotton,  glass,  indigo.  See  the  nouns- 
Soluble  bougie,  a  bougie  composed  of  substances  which 
melt  at  the  body-temperature :  used  for  the  purpose  of 
administering  medicament  to  the  urethral  mucous  mem- 
brant-  Soluble  guncotton.  Same  as  dinitrocellulose  — 
Soluble  Oil.  See  castor-oU.— Soluble  soap.  See  soap  1 
SOlubleness  (sol'u-bl-nes),  «.  Soluble  charac- 
ter or  property;  solubility. 
SOlum  (so'lum),  n.  [L.,  the  ground,  the  earth  a 
region :  see  soill,  sofcl.]  In  Scots  law,  ground ; 
a  piece  of  ground. 

solund-goose  (so'luud-g6s),  n.  Same  as  solan- 
goose. 

solus  (so'lus),  a.  [L. :  seesofe3.]  Alone:  used 
chiefly  in  dramatic  directions:  as,  enter  the 
king  solus.  The  feminine  form  is  sola. 
solute  (so-luf),  n.  [<  ME.  solute,  <  L.  solutus, 
pp.  of  solvere,  loose,  release,  set  free :  see  solve.] 
It.  Loose;  free. 

Solute  or  sondy  landes  thai  require, 
So  that  aboute  or  under  hem  be  do 
A  certayne  of  fatte  lande  as  thai  desire. 

Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  193. 
As  to  the  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures  solute  and  at 
large,  there  have  been  divers  kinds  introduced  and  de- 
vised, some  of  them  rather  curious  and  unsafe  than  sober 
and  warranted.          Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 
2f.  Relaxed;  hence,  joyous;  merry. 
Bacchus,  purple  god  of  joyous  wit, 
A  brow  solute,  and  ever-laughing  eye. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ii.  579. 

3.  In  bot.,  free;  not  adhering:  opposed  to  ad- 
nate:  as,  a  solute  stipule.— 4.  Soluble:  as,  a 
solute  salt. 

SOlutet  (so-luf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  solutus,  pp.  of  sol- 
vere, loosen,  solve :  see  solve,  solute,  a.]  To 
dissolve;  also,  to  resolve;  answer;  absolve. 

What  will  not  boldness  bid  a  man  say,  when  he  hath 
made  an  argument  against  himself  which  he  cannot  so- 
lutef 

Bp.  Ridley,  in  Bradford's  Works  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  II.  393. 

solution  (so-lu'shon),  n.    [<  ME.  solution,  <  OF. 

solution,  solution,  F.  solution  =  Pr.  solution  =  Sp. 

solution  =  Pg.  xohtfSo  =  It.  iioliizione,  <  L.  soln- 


e     ,,ni         %T  "'  moleclllar  8t»te,  from  the  solid  to 
Hit    'n  •  '  SPliff06  »c«>n>P»»ied  by  the  absorption  of 

»WiS»«flfeECS 

rwdtoSveiln    I         "^  c""ll'.i""li'"'  ""'.v,  n*  w£tSi5. 

raasSftnJiSSSSJSSS 

nomena,  physical  and  chemical,  may  toll,  IK  ,,,c"e,,t  i,, 
solution  at  the  same  time,  and  the  line  between  them  of! 
annot  be  sharply  drawn  ;  glacial  acetic  acid  dissolves 
ater  and  at  the  same  time  combines  with  It,  the  llb- 
crauon  of  heat  of  the  chemical  part  of  the  nror-e««  our 
balancing  the  absorption  of  heat  in  the  pCicaf    The 
solution  of  a  gas  in  a  liquid,  as  of  ammonia  gas  in  wate? 
(also  called  absorption),  Is  essentially  the  physical  process 
of  the  change  -of  the  gas  to  the  liquid,  and  IienceTs  v 
companied  with  the  evolution  of  Seat.'    The  tenn^u- 
tion.  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  the  absorption  of  gases 
by  solids  as  when  palladium  absorbs  or  dissolves  hydro* 
any  &W  kuSSSit        M°S  W"h  "'    Tlle  8olllbillty  °' 
accurately8 determined'  If  expertS*'™!?  may™?  in" 
or  diminished  by  the  presence  of  other  substances 
ution.    Ihe  solubility  of  any  gas  also  is  constant 
under  the  same  conditions.    It  varies  with  the  tei  m  ,' 
ture,  the  pressure,  the  nature  of  the  liquid,  and  the  rnat- 
T    H  ?oluJlon  '"  «•    In  •  mixture  of  gases,  each  is  dis- 
solved  in  the  same  quantity  as  if  it  were  present  alone 
under  the  same  tension  as  in  the  mixture 
d.  The  liquid  produced  as  a  result  of  the  process 
or  action  above  described;   the  preparation 
made  by  dissolving  a  solid  in  a  liquid:  as,  a 
solution  of  salt,  soda,  or  alum;  solution  of  iron 
etc.— 4.  A  liquid  or  dissolved  state  or  condi- 
tion; unsettled  state;  suspense. 
,H^iS  lLe?sinS'8]  was  a  mind  always  in  solution,  which  the 
into  an°rofeth      •     ^  a8  " '"  Called'  C"U'd  not  P''ec'Pitate 
which  the  time  to  come  was  already  fermenting 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  313. 
5.  The  act  of  solving,  working  out,  explaining 
clearing  up,  or  settling,  or  the  state  of  being 
solved,  explained,  cleared  up,  or  settled;  reso- 
lution ;  explanation :  as,  the  solution  of  a  diffi- 
cult problem  or  of  a  doubt  in  casuistry. 

It  is  accordinge  to  nature  no  man  to  do  that  wherby  he 
sliulde  take  .  a  praye  of  a  nother  mannes  ignoraunce 
Of  this  matter  Tulli  writeth  many  propre  examples  and 
quicke  solutions.  Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  ii,?  4 
In  his  singular  "Ode  inscribed  to  W.  H.  Channing" 
there  is  a  hint  of  a  possible  solution  of  the  slavery  prob- 
lem-  0.  W.  Holmes,  Emersonr*!!!. 

6.  A  method  of  solving  or  finally  clearing  up  or 
settling  something.  Specifically— 7.  The  an- 
swer to  a  problem  or  puzzle  of  any  kind,  toge- 
ther with  the  proof  that  that  answer  is  correct. 
—  8.  Dissolution;  a  dissolving. 


soluttve 

lw™nH°'  thci  gfn'ral  biquadratic  equation,  differing  from 

.^i          y  !"  ""'  ""'"""I  "'  "H'-»'ii:i«ti...i— Dobell's 

Solution,  a  hnlutlun  containing  s,,,li,n,  ..,  ai,,8 

«•<"'"  pains,  ontalllzed 

24  grains,  glycerin  j  Huidmr 

<•<»''•<•*.  'Donovan's  solution,  ,|  a,»,-,,i,  i,, 
";'"  '• ';,"'  "»'''i""t  mercnrj  l.watei  :-  parti:  attentive 
Aim.  :i  Mftgon  ,,j  ,,„/,-,;,.  ,,»  an 
jthereal  solution,  B  Mution  whose  solvent  or  men- 
truura  IS  an  t-ther,  usually  sulphuric  ether  -  Euler's  SO- 
IUUOn,a>.olMt|.,nof  a  l.i,|iia,li;,lir  aft,,  l|,,-  -,  , |  term 

has  been  got  rid  of.  ItdiffmlltUefrom  FemrUuluttS 
-  tenungs  solution,  an  aqueous  solution  of  copper  aul- 
Phate,  Rochclle  salts,  an- 1  .  ,,,,  „  )„,',  heated 

>  i ;th  any  redu,  ing  sugar,  asdextros,-.  ,,|  |8  de- 

posited from  it  It  is  used  In  the  analysis  of  saccharine 
Ixidlo,,  id  as  a  qualitative  test  ol 'tin  i-ngar 

r  errari  s  solution,  a  solution  of  the  general  blq  uadrat- 
u'-,  *'•"'"'/"••  ttm,  warn  motion.     Fowler's 

solution,  11  solution  ,,f  ,„>,  ,,i,,us  acid  1,  potassium  bi- 
carbonate I,  compound  tincture  .,f  lav.-ndi-r  3.  water  95 
parts :  one  of  the  best  vehicles  for  adn, 
Also  called  liquor  potami  arnem'  ,, ,  arxnileof 

"'""•  »n?  «?««-*•»»<.     General  solution.    See  d\f. 
:ntial  equation,  under  equation.  -  Goadby's  solution 
a  preparation  for  preiening  animal  tobAanoM,  mad' 
S.HK^J?5R5T«,5M1a^!«  areenlou.  «id.  a 


Easy  and  frequent  solutions  of  conjugal  society. 

Locke,  Civil  Government,  §  80. 

9f.  Release ;  deliverance ;  discharge.  Imp.  Diet. 
—  10.  In  med.,  the  termination  of  a  disease, 
especially  when  accompanied  by  critical  symp- 
toms ;  the  crisis  of  a  disease.— 11.  In  civil  lav: 
payment;  satisfaction  of  a  creditor.-AJcohollc 
solutipa  See  tincture.-  Algebraic  solution  of  an" 
equation,  a  solution  by  means  of  an  algebraic  formula 
especially  by  radicals. -Aqueous  solution,  a  solution 
i  solvent  or  menstruum  is  water.— Barreswill's 
Solution,  a  test  for  sugar  similar  to  Fehling's  solution  — 
Burnett's  solution.  See  Burnett's  liquid,  under  liquid.— 
Burow's  solution,  a  solution  of  aluminium  subacetate 
used  as  a  local  astringent  in  skin-affections—  Cardan's 
solution,  the  ordinary  algebraic  solution  of  a  cubic  See 
cubic.- Cayley's  solution,  (a)  A  solution  of  thegeneral 
cubic.  Let  U  =  0  be  the  cubic,  D  its  discriminant,  and  J 
its  cubicovariant,  then  the  solution  follows  from 

These  cube  roots  can  always  be  extracted.  (6)  A  solu- 
tion of  the  general  quartlc,  due  to  Professor  Cayley  Let 
I  =  0  be  the  quartlc,  H  its  Hessian,  S  its  quadrinvariant 
T  its  cubinvariant  or  catalectlcant,  and  c,,  c,,c,  the  roots 
of  the  cubic  c3  -  Sc  +  T  =  0,  then  the  solution  follows  from 


The  square  roots  can  always  be  extracted— Chemical 
solution,  the  solution  of  a  solid  body  in  a  liquid  which 
is  caused  by  or  accompanied  with  a  chemical  reaction 
between  the  solid  and  the  solution,  as  of  zinc  In  dilute 
sulphuric  acid— Clemens's  solution,  a  solution  of  ar- 
senic bromide,  used  in  the  treatment  of  diabetes  —Com- 
pound solution  of  iodine.    Same  as  Lugol's  solution 
Compound  solution  of  sodium  borate.    Same  as  Hi, 
bells  solution.— Descartes'S  solution,  an  algebraical  so- 


---——-•—  ••••*!. ...I....  n,  oiBciiiuuB  uciu.  and 
.— t,  Med.  Wet—  Hall's  solution  of  strych- 
nine, a  solution  of  strychnine  acetate  IB  grains  dflut, 
acetic  acid  4  fluidounce,  alcohol  4  fluidounces.  compound 
tincture  of  cardamom  80  minims,  water  to  make  11' fluid- 
ounces— Heavy  solution,  in  mineral.,  a  liquid  of  high 
density  as  a  solution  of  mercuric  iodide  In  potassium  io- 
dlde  (called  the  Sonstadt  or  Thuulet  solution),  having  a  m«. 
imum  specific  gravity  of  3.2,  or  of  borotungstate  of  cad- 
mium  (Klein  solution),  specific  gravlly3.8.  usedasagrav- 
ty-solution  (which  see)—  Improper  solution,  a  nine 
tion  which  solves  a  given  differential  equation  but  al«, 
solves  an  equation  either  of  lower  order  or  of  the  same 
order  but  o?  ower  degree—  Javelle's  solution  potaV 
slum  carbonate  58,  chlorinated  lime  80,  water  882  parts 
Also  called  solution  of  chlorinated  potaxm  -Labar- 
raque's  solution.  Same  as  Labarraque's jMttMUoh 
see  under /hod)— Loffler's  solution,  a  saturated  alco- 
a°i  "in^Iin  melW. blue  SO  Par*",  and  100  parts  of 

a  1. 10,000  aqueous  solution  of  potassium  hydrate-  used 
in  staining  bacteria— Lugol's  solution,  a  solution  of 
iodine  5,  potassium  Iodide  10,  water  85  parts.    Also  called 
ound  button  of  iodine.-  Magendie's  solution  Of 
morphine,  morphine  sulphate  18  grains,  water  1  fluid- 
mince:  used  to  administer  morphine  hypodermieally— 
Mechanical  solution,  the  mere  union  of  a  solid  with 
a  liquid  In  such  a  manner  that  Its  aggregate  form  Is 
changed  without  any  alteration  of  the  Chemical  proper 
ties  of  either  the  solid  or  its  solvent:  thus   sugarlito- 
solves  in  water  without  either  undergoing  any  chemical 
change—  Mechanical  solution  of  a  problei   Se"  ». " 
cAanicai—Mineral  solution.    Sec  mineral.-  Nessler's 
olutlon.    Same  as  Aessler's  reagent  (which  see  under  re- 
—  Numerical  solution,  a  solution  of  an  equation 
by  means  of  numerical  approximation— Particular  so- 
lon.    See  diferential  equation,  under  equation.  —  Pas- 
teurs  solution,  in  bot.,  a  liquid  holding  in  solution  a 
small  percentage  of  certain  Inorganic  salts  and  a  larger 
percentage  of  certain  organic  substances,  employed  in  the 
cultivation  of  the  lower  forms  of  vegetable  life,  such  as 
bacteria,  yeast-cells,  and  fungi,  for  purposes  of  study. 
Ihe  composition  is  — potassium  phosphate  20  parts  cal- 
cium phosphate  2  parts,  magnesium  sulphate  2  parts, 
ammonium   tartrate  100  parts,  cane-sugar  1,500  part? 
distilled  water  8,876  parts— Pearson's  arsenical  s£ 
lution   crystallized  sodium  arseniate  1,  water  509  partf 
—  Plerlots  solution,  an  aqueous  solution  of  ammo- 
mum  valerianate  to  which  is  added  some  of  the  alco- 
holic extract  of  valerian— Proper  solution,  a  function 
which  satisfies  a  differential  equation,  and  no  equation  of 
lower  order  nor  of  the  same  order  but  of  lower  degree  — 
Saturated  solution,  a  solution  which  at  the  given  tem- 
perature cannot  be  made  to  contain  more  of  the  given 
substance  than  it  already  contains,  the  adhesion  of  the 
liquid  to  the  substance  being  Just  balanced  by  the  cohe- 
sion of  the  particles  of  the  solid  body  in  contact  with  It 
-  Simpson's  solution.     Same  as  Ferraris  solution.- 
Singular  solution.  See  differential  equation,  under  equa- 
tion    Solution  of  acetate  of  ammonia,  in  phat^* 
solution  composed  of  dilute  acetic  acid  100  parts   am- 
monium carbonate  added  to  the  point  of  neutralization  : 
a  valuable  diaphoretic  and  diuretic.    Also  called  spirit  of 
fMunrnw-  Solution  of  albumen,  a  test  solution  con- 
sisting of  the  white  of  one  egg  triturated  with  four  ounces 
of  water,  and  filtered :  used  in  pharmaceutical  work—  So- 
lution of  an  equation.     See  equation.—  Solution  of 

continuity,  in  sura.,  the  separation  of  parts  normally 
continuous,  as  by  a  fracture,  laceration,  etc— Solution 
of  lime,  a  clean  saturated  solution  of  slaked  lime  in 
water,  useful  as  an  antacid,  astringent,  and  tonic.    Com- 
monly   called    lime-water.—  Solution   Of   potassa,  in 
phar.,  an  aqueous  solution  of  potassium  hydrate,  KHO 
containing  5  per  cent,  of  the  hydrate :  an  antacid,  diuretic' 
and  antilithic.     Also  called  liquor  potass*.-  Solution  of 
soda,  in  phar.,  an  aqueous  solution  containing  5  per 
cent,  of  sodium   hydrate— Solution  of  sodium  car- 
bolate,  in  phar..  crystals  of  carbolic  acid  30   sodium 
hydrate  2,  water  28  parts.     Also  called  phenol  sodioue  - 
Solution  of  subacetate  of  lead,  a  solution  composed 
of  lead  acetate  170,  lead  oxld  120,  water  1,710  parts  •  ause- 
ful  astringent  and  sedative  for  external  use.     Also  called 
foulards  extract.—  Sonstadt  solution,  a  solution  of 
mercury  iodide  in  potassium  iodide.    See  specific  oror- 
Hy,  under  gravity.-  Standardized  solution,  a  solution 
whose  strength  or  composition  has  been  accurately  deter 
mined,  and  which  is  used  as  a  standard  of  comparison  — 
Thompson's  solution  of  phosphorus,  a  solution  con- 
taining phosphorus,  absolute  alcohol,  spirit  of  pepper- 
mint, and  glycerin— Trigonometrical  solution,  a  solu- 
tion  of  an  equation  by  means  of  trigonometric  functions. 
1-or  an  example,  fee  cubic  equation,  under  emotion.—  Van 
Swieten  s  solution,  a  solution  of  mercury  perchlorid  — 
Vlernlngkx's  solution,  a  solution  composed  of  lime  1 
sulphur  2,  water  20  parts  boiled  down  to  12  parts, 
solutive  (sol'u-tiv),  a.     [<  solute  +  -ire.]    J. 
Tending  to  dissolve ;  loosening:  laxative.    ' 


solutive 


5764 


somatome 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  soma :  as,  the  longi- 


or  pertaining  to  the  cavity  c 

of  the  body  of  an  animal,  and  especially  to  t 


2.  Capable  of  being  dissolved  or  loosened.  Imp.     fish,  SBun 


the  head,  neck,  trunk,  and  tail,  without ,  the  limbs    (6)  I 


pamdaria,  and  Hydrozoa. 
In  the  Coelenterata,  the  somatic  cavity,  or  enteroccele. 


2t.  Solvent. 
Was  this  well  done  of  him  [David,  at  Adullam] to  be 


pVpe'rHesVexpressed   from   the 
-    stems  of  a  certain  plant,  and  playing  an  impor- 


„,„  body      a  whole  :co,,trast«l  with  death  of 


3    Capable  of  being  solved,  resolved,  or  ex 

j_- _i ,„  4-1-.  n  fntt wf  h  narrvai 


Also  solrible. 

SOlvableness  (sol'va-bl-nes),  n. 
Solvay  process.    See  soda,  I. 


llitv 
*  ' 


Plant>  the  probable  source  of  the  beverage 
soma.  It  is  believed  to  be  of  the  milkweed  family  and 
of  the  species  now  classed  as  Sarcostemma  MwnUwau 


ic  velocity  the  mass  of  matter  through  which  a  dis- 
turbance is  propagated  in  a  unit  of  time  while  advan- 
cing along  a  prism  of  unit  sectional  area;  mass-velocity. 


lute,  etc.]     1.  To  loosen;  disentangle;  unrav-    and swallomcort. 

el ;  hence,  to  explain  or  clear  up  the  difficulties    3.  In  later  Hind,  myth.,  the  moon,  or  [cop.J 


of  corporeal  or  material  beings  only ;  one  who 
denies  the  existence  of  spiritual  substances ;  a 
materialist. 


in ;  resolve ;  explain ;  make  clear ;  remove  per-    deity  of  the  moon. 


their  hesitation  and  confusion,  and  tore  them  to  pieces.        •     j  molecule  of  protoplasm. 

Bacon,  Physical!  ables,  x.   gomaj  (go.m  - 

The  most  subtile  and  powerful  intellects  have  been  assembly 

labouring  for  centuries  to  mine  these  difficulties. 

Xactmlay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 

2.  To  determine;  put  an  end  to;  settle. 

He  ...  would  .  .  .  solve  high  dispute 
With  conjugal  caresses.  XUton,  V.  L.,  vlii.  56. 


Foster. 


gether,  +  -\/  aj 
Brahmo-Somaj. 


somato-aetiological  (so'ma-to-e'ti-o-loj'i-kal), 


SOma-plant  (so'ma-plant),  ».    Same :&s  soma,  2.  sonlatocyst  (so'ma-to-sist),  n.     [<  Gr.  <TU/»O(T-), 
Somaschian  (so-mas'ki-an),  n.      [<  Somagclia     tne  body,  +  M'ffTic,"bla.dder:  see  cys*.]     The  in- 


3. 

on  by  calculation  or  mathematical  processes, 
so  as  to  bring  out  the  required  res"1"-  -  - 

solve  a  problem  in  mathematics.-*.  To  cus-    ™  T^r^^ody,  V^'wool.]  "  A 
solve ;  melt.     [Rare]  ^    f  A^£J  the  subfanfily  FMgM**, 

Under  the  influence  of  the  acid,  which  partly  destroys,     ' 


Calycophora,  Stphonophora*,  and  cuts  under  1M- 


partly  soloes  the  membranes. 

Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  351. 

SOlvet  (solv),  n.     [<  solve,  »'.]     Solution. 
But  why  thy  odour  niatcheth  not  thy  show, 
The  solve  is  this,  that  thou  dost  common  grow. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixix. 

solvency  (sol'ven-si),  11.  [<  soli-en(t)  +  -cy.J 
The  state  of  being  solvent;  ability  to  pay  all 
just  debts  or  just  claims. 

Our  speech  .  .  .  was  of  tithes  and  creeds,  of  beeves  and 
grain,  of  commodities  wet  and  dry,  and  the  solvency  of  the 
retail  dealers.  Scoff,  Eob  Roy,  iii. 

solvend  (sol'vend),  M.  [<  L.  solvendum,  fut. 
pass.  part,  of  solvere,  loosen,  dissolve :  see 
solve.']  A  substance  to  be  dissolved. 

Solutions  differ  from  chemical  compounds  in  retaining 
the  properties  both  of  the  solvent  and  of  the  solvend. 

.  C.  Toinlinson. 

solvent  (sol'vent),  a.  and  n.  [=  Sp.  It.  sol- 
vente,  <  L.  solven(t-)s,  ppr.  of  solvere,  loosen,  dis- 
solve: see  solve.']  I.  a.  1.  Having  the  power 
of  dissolving :  as,  a  solrent  body. —  2.  Able  or 
sufficient  to  pay  all  just  debts:  as,  a  solrent 
person  or  estate.  Specifically— (o)  Able  to  pay  one's 
debts  as  they  become  due  in  the  ordinary  course  of  busi- 
ness. (6)  Having  property  in  such  amount  and  situation 
that  all  one's  debts  can  be  collected  out  of  it  by  legal  pro- 
cess. See  insolvency,  (c)  Of  sufficient  value  to  pay  all  just 
debts :  as,  the  estate  is  solvent. 

II.  M.  Any  fluid  or  substance  that  dissolves 
or  renders  other  bodies  liquid ;  a  menstruum. 
Water  is  of  all  solvents  the  most  common  and  most  useful. 
Alcohol  is  the  solvent  of  resinous  bodies  and  of  some 
other  similarly  constituted  substances:  naphtha,  oil  of 
turpentine,  and  ether  are  solvents  of  caoutchouc ;  chlorin 
and  aqua  regia,  or  nitromuriatic  acid,  are  solvents  of  gold. 
The  universal  solvent  sought  by  the  alchemists. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  S15. 

solver  (sol'ver),  n.  [<  solve  +  -er1.']  One  who 
solves,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

SOlvible  (sol'vi-bl),  a.    See  solvable. 

solyt,  arte.    An  obsolete  form  of  solely. 


including  various  marine  ducks  of  large  size, 
with  copious  down  on  the  under  parts,  with 


' 


^so'ma-to-sis'tik),  a.     [<  soniato- 
+  -ic.']     Vesicular  or  cystic,  as  the  body- 
of  a  siphonophorous  hydrozoan ;  of  or 
perta'ining  to  a  somatocyst. 
gomatogenic  (s6"ma-to-jen'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  aZ>- 
^a(r-),  the  body,  +" -yevr/t,  produced:  see  -ge- 
nous.']    Originating  in  the  soma,  body,  orphysi- 
cal  organism  in  consequence  of  its  conditions 
of  environment :  noting  those  modifications  or 
biological  characters  which  an  organism  ac- 
quires in  reacting  upon  its  material  surround- 
ings. 

He  [Prof.  Weismann]  uses  the  term  somatogenic  to  ex- 
press those  characters  which  first  appear  in  the  body  it- 
self, and  which  follow  from  the  reaction  of  the  soma  under 
direct  external  influences.  Nature,  XL.  531. 

somatologic  (s6"ma-to-loj'ik),  a.  [<  somatol- 
og.y  +  .ic.]  Same  as  'somatological. 
somatological  (s6*ma-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  so- 
matolog-y  +  -ic-al.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  soma- 
tology in  any  sense,  especially  to  somatology 
as  a  department  of  anthropology;  physical; 
corporeal;  material. 

siform,  variously  feathered  or  gibbous  bill ;  the  somatologically  (so'ma-to-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  As 
eiders  or  eider-ducks.    The  common  eider  is  S.  mol-     regards  physique  or  bodily  frame ;  physically; 

from  the  point  of  view  of  somatology.     Science, 
XII.  227. 


King-duck  (Soittatcria  spectabilis),  male. 

which  the  female  lines  the  nest,  and  large,  diver- 


lissima;  the  king-duck  is  S.  spectabilis ;  the  spectacled 
eider  is  S.  fiscTieri ;  Steller's  eider  is  S.  stettm.    The  genus 


somatic  (so-mat'ik),  a.     [=  F.  somatique,  <  Gr. 
of,  pertaining  to  the  body,  bodily,  <  ow- 


is  often  dismembered  into  Somateria  proper,  Erionetta, 
Lampronetta,  and  Heniconetta  (or  Polysticta),  respectively  Somatology  (so-ma-tol'o-jl),  n.  [=  1 .  SOma- 
represented  by  the  four  species  named.  They  inhabit  arc-  toloale  •  <  Gr  aoudir-),  the  body,  +  -fovla.  <  ?e- 
tic  and  northerly  regions,  and  are  related  to  the  scoters  '  ,  «jX™,  i  1  TWo  ooionnA  nf  liv 

(OSdemia).    See  Polysticto,  and  cut  under  eider-duct.  )«»',  speak :  see  -otogy. ]     1 .   I  he  S 

ing  or  organized  bodies,  considered  with  regard 
only  to  their  physical  nature  or  structure.  It  in- 
cludes natural  hisiory  in  the  usual  sense,  as  embracing 
zoology,  botany,  anatomy,  and  physiology,  and  differs  from 
biology  only  in  taking  no  account  of  mental  or  psychologi- 
cal phenomena.  Also  somaties. 

2.  More  broadly, physics;  the  doctrine  of  mate- 
rial bodies  or  substances.—  3.  Specifically,  the 
doctrine  of  the  human  body,  as  a  department  of 
anthropology;  human  anatomy  and  physiology; 


/m,  the  body:  see  .soma1.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  body  or  material  organism,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  soul,  spirit,  or  mind ;  physi- 
cal ;  corporeal ;  bodily. 


It  was  shown  that  in  the  British  official  nosology  mental 
diseases  were  classified  as  disorders  of  the  intellect,  the 
idea  of  somatic  disease  as  associated  with  insanity  being 
studiously  ignored.  Dr.  Tuke. 

We  need  here  to  call  to  mind  the  continuity  of  our  pre- 
sentations, and  especially  the  existence  of  a  background 


also,  a  treatise  on  this  subject — Ant&ropurglc 
somatology.    See  anthropurgic. 


of  organic' sensations  aromatic  consciousness,  as  it  is  va-   Somatome  (so'ma-tom),  n.      [For  *8vmatotome, 
riously  termed.  J.  Ward,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  68.     <  Gr.  auua(T-),  the  body,    +   -rofiof,   <   rcjiveiv, 


somatome 

Tit/it'iv,  cut.]  All  ideal  section  or  segment  ol'tlie 
body;  one  of  the  structural  parts  into  which  a 
body,  especially  a  vertebrate  body,  is  Iheoreti 
eally  divisible,  when  actually  so  divided,  the  soma- 
tomes  are  the  somites,  metameres,  arthiomeres,  diar- 
thromeres,  etc.,  which  may  exist  in  any  given  case.  See 
somite. 

somatomic  (so-ma-tom'ik),  n.  [<  Kinuntome  + 
-ic.]  Having  the  nature,  quality,  or  character 
of  a  somatome ;  dividing  or  segmenting  a  body 
into  theoretic  or  actual  somites ;  somitic ;  met- 
uiiieric. 

somatopagus  (so-ma-top'a-gus),  n. ;  pi.  soma- 
tiiji/tt/i  (-ji).  [NL.,  <?  Gr.  aufia(T-),  the  body,  + 
Troyof,  that  which  is  fixed,  <  Ttirfwvai  (T/  vay), 
fix.]  In  tcrntoL,  a  double  monster  with  sepa- 
rate trunks. 

somatoparallelus  (s6"ma-to-par-a-le'lii8),  ».; 
pi.  somatoparalleli  (-11).  [NL.,<  Gr.  auua(r-), 
the  body,  +  irapdMi/hof,  beside  one  another: 
see  parallel.]  In  teratol.,  a  somatopagus  with 
the  axes  of  the  two  bodies  parallel. 

somatoplasm  (s6'ma-to-plazrn);  n.  [<  Gr. 
OU//«(T-),  the  body,  +  7r/.aoy/a,  anything  formed 
or  molded:  see  plasm.]  Somatic  plasma;  the 
substance  of  the  body. 

My  germ-plasm  or  idioplasm  of  the  first  ontogenetic 
erade  is  not  modified  into  the  somatoplasm  of  Prof.  Vinis. 

Nature,  XLI.  320. 

somatopleura  (s6"ma-to-plo'ra),  n.;  pi.  somato- 
pleura  (-re).  [NL.:"see  somatopleure.]  Same 
as  somatopleure. 

The  villostties  of  connective  and  vascular  tissue,  partly 
formed  by  the  somatopleura.   Micros.  Sci.,  N.  S.,  XXX.  352. 

somatopleural  (s6"ma-to-plo'ral),  a.  [<  soma- 
topleure +  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  soma- 
topleure ;  forming  or  formed  by  the  somato- 
pleure: as,  the  somatopleural  layer  or  division 
of  mesoderm.  Also  somatopleuric. 

somatopleure  (s6'ma-to-pl6r),  n.  [<  NL.  so- 
mutopleura,  <  Gr.  ao/la(T-),  the  body,  +  T&evpd, 
the  side.]  The  outer  one  of  two  divisions  of 
the  mesoderm  of  a  four-layered  germ,  the  in- 
ner one  being  the  splanchnopleurt-.  A  germ  that 
is  three-layered  —  that  Is,  consists  of  an  ectoderm  and 
an  endoderm,  with  mesoderm  between  them  — in  most 
animals  becomes  four-layered  by  a  splitting  of  the  meso- 
derm into  two  layers,  the  outer  or  somatopleural  and  the 


6768 

-'-,  old,  rol.mii;t<l<'  ,> 


n,    [lit;  [ 


constitutes  usually  the  great  mass  of  the  body,  or  the 
"flesh  and  bones"  of  ordinary  language,  together  with 
its  vessels,  nerves,  and  other  special  structures  — not, 


while'  the  splanchnopleure  forms  a  portion  of  the  sub- 
stance of  the  intestinal  tract  and  its  annexes.  Also  so- 
matopleura. 

somatopleuric  (s6"ma-to-pl6'rik),  a.  [<  soma- 
topleure +  -ic.]  Same  as 'somatopleural.  Foster, 
Elem.  of  Embryol.,  p.  39. 
somatosplanchnopleuric  (so"ma-to-splangk- 
no-plo'rik),  a.  [<  Gr.  OU/UI(T-),  the  body,  + 
anMiyxvov,  the  inward  parts,  +  irfavpa,  the  side.] 
Common  to  the  somatopleure  and  the  splanch- 
nopleure. Micros.  Sci.,  XXVIII.  117. 
S0matotomy(s6-ma-tot'o-mi),>i.  [<Gr.ou/Jo(T-), 
the  body.  +  -Touia,' <  rkjivuv,  rauclv,  cut.]  The 
anatomy  of  the  human  body ;  anthropotomy ; 
hominisection. 

somatotridymus  (so'ma-to-trid'i-mus), ». ;  pi. 
somatotridymi  (-mi).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aufia(T-),  the 
body,  +  TpiSv/iof,  threefold.]  In  teratol.,  a  mon- 
ster having  three  bodies. 

somatotropic  (s6"ma-to-trop'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a<Jfia(T-),  the  body,  +  -rpovof,  <  Tptxetv,  turn,  + 
-ic.]  In  bot.,  exhibiting  or  characterized  by 
somatotropism. 

somatotropism  (so-ma-tot'ro-pizm),  n. 
matotropie  +  -ism.]  In  bot.,  a  directive  influ- 
ence exerted  upon  growing  organs  by  the  mass 
of  the  substratum  upon  which  they  grow.  This 
influence  is  not  wholly  due  to  the  mere  physical  attraction 
between  them,  but  is  the  result  of  a  stimulating  effect 
on  what  has  been  called  the  nermmotility  of  the  organ. 
Growing  organs  may  be  divided,  according  to  their  re- 
sponse to  this  influence,  into  two  classes,  the  positively 
somatotropic,  or  those  which  tend  to  grow  perpendicularly 
inward  into  the  substratum,  and  negatively  somatotromc, 
or  those  which  tend  to  grow  perpendicularly  outward  from 
the  substratum. 

somber,  sombre  (som'ber),  a.  [=  D.  somber, 
formerly  also  sommer,<.  F.  sombre  =  Sp.  sombrio 
(=  Pg.  sombrio),  shady,  gloomy,  <  sombra  (=  Pg. 
sombra),  shade,  dark  part  of  a  picture,  also  a 
ghost  (cf.  asombrar,  frighten) ;  cf.  OF.essombre, 
a  shady  place;  prob.  <  L.  "exumbrare,  <  ex,  out, 
+  umbra,  shade  (or,  according  to  some,  the  Sp. 
Pg.  forms  are,  like  Pr.  gotetmbrar,  shade,  <  L. 
"subumbrare,  <  sub,  under,  +  umlira,  shade) :  see 
umbra.]  1.  Dark;  dull;  dusky;  gloomy:  as,  a 
somber  hue ;  somber  clouds. 


2.  Dismal :  melaiieholy;  dull :  opposed  to  <•/»//•- 
fU. 

Whatever  was  piietieal  in  the  liven  of  the  early  New 
Knglandcrs  had  something'  shy,  if  not  sombre,  about  it. 

l.i'ii-U,   \.i,ong  my  I'.mikB,  1st  ser.,  p.  wt. 

=  Syn.  1.  Darksome,  cloudy,  murky, 
somber,  sombre  (som'ber),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 

somltfiTil,  somlirt-il,   ppr.    «./«/» /•/'«</,  sniiilii-iiii/. 

[<  somber,  sonilirr,  a.]     To  make  somber,  dark, 

or  gloomy ;  shade. 
somberly,   sombrely  (som'ber-li),  nilr.     In  a 

somber  manner;  darkly;  gloomily. 

somberness,  sombreness  (som'ber-nes),  «. 
Somber  character,  appearance,  or  state ;  dark- 
ness; gloominess. 

The  intense  gloom  which  follows  In  the  track  of  ennui 
deepened  the  natural  somlireness  of  nil  men's  thoughts. 

C.  F.  Keary,  Trim.  Belief,  p.  508. 

sombre,  etc.    See  somber,  etc. 

sombrerite  (som-bra'rit),  n.  [<  Sombrero  (see 
def.)  +  -ite2.]  An  earthy  mineral  consisting 
chiefly  of  calcium  phosphate  with  impurities, 
as  alumina,  etc.  It  forms  a  large  part  of  some  small 
islands  In  the  Antilles,  especially  of  Sombrero,  and  has 
been  used  as  an  artificial  manure  anil  for  the  manufacture 
of  phosphorus.  It  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  de- 
cayed bones  of  turtles  and  other  marine  animals.  Also 
called  Sombrero  guano. 

sombrero  (som-bra'ro),  «.  [<  Sp.  sombrero,  a 
broad-brimmed  hat,  also  a  sounding-board,  < 
sombra,  shade :  see  somber.]  A  broad-brimmed 
felt  hat,  of  Spanish  origin,  but  now  widely  used 
throughout  the  continent  of  America. 

They  rowe  too  and  fro,  and  haue  all  their  merchandizes 
in  their  boates,  with  a  great  Sombrero  or  shadow  ouer 
their  heads  to  keepe  the  sunne  from  them,  which  Is  as 
broad  as  a  great  cart  wheele.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  258. 
Both  were  dressed  in  thecostumeof  the  country— flan- 
nel shirts,  with  handkerchiefs  loosely  knotted  round  their 
necks,  thick  trousers  and  boots,  and  large  sombreros. 

The  Century,  XXXIX.  525. 

Sombrero  guano.    Same  as  sombrerite. 
sombrous  (som'brus),  a.     [<  somber  +  -oas.] 
Somber;  gloomy.     [Poetical.] 
A  certain  uniform  strain  of  sombrous  gravity. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  171. 
Mixed  with  graceful  birch,  the  sombrous  pine 
And  yew-tree  o'er  the  silver  rocks  recline. 

Wordsworth,  Evening  Walk. 

sombrously  (som'brus-li),  adv.  In  a  sombrous 
manner;  gloomily;  somberly.  [Poetical.] 

sombrousness  (som'brus-nes),  ».  The  state  of 
being  sombrous. 

somdelt,  somdelet,  adv.    See  somedeal. 

some1  (sum),  a.  and  pron.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  som;  <  ME.  som,  sum,  pi.  summe,  somme, 
some,  <  AS.  sum,  a,  a  certain,  one  (with  numer- 
als, sum  feowra,  one  of  four,  sum  twelfa,  one  of 
twelve,  about  twelve,  sum  liund,  sum  hundred, 


,  ,  ,  , 

about  a  hundred,  ete.),  pi.  same,  some,  =  OS. 
'    =  MD.  „„  = 


„„.  „ MLG.  som  = 

,^v.  ..^vv.  sum  =  Icel.  sumr  =  Dan.  somme, 
>!.,  =  Goth,  sums,  some  one;  hence,  with  adj. 
formative,  D.  sommig  =  MLG.  somich,  summicli, 
sommich  =  OFries.  sumilHce,  sowlike  =  Sw.  som- 
lige,  pi.;  akin  to  same:  see  same.]  I.  a.  1. 
A ;  a  certain ;  one :  noting  a  person  or  thing  in- 
definitely, either  as  unknown  or  as  unspecified. 

Ther  was  sum  prest,  Zacharie  by  name. 

Wycl\f,  Luke  1.  5. 

Let  us  slay  him,  and  cast  him  into  some  pit,  and  we  will 
say,  some  evil  beast  hath  devoured  him.     Gen.  xxxvii.  20. 
Set  swords  against  this  breast,  some  honest  man, 
For  I  have  lived  till  I  am  pitied. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  v.  5. 

On  almost  every  point  on  which  we  are  opposed  to  Mr. 
Gladstone  we  have  on  our  side  the  authority  of  some 
divine.  Macaulay,  Gladstone  on  Church  and  State. 

In  this  sense  often  followed  by  a  correlative  other  or  an- 
other. 

And  so  this  vale  is  called  the  vale  Ebron  in  some  place 
therof  and  in  another  place  therof  It  is  called  the  vale 
of  Mambre.  SirK-  OuyVorde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  65. 

By  some  device  or  other 
The  villain  Is  o'er-raught  of  all  my  money. 

Shall.,  C.  of  E.,  I.  2.  85. 

Therefore  It  was  well  said,  "Invldia  festos  dies  non 
agit,"  for  it  is  ever  working  upon  some  or  other. 

Bacon.  Envy  (ed.  1887). 

By  the  meere  bond  of  humane  Nature,  to  God,  in  some 
or  other  Religion.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  31. 

There  is  scarce  any  thing  so  absurd,  says  an  ancient,  in 
nature  or  morality,  but  some  philosopher  or  other  has  held 
It.  Bp.  AUerbtiry,  Sermons,  II.  x. 

2.  A  certain  indefinite  or  indeterminate  quan- 
tity or  part  of;  more  or  less:  often  so  used  as  to 
denote  a  small  quantity  or  a  deficiency:  as, 
bring  some  water;  eat  some  bread. 

And  therfore  wol  I  maken  you  disport. 

As  I  seyde  erst,  and  don  yon  som  contort. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  776. 


some 

111.    ,mnc>):in 1  Ibl  H    l"i'»t 

N  mi  ;itr  III  ilillllt  t  'r*  «  I'll  V'U 

Ariten  of  t'nmhan. 

It  is  tame  tm-rry  when  turn  kill  with  M 

Webster,  Duchewof  Malli. 

Let  her  who  has  no  Hair,  or  has  but  vnnr, 

Plant  Centlneli  before  her  Dreulng-B n. 

Cont/reve,  tr.  m  <  n  i'l  »  Art  of  Love,  ill. 

3.  In  lot/if,  at  leasl   one.  perli:i]is   all:   but  a 

aetimei  employ  a  seinidelinite 
sunn-  which  implieH  a  )iart,  but  not  all.  As  com- 
monly used  In  logic,  a  statement  about  stone  of  a  class,  say 
that  "some  rt  is  p  "  means  that  It  Is  possible  so  to  select 
an  S  that  it  shall  be  P;  »h  -  is  P"  means  that 

whatever  H  nu  taken,  it  will  lie  r  p.ut  when  xnne  and  every 
occur  In  the  same  statement,  it  makes  a  dlfferum-e  which 
Is  chosen  first.  '1  him,  "  rvcry  man  knows  some  fact "  may 
mean  (1)  that,  first  choosing  any  man,  a  fact  may  then  be 
found  which  that  man  knows  (whirl,  may  he  expressed 
by  saying  that  every  man  knows  some  fact  or  other);  or 
it  inuj  mi  an  (2)  that  a  fact  may  be  first  Mlectod  such  that, 
then,  taking  any  man.  he  will  know  that  fact  (which  may 
be  expressed  by  saying  that  all  men  know  some  certain 
fact).  When  several  somes  and  aU*  occur  In  the  same  state- 
ment, ordinary  syntax  falls  to  express  the  meaning  with 
precision,  and  logicians  resort  to  a  special  notation. 

4.  A  certain  indefinite  or  indeterminate  num- 
ber of:  used  before  plural  substantives:  as,  «<»«<' 

years  ago. 

They  hurried  us  aboard  a  bark. 
Bore  us  some  leagues  to  sea. 

Shale.,  Tempest,  L  2. 145. 

The  Lights  at  Paris,  for  5  Mouths  in  the  year  only,  cost 
50000L.  Sterling.  This  way  of  Lighting  the  Street!  it  In 
use  also  in  some  other  Cities  in  France. 

Lister,  Journey  to  Paris  (1898X  p.  24. 

Hence  —  5.  A  certain  number  of,  stated  ap- 
proximately: in  a  quasi-adverbial  use  before 
a  numeral  or  other  word  of  number :  as,  a  place 
some  seventy  miles  distant ;  some  four  or  five  of 
us  will  be  there. 

I  would  detain  you  here  some  month  or  two. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  III.  4.  9. 

Some  dozen  Komans  of  us  and  your  lord 
.  .  .  have  mingled  sums 
To  buy  a  present  for  the  emperor. 

Shale.,  Cymbeline,  1.  6. 185. 

We  know 

That  what  was  worn  some  twenty  years  ago 
Comes  into  grace  again. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Theodpret,  Prol. 

A  distinguished  foreigner,  tall  and  handsome,  some 

thirty-seven  years  of  age,  who  had  played  no  Insignificant 

part  in  the  affairs  of  France.     E.  Dowdcn,  Shelley,  I.  880. 

II.  pron.  If.  A  certain  person;  one. 
Som  man  desireth  for  to  have  richesse, 
That  cause  is  of  his  morthre  or  gret  seeknesse, 
And  som  wolde  out  of  his  prisoun  fayn, 
That  in  his  hous  is  of  his  mayne  slayn. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  397. 

2.  A  certain  quantity,  part,  or  number,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  rest:  as,  *oroeof  them  are 
dead ;  we  ate  some  of  our  provisions,  and  gave 
away  the  rest. 

Loo !  he  that  sowith,  goth  out  to  sowe  his  seed.  And 
the  while  he  soweth,  sum  felden  byside  the  weye. 

Wycl\f,  Mat.  xlU.  4. 

Though  some  report  they  [elephants]  cannot  kneele  nor 
lye  downe,  they  can  doe  both. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  49. 

That  he  might,  if  possible,  allure  that  Blessed  One  to 
cheapen  and  buy  some  of  his  vanities. 

Banyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  I.,  Vanity  Fair. 

In  this  sense  some  is  very  commonly  repeated,  some  . . .  some 
(or,  formerly,  other  some,  as  In  Acts  xril.  18)  meaning  '  a 
number  .  .  .  others,' or  'the  rest.' 

Summe  were  glad  whanne  the!  him  slge, 
Summe  were  sory,  summe  were  fayne. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  p.  54. 
Some  of  these  Tabernacles  may  quickely  be  taken  asun- 
der and  set  together  againe.  .  .  .  Other  some  cannot  be 
take  Insunder.  BaHuyt's  Voyages,  I.  64. 

The  work  some  praise, 

And  some  the  architect.      Milton,  P.  L.,  I.  782. 
The  plural  some  is  occasionally  used  in  the  possessive. 

Howsoe'er  It  shock  some's  self-love. 

Byron.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

Some,  as  originally  used  partltlvely  with  numbers  (AS. 
feiwro  sum,  one  of  four,  etc.X  has  come  to  be  an  apparent 
distributive  suffix,  as  in  foursome,  sevensome.—  All  and 
some.  See  n«.  -  By  some  and  some*,  bit  by  bit 

You  know,  wife,  when  we  met  together,  we  had  no  great 
store  of  hons-hold  stuff,  but  were  fain  to  buy  it  afterward 
by  some  and  some,  as  God  sent  money,  and  yet  yon  see  i 
want  many  things  that  are  necessary  to  be  had. 

The  Fifteen  Comforts  of  Matrimony,  n.  A.    (Ao««.) 

Semidefinlte  some.     See  semidi-JinUe. 

some1* sum),  adr.    [<.«»«(•',«.]  In  some  d 
to  some  extent;  somewhat:  as,  I  am  some  bet- 
ter; it  is  some  cold.     [Colloq.,  Scotland  and 
TT    S  1 

SOme^t,  adr.  and  ronj.  [ME.,  also  som.  s«m.<  Icel. 
srm.  as,  att  if,  when,  also  as  an  indeclinable  rel. 
pron.,  who,  which,  that,  etc.;  after  an  adverb, 
to  give  it  a  relative  sense,  tliar  sem,  '  there  as,' 
where,  lii-iir  .«•»!.  'where  as,'  wheresoever,  etc., 
=  Sw.  Dan.  som,  as,  like,  as  rel.  pron.  who, 


some 

which,  that;  akin  to  name:  see  same,  and  cf. 
some1.]  As;  so;  ever:  used  indefinitely  after 
certain  adverbs  and  pronouns,  like  so,  soerer. 
It  remains  in  modern  dialectal  use  in  time  some,  what  some, 
or  hmrsameoer,  whatsomecer,  wheresmnever,  etc.,  equiva- 
lent to  howsoever,  whatsoever,  wheresoever,  etc. 
Swa  sum  the  godspel  kitheth.  Ormulum,  1.  302. 

Sum  i  the  telle. 

Sir  Amadace  (Early  Eng.  Metr.  Rom.,  ed.  Robson). 
[(Stratmaim.) 

-some.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  -som;  <  ME.  -sum, 
-som,  <  AS.  -sum  =  OS.  -sum  =  MD.  -saem,  D. 
-znam  =  MLG.  OHG.  MHG.  G.  -sam  =  Icel. 
-samr  =  Sw.  -sam  =  Dan.  -som  =  Goth,  -mint.*, 
ult.  identical  with  Teut.  *sama,  the  same:  see 
xume.  This  suffix  occurs  disguised  in  buxom 
(as  if  'bud-some).]  A  suffix  used  to  form  ad- 
jectives from  nouns  or  adjectives,  as  mettlesome, 
blithesome,  lonesome,  gladsome,  gamesome,  grue- 
some, quarrelsome,  toothsome,  troublesome,  whole- 
some, winsome.  It  usually  indicates  the  possession  of 
a  considerable  degree  of  the  quality  named:  as,  mettle- 
some,  full  of  mettle  or  spirit  ;  gladsome,  very  glad  or  joyous. 
As  used  with  numbers,  tom'some,  sevensome,  -some  is  of 
different  origin  :  see  somel,  a. 

somebody  (sum'bod"i),  ».    [<  some  +  bodi/.]    1  . 
Some  one;  a  person  unknown,  unascertained, 
or  unnamed. 
Jesus  said,  Somebody  hath  touched  me.      Luke  viii.  46. 

Somebody,  surely,  some  kind  heart  will  come 
To  bury  me.  Tennyson,  Maud,  xxvii.  11. 

2.  PI.  somebodies  (-iz).  A  person  of  considera- 
tion, consequence,  or  importance. 

Before  these  days  rose  up  Theudas,  boasting  himself  to 
be  somebody.  Acts  v.  36. 

I  am  come  to  the  age  of  seventy  ;  have  attained  enough 
reputation  to  make  me  somebody. 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  vi. 

While  men  saw  or  heard,  they  thought  themselves  to  be 
somebodies  for  assisting  at  the  spectacle. 

Saturday  Rev.,  Nov.,  1873,  p.  655. 

somedealt  (sum'del),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

somedele;  <  ME.  somdel,  sumdel,  etc.,  prop,  two 

words,  sum  del,  some  part  :  see  some  and  deal1.] 

Some  part;  somewhat;  something;  some. 

Sumdel  of  thy  labour  wolde  I  quyte. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  112. 

Then  Brenne  .  .  .  sayd  in  his  game,  ryche  goddes  must 
gyue  to  men  somedele  of  theyr  rychesse. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  xxxL 

somedealt  (sum'del),  adv.  [<  ME.  somdel,  sum- 
del,  etc.;  the  noun  used  adverbially.]  In  some 
measure  or  degree;  somewhat;  partly;  par- 
tially. 

She  was  somdel  deef  and  that  was  scathe. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  446. 
This  is  the  truth,  though  I'll  not  justify 
The  other,  but  he  may  be  some-deal  faulty. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  v.  6. 

somegate  (sum'gat),  adv.  [<  some  +  gate?.] 
Somewhere;  in  some  way;  somehow.  [Scotch.] 

somehow  (sum'hou),  adv.  [<  some  +  how1.'] 
In  some  way  not  yet  known,  mentioned,  or 
explained  :  as,  somehow  he  never  succeeded  ; 
things  must  be  done  somehow. 

He  thought  of  resigning  his  place,  but,  somehow  or  other, 
stumbled  upon  a  negotiation.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  411. 

Somehow  or  other  a  little  bird  whispers  to  me  we  shall 
yet  be  very  happy.  Disraeli,  Henrietta  Temple,  i.  9. 

somert.  A  Middle  English  form  of  summer1, 
summer2,  summer^. 

somersault  (sum'er-salt),  «.  [Also  summer- 
sault, somersaut,  summersaut  (also  summerset, 
somerset,  sommerset,  etc.  :  see  somerset1)  ;  early 
mod.  E.  somersaut,  somersault,  summersaut,  som- 
bersalt,  sobresault,  <  OF.  sombresault,  soubre- 
sault,  F.  soubresaut,  sursaut  =  Sp.  Pg.  sobre- 
salto  =  It.  soprasalto,  <  ML.  as  if  "supersaltus 
or  "suprasaltus,  a  leaping  over,  <  L.  super  or 
supra,  above,  over,  aloft,  +  saltus,  a  leap,  bound  : 
see  sault1.]  A  spring  or  fling  in  which  a  person 
turns  heels  over  head  ;  a  complete  turn  in  the 
air,  such  as  is  performed  by  tumblers. 

So  doth  the  salmon  vaut, 
And  If  at  first  he  fail,  his  second  summer-saut 
He  instantly  assays.        Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vi.  52. 

il1    8  '"*1"'        aCk  E°e    alld  thTOWS 


»  fh  K          ,  '  TOWS        m8e 

a  somerset  through  a  Hogshead  hanging  eight  foot  high. 
Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne 

[I.  266. 

Leaping  and  turning  with  the  heels  over  the  head  in  the 
air,  termed  the  somersault,  corruptly  called  a  somerset 

Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  317. 
Double  somersault,  two  complete  turns  of  the  bodv 
during  one  spring  in  the  air.  A  third  such  turn  is  accom- 
plished  by  a  few  acrobats. 

somerset1  (sum'er-set),  n.    Same  as  somersault 
somerset1  (sum'er-set),  v.  i.     [Also  summerset; 
<.  somerset1,  n.]    To  turn  a  somersault  or  som- 


5766 

Then  the  sly  sheepe-biter  issued  Into  the  midst,  and 
summersetted  and  flipttlappt  it  twenty  times  above  ground 
as  light  as  a  feather,  and  cried  "  Mitton." 

Nashe,  Lenten  StuKe  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  164). 
In  such  extraordinary  manner  does  dead  Catholicism 
Somerset  and  caper,  skilfully  galvanised. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  •>. 

somerset2  (sum'er-set),  n.  [So  named  from 
Lord  Fitzroy  Somerset,  for  whom  such  a  saddle 
was  made,  ne  having  lost  his  leg  below  the 
knee.]  A  saddle  padded  behind  the  thigh  and 
elsewhere  so  as  to  afford  a  partial  support  for 
the  leg  of  the  rider.  E.  H.  Knight. 

somervillite  (som'er-vil-it),  n.  [Named  after 
Dr.  Somerville,  who  brought  the  specimens  to 
Brooks,  the  English  mineralogist  who  described 
and  named  the  species  in  1824.]  A  variety  of 
melilite  found  on  Mount  Vesuvius. 

something  (sum'thing),  «.  [<  ME.  som  thing, 
<  AS.  sum  tiling,  prop,  two  words :  see  some1  and 
thing1.']  1.  Some  thing;  a  certain  thing  in- 
definitely considered ;  a  certain  but  as  yet  un- 
known, unspecified,  or  unexplained  thing;  an 
event,  circumstance,  action,  or  affair  the  na- 
ture or  name  of  which  has  not  as  yet  been  de- 
termined, or  is  not  now  known,  and  cannot 
therefore  be  named  or  specified :  as,  something 
must  have  happened  to  detain  him ;  I  want  to 
tell  you  something. 

By  this  King  it  appears  there  is  something  else  besides 
the  Grievances  of  Taxations  that  alienates  the  Minds  of 
English  Subjects  from  their  King. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  113. 

A  something  hinting  at  grief .  .  .  seemed  to  speak  with 
that  low  thrilling  voice  of  hers. 

Thackeray,  Henry  Esmond,  xi. 

Ill  give  yon  a  drop  of  something  to  keep  the  cold  out. 
T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  4. 

2.  An  actual  thing;  an  entity:  as,  something  or 
nothing. 

All  that  is  true  is  something. 

Descartes,  Meditations  (tr.  by  Veitch),  v. 

3.  A  thing  worthy  of  consideration;  a  person 
or  thing  of  importance. 

If  a  man  think  himself  to  be  something  when  he  is  no- 
thing, he  deceiveth  himself.  OaL  vi.  8. 

Thus  God  has  made  each  of  us  to  he  something,  to  have 
a  real  place,  and  do  a  real  work  in  this  world. 

J.  F.  Clarice,  Self-Culture,  p.  49. 

4.  A  part  or  portion  more  or  less;  an  indefinite 
quantity  or  degree;  a  little. 

Something  yet  of  doubt  remains.     Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  13. 
Still  from  his  little  he  could  something  spare 
To  feed  the  hungry,  and  to  clothe  the  bare. 

W.  Harte,  Eulogius. 
something  (sum'thing),  adv.     [<  something,  n.] 

1.  In  some  measure   or  degree;   somewhat; 
rather;  a  little. 

His  worst  fault  is,  that  he  is  given  to  prayer ;  he  is  some- 
thing peevish  that  way.  Shalt.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4. 14. 

I  am  sorry  I  must  write  to  you  this  sad  story ;  yet,  to 
countervail  it  something,  Saxon  Waymor  thrives  well. 

Unwell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  29. 

Don't  you  think  I  look  something  like  Cherry  in  the 
Beaux'  Stratagem  ?  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

2.  At  some  distance. 

For  't  must  be  done  to-night, 
And  something  from  the  palace. 

Shale.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 131. 

sometime  (sum'tim),  adv.  [<  ME.  somtyme, 
som  time,  some  tyme,  sume  time;  <  some1  +  time1.'] 

1.  Same  as  sometimes. 

It  was  clept  somtyme  the  Vale  of  Mambree,  and  sumtyme 
it  was  clept  the  Vale  of  Teres,  because  that  Adam  wepte 
there,  an  100  Zeer.  M andeville.  Travels,  p.  65. 

Nothing  in  him  seem'd  inordinate, 
Save  sometime  too  much  wonder  of  his  eye. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  95. 

2.  At  a  certain  time ;  on  a  certain  occasion ; 
once  upon  a  time ;  once. 

This  Noble  Gentlewoman  tooke  sometime  occasion  to 
shew  him  to  some  friends. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  29. 

I  was  sometime  taken  with  a  sudden  giddiness,  and 
Humphrey,  seeing  me  beginning  to  totter,  ran  to  my  as- 
sistance. Sheridan,  St.  Patrick's  Day,  ii.  2. 

3.  At  one  time;  for  a  certain  time  in  the  past; 
formerly;  once. 

Ebron  was  wont  to  ben  the  princypalle  Cytee  of  Philis- 
tyenes :  and  there  duelleden  somtyme  the  Geauntz. 

HandevOle,  Travels,  p.  86. 

From  thens  we  went  to  the  Deed  See,  where  somtyme 
stode  the  Cyties  of  Sodom  and  Corner,  and  other  that 
sanke  for  synne.  Sir  K.  Ouylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  43. 

Herne  the  hunter, 
Sometime  a  keeper  here  in  Windsor  forest 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  4.  29. 

4.  At  an  indefinite  future  time ;  by  and  by :  as 
sometime  I  will  explain. 

Sometyme  he  rekne  shal, 
whan  that  his  tayl  shal  brennen  in  the  glede 
For  he  noght  helpeth  needfulle  in  her  nede.  ' 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  12. 


somewhither 

sometime  (sum'tim),  a.  [<  sometime,  adv.'] 
Former;  whilom;  late. 

Our  sometime  sister,  now  our  queen. 

N/Kt*.,  Hamlet,  i.  2.  8. 

This  forlorne  carcasse  of  the  sometime  lernsalein. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  107. 

Sometimes  (sum'timz),  adv.  [<  mmrtimc  + 
adv.  suffix  -*.]  1.  At  times;  now  and  then: 
as,  I  am  sometimes  at  leisure ;  sometimes  he  plays 
Hamlet,  urn!  sometimes  Othello. 

I'll  come  sometimes,  and  crack  a  case  with  you. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ii.  -1. 

About  the  same  time,  one  mid-night,  a  Cloud  sometime* 
bloody,  sometimes  fiery,  was  seen  over  all  England. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2f.  At  one  time  ;  at  or  for  a  certain  time  in  the 
past;  formerly;  once;  sometime. 

He  [K.  William]  gave  to  his  Nephew,  Alane  Earl  of  Brit- 
ain, all  the  Lands  which  sometimes  belonged  to  Earl 
Edwyn.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  24. 

This  Bagnall  was  sometimes  servant  to  one  in  the  bay, 
and  these  three  years  had  dwelt  alvne. 

Winthrap,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  70. 

sometimes!  (sum'timz),  a.     [<  miiHriinn-x.  mlr.  ] 
Same  as  sometime. 
My  sometimes  royal  master's  face. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  v.  6.  75. 

someway  (sum'wa),  adv.  Somehow;  by  some 
means  or  other;  in  some  way. 

somewhat  (sum'hwot),  ».  [<  ME.  somwhat. 
sumhicat,  sumhwet,  somtcat,  sutiiqtcat;  <  somi-1 
+  what.]  1.  Something  not  specified. 

To  conclude,  by  erecting  this  Achademie,  there  shalbe 
heareafter,  in  effecte,  no  gentleman  within  this  Realme 
but  good  for  some  what. 

Booke  of  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.),  i.  12. 

Have  but  patience, 
And  you  shall  witness  somewhat. 

Fletcher  (and  anotherf),  Nice  Valour,  ii.  1. 
There  s  somewhat  in  this  world  amiss 
Shall  be  unriddled  by  and  by. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

2.  A  measure  or  degree  indeterminate;  more 
or  less ;  a  little. 

They  instruct  their  youth  in  the  knowledge  of  Letters, 
Malayan  principally,  and  I  suppose  in  somewhat  of  Ara- 
bick,  being  all  Mahometans.  Vampier,  Voyages,  II.  i.  137. 

3.  A  person  or  thing  of  importance. 
somewhat  (sum'hwot),  adv.    In  some  measure 

or  degree  ;  rather;  a  little. 

Vltin  is  tom-trhat  a-qnytte  of  the  synne  that  he  hadde 
in  the  love  makinge,  but  I  am  not  yet  a-quyt  of  that. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  87. 
There  liv'd,  as  authors  tell,  in  days  of  yore, 
A  widow,  somewhat  old,  and  very  poor. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  1.  2. 

somewhen  (sum'hwen),  adr.  [<  some1  +  when.] 
At  some  time,  indefinitely;  some  time  or  other. 
[Recent.] 

Some  folks  can't  help  hoping  .  .  .  that  they  may  have 
another  chance  to  make  things  fair  and  even,  somewhere, 
somewhen,  somehow.  Kingsley,  Water  Babies,  viii. 

Somewhen,  before  the  dinner-bell.  I  cannot  tie  myself 
to  the  minute  hand  of  the  clock,  my  dear  child. 

O.  Meredith,  Egoist,  xix. 

somewhere  (sum'hwar),  adv.  [<  ME.  sum- 
whirr,  sumqwhare,  sumwar;  <  some1  +  where."] 

1.  In  some  place  or  other;  in  a  place  or  spot 
not  known  or  not  specified:  as,  he  lives  some- 
where in  this  neighborhood;  the  line  must  be 
drawn  somewhere. — 2.  To  some  unknown  or 
unspecified  place ;  somewhither. 

Perhaps  some  merchant  hath  invited  him, 

And  from  the  mart  he  's  somewhere  gone  to  dinner. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1.  5. 

somewhile  (sum'hwil),  adv.     [Early  mod.  E. 
somwhile,  <  ME.  summehwile,  sumewile,  sumwile; 
<  some1  +  while."]     1.  Sometimes;  at  one  time 
or  another ;  from  time  to  time ;  at  times. 
The  silly  wretches  are  compell'd  som-while 
To  cut  new  channels  for  the  course  of  Nile ; 
Somtimes  som  Cities  rains  to  repair ; 
Somtimes  to  build  huge  Castles  in  the  air. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas'8  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Lawe. 

2.  For  a  while ;  for  a  time. 

These  now  gente  .  .  .  must,  some  while,  be  chargable 
to  you  &  us. 
Sherley,  quoted  in  Bradford's  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  248. 

3.  Once;  at  one  time. 

Under  colour  of  shepeheards,  sometchile 
There  crept  in  Wolves,  ful  of  fraude  and  guile. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 
[Rare  in  all  uses.] 

SOmewhilest  (sum'hwilz),  adv.  Sometimes; 
now  and  then. 

Divers  tall  ships  of  London  .  .  .  had  an  ordinary  and 
usual  trade  to  Sicily,  Candia,  Scio ;  and  somevhiles  to  Cy- 
Pras-  Hakluyt  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  20). 

somewhither  (sum'hwiTH'er),  adv.  [<  some1 
+  whither.]  To  some  place  or  other. 


somewhither 

Somewhither  would  she  have  thee  go  with  her. 

Sliak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  1.  n. 

somital  (so'mi-tal),  (i.    [<  somite  +  -nl  1    Same 
as  somitic. 

somite  (so'mit),  «.     [<  Gr.  auua,  body,  +  -//,-•  I 
An  actual  somatome;  anyone  morphological 
segment  of  an  articulated  body,  such  a  body  be- 
ing viewed  as  composed  of  a  longitudinal  series 
ot  somites;  an  arthromere  or  metamere  of  an 
articulate  invertebrate  or  a  diarthromere  of  a 
vertebrate;  such  a  segment  considered  with  or 
without  the  appendages  it  may  possess;  in  the 
latter  restricted  sense,  a  metamere  minus  its 
appendages,  or  a  segment  of  the  soma  or  trunk 
without  the  limbs  it  may  bear.    The  term  some 
ies  extends  to  ideal  somatomes,  or  to  the  metameresof 
which  nil  organism  is  theoretically  assumed  to  consist ;  hut 
it  s  especially  applied  to  the  actual  segments  of  such  liver- 
tebrates  as  insects,  crustaceans,  and  worms,  whose  bodv- 
nngs  are  usually  evident,  though  some  or  other  of  them 
may  coalesce,  as  into  a  cephalothorax,  etc.    In  such  case" 
the  primitive  or  morphological  somites  are  usually  recoK- 
imeU  and  reckoned  by  their  respective  pairs  ofYppZ 
dages.    .Separate  somites,  continued  throughout  the  body 
are  evident  in  the  rings  of  earthworms  and  other  unfr 
In  arthropods  the  typical  number  of  somites  is  sup- 
posed to  be  twenty  or  twenty-one,  numbers  often  actual  v 
recognizable.    In  insects  the  head  is  assumed  to  have 
six  or  seven  somites,  the  thorax  has  normally  three  (see 
prothomx.mwothorax,  and  metathorax),  and  the  abdomen 
is  supposed  to  have  ten  or  eleven.    Each  of  these  somites 
is  invested  and  indicated  by  a  body-ring  or  crust  of  intec- 
ument,  primitively  or  typically  composed  of  eight  scleritel 
which  may  variously  coalesce  with  one  another  or  with 
pieces  of  another  somite,  or  both.    Those  sclerites  which 
ordinarily  remain  distinct,  and  thus  can  be  identified  take 
special  names,  as  tergite,  pleurite,  sternite,  scutum,  pro. 
scutum,  etc. ,  eptmenm,  epipleuron,  etc.     Appendage^  of 
somites  are  limbs  in  the  broadest  sense,  under  whatever 
modifications ;  and  these  modifications  are  usually  great- 
est at  the  cephalic  and  caudal  ends  of  the  body,  as  into 
eyestalks,  antenna;,  palpi,  mandibles,  maxillre,  maxilli- 
pedsor  gnathopodites,  etc.,  of  the  head,  and  stings  clasp- 
ers,  or  other  anal  armature.    Intermediate  somitic  appen- 
dages are  ordinary  legs  and  wings,  as  of  the  thorax  of 
usects,  and  the  pereiopods,  pleopods,  chehe,  rhipidura, 
telson,  etc.,  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen  of  crustacean? 
In  worms  such  appendages  chiefly  occur  in  the  form  of 
parapodia  (neuropodia  and  notopodia).    See  sclerite  and 
cuts  under  Amphithoe,  Amis,  Euthus,  Scorpionidx,  Blatti- 
OK,  and  coclcroack. 

somitic  (so-mit'ik),  a.  [<  somite  +  -ic.]  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  somite ;  somatomic ;  met- 
americ;  of  or  pertaining  to  somites:  as,  the 
somitic  divisions  of  the  body;  a  somitic  ring  or 
joint ;  a  somitic  appendage. 


57OT 

»,„,,,„.,,     si,.,,,,,    +     mubullllns,    pp.    ,,f    ,„„/,„/„,.,, 

walk:    sec  amble,  <imliul,it<:\     I     i, tint, m.    To 
walk  in  sleep;  wander  in  a  state  of  sleep,  as  a 
somnambulist. 
II.  trans.  To  walk  on  or  over  in  sleep. 

,J»,*,V»";  I'/"'*','1  M:1-v  """'"'•.  "i»  i:minenoe  again  rnn- 
namoulates  the   I'm,,., -nud,.  de  la  Rose. 

Carlyle,  Diamond  Necklace,  xiv. 

somnambulation(som-nam-bu-la'shon)  «  [< 
•MUMMftuZM  +  -/»«.]  Th,.  ;l,.t  of  walking  in 
'•••p:  somnambulism.  Imp.  Diet. 

somnambulator  (som-uam'bu-la-tor).  «.  r< 
MMwmhifefa  +  -oi-l.]  Same  'as  W«,m,»  W,w. 
liiiji.  Diet. 

somnambule  (som-nam'bul),  «.  [<  F  som- 
nambule =  Sp.  sominimlm/,,,  miitimbulo  =  PK 
somnambulo  =  It.  sonnambolo,  sonnambulo,  <  L 
somnus,  sleep,  +  amhutnn;  walk:  see  «»////<• 
ambulate.]  A  somnambulist. 

The  owner  of  a  ring  was  unhesitatingly  found  out  from 
amongst  a  company  of  twelve,  the  ring  having  been  with- 
drawn from  the  finger  before  the  stnnnambule  was  intru 
Proc.  Soc.  Psych.  Research,  I.  241 


somnambulic  (som-nam'bu-lik),  a.  [<  som- 
nambule +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  somnam- 
bulism or  somnambulists. 


Somnus 

.'.  =  K.  /»,/,•!.]     Causi 
soporilii-:  as.  m|  ,lrug. 

Twas  1  that  inlnistri-d  I..  In  i  i-h:i»te  hl.md 
A  true  somniferoux  poilim,  which  ,li,l  Btoale 
II. -I  thought!  t.,  „!. •!•]„',  an. I  ll,,ll,  i,,|  h,.r  with  death. 

Drklter,  .Satiromastlx  (Works,  1878, 1.  255). 
SOmniferyt  (som-nif'e-ri),  //.     [Irreg.  <  I.. 
Hirer,  sleep-bringing:  .  i  A  place 

of  sl.-.-p.     I  Rare.] 

Siniiiiu,  awake  ;  vnlocke  the  rustle  lali  h 
That  Icades  Into  the  caue's  tvmnijene. 

Tourneur,  Transformed  Metamurphosli,  it  36. 
somnific  (som-nif'ik),  «.    [<  L.  .«,«„„ /,y«.s  caus- 
ing sleep,  <  somniis,  sleep.   +    fiicere,  make, 
cause.]     Causing   sleep:    tending    to    iinlui-.- 
sleep;  somniferous;  soporilii-. 

The  voice,  the  nninn.-r,  the  matter,  even  the  very  tt- 
iinihpliere  and  the  streamy  candle  light,  were  all  alike 
•omni/te.  Soathey,  The  Doctor,  vl.  A  1.  (Uaritt.) 

SOmnifugOUS  (som-nif'u-gus),  a.    [<  L.  somiiu.t, 
sleep,   +  fuaere,  flee.]'    Driving  away  sleep; 
preventing  sleep ;  agrypnotic.     Jinileij,  17:! I. 
somniloquence  (som-nil'o-kwens),  «.     [<  L. 
nonniui,  sleep,  +  loquentia,  a  talking,  <  loqui, 


I  have,  however,  lately  met  with  well-marked  cases  of  it 
in  two  of  my  own  acquaintance,  who  gave  descriptions  of 
their  somnambulic  experiences. 

E.  Qurney,  in  Proc.  Soc.  Psych.  Research,  II.  88. 
somnambulism  (som-nam'bu-Hzm),  «.  [=  F. 
somnambitlisme  =  Sp.  somnanibulismo,  sonambu- 
lismo  =  Pg.  somnambulismo  =  It.  sonnambu- 
lismo;  as  somnambule  +  -ism.]  The  act  of  walk- 
ing about,  with  the  performance  of  apparently 
purposive  acts,  while  in  a  state  intermediate 
between  sleep  and  waking.  The  sleeping  condition 
is  shown  by  the  absence  of  the  usual  reaction  to  sense- 
impressions,  and  usually  by  the  failure  to  recall  what  has 
been  done  during  the  somnambulistic  period.  With  many 
recent  writers,  however,  the  word  is  used,  quite  indepen 
dently  of  any  consideration  of  movements  which  the  som 


These  septa  are  metamerically  arranged,  one  for  each 
Semitic  constriction. 

Huxley  and  Martin,  Elementary  Biology,  p.  243. 

sommet.    An  old  spelling  of  some1,  sum2. 

somme  (so-ma'),  a.  [OF.,  pp.  of  sommer,  fill  up, 
top,  sum :  see  sunft,  v.  Cf.  summed.]  In  her. : 
(a)  Same  a.8  horned,  (b)  Same  a.s  surmounted. 

SOmmeilt  (so-maly'),  n.  [<  OF.  (and  F.)som- 
meil  =  Pr.  sonelh  =  Wall,  someie,  sleep,  <  L. 
"somniculus,  sleep  (in  deriv.  somniculosus, 
sleepy),  dim.  of  somnus,  sleep:  see  somnolent, 
etc.]  1.  Sleep;  slumber.— 2.  In  old  French 
operas,  a  quiet  and  tranquilizing  air.  Imp. 
Diet. 

sommert,  n.  An  old  spelling  of  summer1,  sum- 
mer2. 

Sommering's  (or  Soemmering's)  mirror, 
mohr,  spots,  etc.  See  mirror,  mohr,  spot,  etc. 

SOmmerophone  (som'er-o-fon),  n.  [<  Sommer 
(see  def.)  -I-  Gr.  <j>uvf/,  th'e  voice.]  A  variety 
of  saxhorn  invented  by  Sommer  about  1850. 
Also  called  euphonic  horn. 

sommersett,  «.     Same  as  somersault. 

Sommersett's  case.    See  case1. 

sommite  (som'it),  n.  [<  Somma  (see  def.)  + 
-»te2.]  An  early  name  for  the  mineral  nephe- 
lin,  found  in  glassy  crystals  on  Monte  Somma 
(Vesuvius). 

somnambulance  (som-nam'bu-lans).  n.  [< 
somnambule  +  -anee.~\  Somnambulism.  Sci- 
ence, VI.  78. 

somnambulant  (som-nam'bu-lant),  a.  [<  L. 
somnus,  sleep,  +  ambulan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ambu- 
lare,  walk:  see  somnambulate,  etc.]  Walking  in 
sleep;  sleeping  while  in  motion ;  also,  charac- 
terized by  somnambulism. 

The  midnight  hush  is  deep, 

But  the  pines  — the  spirits  distrest  — 
They  move  in  somnambutant  sleep— 
They  whisper  and  are  not  at  rest. 

J.  H.  Boner,  Moonrise  in  the  Pines. 

somnambular  (som-nam'bu-lar),  a.  [<  som- 
nambule +  -arS.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  char- 
acteristic of  sleep-walking  or  sleep-walkers. 

The  palpitating  peaks  [Alps]  break  out 
Ecstatic  from  Komnambultir  repose. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Napoleon  III.  in  Italy. 

somnambulate  (som-nam'bu-lat),  r.;  pret.  and 
pp.  soniiHUiibuhitid.  ppr.  xoniiiamtiidatiiiij.  [<  L. 


nambulist  mayor  does  execute,  as  nearly  synonymous  with 
trance,  mesmerizatian,  or  hypnotism,  and  exactly  so  with 
KMnoKm.  It  is  generally  considered  under  the  two  main 
conditions  of  the  idlopathic,  spontaneous,  or  self-induced 
and  the  artificial  or  induced.  Compare  somnoKm  Also 
called,  rarely,  noctambulism. 

In  somnambulism,  natural  or  induced,  there  is  often  a 
great  display  of  intellectual  activity,  followed  by  complete 
oblivion  of  all  that  has  passed. 

W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychology,  I.  201. 
Somnambulism  is,  as  a  rule,  a  decidedly  deeper  state 
than  the  lighter  stage  of  hypnotism. 

E.  Owmey,  In  Proc.  Soc.  Psych.  Research,  II.  88. 
somnambulist  (som-nam'bu-list),  n.     [As  som- 
nambule +  -ist.]    One  who  is  subject  to  som- 
nambulism ;  a  person  who  walks  in  his  sleep. 
somnambulistic  (som-nam-bu-lis'tik),  a.     [< 
somnambulist   +   -ie.~\     Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of  somnambulism  or  somnam- 
bulists. 

SOmnambulous  (som-nam'bu-lus),  a.     Som- 
nambulistic.   Dunglison. 
somnert,  «.    See  sumner. 
SOmnia.  «.     Plural  of  somnium. 
somnial  (som'ni-al),  a.     [<  L.  somnialis,  of  or 
pertaining  to   dreams,  <  somnium,  a  dream, 
<  somnus,  sleep:  see  somnolent.]    Pertaining 
to  or  involving  dreams;  relating  to  dreams. 
[Rare.] 

To  presage  or  foretel  an  evil,  especially  In  what  con- 
cerneth  the  exploits  of  the  soul,  In  matter  of  somnial  divi- 
nations. Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  Hi.  14. 

The  somnial  magic  superinduced  on,  without  suspend- 
ing, the  active  powers  of  the  mind.  Coleridge. 

somniative  (som'ni-a-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  somniatus 
(pp.  of  somniare,  dream,  <  somnium,  a  dream) 
+  -ive.]  Pertaining  to  dreaming;  relating  to 
or  producing  dreams.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

somniatory  (som'ni-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  somnia- 
tus, pp.  of  somniare'^  dream,  +  -ory.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  dreams  or  dreaming;  relating  to 
or  producing  dreams;  somniative.  [Rare.] 

The  better  reading,  explaining,  and  unfolding  of  these 

somniatory  vaticinations,  and  predictions  of  that  nature. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  ill.  13. 

somniculous  (som-nik'u-lus),  a.  [<  L.  somni- 
culosus, inclined  to  sleep,  drowsy,  <  "somnicu- 
lus,  dim.  of  'somnus,  sleep:  see  sommeil,  somno- 
lent.'] Inclined  to  sleep  ;  drowsy.  Bailey,  1727. 

somnifacient  (som-ni-fa'shient),  a.  and  n.     [< 


talk,  speak  J    The  act  or 'habit  of  talking  in 
sleep;  somuiloquism. 

somniloquism  (som-nil'o-kwizm),  n.  [<  som- 
niloqu-ous  +  -ism.]  Somniloquence  or  sleep- 
talking. 

somniloquist  (som-nil'o-kwist),  ».  [<  somnilo- 
qu-oux  +  -ist.]  One  who  talks  in  his  sleep. 
somniloq,uous  (som-nil'o-kwus),  a.  [=  F.  som- 
niloque  =  Sp.  somnttocuo,  <  L.  somnus,  sleep,  + 
loqui,  speak.]  Apt  to  talk  in  sleep;  given  to 
talking  in  sleep. 

SOmniloQuy  (som-nil'o-kwi),  n.  [<  L.  somnus, 
sleep,  +  loqui,  speak.]  The  act  of  talking  in 
sleep;  specifically,  talking  in  the  somnambu- 
listic sleep. 

somnivolency  (som-niv'o-len-si),  «.;  pi.  som- 
nivolencies  (-siz).  [<  L.  somnus,  sleep,  +  LL. 
volentia,  will,  inclination,  <  L.  volen(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
velle,  will:  see  will1.]  Something  that  induces 
sleep;  a  soporific;  a  somnifacient.  [Rare.] 

If  these  somninlencies  (I  hate  the  word  opiates  on  this 
occasion)  have  turned  her  head,  that  is  an  effect  they  fre- 
quently nave  upon  some  constitutions. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  IV.  xii. 
somnolence  (som'no-lens),  n.  [<  ME.  somno- 
lence, sompnolence,  <  OF.  somnolence,  sompno- 
tence,F. somnolence^  Pi. sompnotencia  =  Sp.Pg. 
somnolencia  =  It.  sonnolema,  <  L.  somnolentia, 
somnulentia,  ML.  also  sompnolentia,  sompnilen- 
tia,  sleepiness,  <  L.  somnolentus,  somnulentus, 
sleepy:  see  somnolent.]  1.  Sleepiness;  drowsi- 
ness; inclination  to  sleep ;  sluggishness. 

Thanne  cometh  sompnolence,  that  Is  sloggy  slombrynge 
which  maketh  aman  be  hevy  and  dul  In  body  and  in  soule. 
Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

His  power  of  sleeping,  and  his  somnolence  when  he  Im- 
agined he  was  awake,  were  his  two  most  prominent  char- 
acteristics. D.  H.  Wallace,  Russia,  v. 
2.  In  pathol.,  a  state  intermediate  between 
sleeping  and  waking. 

somnolency  (som'no-len-si),  n.  [As  somnolence 
(see  -cy).]  Same  as  somnolence. 
somnolent (som'no-lent),  a.  [<  ME.  sompnolent, 
<  OF.  somnolent,  sompnolent,  F.  somnolent  =  Pr. 
sompnolent  =  Sp.  soKoliento  =  Pg.  somnolento  = 
It.  sonnolento,  <  L.  somnolentus,  somnulentus, 
ML.  alsosompnolentus,  sleepy,  drowsy,<  L.  som- 
nus, sleep  (=  Gr.  inrvos,  sleep),  akin  to  sopor, 
sleep,  =  AS.  swefan,  sleep,  swefen,  a  dream :  see 
siceven,  and  cf.  sopor,  hypnotic,  etc.]  Sleepy; 
drowsy ;  inclined  to  sleep ;  sluggish. 

The  Sperhauke  Castell  named  Is  and  rail, 
Where  It  behouith  to  wacche  nightes  thre 
Without  any  sompnolent  slepe  to  be. 

Rom.  of  Parlenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  1.  6376. 
He  had  no  eye  for  such  phenomena,  because  he  had  a 
somnolent  want  of  interest  In  them. 

DeQuincey.    (Imp.  Diet) 

somnolently  (som'no-lent-li),  adv.    Drowsily, 
somnolescent   (som-'no'-les'ent),  a.     [<  som- 
nol(ent)  +  -escent.]     Half-asleep ;  somnolent; 
drowsy. 

The  rabid  dog  .  .  .  shelters  itself  in  obscure  place*  — 
frequently  in  dltthes  by  the  roadside—  and  lies  there  in 
a  somnolescent  state  for  perhaps  hours. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  201. 


,    .  . 

L.  somnus,  sleep,  +  facien(  i-)s,  ppr.  of  faeere, 
make:  see  facient.J-  I.  a.  Somnmc;  soporific; 
tending  to  produce  sleep. 

II.  n.  That  which  causes  or  induces  sleep  ; 
a  soporific. 

somniferous  (som-nif'e-rus),  a.  [=  F.  somni- 
fere  =  Sp.  somnifero  =  Pg.  somnifero  =  It.  son- 
nifero,  <  L.  somnifei;  <  somnus,  sleep,  +  ferre, 


.       . 

somnolism  (som'no-lizm),  n.  [<  somnol(ent)  + 
-ism.]  The  state  of  being  in  mesmeric  sleep; 
the  doctrine  of  mesmeric  sleep.  Imp.  Diet. 

Somnus  (som'nus),  «.  [L..  <  mimtnis,  sleep :  see 
somnolent.]  In  Horn,  myth.,  the  personification 
and  god  of  sleep,  the  Greek  Hypnos,  a  brother 
of  Death  (Mors  or  Thanatos),  aiid  a  son  of  Night 
(Nox).  In  works  of  art  Sleep  and  Death  are  represented 
alike  as  youths,  often  sleeping  or  holding  inverted  torche*. 
Compare  cut  under  Thaiuttut. 


somonaunce 
somonauncet,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of 

HIimiHOnillll'l'. 

somoncet,  SOmonst,  ».     Middle  English  forms 
of  iiuminoiix. 
somonet,  SOmpnet,  i'.  t.     Middle  English  forms 

Of  Sltllllllllll. 

SOmpnourt,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  sunnier. 

Somzee's  harmonica.    See  harmoraea. 

son1  (sun),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sonne ;  <  ME. 
sone,  suite,  so/in,  sun,  <  AS.  sunu  =  OS.  sunu  = 
OFries.  sunn,  suite,  son  =  MD.  sone,  D.  zoon  = 
MLG.  sone,  LG.  sone,  son  =  OHG.  sunu,  sun, 
MHG.  sun,  G.  sokn  =  Icel.  sunr,  sour  =  Sw.  son 
=  Dan.  son  =  Goth.  SMWMS  =  OBulg.  si/nit  = 
Buss,  suinu,  synu  =  Pol.  Bohem.  syn  =  Lith. 
.V««M»  =  Skt.  sunu  =  Zend  7t««M,  son  (also  in  Skt. 
rarely  as  fern.,  daughter);  lit.  'one  begotten,' 
with  formative  -MM  (cf.  Skt.  suta,  son,  suta, 
daughter,  with  pp.  formative  -ta,  and  Gr.  vi6f, 
dial,  vi'uf,  oviof,  son,  with  formative  -yu  (?),  also 
poet.  Iwf,  son,  daughter),  <  -\/  *">  beget,  Skt. 
•/  su,  su,  beget,  bear,  bring  forth.  To  the  same 
root  are  referred  sow2,  swine,  etc.]  1.  A  male 
child ;  the  male  issue  of  a  parent,  father  or 
mother. 

get  I  a-vow  verayly  the  avaunt  that  I  made, 
I  schal  seply  ajayn  &  jelde  that  I  hyjt, 
&  sothely  seude  to  Sar<5  a  soun  &  an  hayre. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  666. 

The  Town  is  called  Jaff ;  for  on  of  the  Sones  of  Noe, 

that  highte  Japhet,  founded  it ;  and  now  it  is  clept  Joppe. 

Jfandemlle,  Travels,  p.  30. 

A  black  bull,  the  son  of  a  black  cow.  Darwin. 

2.  A  male  descendant,  however  distant;  hence, 
in  the  plural,  descendants  in  general. 

Adam's  sons  are  my  brethren. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1.  66. 

3.  One  adopted  into  a  family ;  any  young  male 
dependent;  any  person  in  whom  the  relation 
of  a  son  to  a  parent  is  perceived  or  imagined. 
Often  used  as  a  term  of  address  by  an  old  man  to  a  young 
one,  by  a  confessor  to  a  penitent,  etc. 

The  child  grew,  and  she  brought  him  unto  Pharaoh's 
daughter,  and  he  became  her  son.  Ex.  ii.  10. 

Be  plain,  good  son,  and  homely  in  thy  drift. 

Shalt.,  E.  and  J.,  ii.  3.  66. 

4.  A  person  or  thing  born  or  produced,  in  rela- 
tion to  the  producing  soil,  country,  or  the  like. 

To  this  her  glorious  son  Great  Britain  is  indebted  for 
the  happy  conduct  of  her  arms.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  5. 

Perhaps  e'en  Britain's  utmost  shore 
Shall  cease  to  blush  with  strangers'  gore, 
See  arts  her  savage  sons  control. 

Pope,  Choruses  to  Brutus,  i. 
Her  [the  earth's)  tall  sons,  the  cedar,  oak,  and  pine. 

Sir  Jt.  Black-more,  Creation,  vi. 

5.  A  person  whose  character  partakes  so  much 
of  some  quality  or  characteristic  as  to  suggest 
the  relationship  of  sou  and  parent:  as,  sons  of 
light;  sons  of  pride;  the  son  of  perdition. 

They  are  villains,  and  the  sons  of  darkness. 

Skat.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 191. 
When  night 

Darkens  the  streets,  then  wander  forth  the  sons 
Of  Belial.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  i.  601. 

Every  mother's  son.  See  motheri.— Favorite  son,  a 
statesman  or  politician  assumed  to  be  the  especial  choice 
of  the  people  of  his  State  for  some  high  office,  especially 
that  of  President.  [Political  slang,  U.  S.] 

A  Favourite  Son  is  a  politician  respected  or  admired  in 
his  own  State,  but  little  regarded  beyond  it. 

Bryce,  Amer.  Commonwealth,  II.  153. 

Son  Of  a  gun.  Seeyunl.  —  Son  of  bastt.  See  bast?,  n.— 
Son  Of  God.  (a)  Christ.  Mat.  xxvi.  63.  (6)  One  of  Christ's 
followers;  one  of  the  regenerate. 

As  many  as  are  led  by  the  Spirit  of  God,  they  are  the  soju 
o/Ood.  Bom.  viiL  14. 

Son  Of  man.  (a)  In  the  Old  Testament,  one  of  the  de- 
scendants of  Adam :  especially  used  as  a  form  of  address 
in  the  Book  of  Ezekiel  (in  Dan.  vii.  13  of  the  Messiah)  (6) 
In  the  New  Testament,  Christ  as  the  promised  Messiah.— 
Sons  Of  Liberty,  in  Amer.  hist. :  (a)  In  the  years  pre- 
ceding the  revolution,  one  of  associations  formed  to  for- 
ward the  American  cause.  (f>)  One  of  the  secret  associa- 
tions, similar  to  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,  formed 
in  the  North  during  the  civil  war,  for  the  purpose  of  giv- 
ing aid  to  the  Confederacy.— Sons  of  Sires,  or  Sons  of 
Seventy-Six,  a  name  said  to  have  been  applied  to  or 
assumed  by  members  of  the  American  or  Know-nothing 
party  [Political  slang,  U.  S.]-Sons  Of  the  prophets. 
See  school  of  the  prophets,  under  prophet.—  Sons  of  the 
South,  the  name  assumed  by  members  of  certain  organi- 
zations formed  in  .Missouri,  about  1864,  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  possession  of  Kansas  in  the  interest  of  slavery  — 
The  Son,  the  second  person  of  the  Trinity ;  Christ  Jesus. 
Mat.  xi.  27. 

The  Father  sent  the  Son  to  be  the  Saviour  of  the  world. 

1  John  iv.  14. 

S0n2t,  n.    An  original  spelling  of  sound5. 
-son.    A  form  of  the  termination  -tion,  in  some 
words  derived  through  Old  French,  as  in  oeni- 
son,  malison,  venison,  reason,  season,  treason,  etc. 
See  -tion. 


5768 

sonabile  (so-uab'e-le),  a.  [It.,  <  sonare,  sound : 
see  sonata.']  In  music,  resonant;  sounding. 

sonance  (so'nans),  ».  [=  Olt. s<iti<in-ti.  a  sound- 
ing, ringing;  as  nonan(t)  +  -ce.]  If.  Asouml: 

a  tune ;  a  call. 

Let  the  trumpets  sound 
The  tucket  sonance  and  the  note  to  mount. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  2.  36. 
2.  Sonancy. 

sonancy  (so'nan-si),  n.  [As  sonance  (see  -<•//).] 
The  property  or  quality  of  having  sound,  or  of 
being  sonant ;  sonant  character;  sound. 

A  concise  description  of  voice,  then,  is  this :  it  is  the 
audible  result  of  a  column  of  air  emitted  by  the  lungs, 
impressed  with  sotiancy  and  variety  of  pitch  by  the  larynx, 
and  individualized  by  the  mouth-organs. 

Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  iv. 

sonant  (so'nant),  a.  and  «.  [=  F.  sonnant  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  sonaiite,  <  L.  sonan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  sonare, 
sound,  make  a  noise,  <  sonus,  a  sound :  see 
sound5.  Cf.  assonant,  consonant,  dissonant. 
resonant.']  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  having 
sound;  sounding. — 2.  In  pron.,  noting  cer- 
tain alphabetic  sounds,  as  the  vowels,  semi- 
vowels, nasals,  and  voiced  mutes  and  frica- 
tives, the  utterance  of  which  includes  the  ele- 
ment of  tone,  or  a  vibration  of  the  vocal  chords, 
as  a,  I,  n,  b,  z,  v  (the  last  three  as  opposed  to 
p,  s,  f,  which  are  similar  utterances  without 
tone) ;  voiced,  vocal,  intonated  (soft  and  flat  are 
also  sometimes  used  in  the  same  sense). —  3. 
In  entom.,  same  as  sonorific,  2. 
II.  M.  In  pron.,  a  sonant  letter. 

sonata  (so-na'ta),  n.  [=  F.  sonate  (>  D.  G.  Dan. 
sonate  =  Sw.  so'iiat)  =  Sp.  Pg.  sonata,<  It.  sonata, 
a  sonata,  <  sonata,  fern.  pp.  of  sonare,  sound, 
<ii.  sonare,  sound:  see  sound5.  Cf.  sonnet.']  1. 
In  music,  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries,  any  composition  for  instruments: 
opposed  to  cantata.  These  old  sonatas  were  usually 
in  more  than  one  movement.  The  character  of  their  themes 
and  their  structure  varied  widely,  those  called  church  so- 
natas tending  to  grave  themes  and  a  contrapuntal  treat- 
ment, and  the  chamber  sonatas  resembling  the  canzona 
and  the  suite. 

2.  In  recent  music,  an  instrumental  work,  es- 
pecially for  the  pianoforte,  made  up  of  three 
or  four  movements  in  contrasted  rhythms  but 
related  keys,  one  or  more  of  which  are  written 
in  sonata  form.  The  movements  usually  include  an 
allegro  with  or  without  an  introduction,  a  slow  movement 
(usually  adagio,  largo,  or  andante),  a  minuet  or  scherzo 
with  or  without  a  trio  appended,  and  a  final  allegro  or 
presto,  which  is  often  a  rondo.  A  certain  unity  of  senti- 
ment or  style  is  properly  traceable  between  the  successive 
movements.  The  sonata  is  the  most  important  form  of 
homophonic  composition  for  a  single  instrument.  A  so- 
nata for  a  string  quartet  is  called  a  quartet,  and  one  for  a 
full  orchestra  is  called  a  symphony.  —  Double  sonata,  a 
sonata  for  two  solo  instruments.  —  Sonata  form,  in  music, 
a  form  or  method  of  composition  in  which  two  themes  or 
subjects  are  developed  according  to  a  plan  more  or  less 
like  the  following :  (a)  exposition,  containing  the  first  sub- 
ject, followed  by  the  second,  properly  in  the  key  of  the 
dominant  or  in  the  relative  major  (if  the  first  be  minor) ; 
(6)  development  or  working  out,  consisting  of  a  somewhat 
free  treatment  of  the  two  subjects  or  parts  of  them,  either 
singly  or  in  conjunction ;  (c)  restatement,  containing  the 
two  subjects  in  succession,  both  in  the  original  key,  with 
a  conclusion.  The  succession  of  sections  and  the  relations 
of  keys  are  open  to  considerable  variation,  and  episodes 
often  occur.  The  sonata  form  is  distinctive  of  at  least 
one  movement  of  a  sonataor  symphony,  and  usually  of  the 
first  and  last ;  it  also  appears  in  many  overtures. 

sonatina  (so-na-te'nii),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  sonata  : 
see  sonata.']  In  music,  a  short  or  simplified 
sonata — Sonatina  form,  in  music,  a  form  or  method  of 
composition  resembling  the  sonata  form,  but  on  a  smaller 
scale,  and  usually  lacking  the  development  section. 

sonation  (so-na'shon),  n.  [=  It.  sonazione;  < 
ML.  sonatio(n-),  a  sounding,  <  L.  sonare,  sound: 
see  sound5,  v.,  sonate.]  The  giving  forth  of  a 
sound ;  sounding.  [Rare.] 

But  when  what  has  the  faculty  of  hearing,  on  the  one 
hand,  operates,  and  what  has  the  faculty  of  sounding,  on 
the  other  hand,  sounds,  then  the  actual  hearing  and  the 
actual  sounding  take  place  conjointly ;  and  of  these  the 
one  may  be  called  audition,  the  other  sonation. 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  tr.  from  Aristotle,  Reid's  Works,  Note  D. 

Sonchus  (song'kus),  n.  [NL.  (Tournefort, 
1700),  <  L.  sonchiis,  <  Gr.  a6-yx<>f,  the  sow-thistle.] 
A  genus  of  composite  plants,  of  the  tribe  Cieho- 
riaceee  and  subtribe  Lac.tucese.  It  is  characterized 
by  flower-heads  commonly  dilated  at  the  base  in  fruit,  with 
numerous  compressed  beakless  achenes  having  from  ten  to 
twenty  ribs  and  bearing  a  soft  snowy-white  pappus  which 
is  deciduous  in  a  ring.  There  are  about  SO  species,  wide- 
ly diffused  throughout  the  Old  World  and  in  Australasia  • 
four  species  are  naturalized  as  weeds  in  the  United  States, 
two  of  which  are  now  almost  cosmopolitan.  They  are  an- 
nual or  perennial  herbs,  having  spreading  radical  leaves 
and  upright  stems  clad  with  coarse  clasping  leaves  which 
are  often  toothed  with  soft  or  rigid  spines.  The  yellow 
heads  are  irregularly  clustered  at  the  summits  of  the  few 
branches.  The  species  are  fond  of  barn-yards  and  moist 
rich  soil,  whence  the  name  sow-thistle.  S.  tenerrimus  is 
eaten  as  a  salad  in  Italy,  and  S.  oleraceus  was  once  so  used 
In  various  parts  of  Europe.  (See  hare's-lettuce.)  The  genus 
is  reputed  a  galactagogue.  One  or  two  species  with  hand- 


song 

some  leaves  and  (lowers,  from  Madeira  mid  the  Canaries, 
are  sometimes  cultivated  under  glass.     See  sow-thistle. 

soncie,  soncy,  «.    *<>••  «<«.--.v. 
sondt,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  ol  mind',  mind'-. 
Sondayt,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  Niiiiiliii/. 
sondet,  »•     Same  as  Kami". 
SOndelt,  «•     An  obsolete  variant  of  xriidal. 
sondeli  (son'de-li),  ».     [E.  Ind.]     The  monjou- 
rou,  imixkrat,  musk-shrew,  or  rat-tailed  shrew 


Sondeli  (Crofid, 


of  India,  Sorex  nmrinus  (Linnaeus,  1766),  S. 
myosurus.  (Pallas,  1785),  or  Crocidura  myosura, 
an  insectivorous  mammal,  exhaling  a  strong 
musky  odor.  The  name  specially  denotes  a  variety 
which  is  semi-domesticated,  and  sometimes  called  gray 
musk-shrew  (C.  ccerulea),  aa  distinguished  from  the  wild 
brown  musk-shrew. 

SOnder-cloud  (son'der-kloud),  n.  A  cirro-cumu- 
lus cloud.  Forster,  Atmospheric  Phenomena 
(3d  ed.,  1823),  p.  145.  [Bare.] 

SOndryt,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  sundry. 

Sonet,  adv.     An  old  spelling  of  soon. 

soneri  (son'er-i),  n.  [Hind,  snnahri,  sunahrv, 
of  gold,  <  sona,  gold.]  Cloth  of  gold :  an  In- 
dian term  adopted  as  the  name  of  native  stuffs 
interwoven  with  gold. 

song1  (song),  ?i.  [Sc.  also  sang;  <  ME.  song, 
sang,  <  AS.  sang,  song,  singing,  song,  a  song, 
poem,  poetry,  =  OS.  sang  =  OFries.  song,  sang 
=  MD.  sang,  T).  zany  =  MLG.  sank,  LG.  sang  = 
OHG.  sana,  MHG.  sane,  G.  gesang  =  Icel.  simgr 
=  Sw.  s&ny  =  Dan.  sang  =  Goth,  saggws,  song; 
also  collectively,  OHG.  "gasang,  kisanch,  MHG. 
gesanc,  G.  gesang,  song;  from  the  verb,  AS. 
singan  (pret.  sang),  etc.,  sing:  see  sing."]  1. 
Singing ;  vocal  music  in  general ;  utterance  in 
tones  of  musical  quality  and  succession,  with 
or  without  words :  opposed  to  speech  and  to  in- 
strumental music. 

For  the  tired  slave  Song  lifts  the  languid  oar. 

Wordsworth,  Power  of  Sound,  iv. 

2.  The  musical  cry  of  some  birds  (see  singing 
bird,  under  xing)  and,  by  extension,  of  some 
other  animals. 

Trees,  braunches,  birds,  and  songs  were  framed  fltt 
For  to  allure  fraile  mind  to  carelesse  ease. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  13. 

3.  A  short  poem  intended  for  singing,  or  set  to 
music;  a  ballad  or  lyric.    A  song  is  properly  distin- 
guished by  brevity,  free  use  of  rhythmic  accent  and  rime, 
more  or  less  division  into  stanzas  or  strophes,  often  with 
a  refrain  or  burden,  comparative  directness  and  simplicity 
of  sentiment,  and  a  decidedly  lyrical  manner  throughout. 

Out  on  you,  owls !  nothing  but  songs  of  death  ? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4.  609. 
The  bard  who  first  adorn'd  our  native  tongue 
Tun'd  to  his  British  lyre  this  ancient  song. 
Dryden,  To  the  Duchess  of  Oruiond  with  Pal.  and  Arc. 
Perhaps  it  may  turn  out  a  sang, 
Perhaps  turn  out  a  sermon. 

Burns,  Epistle  to  a  Young  Friend. 

4.  A  particular  melody  or  musical  setting  for 
such  a  poem,  for  either  one  or  several  voices 
(in  the  latter  case  usually  called  a  part-song 
or  i/lce).     Songs  are  generally  written  in  song  form, 
but  are  often  irregular  also.     They  usually  contain  but 
a  single  movement,  and  have  an  accompaniment  of  a 
varying  amount  of  elaboration.     They  are  classified  as 
folk-songs,  which  spring  up  more  or  less  unconsciously 
among  the  common  people,  or  art-songs,  which  are  delib- 
erately composed  by  musicians  (see  lied);  as  strophic,  when 
made  up  of  a  movement  repeated  for  the  several  strophes, 
or  composed  through,  when  the  music  varies  with  the  suc- 
cessive strophes ;  or  they  are  named  by  reference  to  their 
general  subject  or  style,  as  rustic,  patriotic,  national,  mar- 
tial, naval,  nuptial,  hunting,  bacchanalian,  etc. 

5.  Poetry;  poetical  composition;  verse. 

This  subject  lor  heroic  song 
Pleased  me.  Milton,  P.  L,  ta.  25. 

6.  A  mere  trifle:  something  of  little  or  no  value: 
as,  I  bought  it  for  a  song.     [Colloq.]— Comic, 
Gregorian,  melismatic,  nuptial,  old  song.    See  the 
adjectives.— Master  of  song,  master  of  the  song*. 
See  master*.—  Song  form,  in  music,  a  form  or  method 
of  composition  consisting  in  general  of  three  sections,  the 


song 

lirst  and  last  linna  nearly  the  same,  and  the  sec 1  hei,,,- 

eontrasted  with  the  first.-  Song  of  degrees.    See  ,/. 
-Song  of  Solomon,  Song  of  Songs,  c:u,ti,-i,s  ,., , 

ffn  't    '.T8!011?  of,  ^he  T?ree  Ho]y  Children,  an  add! 
tlon  to  the  bool  of   Daniel,  found  in  the  Septnaglnt  and 

in  the  Apocrypha,  purporting  to  he  the  player  and  son,; 

ff^ffi^ftriSSS 
^s^f^trfcnd^ttMii±^ 

Hinp    HTlntho**    onn<v         W....    ~,,,.         /oDrt 

«mg.    (See  also  etea-mmj, 


song-t.     A  Middle  English  preterit  of  ximi 
song-bird  (s6ng'berd),  n.     A  bird  that  sings ;  a 

singing  bird,  or  songster. 

Song-book  (song'buk),  «.  [<  ME.  'xonabok,  < 
AH.  saiigboc,  a  song-book,  music-book,  a  book 
of  canticles  and  hymns  (=  D.  gangbock  =  MLG 
sankbok  =  G.  gesangbucb  =  Icel.  sow/M-  =  Sw 
ringbolt  =  Dan.  sangbog,  a  song-book),  <  «„„/ 
song  +  66C,  book.]  1.  A  collection  of  Bonn 
or  other  vocal  music  forming  a  book  or  volume  • 
specifically,  a  hymn-book.— 2.  In  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  church,  the  portass  or  breviary. 


r>7t','.l 

eastern  half  of  the  country    then- are  seven]  oil 

or  varieties  in  the  «esl,  the  „„ .,,  ,!,.,,,„.,  ,',,  »hlchVthe 

Ko'li.ilooni.'si.arrou,  U.dnena.    Thee m 

. inches  loni-an,  -  wing.,  and  the  maffi 

he  breast  are  gathered  n.loa  elm,  actc,  ishc  pect.,,,,1  spot 
It  nests  on  the  ground, and 
Uyl  tour  or  live  spotted 
ami   doodad    eggs.      Ms 
song  Is  remarkahh 
and  hearty,  ami  tlie  (ikon 
little    bird    is    deservedly 

a  great  favorite.  It  is 
alsc.  called  tilm-.li:,, 
Oregon  song-sparrow, 
MttatjmafamalaijvHata, 
a  western  variety"  of  the 
common  song-sparrow. 

songster  (snng'ster), 

<  AS.  "sangestre, 
sangistre,  xdin/i/sti-f , 
a  female  singer,  < 
xntig,  song,  +  fern. 


sonometer 

S|l.  |V.  „•„,„./„  _  [)  siimili,,  •',  I'],  aim  I.  :i  *i,n\> 
(~>  d.  Sw.  sum-It  —  Dun.  xi, m  I.  M  .sonnet,  Canzo- 
net 1.  llilll.  of  sail,  sIMlml.  time.  Mlllg.  <  I..  «,,,,,,x, 

;i  sound:   y.ff  xtiiiiiil~>.\     1.    A  -.nig;   :il.;ilh. 
short  poem. 

I  have  a  tunnel  that  will  serve  the  turn 

shalr., -r.  <;.  of  v.,  H 


*,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  il.  20. 
song-craft  (song'kraft),  ti.  [A  mod.  revived 
iorm  of  AS.  sangerieft,  the  art  of  singing,  the 
art  of  poetry,  <  sang,  song,  +  craft,  art,  craft.] 
ine  art  of  composing  songs;  skill  in  versifica- 
tion. 

Written  with  little  skill  of  song-craft. 

Longfdlow,  Hiawatha,  Int. 

songert,  ».  [<  ME.  songere,  <  AS.  sauqere  (=  D 
MMpra.OHGr.  sangar'i,  MHG.  sender,  G.  ganger 
=  Icel.  songmri  =  Dan.  ganger  =  Sw.  s&ngare), 
a  singer,  psalmist,  <  ««n0,  song:  see  sonol.  Cf 
singerl  and  songster.']  A  singer. 
songewariet,  ».  [ME.,  <  OP.  "songewarie,  ob- 
servation of  dreams,  <  songe  (<  L.  somnium), 
dream,  +  warir,  guard,  keep:  see  u>arel.j  The 
observation  or  interpretation  of  dreams. 
Ac  I  haue  no  sauoure  in  songewarie,  for  I  see  it  ofte  faille. 
Pien  Plowman  (B),  vii.  148. 

songful  (sdng'ful),  a.  [<  song*  +  -ful.]  Dis- 
posed or  able  to  sing;  melodious.  Savage. 
[Rare.] 

SOngish  (sdng'ish),  a.  [<  songl  +  -is7ii.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  containing  songs.  [Bare.] 

The  other,  which,  for  want  of  a  proper  English  word  I 
must  call  the  songish  part,  must  abound  in  the  softness 
and  variety  of  numbers,  its  principal  intention  being  to 
please  the  hearing.  Dryden,  Albion  and  Albanians,  Pref. 
songle  (song'gl),  «.  [Formerly  also  songal,  son- 
gow  ;  a  var.  of  single*,  in  same  sense.  ]  A  hand- 
ful of  gleanings.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

I  have  just  this  last  week  obtained  a  goodly  songle  of  S. 
Staffordshire  words.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VIII.  363. 

songless  (song'les),  a.  [<  song*  +  -less.]  I. 
Without  song;  not  singing. 

Silent  rows  the  songless  gondolier. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  3. 

2.  Inornith.:  (a)  Not  singing;  unable  to  sing; 
not  a  singer:  as,  the  female  mocking-bird  is 
songless;  most  birds  are  songless  in  winter. 
(6)  Having  no  singing-apparatus,  and  conse- 
quently unable  to  sing;  not  a  song-bird;  non- 
oscine ;  clamatorial  or  mesomyodian,  as  a  pas- 
serine bird :  as,  the  Mesomyodi,  or  songless  Pas- 
seres. 

songman  (sdng'man),  n. ;  pi. songmcn (-men).  1 . 
A  singer,  especially  a  singer  of  songs ;  a  glee- 
man. 

She  hath  made  me  four  and  twenty  nosegays  for  the 
shearers,  three-man  song-men  all,  and  very  good  ones. 

Shale.,  W.  T.,iv.  3.  45. 
2.  A  lay  vicar.  See  lay*. 
song-muscle  (song'mus"!),  n.  In  ornith.,  any 
muscle  of  the  syrinx  or  lower  larynx  of  a  bird 
concerned  in  the  act  of  singing,  by  the  opera- 
tion of  which  the  voice  is  modulated;  any  mus- 
cle of  vocalization.  These  syriugeal  muscles  reach 
their  highest  development  in  number  and  complexity  of 
arrangement  in  the  Oscints,  Polymyodi,  or  Acrmnyodi,  in 
which  group  of  birds  there  are  normally  five  pairs  —  the 
tensor  posterior  longus,  tensor  anterior  longus,  tensor  pos- 
terior brevis,  tensor  anterior  brevis,  and  sternotrachealis. 

There  is  no  question  of  its  being  by  the  action  of  the 
syringeal  muscles  .  .  .  that  the  expansion  of  the  bronchi, 
both  as  to  length  and  diameter,  is  controlled,  and,  as 
thereby  the  sounds  uttered  by  the  Bird  are  modified,  they 
are  properly  called  the  Song-muscles 

A.  Newton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  29. 

song-sparrow  (sdng'spar'^),  «.  1.  The  hedge- 
sparrow,  Accentor  motlularis.  See  cut  under  Ac- 
centor. [Eng.]— 2.  A  small  fringilline  bird  of 
North  America,  of  the  genus  Melospiza,  a  sweet 
songster,  with  a  streaked  brown,  gray,  and 
white  plumage  without,  any  yellow.  The  best- 
known  is  M.fasciata,  one  of  the  most  familiar  birds  of  the 


who  or  that  which  sings  or  is  skilled  in  singing. 
Every  songster  had  sung  out  his  flt 

B.  Jonson,  Neptune's  Triumph. 

Specifically,  in  omith. :  (a)  A  singer ;  a  singing  bird  (6) 
pi.  Specifically,  singing  birds :  the  Oscines,  Cantores  'Can- 
tdtoTeSf  Acrotni/odij  or  J^olyinijodi 

2.  A  writer  of  songs  or  poems. 

Silk  will  draw  some  sneaking  songster  thither. 
It  is  a  rhyming  age,  and  verses  swarm 

t  every  stall.    B.  Jonson,  An  Elegy  (Underwoods,  Ixi). 
songstress  (song'stres),  n.     [<  songster  +  -ess.] 
A  female  singer ;  also,  a  female  singing  bird. 

The  trill  .  .  . 

Of  that  shy  songstress,  whose  love-tale 
Might  tempt  an  angel  to  descend, 
While  hovering  o'er  the  moonlight  vale. 

Wordsworth,  Power  of  Sound. 

song-thrush  (song'thrush),  n.  One  of  the  com- 
mon thrushes  of  Europe,  Turdus  musiciis;  the 
mavis  or  throstle,  closely  related  to  the  mistle- 
thrush,  redwing  and  fieldfare,  it  is  9  inches  in 
length,  and  14  in  extent  of  wings.  The  upper  parts  are 
yellowish-brown,  reddening  on  the  head ;  the  wing-coverts 
are  tipped  with  reddish-yellow;  the  fore  neck  and  breast 
are  yellowish,  with  brownish-black  arrow-heads  •  the  low- 
er  wing-coverts  are  reddish-yellow ;  and  the  belly  is  white 
See  cut  under  thrush. 

sonifaction  (son-i-fak'shon),  n.  [<  L.  sonus, 
sound,  +  factio(n-),  <  facere,  produce.]  The 
production  of  sound;  a  noise-making;  espe- 
cially, the  stridulation  of  insects,  as  distin- 
guished from  vocalization:  as,  the  sonifaction 
of  the  cicada  or  katydid. 

A  mode  of  sonifactim  .  .  .  similar  to  that  where  a  boy 
runs  along  a  fence  pushing  a  stick  against  the  pickets. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  307. 


sonifer  (son'i-fer),  n.  [<  L.  sonus,  sound,  + 
ferre  =  E.  ftearl.]  An  acoustic  instrument  for 
collecting  sound  and  conveying  it  to  the  ear  of 
a  partially  deaf  person.  It  is  a  bell  or  receiver  of 
metal,  from  which  the  sound-waves  are  conducted  to  the 
ear  by  a  flexible  pipe.  E.  ll.  Knight. 

soniferous  (so-uif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  sonus,  sound, 
-I-  ferre  =  E.  bearl.]  Conveying  or  producing 
sound. 

son-in-law  (sun'in-la"),  n.  [<  ME.  sone  in  lawe  : 
see  sonl  and  fowl.]  The  husband  of  one's  daugh- 
ter. 

sonless  (sun'les),  a.  [<  sojji  +  -less.]  Having 
no  son ;  without  a  son. 

If  the  Emperour  die  son-lesge,  a  successor  is  chosen  of 
such  a  spirit  as  their  present  affaires  do  require. 

Sandys,  Travalles,  p.  183. 

sonnet,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  sun*. 
SOnnekint,  ».     [Early  mod.  E.,  later  "sonkin, 
<  sonl  +  -kin.']    A  little  son.     [Nonce-word.] 
iraiti'oi',  sonne/dn,  or  litle  sonne. 

Udall,  tr.  of  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus,  p.  233,  note. 

Sonneratia  (son-e-ra'shi-a),  n.  [NL.  (Linnreus 
filius,  1781),  named  after  P.  Sonnerat  (1745- 
1814),  a  French  traveler  and  naturalist.]  A  ge- 
nus of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Lytlira- 
rieee  and  tribe  Lytlireee.  it  is  characterized  by  flow- 
ers having  a  bell-shaped  calyx  with  from  four  to  eight 
lobes,  as  many  small  petals  or  sometimes  none,  numerous 
stamens,  and  a  many-celled  ovary  which  becomes  a  round- 
ish berry  stipitate  in  the  calyx  and  filled  with  a  granular 
pulp.  It  includes  5  or  e  species,  natives  of  tropical  shores, 
chiefly  in  eastern  Africa  and  Asia,  also  in  .Madagascar  and 
Australia.  They  are  smooth-branched  trees  or  shrubs, 
with  opposite  coriaceous  oblong  entire  and  almost  vein- 
less  leaves,  and  large  bract  less  flowers  in  terminal  clusters 
of  three  each  or  solitary  in  the  axils.  5.  apetala,  a  tree  of 
40  feet,  growing  in  Indian  mangrove-swamps  flooded  by 
the  tide,  has  the  name  of  kambala  (which  see).  S.  acida, 
with  a  height  of  15  feet,  grows  in  large  masses  in  similar 
situations  ranging  further  east :  its  leaves  are  the  food  of 
a  silkworm,  and  its  acid  and  slightly  bitter  fruit  is  used 
as  a  condiment. 

sonnet  (son'et),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  som-tti-  : 
=  D.  sonnet,  <  F.  sonnet,  OF.  sonet,  a  song,  = 


K.  Robinum,  Come.  Thou  I .',„,, ,t  of  livery  Blessing. 
Sp,-eili,.;i||y  — 2.  A  short  |H(i-ni  in  fixed  form, 
limited  to  fourteen  lines  with  n  pivseribi-d  ,|i-,- 
jxisit  ion  of  rlaiM.  The  form  Is  of  Italian  origin  A 
t  is  generally  written  in  decasyllabic  or  five  foot  mea- 
sure; but  it  may  be  written  in  octoujll  nsisls 
of  two  divisions  or  groups  of  lines— (1)  a  major  group  of 
eight  lines  or  two  quatrain*,  and  (2)  a  minor  group  of  six 
lines  or  two  tercets.  The  quatrains  arc  arranged  thus- 
a,  b,  b,  a;  a,  b,  b,  a;  the  tenets,  either  c.  d,  c,  d,  e  d' 
ore,  d,  t,  c,  d,  e.  In  modern  French  example*  the  order 
of  the  (ends  is  generally  c,  c,  d,  e,  d,  t.  There  are  vari- 
ous deviations  imm  the  sonnet  as  thus  described'  but 
by  jinrists  the  above  Is  regarded  as  the  orthodox  form,  es- 
tablished by  long  practice  and  prescription,  all  others  be- 
ing ranked  simply  as  quatorzalns,  or  what  Lamb  called 
fourteeners.  With  regard  to  the  material  of  the  poem  it 
is  generally  considered  thatitshould  be  the  expression  of 
a  single  thought,  idea,  or  sentiment. 

I  can  beste  allowe  to  call  those  Sonnett  whlche  are  of 
fouretene  lynes,  euery  line  conteyning  tenne  syllable* 

Gascoigne,  Notes  on  Eng.  Verse  (ed.  Arber),  1 14. 
sonnet  (son'et),  ».     [<  sonnet,  ».]     I.  trans.  1. 
To  celebrate  in  sonnets.     [Rare.] 

Daniel  hath  divinely  sonnetted  the  matchless  beauty  of 
Delia.  Francis  Meres,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  II.  96. 

2.  To  cover  or  fill  with  sonnets.     [Rare.] 

Hee  will  be  an  Inamorato  Poeta,  and  sonnet  a  whole  quire 
of  paper  In  praise  of  Ladle  Manibetter,  his  yeolowfac'd 
m'8tre!>-  Nashe,  Pierce  Penilewe,  p.  17. 

II.  intrans.  To  compose  sonnets. 
Nor  list  I  sonnet  of  my  mistress'  face, 
1  o  paint  some  Blowesse  with  a  borrow'd  grace 

lip.  Uall,  Satire*,  I.  L  5. 

sonneteer,  sonnetteer  (son-e-ter'),  n.  [<  it. 
sonettiere  (=  Sp.  sonetero),  a  composer  of  son- 
nets, <  sonetto,  a  sonnet:  see  sonnet.]  A  com- 
poser of  sonnets  or  small  poems:  usually  with  a 
touch  of  contempt. 

Our  little  sonnetteers  .  .  .  have  too  narrow  souls  to 
Judge  of  poetry.  Drydm,  All  for  Love,  Pref. 

The  noble  sonnetteer  would  trouble  thee  no  more  with 
his  madrigals.  Wycherley,  Plain  Dealer,  i.  1. 

sonneteer,  sonnetteer  (son-e-ter'),  v.  i.     [< 
sonneteer,  it.]     To  compose  sonnets;  rime. 
Rhymers  sonneteering  in  their  sleep.       Mrs.  Browning. 
In  the  very  height  of  that  divine  sonneteering  love  of 
Laura.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  368. 

sonnetingt  (son'et-ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  son- 
net, !•.]  1.  The  making  or  composing  of  son- 
nets, as  in  praise  or  celebration  of  something; 
the  writing  of  poetry. 

Tut :  he  is  famous  for  his  revelling, 
For  flne  set  speeches,  and  for  sonnetUng. 

Marston,  Satires,  i.  42. 

Two  whole  pages  .  .  .  praise  the  Remonstrant  even  to 
the  sonettiny  of  his  fresh  cheeks,  quick  eyes,  round  tongue, 
agil  hand,  and  nimble  invention. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnnns. 
2.  Song;  singing. 

Leavie  groves  now  mainely  ring 
With  each  sweet  bird's  sonneting 

W.  Bromie,  Thyrsis'  Praise  to  his  Mistress. 

sonnetist,  sonnettist  (son'et-ist),  n.  [=  PJ?. 
sonetista;  as  sonnet  +  -ist.]  A  sonneteer. 

The  prophet  of  the  heav'nly  lyre, 
Great  Solomon,  sings  in  the  English  quire; 
And  is  become  a  new-found  sonnetut. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  I.  vllL  9. 

SOnnetize  (son'et-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  tonnrt- 
ized,pTjr.sonnetizi>tg.  [<  sonnet  +  -ise.]  I.  in- 
tranx.  To  compose  sonnets. 

II.  trans.  To  make  the  subject  of  a  sonnet; 
celebrate  in  a  sonnet. 

Now  could  I  sonnetize  thy  piteous  plight 

Southey,  Nondescript*,  v. 

sonnetteer, sonnettist.  Seesonneteer,gonnetist. 

sonnet-writer  (sou'et-ri'ter),  n.  A  writer  of 
sonnets;  a  sonneteer. 

sonnisht,  a.     See  sunnixlt. 

Sonnite,  ».     See  Sunnite. 

sonny  (sun'i),  n.     [Dim.  of  «o»l.]    A  familiar 
form  of  address  in  speaking  to  a  boy. 
strike  him,  sonny,  strike  him  ! 

New  Princeton  Ret.,  V.  371. 

Sonoma  oak.  An  oak,  Quernm  h't-lloggii  (Q. 
SouMMUfe),  of  the  mountains  of  Oregon  and 
California.  It  Is  a  tree  of  moderate  size,  valued  chiefly 
as  fuel,  but  famishing  also  some  tan-bark. 

Sonometer  (so-nom'e-ter),  «.  [<  L.  HHIIHK, 
sound,  +  Or.  'fiirpov,  measure.]  1.  An  appa- 
ratus used  in  experimenting  upon  musical 


sonometer 

strings  or  wires,  aud  in  illustrating  the  laws 
which  govern  their  transverse  vibrations.  It 
consists  of  a  sounding-board  upon  suitable  supports,  so 
arranged  that  two  strings  may  be  stretched  above  it  side 
by  side ;  their  tension  and  their  lengths  may  be  varied  at 


will  by  changing  the  position  of  the  bridges :  the  strings 


vraons  n  e  musca  noe  gven  y  a  n  r  - 
versely as  its  length  and  diameter,  directly  as  the  square 
root  of  the  tension,  and  inversely  as  the  square  root  of  its 
density. 

2.  An  instrument,  consisting  of  a  small  bell 
fixed  on  a  table,  for  testing  the  effects  of  treat- 
ment for  deafness. — 3.  In  elect.,  an  apparatus 
for  testing  metals  by  means  of  an  induction- 
coil,  with  which  is  associated  a  telephone.  See 
induction-balance. 

Sonora  gum.    See  gum?. 

sonore  (so-no're),  adv.  [<  It.  sonoro :  see  sono- 
rous.] In  music,  in  a  loud,  sonorous  manner. 

sonorescence  (so-no-res'ens),  11.  [<  sonores- 
cen(t)  +  -ce.]  The  property  of  some  sub- 
stances, as  hard  rubber,  of  emitting  a  sound 
when  an  intermittent  beam  of  radiant  heat  or 
light  falls  upon  them.  See  radiophony. 

sonorescent  (so-no-res'ent),  a.  [<  sonor-ous 
+  -escent,]  Possessing  the  property  of  sono- 
rescence. 

sonorific  (so-no-rif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  sonor,  a  sound 
(<  sonare,  sound),  +  -ficus,  (.  facere,  make.]  1. 
Making  sound:  as,  the  sonorific  quality  of  a 
body. 

This  will  evidently  appear  ...  if  he  should  ask  me  why 
a  clock  strikes  and  points  to  the  hour,  and  1  should  say  it 
is  by  an  indicating  form  and  sonorifick  quality. 

Watts,  Logic,  I.  vi.  !  3. 

2.  In  zool.,  sound -producing;  making  a  noise, 
as  the  stridulating  organs  of  a  cricket :  distin- 
guished from  vocal  or  phonetic.  Also  sonant. 
sonority  (so-nor'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  sonorite  =  Sp. 
sonoridad  =  Pg.  sonoridade  =  It.  sonorita,  <  LL. 
sonorita(t-)s,  fullness  of  sound,  <  L.  sonorus, 
sounding,  sonorous :  see  sonorous.]  Sonorous- 
ness. 

Few  can  really  so  surrender  their  ears  as  to  find  plea- 
sure in  restless  sonority  for  many  minutes  at  a  time 

E.  Gurney,  in  Nineteenth  Century,  XIII.  446. 

sonorophone  (so-no'ro-fon),  ».  [<  L.  sonants, 
sonorous,  +  Gr.  <j>w y,  sound,  voice.]  A  variety 
of  bombardon. 

sonorous  (so-no'rus),  a.  [=  P.  sonore  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  sonoro,  <  L.  sonorus,  sounding,  loud- 
sounding,  <  sonor,  sound,  noise,  allied  to  sonug, 
sound,  <  sonare,  sound :  see  sound5.]  1 .  Giving 
sound,  as  when  struck ;  resonant ;  sounding. 
Sonorous  metal  blowing  martial  sounds. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  640. 

A  body  is  only  sonorous  when  put  into  a  particular  con- 
dition of  vibration.  J.  Sully,  Outlines  of  Psychol.,  p.  156. 

2.  Giving  a  loud  or  full-volumed  sound;  loud- 
sounding:  as,  a  sonorous  voice. 

And  lo  !  with  a  summons  sonorous 
Sounded  the  bell  from  its  tower. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

3.  Having  an  imposing  sound;  high-sounding: 
as,  a  sonorous  style. 

The  Italian  opera  seldom  sinks  into  "a  poorness  of  lan- 
guage, but,  amidst  all  the  meanness  and  familiarity  of  the 
thoughts,  has  something  beautiful  and  sonorous  in  the  ex- 
pression. Addiion,  Remarks  on  Italy  (ed.  Bohn),  I.  398. 

4.  Sonant:  as,  the  vowels  are  sono»-o««._sono- 
rpus  figures,  those  figures  which  are  formed  by  the  vibra- 
tions produced  by  sound.    Thus,  when  a  layer  of  fine  sand 
is  strewn  on  a  disk  of  glass  or  metal,  and  a  violin-bow 
drawn  down  on  the  edge  of  the  disk,  a  musical  note  will  be 
heard,  accompanied  by  motion  in  the  sand,  which  will 
gather  itself  to  those  parts  that  continue  at  rest — that  is  to 
the  nodal  lines,  forming  what  are  termed  sonorous  figures 
See  nodal  lines,  under  nodal.- Sonorous  rale     See  an 
rMe,  under  nife.-Sonorous  stone, a  commSn  emblem  in 

se  as  a  part  of  Chinese  decoration  and  also  as  a  mark  for 
certain  porcelain  vases  and  similar  objects.  The  figure 
is  intended  to  represent  one  of  those  stones  which  when 
"."af  n'otes  a  *rame  and  struck  with  a  mallet  produce  mu- 

sonorously  (so-no'rus-li),  adv.  In  a  sonorous 
manner;  with  sound;  with  an  imposing  sound 

sonorousness  (so-no'rus-nes),  n.  Sonorous 
character  or  quality :  as,  the  sonorousness  of 
metals,  of  a  voice,  of  style,  etc. 


5770 

Don't  you  perceive  the  sonorousness  of  these  old  dead 
Latin  phrases?  0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  v. 

sons,  sonce  (sons),  n.  [<  Gael.  Ir.  sonas,  pros- 
perity, happiness;  ef .  Gael,  sona,  happy.]  Pros- 
perity; felicity;  abundance.  [Scotch.] 

sonship  (sun'ship),  n.  [<  sow1  -I-  -ship.]  The 
relation  of  son ;  filiation ;  the  character,  rights, 
duties,  and  privileges  of  a  sou. 

Regeneration  on  the  part  of  the  grantor,  God  Almighty, 
means  admission  or  adoption  into  sonship,  or  spiritual 
citizenship.  Waterland,  Works,  III.  348. 

Sonstadt  solution.    See  solution. 
sonsy,  soncy  (son'si),  «.     [Also  sonsie,  soncie; 
<  sons,  sonce,  +  -y1.]    Lucky;  happy;  good-hu- 
mored ;  well-conditioned ;  buxom.    [Prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

His  honest,  sonsie,  baws'nt  face 
Aye  gat  him  friends  in  ilka  place. 

Bunts,  The  Twa  Dogs. 

"Is  she  a  pretty  girl?"  said  the  Duke ;  "her  sister  does 
not  get  beyond  a  good  comely  sonsy  lass. " 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- Lothian,  xxxix. 

sontag  (son'tag),  n.  [Named  after  Henriette 
Sontag,  a  famous  singer  (died  1854).]  A  knit- 
ted or  crocheted  covering  for  a  woman's  shoul- 
ders. It  was  worn  outside  the  dress  like  a  cape, 
and  was  tied  down  round  the  waist. 

sontyt  (son'ti),  n.  [Also  santy ;  an  abbr.  of 
sanctity.]  Sanctity :  a  reduced  form  occurring, 
usually  in  the  plural,  in  the  phrase  God's  sonty, 
used  as  an  oath. 

By  God's  sonties,  'twill  be  a  hard  way  to  hit. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  2.  47. 

SOOa,  n.     Same  as  suar. 

soocey,  n.    See  susi. 

soochong,  71.    See  souchong. 

soodra,  sooder,  n.    Same  as  sudra. 

Soofee,  71.    See  Sufi. 

sooiee,  «.    See  sujee. 

SOOl,  71.    See  fmd«. 

SOOla-clover  (so'la-klo'ver),  7i.  See  Hedysarum. 

soom  (som),  r.    A  Scotch  form  of  su'im. 

SOOn  (son  or  sun),  adv.  [<  ME.  soone,  sone, 
tonne,  sune  (cotnpar.  sonere,  sonnere,  sunnere),  < 
AS.  sona  (with  adverbial  suffix  -a,  as  in  twiwa, 
twice,  etc.,  not  present  in  most  of  the  other 
forms)  =  OS.  sdna,  sdno,  sane,  sdn  =  OFries. 
sdn,  son  =  MD.  saen  =  MLG.  sdn  =  MHG.  saw 
(cf .  OHG.  MHG.  sa) ;  cf .  Icel.  senn,  soon ;  Goth. 
suns,  immediately;  prob.  akin  to  AS.  sicd,  etc., 
so:  see  so1.]  If.  At  once;  forthwith;  imme- 
diately. 
Thanne  he  assoilled  hir  sone.  Piers  Plovman(B\  iii.  47. 

2.  In  a  short  time ;  at  an  early  date  or  an  early 
moment;  before  long;  shortly;  presently:  as, 
winter  will  soon  be  here ;  I  hope  to  see  you  SOOM. 

Now  doth  he  frown, 
And  'gins  to  chide,  but  soon  she  stops  his  lips. 

SAa*.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  46. 

We  knew  that  the  Spaniards  would  »oon  be  after  us, 
and  one  man  falling  into  their  hands  might  be  the  ruin  of 
us  all,  by  giving  an  account  of  our  strength  and  condi- 
tion. Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  2. 

3.  Early;  before  the  time  specified  is  much 
advanced ;  when  the  time,  event,  or  the  like  has 
but  just  arrived :  as,  soo7»  in  the  morning ;  soon 
at  night  (that  is,  early  in  the  evening,  or  as 
soo7(  as  night  sets  in) ;  soon  at  five  o'clock  (that 
is,  as  soon  as  the  hour  of  five  arrives) :  an  old 
locution  still  in  use  in  the  southern  United 
States. 

Within  my  twenty  yere  of  age, 
Whan  that  love  taketh  his  corage 
Of  yonge  folke,  I  wente  soone 
To  bed,  as  I  was  wont  to  doon. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  v.  23. 
Soon  at  five  o'clock, 
Please  you,  111  meet  with  you  upon  the  mart. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  2.  26. 

4.  Early ;  before  the  usual,  proper,  set,  or  ex- 
pected time. 

How  is  it  that  ye  are  come  so  goon  to  day?       Ex.  ii.  18. 
These  considerations  moved  me  to  hasten  my  departure 
somewhat  sooner  than  I  intended. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  i.  8. 

5.  Quickly;  speedily;  easily. 


She  burn'd  out  love,  as  soon  as^w  ou^urneth. 
"na*  •'  ™i8-  "Wi  1- 


sooth 

I  am  an  extravagant  young  fellow  who  wants  to  borrow 
money  —  you  I  take  to  be  a  prudent  old  fellow,  who  have 
got  money  to  lend  — I  am  blockhead  enough  to  give  tittv 
per  cent,  sooner  than  not  have  it. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 

As  soon  as,  the  moment  that ;  immediately  after :  as,  as 
soon  as  the  mail  arrives  1  shall  let  you  know ;  as  soon  as  he 
saw  the  police  he  ran  off. 

His  Sustre  fulfilled  not  his  Wille :  for  als  sone  as  he  was 
ik-d  Kche  delyvci-L-d  alle  the  Lordes  out  of  Presoun,  and 
lete  hem  gon,  cche  Lord  to  his  owne. 

Manderille,  Travels,  p.  89. 

A  man  who  belongs  to  the  army  only  in  time  of  peace, 
.  .  .  and  retires  as  soon  as  he  thinks  it  likely  that  he  may 
be  ordered  on  an  expedition,  is  justly  thought  to  have  dis- 
graced himself.  Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

No  sooner  than,  as  soon  as ;  ]  ust  as.  -  Soon  and  anon  t , 
forthwith ;  promptly. 

Johne  toke  the  munkes  horse  be  the  hede 

In  I  sone  and  anone. 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Monk  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  9). 

Sooner  or  later,  at  some  future  time,  near  or  remote: 
often  implying  that  the  event  spoken  of  will  inevitably 
occur.— Soon  sot.  See  «oi.  =Syn.  2  and  3.  Betimes,  etc. 
(see  early),  promptly,  quickly.  —  6.  Xief. 
SOOnt  (son  or  sun),  a.  [<  soow,  adv.]  Early; 
speedy;  quick. 

The  end  of  these  wars,  of  which  they  hope  for  a  soon  and 
prosperous  issue.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  I. 

Make  your  soonest  haste ; 
So  your  desires  are  yours. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  iii.  4.  27. 
Soonee,  n.     See  Sunni. 

soonlyt  (son'li  or  sun'li),  adv.  [<  soon  +  -Ii/2.] 
Quickly;  promptly.  [Rare.] 

A  mason  meets  with  a  stone  that  wants  no  cutting,  and 
soonly  approving  of  it,  places  it  in  his  work.  Dr.  II.  More. 

soop  (sop),  v.  t.     [<  Icel.  sopa.  sweep :  see  swoop, 
sweep.]    To  sweep.     [Scotch.] 
sooping  (so'ping),  71.     [Verbal  n.  of  soop,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  sweeping,  as  with  a  broom. 

A  wheen  cork-headed,  barmy-brained  gowks !  that  wun- 
na  let  puir  folk  sae  muckle  as  die  in  quiet  wi'  their  sos- 
sings  and  their  soopings.  Scott,  St.  Konan's  Well,  xxxii. 

2.  What  is  swept  together:  generally  in  the 
plural.     [Scotch  in  both  senses.] 

soorack,  ».     See  sourock. 

soordt,  n.    An  obsolete  variant  of  sward. 

soorma,  n.    See  surma. 

SOOrock,  7i.     See  sourock. 

SOOSOO,  n.    See  SMSM. 

SOOt1  (sut  or  s6t),  7i.  [<  ME.  soot,  sote,  sot,  < 
As.  sot,  also  written  soot,  =  MD.  soet  =  MLG. 
sot,  LG.  soft  =  Icel.  sot  =  Sw.  so*  =  Dan.  sod, 
soot;  =  Ir.  suth  =  Gael,  suith  =  W.  swta  (per- 
haps <  E. )  =  Lith.  sodis,  usually  in  pi.  sodzei, 
soot.  Cf.  P.  suie,  dial,  suje  =  Pr.  suta,  suga  =; 
Cat.  sutja,  soot,  prob.  from  the  Celtic.]  A  black 
substance  formed  by  combustion,  or  disengaged 
from  fuel  in  the  process  of  combustion,  rising 
in  fine  particles  and  adhering  to  the  sides  of  the 
chimney  or  pipe  conveying  the  smoke.  The  soot 
of  coal  and  that  of  wood  differ  very  materially  in  their  com- 
position, the  former  containing  more  finely  divided  car- 
bon than  the  latter.  Coal-soot  also  contains  considerable 
quantities  of  ammonium  sulphate  and  chlorld.  The  soot 
of  wood  has  a  peculiar  empyreumatic  odor  and  bitter  taste. 
It  is  very  complex  in  composition,  containing  potash, 
soda,  lime,  and  magnesia,  combined  with  both  organic  and 
inorganic  acids.  It  has  been  used  to  some  extent  in  med- 
icine as  a  tonic  and  antispasmodic. 
Soot,  of  reke  or  smoke.  Fuligo.  Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  465. 
We  could  not  speak,  no  more  than  if 
We  had  been  choked  with  soot. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 

Soot-cancer,  epithelioma  apparently  due  to  the  irritat- 
ing action  of  soot  on  the  skin,  seen  in  chimney-sweeps. 

SOOt1  (sut  or  sot),  v.  t.     [<  soo<i,  w.]     To  mark, 
cover,  or  treat  with  soot. 
The  land  was  sooted  before.  Mortimer. 

S00t2t,  SOOtet.    Middle  English  forms  of  sweet. 

SOOt-dew  (sut'du),  71.  In  bot.,  a  black  fuliginous 
coating  covering  parts  of  living  plants.  It  is 
caused  by  fungi  of  the  genus  Fumago. 

SOOterkint  (so'ter-kin),  71.  [Appar.  of  D.  origin, 
but  no  corresponding  D.  term  appears.]  A  kind 
of  false  birth  fabled  to  be  produced  by  Dutch 
women  from  sitting  over  their  stoves  (John- 


is 
mati 


brain  than  a  dull  Dutchwoman's  sooterHn  is  of 


vlnity  "pride  OT  Ivariceta  otters'"  8°me'  **mn  tha"  D'"     *""  *****'    ^Vd">,  Re^arkTo^Th^Empress  o7  Morocco! 


eligio  Medici,  it  9. 
8.  Readily;   willingly;  gladly:  in  this   sense 


Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  126. 

other  sootflake  (sut'flak),  w.     A  flake  or  particle  of 
soot;  - 


figures 


VersallieT"  '  '""*  °'  800th  (soth),  a.     [<  ME.  sooth,  soth,  aothe,  <  AS. 

Adduon,  lo  Congreve,  Blois,  Dec.,  1899.     soth  =  OS.  soth,  moth,  suot  =  Icel.  «annr  (for 


sooth 

*xiintlir)  =  tiw.mtHH  =  Dan.  ,w«rf=  Goth,  '.iiitlix 
(in  deriv.  millijun,  xiitlijun,  soothe)  (cf.  siniji-iiin. 
true,  Kiiiijn,  truth)  =  Bkt.  xat  (for  *«<«/),  true 
(cf.  w/tyrt  (for  *sai<tya),  true,  =  Or.  m<if,  true), 
=  L.  *sen(t-)s,  being,  in  i>riesi'H(t-).i,  being  be- 
fore, present,  absen(t-)s,  being  away,  absent. 
later  en( «-).*,  being  (8ee  t-nx,  i-nliti/);  'orig.  ppr. 
of  tlie  verb  represented  by  L.  ease,  Or.  uvaj. 
Skt.  V  «s,  be  (3d  pers.  pi.  AS.  xynd  =  O.  xiiid 
=  L.  sun t  =  Skt..  .w«//) :  sec  «)»  (are,  wr),  .vi/i1, 
From  the  L.  form  are  ult.  E.  »•«.•;.  i-ntili/, 
e,  etc., present,  absent,  etc.;  from  theGr., 
ii,  etc.;  from  the  Skt.,  suttee.}  1.  Being 
in  accordance  with  truth ;  conformed  to  fact ; 
true;  real.  [Obsolete,  archaic,  or  Scotch  in 
this  and  the  following  use.] 

God  wot,  thing  Is  never  the  lasse  sooth, 
Thogh  every  wight  ne  may  hit  nat  ysee. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  14. 

If  thou  speak'st  false, 
Upon  the  next  tree  shall  thou  hang  alive, 
Till  famine  cling  thee ;  if  thy  speech  be  sooth, 
I  care  not  if  thou  dost  for  me  as  much. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  6.  40. 

2.  Truthful ;  trustworthy  ;  reliable. 

The  soothest  shepherd  that  e'er  piped  on  plains. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  823. 
A  destined  errant-knight  I  come, 
Announced  by  prophet  sooth  and  old. 

Scott,  L.  oltheL.,1.  24. 

3.  Soothing;  agreeable;   pleasing;  delicious. 
[Rare.] 

Jellies  soother  than  the  creamy  curd, 
And  lucent  syrops,  tinct  with  cinnamon. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xxx. 

sooth  (soth),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  soothe ;  < 
ME.  sooth,  sothe,  soth,  <  AS.  soth,  the  truth,  < 
soth,  true:  see  sooth,  a.]  1.  Truth;  reality; 
fact.  [Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

To  say  the  sooth,  .  .  . 
My  people  are  with  sickness  much  enfeebled. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  Hi.  6.  151. 

Found  ye  all  your  knights  return'd, 
Or  was  there  sooth  in  Arthur's  prophecy? 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

2f.  Soothsaying;  prognostication. 

Tis  inconuenient,  mighty  Potentate,  .  .  . 
To  scorne  the  sooth  of  science  [astrology]  with  contempt. 
Greene,  James  IV.,  i.  1. 

The  soothe  of  byrdes  by  beating  of  their  wlnges. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December. 

3t.  Cajolery ;  fair  speech ;  blandishment. 

That  e'er  this  tongue  of  mine, 
That  laid  the  sentence  of  dread  banishment 
On  yon  proud  man,  should  take  it  off  again 
With  words  of  sooth!       Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ill.  3. 136. 
With  a  sooth  or  two  more  I  had  effected  it. 
They  would  have  set  it  down  under  their  hands. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  v.  1. 

For  sooth.  See  forsooth.— In  good  sooth,  i"  good  truth ; 
in  reality. 

Eude,  in  sooth  ;  in  good  sooth,  very  rude. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  111.  1.  60. 

In  SOOtb,  in  truth  ;  in  fact ;  indeed  ;  truly. 

In  sothe  too  me  the  matire  queynte  is ; 
For  as  too  hem  i  toke  none  hede. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  50. 
In  sooth,  I  know  not  why  I  am  so  sad ; 
It  wearies  me.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  L  1. 

sooth,  v.    See  soothe. 

sooth  (soth),  adv.  [<  ME.  sortie;  <  sooth,  a.]  If. 
Truly;  truthfully. 

He  that  seith  most  sothest  sonnest  ys  y-blamed. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  iv.  439. 

2.  In  sooth;  indeed:  often  used  interjection- 
ally. 
Yes,  sooth ;  and  so  do  you.       Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  HI.  2.  265. 

And,  sooth, 
Twere  Christian  mercy  to  finish  him,  Ruth. 

Whittier,  Hogg  Megone,  i. 

soothe  (SOTH),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  soothed,  ppr. 
soothing.  [Also  sooth;  <  ME.  sothieii,  isothien, 
confirm,  verify,  <  AS.  ge-sothian,  prove  to  be 
true,  confirm  (cf.  gesoth,  a  parasite,  flatterer, 
in  a  gloss)  (=  Icel.  Sw.  sanna  =  Dan.  sande, 
verify,  =  Goth,  suthjan,  suthjon,  soothe),  <  soth, 
true:  see  sooth,  a.]  I.  traits.  If.  To  prove 
true;  verify;  confirm  as  truth. 

Ich  hit  wulle  sothien 

Ase  ich  hit  bi  write  suggen. 

Layamon,  1.  8491. 

Then  must  I  sooth  it,  what  euer  it  is ; 

For  what  he  sayth  or  doth  can  not  be  amisse. 

Udatt,  Roister  Doister,  i.  1. 

This  affirmation  of  the  archbishop,  being  greatlie  soothed 
out  with  his  craftie  vtterance, .  ..  confirmed  by  the  French 
freends. 

Harrison,  Descrip.  of  Eng.,  ii.  1  (Holinshed's  Chron.,  I.). 

2f.  To  confirm  the  statements  of;   maintain 
the  truthfulness  of  (a  person) ;  bear  out. 


5771 

Sooth  me  In  all  I  say  ; 
There  s  a  main  end  in  it. 

Massinger,  Duke  of  Milan,  v   :• 

3f.  To  assent  to;  yield  to;  humor  by  agree- 
ment or  concession. 

Sooth,  to  natter  immoderatelif,  or  hold  vp  one  in  liis 
talke,  and  antrme  It  to  be  true  which  he  speakelh. 

I'.nrrt,  1580. 
Is't  good  toiwothe  him  in  these-  oontnv 

Xhitk.,  r.  c,l  K.,  iv.  4.  82. 

I  am  of  the  Number  of  those  that  h:t<l  nitlii-i  rc.inmrinl 

the  Virtue  of  an  Enemy  than  tooth  tin-  Virrs  of  a  Kric  n.l. 

Uowelt,  Letters,  I.  v.  11. 

4.  To  keep  in  good  humor;  wheedle;  cajole: 
flatter. 

An  envious  wretch, 
That  glitters  only  to  his  soothed  self. 

I!,  Joiuun,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 
They  may  build  castles  in  the  air  for  a  time,  and  tooth 
up  themselves  with  phantasticul  and  pleasant  humours. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  153. 

Our  government  is  soothed  with  a  reservation  in  its  favor. 
Burke,  Rev.  In  France. 

5.  To  restore  to  ease,  comfort,  or  tranquillity; 
relieve;  calm;  quiet;  refresh. 

Satan  .  .  . 

At  length,  collecting  all  his  serpent  wiles, 
With  southing  words  renew'd  him  thus  accosts. 

Milton,  P.  R..  iii.  ii. 
Music  has  charms  to  sooth  a  savage  breast. 

Congreve,  Mourning  Bride  (ed.  1710),  i.  1. 
A  cloud  may  soothe  the  eye  made  blind  by  blaze. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  217. 

It  may  be  my  lord  is  weary,  that  his  brain  Is  overwrought ; 

Soothe  him  with  thy  finer  fancies,  touch  him  with  thy 

lighter  thought.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

6.  To  allay;  assuage;  mitigate;  soften. 

Still  there  is  room  for  pity  to  abate 
And  soothe  the  sorrows  of  so  sad  a  state. 

Cowper,  Charity,  I.  199. 
I  will  watch  thee,  tend  thee,  soothe  thy  pain. 

U.  Arnold,  Tristram  and  Iseult,  Ii. 

7.  To  smooth  over;   render  less  obnoxious. 
[Rare.] 

What !  has  your  king  married  the  Lady  Grey? 
And  now,  to  soothe  your  forgery  and  his, 
Sends  me  a  paper  to  persuade  me  patience? 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  8.  175. 

=Syn.  5  and  6.  To  compose,  tranqullize,  pacify,  ease,  al- 
leviate. 

II.  intraus.  If.  To  temporize  by  assent,  con- 
cession, flattery,  or  cajolery. 

Else  would  not  soothing  glosers  oil  the  son, 
Who,  while  his  father  livM,  his  acts  did  hate. 

Midileton,  Father  Hubbard's  Tales. 

2.  To  have  a  comforting  or  tranquilizing  in- 
fluence. 

O  for  thy  voice  to  soothe  or  bless  ! 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ivi. 

soother  (so'TH6r),  «.  [<  soothe  +  -er1.]  One 
who  or  that  which  soothes;  especially  (in  ob- 
solete use),  a  flatterer. 

By  God,  I  cannot  flatter ;  I  do  defy 
The  tongues  of  soothers. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1.  7. 

soothfast  (soth'fast),  «.  [Formerly  also,  er- 
roneously, southfast;  <  ME.  sothfast,  sothfest,  < 
AS.  sothfsest,  <  soth,  sooth,  true,  +  fsest,  fast, 
firm.  Cf.  steadfast,  shamefast.]  1.  Truthful; 
veracious;  honest. 

We  witen  that  thou  art  sothfast,  and  reckist  not  of  ony 
man.  .     .  but  thou  techist  the  weie  of  God  In  treuthe. 

Wyclif,  Mark  \ii.  14. 

Edie  was  ken'd  to  me  ...  for  a  true,  loyal,  and  soothfast 
man.  Scott,  Antiquary,  xxv. 

2.  True;  veritable;  worthy  of  belief. 

gif  thou  woldest  leue  on  him 
That  on  the  rode  dide  thl  kyn, 
That  he  is  sothefast  Godes  sone. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  98. 

It  was  a  southfast  sentence  long  agoe 

That  hastie  men  shall  never  lacke  much  woe. 

Mir.  for  Mags. ,  p.  464.    (Nares. ) 

3.  Veritable;  certain;  real. 

Ye  (Love]  holden  regne  and  nous  in  uuitee, 
Ye  sothfast  cause  of  frendshipe  ben  also. 

Chaucer,  TroUus,  Hi.  30. 

4.  Faithful ;  loyal ;  steadfast. 

Thus  manle  yeares  were  spent  with  good  and  soothfast  life, 
Twixt  Arhundle  that  worthie  knight  and  his  approued 
wife 

Turberville,  Upon  the  Death  of  Elizabeth  Arhundle. 
[(Richardson.) 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  uses.] 

soothfastly  (soth'fast-li),  adv.      [<  ME.  sotli- 

fastUke;  <  soothfast  +  -ty2.]     Truly;  in  or  with 

truth.  Ormulum,  1.  2995.   [Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

But,  if  I  were  to  come,  wad  ye  really  and  soothfastly  pay 

me  the  siller?  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxlif. 

SOOthfastness  (soth'fast-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  sotli- 
f'astnesse,  <  AS.  sdthfsentiies,  <  sothfsest,  true : 
see  soothfast  and  -ness.']  The  property  or  char- 


soothsayer 

acterof  lie  in"  -.<  M.I  h  fast  or  inn-;  truth.   '•/,». 
Troilu>,  iv.  lo.so.     [Obsolete  or  archuir.J 
SOOthfult  (sdth'lul  i.  11.      [<  MK.  mthfiil:  <  math 
+  -ful.]     Soothfast  :  true. 

He.-  may  dn  no  thynk  but  ryjt, 
A-  M  .Mn  u  [n  : i  your  inesse, 

111   »,t/lflll   KI,S|II'I    C.I    ' 

Ml,'  i.  4W7. 

SOOthfullyt  (>oth'f»l-i),  <ii/r.     [<  MK.  muithfulli/ 
(KentMi  •:i,llii-i,/li,-ln  i;  < .inntlifiil  +  -/</-.]   Truly; 
verily;  indeed.    ^ymM(eo//mry((£.E.n 
p,  138. 

soothheadt  (sdth'he.i),  «.  (<  MK.  *<,ti,i<>,t, 
( Kent i>li  :.iitliln ili-r,  <  mnitli  +  -lntnt.~]  Sooth- 
ness;  truth.  Ai/mlnt,  ,,f  linn//  (K.  E.  T.  8.), 
p.  10."). 

soothing  (Hii'Tiiiug),  «.  [Verbal  11.  of  soothe, 
f.]  The  act  of  one  who  soothes;  that  which 
soothes. 

[.1.  .1  -i. mills 

Soft-wafted  on  the  zephyr's  fancy'd  wing, 
Steal  tuneful  the  easy  ear. 

M".  TlttnnjHton,  Sickness,  v. 

soothingly  (so'THing-li),  mlr.     In  a  soothing 

manner, 
soothingness  (so'THing-ues),  «.     The  quality 

or  character  of  being  soothing.     Lowell,  N.  A'. 

Rev..  CXX.  378. 
SOOthlyt  (sSth'li),  a.     [< sooth  +  -lyl.]     True. 

Dear  was  the  klndlle  love  which  Kathrln  bore 
This  crooked  ronion,  for  in  wothly  guise 
She  was  her  genius  and  her  counsellor. 

Mickle,  Syr  Martyu,  L  46. 

SOOthly  (soth'li),  adr.  [<  ME.  soothly,  sothly. 
sothely,  sothlich,  sothliche,  <  AS.  sothlice,  truly, 
verily,  indeed,  <  soth,  true:  see  sooth.']  1.  In 
a  truthful  manner;  with  truth.  Ayenbiteof  I»- 
tcyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  74. 

Then  view  St.  David's  ruin'd  pile ; 
And,  home-returning,  soothly  swear, 
Was  never  scene  so  sad  and  fair ! 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  a  1. 

2.  In  truth;  as  a  matter  of  fact ;  indeed. 
I  nam  no  goddesse,  soothly,  quod  she  tho. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  I.  9)39. 
Ne  soothlich  is  it  easie  for  to  read 
Where  now  on  earth,  or  how,  he  may  be  fownd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  14. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  both  uses.] 
SOOthnesst  (sSth'nes),   n.      [<  ME.   sothnesse, 
sothenesse ;  <  sooth  +  •ness.']     The  state  or  prop- 
erty of  being  true,    (a)  Conformity  with  fact 

I  wool  wel  that  God  makere  and  mayster  is  governor 
of  his  werk,  ne  never  nas  yit  daye  that  mihte  put  me  owt 
of  the  sothnesse  of  that  sentence. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  L  prose  6. 
(6)  Truthfulness ;  faithfulness ;  righteousness. 
Gregorie  wist  this  well  and  wilned  to  my  sonle 
Sauacioun,  for  sotheneae  that  he  selgh  in  my  werkes. 

Piers  Plowman  (K),  xt  142. 
(c)  Reality ;  earnest. 

Seistow  this  to  me 
In  sothnesse,  or  in  dreem  I  herkne  this? 

Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  L  261. 

SOOth-sawt  (sBth'sa),  «.  [ME.  sothesaice,  soth- 
xage  (=  Icel.  sannsaga),  truth-telling,  sooth- 
saying (cf.  ME.  sothsawel,  sothsagel,  a.,  truth- 
telling),  <  AS.  soth,  truth,  sooth,  +  saga,  say- 
ing, saw:  see  sooth  and  saic'^.  Cf.  soothsay,  n.~] 
A  true  saying;  truth. 

Of  Loves  folke  mo  tydinges, 
Both  gothf-saicfS  and  lesynges. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  L  676. 

soothsay  (sfith'sa),  r.  t.  [<  sooth  +  nay1,  after 
the  noun  soothsayer.']  To  foretell  the  future ; 
make  predictions. 

I'luir.  E'en  as  the  o'erflowing  Nilus  presageth  famine. 
Iras.  Go,  you  wild  bedfellow,  you  cannot  sootluny. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  i.  -2.  :>•!. 

By  scaly  Triton's  winding  shell, 
And  old  soothsaying  Glaucus'  spell. 

Miltnii.  Comus,  1.  874. 

SOOthsayt  (sSth'sa),  n.  [<  soothsay,  v.  Cf. 
sooth-saw.  ]  .  1 .  Soothsaying ;  prediction ;  prog- 
nostication; prophecy. 

Shewes,  visions,  sooth-saye*.  and  prophesies ; 
And  all  that  famed  is,  as  leasinss,  tales,  and  lies. 

Spenter,  F.  Q.,  II.  Ix.  61. 

2.  A  portent;  an  omen. 

And,  but  God  turne  the  same  to  good  nxith-say, 
That  Ladies  safetie  is  sore  to  be  dradd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vlll.  50. 

soothsayer  (soth'sa"er),  ».     [Formerly  also 
erroneously,  southsayer ;  <  ME.  sothsaier  (Kent- 
ish zothziggere);  <  sooth  +  sni/erl.]     If.  One 
who  tells  the  truth ;  a  truthful  person. 
The  sothsaier  tho  was  lefe. 
Which  wolde  nought  the  trouthe  spare. 

Qoutr,  Coat.  Amant,  III.  164. 

2.  One  who  prognosticates;  a  diviner:  gener- 
ally used  of  a  pretender  to  prophetic  power*. 


soothsayer 

A  amlfaaiier  bids  yon  beware  the  idesof  March.  ^  ^ 
3    A  mantis  or  rearhorse.    See  cut  under  M<m- 

Mm.  Also  called  oameLertdeet,  praying-mmtu, 

(Ifril's  linrxc.  fli'i-il'ii  nice-horse,  etc.  =Syn.  2.  Seer, 
etc     Hee  prophet.  , 

soothsaying  (soWa&'ing),  «•  L<  ««<»''  +  •«'.'/- 
ing-  in  part  verbal  n.  of  soothsay,  r.]  1.  A 
foretelling;  a  prediction;  especially,  the  prog- 
nostication of  a  diviner;  also,  the  art  or  occu- 
pation of  divination. 
Divinations,  and  goothmyings,  and  dreams  are  vain.  ^ 

And  it  came  to  pass,  as  we  went  to  prayer,  a  certain 
damsel  possessed  with  a  spirit  of  divination  met  us,  which 
brought  her  masters  much  gain  by  soothsaying. 

Acts  xvi.  16. 

2f.  A  true  saying;  truth.  =Syn.  1.  See  prophet. 

SOOtily  (suf-  or  sot'i-li),  adv.  In  a  sooty  man- 
ner; with  soot.  Stor month. 

SOOtiness  (suf-  or  sb't'i-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
property  of  being  sooty. 

That  raw  sootiness  of  the  London  winter  ah-. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  62. 

SOOtish   (sut'ish  or  sS'tish),    a.     [<   soofl  + 

-is/*1.]     Partaking  of  the  nature  of  soot;  like 

soot ;  sooty.     Sir  T.  Browne. 
SOOtless  (sut'les  or  sot'les),  a.    [<  soofl  +  -less.] 

Free  from  soot.    Nature,  XLII.  25. 
soot-wart  (sufwart),  n.     Scrotal  epithelioma 

of  chimney-sweeps. 
SOOty  (sut'i  or  so'ti),  a.     [<  ME.  sooty,  soty,  < 

AS.  sotig  (=  Icel.  sdtigr  =  Sw.  sotig),  sooty, 

<sot,  soot:  see  soot1.]     1 .  Covered  or  marked 

with  soot ;  black  with  soot. 

Ful  sooty  was  hire  bour  and  ekk  hire  halle. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  I.  12. 

Straight  on  the  fire  the  sooty  pot  I  plac'd. 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Tuesday,  1.  67. 

2.  Producing  soot. 

By  fire 

Of  sooty  coal  the  empiric  alchemist 
Can  turn  .  .  . 
Metals  of  drossiest  ore  to  perfect  gold. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  440. 

3.  Produced  by  soot;  consisting  of  soot. 

The  sooty  films  that  play  upon  the  bars 
Pendulous.  Cowper,  Task,  iv.  292. 

4.  Resembling  soot ;  dark ;  dusky. 

I  ...  will  raise 

From  black  abyss  and  sooty  hell  that  mirth 
Which  fits  their  learned  round. 

Randolph,  Aristippus,  Prol. 

5.  In  zoiil.  and  bot.,  fuliginous;  of  a  dusky  or 
dark  fuscous  color:  specifically  noting  many 
animals — Sooty  albatross,  Diomedea  (Ph<?betria)fuli- 
ginom,  a  wide-ranging  species  of  albatross  in  southern  and 
south  temperate  seas,  of  a  fuliginous  color,  with  black 
feet  and  bill,  the  latter  having  a  yellow  stripe  on  the  side 
of  the  under  mandible.— Sooty  shearwater,  Ptijimis 
fttliginosus,  ablackhagden  common  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  North  America,  of  medium  size  and  entirely  fuliginous 
plumage.  — SOOty  tern,  Sterna  (Ilaliplana)  fuliyinom,  a 
tern  glossy-black  above  and  snowy-white  below,  with  a 
white  crescent  on  the  forehead,  black  bill  and  feet,  and  the 
tail  deeply  forked,  as  is  usual  in  terns.    It  is  16A  inches 


5772 

fioinni,  a  sop  (soppn  nf  rini,  a  sop  in  wine),  =  Sw. 
.vo/mrt,  broth,  soup;  from  the  strong  verb,  Ah. 
.-.•1,1,1111  (pp.  sopeti),  etc.,  sup :  see  sup.  Sop  is  thus 
ult.  a  doublet  of  noup'*  and  sup,  it.  Cf .  also  sip.) 
I.  Something  soaked;  a  morsel,  as  of  bread, 
dipped  in  a  liquid  before  being  eaten  ;  a  piece 
of  bread  softened,  as  in  broth  or  milk,  or  in- 
tended to  be  so  softened. 
Thanne 


sophister 


Sooty  Tern  (Sterna  {Hitliplana)fuligini>sd}. 

long,  and  34  in  extent  of  wings,  and  is  a  well-known  inhabi- 
tant of  the  coasts  of  most  warm  and  temperate  seas ;  on 
the  United  States  coast  of  the  Atlantic  it  abounds  north 
to  the  Carolinas.  It  breeds  in  large  companies,  and  lays 
three  eggs  on  the  sand,  2A  by  1J  inchea,of  a  buff  or  creamy 
color,  spotted  and  dashed  with  light  brown  and  purplish. 
The  eggs  have  some  commercial  value,  and  the  sooty  tern 
is  therefore  one  of  the  sea-fowl  called  egg-birds. 
SOOty  (sut'i  or  sb'ti),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sootied, 
ppr.  sootyiny.  [<  sooty,  «,]  To  black  or  foul 
with  soot. 

Then,  for  his  own  weeds,  shirt  and  coat,  all  rent> 
Tann'd,  and  &\\-sootUd  with  noisome  smoke, 
She  put  him  on ;  and  over  all  a  cloke. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xiii.  635. 

sop  (sop),  n.  [<  ME.  sop,  soppe,  sope,  <  AS. 
"soppa,  "soppe  (found  only  in  comp.  sop-cuppa, 
and  in  the  verb)  =  MD.  soppe,  sope,  sop,  D.  sop, 
broth,  sop,  =  MLG.  LG.  soppe  =  OHG.  sopha, 
soffa,  MHG.  sophe,  suppe.  Or.  suppe  =  Sw.  soppa 
(cf .  It.  :nppa,  sop,  soaked  bread,  =  Sp.  Pg.  sopa 
=  F.  soupe,  soup,  >  E.  soup :  see  soup'*)  =  Icel. 


Of  brede  i-byten  no 

Jesus  answered,  He  it  is  to  whom  I  shall  give  a  sop  when 
I  have  dipped  it.  And  when  he  had  dipped  the  sop,  he 
gave  it  to  Judas  Iscariot.  John  xin.  26. 

Hence_ 2.  A  morsel  of  food;  a  small  portion 
of  food  or  drink ;  a  mouthful ;  a  bite.  [Obso- 
lete or  prov.  Eng.] 

If  he  soupeth,  eet  but  a  soppe. 

Piers  Plowman  (BX  XT.  175. 

3.  Something  given  to  pacify  or  quiet;  a  bribe: 
so  used  in  allusion  to  the  sop  given  to  Cerberus 
in  order  to  secure  a  quiet  entrance  to  the  lower 
world. 

Why,  you  unconscionable  Rascal,  are  you  angry  that  I 
am  unlucky,  or  do  you  want  some  Fees?  I'll  perish  in  a 
Dungeon  before  I'll  consume  with  throwing  Sops  to  such 
Curs"  Sir  K.  Howard,  The  Committee,  iv.  1. 

To  Cerberus  they  give  a  sop, 

His  triple  barking  mouth  to  stop.  Swift. 

4.  A  small  piece;  a  fragment;  a  particle;  hence, 
a  trifle;  a  thing  of  little  or  no  value. 

For  one  Pieres  the  Ploughman  hath  inpugned  vs  alle, 
And  sette  alle  sciences  at  a  soppe  saue  loue  one. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  124. 

A  sop  In  the  pan,  a  piece  of  bread  soaked  in  the  dripping 
whlcn  falls  from  baking  or  roasting  meat ;  hence,  a  dainty 
morsel ;  a  tidbit. 

Stir  no  more  abroad,  but  tend  your  business ; 
You  shall  have  no  more  sops  t"  the  pan  else,  nor  no  porridge. 
Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  ill.  7. 

Sops  In  Wlnet,  the  common  garden  pink,  Dianthtu  pltt- 
rnanus  apparently  used  along  with  the  carnation  or  clove- 
pink,  D.  Caryophyllus,  to  flavor  wine.  Britten  and  Holland, 
Eng.  Plant  Names. 

Bring  Coronations,  and  Sops  in  wine, 
Worne  of  Paramoures. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  April. 

Sour  BOP,  sweet  sop.  See  sour-sop,  sweet-sop.— To  give 
or  throw  a  sop  to  Cerberus,  to  quiet  a  troublesome  per- 
son by  a  concession  or  a  bribe.  See  def.  3. 
SOP  (sop),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sopped,  ppr.  sopping. 
[Early  mod.  E.  soppe,  <  ME.'soppen,  <  AS.*sop- 
pian,  soppigan,  sop  (=  D.  soppen  =  Sw.  supa  = 
Dan.  suppe,  sop),  a  secondary  form  otsiipan  (pp. 
sopen),  sup:  see  sop,  n.,  and  sup.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  dip  or  soak  in  a  liquid. 

To  Soppe,  offam  intingere. 

Lemns,  Manip.  Vocab.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  169. 
His  cheeks,  as  snowy  apples  sopt  in  wine, 
Had  their  red  roses  qnencht  with  lilies  white. 

G.  Fletcher,  Christ's  Triumph  on  Earth,  st.  11. 

2.  To  take  up  by  absorption:  followed  by  up: 
as,  to  sop  up  water  with  a  sponge. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  soak  in;  penetrate,  as  a 
liquid;  percolate. 

Sopping  and  soaking  in  among  the  leaves,  .  .  .  oozing 

down  into  the  boggy  ground,  .  .  .  went  a  dark,  dark  stain. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xlvii. 

2.  To  be  drenched;  be  soaked  with  wet:  as, 
his  clothes  were  sopping  with  rain. 

sope1,  n.  An  archaic  or  obsolete  form  of  soap: 
retained  in  modern  copies  of  the  authorized 
version  of  the  Bible. 

Sope2,  ».  and  r.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  sup. 

SOpelka  (so-pel'ka),  n.  [Russ.  sopelka,  dim. 
of  sopeli,  a  pipe.]  A  musical  reed-instrument 
popular  in  southern  Russia.  It  is  about  15  inches 
long,  made  of  elder-wood,  with  a  brass  mouthpiece  and 
eight  large  and  seven  small  finger-holes. 

sopert,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  soaper,  supper. 

Soper  rifle.    See  rmtP. 

soph  (sof ),  ».     [Abbr.  of  sophister  and  of  sopho- 
more.']    1.  In  the  English  universities,  same 
as  sophister,  and  the  more  usual  word. 
Three  Cambridge  Sophs  and  three  pert  Templars  came, . .  . 
Each  prompt  to  query,  answer,  and  debate. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  S79. 

2.  In  United  States  colleges,  same  as  sopho- 
more. [Colloq.]  —Senior  soph.  See  sophitter,  3. 

sophat,  ».    An  obsolete  spelling  of  sofa. 

sophemet,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  sophism. 

Sopheric  (so'fe-rik),  a.  [<  Sopher-im  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Sopherim,  or  to  their  teach- 
ings or  labors. 

A  vast  amount  of  Sopheric  literature  not  to  be  found  in 
the  canonical  Mishnah.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIII.  37. 

Sopherim  (so'fe-rim),  n.  pi.  [Heb.  sopherim.] 
The  scribes ;  tne  ancient  teachers  or  expound- 
ers of  the  Jewish  oral  law. 


wel 

not  .ui  ....  ™^ "~~Kneile:  Brit.,  XIII.  379. 

sophit   "•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  sofi  for  safi. 
sophic  (sof'ik),  «.     [<  Gr.  aoMa,  skill,  clever- 
ness, wisdom,  <  o-o^of,  skilled,  intelligent,  learn- 
ed, wise :  see  sophist.]    Pertaining  to  or  teach- 
ing wisdom;  sapiential. 

He'll  drop  the  sword,  or  shut  the  sophic  page, 
And  pensive  pay  the  tributary  tear. 

Cunningham,  Death  of  George  II. 

sophical  (sof'i-kal),  a.  [<  sophic  +  -al.]  Same 
as  sophic. 

All  those  books  which  are  called  sophical,  such  as  the 
Wisdom  of  Sirach,  &c.,  tend  to  teach  the  Jews  the  true 
spiritual  meaning  of  God's  economy. 

Harris,  On  the  Fifty-third  Chapter  of  Isaiah,  p.  256. 

sophically  (sof'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  sophical  man- 
ner. 

The  Spagyric  Quest  of  Beroaldus  Cosmopolita,  in  which 
is  Sophically  and  Jlystagoricslly  declared  the  First  Mat- 
ter of  the  Stone.  Title,  in  Atheiueum,  No.  3189,  p.  789. 

sophiet,  »•  [<  OF.  sophie,  <  L.  sophia,  <  Gr.  ao- 
tyia,  wisdom,  <  aotyos,  wise :  see  sophic.]  Wisdom. 

That  in  my  shield 

The  seuen  fold  sophie  of  Minerue  contein 
A  match  more  mete,  syr  king,  than  any  here. 

Poems  of  Vncertaine  Auctors,  Death  of  Zoroas. 
[(Richardson.) 

sophimet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  sophixm. 

sophimoret,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of 
more. 

sophish  (sof 'ish),  a.    Characteristic  of  a  soph. 

sophism  (sof'izm),  n.  [<  ME.  sophisme,  orig. 
with  silent  s,  and  oftener  spelled  sophime,  so- 
phyme,  sopheme,  sophym,  soj'yme,  sojym,  <  OF. 
sophisme,  F.  sophisme  =  Pr. sofisme  =  Sp.  sofisma 
=  Pg.  sophisma,  sofisma  =  It.  sofisma  =  D.  sofisme 
=  G.  sophisma  =  Sw.  sofism  —  Dan.  sofisme,  <  L. 
sophisma,  a  sophism,  <  Gr.  ooQia/ia,  a  clever  de- 
vice, an  ingenious  contrivance,  a  Sly  trick,  a 
captious  argument,  sophism,  <  ooQiZeiv,  make 
wise,  instruct,  dep.  deal  or  argue  subtly:  see 
sophist.  Cf.  sophomore.]  A  false  argumentation 
devised  for  the  exercise  of  one's  ingenuity  or 
for  the  purpose  of  deceit ;  sometimes,  alogically 
false  argumentation;  a  fallacy.  The  word  Is  es- 
pecially applied  to  certain  ancient  tricks  of  reasoning, 
which  before  the  systematization  of  logic  and  grammar 
had  a  real  value,  and  were  treated  as  important  secrets. 
For  the  various  kinds  of  sophism,  see  fallacy. 

This  day  ne  herde  I  of  your  tonge  a  word, 
I  trowe  ye  studie  about*  soro  sophyme. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  B. 

Some  other  reasons  there  are  .  .  .  which  seem  to  have 
been  objected  ...  for  the  exercise  of  men's  wits  in  dis- 
solving sophisms.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  viii.  4. 
The  litigious  sophism.  See  litigious.  =Syn.  k  sophism 
Is  an  argument  known  to  be  unsound  by  him  who  uses  it ; 
^paralogism  is  an  unsound  argument  used  without  know- 
ledge of  its  unsoundness.  Paralogism  is  a  strictly  tech- 
nical word  of  logic  ;  sophism  is  not.  Sophistry  applies  to 
reasoning  as  sophism  to  a  single  argument.  See  fallacy. 
sophist  (sof'ist),  n.  [In  ME.  sophister,  q.  v. ; 

<  F.  sophiste  =  Pr.  sophista  =  Sp.  sofista  =  Pg. 
sophista,  sofista  =  It.  sofista  =  D.  sofist  =  G.  so- 
phist =  Sw.  Dan.  sofist,  <  LL.  sophista,  a  sophist, 

<  Gr.  o-o0«7T)7f,  a  master  of  one's  craft,  a  wise  or 
prudent  man,  a  teacher  of  arts  and  sciences  for 
money,  a  sophist  (see  def.  2),  <  aofyi&tv,  make 
wise,  instruct,  in  pass,  be  or  become  wise,  dep. 
deal  or  argue  subtly, bea  sophist, <o-o0of;8killed, 
intelligent,  learned,  clever, wise ;  cf .  aaiju/f ,  clear; 
perhaps  akin  to  L.  sapere,  taste,  >  sapiens,  wise : 
see  sapient.]     1.  One  who  is  skilled  or  versed 
in  a  thing;  a  specialist. —  2.  An  ancient  Greek 
philosophic  and  rhetorical  teacher  who  took 
pay  for  teaching  virtue,  the  management  of  a 
household  or  the  government  of  a  state,  and 
all  that  pertains  to  wise   action  or  speech. 
Sophists  taught  before  the  development  of  logic  and 
grammar,  when  skill  in  reasoning  and  in  disputation 
could  not  be  accurately  distinguished,  and  thus  they  came 
to  attach  great  value  to  quibbles,  which  soon  brought  them 
into  contempt. 

Love  teacheth  a  man  to  carry  himself  better  than  the 
Kophist  or  preceptor. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

The  Sophists  did  not  profess  to  teach  a  man  his  duty  as 
distinct  from  his  interest,  or  his  interest  as  distinct  from 
his  duty,  hut  Good  Conduct  conceived  as  duty  and  interest 
identified.  H.  Sidgwick,  Methods  of  Ethics,  p.  94. 

Hence — 3.  A  captious  or  fallacious  reasoner; 
a  quibbler. 

Dark-brow'd  sophist,  come  not  anear ; 

All  the  place  is  holy  ground  ; 
Hollow  smile  and  frozen  sneer 
Come  not  here. 

Tennyson,  The  Poet's  Mind. 

sophister  (sof'is-ter),  n.  [<  ME.  sophister, 
sofyster,  <  OF.  "sophistre,  a  var.  of  sophiste,  a 
sophist :  see  sophist.  The  term,  -er  is  unorigi- 


sophister 

nal,  as  in  pliilnsofilirr.]  1.  A  man  of  learning; 
a  teacher;  specifically,  a  professional  teacher 
of  philosophy ;  a  sophist. 

And  jut  the!  seien  sothliche,  and  so  doth  the  Sarrasyns, 
That  lesus  was  bote  a  logelour,  a  laper  a-monge  the  eo. 

mune. 
And  a  mphistre  of  sorcerie  and  pseudo-propheta. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xviii.  311. 

As  the  sophister  said  in  the  Greek  comudy,  "clouds  be- 
come any  thing  as  they  are  represented.' 

Jer.  Taylnr,  Works  (ed.  1836),  I.  688. 

2.  A  sophist ;  a  quibbler ;  a  subtle  and  falla- 
cious reasoner. 

These  impudent  sophisters,  who  deny  matter  of  fact  with 
so  steeled  a  front.  Evelyn,  True  Religion,  Pref.,  p.  xxx. 

You  very  cunningly  put  a  Question  about  Wine,  by  a 
French  Trick,  which  I  believe  you  learn'd  at  Paris,  that 
you  may  save  your  Wine  by  that  Means.  Ah,  go  your 
Way ;  1  see  you're  a  Sophister. 

N.  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  I.  74. 

The  age  of  chivalry  is  gone  ;  that  of  sophisters,  econo- 
mists, and  calculators  has  succeeded. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

3.  In  English  universities,  a  student  advanced 
beyond  the  first  year  of  his  residence,  now  gen- 
erally called  a  soph.    At  Cambridge  during  the  first 
year  the  students  have  the  title  of  freshmen,  or  first-year 
men;  during  the  second,  second-year  men,  or  junior  sophs 
or  sophisters ;  and  during  the  third  year,  third-year  men, 
or  senior  sophs  or  sophisters.     In  the  older  American  col- 
leges the  junior  and  senior  classes  were  originally  called 
junior  sophisters  and  senior  sophisters.    The  terms  were 
similarly  applied  to  students  in  their  third  and  fourth 
years  in  Dublin  University.    Compare  sophomore. 

1  have  known  the  railingest  sophisters  in  an  university 
sit  non  plus.  G.  Harvey,  Four  Letters. 

In  case  any  of  the  Sophisters  fail  in  the  premises  re- 
quired at  their  hands. 
Quincy,  Hist.  Harvard  Univ.,  1. 618  (Hall's  College  Words). 

sophistert  (sof'is-ter),  v.  t.  [<  sophister,  «.] 
To  maintain  by  a  fallacious  argument  or  soph- 
istry. Foxe. 

soptiistic  (so-fis'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  OF.  (andF.) 
sophistique  =  Sp.  sofistico  =  Pg.  sophistico,  so- 
fistico  =  It.  sofistico,  adj.  (F.  sophistique  =  It. 
sofistica  =  G.  sophistik,  n.),  <  L.  sophisticas,  < 
Gr.  oixjiioTiKot;,  of  or  pertaining  to  a  sophist, 
<  ao0(or//f,  sophist:  see  sophist.]  I.  a.  Same  as 
sophistical. 

But  we  know  nothing  till,  by  poaring  still 
On  Books,  we  get  rs  a  Sophistik  skill. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Furies. 

Sophistic  quantity.  See  quantity.—  Sophistic  syllo- 
gism, a  deceptive  syllogism  invented  for  gain. 

II.  ».  The  methods  of  the  Greek  sophists; 
sophistry. 

sophistical  (so-fis'ti-kal),  a.  [<  ME.  'sofistical 
(in  the  adv.);'  <  sophistic  +  -al.]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  sophist  or  to  sophistry;  using  or  in- 
volving sophistry ;  quibbling ;  fallacious. 

Whom  ye  could  not  move  by  sophisticall  arguing,  them 
you  thinke  to  confute  by  scandalous  misnaming. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  6. 

2f.  Sophisticated;  adulterated;  not  pure. 

There  be  some  that  commit  Fornication  in  Chymistry, 
by  heterogeneous  and  sophistical  Citrinations. 

Howett,  Letters,  I.  vl.  41. 
Sophistical  disputation.    See  disputation,  2. 
sophistically  (so-fis'ti-kal-i),  adv.     [<  ME.  so- 
fistically;  <  sophistical  +  -ly2.]     In  a  sophis- 
tical manner;  fallaciously;  with  sophistry. 

Who  sofistically  speketh  is  hateful. 

Wyclif,  Ecclus.  xxxvii.  20. 

The  gravest  [offense]  ...  is  to  argue  sophistically,  to 
suppress  facts  or  arguments,  to  misstate  the  elements  of 
the  case,  or  misrepresent  the  opposite  opinion. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Liberty,  ii. 

sophisticalness  (so-fis'ti-kal-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  sophistical.  Bailey,  1727. 

sophisticate  (so-fis'ti-kat),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  so- 
phisticated, ppr.  sophisticating.  [<  ML.  sophis- 
ticatus,  pp.  of  sophisticare  (>  It.  sofisticare  =  Sp. 
sofisticar  =  Pg.  sophisticar,  sofisticar  =  F.  so- 
phistiquer),  falsify,  corrupt,  adulterate,  <  LL. 
sophisticus,  sophistic :  see  sophistic.]  I.  trans. 

1.  To  make  sophistical;  involve  in  sophistry; 
clothe  or  obscure  with  fallacies ;  falsify. 

How  be  it,  it  were  harde  to  construe  this  lecture, 
Sophisticatid  craftely  is  many  a  confecture. 

Skeltnn,  Garland  of  Laurel,  1. 110. 
I  have  loved  no  darkness, 
Sophisticated  no  truth. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedocles  on  Etna,  ii. 

2.  To  overcome  or  delude  by  sophistry;  hence, 
to  pervert;  mislead. 

If  the  passions  of  the  mind  be  strong,  they  easily  so- 
phisticate the  understanding. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.,  Ded. 

The  majority  .  .  .  refused  to  soften  down  or  explain 

away  those  words  which,  to  all  minds  not  sophisticated, 

appear  to  assert  the  regenerating  virtue  of  the  sacrament. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

3.  To  adulterate ;  render  impure  by  admixture. 


6773 

Me  lets  me  have  good  tobacco,  and  he  does  not 

HyhMiHitr  it  with  naek-lees  or  oil 

//.  Jnimnit,  AleliemJHt,  i.   1. 

Tradesmen  who  put  water  in  their  wool,  anil  moisten 
their  eloth  that  it  may  stnteh;  tavern  keepers  who  so- 
l>lii*H<'<iti>  and  mingle  wines. 

I.  11' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  :«!». 

4.  To  deprive  of  simplicity;    subject    to   the 
methods  cir  influence  of  art. 

He  is  rattling  over  the  streets  of  London,  and  pursuing 

all  tin:  n(tplti)tticatr<l  joys  which  tmcetii  it  to  supply  tlir  phir. 
where  nature  in  relinquished.  V.  Knoz,  Essays,  vii. 

5.  To  alter  without  authority  and  without  no- 
tice, whether  to  deceive  the  reader  or  hearer, 
or  to  make  a  fancied  improvement  or  correc- 
tion; alter,  as  a  text  or  the  spelling  of  a  word, 
in  order  to  support  a  preconceived  opinion  of 
what  it  was  or  should  be. 

How  many  .  .  .  turn  articles  of  piety  to  particles  of 

policy,  and  sophisticate  old  singleness  into  new  singularity  ! 

Ken.  T.  Adams,  Works,  1. 178. 

As  to  demarcation,  following  Dr.  Webster,  they  take  the 
liberty  of  sophisticating  Burke,  in  making  him  write  de- 
markation.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  288. 

II.  intraiis.  To  use  sophistry ;  deal  sophisti- 
cally. 

We  may  occasionally  see  some  man  of  deep  conscien- 
tiousness, and  subtle  and  refined  understanding,  who 
spends  a  life  in  sophisticating  with  an  intellect  which  he 
cannot  silence.  J.  S.  Mm,  Liberty,  ii. 

sophisticatet  (so-fis'ti-kat),  a.  [<  ME.  sophisti- 
cate; <  ML.  sophisticate,  pp.:  see  the  verb.] 

1.  Perverted;  corrupt. 

And  such  [pure  and  right]  no  Woman  e'er  will  be; 
Mo,  they  are  all  Sophisticate.  Cowley,  Ode,  st.  1. 

Very  philosophic  (nat  that  whiche  is  sophisticate  and  con- 
sisteth  in  sophismes).  Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  ill.  11. 

2.  Adulterated;  impure;  hence,  not  genuine; 
spurious. 

Zlf  it  be  thykke  or  reed  or  blak,  it  is  sophisticate :  that  is 
to  seyne,  contrefeted  and  made  lyke  it,  for  disceyt. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  61. 

Hee  tastes  Styles  as  some  discreeter  Palats  doe  Wine, 
and  tels  you  which  is  Genuine,  which  Sophisticate  and 
bastard.  Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Criticke. 

sophistication  (so-fis-ti-ka'shon),  «.  [Early 
mod.  E.  sophistication;  =  Sp. sofisticacion  =  Pg. 
sophisticafdo  =  It.  sofisticazione,  <  ML.  sophis- 
ticatio(n-),  <  sophisticare,  sophisticate:  see  so- 
phisticate.] 1.  The  act  or  process  of  sophisti- 
cating, (a)  The  use  or  application  of  sophisms;  the 
process  of  investing  with  specious  fallacies ;  the  art  of 
sophistry. 

Skill  in  special  pleading  and  ingenuity  in  sophistication. 
Mrs.  Coif  den  Clarke. 

(6)  The  process  of  perverting  or  misleading  by  sophistry ; 
hence,  loosely,  any  perversion  or  wresting  from  the  proper 
course ;  a  leading  or  going  astray. 

From  both  kinds  of  practical  perplexity  again  are  to  be 
distinguished  those  sell-sophistications  which  arise  from  a 
desire  to  nnd  excuses  for  gratifying  unworthy  inclinations. 
T.  H.  Oreen,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  I  314. 
(c)  Adulteration  ;  debasement  by  means  of  a  foreign  ad- 
mixture. 

A  subtile  discouery  of  outlandish  merchants  fraud,  and 
of  the  sophistication  of  their  wares. 

Hakluyfs  Voyages,  To  the  Reader. 

2.  A  sophism ;  a  quibble ;  a  specious  fallacy. 
Tyndalles  tryflinge  sophistications,  whyche  he  woulde 

shoulde  seeme  so  solempne  subtile  insolubles, ...  ye  shall 
se  proued  very  frantique  folyes. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works  (ed.  1567),  I.  355. 

3.  That  which  is  adulterated  or  not  genuine;  the 
product  of  adulteration. — 4.  A  means  of  adul- 
teration ;  any  substance  mixed  with  another  for 
the  purpose  of  adulteration. 

The  chief  sophistications  of  ginger  powder  are  sago-meal, 
ground  rice,  and  turmeric.  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  172. 

SOphisticator  (so-fis'ti-ka-tor),  n.  [<  K>plii«- 
ticate  +  -or1.]  One  who  sophisticates,  in  any 
sense  of  the  word;  especially,  one  who  adul- 
terates. 

I  cordially  commend  that  the  sophitticators  of  wine  may 
suffer  punishment  above  any  ordinary  thief. 

T.  Whitaker,  Blood  of  the  Grape  (1654),  p.  107. 

sophisticism  (so-fis'ti-sizm),  H.  [<  sophistic  + 
-ism.]  The  philosophy  or  methods  of  the  soph- 
ists. 

sophistress  (sof'is-tres),  n.  [<  sophister  + 
-ess.]  A  female  sophist.  [Rare.] 

Mar   Shall  I  haue  leaue  (as  thou  but  late  with  me) 
That  I  may  play  the  Sophister  with  thee? 

Pom.  The  Sophistresse. 

Heywood,  Dialogues  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  VI.  116). 
You  seem  to  be  a  Sophistress,  you  argue  so  smartly. 

If.  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  I.  379. 

sophistry  (sof 'is-tri),  «. ;  pi.  sophistries  (-triz). 
[<  ME.  sophistrye,  sophistrie,  sofi/stry  (=  G. 
sophisterei  =  Sw.  Dan.  sofisteri),  <  OF.  wpM*- 
trrie  =  Sp.  It.  sofisteria  =  Pg.  sophisteria  (< 
ML.  sophistria);  as  sophist  +  -ry.]  1.  The 


Sophora 

lllethoils    of     teaeliill";.    c|i  iet  rilies.    or     pnie'. 

<pf  the  I  irook  Mipliists.  —  2.    r'allaeinn 

reasoning  sound  in  appeai-anee  nni\ 

illy.  n-asniiiii";  deceptive  from  intention  or 
passion. 

Ilie  Illlyehe   inallje'e   Hlft   Ine    x.uerrth  otln-i   npenli.  Ii. 
other  stillelirhe  he  art  oth'T  l>« 

1  1.  K,. 

Sophistrie  is  ever  occup  n\  in^  th,  tnieth 

alwales  to  be  false,  or  dies  that  whiche  IB  false  to  In  tin.  . 

.v,'r  T.  n'ilnm,  Rule  of  Reason. 

Men  of  great  conversational  powers  almost  universally 
practise  a  sort  of  In  :uid  exaggeration,  whieli 

deceives,  for  the  DMMDMlt,  both  tbanui  ir  au- 

ditors. Macaulay.  Athenian  orators. 

3t.  Argument  for  exereise  merely. 

The  more  youthful  exercises  of  tophutry,  themes,  and 

declamations.  ' 


4f.   Trickery;  erat'l. 

II.  -in  thoughte  it  did  hem  [the  birds]  good 
To  singe  of  him,  and  in  hir  song  despyse 
The  foule  cherl  that  for  his  covetyse 
Had  hem  betrayed  with  his  sophutrye. 

<cer,  Good  Women,  1.  137. 

=8yn.  2.  See  def.  2  of  fallacy. 
Sopnoclean  (sof-o-kle'an),  a.    [<  L.  Soplm 

<  Gr.  2o^oK>.7/c,  Sophocles  (see  def.),  +  -on.]   Of 
or  pertaining  to  Sophocles,  an  illustrious  Athe- 
nian dramatic  poet  (495-406  B.  c.). 

sophomore  (sof'o-mor),  ».  and  a.  [Formerly 
xiiplihiiori',  the  altered  form  sophomore  being 
made  to  simulate  a  formation  <  Gr.  oo$6f,  wise, 
+  /aupof,  silly,  foolish,  as  if  in  allusion  to  the 
exaggerated  opinion  which  students  at  this  age 
are  apt  to  have  of  their  wisdom  ;  not  found  in 
early  use  (being  a  technical  term  not  likely  to 
occur  often  outside  of  university  records),  but 
prob.  orig.  "sophimor,  "sopliimour,  <  OF.  as  if 
"sophismour,  "sophismeor,  <  ML.  as  if  'sophis- 
mator,  lit.  'one  who  makes  arguments  or  uses 
sophisms,'  <  'sophisntare  (>  It.  sofismare  =  Pg. 
sophismare),  with  equiv.  sophismaticare,  use 
sophisms,  <  L.  sophisma,  a  captious  argument, 
a  sophism:  see  sophism.  Sophomore,  sophimore, 
prop,  "sophimor,  is  thus  lit.  '  sophismer,  as  if  di- 
rectly <  sophime  (ME.  form  of  sophism)  +  -orl. 
It  is  practically  equiv.  to  sophister,  both  appar. 
meaning  in  their  orig.  university  use  'arguer' 
or  '  debater.'  Cf  .  wrangler  in  its  university  use  .] 

1.  n.  A  student  in  the  second  year  of  his  college 
course.     [U.  S.] 

The  President  may  give  Leave  for  the  Sophimoret  to 
take  out  some  particular  Books. 

Laws  rale  Coll.  (1774),  p.  23  (Hall's  College  Words). 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  sophomore,  or  to  the 
second  year  of  the  college  course  ;  character- 
istic of  sophomores:  as,  sophomore  studies; 
sophomore  rhetoric.  [U.  S.] 
sophomoric  (sof-o-mor'ik),  a.  [<  sophomore  + 
-!>.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sophomore  or  a 
sophomore  class.  [U.  S.J 

Better  to  face  the  prowling  panther's  path 
Than  meet  the  storm  of  Sophomoric  wrath. 

Hanxtrdiana,  IV.  22  (Hall's  College  Words). 

2.  Characteristic  of  the  traditional  sophomore  ; 
bombastic;  inflated;  conceited;  complacently 
ignorant;  immature  and  over-confident.  [U.  S.] 

He  [Davis]  writes  that  he  "  never  expected  a  Confeder- 
ate army  to  surrender  while  it  was  able  either  to  fight  or 
to  retreat";  but,  sustained  only  by  the  sophomoric  elo- 
quence of  Mr.  Benjamin,  he  had  no  alternative. 

The  Century,  XXXIX.  568. 

They  satone  day  drawn  thus  close  together,  sipping  and 
theorizing,  speculating  upon  the  nature  of  things  in  an 
easy,  bold,  sophomoric  way. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  13. 

sophomorical  (sof-o-mor'i-kal),  a.  [<  sopho- 
moric +  -al.]  Same  as  soiiliomoric.  [U.  S.] 

Some  verbose  Fourth  of  July  oration,  or  some  sophomori- 
col  newspaper  declamation.  /'.  11.  Stoure,  Oldtown,  p.  435. 

Sophora  (so-fo'ra),  H.     [NL.  (Linnaeus,  1737), 

<  Ar.  sofdra,  a  yellow  plant  (applied  to  one 
faded),  <  asfar,  yellow:  see  saffron.]    A  genus 
of  leguminous  plants,  of  the  suborder  Papilio- 
nacese,  type  of  the  tribe  ftophorese.     It  Is  charac- 
terized by  Bowers  with  a  broadly  obovate  or  orbicular 
banner-petal  and  oblong  wings  and  keel,  grouped  in  ter- 
minal racemes  or  panicles,  and  followed  liy  thick  or  round- 
ish or  four-winged  pods  which  are  constricted  into  a  suc- 
cession of  necklace-like  joints  (see  cut  under  moniUform), 
and  are  usually  indehiscent.    There  are  about  30  species, 
natives  of  warm  regions  of  both  hemispheres.    They  are 
trees  and  shrubs,  rarely  perennial  herbs,  and  bear  odd- 
pinnate  leaves,  usually  with  very  numerous  small  leaflets, 
but  sometimes  only  a  few,  and  then  large  and  rigid.    The 
flowers  are  white,  yellow,  or  violet,  and  highly  ornamen- 
tal.   Three  species  occur  within  the  United  states  :  S. 
tecundijlora,  the  coral-bean  of  Texas  (sec/rigolito);  S.  af- 
ftnit,  a  small  tree  of  Arkansas  and  Texas,  with  hard,  heavy, 
coarse-grained,  yellow  and  finally  red  wood,  and  resinous 
pods,  from  which  a  domestic  ink  is  made;  and  S.  tomat- 
tasa,  a  shrub  of  the  Florida  coast,  with  showy  yellow  Bow. 
ers,  also  widely  distributed  along  tropical  shores  of  Amer- 


Sophora 

ioa,  Africa,  and  Australia,  and  abundant  on  Fiji  Island  sea- 
beaches,  where  it  is  known  as  kau-ni-alewa,  or  women  s- 
tree.  S.  tetrapteraot  New  Zealand  is  there  known  us  la- 
burnum or  kmcltai  (for  its  variety  Macnalriana,  see  pelu). 
S.  Japonica  is  the  Chinese  or  Japanese  pagoda-tree  or  yen- 
ju  a  very  handsome  quick -growing  tree  reaching  60  feet  in 
height,  with  dark-green  younger  branches  and  deep  blue- 
green  leaves,  sometimes  cultivated,  especially  for  its  large 
panicles  of  small  whitish  autumnal  flowers.  Its  hard 
compact  wood  is  valued  for  turners'  work  ;  all  parts  are 
purgative ;  the  austere  pulp  of  the  pods  dyes  yellow ;  and 
the  flowers  (called  in  Chinese  wai-fa)  furnish  a  yellow  dye 
greatly  valued  in  China.  For  this  the  tree  is  cultivated  in 
several  provinces,  from  which  the  dried  flowers  are  ex- 
ported in  small  sacks  and  used  to  dye  blue  cloth  green, 
and  to  dye  yellow  the  silk  garments  of  the  mandarins  and 
the  rush-mats  which  form  the  Chinese  sails,  beds,  bags, 
and  floor-matting. 

Sophorese  (so-fo're-e),  «.  />!.  [NL.  (Sprengel, 
1802),  <  Sophora  +'-<•«.]  A  tribe  of  leguminous 
plants,  characterized  by  a  commonly  arboreous 
or  high-climbing  habit,  pinnate  leaves  of  five 
or  numerous  leaflets  or  of  a  single  large  leaf- 
let, and  flowers  with  ten  free  stamens.  It  con- 
tains about  34  genera,  of  which  Sophora  is  the  type,  na- 
tives chiefly  of  the  tropics,  and  largely  of  the  southern 
hemisphere  in  America  and  Africa.  For  other  important 
genera,  see  Myroxylon  and  Cladrastis.  The  latter  is  the 
chief  genus  represented  in  the  United  States ;  another, 
Camoensia,  a  lofty-climbing  African  shrub  with  handsome 
and  gigantic  flowers,  is  an  exception  in  its  trifoliate  leaves. 
See  cut  under  yellow-wood. 

SOphrosyne  (so-fros'i-ne),  «.  [<  Gr.  CHMppoai'V!/, 
discretion,  temperance,  <  autypuv,  earlier  o-ao- 
<t>pwi>,  of  sound  mind,  temperate,  <  CTUC,  orig. 
*o-<rof,  sound,  whole,  safe,  +  <j>pijv,  mind.]  The 
quality  of  wise  moderation;  sound-minded- 
ness  ;  discreet  good  sense :  referring  especially 
to  Greek  art  and  philosophy. 

sophta,  >i.    See  softa. 

sopient  (so'pi-ent),  n.  [<L.  sopien(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
sopire,  put  to  sleep :  see  sopite.]  A  soporific ; 
some  agent  which  promotes  sleep. 

sopite  (so'pit),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  sopited,  ppr. 
sopiting.  [<  L.  sopitus,  pp.  of  sopire,  put  to 
sleep,  lay  at  rest,  settle,  quiet  (>  It.  sopire, 
quench,  suppress) :  see  sopor.']  To  put  to  sleep ; 
set  at  rest;  quiet;  silence;  specifically,  in  Scots 
law,  to  quash. 

He  is  much  offended  that  you  do  stickle  and  keep  on 
foot  such  questions,  which  may  be  better  sopited  and  si- 
lenced than  maintained  and  drawn  into  sidings  and  par- 
takings. Wood,  Athenae  Oxon.,  II.  332. 

What  could  a  woman  desire  in  a  match,  more  than 
the  sopiting  of  a  very  dangerous  claim,  and  the  alliance  of 
a  son-in-law,  noble,  brave,  well-gifted,  and  highly  con- 
nected? Scott,  Bride  of  Unrmermoor,  xviii. 

sopitiont  (so-pish'ou),  n.  [<  sopite  +  -io».]  The 
act  of  sopiting,  or  putting  to  sleep;  also,  the 
state  of  being  put  to  sleep  ;  deep  slumber ;  dor- 
mancy; lethargy. 

As  for  dementation,  sopitioit  of  reason,  and  the  diviner 
particle,  from  drink,  though  American  religion  approve, 
and  Pagan  piety  of  old  hath  practised  it,  ...  Christian 
morality  and  the  doctrine  of  Christ  will  not  allow  it. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  23. 

sopor  (so'por),  «.  [=  F.  sopor,  sopeur  =  Sp.  Pg. 
sopor  =  It.  soporc,  <  L.  sopor,  deep  sleep,  orig. 
"svapor,  akin  to  sommis,  orig.  *sopnus,  *svap- 
mis,  sleep,  =  Gr.  vnvof,  sleep:  see  somnolent, 
uneven.]  A  deep,  unnatural  sleep;  lethargy; 
stupor. 

To  awaken  the  Christian  world  out  of  this  deep  sopor  or 
lethargy. 
Dr.  H.  More,  Mystery  of  Iniquity,  ii.,  Pref.   (Encyc.  Diet.) 

soporatet  (so'por-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  soporatus,  pp. 
of  soporare,  put  to  sleep,  stupefy,  <  sopor,  deep 
sleep:  see  sopor.']  To  stupefy;  make  sleepy. 

It  would  be  but  a  resurrection  to  another  sleep :  the 
soul  seeming  not  to  be  thoroughly  awake  here,  but  as  it 
were  separated,  with  the  dull  steams  and  opiatick  vapours 
of  this  gross  body.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  795. 

soporiferous  (so-po-rif  'e-rus),  n.  [=  F.  sopori- 
fere=  Sp.  soporifero  ="Pg.  It.  soporifero,  <  L 
soporifer,  sleep-bringing,  <  sopor,  deep  sleep,  + 
ferre  =  'E.  tea**,]  1.  Causing  or  tending  to 
cause  sleep;  soporific. 

The  soporifermis  medicines  ...  are  henbane,  hemlock, 
mandrake,  moonshade,  tobacco,  opium. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  975. 
2f.  Sleepy;  somnolent. 

Hark,  you  sluggish  soporiferous  villains !  there 's  knaves 
abroad  when  you  are  a-bed.  Middletm,  Phoenix,  iii.  1. 

soporiferously  (so-po-rif'e-rus-li),  adv.  In  a 
soponferous  manner;  so  as  to  produce  sleep 
Imp.  Diet. 

soporiferousness  (so-po-rif'e-rus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  soporiferous ;  the  property  of 
causing  sleep. 

soporific  (so-po-rif 'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  sopo- 
nftque  =  Sp.  soporifico  =  Pg.  It.  soporifico,  < 
L.  *soporiftcus,  <  sopor,  deep  sleep,  +  facere 
make.]  I.  n.  Tending  to  produce  sleep 


5774 

The  colour  and  taste  of  opium  are,  as  well  as  its  sopo- 
rific or  anodyne  virtues,  mere  powers  depending  on  its 
primary  qualities,  whereby  it  is  fitted  to  produce  different 
operations  on  different  parts  of  our  bodies. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  xxiii. 

II.  «.  Anything  which  causes  sleep,  as  cer- 
tain medicines. 

Nor  has  rhubarb  always  proved  a  purge,  or  opium  a  so- 
porific, to  every  one  who  has  taken  these  medicines. 

Hume,  Inquiry  Concerning  Human  Understanding,  vi. 

soporose  (so'po-ros),  a.  [<  L.  sopor,  deep  sleep, 
+  -use.]  Same  as  soporous.  Imp.  Diet. 

soporous  (so'po-rus),  a.  [<  L.  sopor,  deep  sleep, 
+  -ous.]  Causing  deep  sleep. 

In  small  syncopes  it  may  perhaps  rouse  the  spirits  a 
little,  but  in  soporous  diseases  it  is  commonly  an  uncer- 
tain and  ineffectual  remedy. 

Greenhill,  Art  of  Embalming,  p.  58. 

sopper  (sop'er),  «.     [<  sop  +  -o-1.]     One  who 

sops  or  dips  in  liquor  something  to  be  eaten. 

Imp.  Diet. 
sopping   (sop'ing),  a.      [<  sop,  v.]      Soaking, 

soaked,  or  drenched,  as  with  rain. 
soppy  (sop'i),  a.     [<  sop  +  -y1.]     Wet ;  soaked ; 

abounding  in  moisture :  as,  a  soppy  day. 

It  (Yarmouth]  looked  rather  spongy  and  soppy,  I 
thought.  Dickens,  David  Copperfleld,  iii. 

How  damp  and  cheerless  the  houses  .  .  .  looked  in  the 
soppy  hollows  where  the  lush  meadows  were  richest ! 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  339. 

sopra  (so'pra),  adv.  [It.,  <  L.  supra,  above, 
over:  see  siipra.]  In  music,  above:  as,  come 
sopra,  as  above ;  nella  parte  di  sopra,  in  the  up- 
per or  higher  part. 

soprani,  «.     Italian  plural  of  soprano. 

sopranist  (so-pra'nist),  n.  [<  soprano  +  -int.] 
A  soprano  or  treble  singer :  sometimes  used  at- 
tributively. 

Senesino,  .  .  .  one  of  the  most  famous  of  the  sopraniit 
singers  who  flourished  in  the  last  century. 

Grove,  Diet.  Music,  III.  461. 


sorbite 

Seldom  or  never  complain  they  of  any  snranee  in  other 
parts  of  the  body.  Holland. 

sora-rail  (so'ra-ral),  n.     Same  as  sum. 

SorastreSB  (so-ras'tre-e),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Soras- 
trum +  -ex.]  A  small  order  of  fresh-water 
alga?,  of  the  class  Ceenobieee,  distinguished  by 
the  fact  that  the  coenobium  is  uniciliated.  ,s'i<- 
nmtrum  is  the  typical  genus. 

Sorastrum  (so-ras'trum),  n.  [NL.  (Kutzing), 
so  called  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  colonies 
of  cells ;  <  Gr.  aupof,  a  heap,  +  aarpov,  a  star.] 
A  genus  of  fresh-water  alga?,  of  the  class  Cn  n/i- 
biese,  and  typical  of  the  order  Siirimtri'tr.  The 
ccenobium  is  "globose,  solid  within,  free-swimming,  and 
composed  of  4, 8, 16,  or  32  compressed  wedge-shaped  cells, 
which  are  sinuate,  emarginate.  or  bifid  at  the  apex  and 
radiately  disposed.  S.  spinulosum  is  the  only  species 
found  in  North  America. 

sorb1  (sorb),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  sorbe,  <  OF. 
sorbe,  F.  sorbe,  dial,  sourbe  =  Sp.  sorba,  serbti 
=  Pg.  sorva  =  It.  sor&o,  sorbn  =  D.  sorbe  = 
Pol.  sorba,  <  L.  sorbus,  the  sorb-tree,  sorbum . 
the  fruit  of  the  sorb-tree:  s,ee  Sorbus.  Cf. 
serue2  (a  doublet  of  sorb)  and  serf  ice2.]  1.  The 
service-tree,  Pyrus  (Sorbus)  domestica.  The  wild 
service-tree,  Pyrus  torminalis,  is  included  under  the  name 
by  Gerard,  and  is  also  often  so  called  in  more  recent  times. 
The  mountain-ash,  P.  aucvparia,  and  other  species  of  the 
old  genus  Sorbus  are  also  likely  to  have  been  so  called. 

Among  crabbed  sorbs 
It  ill  befits  the  sweet  flg  to  bear  fruit. 

LontjfeUow,  tr.  of  Dante's  Inferno,  xv.  (i5. 

2.  The  fruit  of  any  of  the  above-named  trees. 

Sorb2  (s6rb),  n.  [Cf.  Serb.]  A  member  of  a 
Slavic  race  resident  in  Saxony  and  adjoining 
parts  of  Prussia.  Also  called  Wend,  orLusntinn 
Wend. 

sorb-applet  (sorb'ap'l),  n.  [=  G.  sorbapfel; 
as  sorfei  -f-  apple.]  The  fruit  of  the  service- 
tree. 

For  their  drink  they  had  a  kind  of  small  well-watered 
wine,  and  some  fine  sorb-apple  cider. 

UrtfaMrt,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  ii.  81. 

(s6r'bat),  n.     [<  sorb(ic)  +  -ate*.]     A 


[<L- 


sovereign,  =  Sp.  Pg.  soberano  =  F.  goucerain, 
>  E.  sovereign :  see  sovereign,  smran.]  I.  n. ; 
It.  pi.  soprani  (so-pra'ui),  E.  pi.  sopranos 
(-noz).  1.  In  music,  the  highest  variety  of  the 

middle  C  upward  two  octaves  or  more,  and  is  character- 
ized by  a  comparatively  thin  and  incisive  quality,  usually 
combined  with  marked  flexibility.  Soprano  is  also  the 
higher  voice  of  boys,  and  is  sometimes  accidentally  or  ar- 
tificially preserved  among  men.  It  is  the  most  important 
and  effective  voice  for  all  kinds  of  solo  singing,  and  is  that 
to  which  is  assigned  the  chief  melody  in  modem  choral 
music.  A  voice  whose  compass  and  quality  are  interme- 
diate between  soprano  and  alto  is  called  mezzo-soprano. 

2.  A  singer  with  such  a  voice. 

Soprano,  basso,  even  the  contra-alto, 
Wish'd  him  five  fathoms  under  the  Rialto. 

Byron,  Beppo,  xxxii. 

3.  A  voice-part  for  or  sung  by  such  a  voice. — 
Natural  soprano,  a  male  singer  who  produces  tones  of 
soprano  pitch  and  quality  by  means  of  an  unusually  de- 
veloped falsetto.— Soprano  sfogato.    Seesfogata. 

H.  «.  Pertaining  to  the  soprano :  as,  soprano 
music  ;  a  soprano  voice ;  the  soprano  compass. 

Soprano  clef,  in  musical  no1-'-'—  -  "  -»-•-*—  -•  -  -  -  • 
on  the  lower  line  of  a  staff.  S 
Same  as  chanterelle,  1. 
SOra  (so'ra),  n.  [Alsosoree.]  A  crake;  a  small 
short-billed  rail,  of  the  subfamily  Rallinx  and 
genus  Porzana.  Specifically,  in  the  United  States, 
P.  Carolina,  the  Carolina  rail,  sora-rail,  or  soree,  which 
throngs  the  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast  in  the  au- 
tumn, furnishes  fine  sport,  and  is  highly  esteemed  for 

is  whitish;  the  vent  is  rufescent;  the  lining  of  the  wings 


of  facere,  make,  do,  cause.]     I.  a.  Promoting 
absorption.     Imp.  Diet. 

II.  n.  In  med.,  that  which  produces  or  pro- 
motes absorption. 

SOrbent  (sdr'bent),  n.  [<  L.  sorben(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
sorbere,  suck  in,  swallow  up,  =  Gr.  pmjtfiv  (for 
*a/>o<t>elv),  sup  up,  =  OBulg.  srubati  =  Russ. 
serbati=  Litli.  surbti  =  Lett,  surbt,  suck  in.  Cf. 
absorb.]  An  absorbent.  [Rare.]  Imp.  Diet. 

sorbet  (sor'bet),  it.  [<  F.  sorbet  =  Sp.  sorbeto, 
<  It.  sorbetto,  <  Turk.  sherbet,  <  AT.  sharbat, 
sherbet:  see  sherbet.]  Sherbet;  also,  water-ice 
of  any  kind ;  especially,  a  water-ice  which  is  not 
very  hard  frozen,  so  that  it  remains  semi-liquid; 
also,  water-ice  flavored  with  rum,  kirschwasser, 
or  the  like,  as  distinguished  from  that  made 
without  spirit. 

Among  the  refreshments  of  these  warm  countries  I 
ought  not  to  forget  mentioning  the  sorbets,  which  are  sold 
in  coffeehouses  and  places  of  publick  resort  ;  they  are  Iced 
froth  made  with  juice  of  oranges,  apricots,  or  peaches. 

Smollett,  Travels,  Letter  xix.,  Oct  10, 1764. 

Sorbian  (sor'bi-au),  a.  and  n.  [<  Sorb?  +  -ian.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sorbs  or  to  their  lan- 
guage. Also  Sorbish. 

II.  «.  1.  A  Sorb. — 2.  The  language  of  the 
Sorbs,  or  Lusatian  Wends.  It  belongs  to  the  west- 
ern branch  of  the  Slavic  family.  It  is  divided  into  Upper 
Sorbian  and  Lower  Sorbian.  Also  Sorbish. 

sorbic  (sor'bik),  a.  [<  sorb1  +  -ic.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  derived  from  the  mountain-ash,  Pyrus 
aucuparia,  formerly  classed  as  Sorbus:  as,  sor- 
an  acid  obtained  from 


Sometimes  miscalled  ortolan  (which  see)     See  cut  under 
Porzana. 

soraeet,  n.     [Also  sorrage  and  soreage  (as  if  < 
sore*  +  age)  ;  <  F.  *sorage,  saurage,  the  first  year 
ot  a  talcon  before  it  has  molted,  <  sor,  saur,  sore 
sorrel:  see  sor«2.]     J.  ln  falconry,  the  period 
from  the  time  when  a  hawk  is  taken  from  the 
aery  until  she  mews  her  feathers. 
If  her  downy  soreage  she  but  ruffe 
So  strong  a  dove,  may  it  be  thought  enough. 

Quarles,  Feast  for  Worms,    (ffrujht.) 

2.  The  blades  of  green  wheat  or  barley.     Bai- 
ley,  1731  (spelled  sorrage). 
soranees,  n.    Same  as  sura-hai. 
sorancet  (sor'ans),  «.     [Also  sorrance;  <  sorel, 
«.,  +  -ance.]     Soreness;  a  sore  feeling. 

The  malady  of  the  joynts  comprehendeth  al  griefes  and 
soranees  that  be  in  the  joyntes. 

rop«eH,  Four-Footed  Beasts  (1607X  p.  341.    (HaUiweU.) 


,  t  may  b,e 

or  supped  up,  <  sorbere,  suck  in,  swal- 
low  up:  see  sorbent.]  Capable  of  being  drunk 
or  sipped;  liquid.  [Rare.] 

This  [sop]  most  probably  refers  to  sorbile  food,  what  is 
vulgarly  called  spoon-meat. 

Jamieson,  Diet.  Scottish  Lang.,  IV.  337. 

SOrbin,  SOrbine  (sor'bin),  n.  [<  sorftl  +  -in*. 
-iiw2.]  A  glucose  sugar  (C6Hj2C>6)>  obtained 
from  mountain-ash  berries.  It  is  crystalline, 
is  very  sweet,  and  reduces  copper  solutions, 
but  does  not  ferment  with  yeast. 

Sorbish  (sor'bish),  a.  and  «.     [=  G.  Sorbisch  ; 
as  Sorb%  +  -iW.]     I.  a.  Same  as  Sorbian. 
II.  «.  Same  as  Sorbian,  2. 

SOrbite  (sor'bit),  n.  [<  sorb*  +  -ite?.]  A  crys- 
talline  principle  (C6H1^O6)  isomeric  with  man- 
n'te  :  ^ound  in  mountain-ash  berries.  It  does 
not  ferment  with  veast  or  reduce  copper  solu- 
tions. 


sortition 

sortition  (sor-bish'on),  >i.     [<  L.  sorliitio(n-),  a 
supping  up,  a  draught  or  potion,  <  sorbere,  pp. 
soroitus,  suck  in,  swallow  up:   see  sorlnni.} 
The  act  of  drinking  or  sipping. 
Sarbition,  ...  a  supping,  aa  of  broth  or  pottage. 

IlliitiHt,  Olossographia  (ed.  1670). 

Sorbonical  (s6r-bpn'i-kal),«.  [<  Sorbmnir,  q.  v., 
+  -ic-nl.']  Pertaining  to  the  Sorbonne  or  the 
Sorbonists. 

The  sorbonical  or  theological  wine,  and  their  feasts  or 
gaudy  days,  are  now  come  to  be  proverbially  jested  at, 

Fiona,  tr.  of  Montaigne,  p.  «20.    (Latham.) 
Sorbonist  (sdr'bgn-ist),  H.  and  a.    [<  SorlHnnn 
+  -ist.]     I.  «.  A  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  in 
the  University  of  Paris. 

Dull  Smbonist,  fly  contradiction  ! 
Fie !  thou  oppugn'st  the  definition. 

Hanton,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  iv.  186. 
For  he  a  rope  of  sand  could  twist 
As  tough  as  learned  Sorbonist. 

S.  Butter,  Hudibras  (ed.  1774),  I.  i.  15s. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sorbonne  or 
its  members. 

Rabelais  had  indeed  again  made  for  himself  protectors 
whom  no  clerical  or  Sorbonist  jealousy  could  touch. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  195. 

Sorbonne  (sdr-bon'),  n.  [F.  Sorbonne,  so  named 
from  Robert  de  Sorbon,  its  founder.]  A  cele- 
brated house  founded  in  the  University  of  Paris 
about  1250  bv  Robert  de  Sorbon,  chaplain  and 
confessor  of  Louis  IX.  The  college  of  the  Sorbonne 
became  one  of  the  four  constituent  parts,  and  the  pre- 
dominant one,  of  the  faculty  of  theology  in  the  univer- 
sity. It  exercised  a  high  influence  in  ecclesiastical  af- 
fairs and  on  the  public  mind,  especially  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries.  It  was  suppressed  during  the 
revolution  and  deprived  of  its  endowments.  At  the  recon- 
struction of  the  university  under  Napoleon  I.  the  build- 
ing erected  for  it  by  Richelieu,  and  still  called  the  Sor- 
bonne, was  given  to  the  theological  faculty  in  connection 
with  the  faculties  of  science  and  belles-lettres. 

sorb-tree  (sorb'tre),  •«.    Same  as  sorb1,  1. 

Sorbus  (sdr'bus),  ».     [NL.  (Tournefort,  1700), 

<  L.  sorb  us,  sorb:  see  sorb1,  serve%,  service^.] 
A  former  genus  of  rosaceous  trees ,  now  included 
in  Pyrus.   See  Pyrus,  also  sorb1  and  service-tree. 

sorcert  (sor'ser),  n.  [<  ME.  sorter,  sorser,  <  OF. 
sorder  =  Sp.  sortero  =  It.  sortiere,  a  sorcerer, 

<  ML.  sortiarius,  a  teller  of  fortunes  by  lot,  a 
sorcerer,  <  L.  sor(t-)s,  lot:  see  sort.']    Same  as 
sorcerer. 

Deuinores  of  demorlaykes  that  dremes  cowthe  rede, 
Sorters  &  exorsismus  &  f  ele  such  clerkes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1579. 

sorcerer  (s6r'ser-er),  n.  [<  sorcer  +  -er  (super- 
fluously added,  as  in  fruiterer,  poulterer,  uphol- 
sterer, etc.):  see  sorcer.']  Originally,  one  who 
casts  lots;  one  who  divines  or  interprets  by 
the  casting  of  lots ;  hence,  one  who  uses  magic 
arts  in  divination  or  for  other  ends ;  a  wizard ; 
an  enchanter;  a  conjurer. 

The  King  commanded  to  call  the  magicians,  and  the 
astrologers,  and  the  sorcerers,  and  the  Chaldeans,  for  to 
show  the  King  his  dreams.  Dan.  ii.  2. 

Dark-working  sorcerers  that  change  the  mind. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  2.  99. 

sorceress  (sor'ser-es),  H.  [<  ME.  sorceresse,  < 
OF.  sorceresse,  fern,  of  sorcier,  a  sorcerer:  see 
sorcerer.]  A  female  sorcerer. 

Phitonesses,  channeresses, 
Olde  wyches,  sorceresses, 
That  usen  exorsisaciouns. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1263. 
Fucelle,  that  witch,  that  damned  sorceress, 
Hath  wrought  this  hellish  mischief  unawares. 

Skak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2.  38. 

SOrceringt  (s6r's6r-ing),  n.  [<  sorcery  +  -ing1.] 
The  use  or  art  of  sorcery. 

His  trade  of  sorceriny  had  so  inured  him  to  receive 
voices  from  his  familiars  in  shape  of  beasts  that  this  event 
seemed  not  strange  to  him. 

/>'/)  Hall,  Contemplations,  vii.  3,  Balaam. 

sorcerous  (sor'ser-us),  a.  [<  sorcer-y  +  -ons.'] 
Using  or  involving  sorcery  ;  magical. 

This  sorcerous  worker,  to  make  hym  pope,  in  the  space 
of  xiii.  yeres  poysened  vi.  of  his  predecessours  one  after 
another.  Bp.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  ii. 

O  that  in  mine  eyes 

Were  all  the  sorcerous  poison  of  my  woes, 
That  I  might  witch  ye  headlong  from  your  height ! 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 

sorcery  (s6r'ser-i),  n. ;  pi.  sorceries  (-iz).  [< 
ME.  sorcery,  sorcerie,  sorceri,  sorsory,  <  OF.  sor- 
cerie,  sorcherie,  sorgoirie,  casting  of  lots,  magic, 
sorcery  (cf.  F.  sorccllerie,  sorcery ),<  sorcier,  sor- 
cerer: see  sorcer.]  Originally,  divination  from 
the  casting  of  lots ;  hence,  the  use  of  super- 
natural knowledge  or  power  gained  in  any  man- 
ner, especially  through  the  connivance  of  evil 
spirits;  magic  art;  enchantment;  witchcraft; 
spells;  charms. 


5775 

And  somme  lewes  selden  with  lorcrrie  ho  wrouhte, 
And  thwwa  the  myghte  of  .Mahoii  and  thorw  mysbylcyue. 
Piers  Plumnan  (C),  xlx.  150. 
My  thy  sorceries  were  all  nations  deceivi-.l. 

Rev.  xviii.  -a. 

sord1  (sord),  «.  Aii  obsolete  or  dialeetiil  vari- 
ant of  xieiird. 

In  the  midst  an  altar  aa  the  landmark  stood 
Rustic,  of  grassy  sord.  Milton,  I'.  L.,  xi.  4:«. 

sord-t  (sord),  H.     An  obsolete  variant  of  sort. 

sorda,  <i.     See  sordo. 

sordamente  (sor-da-meu'te),  a<lr.  [It.,  <  sordo, 
deaf,  mute:  see  surd.}  In  m  usic,  in  a  veiled  or 
muffled  manner. 

sordavalite  (s6r'da-val-H),  H.  [Also  sorditini/- 
tte;  <  Sordavala  (see  def.)  +  -ite%.]  A  gliissy 
dark-colored  mineral  substance  with  conchoid- 
al  fracture,  found  in  thin  layers  in  di:ilmse 
near  Sordavala  in  Finland.  It  has  been  included 
among  minerals,  but  is  more  properly  a  vitreous  f 
diabase.  It  is  called  glassy  trap  by  Tornebohm  in  Sweden. 

sordellina  (s&r-de-le'na),  n.  [It.,  <  sordo,  mute : 
see  sordine,  surd.]  A  variety  of  bagpipe. 

sordes  (sor'dez),  n.  [<  L.  sordes,  <  sordere,  be 
dirty  or  foul.]  Filth;  refuse;  dregs;  dross;  spe- 
cifically, in  tned.,  crusts  which  form  upon  the 
lips  and  teeth  of  persons  suffering  from  ex- 
treme exhaustion,  as  in  typhoid  and  other  fe- 
vers. 

Yet  this,  however,  not  under  the  name  of  pleasure ;  to 
cleanse  itself  from  the  sordes  of  its  impure  original,  it 
was  necessary  it  should  change  its  name. 

Bentham,  Introd.  to  Morals  and  Legislation,  ii.  6. 

sordet  (sor'det),  n.  [It.,  <  sordo,  mute  (see  sor- 
dine, sordo),  +  -et.~]  Same  as  sordino. 

sordid  (sdr'did),  a.  [<  F.  sordide  =  Sp.  sordi- 
do  =  Pg.  It.  sordido,  <  L.  sordidus,  dirty,  filthy, 
foul,  vile,  mean.  base,<  sordere,  be  dirty  (sordes, 
dirt),  akin  to  E.  swart,  black:  see  swart.']  1. 
Dirty;  filthy;  squalid;  foul. 

There  Charon  stands,  who  rules  the  dreary  coast, 

A  sordid  god  ;  down  from  his  hoary  chin 

A  length  of  beard  descends,  uncombed,  unclean. 

Dryden,  JKneid,  vi.  414. 

The  wretched  family  are  ashamed  to  show  their  sordid 
tatters  in  the  church  on  the  Sabbath  day. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  372. 

2.  In  lot.  and  zool.,  of  a  dull  or  dirty  hue;  im- 
pure ;  muddy :  noting  a  color  when  it  appears  as 
if  clouded  by  admixture  with  another,  or  parts  so 
colored:  as,  sordid  blue,  etc. — 3.  Morally  foul; 
gross;  base;  vile;  ignoble;  selfish;  miserly. 

To  set  the  hearts  of  men  on  fire 
To  scorn  the  sordid  world,  and  unto  heaven  aspire. 

Milton,  Death  of  a  Fair  Infant,  1.  63. 
What  is  all  righteousness  that  men  devise? 
What  —  but  a  sordid  bargain  for  the  skies? 

Cowper,  Truth,  1.  76. 

He  was  clearly  a  man  not  destitute  of  real  patriotism  and 

magnanimity,  a  man  whose  vices  were  not  of  a  sordid  kind. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

4.  Low;  menial;  groveling. 

Amongst  them  all  she  placed  him  most  low, 
And  in  his  hand  a  dlstaffe  to  him  gave, 
That  he  thereon  should  spin  both  flax  and  tow ; 
A  sordid  office  for  a  mind  so  brave. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  23. 

Sordid  dragonet,  a  callionymoid  fish,  by  some  supposed 
to  be  the  female  of  the  gemmous  dragonet,  or  sculpin, 
Callionymus  lyra. 

sordidityt  (s6r-did'i-ti),  w.  [<  sordid  +  -ity.] 
Sordidness. 

Swimming  in  suddes  of  all  sordiditie. 
Dames,  Humours  Heaven  on  Earth,  p.  21.    (Davies.) 
Weary  and  ashamed  of  their  own  sordidity  and  manner 
of  life.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.    (Trench.) 

sordidly  (sor'did-li),  adv.    In  a  sordid  manner. 
Sordidly  shifting  hands  with  shades  and  night. 

Crashaw,  Glorious  Epiphany  of  Our  Lord  God. 

sordidness  (sor'did-nes),  n.  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  sordid,  (a)  Filthiness ;  foulness. 

An  effect  of  Divine  Providence  designed  to  deter  men 
and  women  from  sluttishness  and  sordidness,  and  to  pro- 
voke them  to  cleanliness.  Ray,  Works  of  Creation,  p.  809. 
(6)  Baseness;  vileness;  depravity. 

The  madnesses  of  Caligula's  delights,  and  the  execrable 
sordidness  of  those  of  Tiberius.  Cowley,  Greatness. 

(>•)  Mean,  mercenary  selfishness  or  covetousness :  as,  the 
sordidness  of  gambling. 

sordine  (sor'den),  n.  [<  OF.  sourdine,  <  It.  sor- 
dino, a  mute ;  cf.  It.  sordina  (>  Sp.  sordina  =  Pg. 
surdina),  a  mute;  <  L.  surdus,  deaf,  mute:  see 
S«»Y?.]  Same  as  sordino,  1. 

Sordino  (s6r-de'no),  n.;  pi.  sordini  (-ni).  [It.: 
see  sordine.]  1.  Same  as  mute1, 3.  See  con  sor- 
dini, and  senza  sordini  (under  senza).  These 
terms  are  occasionally  used  with  reference  to 
the  soft  pedal  of  the  pianoforte. —  2.  Same  as 
pochette. 

SOrdiOUSt  (s6r'di-us),  a.  [<  L.  sordes,  dirt,  + 
-ous.]  Filthy;  foul. 


sore 

The  ashes  of  earth-wormes  duely  prepared  cleanseth 
tordinun,  stinking,  and  rotten  ulcers,  consuming  and  wast- 
ing away  theii  hard  llppra,  or  callous  e<  .  tem- 
pered with  tarn  and  siruhlhin  hony,  as  l-liny  ufliniu-th 
Topurtl,  III   • 

BOrdityt  (sor'di-ti),   «.      [Sli,,rt    f,,r  surdiilily.} 

Saint-  MS  tordtaUg. 

Greediness  In  getting,  tenacity  In  keeping  sorilit'/  in 
spending.  Burton,  Anat  of  Mel.,  |. 

sordo,  SOrda  (sor'do,  sor'dii),  a.     [It.,  <  I,. 

iliix,  tli-iil',  unite:    see  .ill, 'il.  \       111    miUte,   ilnrilpeil 

with  a  mute:  as.  <7«n'«/  tlo  sordo,  a  damped  or 
muffled  t-hiriiiel  :  //.,,»/„/  •.nnln.  ;i  tlumped  or 
muffled  trumpet. 

SOrdono  (ni"ir-do'no),  H.;  pi.  mntoiii  (-ni).  [< 
It.  sordo,  mute  :  see  sordo,  nurd.]  1.  A  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  oboe  family,  resembling 
the  bombard.  Its  tube  had  twelve  finger-holes. 
—  2.  In  orijitH-liuililiHij,  an  obsolete  variety  of 
reed-stop,  giving  damped  or  muffled  tones. — 3. 
A  form  of  mute  or  sordino  used  in  the  trumpet . 

sordor  (sdr'dor),  ».  [<  L.  as  if  "son/or,  <  sor- 
derc,  be  filthy:  see  sordid,  snrdes. ]  Filth;  dregs; 
refuse;  sordes.  [Rare.] 

The  sordtir  of  civilisation,  mix'd 

With  all  the  savage  which  man's  fall  hath  fix'd. 

ll'irmi.  The  Island,  U.  4. 

sore1  (sor),  <i.  [8c.  sair,  sure;  <  ME.  gore,  tare, 
sor,  sar,  <  AS.  sdr.  painful,  =  OS.  ser  =  MD. 
seer,  D.  seer  =  MLG.  ser  =  OHG.  MHO.  ser. 
painful,  wounded,  =  Icel.  sdrr  =  Norw.  soar, 
sore  (cf.  8w.  sdr  =  Dan.  soar,  wound,  =  Goth. 
sair,  sorrow,  travail,  found  only  as  a  noun ).  Cf. 
Finn.  Sutras,  sick  (<  Teut.).  No  cognates  are 
found  outside  of  Teut.]  1.  Painful,  as  being 
the  seat  of  a  wound  or  of  disease ;  aching;  spe- 
cifically, painfully  sensitive  to  the  touch:  said 
of  the  part  affected,  or,  by  extension,  of  the  en- 
tire member  or  person  concerned. 

Than  waxes  his  gast  seke  and  tare. 

Hampole,  Pricke  of  Conscience,  1.  772  (Morris  and  Skeat). 

He  maketh  sore,  and  hindeth  up :  he  woundeth,  and  his 

hands  make  whole.  Job  v.  18. 

Why  art  thou  then  exasperate,  thou  idle  immaterial 

skein  of  sleave-silk,  thou  green  sarcenet  flap  for  a  tore  eye? 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  v.  1.  36. 

2.  Inflicting  physical  suffering  ;  giving  bodily 
pain. 

Merlin  frusht  a-mouge  hem  with  his  banere,  and  his 
companye  with  hym,  and  leyde  on  gore  strokes. 

Merlin(E.  E.  T.  S.),  II.  207. 
There  'a  a  sair  pain  in  my  head,  father, 
There  '»  a  sair  pain  in  my  side. 

Fair  Janet  (Child's  Ballads,  n.  89). 

3.  Suffering  mental  pain  ;  distressed ;  painfully 
sensitive;  touchy. 

Peace  is  my  dear  delight— not  Fleury's  more ; 
But  touch  me,  and  no  minister  so  sore. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  76. 
Why  speak  I  vain  words  to  a  heart  still  sore 
With  sudden  death  of  happiness? 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  94. 

4.  Bringing  sorrow,  misery,  or  regret ;  distress- 
ing; grievous;  oppressive. 

A  sore  word  for  them  that  are  negligent  in  discharging 
their  otfice.  Latiiner,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

He  laid  a  Tax  full  hard  and  sore, 
Tho'  many  Men  were  sick. 

Prior,  The  Viceroy,  at.  12. 
Sore  task  to  hearts  worn  out  by  many  wars. 

Tennyson,  Lotos-Eaters,  Choric  Song. 

6.  Associated  with  painful  ideas  or  feelings; 
accompanied  by  grief,  anger,  mortification,  re- 
gret, discomfort,  or  the  like ;  serving  as  an  oc- 
casion of  bitterness:  as,  a  sore  subject. 

The  sore  terms  we  stand  upon  with  the  goda  will  be 
atrong  with  us  for  giving  over.     Shot.,  Pericles,  iv.  2.  37. 

I  wish  he  were  a  wee  bairn  lying  in  my  arms  again.    It 
were  a  sore  day  when  I  weaned  him. 

Mrs.  Oaskell,  The  Crooked  Branch. 

6.  Severe;  violent;  fierce. 

I  will  peraevere  in  my  course  of  loyalty,  though  the  con- 
flict be  sore  between  that  and  my  blood. 

Mm*.,  Lear,  III.  5.  24. 

On  Trinitye  Mondaye  in  the  morne 
This  sore  battayle  was  doom'd  to  bee. 

King  Arthur's  Death  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  4U 

7.  Exceeding;  extreme;  intense. 

You  must  needs  have  heard  how  I  am  punish'd 
With  sore  distraction.  Shale.,  Hamlet,  v.  »  241. 

Restrain 
The  sore  disquiet  of  a  restless  brain. 

Whittier,  First-day  Thoughts. 

The  Oxford  gownsmen  must  have  been  In  sore  need  of  a 
Jest.  E.  Dowden,  Shelley,  I.  92. 

8.  Wretched:  vile;  worthless;  base.     [Obso- 
lete or  prov.  Eng.] 

To  lapse  In  fulness 
la  sorer  than  to  He  for  need. 

Shak.,  Cymbellne.  III.  6.  18. 


sore 

Out,  sword,  and  to  a  mm  purpose! 

.%«*.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  1.  25. 
Sore  throat.    See  throat. 

sore1  (sor),  n.  [<  ME.  .swe,  sure,  sor,  <  Ab.  xar 
_  OS.  ser  -  MLG.  ser  =  OHG.  MHG.  ser,  pain, 
suffering,  =  Icel.  sar  =  Norw.  s«ar  =  Sw.  «dr  = 
Dan.  ffrt</r,  a  wound,  =  Goth,  snir,  sorrow,  trav- 
ail; from  the  adj.  Cf.  sorry.'}  If.  A  state  of 
suffering  or  pain ;  grief;  sorrow;  misery. 

Whether  solace  ho  sende  other  ellez  fare. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  130. 

Ther  was  nobbing,  siking,  and  sar, 
Handes  wringing,  and  drawing  bi  nor. 

flavelok,  1.  234.    (UaUiwM.) 
Kit  M  sale  me  soure  sores  &  ich  se  what  may  gayne. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  598. 

2.  A  wounded  or  diseased  spot  on  an  animal 
body ;  a  painful  or  painfully  tender  place,  with 
or  without  solution  of  continuity,  on  or  near  the 
surface  of  the  body. 

There  is  no  medcyn  on  mold,  sane  the  maiden  one, 
That  my  sors  might  salue,  ne  me  sound  make. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  9193. 

A  salve  for  any  sore  that  may  betide. 

Shall.,  SHea.  VI.,  iT.  6.  88. 

3.  A  source  of  grief,  distress,  annoyance,  or 
bitterness ;  a  misfortune ;  a  trouble. 

What  should  we  speak  more  on't?  .  .  .  I  love  no  rip- 
ping up  old  sores.  Brmne,  Northern  Lass,  ill.  1. 
Bed-sore,  a  sore  or  ulcer  developed  on  parts  of  the  skin 
exposed  to  pressure  by  lying  in  bed.  It  may  be  very  deep 
and  extensive.  Also  called  dembitus.— Delhi  sore,  Ori- 
ental sore.  Same  as  Aleppo  ulcer  (which  see,  under 
ulcer). — Fungating  sore,  a  soft  chancre  with  abundant 
granulations.— Hunterian  sore,  in  pathul.,  a  true  or 
hard  chancre.— Venereal  sore.  Same  as  chancroid. 
sore1  (sor),  adv.  [Sc.  sail;  sare;  <  ME.  sore, 
soore,  sare,  <  AS.  sare,  sorely,  painfully,  =  OS. 
sero  =  MD.  sere,  D.  zeer  =  MLG.  sere  =  OHG. 
sero,  MHG.  sere,  ser,  painfully,  sorely,  strongly, 
very,  G.  selir,  extremely,  very,  =  Dan.  saare, 
extremely,  very ;  from  the  adj.]  1.  With  phys- 
ical suffering;  so  as  to  cause  bodily  pain;  pain- 
fully. 

He  rode  ouer  hym  that  was  fallen  and  vn-horsed,  so 
that  he  brosed  hym  sore.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  696. 

Thy  hand  presseth  me  sore.  Ps.  xxxviii.  2. 

Her  brother  struck  her  wondrous  sore, 
With  cruel  strokes  and  many. 

Andrew  Lammie  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  197). 

2.  In  a  manner  indicating  or  causing  mental 
pain;  deplorably;  grievously;  bitterly. 

The  damesell  ansuerde  in  baas  voyce  sore  syghinge. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  611. 
There  was  no  heart  so  bold 
But  sore  it  ached,  and  fast  it  beat, 
When  that  ill  news  was  told. 

Macavlay,  Uoratius,  st.  18. 

He  were  sore  put  about  because  Hester  had  gi'en  him 
the  bucket,  and  came  to  me  about  it. 

Mrs.  Oaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xxi. 

3.  Violently;  fiercely;  severely. 

Vlfyn  and  kynge  Venires  of  Garlot  mette  so  sore  tv- 
geder  that  ether  bar  other  to  the  grounde,  and  the  horse 
vpon  hem.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  119. 

Though  it  was  very  darke,  and  rained  sore,  yet  in  y«  end 
they  gott  under  y«  lee  of  a  small  r  Hand. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  87. 

4.  Exceedingly;  thoroughly;  intensely. 
Thei  sought  hym  sore  vp  and  down  on  euery  side. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  407. 
He  blest  himselfe  as  one  sore  terriflde. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  24. 
It  is  a  sore  consumed  tree 
That  on  it  bears  not  one  fresh  bough. 

Kookhope  Hyde  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  122). 

5f.  Firmly;  tightly;  fast. 

The  stiell  of  the  speres  stynte  at  the  haubrekes,  that 
were  stronge  and  «ore-holdynge. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  222. 

If  it  [the  bowstring]  be  long,  the  bending  must  needs  be 
in  the  small  of  the  string,  which,  being  sore  twined,  must 
needs  snap  in  sunder,  to  the  destruction  of  many  good 
bows.  Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  1864),  p.  104. 

[As  an  adverb  sore  is  now  chiefly  archaic  or 
provincial.] 

sore1*  (sor),  ».  t.  [=  OS.  serian  =  OHG.  MHG. 
seren,  G.  ver-sehren  =  Icel.  sdrna  =  Sw.  sdra  = 
Dan.  saare;  from  the  noun.]  To  make  sore; 
wound. 

And  the  wyde  wound  .  .  . 

Was  closed  up  as  it  had  not  beene  tot' A 

Spenser,  P.  Q.  (ed.  Todd),  III.  xii.  38. 
S0re2t  (sor),  a.  and  n.  [I.  «.  Early  mod.  E.  also 
soar,  soare;  <  ME.  sore,  soyr,  <  OF.  sor,  saw,  F. 
saur,  same  =  Pr.  sor,  saur  =  Sp.  son  =  It.  soro, 
sauro  (ML.  saurus,  sorius),  reddish-brown,  red- 
dish, brownish,  sorrel,  <  MLG.  sor  =  MD.  sore, 
D.  zoor,  dry,  withered,  sear,  =  E.  sear:  see  sear*, 
of  which  sore2  is  a  doublet,  and  sorreft,  a  dim. 
of  sore2.  H.  n.  <  ME,  'sore,  sowre,  a  buck,  <  OF. 
sor,  F.  saur  (infaucon  sor,  a  sore-falcon,  cheval 


5776 

.inure,  or  simply  snure,  a  sorrel  horse)  =  It.  sorn, 
sauro,  a  sorrel  horse,  formerly  also  a  sore-fal- 
con:  see  the  adj.  CLsorreP.']  I.  a.  Reddish- 
brown;  sorrel.  See  sorreP,  and  compare  sor- 
a<je,  sore-eagle,  sore-falcon,  foreJutwk. 

Stedis  stabillede  in  stallis, 

Lyarde  and  sure. 
MS.  Lincoln  A.  i.  17,  f.  130.    (HattiwM.) 

II.  n.  1.  A  hawk  of  the  first  year.— 2.  A 
buck  of  the  fourth  year.     See  sorrel?,  3. 
Of  founes,  ioures,  bukkes,  does 
Was  ful  the  wode,  and  many  roes. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  429. 

S0re3t,  v.  i.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  soar1. 

soreaget,  "•    Same  as  sorage. 

Sorecidae  (so-res'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  An  erro- 
neous form  of  Soricidse. 

sorede  (so'red),  n.  [<  soredium.}  Same  as  sore- 
dium. 

soredia.  «.    Plural  of  soredium. 

soredial  (so-re'di-al),  a.  [<  soredium  +  -al.] 
In  lichenol.,  of  the  nature  or  appearance  of  a 
soredium.— Soredial  branch,  in  lichenol.,  a  branch 
produced  by  the  development  of  a  soredium  into  a  new 
thallus  while  still  on  the  mother  thallus. 

sorediate  (so-re'di-at),  a.  [<  soredium  +  -ate1.] 
In  lichenol., 'bearing  or  producing  soredia. 

sorediferous  (sor-e-iif'e-rus),  o.  [<  NL.  sore- 
dium +  L./erre  =^E.  oear1.]  In  lichenol.,  sore- 
diate ;  bearing  soredia. 

soredium  (so-re'di-um),  ».;  pi.  soredia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aop&f,  a  heap,  +  -edium,  for  Gr.  -iSiov, 
a  dim.  suffix.]  In  lichenol.,  a  single  algal  cell  or 
a  group  of  algal  cells  wrapped  in  more  or  less 
hyphal  tissue,  which  serves  the  purpose  of  ve- 

fetative  propagation:  commonly  in  the  plural, 
uch  cells  form  little  heaps  or  cushion-likemassesbreaking 
through  the  surface  of  the  thallus,  and  when  set  free  from 
the  thallus  are  able  to  grow  atonceintonew  thalli.  Usually 
one  species  of  alga  furnishes  all  the  algal  cells  of  a  lichen ; 
more  rarely  two,  and  then  one  prevails  in  abundance  over 
the  other.  The  same  species  of  alga,  however,  may  be 
found  in  consortism  with  different  species  of  fungus,  and 
taking  part  in  the  composition,  therefore,  of  differently 
formed  thalli— that  is,  different  liohens.  See  Lichenes. 
Also  sorede  and  brood-bud. 

SOree  (so're),  n.    A  variant  of  sora.     [U.  S.] 
Soree.     Hal-bird. 

T.  Je/erson,  Notes  on  Virginia  (ed.  1788),  p.  74. 

SOre-eaglet  (sor'e"gl),M.  [Alsosoar-e«<7Ze;prob. 
formed  in  imitation  of  sore-falcon ;  <  sore2  + 
eagle.~\     A  young  eagle. 
A  soar-  Eagle  would  not  stoope  at  a  flye. 

Milton,  (in  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

sore-eyed  (sor'id),  a.  1.  Having  sore  eyes. — 
2.  Having  orbital  caruncles,  as  if  sores :  as,  the 
sore-eyed  pigeon.  See  cut  under  sJieatltbill. 
sore-falcon  (s6r'fa"kn ),  n.  [Formerly  also  soar- 
falcon,  soare  faulcon  ;  <  sore2  +  falcon,  tr.  OF. 
faucon  sor.]  A  falcon  of  the  first  year;  a  young 
falcon.  See  sore2,  1. 

Of  the  soare  faulcon  so  I  learne  to  fly, 

That  flags  awhile  her  fluttering  wings  beneath, 

Till  she  her  selfe  for  stronger  flight  can  breath. 

Spenser,  Hymn  of  Heavenly  Beauty,  1.  26. 

sore-hawkt  (sor'hak),  ».     Same  &&  sore-falcon. 

sorehead  (sor'hed),  «.  1,  One  whose  head  is 
sore.  Hence  —  2.  An  irritable,  discontented 
person ;  one  who  has  a  real  or  fancied  griev- 
ance ;  in  political  use,  a  person  who  is  dissatis- 
fied through  lack  of  recognition  or  reward  for 
party  services.  [Slang,  U.  S.] 

Every  sore-head  and  bolter  in  the  Majority  voted  with 

his  party.  The  American,  X.  35. 

The  public  don't  care  for  a  few  soreheads  and  impracti- 

cables  in  an  operation  that  is  going  to  open  up  the  whole 

Southwest.   C.  D.  Warner,  Little  Journey  in  the  World,  xv. 

soreheaded  (sor'hed'l'ed),  «.  Having  the  char- 
acter of  a  sorehead;  discontented;  having  a 
grievance.  [Slang,  TJ.  S.] 
sorehont  (sor'hon),  ».  [Said  to  be  an  Ir.  cor- 
rupted form  equiv.  to  Se.  sorn,  a  contracted 
form  of  ME.  sojorne,  a  sojourn,  as  a  verb  so- 
journ :  see  sojourn,  sorn.'}  In  Ireland,  a  tax  for- 
merly imposed  upon  tenants  for  the  mainten- 
ance of  their  lord  or  his  men :  a  custom  which 
required  a  tenant  to  maintain  his  chieftain  gra- 
tuitously. See  the  second  quotation. 

Yea,  and  the  verye  wilde  Irish  exactions,  as  Coignye, 
Liverye,  Sorehon,  and  such  like,  by  which  they  pole  and 
utterly  undoe  the  poore  tennants  and  free-boulders. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland  (ed.  Todd). 

Sorehon  was  a  taxlaide  upon  the  free-holders  for  certain 

dayes  in  each  quarter  of  a  yeare,  to  flnde  victualls,  and 

lodging,  and  to  pay  certaine  stipends  to  the  kerne,  gallo- 

glasses,  and  horsemen. 

Sir  J.  Ware,  Note  in  Todd's  Spenser. 
sorelt.    An  old  spelling  of  sorrel1,  sorrel?. 
sorelyt  (sor'li),  a.     [ME.  sarKe,  <  AS.  sdrlic,  < 
sar,  sore,  +  -lie,  E.  -Jy2.]     Sore ;  sorrowful. 
Nses  heo  nteuere  swa  sortie.  Layamon,  1.  28457. 


Soricids 

sorely  (sor'li),  rtrfr.  [<  ME.  aurliclir,  <  AS.  mir- 
lu-c  (=  Icel.  xrirliu<t),  sorely,  <  sarlic,  sore:  see 
sorely,  a.}  In  a  sore  manner;  painfully;  sad- 
ly; violently;  severely;  extremely. 

so'rema  (so-r'e'ma),  w.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aupos,  a  heap.] 
In  lot.,  a  heap  of  carpels  belonging  to  one  flow- 
er, as  in  the  magnolia  and  liriodendron. 

soreness  (sor'ues),  n.  The  state  of  being  sore, 
in  any  sense  of  the  word. 

Sorex  (so'reks),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  sorejc  =  Gr.  vpaf, 
a  shrew,  shrew-mouse.  Cf.  Hyrax.]  The  typ- 
ical genus  of  the  family  Soricidie  and  subfamily 
Norieiwe,  containing  numerous  small  terrestrial 
shrews  of  both  hemispheres.  They  have  from  28 
to  32  colored  teeth,  moderately  long  well-haired  tail  and 
ears,  and  feet  not  oared.  The  typical  dentition  of  Sorex 
in  the  most  restricted  sense  is  82  teeth,  of  which  the  up- 
per incisors  are  8,  the  (unspecialized  canines  and)  upper 
premolars  6,  the  upper  molars  6,  and  the  total  of  the  lower 
teeth  12  (as  nearly  constant  throughout  the  family).  S. 
mUgaris  is  the  common  shrew  of  Europe,  and  S.  platyrrhi- 
nus  is  a  common  one  in  North  America.  See  shrew'*. 

sorgho  (sor'go),  w.  Same  as  surylium,  1.  Also 
sort/o. 

sorghum  (sor'gum),  n.  [Formerly  also  soraum, 
also  sometimes  sorgo,  sorgho,  F.  sorglio,  <  Sp. 
Pg.  sorgo  =  It.  sorgo,  surgo;  <.  NL.  sorgnm,  sor- 
ghum, <  ML.  surgum,  surcum,  suricum,  Indian 
millet,  sorghum;  prob.  of  E.  Ind.  origin.]  1. 
A  plant  of  the  former  genus  Sorghum,  common- 
ly the  cultivated  saccharine  plant  once  known 
as  Sorghum  (or  Holcvs)  saccharatum,  lately  con- 
sidered a  variety  of  S.  vulgare,  but  now  classi- 
fied as  Andropogon  Sorghum,  var.  saccharatus. 
It  IB  a  cane-like  grass,  with  the  stature  and  habit  of  broom- 
corn,  or  of  the  taller  varieties  of  Indian  corn,  but  more 
slender  than  the  latter,  without  ears,  and  of  a  glaucous 
hue.  .Sorghum  is  cultivated  throughout  Africa,  in  forms 
called  imphee,  chiefly  for  the  sweet  juice  of  the  cane.  In 
the  United  States  it  has  been  employed  for  many  years 
to  make  syrup,  for  which  purpose  it  is  more  or  less  grown 
in  every  State.  It  has  also  been  the  subject  of  much  ex- 
periment in  sugar-making,  and  according  to  Wiley  is  now 
practically  available  for  this  purpose.  The  name  is  also 
applied  to  the  var.  Halepense,  and  possibly  to  others  of 
the  same  species.  See  def.  2.  Also  called  Chinese  sugar- 
cane. 

2.  [cap.']  [NL.  (Micheli,  1729).]  A  former  ge- 
nus of  grasses,  of  the  tribe  Andropogonese,  now 
included  as  a  subgenus  in  Andropogon  (Edou- 
ard  Hackel,  1889).  Like  the  rest  of  the  whole  genus, 
it  has  one-flowered  spikelets  disposed  in  pairs  at  the  joints 
of  a  rachis,  one  of  each  pair  pedicelled,  one  sessile.  The 
sessile  spikelet  is  in  all 
the  pairs  alike;  the 
flower  is  fertile,  and  in 
the  pedicelled  spike- 
lets  male,  neutral,  or 
abortive.  The  rachis  is 
fragile,  or  in  culture 
tenacious  ;  its  joints 
and  the  pedicels  are 
filiform,  and  convex  on 
the  back  or  flat  with- 
out furrow.  The  ses- 
sile spikelet  and  grain 
are  somewhat  com- 
pressed on  the  back,  or 
in  cultivation  some- 
times nearly  globose. 
The  species  are  most 
often  tall  and  flat- 
leaved  grasses,  dif- 
fused through  the 
tropics  and  here  and 
there  in  the  temperate 
zone — one,  A.  (Chryso- 
poffon)  luitu,,-..  the  In- 
dian grass  or  wood- 
grass,  in  the  southern 
United  States.  The 
last  is  widely  distribu- 
ted in  many  forms ;  it 
is  a  nutritious  grass,  6 
feet  high,  with  a  graceful  panicle,  sometimes  named  wild 
oats.  The  one  important  species  is  A.  Sorghum  (Sorghum 
vulgare,  etc.X  a  polymorphous  much- cultivated  species, 
of  which  some  varieties  have  been  regarded  as  distinct. 
Hackel  divides  it  into  the  subspecies — (a)  Halepense,  in- 
cluding with  other  varieties  the  ornamental  Aleppo  grass 
and  the  Johnson  or  Means  grass  cultivated  in  the  southern 
United  States,  and  (i>)  mlinis,  which  includes  the  broom- 
corn  (var.  technifus),  the  sorghum  (var.  saccharatus:  see 
def.  1),  the  durra  (vars.  cemuus  and  Durra),  the  so-called 
Indian  or  African  millet  (covering  perhaps  the  last  and 
the  var.  vulgaris\  and  the  guinea-corn  or  Kafir-corn,  if  it  is 
different  from  the  durra.  The  Johnson  grass  is  of  consid- 
erable utility  as  fodder,  but  is  difficult  to  extirpate :  also 
called  Egyptian,  Cuba,  or  Guinea  grass,  Australian  or 
Morocco  millet,  etc.,  and  sorghum.  The  durra  has  been 
somewhat  cultivated  in  the  United  States,  some  forms  of 
it  being  called  Mitto  maize.  See  broom-corn,  durra,  and  In- 
dian millet  (under  millet). 

sorgo  (sor'go),  w.     Same  as  sorghum. 

son,  n.    Plural  of  sorus. 

Soricidae  (so-ris'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sorei- 
(Sorie-)  +  -idx.~\  A  family  of  small  insectiv- 
orous mammals,  the  shrews.  They  are  of  terres- 
trial, sometimes  natatorial,  habits,  with  a  long  and  narrow 
skull  without  zygomatic  arches  or  postorbital  processes, 
annular  tympanic  bones,  no  synipnysis  pubis.  the  fore 
limbs  not  specially  modified  as  in  the  moles,  the  tibia 
and  fibula  united,  and  the  lower  teeth  12  (in  one  genus  12 


!•*• 

Sorghum  (.Andrepogon  Sorghum), 
wild   fnnn  ;    2,  panicle  of  same ;    a, 
spikelets  of  cultivated  form. 


Soricidse 

or  14).  The  lower  incisors  are  long,  proclivous,  and  usually 
notched  ;  in  the  upper  teeth  the  median  incisors  are  large, 
and  have  a  basal  snag  or  cusp,  appearing  as  if  double  (but 
see  mricident);  no  canines  are  specialized,  anil  the  pre- 
molars  are  variable  ;  the  molars  are  large  and  multicuspi- 
date.  The  total  number  of  the  teeth  varies  (roin  twenty- 
six  to  thirty-two.  The  family  is  well  marked,  with  little 
range  of  variation,  though  the  species  are  so  numerous. 
The  shrews  are  all  small  animals,  some  being  the  smallest 
known  mammals,  and  have  the  general  appearance  of 
mice,  though  with  more  pointed  snout.  The  rather  nu- 
merous (about  12)  genera  fall  in  two  groups  or  subfamilies, 
Soricinst  and  Crocidurinee. 

soricident  (so-ris'i-dent),  a.  [<  L.  sorex  (so- 
ric-), a  shrew,  +  den(t-)s  =  E.  tooth.]  Having 
or  noting  a  dentition  like  that  of  shrews.  This 
dentition  is  unique  in  some  respects.  It  consists  of  the 
four  kinds  of  teeth  usual  among  diphyodont  mammals. 
but  no  canines  are  specialized  as  such,  and  the  median 
pairof  incisors 
both  above  and 
below  are  re- 
markable in 
presentingtwo 
or  more  cusps, 
besides  being 
of  great  size. 
These  peculi- 
arities, toge- 
ther with  the 
speedy  and 
complete  ob- 
literation of 
the  maxillo- 
premaxillary 
suture,  have 
caused  the  me- 
dian incisors 
alone  to  be 
so  named,  and 
have  occasion- 
ed great  un- 


certainty 
the  dental  for- 
,.  >„!,.,  rtf  tl,  , 
mute  01  tne 


Soricident  Teeth  of  Common  Shrew  (Sorex  vltl- 

part's),  enlarged  seven  times. 
t'1,  large  two-pronged  anterior  upper  incisor; 
i'-.  13,  i'*,  succeeding  upper  incisors,  to  mpx,  line 
of  obliterated  maxilTopremaxillary  suture  ;  c,  first 
maxillary  tooth,  technically  .1  canine,  unspecial- 
|n  ized  and  resembling  the  preceding  incisor;  pm*. 
minute  first  premolar ;  pmt,  large  sectorial  pre- 
molar.  In  the  lower  jaw,  i,  very  large  serrated 
anterior  incisor ;  2.  3,  4,  following  teeth  to  the  one 
several  genera  opposite pmi;  other  teeth  omitted, 
of  shrews.  De- 
termination of  the  position  of  the  suture  has  shown,  how- 
ever, that  several  other  pairs  of  teeth  besides  the  special- 
ized median  upper  pair  are  inserted  in  the  premaxillary, 
and  are  therefore  incisors ;  that  the  foremost  pair  of  max- 
illary teeth  (technically  canines)  are  never  specialized,  and 
always  small,  and  that  these  are  followed  by  one  or  two 
pairs  of  premolars,  constantly  succeeded  by  three  pairs  of 
truemolars.  The  constancy  in  number  of  the  under  teeth 
(twelve,  with  some  anomalous  exceptions)  is  also  remark* 
able,  and  the  total  variation  is  only  from  twenty-six  to 
thirty-two  among  all  the  genera.  The  eight  upper  incisors 
of  several  genera  are  a  number  unique  among  placental 
mammals ;  and  the  soricident  dentition  is,  on  the  whole,  in 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  animals,  the  most  formidable 
known  among  mammals,  of  greater  relative  power  than 
that  of  any  carnivore.  See  Soricidie. 

Soricinae  (sor-i-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sorex 
(Soric-)  +  -inse.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  So- 
ricidie, containing  those  shrews  of  both  the  Old 
and  the  New  World  which  have  the  teeth  brown 
or  red :  contrasted  with  Crocidurinse.  The  gen- 
era usually  admitted  are  Sorex,  Neosorex,  Notio- 
sorex,  Soriculus,  Blarina,  and  Crossopus.  See 
Sorex,  and  cuts  under  Blarina,  shrew,  and  son- 

.  deli. 

SOricine  (sor'i-sin),  a.  [<  L.  soricinus,  of  or  be- 
longing to  a  shrew,  <  sorex  (soric-),  shrew:  see 
Sorex.]  Resembling  or  related  to  a  shrew  or 
shrew-mouse ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Soricinse 
or  Soricidee;  soricoid  in  a  narrow  sense.— sori- 
cine  bat,  Glossophaga  soricina,  a  small  South  American 
species  of  bat. 

soricoid  (sor'i-koid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  sorex 
(soric-),  shrew,  +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Soricine  in  the 
broadest  sense ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sori- 
coidea. 

II.   n.   A    member  of  the  Soricoidea,  as  a 
shrew,  shrew-mole,  or  mole. 

Soricoidea  (sor-i-koi'de-a),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Sorex 
(Soric-)  +  -oidea.]  A  superfamily  of  mammals 
of  the  order  Insectivora,  containing  the  two 
families  Sorieidse  and  Talpidse,  the  snrews  and 
the  moles. 

soriferous  (so-rif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aopAf,  a  heap, 
+  tfispeiv  =E'.  bear1.]  In  bot.,  bearing  sori. 

sorites  (so-ri'tez),  «. ;  pi.  sorites*  [NL.,  <  L. 
sorites,  <  LGr.  aapcirJK,  aupir>if,  a  logical  sophism 
formed  by  an  accumulation  of  arguments,  lit. 
'heaper,'  <  aupebeiv,  heap,  <  eropof,  a  heap.  In 
def.2first  used  by  Laurentius  Valla  (died  1457).] 

1.  A  kind  of  sophism  invented  by  Chrysippus 
in  the  third  century  before  Christ,  by  which  a 
person  is  led  by  gradual  steps  from  maintain- 
ing what  is  manifestly  true  to  admitting  what, 
is  manifestly  false.    For  example :  One  grain  of  sand 
cannot  make  a  heap;  then,  If  one  grain  be  added  to 
a  grain,  the  one  added  grain  cannot  make  that  a  heap 
which  was  not  a  heap  before ;  and  so  on,  until  it  Is  shown 
that  a  million  or  more  grains  of  sand  cannot  make  a  heap. 

2.  A  chain-syllogism,  or  argument  having  a 
number  of  premises  and  one  conclusion,  the 
argumentation  being  capable  of  analysis  into 
a  number  of  syllogisms,  the  conclusion  of  each 

363 


5777 

of  which  is  aprrmisi>  of  the  next.  A  sorites  may 
In'  categorical  or  hypothetical,  like  a  syllogism,  and  either 
variety  may  be  progressive  or  regressive.  Progressive 
or  Aristotelian  sorites.  sc,.i, •,,/„(,(,„„.  Regressive 
or  Goclenian  sorites,  s. 

soritical  (rf-rit'i-kgl),  n.  [<  LL.  t»>i-iti<-<tx,  <  LGr. 
nuptretit,  <  tupttryft  <M«'™;f,  a  sorites.]  I*>-r- 
tiiiniug  to  or  resembling  a  sorites. 

sormountet,  r.  An  obsolete  variant  of  .<»/•«(»»»/. 

SOrn  (sorn),  v.  i.  [Said  to  be  contr.  <  ME.  s<ij»r- 
H<»,  sojourn:  see  sojourn.  Ct.sorelimi.]  To  ob- 
trude one's  self  on  another  for  bed  and  boan  I ;  1 » • 
an  uninvited  and  unwelcome  guest;  sponge. 
[Scotch.] 

Lang-legged  Hieland  gillies  that  will  neither  work  nor 
want,  and  maun  gang  thigging  and  miming  about  on  their 
acquaintance.  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxvl. 

sornar  (sdr'nar),  «.    Same  as  soriicr. 

sorner  (sdr'ne'r),  ».  [<  sorn  +  -er1 ;  ult.  a  con- 
traction of  sojourner.]  One  who  sums:  one 
who  obtrudes  himself  on  another  for  bed  and 
board ;  in  Scots  law,  one  who  takes  lodging  and 
food  from  others  by  force  or  menaces  without 
paying  for  it.  Thisoffense  was  formerly  so  prevalent  in 
Scotland  that  the  severest  penalties  were  enacted  against 
it,  and  at  one  period  it  was  punishable  with  death. 

sorophqre  (so'ro-for),  «.  [<  NL.  'sorophorum, 
neut.ot'sorophorus:  see sorophorous.]  Inbot., 
the  mucilaginous  cord  or  cushion  which  is  emit- 
ted from  the  germinating  spprocarp  in  Marsi- 
lea,  and  which  bears  the  sori  arranged  in  two 
rows.  See  cut  under  Marsilea. 

sorophorous  (so-rof  o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aupof,  a 
heap,  +  -<t>npof,  <  tytpeiv  =  E.  bear1.]  Bearing 
sori. 

sororal  (so-ro'ral),  a.     [<  L.  soror,  sister  (=  E. 
sister),  +  -al.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sister  or 
sisters;  sisterly. 
The  sororal  relation.  H.  Mann. 

sororially  (so-ro'ri-al-i),  a.    [<  "sororial  for  so- 
roral +  -ly2!]     In  a  sisterly  manner.     [Bare.] 
"This  way  then,  my  dear  sister,"  cried  Jane  to  the  new- 
comer, and,  taking  her  sororially  by  the  hand,  she  led  her 
forth  from  the  oak  parlour. 

T.  Book,  The  Sutherlands.    (Dames.) 

sororicide1  (so-ror'i-sld),  n.  [<  L.  sororidda,  < 
soror,  a  sister,  +  -cida.  <  eeedere,  kill.]  One 
who  kills  his  sister.  Blount,  Glossographia. 

SOroricide2(so-ror'i-sid),n.  [<LL. sororicidium, 

<  L.  soror,  sister,  +  -cidium,  <  cxdere,  kill.]  The 
murder  of  a  sister.    Bailey,  1727. 

sororize  (so'ror-Iz),  v. i.;  pret.  and  pp.  sororized, 
ppr.  sororizing.    [<  L.  soror,  sister,  +  -ize :  simu- 
lating fraternize.]     To  associate  as  sisters ;  be 
in  communion  or  sympathy  as  sisters.    [Rare.] 
The  beautiful  girls  .  .  .  are  .  .  .  sororiziHg  with  the 
rustic  maidenhoods  of  their  parishes. 
Mortimer  Collins,  Thoughts  In  my  Garden,  II.  8.    (Eitcyc. 

[Diet.) 

sororyt  (so'ror-i),  «.  [<  L.  soror,  sister:  see 
litter.']  A  sisterhood.  [Rare.] 

While  heauen  did  daigne  the  world  should  him  inioy, 

The  ninefold  Sorory  themselves  exiled, 
Euen  from  then-  natiue  home  to  art's  annoy. 

Tourneur,  Transformed  Metamorphosis,  st.  6S. 

SOrose (so'ros),  a.    [<  NL.  *sorosus,  <  sorus,  q.  v.] 
In  bot.,  bearing  sori. 
sorosis  (so-ro'sis),  n. ;  pi.  soroses  (-sez).     [NL., 

<  Gr.  aapof,  a  heap.]    In  bot.,  a  fleshy  multiple 
fruit  composed  of  many  flowers,  seed-vessels, 
and  receptacles  consolidated,  as  in  the  pine- 
apple, breadfruit,  and  mulberry. 

Sorotrocha  (so-rot'ro-ka),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Ehren- 
berg), neut.  pi. of  sorotrochus :  eeesorotrochous.] 
An  order  of  Rotifera,  containing  those  wheel- 
animalcules  whose  wheel-organ  is  divided  or 
compound:  distinguished  from  Monotrocha. 

sorotrochian  (so-ro-tro'ki-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
sorotrochus  +  -tan.]  I.  a.  Sorotrochous;  not 
monotrochous. 

II.  n.  A  rotifer  whose  wheel  is  compound  or 
divided;  any  member  of  the  Sorotrocha. 

Sorotrochous  (so-rot'ro-kus),  a.  [<  Nli.  sorotro- 
chus, <  Gr.  aupoq,  a  heap,  +  rpo^o?,  a  wheel,  < 
Tpe^EiVjrun.]  Having  the  wheel-organ  divided 
or  compound,  as  a  rotifer ;  not  monotrochous. 

sorra,  ».    See  sorrow,  n.,  4. 

sorraget,  »•    See  sorage. 

sorrancet,  n.    Same  as  sorance. 

sorrel1  (sor'el),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sor- 
rell,  sorel,  sorell;  <  ME.  sorel,  <  OF.  sorel,  F.  su- 
relle  (ML.  surella),  sorrel,  so  named  from  its 
sour  taste;  with  dim.  -cl,  <  stir,  sour,  sharp,  < 
OHG.  MHG.  sSr,  G.  saner,  sour:  see  sour1.  Cf. 
AS.  sure  (=  MLG.  sure  =  Icel.  sura  =  (with  dim. 
suffix)  D.  zuring),  sorrel, <  siir,  sour:  see  sour1.] 
1.  One  of  several  species  of  the  genus  Bumex, 
smaller  plants  than  the  docks  of  the  same 
genus,  having  the  leaves  typically  halberd- 


sorrow 

shii|.i'il.  more  or  li-ss  siiiM'iil.'iit,  ninl  impreg- 
Niiteil  willi  oxalic  ni'iil.  -n,,-  r,, MIIII., n  -MM.  I  "f  ll.c 
(Ilil  Wi.rlil  is  /(.  Acrlum,  wliicli  h:i»  1" ''ti  lunch  cultivated 
for  culinary  use.  It.  *cutatu*,\\>  n  1,  is,  how- 

ever, prefwrred  for  the  purix*e,  lieirif;  n  :il  and 

leas  acid.  Surre!  is  much  f-'ruwn  un  the  KiiruiH-aii  conti 
iiciit,  especially  in  1  i  :m<  r.  It  i-  ii-  'I  in  salads  and  soups, 
but  is  tin. [i-  cnjiiriMiniy  dressed  as  a  Bpiuadi.  '1'lic  use  of 
sorrel  in  America  is  slight  but  incicusini;  /,'.  Ao-hjtfUa, 
lines  substitntcil  fm  tlic  fi,re»nhig.  l«  the  cmnmon 
sheep-sorrel,  r.ntli  plants  are  refrigerant  and  diuretic 
antiscorbutics.  See  cut  under  7>v 
2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  lisulis.  more  properly 
called  wood-sorrel  (see  cuts  under  Otnlix  and 
obcordatf):  the  name  is  also  extended  to  other 
plants  of  different  genera  (see  phrases) — Climb- 
ing sorrel,  />.</""«(  scandens,  of  tropical  America,  a  some- 
what shrubby  herb  climbing  by  rootlets.  [West  Indies.) 
—  Field-sorrel.  Same  as  iherp-tarrel.—  Indian  sorrel. 
Same  as  riHtelle. —  Mountain-sorreL  See  Oxj/ria. —  Red 
BOrreL  (B)  Same  us  romlle.  (b)  The  sheep-sorrel :  prob- 
ably from  the  red  male  Inflorescence.— Salt  of  sorrel. 
See  MM.—  Switch-sorrel,  a  widely  diffused  tropical 
shrub,  Dodoneea  mtcota,  of  the  Sapindacetr.  Its  leaves 
have  an  acid  and  bitter  taste.  —  Water-sorrel.  Same  as 
water-dock.  (See  also  hont-tarrd.) 
sorrel2  (sor'el),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  sor- 
rell,  sorell,  sorel ;  <  OF.  "sorel,  sorrel,  surrel,  dim. 
olsor,  F.  saur,  satire,  brown,  reddish,  brownish, 
sorrel:  see  gore12.]  I.  a.  Of  a  yellowish-  or  red- 
dish-brown color. 

Saure,  a  wrrell  colour,  also  a  eorrell  horse.        Colgram. 

He  is  of  a  middle  stature,  strong  sett,  high  coloured,  a 
head  of  sorrell  haire,  a  severe  and  sound  judgement ;  a 
good  fellowe.  Aubrey,  Lives  (Samuel  Butler). 

II.  n.  1.  A  color  between  a  reddish  and  a 
yellowish  brown. 

Sorrell,  colour  of  an  horse,  sorrel.         Palsgrave,  p.  272. 
His  horse  was  of  fiery  sorrel,  with  black  feet. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  Ui. 

2.  An  animal  of  a  sorrel  color;  especially,  a 
sorrel  horse. 

Till  he  fals  from  his  seate,  the  coache  orethrowes, 
And  to  the  riders  breedes  a  world  of  woes ; 
Noe  holla  Jacke,  nor  Sorrell,  hola  boye, 
Will  make  them  stay  till  they  even  all  destroy. 

The  Seiee  Metamorphosis  (1000).    (Kara.) 

Is  the  Coach  gone? 
Saddle  my  Horse  the  sorrell. 

Deklrer,  Honest  Whore,  ii.  1. 

3.  A  buck  of  the  third  year.  Compare  sore2,n.,  2. 
A  Bucke  the  first  yeare  Is  a  Fawne ;  the  second  yeare  a 

Pricket ;  the  third  yeare  a  Sorrel. 

Return  from  Parnassus  (1606X  It  5. 

The  dogs  did  yell :  put  L  to  sore,  then  sorel  jumps  from 

thicket  Shot.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2.  60. 

sorrel-sopst  (sor'el-sops),  «.  pi.  A  term  used 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  for 
some  sort  of  drink  used  in  fevers. 

sorrel-tree  (sor'el-tre),  ».     See  Oxydendrum. 

sorrel- vine  (sor'el-vin),  n.  A  shrub,  Cissus  (  Vi- 
ta) acida,  found  in  tropical  America,  reaching 
into  Florida.  It  is  a  low  tendril-bearing  climber, 
with  acid  juice. 

sorrily  (sor'i-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  soryly,  sorili,  sori- 
liche,  sarilichc,  sarili ;  <  sorry  +  -ly%.  ]  In  a  sorry 
manner,  in  any  sense  of  the  word ;  sorrowfully  ; 
sadly;  wretchedly;  poorly;  meanly. 

sorriness  (sor'i-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  sorinesse,  sori- 
nisse,  sorynesse,  sarincsse,  <  AS.  sdrigties,  <  sd- 
rig,  sore,  sorry :  see  sorry  and  -ness.]  The  state 
or  feeling  of  being  sorry,  in  any  sense. 

sorrow  (sor'6),  «.  [<  ME.  sorow,  sorotce, sorvc e, 
sorevce,  seoretce,  seorutce,  serctce,  sorige,  sorege, 
soreghe,  sorge,  <  AS.  sorg,  sorh,  sorge  =  OS. 
sorga,  soroga  =  MD.  sorg,  D.  sorg  =  MLG.  LG. 
sorge,  care,  anxiety,  =  OHG.  sorga,  MEG.  G. 
sorge  =  Icel.  Sw.  Dan.  sorg,  care,  =  Goth. 
saurga,  care,  grief;  cf.  Lith.  sirgti,  be  ill,  suf- 
fer. Not  connected  etymologically  with  sore1 
or  sorry.]  1.  Distress  of  mind  caused  by  mis- 
fortune, injury,  loss,  disappointment,  or  the 
like;  grief;  misery;  sadness;  regret. 
Give  sorrow  words ;  the  grief  that  does  not  speak 
Whispers  the  o'er  fraught  heart,  and  bids  it  break. 

5Ao*.,  Macbeth,  IT.  3.  209. 

Sorrow  is  uneasiness  in  the  mind  upon  the  thought  of  a 
good  lost  which  might  have  been  enjoyed  longer,  or  the 
sense  of  a  present  evil. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  xx.  8. 

2.  A  cause  or  occasion  of  grief;  a  painful  fact, 
event,  or  situation ;  a  misfortune ;  a  trouble. 

And  howe  he  lost  that  comforth  clene, 

And  was  putte  oute  fro  paradys, 

And  sithen  what  soroust  sorwarre  sene 

Sento  vn-to  liym  and  to  al  his.    York  Plays,  p.  93. 

God  so  willed ; 

Mankind  is  ignorant,  a  man  am  I; 
Call  ignorance  my  sorrow,  not  my  sin ! 

Broirniny,  Ring  and  Book,  n.  175. 

3.  The  outward  manifestation  of  grief;  mourn- 
ing; lamentation. 

Down  his  white  beard  a  stream  of  sorrow  flows. 

Pope,  Iliad,  ix.  .w». 


sorrow 

Nor  sound  of  human  sorrow  mounts  to  mar 
Their  sacred  everlasting  calm ! 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

4    The  devil:  used  generally  as  an  expletive 
in  imprecation,  often  implying  negation.    Com- 
pare devil,  n.,  7.    Sometimes  the  mitcKle  sorrow. 
Also  spelled  sortu.     [Scotch  and  Irish.] 
Quheu  he  had  jumlit  a  full  lang  houre, 
The  »orrim'  crap  of  butter  he  gatt. 
W,Lf  of  AucMirmvMu  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  119). 
Hiirnnr  tak'  him  that's  sae  mean. 

Burns,  O  Tibbie,  I  ha'e  seen  the  Day. 
To  sing  sorrow.  See  ting.  =  Sjm.  1.  Grief,  Wretchedness, 
etc.  (see  affliction),  repentance,  vexation,  chagrin.  See 
list  under  xadness. 

sorrow  (sor'6),  r.  [<  ME.  sorowcn,  soreweii, 
sorwen,  sorwien,  seoruwen,  sorgien,  sorlicn,  <  As. 
sorgian  =  OS.  sorgon  =  MD.  sorgen,  D.zorgm 
=  MLG.  LG.  sorgen  =  OHG.  sorgen,  MHCr.  tr. 
sorgen  =  Icel.  sorga,  syrgja  =  Sw.  sorja  =  Dan. 
sorge  =  Goth,  saurgan,  sorrow ;  from  the  noun.] 

1.  intraiis.   1.  To 'feel  sorrow,  sadness,  regret, 
grief,  or  anguish ;  grieve ;  be  sad ;  feel  sorry. 

Al  mi  lif  ic  sorwe  &  care, 

For  det  comit  sone  that  noman  wil  spare. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  239. 
Uour  thinges  .  .  .  nuiwen  makien  him  to  seoruwen,  and 
bittren  his  heorte.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  308. 

Fortune  had  left  to  both  of  us  alike 
What  to  delight  in,  what  to  sorrow  for. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 107. 

2.  To  manifest  sorrow ;  mourn ;  lament. 

The  emperoor  thet  the  blysse  of  the  wordle  hedden 
zomtyme  nou  ine  helle  wepeth  and  grede.th,  yelleth  and 
xrrgeth.  Ayenb&e  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  ».),  p.  71. 

Mourn  not,  except  thou  sorrow  for  my  good ; 
Only  give  order  for  my  funeral. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5.  111. 

=  Syn.  To  grieve,  mourn.    See  sorrow,  n. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  feel  or  display  sorrow  over ; 
grieve  for;  mourn. 

Such  of  these  greefs  as  might  be  refrained  or  holpen  by 
wisedome,  and  the  parties  owne  good  endeuour,  the  Poet 
gaue  none  order  to  sorrow  them. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  38. 

The  public  body 
.  .  .  send  forth  us,  to  make  their  sorrow'd  render. 

Shah.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  1. 152. 

2.  To  give  pain  to;  grieve. 

The  excesse  you  bled  is  griefe  vnto  me ;  the  ague  that 
held  you  styrroweth  me. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  189. 

3.  To  involve  in  sorrow;  attach  suffering  or 
misery  to. 

The  much-wronged  and  over- sorrowed  state  of  matri- 
mony. Milton,  Divorce,  Pref. 

sorrower  (sor'o-er),  it.  [<  sorrow  +  -er1.]  One 
who  sorrows;  one  who  grieves  or  mourns. 
sorrowful  (sor'o-ful),  «.  [<  ME.  sorowful,  sor- 
weful,  sornfid,  sorfiil,  seoruhful.  sorhful,  <  AS. 
sorgful,  sorhful  (=  OHG.  sorgfol,  sicorgfol,  sworc- 
fol  =  Icel.  s'orgfiillr  =  Sw.  sorgfull  =  Dan.  sorg- 
fuld),  <  sorh,  sorrow,  +  fill,  full:  see  sorrow  and 
-/'»<(.]  1.  Feeling  sorrow  or  grief ;  grieved ;  un- 
happy; sad. 

Than  thei  smyte  vpon  the  saisnes  that  be  soroicfull  and 
wroth  for  the  deth  of  Pignores. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  589. 
My  soul  is  exceeding  sorrowful,  even  unto  death. 

Mat.  xxvi.  38. 

2.  Productive  of  sorrow;  grievous;  distressing; 
lamentable ;  pitiable. 

It  was  a  sorful  sijt  to  se  how  it  ferde. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3540. 
Oh  sorrowful  and  sad  !  the  streaming  tears 
Channel  her  cheeks.  Camper,  Truth,  1.  173. 

3.  Expressive  or  indicative  of  sorrow,  grief,  or 
regret ;  plaintive ;  pathetic. 

I  called  to  ininde  that,  twelue  or  thirtene  yeares  past, 
I  had  begonne  an  Elegye  or  torrowefull  song,  called!  the 
Complainte  of  Phylomene. 
Gascoigne,  Philomene,  Ded.  (Steele  Glas,  etc.,  ed.  Arber). 

0  most  false  love ! 

Where  be  the  sacred  vials  thou  shouldst  fill 
With  sorrowful  water?       Shall.,  A.  and  C.,  i.  3.  64. 

4.  Affected  or  accompanied  by  grief;  melan- 
choly; doleful;  afflicted. 

The  things  that  my  soul  refused  to  touch  are  as  my  sor- 
rowful meat.  job  vi.  7. 

Go  into  old  Titus'  sorrowful  house, 
And  hither  hale  that  misbelieving  Moor. 

Shalt.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3.  142. 
=Syn.  Dismal,  disconsolate,  rueful,  woful. 
sorrowfully  (sor'o-ful-i),  adv.     [<  ME.  sorwe- 
fullij,  sforulifullice;  <  sorrowful  +  -fi/?.]     In  a 
sorrowful  manner;  with  sorrow. 
sorrowfulness  (sor'6-ful-nes),  «.     [<  ME.  *sor- 
teef nines,  <  AS.  sorgfulnes,  <  sorgful,  sorrowful- 
see  sorrowful  and  -ness.]     The  state  of  being 
sorrowful;  the  feeling  of  sorrow;  grief;  sad- 
ness. 


5778 

SOrrowleSS  (sor'o-les),  a.  [<  sorroir  +  -less.] 
Free  from  sorrow. 

sorrow-Stricken  (sor'6-strik"n),  «.     Stricken 
with  sorrow;  pained;  grieved;  sorrowful. 
SOITOWyt  (sor'6-i),  «.     [ME.  sorewy;  <  sorrow  + 
-i/1.]     Sorrowful. 

And  I  shal  besette  aboute  Ariel,  and  it  shal  be  dreri  and 
sorewy.  Vydif,  Isa.  xxii.  2. 

sorry  (sor'i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  eorrie,  sorie 
(sometimes,  erroneously,  sorowe) ;  <  ME.  sory, 
sori,  sari,  <  AS.  sdrig,  sad,  sorry  (not  found  in 
physical  sense  'sore')  (=  OS.  serag  =  MD. 
seerigh,  sore,  sad,  sorry,  D.  zeerig,  sore,  full  of 
sores,  =  MLG.  serich,  sore,  =  OHG.  serag, 
MHG.  serec,  serig  =  Sw.  s&rig,  sore,  full  of 
sores),  <  sar,  pain,  grief,  sore :  see  sorel.  The 
word  is  thus  <  sorel  +  -f/1.  It  has  become  con- 
fused with  sorrow,  of  which  it  is  now  the  cus- 
tomary adj.  in  the  lighter  uses:  see  sorrow;.]  1. 
Feeling  sorrow ;  grieved;  sorrowful;  unhappy; 
sad;  pained;  especially,  feeling  repentance  or 
regret :  noting  either  deep  or  slight,  prolonged 
or  transient,  emotion. 

Sike  with  the  sory,  singe  with  the  glade. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  xi.  190. 

The  preacher  absolved  but  such  as  were  sorry  and  did 
repent.  Latimar,  3d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

I  am  sorry  for  thee,  friend  ;  'tis  the  duke's  pleasure. 

Shalt.,  Lear,  ii.  2.  159. 

2.  Causing  sorrow ;  painful ;  grievous ;  mourn- 
ful. 

So  throll  a  sori  thoujt  thirled  min  hert. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  1.  3696. 

In  sorowe  tyrne  for  them  all 
The  knyght  came  to  the  gate. 
Ltitell  Oeste  of  Robyn  Hode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  61). 
Gruffly  he  answers,  "  'Tis  a  sorry  sight ! 
A  seaman's  body  :  there'll  be  more  to-night ! " 

Crabbe,  Works,  II.  12. 

3.  Associated  with  sorrow ;  suggestive  of  grief 
or  suffering;  melancholy;  dismal. 

Al  fill  of  chirkyng  was  that  sory  place. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  U4ti. 

The  place  of  death  and  sorry  execution. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1.  121. 

4.  Vile;  wretched;  worthless;  mean;  paltry; 
poor. 

Tho  sori  wrecches  of  yuel  blod. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1074. 
Notwithstanding  his  fine  tongue,  he  is  but  a  sorry  fel- 
low. Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  145. 
He  had  set  our  men  upon  an  island,  In  a  deep  snow, 
without  fire,  and  only  a  sorry  wigwam  for  their  shelter. 
Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  II.  267. 

Sony  gracet,  ill  luck ;  misfortune. 

He  hadde  at  Thebes  sory  grace. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  746. 

=  Syn.  1.  Vexed,  chagrined.— 1  Pitiful,  shabby, 
sorryt  (sor'i),  ».  «.     [<  sorry,  a.;  or  a  var.  of 
sorrow.']     To  sorrow  ;  grieve. 

We  mourn  his  death,  and  sorry  for  his  sake. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

sors  (sorz),  H.     The  singular  of  sortes. 

sort  (sort),  H.  [<  ME.  sort,  soort,  sorte  (=  D. 
soort  =  G.  sorte  (<  It.)  =  Sw.  Dan.  sort,  sort, 
kind);  <  OF.  sorte,  sort,  F.  sorte  =  Sp.  stierte  = 
Pg.  sorte  =  It.  sorte,  sorta,  lot,  part,  sort,  kind, 
<  L.  sor(t-)s,  f.,  lot,  destiny,  an  oracular  re- 
sponse, in  gen.  fate,  condition,  part;  prob.  al- 
lied to  serere,  connect :  see  series.  Hence  ult. 
sort,  r.,  sortance,  sorcer,  sorcerer,  sorcery,  assort, 
consort,  resort1,  etc.]  If.  A  lot;  that  which  is 
awarded  or  determined  by  lot;  hence,  in  gen- 
eral, one's  fate,  fortune,  or  destiny. 

Sone  haf  thay  her  sortes  sette  &  serelych  deled, 
&  ay  the  the  lote,  vpon  laste,  lymped  on  lonas. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  iiL  194. 

And  the  sort  of  synne  fallith  vp  on  him  that  is  with 
oute  rijt-wisuesse  or  mercy. 

Gesta,  Romanorum  (ed.  Heritage),  p.  36. 

Make  a  lottery ; 

And,  by  device,  let  blockish  Ajax  draw 
The  sort  to  fight  with  Hector. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  8.  376. 

2t.   Allotted  station   or  position;    condition; 
rank;  specifically,  high  rank ;  social  eminence. 

God  save  ye ! 

For  less  I  cannot  wish  to  men  of  sort, 
And  ofyour  seeming ;  are  you  of  the  duke's? 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  iv.  4. 
The  building  was  a  spacious  theatre,  .  .  . 
With  seats  where  all  the  lords,  and  each  degree 
Of  sort,  might  sit  in  order  to  behold. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1. 1608. 

3.  Characteristic  mode  of  being ;  nature;  qual- 
ity; character. 
The  fire  shall  try  every  man's  work  of  what  sort  it  is 

1  Cor.  iii.  13. 
None  of  noble  sort 
Would  so  offend  a  virgin. 

Shale.,  M.  N.  D.,  Iii.  2. 159. 


sort 

Italy  in  the  Renaissance  period  was  rich  in  natures  of  this 
sort  to  whom  nothing  that  is  strange  or  beautiful  seemed 
unfamiliar.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  241. 

4.  A  number  of  persons,  things,  ideas,  etc.. 
grouped  together  according  to  the  possession 
of  common  attributes;  a  kind,  as  determined 
by  nature,  quality,  character,  or  habits ;  a  spe- 
cies; a  class. 

He  ...  gadered  hym  a  meynee  of  his  sort, 
To  lionne  and  synge  and  maken  swich  disport. 

Chaucer,  Cook's  Tale,  1. 17. 

A  man  feels  the  calamities  of  his  enemies  with  one  sort 
of  sensibility,  and  his  own  with  quite  a  different  sort. 

ilacaulay,  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

A  sort  is  composed  of  things  assorted,  and  assorted  be- 
cause possessing  a  quality  or  qualities  in  common,  and 
must  embrace  all  the  objects  possessing  the  quality  or 
qualities.  McCosh,  On  Berkeley,  p.  59. 

It 's  the  sort  of  thing  people  talk  of,  but  I  never  thought 
it  would  come  in  our  way. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Poor  Gentleman,  xxxiv. 

Specifically  -  (a)  A  particular  class  or  order  of  people. 

The  meaner  sort  are  too  credulous,  and  led  with  blinde 
zeale,  blinde  obedience,  to  prosecute  and  maintain  what- 
soever their  sottish  leaders  shall  propose. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  ill.  f  4. 

Others  lay  about  the  lawns, 
Of  the  older  sort,  and  murmur'd  that  their  May 
Was  passing.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

(o)  In  printing,  one  of  the  characters  or  pieces  in  a  font  of 
type,  considered  with  reference  to  its  relative  supply  or 
lack :  nearly  always  in  the  plural :  as,  to  be  out  of  sorts 
(that  is,  to  lack  some  of  the  necessary  types  in  a  case) ;  to 
order  sorts  for  a  font  (that  is,  to  order  more  of  the  kinds 
of  type  of  which  it  is  deficient). 

Our  printing-house  often  wanted  sorts,  and  there  was  no 
letter-foundry  in  America. 

B.  Franklin,  Autobiography,  p.  91. 

(c)  Kind :  used  indettnitely  of  something  more  or  less  re- 
sembling the  thing  specified :  with  of,  like  kind  of.  See 
I,  ni</'-'.  n.,  5,  and  compare  «ort  of,  below. 

Those  trees  of  Madreporse,  a  sort  of  imperfect  coral, 
which  are  about  Tor  and  south  of  it,  are  as  dangerous  as 
rocks  to  the  ships.  Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  1. 186. 

Accredited  agents  were  stationed,  as  a  sort  of  honorable 
•pies,  at  the  different  courts.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa. ,  ii.  1. 

Each  tablet  becoming  even  to  the  uninitiated  white 
man  a  sort  of  coat-of-arms  or  symbolic  shield,  the  native 
heraldry  having  embodied  itself  in  this  way. 

Ainer.  Antiquarian,  XII.  357. 

5.  A  number  or  quantity  of  things  of  the  same 
kind  or  used  together;  a  set;  a  suit. 

Sort  of  Balances  (among  Tradesmen)  is  four  Dozen  in 
Number.  Bailey,  1731. 

6.  A  group;   a  flock;   a  troop;   a  company. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

Eftaoones  the  people  all  to  harnesse  ran, 
And  like  a  sort  of  Bees  in  clusters  swarmed. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iv.  86. 

King  Agesilaus,  hauing  a  great  sort  of  little  children, 
was  one  day  disposed  to  solace  himself  among  them  in  a 
gallery.  Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  234. 

A  sort  of  Doves  were  housed  too  near  their  hall. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iiL  946. 

7.  Particular  mode  of  action  or  procedure ; 
manner;  fashion;  way. 

Now  to  Returne  where  I  left  off,  and  declare  vnto  you 
in  what  sort  I  imploide  my  selfe  since  my  first  entring 
into  euglaude.  E.  Webbe,  Travels  (ed.  Arber),  p.  34. 

Give  your  petitions 
In  seemly  sort,  and  keep  your  hate  off  decently. 

Fletcher  (and  another1?),  Prophetess,  Hi.  1. 
In  smoothest  terms  his  speech  he  wove, 
Of  endless  friendship,  faith,  and  love ; 
Promised  and  vowed  in  courteous  sort. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  i.  20. 
After  a  sort.    Same  as  i»  a  sort. 

He  has  a  kind  o'  Hieland  honesty — he's  honest  after  a 
sort,  as  they  say.  Scott,  Rob  Boy,  xxvi. 

In  a  sort,  after  a  fashion :  more  or  less  completely  or 
satisfactorily. 

The  duke's  journey  to  France  is  laid  down;  and  yet 
they  say  the  business  goeth  on  in  a  sort. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  I.  6. 
Outofsorts.  (at)  Destitute ;  unprovided;  without  equip- 
ment. 

Many  a  man  of  good  extraction  coming  home  from  far 
voyages,  may  chance  to  land  here,  and,  being  out  of  sorts, 
is  unable  for  the  present  time  and  place  to  recruit  him- 
self with  clothes.  Ray,  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  304. 
(o)  Out  of  health  or  spirits ;  out  of  the  normal  condition 
of  body  or  mind ;  cross. 

I  was  most  violently  out  of  sorts,  and  really  had  not  spir- 
its to  answer  it. 

lime.  D'ArMay,  Diary,  To  Mr.  Crisp,  Jan.,  1779. 
No  wonder  you  are  out  of  sorts,  my  little  cousin.    To  be 
an  inmate  with  such  a  guest  may  well  startle  an  innocent 
young  girl !  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  viii. 

(c)  In  printing,  short  of  one  or  more  characters  in  type : 
said  of  a  compositor,  or  of  his  case.—  Sort  of.  Same  as 
kind  of  (which  see,  under  kind",  n.). 

"You  were  hurt  by  the  betting  Just  now?"  "Well," 
replied  the  lad,  "I  am  sort  o'  hurt." 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xv. 
To  run  on  sorts.    See  ru»l,  v.  t. 

[Sort,  like  kind,  is  often  erroneously  used  in  the  singular 
form  with  a  plural  force  and  connection.   Compare  kind*. 
These  sort  of  people  always  know  everything. 

A.  Trollope,  Framley  Parsonage,  xlvi.) 


sort 

=  Syn.  4.  Kind,  Sort.  Kind  la  by  derivation  a  deeper 
or  more  serious  word  than  sort ;  sort  is  often  used  slight- 
ingly, while  kind  is  rarely  so  used. 
Sort  (sort),  i'.  [<  ME.  sortcn,  soorten,  <  OF.  sor- 
tir,  allot,  sort,  assort  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  sortear,  obtain 
by  lot),  =  It.  urn-tire,  <  L.  sortiri,  cast  lots,  fix 
by  lot,  divide,  distribute,  choose,  <  tsor(t-)s,  lot, 
destiny,  share :  see  sort,  n.  The  E.  verb  is  in 
part  an  aphetic  form  of  assort.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  give  or  appoint  by  lot;  hence,  in  general, 
to  allot ;  assign. 

And  forth  he  wente,  shortly  for  to  telle, 
Ther  as  Merourie  sorted  hym  to  dwelle. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  v.  1827. 

Graces  not  poured  out  equally,  but  diversely  sorted  and 
given.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  78. 

2f.  To  ordain ;  decree. 

All  may  be  well ;  but,  if  God  sort  It  so, 
"1'is  more  than  we  deserve,  or  I  expect. 

Shale.,  Rich.  III.,  11.  8.  86. 
3t.  To  select ;  choose ;  pick  out. 

Amphialus  with  noble  gentleness  assured  him  .  .  .  that 
his  revenge,  whensoever,  should  sort  unto  itself  a  higher 
subject.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

Nurse,  will  you  go  with  me  into  my  closet, 
To  help  me  sort  such  needful  ornaments 
As  you  think  fit  to  furnish  me  to-morrow  ? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  2.  84. 

4.  To  set  apart ;  assign  to  a  particular  place  or 
station;  rank;  class. 

I  will  not  sort  you  with  the  rest  of  my  servants. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  274. 

I  hold  fit  that  these  narrations,  which  have  mixture 
with  superstition,  be  sorted  by  themselves. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  it. 

5.  To  separate  into  sorts;  arrange  according 
to  kind ;  classify :  sometimes  with  over. 

Those  confused  seeds,  which  were  impos'd  on  Psyche 
as  an  incessant  labour  to  cull  out  and  sort  asunder. 

Milton,  Areopagitica. 

The  accumulation  of  new  material  for  German  and  Ital- 
ian history  is  perplexing  in  itself ;  the  Germans  and  Ital- 
ians have  scarcely  begun  to  sort  It. 

Stubbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  61. 

6.  To  conform ;  accommodate ;  adapt ;  suit. 

I  pray  thee  sort  thy  heart  to  p'atience. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4.  68. 
Now  was  there  ever  man  BO  fortunate, 
To  have  his  love  so  sorted  to  his  wish  ? 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar  of  Alexandria. 

7.  To  put  in  the  proper  state  or  order;  set 
right;  adjust;  dispose.     [Scotch.] 

I  have  as  much  a  mind  as  ever  I  had  to  my  dinner  to 
go  back  and  tell  him  to  sort  his  horse  himself,  since  he  is 
as  able  as  I  am.  Scott,  Monastery,  xiv. 

8.  To  supply  in  suitable  sorts;  assort. 

He  was  fitted  out  by  very  eminent  Merchants  of  that 
City,  on  a  design  only  to  Trade  with  the  Spaniards  or  In- 
dians, having  a  very  considerable  Cargo  well  sorted  for 
these  parts  of  the  World.  Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  187. 

9f .  To  procure ;  obtain ;  attain ;  reach. 

I'll  sort  occasion  .  .  . 
To  part  the  queen's  proud  kindred  from  the  king. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  2.  148. 
We  shall  sort  time  to  take  more  notice  of  him. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  ii.  1. 

10.  To  punish ;  chastise.     [Scotch.] 

May  ne'Tr  be  in  my  fingers,  if  I  dinna  sort  ye  baith  for 
it !  Scott,  Monastery,  iv. 

II.  intrans.  It.  To  cast  lots;  decide  or  di- 
vine anything  by  lot ;  hence,  in  general,  to 
practise  divination  or  soothsaying. 

Bringe  hethir  thy  counsel!,  and  the  clerkes  that  sorted 
of  this  toure.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  i.  89. 

2f.  To  come  to  pass;  chance;  happen;  turn 
out ;  specifically,  to  have  a  satisfactory  issue ; 
succeed. 

Sort  how  it  will,  I  shall  have  gold  for  all. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2.  107. 

Never  any  State  was  ...  so  open  to  receive  strangers 
into  their  Body  as  were  the  Romans  ;  therefore  it  sorted 
with  them  accordingly,  for  they  grew  to  the  greatest  mon- 
archy. 
Bacon.  True  Greatness  of  Kingdoms  and  Estates  (ed.  1887). 

3f.  To  tend;  lead;  conduce. 

They  raise  some  persons  to  be  as  it  were  companions, 
and  almost  equals  to  themselves,  which  many  times  sorteth 
to  inconvenience.  Bacon,  Friendship  (ed.  1887). 

Their  several  reasons  ...  all  sorted  to  this  conclusion  : 
that  strict  discipline,  both  in  criminal  offences  and  in 
martial  affairs,  was  more  needful  in  plantations  than  in  a 
settled  state.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  212. 

4.  To  be  of  the  same  sort  or  class  (with  an- 
other); be  like  or  comparable;  consort;  asso- 
ciate; agree;  harmonize:  with  with,  rarely  to. 
Occurrences  of  present  times  may  sort  better  with  an- 
cient examples  than  with  those  of  the  latter  or  immedi- 
ate times.  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 
Sometime  he  runs  among  a  flock  of  sheep,  .  .  . 
And  sometime  sorteth  with  a  herd  of  deer. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  689. 


5779 

A  prince  of  a  melancholy  constitution  both  of  body  and 
mind ;  .  .  .  ami,  therefore,  accusing  sycophants,  of  all 
men,  did  best  sort  to  his  nature. 

.SVr  /'.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  11. 
5.  To  be  suitable  or  favorable. 

Why,  then  it  sorts,  brave  warriors ;  let 's  away. 

Xhak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1.  209. 
Some  one,  he  is  assur'd,  may  now  or  then, 
If  opportunity  but  sort,  prevail. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  i.  1. 

sortable  (s6r'ta-bl),  a.  [<  OF.  sortable,  sort- 
able,  suitable,  <  sort,  sort:  see  sort  and  -able.]  1 . 
Capable  of  being  sorted.— 2.  Assorted;  made- 
up  of  various  sorts. 

The  facilities  which  Glasgow  possessed  of  making  up 
sortable  cargoes  for  that  market.  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxvl. 
3.  Suitable;  appropriate;  fitting;  meet. 

The  nourishing  state  of  learning,  sortable  to  so  excel- 
lent a  patroness  [Queen  Elizabeth]. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 

She's  a  mettle  quean.    It's  a  pity  his  Excellency  Is  a 

thought  eldern.    The  like  o'  yoursell  .  .  .  wad  be  mair 

sortable  in  point  of  years.  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxxlv. 

sortably(s6r'ta-bli),a<to.  Suitably;  fitly.  Imp. 

Diet. 
sortal  (sdr'tal),  a.     [<  sort  +  -al.~]    Belonging 

or  pertaining  to  a  sort  or  class.     [Rare.] 
The  essence  of  each  genus  or  sort  comes  to  be  nothing 

but  that  abstract  idea,  which  the  general  or  sortal  .  .  . 

name  stands  for.  Locke,  Human  Understanding,  III.  ill.  15. 

sortancet  (sdr'tans),  ».    [<  sort  +  -ance.]    Con- 
formity; suitableness;  appropriateness.  [Rare.] 
Here  doth  he  wish  his  person,  with  such  powers 
As  might  hold  sortance  with  his  quality. 

SAo*.,2Hen.  IV.,iv.  1. 11. 

SOrtation  (sdr-ta'shon),  «.  [<  sort  +  -atto».] 
The  act  or  process  of  sorting.  [Rare.] 

The  final  sortation  to  which  the  letters  are  subjected. 
Eng.  Illust.  Mag.,  Feb.,  1884,  p.  294.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

sorteliget,  sorteligert,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of 
sortilege,  etc. 

sorter!  (sor'ter),  n.  [<  sort  +  -eel.]  One  who 
separates  and  arranges:  as,  a  letter-sorter;  a 
money-sorter. 

The  shepherd,  the  sorter  of  the  wool,  the  wool-comber  or 
carder,  the  dyer,  .  .  .  must  all  join  their  different  arts  in 
order  to  compleat  even  this  homely  production. 

Adam  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations,  i.  1. 

sorter2  (sdr'ter).  A  spelling  of  sort  o',  for  sort 
of:  see  under  sort,  n.,  and  compare  kinder. 

sortes  (sor'tez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  sor(t-)s,  lot, 
share :  see  sort.]  Lots  used  in  a  kind  of  div- 
ination, consisting  in  the  chance  selection  of 
a  passage  from  an  author's  writings — a  prac- 
tice common  in  ancient  times  and  in  the 
middle  ages.  The  method  pursued  by  the  ancients 
was  generally  to  write  a  number  of  verses  of  a  favorite 
poet  on  separate  slips,  put  them  in  an  urn,  draw  out 
one  at  random,  and  from  its  contents  infer  good  or  bad 
fortune.  This  form  of  divination  was  known  as  Sortes 
Homericse,  Sortes  Virgilianx,  etc.,  according  to  the  name 
of  the  poet  from  whose  works  the  lines  were  chosen. 
Among  the  Christians  of  the  middle  ages  the  Bible  was 
used  for  a  similar  purpose ;  the  book  being  opened  by 
hazard,  or  a  pin  stuck  between  the  leaves,  the  first  pas- 
sage catching  the  eye  was  accepted  as  prophetic.  Such 
lots  were  called  Sortes  Biblical  or  Sacra?.  This  use  of  the 
Bible  is  still  common  as  a  popular  superstition. 

sortfullyt  (s&rt'ful-i),  adv.  [<  "sortful  (<  sort  + 
-fid)  +  -lyi']  Suitably ;  appropriately.  [Rare.] 

Everything 
About  your  house  so  sortfvlly  disposed. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  ill. 

sortie  (sdr'te),  n.  [<  P.  sortie  (=  Sp.  surtida  = 
Pg.  sortida  =  It.  sort/to),  a  going  forth,  issue, 
sally,  <  sortir  (=  OSp.  surtir  =  It.  sortire),  go 
out,  come  out,  issue,  sally,  <  LL.  as  if  'surreetire, 
rise  or  rouse  up,  <  L.  surgere,  pp.  snrrec<«s,  rise 
up:  see  surge,  source.']  1.  A  going  forth;  a 
sally;  specifically,  the  issuing  of  a  body  of  troops 
from  a  besieged  place  to  attack  the  besiegers ; 
an  outrush  of  a  beleaguered  garrison. 

Experiencing  some  rough  treatment  from  a  sortie  of  the 
garrison,  he  marched  ...  on  Baza. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  L  14. 
2.  Same  as  postlude. 

sortilege  (s6r'ti-lej),  «.  [Formerly  also  sorte- 
lige;  <  F.  sortilege,  <  ML.  sortilegmm,  divination 
by  lot  (cf .  L.  sortileges,  foretelling,  prophetic),  < 
L.  sor(t-)s,  a  lot,  +  legere,  read.]  The  act,  prac- 
tice, or  art  of  drawing  lots ;  interpretation,  div- 
ination, or  decision  by  lot;  hence,  loosely,  sor- 
cery; magic. 

Being  accused  of  Sortelige  or  inchantment,  At  Arnhem 
In  Guelderland  he  [Johannes  Rosa]  was  proscribed. 

Ileywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  476. 

A  woman  Infamous  for  tortilcget  and  witcheries.    Scott. 
sortileger  (sdr'ti-lej-er),  «.     [Formerly  also 
sorteliger;  <  sortilege  +  -er1.]    One  who  uses  or 
practises  sortilege.     [Rare.] 

Now  to  speak  of  those  Sortdigers,  and  the  effects  of 
their  Art.  Beywood.  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  473. 


8088 


sortilegious  (sor-ti-lf-'jus).  <i.     [ 

.  I     i  >r.  jHTtaiimin  lo.  (ir  I'lmraotrristic  of 
sort  ili-go.     [Kttro.] 


N..r  «cr.  tii,.v  nmdi-tn  ,l,<-i,|c  horarle  questions,  or  tor- 
tilei/iou*  demand). 

Sican,  Speculum  Mumli,  ]>.  :<).">.     I  Latham.) 

sortilegy  (sor'ti-lej-i),  «.     [<  ML.  s'H-tilri/iitui. 

sortilege:  sea  sorli/<i/i:\     Same-;. 
sorting  (sdr'ting;,  n.   [Verbal  n.  of  aort,  i-.j  The 

act  of  separating  into  sorts  __  Dry-sorting,  in  nun- 

ing,  separation  without  the  uie  of  water,  or  bysif  ling  and 

huml-picking. 

SOrting-box  (sor'ting-boks).  n.  A  box  or  ta- 
ble with  compartments  for  receiving  different 
grades  or  kinds  of  materials,  etc. 

SOrtita  (sor-te'ta),  «.  [It.,  <  mrtirr,  go  out: 
see  sortie.}  In  music:  (a)  The  first  air  sung  by 
any  one  of  the  principal  gingers  in  an  opera; 
an  entrance-air.  (6)  Same  zajmstlude. 

sortition  (s6r-tish'on),  M.  [<  L.  m>riilin(n-)t  a 
casting  of  lots,  <  sortiri,  cast  or  draw  lots,  < 
sor(r-)*,  a  lot  :  see  sort.]  The  casting  of  lots; 
determination  by  lot.  Bp.  Hall,  The  Crucifix- 
ion. 

sortment  (sdrt'ment),  w.  [<  sort  +  -meat.  Prob. 
in  part  an  aphetic  form  of  assortment.]  Same 
as  assortment.  Imp.  Diet. 

S0rus(s6'rus),  w,;  pi.  son  (-ri).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aupAf, 
aheap.]  In  hot.,  a  heap  or  aggregation,  (a)  One 
of  the  fruit-dots  or  clusters  of  sporangia  (spore-cases)  on 
the  back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns,  also  on  the  mucilaginous 
cord  emitted  from  the  sporocarp  of  Marsilea.  etc.  They 
are  of  various  forms  and  variously  arranged.  In  the 
Acrogtwheee  the  sporangia  are  spread  in  a  stratum  over 
the  under  surface,  or  rarely  over  hot'  surfaces,  of  the 
frond;  In  the  Polypodiex  the  sort  are  dorsal,  and  are 


Pinnules  of  Various  Ferns,  showing  the  Sori. 

a,  pinnule  of  the  frond  of  Aiflcttium  artfuiti/0/inm-  b,  pinnule 
of  Ivoedwardia  anfrusttfolia ;  c,  pinnule  of  Polypodiitm  Catt/orni- 
turn;  rf,  pinnule  of  AftiantHm  peatitttm;  c,  pinnule  of  Trirhomants 
radicans. 

borne  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  velnlets ;  In  the  ntta- 
rieee  they  are  borne  in  continuous  marginal  or  intramar- 
glnal  furrows ;  hi  the  Pteridea  they  are  marginal  or  In- 
traraarginal,  and  covered  by  the  reflexed  margin  of  the 
frond ;  in  the  Blechnese  they  are  dorsal,  linear  or  oblong, 
and  parallel  to  the  midrib ;  in  the  AsptenUir  they  are  also 
dorsal,  and  linear  or  oblong,  but  oblique  to  the  midrib; 
and  in  the  Aspidieee  they  are  dorsal,  round  or  roundish. 
and  usually  on  the  back  of  a  vein.  In  most  Instances  the 
sort  are  covered  with  a  projecting  section  of  the  epider- 
mis, which  is  called  the  induxium  and  forms  an  important 
character  in  the  systematic  arrangement  of  ferns.  See 
feml,  paraphysis,  sporanffium.  etc.  See  also  cuts  under 
indvnum,  Cystopteris,  Sothochlfrna,  polypody,  and  Marsi- 
lea. (o)  In  lichens,  a  heap  or  mass  of  soredia  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  thallus.  (c)  In  the  Synchitriex,  a  heap  of  loo- 
sporangia  developed  from  a  zob'spore  or  swarm-cell. 

SOrwet,  «.  and  r.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
sorrow. 

80rwefu.lt,  n.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  sor- 
rowful. 

SOry1*,  ii-     A  Middle  English  form  of  sorry. 

sory2t  (so'ri),  ii.     [=  Sp.  son  =  It.  sort,  vitriol, 

<  L.  sort/,  <  Gr.  aupv,  a  Kind  of  ore,  ink-stone.] 
Iron  sulphate. 

SO-SO  (s6'so),fl.  [<soso:  see  so1,  adc.]  Neither 
very  good  nor  verv  bad,  but  generally  inclining 
toward  bad;  indifferent;  middling;  passable. 
See  so  so,  under  so1. 

So  So  is  good,  very  good,  very  excellent  good  ;  and  yet 
it  Is  not ;  it  is  but  so  to.  Shalt.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  1.  29. 

I  trembled  once  beneath  her  spell 
Whose  spelling  was  extremely  so-so. 

F.  Locker,  Reply  to  a  Letter. 

That  illustrious  lady,  who,  after  leading  but  a  so-so  life, 
had  died  in  the  odour  of  sanctity. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  73. 

BOSS1  (sos),  11.  [Also  dial,  swss;  <  ME.  souse, 
sos,  soos,  hounds'  meat,  a  mess  of  food ;  prob. 

<  Gael,  sos,  a  coarse  mess  or  mixture;  perhaps 
confused  in  part  with  sauce  (dial,  sass),  souse: 
see  sauce.   Cf.  sesspool,  cesspool.   Cf.  also  soss2. 
and  sossle,  sozzle."]     1.  A  heterogeneous  mix- 
ture ;  a  mess. —  2.  A  dirty  puddle.    [Prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch  in  both  uses.] 


BOSS 

BOSS1    (sos),   r.     [Also  dial,  miss:   <   xnxgl,  n.] 

1.  traitK.  To  make  dirty  or  wet. 

Her  railke-pan  and  creame-pot  so  slabbered  and  sost. 

Twiner,  Husbandry,  April,  §  48,  st.  20.    (E.  D.  S.) 

II.  intrant!.  To  make  up  or  prepare  messes 
or  mixed  dishes  of  food.  Scott.  [Scotch.] 
SOSS2  (sos), »'.  [Prob.  due  to  sags1,  in  part  asso- 
ciated with  souse-,  r.,  and  perhaps  affected  by 
the  equiv.  toss.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  throw  care- 
lessly; toss.  [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

I  went  to-day  into  the  city,  but  in  a  coach,  and  sossed 
up  my  leg  on  the  seat.  Swift,  Letter,  March  10, 1710-11. 

2.  To  lap,  as  a  dog.    Hallixell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
—3.  To  pour  out.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

II.  intrans.  To  fall  plump  into  a  chair  or 
seat;  sit  lazily.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Sousing  in  an  easy  chair.       Swift,  Stella  at  Wood  Park. 
BOSS2  (sos),  n.     [See  sos«2,  ».]     1.  A  fall  with  a 
dull  sound;  a  thud. —  2.  A  heavy,  awkward  fel- 
low.    Cotgrave. 

BOSS2  (sos),  adv.  [An  elliptical  use  of  soss2,  v. 
Cf.  souse2,  adv.]  Direct;  plump. 

She  fell  backward  soss  against  the  bridge. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iil.  24. 

SOSSle  (sos'l),  i1.  i.  [Freq.  of  soss1,  v.  Cf.  soz- 
zle.]  To  make  a  slop.  Halliicett.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

sostenuto  (sos-te-no'to),  a.  [It.,  pp.  of  sos- 
tenere,  <  L.  sustitiere,  uphold,  sustain:  see  sus- 
tain.'] In  music,  sustained;  prolonged:  some- 
times merely  the  same  as  tenuto,  and  sometimes 
implying  in  addition  a  slight  reduction  of  speed. 
Abbreviated  sos*. 

sostinente  pianoforte.    See  pianoforte. 

sot1  (sot),  «.  and  «.  [<  ME.  sot,  sotte  =  MD.  sot, 
later  zot,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  sot  (fern,  sotte),  foolish, 
as  noun  a  fool,  sot,  =  Wall,  so,  soft  (ML.  sottus), 
foolish,  sottish;  cf.  Sp.  Pg.  zote,  foolish,  sottish, 
G.  zote,  obscenity,  It.  zotico,  coarse ;  perhaps  of 
Celtic  origin:  of.  Bret,  sod,  sot,  stupid,  Ir.  s«- 
thaire,  a  dunce,  suthaii,  booby.  Hence  sot1,  v., 
besot,  sottish,  sottise."]  I.t  a.  Foolish;  doltish; 
stupid. 

He  understont  that  heo  is  sot.          Ancren  Riide,  p.  66. 
Cniht,  thu  tert  muchel  sot.  Layamon,  1. 1442. 

II.  n.  If.  A  fool;  dolt;  blockhead;  booby. 

Ya,  and  loke  that  thou  be  not  a  sotte  of  thy  saying, 
But  sadly  and  sone  thou  sette  all  thi  sawes. 

York  Plays,  p.  298. 

Wise  in  conceit,  in  act  a  very  sot.   Drayton,  Ideas,  Ixii. 
Sot  that  I  am,  who  think  it  fit  to  brag. 

Cowleii,  The  Mistress,  Passions. 

2f.  A  foolishly  infatuated  person ;  a  dotard. 

Of  Tristem  and  of  his  lief  Isot, 
How  he  for  hire  bicom  a  sot. 

JUS.  Ashmole  60,  xv.  Cent.    (Hallimll.) 

Armstrong  seems  a  so(, 
Where  love  binds  him  to  prove. 
Armstrong  and  Musgrave  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  247). 

3.  One  whose  mind  is   dulled   by  excessive 
drinking;  a  confirmed  drunkard. 

Like  drunken  sol*  about  the  streets  we  roam. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  i.  432. 

Johnson  was  a  water-drinker ;  and  Boswell  was  a  wine- 
bibber,  and  indeed  little  better  than  a  habitual  sot. 

Macaulay,  Johnson. 

sot1  (sot),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sotted,  ppr.  sotting. 
[<«otl, ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  stupid  or  foo'l- 
ish;  dull. 

Bellaria  .  .  .  fell  againe  downe  into  a  trance,  hailing 
her  senses  so  sotted  with  care  that  after  she  was  reuiued 
yet  shee  lost  her  memorie.  Greene,  Pandosto. 

2.  To  infatuate ;  besot. 

I  hate  to  see  a  brave  bold  fellow  sotted, 
Made  sour  and  senseless,  turn'd  to  whey  by  love. 

Dryden,  Spanish  Friar,  ii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  play  the  sot  or  toper ;  tipple. 
Those  who  continued  sotting  with  beer  all  day  were  of- 
ten, by  not  paying,  out  of  credit  at  the  ale-house  and  us'd 
to  make  interest  with  me  to  get  beer ;  their  light,  as  they 
phrased  it,  being  out.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  148. 

SOt2  (sot).  A  dialectal  and  vulgar  variant  of 
sat,  preterit  and  past  participle  of  git;  also  of 
set*-. 

Sotadean  (sot- a -de;  an),  a.  [<  L.  Sotadeus, 
<.  Wr.  ZurMeiof,  <  lur<i%,  Sotades  (see  def  )  + 
-eon.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Sotades  of  Maronea, 
a  Greek  poet,  who  flourished  about  280  B  c 
and  was  notorious  for  the  licentiousness  and 
scurrility  of  his  writings ;  pertaining  to  or  char- 
acteristic of  his  poetry  or  the  meters  used  bv 
him  Also  Sotarfic.-sotadean  verse,  in  am 


-«-~w|  -i_ww|  ^_y/w|^a:. 


5780 

Sotadic  (so-tad'ik),  «.  [<  LL.  Sotadicus,  <  2u- 
rdc%,  Sotades.]  Pertaining  to  Sotades;  Sota- 
dean—  Sotadic  verse,  (a)  A  Sotadean  verse.  (6)  A 
palindromic  verse :  so  named  apparently  from  some  ancient 
examples  of  Sotadean  verse  being  palindromic. 

SOteH,  »•    A  Middle  English  form  of  soot1. 

S0te2t,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  sweet. 

SOtelt,  soteltet.  Middle  English  forms  of  sub- 
tle, subtlety. 

soteriological  (so-te*ri-o-loj'i-kal),  «.  [<  sote- 
riolog-y  +  -ic-al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  soteriol- 
ogy;  specifically,  pertaining  to  the  doctrine  of 
spiritual  salvation  through  Jesus  Christ. 

He  [Paul]  elaborated  the  fullest  scheme  of  Christian  doc- 
trine which  we  possess  from  apostolic  pens.    It  is  essen- 
tially soteriolomcal,  or  a  system  of  the  way  of  salvation. 
Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  I.  §  71. 

SOteriolOgy  (so-te-ri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  oarf/piot, 
saving  (<  aorr/p,  a  deliverer,  a  preserver,  <  au- 
friv,  save),  +  -Zo-yia,  <  Uyuv,  speak:  see  -ologij.~\ 
1.  A  discourse  on  health ;  the  art  of  promoting 
and  preserving  health;  hygiene. — 2.  That 
branch  of  theology  which  treats  of  the  salva- 
tion of  men  through  Jesus  Christ. 

While  the  doctrines  of  Theology  and  Anthropology  re- 
ceived a  considerably  full  development  during  the  Patris- 
tic and  Scholastic  periods,  it  was  reserved  for  the  Protes- 
tant church,  and  the  modern  theological  mind,  to  bring 
the  doctrines  of  Soterwlogy  to  a  correspondent  degree  of 
expansion.  W.  O.  T.  Shedd,  Hist.  Christ.  Doctrine,  II.  v.  i. 

SOtht,  a.  and  n.   A  Middle  English  form  of  sooth. 

sothernt,  a.  A  Middle  English  form  of  southern, 
southron. 

sothfastt,  sothfastnesst,  etc.  Middle  English 
forms  of  soothfast,  soothjastness,  etc. 

Sothiac  (so'thi-ak),  a.  [=  F.  Sothiaque,  <  Gr. 
2^(f,  an  Egyptian  name  of  Sirius.]  Connected 
with  Sirius,  the  dog-star — Sothiac  cycle  or  pe- 
riod. See  cycle. 

Sothic  (so^thik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Ziiftf,  an  Egyptian 
name  of  Sirius.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  dog- 
star,  Sethis —  Sothic  year,  the  fixed  year  of  the  Egyp- 
tians, determined  by  the  heliacal  rising  of  Sirius.  Since 
the  declination  of  this  star  is  little  altered  by  precession, 
and  its  rising  took  place  about  the  summer  solstice,  the 
year  would  have  averaged  nearly  the  sidereal  year,  or  9 
minutes  more  (instead  of  11  minutes  less,  as  the  tropical 
year  is)  than  365J  days.  But  it  is  said  that  in  practice  one 
day  was  intercalated  every  four  years.  The  Sothic  year 
seems  to  have  been  little  used  by  the  Egyptians,  at  least 
before  the  Ptolemies. 

sothlyt,  sothnesst,  sothsawt.  Middle  English 
forms  of  soothly,  sootlmess,  soothsaw. 
SOtiet,  n.     [ME.,  also  sotye,  <  OF.  sotie,  sottie, 
folly,   foolishness,  <  sot,    foolish:    see    sot1.] 
Folly. 

To  seen  a  man  from  his  estate 
Through  his  sotie  effeminate, 
And  leue  that  a  man  shall  dooe. 

Oower,  Conf.  Aruant.,  vii. 

SOtilt,  SOtilteet.  Middle  English  forms  of  sub- 
tle, subtlety. 

SOtnia  (sot'ni-a),  «.  [<  Buss,  aotnlya,  a  hun- 
dred.] A  company  or  squadron  in  a  Cossack 
regiment. 

A  party  of  Cossacks  reached  Pescherna  from  Lovatz ; 
one  sotnia.  turned  northward  and  successfully  attacked 
Toros.  The  other  party  turned  south  to  Teteven. 

G.  B.  McClellan,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  160. 

sottedt,  «.  [<  ME.  sotted;  <  sot1  +  -«d2.]  Be- 
sotted; befooled. 

This  sotted  preest,  who  was  gladder  than  he? 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  330. 

sotteryt  (sot'er-i),  n.    [<  sot1  +  -ery.~]    Folly. 

Episcopacy,  and  so  Presbytery,  had  indeed  .  .  .  suffered 
very  much  smut,  soyle,  darkness,  and  dishonour  by  the 
Tyrannies,  Fedities,  Luxuries,  Sottmes,  and  Insolencies  of 
some  Bishops  and  other  Churchmen  under  the  Papal  prev- 
alency.  Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  12.  (Dames.} 

sottiet,  «•  [OF.:  cf.  sotie.]  A  species  of  broad 
farce,  satirical  in  its  aim,  popular  in  Paris  in 
the  fifteenth  century  and  the  early  part  of  the 
sixteenth,  from  which  the  later  French  comedy 
derived  some  of  its  elements.  The  sotties  were 
put  down  on  account  of  their  political  effect. 

sottiset  (sot'is),  n.  [<  F.  sotise,  sottise,  <  sot, 
foolish:  see  soti.]  A  piece  of  foolishness;  a 
silly  act  or  action ;  a  stupid  thing. 

sottish  (sot'ish),  a.  [<  sot1  +  -is/A.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  sot ;  having  the  character  of  a  sot.  («) 
Dull ;  stupid ;  senseless ;  doltish ;  very  foolish.  (6)  Dull 
with  intemperance;  given  to  tippling  and  drunkenness- 
Pertaining  to  drunkenness  :  as,  a  man  of  sottisft  habits. 

SOttlsnly  (sot'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  sottish  man- 
ner; stupidly;  senselessly;  without  reason. 
Glanmlle, 

SOttishness  (sot'ish-nes),  n.  The  state  or  char- 
fshntss°f  belng  S0ttish-  <a>  stuPWity :  dullness ;  fool- 

The  King  [of  Britain),  both  for  his  Wives  sake  and  his 
own  sottwhness,  consulting  also  with  his  Peers  not  unlike 
himself,  readily  yields.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

(6)  Stupidity  from  intoxication ;  drunken  habits  generally. 


soudanesse 

No  sober,  temperate  person  can  look  with  any  compla- 
cency upon  the  drunkenness  and  sottishnet*  of  his  neigh- 
bour. South. 

SOtto  (sot'to),  prep.     [It.,  <  L.  mibter,  under, 
beneath,  <  sub,  under:  see  sub-.']    Under;  be- 
low :  an  Italian  word  occurring  in  a  few  phrases: 
as,  sotto  il  soggetto,  below  the  subject;  sotto 
voce,  under  the  voice,  in  an  undertone,  aside. 
SOt-weedt  (sot'wed),  «.     Tobacco.     [Rare.] 
I  scarce  had  flll'd  a  pipe  of  sot-weed, 
And  by  the  candle  made  it  hot-weed. 

Uudibras  Jiedivivus.    (Hares.} 

We  had  every'  one  ramm'd  a  full  charge  of  sot-weed  into 
our  infernal  guns.  Tom  Brown,  Works,  II.  190. 

SOtylt,  «•     A  Middle  English  form  of  subtle. 

SOU  (so),  11.  [F.  so?«,  OF.  sol,  the  name  of  a  coin : 
see  soft,  sous,  soldo.']  An  old  Roman,  Gallic, 
and  French  coin,  originally  of  gold,  then  of 
silver,  and  finally  of  copper.  Under  Philip  Angus- 
tus  it  was  of  silver,  and  of  the  value  of  twelve  deniers. 
Under  succeeding  monarchs  the  value  varied  much ;  but 
twenty  sous  tournois  were  equivalent  to  one  livre  tour- 
nois,  and  twenty-four  sous  to  ode  livre  parisis.  Under 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Sou,  1793. —  British  Museum.    (Size  of  the  original.) 

Louis  XV.  and  Louis  XVI.  the  sou  was  struck  in  copper, 
and  had  an  intrinsic  value  of  two  deniers  twelve  grains, 
though  retaining  the  conventional  value  of  twelve  deniers, 
and  this  coinage  continued  until  the  adoption  of  the  ex- 
isting decimal  system  In  1793.  The  present  five-centime 
pieces,  twenty  of  which  make  a  franc,  are  still  popularly 
called  sous. — Sou  marque^  [F.],  an  old  copper  piece  worth 
fifteen  deniers  (Littrt) ;  also,  in  the  corrupted  form  sou 
marquee,  said  to  be  applied  In  the  southern  United  States 
to  a  sou  bearing  some  distinguishing  mark,  as  a  sou  of 
1767  counterstamped  KK,  or  one  marked  in  some  way  as 
counterfeit  or  spurious. 

souari  (sou-a'ri),  n.  [Guiana.]  A  tree,  Caryo- 
car  nuciferum  (and  also  one  or  two  other  species 
of  the  genus),  yielding  nuts  and  a  wood  distin- 
guished by  the  same  name.  Also  saouari,  sou- 
arri,  and  suwarrow. 

SOUari-nut  (sou-a'ri-nut),  n.  See  butternut,  2, 
and  Caryocar.  Also  suwarrow-nut. 

soubah,  «.     See  subah. 

soubahdar,  soubadar,  n.    See  subahdar. 

SOUbise(so-bez'),  «.  [P.]  A  cravat  of  a  fashion 
worn  by  men  toward  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

soubrette  (so-bref ), «.  [<  F.soubrette,t  em.  of  OF. 
xoubret,  sober,  thoughtful,  sly,  cunning,  dim.  of 
soubre,  sobre,  sober:  see  softer.]  Theat.,  a  maid- 
servant in  comedy,  frequently  a  lady's-maid.  The 
part  is  usually  characterized  by  coquetry,  pertness,  ef- 
frontery, and  a  spirit  of  intrigue :  by  extension  the  term 
is  applied  tu  almost  any  part  exhibiting  these  qualities. 

soubriquet,  n.    See  sobriquet. 

SOUCet.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  sottse1,  souse1*. 

SOUCh,  i'.     A  Scotch  form  of  sough1. 

souchet,  v.  t.  [ME.  souchen,  <  OF.  souchier,  <  L. 
suspiccre,  suspect:  see  suspect,  suspicion."]  To 
suspect. 

Priueli  vnperceyued  thei  pleyed  to-gedere, 
That  no  seg  vnder  sunne  touched  no  gile. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  L  1069. 

souchet  (so-sha'),  n.  [<OF.  souchet,  dim.  of  F. 
souche,  souchet,  galangal,  a  stump,  stock  of  a 
tree :  see  sock1  and  socket.]  The  tuber  of  the 
rush-nut. 

SOUchong  (so'shong),  «.  [<  F.  souchong,  <  Chi- 
nese si'ero,  small,  fine,  +  cluing,  sort  or  sorts.] 
A  kind  of  black  tea.  Also  soochong. 
SOudH,  f.  t.  [<  ME.  souden,  <  OF.  smtder,  <  L. 
solidare,  make  solid,  <  sotidus,  solid:  see  solid. 
Cf.  solder."]  To  consolidate ;  fasten  together ; 
join. 

"0  martir,  sowded  to  virginitee, 

Now  maystow  syngen,  folwynge  evere-in-oon, 

The  white  Lamb  celestial,"  quod  she. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  1.  127. 

soud2t,  n.  and  v.    Same  as  soW2. 

S0ud3t,  interj.  A  word  (supposed  to  be)  imita- 
tive of  a  noise  made  by  a  person  heated  and 
fatigued.  Schmidt. 

Sit  down,  Kate,  and  welcome.— 
Soud,  soud,  toud,  soud ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1.  146. 

soudant,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  sultan. 
Soudanese,  a.  and  n.    See  Sudanese. 
soudanesset,  soudannesset, ».  Obsolete  forms 

of  sitltaness. 


souder 

SOUder,  «.  and  c.     A  Scotch  form  of  W</<  / 
SOUdiourt, ».     A  Middle  Knglish  format xolilii'i: 
souffle  (so'fl),  H.    [<  F.  souffle,  -A  blowing  sound, 

<  souffler,  blow:  see  souffle.]     In  »<«/.,"  a  mur- 
muring or  blowing  sound — Cephalic,  placenta!, 
etc.,  souffle.    See  the  adjectives.— Cranial  souffle,  i! 
low,  soft  murmur  heard  on  auscultating  the  skull  of  in- 
fants and  anemic  adults. 

souffle"  (so-fla'),  n.  [F.,  pp.  of  xonfflcr,  OF. 
softer,  soufler,  souffler,  blow,  puff,  =  Pr.  sofflar, 
siifflar  =  Sp.  sopJar  =  Pg.  snprar  =  It.  soffiare, 

<  L.  sufflan;  blow,  <  sub-,  under,  +  flare,  blow, 
=  E.  Wow1.]     In  cookery,  a  delicate  dish  some- 
times savory,  as  a  potato  souffle,  but  usually 
sweet.    It  is  made  light  by  incorporating  whites  of  eggs 
beaten  to  a  froth,  and  placing  it  in  an  oven,  from  which 
it  is  removed  at  the  moment  it  puffs  up,  and  served  at 
once.— Omelet  souffle^    See  omelet.— Souffle)  decora- 
tion, in  ceram.,  a  spotted  or  mottled  surface  produced 
by  blowing  the  liquid  color  so  that  the  drops  burst  and 
bubble-like  marks  are  left  on  the  surface.   It  is  sometimes 
produced  by  blowing  the  color  through  lace  or  a  fine  net- 
work.   Prime. 

souffleur  (so-fler'),  n.  [F.,  < souffler,  blow:  see 
souffle.'}  A  prompter  in  a  theater. 

SOUgh1  (sou  or  suf,  or,  as  Scotch,  such),  n.  [For- 
merly &\BO  stiff,  suffe,  Sc.  sough,  souch,  &\sosouf; 

<  ME.  "sough ;  either  (a)  <  Icel.  s-ugr,  a  rush- 
ing sound  (in  comp.  arn-sugr,  the  sound  of  an 
eagle's  flight),  or  (6)  more  prob.  a  contraction 
of  ME.  swough,  swogh  (=  Icel.  sugr,  above), 

<  swogen,  swoicen,  <  AS.  swogan  =  OS.  swogan, 
rustle,  =  Goth,   swogjan,   sigh,  resound:   see 
swough.     The  word,  formerly  also  pronounced 
with  a  guttural  as  written,  suffered  the  usual 
change  of  gk  to  /,  and  was  formerly  written 
accordingly  suff,  suffe,  whence  by  some  confu- 
sion (prob.  by  association  with  surge)  the  form 
.iurf:  seesurf.']   1.  A  murmuring  sound;  a  rush- 
ing or  whistling  sound,  like  that  of  the  wind; 
a  deep  sigh. 

I  saw  the  battle,  sair  an*  tough,  .  .  . 
My  heart,  for  fear,  gae  sough  for  sough. 

Burnt,  Battle  of  Sheriff-Muir. 
Voices  I  call  'em ;  'twas  a  kind  o'  sough 
Like  pine-trees  thet  the  wind 's  ageth'rin'  through. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  ii. 

2.  A  gentle  breeze;  a  waft;  a  breath. 

There,  a  sough  of  glory 

Shall  breathe  on  you  as  you  come. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Drama  of  Exile. 

3.  Any  rumor  that  engages  general  attention. 
[Scotch.] 

"I  hae  heard  a  8ou^A,"said  Annie  Winnie,  "as  if  Leddy 
Ashton  was  nae  canny  body." 

Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  xxxiv. 

4.  A  cant  or  whining  mode  of  speaking,  es- 
pecially in  preaching  or  praying ;  the  chant  or 
recitative  characteristic  of  the  old  Presbyte- 
rians in  Scotland.     [Scotch.] 

I  have  heard  of  one  minister,  so  great  a  proficient  in 
this  sough,  and  his  notes  so  remarkably  flat  and  produc- 
tive of  horror,  that  a  master  of  music  set  them  to  his 
fiddle.  Burl,  Letters,  I.  207.  (Jamietfii.) 

To  keep  a  calm  BOUgh,  to  keep  silence  ;^Ce  silent. 
[Scotch.]  I 

"Thlr  kittle  times  will  drive  the  wisest  o'  us  daft,"  said 
Niel  Blane,  the  prudent  host  of  the  Howff ;  "but  I'se  aye 
keep  a  calm  sough."  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xx. 

sough1  (sou  or  suf,  or,  as  Scotch,  such),  v. 
[Also  Sc.  souch;  <  ME.  sougen:  see  sough*,  ».] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  make  a  rushing,  whistling, 
or  sighing  sound ;  emit  a  hollow  murmur ;  mur- 
mur or  sigh  like  the  wind.     [Now  (except  in 
literary  use)  local  English  or  Scotch.] 

Deep,  as  soughs  the  boding  wind 
Aiming  his  caves,  the  sigh  he  gave. 

Burns,  As  on  the  Banks. 
The  wavy  swell  of  the  soughing  reeds. 

Tennyson,  Dying  Swan. 

2.  To  breathe  in  or  as  in  sleep.     [Scotch.] 

I  hear  your  mither  souch  and  snore. 
Jamitson's  Pop.  Ballads,  II.  338.    (Jamieion.) 

II.  trans.  To  utter  in  a  whining  or  monoto- 
nous tone.  [Scotch.] 

He  hears  ane  o'  the  king's  Presbyterian  chaplains  sough 
out  a  sermon  on  the  morning  of  every  birth-day. 

Scott,  Antiquary,  crvii. 

sough2  (suf),  n.  [Also  saugh,  suf;  Sc.  setich, 
sewch,  sheuch;  <  ME.  sough,  a  dram,  <  W.  soch, 
a  sink,  drain;  cf.  L.  sulcus,  a  furrow.]  It.  A 
channel. 

Then  Dulas  and  Cledaugh 
By  llorgany  do  drive  her  through  her  wat'ry  saugh. 

Drayton,  Polyolblon,  iv.  168. 

2.  A  drain;  a  sewer;  an  adit  of  a  mine.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

The  length  as  from  the  home  unto  the  tough  [in  a  stall]. 
Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  19. 

The  delfs  would  be  so  flown  with  waters  (it  being  Im- 
possible to  make  any  addits  or  soughs  to  drain  them)  that 
no  gins  or  machines  could  suffice  to  lay  and  keep  them 
dry  flay,  Works  of  Creation,  U. 


578] 

SOUgh'H,  a.     An  obsolete  form  of  .«««•-. 
soughing-tile   (suf 'ing-tilt,    «.      A    drain-til.-. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Even  if  Uncle  Lingon  hail  nut  joined  tin™,  :is  he  did,  to 
talk  about  tu,u;il,i,i,i  i /„•.,•.  Ueorge  Eliot,  KHix  Holt,  xliil. 

sought  (sat).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
MflP. 

soujee,  a.    See  *«/"•. 

SOUket,  r.     A  Middle  English  form  of  .v»i/,. 

soul1  (sol),  n.  [<  ME.  soule,  soirlr.  suitlr,  «/«Vr, 
sailll,  <  AS.  Hi'ui-fl,  ninriil,  mural,  .-•nir/,  xiuil,  xuirli . 
life,  spirit,  soul,  =  OS.  geiilti,  xi-nli-,  ulnle,  sele  = 
OFries. sick;  site  =  MD.  xiele,  D.  ziel  =  MLG. .« Yr, 
LG.  sale,  sal  =  OIKi.  «•/«,  xtiilu,  MIH  i.  «v, .  <;. 
seele  =  Icel.  sala,  later  sal  =  Sw.  sjal  =  Dan. 
sjeel  =  Goth,  saiwala,  soul  (tr.  Gr.  iwxfa  etc.) ; 
origin  unknown.  The  word  has  been  compared 
with  Gr.  aiotof,  quick-moving,  changeful,  and 
with  sea  (see  seal);  aiso  with  L.  seeculum,  age 
(life,  vitality  f)  (see  seclc,  secular).]  1.  A 
substantial  entity  believed  to  be  that  in  each 
person  which  lives,  feels,  thinks,  and  wills. 
Animals  also,  and  even  plants,  have  been  thought  to  have 
souls.  Primitive  peoples  identify  the  soul  with  the  breath, 
or  something  contained  in  the  blood.  Separated  from  the 
body,  it  is  supposed  to  have  some  imperfect  existence, 
and  to  retain  the  form  of  the  body  as  a  ghost.  The  verses 
of  Da  vies  (see  below)  enumerate  most  of  the  ancient  Greek 
opinions.  The  first  is  that  of  Anaxlmander  and  of  Diogenes 
of  Apollonia ;  the  second  is  that  of  Ueraclitus ;  the  third 
Is  that  of  Empedocles;  the  fourth  is  that  attributed  to 
Empedocles  by  Aristotle ;  the  fifth  is  that  of  Dicajarchus 
and  other  Pythagoreans,  as  Slmmias  in  the  "  Fhccdo  " ;  the 
sixth  is  attributed  wrongly  to  Galen ;  the  seventh  is  that 
of  Democritus  and  the  atomists ;  the  eighth  is  attributed 
by  some  authorities  to  the  Pythagoreans;  and  the  ninth 
is  that  of  the  Stoics.  Aristotle  makes  the  soul  little  more 
than  a  faculty  or  attribute  of  the  body,  and  he  compares 
it  to  the  "axness"  of  an  ax.  The  scholastics  combined 
this  idea  with  that  of  the  separability  and  immortality  of 
the  soul,  thus  forming  a  highly  metaphysical  doctrine. 
Descartes  originated  distinct  metaphysical  dualism,  which 
holds  that  spirit  and  matter  are  two  radically  different 
kinds  of  substance  — the  former  characterized  by  con- 
sciousness, the  latter  by  extension.  Most  modern  philos- 
ophers hold  to  monism  in  some  form,  which  recognizes 
only  one  kind  of  substance.  That  the  soul  is  immortal  is 
a  very  ancient  and  widely  diffused  opinion ;  it  is  also  com- 
monly believed  that  the  soul  has  no  parts.  A  soul  sepa- 
rated from  the  body  is  commonly  called  a  spirit,  not  a 
soul.  In  biblical  and  theological  usage  'soul*  (nephesh, 
psyche,  also  rendered  'life')  is  sometimes  used  for  the  non- 
corporeal  nature  of  man  in  general,  and  sometimes,  in  dis- 
tinction from  spirit,  for  the  lower  part  of  this  non-corporeal 
nature,  standing  in  direct  communication  with  the  body, 
and  regarded  as  the  seat  of  the  emotions,  rarely  of  will  or 
spirit.  Home  theologians  minimize  the  distinction  between 
find  and  spirit,  making  them  mere  aspects  or  relations  of 
the  same  substance,  while  others  have  made  them  distinct 
substances  or  distinct  entities. 

For  of  the  soule  the  bodie  forme  doth  take  ; 
For  soule  is  forme,  and  doth  the  bodle  make. 

Spenser,  Hymn  in  Honour  of  Beauty,  1. 132. 

I  pray  God  your  whole  spirit  and  soul  and  body  be  pre- 
served blameless  unto  the  coming  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

1  Thes.  v.  23. 

The  word  of  God  is  ...  sharper  than  any  two-edged 
sword,  piercing  even  to  the  dividing  asunder  of  soul  and 
spirit.  Heb.  iv.  12. 

To  hold  opinion  with  Pythagoras 
That  souls  of  animals  infuse  themselves 
Into  the  trunks  of  men.     Shak.,  11.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 132. 

One  thinks  the  soule  is  aire ;  another  fire ; 
Another  blood,  diff us'd  about  the  heart ; 
Another  salth  the  elements  conspire, 
And  to  her  essence  each  doth  give  a  part. 
Musicians  thinkc  our  soules  are  harmonies ; 
Phisicians  hold  that  they  complexions  be ; 
Epicures  make  them  swarmes  of  atomies, 
Which  doe  by  chance  into  our  bodies  flee. 

Some  think  one  generall  soule  nls  every  braine. 
As  the  bright  snnne  sheds  light  in  every  starre ; 
And  others  thinke  the  name  of  soule  is  vaine, 
And  that  weonely  well-mixt  bodies  are. 

Sir  J.  Duties,  Nosce  Teipsum. 

They  [corporations]  cannot  commit  treason,  nor  be  out- 
lawed, nor  excommunicate,  for  they  have  no  souls. 

Case  of  Button's  Hospital,  10  Coke's  Rep.,  p.  82,  b. 

Although  the  human  soul  is  united  to  the  whole  body, 
it  has,  nevertheless,  its  principal  seat  In  the  brain,  where 
alone  it  not  only  understands  and  imagines,  but  also  per- 
ceives. Descartes,  Prin.  of  Phllos.  (tr.  by  Veitch),  iv.  §  189. 

Our  idea  of  soul,  as  an  immaterial  spirit,  is  of  a  substance 
that  thinks  and  has  a  power  of  exciting  motion  in  body 
by  writing  or  thought. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  xxiii.  8  22. 

With  chemic  art  exalts  the  mineral  powers, 
And  draws  the  aromatic  souls  of  flowers. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  244. 

It  seems  probable  that  the  soul  will  remain  in  a  state 
of  inactivity,  though  perhaps  not  of  insensibility,  from 
death  to  the  resurrection. 

Hartley,  Observations  on  Man,  n.  IT.  §  3,  prop.  90. 

2.  The  moral  and  emotional  part  of  man's 
nature;  the  seat  of  the  sentiments  or  feelings: 
in  distinction  from  intellect. 

Hear  my  soul  speak  : 
The  very  instant  that  I  saw  you,  did 
My  heart  fly  to  your  service. 

Shale.,  Tempest,  iii.  1.  63. 


Soulamea 

These  vnin  joys.  In  which  tlirir  wills  consume 
Such  powers  of  wit  and  soul  as  i 
To  raise  ttu-ir  bi-inc-,  t.,  .  t.  i  nity. 

/,'    .fnn^',1.  (   \  MlliKl'8  Revels,  V.  2. 

Ill  my  Houl  I  ; 
All  affectation.  r,  'lu.sk,  II.  410. 

3.  The  animating  or  essential   part;    the  es- 
sence: as,  (lie  mini  nt  a  song;  the  source  of  ac- 
tion; the  chief  part;   hence,  the  inspirer  or 
leader  of  any  action  or  movement:  as,  the  mml 
of  an  enterprise;  an  able  commander  is  the 
Hold  of  an  nriiiv. 

lireyity  is  the  mil  of  wit, 
And  tediousnesa  the  limbs  and  outward  nourishes. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  II.  2.  90. 

He  had  put  domestic  factions  under  his  feet ;  he  was  the 
soul  of  a  mighty  coalition.         ilacaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vll. 

4.  Fervor;  fire;  grandeur  of  mind,  or  other  no- 
ble manifestation  of  the  heart  or  moral  nature. 

I  have  been  woo'd  by  many  with  no  less 
Soul  of  affection. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  IT.  4. 
Money  gives  toul  to  action.   Ford,  Perkln  Warbeck,  iii  1. 
There  Is  some  toul  of  goodness  in  things  evil. 

Shalt.,  Hen.  V.,  IT.  1.  4. 

5.  A  spiritual  being;  a  disembodied  spirit;  a 
shade. 

Then  of  his  wretched  friend 

The  Soul  appear'd ;  at  ev'ry  part  the  form  did  comprehend 
His  likeness ;  his  fair  eyes,  his  voice,  bis  stature,  ev'ry 

weed 
His  person  wore,  it  fantasied.    Chapman,  Iliad,  xxlil.  1.  58. 

O  sacred  essence,  other  form, 
O  solemn  ghost,  O  crowned  soul ! 

Tennyson,  In  Uemoriam,  Ixxxv. 

6.  A  human  being;  a  person. 

All  the  souls  of  the  house  of  Jacob,  which  came  Into 
Egypt,  were  threescore  and  ten.  Gen.  xlvi.  27. 

My  lord,  this  is  a  poor  mad  noitl ;  .  .  .  and  the  truth  Is, 
poverty  hath  distracted  her.    Shak.,  2  Hen.  I V.,  U.  1. 113. 

Humph.  Where  had  you  this  Intelligence? 

Tom.  Prom  a  foolish  fond  Soul  that  can  keep  nothing 
from  me.  Steele,  Conscious  Lovers,  L  1. 

All  Souls'  day.  in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch. .  the  2d  of  Novem- 
ber, a  day  kept  in  commemoration  of  all  the  faithful  de- 
parted, for  the  eternal  repose  of  their  souls,  to  which  end 
the  mass  and  offices  of  the  day  are  directed.  It  is  the  day 
following  the  feast  of  All  Saints.— Apparitlonal  soul 
See  apparttional.—  Commendation  of  the  soul.  See 
commendation,  5.—  Cure  of  souls.  See  cure.— Descent 
of  souls.  See  descent.—  Seat  Of  the  aoul,  the  part  of 
the  body  (according  to  some  speculators  a  mathematical 
point)  in  immediate  dynamic  connection  with  the  soul. 
As  long  as  the  soul  was  supposed  to  be  a  material  thing 
(which  was  the  usual  ancient  opinion),  it  was  naturally  be- 
lieved to  have  a  distinct  place.  Later  the  knowledge  of  the 
functions  of  the  nervous  system,  and  their  centralization 
In  the  brain,  showed  that  the  soul  was  more  intimately 
connected  with  that  than  with  other  parts  of  the  body ; 
and  it  was  vaguely  supposed  that  the  unity  of  conscious- 
ness would  In  some  measure  be  explained  by  the  hypothe- 
sis of  a  special  seat  of  the  soul  In  the  brain.  The  com- 
monest primitive  notion  was  that  the  soul  was  resident 
in  the  blood  or  in  the  heart.  Either  the  whole  soul  or  its 
parts  were  also  located  in  the  bowels,  bones,  liver,  gall, 
kidneys,  and  other  organs.  The  doctrine  that  the  soul  is 
in  the  brain  seems  to  have  originated  in  Egypt,  and  found 
many  partial  adherents  in  antiquity,  but  was  not  general- 
ly accepted  before  modern  times.  The  Neoplatonists  held 
that  the  soul  is  wholly  in  the  whole  body  and  wholly  in 
every  part.  Descartes  placed  the  soul  in  the  pineal  gland, 
and  other  physiologists  of  the  seventeenth  century  located 
it  in  different  organs  connected  with  the  brain.  Leibnitz 
introduced  the  theory  that  it  resides  at  a  mathematical 
point,  which  has  found  eminent  supporters,  some  of  whom 
regard  this  point  as  movable.  Others  hold  that  any  con- 
ception of  consciousness  which  forces  its  adherents  to  such 
a  conclusion  ought  to  be  considered  as  reduced  to  an  ab- 
surdity. Recent  observations  concerning  multiple  con- 
sciousness strengthen  indications  previously  known  that 
the  unity  of  consciousness  is  somewhat  illusory ;  and  the 
anatomy  of  the  brain  does  not  support  the  notion  of  an 
absolute  centralization  of  the  power  of  forming  ideas.— 
Sentient  soul,  the  soul  as  affected  by  the  senses,  or  as 
possessing  sentience.  =Syn.  1  and  2.  Intellect,  Spirit,  etc. 
See  wuwJi. — 4.  Ardor,  force. 

SOuPt  (sol),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  sowlen;  <  soul1,  w.]  To 
endue  with  a  soul. 

The  gost  that  fro  the  fader  gan  precede 
Hath  soiled  hem  withouten  any  drede. 

Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1.  329. 

SOUl2  (sol  or  sol),  n.  [Also  sool ;  <  ME.  soule, 
sowle,  souel,  saule,  saulee,  food,  =  Dan.  sul,  meat 
eaten  with  bread.]  Anything  eaten  with  bread ; 
a  relish,  as  butter,  cheese,  milk,  or  preserves ; 
that  which  satisfies.  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Maria  Egyptiaca  eet  in  thyrty  wynter 
Bote  thre  lytel  loues  [loaves],  and  loue  |love]  was  her  souel. 
Piers  Plourman(C),  xvlii.  24. 

80Ul2t,  »'•  [<  sotiV2,  n. ;  cf.  soil*.']  To  afford  suit- 
able sustenance;  satisfy  with  food ;  satiate. 

I  haue,  sweet  wench,  a  piece  of  cheese, 

As  good  as  tooth  may  chawe, 

And  bread  and  wildings  souling  well. 

Warner,  Albion  s  England,  Iv.  82. 

soul-ale  t,  «.    Same  as  dirge-ale. 

Soulamea  (so-la'me-a),  M.  [NL.  (Lamarck. 
1783),  <  soulamoe,  its'name  in  the  Moluccas,  said 
to  mean  '  king  of  bitters.']  A  genus  of  poly- 
petalous  shrubs,  of  the  order  Simanibacex  and 


Soulamea 

tribe  Pieramuicx,  formerly  referred  to  the  Polij- 
nalaee/f.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  a  three. 
"  "'  j  "'..Xi  three  linear  petals,  six  stamens,  and  a  twc- 


[< 


5782 

Hn  doth  it  cast  down  a!l  their  soul-massing  and  foolish 
foundations  for  such  as  be  dead  and  past  the  m.mstry  of 
God's  word.  Bfaifordt  Work8  (parker  Soc  1863X  n.  ^ 


sound 

Look  that  my  staves  be  S<m»d,and  ~t£~  he.^  ^ 

Her  timbers  yet  are  sound, 
And  she  may  float  again. 

r,  Loss  of  the  Royal  G  eorge. 


Moluccas  and  New  Irelai)1 
biUer-kin<!. 

SOul-bellt  (sol'bel),  n 
passing-bell. 
We  call  them  soul  -belh  for  that  they  signify_the_de; 


The 


for 
sons. 


e  soul  of  some  departed  person  or 
Soul-papers  were  given  away  witl          • 


. 

cakes  on  All  Souls'  day. 
,Oul-ennyt(Soipeni),(. 


for  the  souls  of 
the  departed. 
The  Dean  shall  have,  for  collecting  the  soul-pennies  from 


4.  Morally  healthy;  honest;  honorable;  vir- 
tuous; blameless. 

In  the  way  of  loyalty  and  truth 
Toward  the  king,  my  ever  royal  master, 
Dare  mate  a  sounder  man  S^^^f^g.  274. 


SOUl-blind  (sol' blind),  a.    Destitute  of  the  sen- 
sation of  light  and  of  every  image  of  it. 

SOUl-blindness  (sol' blind "nes),  «      Defective 

power  of  recognizing  objects  seen,  due  to  cere-  sawei-Sceai,  sawt-sc^,  uiu^,  ^^ .-._.- 

bral  lesion,  without  actual  blindness  and  mde-  AB   s"          for'the          ge  of  the  soul,  <  sawel 

pendent  of  other  psychic  detect.  . .... „„«  ..,.„/!  on*i  ff/vr/i.  ami 


the  gild. 

lindness  (soi  uimu  -  uc=;,  »..    ~™- —      _. 
power  of  recognizing  objects  .een,  due  to  cere-  SOUl-SC, 

ssion,  withi 

nt  of  other 

iket  (sol'k 

formerly  d 
All  Souls'  day.     See  soul-paper. 


K    witlimit  flpfpct  or  flaw  in  logic;  founded  in 

The  Dean  snail  nave,  lor  uuiicumia  wiv  „««.-/' ~:~'~.      O.    Wltnoui  ueie^ 

thXSen%n  the'flrst  day,  «.d  out  „,  the  goods  of  ^     firm;  strong ;  va  id ;  that  ?not          e. 


English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  181. 
'skot),  n.     [Prop,  soul-scat,  repr. 
I,  sawl-sceat,  money  paid  at  the 
iose  of  the  soul,  <  sdwel, 
see  souJi  and  scat1,  and 


bread  formerly 


futed'or  overthrown :  as,  a  sound  argument. 
About  him  were  a  press  of  gaping  faces, 
Which  seem'd  to  swallow  up  his  sound  advice. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1409. 

Rules  of  life,  sound  as  the  Time  could  bear. 

Wordsworth,  Off  Saint  Bees  Heads. 

well-founded;  free  from 


soui-candlet  (sol'kan"dl)>r  [<  ME.  saulecan- 
del; <so«n  +  candle.-]  One  of  the  wax-lights 
placed  about  a  dead  body. 

Four  saulecandel*  shall  be  found  and I  used  in  the  burial 
services.  English  Guds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  184. 

soul-curert  (sol'kur'er),  «.  One  who  has  a 
cure  of  souls ;  a  parson. 

Peace,  I  say,  Gallia  and  Gaul  French  and  Welsh  sotd- 
curer  and  body-curer  1         Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  in.  1.  100. 

soul-deaf  (sol'def),  «.  Destitute  of  the  sensa- 
tion of  sound  and  of  every  reminiscence  of  it 


~enCoVmeriy  made  at  the  grave,  usually    6.  Right;   correct; 

Re  parish  priest  in  whose- cnurch  service    error;  pure:  as,  sound  doctrine. 

for  the  departed  had  been  said;  a  mortuary.       itisoutof  doubUhsttteflrst^uterftWn^w^best, 


Also  soul-shot. 
On  each  side  of  this  bier  kneeled  three  priests  who 


UleULbSL   BlgUB    W*    vAi^.1..".    •• VT  i       f   a«!..t    IM 

splendid  soul-scat  was  paid  to  the  convent  of  Saint  iwl- 
mund's  by  the  mother  of  the  deceased^  lvanhoe  Ml_ 

Those  among  the  dead  man's  friends  and  kinsfolks  who 
wished  had  come  and  brought  the  soul-shot,  as  their  gift 
at  the  offertory  of  that  holy  sacrifice. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  n.  306. 


It  IB  uufc  *Ji  uuiiuu  vu»v  V»M  —  -  -  -- —  .       • 

that  in  the  prime  of  <^^^^^KSffi 
Hold  fast  the  form  of  sound  words.  2  Tim.  i.  13. 

7.  Reasoning  accurately ;  logical;  clear-mind- 
ed; free  from  erroneous  ideas;  orthodox. 

Who  shall  decide  when  doctors  disagree, 

Xll'l   *»iil«ti  *l  r  tMli;-t>  (li'llllt.  li^t'  >'"'!  ;""1  IllO'.' 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  2. 
A  kick  that  scarce  would  move  a  horse 
May  kill  a  wund  divine. 

Cowper,  Yearly  Distress. 

8.  Founded  in  right  and  law ;  legal ;  not  de- 


Obsolete  forms  of 


I  am  soul-sick, 

And  wither  with  the  fear  of  one  conderan'd, 
Till  I  have  got  your  pardon. 

"    u.  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 


Same  as  psyeho- 


. 

fective  in  law:  as,  a  sound  title  ;  sound  justice. 
They  reserved  theyr  titles,  tenures,  and  signioryes  whole 
nd  sound  to  themselves.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 


and 

Here  by  equity  we  mean  nothing  but  the  sound  interpre- 
tation of  the  law.  Blackstone,  Com.,  III.  xxvil. 


souldert, 
der. 
souldiert,  souldiourt,  «. 

soldier.  ~  _  id  Ft    Maws  irageay,  iv.  i.     uiuou  01  m«  ,««.  «««„.„*„..-,-- — ,  — 

^°fSf  J3a,-aSil*+J?  soul-silvm,  »-    [^  +  ^.]     The  whole    9 Unbroken  and  deep;  undisturbed:  said  of 

r^mrnd-S»inCOmP08iti°n:  a8'higl"     S^^T^VttESrat          ^l*..-*.-..-.;  ..*.••.--** 
Griping,  and  still  tenacious  of  thy  hold,  muted  into  a  money  payment.    Halhwell, 

Would?st  thou  the  Grecian  chiefs,  though  largely  soul  d,  soul-sleeper  (s61'sle"per),  « 
Should  give  the  prizes  they  had  gain'd  before?  nannvch ist. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  18:,  ££%££  (sol'stuf),  n.     The  hypothetical  sub- 

SOUl-fearing  (sol'fer'ing),  a.     Terrifying  the    stance  of  the  soul;  psychoplasm.     See  mind- 
soul;  appalling.     [Rare.]  stuff. 

Till  their  [cannon's]  soul-fearing  clamours  have  brawl'd  goul-Vexed  (sol'vekst),   a.     Disturbed  or    dis- 


down 
The  flinty  ribs  of  this  contemptuous  city. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1.  383. 

soulfret,  n.    An  obsolete  variant  of  sulphur. 

soulful  (sol'ful),  a.  [<  souli  +  -/«/.]  Full  of 
soul,  emotion,  or  feeling;  expressive  of  senti- 
ment or  emotion. 

There  wasn't  a  sounding-line  on  board  that  would  have 
gone  to  the  bottom  of  her  soulful  eyes. 

SOUlfully  (sol'ful-i),  adr.  In  a  soulful  or  feel- 
ing manner. 

soulfulness  (soTful-ues),  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  soulful;  feeling.  Andorer  Sev., 
VII.  37. 

soulili,  n.  [Javanese.]  One  of  the  sacred 
monkeys  of  Java,  Senmopithecus  mitratus,  with 
a  black  peaked  bonnet  suggesting  a  miter. 

soulish  (so'lish),  a.  [<  souP-  +  -is/i1.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  soul.  Byrom.  [Rare.] 

The  .  .  .  psychical  (or  soulish)  man. 
J.  F.  Clarke,  Orthodoxy,  its  Truths  and  Errors,  p.  181. 


tressed  in  spirit. 


Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1.  59. 

[Avar,  of  «*»,  amount, 


And  death  is  but  the  sounder  sleep. 

Fletcher,  Humorous.Lieutenaiit,  ill.  6. 

New  waked  from  soundest  sleep, 

Soft  on  the  flow'ry  herb  I  found  me  laid 

In  balmy  sweat.  MUton,  P.  L.,  viii.  283. 

10.  Thorough;  complete;  hearty. 

The  men  .  .  .  give  sound  strokes  with  their  clubs  where- 
with they  fight.  Abp.  Abbot. 

11.  Of  financial  condition,  solvent;   strong; 
not  undermined  by  loss  or  waste :  as,  that  bank 


uujii,  suwiiivo"'  uw..v  >—~- -a     not  unaermmeu  uy  ius»  ur  waste .  ao,  LU 

proportion :  see  siow2.]  The  proportion  c  E  cattle    Jg  one  of  our  sounciest  institutions —  As  sound  as 


or  sheep  suitable  to  any  pasture,  or  vice  versa 
as,  a  soum  of  sheep,  as  many  sheep  as  a  certain 
amount  of  pasturage  will  support ;  a  soum  of 
grass  or  land,  as  much  as  will  pasture  one  cow 
or  five  sheep.     [Scotch.] 

BOUffl,  sowm(soum),  t'.i.  [<SO«»M,  sowm,  «.]  To 
calculate  and  determine  what  number  of  cat- 
tle or  sheep  a  certain  piece  of  land  will  sup- 
port. [Scotch.]  — Soum  and  roum,  to  pasture  [in 
summer]  and  fodder  [in  winter].  Jamieson.— Soumlng  gound1t(sound),D. 


a  roach.  See  roach?.—  Sound  and  disposing  mind 
and  memory,  in  the  law  of  milt.  See  memory.—  Sound 
mind.  See  i  ma  nity. — Sound  on  the  goose.  See  goose. 


=  8yn.  1.  Hearty,  hale,  hardy,  vigorous.— 3.  Entire,  un 
broken  undecayed.— 5  and  7.  Sane,  rational,  sensible. 
Il.t  n.  Safety.     [Rare.] 
Our  goddis  the  gouerne,  &  soche  grace  lene 
That  thou  the  victorie  wyn,  thi  worship  to  saue, 
And  to  this  Citle  in  sound  thi  seluyn  may  come. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  6135. 

[XME.soMHden;  <  sound1,  a.] 


C.  of  E.,  i.  2.  100. 
soulless  (sol'les),  a.  [<  ME.  "soulles,  <  AS. 
sdwlleas,  sdwolleds,  soulless,  lifeless,  irrational, 
<  sdmol,  soul,  life,  +  -leas,  E.  -/ess.]  1.  Hav- 
ing no  life  or  soul ;  dead. 

Their  holiness  is  the  very  outward  work  itself,  being  a 
brainless  head  and  soulless  body. 
SirK  Sandys,  State  of  Religion  (ed.  1605),  X.  4.  (Latham.) 

2.  Having  no  soul  or  spirit. — 3.  Having  or  ex- 
pressing no  thought  or  emotion ;  expression- 
less. 

Having  lain  long  with  blank  and  soulless  eyes, 

He  sat  up  suddenly.  Browning,  Paracelsus,  iii. 

4.  Without  greatness  or  nobleness  of  mind; 
mean;  spiritless;  base. 

Slave,  soulless  villain,  dog ! 
O  rarely  base '.         Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  v.  2.  157. 

soullessness  (sol'les-nes),  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing without  soul,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

A  certain  soullessness  and  absence  of  ennobling  ideals  in 
the  national  character.        The  Academy,  No.  876,  p.  109. 

SOUl-masst  (sol'mas),  n.    A  mass  for  the  dead, 
soul-massingt  (s61'mas"ing),  n.     The  saying 
of  masses  for  the  dead. 


her  of  cattle  to  be  brought  upon  a  common  by  the  persons 
respectively  having  a  servitude  of  pasturage  may  be  as- 
certained. The  criterion  is  the  number  of  cattle  which 
each  of  the  dominant  proprietors  is  able  to  fodder  during 
winter.  Strictly  speaking,  to  soum  a  common  is  to  ascer- 
tain the  several  soums  it  may  hold,  and  to  roum  it  is  to 
portion  it  out  among  the  dominant  proprietors. 

sounH,  i'.    An  obsolete  variant  of  swoon. 

SOUn'2t,  n.  and  i:   An  original  spelling  of  sound6. 

soundi  (sound),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  sound,  sond, 
sund,  isund,  <  AS.  gesund  (=  OS.  0es«nd  = 
OFries.  sund,  sowd  =  MD.  ghesond,  D.  gezond  = 
MLG.  nesunt,  LG.  gesund,  sund  =  OHG.  gisunt, 


.  242. 


II. 


<  ge-,  a  collective  and  generalizingprefix  (see  i-), 
+  'sund,  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps  akin  to 
L.  sanus,  whole,  sound:  see  sane1.]  I.  a.  1. 
Healthy;  not  diseased;  having  all  the  organs 


I.  trans.  To  heal;  make  sound. 

Ferther  wol  I  never  founde 
Non  other  help,  my  sores  for  to  sounde. 

Chaucer,  Anelida  and  Arcite,  1 

intrants.  To  become  sound ;  heal. 

Thro  girt  with  mony  a  wounde, 
That  lykly  ar  never  for  to  sounde. 
Lydgate,  Complaint  of  the  Black  Knight,  1.  292. 

Soundly ; 
used  only 
of  sleeping. 

So  sound  he  slept  that  nought  mought  him  awake. 

Spenter,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  42. 

Till  he  tell  the  truth, 
Let  the  supposed  fairies  pinch  him  sound. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  Iv.  4.  81. 

Every  soul  throughout  the  town  being  sound  asleep  be- 
fore nine  o'clock.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  175. 


and  faculties  complete  and  in  perfect  action:  gound2  (sound),  n.     [<  ME.  sound,  sund,  <  AS. 

no     Q    ^/IMII//  TYiiTi/1  *    o    enimtl  \\t-if\v  *i    -j*  AT ._    /         \f~T\     **/i«**? 


as,  a  soiwjd  mind;  a  sownd  body. 

Ef  horn  child  is  hoi  and  sund, 

And  Athulf  bithute  [without]  wund. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  38. 

Thaugh  he  falle,  he  falleth  nat  bote  as  ho  fulle  in  a  bote, 

That  ay  is  saf  and  sounde  that  sitteth  with-ynne  the  borde. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xi.  40. 

Universal  distrust  is  so  unnatural,  indeed,  that  it  never 
prevails  in  a  sound  mind.    Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  101. 

2.  Whole;   uninjured;   unhurt;   unmutilated; 
not  lacerated  or  bruised:  as,  a  sound  limb. 

Thou  dost  breathe ; 

Hast  heavy  substance ;  bleed'st  not ;  speak'st ;  art  sound. 
Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6.  52. 

3.  Free  from  special  defect,  decay,  or  injury; 
unimpaired;  not  deteriorated:  as,  a  sound  ship; 
sound  fruit;  a  sound  constitution. 


suwd,  a  sound,  a  strait  of  the  sea  (=  MD.  sond, 
s«wd,  D.  sond,  sont,  zond  =  MHG.  G.  sund  =  Icel. 
Sw.  Dan.  s««d,  a  sound),  also,  in  AS.  and  Icel., 
swimming ;  contracted  from  orig.  'swumd,  < 
swimnian  (pp.  suiummen),  swim :  see  swim.  Cf . 
sound3.]  A  narrow  passage  of  water  not  a 
stream,  as  a  strait  between  the  mainland  and 
an  isle,  or  a  strait  connecting  two  seas,  or  con- 
necting a  sea  or  lake  with  the  ocean :  as,  Lone 
Island  Sound;  the  Sound  (between  Denmark 
and  Sweden). 

Behold,  I  come,  sent  from  the  Stygian  sound, 
As  a  dire  vapour.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

And,  with  my  skates  fast-bound, 
Skimmed  the  half-frozen  Sound. 

Longfellow,  Skeleton  in  Armor. 
Sound  dues.    See  duel. 


sound 

SOUnd3  (sound),  n.  [<  ME.  KOiinde;  of.  Icel.  sitinl- 
mugl,  the  sound  of  a  fish,  lit.  'swimming-maw': 
see  sound?  and  »iaivl.~\  In  zoiil. :  («)  Tiie  swim- 
ming-bladder or  air-bladder  of  a  fish.  The  sound 
is  a  hollow  vesicular  organ,  originating  from  the  digestive 
tract— in  fact,  a  rudimentary  lung,  the  actual  homologue 
of  the  lungs  of  air-breathing  vertebrates,  though  in  fishes 
as  in  other  branchiates,  respiration  is  effected  by  gills' 
(See  air-bladder. )  Some  fishes'  sounds  are  an  esteemed  ar- 
ticle of  food,  as  that  of  the  cod,  which  when  fried  is  some- 
thing  like  an  oyster  so  cooked ;  others  are  valuable  as  a 
source  of  isinglass. 

Sounde  of  a  fysshe,  cannon.        Palsgrave,    (llalliivell.) 

Of  [fishes']  sounds  we  make  isinglass. 

Goldsmith,  Int.  to  Brookes's  Nat.  Hist.,  Ill 
(6)  A  cuttlefish. 

sound4  (sound),  v.  [Early  uiod.  E.  also  sownde  ; 
<  ME.  soundeii  (=  D.  sonderen  =  G.  sondiren  = 
Sw.  sondera  =  Dan.  sondere),  <  OF.  (and  P.) 
tender  =  Sp.  Pg.  sondar,  sound;  (a)  perhaps  < 
MD.  sond,  suntl  =  AS.  sund  =  Icel.  Sw.  Dan. 
sund,  a  strait,  sound  (cf.  AS.  sund-gyrd,  a 
sounding-rod,  sund-line,  a  sounding-line:  see 
sound?) ;  (6)  otherwise  perhaps  <  L.  'subundare, 
submerge :  see  sub-  and  ouiid,  undulate.]  I. 
tniiis.  1.  To  measure  the  depth  of;  fathom; 
try  or  test,  as  the  depth  of  water  and  the  qual- 
ity of  the  ground,  by  sinking  a  plummet  or  lead 
attached  to  a  line  on  which  is  marked  the  num- 
ber of  fathoms.  Machines  of  various  kinds  are  also 
used  to  indicate  the  depth  to  which  the  lead  has  descended. 
A  cavity  in  the  lower  end  of  the  lead  is  partially  filled  with 


Apparatus  used  in  Sounding. 

A,  B.C.  Brooke's  Deep-sea  Sounding-apparatus :  a,  rod  with  horns 
*  pivoted  thereto ;  c,  sounding-line ;  a,  wires  by  which  the  lead  e  is 
attached  to  the  horns,  connected  with  a  washer  f  under  the  lead  ;  ft, 
opening  in  lower  end  of  rod,  by  which  specimens  of  the  bottom  may  be 
secured.  When  the  rod  strikes  the  bottom,  the  lead  slides  downward, 
bringing  the  horns  into  the  position  shown  in  S,  and  releasing  the 
wires  d  and  the  lead ;  the  rod  only  is  then  drawn  up,  leaving  the  lead 
at  the  bottom. 

D,  £,  British  Navy  Sounding-apparatus :  ff,  lead  ;  *,  counterpoised 
hooks  which  engage  the  loop  at  the  top  of  the  lead ;  rf,  wedge-shaped 
cup  for  specimens,  attached  by  cord  or  wire  to  the  pivot  of  the  hooks ; 
t,  attachment  for  the  sounding-line  or  -wire.  When  the  cup  rf  touches 
bottom,  the  hooks  b  drop  into  the  position  shown  in  E ;  the  sinker 
or  lead  then  drops  over,  releasing  the  cup,  and  this,  with  its  specimen 
and  the  hooks,  is  drawn  to  the  surface. 

tallow,  by  means  of  which  some  part  of  the  earth,  sand, 
gravel,  shells,  etc.,  of  the  bottom  adhere  to  it  and  are 
drawn  up.  Numerous  devices  are  in  use  for  testing  the 
nature  of  the  bottom,  as  a  pair  of  large  forceps  or  scoops 
carried  down  by  a  weight,  which  are  closed  when  they 


B 


Taselli's  Sounding-apparatus. 
a  and  b,  arms  pivoted  to  c;  tt,  lead,  which  is  attached  to  a  stem 
at  the  top  of  which  is  a  crosspiece.  When  the  arms  are  raised  into 
the  position  shown  in  A,  the  crosspiece  engages  them  and  holds  them 
in  that  position  till  the  lead  strikes  the  bottom ;  they  are  then  released, 
and  fall  into  the  position  shown  in  B.  The  cups  (shown  in  the  cuts),  on 
closing,  scoop  up  a  specimen  of  the  bottom. 

strike  the  ground,  and  so  inclose  some  of  the  aand,  shells, 
etc.,  a  cup  at  the  bottom  of  a  long  leaden  weight,  which  is 
closed  by  a  leathern  cover  when  full,  etc.  See  the  accom- 
panying cuts  of  apparatus  used  in  sounding.  Brooke's  ap- 
paratus is  said  to  be  the  first  by  which  soundings  of  over 
2,000  fathoms  were  made  and  specimens  of  the  bottom 
obtained. 

Go  sound  the  ocean,  and  cast  your  nets ; 
Happily  you  may  catch  her  in  the  sea. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,iv.  3.  7. 
Two  plummets  dropt  for  one  to  sound  the  abyss. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

2.  In  surg.,  to  examine  by  means  of  a  sound  or 
probe,  especially  the  bladder,  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain whether  a  stone  is  present  or  not. 

By  a  precious  oyle  Doctor  Russell  at  the  first  applyed  to 
It  when  he  sounded  it  with  probe  (ere  night)  his  torment- 
ing paine  was  .  .  .  well  asswaged. 

Quoted  in  Cope.  John  Smith's  Works,  1. 179. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  try;  examine;  discover,  or 
endeavor  to  discover,  that  which  is  concealed  in 


5788 

the  mind  of;  search  out  the  int.-iitioii.  opinion 
will,  or  wish  of. 

It  Is  better  to  sound  a  person  with  whom  one  deals,  afar 
"If.  than  to  fa  1  upon  the  point  at  Bret,  except  you  mean  to 
surprise  him  by  some  short  question. 

Bacon,  Negotiating  (ed.  1887). 

I  have  sounded  him  already  at  a  distance,  and  Hnd  all 
his  answers  exactly  to  our  wish. 

Gotdmiith,  Good-natured  Man,  ii. 
4.  To  ascertain  the  depth  of  (water)  in  a  ship's 
hold  by  lowering  a  sounding-rod  into  the  pump- 
well.— -6.  To  make  a  sounding  with,  or  carry 
down  in  sounding,  as  a  whale  the  tow-line  of  a 
boat.-  TO  sound  a  line,  to  sound  all  lines,  see  line*. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  use  the  line  and  lead  in 
searching  the  depth  of  water. 

I  soumde,  as  a  schyppe  man  toumdetlt  in  the  see  with  his 
plummet  to  knowe  the  deppeth  of  the  see.  Je  pilote. 

Palsgrave,  p.  726. 

Theshipnien  .  .  .  rounded,  and  found  It  twenty  fathoms. 

Acts  xxvii.  27,  28. 

2.  To  penetrate  to  the  bottom;  reach  the  depth. 

For  certes,  lord,  so  sore  hath  she  me  wounded 
That  stood  in  Make,  with  lokynge  of  hire  eighen, 
That  to  rnyn  hertis  botme  it  is  ysmmded. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  II.  635. 

3.  To  descend  to  the  bottom ;  dive :  said  of  fish 
and  other  marine  animals.    When  a  sperm-whale 
sounds,  the  fore  parts  arc  lifted  a  little  out  of  water,  a 
strong  spout  is  given,  the  nose  is  dipped,  the  back  and 
small  are  rounded  up,  the  body  bends  on  a  cross-axis,  the 
flukes  are  thrown  up  20  or  SO  feet,  and  the  whale  goes 
straight  down  head  first,  in  less  than  its  own  length  of 
water. 

sound*  (sound),  n.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  sonde  =  Sw. 
sond,  <  F.  sonde,  a  probe,  a  sounding-lead,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  sonda,  a  sound;  from  the  verb:  see  sound*, 
fl.J  In  surg.,  any  elongated  instrument,  usual- 
ly metallic,  by  which  cavities  of  the  body  are 
sounded  or  explored;  a  probe;  specifically, 
an  instrument  used  for  exploring  or  dilating 
the  urethra,  or  for  searching  the  bladder  for 
stone. 

sound5  (sound),  w.  [<  ME.  sownde  (with  ex- 
crescent d),  gown,  sown,  sowne,  son,  <  OF.  soun, 
son,  sun,  F.  son  =  Pr.  son,  so  =  Sp.  son  =  Pg. 
som  =  It.  suono  =  Icel.  sonn,  a  sound,  <  L.  so- 
nus,  a  sound;  cf.  Skt.  svana,  sound,  ^  svan, 
sound.  Cf.  sound&,  v,t  an(j  gee  assonant,  con- 
sonant, dissonant,  resonant,  person,  parson,  re- 
sound, sonata,  sonnet,  sonorous,  sonant,  uni- 
son, etc.]  1.  The  sensation  produced  through 
the  ear,  or  organ  of  hearing;  in  the  physical 
sense,  either  the  vibrations  of  the  sounding- 
body  itself,  or  those  of  the  air  or  other  medium, 
which  are  caused  by  the  sounding-body,  and 
which  immediately  affect  the  ear.  A  musical 
sound,  or  tone,  is  produced  by  a  continued  and  regular  se- 
ries of  vibrations  (or,  in  the  physical  sense,  may  be  said  to 
be  these  vibrations  themselves) ;  while  a  noise  is  caused 
either  by  a  single  impulse,  as  an  electrical  spark,  or  by  a 
series  of  impulses  following  at  irregular  intervals.  A 
sounding-body  is  a  body  which  is  in  such  a  state  of  vi- 
bration as  to  produce  a  sound  (see  vibration).  Thus,  a 
tuning-fork,  a  bell,  or  a  piano-string,  if  struck,  will,  in 
consequence  of  its  elasticity,  continue  to  vibrate  for 
some  time,  producing,  in  the  proper  medium,  a  sound ; 
similarly,  the  column  of  air  in  an  organ-pipe  becomes 
a  sounding-body  when  a  current  of  air  is  continually 
forced  through  the  mouthpiece  past  the  lip :  again,  an 
inelastic  body,  as  a  card,  may  become  a  sounding  body 
If  It  receives  a  series  of  blows  at  regular  intervals  and 
in  sufficiently  rapid  succession,  as  from  the  teeth  of  a 
revolving  cog-wheel.  The  vibrations  of  the  sounding- 
body  are  conveyed  to  the  ear  by  the  intervening  medium, 
which  is  usually  the  air,  but  may  be  any  other  gas,  a  liquid 
(as  water),  or  an  elastic  solid.  The  presence  of  such  a 
medium  is  essential,  for  sound  is  not  propagated  in  a  vac- 
uum. The  vibrations  of  the  sounding-body,  as  a  tuning- 
fork,  produce  In  the  medium  a  series  of  waves  (see  wave) 
of  condensation  and  rarefaction,  which  are  propagated  in 
all  directions  with  a  velocity  depending  upon  the  nature 
of  the  medium  and  its  temperature  —  for  example,  the 
velocity  of  sound  In  air  is  about  1,090  feet  per  second  at 
32°  F.  (0°C.)i  and  increases  slightly  as  the  temperature  rises ; 
in  other  gases  the  velocity  varies  inversely  as  the  square 
root  of  the  density  ;  it  is  consequently  nearly  four  times 
as  great  in  hydrogen.  In  liquids  the  velocity  is  greater 
than  in  air— for  water,  somewhat  more  than  four  tunes 
as  great.  In  solids  the  velocity  varies  very  widely,  being 
relatively  small  in  inelastic  substances  like  wax  and  lead!, 
and  very  great  (two  to  three  miles  per  second)  In  wood 
and  steel.  Sound-waves  may  differ  (1)  in  their  wave- 
length —  that  is,  in  the  number  of  vibrations  per  second ; 
(2)  in  the  amplitude  of  the  motion  of  the  particles  forming 
them ;  and  (3)  In  their  form,  as  to  whether  they  are  sim- 
ple, and  consist  of  a  single  series  of  pendulum-like  vibra- 
tions, or  are  compound,  and  formed  of  several  such  series 
superimposed  upon  each  other.  Corresponding  to  these 
differences  in  the  sound-waves,  the  sounds  perceived  by 
the  ear  differ  In  three  ways :  (1)  They  differ  In  pitch.  If 
the  sound-waves  are  long  and  the  number  of  vibrations 
few  per  second,  the  pitch  is  said  to  be  low  and  the  sound 
is  called  yrare ;  as  the  number  of  vibrations  increases,  the 
pitch  is  said  to  rise  and  the  sound  to  be  higher;  If  the 
number  of  vibrations  is  very  great  and  the  length  of  the 
waves  correspondingly  small,  the  sound  becomes  shrill 
and  piercing.  It  is  found  that  the  vibrations  must  be  as 
numerous  as  24  per  second  in  order  that  the  ear  may  be 
able  to  unite  them  as  a  continuous  sound.  Similarly,  if 
the  vibrations  exceed  30,000  to  40,000  per  second,  they 


sound 

cease  to  jinxliire  an>  s.  M^L! ion  II|M>II  the  ear.  c2>  Sound* 
differ  III  inlrnnli/  or  luudness.  ITimarily  the  intensity  of 
the  sound  depenils  upon  the  amplitude  of  the  vibrations; 
it  diminish^  with  the  square  of  tin-  ilintam-e  from  the 

* rdlnc-bodjr ;  it  also  diminishes  as  the  density  of  the  air 

or  other  nie.linni  decreases,  ami  is  increased  by  the  prox- 
imlly  of  a  sonorous  body  whieh  e:m  vil.Kit.  in  uni-.-n  with 
it  (3)  Hounds  dlller  in  •/""'''/' or  /,,„',/-,,  thai  |>M|.erty  by 
which  we  liistiiiKuiHh  between  the  same  tone  as  sounded 
upon  two  different  musical  Instruments,  as  a  piano  and  a 
violin.  Thisdilference  indue tu  the  fact  that  a  note  produced 
by  a  inimical  Instrument  is  in  general  a  compound  note. 
consisting  of  the  fundament:*!  note,  Hi. -piteh  of  which  the 
ear  perceives,  and  with  it  a  number  of  blither  notes  of  small 
Intensity  whose  vibrations  as  compared  with  the  funda- 
mental note  are  usually  as  the  numbers  -1,  3,  4,  5,  8,  etc. 
These  upper  notes,  harmonics  or  over- tones  (see  ham 
blend  with  the  fundamental  note,  and  upon  their  num- 
ber and  relative  Intensity,  consequently,  the  resultant 
combined  effect  upon  the  ear,  or  the  quality  of  (he  note, 
depends.  Sound  waves  may,  like  light-waves,  be  reflected 
from  an  opposing  surface  (see  rejection,  echo,  resonance) ; 
they  may  he  refracted,  or  suffer  a  change  of  direction,  In 
passing  from  one  medium  to  another  of  different  density ; 
they  may  suffer  diffraction;  and  they  may  also  suffer  Inter- 
ference, giving  rise  to  the  pulsations  of  sounds  called  beats. 
See  ten«l,  7. 

2.  A  particular  quality  or  character  of  tone, 
producing  a  certain  effect  on  the  hearer,  or 
suggesting  a  particular  cause;  tone;  note:  as, 
a  joyful  sound;  a  sound  of  woe. 

There  is  around  of  abundance  of  rain.      1  KL  xviil.  41. 

Dmuj.  That 's  the  worst  tidings  that  I  hear  of  yet, 
War.  Ay,  by  my  faith,  that  bears  a  frosty  sound. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  Iv.  1.  128. 

The  sound  of  a  sea  without  wind  It  about  them. 

Sirinburne,  Hesperla. 

3.  Vocal  utterance. 

"Tis  not  enough  no  harshness  gives  offence, 
The  round  must  seem  an  echo  to  the  sense. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  366. 

4.  Hearing-distance;  ear-shot. 

Sooner  shall  grass  in  Hyde-park  Circus  grow, 
And  wits  take  lodgings  in  the  sound  of  Bow. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L,  Iv.  118. 

5.  Empty  and  unmeaning  noise. 

A  tale 

Told  by  an  idiot,  full  of  sound  and  fury, 
Signifying  nothing.  Shale.,  Macbeth,  v.  5.  27. 

6.  Same  as  signal,  '.' — Anacamptlc  sounds.   See 
anacamptic.  —  Blood-sounds,   in    auscultation,    anemic 
murmurs.— Bronchial   sound,    the    normal    bronchial 
breathing-sound.— Cardiac  sounds,  the  heart-sounds. 
— Characteristic  sound.    See  characteristic  letter,  un. 
der  characteristic.—  Cogged  breath-sound.   See  breath- 
sound.—  Friction  sound.    See  friction-sound.— Refrac- 
tion of  sound.    See  refraction. — Respiratory  sounds. 
See  respiratory.— To  read  by  sound,  in  teleg.  See  rcadl . 
=  Syn.  1.  Noise,  Sound,  Tone.    Noise  Is  that  effect  upon 
the  ears  which  does  not  convey,  and  Is  not  meant  to  con- 
vey, any  meaning :  as,  the  noise  made  by  a  falling  chim- 
ney ;  street  noises.    Sound  is  a  general  word,  covering  noise 
and  Intelligible  impressions  upon  the  auditory  nerves: 
as,  the  sound  of  cannon,  of  hoofs,  of  a  trumpet,  of  prayer. 
Tone  is  round  regarded  as  having  a  definite  place  on  the 
musical  scale,  or  as  modified  by  feeling  or  physical  affec- 
tions, or  as  being  the  distinctive  quality  of  sound  possess- 
ed by  a  person  or  thing  permanently  or  temporarily :  as, 
his  tones  were  those  of  anger ;  a  piano  of  peculiarly  rich 
tone.    For  technical  distinctions,  see  def.  1  above,  noise, 
and  tone. 

sound3  (sound),  f.  [<  ME.  sownden,  souiim. 
sownen,  sunen,  <  OF.  suner,  sorter,  F.  sonner  = 
Pr.  Sp.  sonar  =  Pg.  soar  =  It.  sonare  (=  Icel. 
sona),  <  L.  sonare,  sound,  <  sonus,  a  sound:  see 
sound6,  n.']  I.  intrant.  1.  To  produce  vibra- 
tions affecting  the  ear;  cause  the  sensation  of 
sound ;  make  a  noise ;  produce  a  sound ;  also, 
to  strike  the  organs  of  hearing  with  a  particular 
effect;  produce  a  specified  audible  effect:  as, 
the  wind  sounds  melancholy. 

Ther  herde  I  pleyen  on  an  harpe. 
That  souned  bothe  wel  and  sharpe, 
Orpheus  ful  craftely. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1202. 
O  earth,  that  soundest  hollow  under  me. 

Tennyson,  Coining  of  Arthur. 

2.  To  cause  something  (as  an  instrument)  to 
sound ;  make  music. 

The  singers  sang,  and  the  trumpeters  sounded. 

2  Chron.  xxix.  28. 

3.  To  seem  or  appear  when  uttered;  appear 
on  narration:  as,  a  statement  that  sounds  like 
a  fiction. 

How  oddly  will  it  round  that  I 
Must  ask  my  child  forgiveness  ! 

Shak.,  Tempest,  T.  1.  197. 
All  this  is  mine  but  till  I  die; 
I  can't  but  think  'twould  sound  more  clever 
To  me  and  to  my  heirs  for  ever. 

Pope,  Imlt.  of  Horace,  II.  vi.  11. 
Your  father  never  dropped  a  syllable  which  should 
round  toward  the  asking  me  to  assist  him  in  his  adversity. 
Godwin,  Fleetwood,  xlx. 

4.  To  be  conveyed  in  sound ;  be  spread  or  pub- 
lished. 

From  you  sounded  out  the  word  of  the  Lord. 

1  The*.  L  8. 


sound 

5.  To  tend;  incline.     [Now  rare.] 

Alle  hire  worries  moore  and  lease, 
fiwrtimiye  in  vertu.  and  in  gentilesse. 

Chaucer,  Physician  s  Tale,  1.  64. 

Seyng  any  thyng  sovmjng  to  treson.^  ^^  ^  ^ 
JU1  sueh  thingis  as  souW  wyth  or  a.yenst  ^common 

6f.  To  resound. 

The  shippes  hereupon  discharge  their  Ordinance,  ..  . 
insomuch  that  the  tops  of  the  hilles  sounded  therewith. 

HiMuyt's  Voyages,  I.  245. 

To  sound  in  damages,  in  law,  to  have  as  its  object  the 
recovery  of  damages :  said  of  an  action  brought,  not  for 
the  recovery  of  a  specific  thing,  as  replevin  or  an  action 
of  debt,  but  for  damages  only,  as  for  trespass,  etc. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  produce  sound ;  set 
in  audible  vibration. 

A  baireenipe  wel  coude  he  blowe  and  somte. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  565. 

I  have  sounded  the  very  base-string  of  humility. 

Shale.,  1  Hen,  IV.,  li.  4.  6. 

2.  To  utter  audibly;    pronounce;   hence,  to 
speak;  express;  repeat. 

But  now  to  yow  rehersen  al  his  speche, 
Or  al  his  woful  worries  for  to  somte. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  ii.  573. 

Then  I,  as  one  that  am  the  tongue  of  these, 
To  sound  the  purposes  of  all  their  hearts. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2.  48. 
The  Arab  by  his  desert  well 
.  .  .  hears  his  single  camel's  bell 
Sound  welcome  to  his  regal  quarters. 

Whittier,  The  Haschlsh. 

3.  To  order  or  direct  by  a  sound;  give  a  sig- 
nal for  by  a  certain  sound:  as,  to  sound  a  re- 
treat. 

To  sun  ml  a  parley  to  his  heartless  foe. 

SAai.,Lucrece,  1.471. 

4.  To  spread  by  sound  or  report;  publish  or 
proclaim ;  celebrate  or  honor  by  sounds. 

Thou  sun,  of  this  great  world  both  eye  and  soul, 
Acknowledge  him  thy  greater ;  sound  his  praise. 

Milton,  P.  L,  v.  171. 
She  loves  aloft  to  sound 
The  Man  for  more  than  Mortal  Deeds  renown'd. 

Congreve,  Pindaric  Odes,  ii. 

5.  To  signify;  import.     [A  Latinism.] 

Hise  resons  he  spak  ful  solempnely, 
Smcnunge  alway  thencrees  of  his  wynnyng. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  276. 
If  you  have  ears  that  will  be  pierced  —  or  eyes 
That  can  be  opened  —  a  heart  thatmaybe  touched  — 
Or  any  part  that  yet  sounds  man  about  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iii.  6. 

The  cause  of  divorce  mentioned  in  the  law  is  translated 
"some  uncleanuess,"  but  in  Hebrew  it  sounds  " naked- 
ness of  aught,  or  any  real  nakedness."  Milton,  Divorce,  i. 

6.  To  examine  by  percussion,  as  a  wall  in  or- 
der to  discover  hollow  places  or  studding;  spe- 
cifically, in  tned.,  to  examine  by  percussion  and 
auscultation,  in  order  to  form  a  diagnosis  by 
means  of  sounds  heard:  as,  to  sound  the  lungs. 

sound8  (sound).  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  con- 
tracted form  of  swound,  swoon. 

soundable  (soun'da-bl),  a.  [<  sound'1  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  sounded. 

soundboard  (sound'bord),  «.  1.  In  musical 
instruments,  a  thin  resonant  plate  of  wood  so 
placed  as  to  enhance  the  power  and  quality  of 
the  tones  by  sympathetic  vibration.  In  the  piano- 
forte it  is  placed  just  under  or  behind  the  strings ;  in  the 
pipe-organ  it  forms  the  top  of  the  wind-chest  in  which 
the  pipes  are  inserted ;  in  the  violin,  guitar,  etc.,  it  is  the 
same  as  the  belly — that  is,  the  front  of  the  body.  Great 
care  is  exercised  in  the  selection  and  treatment  of  the  wood 
for  soundboards,  which  is  either  pine  or  spruce-flr.  Also 
sounding-board.  See  cut  under  harp. 
2.  Same  as  sounding-board,  1.  See  cut  under 
abat-voix.— pedal  soundboard.  Seepedal. 

sound-boarding  (sound'bor"ding),m.  In  carp., 
short  boards  which  are  disposed  transversely 
between  the  joists,  or  fixed  in  a  partition  for 
holding  the  substance  called  pugging,  intended 
to  prevent  sound  from  being  transmitted  from 
one  part  of  a  house  to  another. 

sound-body,  sound-box,  sound-chest  (sound'- 
bod"i,  -boks,  -chest),  ».  Same  as  resonance-box. 

sound-bone  (sound'bon),  n.  [<  sound'*  +  bone.] 
The  bone  of  a  fish  lying  close  to  the  sound  or 
air-bladder,  it  is  a  part  of  the  backbone,  consisting 
of  those  vertebra  collectively  which  are  ordinarily  cut 
out  in  one  piece  in  splitting  the  fish, 

sound-bow  (sound'bp),  n.  The  thickened  edge 
of  a  bell  against  which  the  clapper  strikes.  In 
stating  the  proportions  of  a  bell,  the  thickness 
of  the  sound-bow  is  usually  taken  as  a  unit. 

sound-deafness  (sound'der'nes),  n.  Deafness 
to  sound  of  every  pitch  or  quality,  as  distin- 
guished from  pitch-deafness  and  timbre-deafness. 
sounder^  (soun'der),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
sownder,  <  ME.  somulre,  <  AS.  sunor,  a  herd.] 
1.  A  herd  of  wild  swine. 


5784 

That  men  calleth  a  trip  of  a  tame  swyn  is  called  of  wylde 
swyn  a  soundre :  that  is  to  say,  jif  ther  be  passyd  v  or  vj 
togedres.  «&  Sodl.  540.  (Ualliwell.) 

How  to  speke  of  the  boore,  the  fyrste  year  he  is 
A  pygge  of  the  sounder  callyd,  as  haue  I  blys ; 
The  secounde  yere  an  hogge,  and  soo  shall  he  be, 
And  an  hoggestere  whan  he  is  of  yeres  thre ; 
And  when  he  is  foure  yere,  a  boor  shall  he  be, 
From  the  sounder  of  the  swyne  thenne  departyth  he. 
Book  of  St.  Alton's  (ed.  1496),  sig.  d.,  i. 

2.  A  young  wild  boar:  an  erroneous  use. 

It  had  so  happened  that  a  sounder  (i.  e. ,  in  the  language 
of  the  period,  a  boar  of  only  two  years  old)  had  crossed 
the  track  of  the  proper  object  of  the  chase. 

Scott,  Quentin  Durward,  ix. 

Such  then  were  the  pigs  of  Devon,  not  to  be  compared 
with  the  true  wild  descendant,  .  .  .  whereof  many  a 
sounder  still  grunted  about  Swinley  down. 

Kingsley,  Westward  Ho,  vm. 

sounder2  (soun'der),  K.  [<  sound*  +  -e>^.]  A 
sounding-machine — Flying  sounder,  an  apparatus, 
devised  by  Thomson,  for  obtaining  deep-sea  soundings,  at 
a  moderate  depth,  without  rounding  to  or  reducing  speed. 
With  this  sounding-machine  a  sounding  was  made  at  a 
depth  of  130  fathoms  while  the  steamer  was  moving  at  the 
rate  of  16  knots  an  hour. 

sounder3  (soun'der),  n.  [<  sound5  +  -ei*.] 
That  which  sounds ;  specifically,  in  teleq.,  a  re- 
ceiving instrument  in  the  use  of  which  the  mes- 
sage is  read  by  the  sound  produced  by  the  arma- 
ture of  the  electromagnet  in  playing  back  and 
forth  between  its  stops. 

sound-figures  (sound'fig"urz),  n.  pi.  Chladni's 
figures.  See  nodal  lines,  under  nodal. 

sound-hole  (sound'hol),  n.  In  musical  instru- 
ments of  the  viol  and  lute  classes,  an  opening 
in  the  belly  or  soundboard,  so  shaped  and 
placed  as  to  increase  its  elasticity  and  thus  its 
capacity  for  sympathetic  vibration.  In  the  mod- 
ern violin  and  similar  instruments  there  are  two  sound- 
holes,  placed  on  each  side  of  the  bridge  ;  they  are  usually 
called  the  f-holes,  from  their  shape. 

sounding1  (soun'ding),  n.  [<  ME.  soundynge, 
sowndyng,sowninge;  verbal  n.  of  sound*,  v.]  1. 
The  act  or  process  of  measuring  the  depth  of 
anything ;  exploration,  as  with  a  plummet  and 
line,  or  a  sound. — 2.  The  descent  of  a  whale 
or  of  a  fish  to  the  bottom  after  being  harpooned 
or  hooked. —  3.  pi.  The  depth  of  water  in  riv- 
ers, harbors,  along  shores,  and  even  in  the 
open  seas,  which  is  ascertained  in  the  opera- 
tion of  sounding.  The  term  is  also  used  to  signify  any 
place  or  part  of  the  ocean  where  a  deep  sounding-line  will 
reach  the  bottom ;  also,  the  kind  of  ground  or  bottom 
where  the  line  reaches.  Soundings  on  English  and  Ameri- 
can charts  are  expressed  in  fathoms,  except  in  some  har- 
bor-charts where  they  are  in  feet.  See  deep-sea. — In  or 
on  soundings,  (a)  So  near  the  land  that  a  deep-sea 
lead  will  reach  the  bottom.  (6)  In  comparatively  shoal 
water :  said  of  a  whale  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  Bering  Sea, 
Sea  of  Okhotsk,  or  in  bays,  lagoons,  etc.,  whose  depths 
may  be  readily  fathomed. — To  get  on  or  off  soundings,  to 
get  into  or  beyond  water  where  the  bottom  can  be  touched 
by  sounding ;  figuratively,  to  enter  into  a  subject  or  topic 
which  one  is  or  is  not  competent  to  discuss. —  To  strike 
soundings,  to  find  bottom  with  the  deep-sea  lead. 

sounding2  (soun'ding),  ».  [<  ME.  soundyng; 
verbal  n.  of  sound5,  v.]  The  act  of  producing 
a  sound  or  a  noise ;  also,  a  sound  or  a  noise  pro- 
duced; specificallv,  in  music,  compare  sound5, 
v.  i.,  2. 

Musicians  have  no  gold  for  sounding. 

Shalt.,  R.andJ.,iv.  5. 143. 

The  Stage. 
After  the  second  sounding  [of  the  musicj. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  Ind. 

sounding2  (soun'ding),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  sound5, 
v.]  1.  Causing  or  producing  sound;  sono- 
rous; resounding;  making  a  noise. 

Ay  me !  whilst  thee  the  shores  and  sounding  seas 
Wash  far  away.  Milton,  Lycidas,  1. 154. 

2.  Having  a  magnificent  or  lofty  sound;  hence, 
bombastic:  as,  mere  sounding  phrases. 

Keep  to  your  subject  close  in  all  you  say ; 
Nor  for  a  sounding  sentence  ever  stray. 
Dryden  and  Soames,  tr.  of  Boileau's  Art  of  Poetry,  i.  182. 

SOUnding-board  (soun'ding-bord),  n.  1.  A 
canopy  over  a  pulpit,  etc.,  to  direct  the  sound 
of  a  speaker's  voice  toward  the  audience.  See 
abat-voix.  Also  soundboard. 

Since  pulpits  fail,  and  sounding-boards  reflect 
Most  part  an  empty,  ineffectual  sound. 

Cowper,  Task,  iii.  21. 

2.  In  building,  a  board  used  in  the  deafening  of 
floors,  partitions,  etc.     See  sound-boarding. — 

3.  Same  as  soundboard,  1. 
SOUnding-bottle  (soun'ding-bot'l),  n.    A  vessel 

for  raising  water  from  a  great  depth  for  exam- 
ination and  analysis.  It  is  generally  made  of  wood, 
and  has  valves  opening  upward  in  the  top  and  bottom.  It 
is  fixed  on  the  sounding-line  over  the  lead,  so  that  the 
water  passes  through  it  as  the  line  descends ;  but  when  it 
is  drawn  up  the  force  of  gravity  closes  the  valves,  thus  re- 


soup 

taining  the  contents.    It  often  contains  a  thermometer 

for  showing  the  temperature  below  the  surface, 
sounding-lead  (soun'ding-led),  n.     The  weight 

used  at  the  end  of  a  sounding-line. 
sounding-line   (soun'ding-lin),  n.    A  line  for 

trying  the  depth  of  water. 
sounding-machine  (soun'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  A 

device  for  taking  deep-sea  soundings.     See 


sounding-post  (soun 'ding-post),  n.  Same  as 
sound-post. 

sounding-rod  (soun'ding-rod),  H.  A  graduated 
rod  or  piece  of  iron  used  to  ascertain  the  depth 
of  water  in  a  ship's  pump-well,  and  conse- 
quently in  the  hold. 

soundismant,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
sandesni/ni. 

Then  sent  were  there  sone  goundismen  two 
To  Priam,  the  prise  kyng,  purpos  to  hold. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  8866. 

soundless1  (sound'les),  a.  [<  sound*  +  -less.] 
Incapable  of  being  sounded  or  fathomed ;  un- 
fathomable. 

He  upon  your  soundless  deep  doth  ride. 

Shale.,  Sonnets,  Ixxx. 

soundless2  (sound'les),  a.  [<  sound5  +  -less.] 
Having  no  sound;  noiseless;  silent;  dumb. 

Cos.  For  your  words,  they  rob  the  Hybla  bees, 
And  leave  them  honeyless.  .  .  . 

Bnt.  O  yes,  and  soundless  too ; 
For  you  have  stol'n  their  buzzing,  Antony. 

Shak.,  3.  C.,  v.  1.  86. 

sound-line  (souud'lin),  n.  The  tow-line  car- 
ried down  by  a  whale  when  sounding. 

soundly  (sound'li),  adv.  [<  sound1  +  -fy2.]  In 
a  sound  manner,  in  any  sense  of  the  word  sound. 

soundness  (sound'nes),  n.  [<  sound1  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  sound,  in  any  sense.  =Syn.  See 
soundl,  a. 

sound-post  (sound 'post),  n.  In  musical  in- 
struments of  the  viol  class,  a  small  cylindrical 
wooden  prop  orpillarwhich  is  inserted  between 
the  belly  and  the  back,  nearly  under  the  treble 
foot  of  the  bridge.  Its  purpose  is  to  prevent  the 
crushing  of  the  belly  by  the  tension  of  the  strings,  and  to 
transmit  the  vibrations  of  the  belly  to  the  back.  Its  mate- 
rial, shape,  and  position  are  of  great  importance  in  deter- 
mining the  quality  and  power  of  the  tone.  It  is  some- 
times called  the  instrument's  soul  or  voice.  Also  sounding- 
post. 

sound-proof  (sound'prof),  a.  Impervious  to 
sound;  preventing  the  entrance  of  sounds. 

It  [silicate  of  cotton]  is  of  great  efficiency  as  a  stuffing 
for  sound-proof  walls  and  flooring.        Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  293. 

sound-radiometer  (sound'ra-di-om*'e-ter),  n. 
An  apparatus  devised  by  Dvorak  to  show  the 
mechanical  effect  of  sound-waves,  it  consists  of 
a  light  cross  of  wood  pivoted  with  a  glass  cap  upon  a  ver- 
tical needle,  and  carrying  four  pieces  of  card  perforated 
with  a  number  of  holes,  raised  on  one  side  and  depressed 
on  the  other  like  those  of  a  nutmeg-grater.  The  cross- 
vanes  rotate  rapidly  when  placed  before  the  resonance- 
box  of  a  loud-sounding  tuning-fork. 

sound-register  (sound'rej"is-ter),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus for  collecting  and  recording  tones  of 
the  singing  voice  or  of  a  musical  instrument. 
It  was  invented  in  Paris  in  1858. 

sound-shadow  (sound'shad'6),  n.  The  inter- 
ception of  a  sound  by  some  large  object,  as  a 
building.  It  is  analogous  to  a  light-shadow,  but  is  less 
distinct,  since  sound-waves  have  much  greater  length 
than  light-waves. 

For  just  as  a  high  wall,  a  hill,  or  a  railway-cutting  often 
completely  cuts  off  sounds  by  forming  a  sound-shadow. 

Pop.  Sci.  Ho.,  XXXI.  364. 

sound-wave  (sound'way),  n.  A  wave  of  con- 
densation and  rarefaction  by  which  sound  is 
propagated  in  an  elastic  medium,  as  the  air. 
See  sound5  and  wave. 

sonnet,  w.  and  r.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
sound5. 

soup1  (soup),  v.  and  w.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  sup. 

soup2  (sop),  n.  [=  D.  soep  =  MHG.  G.  suppe 
=  Sw.  soppa  =  Dan.  suppe  =  Icel.  supa,  soup; 
<  OF.  (andF.)  soupe,  soup,  broth,  pottage,  sop, 
=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  sopa,  soup;  <  MD.  soppe,  sop, 
a  sop,  broth,  D.  sop,  broth,  =  Icel.  soppa  =  Sw. 
soppa,  a  sop :  see  sop.  Soup%  is  a  doublet  of  sop, 
derived  through  OF.,  while  soupl,  n.,  is  a  na- 
tive variant  of  sup.]  1.  In  cooKery,  originally, 
a  liquor  with  something  soaked  in  it,  as  a  sop 
of  bread;  now,  a  broth;  a  liquid  dish  served 
usually  before  fish  or  meat  at  dinner.  The  basis 
of  most  soups  is  stock ;  to  this  are  added  meat,  vegeta- 
bles, vermicelli,  herbs,  wine,  seasoning,  or  whatever  is 
chosen:  as,  cream  soup;  tomato  soup;  turtle  soup.  See 
julienne,  purie,  soup-maigre. 

Between  each  act  the  trembling  salvers  ring, 
From  soup  to  sweet- wine. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iv.  162. 


soup 


2.  A  kind  of  picnic  in  which  a  great  pot  of  soup 
is  the  principal  feature.    Compare  the  like  use 


parts 


•''  from 


SOUp'<t,  c.     An  obsolete  form  of  «,„,,,  ,„,.„„., 
SOUpQon  (sop-son'),  „.     [F.,  a  suspicion-  see 
"^own-J     A  suspicion;  hence,  a  very  small 
-ity;  a  taste:  as,  water  with  a  .«,„}»„„  ,,f 

--.•  —  .,  —     A  Middle  English  form  of  HIIIIIH  /• 
spuper-  (so'per),  //.     [<  soup?  +  -eri.]    In  Ire' 
land,  a  name  applied  in  derision  to  a  Protes- 
mt  missionary  or  a  convert  from  Roman  Ca- 
tholicism, from  the  fact  that  the  missionaries 
are  said  to  assist  their  work  by  distributing  soup 
to  their  converts.     Imp.  Diet. 
spup-kitchen  (sOp'ktoh'ea),  «.    A  public  es- 
)lishmeut,  supported  by  voluntary  contribu- 

to  the  poor, 
S.w?k1'  "'    A  dialectal  (Sc°tch)  contraction  of 

souple2,  a.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 
supple. 

spuple-*  (so'pl),  a.  Noting  raw  silk  which  has 
been  deprived,  to  a  certain  extent,  of  its  ex- 
ternal covering,  the  silk-glue.  This  is  done  by 
treating  the  silk  with  tartar  and  some  sulphuric 
acid  heated  nearly  to  boiling. 

soup-maigre  (sop'ma'ger),  ».  A  thin  soup 
made  chiefly  from  vegetables  or  fish,  originally 
intended  to  be  eaten  on  fast-days,  when  flesh 
meat  is  not  allowed. 

Spup-meat  (sop'met),  «.  Meat  specially  used 
for  soup. 

soup-plate  (sop'plat),  H.  A  rather  large  deep 
plate  used  for  serving  soup. 

soup-ticket  (sop'tik'et),  «.  A  ticket  authoriz- 
ing the  holder  to  receive  soup  at  a  soup-kitchen 

spupy  (so'pi),  a.  [<  soup*  +  -yl.]  tike  soup; 
having  the  consistence,  appearance,  or  color  of 
soup.  [Colloq.] 

h"  ?£e  "!iad  "  very  thick  fo«'"  said  Tom-  "directly  after 
the  thunder-storm  —  a  soupy  fog." 

Jean  Ingelow,  Off  the  Skelligs,  xiv. 
SOUr  (sour),  a,  and  «.  [<  ME.  sour,  soure, 
sowre,  sur,  <  AS.  sur  =  MD.  suur,  D.  zmir  = 
MLG.  sur  =  OHG.  MHG.  sur,  G.  sauer  =  Icel. 
surr  =  Sw.  Dan.  sur  (cf.  F.  sur,  sour,  <  LG. 
or  HG.:  see  sorrefl),  sour;  cf.  W.  sur,  sour; 
Lith.  surus,  salt.  Root  unknown.]  I.  a.  1. 
Having  an  acid  taste ;  sharp  to  the  taste ;  tart; 
acid;  specifically,  acid  in  consequence  of  fer- 
mentation ;  fermented,  and  thus  spoiled :  as, 
.sour  bread;  sour  milk. 

The  mellow  plum  doth  fall,  the  green  sticks  fast. 

Or,  being  early  pluck'd,  is  sour  to  taste. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  528. 
2.  Harsh  of  temper;  crabbed;  peevish;  aus- 
tere ;  morose :  as,  a  man  of  a  sour  temper. 

One  is  so  sour,  so  crabbed,  and  so  unpleasant  that  he 
can  away  with  no  mirth  or  sport. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia,  Ded.  to  Peter  Giles,  p.  12. 
Lofty,  and  sour  to  them  that  lov'd  him  not  • 
But  to  those  men  that  sought  him  sweet  as  summer 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2.63. 


5788 

An  other  parable  Jhcsus  spac  t<i  hem,  The  kyngdam  of 
lie  to  soure  dowj,  the  whiche  taken,  a  womniim 
hidde  in  three  mesuns  ,,f  mec!e,  til  it  were  al  sownl,,,,  i,i 

WydiJ,  Mat.  xlli.  XI. 
'/»•'. -Sour lime.   SnUa 

f  Seville  .ir  bitter  orange.     See.  or,,,,./,  I 

amin,  stomach,  etc.    See  the  n 
"o~  TJT.          Oieeitia,  l.=Syn.  1.  A. 
-2  and  4.  Cross,  testy,  waspish,  snarling,  cynical. 

ii.  a.  1.  Something tonr  or  aoid:  something 

bitter  or  disagreeable. 

Loth  .        his  men  amoncstes  mete  for  to  ily-jt 
far  wyth  no  sour  ne  no  salt  serucs  hym  ncuer. ' 

Alliterative  Poems  (eo*.  Morris),  ii.  Ha 
The  sweets  we  wish  for  turn  to  loathed  sours 

St.  Dirt;  filth. 
Soory  or  defowlyd  yu  sour  or  fylthe,  Cenosus. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  465. 

3.  An  acid  punch.    [Colloq.]— 4.  In  blend,,,,,, 
and  dyeing:  (a)  A  bath  of  buttermilk  or  sour 
OIK.  or  of  soured  bran  or  rye-flour,  used  by 
primitive  bleachers.  (6)  A  weak  solution  of  sul- 
phuric or  hydrochloric  acid,  used  for  various  pur- 
poses. Compare  «OMn«<7,5._oray  sour   Seesrov 
sour  (sour),  v.     [<  ME.  souren,  son-rat,  <  AS 
surian,  surigan,  become  sour,  =  OHG.  suren, 
itr.   suren,  G.  sauern,  become  sour,  OHG. 
auren,  MHG.  siuren,  G.  sauern,  make  sour,  = 
Sw.  syra,  make  sour;  cf.  Icel.  surna  =  Dan. 
surne,  become  sour;  from  the  adj.:  see  sour,  a.] 

1.  mtrans.  1.  To  become  sour;  become  acid; 
acquire  the  quality  of  tartness  or  pungency  to 
the  taste,  as  by  fermentation :  as,  cider  sours 
rapidly  in  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

His  taste  delicious,  in  digestion  touring. 

Shale.,  Lucrece,  1.  699. 

2.  To  become  peevish,  crabbed,  or  harsh  in 
temper. 

Where  the  soul  sours,  and  gradual  rancour  grows, 
Embitter  d  more  from  peevish  day  to  day. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  17. 

3.  To  become  harsh,  wet,  cold,  or  unkindly  to 
crops:  said  of  soil. 

It.  trans.  1.  To  make  sour;  make  acid;  cause 
to  have  a  sharp  taste,  especially  by  fermenta- 
tion. 
Ase  the  lenayne  zoureth  thet  doj. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  205. 


sons 

I'ri.le,  ill  nature,  and  want  of  sense  are  the  threo  great 

I  m:uiner».  .i.innei-. 

Source  of  a  covariant,  the  leading  tenn  ,,f  a  .,, variant 

from  »hie.h  all  (he  olheis  are  ilr 

spurce  (sors).  r.      [Kiirly  moil.    !•).   i,  1 
<  xaiin-i'.  n.     Hence  souxe-.]     I.  /ntrniia.  1.  To 
as  ;i  hiiwk;   swoop;  in  i>i<wrn\,  to  swoop 
down;  plunge;  sink;  son-..  t.  [Rare.] 

Apollo  to  his  flaming  carre  a<h 
Taking  his  ilayly,  n.  ,,ur»e, 

His  llel-y  li,  ;i,|  in  'I'hetis  Watry  PI 

Ibna  hundred  *ixtj  .>.  in,  ii,,,,.H  doth  source 

i,  p.  US. 

2.  To  spring;  take  rise.     [Rare.] 

They  .  .  .  never  leave  roaring  It  out  with  their  brazen 
home,  as  long  as  they  stay,  of  the  freedomcs  and  Immunl. 
ties  soursing  from  him. 

Xathe,  Lenten  Stuife  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  163).    (Daniel.) 
II.  trans.  To  plunge  down ;  souse.     [Bare.] 
This  little  barke  of  ours  being  sourst  In  cumbersome 
waves,  which  never  tried  the  fomlng  maine  before 

Optic*  Olaue  »/  U umors  (1639),  p.  161.    (.BaUiweU.) 
sour-crout,  n.    See  sauer-kraut. 
sourdt,  v.  i.     [<  OP.  sordre.  murilri;  F.  sourdre, 
<  L.  surgere,  nse :  see  source.  ]     To  rise ;  spring  • 
issue ;  take  its  source. 

The  especes  that  saurden  of  pride,  soothly,  whan  they 
tourden  of  malice,  ymagined,  avlsed,  and  forncast,  orelles 
of  usage,  been  deedly  synnes.         Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 
SOUrdeline  (sor'de-len),    «.      [F.   (f),  dim.  of 
sourdine.']    A  small  variety  of  bagpipe,  or  mu- 


The  tartness  of  his  face  sours  ripe  grapes. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  4.  18. 

2.  To  make  harsh,  crabbed,  morose,  or  bitter 
in  temper;  make  cross  or  discontented;  em- 
bitter; prejudice. 

Tl!iSt?rot.raction '"  able  to  *""" the  best-settled  patience 
ill  tnc  tneatrc. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  Ind. 
My  mind  being  soured  with  his  other  conduct  I  con- 
tinued to  refuse.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  57. 

3.  To  make  harsh,  wet,  cold,  or  unkindly  to 
crops :  said  of  soil. 

Tufts  of  grass  sour  land.  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

4.  In  bleaching,  etc.,  to  treat  with  a  dilute  acid. 
—  5.  To  macerate  and  render  fit  for  plaster  or 
mortar,  as  lime — TO  sour  one's  cheekst,  to  assume 
a  morose  or  sour  expression. 


sette. 

sourdet  (sor'det),  «.     Same  as  sordet. 

sourdine  (sor-den'),  «.  [<  F.  sourdine,  <  It 
sordino,  <  sordo  (=  F.  sourd),  deaf,  muffled, 
mute,  <  L.  surdus,  deaf:  see  *«rd.]  1.  Same 
as  mute1,  3. — 2.  In  the  harmonium,  a  mechan- 
ical stop  whereby  the  supply  of  wind  to  the 
lower  vibrators  is  partially  cut  off,  and  the  play- 
ing of  full  chords  softly  is  facilitated. 

sour-eyed  (sour'id),  a.  Having  a  morose  or 
sullen  look. 

Sour-eyed  disdain  and  discord. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  Iv.  1.  20. 

sour-gourd  (sour'gord),  «.     Same  as  cream-of- 
tartar  tree  (which  see,  under  creaml). 
SOUT-grass  (sour'gras),  «.     See  Paspalum. 
sour-gum  (sour'gum),  n.    The  tupelo  or  pep- 
pendge,  Nysga  sylvatica  (N.  multiflora),  less 
frequently  called  Wack-gum. 
souring  (sour'ing),  w.    [Verbal  n.  of  sour,v.~]    1. 
A  becoming  or  making  sour:  as,  the  souring  of 
bread. — 2.  That  which  makes  sour  or  acid; 
especially,  vinegar.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
A  double  squeeze  of  souring  in  his  aspect 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 


And  now  Adonis,  with  a  lazy  spright,  .  .  . 
Souring  his  cheeks,  cries,  "  Fie,  no  more  of  love  !  " 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  185. 


,     .    .. 

3f.  Afflictive ;  hard  to  bear ;  bitter ;  disagree- 
able to  the  feelings;  distasteful  in  any  man- 
ner. 

Al  though  it  [poverty]  be  soure  to  suflre,  there  cometh 
swete  after.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xi.  250. 

I  know  this  kind  of  writing  is  madness  to  the  world 
foolishness  to  reason,  and  sour  to  the  flesh 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  II.  235. 

4.  Expressing  discontent,  displeasure,  or  pee- 
vishness :  as,  a  sour  word. 

With  matrimouie  cometh  ...  the  eoure  browbendyng 
of  your  wifes  kinsfolkes. 

Udall,  tr.  of  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus,  p.  18. 
I  never  heard  him  make  a  sour  expression,  but  frankly 
confess  that  he  left  the  world  because  he  was  not  fit  for 
Sttele,  Spectator,  No.  2. 

5.  Cold;  wet;  harsh;  unkindly  to  crops :  said 
of  soil. 

The  term  sour  is,  in  Scotland,  usually  applied  to  a  cold 
and  wet  soil,  and  conveys  the  idea  of  viscidity,  which,  in 
some  cases,  is  a  concomitant  of  fermentation. 

Ure,  Hist,  of  Rutherglen,  p.  180.    (Jamiesm.) 

6.  Coarse:  said  of  grass.    Halliwell.     [Prov. 
Eng.]  —Sour  bath.    See  bathi.—  Sour  dock,  the  com- 
mon sorrel,  Rumex  Acetoea;  sometimes,  B.  Aeetosella. 
[Prov.  Eng.j 

Sowre  dolcke  (herbe  .  .  .  ),  idem  quod  sorel. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  466. 

Sour  dough,  leaven  ;  a  fermented  mass  of  dough  left 
from  a  previous  mixing,  and  used  as  a  ferment  to  raise  a 
fresh  batch  of  dough.  [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 


.,  ,  .       . 

SOUr  (sour),  adv.    [<  ME.  «O!«re;  <sour,n.~\    Sour 
ly;  bitterly. 

Thou  shalt  with  this  launcegay 
Abyen  it  ful  soure.      Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  111. 
source  (sors),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  sourse; 

<  ME.  sours,  <  OF.  sorse,  surse,  sorce,  surce, 
later  source  (ML.  sursa),  rise,  beginning,  spring, 
source,  <  sors,  sours,  fern,  sorse,  sourse,  pp.  of 
sordre,  sourdre,  F.  sourdre  =  Pr.  sorner,  sorzir 
=  Sp.  surgir  =  Pg.  sordir,  surdir  =  ft.  sorgere, 

<  L.  surgere,  rise  :  see  surge.    Cf.  sourd.~]    If. 
A  rising  ;  a  rise  ;  a  soaring. 

Therfore,  right  as  an  hauk  up  at  a  emirs 
t'pspringeth  Into  the  eir,  right  so  prayeres 
Of  charitable  and  chaste  bisy  freres 
Maken  hir  sours  to  Ooddes  eres  two. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  230. 
2.  A  spring;  a  f  ountainhead  ;  a  wellhead;  any 
collection  of  water  on  or  under  the  surface  of 
the  ground  in  which  a  stream  originates. 
The  flouds  do  gaspe,  for  dryed  is  theyr  sourse. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  November. 

There  are  some  sources  of  very  fine  water,  which  seem 
to  be  those  of  the  antient  river  Lapithos. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  223. 
Like  torrents  from  a  mountain  source. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters. 

.3.  A  first  cause;  an  origin;  one  who  or  that 
which  originates  or  gives  rise  to  anything. 

Miso,  to  whom  cheerfulness  in  Ithere  was  ever  a  source 
of  envy  in  herself,  took  quickly  mirk  of  his  behaviour. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ill. 


3.  The  wild  apple,  or  crab-apple ;  also,  any  sour 
apple.    [Prov.  Eng.]— 4.  Dough  left  in  the  tub 
after  oat-cakes  are  baked.    Halliwell.     [Prov. 
png.]  —  5.  In  bleaching,  the  process  of  expos- 
ing fibers  or  textures  to  the  action  of  dilute 
acid ;  specifically,  the  exposing  of  goods  which 
have  been  treated  in  a  solution  of  chlorid  of 
lime  to  a  dilute  solution  of  sulphuric  acid,  which, 
by  setting  free  the  chlorin,  whitens  the  cloth, 
and  neutralizes  the  alkalis  with  which  the  cloth 
has  been  impregnated.— 6.  A  process  of  dress- 
ing sealskin.   The  skin  is  scraped  clean,  closely  rolled 
and  laid  away  until  the  hair  starts.     The  hah-  Is  then 
scoured  off,  and  the  bare  hide  is  stretched  to  season, 
souring-vessel  (sour'ing-ves'1'!),  «.    A  vat  of 
oak  wood  in  which  vinegar  is  soured, 
sour-krout,  «.    See  saner-kraut. 
sourly  (sour'H),  adv.     In  a  sour  manner,  in 
any  sense  of  the  word  sour. 
sourness  (sour'nes),  n.    [<  ME.  sowreties,  sowre- 
nessc,  <  AS.  surneg,  <  sur,  sour:  see  sour,  a.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  sour,  in  any  sense. 
=  Syn.  Asperity,  Tartness,  etc.  (see  acrimony)"  morose- 
ness,  peevishness,  petulance,  ill  nature, 
sourock  (so'rok),  w.    [Sc.,  also  sourack,  soorock, 
soorack,  sourrock,  etc.,  sorrel;  cf.  G.  sauracli, 
the  barberry.]      The  common  sorrel,  Rumex 
Acetosa;  also,  the  sheep-sorrel,  R.  Aeetosella. 

Heh,  gudemaii !  but  ye  hae  been  eating  sourrocks  instead 
o1  lang  kail.  Gait,  The  Entail,  L  295.    (Jamieton.) 

SOUTSet,  «.  and  v.     An  old  spelling  of  source. 
sour-sized  (sour'sizd),  a.    See  sized2. 
SOUr-SOp  (sour'sop),  «.     1.  See  Anona. —  2.  A 

cross  or  crabbed  person.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
sour-tree  (sour'tre),  «.    Same  as  sourwood. 
sourwood  (sour'wud),  n.     See  Oxydendrum. 
SOUS  (so;  formerly  sous),  M.      [Formerly  also 

souse,  soicse;  now  sous  as  if  F. ;  <  F.  sou,  pi. 

sous,  a  coin  so  called,  =  It.  soldo,  <  ML.  soli- 

dus,  a  shilling,  sou :  see  soldo,  solidus.]   A  sou. 
They  [wooden  shoes)  are  usually  sold  for  two  Somet, 

which  is  two  pence  farthing.          Coryat,  Crudities,  1. 64. 


sous 

Perhaps  she  met  Friends,  and  brought  Pence  to  thy  House, 
But  thou  shalt  go  Home  without  ever  a  Some. 

Prior,  Down-Hall,  st.  S3. 

souse1  (sous),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  soitce, 
soioce,  sowse;  <  ME.  souse,  sowse,  var.  of  sauce: 
see  sauce,  n.]  1.  Pickle  made  with  salt;  sauce. 

You  have  powder'd  [salted]  me  for  one  year ; 
I  am  in  some,  1  thank  you  ;  thank  your  beauty. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  1. 

2.  Something  kept  or  steeped  in  pickle  ;  espe- 
cially, the  head,  ears,  and  feet  of  swine  pickled. 

And  he  that  can  rear  up  a  pig  in  his  house 
Hath  cheaper  his  bacon,  and  sweeter  his  some. 

Turner,  January's  Husbandry,  st.  2. 

I  know  she'l  send  me  for  'em  [ballads], 
In  Puddings,  Bacon,  Sowse,  and  Pot-Butter, 
Enough  to  keepe  my  chamber  all  this  winter. 

Brome,  Antipodes,  iii.  5. 

3.  The  ear:  in  contempt.     [Now  provincial  or 
vulgar.] 

With  souse  erect)  or  pendent,  winks,  or  haws  ? 
Sniveling  ?  or  the  extention  of  the  jaws  ? 

Fletcher,  Poems,  p.  203.    (HaUiweU.) 

souse1  (sous),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  soused,  ppr. 
sousing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  souce;  <  ME.  sow- 
cen,  soiesen;  a  var.  of  sauce,  v.  Cf.  souse1,  n.] 

1.  To  steep  in  pickle. 

Thci  sleen  hem  alle,  and  kutten  of  hire  Eres,  and  sow- 
ten  hem  in  Vynegre,  and  there  of  the!  maken  gret  servyse 
for  Lordes.  Maitdeville,  Travels,  p.  261. 

Brawn  was  a  Roman  dish.  ...  Its  sauce  then  was  mus- 
tard and  honey,  before  thefrequent  use  of  sugar;  nor  were 
soused  hogs-feet,  cheeks,  and  ears  unknown  to  those  ages. 
W.  King,  Art  of  Cookery,  letter  ix. 

2.  To  plunge  (into  water  or  other  liquid);  cov- 
er or  drench  (with  liquid). 

When  I  like  thee,  may  I  be  sous'd  over  Head  and  Ears 
in  a  Horse-pond.  Steele,  Tender  Husband,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  pour  or  dash,  as  water. 

"Can  you  drink  a  drop  out  o'  your  hand,  sir?"  said 
Adam.  .  .  .  "No,"  said  Arthur;  "dip  my  cravat  in  and 
souse  it  on  my  head."  The  water  seemed  to  do  him  some 
good.  George  Eliot,  Adam  Bede,  xxviii. 

Soused  mackerel    See  mackerel'. 
souse2  (sous),  v. ;   pret.  and  pp.  soused,  ppr. 
sousing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  souce,  sowce,  souse; 
a  var.  (appar.  by  confusion  with  sousel,  ».)  of 
source,  v.    Cf.  souse'2,  n.]     I.  intrans.  1.  To 
swoop;  rush  with  violence;  descend  with  speed 
or  headlong,  as  a  hawk  on  its  prey. 
Till,  sadly  souring  on  the  sandy  shore, 
He  tombled  on  an  heape,  and  wallowd  in  his  gore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iv.  16. 
Spread  thy  broad  wing,  and  souse  on  all  the  kind. 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  15. 

2.  To  strike. 

He  stroke,  he  must,  he  foynd,  he  hewd,  he  lasht. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iii.  25. 

3.  To  be  diligent,     ffalliwetl.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
II.  trans.  To  strike  with  sudden  violence,  as 

a  bird  strikes  its  prey;  pounce  upon. 

The  gallant  monarch  is  in  arms, 
And  like  an  eagle  o'er  his  aery  towers, 
To  souse  annoyance  that  comes  near  his  nest. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 160. 

souse2  (sous),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sowce, 
sowse;  <  souse2,  v.,  but  in  def.  1  perhaps  in  part 
a  var.  of  source,  n.  (in  def.  1):  see  source.']  1. 
A  pouncing  down ;  a  stoop  or  swoop ;  a  swift 
or  precipitate  descent,  especially  for  attack: 
as,  the  souse  of  a  hawk  upon  its  prey. 

As  a  faulcon  fayre, 

That  once  hath  failed  of  her  souse  full  neare, 
Remounts  againe  into  the  open  ayre, 
And  unto  better  fortune  doth  her  selfe  prepayre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  36. 
So,  well  cast  off;  aloft,  aloft,  well  flowne. 
0  now  she  takes  her  at  the  sowse,  and  strikes  her 
Downe  to  the  earth,  like  a  swift  thunder-clap 
Beywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness  (Works,  II.  98). 

2.  A  blow;  a  thump. 

Who  with  few  sowces  of  his  yron  flale 
Dispersed  all  their  troupe  incontinent. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iv.  24. 
I'll  hang  the  villain, 
And  'twere  for  nothing  but  the  some  he  gave  me 

Middleton  (and  others),  The  Widow,  iv.  2. 

3.  A  dip  or  plunge  in  the  water.     HaMwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

souse2  (sous),  adv.  [An  elliptical  use  of  souse*, 
v.  Of.  sos«2,  adv.']  With  a  sudden  plunge ;  with 
headlong  descent;  with  violent  motion  down- 
ward; less  correctly,  with  sudden  violence  in 
any  direction.  [Colloq.] 

So,  thou  wast  once  in  love.  Trim !  said  my  Uncle  Toby, 

smiling.-Sou*./  replied  the  corporal-overhead  and  ears 

an  please  your  honour.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  viii.  19. 

As  if  the  nailing  of  one  hawk  to  the  barn-door  would 

prevent  the  next  from  coming  down  some  into  the  hen- 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  224. 

SOU8e3t,  »i.     See  sous. 


5786 

SOUSe4  (sous),  «.  [Also  source;  said  to  be  <  F. 
sous,  under  (the  r  of  source  being  then  intru- 
sive): see  sub-.']  In  arch.,  a  support  or  under- 
prop. Gicilt. 

SOUSe-wifet  (sous'wif),  w.  A  woman  who  sells 
or  makes  souse. 

Do  you  think,  master,  to  be  emperor 

With  killing  swine  ?  you  may  be  an  honest  butcher, 

Or  allied  to  a  seemly  family  of  souse-wives. 

Fletcher  (and  another!),  Prophetess,  i.  3. 

soushumber  (sou'shum-ber),  «.  A  woolly  and 
spiny  species  of  nightshade,  Solatium  mum- 
mosum,  of  tropical  America.  It  is  a  noxious 
weed,  bearing  worthless  yellow  inversely  pear- 
shaped  berries.  [West  Indies.] 

souslik  (sos'lik),  n.    Same  as  suslik. 

SOUSOU,  n.     Same  as  siifnt. 

sou'-sou'-southerly,  sou'-southerly  (sou'sou- 
suTH'er-li,  sou'suTH'er-li),  n.  Same  as  south- 
southerly. 

The  swift-flying  long-tailed  duck— the  old  squaw,  or 
sou' -sou' -southerly,  of  the  [Long  Island]  baymen. 

T.  Itoosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  63. 

soustenu,  soutenu  (sos'te-nu,  so'te-nti),  a.  [F. 
soutenu,  pp.  of  soutenir,  sustain,  hold  up:  see 
sustain.']  In  her.,  noting  a  chief  supported,  as 
it  were,  by  a  small  part  of  the  escutcheon  be- 
neath it  of  a  different  color  or  metal  from  the 
chief,  and  reaching,  as  the  chief  does,  from  side 
to  side,  as  if  it  were  a  small  part  of  the  chief, 
of  another  color,  supporting  tne  real  chief. 

soutache  (so-tash'),  »•  [F.]  A  very  narrow 
flat  braid,  made  of  wool,  cotton,  silk,  or  tinsel, 
and  sewed  upon  fabrics  as  a  decoration,  usu- 
ally in  fanciful  designs. 

soutaget,  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  Bagging  for 
hops;  coarse  cloth. 

Take  soutage  or  hater  (that  covers  the  Kelt), 
Set  like  to  a  manger,  and  fastened  well. 

Tuner,  Husbandry,  p.  136.    (Dames.) 

soutane  (so-tan'),  n.  [<  F.  soutane,  OF.  sotane 
=  Sp.  sotana  =  Pg.  sotana,  sotaiiia  =  It.  sot- 
tana,  undershirt,  <  ML.  subtana  (also  subta- 
neum),  an  under-cassock,  <  L.  subtus,  beneath, 
under:  see  sub-.']  Same  as  cassock. 
soutelt,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  subtle. 
soutenu,  a.  See  soustenu. 
souter  (sou'ter;  Sc.  pron.  so'ter),  n.  [Former- 
ly also  sowter,  soutar;  <  ME.  souter,  soutere,  sou- 
tare,  sowter,  <  AS.  sittere  =  Icel.  sutari  =  OHG. 
sutari,  suteeri,  MHO.  sitter  (also  in  comp.  MHG. 
schuoch-siitxr,  Q.  contracted  schuster)  (cf.  Finn. 
situtari  =  Lapp,  sutar,  shoemaker,  <  G.),  shoe- 
maker, <  L.  sutor,  shoemaker,  <  suere,  pp.  sutus, 
sew:  see  sew1.]  A  shoemaker;  a  cobbler.  [Old 
Eug.  and  Scotch.] 

The  devel  made  a  reve  for  to  preche, 
And  of  a  soutere  shipman  or  a  leche. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Reeve's  Tale,  L  50. 
A  conqueror !  a  cobbler!  hang  him  sowter! 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  3. 

souteresst  (sou'ter-es),  n.  [<  ME.  souteresse;  < 
souter  +  -«ss.]  A  woman  who  makes  or  mends 
shoes ;  a  female  cobbler. 

Cesse  the  souteresse  sat  on  the  benche. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  315. 

SOUterly  (sou'ter-li),  a.  [Formerly  also  sowterly; 
<  souter  +  -fyl.]  Like  a  cobbler;  low ;  vulgar. 
[Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

All  smcterly  wax  of  comfort  melting  away,  and  misery 

taking  the  length  of  my  foot,  it  boots  me  not  to  sue  for  life. 

Jlaisinyer,  Virgin-Martyr,  iii.  3. 

SOUterrain  (so-te-ran'),  n.  [F. :  see subterrane.] 
A  grotto  or  cavern  under  ground ;  a  cellar. 

Defences  against  extremities  of  heat,  as  shade,  grottoes 
or  souterrains,  are  necessary  preservatives  of  health. 

Arbuthnot. 

south  (south),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  south,  sowthe, 
sothe,  suth,  n.  (ace.  south  as  adv.),  <  AS.  suth, 
adv.  (orig.  the  ace.  or  dat.  (locative)  of  the  noun 
used  adverbially,  never  otherwise  as  a  noun, 
and  never  as  an  adj.,  the  form  suth  as  an  adj., 
given  in  the  dictionaries,  being  simply  the  adv. 
(suth  or  suthan)  alone  or  in  comp.,  and  the  form 
*sutha,  as  a  noun,  being  due  to  a  misunder- 
standing of  the  adv.  suthan),  to  the  south,  in 
the  south,  south;  in  comp.  suth-,  a  quasi-adj., 
as  in  suth-dsel,  the  southern  region,  the  south, 
etc.  (>  E.  south,  a.) ;  =  OFries.  sud  =  MD.  suyd 
D.  zuid  =  OHG.  sund,  MHG.  sunt,  sud,  G.  siid  = 
Icel.  sudhr,  sunnr  =  Sw.  Dan.  syd,  south ;  as  a 
noun,  in  other  than  adverbial  uses,  developed 
from  the  older  adverbial  uses  (cf.  F.  Sp.  sud  = 
Pg.  sul,  south,  from  the  E.):  (1)  AS.  suth  =  Icel. 
sudhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  syd,  to  the  south,  in  the  south 
south ;  (2)  AS.  suthan  (ME.  suthen,  suthe)  =  MD. 
suyden  =  OLG.  sudhon,  MLG.  suden  =  OHG. 
sundana,  MHG.  sundene,  sunden  =  Icel.  suiman 


south 

=  Sw.  si/den  =  Dan.  nihnli'ii,  adv.,  prop,  'from 
the  south,'  but  also  in  MLG.  OHG.  MHG.  •  in 
the  south';  also  in  comp.,  as  a  quasi-adj.; 
hence  the  noun,  D.  zuideti  =  MLG.  suden  = 
OHG.  sundan,  MHG.  sunden, G.  siul.cn,  the  south ; 
(3)  =  OS.  siithar-  =  OFries.  anther,  stider,  suer  = 
OHG.  fiundar,  MHG.  sunder-  =  Sw.  stider,  adv. 
or  adj.,  south;  OHG.  sundiir,  MHG.  sunder  = 
Icel.  xudhr  (gen.  sudhrs)  =  Sw.  sailer,  n.,  south 
(cf.  also  southern,  southerly,  etc.);  prob.,  with 
formative  -Hi,  from  the  base  of  AS.  suunc,  etc., 
sun:  see  sun1.  For  the  variety  of  forms,  cf. 
north,  flint,  icc.it.]  I.  n.  1.  That  one  of  the 
four  cardinal  points  of  the  compass  which  is 
directly  opposite  to  the  north,  and  is  on  the  left 
when  one  faces  in  the  direction  of  the  setting 
sun  (west).  Abbreviated  S. 

A  2  Myle  from  Betheleem,  toward  the  Sowthe,  is  the 
Chirche  of  Seynt  Karitot,  that  was  Abbot  there. 

MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  74. 

2.  The  region,  tract,  country,  or  locality  lying 
opposite  to  the  north,  or  lying  toward  the  south 
pole  from  some  other  region ;  in  the  broadest 
and  most  general  sense,  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, the  tropics  or  subtropical  regions;  in 
Europe,  the  Mediterranean  region,  often  with 
reference  to  the  African  or  Asiatic  coast. 

The  queen  of  the  south  .  .  .  came  from  the  uttermost 
parts  of  the  earth  to  hear  the  wisdom  of  Solomon. 

Mat.  xii.  42. 

Bright  and  fierce  and  fickle  is  the  Kmitli. 
And  dark  and  true  and  tender  is  the  North. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Specifically — 3.  [cap.]  In  U.  S.  hist,  and  poli- 
tics, the  Southern  States  (which  see,  under 
state). 

"The  fears  that  the  northern  interests  will  prevail  at  all 
times,"  said  Edward  Rutledge,  "  are  ill-founded.  .  .  .  The 
northern  states  are  already  full  of  people ;  the  migrations 
to  the  fulfill  are  immense.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  289. 

4.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the  south. 

Wherefore  do  you  follow  her, 
Like  foggy  south  puffing  with  wind  and  rain? 

Shot.,  As  you  Like  it,  ill.  6.  50. 

The  breath  of  the  south  can  shake  the  little  rings  of  the 
vine.  Jar.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  709. 

5.  Eccles.,  the  side  of  a  church  that  is  on  the 
right  hand  of  one  who  faces  the  altar  or  high 
altar.     See  east,  1,  and  epistle — By  south.    See 
by1.— Solid  South,  the  Southern  States  in  respect  to  their 
almost  uniform  adherence  to  the  Democratic  party  after 
the  reconstruction  period.    [U.  8.]  —  Sons  Of  the  South. 
See  «o?>l. 

II.  a.  1.  Being  in  the  south;  situated  in  the 
south,  or  in  a  southern  direction  from  the  point 
of  observation;  lying  toward  the  south;  pertain- 
ing to  the  south ;  proceeding  from  the  south. 

He  ...  shall  go  out  by  the  way  of  the  smith  gate. 

Ezek.  xlvL  9. 
The  full  «outA-breeze  around  thee  blow. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

2.  Eccles.,  situated  at  or  near  that  side  of  a 
church  which  is  to  the  right  of  one  facing  the 
altar  or  high  altar — South  dial  See  dial.— South 
end  Of  an  altar,  the  end  of  an  altar  at  the  right  hand  of 
a  priest  as  he  stands  facing  the  middle  of  the  altar  from 
the  front :  so  called  because  in  a  church  with  strict  ori- 
entation this  end  is  toward  the  south.— South  pole.  See 
poles,  2  and  7.— South  side  of  an  altar,  that  part  of  the 
front  or  western  side  of  an  altar  which  intervenes  between 
the  middle  and  the  south  end ;  the  epistle  side.— The 
South  Sea,  a  name  formerly  applied  to  the  Pacific  ocean, 
especially  the  southern  portion  of  it :  so  called  as  being 
first  seen  toward  the  south  (from  the  isthmus  of  Darien, 
where  it  was  discovered  by  Balboa  in  1513). 

One  inch  of  delay  more  is  a  South-sea  of  discovery. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2.  207. 

South  Sea.  arrowroot.  See  pias.— South  Sea  bubble 
or  scheme.  See  buWei.—  South  Sea  rose,  the  olean- 
der. [Jamaica.]  — South  Sea  tea.  See  tea. 
south  (south),  adv.  [<  ME.  south,  suth,  <  AS. 
sut h,  adv.,  south:  see  south, «.]  Toward,  to,  or 
at  the  south;  of  winds,  from  the  south. 

And-the  seyd  holy  lond  ys  in  length,  North  and  Suth,  ix 
score  myle.  Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  38. 

Such  fruits  as  you  appoint  for  long  keeping  gather  in  a 
fair  and  dry  day,  and  when  the  wind  bloweth  not  south. 

Bacon. 
The  ill-thief  blaw  the  Heron  smith  ! 

Burns,  To  Dr.  Blacklock. 

[Sometimes  used  with  ellipsis  of  the  following  preposi- 
tion. 

The  chimney 

Is  south  the  chamber.    Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4.  81. 
When  Phoebus  gi'es  a  short-lived  glow'r 

Far  south  the  lift.     Burns,  A  Winter  Night  ] 
Down  south.    See  down?,  adv. 

south  (south),  v.  i.    [<  MM**,  n.  and  ado.]    1.  To 

move  or  veer  toward  the  south. —  2.  In  astron., 
to  cross  the  meridian  of  a  place:  as,  the  moon 
souths  at  nine. 
The  great  full  moon  now  rapidly  southing. 

Jean  Inyelmv,  Fated  to  be  Free,  xxxvii. 


South  African  broom 

South  African  broom.    See 

South  American  apricot.    See 

South  American  glutton.    See  ,/iutt<>n. 

South-Carolinian  (sonth'kar-o-Hn'i-an),  a.  and 
H.  [<  Month  Ciirnlinn  (see  def!)  +  -;'««.]  I.  n. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  State  of  South  Carolina, 
one  of  the  southern  United  States,  lying  south 
of  North  Carolina. 

II.  11.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  State 
of  Soutli  Carolina. 

Southcottian  (south'kot-i-an),  w.  [<  Soutlicott 
(see  def.)  +  -ian.]  One  of  a  religious  body  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  founded  by  Joanna 
Southcott  (died  1814)  in  England.  This  body  ex- 
pected that  its  founder  would  give  birth  to  another  Mes- 
siah. Also  called  Sew  Israelite  and  Sabbatharian. 

Southdown  (south'doun),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of 
or  pertaiuingto  the  South  Downs  in  Hampshire 
and  Sussex,  England:  as,  Southdown  sheep. 

II.  n.  A  noted  English  breed  of  sheep;  a 
sheep  of  this  breed,  or  mutton  of  this  kind. 
See  sheep1, 1. 

southeast  (south'esf),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  sowthe 
eest,  sowthe  est,  suth-est,  <  AS.  siitliedst,  to  the 
southeast,  also  suthedstan,  from  the  southeast 
(=  D.  guicloost  =  G.  siidost  =  Sw.  Dan.  sydost); 
used  as  a  noun  only  as  south,  north,  east,  west 
were  so  used;  <  suth,  south,  +  east,  east:  see 
south  and  east.']  I.  «.  That  point  on  the  hori- 
zon between  south  and  east  which  is  equally 
distant  from  them;  8.  45°  E.,  or  E.  45°  S.,  or, 
less  strictly,  a  point  or  region  intermediate  be- 
tween south  and  east. 

H.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  southeast ;  proceed- 
ing from  or  directed  toward  that  point ;  south- 
eastern. 
Abbreviated  S.  E. 

southeast  (south  est'),  adv.  [See  southeast,  n.~\ 
Toward  or  from  the  southeast. 

The  iiij  gate  of  thys  Temple  ys  with  owt  the  Citye, 
Suthest  towards  the  Mownte  Syon. 

Torkingtan,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  71. 

southeaster  (south'es'ter),  n.  [<  southeast  + 
-er1.]  A  wind,  gale,  or  storm  from  the  south- 
east. 

southeasterly  (south'es'ter-li),  a.  [<  southeast, 
after  easterly,  a.]  Situated  in  or  going  toward  or 
arriving  from  the  southeast,  or  the  general  di- 
rection of  southeast :  as,  a  southeasterly  course ; 
a  southeasterly  wind. 

southeasterly  (south'es'ter-li),  adv.  [<  south- 
easterly, a.]  Toward  or  from  the  southeast,  or 
a  general  southeast  direction. 

southeastern  (south'es'tern),  a.  [<  southeast, 
after  eastern.  The  AS.  "suthedstern  is  not  au- 
thenticated.] Pertaining  to  or  being  in  the 
southeast,  or  in  the  general  direction  of  the 
southeast.  Abbreviated  S.  E. 

southeastward  (south'esf  ward),  adv.  [<  south- 
east +  -ward.]  Toward  the  southeast. 

A  glacial  movement  southeastward  from  the  Sperrin 
mountains  of  Londonderry.  Quart.  Jour.  Oeol.  Soc. 

SOUtheastwardly  (south'est'ward-li),  adv.  [< 
southeastward  +  -?y2.]  Same  as  southeastward. 
[Rare.] 

The  Big  Horn  (here  called  Wind  river)  flows  southeast- 
wardly  to  long.  108°  30',  through  a  narrow  bottom  land. 
Goo.  Report  on  Miss.  River,  1861  (reprinted  1876),  p.  43. 

souther1  (sou'THer),  n.     [<  south  +  -er^.]    A 
wind,  gale,  or  storm  from  the  south. 
souther1  (sou'SHer), ». ».     [<  souther1,  n.]    To 
turn  or  veer  toward  the  south :  said  of  the  wind 
or  a  vane. 
On  chance  of  the  wind  sovthering. 

The  Field,  Sept.  26,  1886.    (Eneyc.  Diet.) 

souther2  (sou'THer),  H.  A  Scotch  form  of  sol- 
der. 

SOUthering(suTH'er-ing),  a.  [<  souther^,  r.,  + 
-ing2.']  Turning  or  turned  toward  the  south ; 
having  a  southern  exposure.  [Rare.] 

The  smdhering  side  of  a  fair  hill. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  201. 

southerland  (suTH'er-land),  n.  [Imitative :  see 
south-southerly.]  Same  as  south-southerly. 

SOUtherliness  (suTH'er-li-nes),  «.  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  southerly. 

southerly  (suTH'er-li),  a.  and  ».  [<  souther(n) 
+  -lyt.  Gt.  southlij.]  I.  a.  1.  Lyingin  the  south 
or  in  a  direction  nearly  south :  as,  a  southerly 
point. —  2.  Proceeding  from  the  south  or  a 
point  nearly  south. 

I  am  but  mad  north-north-west;  when  the  wind  is 
southerly  I  know  a  hawk  from  a  handsaw. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  397. 

II.  H.  Same  as  south-southerly. 
southerly  (suTH'er-li),  ad!'.     [<  southerly,  a.] 
Toward  the  south. 


5787 

But,  more  southerly,  the  Danes  next  year  after  [A.  D.  845] 
met  with  some  stop  in  the  full  course  of  thir  outragious 
insolences.  Miliun,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

SOUthermOSt  (suTil'er-most),  a.  sujicrl.  [<  ximlli- 
cr(n)  +  -most.]  Same  as  8outltfrii»n>xt. 

Towards  the  south  .4.  dayes  tourney  Is  Sequotan,  tin- 
Kouthennoist  part  of  Wingandacoa. 

Quoted  iu  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works   I 

southern  (suTH'ern),  a.  and  H.  [<  MK.  soutli- 
I'l-ni ,  xiiii-tlii-mi-,  xiit/n  m,  sutlicrne,  also,  in  forms 
due  rather  to  the  Icel.,  soulln  run,  xmttlircu,  xntli 
roun,  xiitliriiini  (see  miitliron),  <  AS.  nutlierne  = 
OFries.  suthern,  sudern  =  MLG.  xiatirn  =  Icel. 
.iitillirii'ini  =  OHG.  sundroni,  MHG.  KHH/II'I-H, 
southern ;  <  suth,  south,  +  -erne,  an  obscured 
term,  appearing  most  clearly  in  the  OHG.  form 
-roni  (lilt.  <  rinnan,  run:  see  run1).  Cf.  north- 
ern, eastern,  western.  Doublet  of  southron.]  I. 
a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  south,  or  a  region, 
place,  or  point  which  is  nearer  the  south  than 
some  other  region,  place,  or  point  indicated; 
situated  in  the  south ;  specifically,  in  the  United 
States,  belonging  to  those  States  or  that  part 
of  the  Union  called  the  South  (see  south,  n.,  3). 
Abbreviated  S. 

All  your  northern  castles  yielded  up. 
And  all  your  southern  gentlemen  in  arms. 

Shale.,  Rich.  II.,  ill.  2.  202. 

2.  Directed  or  leading  toward  the  south  or  a 
point  near  it :  as,  to  steer  a  southern  course. — 

3.  Coming  from  the  south;  southerly:  as,  a 
southern  breeze. 

Men's  bodies  are  heavier  and  less  disposed  to  motion 
when  southern  winds  blow  than  when  northern. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  f  381. 

Like  frost-work  touch'd  by  southern  gales. 

Burns,  Lincluden  Abbey. 

Southern  buckthorn.  See  buckthorn  and  Ilumdia. 
Southern  cavy.  See  cany.— Southern  chub.  See 
Micropterus,  1. —  Southern  Confederacy.  Same  as  Con- 
federate States  of  America  (which  see,  under  confederate). 
—  Southern  Cross.  Same  as  Crux,  2.  — Southern 
Crown.  See  Corona  Australia,  under  corono.— South- 
ern fox-grape.  See  grapei,  2,  and  scuppernong.— 
Southern  hemisphere.  See  hemisphere.— Southern 
pine.  See  pinei.— Southern  red  my.  See  My,  i.— 
Southern  States.  See  state. 

H.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  south, 
of  a  southern  country,  or  of  the  southern  part 
of  a  country.  Compare  southron. 

Both  Southern  fierce  and  hardy  Scot. 

Scott,  Lord  of  the  Isles,  vi.  2ti. 

When,  therefore,  these  Southerns  brought  Christianity 
into  the  North,  they  found  existing  there  these  pagan 
sacrificial  unions.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  Ixxiii. 

southern  (suTH'ern),  v.  i.  [<  southern,  a.] 
Same  as  south,  1,  or  souther1.  [Rare.] 

The  wind  having  southerned  somewhat 

The  Field,  Sept.  4, 1886.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

southerner  (suTH'fer-ner),  «.  [<  southern  + 
-er1.]  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  the  south; 
a  southern  or  southron;  specifically,  an  in- 
habitant of  the  southern  United  States. 

The  Southerners  had  every  guaranty  they  could  desire 
that  they  should  not  be  interfered  with  at  home. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  66. 

southernism  (suTH'ern-izm),  n.  [<  southern 
+  -ism.]  A  word  or  form  of  expression  pecu- 
liar to  the  south,  and  specifically  to  the  south- 
ern United  States. 

A  long  list  of  Southernisms  was  mentioned. 

The  American,  VI.  237. 

southernize  (suTH'ern-iz),  r.;  pret.  and  pp. 
southernieed,  ppr.  southernizing.  [<  southern  + 
-ize.]  I.  trans.  To  render  southern ;  imbue 
with  the  characteristics  or  qualities  of  one  who 
or  that  which  is  southern. 

The  southernizing  tendencies  of  the  scribe  are  well- 
known,  from  the  numerous  other  pieces  which  he  has 
written  out;  whilst  the  more  northern  forms  found  must 
be  original,  .  .  .  alliterative  poems  being  generally  in  a 
northern  or  western  dialect. 

Pref.  to  Joseph  of  Arimathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  xi. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  southern,  or  like  that 
which  is  southern. 

southernlinesst  (suTH'ern-li-nes),  w.  The  state 
of  being  southernly. 

SOUthernlyt  (suTH'ern-li),  adv.     [<  southern  + 
-lyV.]    Toward  the  south;  southerly, 
southernmost  (suTH'ern-most),  a.  rnperl.    \ 
southern  +  -most.]    Furthest  toward  the  south. 
Avignon  was  my  southernmost  limit ;  after  which  I  was 
to  turn  round  and  proceed  back  to  England. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  212. 

southernwood  (SUTH 'em -wad),  «.  [<  ME. 
southerne  wode,  sowtherne  woode,  sotherwodt; 
sutherwude,  <  AS.  sutherne  wudu,  sutherne  wude, 
southernwood,  Artemisia  Abrotanum :  see  south- 
ern and  wood1.]  A  shrubby-stemmed  species 
of  wormwood,  Artemisia  Abrotanum,  found  wild 


southward 

in  southern  Europe,  espi-rially  in  Spain,  l>ul  of 
,vli;it  uiieert.-iin  origin.  It  is  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens for  its  lik-UBantly  set-lit*  <1,  thiuh  >  lives. 
Also  called  old  man,  and,  |>IK\  iiirially,  *l',<:tim;>"dt  lad's- 
l"<-<;  '"  I  in  ji;iin-  h;is  been  extended  to  allied 

Her  [Knvy'sl  hood 
Was  1'eacocks  feathers  mixt  with  Smith,  mitood. 

i  r.  of  Du  Bartu's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Lawe. 
Tatarian  southernwood.    Same  as  santonica,  1. 

southing  (•on'raing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  tovtk, 
r.}  1.  Temli  in -y  or  motion  to  the  south. — 2. 
In  itstniii.,  the  transit  of  the  moon  or  a  star 
across  the  meridian  of  a  place. —  3.  In  wur..  the 
difference  of  latitude  made  by  a  ship  in  sailing 
to  the  southward. 

We  had  yet  ten  degrees  more  southing  to  make. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Hast,  p.  8S3. 

southland  (south'land), «.  and  a.  [<  ME.  suth- 
lond;  <  south  +  land.]  I.  n.  A  land  in  the 
south ;  the  south. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  south  or  a  land 
in  the  south. 

SOUthly  (south'li),  adv.     [=  D.  zuidelijk  =  G. 
siidlich  =  Sw.  Dan.  sydlig ;  as  «on/7»  +  -ty2.] 
Toward  the  south ;  southerly, 
southmost  (south'most),  a.  superl.    [<  south  + 
-most.]    Furthest  toward  the  south. 
From  Aroer  to  Nebo.  and  the  wild 
Of  southmost  Abarim.          Milton,  P.  L.,  L  408. 

southness  (south'nes),  w.  [<  south  +  -ness.]  A 
tendency  of  a  magnetic  needle  to  point  toward 
the  south.  [Rare.] 

southron  (suTH'ron),  a.  and  n.  [A  form,  now 
only  provincial,  archaic,  or  affected,  of  south- 
ern :  see  southern.]  I.  a.  Southern.  Specifically— 
(a)  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  southern  Britain ;  English : 
usually  in  dislike  or  contempt.  [Scotch.] 

While  back  recoiling  seem'd  to  reel 

Their  southron  foes.  Burns,  The  Vision,  i. 
(6)  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  southern  United  States. 
[An  affected  use.] 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  a  southern 
country,  or  of  the  southern  part  of  a  country. 
Specifically— (a)  A  native  of  south  Britain  ;  an  English- 
man :  usually  in  dislike  or  contempt.    [Scotch.] 
"Thir  landis  are  mine  ! "  the  Outlaw  said ; 

"I  ken  nae  king  in  Christentie ; 
Frae  Soudron  I  this  foreste  wan. 

When  the  King  nor  his  knightls  were  not  to  see." 
Sang  of  the  Outlaw  Murray  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  26). 
(ft)  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  southern  States  of  the 
American  Union.    [An  affected  use.] 

"Squatter  Sovereignty"  .  .  .  was  regarded  with  special 
loathing  by  many  Southrons. 

U.  Greeley,  Amer.  Conflict,  I.  824. 

southroniet,  «•    [<  southron  +  -ie,  -y3.]    The 
southrons  collectively.     [Scotch.] 
He  says,  yon  forest  is  his  awin ; 

He  wan  it  frae  the  Southronie ; 
Sae  as  he  wan  it,  sae  wfll  he  keep  it, 
Contrair  all  kingis  in  Christentie. 
Sang  of  the  Outlaw  Murray  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  28. 

southsayt,  southsayert.  Old  spellings  of  sooth- 
say, soothsayer. 

SOlith-seeking  (south'se'king),  a.  Moving  or 
turning  toward  the  south,  as  the  south  end  of 
a  magnetic  needle.  See  magnet. 

SOUth-SOUtherly  (south'suTH'tr-li),  «.  [An 
imitative  name;  also  south-south-southerly,  sou'- 
southerly,  sou'-sou'-southerly,  southerly,  souther- 
land,  and  with  fanciful  changes,  as  John  Con- 
nolly, Uncle  Huldy,  my  aunt  Huldy,  etc.]  The 
long-tailed  duck,  Harelda  glacialis:  same  as  old- 
wife,  1 .  The  name,  in  all  its  variations,  seems  to  be  sug- 
gested by  the  limpid  piping  notes  of  the  bird,  almost  to  be 
called  a  song.  On  the  same  account  this  duck  has  been 
called  Anas  cantons,  and  also  placed  in  a  genus  Melonetta. 
See  cuts  under  Harelda  and  oldir\fe. 

southward  (south'ward  or  suTH'iird),  adv.  [< 
ME.  suthu-ard,  southtcard,<.  AS.  suihiceard,  siithe- 
tceard,  also  suthantceard  (=  OFries.  sudtcirth  = 
MLG.  sudewert,  sudetcart  =  Sw.  sydrart),  south- 
ward, <  siith,  south,  +  -tceard,  E.  -ward.  Cf. 
southwards.]  Toward  the  south ;  toward  a  point 
nearer  the  south  than  the  east  or  the  west. 
Also  southwards. 

If  it  were  at  liberty,  't  would,  sure,  nmthicard.  ...  to 
lose  itself  in  a  fog.  Shot.,  Cor.,  ii.  3.  32. 

Southward  with  fleet  of  Ice 
Sailed  the  corsair  Death. 

Longfellow,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert. 

southward  (south' wSrd  or  suTH'ard),  a.  and  w. 
[<  southward,  adc.]"  I.   a.  Lying  or  situated 
toward  the  south ;  directed  or  leading  toward 
the  south. 
The  sun  looking  with  a  southu-ard  eye  upon  him. 

Shalt.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  819. 

II.  w.  The  southern  part;  the  south;  the 
south  end  or  side. 

Countries  are  more  fruitful  to  the  tuuthirard  than  in 
the  northern  part*.  RaUtgh,  Hiit.  World. 


southwardly 

southwardly  (scmth'ward-li  or  suTH'iird-li),  «. 
[<  soHtliicant  +  -ly1.]  "Having  a  southern  di- 
rection or  situation. 

southwardly  (south' ward -li  or  suTH'ard-li), 
adv.  [<  southward  +  -V;/2.]  In  a  southward 
direction ;  in  the  general  direction  of  the  south. 
Whether  they  mean  to  go  southwardly  or  up  the  river, 
no  leading  circumstance  has  yet  decided. 
Jeferson,  To  the  President  of  Congress  (Correspondence, 

[I.  217). 

Southwards  (south'wardz  or  suTH'ardz),  ntlr. 
[<  ME.  "south warden,  <!  AS.  sitthweardes  (=  D. 
giiidwaarts  =  G.  sudwiirts  =  Sw.  sydnarts,  syd- 
varts) ;  with  adv.  gen.  suffix,  <  suthweard,  south- 
ward :  see  southward,  adv.']  Same  as  southward. 

southwest  (south'wesf),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME. 
sowthewest,  <  AS.  suthwest,  to  the  southwest, 
suthanwestan,  from  the  southwest  (=  D.  zuid- 
west  =  G.  sudwest  =  Sw.  Dan.  sydvest) ;  used  as 
a  noun  only  as  south,  north,  east,  west  were 
so  used;  <  suth,  south,  +  west,  west:  see  south 
and  west.]  I.  n.  11  That  point  on  the  horizon 
between  south  and  west  which  is  equally  dis- 
tant from  them. —  2.  A  wind  blowing  from  the 
southwest.  [Poetical.] 

The  southwest  that,  blowing  Bala  lake, 
Fills  all  the  sacred  Dee.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

3.  [cap."]  With  the  definite  article,  the  south- 
western regions  of  the  United  States :  in  this 
phrase  are  often  included  the  States  of  Louisi- 
ana, Arkansas,  Missouri,  and  Texas,  the  Terri- 
tories of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Oklahoma, 
and  the  Indian  Territory.  [U.  S.] 

II.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  point  midway  be- 
tween south  and  west,  or  lying  in  that  direction. 

He  could  distinguish  and  divide 

A  hair  'twixt  south  and  south-west  side. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  I.  68. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  southwest :  as,  a  south- 
west wind —  Southwest  cap.  Same  as  southwester,  2. 
Abbreviated  5.  W. 

southwest  (south'wesf),  adv.  [<  southwest, n.] 
To  or  from  the  southwest :  as,  the  ship  proceed- 
ed southwest;  the  wind  blew  southwest. 

SOUthwester  (south'wes'ter),  n.  [<  southwest 
+  -erl.]  1.  A  southwest  wind,  gale,  or  storm. 
—  2.  A  hat  of  water-proof  material,  of  which 
the  brim  is  made  very  broad  behind,  so  as  to 
protect  the  neck  from  rain:  usually  sou'wester. 

We  were  glad  to  get  a  watch  below,  and  put  on  our 
thick  clothing,  boots,  and  touthwesters. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  26. 

southwesterly  (south'wes'ter-li),  a.  [<  south- 
west, after  westerly.]  1.  Situated  or  directed 
toward  the  southwest. —  2.  Coming  from  the 
southwest  or  a  point  near  it:  as,  a  southwesterly 
wind. 

southwesterly  (south'wes'ter-li), adv.  [<  south- 
westerly, a.]  In  a  southwesterly  direction. 

The  party  now  headed  southwesterly  for  the  Siberian 
coast.  The  American,  VII.  168. 

southwestern  (south' wes'tern),«.  [<ME.*o!t«i- 
western,  <  AS.  suth-western :  see  southwest  and 
western.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  situated  in  the 
southwest. — 2.  In  the  direction  of  southwest 
or  nearly  so:  as,  to  sail  a  southwestern  course. 
— 3.  From  the  direction  of  the  southwest  or 
nearly  so:  as,  a  southwestern  wind. 

south-westward  (south'west'ward),  a.  and  adv. 
[<  southwest  +  -ward.]  Toward'  the  southwest. 

SOUthwestwardly  (south'west'ward-li),  adv. 
[<  southwestward  +  -lyV.]  Southwestward. 
[Hare.] 

SOUtien  (F.  pron.  sp-tian'),  «.  [OF.,  <  soutenir, 
sustain  :  see  sustain.]  In  her.,  a  supporter:  es- 
pecially applied  to  an  inanimate  object  to  which 
the  shield  is  secured :  thus,  two  trees  sometimes 
support  the  shield  by  means  of  its  guige. 

SOUvenancet,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  sovenaunce,  < 
Ji> .  sovenance,  <  souvenir,  remember :  see  sou- 
venir.] Eemembrance. 

life  will  I  graunt  thee  for  thy  valiaunce, 

And  all  thy  wronges  will  wipe  out  of  my  sovenaunce 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  51. 

souvenir  (so-ve-ner'),  w.  [<  F.  souvenir,  a  re- 
membrance, <  souvenir,  remember,  <  L.  subve- 
mre,  come  up  to  one's  aid,  occur  to  one's  mind, 
<  sub-,  under,  +  venire  =  E.  come.]  That  which 
reminds  one,  or  revives  one's  recollection,  of 
an  event,  a  person,  a  place,  etc. ;  a  remembran- 
cer; a  reminder;  a  keepsake:  as,  &  souvenir  of 
Mount  Veruon;  a  souvenir  of  a  marriage  or  a 
visit. 

Across  Sieur  George's  crown,  leaving  a  long,  bare  streak 
through  his  white  hair,  was  the  souvenir  of  a  Mexican 
•»bre-  0.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  P  10 

=  Syn.  Memento,  etc.    See  memorial. 


5788 

sou'wester  (sou'wes'ter),  n.  A  contraction  of 
southwester. 

SOV.    An  abbreviation  of  sovereign,  a  coin, 
soveraignt,  soyeraint,  «•  and  «.  Obsolete  spell- 
ings of  sovereign. 

sovereign  (suv'-  or  sov'e-ran),  a.  and  w.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  soveraignj'soveraigne,  soverain;  < 
ME.  soverain,  soveraine,  soverayne,  soverein,  sov- 
ereyn,  sovereyne,  <  OF.  sovrain,  soverain,  siive- 
i-iiiii,  later  souverain  =  Pr.  sobran  =  Sp.  Pg. 
soberano  =  It.  soprano,  soprano,  <  ML.  supera- 
nus,  supreme,  principal,  <  L.  super,  above :  see 
super-.  Of.  sovran,  soprano,  from  the  It.  The 
g  is  intrusive,  prob.  due  to  confusion  with  reign 
(at.  foreign).  For  the  use  as  the  name  for  a  coin, 
cf.  ducat,  reals,  noble,  etc.  The  historical  pron. 
is  suv'e-ran.]  I.  a.  1.  Supreme;  paramount; 
commanding ;  excellent. 

Everemoore  he  hadde  a  sovereyn  prys. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  67. 
A  man  of  sovereign  parts  he  is  esteem'd. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1.  44. 

Your  leaders  in  France  .  .  .  came  to  look  upon  it  [the 
British  constitution]  with  a  sovereign  contempt. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 
I  stood  on  Brocken's  sovran  height,  and  saw 
Woods  crowding  upon  woods. 

Coleridye,  Lines  written  in  an  Album. 
Life's  sovereign  moment  is  a  battle  won. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Banker's  Dinner. 

2.  Supreme  in  power ;  possessing  supreme  do- 
minion ;  not  subject  to  any  other ;  hence,  royal ; 
princely. 

Whan  thise  messageres  hade  here  greting  made, 
Than  the  soueraynest  Beg  saide  of  hem  alle. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4932. 

Let  her  be  a  principality, 
Sovereign  to  all  the  creatures  on  the  earth. 

Shall.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  il.  4.  163. 

It  was  the  several  States,  or,  what  is  the  same  thing, 
their  people,  in  their  sovereign  capacity,  who  ordained  and 
established  the  constitution.  Calhoun,  Works,  1. 130. 

3.  Efficacious  in  the  highest  degree ;  potent : 
said  especially  of  medicines. 

For-thi  loke  thow  louye  [love]  as  longe  as  thow  durest, 
For  is  no  science  vnder  sonne  so  souereyne  for  the  soule. 
Piers  Plowman  (BX  x.  206. 
And  telling  me  the  sovereign'st  thing  on  earth 
Was  parmaceti  for  an  inward  bruise. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3.  57. 

Sovereign  state,  a  state  possessing  sovereign  power,  or 
sovereignty.  See  sovereignty,  1  (d). 

A  State  is  called  a  sovereign  State  when  this  supreme 
power  resides  within  itself,  whether  resting  in  a  single  in- 
dividual, or  in  a  number  of  individuals,  or  in  the  whole 
body  of  the  people.  Cooley,  Const.  Lim.  (4th  ed.),  i. 

II.  n.  I.  One  who  exercises  supreme  control 
or  dominion;  a  ruler,  governor,  chief,  or  mas- 
ter; one  to  whom  allegiance  is  due. 

Lady  and  Sovereyn  of  alle  othere  Londes. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  1. 

If  your  Soueraign  be  a  Knight  or  Squyre,  set  downe  your 
Dishes  couered,  and  your  Cup  also. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  69. 

The  sovereign  [of  Underwald)  is  the  whole  county,  the 
sovereignty  residing  in  the  general  assembly,  where  all 
the  males  of  fifteen  have  entry  and  suffrage. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  316. 

Specifically  — (at)  A  husband;  a  lord  and  master. 
The  prestis  they  gone  home  ajen, 
And  sche  goth  to  hire  sovereyne. 
Gower,  MS.  Soc.  Antiq.  134,  f.  44.    (HalliweU.) 
(&t)  A  provost  or  mayor. 

And  whanne  it  drowe  to  the  day  of  the  dede  doynge, 
That  sovereynes  were  semblid,  and  the  schire  knygtis. 

Deposition  of  Kich.  II.,  p.  28.    (HaUiwell.) 
(c)  A  monarch  ;  an  emperor  or  empress ;  a  king  or  queen. 
Sovereign  of  Egypt,  hail !  Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  i.  5.  84. 

And  when  three  sovereigns  died,  could  scarce  be  vex'd, 
Considering  what  a  gracious  prince  was  next. 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  i.  107. 

2.  A  current  English  gold  coin,  the  standard 
of  the  coinage,  worth  £1  or  20  shillings  ($4.84), 
and  weighing  123  rVA  grains  troy.  The  first  Eng- 
lish coin  bearing  this  name  was  issued  by  Henry  VII 
was  current  for  £1,  and  weighed  240  grains.  Sovereigns 
continued  to  be  issued  till  the  time  of  James  I.  The  origi- 
nal sovereign  bore  the  type  of  a  seated  figure  of  the  king 
Henry  VII.  George  III.  revived  the  issue  of  the  sovereign 


sovereignty 

current  coins.  Abbreviated  sou.  —  Sovereign's  speech. 
See  speech. from  the  throne,  under  speech.  =Syn.  1.  King, 
etc.  (see  prince},  potentate. 

sovereign  (suv'-  or  sov'e-rftn),  r.  /.  [<  sover- 
eign, n.]  To  rule  over  as  a  sovereign ;  exercise 
sovereign  authority  over.  [Rare.] 

Unless  her  Majesty  do  towreiyn  them  presently. 
Roger  Williams,  To  WalsinBharu,  August,  1585,  quoted  in 
[Motley's  Hist.  Netherlands,  I.  333. 

SOVereigness  (suv'-  or  sov'e-ran-es),  n.     [For- 
merly also  sorerainess ;  <  sovereign  +  -ess.]     A 
woman  who  is  sovereign ;  a  queen.     [Bare.] 
Seas  Soveraintess  [read  ioverainess},  Sleep-bringer,  Pilgrims 

guide. 
Peace-loving  Queen. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  4. 

SOVereignize  (suv'-  or  sov'e-ran-Iz),  r.  i.  [< 
sovereign  +  -ize.]  To  exercise  supreme  author- 
ity. [Bare.] 


Nimrod  was  th< 


IB  first  that  sovereignized  o 
Sir  T.  Uerbert, '. 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Sovereign.  1817.—  British  Museum.    (Size  of  the  original.) 

in  1817,  and  the  coin  was  then  of  the  same  weight  as  the 
present  sovereign  of  Queen  Victoria.  Double  sovereigns 
have  been  struck  at  various  times,  and  half-sovereigns  are 


over  men. 
Travels,  p.  226. 

sovereignly  (suv'-  or  sov'e-rij,n-li),  adv.  [Ear- 
ly mod.  E.  also  soveraignly  ;  <  ME.  sovereyne- 
lyche;  <  sovereign  +  -fy2.]  In  a  sovereign  man- 
ner or  degree,  (a)  So  as  to  exceed  all  others ;  surpass- 
ingly ;  exceedingly  ;  chiefly ;  especially. 

But  soveraignly  dame  Pertelote  shrighte. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  542. 
(6)  Potently;  effectually;  efficaciously.    [Rare.] 

Mrs.  Bisket.   How  do  the  Waters  agree  with  your  Lady- 
ship? 
Mrs.  Woodly.  Oh,  Soveraignly. 

Shadwell,  Epsom  Wells,  i. 
(c)  With  supremacy ;  supremely ;  as  a  sovereign. 

The  government  resides  sovereignly  in  the  communities, 
where  everything  is  decided  by  the  plurality  of  voices. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  323. 

sovereignty  (suv'-  or  sov'e-ran-ti), ».;  pi.  sover- 
eignties (-tiz).  [Early  mod".  E.  alsosoveraignty, 
soverayntie,  etc. ;  <  ME.  soveraygntye,  sovereyne- 
tee,  souverainetee,  sovereinte,<  OF.  sovrainte,  sou- 
verainte,  F.  souverainte  =  It.  sovranita  (cf.  Sp. 
Pg.  soberania),  <  ML.  as  if  *superanita(t-)s,  < 
superanus,  supreme,  sovereign:  see  sovereign.] 
1.  The  state  or  character  of  being  sovereign  or 
a  sovereign. 

So  sitting  high  in  dreaded  soverayntie, 
Those  two  strange  knights  were  to  her  presence  brought. 
Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  V.  ix.  34. 

I  think  he'll  be  to  Rome 
As  is  the  osprey  to  the  fish,  who  takes  it 
By  sovereignty  of  nature.        Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  7.  35. 

Specifically — (at)  Mastery ;  control ;  predominance. 
Wommen  desiren  to  have  Kovereyiietee, 
As  wel  over  hir  housbond  as  hlr  love. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  182. 
I  was  born  to  command, 
Train'd  up  in  sovereignty. 

Fletcher  (and  another1!),  Prophetess,  iv.  S. 

(6)  The  rule  or  sway  of  a  monarch ;  royal  or  imperial  power. 
Jovius  Augustus  ...  let  the  true  nature  of  his  power 
be  seen,  and,  first  among  the  Ctesars,  arrayed  himself  with 
the  outward  pomp  of  sovereignty. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  138. 

(c)  Supremacy  or  dominion;  hegemony:  applied  to  the 
relation  between  a  powerful  state  and  other  states  or  re- 
gions :  as,  Rome's  sovereignty  over  the  East ;  Great  Britain 
holds  the  sovereignty  of  the  seas,  (d)  The  supreme,  abso- 
lute, uncontrollable  power  by  which  any  state  is  govern- 
ed (Cooley) ;  the  political  authority,  whether  vested  In  a 
single  individual  or  in  a  number  of  individuals,  to  order 
and  direct  what  is  to  be  done  by  each  individual  in  rela- 
tion to  the  end  and  object  of  the  state  (Halleck).  It  is 
essential  to  the  modern  conception  of  sovereignty  that 
it  should  be  exclusive  of  any  other  human  superior  au- 
thority, should  be  wielded  by  a  determinate  person  or 
organization  of  persons,  and  should  be  on  the  whole  ha- 
bitually obeyed  by  the  bulk  of  the  community.  Thus,  in 
the  United  States,  sovereignty  is  vested  in  the  body  of 
adult  male  citizens.  The  claim  that  each  State  — that  is, 
the  adult  male  free  citizens  of  each  State  — possessed  a 
separate  sovereignty  was  one  of  the  elements  of  contro- 
versy involved  in  the  civil  war. 

I  state  Austin's  doctrine  of  Sovereignty  in  another  way, 
more  popularly,  though  without,  I  think,  any  substantial 
inaccuracy.  It  is  as  follows :  There  is,  in  every  indepen- 
dent political  community  —  that  is,  in  every  political  com- 
munity not  in  the  habit  of  obedience  to  a  superior  above 
itself  —  some  single  person  or  some  combination  of  per- 
sons which  has  the  power  of  compelling  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  community  to  do  exactly  as  it  pleases.  This 
single  person  or  group  — this  individual  or  this  collegiate 
Sovereign  .  .  .—  may  be  found  in  every  independent  po- 
litical community  as  certainly  as  the  centre  of  gravity  in 
a  mass  of  matter.  If  the  community  be  violently  or  vol- 
untarily divided  into  a  number  of  separate  fragments, 
then,  as  soon  as  each  fragment  has  settled  down  (perhaps 
after  an  interval  of  anarchy)  into  a  state  of  equilibrium, 
the  Sovereign  will  exist  and  with  proper  care  will  be  dis- 
coverable in  each  of  the  now  independent  portions.  The 
Sovereignty  over  the  North  American  Colonies  of  Great 
Britain  had  its  seat  in  one  place  before  they  became  the 
United  .States,  in  another  place  afterwards ;  but  in  both 
cases  there  was  a  discoverable  Sovereign  somewhere.  This 
Sovereign,  this  person  or  combination  of  persons,  univer- 
sally occurring  in  all  independent  political  communities, 
has  in  all  such  communities  one  characteristic  common 
to  all  the  shapes  Sovereignty  may  take,  the  possession  of 
irresistible  force,  not  necessarily  exerted,  but  capable  of 


sovereignty 

being  exerted.  .  .  .  The  Sovereign,  if  a  single  person,  i  - 
or  should  he  called  a  Monarch ;  if  a  small  group,  the  name 
is  an  Oligarchy ;  if  a  group  of  considerable  dimensions, 
an  Aristocracy ;  it  very  large  and  numerous,  a  Democracy 
Miiiiu;  Early  Hist,  of  Institutions,  p.  34!». 

Much  is  said  about  the  sovereignty  of  the  States 
What  is  sovereignty  in  the  political  sense  of  the  term? 
Would  it  be  far  wrong  to  define  it  '•  a  political  community 
without  a  political  superior"?    Tested  by  this,  no  one 
State,  except  Texas,  ever  was  a  sovereignty. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  146. 

The  chief  attributes  of  sovereignty  with  which  the  states 
have  parted  are  the  coining  of  money,  the  carrying  of 
mails,  the  imposing  of  tariff  dues,  the  granting  of  patents 
and  copyrights,  the  declaration  of  war,  and  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  navy.  J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  98. 
(«)  A  state,  community,  or  political  unit  possessing  inde- 
pendent power. 

The  late  colonies  had  but  recently  become  compactly 
organized  self-governing  States,  and  were  standing  some- 
what stiffly  apart,  a  group  of  consequential  sovereignties, 
jealous  to  maintain  their  blood-bought  prerogatives,  and 
quick  to  distrust  any  power  set  above  them,  or  arrogating 
to  itself  the  control  of  their  restive  wills. 

W.  Wilson,  Cong.  Gov.,  I. 

(/t)  Supremacy  in  excellence ;  supreme  excellence. 
Fie,  tie,  unreverend  tongue !  to  call  her  bad 
Whose  sovereignty  so  oft  thou  hast  preferr'd 
With  twenty  thousand  soul-confirming  oaths. 

Shalt.,  Tt.  G.  of  V.,ii.  6.  15. 
<£/)  Efficacy ;  especially,  medicinal  efficacy. 

My  father  left  me  some  prescriptions 
Of  rare  and  proved  effects,  such  as  his  reading 
And  manifest  experience  had  collected 
For  general  sovereignty.      Shak.,  All's  Well,'!.  3.  230. 


Popular  sovereignty.  See  popular.—  Sovereignty  of 
Opd,  in  theol.,  Goo's  absolute  dominion  over  all  created 
things.—  Squatter  sovereignty.  Same  as  popular  sov- 
ereignty. (Colloq.,  U.  8.] 

This  letter  [Gen.  Cass  on  Wilmot  Proviso]  is  notable  as 
the  first  clear  enunciation  of  the  doctrine  termed  Popular 
(otherwise  Squatter)  Sovereignty  —  that  is,  of  the  lack  of 
legitimate  power  in  the  Federal  Government  to  exclude 
Slavery  from  its  territories. 

H.  Qreeley,  Amer.  Conflict,  I.  190. 

sovran  (suv'-  or  sov'ran),  a.  and  w.  [A  modi- 
fied form  of  sovereign,  in  imitation  of  the  It. 
sovrano:  see  sovereign.  It  was  first  used  by 
Milton,  and  has  been  affected  by  later  poets.] 
Same  as  sovereign. 

Since  he 

Who  now  is  Sovran  can  dispose  and  bid 
What  shall  be  right  Hilton,  P.  L.,  i.  246. 

SOVranty  (suv'-  or  soy'ran-ti),  w.  [A  modified 
form  of  sovereignty,  in  imitation  of  sovran.] 
Same  as  sovereignty. 

God's  gift  to  us  of  sovranty. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Drama  of  Exile. 

SOW1  (so),  r. ;  pret.  sowed,  pp.  sown  or  sowed, 
ppr.  sowing.  [<  ME.  sowen,  souwen,  sawen  (pret. 
sew,  siew,  seow,  sewe,  sen,  pi.  sewen,  seowen,  pp. 
sowen,  sowe,  sawen),  <  AS.  sdwan  (pret.  sedw, 
pp.  sawen)  =  OS.  saian,  sehan  =  OFries.  sea 
=  MD.  saeyen,  D.  zamjen  =  MLG.  LG.  saien  = 
OHG.  saian,  sawen,  sden,  MHG.  ssejen,  seen,  G. 
saen  =  Icel.  sd  =  Sw.  sa  =  Dan.  saa  =  Goth. 
saian,  sow ;  cf .  W.  kait,  sow ;  OBulg.  sieti,  sieyati 
=  Serv.  siyati  =  Bohem.  siti  =  Russ.  sieyati  = 
Lith.  seti  =  Lett,  set  =  L.  tf  se,  in  serere  (for 
"sesere,  redupl.  pres.,  with  simple  perf.  sevi,  pp. 
satus),  sow;  <  y  sa,  sow,  orig.  prob.  cast,  cf. 
Skt.  sasya,  grain.  Hence  sower,  seed,  etc.,  and 
(<  L.)  semen,  seminary,  seminate,  disseminate, 
etc.,  sative,  sation,  season,  etc.]  I.  trans.  \. 
To  scatter,  as  seed  upon  the  earth,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  growth ;  plant  by  strewing. 

In  my  saule  thou  sane  thl  sede, 
That  I  may,  lorde,  make  myne  auaunt. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  107. 
Whatsoever  a  man  souvt/i.  that  shall  he  also  reap. 

Gal.  vi.  7. 

2.  To  scatter  seed  over  for  growth ;  supply  or 
stock  with  seed. 

It  were  a  gode  Contree  to  sowen  inne  Thristelle  and 
Brercs  and  Broom  and  Thornes ;  and  for  no  other  thing  is 
It  not  good.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  130. 

And  the  same  hand  that  sow'd  shall  reap  the  field. 

Pope,  Messiah,  1.  66. 

3.  To  scatter  over;  besprinkle;  spangle:  as, 
a  velvet  pall  sown  with  golden  bees. 

God  .  .  .  form'd  the  moon,  .  .  . 
And  sow'd  with  stars  the  heaven,  thick  as  a  field. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  358. 
Another  [cottage]  wore 
A  close-set  robe  of  jasmine  sown  with  stars. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

4.  To  spread  abroad;  cause  to  extend;  dis- 
seminate; propagate:  as,  to  sow  discord. 

Why,  nothing  can  he  baser  than  to  sow 
Dissention  amongst  lovers. 

11,/in.  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

To  have  hemp-seed  sown  for  one.  See  hemp-seed.— 
To  sow  one's  wild  oats.  See  oat. 

II.  intrans.  To  scatter  seed  for  growth  and 
the  production  of  a  crop. 


5780 

They  that  »«<•  In  tears  shall  reap  In  joy.       !>s.  cxxvl.  ft. 
Peace  was  awhile  their  can-.     n,,.v  pimiuli'd  and 
Coieper,  Task 

sow-  (sou),  H.  and  a.  [<  ME.  sowe,  «««»•<•,  MMM, 
soghe,  <  AS.  KUI/U,  contracted  .v«,  =  Ml).  .„,»/// . 
soegli,  D.  -»,/,  :,•>,,,  =  MLG.  soge,  I.e.  .««»/«•. 
-<»/<  =  OHG.  MHG.  sit,  G.  «(«  =  led.  *,/,•'  = 
Sw.  xugga,  so  =  Dan.  si,  =  W.  AircA  (>  10.  '/„»/', 
q.  v.)  =  Ir.  siii;/  =  L.  sun  =  Gr.  if,  <rf>f,  a  s<>\\. 
swine,  =  Zend  Aw,  a  boar;  prob.  no  called  from 
its  prolific  nature,  <  v/*«  (Bkt.  V««),  geiior.-it.  . 
produce:  sec  x»w'.  See  xirim;  .•HI/HI,  xoiP,  hog*. 
In  the  sense  of  'a  large  mass  of  metal,'  see 
K'/1-]  I.  ».  1.  An  adult  female  hog;  the  fe- 
male of  swine. 

This  sow  had  halfe  her  body  covered  with  hard  bristly 
halre  as  other  Pigges.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  113. 

2.  A  sow-bug. 

Also  geve  hym  of  these  sowes  that  crepe  with  many 
fete,  and  falle  oute  of  howce  rovys.  Alsogeve  hym  whyte 
wormes  that  breede  betwene  the  barke  and  the  tre. 

MS.  Lambeth  306,  f.  177.    (HaUiwett.) 

Some  of  the  Onlscidee  are  land  animals,  and  are  known 
as  hog-lice,  sows,  etc.  Paseoe,  Zottl.  Claw.,  p.  84. 

3.  In  metal.,  the  metal  which  has  solidified  in 
the  common  channel  or  feeder  through  which 
the  molten  iron  flows  from  the  blast-furnace 
into  a  series  of  parallel  grooves  or  furrows, 
which  are  the  "pigs"  appertaining  to  the  sow, 
and  the  iron  from  which  bears  the  name  of  pig- 
iron,  or  simply  pig:  used  also  of  other  metals. 

It  is  the  manner  (right  woorshipfnll)  of  such  as  seeke 
profit  by  minerall,  first  to  set  men  on  woorke  to  dlgge  and 
gather  the  owre ;  then  by  fire  to  trie  out  the  metall,  and  to 
cast  it  into  certeine  rude  lumpes,  which  they  call  sowze. 

Lambarde,  Perambulation  (ed.  1696),  Pref.    (UalliweU.) 

For  the  strengthening  of  his  nerves  or  sinews,  they 
made  him  two  great  sown  of  lead,  each  of  them  weighing 
eight  thousand  and  seven  hundred  quintals.  .  .  .  Those 
he  took  up  from  the  ground,  in  each  hand  one. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  I.  23. 

4t.  A  military  engine  consisting  of  a  movable 
roof  arranged  to  protect  men  handling  a  batter- 
ing-ram. Compare  rinea,  also  ca<and  cat-castle. 
—  Old  sow.  See  old.— To  have,  take,  or  get  the  right 
(or  wrong)  sow  by  the  ear,  to  pitch  upon  the  right  (or 
wrong)  person  or  thing ;  come  to  the  right  (or  wrong)  con- 
clusion. [Low.] 

He  has  the  wrong  sow  by  the  ear,  i'  faith ;  and  claps  his 
dish  at  the  wrong  man's  door. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  II.  1. 
You  have  a  wrong  sow  by  the  ear. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  iii.  580. 

II.  (t.  Female :  applied  to  fish :  as,  a  sow  hake. 
See  sawfish,  under  fish1. 

SOW3t,  v.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  sew1. 

sowa  (so'a),  n.    See  soya. 

sowans  (so'anz),  n.  pi.    Same  as  sowens. 

sowar  (so-ar'),  n.  [Also  snwar;  <  Hind,  sawdr, 
<  Pers.  sawdr,  a  horseman.]  A  horse-soldier; 
especially,  a  native  cavalry  soldier  in  the  Brit- 
ish-Indian army,  often  in  the  sense  of  an  orderly 
or  mounted  attendant  or  guard. 

In  the  cavalry  of  the  Madras  army  the  horses  are  pro- 
vided  by  Government,  but  in  that  of  Bengal  and  Bombay 
the  trooper,  or  sowar,  as  he  is  designated  In  India,  finds 
himself  in  everything  except  his  arms. 

y.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  145. 

SOWback  (sou'bak),  n.  A  low  ridge  of  sand  or 
gravel;  a  hogback  or  horseback;  a  kame;  a 
drum  or  drumlin. 

The  long  parallel  ridges,  or  "sowbaclcs"  and  "drums," 
as  they  are  termed,  .  .  .  invariably  coincide  In  direction 
with  the  valleys  or  straths  in  which  they  lie. 

J.  Oeikie,  Great  Ice  Age,  p.  17. 

sowbane  (sou'ban),  n.  The  maple-leaved  goose- 
foot,  Chenopodium  hybridum,  regarded  as  fatal 
to  swine.  Also  called  hog's-bane. 

SOW-belly  (sou'beFi),  «.  Salt  pork;  salt-horse; 
salt-junk:  used  by  fishermen,  whalers,  sailors, 
andsoldiers.  [Low.] —Sow-belly hake.  SeeAa*e2. 

sowbread  (sou'bred),  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cyclamen,  particularly  C.  Europieum.  The  species 
are  low  stemless  herbs  sending  up  leaves  and  scapes  from 
corms  which  are  sometimes  very  large,  and,  where  native, 
are  sought  after  by  swine.  The  flowers  are  rose-colored, 
pink,  or  white,  nodding,  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  re- 
flexed,  and  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  the  best-known 
species  being  C.  Europsfum,  hardy  in  southern  Europe  and 
England,  and  the  more  tender  and  showy  C.  Persifum. 

SOW-bug  (sou'bug),  n.  A  hog-louse;  a  pill-bug; 
a  sow ;  any  terrestrial  isopod  of  the  family  Onis- 
cidse,  as  Oniscus  asellus.  Some  sow-bugs  can 
roll  themselves  up  into  a  ball  like  a  tiny  arma- 
dillo. See  sow2,  n.,  2,  and  cut  under  Oniscus. 

SOWCet.     An  obsolete  form  of  souse1,  souse*. 

sowdant,  «.  An  obsolete  variant  of  sultan. 
Cliitucer. 

sowdanesset,  sowdannesset,  «•  Obsolete  va- 
riants of  sultriness. 

SOW-drunk  (sou'drungk),  a.  Drunk  as  a  sow; 
beastly  drunk.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


sow-thistle 

a  ilrnniik  that  dm  u,  h  dry  'at  to  the 

Siiuin-.  ,./,*,„,  wtln-rn  cobbler. 

SOWdwortt,  ".      All   cilisoletc    form    ,,f   (ft) 

"III    hull'',     .-ll-.il    !l]l]ilie<l    In    till-    riillllllllinc, 

.iljlllll  I/Ill  fill, III' 
SOWel,  ii.     Siunc 

sowens  (W>'en  . 

n  obscm-e;  cf..«-w--.  |  1.  A  nutritious  article 
i.l  I'.ioil  inailc  I'l-iun  tin-  farina  remaining;!!' 
the  husks  of  oiits,  much  useil  in  Scotlan.il 
formerly  in  Northumberland,  Tin-  iiu*k»(i-aii<-d  in 
Scotland  teedi  or  Mi),  after  being  sepanit.  .1  M  »m  the  oat- 
meal by  the  sieve,  still  retain  a  coiwlili -r;il,li-  |«,iti..n  uf 
farinaceous  matter.  A  quantity  of  the  husks  is  steeped  In 
water  till  the  farinaceous  matter  U  dissolved,  and  until 
the  liquid  has  become  sour.  The  whole  Is  then  put  into 
a  sieve,  which  allows  the  milky  liquid  t.i  paxx  through  Intu 
a  barn  I  ><i  otlur  \i»»el.  but  retains  the  husks.  The  itati -h> 
niattrr  i:r;i'tu:illy  subsides  to  the  iHittom  uf  the  barrel.  I  h- 
sour  liquor  Is  then  decanted  off,  fresh  water  Is  stirred  Into 
the  deposit  that  is  left,  and  the  mixture,  when  boiled, 
forms  sowens.  In  England  it  It  more  commonly  called 
flummery.  The  singular  form  tuwen  Is  used  attributively 
or  in  < 'impounds:  as,  a  <ouvn-tub. 

These  Mimiit,  that  is,  flummery,  l>cing  blended  together, 
produce  good  yeast.  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

As  U  It  were  any  matter  .  .  .  whether  a  pleughman  had 
supplt  on  minchcd  pies  or  sour  soirtiif. 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vll. 

2.  A  kind  of  paste  employed  by  weavers  for 
stiffening  their  yarn  in  working. 

[Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.  in  both  senses.] 
sower1  (so'er),  n.    [<  ME.  sower,  savsere.  <  AS. 
sawere,  a  sower,  <  sdican,  sow:  see  «o«c*.]     1. 
One  who  sows  or  scatters  seed. 

Behold,  a  sower  went  forth  to  sow.  Mat  xiil.  3. 

2.  That  which  sows  seed;  a  sowing-machine. 
— 3.  One  who  scatters  or  spreads;  a  dissemi- 
nator ;  a  breeder ;  a  promoter. 

They  are  the  sowers  of  suits,  which  make  the  court 
swell,  and  the  country  pine.  Bacon. 

Terming  Panl  ...  a  lower  of  words,  a  very  babbler  or 
trifler.  HakewOl. 

SOWer'2t,  "•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  sewer1. 
sower3t,  (i.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  sour1. 
sow-fennel  (sou'fen"el),  «.    See  fennel. 
SOW-gelder  (sou'gel'der),  »i.     One  who  spays 
sows. 

First,  he  that  led  the  cavalcate 
Wore  a  sow-gelder's  flagellate  Ihorn]. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  II.  610. 

SOWiet  (sou'i),  N.     Same  as  soic%,  4. 
They  laid  their  soviet  to  the  wall. 

Auld  MaMand  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  222). 

sowing  (so'ing),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  sow1,  c.]  1. 
The  act  of  one  who  sows  or  scatters  seed. — 2. 
That  which  is  sowed. 

You  could  not  keep  the  birds  out  of  the  garden,  try  how 
you  would.    They  had  most  of  the  sou-ings  up. 

The  Century,  XXXVI.  815. 

SOWing-machine  (so'ing-ma-shen'),  w.  In 
agri. :  (a)  A  hand  or  horse-power  seed-plant- 
ing machine.  (6)  A  broadcast  sower.  The  hand- 
machines  consist  of  a  simple  mechanism  turned  by  a 
crank,  which  scatters  the  seed  in  a  cloud  In  every  direc- 
tion. It  is  carried  in  one  hand  and  operated  by  the  other. 

sowins  (so'inz),  M.  pi.    See  sowens. 

sowkert,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  sucker. 

SOWlt,  sowle't.    Obsolete  forms  of  soul1,  sole6. 

sowle2,  «.    Same  as  soup. 

SOWm,  «•  and  v.     See  soum. 

sown1  (son).    A  past  participle  of  sotc1. 

sown2t,  sownet,  "•  and  v.  Obsolete  forms  of 
sound5. 

sown3t,  "•  and  ''•    An  obsolete  form  of  swoon. 

SOWpt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  soup?. 

SOWSet.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  souse1,  souse?. 

sowskin  (sou'skin),  H.    See  nogskin. 

sowstert,  «•    Same  as  sewster.    Halliwell. 

SOWteget,  «.     See  sontage. 

sowtert,  sowterlyt.  Obsolete  forms  of  souter, 
souterly. 

SOWth1t,  «•  and  a.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  south. 

SOWth2  (south),  f.      [Appar.  a  var.  of  souch, 
sough1."]  I,  intrans.  To  whistle  softly.  [Scotch.] 
II.  trans.  To  try  over,  as  a  tune,  with  a  low 
whistle.     [Scotch.] 

On  braes  when  we  please,  then, 

Well  sit  an'  soicth  a  tune;  .  .  . 
An'  sing 't  when  we  ha'e  dune. 

Burns,  First  Epistle  to  Davie. 

SOWther,  ".     Same  as  souther?.     Halliwell. 

SOW-thistle  (sou'this'l),  «.  [<  ME.  soictliyxtill. 
<  AS.  sugethistel,  <  sttgu,  sow,  +  thistel,  thistle. 
In  ME.  also  called  swines  thistell."]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Sonchus,  primarily  S.  oleraeeus,  a  weed 
of  waste  places,  probably  native  in  Europe  and 
central  Asia,  but  now  diffused  nearly  all  over 
the  world.  It  Is  a  smooth  herb  with  a  milky  Juice,  bear- 
ing runcinate-pinnatifld  leaven  and  rather  small  yellow 
flower-heads.  A  similar  plant,  but  with  less  divided  spiny 


sow-thistle 


leaves,  is  S.  itsper. 


5790 


[< 


A  much  more  showy  species  is  S.   sOZZly  (soz'li),  "•      L->  "™- 
wTth'Targcr  and "brighter  heads.    These  are  all     draggled;    mentally  flabby;    shittless. 


naturalized  in  the 
United  States,  the 
last  less  abundantly. 
The  name  has  been 
extended  to  species 
of  the  allied  genus 
Lactuca. 

soy  (soi),  «.  [Al- 
so sooja ;  =  r . 
toy,  soui  =  G.  Sw. 
Dari.  so/a  (NL. 
soja,  soya) ;  <  Jap. 
si-yan,  Chinese 
slil-yii,  soy.]  1. 
A  kind  of  sauce 
prepared  in  the 
East  from  the 
soy-bean  (see  def . 
2).  It  is  eaten  with 
nsh,  cold  meatt  etc. 
There  are  two  or 
three  qualities  of  soy, 
but  the  Japanese  soy 
is  reckoned  the  best. 
I  have  been  told 
that  soy  is  made  with 
a  flshy  composition, 
and  it  seems  most 
likely  by  the  Taste; 
' 


An  abbreviation  of  Spinii.tl/. 

An  abbreviation:  (a)  in  phar.,  ot  sptritux, 


Eng.J 

Folks  grows  helplesser  all  the  time,  and  the  help  grows 
HoUtr  -and  it  comes  to  sauciness  .        «'"'  -i-"«"»- 
Mrs.  Whitney, 

Sp. 

tptrit;  (tf&iiot.,ai  species* specimen;  (c)  in 
2007.,  of  species  only:  when  two  or  more  spe- 
cies are  meant,  spp.  is  used. 

8.  p.  An  abbreviation  of  sine  prole,  without 
issue. 

spa  (spa  or  spa),  n.  [Formerly  also  spate;  <  Ap«, 
or  Spaa,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Belgium,  where 
there  are  mineral  springs.]  A  mineral  spring, 
or  the  locality  in  which  such  springs  exist. 

Past  cure  of  physic,  spaw,  or  any  diet. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady,  ill  2. 


.  she  has  been  as  healthy  as 
Sheridan,  Rivals,  it  1. 


Sow-thistle  (Stmchus  oleraccus). 
i  upper  part  of  the  stem  with  the  head: 
2.  one  of  the  basal  leaves;  a,  a  flower; 
the  achene  with  the  pappus. 


Never  knew  her  better ; 
the  German  Spa. 

spaadt  (spad),  n.  [<  D.  spaath  =  F.  spath  =  Sp. 
espato  =  Pg.  espatho  =  It.  spate,  <  MHtr.  spat, 
Q.  spat,  spath,  friable  stone,  splinter,  spar;  ori- 
gin unknown.  Cf .  feldspath.}  A  kind  of  min- 
eral; spar. 
English  talc,  of  which  the  coarser  sort  is  called  plals- 


ilKely    uy   LUC   O.MOVC,  .niiKiiaii   wu^i  «»    * 

tho'  a  Gentleman  of  my  Acquaintance  who  was  very  in-  ter  t^e  flner>  gpaad,  earth-flax,  or 
timate  with  one  that  sailed  often  from  Tonquin  to  Japan, 

orw"«1erhelTaen*LoTo%^srameixtthwith  Watered  space  (spas),  n.     [<  ME.  space,  <  OF.  (and  F.) 

Salt                                       Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  28.  espaee  =  Pr.  espaci  =  Sp.  espacio  =  Pg.  espato 

from  travellers  accustom 'd  from  a  boy  =  It.  spazio,  <  L.  spatium,  room,  space,  distance, 

To  eat  their  salmon,  at  the  least,  with  soy.  interval,  a  public  walk,  etc.,  lit.    that  which  is 

Byron,  Beppo,  vn.  Alawa  out f  <  ^  spa,  draw  out;   cf.  Gr.  mrav, 

2   The  sov-bean  or  -pea,  Glycine Soja  (Soja  his-  draw,  draw  out,  Skt.  i/ spha,  fatten.    Cf.spani, 

_.y  ._.j_ii<      mi*  A  ........  LI...  1   •AAAMKAMIA  rvr  rhiYiiMi  • 


so; 

Also  sowa. 
soy-bean  (soi'ben),  «.     See  soy,  2. 
soylet.      An   obsolete  spelling  of  smP,  sou', 

soifi. 


for  there  Is  a  tendency  to  individualize  other  laws.  The 
conception  of  space  is  formed,  or  at  least  connected  with 
objects,  by  means  of  the  so-called  local  signs,  by  which 
the  excitation  of  one  nerve-terminal  is  distinguishable 
from  a  similar  excitation  of  another,  and  which  are  analo- 


_      ,     . .     .   ,,. .  rxTT     /  »  j  •        j     T  irom  a  nmuvrtujuiMiiituu  ui  •uvnum)  »nu  mnv»i  M\*  »•»"»«- 

Soymida  (soi  mi-da),  «.     [NL.  (Adnen  de  Jut  •     goug  ^  the  8igna  by  which  we  distinguish  present  expe- 


lobed  tube  or  cup,  the  lobes  two-toothed,  with  sessile 
anthers  between  the  teeth,  and  an  ovoid  five-celled  ovary 
which  ripens  into  a  woody  septifragal  capsule  with  com- 
pressed and  winged  seeds  destitute  of  albumen.  The  only 
species,  S.  febrifuga,  is  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  where 
it  is  known  as  rohan  (or  rohun)  and  redwood.  (See  also 
rohun-bark  (under  4art->)  and  juribali.)  It  is  a  tall  tree 
with  bitter  bark  and  hard  wood,  bearing  abruptly  pinnate 
leaves  with  obtuse  opposite  leaflets,  and  flowers  in  axillary 
and  terminal  panicles. 

soy-pea  (soi'pe),  n.    See  soy,  2. 

Sozobranchia  (so-zo-brang'ki-a),  H.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  au&iv,  save,  keep,  +  NL.'&rancftta,  gills: 
see  branchise.~]  A  group  of  urodele  amphibians 
which  do  not  lose  the  gills  or  tail.  See  Peren- 
nibranchiata. 

SOZObranchiate  (so-zo-brang'ki-at),  a.  [<  NL. 
sozobranchiatiis,  <  Gr.  au&iv,  save,  keep,  +  NL. 
braHchiatus :  see  branchiate.']  Preserving  the 
gills,  as  a  urodele  amphibian ;  perennibran- 
ehiate. 

Sozura  (so-zu'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  so- 
zurus:  see  sozurous.]  Urodele  (or  tailed)  gill- 
less  batrachians,  or  those  batrachians  which 
lose  the  gills,  but  not  the  tail,  when  adult. 
They  are  a  higher  group  than  the  Sozobranchia,  both  be- 
ing together  contrasted  with  the  Anura  or  tailless  ba- 
trachians. 

sozurous  (so-zu'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  sozurtis,  <  Gr. 
au&iv,  save,' keep,  +  ovpa,  tail.]  Retaining  the 
tail ;  pertaining  to  the  Sozura,  or  having  their 
characters. 

sozzle  (soz'l),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sozzled,  ppr. 
sozzling.  [A  var.  of  sossle.']  1.  To  mingle 
confusedly.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  To  spill  or  wet 
through  carelessness. —  3.  To  splash.  [U.S.] 

A  sandpiper  glided  along  the  shore ;  she  ran  after  it,  but 
could  not  catch  it ;  she  sat  down  and  sozzlai  her  feet  In 
the  foam.  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  p.  8. 


sozzle   (soz'l),  n.     [<  sozzle,  r.] 
sloppy  disorder.     [U.  S.] 


A  state  of 


_„ ipace  and  til 

The  celebrated  doctrine  of  Kant  was  that  space  is  a  form 
of  pure  intuition —that  is,  Is  an  idea  imported  by  the  mind 
into  cognition,  and  corresponding  to  nothing  in  the  things 
in  themselves  (though  he  did  not  hold  that  special  spatial 
relations  were  altogether  Illusory)— just  us  color  is  a  qual- 
ity of  sensation  which  in  iU  generality  corresponds  to 
nothing  in  the  object,  though  differences  of  color  corre- 
spond to  differences  in  objects.  That  this  intuition  of  space 
is  individual,  not  general,  and  that  no  outward  intuition  is 
possible  except  under  this  form,  were  points  also  insisted 
upon  by  Kant.  At  present  there  are,  broadly  speaking, 
two  views  of  space-perception.  One  is  the  great  doctrine 
of  Berkeley  — worked  out  in  different  directions  by  J.  S. 
Mill,  Helmholtz,  Lotze,  Wundt,  and  others— that  the  idea 
of  space  is  evoked  under  the  combined  influence  of  reti- 
nal sensations  and  of  muscular  sensations  of  motion,  in  a 
manner  analogous  to  that  by  which  the  laws  of  dynamics 
have  been  evolved  from  experience.  This  is  the  theory 
which,  under  one  modification  or  another,  is  held  by  almost 
all  modern  scientific  psychologists.  Some  competent 
writers,  however,  oppose  this,  holding  that  "  all  our  sen- 
sations are  positively  and  inexplicably  extensive  wholes." 
This  opinion  conflicts  with  the  usual  one  only  in  so  far  as 
It  clings  to  the  inexplicability  and  irrationality  of  space. 
The  vulgar  conception  of  space  as  a  sort  of  thing  or  sub- 
stance of  adiff  erent  category  from  material  things,  through 
which  the  latter  move  without  sensible  resistance,  is  ac- 
ceptable to  mathematicians,  who  find  that  such  a  construc- 
tion lends  itself  remarkably  to  their  diagrammatic  reason- 
ing. For  the  geometer,  space  Is  primarily  a  system  of  points 
having  the  following  properties :  (1)  It  is  continuous. 
See  continuity,  2.  (2)  It  is  unlimited,  whether  the  part 
at  a  finite  distance  from  a  given  point  be  limited  or  not. 
(3)  It  has  three  dimensions  —  that  is,  a  set  of  three  num- 
bers varying  continuously  may  be  placed  in  continuous 
one-to-one  correspondence  with  the  points  of  space.  By 
a  continuous  correspondence  is  meant  one  in  which  a 
continuous  variation  in  one  member  will  correspond  in 
every  case  to  a  continuous  variation  in  the  other.  (4)  All 
the  points  of  space  have  perfectly  similar  spatial  relations. 
(6)  It  Is  possible  for  a  rigid  body  to  move  in  space,  and 
such  a  body  is  fixed  by  the  fixation  of  three  points,  but 
not  fewer.  (6)  Any  figure  may  be  magnified  while  pre- 
serving the  proportionality  of  all  its  lines.  Geometers  of- 
ten imagine  these  properties  to  be  modified.  In  particu- 
lar, they  use  the  hypothesis  of  a  space  of  four  or  more  di- 
mensions. They  also  often  suppose  the  principle  of  simi- 
lar figures,  or,  what  is  the  same  thing,  the  doctrine  of 


The  woman,  who  in  despite  of  poverty  and  every  dis-  Paral'elsj  *p  be  false,  thus  Pi'oducing  what  is  known  as  the 

couragement  had  always  hated,  to  the  very  roots  of  her  »««•»**•««  geometry.    This  is  of  various  kinds, 
hair,  anything  like  what  she  called  a  sozzle  —who  had  al-  Now  to  fare  space  lifts  her  ecstatic  stare 

ways  been  screwed  up  and  sharp  set  to  hard  work.  Now,  running  round  the  circle,  finds  it  square. 

Mrs.  Whitney,  Leslie  Goldthwaite,  vii.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  33. 


space 

Stars  countless,  each  in  his  appointed  place. 
Fast  anchor'd  in  the  deep  abyss  of  space. 

Coicper,  Retirement,  1.  84. 

2  The  interval  between  any  two  or  more  ob- 
jects, or  between  terminal  points ;  distance ; 
extent,  as  of  surface:  as,  the  space  of  a  mile. 

And  so  he  hym  chased  as  faste  as  his  horse  myght  hym 
here,  till  he  hadde  lefte  his  felowcs  be-hyndc .the  ipace ol 
an  arblaste.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  U.  I* 

There  shall  be  Aspace  between  you  and  it  [the  ark]  about 
two  thousand  cubits  by  measure.  Josh.  ill.  4. 

I  warrant  he  hath  a  thousand  of  these  letters,  writ  with 
blank  space  for  different  names.^  _  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

Four  gray  walls,  and  four  gray  towers, 
Overlook  a  space  of  flowers. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  i. 

3.  The  interval  between  two  points  of  time; 
quantity  of  time ;  duration. 

There  was  silence  in  heaven  about  the  space  of  half  an 
hour.  Bev-  TlU-  !• 

Mean  space  I  thinke  to  goe  downs  into  Kent* 
Cu»ft»non,quoted  in  Bradford's  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  87. 
Nine  times  the  space  that  measures  day  and  night 
To  mortal  men  he  with  his  horrid  crew 
Lay  vanquish  d,  rolling  in  the  fiery  gulf. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  50. 

4.  A  short  time ;  a  while. 

And,  sith  for  me  ye  fight,  to  me  this  grace 
Both  yield,  to  stay  your  deadly  stryfe  a.  space. 

Spenser,  F.  Q,.,  II.  vi.  33. 
And  Arthur  and  his  knighthood  for  a  space 
Were  all  one  will.        Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

5.  Hence,  time  in  which  to  do  something;  res- 
pite; opportunity;  leisure. 

Avyseth  yow  on  it,  when  ye  ban  space, 
And  of  som  goodely  answere  yow  purchace. 

Chaucer,  TroiHis,  II.  1124. 

And  I  gave  her  space  to  repent.  Rev.  it  21. 

6t.  A  path ;  course  (f ). 

This  like  monk  leet  olde  thynges  pace, 
And  heeld  after  the  newe  world  the  space. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  178. 

7.  In  printing,  one  of  the  blank  types  which 
separate  the  words  in  print.    The  thicknesses  most 
used  are  one  third,  one  fourth,  and  one  fifth  of  the  square 
body  of  the  text-type.    Hair-spaces,  still  thinner,  are  also 
made.    Spaces  as  thick  as  one  half  the  square  body  and 
all  thicker  are  known  as  quadrats. 

8.  In  musical  notation,  one  of  the  degrees  be- 
tween the  lines  of  the  staff.    In  the  usual  staff  there 
are  four  spaces  within  the  staff,  but  In  the  Gregorian  staff 
there  are  only  three.    The  name  and  significance  of  a 

re  depend  on  the  clef  and  the  key-signature.  See  staf. 
[n  ornith.,  an  unfeathered  place  on  the  skin 
between  pterylre ;  an  apterium.  Coues,  Key  to 
N.  A.  Birds,  p.  87 — Absolute,  algebraic,  basal 
space.  See  the  adjectives.  — Added  space.  Sameasfctfer 
space.— Barycentrlc  coordinates  in  space.  Same  as 
tetrahfdral  coordinate*  (which  see,  under  coordinate).— 
Berth  and  space.  See  berth?.— Cell-spaces,  the  spaces 
in  the  ground-substance  of  connective  tissue  which  inclose 
the  connective-tissue  corpuscles.— Chyle-spaces,  thecen- 
tral  lymphatic  cavities  of  the  intestinal  villi.— Comple- 
mental  space  of  pleura,  the  portion  of  the  pleural  cavity 
immediately  above  the  insertion  of  the  diaphragm,  which 
Is  not  filled  by  air  in  ordinary  breathing.— Dangerous 
space  (milU.\  the  zone  before  and  behind  the  object  fired 
at  covered  by  the  trajectory.  See  battie-ranye,  under  bat- 
Uei. — Dead  space,  in  fort.  Same  as  dead  angle  (which  see, 
under  anyleS).-  Deep  cardiac  space,  the  projection 
on  the  surface  of  the  chest  of  the  lung  covered  portions 
of  the  heart.  It  borders  on  each  side  the  superficial 
cardiac  space.— Elliptic,  Euclidean,  extramundane, 
gastrovascular  space.  See  the  adjectives.— Fontana's 
spaces.  Same  as  canal  of  Fontana  (which  see,  under 
canali).—  Geometry  Of  space.  See  geometry.—  Half- 
space  or  foot-space,  In  a  staircase,  a  resting-place  or 
broad  space  between  two  flights  of  steps.— Ha versian 
spaces.  See  Uaversian  canal,  under  canoZi. —  Hemal, 
hyperbolic,  intercellular,  Interdental  space.  See 
the  adjectives.—  Hypoprostatlc  space,  the  space  lying 
between  the  rectum  and  the  prostate.  Buchanan. — 
Interlamellar  spaces,  the  spaces  between  the  lamellw 
of  the  cornea.—  Interoaseoua  space,  the  space  between 
parallel  long  bones.—  Interpeduncular  space,  the  tri- 
angular space  at  the  base  of  the  brain,  between  the  crura 
cerebri.—  Interpleural,  ivory,  leger  space.  See  the 
adjectives.— Lenticular  space.  See  lenticular  mark, 
under  lenticular.—  Linear,  local,  maxlllopharyngeal, 
meant,  middle,  parabolic,  parasinoidal,  perforated, 
peiiocular,  popliteal,  etc.,  space.  See  the  adjectives. 
-  Polar  codrdinates  in  space.  See  coordinate.—  Quar- 
ter-space, a  landing  or  Interval  at  an  angle-turn  of  a 
stair.— Retroperitoneal  space.  See  retroperitoneal.— 
Room  and  space.  See  roomi.—  Superficial  cardiac 
space,  the  area  on  the  surface  of  the  chest  over  that  part 
of  the  heart  which  is  not  covered  by  the  lung.  It  is  repre- 
sented with  approximate  accuracy  by  a  right-angled  tri- 
angle hounded  by  the  midsternal  line,  a  horizontal  line 
through  the  point  of  the  apex  beat,  and  a  line  drawn 
through  that  point  and  the  intersection  of  the  midsternal 
line  with  a  horizontal  line  through  the  fourth  costoster- 
nal  articulation. 

Space  (spas),  f.;  pret.  and  pp.  spaced,  ppr.  spa- 
cing. [<  space,  n.  Cf.  spatiate,  expatiate.}  I.t 
intrans.  To  move  at  large ;  expatiate.  [Bare.] 

But  she,  as  Fayes  are  wont,  in  prlvie  place 
Did  spend  her  dayes,  and  lov'd  in  forests  wyld  to  space. 
Sptnsrr,  F.  Q.,  IV.  11.  44. 


space 

II.  trans.  1.  To  set  at  intervals;  put  a  space 
between;  specifically,  in  j>ri>/tiiit/.  to  arrange 
the  spaces  and  intervals  in  or  between  so  that 
there  may  be  no  obvious  disproportion :  as,  to 
space  a  paragraph ;  to  space  words,  lines,  or  let- 
ters. 

The  porch,  too,  is  open,  and  consists  of  columns  spaced 
equidistantly  over  its  floor,  without  either  the  bracketing 
arrangements  of  the  southern  or  the  domical  forma  of  the 
northern  styles.  J.  f'ergusson,  Hist.  Indian  Arch.,  p.  889. 

2.  To  divide  into  spaces. 

The  artificer  is  ordered  "to  set  up  the  frames  and  to 
spate  out  the  rooms,  that  the  Nine  Worthies  may  be  so 
instauled  as  best  to  please  the  eye." 

Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  27. 

3.  To  measure  by  paces.    Halliwell.    [Prov. 
Eng.]— Spaced  braid,  a  white  cotton  braid  used  for  the 
trimming  of  washable  garments.    The  name  is  derived 


space-box  (spas'boks),  n.  ta  printing,  a  petty 
case  of  wood  or  millboard,  in  six  or  eight  divi- 
sions, holding  the  spaces  needed  for  corrections 
on  stone.  Sometimes  called  space-barge  or 
space-paper  in  England. 

space-curvature  (spas'ker'va-tur),  n.  A  cur- 
vature of  three-dimensional  space  in  a  space  of 
four  dimensions. 

spacefill  (spas' fill),  a.  [<  space  +  -fill.]  Wide ; 
extensive.  Sandys. 

space-homology  (spas'ho-moFo-ji),  «.  Geo- 
metrical homology  in  three  dimensions. 

spaceless  (spas'les),  a.  [<  space  +  -less.]  Des- 
titute of  space.  Coleridge. 

space-line  (spas'lin),  «.  In  printing,  same  as 
lead2,  3. 

space-mark  (spas'mark),  »i.   See  proof-reading. 

space-perception  (spas'per-sep'shon),  n.  The 
perception  of  space — that  is,  of  bodies  as  ex- 
tended or  moving. 

spacer  (spa'ser),  n.  1.  A  device  used  in  ca- 
ble telegraphy  for  reversing  the  current  at 
proper  intervals,  thus  increasing  the  speed  of 
transmission :  also  used  for  a  somewhat  simi- 
lar purpose  on  land-lines. — 2.  In  a  typewriter, 
a  key,  and  the  mechanism  connected  with  it,  by 
which  spaces  are  made  between  words. 

space-relation  (spas're-la"shon),  ».  A  spatial 
relation,  such  as  that  two  points  lie  within  a 
tetrahedron  of  which  four  others  are  the  verti- 
ces, and  the  like. 

space-rule  (spas'rol),  «.  In  printing,  a  hair- 
line of  type-metal,  type-high  and  about  one 
thirty-sixth  of  an  inch  thick.  Such  rules  are  made 
of  many  lengths,  from  one  twelfth  of  an  inch  to  half  an 
inch.  They  are  used  for  cross-lines  in  table-work. 

space-writing  (spas'ri"ting),  n.  In  newspaper 
work,  the  system  of  payment  to  reporters  or 
other  writers  in  proportion  to  the  space  allowed 
to  their  articles  in  print;  also,  writing  or  work 
under  this  system. 

The  standard  of  literary  excellence  in  the  news  columns 
of  the  New  York  press  has  also  been  lowered  by  the  gen- 
eral substitution  of  space  writing  for  the  work  of  salaried 
reporters,  as  well  as  by  the  influence  already  referred  to. 
Westminster  Rev.,  CXXVIII.  858. 

spacial,  spaciality,  etc.    See  spatial,  etc. 
spacing  (spa'sing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  space,  v.] 

1 .  The  making  of  spaces,     la)  The  allowing  and 
gaging  of  intervals  between  words  in  setting  type,  type- 
writing, or  the  like. 

The  change  in  the  spacing  being  effected  by  a  small  cam 
at  the  side  of  the  carriage.  Set.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LV.  24. 

(6)  In  art,  tnach.,  etc.,  the  division  of  any  surface  into 
special  parts. 

In  the  spaces  of  decoration,  as  in  all  else,  the  Japanese 
artist  studiously  avoids  uniformity  or  repetition  of  exact 
spacing.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  591. 

2.  A  space  thus  made. 

Each  tongue  upon  discs  is  cut  slantingly  across  at  regu- 
lar spacinffs  by  steam  passages  analogous  to  the  guide- 
plate  vents  of  water  turbines.  The  Engineer,  LXIX.  225. 

3.  Spaces  collectively. 

spacing-lace  (spa' sing-las),  «.  Same  as  seam- 
ing-lace. 

spacious  (spa'shus),  a.  [Formerly  also  spatious; 
<  F.  spacieux  =  Sp.  espacioso  =  Pg.  espaqoso  = 
It.  spazioso,  <  L.  spatiosus,  roomy,  ample,  < 
Kjxitium,  room,  space:  see  space.]  1.  Inclos- 
ing an  extended  space ;  of  great  extent ;  wide- 
extended. 

As  though  no  other  place,  on  Britain's  spacious  earth. 
Were  worthy  of  his  end,  but  where  he  had  his  birth. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  I.  189. 

The  spacious  firmament  on  high, 
With  all  the  blue  ethereal  sky. 

Addisan,  Ode,  Spectator,  No.  465. 

2.  Having  large  or  ample  room ;  not  contracted 
or  narrow ;  roomy. 


5791 

On  the  North  side  of  the  Church  is  a  tpatimu  Court, 
which  I  could  not  conjecture  to  be  less  than  ..n.  hiiiuh. d 
and  fifty  yards  long,  and  eighty  or  one  hundred  broad. 

MtMntrett,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  !_'(•>. 
Those  melodious  bursts  that  fill 
The  spacious  times  of  great  Elizabeth. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

3f.  Extensive;  on  a  large  scale;  abounding: 
said  of  persons. 

Is 't  possible  that  such  a  gpacimu  villain 
Should  live,  and  not  be  plagued? 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  Wide,  capacious,  ample,  broad. 

spaciously  (spa'shus-li),  adv.  In  a  spacious 
manner;  widely;  extensively;  roomily. 

spaciousness  (spa'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  spacious ;  largeness  of  extent ;  exten- 
siveness;  roominess. 

spadassin  (spad'a-sin),  n.  [<  F.  spadassin,  < 
It.  spadaccino,  swordsman,  <  spada,  sword :  see 
spade1,  spathe.]  A  swordsman;  especially,  a 
person  devoted  to  fencing  and  presumed  to  be 
expert  with  the  sword ;  hence,  less  properly,  a 
bravo. 

Bully  swordsmen,  spadassiiu  of  that  party,  go  swag- 
gering ;  or  indeed  they  can  be  had  for  a  trifle  of  money. 
Carlyle.     (Imp.  Dot.) 

spaddle  (spad'l),  n.  [Dim.  of  spade*.  Cf .  pad- 
dle2.] A  little  spade ;  a  spud.  [Obsolete  or 
provincial.] 

Others  destroy  moles  with  a  spaddle,  waiting  in  the 
mornings  and  evenings  for  them.  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

spade1  (spad),  ».  [<  ME.  spade,  <  AS.  spadu, 
spsedu,  also  rarely  spada,  spad,  in  an  early  gloss 
spadi,  =  OS.  spado  =  OFries.  spada  =  MD. 
xjHiile,  spaeye,  D.  spade,  spa  =  MLG.  LG.  spade 
=  OHG.  *spato,  MHG.  "spate,  G.  spate,  spaten 
=  Icel.  spathi  =  Sw.  Dan.  spade,  a  spade  (ef. 
MD.  spade,  a  sword,  =  OF.  espee,  F.  epee,  a 
sword,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  espada  =  It.  spada,  a 
sword :  see  spade2),  <  L.  spatha,  <  Gr.  (malty,  a 
broad  blade  of  wood  or  metal,  a  spatula,  the 
spathe  or  sheath  of  a  flower,  prob.  <onav,  draw 
out.  Cf.  span1,  space.  From  the  same  source 
are  ult.  spade2,  spaddle,  paddle2,  spadille,  spa- 
droon,  epaulet,  espalier,  spalP,  spatule,  spatula.] 
1.  A  tool  for  digging  and  cutting  the  ground, 
having  a  rather  thick  iron  blade,  usually  flat, 
so  formed  that  its  terminal  edge  (either  straight 


spade-graft 

Ing  of  a  spade,  i  «,  2(bf.— To 

call  a  spade  a  spade,  t»  .,,11  tlm  proper 

names,  even  though  tin  hinnrly  or  coarse; 

•peak  plainly  :uni  uith.mt  mini'lui:  in 

IK  r.'-*:u  \    oMIJ'-r  Illlr-   il;l\  ,-   IM-I   |[    !n;|ilr   ;l^  TM  til'     MIJ>|«»'  -1 

occult  origin  of  this  phrase  ;  but  it  means  what  it  says  — 
to  call  a  siintili'  thing  by  Its  hinipli-  n:mi<-.  »  it  h.  nit  rircum- 
locution or  :ttti  i  i.  d 

Chesham  does  not  like  to  fait  a  spade  a  spade.  He  calls 
It  a  horticultural  utensil.  Thackeray,  l-hilip,  xxiii. 

spade'  (spad),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spaded,  ppr. 
niiinliiiij.  [<  ximili  i.  n. ]  1.  To  dig  or  cut  with  a 
spade ;  dig  up  (the  ground)  by  means  of  a  spade. 
—  2.  In  whaling,  to  use  the  boat-spade  on,  as 
a  whale ;  cut  the  tendons  of  the  flukes  of;  ham- 
string. 

spade-  (spad),  «.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  Pg.  espada,  spade 
at  cards,  usually  in  pi.  espadas,  spades  (sing. 
espada,  the  ace  of  spades) ;  appar.  a  particular 
use  of  espada,  a  sword  (<  L.  x]>atlm,  <  Gr.  av68t/, 
a  broadsword),  these  cards  having,  it  is  said, 
among  the  Spaniards,  the  figure  of  a  sword; 
according  to  others  the  figure  was  orig.  in- 
tended, as  in  the  cards  now  in  use,  for  the  head 
of  a  pike,  in  which  case  the  name  spade  is  prob. 
an  orig.  E.  designation,  the  head  of  a  pike  suf- 
ficiently resembling  the  pointed  spade:  see 
spade1.]  A  playing-card  of  one  of  the  two 
black  suits  of  a  pack,  the  other  being  clubs. 
"  Let  Spades  he  trumps ! "  she  said,  and  trumps  they  were. 
Pope,  K.  of  the  U,  ill  46. 

spade3  (spad),  n.  [<  L.  spado,  <  Gr.  avaiuv,  an 
impotent  person,  a  eunuch.  Cf.  spay*.]  1.  An 
emasculated  person ;  a  eunuch. — 2.  An  emas- 
culated animal ;  a  gelding. 

spade-bayonet  (spad'ba'o-net),  n.  A  broad- 
bladed  implement  intended  to  be  attached  to  a 
military  rifle ;  a  trowel-bayonet.  It  is  capable  of 
being  used  for  digging,  as  in  sinking  a  tent-pole,  making 
hasty  intrenchments  when  better  tools  are  not  within 
reach,  and  the  like,  and  is  also  capable  of  use  as  a  weapon. 

spade-bonet  (spad'bon),  n.  The  blade-bone, 
shoulder-blade,  or  scapula. 

By  th'  shoulder  of  a  ram  from  oft  the  right  side  par'd. 
Which  usually  they  boil,  the  spade-bone  being  bar'd. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  v.  266. 

spade-farm  (spad'farm),  «.  A  farm  or  piece 
of  ground  kept  especially  for  manual  labor 
with  the  spade,  whether  for  producing  garden 
vegetables  or  the  like,  or  with  a  view  to  the 
perpetuation  of  a  certain  kind  of  labor. 

spade-fish  (spad'fish),  n.  Cheetodipterusfaber: 
same  as  moonfsh  (d).  See  angel-fish,  3,  and  cut 
under  Cheetodipterus. 

spade-foot  (spad'fut),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Spade- 
footed;  scaphiopod. 

II.  ». ;  pi.  spade-foots  (-futs).  A  spade-footed 
or  scaphiopod  toad ;  a  spade-toad.  There  are  sev- 
eral  species  of  different  genera,  one  of  the  best-known 


Spades. 

a,  Irish  spade  with  foot-piece ;  *.  Creek  spade  with  foot -piece ;  c, 
Japanese  spade;  it,  spade  for  cutting  turf;  e,  ditching-spades;/*,  post- 
spade,  for  digging poet-holes ;  g,  polished  drain-spade  with  foot-piece ; 
A,  long-handled  garden  spade  ;  i,  ditching-spade. 

or  curved)  may  be  pressed  into  the  ground  or 
other  resisting  substance  with  one  foot,  and  a 
handle,  usually  with  a  crosspiece  at  the  top,  to 
be  grasped  by  both  hands.  A  spade  differs  from  a 
two-handed  shovel  chiefly  In  the  form  and  thickness  of 
the  blade. 
Tho  nomen  heo  spade  and  schouele  and  ner  the  place 

wende, 

Deope  heo  gonne  to  delue  ther  as  the  smoke  out  weude. 
Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  43. 
Strength  may  wield  the  pond'rous  spade, 
Slay  turn  the  clod,  and  wheel  the  compost  home. 

Cowper,  Task,  ilL  636. 

2.  A  tool  of  soft  iron  used  with  diamond-pow- 
der by  cameo-cutters  in  finishing. — 3.  In  whal- 
ing, a  large  chisel-like  implement  used  on  blub- 
ber or  bone  in  cutting-in.  See  phrases  follow- 
ing.—  4.  In  herpet.,  a  formation  on  the  foot  of 
some  toads  with  which  they  dig.  See  spade- 
foot Boat-spade,  an  instrument,  carried  under  the 

stern-sheets  of  a  whale-boat,  resembling  a  very  large 
chisel,  having  a  wide  blade,  and  a  handle  six  or  eight  feet 
long.  This  instrument  was  employed  to  stop  a  running 
whale  by  the  process  known  as  hamstringing  or  spading 
fluke*  (cutting  the  cords  about  the  small),  which  required 
much  experience  and  dexterity,  and  was  a  very  hazardous 
undertaking;  it  has  been  done  away  with  by  the  intro- 
duction of  bomb-lances.  The  boat-spade  is  still  carried 
in  case  of  emergency.— Bone-spade,  a  cutting-spade, 
with  a  long  thin  shank,  used  by  whalers  for  cutting  out 
the  throat-bone  of  a  baleen-whale.— Cutting-spade,  » 
sharp  instrument  like  a  very  large  narrow  chisel  fixed 
to  a  pole  ten  or  more  feet  In  length,  used  for  cutting  the 
blubberfrom  awhale.— Half-round  spade,  a  long-han- 
dled spade  with  a  blade  curved,  or  rolled  up  on  the  sides, 
resembling  a  carpenters'  gouge,  and  used  for  cutting 
holes  in  the  head  of  the  blubber  when  boarding.—  Shoe- 


spade-foot  {S 


being  Scaphiopus  hoOrrooki,  of  eastern  and  southerly  parts 

of  the  United  States. 
spade-footed  (spad'tut'ed),  a.     Scaphiopod,  as 

a  toad;  belonging  to  the  Scaphionodinx. 
spadeful  (spad'ful),  «.     [<  spade*  +  -/«/.]     As 

much  as  can  be  taken  up  with  a  spade. 
spade-graft   (spad'gr&ft),   «.     The   depth   to 

which  a  spade  will  dig:  about  a  foot.     Also 

spade's  graft.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
They  [British  relics)  were  discovered  In  1827  near  Gul»- 

borough,  at  about  a  spade's  graft  beneath  the  surface. 

Proc.  Soc.  of  A  ntiy.  (1844),  L  SO.    (Dana.) 


Obvene.  Rererse. 

Spade-guinea,  1787.—  British  Museum.    <Si«e  of  the  original. ) 


spade-guinea 

SPade-guinea(Spa(rgin'?)«    A  guniea  coined 
bv  Oeorgo  ill.  during  tiu*  ppnou.  not—  &*?•    i 
now  so  oafied  because  the  shield  of  arms  on  the  reverse 
has  the  shape  of  the  spade  of  playing-cards.    See  cut  on 
preceding  page. 

(spad'gun),  w.     A  gun  f"*™?,*^ 


5792 


Imp. 


^,^. „.„....'*«», 

has  not  the  power  of  procreation ;  an  impote 

(spa-do'ne),  ».      [It.,  aug.  of  spado, 
'  "     Cf.  svadroon.-]     A  long 


spale 

2.  Beady;  prompt. 
Spac  to  uvel  and  slaw  to  god. 


^  ^^  ,  ^ 


a  socket  in  the  butt-plate  to  which  the  spade 
can  be  fitted  for  use  as  an  iutrenchmg-tpol.  ^ 
spade-handle  (spad'han'dl), «.  " 


spakelyt,  "<lr.   [ME.,  also  spakltj.  spakli,  spacli  ; 

<  xprtfa-s  +  -li/".]    Quickly;  speedily;  nimbly. 

Spek  to  me  spakli  or  i  spille  sone. 

,,-.-,,.-^  ,.t  j'aierne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),l.  1535. 


1.  The  handle 


hands.  It  was  commonly  carried  without  a  scabbard, 
behind  and  across  the  back,  with  the  handle  projecting 
over  the  right  shoulder,  or  resting  on  the  shoulder  as  the 


both  ends  by  the  forked  ends  of  a  connecting- 

spade-husbandry  (spad'huz'band-ri),  «.    A 
mode  of  cultivating  the  soil  and  improving  it 


muuc. ., .....  ..  shoulder  arms,  and  for  this  reason  ttie  heel 

edKeWthVflrst  quarter  or  third  part  of 'its  length,  and 
sometimes  a  small  secondary  guard  was  interposed  before 
the  sharp  part  of  the  blade  begins.  See  cut  under  second' . 
Hewitt. 

Same  asspadone. 


One  semblable  to  the  Samaritan  and  some-del  to  Piers  the 

Plowman, 

Bartote  on  an  assc  bakke  botelees  cam  prykye, 
Wyth  oute  spores  other  spere  spaUiche  he  loked. 

Piers  Plouinan  (B),  xvm.  12. 

The  blode  sprente  owtte,  and  sprede  as  the  horse  spryngez, 
And  he  sproulez  fulle  spakelij,  bot  spekes  he  no  more. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  J*j.  1.  S.),  1.  20oo. 

spake-net  (spak'net),  n.    [<  spake1  +  net1.] 
net  for  catching  crabs.     Halliwell. 


, 

stead 

spade- ..~_  v-c 

spade,  with  the  tang  or  socket  by 

r  '  -,     ,          n     _    l Jl«  O        Tn      lit)*. 


Spalacidae  (spiUas'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
(-«<•-)  -I-  -idle.]  A  family  of  myomorphic  ro- 
dents, typified  by  the  genus  Spalai;  the  mole- 
rats  proper,  having  small  or  rudimentary  eyes 


without  the 
of  the  handle 
put  upon  the 
repair  it.    This  border  is  generally  represented  with 
some  ornamental  outline  engrailed  or  lobed  on  its  inner 
edge,  and  is  also  called  shoeing  of  a  spade. 
spader  (spa'der),  «.     One  who  or  that  which 
spades;  a  digging-machine. 
The  steam-ploughs  and  horse- ploughs  did  their  work  well, 
and  the  rotary  s^erd^its^workweU.^^^  ^  ^ 


MHG.  spehen,  G.  spahen,  spy:  see  spy1.]     To     ^yergV8>  mole-rat,  and  Rhizomys. 

foretell;  divine;  predict  from  signs  or  mdica-  spala^inje  (spal-a-si'ne),  ».  pi.     [NL.,  <  Spiiltu; 

(-ae-)  +  -inie.]  'A  subfamily  of  Spalacidse,  in- 
cluding the  typical  mole-rats,  in  which  the 
mandibular  angle  is  in  relation  with  the  socket 
of  the  lower  incisor.  See  Spalax.  Also  . ' 
lacinse. 


tions.     [Scotch.] 

Tell  me  the  very  minute  o'  the  hour  the  wean  's  born, 
and  I'll  spat  its  fortune.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  iii. 

spae-book  (spa'buk),  «.     A  book  containing 

directions  for  telling  fortunes,  etc.    [Scotch.]      

spaeman  (spa'man),  ». ;  pi.  spaemen  (-men).  A  spalacine  (spal'a-sin),  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to 
A  rack  on  board  a    fortune-teUer;  diviner;  soothsayer.     [Scotch.]     the  Kpalacidx  or  Spalacinse. 

-  Spalacopodida  (spal'a-ko-pod'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[N L.,  <  Spalacopus  (-pod-)  +  -idx.]  A  family  of 
hystricomorphic  rodents,  named  by  Lilljeborg 
(1866)  from  the  genus  Spalacopus.  It  is  inexactly 

_ .  equivalent  to  the  Octodantidte  of  authors,  but  includes  the 

female  fortune-teller.     rfi/>«t«v,  n 


[Cornwall,  Eng.] 
spadic   (spa'dik),  n.      [Brazilian.]      Same  as 

coca1.  . 

spadiceous  (spa-dish'ius),  a.    [<  L.  spadiceus,  < 

suadix,  <  Gr.  mrditj,  a  palm-branch,  also  nut-  spaghetti  j.=j,»-6.,v  ..•./,  «•  ,"---' t—.---^-f-. 

brown  palm-colored,  bay:  see  spadix.]     1.  Of    dim.  of  spago,  a  small  cord.]     A  kind  of  Italian 

a  bright-brown  color;  bay;  chestnut.  macaroni  made  in  the  form  of  cords  smaller 

Of  tlse  five  [unicorns'  horns,  which  Scaliger  beheld,  ^J^^fS^^^^ 

though  one  [was]  spadiceom,  or  of  a  light  red,  and  two  in-  than  the  threads  or.  vermicelli, 

clining  to  red,  yet  was  there  not  any  of  this  complexion  spagiriCt  (spa-jir  ik),  a.  and  n.    [Also  spagyrii , 

among  them.                   Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  23.  Spagyrick;  =  F.  spagirique;  irreg.  formed  (it  is 

2.  In  bot.,  bearing  or  having  the  nature  of  a  said  by  Paracelsus)  <  Gr.o-jrav,rend,  tear,  stretch 

spadix.     See  petaloideoiis,  endogen,  and  Mono-  out,  +  tcYsipetv,  bring  or  collect  together.]     I. 

cotyledones.  a.  Chemical  or  alchemical;  pertaining. to  chem- 
Also  spadicious. 

spadices,  n.    Plural  of  spadix. 

spadicifloral  (spa-di-si-flo'ral),  a.  [<  NL.  spa- 
dix (spadic-),  q.  v.,  +  L.  fib's  (flor-),  a  flower: 
see  floral.]  In  bot.,  having  flowers  borne  on  a 
spadix.  ^ 

spadicose  (spad'i-kos),  «.     [<  L.  spadix  (-ic-)  f  spagiricalt  (spa-jir'i-kal),  a.     [Also  spagyrical, 

-ose.]  In  bot.,  spadiceous ;  growing  on  a  spadix.  spagerical ;  <  spagiric  +  -al.]    Same  as  spagiric. 

padilla  (spa-dil'a),  n.     [See  spadille.]    In  the  spagiristt  (spaj'i-rist),  «.     [Also  spagyrist;  < 


th: 


Plague  on  her  for  an  auld  Highland  witch  and  spae«\fe ; 
.  she'll  cast  some  of  her  cantrips  on  the  cattle. 

Scott,  Chronicles  of  the  Canongate,  xiii. 

ghetti  (spa-get'ti),  n.     [It.,  pi.  of  spagtietto, 


See  Octodontidx. 

SpalacopUS  (spa-lak'o-pus),  w.  [NL.  (Waller, 
1832),  <  Gr.  oTrd/iaf  (oTrnAa/c-),  a  mole,  -r  Troif  = 
E.  foot.-}  The  name-giving  genus  of  Spalaco- 
podidx,  now  a  member  of  the  family  Octodon- 
tidx and  subfamily  Octodontinx.  The  ears  are 
rudimentary,  the  tail  is  short,  and  the  fore  claws  are  short- 
er than  their  digits.  The  skull  and  teeth  resemble  those 
of  Schizodon.  There  are  two  South  American  species,  of 
fossorial  habits,  constructing  extensive  subterranean  bur- 
rows in  which  they  live.  They  have  been  called  poepha- 
gamei,  from  a  synonymous  genus  Poephagomys. 

.  Chemical  or  alchemical;  pertammg.to  cnem-  gpaiax  (spa'laks),  n.  [NL.  (Giildenstadt),  < 
,try  as  taught  by  Paracelsus  and  his  followers,  gg"  a^^M^  aiso  ^(Uaf  and  aaira^,  a  mole.] 
It  was  a  huge  diligence  and  care  of  the  Divine  mercy  The  typical  genus  of  mole-rats,  subfamily  Spa- 
lat  discovered  to  man  the  secrets  of  spayiiric  medicines.  ]aei,lie  having  the  eyes  rudimentary  and  cov- 
jer.  laylor,  Works  (ed.  looo),  i.  W4. 

A  chemist,  especially  one  devoted  to 


II.  n. 

alchemical  pursuits. 


ered  with  skin.  It  contains  S.  typhlus,  the  slepez  or 
blind  mole-rat  of  Europe,  the  most  completely  mole-like 
of  the  rodents  in  general  appearance,  habits,  and  adapta- 
tive  modifications  of  structure.  Also  Aspalax.  See  cut 
under  mole-rat. 
spald1  (spald),  r.  [Also  dial,  spaud;  <  ME.  spal- 

r ,  ,  .        ....         ..  .      -,  ,    ~«— = Y*   •   i     »"T>       -i         -  i.--   •  i          de».  spawden,  <  MD.  spalden  =  MLG.  spalden, 

game  of  solo,  the  queen  of  spades,  which  is  al-    spagir(ic)  +  -ist.]    A  Paracelsiau  chemist  or    s.)o[agn  _  OHG    spaltan,  MHG.  G.  spalten  (> 

physician  of  the  sixteenth  or  seventeenth  cen-    Dan  gjw,fte))  spiit)  cleave ;  akin  to  speW,  spell* ; 


spa 


tury ;  a  follower  of  Paracelsus  ill  regarding  in- 
organic chemistry  as  the  basis  of  medical  know- 
ledge. 

No  more  than  I  can  [tell]  who  initiated  Mr.  Boyle  among 
the  Spagyrists,  before  I  had  the  honour  to  know  him. 

Evelyn,  To  Mr.  Wotton. 


ways  the  highest  trump, 
spadille,  spadilio  (spa-dil',  -yo),  w.    [<  F.  sp«- 

dttle,  <  Sp.  espadilla  (=  It.  spadiglia),  a  small 

sword,  the  ace  of  spades,  dim.  of  Sp.  espada  = 

Pg.  espada,  spade  (at  cards),  the  ace  of  spades: 

see  spade1,  spade2.]     In  card-playing,  the  ace 

of  spades  at  ombre  and  quadrille.    In  the  fol- 
lowing quotation  spadille  is  personified  as  Spa-  grjahee,  spahi  ^-^ ,   - -,,         ,.- 

dillio.  spacJii;  =F.spahi,<.  Turk. sipdhi=PeTS.  Hind. 

sipahi:  see  sepoy.]     1.  A  member  of  the  corps 
of  Turkish  cavalry  organized  in  the  fourteenth 
century  on  a  feudal  basis,  who  fought  in  a  very 
spading-machine  (spa'diug-ma-shen"),  «.     A 

digging-machine . 
spadix  (spa'diks),  «. ;  pi.  spadices  (spa-di'sez). 

[NL.,  <  L.  spadix,  (.  Gr.  atraSt!-,  a  branch  broken 

off,  esp.  a  palm-branch,  hence  palm-colored, 

bay,  <  cmav,  tear,  rend,  stretch  out.]    1.  In  bot., 

a  form  of  inflorescence  in  plants,  in  which  the 

flowers  are  closely  arranged  in  a  spike  or  head 

which  has  a  fleshy  or  thickened  rachis.  The  term 

is  mostly  restricted  to  the  Araceat  and  the  palms,  and 

further  to  those  cases  in  which  the  inflorescence  is  accom- 


Spadillio  first,  unconquerable  lord, 

Led  off  two  captive  trumps  and  swept  the  board. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  iii.  49. 


ct.  spall1,  spale1.  '  Hence  spalt1.]    I.t  trans.  To 
splinter;  chip. 
Be  thane  speris  whare  sproungene,  spalddyd  chippys. 

Xorte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3700. 

II.  intraiis.  To  founder,  as  a  ship.     [Prov. 
Eng.,  in  form  snaud.] 
,,  -hi),  «.     [Fonnerly_also         fd'2f  (spald)/,(.     [Also  (Sc.)  spauld,  spawld; 

<  ME.  spalde,  spawde;  a  var.  of  spall?:   see 

spalP.]    The  shoulder. 

Ly  stille  therin  now  and  roste, 
I  kepe  nothynge  of  thi  coste 
Ne  noghte  of  thi  spalde. 

Perceval,  1.  796.    (HalliweU.) 

lenand  his  spald  to  the  stok  of  ane  tre. 


panied  by  the  peculiar  bract  or  bracts  called  a  spathe.     .  ^^        ,    ^ 

See  cuts  under  Aracese,  Indian,  and  inflorescence.  spairge  (sparj),  V.  t. 

2.  In  zool.:  (a)  The  hectocotylus  of  the  male  spait,  n.     See  spate. 


disorderly  manner,  and  were  disbanded  soon 
after  serving  as  the  chief  instruments  in  the 
suppression  of  the  Janizaries  in  1826. 

But  the  Spachies  and  Janizaries  .  .  .  are  the  Nerves  and 
Supporters  of  the  Turkish  Monarchy. 

Sandys,  Travailes  (ed.  1673X  p.  38. 

2.  One  of  the  corps  of  native  Algerian  cavalry 
in  the  French  service,  originally  formed  from 

the  Turkish  spahees  serving  in  Algeria  at  the  spalding-knife  (spal'ding-nif),  ». 
time  of  the  French  conquest.  splitting  codfish.     E.  H.  KnigJtt. 

spail.    See  spate1,  spale*. 


A  Scotch  form  of  sparge. 


Thebul 

Gavin  Douglas,  JEneid,  xii.  410. 

spalder  (spal'der),  «.  [<  spaW1  +  -er1.]  In 
stone-working,  a  workman  who  spalls  or  scales 
off  small  flakes  by  the  use  of  a  heavy  ax-shaped 
hammer,  or  muckle-hammer. 

A  knife  for 

spale1  (spal),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spaled,  ppr. 


spa 
To 


•BY      \~r~—/j    •        •  T    £•    ~  —  JT K       f —       '    ^^   _ 

tiling.   [Avar,  of  spall1,  split,  etc.:  seespall1.] 
o  break  up. 


cephalopod:  a  specialized  part  of  the  fore  foot,  spaive  (spav),  v.  t.  A  dialectal  variant  of  spay1,  spale1  (spal),  w.     [Also  sp«)7;  <  ME.  spale;  cf. 

"'"i1  (spak),  n.    A  Scotch  form  at  spoke1.          Icel.  spotr  (spal-),  a  rail,  bar,  short  piece,  bit; 
Your  cage  shall  be  made  o'  the  beaten  gold,  ™  P»rt  a  var.  of  spea?1,  spell*,  in  ^>art  appar. 

And  the  spotes  o1  ivorie.  due  to  spale1,  r. :  see  spell*,  and  cf.  spall1.]    1. 

May  Calvin  (Allingham's  Ballad-book,  p.  247).     A  chip  or  splinter  of  wood.      [Old  Eng.  and 

Scotch.]  —  2.  In  sInp-liuUding,  one  of  a  num- 
ber of  cross-bands  fastened  temporarily  to  the 
frames  to  keep  them  in  place  until  properly  se- 
cured. Also  called  spaling. 
spale2  (spal),  r.  t.  [Also  spaif;  perhaps  a  par- 
ticular use  of  spale1.]  In  mining,  to  inflict  a 


on  one  side,  which  becomes  hectocotylized,  or 
assumes  a  sexual  function.  On  the  opposite 
side  is  a  corresponding  part,  not  subject  to  hec- 
tocotylization,  called  the  antispadix.  (b)  In  Hy- 

drozoa,  the  manubrium  of  the  hydromedusans,  spake2.    An  archaic  or  poetic  preterit  of  speak. 
an  offset  of  a  blastostyle  bearing  the  genital  spake3!,  «•     [ME.,  alsospafc,  spac,  <  Icel.  spakr, 
products,  like  the  part  of  a  pea-pod  which  bears    quiet,  gentle,  wise,  =  Sw.  spafc  =  Dan.  spag, 
thepeas.     (c)  [cap.]  A  genus  of  coelenterates.     quiet,  gentle,  tame.]     1.  Quiet;  tame. 
spado  (spa'do),  n.     [L.,  <Gr.  owddav,  a  eunuch,        Hyt  sate  by  hym  so  spol-e 
<  a-n-av,  tear,  rend,  pluck  off  or  out.    Cf .  spaae»,  Roo.  of  Brimne,  Handlyng  Synne,  1.  7486. 


spale 

fine  upon  for  breach  of  some  rule  of  the  mine. 
Wenlc. 

spall1  (spal),  c.  [Also  xpaicl ;  a  later  form  of 
spii/il1,  iii  part  due  to  spall1,  ».]  I.  trims.  1. 
Tosplit;  splinter;  chip;  specifically,  in  miiiiinj, 


5793 

4f.   To  cock  by  the  use  of  a  spa  run  r.  as  a  wheel- 
lock  musket  or  pistol. 

Every  man,  officer  and  soldier,  havliiK  a  pistol  ready 
spannd  in  one  hand.  Clarendon,  Civil  Wars,  III.  24s. 
5.  \iiul.,  to  confine  with  ropes:  as.  to  span  the 


*•  .          '        •«•,  _      '  '        *i        m  t  if'          v,     .*»««•(. j    \,\j    UWIUUW    n  1 1  11    I  UIH'M  .      U>,     [(»   KlIHK     I  III"          *  V/LJt:rj.— —  \j.       >"/      ill     ill'       * 

to  chip  or  break  up  roughly,  as  ore,  prepara-     booms.— 6.  To  shackle  the  legs  of,  as  a  horse;     original   Dutch    OMge), 


spane 

7.   \iint.,  a  rope  fastened  at  both  ends  BO  that 

a  purchase  may  lie  1 keii  to  its  tii^lit: 

ft  Curable   rope    having   thimliles   attach.  . 
tweeu  its  two  pints,  used  us  ;i  r  for 

ropes. — 8.  (a)  In  the  t'nitcd  States  ifroie  tin- 


hobble.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

II.  niti'iiiix.  1.  To  measure  off  or  mark  dis- 
tances from  point  to  point;  make  distinct 
stretches  in  going,  as  a  span-worm  or  measur- 
ing-worm does. 

If  the  whale  is  spanning,  I.  e.  swimming  In  ii  ili-cidcil 
ilinriiiiM  and  appearing  at  the  surface  at  intervals  more 
or  less  regular,  less  caution  is  observed. 


tory  to  sorting  the  material. — 2.  [<  epaU*,  n.} 

To  keep  (the  frames  of  a  ship)  at  their  proper 

distance  apart. 

II.  intriiiis.  To  splinter;  chip;  give  off  spalls. 
spall1  (spiil),  ii.     [Also  spawl;  <  ME.  spalle;  a 

var.  of  spell*,  spew,  etc.,  in  part  due  to  sptill1, 

v. :  see  spell*,  and  cf.  spald1,  spate1.']    A  chip  or 

splinter  thrown  off,  as  in  chopping  or  hewing  ; 

now  specifically,  in  masonry,  a  piece  of  stone 

chipped  off  by  a  blow  of  a  hammer  or  mallet.       2.  To  be  matched  for  running  in  harness ;  form 
spall-,    spawl3   (spal),  n.     [Also  spaul,   and     a  span:  as,  the  horses  span  well.    [U.S.] 

formerly  spaht,  xpiiuld  ;  <  ME.  "spaiile,  spaldc,  span1  (span),  ».     [<  ME.  xpuiuir,  x/iiiiuit;  <  AS. 

spaicde,  <  OF.  espnule,  "espaulde,  F.  epaule  =    span,  a  span  (def.  4),  gespan,  a  joining,  connec- 

Sp.  Pg.  espa/da  =  It.  spalla,  the  shoulder,  <  L.     tion,  =  I),  span,  a  span,  a  team  of  horses,  =  OHG. 

spatula,  a  broad  blade:  see  spatula 

let.}     The  shoulder.     [Obsolete  or 
Their  mightie  strokes  their  haberjeoi 


pair  of    In, i 

mules  harnessed  together:  particularly,  a  pair 
of  horses  usually  driven  together,  or  matched 
for  driving  or  work.  (Ii)  In  South  Al'i-ii-a. 
two  or  more  yokes  of  oxen  or  bul  locks  attached 
to  a  wagon  or  a  plow.  For  a  wagon  the  span  may 
consist  of  from  twelve  to  twenty  animals,  and  for  a  plow 
of  six  or  eight. 

span2.     An  arehaie  preterit  of  spin. 

~Encye.  Brit.,  XXIV.  626.  span3  (span),  ailr.  [The  first  element  in  the 
compound  •./«/«-//<»•  erroneously  taken  as  a 
separate  word:  see  .\/ni/i-in-ir,  and  ef.  sfiii-k-n mi- 
span.'}  Wholly;  entirely;  freshly:  as,  my  hands 
are  span  clean  (sometimes  gpandy  clean).  Bart- 
lett.  [Colloq.,  U.  8.] 

Sec  apiiiii  mm,  etc. 

The  long,  horizon- 
which  the  vertical  axis 


And  uaked  made  each  others  manly  spalles. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  29. 


shoulder,  <  L.  tion,  =  D.*p«M,aspan,ateamof  horses,  =  Ol  I  <  J .  < 

ula.    Cf.  epaii-  spanna,  MHG.  G.  spanne  (>  It.  s[niiniii  =  OF.  spanaemia,  spanaemic.     See 

or  Scotch  ]  espan,  F.  empan)  =  Icel.  spiiiin  (spann-)  =  Sw.  span-beam  (span'bem),  «. 

iBdismavld  spann  =  Dan.  spaiid,  a  span;  from  the  v«rb.]    1.  tal  wooden  beam  into  which 

.,  '         '  mi *-_!!     __  ___!_•      l_  1 1     •  ft  a  i»i«\r»  tttr   tlm    il*>tini    nf    u     ltj-t?*u<} 


spallier  (spal'yer),  «.     [Also  spaliard;  cf.  *j 
iard.}     A  laborer  in  tin-works,     ffalliicell. 

spalling-floor  (spa'ling-fldr),  n.  A  clear  space 
on  the  ground,  a  low  platform,  or  something 
similar,  on  which  ores  are  spalled. 

spalling-hammer  ( spa '  ling-  ham  "er),  n.  A 
heavy  ax-like  hammer  with  a  chisel-edge,  used 
for  rough-dressing  stone  by  chipping  off  small 
flakes;  in  mining,  any  hammer  with  which  spall- 
ing  is  done. 

spalpeen  (spal'pen),  n.  [<  Ir.  spailpin,  a  mean 
fellow,  rascal,  stroller  (=  Gael,  spailpean,  a 
mean  fellow,  a  fop),  <  spailp,  a  beau,  also  pride, 
self-conceit,  =  Gael,  spailp,  pride,  self-conceit ; 
cf.  spailp,  strut,  walk  affectedly.]  A  mean  fel- 
low ;  a  rascal :  a  term  of  contempt,  or  of  con- 
temptuous pity,  for  a  man  or  boy.  [Irish.] 

The  spalpeen!  turned  into  a  buckeen  that  would  be  a 
squireen,  but  can't.     Miss  Edgeworth,  Love  and  Law,  i.  4. 

spalt1  (spalt),  v.  [An  altered  form  of  spald1, 
prob.  due  to  a  pp.  spalt.  Cf.  spalt2.]  To  split 
off,  as  large  splinters  from  a  piece  of  timber  in 
working  it.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spalt2  (spalt),  a.  [Appar.  <  spalt1,  perhaps 
through  the  pp.  spalt.}  If.  Brittle;  liable  to 
break  or  split. 

Of  all  oke  growing  in  England,  the  parke  oke  is  the  soft- 
est, and  far  more  spalt  and  brickie  than  the  hedge  oke. 
Harrison,  Descrip.  of  Eng.,  ii.  22  (Holinshed's  Chron.,  I.). 

2.  Frail ;  clumsy ;  heedless ;  pert.  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

spalt3  (spalt),  ».  [<  G.  spalt(-steiri),  spalt,  lit. 
'splinter-stone,'  <  spalten,  split  (see  spalfl),  + 
stein,  stone.]  A  whitish  scaly  mineral,  used  to 
promote  the  fusion  of  metals. 

span1  (span),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spanned,  ppr. 
spanning.  [<  ME.  spannen,  <  AS.  spannan,  spon- 
nan  (pret.  spe6nn),  gespannan,  bind,  connect,  = 
D.  spannan,  stretch,  bend,  hoist,  cock  (a  gun), 
hitch  (horses),  =  MLG.  LG.  spannen  =  OHG. 
spannan,  MHG.  G.  spannen,  extend,  connect,  = 
Icel.  spenna,  span,  clasp,  =  Sw.  spiinna,  stretch, 
strain,  draw,  =  Dan.  spxnde,  stretch,  strain, 
span,  buckle ;  •/  span,  perhaps,  with  present  for- 
mative -n,  <  •/  spa,  extend,  in  Gr.  oTraeiv,  avav, 


The  full  extent  or  course  over  which  anything  carrying  the  drum  of  a  horse-whim  is  pivoted. 
is  stretched  or  prolonged ;  the  space  or  time  span-block  (span'blok),  n.  Naut.,  one  of  two 
covered  or  included  between  terminal  points ;  blocks  seized  into  each  bight  of  a  span  and 
entire  reach  from  end  to  end  or  from  side  to  hung  across  »  masthead  for  various  uses, 
side :  as,  the  span  of  life ;  the  span  of  a  bridge,  spancel  (span'sel), «.  [<  MD.  spanseel,  spansel, 
As  used  of  physical  things,  span  is  understood  as  the  actual  a  tether  fora  horse,  a  stretched  rope,  D.  spatt- 

sel,  a  stretched  rope  (=  G.  spann-seil,  a  tether), 
<  spannen  (=  G. spannen),  stretch  (=  E.  span1), 
+  MD.  seel,  a  rope  (=  OHG.  MHG.  G.  xeil,  a 
rope,  cord,  =  E.  sole*).}  A  fastening  for  the 
hind  legs  of  a  horse  or  cow,  or  for  the  legs  on 


or  net  space  or  distance  between  bounding  lines  or  sur- 
faces ;  hence,  the  span  of  an  arch  is  the  length  of  the  open- 
ing between  the  inner  faces  of  its  abutments.  Compare 
def.  2.  Often  used  figuratively. 

The  brief  span  of  Roman  literature,  strictly  so  called, 
was  suddenly  closed  under  a  variety  of  influences. 

Maine,  Village  Communities,  p.  381. 


one  side,  to  prevent  the  animal  from  kicking 
or  straying;  especially,  a  rope  for  fettering  a 
cow's  hind  legs  while  she  is  milked ;  a  tether. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 


Spancel,  a  rope  to  tie  a  cow's  hinder  legs. 

Ray  (ed.  1674X  p.  44. 


ling.  [<  spancel,  n.}  To  fasten  the  legs  of  with 
a  spancel,  as  those  of  a  cow  or  horse  to  prevent 
the  animal  from  kicking.  [Prov.  Eng.]— To 
spancel  a  crab  or  a  lobster,  to  stick  the  point  of  a  leg 
into  the  base  of  each  movable  claw,  to  prevent  the  animal 
from  pinching.  This  in  also  done  by  thrusting  a  peg  into 
the  joint  of  the  nippers  or  cheto. 


to  a 


Two  arches  over  the  same  span  of  river,  supposing  the 
hutments  are  at  the  same  depth,  are  cheaper  than  one. 

Rusltin,  Elements  of  Drawing. 
Yea,  Manhood  hath  a  wider  span 
And  larger  privilege  of  life  than  man. 

Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 

2.  A  part  or  division  of  something  between  SJJancel  (span'sel),  i:  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  span- 
terminal  points:  as,  a  bridge  of  ten  spans.    In    ?eterf  °_r .spanctlled,jpr.  gpanceling  or  spanccl- 
this  sense  a  span  would  comprise  the  distance  from  the 

middle  line  of  one  pier  or  support  to  that  of  the  next,  the 
whole  number  of  spans  including  the  entire  length  of  the 
structure.  [The  decision  of  the  case  referred  to  in  the  first 
quotation  turned  upon  the  distinction  between  senses  1 
and  2.] 

The  word  span  does  not,  even  in  architecture,  alwayi 
mean  a  part  of  a  structure, 
to  denote  the  distance  or 

Such  is  the  obvious  import  -N  me  i <  i  m  .•.-  u-.  -i  m  i m  m,v  . ,  -  f       . 

under  consideration,  not  merely  as  a  part  of  the  structure  clog:  said  of  ahorse.  When  the 
itself,  but  the  measure  of  the  distance  between  the  piers  bearing  is  properly  depicted,  a  fore  and 
of  the  bridge  a  hind  leg  should  have  each  a  fetter- 

U.  S.  Supreme  Ct.,  March,  1888.    (Judge  Lamar.)     lock  above  the  hoof  and  fastened  to  the 

The  channel  spans  were  built  out  from  the  central  pier     '  H27L™t»WM— .**«— \  ., 

and  from  the  adjacent  flanking  spans  without  the  use  of  Span-COUntert(span  koun"ter),H. 
false  works  in  either  channel.  Scribner'n Mag.,  IV.  32.  [<  span',  t.,  +  obj.  counter'.}  An 

3.  Extent  of  stretch,  physical  or  mental;  dis- 
tance over  which  anything  may  be  extended ; 
reach  or  grasp,  as  of  the  memory  or  of  percep- 
tion.    [Bare.] 

Between  the  ages  of  eight  and  nineteen  the  span  of 
school-girls  Increases  from  6  to  7.9  for  letters,  and  from  6.6 
to  8.6  for  numerals.  Span  increases  not  only  with  age, 
but  with  rank  in  class,  and  it  is  suggested  that  a  "  stan- 
dard span  "  be  added  to  the  items  for  anthropometric  mea- 
surement. Arner.  Jour.  Psychol.,  1. 193. 


ire.  It  is  perhaps,  as  often  used  spanceled,  spancelled  (span'seld),  a.  [<  span 
or  space  between  two  columns.  *,  ,  ..M  -\  „  ;,,.,.  hobbled  or  fpttprVd  to  i 
ort  of  the  term  as  used  in  the  act  *?  .,•-'.,  ler'> 


4.  As  a  measure,  originally,  the  extent  between 
the  tips  of  the  thumb  and  little  finger  when 
stretched  out:  the  oldest  use  of  the  word  in 
The  span  belongs  to  the  system  of  long  mea- 


old  game  in  which   one  player 

threw  a  counter  on  the  ground, 

and  another  tried  to  hit  it  with  his 

counter,  or  to  get  so  near  to  it  that  he  could 

span  the  space  between  them  and  touch  both 

the  counters.    In  either  case  he  won ;  U  not,  his  count- 

er  remained  where  it  fell,  and  became  a  mark  for  the  nret 

player,  and  so  alternately  till  the  game  was  won.    The 

game  was  apparently  similar  to  that  of  pitching  pennies, 

and  it  was  also  called  span-farthing  and  span-feather.  Hal- 

liwell. 

Tell  the  king  from  me  that,  for  his  father's  sake,  Henry 
the  Fifth,  in  whose  time  boys  went  to  span-counter  for 
h'rriii-h  crowns,  I  am  content  he  shall  reign. 

Shot.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2.  166. 


mauve  -«,  s  y  */'«.  exmuu,  ui                               .  8ure  to  which  the  cubit  and  flngerbreadth  belong.   It  has  gpan-dogs  (span'dogz),  M.  pi.     A  pair  of  iron 

draw,  draw  out  (see  spasm),  L.  spatium,  exten-  always  been  considered  as  half  a  cubit,  and  still  is  so  in  £ars  i\^ke(\  together  at   one  end   and  having 

sion,  space  (see  space).     Cf.  spin,  speed.}     I.  several  countries  of  Asia.    The  English  span  is  9  inches.  h          hooks  at  the  other    used  for  erannlinS 

trans.  If.   To  stretch  or  spread  out ;  extend  in  The  Swedish  span*  is  an  entirely  different  kind  of  mea- 


•  spread 
continuity ;  give  extent  to. 

My  right  hand  hath  spanned  [spread  out,  R.  V.)  the 
heavens.  Isa.  xlviii.  13. 

2.  To  stretch  from  side  to  side  or  from  end  to 
end  of ;  extend  over  or  across;  continue  through 
or  over  the  extent  of. 

This  soul  doth  span  the  world.         G.  Herbert,  Content. 

The  Rhyndacus  is  still  spanned  by  an  ancient  bridge  of 
three  arches.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  29S. 

The  existing  church  shows  portions  of  work  a  thousand 
years  apart,  and  spans  nearly  the  whole  of  Aquileian  his- 
tory. E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  63. 

3.  To  make  a  stretch  or  reach  along,  over,  or 

around;  measure  or  cover  the  span  of;  grasp;       

specifically,  to  measure  or  encompass  with  the     fall  a  whole  shower  of  i-ain. 
hand,  the  little  finger  and  thumb  being  extended  Thyself  but  Dust  -,  t 

as  far  as  possible:  as,  to  span  a  stream  with  a 
log  or  a  bridge ;  to  span  a  person's  wrist. 
Thenne  the  kinge  spanes  his  spere. 

Amwyng  of  Arthur,  st.  13.    (Steal.) 
Oft  on  the  well  known  spot  I  fix  my  eyes, 
And  snan  the  distance  that  between  us  lies. 

Tickett,  An  Epistle. 

How  your  plump  arms,  that  were,  have  dropped  away '. 
Why,  I  can  span  them.  Brotminy,  Pippa  Passes,  iii. 

364 


sure. 
Spanne.  mesure  of  the  hand.     Palmus. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  467. 

Whyche  Morteys  ys  In  Depnesse  ij  Spannys  to  the  botom ; 
the  brede  ys  sumwhat  more  thane  a  Spanne. 

TorHnyton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  43. 
Atween  his  shoulders  was  ae  span, 
About  his  middle  war  but  three. 

The  Wee  Wee  Man  (Child's  Ballads,  1. 126). 

5.  Figuratively,  any  short  space  or  period';  a 
brief  or  limited  extent  or  course ;  a  relatively 
small  measure  of  continuity. 
Behold,  thou  hast  made  my  days  as  it  were  a  span  long. 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Psalter,  XMix.  6. 


timber.  See  cut  under  dog. 
spandrel  (span'drel),  ».  [Also  spandril,  for- 
merly splaundrel,  spaundere;  origin  obscure.] 
In  arch.,  the  triangular  space  comprehended  be- 
tween the  outer  curve  or  extrados  of  an  arch, 
a  horizontal  line  drawn  through  its  apex,  and 
a  vertical  line  through  its  springing;  also,  the 
wall-space  between  the  outer  moldings  of  two 
arches  and  a  horizontal  line  or  string-course 
above  them,  or  between  these  outer  moldings 
and  the  intrados  of  another  arch  rising  above 
and  inclosing  the  two.  In  medieval  architecture 
the  spandrels  are  often  ornamented  with  tracery,  sculp- 
tured foliage,  and  the  like.  See  cut  on  following  \ 


For  the  refreshing  of  that  one  span  of  ground  God  lets  spandrel-Wall  (span'drel-wal),  ».    A  wall  built 
Donne,  Sermons,  x.     o],  the  extrados  of  an  arch,  filling  in  the  span- 
drel. 

spandy  (span'di),  adv.    A  dialectal  extension 
of  *p««».     [Colloq.,  New  Eng.] 

Thirty  gentlemen  with  spandy  clean  faces  and  hands 
were  partaking  of  refreshment. 

L.  M.  Alcott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  319. 

spane  (span),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  top.  spaned.  ppr. 
spatting.     [<  ME.  spaneii,  <  AS.  spaiiaii  (pret. 


.„. thy  Stature  but  a  Span, 

A  Moment  thy  Duration  ;  foolish  Man ! 

Prior,  Solomon,  1. 

6.  The  hand  with  the  fingers  outspread,  as  for 
measuring  or  for  grasping  a  handful  of  some- 
thing. [Bare.] 

And  my  Conductor,  with  his  spans  extended, 
Took  of  the  earth,  and,  with  his  fists  well  filled, 
He  threw  it  Into  those  rapacious  gullets. 

Longfellow,  tr.  of  Dante's  Inferno,  vi.  26. 


spedn),  wean   (=  D.  spanen,  spenen 


spane 


5794 
[Cf.  span1 


Spanish 


hence,   any   small   sparkling  object.     Formerly 

SS^SSB^pSSSS 

Kirinents  through  holes  with  which  they  are  pierced.    In 

Sid  embroidery  they  were  of  many  forms. 

Thus  in  a  starry  night  fond  children  cry 
For  the  rich  spangles  that  adorn  the  sky. 
A  fine  young  personage  in  a  coat  all  o' 


a   inean,    cringing,    fawning 


person;   a  blindly  submissive  follower:  from 


Waller. 


2  One  of  the  small  metal  clasps  used  in  fas- 
tening the  tapes  and  wires  of  a  hopp-start.—  d. 
A  spongy  excrescence  on  the  oak.  See  oaK- 


set  or  cover  with  many  small  bright  objects  or 
points;  especially,  to  decorate  with  spangles, 
as  a  garment, 


2.  Figuratively, 

rjerson;   a  blind..,   

the  characteristics  of  the  spaniel  in  relation  to 

its  master,  or  when  in  a  state  of  fear. 

He  unhappy  man  !  whom  your  advancement 
Hath  ruin'd  by  being  spaniel  to  your  fortunes 
Will  curse  he  train'd  me  hither.    F urd,  tancies,  ni.  .i. 
II.  «.  Like  a  spaniel ;  fawningly  submissive  : 

mean;  servile;  cringing. 

Low-crooked  court'sies,  and  base  nnnM-fawning.    ^ 

spaniel  (spau'yel  or  span'el),  r.  [<  spaniel,  ».] 
I.  teJrtHW.  To  fawn;  cringe;  be  obsequious. 
Chttreliill. 

II    trans.  To  follow  like  a  spaniel,     f>lt<ik., 
.  and  C.,  iv.  12.  21. 


Sculptured  Spandrel.- Cloisters  of  Mont  St.  Michel  au  Peril 
Mer,  Normandy;  13th  century. 

(bi-)si>ennan,  G.  spanen,  spenen);  cf.  AS.  i 
=  MD.  spene,  D.  speen  =  Icel.  speni,  an  uuuer: 
seespean.]     To  wean.     Levins,  Mamp.  Vocab. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
spanemia,  spansmia  (spa-ne'mi-a),  n.    [AL. 

spaiuemid,  <  Gr.  aimv6f,  scarce,  rare,  +   ai/ta, 


S 


dremia.     Also,  rarely,  spanemy. 

spanemic,  spansemic  (spa-nem'ik),  «.  and  «. 
[<  spanemin,  gpanamia,  +  -4c.]  I.  «.  In  men., 
relating  to  spanemia ;  having  the  property  ot 
impoverishing  the  blood;  hydremic. 

II.  «.  A  medicine  having  the  power  of  im- 
poverishing the  blood. 

spanemy  (spa-ue'mi),  «.     t 
see  spanemia.']     Same  as  spanemia.     [Kare.J 

span-farthingt  (span'far'THing),  «.  [<  span  1 , 
r.,  +  obj.  farthing.']  Same  as  span-counter. 

His  chief  solace  is  to  steal  down  and  play  at  spaiifar- 
thing  with  the  page.  Sirifl,  Modern  Education. 

span-feathert  (span'feTH"er), «.  [<  span1,  r.,  + 
obj.  feather.]  Same  as  span-counter. 


Spaniolate  (span'i-o-lat),  r.  t.     [<  Sp.  Espunol, 
WMft  stars  do  spangle  heaven  with  such  beauty?  Spanish  (see  spaniel),  +  -ate?.]    Same  as  SpMH- 

Shot.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  6.  31.     o^ze      Sir  P.  Sidney  (Kitujxliii  m  DOMM). 

II.  intrans.  To  glitter;  glisten,  like  anything  Sganiolite  (span'i-o-lit),  «.     A  name  given  by 
set  with  spangles.     [Rare.] 

Tassils  spanglynge  ynne  the  sunne, 
Muche  glorious  to  beholde. 

Chatterton,  Bristowe  Tragedy,  st.  67. 

><«  spangled  (spang'gld),  «.      [<  spangle  +  -erf2.] 
>r:     Adorned  with  spangles;  set  with  many  small 
bright  objects.     Compare  star-spangled. 

Her  skin  puredimity,  yet  more  fair,  being  spangled  here  g-g^jgh  (span'ish),  a.  and  n.      [<  1 
and  there  with  a  golden  'recWe^  »  D  s  anllsch  =  G.  Spanisch  =  Sw. 

orgeously  colored  (ML.  reflex  Spanish);  as  Spa,n  (zee  Spa^n,!) 
+  -js/il.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Spam  or 
a  Spaniard  or  Spaniards — Spanish  arbot-vine, 
Armada,  bayonet,  black.  See  the  nouns.— Spanish 
bean.  See  scarlet  runner,  under  nwmer.-  Spanish  ber- 
ries See  Persian  berries,  under  Persian.— Spanish  blue- 


To  make  Spanish  in  character  or  sentiments ; 

Hispaniolize.     [Rare.] 

A  tympany  otSpanMized  bishops  swaggering  in  the  fore- 
p  of  the  state.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

ME.  Spuillira- 

L)an.  iSjiaiinl: 


top 


spongier  (spang'gler),  «.     [<  spangle  +  -f1.] 
One  who  or  that  which  spangles. 


span-fire-new  (span'fir'nu'),  a.  Same  as  span- 
new,  fire-new.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

SpangH  (spang),  H.  [<  ME.  spang,  <  AS.  npa>ige, 
also  (jc-spona,  a  clasp,  brooch,  =  MD.  spanuc, 
D.  spang  =  MLG.  spangc  =  OHG.  spangd,  MHG. 
G.  span'ge,  a  clasp,  brooch,  buckle,  ornament,  = 


O  Maker  of  sweet  poets  !  dear  delight 
Of  this  fair  world  and  all  its  gentle  livers  ; 
Spangler  of  clouds,  halo  of  crystal  rivers. 

Keats,  I  Stood  Tiptoe  upon  a  Little  Hill. 

spangling-machine  (spang'gling-ma-shen"), ». 
[<  NL.  gpanamia :    ^  machine  for  fitting  the  clasps  or  spangles 
used  in  clamping  together  the  tapes  and  wires 
of  a  hoop-skirt.     E.  H.  Knigiit. 
Spangly  (spang'gli),  «.   [(.Bangle  +  -01.]  Re- 
sembling spangles ;  having  the  glittering  effect 
produced  by  many  bright  points. 
Bursts  of  spangly  light.  Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

(spang'go-lit),  n.  _[Named  after 


bell  Same  as  Spanish  squill.—  Spanish  broom.  See 
broom  1,1.—  Spanish  buckeye.  See  buckeye.  —  Spanish 
bugloss.  Same  as  alkanet,  2.- Spanish  burton.  See 
"urtim  —  Spanish  calalu.  See  PhyMacca.— Spanish 
campion,  see  Silene.— Spanish  carnation,  cedar, 
chaflL  See  the  nouns.- Spanish  catarrh.  Same  as 
influenza,  l.-SpaniSh  chair,  a  slutted  and  upho  stered 
chair  with  deep  seat  and  high  back,  made  soft  and  luxuri- 
ous, but  without  arms.— Spanish  chestnut.  See  chest- 
nut, i.— Spanish  cloak,  see  cloak,  i.—  Spanish  clover. 
See  Richardsonia.—  Spanish  cress,  a  pepperwort,  Lepi- 
diumCardamines;  also,anothercruciferous plant, Cornc/p- 
tera  Vettie  (Vella  annua).—  Spanish  cross.  .See  f— 


Norman  Spang  of  Pittsburgh,  Penn.]  A  rare 
mineral  occurring  in  hexagonal  crystals  of  an 
emerald-green  color,  and  having  perfect  basal 
cleavage.  It  is  a  basic  sulphate  of  copper  and  ^alu- 
minium,  containing  a  small  percentage  of  chlorin. 
found  with  cuprite  in  Arizona. 


It  is 


lce\.spo>in,  a  clasp,  stud,  spangle,  etc.;  root  ob-  Spaniard  (span'yard),  ».      [=  I>. 

-*       •'  '  '       x  -i  •        _     i^yTT*  'i.1.     iV.  ..         -.^.~t  /  f.£     d      r\«».       Vnyf  . ,  ,  .    , 


scure.  The  Gael,  spang,  a  spangle,  is  prob.  <  E. 
Hence  spangle.']  A  shining  ornament  or  ob- 
ject ;  a  spangle. 

Our  plumes,  our  spangs,  and  al  our  queint  aray  ! 

Gascoigne,  Steele  Glas,  p.  377. 

All  set  with  spangs  of  glitt'ring  stars  untold. 

Bacon,  Paraphrase  of  Psalm  civ. 
Glistering  copper  spangs, 
That  glisten  in  the  tyer  of  the  Court. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  iii.  1. 

SpangH  (spang),  r.  t.     [<  spangi,  w.]     To  set 
with  bright  points:  star  or  spangle. 
Upon  his  head  he  wore  a  hunter's  hat 
Of  crimson  velvet,  spangd  with  stares  of  gold. 

Barnefield,  Cassandra  (1595).    (Nares.) 

spang2  (spang),  ».  [A  var.  or  collateral  form 
of 

ciation 
To 


in  motion;  throw  with  violence, 
and  Scotch.] 

She  came  up  to  the  table  with  a  fantastic  spring,  and 
spanned  down  the  sparkling  mass  on  it. 

C.  Reade,  Never  too  Late  to  Mend,  Ixv.      (Davits.) 

spang2  (spang),  n.     [<  spangV,  v.]    A  spring;  a 


with  suffix  -ard  (cf.  G.  Dan.  Spanier  =  Sw.  Spa- 
nioi;  with  suffix  cognate  with  -crl),  <  Spain  (G. 
Spaiiien,  etc.),  <  L.  Hispania,  Spain,  <  Hispani, 
the  inhabitants  of  Hispania  or  Spain.  The 
Rom.  adj.  is  F.  espagnol  (>  ME.  Spainolde,  n.)  = 
Sp.  Espaftol  =  Pg.  'Hcspauliol  =  It.  Spagnuolo, 
<  ML.  NL.  Hispaiiiolits,  <  L.  Hispania,  Spain 
(whence  ult.  E.  spaniel).  The  L.  adjectives 
are  Hispani/s,  Hispanietisis,  and  Hispanicus  (see 
Hispanic).']  A  native  or  a  citizen  of  Spain,  a 
kingdom  of  southwestern  Europe,  forming  the 
greater  part  of  the  Iberian  peninsula ;  in  gen- 
eral, a  member  of  the  Spanish  race,  of  mixed 
Celtic,  Latin,  Gothic,  Arabic,  and  other  ele- 
ments, but  now  ranked  as  one  of  the  Latin 
peoples. 


of  a  domestic  breed,  of  medium  and  small  sizes, 
with  a  long  silky  and  usually  curly  coat,  long, 
soft,  drooping  ears,  feathered  tail  and  stern,  of 
docile,  timid,  and  affectionate  disposition,  much 
used  for  sporting  purposes  and  as  pets.  The 
most  usual  colors  are  liver  and  white,  red  and  white,  or 


„  bad  misnomer.    [Southern  U.  S.]    (6)  Ihe 
curlew,  Xwnemw  longirostris.     (Local,  U.  S.]-  Spanish 
dagger.     Same  as  dagger-plant.— Spanish  elm.     See 
vrfntmeood.     Spanish  epoch  or  era.   See  era.-  Span- 
ish ferreto.    See  ferreto.— Spanish  fever.    See :  Texan 
fever,  under  Texan.—  Spanish  fox,  furnace.    See  the 
'nouns  —Spanish  fly.    (a)  A  blister-beetle ;  a  canthand, 
as  Cantharix  or  ij/tto  vesicatoria,  a  meloid  beetle  found  in 
middle  and  southern  Europe  and  southwestern  Asia,  where 
it  feeds  upon  ash,  lilac,  and  other  trees.    It  undergoes  hy- 
pennetamorphosis,  and  in  its  early  stages  is  a  parasite  in  the 
nests  of  wild  bees  of  the  genus  Ceratina.    See  cut  under 
Cantharis    (6)  A  preparation  of  Spanish  flies ;  canthandes 
used  as  a  vesicant.— Spanish-fly  ointment.    See  oint- 
ment —  Spanish  fowl,  a  breed  of  the  domestic  hen,  more 
exactly  called  white-faced  black  Spanish.     They  are  fowls 
of  fair  size  and  stately  carriage,  of  glossy  greenish-black 
plumage,  with  high  red  comb,  single  and  deeply  sen-ate, 
large  red  wattles,  and  the  ear-lobes  and  entire  side  of  the 
face  enameled  white.    The  flesh  is  superior,  and  the  hen  is 
an  excellent  layer  of  large  white  eggs.  —  Spanish  gourd, 
the  winter  squash,  Cucurbita  maxima.—  Spanish  grass. 
Same  as  esparto.— Spanish  hyacinth.    See  Uyaantlms. 
—  Spanish  Jasmine.    See  Jasntinvm—  Spanish Juice. 
See  licorice,  2.— Spanish  juniper,  Jmiiperus  thurifera.- 
Spanish  lace.    See  lace.—  Spanish  lady,  a  labroid  flsh, 
llanye  or  Boilianus  rufus,  of  the  Caribbean  and  neighbor- 
ing seas.— Spanish  leather,  lobster, mackerel.  Seethe 
nouns.— Spanish  licorice,  the  common  licorice.— Span- 
ish mahogany.   See  mahogany,  2.—  Spanish  mam,  for- 
merly the  northeast  coast  of  South  America,  between  the 
Orinoco  river  and  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  and  the  adjoin- 
ing part  of  the  Caribbean  sea.—  Spanish  morion.    See 
morioni. —  Spanish  moss.    Same  as  long-moss..—  Span- 
ish n  in  printing,  the  letter  n  with  a  curved  line  (Sp. 
tilde)  over  it  (fl),  reckoned  as  the  sixteenth  letter  in  the 
Spanish  alphabet.   It  marks  the  omission  of  an  original  i, 
and  preserves  its  coalesced  sound,  as  in  Espafia  (as-pa'- 
nya)  for  Hispania,  Spain,  corresponding  to  gn  in  Italian 
and  French.—  Spanish  needles.    See  B-ulens,  i.— Span- 
ish nut.    See  nut.—  Spanish  oak,  an  oak.  Quercus  Jal- 
cata,  of  the  southern  United  States.    Its  wood  is  largely 
used  for  fuel,  and  to  some  extent  for  other  purposes :  its 
Irark  is  rich  in  tannin.     Also  red-oak,  and  sometimes  Tm- 


,       ,-     .  -      ~.  -    JJ'"'      >  Vfj     "'^""fej  *'     most  usual  colors  are  liver  ana  wnite,  red  ana  wnite,  or     narK  is  ricn  in  tannin.     AISO  rea-ontr.  an 

leaping  or   springing  up ;    a   violent  blow   or     black  and  white,  in  broken  or  massed  areas,  sometimes     key  oak.  The  swamp  Spanish  oak  is  the 
[Pro 


movement.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Set  roasted  beef  and  pudding  on  the  opposite  side  o1  the 

pit  o'  Tophet,  and  an  Englishman  will  make  a  spang  at  it. 

Scott,  Bob  Roy,  xxviii. 

He  went  swinging  by  the  rope  back  to  the  main  stem  of 

the  tree,  gave  it  a  fierce  spang  with  his  feet,  and  .  .  .  got 

an  inch  nearer  the  window.       C.  Reade,  Hard  Cash,  xliii. 

spang3  (spang),  c.     [Appar.  a  corrupt  form  of 
To  hitch;  fasten.     [Scotch.] 


To  spang  horses,  or  fasten  them  to  the  chariot. 

Hollyband,  Dictionarie,  1593.    (HaUiwett.) 


deep  brown  or  black  on  the  face  or  breast,  with  a  tan  mark 
over  the  eye.  Spaniels  sport  or  are  bred  into  many  strains, 
and  three  classes  of  them  are  sometimes  distinguished : 
land-  or  field-spaniels,  including  the  cocker  and  springer : 
water-spaniels;  and  toy  spaniels,  as  the  King  Charles  and 
the  Blenheim.  The  English  spaniel  is  a  superior  and  very 
pure  breed ;  and,  although  the  name  spaniel  would  seem 
to  indicate  a  Spanish  origin,  it  is  most  probably  indige- 
nous. This  dog  was  used  in  the  days  of  falconry  to  start 
the  game.  The  King  Charles  is  a  small  black-and-tan 
variety  of  the  spaniel ;  the  Blenheim  is  similar,  but  white 
marked  with  red  or  yellow ;  both  should  have  a  rounded 
head  with  short  muzzle,  full  eyes,  and  well-fringed  ears 


.in-oak.— Span- 
ish oyster-plant,  see  oyster-plant.—  Spanish  parra- 
keet,  the  violet  grosbeak,  Loxigilla  violacea,  a  Bahaman 
tauager.  [Andros  Island.]  —  Spanish  piket,  a  spear  used 
in  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England  about  1600,  and  spe- 
cified as  the  arm  of  a  noble.  Anderson,  Anc.  Scottish 
Weapons,  p.  13.—  Spanish  plover,  plum,  point,  porgy, 
potato.  See  the  nouns.— Spanish  rider,  the  punish- 
ment of  the  herisson.— Spanish  soap,  squill,  stopper, 
sword,  tinder,  toothpick,  topaz.  See  the  nouns.— 
Spanish  stripes,  a  kind  of  woolen  fabric.  E.  U.  Knight. 
—  Spanish  trefoil.  Same  as  lucerne.—  Spanish  type 
of  poultry,  an  economically  important  group  of  varieties 
of  the  domestic  hen,  originating  in  the  lands  bordering 


spanless  (span'les).  ii.    (<  xjiini  +  -ii-.tx.]    Iii-    in  A  pole  Iwhedtoa  carriage  t"  i>"M  it  up.  in 

capalili-  M|'  being  spanned  m-  measured,  plaee  nf  a  disabled  wheel.      /.'.   //.  hiiii/lil. 

Span-long  (span'longi,  ii.     (If  the  length  of   a   spar1    (spar  I,  c.  I. :   pret.  and  pp.  .-<i><irrr<l,  j>pr. 
s]ian.  .vpai-riiifi.     [Karly   i.iod.  K.  also   >/'""'•  \' 

Span-long  elves  that  dance  about  a  pool.  <  Mil.  aiiiin-i  n.  xiirn-i  n.  .-iiifiii.  '    \~ 


Spanish 

on  the  Mediterranean,  and  characteristic  of  that  region. 
The  disposition  of  these  fowls  is  restless  :unl  viv;i<-i<nis : 
the  form  somewhat  slender,  approach  ii  IK  t  lie  Barnes;  comb 
typically  hit'h  and  deeply  serrated,  although  there  art- 
rose  combed  varieties  of  some  of  the  breeds;  size  small 
to  medium.  The  hens  are  non-sitters,  and  very  superior 
lii.u-is;  (lit-  i-xxs  are  white.  The  colors  vary  according  to 
the  breed.  The  car-!ohes  are  enameled-white.  The  group 

includes  the  Ani-ona,  Andalusian,  Leghorns,  Minoreas,  and  Scanner   (spa  n  i-r) 
white-faced  uUck  Spanish.     Spanish  walnut  oil.    See 
oil.  —  Spanish  white,  see  w /,<(..  -Spanish  woodbine. 

Same  as  ,s'/««»W/  arlnir-riin:      Spanish  WOrmseed.     See 

11-iifiii.wii.—  To  ride  the  Spanish  mare.  See  ride.— To 
walk  Spanish,  to  be  forced  to  walk  on  tiptoe  by  another, 
\vlio  sri/rs  inn'  by  the  collar  and  by  the  seat  of  the  trou- 
sers :  a  sport  of  boys ;  hence,  to  walk  gingerly ;  act  under 

the  compulsion  of  another.    [Colloq.,  U.  S.J  Spanners  are  made  either  with  a  hole  to  flt  the  shape  of 

II.   M.    1.    I  he  language  ot  bpaiu,  one  of  the     the  nut,  as  square  or  hexagonal,  or  with  movable  jawsthat 
Komance   languages,    but   much    mixed   with     can  be  tightened  over  a  nut  or  a  coupling  of  any  shape. 
other  elements  and  altered  by  them.  Of  its  many 
dialects,  that  of  Castile  became  the  standard  form  in  cul- 
tivated speech  and  literature,  the  language  of  which  is 
hence  distinctively  called  Catfilian.     It  is  the  prevailing 
language  in  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  those  countries 
of  South  America  which  were  settled  by  Spaniards. 
2.    A  white-faced  black  Spanish  fowl.     See 


spar 


,    1  ,,  .  . 

One  who  or  that  which  spans. —  2.  An  instru- 
ment for  clasping  and  turning  a  nnt  on  a  screw, 
or  for  any  similar  purpose,  as  turning  tin- 
wheel  in  cocking  the  old  wheel-lock  firearms, 
fastening  and  unfastening  the  couplings  of 
fire-hose,  etc.;  a  screw-key  or  screw-wrench. 


3.  A  cross-brace. —  4.  In  the  parallel  motion 
of  a  marine  steam-engine,  a  rod  which  con- 
nects the  jointed  rods  with  the  radius-bar;  also, 
in  some  of  the  earlier  engines,  the  hand-bar  <>r 
lever  by  which  the  valves  were  moved  for  the 
admission  and  shutting  off  of  the  steam. —  5.  A 
span-worm  or  looper. 

Spanish-flag  (span'ish-flag'),  n.  A  scorptenoid  span-new  (span'nu),  a.  [<  ME.  x/miiiii'ii-c,  s/>oii- 
fish,  Xebastes  nibririnctus,  of  the  coast  of  Call-  neowe,  <  Icel.  spannyr,  also  spanyr  (=  MHG. 
foniia,  attaining  a  length  of  fifteen  inches,  aud  span-nuwe,  G.  span-new),  span-new,  <  spdnii,  n 
in  life  one  of  the  most  brilliantly  colored  fishes  chip  or  shaving,  a  spoon,  +  n yr,  new:  see  spoon* 
in  American  waters.  It  is  pale  rose-red,  almost  and  new.  The  term,  like  others  of  like  import, 


Spanish  fowl,  under  I. 


Cf.  braiid-iii'ir. 
\-span-tiew.] 
[Archaic  or 


white,  cross-barred  with  intense  crimson,  a  col-    refers  to  something  just  cut  or  made,  fresh    • 

oration  suggesting  the  book-name.  f «.-  — 1~™3.  i—a.      ft    h™»,i.,,.:r 

spank1  (spangk),  r.  i.  [Cf.  Dan.  spanke,  strut, 
stalk;  MLG.  freq.  spenkeren,  LG.  spenkerti, 
spukkerii,  cause  to  run  or  spring  about  quickly, 
intr.,  run  quickly,  gallop.  Cf.  «pOH0».]  To 
move  with  a  quick  springing  step  between  a 
trot  and  a  gallop;  move  quickly  and  with  spirit. 
See  spanking*. 


s  that  d:i In. lit  a  pool.  <   .M  ] ..  .i/mri'i  n.  .-•/"  I'i'i  i' .   -fni'ii,.'     Ar*.    .>'/'" 

B.JIIIIKIH,,  Sad  shepherd,  ii.  •_'.      (;„  |,p.  (,,.w/,,,  ,•,,„/ 1,     ,/(,  in  inn,   i  in  i-iinip.  In -1,111 1- 
,  H.     [<   H/HIII^    +  -»•/•'.]     1.      riii  ii  =  (}\\(\.  siiiiinni.  .-j,i  fi-iin.  Mll'i.  G 

fin  E  l'-el.  .--/mi  -fa.  .-/n  f  i  'a  =  Sw..«/i/iYiv»  =  Dan. 
mmnre,  l'a>ten  with  a  spar:  from  tlie  noun.] 
If.  To  shut,  close,  or  fasten  with  a  bar  or  a 
bolt;  bar;  fasten  in  anyway. 

For  when  he  satlgh  here  dorres  sjterfil  all- . 
Wil  n<-ii:h  for  Borwe  adoun  In-  IMM  lo  falle. 

».ilil-,  v.  6S1. 

liarrtde  with  a  key.        Ram.  of  the  Hose,  1.  3320. 

Ciilk  yiiir  windows,  spar  up  all  your  doors. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  II.  7. 

2.  To  furnish  with  or  form  by  the  use  of  spars; 
supply  a  spar  or  spars  to :  as,  to  npnr  a  ship  or 
a  mast. —  3.  To  aid  (a  vessel)  over  a  shallow 
bar  by  the  use  of  spars  and  tackles:  a  device 
frequently  in  use  on  the  western  rivers  of  the 
United  States. 

spar'-  (sniir),  «.  [Formerly  also  sparr;  <  ME. 
spar  (only  in  early  ME.  comp.  sjiterslon),  <  AS. 
"spier,  found  only  in  comp.  speer-stan  (see  t>pnr- 
stone)  and  in  adj.  spxrcii,  glossing  i/ipxiix.  i .  e.  L. 
gypscus,  of  gypsum,  =  late  MHG.  spar,  gypsum. 


Here  a  gentleman  in  a  natty  gig,  with  a  high-trotting 
horse,  came  spanking  towards  us  over  the  common. 

Thackeray,  Lovel  the  Widower. 

spank2  (spangk), «.     [Origin  obscure ;  possibly 
a  diff.  use  of  spank1.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  strike 


from  the  workman's  hands. 

fire-new;    and   see    also 

Quite  new ;  brand-new ;  fire-new. 

dialectal.] 

This  tale  ay  was  span-neice  to  begynne, 
Til  that  the  nyght  departed  hem  atwynne. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  iii.  1665. 

spannlshingt,  ».  [<  ME.  spannisliing,  verbal  n. 
of  "spannish,  <  OF.  espaniss-,  stem  of  certain 
parts  of  espaiiir,  espandir,  <  L.  cxpandere,  ex- 
pand: see  expand  and«paum.]  The  blooming 
of  a  flower ;  full  bloom. 


I  saw  that  through  the  leves  grene 
The  rose  spredde  to  spannyMnge. 

Horn,  of  the  Rose,  1.  3633. 


with  the  open  hand,  or  with  something  flat  aud 

hard;  slap  with  force  on  the  buttocks.  ,   _ 

Meg  led  her  son  away,  feeling  a  strong  desire  to  spank  8Pf?"p"fC.f .  !?£? ™  ^** 
the  little  marplot.      L.  M.  Alcott,  Little  Women,  xxxviii.      beam  of  a  root. 

,  ,        span-roof  (span'rof) 

2.  Tourgeby  slapping  or  striking;  impel  for-  al  incu,ied  plane 

cibly ;    drive ;    produce   some  specified  effect    tjnction  to  a  pent-roof  or  lean-to  roof. 
upon  by  spanking  or  slapping.  span-saw  (span'sa),  n.    A  frame-saw. 

How  knowingly  did  he  span*  the  horses  along. 

Thackeray,  Shabby  Genteel  Story,  v.    (Dames.) 

II.  intraiis.  To  pound,  beat,  or  slap  the  wa- 
ter in  sailing,  as  a  boat.    J.  A.  Bensliall. 
spank2  (spangk),  n.     [<  spank'2,  r.]     A  sound- 
ing blow  with  the  open  hand  or  something  flat, 
especially  upon  the  buttocks. 

My  mother  lifted  me  cleverly,  planted  two  spanks  be- 
hind, and  passed  me  to  the  hands  of  Mme. 

The  Century,  XXXVII.  743. 

spanker1  (spaug'ker),  H.     [<  spank*  +  -er1.]  ... ,  „ 

1    One  that  takes  long  strides  in  walking;  a  spar1  (spar),  n.     [<  ME.  sparre,  <  AS.  'xpearra 

fast-going  or  fleet  horse.     [Colloq.]  — 2.  Xaut.,  (not  found,  but  indicated  by  the  derived  verb) 

a  fore-and-aft  sail  set  on  the  after  side  of  the  =  MD.  sparre,  sperrc,  D.  spar  =  OHG.  sparro, 

mizzenmast  of  a  ship  or  bark.    Its  head  is  extended  MHG.  sparre,  G.  sparren,  a  bar,  beam,  =  Icel. 

by  a  boom  called  the  spanker-gaff,  and  its  foot  generally,  xparri,  a  spar,  gag,  the  gate  of  a  town,  sperra, 

but  not  always,  by  the  spanker-boom.    It  was  formerly  rafter,  =  Sw.  Dan.  sparre,  a  rafter;  cf. 

called  a  driver,  and  is  now  sometimes  called  on  English  »  " P»  '              '         .   .  ,    b     '      b  jk    sparra    a 

tt^'SS&SSb*  unusual  size  or    spa^il^fa^0^,.,  a  s'par,  joisi  beam 
someotherpegcu,iarity;  a  stunner,  a  whopper.     ^^^'^^'^^^ 

and  ult.  par*,  parrock,  park.']  1.  A  stick  or 
piece  of  wood  of  considerable  length  in  pro- 
portion to  its  thickness ;  a  stout  pole :  a  large 
cudgel.  [Obsolete  or  dialectal  in  this  general 


M.     In  arch.,  the  collar- 
beam  of  a  roof. 

_r _m  _  n.     A  roof  that  has  two 

equal  inclined  planes  or  sides,  in  contradis- 

'    roof. 
-saw. 

span-Shackle  (span'shak'l),  w.  In  ship-build- 
inn,  a  large  bolt  driven  through  the  forecastle 
and  spar-deck  beams  and  forelocked  before 
each  beam,  with  a  large  square  or  triangular 
shackle  at  the  head  for  receiving  the  end  of  a 
boom  or  davit. 

Span- worm  (span' werm),  M.  Inentoi«..alooper, 
measurer,  or  measuring-worm ;  the  larva  of  any 
geometric!  moth.  See  measuring-worm,  inch- 
worm,  looper,  loopworm,  and  especially  geome- 
ter, 3.  See  cuts  under  eankencorm  and  Cidaria. 


[Colloq.] 

spanker'-'  (spang'ker),  H.    [Appar.  for  "sponger, 
<  *i>(tii;i  +  -ci-l.']     A  gold  coin.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Your  cure  too  costs  you  but  a  spanker.    SirJ.  Denham. 

spanker-eel  (spang'ker-el),  M.  The  river-lam- 
prey, Ammoccetes  fluriatilis.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spanker-gaff  (spang'ker-gaf),  n.    See  gaff*  2. 

spanker-mast  ( spang'ker-raast ),  n .  See  mast* ,  1 . 

spanking1  (spang'king),  /).  a.  [Ppr.  of  spank*, 
r.]  1 .  Moving  with  a  quick,  lively  pace ;  dash- 
ing; free-going. 

A  gentleman's  turn-out  goes  by,  with  glittering  wheels 
and  spanking  team.  The  Century,  XXVII.  108. 


comp.  spar-glas  and  npnr-kalr,  x/mr- 
kalk,  s'per-kalk,  G.  spar'-kalk,  plaster;  origin  ob- 
scure.] In  mineral.,  a  general  term  formerly 
employed,  but  rather  vaguely,  to  include  a  large 
number  of  crystalline  minerals  having  a  bright 
but  non -metallic  luster,  especially  when  break- 
ing readily  into  fragments  with  smooth  sur- 
faces. A  specific  epithet  Is  used  with  it  In  each  case 
to  designate  a  particular  species.  Calc-S]tar  or  calcareout 
spar  (crystalline  calcite),  adamantine  spar  (corundum), 
heai-y^par  (barite),  satin-spar  (gypsum),  fluorspar  or  Der- 
byshire spar  (fluorite).  and  tabular  spar  (wollastonlte)  are 
common  examples.  The  word  is  used  as  a  suffix  in  the 
numefeldspar.  Among  miners  the  term  spar  is  frequently 
used  alone  to  express  any  bright  crystalline  substance. — 
Adamantine,  calcareous,  carbon,  cross-course  spar. 
See  the  qualifying  words.— Derbyshire  spar,  fluoride 
of  calcium,  a  mineral  found  in  great  beauty  and  abun- 
dance In  Derbyshire,  England :  same  as  fluur-spar.— Dog- 
tooth spar,  a 
variety  of  cal- 
cite, crystalliz- 
ing in  scaleno- 
hedral  forms : 
so  named  from 
a  fancied  re- 
semblance of 
its  crystals  to 
canine  teeth. — 
Iceland  spar, 
a  transparent 
variety  of  cal- 
cite or  calcium  Dog-tooth  Spar. 

carbonate.     In 

consequence  of  its  strong  double  refraction,  it  is  valuable 
for  experiments  on  the  double  refraction  and  polarization 
of  light,  and  Is  the  substance  from  which  Xieol  prisms  are 
made.  The  supply  for  this  purpose  hns  all  been  obtained 
from  a  large  cave  in  a  doleritic  rock  near  Helgastal  in 
Iceland.— Nail-head,  ponderous,  etc.,  spar.  See  the 
qualifying  words. 

spar3  (spar),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spama;  ppr. 
sparring.  [Early  mod.  E.  sparre;  <  ME.  spar- 
ren, rush,  make  an  onset;  m  def.  2  perhaps  a 
diff.  word,<  OF.  esparer,  F.  eparer  (= It.  sparare), 
fling  out  with  the  heels,  kick.  Cf.  Lith.  spirti, 
stamp,  kick;  Russ.  sporiti,  quarrel,  wrangle. 
The  word  spar  cannot  be  connected,  unless  re- 
motely, with  spur.']  It.  To  rush  forward  in  at- 
tack; make  an  onset. 

He  put  hym  to  Paris  with  a  proude  will, 
Sparrit  at  hym  with  a  spere  spitusly  fast. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6914. 


beyc 
[Colloq.] 


2.  Strikingly  large,  or  surprising  m  any  way;          specifically—  (a)  A  round  stick  of  timber, 
going  beyond  expectation;   stunning;   whop-    or  a  stout  poie,  such  as  those  used  for  the  masts, 

vards,  booms,  etc.,  of  ships,  and  for  the  masts 
and  jibs  of  derricks.  (6)  One  of  the  common 
rafters  of  a  roof,  as  distinguished  from  the  prin- 
cipal rafters;  also,  one  of  the  sticks  used  as 
rafters  in  a  thatched  roof. 


2.  To  rise  and  strike  with  the  shanks  or  spurs; 
fight,  as  cocks,  with  the  spurs  protected  with 
leather  pads,  so  that  the  birds  cannot  injure 
each  other. 

A  young  cock  will  »parathis  adversary  before  his  npura 
are  grown.  G.  White,  Nat.  Hist,  of  Selbonie. 

3.  To  make  the  motions  of  attack  and  defense 
with  the  arms  and  closed  fists;  use  the  hands 

But,  open7ng"streight  the  Spam,  forth  to  him  came.         in  or  as  if  in  boxing,  either  with  or  without 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xi.  4.     boxing-gloves;  practise  taring. 


sense.] 

Than  he  caught  a  sparre  of  Oke  with  bothe  hondes,  and 
caste  his  shelde  to  the  grounde  for  to  be  more  light,  and 
com  in  to  the  presse  ther  M  he^au^hikkeste.  _  ^  ^ 

2t.  A  bar  used  for  fastening  a  gate  or  door,  or 
the  like ;  hence,  a  bolt. 
The  Prince  staid  not  his  aunswere  to  devize, 


"Come  on," 
clockwork. 


aid  the  cab-driver,  sparring  away  like 
Dtckem,  Pickwick,  ii. 


ping. 

He  sent  the  governess  away  with  a  first-rate  character 
and  a  span/nay  present. 

W.  Collins,  After  Dark,  Stolen  Letter. 

Spanking  breeze,  a  fresh,  strong  breeze 
spanking'- (spang'king), ».  [Verbal  u.  of  spank*, 
r.]  The  act  of  striking  with  the  open  hand,  or 
with  something  flat:  a  punishment  often  ad- 
ministered to  children. 


By  assaut  he  wan  the  cite  after, 
And  rente  adoun  both  wal  and  sparre  and  rafter. 


4.  To  bandy  words;  engage  in  a  wordy  con- 
test, either  angrily  or  humorously. 

Well,  Madam,  what  if,  after  all  this  sparring, 
We  both  agree,  like  friends,  to  end  our  jarring? 
Goldsmith.  Epilogue  spoken  by  Mrs.  Bulkley  and  Miss 


Now  nothing  was  he 


-,-  ,    spar3  (spiir),  «.     [<  spar*,  r.]     1.  A  prelimi- 

Chaucer,  Knight  s  Tale,  1.  182.     narv  gparring  action ;  a  flourish  of  the  arms 
«rd  in  the  yard  but  the  dull  thuds  of     an(j  fists  jn  putting  one's  self  in  the  attitude  of 


ui.mo^.  ~«  *« XOW  notng  was   ear    n     e  y  anl      ss   n  p 

span-lashing  (span'lash"mg),  w.    Naut.,  a  la      •  tne  beet)e  whlch  drove  jn  the  spars,  and  the  rustle  of  the  Boxing  —  2    A  sparring-match;    a  contest  of 

fng  used  to  secure  together  two  ropes  or  spars  thatch  ,„  the  interval  c          xxxyi  boxin|  or  striking;  al8o,  a  cock-fight  in  whirl, 

a    olxvH-   niatfiflAA   MDMTT.  i  .  tlwnt.v,  *M 


a  short  distance  apart. 


spar 

the  contending  cocks  are  not  permitted  to  do 
each  other  serious  harm,  or  in  which  they  have 
their  spurs  covered  with  stuffed  leather  pads, 
so  that  they  cannot  cut  each  other. —  3.  A 
wordy  contest;  a  skirmish  of  words. 

spar4  (spar),  n.  [=  F.  spare  =  Sp.  esparo,  <  L. 
xjiarus,  <  Gr.  anapof,  a  kind  of  fish,  the  gilthead.] 
A  sparoid  fish ;  any  species  of  Sparus.  Raw- 
liitson,  Anc.  Egypt. 

sparable  (spar'a-bl),  «.  [Formerly  sperrdble, 
sparrowble,  a  corruption  of  sparrow-bill,  a  nail 
so  called  on  account  of  its  resemblance  to  the 
bill  of  a  spaiTow :  see  sparrow-bill.]  A  kind  of 
headless  nail  used  for  the  soles  and  heels  of 
coarse  boots  and  shoes. 

All  shoemakers  know  what  sparables  are,  and  most  of 
them,  I  think,  know  also  that  sparable  is  short  for  spar- 
rowbill.  The  sparables  are  of  two  kinds  — thin  for  soles. 
and  thick  for  heels.  In  the  trade  they  are  called  sepa- 
rately "bills"and  "thick  bills."  .  .  .  Heel  sparables  are 
going  out  of  use,  and  a  nail  with  a  head  is  used  instead. 

N.  imd<J.,7thser.,V.  111. 
Cob  clouts  his  shooes,  and,  as  the  story  tells, 
His  thumb-nailes  par'd  afford  him  sperrables. 

Herrick,  Upon  Cob. 

Sparable  tin,  small  crystals  of  tin-stone :  so  called  from 
their  imaginary  resemblance  to  the  kind  of  nail  so  named. 

sparada  (spa-ra'da),  w.  An  embiotocoid  fish 
of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  Miero- 
metrus  aggregates :  a  name  also  extended  to 


Sparada  (Ml 

others  of  the  same  waters  and  genus.  That  above 
named  is  about  six  inches  long ;  the  adult  males  in  spring 
are  almost  entirely  black ;  the  usual  coloration  is  silvery 
with  dusky  back  and  longitudinal  dark  stripes  interrupted 
by  three  vertical  yellow  bars. 

sparadrap  (spar'a-drap;  F.  pron.  spa-ra-dra'), 
».  [<  F.  sparadrap,  OF.  sparadrapa  =  Sp. 
esparadrapo,  espadrapo,  esparadrajo  =  It.  */>«- 
radrappo,  Nii.sparadrapum;  origin  uncertain.] 
In  med.,  a  cerecloth;  an  adhesive  plaster,  a 
medicated  bandage,  or  the  like,  either  linen  or 
paper. 

sparaget,  n.      [Also  sperage;  <   ME.  sparage, 
sperage,  <  OF.  csperage  =  Sp.  espdrrago  =  Pg. 
espargo  =  It.  sparago,  sparagio  =  MHG.  G. 
spargel,  <  L.  asparagus,  <  Gr.  nWdpayof,  aspara- 
gus: see  asparagus.]    Same  as  asparagus. 
Sperage  is  sowe  aboute  Aprill  kalende 
In  redes  smale  ymade  by  lyne  in  wete 
And  fatte  lande. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  112. 

Sparagmite  (spa-rag'mlt),  «.  [<  Gr.  anapay/ia, 
a  piece  torn  off.]  The  name  given  by  Norwegian 
geologists  to  a  reddish  feldspathic  sandstone 
occurring  in  the  Lower  Silurian. 

sparagrass,  n.  [A  corruption  of  sparagus,  simu- 
lating grass.  Cf.  sparrow-grass.]  Same  as  «*- 
paragus.  [Obsolete  or  vulgar.] 

Were  I,  gentlemen,  worthy  to  advise,  I  should  recom- 
mend the  opening  a  new  branch  of  trade :  sparagrass,  gen- 
tlemen, the  manufacturing  of  sparaffrass. 

Foote,  Mayor  of  Garratt,  ii.  2. 

sparagus  (spar'a-gus),  «.  [An  aphetic  form  of 
asparagus.  Hence  sparagrass,  sparrow-grass.] 
Same  as  asparagus.  Congrere,  tr.  of  Eleventh 
Satire  of  Juvenal.  [Obsolete  or  vulgar.] 

Sparaxis  (spa-rak'sis),  n.  [NL.  (Ker,  1805), 
so  named  from  the  torn  shreds  fringing  the 
spathe;  <  Gr.  airapafa,  a  tearing,  <  avapaaaav, 
tear.]  A  genus  of  monocotyledonous  plants,  of 
the  order  Index  and  tribe  Ixiae.  it  u  characterized 
by  flowers  with  a  short  perianth-tube  enlarged  and  bell- 
shaped  above,  unilateral  erect  stamens,  and  slender  un- 
divided recurved  style-branches.  The  fruit  is  a  membra- 
nous three-valved  loculicidal  capsule.  There  are  5  (or  as 
some  regard  them  11)  species,  all  natives  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  They  are  bulbous  plants  with  a  slender  stem 
bearing  a  few  flat  or  sword-shaped  erect  or  curving  leaves 
and  handsome  flowers,  each  solitary  and  sessile  within  a 
thin  dry  fringed  spathe,  marked  with  brown  lines.  Thev 
•e  valued  as  summer-flowering  bulbs,  and  numerous  low- 
growing  varieties  are  in  cultivation,  especially  of  S  tri- 
•Mor  and  S.  granaiflora,  of  various  colors  from  white  to 
crimson,  generally  with  a  dark  center.  The  bulb  of  S. 
bulbifera  is  edible.  See  harlequin-flou'er 

sparblet,  ».  *.    See  sparple. 

spar-buoy  (spiir'boi),  n.  A  buoy  for  marking 
a  channel,  etc.,  made  of  a  spar  moored  by  one 
end  so  that  the  other  end  will  stand  up  above 
le  water.  Spar-buoys  are  much  used  in  nav- 
igable channels  where  ice  runs  swiftly.  See 
cut  under  buoy. 


5796 

sparclet,  r.  and  «.     An  old  spelling  of  sparkle. 

spar-deck  (spar'dek),  n.  Naut.,  the  upper 
deck  of  a  vessel,  extending  from  stem  to  stern 
and  including  the  quarter-deck  and  poop-deck : 
so  called  as  being  that  on  or  above  which  the 
spars  are  disposed.  See  deck,  2,  and  cuts  under 
forecastle  and  frame. 

spar-dust  (spar'dust),  n.  The  dust  in  wood 
which  is  produced  by  insects.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

spare1  (spar),  a.  [<  ME.  spar  (rare),  <  AS.  spxr, 
=  OHG.  spar  =  Icel.  sparr,  spare,  sparing;  also 
in  comp.  or  deriv.  AS.  speer-liende,  spser-hynde, 
later  sparhende  =  OHG.  sparhenti,  sparing;  AS. 
sper-lic,  sparing,  =  G.  sparlich,  frugal ;  G.  spar- 
sain  =  Sw.  sparsam  =  Dan.  sparsom,  sparing; 
prob.  akin  to  L.  parcus,  sparing,  par  cere,  spare 
(see parcity, parsimony);  Gr.  a-rrapvo;, scattered, 
rare,  <  aireipeiv,  scatter,  sow  (see  spore,  sperm*).] 

1.  Scanty;  meager;  frugal;  not  plentiful  or 
abundant:  as,  a  spare  diet. 

But  there  are  scenes  where  Nature's  niggard  hand 
Gave  a  spare  portion  to  the  famish'd  land. 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  8. 

2.  Lacking  in  substance;  lean;  gaunt;  poor; 
thin;  flimsy. 

0  give  me  the  spare  men,  and  spare  me  the  great  ones. 
Shale.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ill.  2.  288. 
Sir  Launfal's  raiment  thin  and  spare 
Was  idle  mail  'gainst  the  barbed  air. 

Lowell,  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal,  ii. 

3.  Reserved;  chary;  cautious. 

A  man  to  be  in  giuing  free,  in  asking  spare,  in  promise 
slow,  in  performance  speedy. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  245. 

4.  That  may  be  spared,  dispensed  with,  or  ap- 
plied to  a  different  purpose;  not  needed  for 
regular  or  appointed  uses ;  superabundant :  as, 
spare  time  for  recreation  ;  spare  cash. 

When  I  am  excellent  at  caudles, 
And  cullises,  and  have  enough  spare  gold 
To  toil  away,  you  shall  be  welcome  to  me. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Captain,  i.  3. 

5.  Reserved  from  common  use ;   provided  or 
held  for  extra  need;   not  regularly  required: 
as,  a  spare  anchor;  a  spare  umbrella. 

A  spare  parlor  and  bedroom  I  refurnished  entirely  with 
old  mahogany  and  crimson  upholstery. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xxxiv. 

6.  In  zool.,  sparingly  distributed;  remote  from 
one  another;  few  in  number;  sparse:  as,  spare 
hairs,  spots,  or  punctures. =8yn.  4  and  5.  Supernu- 
merary, extra. 

spare1  (spar),  c.;  pret.  and  pp.  spared,  ppr.  spar- 
ing. [<  ME.  sparen,  sparien,  <  AS.  sparian  = 
OFries.  bpara  =  D.  sparen  =  MLG.  sparen  = 
OHG.  sparon,  MHG.  sparn,  G.  sparen  =  Icel. 
Sw.  spara  =  Dan.  spare,  spare  (cf.  L.  parcere 
(V  spar),  spare);  from  the  adj.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  be  frugal,  saving,  or  chary  of;  refrain  from 
employing  freely ;  use  or  dispense  with  moder- 
ation. 

He  that  spareth  his  rod  hateth  his  son.       Prov.  xiii.  24. 
Had  he  but  spared  his  tongue  and  pen, 
He  might  have  rose  like  other  men. 

Sunft,  Death  of  Dr.  Swift. 

2.  To  dispense  with;  give  or  yield  up;  part 
with  the  use,  possession,  or  presence  of;  do 
without,  as  for  a  motive  or  because  of  super- 
fluity. 

I  could  have  better  spared  a  better  man. 

Shale.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  4.  104. 

3.  To  withhold  the  use  or  doing  of;  refrain 
from;  omit;  forbear;  forego:  often  with  a  sec- 
ond (indirect)  object. 

The  rather  will  I  spare  my  praises  towards  him  • 
Knowing  him  is  enough.    Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 106. 

Spare  my  sight  the  pain 
Of  seeing  what  a  world  of  tears  it  costs  you. 

Dryden,  Spanish  Friar,  v.  1. 
But;  if  thou  spare  to  fling  Excalibur, 
I  will  arise  and  slay  thee  with  my  hands. 

Tennyson,  Morte  d'Arthur. 

4.  To  refrain  from  injury  to;  leave  unhurt  or 
undisturbed ;  forbear  from  harming  or  destroy- 
ing; treat  with  moderation  or  consideration; 
withhold  severity  or  exaction  from;  refrain 
from  unkindness  to;  specifically,  to  allow  to 
live. 

Spare  ye  not  her  young  men ;  destroy  ye  utterly  all  her 

Jer.  11.  3. 
My  husband  is  thy  friend ;  for  his  sake  spare  me. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  582. 
But  now,  if  spared,  it  Is  my  full  intent 
On  all  the  past  to  ponder  and  repent. 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  99. 
As  a  man  constrained,  the  tale  he  told 
from  end  to  end,  nor  spared  himself  one  whit 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  350 


Sparganium 

5.  Used  reflexively,  to  IIP  sparing  of  one's  self; 

be  chary  or  diffident ;  act  with  reserve. 
Hir  thoughte  that  a  lady  sholde  hire  spare, 
What  for  hire  kynrede  and  hire  nortelrie. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1,  4rj. 

II.  iiili'iiiiH.   1.  To  be  frugal  or  saying;  econ- 
omize ;  act  parsimoniously  or  stingily. 
I,  who  at  some  times  spend,  at  others  tfjmre, 
Divided  between  carelessness  and  care. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  ii.  am. 

2.  To  withhold  action  of  any  kind ;  refrain  from 
the  doing  of  something,  especially  something 
harmful  or  harsh ;  hold  one's  hand;  keep  quiet; 
hold  off. 

He  may  nat  spare  althogh  he  were  bis  brother, 
He  moot  as  wel  seye  o  word  as  another. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Pro),  to  ('.  T.,  1.  T:t7. 

Whan  thay  to  thar  master  cam, 

Leytell  John  wold  not  spar. 

Robin  Hood  and  the  Potter  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  2»). 
To  spare  for.    (a)  To  be  saving  or  reserved  on  account 
of  or  with  reference  to ;  stint  t>e  use  or  amount  of :  as, 
he  spared  not  for  risk  or  cost  to  accomplish  his  purpose. 
I  shall  spare  for  no  spence  &  thu  spede  wele, 
And  do  thi  deuer  duly  as  a  duke  nobill. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  233. 
(6t)  To  withhold  effort  for ;  desist  from.  York  Plays,  p. 
352.  (ct)  To  refrain  on  account  of ;  allow  to  deter  or  hin- 
der. Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  36. 
spare1  (spar),  n.  [<  spare*,  <•.]  If.  Frugal  use: 
saving;  economy;  moderation;  restraint. 

Spend  in  measure  as  thou  doest  get ; 
Make  spare  of  that  thou  haste. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  94. 

Our  victuals  failed  us,  though  we  made  good  spare  of 
them.  Bacon,  New  Atlantis. 

Pour'd  out  their  plenty  without  spight  or  spare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  1.  61. 

2.  In  American  bowling,  an  advantage  gained 
by  the  knocking  down  of  all  the  pins  by  rolling 
two  balls:  as,  to  make  a  spare,  in  such  acase,  when 
the  player's  turn  comes  again,  the  pins  knocked  down  by 
his  flrst  ball  are  added  to  those  made  in  the  spare  to  com- 
plete the  record  of  that  turn,  while  they  count  also  in  the 
record  of  the  new  turn.  Compare  strike. 
spare2!  (spar),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sparre, 
Kpai/ere,  spay  re;  <  ME.  speyre,  speyr;  origin  ob- 
scure.] An  opening  in  a  gown  or  petticoat ;  a 
placket.  Prompt.  Pan:,  p.  468. 

She  took  out  a  little  penknife, 
Hung  low  down  by  her  spare. 
Sir  Hugh,  or  the  Jew's  Daughter  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  33'J). 

spare-built  (spar'bilt), «.  Built  or  formed  with- 
out fullness  or  robustness;  slender,  flcott. 
Rokeby,  ii.  22. 

sparefult  (spar'fiil),  «.  [<  spare*  +  -/«/.] 
Sparing;  chary.  Fairfax. 

sparefulnesst  (spar'ful-nes),  «.  The  quality  of 
being  spareful  or  sparing. 

Largess  his  hands  could  never  skill  of  sparefulness. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 

sparely  (spar'li),rtdr.   [<  WE.sparlictic (  =  MHG. 
sperliche):  <  sparr*  +  -7//2.]     Sparingly;  scan- 
tily; thinly;  leanly. 
Ye  valleys  low,  .  .  . 
On  whose  fresh  lap  the  swart-star  sparely  looks. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  138. 

spareness  (spar'nes),  «.  [Cf.  AS.  spsernes,  fru- 
gality.] The  state  of  being  spare,  lean,  or  thin ; 
leanness. 

sparer  (spar'er),  n.  [<  ME.  sparare;  <  spare*, 
v.,  +  -er*.]  One  who  spares,  or  avoids  unneces- 
sary expense;  a  frugal  spender.  [Rare.] 

By  nature  far  from  profusion,  and  yet  a  greater  sparer 
than  a  saver.  Sir  H.  Wotton. 

sparerib  (spar'rib).  w.     [Formerly  also  spear- 
rib;  <  spare*  +  rib*.]     A  cut  , 
of  pork  consisting  of  the  up- 
per part  of  a  row  of  ribs  with 
the  meat  adhering  to  them. 
Sparerib  roasted  or  broiled  is 
esteemed  a  delicacy. 

Sparganium  (spar-ga'ni-um), 
«.     [NL.  (Tournefort,  1700), 
<  L.  sparganion,  <  Gr.  aimp- 
yaviw,  a  plant,  bur-reed,  so 
called  from   the  ribbon-like 
leaves,  dim.  of  oirdpyavov,  a  fil- 
let, a  swaddling-band,  <  axap- 
yetv,  swathe.]     A  genus   of 
monocotyledonous  plants,  of 
the  order  Typliacese.    It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  other  genus  of 
that  order,  Typha,  by  hyaline  scales 
of  the  perianth,  oblong  or  wedge- 
shaped  anthers,  and  sessile  ovary. 
There  are  about  6  species,  natives  of 
both  hemispheres  in  temperate  and    Bur-reed  (Sfarfanium 
subfrigid  regions.    Three  somewhat          eKtycarfum). 
polymorphous  species  occur  in  the      '•  Flowering  plant.  2 
northeastern  United  States.    They    Part  of  the  inflorescence. 
are  aquatic  herbs,  sending  up  from    fS'nf aX'  * lohularfe 


Sparganium 


5797 


Too  near  and  sparing  for  a  soldier, 

«MJ  gripping,  ami  t,,(»  -, 

tbtektr  (and  unotiurr),  i',,,|,l,,.tess,  I.  2 
Defer  not  to  do  Justice,  or  be  span,,., ,,(  \i,  , ,., 

1.  as,  a  */«„•„,,,  ,li,-t ;  *,„„-,•„,,  Mppiaus,.. 

toTJeVerv  °L '".""""'I""  i"  'In;  dUlTCBJ  of  sciences  ought 
ry  *pam»0.    Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning  II 
3f.  Inclined  to  spare  from  harm  or  hardship; 
not  oppressive;  forbearing. 


sparganosis 
ur.  wra 


r-gii-nd'si_8j,  ii.     [NL.!  as  if  < 
--„  wrapping  in  swaddling-clothes 
(see  Uparganium);  prop,  spargosis  <  Gr  on-do 
yuoif,  a  swelling,  distention  i   sro  */MI-«O«',S  i 
same  as  spargosis, 
sparge  ^sparjg)  r  t;  pret.  and  pp.  sparj/ed,  ppr. 

sprinkle ;  cf.  asperge,  asperse,  'disperse,  etc8]''6!'' 
To  sprinkle ;  scatter. 

Wha  In  yon  cavern,  grim  and  sootie, 

Closed  under  hatches. 
Spairges  about  the  brunstane  cootie. 

Burns,  Address  to  the  De'il. 

2.  To  throw  water  upon  in  a  shower  of  small 
drops.     See  sparger. 

spargefactiont   (spar-jf-fak'shpn),    «       r<  L 
ximrgere,  strew,  sprinkle,  +  faciio(n-),  <facere 

*   "n?     1    The  act  of  sprinkling.    Swift  Tale 
of  a  Tub,  iv. 

sparger  (spar'jer),H.  [<  sparge  +  -er*  ]  1  A 
sprinkler;  usually,  a  cup  with  a  perforated  lid 
or  a  pipe  with  a  perforated  nozle,  used  f  ordampl 
ing  paper  clothes,  etc.— 2.  In  brewing,  a  per- 
forated cylinder,  or  a  series  of  disks,' for  dis- 
charging hot  water  in  a  fine  shower  over  grain 
falling  into  a  mash-tub. 

spargett,  spargetingt.   Same  as  parget,  parget- 

spargosis  (spar-go'sis),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (TTrd-pvu- 
ovf,  a  swelling,  distention,  <  oxapyav,  be  full  to 
bursting,  swell.]  In  pathol. :  (a)  Distention  of 
the  breasts  with  milk,  (b)  Same  as  pachyder- 
mia.  Also  sparganosis. 

sparhawk  (spar'h&k), «.  A  contracted  form  of 
sparrow-hawk.  Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls, 

' .    OOo. 

Sparidae  (spar'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sparus  + 
f  •«  A  u  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Sparus,  to  which  differ- 
ent limits  have  been  assigned ;  the  sea-breams. 
(a)  In  the  early  system  of  Bonaparte,  same  as  Cuvler's 
55**  •faV"1,y^°fK  acanthopterygian  fishes  (Sparoid?*) 
which  included,  besides  the  true  SparMa,  many  other 
fishes,  (b, ,  In  Gunther's  system,  a  family  of  Acanthoptl 
rygn  perctfrnnes,  having  ventrals  perfect,  no  bony  stay  for 
the  preoperculuin,  a  lateral  line,  and  either  a  series  of 
trenchant  teeth  in  the  Jaws  or  molars  on  the  sides  <°) 
In  Jordan  and  Gilbert's  classification,  acanthopterygian 
ttshes  of  the  ordinary  type  with  the  supramaxillary  bones 
slipping  under  the  preorbital.  It  thus  included  not  only 
the  true  Sparida!  but  the  Pristopomidie,  Lutjanidu,  PL 
melepteridse,  and  LoboKdu.  (d)  By  Gill  restricted  to 
of  an  oblong  compressed  form  with  peculiar  scales, 
continuous  lateral  line,  head  compressed,  supramaxillary 
bones  retractile  under  the  suborbitals,  dorsal  with  the 
spmous  part  depressible  in  a  groove  and  about  as  lone 
as  the  soft  part,  pectorals  with  lower  rays  branched,  and 
ventrals  subbrachial  and  complete.  The  family  thus  lira- 
ited  comprises  numerous  species,  among  which  are  some 
nSK.  mosi  esteemed  of  the  temperate  seas,  such  as  the 
giltneads  of  Europe,  and  the  sheepshead  and  scup  of  the 
eastern  American  coast.  Also  Sparoidx,  See  cuts  under 
Pimtltpterus,  porgy,  Scorpis,  scup,  and  sheepshead. 

spandal  (spar'i-dal),  a.     Same  as  xparoid. 

Sparmse  (spa-ri'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sparus  + 
-»**.J  A  subfamily  of  sparoid  fishes,  typified 
by  the  genus  Sparus,  to  which  various  limits 

amlVr-A^n  a!'s'S,ned.- .  («)  The  genera  Sparus.  Sargus, 

tAaraz:  the  Spanm  of  Bonaparte,    (b)  By  Jordan 

«M       f 3?  °8ed  for  8Paroids  havlng  molar  teeth  on  the 

sides  of  the  jaws  none  on  vomer,  palatines,  or  tongue 

entire  opercle  and  few  pylorlc  caeca,  including  Spdna 

kanjui,  or  Diplodus,  and  various  other  genera 

sparme  (spar'iu),  a.  and  n.    [<  sparus  +  -ine*.] 

1.  a.  Sparoid,  in  a  narrow  sense;  closely  resem- 
bling a  sparus;  belonging  to  the  Sparing. 

II.  ft.  A  sparoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  Soa- 
rinse. 

sparing  (spar'ing),  ii.     [<  ME.  sparyiige;  verbal 
n.  of  spare*,  ».]     1.  Parsimony.     ' 
Sparynge.    Parcimonia.  Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  487. 

2.  pi.  That  which  is  saved  by  frugality  or  econ- 
omy; savings.     [Rare.] 


. 

his'subjects*  '  '  '  Wa"<p<m'n0a"dconipas8lonate  towards 

Bacon. 

sparingly  (spar'ing-li),  adv.     In  a  sparing  man- 
ner; with  frugality,  moderation,  scantinlss,  re- 
serve, forbearance,  or  the  like  ;  sparsely. 
Touch  this  sparingly,  as  'twere  far  off 

Shot.,  Rich.  III.,  Hi.  5.  9.x 

sparingness  (spar'ing-nes),  ».  The  c-har.i.-t.-i- 
of  being  sparing  or  inclined  to  spare;  tope- 
dally,  frugality,  scantiness,  or  the  like-  as 
the  sparingness  of  one's  diet. 


sparkle 

I  In-  Insulation  Is  apt  to  \xsmart,,t  tlnoudi  and  .polled. 

SXJV.MO. 

Whenever  ah,,  _,h  |h|. 

con. 

2.  To  splash  with  dirt,    llnllnnll     \\>r>,\    ]•',,„ 
or  Scotch.] 

spark^  (spiirk),  „.  [Usually  MMMteted  with 
tparki,  sparkisk,  sparkling,  etc.,  bul  perhana  -i 
var.  of  «prae*(ef.  Ml-;.  >•/»/;•/. /I,-/,, 
In-lit  i,<  I,.,. |.  ,sy,« /•/,•/-.  usually  tr 
spriglitly:  we  v/ </,/,-.]  \  ..\  person  oj-  a 
or  sprightly  character;  a  gay,  lively,  showy  man 
(or,  rarely,  in  former  use-,  umnau)-  a  '•  blade" 
or  roysterer. 

,„  Robbln  Hood  upon  him  set 
_       jj  "h  his  couraglous  uparlret. 
true  Tale  of  Jtulrin  //<««/  (i  ijjid  s  liallads,  V. 

I  will  wed  thee 

lo  my  great  widdowts  daughter  and  «j|e  helre 
The  louely  sparke,  the  bright  Laodlce. 
*—  an.  Widdi 


.Sits). 


-  ..3  entered  the  ministry  again    and 

je  utmost  sparingness. 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  vl. 

spark1  (spark),  n.  [<  ME.  sparke, gperke,  si,,,,;- 
spserc,  spearke,  <  AS.  spearca,  xp&rca  =  MD 
V0r«fe,  spercke,  D.  spark  =  MLG.  LG.  sparke 
£  OP .  esparque),  a  spark;  perhaps  so  called 
from  the  crackling  of  a  firebrand:  cf.  Icel.  8w 
spraka  ==  Dan.  sprage,  crackle,  Lith.  sprageti 
rackle,  Gr.  cpapa-yof,  a  crackling,  Skt.  ysphuri 
rumble.]  1.  A  particle  of  ignited  substance 
emitted  from  a  body  in  combustion;  a  fiery 
particle  thrown  off  by  burning  wood,  iron 
powder,  or  other  substance. 

muhte  acwikien.  .dncren  Kittle,  p.  90. 

Man  is  born  unto  trouble,  as  the  sparks  fly  upward. 

Hence  — 2.  A  scintillating  or  flying  emana- 
tion, literally  or  figuratively  ;  anything  resem- 
bling a  spark  of  fire:  as,  sparks  from  a  gem- 
a  spark  of  wit. 

JF°  j17  if  "  were  P088ible  to  8«t  a  spark  of  human  spirit 
out  of  you.  Seotti  Woodstock,  v. 

For  all  the  haft  twinkled  with  diamond  sparks. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

3.  A  small  diamond  used  with  many  others 
to  form  a  setting  or  frame,  as  to  a  cameo  or  a 
miniature  painting;  also,  a  distinct  crystal  of 
diamond  with  the  natural  curved  edges,  suitable 
for  glaziers'  use. 


Idowes  Teares,  I.    (Daviet.) 

J-heir  worthy  father  ...  was,  at  his  years  Dearly  as 
wild  a  spark.  Sheridan,  School  /or  Scandal,  I.  " 

2.  A  lover;  a  gallant;  a  beau.     [Colloq.] 
Kly  to  your  spark;  hell  tell  you  more  of  (he  matter 

Ooldstnith,  She  stoops  to  Conquer,'  111 
spark2  (spark),  r.    [<  x/y«  ;•/••-•,„.]    I  intrans' To 
play  the  spark  or  gallant;  court.     [Colloq.] 

A  sure  sign  that  his  master  was  courtlnir  or  »«  It  I. 
termed,  sparking,  within.        jrdny,  SkeVch-Botk,^.  432 

.K^K  b°s'8  t,hat  do  "  good  deal  of  'Parking  and  the  girls 
that  have  a  lot  of  beaux  don't  alwayVgct  married  lirsf 

E.  Eggleston,  The  Graysons,  xxxill. 
II.  trans.  To  pay  attention  to,  especially  with 
a  view  to  marriage;  court;  play  the  gallant  to, 
m  a  general  sense :  as,  he  is  sparking  Miss  Doe  • 
to  spark  a  girl  home.     [Colloq.] 
spark-arrester  (spark'a-res'ter),  «.     1.  A  fen- 
der of  wire  netting.— 2.  A  netting  or  cage  of 
wire  placed  over  the  smoke-stack  of  a  steam- 


The  upanngs  of  the  whole  week  which  have  not  been 
laid  out  for  chances  in  the  lottery  are  spent  for  this  even- 
ing s  amusement.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  v. 
3f.  The  state  of  being  spared  from  harm  or 
death. 

If  the  Lord  give  you  sparing  to-morrow,  let  me  hear 
four  words  of  comfort  from  you  for  God's  sake. 
J.  Careless,  in  Bradford's  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  II.  241. 
sparing  (spar'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  spare  1,  p.] 
1.  Inclined  to  spare  or  save;  economical;  fru- 
gal; chary;  grudging. 


This  madonna  invites  me  to  a  banquet  for  my  discourse 
t  other  .  .  sends  me  a  spark,  a  third  a  ruby,  a  fourth  aii 
emerala-  Shirley,  Bird  in  a  Cage,  II.  1 

1,Thif^tWriting  dlamond8  »re  «?wt«  set  in  steel  tubes 
much  luce  everpoint  pencils.      Lea,  Photography,  p.  427. 

4.  A  separate  bit  or  particle  of  fire  or  burning 
matter  m  an  otherwise  inert  body  or  mass- 
hence,  a  bit  of  anything,  material  or  immate- 
rial, comparable  to  this  in  its  nuclear  character 
or  possible  extension  of  activity. 

If  any  spark  of  life  be  unquench'd  in  her, 
Jhis  will  recover  her. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ill.  2. 

it  wilfbu™6 SPa"IC °'  ''eliglou9  and  civ"  llberty  b«  kindled, 
D.  WebsUr,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill  Monument,  June  17, 1825. 
Electric  spark,  the  luminous  effect  produced  when  a 
sudden  disruptive  electrical  discharge  takes  place  be- 
tween two  charged  conductors,  or  between  two  conduc- 
tors  at  different  electric  potentials.  The  length  of  the 
spark  depends  primarily  upon  the  difference  of  potential 
of  the  two  charged  bodies;  it  Is  hence  In  general  a  con- 
spicuous phenomenon  with  high  potential  frictional  elec- 
tricity, and  not  with  ordinary  voltaic  currents.  See  elec- 
(ncK.v.-Fairy  sparks.  See  fairy. 
spark1  (spark),  v.  [<  ME.  sparken,  <  AS.  spear- 
cm»  =  MLG.  LG.  sparken,  emit  sparks;  from  the 
noun:  see  tnartf,  «.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  emit 
sparks,  as  of  fire  or  electricity;  sparkle  or  scin- 
tillate. Spenser.— 2.  In  elect.,  to  produce  sparks 
at  points  where  the  continuity  of  the  circuit  is 
interrupted.  The  production  of  sparks  is  due  -to  the 
formation  of  a  small  arc  between  the  extremities  of  the 
broken  conductor,  and  also  to  self-induction  in  the  circuit 
Sparking  often  takes  place  between  the  collecting  brushes 
and  the  commutator  of  the  dynamo.  It  Is  Injurious  to 
the  machine,  aside  from  the  actual  dissipation  of  energy 
which  it  involves.  It  also  occurs  to  an  injurious  degree 
In  other  electrical  apparatus  in  which  currents  are  fre- 
quently interrupted.  Various  measures  are  resorted  to 
for  the  purpose  of  reducing  it  to  a  minimum  or  avoiding 
It  altogether.  See  gpark-arrester,  3. 

There  is  no  sparking  at  the  brushes. 

S.  P.  Thompson,  Dynamo-Elect.  Mach.,  p.  113. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  affect  by  sparks,  as  of  elec- 
tricity; act  upon  by  the  emission  or  transmis- 
sion of  sparks.  [Recent.] 


- 
engine.     In  some  arresters  a  deflector  is  placed  in  the 

strvoir"^1 8t  "I'f  thf,9rk8  8trikc-  a"d  Bffio«2 

servoir  below.  Also  called  spark-consumer. 
3.  A  device  for  preventing  injurious  sparking 
m  electrical  apparatus  at  points  where  fre- 
quent interruptions  of  the  circuit  occur,  as  in 
telegraph-keys,  relays,  and  similar  instruments. 
It  consists  in  some  cases  of  a  spark-coil  or  high-resistance 
connective  across  the  point  of  iutemiptioiK  so  that  the 

I,TCoUtherS8nietVfr  aCtUali5'  broken'  but  °"'£ f^'ly  reduce^ 
In  others  it  is  a  condenser  whose  plates  are  connected 
each  with  one  extremity  of  the  broken  circuit.  In  this 
case  the  energy  of  the  current  Induced  on  breaking  is  ex- 
pended in  charging  the  condenser.  Also  sparker 
spark-coil  (spark '  koil),  M.  See  spark-arres- 

l€Tj  O. 

spark-condenser  (spark'kon-den'ser),  n.  In 
elect.,  an  instrument  having  a  glass  cage  in 
which  a  spark  may  be  passed  between  the  bat- 

nh$  "i0"".,6 Ctions-    «  ">  used  for  burning  metals  or 
obtaining  the  spectra  of  gases,  and  Is  designed  to  isolate 
the  atmosphere  in  which  the  experiment  is  conducted  w 
as  to  eliminate  accidental  disturbing  causes,  and  also'  to 
enable  the  experiment  to  take  place  in  an  atmosphere  of 
any  required  condensation  or  tenuity, 
spark-consumer  (spitrk'kon-su'mer),  ii.     In  a 
steam-engine,  a  spark-arrester. 
sparked  (sparkt),  «.     [<  sparkl  +  -«i2.]     ya- 
riegated.    HaUiwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
sparked-back    (sparkt '  bak),    a.     Having    a 
streaked  or  variegated  back ;   streaked-back  • 
as,  the  sparked-back  plover,  the  turnstonc.  [Lo- 
cal, Massachusetts.] 

sparker  (spar'ker),  ».  [<  spark*  +  -ei-i.l  Same 
as  spark-arrester,  3. 

sparkfult  (spark'ful),  a.  [<  spartf  +  -/«;.] 
Sparkish. 

Hitherto  will  our  tparlrefull  youth  laugh  at  their  great 
grandfather's  English.        Camden,  Remains,  Languages. 
Sparkish  (spSr'kish),  a.    [<  spark*  +  -i>*i.    Cf. 
spark".']    Gay;  jaunty;  sprightly;  showy;  fine. 
I  have  been  detained  by  a  sparHsh  coxcomb,  who  pre- 
tended a  visit  to  me.          Wychertty,  Country  Wife,  iv.  2. 
A  daw,  to  be  Sparkish,  trick'd  himself  up  with  all  the 
gay  feathers  he  could  muster.  Sir  R.  L 'Estrange. 

sparkle  (spar'kl),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sparkled 
ppr.  sparkling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sparcle, 
sjmrckle;  <  ME.  sparklen,  spearclen,  sperclen  (= 
MD.  sparcke len);  freq.  of  spark*.  Cf.  sparkle, 
«•]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  emit  sparks;  send  off 
small  ignited  particles,  as  burning  fuel,  etc.— 
2.  To  shine  as  if  giving  out  sparks;  glitter; 
glisten;  scintillate,  literally  or  figuratively:  as, 
a  brilliant  sparkles;  a  sparkling  beaut  v ;  spark- 
ling wit. 

.KT.hu  8f  !eemed  »"  of  a  Fire  about  us;  for  every  tea 
that  broke  sparkled  like  Lightning. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  414. 

With  one  star  sparkling  through  It  like  an'eye. 

Byron,  Don  Juan.  II.  18S. 


sparkle 

Sparkling  heat,  such  a  heat  as  produces  sparks ;  espe- 
cially, a  degree  of  heat  in  a  piece  of  iron  or  steel  that 
causes  it  to  «i>:irklc  or  emit  sparks  under  the  hainim  r  :  a 
welding-heat.— Sparkling  wine,  wine  characterized  by 
the  presence  or  the  emission  of  carbonic-acid  gas  in  little 
bubbles  which  sparkle  or  glisten  In  the  light.  =Syn.  1  and 
2.  Scintillate,  (Jlitter,  etc.  (seei/lare.i,  v.  t.),  coruscate. 

II.  II-HII.I.  1.  To  emit  with  coruscations; 
throw  out  spurkliugly. 

The  bright  glister  of  their  beames  cleare 
Did  tvurekle  forth  great  light. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  32. 

2.  To  scatter;  disperse.  [Obsolete  or  prov. 
Eng.] 

The  riches  of  Darius  was  left  alone,  and  lay  sparkled 
abroade  ouer  all  the  fields. 

J.  Breiide,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  iii.  43. 

St.  To  sprinkle ;  spatter. 

The  pauement  of  the  temple  is  all  eparded  with  bludde. 
Peter  Marti/r  (tr.  in  Eden's  First  Books  on  America, 
[ed.  Arber,  p.  196). 

sparkle  (spiir'kl),  11.  [<  ME.  sparkle,  sparele, 
with  dim.  -le,  -el,  <  sparkl;  or  <  sparkle,  r.]  1. 
A  spark;  an  ignited  or  a  luminous  particle,  or 
something  comparable  to  it ;  a  scintillation  ;  a 
gleam. 

Foure  gleedeshan  we,  whiche  I  shal  devyse, 
A  vaunting,  liyng,  anger,  coveitise, 
Thise  foure  sparkles  longen  unto  elde. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  31. 

And  drove  his  heel  into  the  smoulder'd  log, 
That  sent  a  blast  of  sparkle*  up  the  flue. 

Tennyson,  Morte  d'Arthur. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  sparkling;  emission  of 
sparks  or  scintillations  ;  sparkling  luminosity 
or  luster :  used  literally  or  figuratively. 

Swift  as  the  sparkle  of  a  glancing  star 

I  shoot  from  heaven,  to  give  him  safe  convoy. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  80. 

A  zest  and  sparkle  ran  througli  every  part  of  the  paper. 
6.  5.  Merriam,  S.  Bowles,  II.  359. 

sparkleberry  (spar'kl-ber"i),  n.     Same  as 

farkleberry. 
sparkler  (spiirk'ler),  n.     [<  sparkle  +   -trl.] 

1.  A  thing  which  or  a  person  who  sparkles; 
that  which  or  one  who  gives  off  scintillations, 
as  of  light,  beauty,  or  wit:  often  applied  spe- 
cifically to  gems,  especially  the  diamond. 

But  what  would  you  say,  should  you  see  a  Sparkler  shak- 
ing her  elbow  for  a  whole  night  together,  and  thumping 
the  table  with  a  dice-box?  Addison,  Guardian,  No.  120. 

It  [Mercury]  keeps  so  near  the  sun  .  .  .  that  very  few 
people  have  ever  seen  the  brilliant  sparkler. 

11.  W.  Warren,  Astronomy,  p.  113. 

2.  One  of  various  species  of  tiger-beetles  (Ci- 
cindela) :  so  called  in  allusion  to  their  shining 
or  sparkling  appearance  when  running  in  the 
sunshine.     See  cuts  under  Civindela. 

sparkless  (spark'les),  a.  [<  s]>arkl  +  -less.'] 
Free  from  sparks;  not  emitting  sparks:  as,  a 
sparkless  commutator.  Electric  Review  (Eng.). 
XXVI.  203. 

sparklessly  (spark'les-li),  adc.  Without  the 
emission  of  sparks. 

sparklet  (spark'let),  11.  [<  spark*  +  -let.']  A 
small  spark,  or  minute  sparkle ;  a  scintillating 
speck.  [Rare.] 

sparklinesst  (spiirk'li-nes), n.  Sparklingness; 
sparkling  vivacity.  Aubrey,  Lives  (John  Suck- 
ling). 

sparklingly  (spark'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  sparkling 
manner ;  with  twinkling  or  vivid  brilliancy. 

Sparklingness  (spiirk'ling-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  sparkling;  vivid  and  twinkling  luster. 

spark-netting  (spark'net'tag),  n.  A  spark- 
arrester  or  spark-consumer. 

sparling1  (spttr'ling),  n.  [Also  sperlina,  spir- 
liwj,  sjiorliiiy,  spurting;  <  ME.  aparhjnge,  sper- 
lyng,  sper/ynye,  spyrlynye  =  MLG.  sperliiik  = 
G.  spierliiKj  (>  OF.  esperlanc,  esperlan,  F.  eper- 
lan;  ML.  spcrlinyits),  a  smelt;  of.  D.  spieriny, 
a  smelt.]  1.  A  smelt.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

For  sprats  and  spurlings  for  your  house. 

Tusser,  Husbandry. 

2.  A  samlet;  a  smolt.     [Wales.] 

sparling2  (spar'ling),?!.  [Alsospurliny;  <  spear1 
+  -liny,  from  the  sharp,  picked  bill.]  A  tern 
or  sea-swallow.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

sparling-fowl  (spar'ling-foul),  n.  The  goosan- 
der or  merganser,  especially  the  female.  J. 
Latham. 

sparliret,  "•  [ME.,  also  sparlyre,  sperlire,  spar- 
lyuer,  sperli/uer,  the  calf  of  the  leg,  a  muscle,  < 
AS.  speerlira,  sperlira,  s/iearlira,  <  sneer,  spare, 
+  lira,  fleshy  part  of  the  body  without  fat  or 
bone:  see  spare*  and  fire2.]  The  calf  of  the 
leg. 

Smyit  thee  the  Lord  with  the  moost  yuel  biel  in  knees, 
and  in  sparlyuen.  Wydty,  Deut.  xxviil.  35. 


5798 

spar-maker  (spiir'ma'ker),  H.  A  carpenter 
whose  special  business  is  the  making  of  masts, 
yards,  etc. 

Sparmannia  (spiir-man'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Linnreus 
filius,  1781),  named  after  Andreas  Kpurmunn  or 
Spnrruiann,  a  Swedish  naturalist  of  the  ISthcen- 
tury.]  A  genus  of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the 
on  fer  Tiliticex,  the  linden  family ,  and  of  the  tribe 
'l'ili''t'r.  It  is  characterized  by  the  outer  stamens  being 
without  anthers,  the  numerous  inner  ones  perfect,  and  by 
a  globose  or  ovoid  capsule  which  is  echinate  with  rigid  bris- 
tles. There  are  three  species,  nativesof  tropical  or  southern 
Africa.  They  are  shrubs  or  trees  with  soft  stellate  pubes- 
cence, bearing  toothed  or  lobed  heart-shaped  leaves  and 
white  flowers  in  small  terminal  umbelliform  cymes  which 
are  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  short  bracts.  S.  Afri- 
cana  is  a  handsome  greenhouse-shrub  reaching  from  0 
to  12  feet  high,  with  ornamental  long-stalked  leaves  and 
downy  white  flowers  with  yellow  and  brown  sterile  sta- 
mens. It  produces  a  fiber  of  very  fine  texture,  known  as 
African  hemp,  and  recommended  for  its  strength  and 
beautiful  silver-gray  color. 

sparoid  (spa'roid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  Sparus  + 
-oirf.]  I.  a.  Resembling  a  sea-bream;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Spuridte  in  a  broad  sense. 

Also  sparidal Sparoid  scales,  scales  characteristic 

of  sparoid  fishes  —  thin,  wide,  with  lines  of  growth  pro- 
ceeding from  their  hind  border.     Agassiz. 
II.  M.  A  sparoid  fish. 

Sparoidae  (spa-roi'de),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  Same  as 
tiparidee. 

sparplet  (spar'pl),  r.  t.  [Also  sparUe ;  <  ME. 
sparpleii,  sparpyllcn,  <  OF.  esparpeillcr,  F.  ipar- 
piller,  scatter,  fly  off  like  a  butterfly,= Pr.  isjmr- 
palhar  =  It.  sparpagliarc,  scatter,  fly  off  like  a 
butterfly.  Cf.  disparple.]  To  scatter;  spread 
abroad;  disperse. 
The!  made  the  renges  to  gparble  a-brode. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  396. 

sparret,  ».  and  r.     An  obsolete  form  of  spar*. 

sparrer  (spar'er),  H.  One  who  spars;  one  who 
practises  boxing.  Thackeray,  Adventures  of 
Philip,  vii. 

sparrow  (spar'6),  n.  [<  ME.  sparowe,  sparuwe, 
sparewe,  sparwe,  <  AS.  spearira,  spearewa,  in 
early  glosses  spearua,  =  OHG.  sparo  (spartv-), 
sparse,  MHG.  spar  (MHG.  dim.  sperlinc,  sper- 
lina) =  Icel.  sporr  =  Sw.  sparf=.  Dan.  spare  = 
Goth,  spitrwa,  a  sparrow ;  prob.  from  the  root 
of  spur,  spurn,  'kick,  quiver':  see  spur.  Cf. 
MD.  spanner,  spericer,  D.  sperwer  =  MLG.  spar- 
teer,  sperwer  =  OHG.  sparwari,  sparicdri,  MHG. 
sperwsere,  sparwserc,  G.  sperbcr  (cf.  It.  sparviere, 
sparariere  =  Pr.  esparrier  =  OF.  espervier,  F. 
epervier,  iu  ML.  sparrarim,  spararerius,  cspar- 
rarius,  <  OHG.,  cf.  Sp.  esparavan),  a  sparrow- 
hawk,  lit.  '  sparrow-eagle,'  the  second  element 
being  OHG.  aro  (in  comp.  -an),  eagle:  see 
earn".  Cf.  sparrer,  spavin."]  1.  The  house- 
spaiTow,  Passer  doniesticus,  a  fringilline  bird 
of  Europe,  which  has  been  imported  and 
naturalized  in  America,  Australia,  and  other 
countries.  It  is  about  6  inches  long  and  9J  in  extent 
of  wings.  The  upper  parts  of  the  male  are  ashy-gray, 
boldly  streaked  on  the  back  with  black  and  bay ;  there 
is  a  dark-chestnut  or  mahogany  spot  on  each  side  of 
the  neck;  the  lesser  wing-coverts  are  chestnut;  the 
median  are  tipped  with  white,  forming  a  wing-bar ;  the 
greater  coverts  and  inner  secondaries  have  a  black 
field  bordered  with  gray ;  and  the  lower  parts  are  ashy 
or  gray,  with  jet-black  on  the  throat,  spreading  on  the 
breast,  and  bordered  on  the  side  of  the  neck  with  white. 
The  female  is  similar,  but  more  plainly  feathered,  lack- 
ing the  distinctive  head-markings  of  the  male.  The 
sparrow  is  a  conirostral  granivorous  bird,  whose  food  is 
principally  seeds  and  grain,  yet  it  has  been  introduced 
in  many  countries  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  noxious 
insects.  It  is  extremely  hardy,  pugnacious,  and  prolific, 
rearing  several  large  broods  annually.  Of  all  birds  the 
sparrow  naturally  attaches  itself  most  closely  to  man,  and 
easily  modifies  its  habits  to  suit  artificial  conditions  of 
environment  It  is  thus  one  of  several  animals,  as  rats, 
mice,  and  other  vermin,  well  fitted  to  survive  under  what- 
ever conditions  man  may  offer  or  enforce;  hence  it  wins 
in  competition  with  the  native  birds  of  the  foreign  coun- 
tries where  it  naturalizes,  without  as  readily  developing 
counteractive  agencies  to  check  its  increase.  It  speedily 
becomes  a  pest  wherever  introduced,  and  seldom  destroys 
noxious  insects  to  any  appreciable  extent.  It  was  brought 
into  the  United  States  from  Germany  about  1869,  and  is 
now  probably  more  numerous  than  any  single  native  bird. 
In  New  York  city  thousands  of  sparrows  are  sold  and 
eaten  as  reed-birds.  See  cut  under  Passer®. 
2.  Some  or  any  fringilline  bird  resembling  the 
sparrow,  as  Passer  montanus,  the  tree-sparrow ; 
one  of  various  finches  and  buntings,  mostly  of 
plain  coloration.  In  the  United  States  the  name  is 
given,  with  a  qualifying  word,  to  very  many  small  sparrow- 
like  birds,  mostly  of  homely  streaked  coloration.  Chip- 
ping- or  field-sparrows  belong  to  the  genus  Spizella; 
crown-sparrows  to  Zonotrichia;  fox-sparrows  to  Passe- 
rella;  grasshopper-sparrows  to  Coturnicitlus ;  the  grass- 
sparrow  to  Pooecetes ;  the  lark-sparrow  to  Chondestes;  sage- 
sparrows  to  Amphispiza ;  savanna-sparrows  to  Passer- 
nditt;  seaside  sparrows  to  Ammodromits;  snow-spar- 
rows to  Junto  ;  song-sparrows  to  Melospiza.  See  cuts  un- 
der Chondestes,  Coturnindim,  Emoernagra,  field-sparrow, 
grass/inch,  sage-sparrow,  savanna-sparrow,  snowbird,  and 
song  -sparrow. 


J.iv;i  Spairow  (Airfrf.)  uryzivora). 


sparrow-hawk 

3.  Some  little  bird  likened  to  or  mistaken  for 
a  sparrow.  Thus,  the  hedge-sparrow  is  the  hedge  chant- 
er, Accentor  modularis,  and  some  other  warblers  are  loose- 
ly called  sparrnuv.—  Bush-sparrow,  the  hedge-sparrow, 
Accentor  moditlarix.  —English  sparrow,  the  common  Eu- 
ropean house-sparrow,  I'anier  dwnextieus :  so  called  in  the 

United  States,  s, •?. 
ilef.  i.  —  Green- 
tailed  sparrow, 
Blandlng'B  tinch. 
sec  fneb.—Jm 
sparrow,  the  rice- 
bird  of  Java,  Alna- 
dina  (Murtia  or 
Padda)  tiryzitora, 
about  as  large  as 
the  tiubolink,  of  a 
bluish-gray  color 
with  pink  bill  and 
white  ear-coverts : 
:i  well-known  cage- 
bird.  —  Sandwich 
sparrow,  a  vari- 
ety of  the  common 
savanna-sparrow  found  in  Alaska.  —  White-throated 
sparrow,  a  crown-sparrow.  (See  tltoJUd-tfeamai,  licdrif- 
sparrow,  fiHl-sparrow.  howe-sparnnr,  reed-sparrow,  satin- 
uparrow,  water-sparrow,  and  other  compounds  noted  in 
def.  2.) 

sparrow-bill  (spar'6-bil),  ».  1.  The  bill  of  a 
sparrow. — 2.  A  kind  of  shoe-nail:  the  original 
form  of  sparable. 

Hob-nailes  to  serve  the  man  i'  th'  moone, 
And  sparrou'bils  to  cloute  Pan's  shoone. 

Dekker,  Londons  Tempe. 

sparrowblet  (spar'o-bl),  H.  Same  as  xparrmc- 
li/ll,  '2,  sparable. 

sparrow-grass  (spar'6-gras),  w.  [A  corruption, 
simulating  sparrow  +  grass,  of  sparayrass,  it- 
self a  corruption  of  sparagus  for  aspartiyu*.  ] 
Asparagus.  [Prov.  or  vulgar.]  — French  spar- 
row-grass, the  sprouts  of  the  spiked  8tar-of- Bethlehem, 
OrnitTtogalum  Pyrenaicum,  sold  to  be  eaten  as  asparagus. 
Prior,  Popular  Names  of  British  Plants.  I  Prov.  Eng.  J 

sparrow-hawk  (spar'6-hak),  «.  [Also  contr. 
gparhatck;  <  ME.  spar-hauk,  sperltauk,  <  AS. 
spearhafoc,  spcartiabuc,  spaerliabnc  (=  Icel. 
sparrhaukr  =  Sw.  sparfliok  =  D&n.spurvelii)<j),< 
spearwa,  spar- 
row, +  hafoc, 
hawk :  see 
sparrow  and 
hawk1.  For 
theD.,G.,  and 
Rom.  names 
for  '  sparrow- 
hawk,'  see  un- 
der sparrow, ~\ 
1.  One  of 
several  small 
hawks  which 
prey  on  spar- 
rows and  oth- 
er small  birds, 
(a)  A  hawk  of  the 
genus  Accipiter 
orKisus.  In  Ureat 
Britain  the  name 
is  appropriated 
to  A.  nisus,  or 
Nisus  frinffffla- 

riu»,  about  12  inches  long,  closely  related  to  the  sharp- 
shinned  hawk  of  America.  (6)  In  the  United  States,  a 
hawk  of  the  genus  Falco  and  subgenus  Tinnuiiculua,  es- 
pecially F.  (T.)  sparcerius,  which  abounds  in  nearly  all 


European  Sparrow-hawk  (AniJ>iter  HISUS'I. 


American  Sparrow-hawk  (falca  ifarvtrius),  adult  male. 


parts  of  the  country,  and  is  known  in  books  as  the  rwsly- 
croicned  falcon  and  prairie-hawk.  It  is  10  or  11  inches 
long,  and  from  20  to  23  in  extent  of  wings.  The  adult  is 
ashy -blue  on  the  crown,  with  a  chestnut  spot :  on  the  back 
cinnamon-rufous,  the  male  having  few  black  marks  or 
none,  and  the  female  numerous  black  bars.  The  wing- 
coverts  in  the  male  are  ashy-blue,  usually  spotted  with 
black ;  in  the  female  cinnamon  barred  with  black.  The 
tail  is  bright-chestnut,  in  the  male  with  a  broad  subter- 
minal  black  band,  and  the  outer  feathers  mostly  white 
with  black  bars;  in  the  female  barred  throughout  with 
black.  The  under  parts  are  white,  variously  tinted  with 
buff  or  tawny,  in  the  male  with  few  black  spots  if  any :  in 
the  female  with  many  dark-brown  stripes.  The  bill  is 
dark  horn-blue ;  the  cere  and  feet  are  yellow  or  orange. 
It  is  an  elegant  and  spirited  falcon,  breeding  in  hollows 
of  trees,  building  no  nest,  but  often  taking  possession  of 
a  woodpecker's  hole.  The  female  lays  five,  six,  or  seven 


sparrow-hawk 

suhspheroidal  eggs,  1  j  inches  long  by  1  ,'a  inches  broad,  of  a 
butfy  or  pale-yellowish  ground-color,  spotted  and  splashed 
all  over  with  dark  brown.  Several  similar  sparrow-hawks 
inhabit  America,  and  various  other  species,  of  both  the 
genera  named,  are  found  in  most  parts  of  the  world. 
2.  In  silrcr-u'orkiiHj,  a  small  anvil  with  two 
horns  (one  flat-sided  and  pyramidal,  the  other 
conical  in  form),  held  between  the  knees  of  the 
workman,  for  use  in  flanging,  making  bezels, 
etc. 

sparrow-owl  (spar'6-onl),  ii.  Any  one  of  many 
small  owls  of  the  genus  (llancidium.  Two  occur 
in  western  parts  of  the  United  States,  Q.  onoma,  the 
gnome-owl,  and  6.  ferruyinemn.  See  cut  under  Olauci- 
dium. 

sparrow-tail  (spar'6-tal),  w.and  a.  I.  ».  Some- 
thing formed  like  a  sparrow's  tail;  a  swallow- 
tail. 

These  long-tailed  coats  [in  1786)  .  .  .  were  cut  away  in 
front  to  a  sparrow-tail  behind.  Fairholt,  Costume,  I.  401. 

II.  (i.  Having  a  long  skirt  cut  away  at  the 
sides  and  squared  off  at  the  end :  as,  a  sparrow- 
tail  coat  (now  usually  called  swallow-tail). 

The  lawyers  in  their  blue  sparrow-tail  coats  with  brass 
buttons,  which  constituted  then  [about  1840]  a  kind  of  pro- 
fessional uniform,  moved  about  with  as  much  animation 
as  uneasy  jay-birds.  E.  Egyleston,  The  Graysons,  xxvi. 

sparrow-tonguet  (spar'6-tung),  ».  The  knot- 
grass, Polynonum  ai-icidare. 

sparrowwort  (spar'6-wert),  H.  1.  Any  plant 
of  the  genus  Passerina. — 2.  A  South  African 
species  of  heath,  Erica  Passerinse. 

sparry  (spiir'i),  a.  [<  spar2  +  -y1.]  Resem- 
bling spar;  consisting  of  or  abounding  with 
spar;  spathose. 

As  the  rude  cavern's  sparry  sides 

When  past  the  miner's  taper  glides.    J.  Baillie. 

The  rock  ...  is  a  sparry  iron  ore,  which  turns  reddish 
brown  on  exposure  to  the  weather. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  308. 

Sparry  iron,  sparry  iron  ore,  a  carbonate  of  iron :  same 
as  siderite,  2.  The  clay-ironstones,  or  the  clay-bands  and 
black-bands  of  the  coal  and  other  formations,  belong  to 
this  family  of  iron  ores. 

sparsate  (spiir'sat),  a.  [<  sparse  +  -ate1.'}  In 
entoin..  thinly  scattered;  sparse:  as,  sparsate 
punctures.  [Rare.] 

Sparse  (spars),  a.  [<  OF.  espars,  F.  epars  =  Pg. 
esparso,  scattered,  <  L.  S2>ar#us,  pp.  of  spargere, 
scatter,  sprinkle  ( >  It.  spargere  =  Sp.  esparcir  = 
Pg.  espargir,  scatter):  see  sparge.  Cf.  sparse, 
v.,  sperse,  disperse.']  1.  Thinly  scattered;  dis- 
persed round  about;  existing  at  considerable 
intervals ;  as  used  of  population  or  the  like,  not 
dense.  [Sparse  has  been  regarded,  falsely,  as  an  Amer- 
icanism, and  has  been  objected  to  as  being  exactly  equiv- 
alent to  scattered,  and  therefore  unnecessary.  Asa  merely 
qualifying  adjective,  however,  it  is  free  from  the  possible 
ambiguity  inherent  in  the  participial  form  and  consequent 
verbal  implication  of  scattered.] 

A  sparse  remnant  of  yellow  leaves  falling  slowly  athwart 
the  dark  evergreens.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  ix. 

The  sparse  populations  of  new  districts. 

Sir  C.  W.  Dilke,  Probs.  of  Greater  Britain,  ii.  1. 
Halley  .  .  .  was  one  of  the  first  to  discuss  the  possible 
luminosity  of  sparse  masses  of  matter  in  space. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XXVI.  788. 

2.  In  lot.,  scattered;  placed  distantly  or  irreg- 
ularly without  any  apparent  or  regular  order : 
applied  to  branches,  leaves,  peduncles,  etc. — 

3.  In  zodl.,  spare  or  remote,  as  spots  or  other 
markings;  scattered  irregularly;  few  or  scan- 
ty, as  hairs  or  other  appendages. 

sparset  (spars),  v.  t.     [<  OF.  esparser,  esparcer, 
\  L.  sparsus,  pp.  of  spargere,  scatter :  see  sparse, 
a.    Cf.  sperse,  disperse,  sparge.]    To  disperse; 
scatter. 
As  when  the  hollow  flood  of  aire  in  Zephires  cheeks  doth 

swell, 
And  sparseth  all  the  gathered  clouds. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xi.  268. 

He  [God]  opens  his  hand  wide,  he  sparseth  abroad  his 
blessings,  and  fills  all  things  living  with  his  plenteous- 
ness.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  418. 

sparsedlyt  (spar'sed-li),  adv.  In  a  scattered 
manner;  dispersedly;  sparsely.  Imp.  Diet. 

sparsely  (spars'li),  adv.  1.  In  a  scattered  or 
sparse  manner;  scantily;  widely  apart,  as  re- 
gards population,  etc. ;  thinly. 

The  country  between  Trinity  river  and  the  Mississippi 
is  sparsely  settled,  containing  less  than  one  inhabitant  to 
the  square  mile.  Olmsted,  Texas,  p.  365. 

2.  In  bot.  and  goal.,  so  as  to  be  sparse,  thin, 
few,  or  scanty;  sparely  or  sparingly.  See  sparse, 
a.,  2,  3. 

sparseness  (spars'nes),  «.  The  state  of  being 
sparse ;  scattered  condition ;  wide  separation : 
as,  sparseness  of  population. 

The  sparseness  of  the  wires  in  the  magnet  coils  and  the 
use  of  the  single  cup  battery  were  to  me  .  .  .  obvious 
marks  of  defect.  The  Century,  XXXV.  931. 


5799 

sparsile  (spar'sil),  a.  [<  LL.  .sy<«CM'/i'.<,  <  L. 
mix,  pp.  of  xpargerr,  scatter:  see  sparse.]  Scat- 
tered; sparse. —  Sparsile  star,  in  astron.,  a  star  not 
included  in  a  constellation-figure. 

sparsity  (spiir'si-ti),  «.  [<  sparse  +  -ity.]  The 
state  of  being  sparse  or  scattered  about ;  free- 
dom from  closeness  or  compactness ;  relative 

l'r\V!ieS8. 

At  receptions  where  the  sparsity  of  the  company  per- 
mits the  lady  of  the  house  to  be  seen,  she  is  commonly 
visible  on  a  sofa,  surrounded  by  visitors  in  a  half-circle. 
Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxl. 

spart  (spiirt),  ».  [=  F.  spartc  =  Sp.  Pg.  espnrlo 
=  It.  sparto,  <  L.  spartum,  <  Gr.  axaprov,  Spanish 
broom;  a  particular  use  of  oiraprov,  a  rope, 
cable;  of. airapri/,  a  rope.  Cf.  esparto."]  If.  A 
plant  of  the  broom  kind ;  broom. 

The  nature  of  apart  or  Spanish  broome. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  bk.  xix.    (Dames.) 

2.  A  rush,  JHIICII.I  iirt'i-ii/atiis,  and  other  spe- 
cies. [Prov.  Eng.] 

spartaite  (spar'ta-It),  n.  [<  Sparta  (see  def.)  + 
-ite2.]  A  variety  of  caleite  or  calcium  carbo- 
nate, containing  some  manganese.  It  is  found 
in  Sparta,  Sterling  Hill,  New  Jersey. 

Spartan  (spar'tan),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  Spartaiius, 

<  Sparta,  <  Gr. "STrdpn?,  Sparta,  Lacedsemon.J 
I.  a.  1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to  Sparta  or  Lacedse- 
mon,  the  capital  of  Laconia,  or  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Sparta  or  Lacedsemon  (Laconia), 
in  the  Peloponnesus ;  Lacedsemonian ;  specifi- 
cally, belonging  to  the  branch  of  the  ancient 
Dorian  race  dominant  in  Laconia. —  2.  Noting 
characteristics  distinctive  of,  or  considered  as 
distinctive  of,  the  ancient  Spartans. 

Lycurgus  .  .  .  sent  the  Poet  Thales  from  Greet  to  pre- 
pare and  mollifle  the  Spartan  surlinesse  with  his  smooth 
songs  and  odes,  the  better  to  plant  among  them  law  and 
civility.  Milton,  Areopagitica. 

Spartan  dog,  a  bloodhound ;  hence,  a  cruel  or  blood- 
thirsty person. 

O  Spartan  dog, 
More  fell  than  anguish,  hunger,  or  the  sea  ! 

Shalt.,  Othello,  v.  2.  361. 

II.  H.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Sparta  or 
Laconia;  a  Lacedaemonian ;  specifically  (as  op- 
posed to  Lacedsemonian  in  a  narrower  sense),  a 
member  of  that  branch  of  the  ancient  Dorian 
race  which  conquered  Laconia  and  established 
the  kingdom  of  Sparta,  celebrated  for  its  mili- 
tary success  and  prestige,  due  to  the  rigid  dis- 
cipline enforced  upon  all  Spartans  from  early 
childhood ;  a  Spartiate. 

Spartanism  (spar'tan-izm),  ».  [<  Spartan  + 
-ism.]  The  distinguishing  spirit  or  a  charac- 
teristic practice  or  quality  of  the  ancient  Spar- 
tans. See  Spartan. 

sparteine(spar'te-in),«.  [<.Spart(mm)  +  -e-ine.] 
A  liquid  alkaloid  (Ci5H26N2)  obtained  from  the 
common  broom,  Cytistis  (Spartium)  scoparius. 
In  small  doses  (.02  to  .05  gram)  it  stimulates  the  action  of 
the  vagus,  and  is  used  medicinally  in  the  form  of  the  sul- 
phate in  place  of  digitalis ;  it  acts  more  quickly  than  the 
latter  drug,  but  not  as  powerfully. 

sparterie  (spar'ter-i),  «.  [<  F.  sparterie,  <  Sp. 
esparteria,  <.  esparto,  Spanish  grass,  broom:  see 
esparto,  spart.]  In  com.,  a  collective  name  for 
articles  manufactured  from  esparto  and  its 
fiber,  as  mats,  nets,  cordage,  and  ropes. 

spart-grass  (spart'gras),  n.  Same  as  spart,  2 ; 
also,  a  cord-grass,  Spartina  stricta.  Britten  and 
Holland,  Eng.  Plant  Names. 

spartht,  «.  L<  ME.  sparth,  sparthe,  sperthe,  an 
ax,  a  battle-ax,  <  Icel.  iparika.  a  kind  of  Irish 
ax ;  perhaps  akin  to  spear.'}  A  battle-ax,  or  per- 
haps in  some  cases  a  mace. 

He  hath  a  sparth  of  twenti  pound  of  wighte. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1662. 
At  his  saddle-gerthe  was  a  good  steel  sperthe, 
Full  ten  pound  weight  and  more. 

Scott,  Eve  of  St.  John. 

Spartiate  (spar'ti-at),  H.     [F.,  <  L.  Spartiates, 

<  Gr.  ^.irapriartK,  a  Spartan,  <  2;rdpr>7,  Sparta: 
see  Spartan."}    A  citizen  of  Sparta;  an  ancient 
Laconian  of  the  Dorian  race.     See  Spartan. 

Aristotle  recognizes  only  one  thousand  families  of  the 
ancient  Spartiates ;  and  their  landed  possessions,  the  very 
groundwork  of  their  state  and  its  discipline,  had  in  great 
measure  passed  into  the  hands  of  women. 

VmRanke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  360. 

Spartina  (spar'ti-na),  n.  [NL.  (Von  Schreber, 
1789),  so  called  from  the  tough  leaves;  <  Gr. 
cmapTivrt,  a  cord,  <  airdpTJi,  airapTov,  a  rope  or 
cord.]  A  genus  of  grasses,  of  the  tribe  Pani- 
cese.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  three  glumes 
and  a  thread-shaped  two-cleft  style,  grouped  in  dense  one- 
sided commonly  numerous  and  divergent  panicled  spikes 
with  the  rachis  prolonged  beyond  the  uppermost  spike- 
let.  There  are  7  species,  natives  mostly  of  salt-marshes; 
one,  S.  stricta,  is  widely  dispersed  along  the  shores  of 
America,  Europe,  and  Africa ;  four  others  are  found  in  the 


spasm 

I  nitetl  States,  one  in  South  America  beyond  the  tiopirs, 
and  one  in  the  islands  of  Tristan  da  t'uiiha.  St.  i'uul,  ami 
Amsterdam.  They  are  lini'l  feed  like  grasses  rising  from 
a  tufted  or  creeping  base,  with  scaly  ruot^t"  k-,  \<T\  smooth 
sheaths,  and  long  convolute  leaves  sometime^  tl;ilti-iied  at 
the  base.  Book-names  for  the  species  are  tnartrh-yrass, 
cvrtt-ifraxs,  and  italt-yritxx;  four1  nl  them  an:  ;tniung  the 
most  conspicuous  maritime  grasses  of  the  United  st;i!«  s. 

X.  fxth/^/iK'fii/ii.  the  huto-M  ^pi-.  irs,  ;t  .-lately  phuit  \vitll  a 
broad  stilt  panicle  nf ten  of  iifty  spikes,  is  known  locally  on 
the  coast  as  creek-thatch  and  creek  xtuff,  from  its  nro«tli  in 
creeks  or  inlets  of  salt  water,  and  from  its  use.  when  cut, 
as  a  cover  for  stacks  of  salt-hay  and  as  bedding  in  stables. 
i S> <•  ;\\&usaltreed-yrass,  under  reed-grass.)  S.  cynontroides 
cord-grass  of  fresh-water  lakes  and  rivers,  smaller, 
attaining  a  height  of  about  6  feet;  it  occins  fmin  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  in  great  quantities  along  the 
Mississippi ;  a  superior  brown  wrapping-paper  lias  been 
made  from  it.  ,S'.  juncea,  a  low  turf-forming  species  with 
diminutive  three-  to  five-forked  inflorescence,  sometimes 
called  rush  salt-yrais,  covers  large  tracts  of  salt-marsh  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  is  recommended  for  binding  wet  sands, 
and  yields  a  tough  fiber  from  its  leaves.  S.  stricta,  the  salt- 
marsh  grass,  with  very  different  inflorescence,  bears  its  nu- 
merous branches  rigidly  appressed  into  a  single  long  and 
slender  erect  spike,  or  sometimes  two,  when  it  is  called 
tirin  xpike  grass.  It  is  said  to  be  also  used  as  a  durable 
thatch ;  it  is  succulent  and  is  eagerly  eaten  by  cattle.  1m- 
parting  to  their  milk,  butter,  and  flesh  a  strong  rancid  fla- 
vor locally  known  as  a  "  thatchy  "  taste. 

Spartium  (spar'shi-um),  «.  [NL.  (Linneeus, 
1737), <  L.  spartum,  spnrton,  <  Gr.  anaprov,  Span- 
ish broom :  see  spart,  esparto.]  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants,  of  the  tribe  Genisteee,  type  of  the 
subtribe  Spartiese.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  related 
genus  Genista  by  a  somewhat  spathaceous  calyx  with  very 
short  teeth,  by  acuminate  and  incurved  keel-petals,  and 
by  a  narrower  pod.  The  only  species,  S.  junceum,  is  a 
native  of  the  Mediterranean  region  and  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  known  as  Spanish  broom,  now  naturalized  in  va- 
rious parts  of  tropical  America  and  long  cultivated  in 
gardens.  It  is  a  shrub  with  numerous  long,  straight, 
rush  like  branches,  which  are  green,  polished,  and  round 
— notangular  like  the  similar  branches  of  the  Irish  broom. 
They  are  commonly  without  leaves ;  when  these  are  pres- 
ent, they  are  composed  each  of  a  single  leaflet  and  are  with- 
out stipules.  The  handsome  pea-like  flowers  form  terminal 
racemes;  they  are  yellow,  fragrant,  and  highly  attractive 
to  bees,  and  are  the  source  of  a  yellow  dye.  The  branches 
are  used  to  make  baskets  and  fasten  vines  in  vineyards ; 
they  yield  by  maceration  a  fiber  which  is  made  into  cord 
and  thread,  and  in  Italy  and  Spain  into  cloth.  The  seeds 
in  small  doses  are  diuretic  and  tonic ;  in  large,  emetic  and 
cathartic. 

spartot  (spar'to),  n.    Same  as  esparto. 

spar-torpedo  (spar'tor-pe'do),  n.  A  torpedo 
secured  to  the  end  of  a  spar,  rigged  outboard  of 
a  vessel,  and  arranged  to  be  fired  on  coming  into 
contact  with  another  vessel.  Sometimes  called 
pole-torpedo. 

Spams  (spa'rus),  n.  [NL.  (Linnteus,  1766),  < 
L.  sparus,  <  Gr.  airdpof,  a  kind  of  fish,  the  gilt- 
head.]  1.  The  name-giving  genus  of  Sparidee, 
whose  longest-known  representative  is  the  gilt- 
head  of  Europe :  used  at  first  in  a  very  compre- 
hensive sense,  embracing  many  heterogene- 
ous species  belonging  to  a  number  of  modern 
families,  but  now  restricted  to  the  gilthead  and 
very  closely  related  species,  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Sparid&.  See  cut  under  ponjy. —  2.  [_l.  c.] 
A  fish  of  this  or  some  related  genus ;  a  spar. 

sparve  (sparv),  n.  [A  dial,  form  of  sparrow,  ult. 
<  AS.  spearwa :  see  sparrow.]  A  sparrow :  still 
locally  applied  to  the  hedge-sparrow,  Accentor 
modularis.  [Cornwall,  Eng.] 

sparvert  (spar'ver),  «.  [Also  esparver;  early 
mod.  E.  also  spanier,  sparriour,  spencer,  spar- 
vill;  <  OF.  espervier,  esprevier,  the  furniture  of 
a  bed;  perhaps  a  transferred  use  of  esparvier, 
espereier,  a  sweep-net,  which  is  a  fig.  use  of  es- 
pervier, a  sparrow-hawk:  see  sparrow,  and  cf. 
pavilion,  ult.  <  L.  papilio(n-),  a  butterfly.]  1. 
The  canopy  of  a  bed,  or  the  canopy  and  curtains 
taken  together. 


I  will  that  my 
bedde. 


.  .  daughter  have  the  sparver  of  my 
Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  App.  £ 


2.  In  lier.,  a  tent. 
SparviOUTt,  «•     Same  as  sparrcr. 
sparwet,  «•    A  Middle  English  form  of  sparrow. 
sparyt  (spar'i),  a.    [<  sparel  +  -yi.]    Sparing. 

Homer,  being  otherwise  sparie  ynough  in  speaking  of 
pictures  and  colours,  yet  commendeth  the  ships  painted 
therwith.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  rxxiii.  7. 

spasm  (spazm),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  spasnie;  <  F. 
spasme  =  Pr.  espasme  =  Sp.  Pg.  espasmo  =  It. 
spasimo,  spasmo,  <  L.  spasmus,  <  Gr.  airaautif, 
also  anda/M,  a  spasm,  <  OTTOV,  draw,  pull,  pluck, 
tear,  rend.  Cf.  span1,  space,  from  the  same 
ult.  root.]  1.  Excessive  muscular  contraction. 
When  this  is  persistent,  it  is  called  tonic  spasm  ;  when  it 
consists  of  alternating  contractions  and  relaxations,  it  is 
called  clonic  spasm.  A  spasm  of  one  side  of  the  body  is 
called  hemitpaxm;  a  spasm  of  some  particular  part,  as 
one  arm,  or  one  side  of  the  face,  is  called  a  mottospasm. 
2.  In  general,  any  sudden  transitory  move- 
ment of  a  convulsive  character,  voluntary  or 
involuntary ;  an  abnormally  energetic  action  or 
phase  of  feeling;  a  wrenching  strain  or  effort: 


spasm 

us,  a  K/IIIKIH  of  industry,  of  grief,  of  friglit,  etc. : 
a  .i/iiixiii  of  pain  or  of  coughing. 

The  sparaw  of  Nature  are  centuries  and  ages,  and  will  tax 

the  faith  of  short-lived  men.    Slowly,  slowly  the  Avenger 
comes,  but  comes  surely.     Emerson,  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 


Leslriinte,  and  others-     See  etltB  under  Spalan- 
a  and  Spatangus,  with  others  there  noted.    Also  called 


general  term  for  the  nervous  disorders  of  artisans  and  writ- 
ers, as  writers'  cramp,  etc.  Usually  called  occupation  neu- 
rosis.— Habit  spasm,  a  trick  of  winking,  jerking  the  head, 
sudden  brief  grinning,  making  a  sudden  short  vocal  noise, 
running  out  the  tongue,  and  similar  acts  of  h:ilf- voluntary 
aspect,  occurring  at  intervals  long  or  short.  Also  called 
habit  chorea.— liispiratory  spasm,  a  spasmodic  contrac- 
tion of  all  or  nearly  all  the  inspiratory  muscles.  —  Mobile 
spasm,  tonic  spasm  of  varying  intensity  in  the  various 
muscles  of  a  part,  causing  slow,  irregular  movements  of 
the  part,  especially  conspicuous  in  the  hands.  Sometimes 
the  movements  arequick.  In  rare  cases  it  conies  on  with- 
out preceding  hemiplegia ;  it  may  then,  as  in  other  cases, 
be  called  athetosis.  Also  called,  when  following  hemiple 


spate-bone 

composition,  obtained  by  Brieger  in  1887  from 
cultures  of  bacillus  tetani. 
Spasmus    (spas'mus),    n.      [L.:    see    miamu.}   HnTtaTuriria  ("snaf   m  ii'nS)  «   «7      TNT     <  v,,,, 

Spasm.- Spasmus  nutans.  Same  as  «*,«,„  convul-  T,«,,tf  +  l«l  l"°  Tlfe  s  '.at  ,,.£id 's,  -M  r" 
rion  (which  see,  under  salaam).  -mil-.]  1.  1  He  spatangoid  fcea-ur- 

[<  Gr.  a-an-iKi'n;  drawing      chins,  as  an  order  of  petalostichous  echinoids 

<  cirav,   draw, 'pull:    see     eo"ti'asted  with  Cln/M-imtrinii. —  2.  SameasiSpa- 

pertainiug  or  'relating  to     '«";/'"«•. 

spasm;  spasmodic:  as.  .^,,,.^/i,-  contractions;  opatangmae  (spat-an-ji  ne),  n.  jil.  [>L.,  < 
.1/ni.itic  remedies.—  2.  In  zodl.,  convulsive,  as  •>"''"'.'/«•'•  +  -'"'•'•]  One  of  several  subfamilies 
an  infusorian;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Spasticti.  "'  Spatmu/ida,  including  the  genus  Spatangvt 
-Spastic  albuminuria, albuminuria  dependent  upon  an(1  closely  related  forms,  as  Lovenia,  Breynfa, 
a  convulsive  attack.  — Spastic  anemia,  local  anemia  or  etc. 

ischemia  from  spastic  contraction  of  the  arteries  of  the  snatflTioitp   (snA  tfln'iifl     n 
part-Spastic   hemiplegia,  mobile   spasm   following     ?/t2  1     A  fossil  ,  latamroHl       See 
hemiplegia.    See  under  ttjm«m.— Spastic  infantile  pa-          ,  J  ,         spatangoui.     Bee 

ralysis.    See  paralysis.  -  Spastic  paralysis,  paralysis     ail<<  Cllt  under  Aiuuekytta. 
with  muscular  rigidity  and  increase  of  reflexes.—  Spastic  spatangoid  (spa-tang'goid),  a.  and  II.      [< 


See 


pseudoparalysis,  spastic 
j.,  <  Gr.  ( 


taiiyux  +  -oid.}  I.  a.  Resembling  a^heart- 
urchin;  related  to  Spatangus;  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Spatangitlse  in  a  broad  sense. 


gia,  spastic  hemiplegia  and  poM-'hemipleyicchorea.-yicti-     «"?,  drawing,  pulling,  stretching:   see  spastic.}      ™  T"e  &*• 

tatingspasm.   See  nictitate.  -  Nodding  spasm.  Same     In  Pertv's  svstem  of  classification,  ftdivisi,  n  nf      .41-  "•  A  spatangoid  sea-urclnn;  a  heart-ur- 


tating  spasm.  See  nictitate.  —  Nodding  spasm.  Same 
as  salaam  convulsion  (which  see,  under  salaam).  —  Re- 
trocollic  spasm.  See  retrocollic.— Saltatorial  spasm, 
a  form  of  clonic  spasm  of  the  legs,  coming  on  when  the 
patient  attempts  to  walk,  causing  jumping  movements.— 
Spasm  of  accommodation,  spasm  of  the  ciliary  muscle, 


In  Perty's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 

ciliate  infusorians,  containing  those  which  con-  a     ±'        -jr. 

tract  and  change  form  with  a  jerk.  There  were4  Spatangoida,  SpatangOldea  (spat-ang-goi'dk, 

families— Urceolarina,  Ophrydina,  VortieelUna,    ^e'a-':  *•-**  -  [I>lL--:  see  */""<''<.'/"'<<•]    The  Spa- 

-,-r.— T.  -  •     and  Vaginifera. 

producing  accommodation  for  near  objects.  -  Spasm  Of  snasrirallv  Csnas'ti  leal  il     nitr,      Tn  ,n«ti<. 

the  chest,  angina  pectoris.— Spasm  of  the  glottis,  spas-  a          LCaiiy  (spas     1-Kal-iJ,   adv.     In   a  spastic 
modic  contraction  of  the  laryngeal  muscles  such  as  to  close     manner. 

the  glottis.    See  child-crowing,  and  larynyismm  stridulus  spasticity  (spas-tis'i-ti),  n.      [<  spastic  +  -itu.} 
(under  laryngismus).-  Tetanic  spasm.    Same  as  tonic    1.  A  state  of  spasm."— 2.  Tendency  to  or  capa- 
bility of  suffering  spasm. 

spat1  (spat),  n.    [A  var.  of  spot.'}    A  spot ;  stain ; 
place.     [Scotch.] 

spat1  (spat),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  spatted,  ppr.  spat- 
,.      ting.    [A  var.  of  spot,  prob.  in  part  <  IX  spatteii, 
spot:  see  spot.  Cf.  spatter.}   To  spatter;  defile. 


~.        .       ,        j       -  .•     m 

t<ii/i/i(l«,  in  a  broad  sense,  as  an  order  of  petalos- 

tlcno»s  sea-urchins:  synonymous  in  some  uses 
with  Peto/,,^,7m,  but  usually  restricted  to  ex- 
ni,,.in  tv,«  _i,,_ 
e  ude  th®  clyPastroids  °r  &at  sea-urchins:  then 

also  ealled 


spasm. 


spasmatic  (spaz-mat'ik),  «.  [=  F.  spasmatique 
=  8p.  espasmdtico,  <  ML.  s/U»»«4«*,  <  Gr. 
<TJrd<7/«j(T-),  a  spasm:  see«»a«»i.j  Same  as  suns- 


Thy  mind  is  spotted,  spatted,  spilt; 

Thy  soule  is  soyld  with  sinue. 
Kendall,  Flowers  of  Epigrammes  (1577). 


spasmatical  (spaz-mat'i-kal),  a. 
+  -at.}     Same  as  spasmodic. 

The  Ligaments  and  Sinews  of  my  Love  to  you  have  been 

^SSnU^SoSSSJS^^  to  "UCh  *-  *«*««;  "«-«•  ofEpigramme.  (1577>    (Nore..) 

HoweU,  Letters,  iL  20.  Spat2  (spat),  «.     [Prob.,  like  the  similar  D.  spat, 

spasmatomancy(spaz'ma-to-man-si),  w.  [<Gr.  a  speck,  spot,  =  Sw.  spott,  spittle,  etc.  (see 

avdafui(T-),  a  spasm,  + /tavifia,  divination.]  Div-  spot),  from  the  root  of  spit2  (cf.  gpatl):  see 

ination  from  spasmodic  or  involuntary  move-  spit2.}     The  spawn  of  shell-fish;  specifically, 

ments,  as  of  the  muscles,  features,  or  limbs.  the  spawn  of  the  oyster ;  also,  a  young  oyster,  or 

The  treatises  [on  physiognomy]  also  contain  occasional  young  oysters  collectively,  up  to  about  the  time 

digressions  on  onychomancy.  .  .  .  spastnatomancy,  etc.  of  their  becoming  set,  or  fixed  to  some  support. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  4.  gee  gpa,rH>  H->  2. 

spasmodic  (spaz-mod'ik),  a.  and  «.    [=  F.  spas-        oyster  spat  may  be  reared  from  artificially  fertilized 
modique  =  Sp.  cspasmodtco  =  Pg.  espasmodico     eggs.  The  American  VII.  75 

^*^.^^^!!??^^!^-/!^  SPat2  (spat),  r  ;  pret  and  pp.  spatted,  ppr.  spat- 

tiny.    [<  spat?,  «.]    I.  intrans.  To  spawn,  as  an 
oyster;  shed  spat. 

The  surfaces  upon  which  spatting  occurs  must  be  kept 
as  free  as  possible  from  sediment  and  organic  growths. 

Science,  VI.  466. 

II.  trans.  To  shed  or  emit  (spawn),  as  an 
oyster. 


,uu<%,  avaaiMTufiijf,  convulsive,  spasmodic,  < 
oiraa/i6f,  mraa^a(T-),  a  spasm,  +  fMof,  form.]  I. 
a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  charac- 
terized by  spasm ;  affected  by  spasm  or  spasms ; 
convulsive:  as,  spasmodic  movements;  spasmod- 
ic;  asthma;  a  spasmodic  person. —  2.  Attended 
by  or  manifesting  procedure  by  fits  and  starts; 
jerky;  overstrained;  high-strung;  rhapsodical:  Sp'ata 


AmphidotHs  fordatus  (or  Eckino- 
cardium  cordatum),ont  of  the  Sfn- 
taHgoida,  viewed  from  above. 

a ,  anterior  am  bulacrum.forniinirwith 
*,  *.  anterolateral  ambulacra,  the  tri- 
vium  ;  c,  c,  two  posterolateral  ambu- 
lacra, forming  the  bivium  ;  d,  tnadre- 
poric  tubercle  surrounded  by  genital 
pores ;  t,  intrapetalous  semita  or  fas- 
ciole ;  /'  circumana)  semita. 


as,  spasmodic  action  or  efforts ;  spasmodic  utter- 
ance or  literature — Spasmodic  asthma,  true  asth- 
ma  caused  by  spasm  of  the  Bronchial  tubes,  as  distinguish- 
ed from  other  forms  of  paroxysmal  dyspnuja,  as  from  heart 
disease.— Spasmodic  cholera,  Asiatic  cholera  with 
severe  cramps.— Spasmodic  croup.  See  croupi.— Spas- 
modic school,  a  group  of  British  authors  of  the  middle  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  including  Philip  Bailey,  George 
Gilflllan,  and  Alexander  Smith,  whose  writingswere  consid- 


»       fin  the 

".       L"'    lie 


'  blow  '  I  Ant 

(WOW     (.061. 


cf.  spot;  in  part  prob.  imitative,  like  pat.}  1. 
A  light  blow  or  slap.  [Local.] — 2.  A  large 
drop;  a  spatter:  as,  two  or  three  spats  of  ram 
fell. —  3.  A  petty  contest;  a  little  quarrel  or 
dissension.  [U.  S.] 
They  was  pretty  apt  to  have  spats. 

H.  B.  Stance,  Oldtown,  p.  33. 


ered  to  be  distinguished  by  an  overstrained  and  unnatural   spat:i  (spat),  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spatted,  ppr.  spat- 
st 


style.  The  name,  however,  properly  has  a  much  more  ex- 
tensive scope,  being  exemplified  more  or  less  in  nearly  all 
times  and  countries,  both  in  literature  and  in  art. 

The  so-called  spasmodic  school  of  poetry,  whose  pecu- 
liarities first  gained  for  it  a  hasty  reputation,  and  then 
having  suffered  under  closer  critical  examination,  it  al- 
most as  speedily  dropped  out  of  mind  again. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  172. 

Spasmodic  stricture,  a  stricture,  as  of  the  urethra,  va- 
gina, or  rectum,  caused  by  spasmodic  muscular  contrac- 


ting.  [<  spafi,  «.]  I.  trans.  To  give  a  light 
blow  to,  especially  with  the  flat  of  the  hand ; 
strike  lightly;  slap:  as,  to  spat  dough;  to  spat 
one's  hands  together. 

The  little  Isabel  leaped  up  and  down,  spattinu  her  hands. 
S.  Judd,  Margaret. 

II.  intrans.  To  engage  in  a  trivial  quarrel  or 
dispute;  have  a  petty  contest.     [U.  S.] 


tion,  and  not  permanent,  or  involving  any  organic  lesion.—   spat1  (spat).     A  preterit  of  ffutt2. 
PH™m^^^^^ 

.nasmnriiral   fonu-m/tAft-Wn     „       r/  „,„„„,„  j;-      m  P1'  l>Pa.Ki  */»'"»  ,_aDDr.  Ot  tpllttmlai, 


™SSi«i4«.T7«,        '•».•>£<»» ««»o.     Lr,are.j  in  p\.  spats,  spatts ;  n.l>})T.  ot  spatterdashes.}    A 

TSf  S^r^^^  "'    [<*«-«*«  gaHerorleggfng.    [ScotlandTnd  North  of  Eng- 

spasmodically  (spaz-mod'i-kal-i),  adv.     In  a 

spasmodic  manner-  bv  fits  s  ifl  st«rts-  bv  KT,  Cloth  gaiters  seem  to  have  revived,  after  about  thirty 

o^caoujvuii,    UJrtlllitJl  ,    UV  lllb   aUU  SCarCS,    D\    SPaS-  VPAVR  nf  ilisilftp    and  are  nnw  ^alloH  tnutlf 


spasmodic  manner;  by  fits  and  starts;  by  spas- 
modic action  or  procedure. 

Gradual  oscillations  of  the  land  are,  in  the  long  run  of 
far  greater  importance  in  the  economy  of  nature  than 
those  abrupt  movements  which  occur  spasmodically. 


veare  °'  <"*•"*.  and  are  now  ca''ed  «**• 


and  Spataiiyina.  The 
forms  are  numerous : 
most  of  them  fall  in  the 
family  Spatangidx  as 
usually  limited,  from 
which  the  Cassidtilidle 
are  distinguished  by  the 
absence  of  seniitee  and 
other  approaches  to  the 
regular  sea-urchins. 
The  form  of  the  spatan- 
goids  is  various,  and 
only  a  part  of  them  have 
a  cordate  figure.  Some 
are  quite  elongate,  and 
may  even  bear  a  sort  of 
beak  or  rostrum,  as  in 
the  genus  Pourtalesia. 
The  tendency  is  away 
from  radiisin  and  to- 
ward a  sort  of  bilateral 
symmetry,  as  evidenced 
by  the  disposition  of 
five  ambulacra  in  two 
groups,  an  anterior  tri- 
vium  — under  the  odd 
ambulacrum  of  which  is 
the  mouth — and  a  pos- 
terior bivium,  in  relation 
with  which  Is  the  anus.  The  odd  anterior  ambulacrum 
often  aborts,  leaving  apparently  but  four  ambulacra  on 
the  upper  surface;  in  other  cases  it  is  disproportionally 
enlarged.  The  ambulacra  are  always  petaloid ;  Semite 
are  not  recognized  outside  this  group,  and  occur  nearly 
throughout  it  (but  not  in  Cassidulidte  and  the  fossil  Dysas- 
terida) ;  the  spines  are  very  variable,  and  few  or  many, 
but  always  slender  or  fine,  sometimes  like  hairs  of  great 
length.  The  genital  and  ocular  plates  are  centric ;  there 
are  no  Folian  vesicles,  and  four  kinds  of  pedicels  or  tube- 
feet  occur,  of  which  the  semital  are  always  different  from 
the  two  or  three  kinds  of  ambulacral  feet.  See  cuts  un- 
der  Ananchytes,  Echinocardium,  petalostichous,  semita,  and 
Spatangus. 

Spatangus  (spa-tang'gus),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oira- 
Taf-j-rK,  a  sea-urchin.]  1.  The  representative 
genus  of  the  family  Spa- 
tangidse,  and  a  type  form 
of  the  irregular  sea-urchins 
called  Spatangoida. —  2. 
[1.  c.]  A  species  of  this  ge- 
nus: as,  the  violet  spatan- 
gu.i,  S.  purnttreus. 
spatch-cock  (spach'kok), 
w.  [Usually  supposed  to 
stand  for  "despatch-cock, 
meaning  'a  cock  quickly 
done';  but  such  a  forma- 
tion is  irregular,  and  no 
record  of  it  exists.  There 
is  prob.  some  confusion  with  sjtitchcock,  q.  v.] 
A  fowl  killed  and  immediately  broiled,  as  for 
some  sudden  occasion.  [Colloq.,  Eng.] 


Violet   Spatangus   (5.  fur. 
fttreus).  One  half  shown 
with  its  spines  removed. 


A  pair  of  black  spats  covering  broad  flat  feet. 

S.  Macleod,  The  Starling,  iii. 

Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  205.   Spatangida  (spa-tan'ji-da),  n.pl.     [NL.,  <  Spa- 

spasmodist  (spaz'mo-dist),  «.     [<  snasmod-ic    tanffus  +  -»*"•]     The  sp'atangoid  sea-urchins, 
+  -ist.J    One  who  acts  spasmodically;  a  per-     as  distinguished  from  Clypeastri^a.     See  Spa- 
son  whose  work  is  of  a  spasmodic  character,  J""*""*'-. 
or  marked  by  an  overstrained  and  unnatural  opatanglda    (spa-tan  ji-de),  «.  pi. 


manner.     [Rare.] 
De  Meyer  and  the  rest  of  the  spasmodists  [in  music]. 

Foe,  Marginalia,  xxxvii.    (Dairies.) 

spasmology  (spas-mol'o-ji),  n.     [<  Gr.  OTraofj.6c, 

a  spasm,  -I-  -Ao)-/a,  <  Uyuv,  speak :  see  -oJoyy.] 

Inpathol.,  scientific  knowledge  of  spasms. 

spasmotoxin  (spas-mo-tok'sin),  «.    [<  Gr.  <77ra<7- 

f6f,  a  spasm,  +  E.  toxin.}    A  toxin  of  unknown 


Spatangus  +  -idx.}  A  family  of  irregular  sea- 
urchins,  typified  by  the  genus  Spatangus;  the 
heart-urchins.  The  mouth  is  eccentric,  transverse,  or 
reniform,  and  without  dentary  apparatus ;  there  are  peta- 
loid ambulacra,  of  which  the  anterior  one  is  unpaired; 
semita?  or  fascioles  are  always  present ;  and  the  figure  is 
oval  or  cordate.  This  is  the  leading  family  of  the  order, 
divided  mainly  by  the  characters  of  the  ambulacra  and 
seinitaj  into  several  subfamilies  (some  of  which  rank  as 
separate  families  with  some  authors),  as  Ananchytina, 


N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VI.  87.  spate  (spat),  n.  [Also  spait,  speat;  appar.  < 
Ir.  speid,  a  great  river-flood.]  A  natural  out- 
pour of  water;  a  flood;  specifically,  a  sudden 
flood  or  freshet,  as  from  a  swollen  river  or  lake. 
[Originally  Scotch.] 

Down  the  water  wi'  speed  she  rins, 
While  tears  in  spaiti  fa'  fast  frae  her  eie. 

Jock  if  the  Side  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  82). 


Mr.  Scrope  held  that  whole  spawning-beds  are  swept 
away  by  spates  on  the  Tweed. 

Quarterly  Rev.,  CXXVI.  361. 

The  Avon  .  .  .  running  yellow  in  spate,  with  the  recent 
heavy  rains.  W.  Black,  House-boat,  xix. 

spate-bonet,  »•     Same  as  spade-bone. 

Some  afterwards  set  up  on  a  window  a  painted  Mastiff- 
dog  gnawing  the  spate-bone  of  a  shoulder  of  mutton. 

Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  V.  i.  32.    (Daciet.) 


spatha 

spatha  (spa'thji),  «. ;  pi.  spatlise  (-the).  [<  L. 
spatha,  <  Gr.  aira&i/,  a  broad  flat  blade,  a  broad- 
sword: sec  npatln:]  1.  A  broadsword,  thin, 
pointed,  and  double-edged,  such  as  was  used 
by  the  Franks  and  kindred  peoples. 

The  British  s\vimls,  called  spatha,  were  large,  long  and 
heavy.  /.;,„.,„.   /;„-,._  Ix.  Ki. 

2.  In  bot.,  same  as  xp/ithe. 

spathaceous  (spa-tha'shius),  a.  [<  spathe  + 
-ai'coiig.]  In  bot.,  spathe-bearing ;  furnished 
with  or  of  the  nature  of  a  spathe. 
spathal  (spa'thal),  <i.  [<  spathe.  +  -a/.]  In 
bot.,  inclosed  in  or  furnished  with  a  spathe : 
as,  spathal  flowers. 

spathe  (spaTH),  n.  [<  L.  spatha,  <  Gr.  oiraOt/,  a 
broad  flat  blade,  a  broadsword,  a  broad  rib, 
the  shoulder-blade,  the  stem  of  a  leaf,  the 
spathe  of  a  flower,  a  spatula.  Hence  ult.  (< 
Gr.)  E.  spade1,  spade2,  spatula,  xjiiitiitc,  gpatiUb, 
xpadtlle,  spittle^,  etc.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  peculiar 
often  large  and  colored  bract,  or  pair  or  bracts, 
which  subtend  or  envelop  a  spadix,  as  in 
palms  and  arums.  The  name  Is  also  given  to  the  pe- 
culiar several-leafed  involucre  of  iris  and  allied  plants. 
See  spadix,  1,  and  cuts  under  Aracete,  Indian  turnip  (un- 
der Indian),  Monstem,  Peltandra,  and  Symplocarpus. 
2.  In  zodl.,  some  spatulate  or  spoon-shaped 
part. 

spathebill  (spaTH'bil),  «.  The  spoon-billed 
sandpiper,  Etirynorhynehuspygmseus.  G.  Cuvier 
(trans.).  See  cut  under  Eurynorhynchus. 

spathed  (spaTHd),  a.  [<  spathe  +  -edV.]  In  bot., 
surrounded  or  furnished  with  a  spathe ;  spatha- 
ceous. 

Spathegaster  (spath-e-gas'ter),  «.  [NL.  (Har- 
tig,  1840),  <  (Jr.  mraBi],  a  blade,  +  -yaarr/p,  the 
stomach.]  1.  A  spurious  genus  of  hymenop- 
terous  gall-insects,  containing  dimorphic  forms 
of  Neuroterus,  the  name  being  retained  as  dis- 
tinctive of  such  forms. —  2.  A  genus  of  syrphid 
flies.  Schiner,  1868.  Also  Spatigaster  (Scbinei, 
1862),  Spathiogaster  (Loew,  1843),  Spazigaster 
and  Spazoflaster  (Rondani,  1843). 

spathegastric(spath-e-gas'trik),a.  [<  Spatlie- 
gaster  +  -ic.  ]  Pertaining  to  Spa  thegaster  (sense 
1):  as,  a  spathegastric  form. 

Spathelia  (spa-the'li-a),  ».  [NL.  (Linnseus, 
1752),  perhaps  so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  palm-tree;  <  Gr.  oxdfft/,  a  blade,  spathe,  pet- 
iole of  a  palm-tree:  see  spathe.']  A  genus  of 
polypetalous  trees,  of  the  order  Simarubaeese  and 
tribe  Pieranmieae.  It  is  characterized  by  polygamous 
flowers  without  the  disk  usually  present  in  the  order,  five 
stamens  alternate  to  the  petals,  and  a  three-angled  ovary 
with  two  pendulous  ovules  in  each  of  its  three  cells. 
There  are  3  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies,  extending 
perhaps  into  Mexico.  They  are  lofty  and  handsome  trees 
with  an  erect  unbranched  trunk,  destitute  of  the  bitter 
principle  which  pervades  Picramnia,  the  next  related 
genus,  and  many  others  of  the  order,  and  in  many  re- 
spects, as  in  the  ovary,  resembling  Boswellia.  the  frankin- 
cense-tree, of  the  order  Buraeracex.  They  bear  odd-pin- 
nate alternate  leaves,  composed  of  numerous  linear-ob- 
long or  sickle-shaped  leaflets  with  a  toothed  or  gland- 
bearing  margin,  and  cymose  clusters  of  red  short-pedi- 
celled  flowers,  disposed  in  elongated  terminal  panicles. 
The  fruit  is  a  somewhat  elliptical  three  angled  and  three- 
winged  drupe,  with  a  three-celled  and  three-seeded  stone 
perforated  with  resin-bearing  canals.  S.  simplex  is  the 
mountain-pride  or  mountain-green  of  the  "West  Indies, 
a  handsome  tree  with  slender  trunk  rising  from  20  to  50 
feet,  its  leaves  and  its  powdery  inflorescence  each  several 
feet  long. 

spathella  (spa-thel'ii),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L. 
spatha,  a  blade,  NL.  a  spathe :  see  spathe.]  In 
bot. :  (af)  A  glume  in  grasses.  (6)  See  spathilla. 

spathic  (spath'ik),  a.  [<  G.  spath,  spar  (see 
spaad),  +  -ic.]  In  mineral.,  having  an  even  la- 
mellar or  flatly  foliated  structure Spathic  Iron, 

spathic  Iron  ore,  carbonate  of  iron :  same  as  siderite,  i. 

spathiform  (spath'i-form),  a.  [<  G.  spath,  spar, 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Eesembling  spar  in  form : 
as,  the  ocherous  and  spathiform  varieties  of  ura- 
nite. 

spathilla  (spa-thil'a),  «. ;  pi.  spathillee  (-e). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  spatha,  a  spathe:  see  spathe. 
Cf.  spathella.']  In  bot.,  a  secondary  or  diminu- 
tive spathe  in  a  spathaceous  inflorescence,  as 
in  palms.  Also,  sometimes,  spathella. 

When  the  spadix  is  compound  or  branching,  as  in  Palms, 
there  are  smaller  spathes,  surrounding  separate  parts  of 
the  inflorescence,  to  which  the  name  spathellte  has  some- 
times been  given.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  120. 

spathing  (spa'THmg),  ».    Same  as  spaying. 

spathiopyrite  (spath'i-o-pi'rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  cm-d- 
8ioi>,  dim.  of  avdffr/,  a  broad  blade,  +  E.  pyrite.] 
Same  as  safflorite. 

spathose1  (spa'thos),  a.  [<  spathe  +  -ose.]  In 
bot.,  relating  to  or  formed  like  a  spathe ;  spatha- 
ceous; spathal. 

spathose2  (spath'os),  «.  [<  G.  spath,  spar  (see 
spathic),  +  -ose.]  In  mineral.,  sparry;  of  the 


5801 

nature  of  spar;  occurring  in  broad  plates  or 

lamellro;  foliated  in  texture Spathose  iron 

spathic  iron. 

spathous  (spa/thus),  a.  [<  sjittt/tc  +  -i>u.i.]  In 
lint.,  same  as  Hpathnne^. 

spathulate  (spath'u-lat), «.    Same  as  spattilate. 

Spathulea  (spa-thu'le-a),  w.  Same  &sSpalula,3. 

Spathura  (ipS-tha'rtt),  n.  [NL.  (Gould,  1850), 
<  Gr.  n-niii/,  a  blade.  +  nip,',,  a  tail.]  A  remark- 
able genus  of  Trocltilidx,  containing  humining- 
birds  with  the  lateral  tail-feathers  long-exsert  - 


spatulamancy 

That  mind  must  nf  .u  In  in  .  rovrablv  ih-prav'i!  uhich, 
either  by  chai»-c  m-  irujM.i  tiinity  tMUog  hut  uni.-e 
just  deed,  spatters  at  it,  an«l  ablions  tin.-  n-lish  < vi  i  ath •!•. 
MillHii.  i;ik,,M..kl:. 

2.  To  undergo  or  cause  scattering  i.r  splashing 
in  drops  or  small  quant  it  ie-. 

The  colour  spatters  In  fine  drops  upon  the  surface  of  the 
buttons.  N/miix'  l-'.nriir.  Mn, inf.,  I.  ;,i;-i 

spatter  < spat'er),  ii.   [<«pttttcr,  r.]   i.  The  act 

of  spattering,  or  the  state  of  being  spattered; 
a  spattering  or  splashing  ell'ect. 

She  .  .  .  sometimes  exposed  her  face  to  the  chill  spatter 
at  the  wind.  limit  In, mr,  srvun  Oables,  xvii. 

2.  A  (|iiiek  succession  of  not  very  loud  sounds, 
such  as  is  produced  by  the  spattering  of  some 
substance. 


Racket-tuilecl  Humming-bird  (Sftitft 


ed,  narrowed,  and  then  dilated  into  a  spatule 
or  racket  at  the  end,  and  with  conspicuous  leg- 
muffs.  There  are  4  or  5  species,  as  8.  under- 
woodi,  also  called  Steganurus  spatuligera. 
spatial  (spa'shal),  a.  [Also  spatial;  <  L.  spa- 
Hum,  space:  see  space.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
relating  to  space ;  existing  in  or  connected  with 
space. 

We  have  an  Intuition  of  objects  in  space :  that  is,  we 
contemplate  objects  as  made  up  of  spatial  parts,  and  ap- 
prehend their  spatial  relations  by  the  same  act  by  which 
we  apprehend  the  objects  themselves. 

Whewell,  Philos.  of  Inductive  Sciences,  I.  p.  xx. 

The  ascertaining  of  a  fixed  spatial  order  among  objects 
supposes  that  certain  objects  are  at  rest  or  occupy  the 
same  position.  J.  Sully,  Outlines  of  Psychol.,  p.  160. 

To  analyze  the  United  States  of  America  as  a  spatial 
extent.  H.  JIT.  Day,  Logic,  p.  176. 

spatiality  (spa-shi-al'i-ti),  n.     [Also  spaciality; 
<.  spatial  +  -ity.]   Spatial  character;  extension. 
So  far,  all  we  have  established  or  sought  to  establish  is 
the  existence  of  the  vague  form  or  quale  of  spatiality  as 
an  inseparable  element  bound  up  with  the  other  qualita- 
tive peculiarities  of  each  and  every  one  of  our  sensations. 
W.  James,  Mind,  XII.  10. 

spatially  (spa'shal-i),  adv.    Having  reference 
to  or  as  regards  space.     Also  written  spatially. 
Usually  we  have  more  trouble  to  discriminate  the  qual- 
ity of  an  impression  than  to  fix  it  spatially. 

J.  Ward,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  62. 

Objects  of  different  sense-organs,  experienced  together, 
do  not  in  the  first  instance  appear  either  inside  or  along- 
side or  far  outside  of  each  other,  neither  spatially  contin- 
uous nor  discontinuous,  in  any  definite  sense  of  these 
words.  W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  II.  181. 

spatiatet  (spa'shi-at),  v.  i.  [<  L.  spatiatus,  pp. 
of  spatiari  (>  G.  spazieren),  walk  about,  go, 
proceed,  <  spatium,  room,  space :  see  space.  Cf. 
rxpatiale.]  To  rove;  ramble;  expatiate. 

Confined  to  a  narrow  chamber,  he  could  spatiate  at  large 
through  the  whole  universe.  Bentley. 

spatilomancy  (spa-til'o-man-si),  ».  [<  Gr. 
arraT<).ri,  excrement,  +  /lavreia,  divination. ]  Div- 
ination by  means  of  animal  excrements  and 
refuse. 

spatioust,  a.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  spacious. 

spatt,  ii.     See  spafi. 

spatter  (spat'er),  c.  [Freq.  of  spaft,  or,  with 
variation,  of  spot:  see  spat*-,  spot.]  I.  trans. 

1 .  To  scatter  or  throw  about  carelessly,  as  some 
fluid  or  semi-fluid  substance ;  dash  or  splash 
so  as  to  fall  in  spreading  drops  or  small  quan- 
tities: as,  to  spatter  water  or  mud  over  a  per- 
son ;  to  spatter  oaths  or  calumnies. 

Where  faraish'd  dogs,  late  guardians  of  my  door, 
Shall  lick  their  mangled  master's  spatter'd  gore. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xxii.  97. 

2.  To  dash  or  splash  upon ;  bespatter,  literally 
or  figuratively:  as,  to  spatter  a  person  with 
water,  mud,  or  slander. 

Reynard,  close  attended  at  his  heels 
By  panting  dog,  tir'd  man,  and  spatter'd  horse. 

Cowper,  Needless  Alarm,  1.  126. 


sputtering  manner. 

The  Grave  spattered  and  shouk  his  Head,  saying,  'Twas 
the  greatest  Error  he  had  committed  since  he  knew  what 
belonged  to  a  Soldier.  Hmcell,  Letters,  I.  Iv.  16. 


A  spatter  of  musketry  was  heard,  which  proceeded  frum 
the  last  uf  the  enemy  leaving  the  place. 

W.  H.  Russell,  Diary  In  India,  II.  37s. 

3.  That  which  is  spattered;  a  small  splash,  as 
of  something  thrown  or  falling  in  drops:  as,  a 
•ipittter  of  milk,  ink,  or  mud  on  one's  clothes. 

The  sun  dripped  through 
In  spatters  of  wasted  gold. 

St.  Nicholas,  XVIII.  987. 

spatterdash  (spat'er-dash),  w.  [<  spatter  + 
ilnxlt.]  A  covering  for  the  legs,  used  to  protect 
the  stockings,  trousers,  etc.,  from  mud  and 
wear.  In  modern  military  uniform  the  name  is  applied 
to  several  kinds  of  gaiters,  and  to  the  water-proof  leggings 
or  shields  to  the  trousers  of  some  French  mounted  troops. 
Also  sptatterdash. 

Here 's  a  fellow  made  for  a  soldier :  there 's  a  leg  for  a 
spatterdash,  with  an  eye  like  the  king  of  Prussia. 

Sheridan  (T),  The  Camp,  1.  2. 

spatter-dock  (spat'er-dok),  H.  The  yellow 
pond-lily,  Xymphseu  (Nuphar)  adveiia;  also  ex- 
tended to  other  species  of  the  genus.  See 
Nymph&al-,  1,  and  pond-lily,  1.  [TJ.  S.] 

spatterwork  (spat'er-werk),  n.  A  method  of 
producing  a  figure  or  design  upon  a  surface  of 
any  kind  by  spattering  coloring  matter  upon 
the  exposed  parts  of  it ;  any  work  or  object,  or 
objects  collectively,  showing  an  effect  so  pro- 
duced. 

spattle1  (spat'i),  H.  [<  ME.  spattle,  spettle, 
spatel,  spotil,  spotele,  later  spatijll  (=  OFries. 
spedel,  spedla),  <  AS.  spdtl,  spittle,  <  sp&tan, 
spit:  see  spit2.  Cf.  spittle*.]  Spittle.  Bp.  Hale. 

He  spette  in  to  erthe,  and  made  clay  of  the  spotle. 

Wyelif,  John  ix.  6. 

spattle2  (spat'i),  >i.  [Formerly  also  spatule;  < 
OF.  spatule,  espatule,  F.  spatule  =  Sp.  espdtitla  = 
Pg.  spatula  =  It.  spatola,  <  L.  spatula,  spatltula, 
a  blade,  spatula :  see  spatula.  Doublet  of  spa t- 
ula,  spittle*.]  1.  A  flat  blade  for  stirring, 
mixing,  or  molding  plastic  powdered  or  liquid 
substances;  a  spatula. —  2.  Specifically,  in  pot- 
tery, a  tool  for  mottling  a  molded  article  with 
coloring  matter. 

spattling-machine  (spat'ling-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine,  consisting  of  a  reservoir  with  sieves 
through  which  the  liquid  is  caused  to  fall  to 
divide  it  into  spray,  for  sprinkling  a  colored 
glaze  to  form  party-colored  ware. 

spatula  (spat'u-la),  w.  [<  L.  spatula,  also 
spathula,  dim.  of  spatha,  <  Gr.  cmaOri,  a  broad 
blade,  a  spatula,  a  paddle :  see  spade1,  spathe. 
Cf.  spatule,  spat  tie? ,  sjnttleS.]  1.  A  broad  flat 
blade  or  strip  of  metal  or  wood,  with  unsharp- 
ened  edges  and  a  commonly  rounded  outer  end 
(which  may  be  spoon-shaped),  and  a  handle: 
used  for  spreading,  smoothing,  scraping  up.  or 
stirring  substances,  comminuting  powders,  etc. 
Spatulas  are  usually  set  in  handles  like  those  of  table- 
knives,  and  are  of  many  shapes,  sizes,  and  materials. 
Those  used  by  druggists,  painters,  etc.,  are  comparatively 
long  and  narrow,  straight,  and  made  of  more  or  less  flex- 
ible steel.  Fresco-painters  use  a  trowel-shaped  or  spoon- 
shaped  spatula  for  spreading  wax  or  mortar  upon  the  sur- 
face which  is  to  receive  the  painting. 
2.  [_cap.]  [NL.  (Boie,  1822).]  A  genus  of  Ana- 
tlnee,  having  the  bill  much  longer  than  the 
head  or  tarsus,  twice  as  wide  at  the  end  as 
at  the  base,  there  broadly  rounded  and  spoon- 
shaped,  with  narrow  prominent  nail  and 
numerous  protrusive  lamellre;  the  shoveler- 
ducks  or  souchets.  The  tail  is  short  and  pointed,  of 
fourteen  feathers.  S.  clypeata  is  the  common  shoveler 
(see  cut  under  shoveler\  S.  rhynchotis  is  Australian,  5. 
platalea  is  South  American.  5.  capensis  is  South  African, 
and  S.  varieaata  inhabits  New  Zealand.  Also  jthynchaspis, 
Clypeata,  and  Spathulea. — Spatula  mallei,  in  anat.,  the 
flattened  extremity  of  the  handle  of  the  malleus  attached 
to  the  umbo  of  the  membrana  tympani.  See  cut  under 

spatulamancy  (spat'u-la-mau-si),  n.  [Prop. 
'spatiiliimancy,  <  L.  spattila,  a  blade,  +  ftavreta, 
divination.]  A  method  of  divination  by  a 
sheep's  shoulder-blade. 


spatulamancy 

Spatulamaney  (called  in  Scotland  Slinneanch  (divina- 
tion]) by  reading  the  speal  bone  or  the  blade  bone  of  a 
shoulder  of  mutton  well  scraped. 

JiiUmi-Turner,  Vagrants  and  Vagrancy,  p.  78. 

spatular  (spat'u-liir),  a.     [<  spatula  +  -<ir3.] 

Like  a  spatula  in  form:  spatulate. 
Spatularia  (spat-u-la'ri-a),   it.     [NL.  (Shaw), 

<  L.  spatula,  a  spatula :  see  spatula.]     In  irlitli.. 


Skull  of  Spatularia,  with  the  long  beak  removed,  the  anterior  (0jr) 
and  posterior  (fsc]  semicircular  canals  exposed  ;  Au,  auditory  cham- 
ber ;  Or,  orbit  of  eye  ;  N,  nasal  sac  ;  Hy,  hyoidean  apparatus;  Br, 
representatives  of  brancliiostegal  rays ;  Op,  operculum  ;  .!/«,  mandi- 
ble; A  B,  suspensorium  ;  D,  palatoquadrate cartilage;  B,  maxilla. 

a  genus  of  ganoid  fishes:  same  as  Polyodon,  1. 

See  also  cut  under  paddle-fisli. 
Spatulariidas  (spat"u-la-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Spatularia  +  -idee.]  '  In  ichtli.,  a  family  of 

ganoid  fishes,  named  from  the  genus  Spatnla- 

ria:  same  as  Palyodontidse.     Also  Spatularidee. 

See  cuts  under  paddle-fish  and  Psephurus. 
spatulate  (spat'u-lat),  a.     [<  NL.  spatulatu.t,  < 

spatula,  a  spatula :  see  spatula.]     Shaped  like  a 

spatula;  in  zoiil.  and  anat.,  spoon-shaped,  or 

rounded  more  or  less  like  the 

outlines  of  a  spoon;  spatuli- 

form ;  in  hot.,  shaped  like  a 

spatula ;  resembling  a  spatula 

in    shape,    being    oblong    or 

rounded  with  a  long  narrow 

attenuate  base :  as,  a  spatulate 

leaf,  petal,  or  other  flattened 

organ.     Also  spathulate.    See 

cuts    under    Eurynorhynchus, 

paddle-fish,  Parotid,  Prioitituriis,  Spatliura,  and 

shoveler'*. 
The  large  basal  joint  of  the  sixth  appendage  [of  Limn- 

lus]  is  almost  devoid  of  spines,  and  bears  a  curved,  spatu. 

late  process.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  229. 

spatulation  (spat-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  spatulate  + 
-ion.]  Spatulate  shape  or  formation;  appear- 
ance as  of  a  spatula;  spoon-shaped  figure  or 
arrangement.  See  cuts  noted  under  spatulate. 

The  lateral  [tail-lfeathers  [of  some  humming-birds]  may 
.  .  .  suddenly  enlarge  into  a  terminal  spatulation,  as  in  the 
forms  known  as  "Racquet-tails."  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  359. 

spatule  (spat'ul),  n.    [<  F.  spatule,  <  L.  spatula, 
a  blade,  spatula:   see  spattteV,  spatula.]     If. 
Same  as  spattle2. 
Stirring  it  thrice  a  day  with  a  spatvle. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxiii.  17. 

2.  In  zoii/.,  a  spatulate  formation  or  spatuli- 
form  part;  specifically,  in  ornith.,  the  racket 
at  the  end  of  the  tail-feathers,  as  of  the  mot- 
mots  or  sawbills  and  certain  parrakeets  and 
humming-birds.  See  cuts  under  Momotus,  Pri- 
oniturus,  and  Spathvra. 


spatuliform  (spat'u-li-form),  a.  [<  L.  spatula, 
a  blade,  spatula,  +  forma,  form.]  Spatulate 
in  form ;  spoon-shaped. 


spatuligerous  (spat-u-lij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  spat- 
ula, a  blade,  spatula,  +  gerere,  carry.]  In  zool., 
bearing  or  provided  with  a  spatule  or  racket. 

spaud,  r.    A  dialectal  form  of  spald1. 

spauder  (spa'der),  n.  [Also  spawder  (f)  (Sc. 
spehler),  also  splauder,  spread;  freq.  of  spaud, 
spald:  see  spald1.]  An  injury  to  animals  aris- 
ing from  their  legs  being  forced  too  far  asunder 
on  ice  or  slippery  roads.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spaul  (spal),  H.  See  spal  ft.- Black  spaul.  Same 
as  symptomatic  anthrax  (which  see,  under  anthrax). 

spauldt,  «_.    An  obsolete  variant  of  spall2. 

spave  (spav),  r.  t.    A  dialectal  variant  of  spay1. 

spaviet  (spav'i-et),  a.  A  Scotch  form  of  spav- 
ined. 

My  spaviet  Pegasus  will  limp. 

Burns,  First  Epistle  to  Davie. 

spavin  (spav'in),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  spav- 
en;  <  ME.  spaveijne,  <  OF.'espacent,  esparvain, 
F.  eparvin  =  Olt.  spavano,  It.  sparenio  =  Sp! 
esparavdit  =  Pg.  esparav&o,  esparvelo,  spavin; 
perhaps  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  hopping  or 
sparrow-like  motion  of  a  horse  afflicted  with 
spavin ;  cf .  Sp.  esparardn,  a  sparrow-hawk,  < 
OHG.  sparo,  spar  tee  =  AS.  speartca  =  E.  spar- 
row :  see  sparrow.  But  this  explanation  is  un- 
certain, resting  on  the  mere  resemblance  of 
form.]  1.  A  disease  of  horses  affecting  the 


5802 

hock-joint,  or  joint  of  the  hind  leg  between 
the  knee  and  the  fetlock.  See  boa-sjiarin,  blood- 
sparin,  boii/'-xptii'iii. —  2.  In  roal-iiiiitiny,  the  clay 
underlying  the  coal.  Also  called  un<lt'r-day. 
roal-flai/,  scat,  seat-clay,  etc.  [Yorkshire,  Eng.] 
spavined  (spav'ind), «.  [<.><parin  +  -cd?.']  Af- 
fected with  spavin;  hence,  figuratively,  halt- 
ing; crippled  ;  very  lame  or  limping. 

A  blind,  spavined,  galled  back,  that  was  only  fit  to  be 
cut  up  for  a  dog-kennel.  <j'"lilHi/iith.  Vicar,  xiv. 

If  they  ever  praise  each  other's  bad  drawings,  or  broken- 
winded  novels,  or  spanned  verses,  nobody  ever  supposed 
it  was  from  admiration.  O.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  i. 

spawt,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  «pn. 

spawder,  «.     See  xpauder. 

spawl1,  n.  and  r.     See  spall1. 

spawl'2,  n.    See  spall'2. 

spawl3  (spal),  t>.     [A  contr.  of  spattle1.]     Sa- 
liva or  spittle  thrown  out  carelessly ;  slaver. 
The  new-born  infant  from  the  cradle  takes, 
And  first  of  spittle  she  lustration  makes; 
Then  in  the  spawl  her  middle  finger  dips, 
Anoints  the  temples,  forehead,  and  the  lips. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires,  ii. 

spawl3  (spal),  v.  i.  [Formerly  also  spall;  < 
spawl3,  n.]  To  throw  saliva  from  the  mouth 
so  as  to  scatter  it;  eject  spittle  in  a  careless, 
dirty  manner:  sometimes  with  indefinite  it. 

There  was  such  spitting  and  spalling,  as  though  they 
had  been  half  choked. 

Uarrini/ton's  Apology  (1596).    (Xaret.) 

In  disgrace, 
To  spit  and  spawl  upon  his  sunbright  face. 

Quartet,  Emblems,  iii.  2. 

Why  must  he  sputter,  spawl,  and  slaver  it  ?  Swift. 

spawld,  «.  A  Scotch  variant  of  spald2  for  spall-. 
spawn  (span),  r.  [Earlymod.  E.  spaune;  <  ME. 
spawnen,  spanen,  <  OF.  espaundre,  espandre, 
also  espandir,  shed,  spill,  pour  out,  spawn,  same 
as  espanir,  blow,  bloom  as  a  flower,  lit.  expand, 
F.  epandre,  spread,  =  It.  spandere,  spill,  scat- 
ter, shed,  <  L.  expandere,  spread  out,  shed 
abroad :  see  expand.  Cf.  spannisliing.]  I.  trans. 
To  produce  or  lay  (eggs) :  said  of  a  female  fish, 
and  by  extension  of  other  animals ;  hence,  to 
generate.  It  is  sometimes  applied,  in  contempt, 
to  human  beings. 

What  practices  such  principles  as  these  may  spawn, 
when  they  are  laid  out  to  the  sun,  you  may  determine. 

Swi/t. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  produce  or  lay  eggs  of  the 
kinds  called  spawn,  as  a  fish,  frog,  mollusk,  or 
crustacean ;  by  extension,  to  produce  offspring : 
said  of  other  animals,  and,  in  contempt,  of  hu- 
man beings. 

The  Trout  usually  spawns  about  October  or  November. 
/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  75. 

2.  To  issue,  as  the  eggs  or  young  of  a  fish:  by 
extension  applied  to  other  animals,  and  to  hu- 
man beings,  in  contempt. 

The  beguiling  charms  of  distinctions  and  magnificent 
subtleties  have  spawned  into  prodigious  monsters,  and  the 
birth  of  error.  Evelyn,  True  Religion,  II.  176. 

It  is  so  ill  a  quality,  and  the  mother  of  so  many  ill  ones 
that  spawn  from  it,  that  a  child  should  be  brought  up  in 
the  greatest  abhorrence  of  it.  Locke. 

Spawn  (span),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  spaune ; 
<  spawn,  v.]  I.  n.  1.  The  eggs  or  ova  of  various 
oviparous  animals,  as  amphibians,  fishes,  mol- 
lusks,  crustaceans,  etc.,  wnen  small  and  numer- 
ous, or  extruded  in  more  or  less  coherent  masses ; 
female  roe.  The  number  of  individual  eggs  in  spawn 
varies  much,  and  is  sometimes  prodigiously  great :  thus, 
it  has  been  estimated  that  the  spawn  of  a  single  codfish 
may  contain  several  million  eggs.  In  oviparous  fishes  the 
eggs  are  spawned  directly  into  the  water,  fecundated  as 
they  flow  out,  or  afterward,  by  the  milt  of  the  male,  and 
left  to  hatch  by  themselves.  Fish-spawn  is  also  easily 
procured  by  the  process  of  stripping  the  female,  and  arti- 
ficially fecundated  by  the  same  process  applied  to  the 
male,  the  spawn  and  milt  being  mixed  together  in  the 
water  of  a  vessel  made  for  the  purpose.  In  ovoviviparous 
fishes  the  spawn  is  impregnated  in  the  body  of  the  fe- 
male, as  is  usual  with  the  eggs  of  higher  animals.  Frogs 
and  toads  lay  a  quantity  of  spawn  consisting  of  a  jelly-like 
mass  in  which  the  eggs  are  embedded,  and  it  is  fertilized 
as  it  flows  forth.  Some  shell-fish  extrude  spawn  in  firm 
gelatinous  masses,  as  the  common  sea-snail,  Natica  heros. 
(See  sand-saucer.)  The  mass  of  eggs  (called  coral  or  berry) 
that  a  lobster  carries  under  her  tail  is  the  spawn  or  roe  of 
that  crustacean ;  and  in  various  other  crustaceans  and 
some  fishes  the  spawn  is  carried  to  hatching  in  special 
brood-pouches  (see  opossum-shrimp),  which  are  sometimes 
in  the  male  instead  of  the  female,  as  in  the  sea-horse  (see 
Hippncampidse).  Anadromous  fishes  are  those  which  leave 
the  sea  and  run  up  rivers  to  spawn ;  a  few  fishes  are  catad- 
romous,  or  the  converse  of  this.  The  name  spawn  is  seldom 
or  never  given  to  the  eggs  of  scaly  reptiles,  birds,  or  mam- 
mals :  but  the  term  has  sometimes  included  milt.  See 
spawning. 

2.  The  spat  of  the  oyster,  from  the  time  of 
the  discharge  of  the  egg  until  the  shell  is  visi- 
ble and  the  creature  has  become  attached. —  3. 
Offspring  of  fish;  very  small  fish;  fry. — 4. 


spawning-ground 

Offspring  in  general ;  a  swarming  brood :  ap- 
plied, mostly  in  contempt,  to  human  beings. 

To  Sem  the  East,  to  Cham  the  South,  the  West 
To  lapheth  falls  ;  their  senerall  scopes  exprest : 
Their  fruitful  Spawn  did  all  the  World  supply. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Colonies,  Arg. 

llowe'er  that  common  spawn  of  ignorance, 
Our  fry  of  writers,  may  beslime  his  fame. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  Ind. 

5.  In  but.,  the  mycelium  of  fungi;  the  white 
fibrous  matter  forming  the  matrix  from  whic'li 
fungi  are  produced.  Certain  species  of  edible  fungi, 
as  Ayaricus  campeslris,  are  propagated  artificially  by  sow- 
ing the  spawn  in  prepared  beds  of  horse-droppings  and 
sand. 

By  this  time  these  will  be  one  mass  of  natural  sjunrn, 
having  a  grey  mouldy  and  thready  appearance,  and  a  smell 
like  that  of  mushrooms. 

Cooke  and  Berkeley,  Fungi,  p.  257. 

The  agarics  have  an  abundant  mycelium,  known  to  gar- 
deners as  the  spawn,  consisting  of  white,  cottony  filaments, 
which  spread  in  every  direction  through  the  soil. 

Amer.  Cyc.,  XII.  70. 
To  shoot  spawn.    See  shoot. 

II.  a.  Containing  spawn;  spawning,  or  about 
to  spawn;  ripe,  as  a  fish.  , 
spawn-brick  (span'brik),  «.  In  bot.,  brick- 
shaped  masses  of  mold  or  compressed  horse- 
droppings  fermented  with  mushroom-spawn, 
and  used  for  the  artificial  sowing  or  stocking  of 
a  mushroom-bed. 

The  [mushroom-lbed  will  be  ready  for  spawning,  which 
consists  of  inserting  small  pieces  of  spawn  bricks  into  the 
sloping  sides  of  the  bed,  about  6  inches  asunder. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  284. 

spawn-eater  (span'e"ter),  n.  A  spawn-eating 
fish,  or  other  animal  which  habitually  feeds 
upon  spawn,  to  the  detriment  of  the  fisheries 
or  of  fish-culture;  especially,  a  cyprinoid  fish, 


Spawn*eater  i..\'i>lrofjs  hudsonius}. 

Notropis  hudsonius,  found  in  streams  along  the 
coast  from  New  York  to  Virginia.  This  is  one  of 
the  largest  minnows,  from  4  to  8  inches  long,  of  a  pale 
coloration,  the  sides  with  a  broad  silvery  band,  and  usu- 
ally a  dusky  spot  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin.  It  is  some- 
times called  trmeU. 

spawned  (spand),  p.  a.  1.  Having  emitted 
spawn;  spent,  as  a  fish. — 2.  Extnided  or  de- 
posited, as  spawn. 

spawner  (spa'ner),  n.  [<  spawn  +  -«•!.]  1. 
That  which  spawns,  as  the  female  of  fish,  frogs, 
oysters,  etc. ;  a  ripe  fish  about  to  spawn :  cor- 
related with  milter. 

There  the  Spawner  casts  her  eggs,  and  the  llelter  hovers 
over  her  all  that  time  that  she  is  casting  her  Spawn,  but 
touches  her  not. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler  (ed.  1653),  p.  117. 

2.  In  fish-culture,  a  spawn-gatherer.    [Recent.] 
spawn-fungus  (span'fung"gus),  n.    Seefmtgus. 
spawn-hatcher  (span'hach"er),  «.     An  appa- 
ratus for  the  artificial  hatching  of  the  ova  of 
fish.    It  consists  essentially  of  a  box,  or  a  series  of  boxes, 
fitted  with  trays  with  perforated  bottoms  to  receive  the 
spawn,  and  arranged  for  the  supply  of  aregulated  current 
of  fresh  water. 

spawning  (spa'ning),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  spawn,  r.] 
The  act  or  process  of  emitting  and  fecundating 
spawn.  It  consists  essentially  in  the  emission  by  the 
female  of  her  eggs,  and  by  the  male  of  his  milt,  in  such  a 
manner  that  they  may  come  in  contact  with  each  other, 
and  that  the  eggs  may  be  placed  in  a  position  favorable 
to  their  development.  The  manner,  time,  and  place  in 
which  this  is  performed  vary  with  the  species.  Some 
kinds  bury  their  eggs  in  sand  or  gravel ;  some  attach  them 
to  weeds,  sticks,  or  stones ;  some  build  nests  of  stones  or 
other  material ;  and  others  drop  their  eggs  carelessly 
through  the  water.  Fish  spawn  at  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
every  species  having  its  appropriate  time.  Rapid  streams, 
quiet  lakes,  and  sea-bottoms  are  among  the  places  of  de- 
posit. In  some  cases  nests  are  constructed  somewhat  elabo- 
rately. With  the  laying  of  the  eggs  the  care  of  the  parents 
for  their  offspring  generally  ends.  Not  unfrequently  both 
sire  and  dam  immediately  devour  their  yet  unhatched  de- 
scendants. A  few  species  guard  their  eggs  during  incu- 
bation, and  in  some  rare  cases  this  care  continues  after 
the  young  fishes  are  hatched. 

spawning-bed  (spa'ning-bed),  ».  Abed  or  nest 
made  in  the  bottom  of  a  stream,  as  by  salmon 
and  trout,  in  which  fish  deposit  their  spawn  and 
milt. 

spawning-ground  (spa'ning -ground),  n.  A 
water-bottom  on  which  fish  deposit  their  spawn; 
hence,  the  body  or  extent  of  water  to  which  they 
resort  to  spawn;  a  breeding-place. 


spawning-screen 

spawning-screen  (spa'ning-skren),  ». 
CHllitre,  a  frame  or  screen  on  which  the  spawn 
of  fish  is  collected. 

spawn-rising  (rota'rl'zing),  ».  In  ii*li-<-n/i ,,,-,; 
the  increase  in  size  of  spawn  after  ! lie  milt  has 
been  added. 

spay1  (spa),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also.v/wi>;  dial. 
xiidi-f,  x/Kiiri',  s/ii-in-f:  su]>pose<l  to  be  <  (iacl. 
spoilt  =  Manx  xpoiy  =  Bret.  spui-lii'iii,  xpti-u, 
castrate.  geld;  cf.  \V.  i/spuddit,  exhaust,  empty, 
ili/xiii/ililn,  drain,  exhaust;  perhaps  connected 
with  L.  apudo,  <  Gr.  axdduv,  a  eunuch,  <  a-xav, 
draw,  extract :  see  spade*.']  To  castrate  (a  fe- 
male) by  extirpating  the  ovaries.  The  process 
corresponds  to  castration  or  emasculation  of  the  male,  in- 
capacitating the  female  from  breeding,  or  milking  her  bar- 
ren. Applied  to  hens,  it  corresponds  to  the  caponizing  of 
a  cock.  It  is  also  practised  on  other  animals,  as  swine. 
The  animals  fatten  more  readily,  and  the  flesh  is  improved. 
Compare  Battey's  operation,  under  operation. 

spay'-2  (spa),  «.  [Also  spaie;  perhaps  <  OF. 
*espcis,  espois,  F.  epois,  branches  of  a  stag's 
horns,  <  G.  spitz,  a  point  (cf.  G.  spit:-hirsch,  a 
stag  whose  horns  have  begun  to  grow  pointed) : 
see  spit2,  spit:.  Ct.spittard,  a  two-year-old  hart.] 
The  male  red-deer  or  hart  in  his  third  year. 

spay3,  v.    See  spac. 

spayeret,  spayret,  ».    See  spare*. 

Spea  (spe'a),  n.  [NL.  (Cope,  1863),  <  Gr.  oircof, 
a  cave.]  A  genus  of  spade-footed  toads  (Sca- 
pMopodidse  or  Pelobatidee),  representing  a  low 
type  of  organization,  and  peculiar  to  America. 
Several  species,  as  S,  hammondi  and  S.  bowbi/rons,  inhabit 
arid  regions  in  the  western  United  States  and  Mexico,  be- 
ing adapted  to  dry  climate  by  the  rapidity  of  their  meta- 
morphosis. During  rains  in  summer  they  come  out  of 
their  holes  in  the  ground,  and  lay  their  eggs  in  rain-pools, 
where  the  tadpoles  are  soon  seen  swimming.  These  get 
their  legs  very  promptly,  and  go  hopping  about  on  dry 
land.  They  are  very  noisy  in  the  spring,  like  the  common 
spade-foots. 

speak  (spek),  r. ;  pret.  spoke  (spake  archaic  or 
poetical),  pp.  spoken  (spoke  obs.  or  vulgar), 
ppr.  speaking.  [<  ME.  spekeu  (pret.  spake, 
spak,  spec,  xpsec,  pp.  spoken,  spoke,  earlier 
spteken,  speokcue,  i-speken,  ispeke),  <  late  AS. 
specan,  earlier  sprecan  (pret.  spsec,  pi.  spsecon, 
earlier  spreec,  pi.  sprxcon,  pp.  specen,  earlier 
sprecen)  =  OS.  sprecan  =  OFries.  spreka  =  D. 
spreken  =  MLG.  LG.  spreken  =  OHG.  sprelihan, 
MHG.  G.  spreehen,  speak;  cf.  MHG.  spehten, 
chatter,  G.  dial,  spcichten,  speak;  root  unknown. 
Hence  ult.  speech,  and  perhaps  spook.']  I.  IH- 
trans.  1.  To  use  articulate  utterance  in  the 
tones  of  the  speaking-voice,  in  distinction  from 
those  of  the  singing-voice ;  exert  the  faculty 
of  speech  in  uttering  words  for  the  expression 
of  thought. 

Sire,  are  hi  beo  (ere  they  be]  to  dithe  awreke 
We  mote  ihere  the  children  speke. 

King  Horn(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  69. 

Their  children  spake  half  in  the  speech  of  Ashdod,  and 
could  not  speak  in  the  Jews'  language.  Neh.  xiii.  24. 

Many  good  scholars  speak  but  fumblingly. 

B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  To  make  an  oral  address,  as  before  a  ma- 
gistrate, a  tribunal,  a  public  assembly,  or  a 
company;  deliver  a  speech,  discourse,  argu- 
ment, plea,  or  the   like:  as,  to  speak  for  or 
against  a  person  or  a  cause  in  court  or  in  a  le- 
gislature. 

Then  Agrippa  said  unto  Paul,  Thou  art  permitted  to 
speak  for  thyself.  Acts  xxvi.  1. 

Lord  Sandwich,  by  a  most  inconceivable  jumble  of  cun- 
ning, spoke  for  the  treaty.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  278. 

3.  To  make  oral  communication  or  mention; 
talk;  converse:  as,  to  speak  with  a  stranger; 
to  speak  of  or  about  something;  they  do  not 
speak  to  each  other. 

Than  eche  toke  other  be  the  hande,  and  wente  spefcynge 
of  many  thinges  till  thei  com  to  the  hostell  of  Vlfln  and 
Bretell.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ill.  467. 

I  must  thank  him  only, 
Lest  my  remembrance  suffer  ill  report; 
At  heel  of  that,  defy  him.  .  .  . 
Would  we  had  spoke  together. 

Shak.,  A.  and  0.,  ii.  2.  167. 

4.  To  communicate  ideas  by  written  or  printed 
words ;  make  mention  or  tell  in  recorded  speech. 

I  speak  concerning  Christ  and  the  church.    Eph.  v.  32. 

The  Scripture  speaks  only  of  those  to  whom  it  speaks. 

Hammond. 

The  Latin  convent  is  thought  to  have  been  on  mount 
(iilion,  though  some  seem  to  speak  of  that  hill  as  beyond 
the  pool  of  Gihon.  Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  10. 

5.  To  make  communication  by  any  intelligible 
sound,  action,  or  indication;  impart  ideas  or 
information  by  any  means  other  than  speech  or 
writing;  give  expression  or  intimation. 

And  let  the  kettle  to  the  trumpet  speak, 
The  trumpet  to  the  cannoneer  without. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  •>.  286. 


That  brnw  ia  fnmiw'd  lines  had  flx'd  at  last, 
And  njxike  of  passions,  but  of  passion  past. 

Byron,  Lara,  i.  5. 
Abate  the  stride,  which  speaks  at  man. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

6.  Of  an  organ-pipe,  to  emit  or  utter  a  tone; 
sound. —  7.  Sniit.,  to  make  a  stirring  and  lap- 
ping sound  in  driving  through  the  water:  said 
of  a  ship. 

At  length  the  sniffler  reached  us,  and  the  sharp  little 
vessel  began  to  speak,  as  the  rushing  sound  through  the 
water  is  called  ;  while  the  wind  sang  like  an  Eoliaii  harp 
through  the  taut  wnther-rlEfrlng. 

M.  Scott,  Tom  Cringle's  Log,  vlii. 

8.  To  bark  when  ordered:  said  of  dogs ni 

spoken.  See  uvll  or  ill  spoken,  below. — Properly  speak- 
ing. See  properl;/.— So  to  speak.  See  «oi.—  Speaking 
acquaintance,  (a)  A  degree  of  acquaintance  extending 
only  to  formal  intercourse. 

Between  them  and  Mr.  Wright  [the  Hector]  there  was 
only  a  speaking  acquaintance. 

Trollope,  Belton  Estate,  I.  33. 

(6)  A  person  with  whom  one  is  only  sufficiently  acquainted 
to  Interchange  formal  salutations  or  indifferent  conversa- 
tion when  meeting  casually.  —  Speaking  terms,  a  relation 
between  persons  in  which  they  speak  to  or  converse  witli 
each  other;  usually,  an  acquaintance  limited  to  speaking 
in  a  general  way  or  on  indifferent  subjects.  Not  to  be  on 
speaking  terms  is  either  to  be  not  sufficiently  acquainted  for 
passing  speech  or  salutation,  or  to  be  so  much  estranged 
through  disagreement  as  to  be  debarred  from  It. 

Our  poorer  gentry,  who  never  went  to  town,  and  were 
probably  not  on  speaking  terms  with  two  out  of  the  five 
families  whose  parks  lay  within  the  distance  of  a  drive. 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  i. 

To  speak  by  the  card.  See  cardi.— To  speak  for.  (a) 
To  speak  in  behalf  or  in  place  of ;  state  the  case,  claims, 
or  views  of. 

The  general  and  his  wife  are  talking  of  it ; 
And  she  speaks  for  you  stoutly. 

ShaJc.,  Othello,  iii.  1.  47. 
There  surely  I  shall  speak  for  mine  own  self. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
(6)  To  afford  an  indication  of ;  intimate ;  denote. 

Every  half  mile  some  pretty  farmhouse  was  shining  red 
through  clumps  of  trees,  the  many  cattle-sheds  speaking 
for  the  wealth  of  the  owner.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  93. 
To  speak  holiday*.  See  holiday,  n.— To  speak  In 
lutestringt.  See  lutestring?.— To  speak  like  a  book. 
See  book.— To  speak  of.  (a)  See  def.  3.  (6)  To  take  or 
make  account  of ;  mention  as  notable  or  of  consequence ; 
deserve  mention. 

Those  Countries  neerest  Tigris  Spring, 
In  those  first  ages  were  most  nourishing, 
Most  spoken-of. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Colonies. 

Strangers  .  .  .  that  pay  to  their  owne  Lords  the  tenth, 
and  not  to  the  owner  of  those  liberties  any  thing  to  speake 
of.  Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  II.  244. 

To  speak  out,  to  speak  loud  or  louder ;  hence,  to  speak 
freely,  boldly,  or  without  reserve;  disclose  what  one 
knows  or  thinks  about  a  certain  matter.— To  speak  to. 
(a)  To  answer  for  ;  attest ;  account  for. 

For  a  far  longer  time  than  they,  the  modern  observato- 
ries, can  directly  speak  to.  Piazzi  Smyth,  Pyramid,  p.  74. 
(6)  To  admonish  or  rebuke.  [Colloq.  and  euphemistic.] 

"  Papa,"  he  exclaimed,  in  a  loud,  plaintive  voice,  as  of 
one  deeply  injured,  "will  you  speakto  Giles?  ...  If  this 
sort  of  thing  is  allowed  to  go  on,  ...  it  will  perfectly 
ruin  the  independence  of  my  character." 

Jean  Ingelou;  Off  the  Skelligs,  xix. 

To  speak  to  one's  heart.  See  heart.— To  speak  up, 
to  express  one's  thoughts  freely,  boldly,  or  unreservedly ; 
speak  out. 

Speak  up,  jolly  blade,  never  fear. 
fiobin  Hood  and  Little  John  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  221). 

To  speak  well  for,  to  be  a  commendatory  or  favorable 
indication  of  or  with  regard  to :  as,  his  eagerness  speaks 


, 

well  for  him,  or  for  his  success.  —  Well  or  ill  spoken, 
given  to  speaking  well  or  ill  ;  given  to  using  decorous 
indecorous  speech,  in  either  a  literal  or  a  moral  sense. 


, 

given  to  speaking  well  or  ill  ;  given  to  using  decorous  or 
either  a  literal 
Thou  speak'st 

In  better  phrase  and  matter  than  thou  didst.  .  .  . 
Methinks  you're  better  spoken.     Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  (i.  10. 
He  was  wise  and  discreete  and  well  spoken,  having  a 
grave  &  deliberate  utterance. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  413. 
=Syn.  Speak,  Talk.  Speak  is  more  general  in  meaning 
than  talk.  Thus,  a  man  may  speak  by  uttering  a  single 
word,  whereas  to  talk  is  to  utter  words  consecutively  ;  so 
a  man  may  be  able  to  speak  without  being  able  to  talk. 
Speak  is  also  more  formal  in  meaning  :  as,  to  speak  before 
an  audience  ;  while  t«ll>  implies  a  conversational  manner 
of  speaking. 

II.  trans.    1.  To  utter  orally  and  articulate- 
ly; express  with  the  voice  ;  enunciate. 

And  thei  seide,  "That  he  is,  for  this  thre  dayes  he  spake 
no  speche,  ne  neuer  shall  speke  worde." 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  94. 

They  sat  down  with  him  upon  the  ground  seven  days 
and  seven  nights,  and  none  spake  a  word  unto  him. 

Job  ii.  13. 

2.  To  declare;  utter;  make  known  by  speech; 
tell,  announce,  or  express  in  uttered  words. 

Grant  unto  thy  servants  that  with  all  boldness  they 
may  speak  thy  word.  Acts  iv.  at. 

One  that,  to  speak  the  truth, 
Had  all  those  excellencies  that  our  books 
Have  only  feign'd. 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 


speaker 

I  am  cnnir  ' 
Thy  praises.  Bryant.  Hymn  to  Death. 

3.  To  use  in  oral  utterance;  express  one's  self 
in  the  speech  or  tongue  of:    as.  :i    person  may 
rend  a  language  wlii.-li  he  cannot  .«;»•»/.•. 

The  Arabic  language  is  njn'iif  very  little  north  nf  Aleppo. 
/••«•.„•/,,,  Description  of  the  Dast,  II.  L  164. 

4.  To  accost  or  address  in  speech:  specifically 
(Mtlf.),  to  accost   at   sea:   hail  and  hold  com- 
munication with  by  the  voice,  as  a  passing  ves- 
sel. 

About  «ix  lii-lls,  that  is  three  o'clock  V.  M.,  we  saw  a 
sail  on  our  larboard  bow.  I  was  very  desirous,  like  every 
new  sailor,  to  speak  her. 

/(.  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  10. 

5.  To  say,  either  in  speech  or  in  writing;  use 
as  a  form  of  speech. 

A  beavie  of  ladyes  is  spoken  figuratively  for  a  company 
or  troupe  :  the  tenne  is  taken  of  Larkes. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  April,  Glosse. 

6.  To  produce  by  means  or  as  a  result  of  speech; 
bring  about  or  into  being  by  utterance;  call 
forth. 

They  sung  how  God  spoke  out  the  World  s  vast  Ball ; 
From  Nothing  and  from  No  where  call'd  forth  All. 

Coirtey,  Davideis,  i. 

7.  To  mention  as;   speak  of  as  being;   call. 
[Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Mayst  thou  live  e\erspvken  our  protector! 

Fletcher,  Valentinlan,  v.  8. 

8.  To  make  known  as  if  by  speech  ;  give  speak- 
ing evidence  of;   indicate;   show  to  be;   de- 
clare. 

Whatever  his  reputed  parents  be, 

He  hath  a  mind  that  speaks  him  right  and  noble. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 
And  for  the  heaven's  wide  circuit,  let  it  speak 
The  Maker's  high  magnificence. 

M\lton,V.  L.,viil.  101. 

Eleanor's  countenance  was  dejected,  yet  sedate ;  and  its 
composure  spoke  her  inured  to  all  the  gloomy  objects  to 
which  they  were  advancing. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  xxiv. 
To  speak  a  ship.  See  def.  4.  above.— To  speak  dag- 
gers. See  dagyeri .  —  To  speak  (a  person)  fair,  to  address 
in  fair  or  pleasing  terms ;  speak  to  in  a  friendly  way. 

Oh  run,  dear  friend,  and  bring  the  lord  Philaster !  speak 
him  .fair;  call  him  prince ;  do  him  all  the  courtesy  you 
can.  Beau,  and  F I.,  Philaster,  v.  3. 

To  speak  for,  to  establish  a  claim  to  by  prior  assertion ; 
ask  or  engage  in  advance:  as,  we  have  spoken  for  seats; 
she  is  already  spoken  for. — To  speak  one's  mind,  to  ex- 
press one's  opinion,  especially  with  emphasis. 

The  Romans  had  a  time  once  every  year,  when  their 
Slaves  might  freely  speake  their  minds. 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 
To  speak  out,  to  utter  openly;  proclaim  boldly. 
But  strait  I'l  make  his  Dumbness  Mad  a  Tongue 
To  speak  out  his  imposture,  and  thy  wrong. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  II.  164. 
=  Syn.  Tell,  State,  etc.    See  sayl. 
speakable  (spe'ka-bl),  a.     [<  speak  +  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  spoken  ;  fit  to  be  uttered. 
The  other.  .  .  .  heaping  oaths  upon  oaths,  .  .  .  most 

horrible  and  not  speakable,  was  rebuked  of  an  honest 
man.  Ascham,  Toxophilus,  i. 

2f.  Having  the  power  of  speech.     [Rare.] 

Redouble  then  this  miracle,  and  say 
How  cam'st  thou  speakable  of  mute? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  563. 

speaker  (spe'ker),  ».  [<  ME.  speker,  spekere 
(=  OFries.  spreker  (in  forspreker)  =  D.  MLG. 
spreker=  OHG.  sprahliari,  spriicliari,  spreltliari, 
stircliheri,  sprechari,  MHG.  spreclitere,  sprecher, 
G.  sprecher,  a  speaker);  <  s/ieak  +  -er^.~\  1. 
One  who  speaks  or  utters  words ;  one  who  talks 
or  converses;  one  who  makes  a  speech  or  an 
address;  specifically,  one  who  engages  in  or 
practises  public  speaking. 

Thei  seyn  also  that  Abraham  was  Frend  to  God,  and 
that  Moyses  was  famileer  spekere  with  God. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  136. 

Bearers  far  more  strange  of  the  Roman  name,  though  no 
speakers  of  the  Roman  tongue,  are  there  in  special  abun- 
dance. E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  57. 

2.  A  proclaimer ;  a  publisher.     [Rare.] 

After  my  death  I  wish  no  other  herald, 
No  other  speaker  of  my  living  actions. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2.  70. 

3.  [eap.~\  The  title  of  the  presiding  officer  in 
the  British  House  of  Commons,  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  lower  houses  of  State  legisla- 
tures in  the  United  States,  and  in  British  colo- 
nial legislatures;   also  of  the  Lord  Chancel- 
lor of  Great  Britain  as  presiding  officer  of  the 
House  of  Lords.    The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons Is  elected  in  each  Parliament  from  its  members,  with 
the  royal  concurrence,  generally  without  regard  to  poli- 
tics, and  may  preside  in  successive  Parliaments  of  opposite 
political  character.    His  powers  (which  have  been  much 
diminished  in  the  course  of  time)  are  limited  to  the  pres- 


speaker 

ervation  of  order  and  the  regulation  of  debate  muter  the 
rules  of  the  House,  the  use  of  the  casting-vote  in  case  of 
;tn  equal  division,  ami  speaking  in  ^fiit.-ra!  rnnnnittee.  The 
Speaker  in  the  House  of  Representatives  (as  also  in  the 
.state  legislatures)  is  usually  a  leader  of  the  party  having 
a  majority  of  the  members,  and  has,  in  addition  to  the  pow- 
ers of  the  Brit  isli  Speaker,  the  power  of  appointing  all  com- 
mittees, and  the  right,  as  a  member,  of  participating  in 
general  debate  after  calling  another  member  to  the  chair, 
and  of  voting  on  all  questions  —  rights  exercised,  however, 
only  on  important  occasions.  He  is  thus  in  a  position  to 
control  the  course  of  legislation  to  an  important  extent, 
and  the  office  is  consequently  regarded  as  of  great  power 
and  influence. 

1  hear  that  about  twelve  of  the  Lords  met  and  had  cho- 
sen my  Lord  Manchester  speaker  of  the  House  of  Lords. 
Pepyi,  Diary,  April  26, 1660. 

In  the  Lower  House  the  Speaker  of  the  Tudor  reigns  is 
in  very  much  the  same  position  as  the  Chancellor  in  the 
Upper  House ;  he  is  the  manager  of  business  on  the  part 
of  the  crown,  and  probably  the  nominee  either  of  the  king 
himself  or  of  the  chancellor. 

Sttibbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  272. 

Not  only  that  the  Standing  Committees  are  the  most 
essential  machinery  of  our  governmental  system,  but  also 
that  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  is  the 
most  powerful  functionary  of  that  system. 

W.  Wilson,  Cong.  Gov.,  p.  108. 

4.  A  title,  and  hence  a  general  name,  for  a 
book  containing  selections  for  practice  in  dec- 
lamation, as  at  school.  [U.  S.J 

speakership  (spe'ker-ship),  ».  [<  xpeaker  + 
-snip.']  The  office  of  Speaker  in  a  legislative 
body. 

speaking  (spe'king),  p.  a.  Adapted  to  inform 
or  impress  as  if  by  speech ;  forcibly  expressive 
or  suggestive ;  animated  or  vivid  in  appear- 
ance :  as,  a  speaking  likeness ;  speaking  ges- 
tures. 

A  representation  borrowed,  indeed,  from  the  actual 
world,  but  closer  to  thought,  more  speaking  and  signifi- 
cant, more  true  than  nature  and  life  itself.          J.  Caird. 
The  smallness  of  Spalato,  as  compared  with  the  great- 
ness of  ancient  Salona,  is  a  speaking  historical  lesson. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  172. 

Speaking  demurrer,  in  (aw,  a  demurrer  which  alleges 
or  suggests  a  fact  which  to  be  available  would  require 
evidence,  and  which  therefore  cannot  avail  on  demurrer, 
speakingly  (spe'king-li),  adv.  In  a  speaking 
manner ;  so  as  to  produce  the  effect  of  speech ; 
very  expressively. 

A  Mute  is  one  that  acteth  speakingly, 

And  yet  sayes  nothing.     Brome,  Antipodes,  v.  4. 

speaking-machine  (spe'king-ma-shen*),  «.  A 
mechanical  contrivance  for  producing  articu- 
late sounds  automatically ;  a  speaking  automa- 
ton. 

Kempelen's  and  Rratzenstein's  speaking-machine,  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  last  century ;  the  speaking -machine  made 
by  Fabermann  of  Vienna,  closely  imitating  the  human 
voice.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  208. 

speaking-trumpet  (spe'king-trum"pet),  n.  A 
trumpet-shaped  instrument  by  which  the  sound 
of  the  human 
voice  is  rein- 
forced so  that 
it  may  be  heard 
at  a  great  dis- 
tance or  above  v/ 

Other        SOUnds,  Speaking-trumpet. 

as      m      hailing        „,  tube  ;».  bell  ;<-.  mouthpiece :  <t  rings 

Ships    at    Sea   Or     *°r  a  band  by  which  the  trumpet  may  be 

giving  orders  at    attached  to  the  pelson- 
a  fire.     In  the  United  States  navy  a  speaking- 
trumpet  is  the  badge  of  the  officer  of  the  deck 
at  sea. 

speaking-tube  (spe'king-tub),  ».  A  tube  of 
sheet-tin,  gutta-percha,  or  other  material,  sen-- 
ing to  convey  the  voice  to  a  distance,  as  from 
one  building  to  another,  or  from  one  part  of  a 
building  to  another,  as  from  an  upper  floor  to 
the  street-door,  or  from  the  rooms  of  a  hotel  to 
the  office.  It  is  commonly  used  in  connection  with  an 
annunciator,  and  is  usually  fitted  at  each  end  with  a  whis- 
tle for  calling  attention. 

speaking-voice  (spe'king-vois),  n.  The  kind 
of  voice  used  in  speaking :  opposed  to  singing- 
voice,  or  the  kind  of  voice  used  in  singing. 
The  singing-voice  and  the  speaking-voice  differ  in  several 
respects :  (a)  in  pitch  and  inflection,  which  are  arbitrary 
in  singing,  but  conformed  to  the  thought  in  speaking ;  (6) 
in  succession  of  tones,  the  tones  of  music  being  discrete, 
while  those  of  speech  are  concrete ;  (c)  in  time  and  em- 
phasis, which  in  music  are  more  arbitrary  and  less  con- 
formed to  the  thought  than  in  speech.  So  great  is  the 
difference  that  many  persons  who  have  a  good  voice  for 
one  use  have  a  very  poor  voice  for  the  other. 

speal1  (spel),  «.    Same  as  spell*,  spill?. 

spea!2t,  »•     An  obsolete  variant  of  spall'''. 

speal-bone  (spel'bon),  «.  The  shoulder-blade. 
—  Reading  the  speal-bone,  scapulimancy ;  divination 
by  means  of  a  shoulder-blade.  E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Cult., 
I.  125.  Compare  spatulamancy. 

spean  (spen),  «.  [<  ME.  spene,  <  AS.  spana, 
teat,  udder;  cf.  spanan,  wean :  see  spane.]  An 
animal's  teat.  [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 


5804- 

It  hath  also  four  wane*  to  her  paps. 

Topsell,  four-footed  Beasts,  p.  38.    (llalliu-eU.) 

spear1  (sper),  M.    [<  ME.  spcrc,  pi.  ••</"  rr.v,  .</»  n  n, 
<  AS.  spcre  =  OS.  sper  =  OFries.  S]H-I:  x/iiri  = 


Hunting-spears, 
I5th  or  loth  century. 


MD.  spere,  D.  speer  =  MLG.  sper,  spere  =  OHG. 
MHG.  sper,  G.  speer  (>  OF.  espier)  =  Icel.  apjiir, 
pi.,  =  Dan.  speer,  a  spear  (the  L.  spurn.*,  a 
small  missile  weapon,  dart,  hunting-spear,  is 
prob.  <  Teut.)  ;  perhaps  akin  to 
spar,  a  beam,  bar:  see  spur*. 
In  def.  7  prob.  confused  with 
spire1.]  1.  A  weapon  consist- 
ing of  a  penetrating  head  at- 
tached to  a  long  shaft  of  wood, 
designed  to  be  thrust  by  or 
launched  from  the  hand  at  an 
enemy  or  at  game,  spears  have 
been  used  as  warlike  weapons  from 
the  earliest  times,  and  were  the  princi- 
pal reliance  of  many  ancient  armies. 
as  those  of  the  Greeks,  while  in  others 
they  were  used  coordinately  with  the 
bow  and  the  sword.  They  are  repre- 
sented by  the  bayonet  in  modern  ar- 
mies, though  some  use  is  still  made  of 
spears,  of  which  javelins  and  lances 
are  lighter,  and  pikes  heavier,  forms. 
Compare  cuts  under  bayonet  and  pike. 
Whan  the!  were  ouer,  thei  smyten 
in  a-monge  hem  so  vigorously  that 
oon  myght  here  the  crassinge  of  spere*  half  a  myle  longe. 
Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  ii.  165. 

They  shall  beat  their  swords  into  plowshares,  and  their 
spean  into  pruninghooks.  Isa.  11.  4. 

2.  A  man  armed  with  a  spear;  a  spearman. 

Earl  Doorni 

Struck  with  a  knife's  haft  hard  against  the  board, 
And  call'd  for  flesh  and  wine  to  feed  his  spean. 

Tennyson,  Geralnt 

3.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument  with   barbed 
tines,  generally  three  or  four,  used  for  stab- 
bing fish  and  other  animals  ;  a  fish  -gig.  —  4.  An 
instrument  like  or  suggestive  of  ail  actual  spear, 
as  some  articles  of  domestic  or  mechanical  use, 
one  of  the  long  pieces  fixed  transversely  to 
the  beam  or  body  of  chevaux-de-frise,  in  some 
parts  of  England  a  bee's  sting,  etc.  —  5.  One  of 
the  pieces  of  timber  which  together  form  the 
main  rod  of  the  Cornish  pumpmg-engine.  —  6. 
The  feather  of  a  horse.     Also  called  the  streak 
of  the  spear.     It  is  a  mark  in  the  neck  or  near  the 
shoulder  of  some  barbs,  which  is  reckoned  a  sure  sign  of 
a  good  horse. 

7.  A  spire:  now  used  only  of  the  stalks  of 
grasses  :  as,  a  spear  of  wheat. 

Tell  me  the  motes,  dust,  sands,  and  speares 
Of  corn,  when  Summer  shakes  his  eares. 

Herrick,  To  1'ind  God. 

The  speare  or  steeple  of  which  churche  was  fired  by 
lightening. 

Lambarde,  Perambulation  (1596),  p.  287.    (Halliwetl.) 

Holy  spear.  Same  as  holy  lance.  See  lancel.—  Spear 
pyrites,  a  variety  of  marcasite.  —  Spear  side,  occasionally 
spear  half,  a  phrase  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  male 
line  of  a  family,  in  contradistinction  to  dala/or  spindle 
side  (or  half),  the  female  line.  See  dista/  side,  under 
dista/. 

A  King  who  by  the  spindle-side  sprang  from  both  Wil- 
liam and  Cerdic,  but  who  by  the  spear-side  had  nothing 
to  do  with  either. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  V.  168. 

To  sell  under  the  spear*,  to  sell  by  auction  :  from  the 
ancient  Roman  practice  of  setting  a  spear  (hasta)  in  the 
ground  at  an  auction,  originally  as  a  sign  of  the  sale  of 
military  booty. 

My  lords  the  senators 

Are  sold  for  slaves,  their  wives  for  bondwomen,  .  .  . 
And  all  their  goods,  under  the  spear,  at  outcry. 

/;.  Jonson,  Catiline,  ii. 

spear1  (sper),  r.  [X  .spear1,  «.]  I.  traiw.  To 
pierce  or  strike  with  a  spear  or  similar  weapon  : 
as,  to  spear  fish. 

The  [Australian]  youngsters  generally  celebrated  the 
birth  of  a  lamb  by  spearing  it. 

C.  Reade,  Never  too  Late  to  Mend,  Ii. 

The  Mayfly  is  torn  by  the  swallow,  the  sparrow  spear'd  by 

the  shrike.  Tennyson,  Maud,  iv.  4. 

II.  intrans.  To  shoot  into  a  long  stem  ;  ger- 
minate, as  barley.  See  spire*. 

The  single  blade  [of  wheat]  spears  first  into  three,  then 
into  five  or  more  side-shoots.  Science,  VII.  174. 

spear2t  (sper),  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  speer*. 
spear-billed  (sper'bild),  a.      Having  a  long, 

straight,  and  sharp  bill,  beak,  or  rostrum  :  as, 

the  spear-billed  grebes  of  the  genus  Mchmo- 

phorus.  See  cut  under  Jfchmophorus.  Coues. 
spear-dog  (sper'dog),  «.  The  common  piked 

dog-fish,  Squalus  acanthias  or  Acanthias  vulgaris. 

[Local,  Eng.] 
spearer  (sper'er),  ».    [<  spear*  +  -er*.~\    1.  One 

who  spears.  —  2.  A  person  armed  with  a  spear, 

whether  for  war  or  for  ceremony. 
spear-fish  (sper'fish),  n.    1.  A  catostomoid  fish 

of  the  genus  Carpiudex,  C.  eyprinuy,  a  kind  of 


spearmint 

carp-sucker,  also  railed  .tiiihisli.  xl;inilitirl;,  ami 
1/nillliiK-/,:  It  is  common  from  the  Mississippi 
valley  to  Chesapeake  Bay. — 2.  The  bill-fish, 
Tctrajihir/is  ulliiiliix,  belonging  to  the  family 
Ilixtiiiplioridee,  or  sailtishes.  The  dorsal  fln  is  low 
or  moderately  developed,  and  the  ventrals  are  represented 


Spear-fish  ( Tctriipturits  albidits  . 

only  by  spines.  It  inhabits  American  waters  as  far  north 
as  New  England  in  summer,  and  is  not  seldom  taken  in 
the  sword-fishery.  In  tropical  seas  its  horizon  is  about  100 
fathoms  deep.  The  spear-fish  is  related  to  the  sword  fish 
(though  of  another  family),  and  has  a  similar  beak  or 
sword.  It  attains  a  length  of  six  or  eight  feet.  In  the 
Wist  Indies  its  Spanish  name  is  ayvja.  Compare  cut 
under  gailfah. 

spear-flower  (sper'flou"er),  «.  A  tree  or  shrub 
of  the  large  tropical  and  subtropical  genus 
Arilisin  of  the  Mi/rsinete.  .The  species  arc  mostly 
hundsome  with  white  or  red  flowers  and  pea-form  fruit, 
often  blue.  The  name  translates  Ardisia,  which  alludes 
to  the  sharp  segments  of  the  calyx. 

spear-foot  (sper'fut),  «.  The  off  or  right  hind 
foot  of  a  horse. 

spear-grass  (sper'gras),  n.  1.  A  name  of  va- 
rious species  of  Agrostis,  bent-grass,  of  Ayropy- 
ritm  repens,  quitch-grass,  of  Alopecxriis  agrestis, 
foxtail,  and  perhaps  of  some  other  grasses. 
The  spear-grass  of  Shakspere,  according  to  Ellacombe, 
is  the  quitch-grass;  according  to  Prior,  it  is  the  common 
reed,  Paraymites  cutmnunis.  [Old  or  prov.  Eng.  ] 

To  tickle   our  noses  with   spear-grass  to  make  them 
bleed.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4.  340. 

2.  The  June-grass,  or  Kentucky  blue-grass,  Poa 
pratensis  (see  cut  under  Poa) ;  also  other  spe- 
cies of  the  genus.  P.  annva  is  the  low  or  annual  spear- 
grass.    It  is  so  called  from  the  lance-shaped  spikelets. 
(See  meadow-grass.)     The  name  is  said  to  be  applied 
also  to  the  porcupine-grass,  on   account  of   its  awns. 
[U.S.] 

3.  In  New  Zealand,  a  name  of  one  or  two  plants 
of  the  umbelliferous  genus  Aciphylla :  so  called 
from  their  long  grass-like  leaflets,  which  have 
hard  and  sharp  points. 

spear-hand  (sper'hand),  «.  The  right  hand  or 
the  right  side,  as  distinguished  from  the  sliieM- 
hand. 

spear-head  (sper'hed),  n.  The  head  of  a  spear. 
It  IB  always  pointed,  and  of  iron  or  steel  among  people 
who  know  the  use  of  iron,  but  anciently  of  bronze,  and 
among  some  savage  peoples  of  stone,  bone,  or  the  like.  The 
form  varies  from  that  of  a  long  double-edged  blade  which 
with  its  socket  is  two  feet  or  more  in  length,  as  was  com- 
mon in  throwing-spears  of  the  Franks  and  Saxons,  to  the 
head  of  the  fourteenth-century  lance,  which  was  a  mere 
pointing  of  the  wooden  shaft  with  steel  and  only  a  few 
inches  in  length.  The  spear-head  is  often  barbed,  some- 
times serrated  or  wavy,  etc.  Compare  coronal,  2,  also 
pttum,  lancet ,  javelin. 

spear-hook  (sper'huk),  «.   Same  as  spring-hook. 

spear-javelin  (sper'jav'lin),  ».  Same  as/rn- 
mea,  1. 

spear-leafed  lily.    See  lily,  1. 

spear-lily  (sper'lil'i),  n.  A  plant  of  one  of 
three  species  of  the  Australian  genus  Doryan- 
tlies  of  the  Amaryllidese.  It  has  partly  the  habit 
of  Agave,  having  a  cluster  of  over  one  hundred  sword- 
shaped  leaves  at  the  base,  an  erect  stem,  in  l>.  excelsa  from 
10  to  18  feet  high,  with  a  dense  terminal  head  of  red  flow- 
ers. The  leaves  of  that  species  contain  a  fiber  suitable 
for  rope-  and  paper-making. 

spearman  (sper'man),  n. ;  pi.  spearmen  (-men). 
[<ME.  sperman;  (spear*  +  ?«an.]  1.  One  who 
uses  or  is  armed  with  a  spear;  especially,  a  sol- 
dier whose  spear  is  his  principal  weapon.  Com- 
pare lancer,  lans- 
quenet, pikeman*. 

Wily  as  an  eel  that  stirs 

the  mud 

Thick  overhead,  so  baf- 
fling spearman's  thrust. 
Browning,  Ring  and 
[Book,  II.  162. 

2.  A  book-name  for 
any  leaf-beetle  of 
the  genus  Dory- 
phora.  The  Colo- 
rado potato-beetle, 
D.  decemlineata,  is 
the  ten-lined  spear- 
man. See  cut  un- 
der beetle. 

spearmint  (sper'- 
mint),  ».  [Said  to 
be  a  corruption  of 
spire-mint,  with  ref. 
to  the  pyramidal  in- 
florescence.] An 


Spearmint  (Mtntha  virfdis),  up- 
per part  of  the  stem  with  the  inflores- 
cence, a,  a  flower. 


spearmint 

aromatic  plant,  Mnilliu  rii-iilix,  the  common  gar- 
den-mint, or  mint  proper,  it  is  known  chiefly  in 
gardens,  or  as  an  escape  from  them,  in  both  hemispheres, 
and  is  suspected  to  be  a  garden  or  accidental  variety  of 
M.  gi/leestrii.  Its  properties  are  those  of  peppermint,  and 
it  yields  an  oil  like  that  of  the  latter,  but  with  a  more 
pleasant  flavor.—  Spirit  Of  spearmint.  See  spirit. 

spear-nail  (sper'nal),  H.  A  form  of  nail  with  a 
spear-shaped  point. 

spear-plate  (sper'plat).  n.    Same  as 


spear-thistle  (sper'this"!),  ».   See  tltixt/i: 

spear-widgeon  (sper'wij'on),  ».  1.  The  red- 
breasted  merganser,  Mergits  serrator.  Also 
called  xlielditcl: — 2.  The  goosander,  Mergus 
•Hicri/HHHcr.  [Irish  in  both  uses.] 

spearwood  (sper'wiid),  n.  One  of  two  Austra- 
lian trees,  Eucalyptus  Doratoxi/lou  in  the  south- 
west, and  Acacia  Doratoxylon  in  the  interior,  or 
the  wood  of  the  same,  sought  by  the  natives  for 
spear-shafts. 

spearwort  (sper'wert),  n.  [<  ME.  spereworte, 
x/xr>'wurt,<  AS.  spercwyrt,<  spere.  spear,  +  wyrt, 
wort:  see  spear*  and  worfl.']  The  name  of 
several  species  of  crowfoot  or  Ranunculus  .witti 
lance-shaped  leaves.  K.  Lingua,  the  greater  spear- 
wort, is  found  in  Europe  and  temperate  Asia ;  R.  Flam- 
mula,  the  lesser  spearwort  (also  called  banewort),  through 
the  north  temperate  zone ;  R.  ophioijlossifoliwt,  the  snake's- 
tongue  or  adder's-tongue  spearwort,  in  southwestern  Eu- 
rope ;  Ji.  amtigens  (11.  alisma:foUus\  the  water-plantain 
spearwort,  in  North  America. 

speat,  «.    Same  as  spate. 

speave,  *>.  t.    A  dialectal  form  of  spay1. 

spec1  (spek),  /(.  A  colloquial  abbreviation  of 
speculation. 

They  said  what  a  wery  gen'rous  thing  it  was  o'  them  to 
have  taken  up  the  case  on  spec,  and  to  charge  nothing  at 
all  for  costs  unless  they  got  'em  out  of  Mr.  Pickwick. 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  xxxiv. 

Spec.2  In  not.  Jiist.,  an  abbreviation  of  speci- 
men :  with  a  plural  specs.,  sometimes  specc. 
Compare  sp. 


special  (spesh'al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  special, 
speciall,  specials,  specyal,  specyalle,  <  OF.  special, 
especial,  F.  special  =  Pr.  special,  especial  =  Sp. 
especial  =  Pg.  especial  =  It.  speziale,  special.  < 
L.  specialis,  belonging  to  a  species,  particular, 
<  species,  kind,  species:  see  species.  Doublet, 
especial.  ]  I.  a.  1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  spe- 
cies or  sort ;  of  a  particular  kind  or  character ; 
distinct  from  other  kinds ;  specifically  charac- 
teristic. 

Crist !  kepe  us  out  of  harme  and  hate, 
For  thin  hooli  spirit  so  special. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  57. 
A  special  idea  is  called  by  the  schools  a  species. 

Watts,  Logic,  I.  iii.  §  3. 

A  certain  order  of  artistic  culture  should  be  adopted, 
answering  to  the  order  of  development  of  the  special  sen- 
sibilities and  faculties  concerned. 

J.  Sully,  Outlines  of  Psychol.,  p.  553. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  one  or  more  of  a  kind  ; 
peculiar  to  an  individual  or  a  set ;  not  general ; 
particular;  individual. 

He  spekis  thus  in  his  speciall  spell, 
And  of  this  matere  makis  he  mynde. 

York  Plays,  p.  471. 

For  the  question  in  hand,  whether  the  commandments 
of  God  in  Scripture  be  general  or  special,  it  skilleth  not. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  iii.  7. 

The  special  charm  of  Oxford  for  Shelley  lay  in  the  com- 
parative freedom  of  the  student's  life. 

E.  Dowden,  Shelley,  I.  56. 

3.  Peculiar  or  distinct  of  the  kind;  of  excep- 
tional character,  amount,  degree,  or  the  like; 
especially  distinguished;  express;  particular. 

Tnei  suffre  no  Cristene  man  entre  in  to  that  Place,  but 
zif  it  be  of  specyalle  grace  of  the  Soudan. 

Mandemlle,  Travels,  p.  66. 
Can  such  things  be, 

And  overcome  us  like  a  summer's  cloud, 
Without  our  special  wonder  ? 

"    't.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4.  112. 


5805 

Estate  tall  special.  See  estate.— Heir  special.  See 
Imr.  —  Special  act.  See  statute.  —  Special  administra- 
tor, an  administrator  appointed  without  full  powers  of 
Idmlnlltratlon,  but  for  some  special  purpose,  as  to  col- 
lect and  hold  assets  and  pay  urgent  debts  pending  :i  con- 
test  as  to  the  probate  of  a  will.  Also  called  a  i<  «/„,/•«,•/, 
administrator,  a  collector,  or  an  administrator  ad  tSUgtn. 
dum.  —  Special  agent,  an  agent  authorized  to  transact 
in  the  service  or  interest  of  his  principal  only  a  particu- 
lar transaction  or  a  particular  kind  of  business,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  general  agent :  as,  a  special  ayent  of  the 
revenue  department. -Special  anatomy.  Sn  anatomy. 

Special  assignment.     Sue  -lairtml  am'/ninrnt.  under 

part, id.  -Special  ball.  See  bail?,  3.  Special  bailiff 
Dastard,  case.  See  the  nouns.— Special  carrier' 
See  rarrieri,  2.— Special  commission,  in  lau;  a  com- 
mission of  oyer  and  terminer  issued  by  the  crown  to  the 
judges  for  the  trial  of  specified  cases.  —  Special  consta- 
ble, contract,  damages,  demurrer,  deposit,  edict, 
nomology,  hospital,  injunction,  issue,  jury,  license 
etc.  See  the  nouns.—  Special  linear  complex,  the  ag- 
gregate of  all  the  lines  of  space  that  cut  a  given  line.— 
Special  logic,  the  rules  for  thinking  concerning  a  certain 
kind  of  objects. 


which  is  presupposed,  must  be  treated,  the  conditions 
which  regulate  the  certainty  of  inferences  in  that  matter, 
and  the  methods  by  which  our  knowledge  of  it  may  be 
constructed  into  a  scientific  whole. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  iii. 

Special  orders,  paper,  partner,  plea,  pleader,  plead- 
ing, property,  providence,  retainer,  sessions,  stat- 
ute, tall,  verdict,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Special  trust 
an  active  trust ;  a  trust  which  involves  specific  duties  on 
the  part  of  the  trustee,  as  distinguished  from  a  general  or 
naked  trust,  in  which  he  holds  only  a  legal  title  and  it  may 
be  possession,  but  the  entire  right  of  disposal  Is  in  the 
beneficiary.  =  Syn.  Special,  Especial,  Particular,  Peculiar, 
Specific.  Special  is  more  common  than  especial,  which 
has  the  same  meaning;  but  especially  is  for  rhythmical 


specialize 

'.  x/iiriitlitrit  =  (i.  x/it't-iulittit  =  Sw. 
Dun.  x/irriu/i/,-1),  <  ],.  s/ifi-iiilitad-),*,  particular- 
ity, peculiarity,  <  xjn-rinlix.  |>arti<-ular.  *\»  • 

*!•!•    .l/ll'l'illl.         (  ']'.    x/ll  rillltl/.     II     llllllllll-t     of   X/lfl'illl- 

</!/.  as  )>i  i:«oiiiillt/,  nii/li/,  dr..  an  of  /n  rminiil. 
ilil,  militi/,  etc.]  1.  A  special  characteristic 
or  attribute ;  a  distinctive  feature,  property.  ,,r 
quality;  a  condition  orcimnnstaiicr  especially 
dtetingniBhing  a  class  or  an  individual,  (i,,  this 
abstract  sense  speciality  is  preferable  to  the  form  xj/ecialtv, 
on  the  analogy  of  ;»•/•.:., nnl/i,/,  militii.  and  other  words  i'il 
similar  tenor  as  related  to  pertiiiniliu,  nnltii,  etc.  The 
distinction,  so  far  as  it  exists,  is  accidental;  the  synco- 
pated  form,  in  these  pairs,  is  more  vernacular,  the  full 
form  more  recent  and  artificial.  | 

It  is  the  speciality  of  all  vice  to  be  selfishly  indifferent 
to  the  injurious  consequences  of  our  actions,  even  ...  to 
those  nearest  to  us.  F.  P.  Ctibbe,  Peak  in  Dariea.  p.  32. 

The  specialities  of  nature,  chiefly  mental,  which  we  see 
produced,  .  .  .  must  be  ascribed  almost  wholly  to  direct 
equilibration.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  170. 

2.  A  special  matter  or  thing ;  a  characteristic 
or  distinctive  object,  pursuit,  diversion,  opera- 
tion, product,  or  the  like ;  a  specialty.  See  spe- 

nnlll/,  6. 

The  speciality  of  the  sport  was  to  see  how  some  for  bis 
slackness  had  a  good  bob  with  the  hag. 
Laneham,  quoted  in  Strait's  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  191. 

The  small  State  of  Rhode  Island,  whose  speciality  has  al- 
ways been  the  manufacture  of  ordnance. 

Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War  in  America  (trans.),  I.  187. 

specialization  (spesVal-i-za'shon),  w.  [<  .-•/„- 
cialize  +  -ation.]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  spe- 
cializing; a  making  or  fixing  of  special  differ- 
ences or  requirements ;  differentiation. 


particle  occurs,  and  where,  therefore,  a  word  with  an  ac- 
cent on  the  first  syllable  is  instinctively  avoided)  much 
more  common  than  specially.  The  special  comes  under 
the  aeneral,  as  the  particular  comes  under  the  special.  A 
special  favor  is  one  that  is  more  than  ordinary ;  a  particu- 
lar favor  is  still  more  remarkable ;  a  peculiar  i avor  comes 
very  closely  home.  When  we  speak  of  any  particular 
thing,  we  distinguish  it  from  all  others ;  when  we  speak 


It  is  a  fair  and  sensible  paper,  not  of  special  originality 
or  brilliancy.  O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  i. 

Other  groups  of  phenomena  require  special  study. 


4.  Specifically,  limited  as  to  function,  opera- 
tion, or  purpose ;  designed  for  specific  applica- 
tion or  service ;  acting  for  a  limited  time  or  in 
a  restricted  manner;  not  general  of  the  kind 
named:  as,  special  legislation;  special  plead- 
ing; a  special  agent,  constable,  or  correspon- 
dent ;  special  employment ;  a  special  dictionary. 

Too  all  his  ost  he  gave  a  speciall  charge, 
Ayenst  that  day  that  he  shuld  fight  alone. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  82-21. 
To  Eltham  will  I,  where  the  young  king  is, 
Being  ordain'd  his  special  governor. 

5Aa*.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1.  171. 


ness ;  a.  special  law  is  one  that  is  made  for  a  particular  pur- 
pose or  a  peculiar  case ;  a  specific  law  is  either  one  that  we 
name  exactly  or  one  that  names  offenses,  etc.,  exactly. 

II.  «.  1.  A  special  or  particular  person  or 
thing.  Specifically  — (a)  A  particular  thing;  a  particu- 

Thir  's  all  the  specials  I  of  speake. 
Raid  of  the  Reidsurirc  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  138). 
(6t)  A  private  companion ;  a  paramour  or  concubine. 

Speci/al,  concubyne,  the  womann  (speciall  or  leman). 
Concnbina.  Prompt.  Pare.,  p.  488. 

Syr  Roger  of  Donkester, 
That  was  her  owne  speciall. 

LyteU  Qeste  of  Robijn  Hade  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  123). 
2.  A  person  or  thing  appointed  or  set  apart  for 
a  special  purpose  or  occasion,  as  a  constable,  a 
railway-train,  an  examination,  a  dispatch,  etc. : 
as,  they  traveled  by  special  to  Chicago ;  the  spe- 
cials were  called  out  to  quell  the  riot. 

What  are  known  as  specials  are  being  held  this  week. 
These  are  for  men  who  partially  failed  at  the  last  regular 
examinations.  Lancet,  1890,  II.  796. 

In  special,  in  a  special  manner;  especially;  particularly 
[Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

Se  that  thow  in  special 
Requere  noght  that  is  ageyns  hire  nam. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  901. 
But  yf  vertue  and  nurture  were  withe  alle ; 
To  yow  therfore  I  speke  in  specyalle. 

Baoees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  1. 

specialisation,  specialise.  See  specialization, 
specialize. 

specialism (spesh'al-izm),  n.  [<  special  +  -iswi.] 
Devotion  to  a  special  branch  or  division  of  a 
general  subject  or  pursuit;  the  characteristic 
pursuit  or  theme  of  a  specialist;  restriction  to 
a  specialty.  [Recent.] 

Special  hospitals  and  specialism  in  medical  practice  are 
in  danger  of  being  carried  too  far.    Lancet,  1889,  II.  1049. 
AH  specialism  of  study,  one-sldedness  of  view,  and  divi- 
sion of  labor  is  dangerous  [according  to  Comte]. 

N.  A.  Ren.,  CXX.  259. 
specialist  (spesh'al-ist),  M.     L 
A  person  who  devotes  himseL  „«  ,,  ^.uuuuiiu 
branch  of  a  profession,  science,  or  art ;  one  who 
has  a  special  knowledge  of  some  particular 
subject:  thus,  ophthalmologists,  neurologists, 
or  gynecologists  are  specialists  in  medicine. 
Specialists  are  the  coral-insects  that  build  up  a  reef. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Poet  at  the  Breakfast-table,  iii. 
specialistic  (spesh-a-lis'tik),  a.      [<  specialist 
+  -zc.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  specialist  or  spe- 
cialism.    [Recent.] 

The  learned  specialistic  mind  takes  in  the  facts  of  one  or 
two  creeds  or  departments.  Athenaeum,  No.  3273,  p.  87. 

speciality  (spesh-i-al'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  specialities 
(-tiz).  [<  OF.  specialite,  especialite,  F.  specia- 
lit('  =  Sp.  especial/dad  =  Pg.  esperialirtmle  =  It. 


[<  special  +  -ist.] 
elf  to  a  particular 


ration  is  that  which  separates  what  a  man  ought  to  do 
from  what  he  ought  to  know. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  18. 

2.  The  state  of  being  or  becoming  specialized  ; 
a  condition  of  fixed  or  developed  differentiation, 
as  of  parts,  organs,  or  individuals,  with  refer- 
ence to  form,  appearance,  function,  etc. 

That  there  is  [in  women]  ...  a  mental  specialization 
joined  with  the  bodily  specialization  is  undeniable ;  and 
this  mental  specialization,  though  primarily  related  to  the 
rearing  of  offspring,  affects  in  some  degree  the  conduct  at 
large-  H.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  375. 

3.  In  biol.,  that  evolutionary  process  wherebv 
parts  or  organs  primitively  indifferent  or  of 
common  character  become   differentiated  in 
form  or  function  (usually  in  both);   also,  the 
result  of  such  process  or  course  of  develop- 
ment;   adaptive   modification.     The  most  exact 
synonym  is  differentiation  (which  see).    It  is  common  to 
say  differentiation  of  structure,  but  specialization  of  func- 
tion, giving  to  the  former  word  a  morphological  and  to 
the  latter  a  physiological  significance.     Since,  however 
change  of  form  almost  always  implies  change  in  use  of 
the  parts  thus  modified  in  adaptation  to  different  pur- 
poses, the  two  words  come  to  the  same  thing  in  the  end, 
and  may  be  interchanged.    The  whole  course  of  biological 
evolution  is  from  the  most  general  to  some  particular 
form  and  function,  or  from  that  which  is  simple,  primi- 
tive, indifferent,  and  low  in  the  scale  of  organization  to 
that  which  is  a  complex  of  particulars  and  thus  highly 
organized.    Such  specialization  is  expressed  both  in  the 
structure  of  any  of  the  higher  animals  and  plants,  regarded 
as  wholes  to  be  compared  with  other  wholes,  and  in  the 
structure  of  their  several  parts,  organs,  or  tissues,  com- 
pared with  one  another  in  the  same  animal  or  plant,  and 
compared  with  the  correspondingparts,  organs,  or  tissues 
in  different  animals  and  plants.    The  actual  ways  in  which 
or  means  by  which  specialization  is  known  or  supposed 
to  be  effected  are  among  the  broadest  problems  in  biology. 
See  biological  matter  under  evolution,  Darwinism,  selec- 
tion, survival,  variation,  species,  protoplasm,  morphology, 
homoloay,  analogy,  heredity,  environment,  and  words  of 
like  bearing  on  the  points  in  question. 

All  physiologists  admit  that  the  specialization  of  organs 
inasmuch  as  they  perform  in  this  state  their  functions 
better,  is  an  advantage  to  each  being. 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  122. 

This  [frizzly]  character  of  hair  must  be  a  specialization, 
for  it  seems  very  unlikely  that  it  was  the  attribute  of  the 
common  ancestors  of  the  human  race. 

W.  H.  Flower,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  320. 

Also  spelled  specialisation. 

specialize  (spesh'al-iz),  i?.;  pret.  and  pp.  spe- 
cialized, ppr.  specializing.  [=  F.  special* ser ; 
as  special  +  -ize.'}  I.  trans,  1.  To  make  indi- 
vidually or  generically  special  or  distinct ;  make 
specifically  distinct;  differentiate  from  other 
kinds  in  form,  adaptation,  or  characteristics, 
as  by  a  process  of  physical  development ;  limit 
to  a  particular  kind  of  development,  action,  or 
use.  See  specialization,  3. 

The  sensitiveness  of  the  filaments  [of  Dionxa  Muscipula] 
is  of  a  specialised  nature,  being  related  to  a  momentary 
touch  rather  than  to  prolonged  pressure. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  292. 

The  eye  is  a  highly  specialized  organ,  admirably  adapt- 
ed for  the  important  function  which  it  fulfils. 

Stokes,  Light,  p.  90. 

Prudence  may  be  said  to  be  merely  Wisdom  specialized 
by  the  definite  acceptance  of  Self-interest  as  its  sole  ulti- 
mate  end.  H.  Sidawick,  Methods  of  Ethics,  p.  S04 


specialize 

2t.   To  mention  specially  or  in  detail;  partic- 
ularize; specify, 
liur  Saviour  specialising  and  nominating  the  places. 

Sheldon,  .Miracles  (1010).  p.  ail. 

II.  intraiix.  To  act  in  some  special  way;  pur- 
sue a  special  course  or  direction;  take  a  spe- 
cific turn  or  bent. 

That  some  cells  have  specialised  on  the  amoeboid  char- 
acter is  seen  in  the  so-called  myeloplaxes. 

Lancet,  1889,  II.  035. 
Also  spelled  Kiii'dnlise. 

specializer  (spesVal-I-zer),  «.    One  who  makes 
a  specialty  of  anything;   a  specialist.     Also 
spelled  specialist*.     The  Nation. 
specially  (spesh'al-i),  adv.    [<  ME.  spatially, 
K/ici-iallirlic;  <  SpeOHH  +  -I;/'2.     Doublet,  of  MM- 
ritilh/.~\     1.  In  a  special  manner;  specifically; 
particularly;  exceptionally;  especially. 
Thay  snld  be  clene  of  euery  vyce, 
And.  xpeciallie,  of  Couatyce. 
Lander,  Dewtie  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  401. 
The  earth  ...  of  Scripture  generally  is  specially  the 
dry  land.  Hainan,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  101. 

2.  For  a  particular  reason  or  purpose;  by  spe- 
cial or  exceptional  action  or  proceeding:  as,  a 
meeting  specially  called ;  an  officer  specially  des- 
ignated. 

The  Latin  tongue  lived  on  in  Britain  after  the  with- 
drawal of  the  legions,  but  it  lived  on,  as  it  lives  on  in 
modern  countries,  as  a  book-language  specially  learned. 
E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  124. 

specialty  (spesh'al-ti),  ii. ;  pi.  specialties  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  specialte,  <  OF.  specialte,  speciaitte,  espe- 
cialte,  especiaiite,  etc.,  a  more  vernacular  tana 
of  special ite,  eapecialite,  etc.,  speciality:  see  spe- 
ciality.] 1.  The  fact  or  condition  of  being 
special  or  particular;  particularity  of  origin, 
cause,  use,  significance,  etc.  [Bare.] 

And  that  they  that  be  ordeynyd  to  sette  messys  bryug 
them  be  ordre  and  continuelly  tyl  alle  be  serued,  and  not 
inordinatly,  And  thorow  affeccion  to  personys  or  by  spe- 
ciatte.  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  330. 

It  is  no  denial  of  the  specialty  of  vital  or  psychical  phe- 
nomena to  reduce  them  to  the  same  elementary  motions 
as  those  manifested  in  cosmic  phenomena. 

O.  a.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  vl.  §  35. 

2.  The  special  or  distinctive  nature  of  any- 
thing; essence;  principle;  groundwork.  [Rare.] 

The  specialty  of  rule  hath  been  neglected. 

Shot.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  3.  78. 

3.  A  special  quality  or  characteristic;  a  dis- 
tinguishing feature ;  a  speciality.    See  special- 
ity, 1. 

The  Last  Supper  at  San  Marco  is  an  excellent  example 
of  the  natural  reverence  of  an  artist  of  that  time,  with 
whom  reverence  was  not,  as  one  may  say,  a  specialty. 

II.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  298. 

4.  A  special  or  particular  matter  or  thing; 
something  specific  or  exceptional  in  character, 
relation,  use,  or  the  like. 

Acosta  numbreth  diuerse  strange  specialties,  excepted 
from  the  generall  Rules  of  Natures  wonted  course. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  872. 

5.  A  special  employment  or  pursuit ;  a  distinct 
occupation  or  division  of  duty  or  interest ;  that 
which  one  does  especially,  either  by  choice  or 
by  assignment. 

As  each  individual  selects  a  special  mode  of  activity  for 
himself,  and  aims  at  improvement  in  that  specialty,  he 
finds  himself  attaining  a  higher  and  still  higher  degree  of 
aptitude  for  it. 
Dr.  Carpenter,  Correlation  and  Conserv.  of  Forces,  p.  410. 

6.  A  special  product   or  manufacture;  some- 
thing made  in  a  special  manner  or  form,  or  es- 
pecially characteristic  of  the  producer  or  of  the 
place  of  production :  as,  a  dealer  in  specialties : 
also,  an  article  to  which  a  dealer  professes  to 

Eay  special  attention  or  care,  or  which  is  al- 
;ged  to  possess  special  advantages  in  regard 
to  quality,  quantity,  or  price :  as,  fountain-pens 
a  specialty.  See  the  second  quotation  under 
speciality,  2. — 7.  In  laic,  an  instrument  under 
seal,  containing  an  express  or  implied  agree- 
ment for  the  payment  of  money.  The  word  has 
also  been  loosely  used  to  include  obligations  or  debts 
upon  recognizance,  judgments  and  decrees,  and  statutes, 
because  these,  being  matter  of  record,  rank  in  solemnity, 
conclusiveness,  and  endurance  with  free  contracts  under 
seal. 

Let  specialties  be  therefore  drawn  between  us. 

Shalt.,  T.  of  the  8.,  ii.  I.  127. 

All  instruments  under  seal,  of  record,  and  liabilities 
imposed  by  statute,  are  specialties  within  the  meaning  of 
the  Stat.  21  James  I.  Wood,  On  Limitation  of  Actions,  §  29. 

specie  (spe'sie  or  -she),  «.  [L.  specie,  abl.  of 
species,  kind,  formerly  much  used  in  the  phrase 
in  specie,  in  kind,  in  ML.  in  coin :  see  species.] 
1.  As  a  Latin  noun,  used  in  the  phrase  in  spe- 
cie: (a)  In  kind. 

So  a  lion  is  a  perfect  creature  in  himself,  though  it  be 
less  than  that  of  a  buffalo,  or  a  rhinocerote.  They  differ 


5806 

but  in  specie;  either  in  the  kind  is  absolute;  both  have 
their  parts,  ami  either  the  whole.    R.  Jonsim,  Discoveries. 

You  must  pay  him  in  rjirrir.  Madam ;  give  him  love  for 
his  wit.  Uryden,  Mock  Astrologer,  v.  1. 

Uneconomical  application  of  punishment,  though  prop- 
er, perhaps,  as  well  in  specie  as  in  degree. 
Bentham,  Introd.  to  Morals  and  Legislation,  xvi.  54,  note, 
(ft)  In  coin.  See  def.  "2.  Hence,  as  an  English 
noun  —  2.  Coin;  metallic  money;  a  medium 
of  exchange  consisting  of  gold  or  silver  (the 
precious  metals)  coined  by  sovereign  author- 
ity in  pieces  of  various  standard  weights 
and  values,  and  of  minor  coins  of  copper, 
bronze,  or  some  other  cheap  or  base  metal: 
often  used  attributively.  The  earliest  coinage  of 
specie  is  attributed  to  the  Lydians,  about  the  eighth  cen- 
tury B.  C.  Previously,  and  long  afterward  in  many  coun- 
tries, pieces  of  silver  and  gold  (the  latter  only  to  a  small 
extent)  were  passed  by  weight  in  payments,  as  lumps  of 
silver  are  still  in  China.  The  use  of  specie  as  a  measure 
of  price  is  based  upon  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  precious 
metals  as  commodities,  which  has  diminished  immensely 
since  ancient  times,  but  is  comparatively  stable  for  long 
peril  ids  under  normal  circumstances.  In  modern  civilized 
communities  specie  or  bullion  is  largely  used  by  banks  as 
a  basis  or  security  for  circulating  notes  (bank-notes)  rep- 
resenting  it.  In  times  of  great  financial  disturbance  this 
security  sometimes  becomes  inadequate  from  depletion 
or  through  excessive  issues  of  notes,  and  a  general  sus- 

Sension  of  specie  payments  takes  place,  followed  by  great 
epreciation  of  the  paper  money.  General  suspensions  of 
specie  payments  occurred  in  the  United  States  in  1837, 
1867,  and  1861,  the  last,  due  to  the  civil  war,  continuing 
till  1879.  Specie  payments  by  British  banks  were  sus- 
pended by  law,  in  consequence  of  the  French  wars,  from 
1797  to  1823,  but  were  actually  resumed  by  the  Bank  of 
England  in  1821.  Similar  interruptions  of  solvency  have 
occurred  in  the  other  European  countries,  resulting  in 
Austria  and  Russia  in  an  apparently  permanent  substitu- 
tion of  depreciated  paper  money  for  specie  in  ordinary  use 
and  reckoning.— Specie  circular,  in  U.  S.  hint.,  a  circu- 
lar issued  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  July,  183«, 
by  direction  of  President  Jackson,  ordering  United  States 
agents  to  receive  in  future  only  gold  and  silver  or  Trea- 
sury certificates  in  payment  for  government  lands, 
species  (spe'shez),  H.  ;  pi.  species.  [In  ME. 
spece,  spice,  species,  kind,  spice  (see  spice1);  in 
mod.  E.  directly  from  the  L. ;  =  F.  espece,  spe- 
cies (especes,  coin),  =  Sp.  Pg.  especie  =  It. 
xpezie  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  xpecies,  species  (D.  spe- 
cie =  Dan.  specie,  specie),  <  L.  species,  a  see- 
ing, sight,  usually  in  passive  sense,  look,  form, 
show,  display,  beauty,  an  apparition,  etc.,  a  par- 
ticular sort,  "a  species,  LL.  a  special  case,  also 
spices,  drugs,  fruits,  provisions,  etc.,  ML.  also 
a  potion,  a  present,  valuable  property,  NL.  also 
coin,  <  spectre,  look,  see,  =  OHG.  spelidii,  MHO. 
spehen  (>  It.  spiare  —  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  expiar  =  OF. 


espier,  F.  epier :  see  spa),  G.  spatien,  spy,  = 
Gr.  dKCTrreaGai,  look,  =  Skt.  -\/  spaq,  later  pflf, 
see.  Hence  special,  especial,  specie,  specify,  spe- 
cious, spice,  etc.  From  the  same  L.  verb  are  ult. 
E.  spectacle,  aspect,  expect,  inspect,  prospect,  re- 
spect, suspect,  etc.,  respite,  despise,  suspicion, 
etc.,  and  the  second  element  in  aiisjtice,  frontis- 
piece, etc.]  1.  An  appearance  or  representa- 
tion to  the  senses  or  the  perceptive  faculties ; 
an  image  presented  to  the  eye  or  the  mind. 
According  to  the  Roman  Catholic  doctrine  of  transnb- 
si initiation,  the  species,  the  outward  and  visible  forms  or 
the  appearance  of  bread  and  wine  in  the  eucharist,  are 
the  accidents  only  of  bread  and  wine  severally,  the  sub- 
stance no  longer  existing  after  consecration.  See  inten- 
tional species,  below. 

The  sun,  the  great  eye  of  the  world,  prying  into  the  re- 
cesses of  rocks  and  the  hollowness  of  valleys,  receives 
species  or  visible  forms  from  these  objects. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  782. 

Wit  ...  is  no  other  than  the  faculty  of  imagination  in 
the  writer,  which  searches  over  all  the  memory  for  the 
species  or  ideas  of  those  things  which  it  designs  to  repre- 
sent. Uryden. 

By  putting  such  a  rubric  into  its  Missal,  the  church  of 
Milan  sought  to  express  nothing  more  than  that  the  acci- 
dents or  species  of  the  sacrament  are  broken. 

Rode,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  125. 

2f.  Something  to  be  seen  or  looked  at ;  a  spec- 
tacle or  exhibition ;  a  show. 
Shows  and  species  serve  best  with  the  people.      Bacon. 

3.  [Tr.  of  Gr.  cldof .]  In  logic,  and  hence  in  ordi- 
nary language,  a  class  included  under  a  higher 
class,  or,  at  least,  not  considered  as  including 
lower  classes ;  a  kind ;  a  sort ;  a  number  of  in- 
dividuals having  common  characters  peculiar 
to  them. 

Ther  is  a  privee  spece  of  pride  that  waiteth  first  to  be 
salewed  er  he  wol  salewe.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

Different  essences  alone  .  .  .  make  different  species. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  III.  vi.  35. 

It  is  well  for  thee  that  ...  we  came  under  a  conven- 
tion to  pardon  every  species  of  liberty  which  we  may  take 
with  each  other.  Scott,  Redgauntlet,  letter  iii. 

A  poor  preacher  being  the  worst  possible  species  of  a 
poor  man.  W.  M.  Baiter,  New  Timothy,  p.  222. 

4.  One  of  the  kinds  of  things  constituting  a 
combined  aggregate  or  a  compound ;  a  distinct 


species 

constituent  part  or  element ;  an  instrumental 
means :  as,  the  s/n  <v>.<  of  a  compound  medicine. 
[Now  rare  in  this  medical  sense,  and  obsolete 
or  archaic  in  others.] 

In  Algebra,  Species  are  those  Letters,  Characters,  Notes, 
or  Marks  which  represent  the  Quantities  in  any  Equation 
or  Demonstration. 

E.  Phillips,  New  World  of  Words  (ed.  1706). 

5.  Iii  Mnl.,  that  which  is  specialized  or  differ- 
entiated recognizably  from  anything  else  of 
the  same  genus,  family,  or  order;  an  individual 
which  differs,  or  collectively  those  individuals 
which  differ,  specifically   from   all   the   other 
members  of  the  genus,  etc.,  and  which  do  not 
differ  from  one  another  in  size,  shape,  color, 
and  so  on,  beyond  the  limits  of  (actual  or  as- 
sumed) individual    variability,  as   those   ani- 
mals and  plants  which  stand  in  the  direct  re- 
lation of  parent  and  offspring,  and  perpetuate 
certain  inherited  characters  intact  or  with  that 
little  modification  which  is  due  to  conditions  of 
environment.     Species  is  thus  practically,  and  for  pur- 
poses of  classification,  the  middle  term  between  gemts  on 
the  one  hand  and  individual  (or  specimen)  on  the  other ; 
and  only  the  latter  can  be  said  in  strictness  to  have  ma- 
terial existence,  so  that  species,  like  <ji:mtx,  etc.,  is  in  this 
sense  an  abstract  conception.    It  is  also  an  assured  fact 
in  biology  that  no  given  stock  or  lineage  breeds  perfectly 
true  In  all  its  individuals ;  the  line  of  descent  is  always 
marked  by  modification  of  characters  (due  to  the  inter- 
action between  heredity  and    environment);  the  whole 
tendency  of  such  modification  is  toward  further  speciali- 
zation, in  the  preservation  of  the  more  useful  and  the 
extinction  of  the  less  useful  or  the  useless  characters,  and 
thus  to  the  gradual   acquirement,  by  insensible  incre- 
ments, of  differences  impressed  upon  a  plastic  organism 
from  without  — which  is  as  much  as  to  say  that  new  spe- 
cies have  always  been  in  process  of  evolution,  and  still 
continue  to  be  so  developed.     (See  biological  senses  of 
evolution,  selection,  survival,  and  variation.)    Such  evolu- 
tion has  in  fact  been  arrested  at  some  point  for  every  spe- 
cies once  existent  whose  members  have  perished  in  time 
past ;  and  of  those  specific  forms  whose  adaptation  to  their 
environment  has  fitted  them  to  survive  till  the  present 
some  are  tending  to  perpetuation  and  some  to  extinction, 
but  all  are  subject  to  incessant  modification,  for  better  or 
worse.    (See  atavism,  reversion,  2,  retrograde,  a.,  8,  degra- 
dation, 7, »,  and  parasitism,  2.)    Such  are  theviewstaken  by 
nearly  all  biologists  of  the  present  day,  in  direct  opposition 
to  the  former  opinion  of  a  special  creation,  which  pro- 
ceeded  upon  the  assumption   that  all  species  of  animals 
and  plant  i.  such  as  we  find  them  actually  to  be,  came  into 
existence  by  creative  flat  at  some  one  time,  and  have  since 
been  perpetuated  with  little  if  any  modification.    In  con- 
sequence of  the  fact  that  the  greatest  as  well  as  the  least 
differences  in  organisms  are  of  degree  and  not  of  kind,  no 
rigorous  and  unexceptionable  definition  of  tpecies  is  pos- 
sible In  either  the  animal  or  the  vegetable  kingdom ;  and 
in  the  actual  naming,  characterizing,  and  classifying  of  spe- 
cies naturalists  differ  widely,  some  reducing  to  one  or  two 
species  the  same  series  of  individuals  which  others  describe 
as  a  dozen  or  twenty  species.     (See  lumper,  3,  splitter,  2.) 
This,  however,  is  rather  a  nomenclatural  than  a  doctrinal 
difference.    The  difficulty  of  deciding  in  many  cases,  and 
the  impossibility  of  deciding  in  some,  what  degree  of 
difference  between  given  specimens  shall  be  considered 
specific,  and  so  formally  named  in  the  binomial  system, 
have  led  to  the  introduction  of  several  terms  above  and 
below  the  species  (see  submenus,  subspedts,  conspecies,  va- 
riety, race*,  5  (a)  (b),  intergrade,  v.  i .),  and  also  to  a  modi- 
fication of  the  binomial   nomenclature  (see  polynomial, 
2,  and  trinomial).     Two  tests  are  commonly  applied  to 
the  discrimination  between  good  species  and  mere  sub- 
species or  varieties  :  (1)  the  individuals  of  thoroughly 
distinct  species  do   not  interbreed,  or,  if  they  are  near 
enough  to  hybridize,  their  progeny  is  usually  infertile,  so 
that  the  cross  is  not  in  perpetuity :  the  horse  and  ass  offer 
a  good  case  in  point;  (•-)  the  specific  distinctions  do  not 
vanish  by  insensible  degrees  when  large  series  of  speci- 
mens from  different  geographical  localities  or  geological 
horizons  are  available  for  comparison ;  for,  should  char- 
acters  assumed  to  be  distinctive,  and  therefore  specific, 
be  found  to  grade  away  under  such  scrutiny,  they  are  by 
that  fact  proved  to  be  non-specific,  and  the  specimens  in 
question  are  reducible  to  the  rank  of  conspecies,  subspe- 
cies, varieties,  or  races.     Attempts  which  have  been  made 
to  separate  mankind  into  several  species  of  the  genus  Homo 
fail  according  to  both  of  the  criteria  above  stated.    To 
these  may  be  added,  in  judging  the  validity  of  an  alleged 
species,  the  third  premise,  that  stable  specific  forms  are  • 
evolved  by  or  in  the  course  of  natural  selection  only ;  for 
all  the  countless  stocks  or  breeds  resulting  from  artificial 
selection,  however  methodically  conducted,  tend  to  re- 
vert when  left  to  themselves,  and  also  hybridize  freely  ; 
they  are  not  therefore  in  perpetuity  except  under  culti- 
vation, and  are  no  species  in  a  proper  sense,  though  their 
actual  differences  may  have  become,  under  careful  selec- 
tion, far  greater  than  those  usually  accounted  specific  or 
even  generic.    (See  dog,  rosei.)    Taking  into  account  geo- 
logical succession  in  time  as  well  as  geographical  distri- 
bution in  space,  and  proceeding  upon  accepted  doctrines 
of  the  evolution  of  all  forms  of  animal  and  vegetable  life 
from  antecedent  forms,  it  is  evident,  first,  that  "  species  " 
is  predicable  only  by  means  of  the  "missing  links"  in  the 
chains  of  genetic  relationships ;   for,  were  all  organisms 
that  have  ever  existed  before  our  eyes  in  their  actual  evo- 
lutionary sequences,  we  should  find  no  gap  or  break  in 
the  whole  series ;  but,  secondly,  that  development  along 
numberless  diverging  lines  of  descent  with  modification 
has  in  fact  resulted  (through  obliteration  of  the  consecu- 
tive steps  in  the  process)  in  the  living  fauna  and  flora  of 
the  globe,  in  respect  of  which  not  only  specific,  but  ge- 
neric, ordinal,  and  still  broader  distinctions  are  easily  and 
certainly  predicable.    It  does  not  appear  that  any  ani- 
mal or  plant  has  always  maintained  what  we  now  find  its 


specific  character  to  be ;  yet  the   persistence  of   * 
forms  under  no  greater  variation  than  that  usually 


some 

at- 


species 

counted  generic  is  established,  as  in  the  case  of  thr  ;:-• 
iiu-  Linijula,  whose  members  have  survived  from  the  si. 
Inrian  to  the  present  epoch  with  only  specific  modillca- 
tinn.  In  the  animal  kingdom  probalily  about  250,000  spe- 
eies  have  been  described,  recorded,  and  formally  naiiinl 
liy  a  word  following  the  name  of  the  genus  to  which  they 
are  severally  ascribed  (see  under  uperific);  the  artna'l 
Bomber  <>f  sjpccics  is  doubtless  much  greater  than  this; 
some  200,000  species  are  insects  (~ee  Innn-ta),  .if  which 
M.OOO  or  more  belong  to  one  order  (see  fiilm/iimi).  These 
estimates  are  exclusive  of  merely  nominal  species,  ise, 
Minimum.  >  The  known  species  of  dowering  plants  are 
summed  up  by  Diiraml  in  his  "Index  Oenerum  Phancro- 
noronUD  as  follows:  dicotyledons,  7S/.200;  monocotyle- 
dons, 19,600  ;  gymnosperins,  2,420—  in  all,  HX),2-20  This  is 
the  net  result  after  extensive  sifting.  To  this  number 
large  additions  are  to  be  expected  from  regions,  as  central 
Africa,  still  imperfectly  or  not  at  all  explored.  Of  the 
number  of  cryptogams  no  reliable  estimate  can  at  present 
be  given.  The  described  species  of  fungi,  judging  from 
the  eight  volumes  of  Saccardo's  work  now  published,  are 
likely  to  number,  before  sifting,  about  50,000.  Abbrevi- 
ated sp.  ,  with  plural  spp. 
6t.  Coin;  metallic  money;  specie.  See  specie. 

Rome  possessed  a  much  greater  proportion  of  the  circu- 
lating species  of  its  time  than  any  European  city. 

Arbuthnot,  Ancient  Coins. 
Species,  your  honour  knows,  is  of  easier  conveyance. 

Garriclt,  Neck  or  Nothing,  ii.  2. 

He  [Necker]  affirms  that,  from  the  year  1726  to  the  year 
1784,  there  was  coined  at  the  mint  of  Prance,  in  the  species 
of  gold  and  silver,  to  the  amount  of  about  one  hundred 
millions  of  pounds  sterling.  Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

7.  One  of  a  class  of  pharmaceutical  prepara- 
tions consisting  of  a  mixture  of  dried  herbs  of 
analogous  medicinal  properties,  used  for  mak- 
ing decoctions,  i7ifusions,  etc.  See  under  tea. 

—  8.  In  eii-il  law,  the  form  or  shape  given  to 
materials;  fashion;  form;   figure.      Biirrill.  — 
9.  In  math.  :  (a)  A  letter  in  algebra  denoting 
a  quantity.    [This  meaning  was  borrowed  by  some  early 
writers  from  the  French  of  Viete,  who  derived  it  from  a 
Latin  translation  of  Diophantus,  who  uses  ei£o«  to  mean 
a  term  of  a  polynomial  in  a  particular  power  of  the  un- 
known quantity.]    (fc)  A  fundamental  operation 
of  arithmetic.     See  Hie  four  species,  below.  — 
Disjunct  species,  in  logic.    See  disjunct.—  Intelligi- 
ble species.    See  intentional  species.  —  Intentional  spe- 
Cies,  a  similitude  or  simulacrum  of  an  outward  thing  ;  The 
vicarious  object  in  perception  and  thought,  according  to 
the  doctrine  held  and  attributed  to  Aristotle  by  the  me- 
dieval realists,  beginning  with  Aquinas.    Such  species 
were  divided  into  sensible  species  and  intelligible  species, 
which  distinction  and  terminology,  originating  with  Aqui- 
nas, were  accepted  by  Scotus  and  others.    The  sensible 
species  mediated  between  the  outward  object  and  the 
senses.   They  were  metaphorically  called  emanations,  but, 
being  devoid  of  matter,  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  the 
emanations  of  Democritus,  from  which  they  also  differ  in 
being  related  to  other  senses  besides  sight.    So  far  as  they 
belong  to  the  outward  thing  they  were  called  impressed, 
so  far  as  they  are  perceived  by  the  mind  expressed  specie*. 
From  these  sensible  species  the  agent  intellect,  by  an  act 
of  abstraction,  was  supposed  to  separate  certain  intelli- 
gible species,  which  the  higher  or  patient  intellect  was 
able  to  perceive.    These  intelligible  species  so  far  as  they 
belong  to  sense  were  called  impressed,  so  far  as  they  are 
perceived  by  the  intellect  expressed  species.     Species  were 
further  distinguished  as  acquired,  infused,  and  connatu- 
ral.   The  doctrine  of  intentional  species  was  rejected  by 
the  nominalists,  and  exploded  early  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  but  not  until  the  nineteenth  was  it  generally 
acknowledged  to  be  foreign  to  the  opinion  of  Aristotle. 

—  Nascent  species,  in  Wot,  a  species  of  animal  or  plant 
in  the  act,  as  it  were,  of  being  born  or  produced  ;  an 
incipient  species,  whose  characters  are  not  yet  estab- 
lished in  the  course  of  its  development.  —  Sensible  spe- 
cies.    See  intentional  species.—  Species  anthelminti- 
C89,  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  absinthium,  tansy,  camo- 
mile, and  santonica.—  Species  diuretics,  a  mixture  of 
equal  parts  of  roots  of  lovage,  asparagus,  fennel,  parsley, 
and  butcher's-broom.  —  Species  laxantes.    Same  as  St. 
Germain  tea  (which  see,  under  tea).  —  Species  pecto- 
rales.    Same  as  breast  tea  (which  see,  under  tea).  —  Spe- 
cies sudoriftcse.   Same  as  wood  tea  (which  see,  under  tea). 
—Subaltern  species,  in  logic,  that  which  is  both  a  spe- 
cies of  some  higher  genus  and  a  genus  in  respect  of  the 
species  into  which  it  is  divided.  —  The  four  species,  the 
four  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic  —  addition,  sub- 
traction, multiplication,  and  division.    This  phrase,  rare 
in  English  but  common  in  German,  seems  to  have  been 


5807 


tions.     (/i)  One  who  is  finical   in   drawing  up 

specific    diagnoses,    or    given    to    distinctions 

without  a  difference.     [Cant  in  both  senses.] 

species-paper  (BpS'shfz-pft'per),  ».    Same  as 


specificness 


Always  you  tind  among  people,  in  proportion  as  they  are 
ignorant,  a  belief  in  gpedficn,  and  a  great  confidence  in 
pressing  the  adoption  of  them. 

//.  .v/,,  /,,.,,  -luily  of  Soclol.,  p.  20. 

pecifical  (spe-sif'i-kal),  n.     [<  .v/wr/'/iV  +  -«'.] 
species-Sheet  (spe'shez-shet),   «.     One  of  the     !Sim"'  ils  "I'^'fi''-     [Archaic.] 
sheets  or  pieces  of  paper  upon  which  the  indi-        Tocompel  the  performance  of  the  contract,  and  i 
»•;,], ,.,t  ..,.^..;.v, —  ~  „*•  .. .:„,.  i..   _  i i >_  the  wi-i/iral  sum  due.  Blackstune,  Ctjtn.,  III.  ix. 

specifically  (spe-sifi-kal-i),  inlr.     1.    In  n  .-pe 
cific  manner;  according  to  the  nature  of  the 


vidual  specimens  of  a  species  in  a  herbarium 
are  mounted  for  preservation  and  display.  They 
are  usually  made  of  heavy  stilf  white  paper,  the  standard 
size  of  which  is,  in  the  United  states,  IftJ  x  Hi  inches 

TpS  Jffi  ol,  !TZ.t  Ed'&SKS-  is^ceS  K  f'PMcitly;  *  a  particular  sense,  or  with  a  pa', 

lower  right-hand  corner.  tictllarly  differentiated  application. 
specifiable  (spes'i-fi-a-bl),  a.  [<  spei-ifi/  +  -able.]        But  it  is  i 

That  maybe  specified;  capable  of  being  dis-  a  substance 

tinctly  named  or  stated.  whatsoever. 

A  minute  but  specifiable  fraction  of  an  original  disturb-     aJKXSSjL'rfXh  *£,*"  ^"^""X^^  to  « 
ance  may  be  said  to  get  through  any  obstacle.  SoutJ''  Sermons. 

Xature,  XXXVIII.  592.     2.  With  reference  to  a  species,  or  to  specific 
specific  (spe-sif'ik),  a.  and  w.     [<OF.specifi<iitc,     difference;  as  a  species. 
F.  specifique  =  SD.  esvecifico  =  PIT.  tgoecHleo  =  specificalness  (spe-sif'i-kal-nes),  «.     The  state 


species  or  of  the  case;  definitely:  particularly ; 

' 


Hut  it  is  rather  manifest  that  the  essence  of  spirits  is 

""'•"' — IptcMcalb  distinct  from  all  cori.un  al  matti-r 

Dr.  IS.  Mure,  Antidoteagainst  Atheism,  iii.  IL'. 


, 

first  so  applied  by  the  East  Frisian  mathematician  Gemma 
in  1540.  It  was  borrowed  from  logic,  where  since  Petrus 
Hispanus  four  species  of  logical  procedure  are  enumer- 
ated in  all  the  old  books.  Thus,  Wilson  (1551)  says  : 
"  There  be  fower  kindes  of  argumentes,  a  perfeicte  argu- 
ment, an  unperfeicte  argument,  an  inductfone,  an  exam- 
ple"; and  Blundeville  (1599):  "There  bee  foure  principall 
kindes  or  formes  of  argumentation,  that  is,  a  syllogisme, 
an  induction,  an  enthymeme,  and  example." 

species-cover  (spe'shez-kuv"er),  ».  The  cover 
used  in  a  herbarium  to  inclose  and  protect  all 
the  species-sheets  of  a  single  species.  Such 
covers  are  usually  made  of  folded  sheets  of  light-weight 
brown  paper,  a  little  larger  than  the  species-sheets. 

species-cycle  (spe'shez-si"kl),  ti.  In  bot,  the 
complete  series  of  forms  needed  to  represent 
adequately  the  entire  life-history  of  a  species. 

species-monger  (spe'shez-mung"ger),  n.  In 
nat.  hist.  :  (a)  One  who  occupies  himself  main- 
ly or  exclusively  in  naming  and  describing  spe- 
cies, without  inclination  to  study,  or  perhaps 
without  ability  to  grasp,  their  significance  as 
biological  facts;  a  specialist  in  species,  who 
cares  little  or  nothing  for  broader  generaliza- 


specifi- 

., , J.]     I.   ft.    it    That  is  specified  or  •'•"tun,  pp.  of  »i>n-ifi<-nr<;  specify:  see  specif//.  \ 

defined ;  distinctly  named,  formulated,  or  de-  To  denote  or  distinguish  specifically ;  specify, 
termined;  of  a  special  kinder  a  definite  tenor ;  Now  life  Is  the  character  by  which  Christ  specificates  and 
determinate ;  explicit :  as,  a  specific  sum  of  denominates  himself.  Donne,  Sermons,  vii. 

money;  a  specific  offer;  specific  obligations  or  specification  (spes'l-fi-ka'shon),  11.  [=  F.  gpe- 
duties ;  a  specific  aim  or  pursuit.  cification  =  Sp.  especificacion  =  Pg.  especificai-ao 


a  definite  or  formal  mention  of  particulars:  as. 


A11  wno  had  relatives  or  friends  in  this  predicament 
were  required  to  "Inll8h  a  '"1^  Isa 


J.  Sully,  Outlines  of  Psychol.,  p.  ..„. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  accordant  with  what  is  spe-  a  «Pe«>'«'»°»  of  one's  requirements, 
cified  or  determined;  relating  to  or  regarding 

a  definite  subject ;  conformable  to  special  oc- 
casion or  requirement,  prescribed   terms,  or  9     . 
pSrnditi°nS;  ha^a^-luseorap-  Ld5l$K_ 

It  was  in  every  way  stimulating  and  suggestive  to  have  clalnl>an  accusation,  an  estimate,  a  plan,  or  an 

detected  a  specific  bond  of  relationship  in  speech  and  in  assertion  is  based :  as,  the  specifications  of  an 

culture  between  such  different  peoples  as  the  English  and  architect  or  an  engineer,  of  an  indictment,  etc.; 

the  Hindus.                         J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  109.  the  specification  of  the  third  charge  against  a 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  species,    (a)  Pertaining  prisoner';  statements  unsupported  by  xpccifiea- 
•"  a^  logical  species.    (6)  In  zool.  and  bot.,  of  or  pertain,  lions.— 3.   The  act  of  making  specific,  or  the 

jtic'of  a  spies'-' deJdg.'  state  of  naving  a  specific  character;  reference 


..  <  or  particular  specified;  a 

special  point,  detail,  or  reckoning  upon  which  a 


.:  fae  o      avng  a  specc  caracter;  reerence 

nating  or  denominating  a  species ;  not  generic  or  of  wider     '°  or  correlation  with  a  species  or  kind  ;  deter- 

mination  of  species  or  specific  relation. 


For,  were  this  the  method,  miracles  would  no  more 
be  miracles  than  the  diurnal  revolution  of  the  sun,  the 
growth  and  specification  of  plants  and  animals,  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  magnet,  and  the  like. 

Evelyn,  True  Religion,  II.  195. 

Here  we  may  refer  to  two  principles  which  Kant  put 
forward  under  the  names  of  Homogeneity  and  Specifica- 
tion. F.  a.  Bradley,  Ethical  Studies,  p.  68. 


application  than  to  a  species :  as,  specific  characters ;  spe- 
cific difference ;  a  specific  name.  See  generic,  subgenerie, 
conspecific,  ttubspecific. 

4.  Peculiar;  special. 

Their  style,  like  the  style  of  Boiardo  in  poetry,  of  Botti- 
celli in  painting,  is  specific  to  Italy  in  the  middle  of.  the 
fifteenth  century.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  251. 

5.  In  law,  having  a  certain  or  well-defined  form 
or  designation ;  observing  a  certain  form;  pre- 
cise.— 6.  In  men.,  related  to  special  infection,     4.  In  patent  law,  the  applicant's  description 
particularly  syphilitic  infection;  produced  by     P^  the  manner  of  constructing  and  using  his 
some  distinct  zymotic  poison — Specific  cause,  in     invention,    it  is  required  to  be  so  explicit  as  to  enable 
med.,  a  cause  which  in  operation  will  produce  some  spe-     any  person  skilled  in  the  art  or  science  to  make  and  use 
ciid  disease.—  Specific  centers,  points  or  periods  in  the     'he  same ;  and  in  the  United  States  it  forms  part  of  the 

patent,  which  cannot  therefore  protect  the  inventor  in 
anything  not  within  the  specification. 
5.  In  civil  lair,  the  formation  of  a  new  property 
from  materials  belonging  to  another  person'. 
Specification  exists  where  a  person  works  up  materials  be- 
longing to  another  into  something  which  must  be  taken 
to  be  a  new  substance  — for  example,  where  whisky  is 
made  from  corn.  The  effect  is  that  the  owner  of  the 
materials  loses  his  property  in  them,  and  has  only  an  ac- 
tion for  the  value  of  them  against  the  person  by  whom 
they  have  been  used.  The  doctrine  originates  In  the  civil 
law,  but  has  been  adopted  by  the  common  law,  under 
the  name  of  confusion  and  accession,  at  least  where  the 
person  making  the  specification  acts  in  good  faith.— Ac- 
cusative Of  specification.  Same  as  synecdochical  accu- 
sative. See  synecdochical.— Charge  and  specifications. 
See  charge.— Law  of  specification,  in  Kantian  pMlos., 
the  logical  principle  that,  however  far  the  process  of  logi- 
cal determination  may  be  carried,  it  can  always  be  carried 
further.— Principle  of  specification,  in  Kantian  phOos. : 
(a)  The  logical  maxim  that  we  should  be  careful  to  Intro 
duce  into  a  hypothesis  all  the  elements  which  the  facts  to 
be  explained  call  for,  or  that  entiwm  carietates  non  temerr 
esse  minuendas,  which  is  a  counteracting  maxim  to  Oc- 
cam's razor.  (6)  Same  as  law  of  specification. 

(spes-i-fis'i-ti),  n.    [< sped. fie  +  -iti/.] 
of  being  specific,  or  of  having  a  spe- 
cific  character  or  relation ;   specific  affinity, 
cause,  origin,  or  effect;  specificnegs.  [Recent.] 


, , --peri — 

course  of  evolution  at  which  an  organism  is  supposed  to 
become  specifically  differentiated  from  a  common  stock, 

having  assumed  or  acquired  its  specific  characters 

Specific  characters,  in  zool.  and  bot.,  the  diagnostic 
marks  of  a  species ;  differences,  of  whatever  kind,  which 
are  peculiar  to  a  species  and  serve  to  distinguish  it 
from  any  other.  The  sum  of  such  characters,  or  the 
total  specific  characteristics,  are  also  spoken  of  as  the 
specific  character.  Any  one  such  mark  or  feature  is  o 
specific  character.—  Specific  denial,  in  law,  denial  which 
itself  rehearses  what  is  denied,  or  which  sufficiently  speci- 
fies what  particular  part  of  the  adversary's  allegations  are 
denied,  as  distinguished  from  a  general  denial  of  all  his 
allegations.—  Specific  difference,  in  logic.  See  differ- 
ence.— Specific  disease,  a  disease  produced  by  a  special 
infection,  as  syphilis.  — Specific  duty,  in  a  tariff,  an  im- 
post of  specified  amount  upon  any  object  of  a  particular 
kind,  or  upon  a  specified  quantity  of  a  commodity,  entered 
at  a  custom-house.—  Specific  gravity.  See  gravity.— 
Specific  heat.  See  heat.—  Specific  Inductive  capa- 
city. See  capacity  and  induction,  6.  — Specific  intent, 

legacy,  lien.  See  the  nouns.— Specific  medicine  or 
remedy,  a  medicine  or  remedy  that  has  a  distinct  effect 
in  the  cure  of  a  certain  disease,  as  mercury  in  syphilis,  or 
quinine  in  intermittent  fever. — Specific  name,  in  zotil. 
and  bot.,  the  second  term  in  the  binomial  name  of  an  ani- 
mal or  a  plant,  which  designates  or  specifies  a  member  of  a 
genus,  and  which  is  joined  to  the  generic  name  to  complete 
the  scientific  or  technical  designation.  Thus,  in  the  name 
Felis  leo,  leo  is  the  specific  name,  designating  the  lion  as  a 
member  of  the  genus  Felis,  and  as  specifically  different 
from  Felis  tiyris,  the  tiger,  Felis  catus,  the  wildcat,  etc. 
Also  called  nomen  specificum,  and  formerly  nomen  triviale 
or  trivial  name.  See  binomial,  2,  and  nomen. — Specific 
performance,  relief,  resistance.  See  the  nouns.— Spe- 
cific rotatory  power.  See  rotatory. = Syn,  1  and  2.  Par- 
ticular, etc.  See  special. 


The  suddenness,  vigour,  and  specificity  of  their  effects. 
F.  W.  II.  Myers,  Proc.  Lond.  Soc.  Psychic  Research. 
Are  we  any  longer  to  allow  to  this  disease  [cowpox]  any 
high  degree  of  specificity?  Lancet,  1889, 1.  1130. 

specificize   (spe-sif'i-siz),  r.  t.;   pret.   and  pp. 

II.  n.  Something  adapted  or  expected  to  pro-    specificised,  ppr.  specifiri:ing.  [<  specific  +  -i:r .] 
t;  that  which  is,  or  is  sup-    To  make  specific;  give  a  special  or  specific 


duce  a  specific  effect  , 

posed  to  be,  capable  of  infallibly  bringing  about     character  to.     [Recent.] 

a  desired  result;  especially,  a  remedy  which 

cures,  or  tends  to  cure,  a  certain  disease,  what- 

ever  may  be  its  manifestations,  as  mercury  used  specificness  (spe-sif'ik-nes),  ». 

as  a  remedy  for  syphilis.  character  of  being  specific. 


The  richest  spedfinzed  apparatus  of  nervous  media- 
ni9111-  Alien,  and  Xeurd.,  VI.  4SS. 

The  state  or 


specify 

specify  (spes'i-fi),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  xprcijieit, 
ppr.  .i/>i'cifi/iiii/.  [<  .MK.  xiiiri/fi/i-ii,  ftpt-riticii,  < 
OF.  specifier,  i.i/u<'(!ici-,  V. specifier  =  I'r.  Sp.  Pg. 
fx/if<-itirtir  =  It.  .•i/MTijii-in-i  =  I).  .•i/nTiJicerrii  = 
(',.  spn-Uii-irt'ii  =  !S\v.  spi-i-ilid-ru  =  Dun.  xprciji- 
i-i'i-e,  <  ML.  sperififan ,  make  specific,  mention 
specifically,  (.specific us,  specific,  particular:  see 
xpri'ijic.]  1.  To  mention  specifically  or  ex- 
plicitly; state  exactly  or  in  detail;  name  dis- 
tinctly: as,  to  specify  the  persons  concerned  in 
a  given  act ;  to  specify  one's  wants,  or  articles 
required. 

Ther  cowde  no  man  the  nowmber  specific. 

Gentry dea  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1963. 

I  nevere  hadde  to  do  more  with  the  seyd  John  Wortes 
than  is  specified  in  the  seyd  instruction. 

Pafton  Letters,  I.  20. 

There  is  no  need  of  specifying  particulars  in  this  class 
of  uses.  Emerson,  Nature,  p.  17. 

2.  To  name  as  a  requisite,  as  in  technical  spe- 
cifications ;  set  down  in  a  specification. — 3. 
To  make  specific ;  give  a  specific  character  to ; 
distinguish  as  of  a  species  or  kind.  [Rare.] 

Be  specified  in  yourself,  but  not  specified  by  anything 
foreign  to  yourself.  F.  H.  Bradley,  Ethical  Studies,  p.  71. 

=  Syn.  To  indicate,  particularize,  individualize. 

specillum  (spe-sil'um),  n. ;  pi.  specilla  (-a).  [L., 
<  specere,  look, behold:  see  species.]  1.  Iinwcrf., 
a  probe. —  2.  A  lens;  an  eye-glass. 

specimen  (spes'i-men),  n.  [=  F.  specimen  = 
hp.  espccimen.  <  L.  specimen,  that  by  which  a 
thing  is  known,  a  mark,  token,  proof,  <  spe- 
cere, see:  see  species.]  1.  A  part  or  an  indi- 
vidual taken  as  exemplifying  a  whole  mass  or 
number;  something  that  represents  or  illus- 
trates all  of  its  kind ;  au  illustrative  example : 
as,  a  collection  of  geological  specimens;  a  wild 
specimen  of  the  human  or  of  the  feline  race ;  a 
specimen  page  of  a  book  (a  page  shown  as  a 
specimen  of  what  the  whole  is  or  is  to  be) ;  a 
specimen  copy  of  a  medal. 

The  best  specimens  of  the  Attic  coinage  give  a  weight 
of  4.360  grammes  (67.38-f  grains  Troy)  for  the  drachma. 

Tram.  Amer.  PhUol.  Ass.,  XVI.  117. 
Curzola  is  a  perfect  specimen  of  a  Venetian  town. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  20S. 

The  leaf  sculpture  of  the  door  jambs  of  the  Cathedral 
of  Florence  affords  specimens  of  the  best  Italian  work  of 
this  sort  (fourteenth  century). 

C.  H.  Moore,  Gothic  Architecture,  p.  206. 

2.  In  zool.  and  but.,  an  individual  animal  or 
plant,  or  some  part  of  one,  prepared  and  pre- 
served for  scientific  examination ;  an  example 
of  a  species  or  other  group ;  a  preparation:  as, 
a  specimen  of  natural  history;  a.  specimen  of  the 
dog  or  the  rose.  Abbreviated  sp.  and  spec. — 3. 
A  typical  individual ;  one  serving  as  a  specially 
striking  or  exaggerated  example  of  the  kind  in- 
dicated. [Jocose  and  colloq.] 
There  were  some  curious  specimens  among  my  visitors. 
Thoremt,  Walden,  p.  163. 

=  Syn,  Specimen,  Sample.  A  specimen  is  a  part  of  a  larger 
whole  employed  to  exhibit  the  nature  or  kind  of  that  of 
which  it  forms  a  part,  without  reference  to  the  relative 
quality  of  individual  portions;  thus,  a  cabinet  of  miner- 
alogical  specimens  exhibits  the  nature  of  the  rocks  from 
which  they  are  broken.  A  sample  is  a  part  taken  out  of  a 
quantity,  and  implies  that  the  quality  of  the  whole  is  to  be 
judged  by  it,  and  not  rarely  that  it  is  to  be  used  as  a  stan- 
dard for  testing  the  goodness,  genuineness,  or  purity  of 
the  whole,  and  the  like.  In  many  cases,  however,  the 
words  are  used  indifferently.  Sample  is  more  often  used 
in  trade :  as,  a  sample  of  cotton  or  coffee. 

specie-logical  (spe"shi-o-loj'i-kal),  11.  [<  spe- 
ciolofi-i/  +  -ic-aL]  Of  'or  pertaining  to  speci- 
ology. 

speciology  (spe-shi-ol'o-ji),  «.  [<  L.  species. 
species,  +  Gr.  -?.oj  in,  <  teyeiv,  speak :  see  -oloyy.] 
In  biol.,  the  science  of  species;  the  doctrine  of 
the  origin  and  nature  of  species. 

speciosity  (spe-shi-os'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  apeciosities 
(-tiz).  [<  OF.  speciosite  =  Sp.  especiosidad  = 
Pg.  especiosidade  =  It.  speziosiitt,  <  LL.  speciosi- 
ta(t-)s,  good  looks,  beauty,  <  L.  speeiosns,  good- 
looking,  beautiful,  splendid :  see  specious.]  If. 
The  state  of  being  specious  or  beautiful;  a  beau- 
tiful show  or  spectacle;  something  delightful 
to  the  eye. 

So  great  a  glory  as  all  the  speciosittes  of  the  world  could 
not  equalise. 

Dr.  11.  More,  On  Godliness,  III.  vi.  §  5.  (Bncyc.  Diet.) 
2.  The  state  of  being  specious  or  plausible ;  a 
specious  show;  a  specious  person  or  thing. 
[Rare.] 


5808 

or  showy;  appearing  beautiful  or  charming; 
sightly;  beautiful.  [Archaic.] 

The  rest,  far  greater  part, 
Will  deem  in  outward  rites  and  specious  forms 
Religion  satisfied.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  534. 

2.  Superficially  fair,  just,  or  correct ;  appearing 
well;  apparently  right;  plausible;  beguiling: 
;i-.  xpeeious  reasoning;  a  upccimn, 'argument •',  a 
xpiTiniix  person  or  book. 

It  is  easy  for  princes  under  various  .^*r/"i«  pretences 
to  defend,  disguise,  and  conceal  their  ambitious  desires. 

Bacon,  Political  Fables,  ii.,  Expl. 
Thou  specious  Head  without  a  Brain.       Prior,  A  Fable. 

He  coined 

A  brief  yet  specious  tale,  how  I  had  wasted 
The  sum  in  secret  riot.      Shelley,  The  Cenci,  iii.  1. 

3.  Appearing  actual,  or  in   reality;    actually 
existing;  not  imaginary.     [Rare.] 

Let  me  sum  up,  now,  by  saying  that  we  are  constantly 
conscious  of  a  certain  duration  —  the  specious  present  — 
varying  in  length  from  a  few  seconds  to  probably  not  more 
than  a  minute,  and  that  this  duration  (with  its  content 
perceived  as  having  one  part  earlier  and  the  other  part 
later)  is  the  original  intuition  of  time. 

W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  I.  642. 

4f.  Pertaining  to  species  or  a  species Specious 

arithmetic,  algebra :  so  called  by  old  writers  following 
Vtete.  The  phrase  implies  that  algebra  is  computation  by 
means  of  species,  or  letters  denoting  quantities;  but  the 
choice  of  the  name  was  probably  influenced  by  the  beauty 
"'  •'"-' — '"  processes.— Specious  logistic.  See  logistic. 


speckless 

2.  Of  fruit,  specifically,  to  mark  with  a  discol- 
ored spot  denoting  decay  or  rot :  usually  in  the 
past  participle. 

It  seemed  as  if  the  whole  fortune  or  failure  of  her  shop 
might  depend  on  the  display  of  a  different  set  of  articles, 
n]  substituting  :i  fairer  apple  for  one  which  appeared  to 
he  specked.  llau-thnrne,  Seven  Uables,  iii. 

speck"  (spek),  H.  [Prop,  "spick  (the  form  npi-i-1; 
being  dial.,  and  in  part  due  to  D.  or  G.);  early 
mod.  E.  xpyrki;  <  ME.  xpil,;  .v/i///.'.  xpil.-i;  also  as- 


=  Zend  pirn  fill  =  Skt.  pinni,  fat.]  Fat;  lurd  ; 
fat  meat.  Now  used  chiefly  as  derived  from  the  German 
in  the  parts  of  Pennsylvania  originally  settled  by  Germans 
or  from  the  Dutch  in  New  York  (also  in  South  Africa,  for 
the  fat  meat  of  the  hippopotamus);  among  whalers  it  is 
used  for  whale's  blubber. 

Adue  good  Cheese  and  Oynons,  stnffe  thy  ^iu> 
With  Speeke  and  Barley-pudding  for  digestion. 

Heywood,  English  Traveller,  i.  -2. 

Speck  (in  Pennsylvania]  is  the  hybrid  offspring  of 
English  pronunciation  and  German  Speck  (pronounced 
schpeck),  the  generic  term  applied  to  all  kinds  of  fat 
meat.  Trans.  Amer.  Ptiilol.  Ass.,  XVII.,  App.,  p.  xii. 

Speck  and  applejees,  per*  fat  and  apples  cut  up  and 


manner;  with  an  appearance  of  fairness  or  of 
reality;  with  show^f  right:  as,  to  reason  spe- 


,        ,        -         ,  /1.1  ~,  ---  . 

SpeCK-DlOCK  (spek  blok),  n.    In  lehalmg,  a  block 

through  which  a  speck-fall  is  rove. 
speck-fall  (spek'fal),  M.     [<  specV*  +/«»3.]    In 

!  ,  afallor  ropeS^ethrouihablock 

''     "»  '     Wllbb"  "  >dbtme  «   the  w  ha  J- 


Professions  built  so  largely  on  speciosity  instead  of 


formance. 


Carlule. 


specious  (spe'shus),  a.  [<  ME.  specious,  <  OF. 
specieux,  F.  specieux  =  Sp.  Pg.  especioso  =  It. 
spezioso,  <  L.  ftptciosus,  good-looking,  beautiful, 
fair,  <  species,  form,  figure,  beauty:  see  spe- 
cies.] 1.  Pleasing  to  the  eye;  externally  fair 


led  by  it  and  none  offended. 

Lander,  Imag.  Conv.,  Anacreon  and  Polycrates. 

spaciousness  (spe'shus-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  specious;  plausible  appear- 
ance; fair  external  show:  as,  the  xperiouxm •».• 
of  an  argument. 

His  theory  owes  its  speciousness  to  packing,  and  to  pack- 
ing alone.  Macaulay,  Sadler's  Refutation  Refuted. 

speck1  (spek),  n.  [<  ME.  speeke,  spekke,  <  AS. 
specca  (pi.  speccan),  a  spot,  speck  (also  in 
comp.  spcc-faag,  specked,  spotted);  of.  LG. 
spoken,  spot  with  wet,  spakig,  spotted  with 
wet;  MD.  spicken,  spit,  spickelen,  spot,  speckle: 
see  speckle.]  1.  A  very  small  superficial  spot 
or  stain ;  a  small  dot,  blot,  blotch,  or  patch  ap- 
pearing on  or  adhering  to  a  surface :  as,  S2>ecks 
of  mold  on  paper ;  fly -specks  on  a  wall. 

He  was  wonderfully  careful  that  his  shoes  and  clothes 
should  be  without  the  least  speck  upon  them. 

Uteele,  Tatler,  No.  4S. 

2.  In  fruit,  specifically,  a  minute  spot  denot- 
ing the  beginning  of  decay;  a  pit  or  spot  of  rot 
or  rottenness;  hence,  sometimes,  a  fruit  af- 
fected by  rot. 

The  shrivelled,  dwarfish,  or  damaged  fruit,  called  by  the 
street  traders  the  specks. 

Mayheu;  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  1. 117. 
The  little  rift  within  the  lover's  lute, 
Or  little  pitted  speck  in  garner'd  fruit, 
That  rotting  inward  slowly  moulders  all. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien  (song). 

3f.  A  patch  or  piece  of  some  material. 

But  Robin  did  on  the  old  mans  cloake, 

And  it  was  torn  in  the  necke ; 
"  Now  by  my  faith,"  said  William  Scarlett, 

"  Heere  shold  be  set  a  speeke." 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Old  Man  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  258). 

4.  Something  appearing  as  a  spot  or  patch ;  a 
small  piece  spread  out :  as.  a  speck  of  snow  or 
of  cloud. 

Come  forth  under  the  speck  of  open  sky. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vi. 

5.  A  distinct  or  separate  piece  or  particle ;  a 
very  little  bit ;  an  atom ;  a  mite :  as,  specks  of 
dust;  a  speck  of  snuff  or  of  soot;  hence,  the 
smallest  quantity;  the  least  morsel :  as,  he  has 
not  a  speck  of  humor  or  of  generosity. 

The  bottom  consisting  of  gray  sand  with  black  specks. 

Anson,  Voyages,  ii.  7. 

Still  wrong  bred  wrong  within  her,  day  by  day 
Some  little  speck  of  kindness  fell  away. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  326. 

6.  A  percoid  fish,  Ulocentra  stigm&a  of  Jordan, 
common  in  ponds  of  the  hill-country  from  Geor- 
gia to  Louisiana.    It  is  a  darter,  2$  inches  long, 
of  an  olivaceous  color,  speckled  with  small  or- 
ange spots,  and  otherwise  variegated.— 7.  A 
speck-moth. 

speck1  (spek),  r.  t.  [<ME. specken ;  <speck*,  «.] 
1.  To  spot;  mark  or  stain  in  spots  or  dots. 
11'yclif,  Gen.  xxx.  32. 

Each  flower  of  slender  stalk,  whose  head,  though  gay 

Carnation,  purple,  azure,  or  speck'd  with  gold 

Hung  drooping  unsustain'd.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  429. 


speckled :  as,  yellow  with  patches  of  speckle. 

She  curiously  examined  .  .  .  the  peculiar  speckle  of  Its 
plumage.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  x. 

2.  Color;  hence,  kind;  sort.     [Scotch.] 

As  ye  well  ken,  .  .  .  "the  wauges  o'  sin  Is  deith. "  But, 
maistly,  .  .  .  sinners  get  first  wauges  o'  anither  speckle 
frae  the  maister  o'  them. 

O.  Macdonald,  Warlock  o'  Glenwarlock,  xii. 

speckle  (spek'l),  r.<.;  pret. and  pp. speckled,  ppr. 

speckling.     [<  MD.  spickelen,  speeekelen,  spot, 

speckle:  see  speckle,  «.]    To  mark  with  specks 

or  spots ;  fleck ;  speck ;  spot. 

ie  [the  boar]  rushed  at  him, 


idlse,  I.  348. 

speckle-belly  (spek'l-bel'i),  n.  1.  The  North 
American  wnite-fronted  goose,  Anser  albifrons 
gambeli:  so  called  in  California  because  the 
under  parts  are  whitish,  blotched  and  patched 
with  black.  Also  called  harlequin  bran  t,  speckled 
brant.  See  cut  under  laut/liitig-goose. —  2.  The 
gadwall,  or  gray  duck,  Cliaitlelasmus  streperus. 
See  cut  under  Chaulelasmus.  G.  Tntmbull,  1888. 
[Long  Island.]  — 3.  A  trout  or  char,  as  the 
common  brook-trout  of  the  United  States,  Sal- 
velintitt  fontinalis.  See  cut  under  char*. 

speckled  (spek'ld),^).  a.  [<  speckle  +  -edS.]  1. 
Spotted;  specked;  marked  with  small  spots  of 
indeterminate  character;  maculate:  specifical- 
ly noting  many  animals. 

I  will  pass  through  all  thy  flock  to  day,  removing  from 
thence  all  the  speckled  and  spotted  cattle,  and  all  the  brown 
cattle  among  thesheep,  and  the  spotted  &nAspeckled  among 
the  goats :  and  of  such  shall  be  my  hire.  Gen.  xxx.  32. 

Ouer  the  body  they  haue  built  a  Tombe  of  speckled  stone, 
a  brace  and  halfe  high.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  271. 

2.  Variegated  in  appearance  or  character;  di- 
versified; motley;  piebald:  as,  a  speckled  com- 
pany.    [Colloq.] 
It  was  a  singularly  freaked  and  speckled  group. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  1. 10. 

Speckled  alder.  See  alderi,  i.—  Speckled  beauty  (a) 
A  trout :  a  trite  cant  phrase.  (6)  A  British  geometrid  moth, 
Cleora  riduaria.— Speckled-bill,  the  speckled-billed  coot, 
or  spectacle-coot ;  the  surf-duck,  (Edemia  perspieillata. 
[New  Eng.)  —  Speckled  brant.  Same  as  speckle-belly,  1. 

—  Speckled  footman,  a  British  bonibycid  moth,  Euiepia 
cribrvm.— Speckled  leech,  Hirudo  or  Sanguisuga  medi- 
cinalis,  one  of  the  forms  oi  medicinal  leech.—  Speckled 
loon.     See  loon».—  Speckled  terrapin.     See  terrapin. 

—  Speckled  trout,  a  speckle-belly;  the  brook-trout— 
Speckled  wood,  palmyra-wood  cut  transversely  into  ve- 
neers, and  showing  the  ends  of  dark  fibers  mixed  with 
lighter  wood.—  Speckled  yellow,  a  British  geometrid 
moth,  Venilia  maculata. 

speckledness  (spek'ld-nes),  ».  The  state  of  be- 
ing speckled. 

speckled-tailed  (spek'ld-tald),  a.  Having  a 
speckled  tail:  specifically  noting  Tlirj/otliorits 
bewicki  spilurus,  a  variety  of  Bewick's  wren 
found  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States, 
translating  the  word  spilurus. 

speckless  (spek'les),  a.  [<  speck  +  -Jess.]  Free 
from  specks  or  spots ;  spotless ;  fleckless ;  per- 
fectly clean,  clear,  or  bright :  as,  speckless  linen ; 
a  speckless  sky. 


speckless 

There  gleamed  resplendent  in  the  dimness  of  the  comer 
a  complete  and  apecklfss  pewter  dinner  service. 

Jfeui  Princeton  Ilev.,  II.  111. 

speck-moth  (spek'moth),  «.  One  of  certain 
geometrid  moths,  MEupithecia  milifiilnita,  the 
tawny  speck:  an  English  collectors'  name. 

specktioneer  (ipek-sno-ner'),  «.  [Also  speek- 
xioitcer;  appar.  orig.  a  humorous  term,  irreg.  < 
speck'-  +  -lion  +  -ecr  (witli  allusion  to  inspec- 
tion and  engineer).]  In  \ohale-flshing.  the  chief 
harpooner:  so  called  as  being  the  director  of 
the  cutting  operations  in  clearing  the  whale  of 
its  speck  or  blubber  and  bones. 
In  a  rough,  careless  way,  they  spoke  of  the 


specky  (spek'i),  «.     [<  speck*  +  -yl.]     Having 
specks  or  spots ;  slightly  or  partially  spotted. 
The  tonsils  were  full,  and  the  left  one  specky. 

Lancet,  No.  3494,  p.  334. 

specs,  specks  (speks),  n.  pi.  A  colloquial  con- 
traction of  spectacles. 

spectablet (spek'ta-bl),  a.  [ME.  spectable,  <  OF. 
spectable  =  Sp.  espectable  =  Pg.  espectavel  =  It. 
spettabile,  notable,  remarkable,  <  L.  spectabilis, 
that  may  be  seen,  visible,  admirable,  <  spectare, 
see,  behold :  see  spectacle.]  That  may  be  seen ; 
visible;  observable. 

Ther  are  in  hem  certayne  signes  spectable, 
Which  is  to  eschewe,  and  which  is  profitable. 

PaUadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  128. 
Their  [the  Pharisees']  prayers  were  at  the  corners  of 
streets ;  such  corners  where  divers  streets  met,  and  so 
more  spectable  to  many  passengers. 

Jtn.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  104.    (Dames.) 


taculo  =  It.  spettacolo  =  D.  spektakel,  spectacle, 
show,  =  G.  Dan.  spektakel,  noise,  uproar,  =  Sw. 
spektakel,  spectacle,  noise,  <  L.  spectaculum,  a 
show,  spectacle,  <  spectare,  see,  behold,  freq.  of 
specere,  see:  see  species.]  1.  An  exhibition;  ex- 
posure to  sight  or  view ;  an  open  display;  also, 
a  thing  looked  at  or  to  be  looked  at;  a  sight;  a 
gazing-stock ;  a  show ;  especially,  a  deplorable 
exhibition. 

A  Donghill  of  dead  carcases  he  spyde, 

The  dreadf  ull  spectacle  of  that  sad  house  of  Pryde. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  T.  53. 

So  exquisitly  was  it  [a  crucifix]  form'd  that  It  represented 
in  a  very  lively  manner  the  lamentable  spectacle  of  our 
Lord's  Body,  as  it  hung  upon  the  Cross. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  72. 

How  much  we  forgive  in  those  who  yield  us  the  rare 

spectacle  of  heroic  manners !       Emerson,  Conduct  of  Life. 

2.  Specifically,  a  public  show  or  display  for  the 
gratification  of  the  eye;  something  designed 
or  arranged  to  attract  and  entertain  spectators ; 
a  pageant;  a  parade:  as,  a  royal  or  a  religious 
spectacle ;  a  military  or  a  dramatic  spectacle. 

The  stately  semi-religious  spectacle  in  which  the  Greeks 
delighted.  J.  Fergusson,  Hist.  Arch.,  I.  324. 

In  the  winter  season  the  circus  used  to  amalgamate 
with  a  dramatic  company,  and  make  a  joint  appearance  in 
equestrian  spectacles.  J.  Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  iii. 

3f.  A  looking-glass;  a  mirror. — 4f.  A  spy- 
glass ;  a  speculum. 

Poverte  a  spectacle  is,  as  thynketh  me, 
Thurgh  whiche  he  may  hise  verray  frendes  see. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  347. 

5.  pi.  A  pair  of  lenses  set  in  a  frame  adjusted 
to  the  eyes,  to  correct  or  improve  defective 
vision;  also,  sometimes,  a  similar  frame  with 
pieces  of  plain  white  or  colored  glass  to  pro- 
tect the  eyes  from  glare  or  dust:  commonly 
called  a  pair  of  spectacles.  The  frame  was  in  former 
times  usually  of  horn  or  tortoise-shell,  and  afterward  of 


,A       c 


n 


Spectacles. 

A,  spectacles  with  bows  hinged  to  the  shoulders  on  the  rims  con- 
nected by  the  nose  or  bridge.  B,  spectacles  with  hook-bows  and  with 
bridge  and  shoulders  riveted  to  the  lenses.  C,  detail  showing  con- 
struction of  shoulder.  D,  side  view,  showing  rim.  In  all  the  figures  : 
n,  bows;  *,  shoulders;  ct  rims;  dt  bridge. 


andl  "sides  "  or  "temples";  but  the  bows  are  now  often 
omitted.  The  frame  is  so  constructed  and  adjusted  as  to 
rest  on  the  nose  and  ears  and  hold  the  lenses  in  the  proper 
position.  Spectacles  which  are  supported  on  the  nose 
only,  by  means  of  a  spring,  are  commonly  called  eye-glasses, 
Spectacles  with  convex  lenses  are  for  the  aged,  or  far- 


5809 

son's  vision.  Spectacles  with  colored  lenses,  as  green 
blue,  neutral-tint,  or  smoke-color,  arc  used  to  protect  the 
eyes  from  a  glare  uf  light.  Dintled  tprclaclfs  have  each 
lens  composed  of  two  parts  of  different  foci  neatly  united, 
one  part  for  observing  distant  uliii-c-ts,  and  the  other  for 
examining  objects  near  the  eye.  Another  kind,  called peri- 
scopic  spectacles,  are  intended  to  allow  the  eyes  consider- 
able latitude  of  motion  without  fatigue.  The  lensis  mi- 
ployed  in  this  case  are  of  either  a  meniscus  or  a  concavo- 
convex  form,  the  concave  side  being  turned  to  the  eye. 
Spectacled  with  glazed  wings  or  frames  partly  filled  with 
crape  or  wire  gauze  are  used  to  shield  the  eyes  from 

He  [Lord  Crawford]  sat  upon  a  couch  covered  with 
deer's  hide,  and  with  spectacles  on  his  nose  (then  a  recent 
invention)  was  laboring  to  read  a  huge  manuscript  called 
the  Rosier  de  la  Guerre.  Scott,  Quentin  Durwaid,  vii. 

6.  pi.  Figuratively,  visual  aids  of  any  kind, 

ts  of  or  assis- 
;;  also,  instru- 


spectatorial 

which  is  a  variety  of  the  s/iHfiiti-ii,  a  : 
shart-t'uni.-icc  of  which  the  MMntial  peculiarity 
is  that  the  melted  material  runs  out  upon  the 
inclined  bottom  of  the  furnace  into  a  crucible- 
like  receptacle  or  pot  outside  and  in  front  of 
the  furnace-stack.  This  sort  of  furnace  has  been 
used  at  Munsfeld  and  in  the  Uarz,  but  apparently  not  in 
:ui>  I'riglish-speaking  country. 
spectacle-gage  (spek'ta-kl-gaj),  n.  A  device 


spectacle-glass  (spck'tji-kl-glas),  n.    1. „ 

suited  for  making  spectacles;  optical  glass. — 
2.  A  lens  of  the  kind  or  form  used  in  spectacles. 
—  3t.  A  field-glass;  a  telescope. 

to  the  shadow-vane  of 


perception:  as,  rose-colored  spectacles;  I  can- 
not see  things  with  your  spectacles. 

And  even  with  this  I  lost  fair  England's  view, 
And  bid  mine  eyes  be  packing  with  my  heart, 
And  call'd  them  blind  and  dusky  spectacles, 
For  losing  ken  of  Albion's  wished  coast. 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2.  112. 

Subjects  are  to  look  upon  the  faults  of  princes  with  the 
spectacles  of  obedience  and  reverence  to  their  place  and 
persons.  Donne,  Sermons,  ii. 

Shakespeare  .  .  .  was  naturally  learn 'd;  he  needed  not 


Aubrey,  Lives  (Edmund  Halley). 

spectacle-maker  (spek'ta-kl-ma"ker),  «.  A 
maker  of  spectacles;  one  who  makes  spectacles, 
eye-glasses,  and  similar  instruments.  TheSpec- 
of  * 


Dryden,  Essay  on  Dram.  Poesy  (1693),  p.  31. 
7-  P±  l?  *™l->  a  marking  resembling  a  pair  of 
spectacles,  especially  about  the  eyes:  as,  the 

* 


spectacle-ornament  (spek'ta-kl-6r'na-ment), 
n.  A  name  given  to  an  ornament,  often  found 
in  sculptured  stones  in  Scotland,  consisting  of 
two  disks  connected  by  a  band :  the  surface  so 
marked  out  is  often  covered  with  interlaced 
whorl-ornaments. 

spectacular  (spek-tak'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  spectacv- 
lum,  a  sight,  show  (see  spectacle),  +  -ar3.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  show  or  spec- 
tacle; marked  or  characterized  by  great  dis- 
play: as,  a  spectacular  drama. 
The  spectacular  sports  i 


A  pair  of  white  spectacles  OH  the  eyes,  and  whitish  about 
base  of  bill.  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  815. 

Compound  spectacles,  (a)  Spectacles  fitted  for  receiv- 
ing extra  colored  glasses,  or  to  which  additional  lenses 
can  be  attached  to  vary  the  power.  (6)  A  form  of  specta- 
cles having  in  each  bow  two  half  glasses  differing  in  power 
or  character;  divided  spectacles.  See  def.  6.— Franklin 
spectacles.  Same  as  pantoscopic  spectacles  (which  see, 
under  pantoscopic). 

spectacled  (spek'ta-kld),  a.  [<  spectacle  +  -e<&.] 
1 .  Furnished  witn  or  wearing  spectacles. 

The  bleared  sights 
Are  spectacled  to  see  him.        Shak.,  Cor.,  II.  1.  222. 

Porphyro  upon  her  face  doth  look, 
Like  puzzled  urchin  on  an  aged  crone 
Who  keepeth  closed  a  wondrous  riddle-book, 
As  spectacled  she  sits  in  chimney-nook. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xv. 

In  zool. :  (a)  Marked  in  any  way  that  sug- 
its  spectacles  or  the  wearing  of  spectacles : 
as.thespectactedbearorcobra.  (6)  Spectable  or 
spectacular;  being  "  a  sight  to  behold  ";  spec- 
tral: as,  the  spectacled  shrimp Spectacled  bear, 

Ursus  or  Tremarctos  ornatus,  the  only  South  American 


Spectacled  Bear  (Tremarctos 


pends  upon  their  being  accurately  adapted  to  the  per- 
365 


bear,  having  a  light-colored  mark  on  the  face,  like  a  pair 
of  spectacles.— Spectacled  cobra,  any  specimen  of  the 
common  Indian  cobra,  Naja  tripudianx,  which  has  the 
markings  of  the  back  of  the  hood  well  developed  so  as  to 
resemble  a  pair  of  spectacles.  See  cut  under  cobra-de- 
copeHo.— Spectacled  coot,  spectacled  duck,  the  surf- 
scoter  or  -i lurk.  (Edemia  perspicillaia ;  the  goggle-nose. 
[Connecticut.  ]  — Spectacled  eider,  Somateria  (Arcto- 

America,  having  in  the  male  the  eyes  set  in  silvery-white 
plumage  rimmed  with  black. —  Spectacled  goose,  guil- 
lemot, snake,  stenoderni.  See thenouns.— Spectacled 
shrimp,  the  specter-  or  skeleton-shrimp,  a  caprellid.  See 
Caprella.—  Spectacled  vampire.  Same  as  spectacled 
stenoderm. 

pectacled-headed  (spek'ta-kld-hed*ed),  a. 
Having  the  head  spectacled':  applied  to  flies  of 
the  genera  Holcocephala  (family  Asilidse)  and 
Diopsis  and  Sphyracephala  (family  Diopsidx). 
See  cut  under  Diopsis. 

A  queer-looking,  spectacled-headed,  predatory  fly.  .  .  . 
The  head  is  unusually  broad  in  front,  the  eyes  being  very 
prominent  and  presenting  a  spectacled  or  goggled  appear- 
ance. C.  H.  Tyler  Townsend,  Proc.  Entom.  Soc. 
[of  Washington,  I.  264. 

spectacle-furnace  (spek'ta-kl-f6r»nas),  «.     A 
literal  translation  of  the  German  brillenofen, 


2.  Pertaining  to  spectacles  or  glasses  for  as- 
sisting vision.     [Rare.] 

spectacularity  (spek-tak-u-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  spec- 
tacular +  -ity.]  Spectacular  character  or  qual- 
ity ;  likeness  to  or  the  fact  of  being  a  spectacle 
or  show. 

It  must  be  owned  that  when  all  was  done  the  place 
had  a  certain  spectacularity  ;  the  furniture  and  ornaments 
wore  somehow  the  air  of  properties. 

Bowells,  Private  Theatricals,  x. 

spectacularly  (spek-tak'u-liir-li),   adv.     In  a 
spectacular  manner  or  view ;  as  a  spectacle. 
The  last  test  was,  spectacularly,  the  best  of  the  afternoon. 
Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVII.  360. 

spectant  (spek'tant), «.  [<  L.  spectan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  spectare,  loot  at,  behold,  freq.  of  specere, 
look  at,  behold :  see  spectacle,  species.]  In  her. : 
(a)  At  gaze.  (6)  Looking  upward  with  the 
nose  bendwise :  noting  any  animal  used  as  a 
bearing. 

spectate  (spek'tat),  v.  t.  and  i.  [<  L.  spectatus, 
pp.  of  spectare,  see,  behold :  see  spectant.]  To 
look  about  or  upon ;  gaze ;  beholof.  [Obsolete 
or  archaic.] 

Coming  on  the  Bridge,  a  Gentleman  sitting  on  the  Coach 
civilly  salutes  the  Spectating  Company ;  the  turning  of  the 
Wheels  and  motion  of  the  Horses  are  plainly  seen  as  if 
natural  and  Alive. 

Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne. 

[I.  287. 

Mr.  De  Quincey  — Works,  VI.  329— has  spectate:  and 
who  can  believe  that  he  went  anywhere  but  to  spectare 
for  it?  F.  Hall,  False  Philol.,  p.  76. 

spectation  (spek-ta'shon),  «.  [<  L.  specta- 
tio(n-),  a  beholding,  contemplation,  <  spectare, 

Ep.  spectatus,  look  at,  behold:   see  spectant.] 
ook ;  aspect ;  appearance  ;  regard. 
This  simple  spectation  of  the  lungs  is  differenced  from 
that  which  concomitates  a  pleurisy.  Harvey. 

spectator  (spek-ta'tor),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  spec- 
tatour;  <  F.  spectateur  =  Sp.  Pg.  espectador  = 
It.  spettatore,  <  L.  spectator,  a  beholder,  <  spec- 
tare,  pp.  spectatus,  look  at,  behold:  see  spec- 
tan  t.]     One  who  looks  on ;  an  onlooker  or  eye- 
witness ;  a  beholder ;  especially,  one  of  a  com- 
pany present  at  a  spectacle  of  any  kind:  as, 
the  spectators  of  or  at  a  game  or  a  drama. 
Me  leading,  in  a  secret  corner  layd, 
The  sad  spectatour  of  my  Tragedfe. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  4.  27. 

There  be  of  them  that  will  themselves  laugh,  to  set  on 
some  quantity  of  barren  spectators  to  laugh  too. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2.  46. 

We,  Indeed,  appeared  to  be  the  only  two  unconcerned 
spectators  on  board ;  and,  accordingly,  were  allowed  to 
ramble  about  the  decks  unnoticed. 

B.  Hall,  Travels  in  N.  A.,  II.  10. 

=Syn.  Looker-on,  onlooker,  observer,  witness,  by-stand- 
er.  A  person  is  said  to  be  a  spectator  at  a  show,  a  bull- 
fight, a  wrestling-match ;  one  of  the  audience  at  a  lecture, 
a  concert,  the  theater ;  and  one  of  the  congregation  at 
church. 

spectatorial  (spek-ta-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  spectator 
+  -ial.]  Pertaining'  to  or  characteristic  of  a 
spectator.  [In  the  quotation  it  is  used  with 


spectatorial 

direct  reference  to  the  name  of  the  periodical 
cited.] 

There  is  a  vicious  terror  of  being  blamed  in  some  well- 
inclined  people,  and  a  wicked  pleasure  in  suppressing 
them  ill  others;  both  which  I  recommend  to  your  fpecta- 
tonal  wisdom  to  animadvert  upon. 

Steelt,  Spectator,  No.  348. 

spectatorship  (spek-ta'tor-ship),  «.  [<  specta- 
tor +  -ship.]  The  act  of'looking  or  beholding; 
the  state  or  occupation  of  being  a  spectator  or 
looker-on. 

Guess  ...  if  thou  standest  not  i'  the  state  of  hanging, 
or  of  some  death  more  long  in  spectatorship. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2.  71. 

Bathing  in  the  sea  was  the  chief  occupation  of  these 
good  people,  including,  as  it  did,  prolonged  spectatorship 
of  the  process.  tt.  Jama,  Jr.,  Confidence,  xix. 

spectatress  (spek-ta'tres),  n.  [<  spectator  + 
-ess.  Cf.  spectatrix.]  A  female  spectator  or 
looker-on. 

Helen,  in  the  night  when  Troy  was  sack'd, 
Spectatress  of  the  mischief  which  she  made. 

Howe,  Fair  Penitent,  v.  1. 

spectatrix  (spek-ta'triks),  n.  [=  F.  spectatrice 
=  It.  spettatrice,  <  L.  spectatrix,  fern,  of  specta- 
tor, a  beholder:  see  spectator.]  Same  as  spec- 
tatress. 

specter,  spectre  (spek'ter),  n.  [<  OF.  (and  F. ) 
spectre  =  Sp.  Pg.  cspectro  =  It.  spettro,  an  im- 
age, figure,  ghost,  <  L.  spectrum,  a  vision,  ap- 
pearance, apparition,  image,  <  specere,  see:  see 
species,  spectacle.  Cf.  spectrum.]  1.  A  ghostly 
apparition ;  a  visible  incorporeal  human  spirit ; 
an  appearance  of  the  dead  as  when  living. 
Specters  are  imagined  as  disembodied  spirits  haunting  or 
revisiting  the  scenes  of  their  mundane  life,  and  showing 
themselves  in  intangible  form  to  the  living,  generally  at 
night,  from  some  overpowering  necessity,  or  for  some 
benevolent  or  (more  usually)  malevolent  purpose.  They 
are  sometimes  represented  as  speaking,  but  more  com- 
monly as  only  using  terrifying  or  persuasive  gestures  to 
induce  compliance  with  their  wishes.  The  word  is  rare- 
ly used  for  the  dissociated  soul  of  a  living  person. 
The  ghosts  of  traitors  from  the  Bridge  descend, 
With  bold  fanatic  spectres  to  rejoice. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis,  st.  223. 
One  of  the  afflicted, 
I  know,  bore  witness  to  the  apparition 
Of  ghosts  unto  the  spectre  of  this  Bishop, 
Saying,  "  You  murdered  us  ! " 

LongfeUoic,  Giles  Corey,  iii.  2. 

A  fine  traditional  spectre  pale, 

With  a  turnip  head  and  a  ghostly  wail, 
And  a  splash  of  blood  on  the  dickey ! 

W.  S.  Gilbert,  Haunted. 

2.  In  zodl. :  (a)  One  of  many  names  of  gresso- 
rial orthopterous  insects  of  the  family  Phasmi- 
dae;  a  walking-stick  or  stick-insect ;  a  specter- 
insect.  (6)  The  specter-bat,  (c)  The  specter- 
lemur,  (rf)  A  specter-shrimp — Specter  of  the 
Brocken,  an  optical  phenomenon  named  from  the  Brock- 
en,  a  mountain  of  the  Harz  range,  where  it  has  been  most 
frequently  observed.  It  consists  of  the  shadow  of  the  ob- 
server cast  at  sunrise  or  sunset  in  apparently  gigantic  size 
upon  the  mist  or  fog  about  the  mountain-summit.  The 
shadow  is  sometimes  inclosed  in  a  prismatic  circle  called 
the  Brocken  bviv,  and  again  is  bordered  with  a  colored 
fringe.  Howitt  states  that,  if  the  fog  is  very  dry,  one  sees 
not  only  one's  self,  but  one's  neighbor  ;  if  very  damp,  only 
one's  self,  surrounded  by  a  rainbow-colored  glory.  Also 
Brocken  specter.  =  Syn.  1,  Apparition,  Phantom,  etc.  See 
ghaut. 

specter-bat  (spek'ter-bat),  «.  The  spectral 
bat,  a  South  American  leaf -nosed  bat  or  vam- 
pire, Phyttostoma  spectrum,  or  a  similar  species. 

specter-candle  (spek'ter-kan"dl),  ».  A  straight 
fossil  cephalopod,  as  a  baculite,  belemnite,  or 
orthoceratite.  These  and  similar  objects  have  often 
been  superstitiously  regarded,  in  ignorance  of  their  origin 
and  nature.  See  btetylus,  salafframa,  and  thunder-stone. 

specter-crab  (spek'ter-krab),  H.  A  glass-crab; 
one  of  the  larval  forms  which  were  called  Pliyl- 
losoinatn.  See  cut  under  glass-crab. 

specter-insect  (spek'ter-in'sekt),  n.  Same  as 
specter,  2  (a). 

specter-lemur  (spek'ter-le''mer),  n.  The  tar- 
sier,  Tawing  spectrum.  See  cut  under  tarsicr. 

specter-shrimp  (spek'ter-shrimp),  n.  A  small 
Isernodipod  crustacean  of  the  family  Caprellidx, 
as  Cajirclla  tuberculata ;  a  skeleton-shrimp:  so 
called  from  the  singular  form  and  aspect. 

spectra,  «.     Plural  of  spectrum. 

spectral  (spek'tral),  a.  [=  F.  spectral,  <  L. 
spectrum,  specter:  see  specter.]  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  specter ;  resembling  or  having  the 
aspect  of  a  specter ;  ghostlike :  ghostly. 

Some  of  the  spectral  appearances  which  he  had  been  told 

of  in  a  winter's  evening.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lamraermoor,  xiii. 

To  his  excited  fancy  everything  assumed  a  spectral  look. 

The  shadows  of  familiar  things  about  him  stalked  like 

ghosts  through  the  haunted  chambers  of  his  soul. 

Longfellmc,  Hyperion,  iv.  3. 
Spectral  In  the  river-mist 
The  ship's  white  timbers  show. 

Whittier,  The  Ship  builders. 


5810 

2.  Pertaining  to  ocular  spectra,  or  pertaining 
to  the  solar,  prismatic,  or  diffraction  spectrum ; 
exhibiting  the  hues  of  the  prismatic  spectrum ; 
produced  by  the  aid  of  the  spectrum:  »f,tpeotral 
colors ;  spectral  analysis. 

It  is  important  to  be  able  to  observe  the  varying  effects 
of  pressure  and  density  upon  spectral  phenomena. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect,  Anal.,  p.  75. 

3.  In  zool.,  like  or  likened  to  a  specter  or  appa- 
rition; suggestive  of  a  ghost  in  any  way:  as, 
the  spectral  bat ;  spectral  shrimps;  spectralin- 
sects — spectral  lemur,  the  tarsier.— Spectral  owl, 
Syrnium  cinereum,  or  Strix  cinerea,  the  great  gray  owl  of 
arctic  America,  remarkable  for  having  more  plumage  in 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  body  than  any  other  owl. 

spectrality  (spek-tral'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  spectniliti/s 
(-tiz).  [<  spectral  +  -ity.]  The  state  of  being 
spectral;  a  spectral  being  or  object.  [Rare.] 

What  is  he  doing  here  in  inquisitorial  sanbenito,  with 
nothing  but  ghastly  specialities  prowling  round  him  ? 

Carlyle,  Sterling,  i.  1.    (Dames.) 

spectrally  (spek'tral -i),  adv.  In  a  spectral 
manner ;  like  a  ghost  or  specter. 

spectre.  »•     See  specter . 

spectre-bolometer  (spek"tro-bo-lom'e-ter),  n. 
[<  NL.  spectrum,  spectrum,  +'  E.  bolometer.'] 
An  instrument  consisting  of  a  bolometer  in 
combination  with  a  spectroscope,  used  in  the 
study  of  the  distribution  of  heat  in  the  solar 
spectrum  and  in  similar  investigations.  The 
absorbing  surface  of  the  bolometer  is  an  extremely  slender 
strip  of  platinum,  and  it  is  so  mounted  that  this  can  be 
moved  at  will  to  any  desired  part  of  the  spectrum,  the 
amount  of  heat  received  being  measured,  as  usual,  by  the 
deflection  of  a  galvanometer-needle. 

spectrograph  (spek'tro-graf),  11.  [<  NL. 
spectrum  +  Gr.  ypdifieiv,  write.]  An  apparatus 
designed  to  give  a  representation  of  the  spec- 
trum from  any  source,  particularly  one  in  which 
photography  is  employed;  a  spectroscope  in 
which  a  sensitive  photographic  plate  takes  the 
place  of  the  eyepiece  of  the 'observing  telescope. 

SpectrographlC  (spek-tro-graf'ik),  a.  [<  spec- 
trograpli  +  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  a  spectrograph 
or  the  observations  made  with  it ;  specifically, 
relating  to  the  process  orresults  of  photography 
as  applied  to  the  study  of  spectra. 

Spectrographic  operations  are,  as  Professor  Young  well 
Bays,  much  more  sensitive  to  atmospheric  conditions  than 
are  visual  observations.  D.  fodd,  Science,  III.  727. 

spectrography  (spek-trog'ra-fi),  n.  [As  spec- 
trograpli  +  -yA.]  The  art  of  using  the  spectro- 
graph. 

spectrol9gical(spek-tro-loj'i-kal),a.  [(spectrol- 
og-y  +  -ic-al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  spectrology ; 
performed  or  determined  by  spectrology :  as, 
spectrological  analysis. 

spectrology  (spek-trol'g-ji),  n.  [<  NL.  spectrum 
+  Gr.  -toyia,  <  teyeiv,  speak :  see  -ologi/.]  That 
branch  of  science  which  determines  the  con- 
stituent elements  and  other  conditions  of  bodies 
by  examination  of  their  spectra. 

spectrometer  (spek-trom'e-ter),  71.  [<  NL. 
spectrum,  spectrum,  +  L.  metrum,  measure.] 
An  instrument  used  chiefly  to  measure  the  an- 
gular deviation  of  light-rays  in  passing  through 
a  prism,  and  hence  to  determine  the  refractive 
indices  of  the  substance  of  which  the  prism  is 
formed.  Its  essential  parts  are— (1)  a  tube  B(see  figure), 
having  a  slit  at  the  further  end  through  which  the  light 
is  thrown  by  the  mirror  M,  and  a  collimating  lens  at  the 
other  end  to  convert  the  divergent  pencil  into  a  parallel 
beam ;  (2)  the  prism  P,  which  can  be  turned  upon  the  cen- 


Spectrometer. 

tral  axis,  its  position  being  centered  by  two  slides  moved 
at  right  angles  to  each  other  by  means  of  the  screws  E  and 
E';  (3)  the  observing  telescope  A,  the  eyepiece  of  which  is 
provided  with  cross-wires  so  that  the  position  of  a  given 
fine  can  be  accurately  fixed;  the  axis  of  the  telescope  can 
be  made  horizontal  by  the  screw  N.  After  the  position 
of  the  prism  has  been  accurately  adjusted,  usually  so  as  to 
give  the  minimum  deviation  for  the  given  ray,  the  angle 
of  deviation  is  measured  by  the  telescope  moving  with  the 
graduating  circle  C,  while  the  prism  (with  the  vernier)  is 
stationary.  By  the  tangent  screws  at  O  and  0'  the  positions 
of  the  two  circles  can  be  adjusted  more  delicately.  The 
instrument  can  also  be  used,  like  the  ordinary  reflecting 
goniometer  (it  is  then  a  spectrometer- goniometer),  to  mea- 


spectroscope 

sure  the  angle  between  the  two  faces  of  the  prism,  whirli 
angle,  with  that  of  the  minimum  deviation,  is  needed  t«> 
give  the  data  for  calculating  the  required  refractive  index. 
(See  refraction.)  If  adiifraction-grating  instead  of  ;t  prism 
is  employed,  the  telescope  A  is  moved  into  the  position  A', 
making  a  small  angle  with  the  tulieB:  the  instrument 
may  then  be  used  to  measure  the  wave-length  of  a  given 
light-ray. 

spectrometric  (spek-tro-niet'rik),  a.  [As  */«•<•- 
troiiiftir  +  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  ;i  spectrometer 
or  the  observations  made  with  it. 

spectromicroscopical  (spek-tro-mi-kro-skop'i- 
kal),  a.  [<  NL.  spectrum  +  E.  miorotcopicaL] 
Pertaining  to  spectroscopic  observations  made 
in  connection  with  the  microscope. 

The  spectro-microscopical  apparatus,  especially  in  the 
hands  of  botanists,  has  become  an  important  iiistniniL'iit 
in  the  investigation  of  the  coloring  matter  of  plants. 

Behretis,  Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  ii.  139. 

spectrophone  (spek'tro-fon),  w.  [<  NL.  *•/«•<•- 
trinn  -r  Gr.  <j>wvf/,  sound.]  An  adaptation  of 
the  principle  of  the  radiophone,  devised  by  Bell 
to  be  used  in  spectrum  analysis,  it  consists  of  a 
spectroscope  the  eyepiece  of  which  is  removed  — the  sen- 
sitive substances  being  placed  in  the  focal  point  behind 
an  opaque  diaphragm  containing  a  slit,  while  the  ear  is  in 
communication  with  the  substances  by  means  of  a  hear- 
ing-tube. See  the  quotation. 

Suppose  we  smoke  the  interior  of  our  spectrophonic  re- 
ceiver, and  fill  the  cavity  with  peroxide  of  nitrogen  gas. 
We  have  then  a  combination  that  gives  us  good  sounds  in 
all  parts  of  the  spectrum  (visible  and  invisible)  except  the 
ultra  violet.  Now  pass  a  rapidly  interrupted  beam  of  light 
through  some  substances  whose  absorptive  spectrum  is 
to  be  investigated,  and  bands  of  sound  and  silence  are 
observed  in  exploring  the  spectrum,  the  silent  positions 
corresponding  to  the  absorption  bands. 

A.  O.  Bell,  in  Philosoph.  Mag.,  5th  ser.,  II.  527, 1881. 

spectrophonic  (spek-tro-fon'ik),  a.  [As  spec- 
tropjione  +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  spec- 
trophone, or  investigations  made  by  means 
of  ft. 

spectrophotometer  (spek'tro-fo-tom'e-ter),  n. 
[<  NL.  spectrum  +  E.  photometer.]  An  instru- 
ment used  to  compare  the  intensities  of  two 
spectra  (as  from  the  limb  and  center  of  the 
sun),-  or  the  intensity  of  a  given  color  with 
that  of  the  corresponding  color  in  a  standard 
spectrum.  It  is  based  upon  the  fact  that  the  eye  is  very 
sensitive  to  slight  differences  of  Intensity  between  two 
similar  colors  when  brought  side  by  side.  It  consists  es- 
sentially of  a  spectroscope  arranged  with  total  reflecting 
prisms,  so  that,  for  example,  the  spectra  to  be  compared 
can  be  brought  into  immediate  juxtaposition,  while  Nicol 
prisms  in  the  path  of  the  pencil  of  rays  make  it  possible 
to  diminish  the  intensity  of  the  brighter  light  until  the  two 
exactly  correspond.  The  angular  position  of  the  analyz- 
ing prism  gives  the  means  of  deducing  the  required  rela- 
tion in  intensity. 

spectrophotometric  (spek-tro-fo-to-met'rik), 
a.  [As  spectrophotometer  +  -ic.]  Pertaining  to 
the  spectrophotometer,  to  its  use,  or  to  obser- 
vations made  with  it. 

spectrophotometry  (spek"tro-f6-tom'e-tri),  n. 
[As  spectrophotometer  +  -y3.]  T'he  art  of  using 
the  spectrophotometer. 

spectropolariscope  (spek'tro-po-lar'i-skop),  n. 
[<  NL.  spectrum  +  E.  polariscoj>e.]  A  combina- 
tion of  the  spectroscope  and  the  polariscope,  an 
instrument  sometimes  used  in  the  analysis  of 
sugar.  It  is  a  modification  of  a  form  of  the  sac- 
charimeter. 

spectropyrometer  (spek"tro-pi-rom'e-tfer),  n. 
[<  NL.  spectrum  +  E.  pyrometer.]  An  instru- 
ment devised  by  Crova  for  measuring  high  tem- 
peratures, based  upon  the  principle  that  two 
incandescent  bodies  of  the  same  radiating 
power  have  the  same  temperature  when  their 
spectra  are  identical  in  extent.  It  is  essen- 
tially a  form  of  spectrophotometer. 

spectroscope  (spek'tro-skop),  n.  [<  NL.  spec- 
trum +  Gr.  oKoxeiv,  view.]  An  instrument  used 
to  produce  a  spectrum  of  the  light  (or,  more 
generally,  the  radiation)  from  anj;  source  by 
the  passage  of  the  rays  through  a  prism  or  their 
reflection  from  a  grating,  and  for  the  study  of 
the  spectrum  so  formed.  In  its  common  form  the 
essential  parts  of  the  prismatic  spectroscope  are— (1)  a  tube 
with  a  slit  at  the  further  end  (see  fig.  1),  through  which  the 
light  enters,  and  at  the  other  end  a  collimating  lens  which 
brings  the  rays  into  a  parallel  beam  (the  slit  is  formed  be- 
tween two  parallel  edges  the  distance  between  which  can 
be  varied  at  will) ;  (2)  a  prism  to  refract  and  disperse  the 
rays,  or  a  series  or  train  of  prisms  when  greater  dispersion 
is  desired — a  gain,  however,  which  is  accompanied  by  a  seri- 
ous diminution  in  the  intensity  of  the  light ;  (3)  a  telescope 
through  which  the  magnified  image  of  the  spectrum  thus 
formed  is  viewed.  A  third  tube  is  usually  added,  contain- 
ing a  scale,  which  is  illuminated  by  a  small  gas-flame  and 
reflected  from  the  surface  of  the  prism  into  the  telescope, 
thus  giving  the  means  of  fixing  the  position  of  the  lines 
observed.  A  small  glass  comparison  prism  is  often  placed 
in  front  of  half  the  slit,  and  through  it,  by  total  reflection, 
a  second  beam  of  light  can  be  introduced,  the  spectrum 
of  which  is  seen  directly  over  the  other.  An  instrument 
which  gives  a  spectrum  when  the  source  of  the  light  is  in  a 
straight  line  with  the  eye  — that  is,  which  gives  dispersion 
without  deviation — is  called  a  direct-vision  spectroscope  (see 


spectroscope 


fig.  -2):  this  may  lie  accomplished  by  combining  two  crown- 
glass  prisms,  with  a  third  Iiiiit-K];i.»s  prism  ,,f  an  angle  of 


Spectroscopes. 


90   between  them  (fig.  3).    For  certain  rays-for  exam- 
ple the  yellow -there  is  no  divergence  while  a  spectrum 
is  obtained,  since  the  dispersion  of  the  flint-glass  prism 
in  one  direction  is  greater  than  that  of  the  two  crown- 
glass  prisms  in  the  opposite  direction.    Other  forms  of 
direct-vision  spectroscope  have  also  been  devised      In 
the  grating  spectroscope,  or  di/raclion  spectroscope  a  dif- 
fraction-grating (a  series  of  very  flue  parallel  lines  ruled 
on  glass  or  speculum-metal)  takes  the  place  of  the  prism  • 
and  the  parallel  rays  falling  upon  it  are  reflected,  and 
form  a  series  of  diffraction-spectra  (see  infraction,  mat- 
my2,  2,  and  interference,  5),  which  are  called  normal  xu'ctm 
(see  spectrum,  s),  since  the  dispersion  of  the  rays  is  propor- 
tional to  their  wave-length.    A  prism  is  sometimes  used 
before  the  telescope  to  separate  parts  of  the  successive 
spectra  which  would  otherwise  overlap.    If  a  Rowland 
grating  (see  di/raction)  is  employed,  the  arrangements 
can  be  much  simplified,  since  the  large  concave  surface 
of  the  grating  forms  an  image  directly,  which  may  be  re- 
ceived upon  a  screen,  or  for  study  upon  a  photographic 
plate,  or  viewed  through  an  eyepiece  with  cross- wires 
to  fix  the  position  of  the  lines  observed.    The  grating  is 
supported  at  one  end  of  a  rigid  bar,  in  practice  about 
21  feet  in  length,  at  the  other  end  of  which,  and  at  the 
center  of  curvature  of  the  concave  surface,  is  the  eye- 
piece or  support  for  the  sensitive  plate.    The  ends  of  this 
bar  rest  on  carriages  moving  on  two  rails  at  right  angles 
to  each  other ;  and,  as  the  end  carrying  the  eyepiece  is 
moved,  the  whole  length  of  the  spectrum  (several  feet) 
may  be  successively  observed,  the  fixed  beam  of  parallel 
rays  from  the  slit  falling  upon  the  grating  as  its  position 
is  slowly  turned.    The  whole  apparatus  is  mounted  on 
rigid  supports  in  a  room  from  which  all  light  but  that 
received  through  the  slit  is  carefully  excluded     A  high 
degree  of  dispersion  is  thus  obtained,  combined  with  tlie 
advantage  of  the  normal  spectrum,  and  the  further  advan- 
tages that  the  amount  of  light  employed  is  large,  while  the 
disturbing  effect  of  the  absorption  of  the  material  of  the 
prisms  is  avoided.   See  further  under  spectrum.— Analyz- 
ing spectroscope,  Integrating  spectroscope,  tennsap- 
phed  to  the  spectroscope  (Young)  to  describe  Its  use,  with 
or  without  a  lens  throwing  an  image  of  the  luminous  ob- 
ject upon  the  slit.    In  the  former  case,  different  parts  of 
the  slit  are  illuminated  by  light  from  different  parts  of 
the  object,  and  their  spectra  can  be  separately  compared 
or,  in  other  words,  the  light  is  thus  analyzed ;  while  in  the 
second  case,  when  the  collimator  is  pointed  toward  the 
source  of  light,  the  combined  effect  of  the  whole  is  ob- 
ta"le.u--Hatf-Prisni  spectroscope,  a  spectroscope  in 
which  the  beam  of  rays  enters  the  prism  at  right  angles 
to  one  face,  and  suffers  dispersion  only  on  emerging  from 
the  face  opposite  and  inclined  to  it.    The  half-prism  ordi- 
narily employed  is  half  of  a  compound  prism  such  as  is 
used  in  the  direct-vision  spectroscope.— Rainband-SDec- 
troscope.    See  rainband. 

spectroscope  (spek'tro-skop),  v.  i.  and  t. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  si>ectroscoi>ed,  ppr.  spectroscopina.  [< 
spectroscope,  n.]  To  use  the  spectroscope; 
study  by  means  of  observations  with  the  spec- 

' Trans- R- 8- E- 


ing  spot  will  be  green ;  if  black,  it  will  be  changed  into 
white.     These  ImtgM  are  also  termed  ocular  tpectra 
3.  lu  physics,  the  continuous  band  of  light  (risi- 
ble spectrum)  showing  the  successive  prismatic 
colors,  or  the  isolated  lines  or  bands  of  color 
observed  when  the  radiation  from  such  a  source 
as  the  sun,  or  an  ignited  vapor  in  a  gas-flame 
is  viewed  after  having  been  passed  through  a 
linsm  (prismatic  *i>«-/i-ii>ii)  or  reflected  from  a 
diffraction-grating  (diffraction-  or  interferenee- 
Speetru**)-     The  action  of  the  prism  (see  prim,  and  re- 
fnuttm)lM  to  refract  the  light  and  at  the  same  timr  (., 
separate  or  disperse  the  rays  of  different  wave-lengths 
the  refraction  and  dispersion  being  greater  as  the  wave- 
length diminishes.    The  grating  (see  'jratiivj'i,  2),  which 
eonsistsusuaHy  of  a  series  of  tine  parallel  lines  (say  10,000 or 
JO.jXXi  to  the  inch)  ruled  on  speculum-metal,  diffracts  and 
t  the  same  tnnedisperses  the  light-rays,  forming  a  series 
of  spectra  whose  lengths  depend  upon  the  fineness  of  the 

.fl'i,    '  t°W' a  ,      "  o'  white  light  is  passed  through  aslit, 
and  then  by  a  col  imator  lens  is  thrown  upon  a  prism,  and 

H  T     ,  r'P  '?'"  received  upon  a  screen,  a  colored  band 
will  be  obtained  passing  by  insensible  degrees,  from  the 
.t0  the  '»"«  refrangible  end, 


specular 


»!.«  .  t   i  T  *C. ^  '  '         llc  "lulc  reinmgiuie  end, 

the  violet,  through  a  series  of  colors  ordinarily  described 
as  red,  orange,  yellow  green,  blue,  Indigo,  and  violet.    A 
similar  effect  is  obtained  from  a  grating,  with,  however 
this  difference,  that  in  the  prismatic  spectrum  the  red 
covers  only  a  sifTall  part  relatively  of  the  colored  band 
since  the  action  of  the  prism  is  to  crowd  together  the 
less  refrangible  rays  ami  separate  the  more  refrangible 
™uys  5LIess  wave-length,  and  thus  distort  the  spectrum. 
Ihe  diffraction-spectrum,  on  the  other  hand,  shows  the 
red  occupying  about  the  same  space  as  the  blue  and 
violet,  and  is  called  a  normal  spectrum.    When  the  light 
from  different  sources  is  studied  in  the  spectroscope 
It  is  found,  first,  that  a  solid  or  a  liquid  when  incan- 
descent gives  a  continuous  spectrum,  and  this  is  true 
of  gases  also  at  great  pressures ;  second,  bodies  in  the 
gaseous  form  give  discontinuous  spectra,  consisting  of 
colored  bright  lines  (line-spectrum)  or  bands  (band-spec- 
trum), or  of  bands  which  under  certain  conditions  ap- 
pear as  channeled  spaces  or  flutings  (fluted  spectrum),  and 
these  lines  or  bands  for  a  given  substance  have  a  definite 
position,  and  are  hence  characteristicof  it ;  third  if  light 
from  an  incandescent  solid  or  liquid  body  passes  through 
a  gas  (at  a  lower  temperature  than  the  incandescent  body) 
the  gas  absorbs  the  same  rays  as  those  its  own  spectrum 
consists  of ;  therefore,  in  this  case,  the  result  is  a  spectrum 
(absorption-spectrum)  continuous,  except  as  interrupted  by 
black  lines  occupying  the  same  position  as  the  bright 
lines  in  the  spectrum  of  the  gas  itself  would  occupy     An 
absorption-spectrum,  showing  more  or  less  sharply  defined 
dark  bands,  is  also  obtained  when  the  light  has  passed 
through  an  appropriate  liquid  (as  blood),  or  a  solid  such 
as  a  salt  of  didymium  (see  further  under  absorption).     For 
example,  the  spectrum  from  a  candle-flame  is  continuous 
being  due  to  the  incandescent  carbon  particles  suspended 
in  the  flame.     If,  however,  the  yellow  flame  produced 
when  a  little  sodium  is  inserted  in  the  non-luminous  flame 
of  a  Bunsen  burner  is  examined,  a  bright-yellow  line  is 
observed ;  if  a  red  lithium  flame,  then  a  red  and  a  yellow 
line  are  seen  ;  the  red  strontium  flame  gives  a  more  com- 
plex spectrum,  consisting  of  a  number  of  lines  chiefly  in 
the  red  and  yellow ;  and  so  of  other  similar  substances. 
tor  substances  like  iron,  and  other  metals  not  volatile  ex- 
cept at  very  high  temperatures,  the  heat  of  the  voltaic  arc 
is  employed,  and  by  this  means  their  spectra,  often  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  or  more  lines  (of  iron  at  least  2  000) 
can  be  mapped  out.    still  again,  if  the  light  from  the  sun 
is  studied  in  the  same  way,  it  is  found  to  be  a  bright 
spectrum  from  red  to  violet,  but  crossed  by  a  large  num- 
ber of  dark  lines  called  Fraunhofer  lines,  because  though 
earlier  seen  by  Wollaston  (1802),  they  were  first  mapped 
by  Fraunhofer  in  1814;  this  name  is  given  especially  to 
the  more  prominent  of  them,  which  he  designated  by  the 


2345 


^ 


Could  you  have  spectroscoped  a  star? 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Atlantic  Monthly,  XLIX.  387. 

spectroscopic  (spek-tro-skop'ik),  a.  [<  spectro- 
scope +  -ic.~\  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  performed 
by  means  of  the  spectroscope  or  spectroscopy: 
as,  spectroscopic  analysis;  spectroscopic  investi- 
gations. 

spectroscopical  (spek-tro-skop'i-kal),  a.  [< 
spectroscopic  +  -al]  Same  as  spectroscopic. 

spectroscopically  (spek-tro-skop'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  a  spectroscopic  manner;  by  the  use  of  the 
spectroscope. 

spectroscopist  (spek'tro-sko-pist),  n.  [<  spec- 
troscope +  -ist.'j  One  who  uses  the  spectro- 
scope ;  one  skilled  in  spectroscopy. 

spectroscopy  (spek'tro-sko-pi),  n.  [As  spectro- 
scope +  -yS.'}  That  branch  of  science,  more 
particularly  of  chemical  and  physical  science, 
which  is  concerned  with  the  use  of  the  spectro- 
scope and  with  spectrum  analysis. 

spectrum  (spek'trum),  n.;  pi.  spectra  (-tra). 
<  NL.  spectrum,  a  spectrum,  <  L.  spectrum,  an 
appearance,  an  image  or  apparition :  see  spec- 
ter.'] If.  A  specter;  a  ghostly  phantom.— 2. 
An  image  of  something  seen,  continuing  after 
the  eyes  are  closed,  covered,  or  turned  away. 
If,  for  example,  one  looks  intently  with  one  eye  upon  any 
colored  object,  such  as  a  wafer  placed  on  a  sheet  of  white 
paper,  and  immediately  afterward  turns  the  same  eye  to 
another  part  of  the  paper,  one  sees  a  similar  spot,  but 

of  a  different  color.    Thus,  if  the  wafer  is  red  the  seem- 


II. 


SA^-\^ 

AaBC  D  Eb    F          OH 

Fixed  Lines  and  Colored  Spaces  of  Prismatic  Spectrum  (I.)  and 

Normal  Spectrum  (II.). 
i,  red  ;  2,  red-oransfe ;  3.  orange;  4,  orange-yellow:  5,  yellow;  6, 

cyan-blue;  9,  blue  and  (9%)  blue-violet;  10,  violet;  A,  a,  B,  C,  e'tc.' 
Fraunhofer  lines. 

letters  A  to  H,  etc.  (See  the  figures.)  These  lines,  as  ex- 
plained above,  are  due  to  the  absorption  by  gases  either  in 
the  sun's  atmosphere  or  in  that  of  the  earth.  When  the 
light  is  passed  through  a  train  of  prisms,  or  reflected  from 
a  Rowland  grating,  and  thus  a  very  high  degree  of  dis- 
persion obtained,  the  rays  are  more  widely  separated  and 
the  spectrum  can  be  more  minutely  examined.  Studied  in 
this  way,  it  is  found  that  the  dark  lines  in  the  solar  spec 
trum  number  many  thousands,  the  greater  part  of  which 
can  be  identified  in  the  spectra  of  known  terrestrial  sub- 
stances. Thus,  the  presence  in  the  sun's  atmosphere  of 
thirty-six  elements  has  been  established  (Rowland,  1891) ; 
these  include  sodium,  potassium,  calcium,  magnesium 
iron,  copper,  cobalt,  silver,  lead,  tin,  zinc,  titanium,  alu- 
minium, chromium,  silicon,  carbon,  hydrogen,  etc.  The 
radiation  from  the  sun  consists  not  only  of  those  rays 
whose  wave-length  is  such  as  to  produce  the  effect  of 
vision  upon  the  eye,  but  also  of  others  of  greater  wave- 
length than  the  red  rays  and  less  wave-length  than  the 
violet ;  the  spectrum  from  such  a  source  consequently  in- 
cludes, besides  the  luminous  part,  an  invisible  part  (in- 
visible spectrum)  below  the  red,  called  the  infra-red  re- 
gion, and  another  beyond  the  violet,  called  the  ultra- 


molel.     The  first  region  is  also  present  in  the  spectrum 
from  any  hot.  body,  and  the  latter  in  that  from  a  body  iit 
a  high  temperature  — for  example  the  incandcseent  ,  ai- 
Ixins  of  an  are  electric  light.     Thus.  Lanxley  by  means  of 
his  bolometer  lias  proved  the  existence  of  rays  having  a 
wave  length  nearly  twenty  times  that  of  the  luminous  red 
rays,  in  the  radiation  of  the  surface  of  the  moon  an  ; 
responding  to  a  temperature  not  far  from  that  .if  nu-lting 
ice.     Further,  while  the  visible  sp.vtiun,  includes  rays 
separated  by  only  about  one  octave  (since  the  wave-length 
.  for  the  extreme  red  is  approximately  twice  that  of  the  ex- 
treme violet),  the  full  spectrum,  from  the  extreme  ultra- 
violet to  the  longest  waves  recognized  by  the  bolometer 
embraces  more  than  seven  octaves.    In  other  words  it  ex- 
tends  from  rays  having  a  wave-length  of  0.18  of  a  micron 
to  those  whose  wave-length  is  so  microns  (1  micron  = 
,„(-,„  millimeter).     The  invisible  regions  of  the  spectrum 
cannot  be  directly  studied  by  the  eye.  but  they  can  be  ex- 
plored, first  by  photography,  it  being  possible  to  prepare 
suitable  plates  sensitive  to  the  infra-red  as  well  as  others 
sensitive  to  ultra-violet  rays,  and  such  photographs  show 
the  presence  of  many  additional  absorption-lincs.    The 
invisible  infra-red  region  (heat-spectrum)  can  also  be  ex- 
plored by  the  thermopile  and  still  better  the  bolometer 
and  the  distribution  of  the  heat  thus  examined,  and  a 
thermogram  of  the  spectrum  constructed  in  which  the 
presence*  of   "cold  "  absorption-bands   is   noted      Still 
again,  the  method  of  phosphorescence  is  employed  to 
give  a  phosphorograph  of  the  spectrum,  while  fluores- 
cence is  made  use  of  in  studying  the  ultra-violet  region 
In    studying   the   invisible    heat-spectrum    lenses   and 
prisms  of  rock-salt  must  be  used,  because  the  dark  rays 
of  long  wave-length  are  largely  absorbed  by  glass  •  fur- 
ther, in  investigating  the  invisible  ultra-violet  region 
quartz  is  similarly  employed,  since  it  is  highly  transpa- 
rent to  these  short  wave-length  vibrations.    In  many  in- 
vestigations it  is  of  great  advantage  to  use  the  grating- 
spectroscope,  especially  one  provided  with  a  concave 
Rowland  grating,  since  then  the  normal  spectrum  (fig  II ) 
is  obtained  directly  without  the  use  of  the  usual  lenses 
and  prisms,  and  hence  free  from  their  absorbing  effects 
Recent  photographs  of  the  solar  spectrum  obtained  by 
Prof  Rowland  in  this  way  give  a  clearness  of  definition 
combined  with  high  dispersion  never  before  approached 
Thus,  in  their  enlarged  form  as  published  (18HO)  the  double 
sodium-lines  are  widely  separated,  and  sixteen  distinct 
fine  lines  may  be  counted  between  them.    It  was  for- 
merly the  custom  to  divide  the  solar  spectrum  into  three 
parts,  formed  by  the  invisible  heat-rays,  the  luminous 
rays,  and  the  so-called  chemical  or  actinic  rays     This 
threefold  division  of  the  spectrum  is,  however   largely 
erroneous,  since  all  the  rays  of  the  spectrum  are  "heat- 
rays     f  they  are  received  upon  an  absorbing  surface,  as 
lampblack ;  and,  while  it  is  true  that  the  chemical  change 
upon  which  ordinary  photography  depends  is  most  stimu- 
lated by  the  violet  and  ultra-violet  rays,  this  is  not  true 
universally  of  all  chemical  changes  produced  by  direct 
radiation.    The  rays  from  the  lowest  end  of  the  spectrum 
to  the  highest  differ  intrinsically  in  wave-length  only  and 
the  difference  of  effect  observed  is  due  to  the  character 
of  the  surface  upon  which  they  fall.    The  spectra  of  the 
stars,  of  the  comets,  nebute,  etc.,  can  be  studied  in  the 
same  way  as  the  solar  spectrum,  and  the  result  has  been 
to  throw  much  light  upon  the  constitution  of  these  bodies  • 
the  spectrum  of  the  aurora  has  been  similarly  examined.' 
In  addition  to  its  use  in  the  study  of  cosmical  physics 
spectrum  analysis  has  proved  a  most  delicate  and  invalu- 
able method  to  the  chemist  and  physicist  in  the  examina- 
r  the  different  elements  and  their  compounds     By 
this  method  of  research  a  number  of  new  elements  have 
been  detected  (as  rubidium,  cesium,  indium,  thallium)- 
and  recently  the  study  of  the  absorption-spectra  of  the 
earths  — obtained  from  samarskite,  gadolinite,  and  other 
related  minerals— has  served  to  show  the  existence  of  a 

group  of  closely  related  elements  whose  existence  had  not 
efore  been  suspected.  Further,  the  study  of  the  change 
in  the  spectra  of  certain  elements  under  different  condi- 
tions of  temperature  has  led  Lockyer  to  some  most  im- 
portant and  suggestive  hypotheses  as  to  the  relation  be- 
tween them  and  their  possible  compound  nature. 
4.  [cap.']  [NL.]  In  zoiil.,  a  generic  name  va- 
riously used:  (a)  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects. Scopoli,  1777.  (6)  A  genus  of  gresso- 
rial orthopterous  insects:  same  as  Phasma. 
Stall,  1787.  (c)  A  genus  of  lemuroid  mam- 
mals: same  as  Tarsius.  Lacepede,  1803. — 5.  The 
specific  name  of  some  animals,  including  Tar- 
sius spectrum  and  Phyllostoma  spectrum Fluted 

spectrum.  See  def.  3.— Gitter-spectrum.a  diffraction- 
spectrum.  Seedef.  3.- Grating-spectrum.  See  grot- 
lSff 2- —  Herschelian  rays  of  the  spectrum.  See 
Herschelian.—  Secondary  spectrum,  the  residual  or  sec- 
ondary chromatic  aberration  observed  in  the  use  of  an 
ordinary  so-called  achromatic  lens  (see  achromatic),  aris- 
ing from  the  fact  that  while  by  combining  the  crown-  and 
flint-glass  two  of  the  colors  of  the  spectrum  are  brought 
to  the  same  focus,  the  dispersion  of  the  others  is  not 
equally  compensated.  By  using  new  kinds  of  glass  which 
allow  of  proportional  dispersion  in  different  parts  of  the 
spectrum  (see  apochromatic),  Abbe  has  made  lenses  which 
collect  three  colors  to  one  focus,  leaving  only  a  small  resid- 
ual aberration  unconnected,  which  is  called  the  tertiary 

specula,  n.     Plural  of  speculum. 

speculable  (spek'u-la-bl),  a.    Knowable. 

specular  (spek'u-lar)',  a.  [=  F.  speculaire  = 
Pr.  specular  =  Sp.  Pg.  especular  =  It.  sjieculare, 
<  L.  specvlaris,  belonging  to  a  mirror,  <  specu- 
lum, a  mirror:  see  speculum.]  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  mirror;  capable  of  reflecting  ob- 
jects :  as,  a  specular  surface ;  a  specular  mineral ; 
specular  metal  (an  alloy  prepared  for  making 
mirrors).— 2.  Assisting  or  facilitating  vision ; 
serving  for  inspection  or  observation ;  afford- 
ing a  view :  as,  a  specular  orb  (the  eye  or  a 
lens) ;  specular  stone  (an  old  name  for  mica 
used  in  windows,  in  Latin  specularix  lapis);  a 


specular 

Hpffiilar   tower  (one   serving  as    a    lookout). 

[Archaic.] 

You  teach  (though  we  learn  not)  a  thing  unknown 
To  our  late  timus.  the  use  of  specular  stone, 
Through  which  all  things  within  without  were  shown. 
Donne,  To  the  Countess  of  Bedford. 

Look  once  more,  ere  we  leave  this  specular  mount. 

Milliin,  P.  K.,  iv.  236. 

Calm  as  the  Universe,  from  specular  towers 
Of  heaven  contemplated  by  Spirits  pure. 

Wordsworth,  Cave  of  Staffa. 

3.  In  nmitli.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  speculum 
of  the  wing;  ocellar:  as,  the  specular  area; 
specular  iridescence — Specular  Iron  ore,  a  variety 
of  hematite,  or  anhydrous  iron  sesquioxid,  occurring  In 
crystals  and  massive  forms  with  a  brilliant  metallic  luster. 
Finely  pulverized  and  washed,  it  is  used  as  a  polishing 

Specuiaria  (spek-u-la'ri-a),  «.  [NL.  (Heister, 
1748),  <  L.  speculum  in  speculum  Veneris,  'Ve- 
nus's  looking-glass, 'a medieval  name  of  S.  Spe- 
culum, from  the  resemblance  of  its  flowers  set 
on  their  cylindrical  ovary  to  the  ancient  round 
bronze  mirror  at  the  end  of  a  straight  handle : 
see  speculum.]  A  genus  of  gamopetalous  plants 
of  the  order  Campanulacex.  It  is  distinguished 
from  the  allied  genus  Campanula  by  its  wheel  shaped  or 
shallow  and  broadly  bell-shaped  corolla  and  linear  or 
narrowly  oblong  ovary.  There  are  about  8  species,  na- 
tives of  the  northern  hemisphere,  chiefly  of  southern 
and  central  Europe,  with  one  in  South  America.  They 
are  annual  herbs,  either  erect  or  decumbent,  and  smooth 
or  bristly.  They  bear  alternate  entire  or  toothed  leaves, 
and  blue,  violet,  or  white  two-bracted  flowers  nearly  or 
quite  sessile  in  the  axils.  S.  Speculum  Is  the  Venus's 
looking-glass,  formerly  a  favorite  in  English  gardens; 
S.  hybrida  is  there  known  as  the  corn-violet;  and  S.  per- 
foliata,  native  in  the  United  States,  is  remarkable  for  its 
dimorphous  flowers,  the  earlier  being  minute  and  cllsto- 
gamic. 

speculate  (spek'u-lat),  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  specu- 
lated, ppr.  speculating.  [<  L.  speculatus,  pp.  of 
speculari,  spy  out,  watch,  observe,  behold  (>  It. 
speculare  =  Sp.  Pg.  especular  =  OF.  speculer,  F. 
speculer),  <  specula,  a  watch-tower.  <  specere, 
see :  see  species.  Cf.  speculum.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  view  as  from  a  watch-tower  or  observatory ; 
observe. 

I  shall  never  eat  garlic  with  Diogenes  in  a  tub,  and 
speculate  the  stars  without  a  shirt. 

Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  il.  1. 

2.  To  take  a  discriminating  view  of;  consider 
attentively;    speculate   upon;    examine;    in- 
spect: as,  to  speculate  the  nature  of  a  thing. 
[Rare.] 

We  .  .  .  conceit  ourselves  that  we  contemplate  abso- 
lute existence  when  we  only  speculate  absolute  privation. 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Discussions,  p.  21. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  pursue  truth  by  thinking, 
as  by  mathematical  reasoning,  by  logical  analy- 
sis, or  by  the  review  of  data  already  collected. 
—  2.  To  take  a  discursive  view  of  a  subject 
or  subjects;  note  diverse  aspects,  relations,  or 
probabilities;  meditate;  conjecture:  often  im- 
plying absence  of  definite  method  or  result. 

I  certainly  take  my  full  share,  along  with  the  rest  of  the 
world,  ...  in  speculating  on  what  has  been  done,  or  is 
doing,  on  the  public  stage.  Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

3.  To  invest  money  for  profit  upon  an  uncer- 
tainty ;   take  the  risk  of  loss  in  view  of  possi- 
ble gain ;  make  a  purchase  or  purchases,  as  of 
something  liable  to  sudden  fluctuations  in  price 
or  to  rapid  deterioration,  on  the  chance  of  sell- 
ing at  a  large  advance :  as,  to  speculate  in  stocks. 

speculation  (spek-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  OF.  specu- 
lation, speculation,  F.  speculation  =  Pr.  specu- 
lacio  =  Sp.  especulacion  =  Pg.  especulacao  =  It. 
speculazione,  <  LL.  speculatio(n-),  a  spying  out, 
exploration,  observation,  contemplation,  <  L. 
speculari,  view:  see  speculate.]  1.  The  act  or 
state  of  speculating,  or  of  seeing  or  looking; 
intelligent  contemplation  or  observation;  a 
viewing ;  inspection.  [Obsolete  or  archaic,  but 
formerly  used  with  considerable  latitude.] 

Thence  [from  the  works  of  God]  gathering  plumes  of  per- 
fect speculation, 

To  impe  the  wings  of  thy  high  flying  mynd, 
Mount  up  aloft  through  heavenly  contemplation. 

Spenser,  Heavenly  Beauty,  1.  134, 

Thou  hast  no  speculation  in  those  eyes 
Which  thou  dost  glare  with. 

Shalr.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4.  95. 

I  am  arrived  to  that  perfection  in  speculation  that  I  un- 
derstand the  language  of  the  eyes. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  354. 

2.  The  pursuit  of  truth  by  means  of  thinking, 
especially  mathematical  reasoning  and  logical 
analysis ;  meditation ;  deep  and  thorough  con- 
sideration of  a  theoretical  question.  This  use  of 
the  word,  though  closely  similar  to  the  application  of 
speculatio  in  the  Latin  of  Boethius  to  translate  Scmpio,  is 
chiefly  due  to  1  Cor.  xiii.  12,  "now  we  see  through  a  glass, 
darkly,"  where  '  glass '  is  in  the  Vulgate  speculum.  But 


5812 

some  writers,  as  Milton  and  Cowper,  associate  the  meaning 
with  specula,  'a  watch-tower.' 

For  practise  must  agree  with  speculation, 
Belief  &  knowledge  must  guide  operation. 

Time*  ir/i/*rte  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  147. 
Thenceforth  to  speculations  high  or  deep 
I  turn'd  my  thoughts.  Mil/mi,  P.  L.,  ix.  602. 

Join  sense  unto  reason,  and  experiment  unto  speculation. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  6. 
From  him  [Pythagoras]  Socrates  derived  the  principles 
of  virtue  and  morality,  .  .  .  and  most  of  his  natural  specu- 
lations.      Sir  W.  Temple,  Ancient  and  Modern  Learning. 
The  brilliant  fabric  of  speculation  erected  by  Darwin  can 
scarcely  sustain  its  own  weight. 

Dawsoii,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  240. 

3.  In  pliilos.,  sometimes,  a  purely  a  priori 
method  of  philosophizing:  but  commonly  in 
philosophy  the  word  has  the  meaning  2,  above. 
— 4.  The  investing  of  money  at  a  risk  of  loss 
on  the  chance  of  unusual  gain ;  specifically, 
buying  and  selling,  not  in  the  ordinary  course 
of  commerce  for  the  continuous  marketing  of 
commodities,  but  to  hold  in  the  expectation  of 
selling  at  a  profit  upon  a  change  in  values  or 
market  rates.  Thus,  if  a  merchant  lays  in  for  his  regu- 
lar trade  a  much  larger  stock  than  h«  otherwise  would 
because  he  anticipates  a  rise  in  prices,  this  is  not  termed 
speculation  ;  but  if  he  buys  what  he  does  not  usually  deal 
in,  not  for  the  purpose  of  extending  his  business,  but  for 
the  chance  of  a  sale  of  the  particular  articles  at  a  profit  by 
reason  of  anticipated  rise,  it  is  so  termed.  In  the  language 
of  the  exchanges,  speculation  includes  all  dealing  in  fu- 
tures and  options,  whether  purchases  or  sales. 

The  establishment  of  any  new  manufacture,  of  any  new 
branch  of  commerce,  or  of  any  new  practice  in  agriculture, 
is  always  a  speculation  from  which  the  projector  promises 
himself  extraordinary  profits. 

Adam  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations,  I.  x.  I. 

A  vast  speculation  had  fail'd, 
And  ever  he  mutter'd  and  madden'd. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  3. 

5.  A  game  at  cards,  the  leading  principle  of 
which  is  the  purchase  of  an  unknown  card  on 
the  calculation  of  its  probable  value,  or  of  a 
known  card  on  the  chance  of  no  better  appear- 
ing during  the  game,  a  part  of  the  pack  not 
being  dealt.  Latham,  ^syn.  2.  Hypothesis,  etc.  See 
theory. 

speculatist  (spek'u-la-tist),  ».  [<  speculate  + 
-ist.]  A  speculative  philosopher;  a  person  who, 
absorbed  with  theoretical  questions,  pays  little 
attention  to  practical  conditions. 

Such  speculating,  by  expecting  too  much  from  friendship, 
dissolve  the  connection.  Ooldsmith,  Friendship. 

Fresh  confidence  the  speculatist  takes 
For  every  hare-brain'd  proselyte  he  makes. 

Cowper,  Progress  of  Error. 

speculative  (spek'u-la-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  speculatif 
=  Sp.  Pg.  especulativo  =  It.  speculative,  <  LL. 
speculativus,  pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
observation,  *  L.  speculari,  view :  see  speculate.] 
If.  Pertaining  to  or  affording  vision  or  out- 
look: a  meaning  influenced  by  Latin  specula, 
'  a  watch-tower/ 

Now  roves  the  eye ; 
And,  posted  on  this  speculative  height, 
Exults  in  Its  command.  Coioper,  Task,  1.  289. 

2f.  Looking;  observing;  inspecting;  prying. 

My  speculative  and  officed  instrument. 

Shalr.,  Othello,  I.  3.  271. 

To  be  speculative  into  another  man,  to  the  end  to  know 
how  to  work  him  or  wind  him  or  govern  him,  proceedeth 
from  a  heart  that  is  double  and  cloven. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 

3.  Given  to  speculation ;  contemplative;  theo- 
retical. 

He  [Washington]  was  not  a  speculative,  but  a  practical 
man ;  not  at  all  devoted  to  Ideas. 
Theodore  Parker,  Historic  Americans,  Washington,  p.  114. 

Speculative  men  are  deemed  unsound  and  frivolous. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  12. 

4.  Purely  scientific ;  having  knowledge  as  its 
end;   theoretical:  opposed  to  practical;  also 
(limiting  a  noun  denoting  a  person  and  signify- 
ing his  opinions  or  character),  in  theory,  and  not, 
or  not  merely,  in  practice ;  also,  cognitive ;  intel- 
lectual.    In  this  sense  (which  has  no  connection  with 
speculation),  speculative  translates  Aristotle's  Ofuipirrucos, 
Thus,  speculative  science  is  science  pursued  for  its  own 
sake,  without  immediate  reference  to  the  needs  of  life,  and 
does  not  exclude  experimental  science. 

I  do  not  think  there  are  so  many  speculative  atheists 
as  men  are  wont  to  imagine. 

Boyle,  Christian  Virtuoso,  part  i. 
It  is  evidently  the  intention  of  our  Maker  that  man 
should  be  an  active  and  not  merely  a  speculative  being. 
Reid,  Active  Powers,  Int. 

When  astronomy  took  the  form  of  a  speculative  science, 
words  were  invented  to  denote  distinctly  the  conceptions 
thus  introduced. 

Whemll,  Philos.  of  Inductive  Sciences,  I.  liii. 

A  distinction  merely  speculative  has  no  concern  with 
the  most  momentous  of  all  practical  controversies. 

J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  51. 


speculum 

5.  Inferential;  known  by  reasoning,  and  not  by 
direct  experience:  opposed  to  intnitin  :  also, 
improperly,  purely  a  priori.    This  meaning  was  in- 
troduced into  Latin  by  Anselm,  with  reference  to  1  Cor. 
xiii.  12,  where  the  Vulgate  has  speculum.    Speculative  cog- 
nition is  cognition  not  intuitive. 

6.  Pertaining  or  given  to  speculation  in  trade ; 
engaged  in  speculation,  or  precarious  ventures 
for  the  chance  of  large  profits ;  of  the  nature 
of  financial  speculation :  as,  a  s^ 

investments  or  business. 


The  speculative  merchant  exercises  no  one  regular,  es- 
tablished, or  well-known  branch  of  business. 

Adam  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations,  I.  x.  1. 

Speculative  geometry,  philosophy,  reason,  theol- 
ogy, etc.  See  the  nouns. 

Speculatively  (spek'u-la-tiv-li),  adv.  In  a  spec- 
ulative manner ;  as  or  by  means  of  speculation, 
in  either  the  intellectual  or  the  material  sense. 

speculativeness  (spek'u-la-tiv-nes),  ».  The 
state  of  being  speculative,  or  of  consisting  in 
speculation. 

speculativism  (spek'u-la-tiv-izm),  n.  [<  spec- 
ula tire  +  -ism.]  The  tendency  to  speculation 
or  theory,  as  opposed  to  experiment  or  prac- 
tice ;  a  theorizing  tendency.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo., 
XIII.  269.  [Recent.] 

speculator  (spek'u-la-tor),  n.  [=  F.  speciilit- 
teur  =  Sp.  Pg.  especulador  =  It.  speeulatore,  < 
L.  speculator,  an  explorer  or  scout,  a  searcher, 
an  investigator,  <  speculari,  pp.  speculatus,  spy 
out,  watch,  observe,  view :  see  speculate.]  If. 
An  observer  or  onlooker;  a  watcher;  a  look- 
out; a  seer;  in  a  specific  use,  an  occult  seer; 
one  who  looks  into  mysteries  or  secrets  by  magi- 
cal means. 

All  the  boats  had  one  speculator,  to  give  notice  when 
the  fish  approached.  Broome. 

2.  One  who  engages  in  mental  speculation;  a 
person  who  speculates  about  a  subject  or  sub- 
jects; a  theorizer. 

The  number  of  experiments  in  moral  science  which  the 
speculator  has  an  opportunity  of  witnessing  has  been  in- 
creased beyond  all  calculation.  Macaulay,  History. 

3.  One  who  practises  speculation  in  trade  or 
business  of  any  kind.     See  speculation,  4. 

speculatorialt  (spek'u-la-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L. 
speculatorius,  pertaining  to  a  scout  or  observer 
(see  speculatory),  +  -al.]  Speculatory. 
speculatory  (spek'u-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  specu- 
latorius, pertaining  to  a  scout  or  observer,  < 
speculator,  an  observer:  see  speculator.]  If. 
Practising  or  intended  for  oversight  or  outlook ; 
overseeing;  overlooking;  viewing. 

My  privileges  are    an  ubiqultary,  circumambulatory, 

speculatory  interrogatory,  redargutory  immunity  over  all 

the  privy  lodgings.  Carew,  Ccelum  Britannicum. 

Both  these  [Roman  encampments]  were  nothing  more 

than  speculatory  outposts  to  the  Akcman-street. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Kiddington,  p.  66. 

2.  Given  to,  or  of  the  nature  or  character  of, 
speculation;  speculative.     [Rare.] 

speculatrix  (spek'u-la-triks),  n.;  pi.  speculatri- 
ces  (spek'u-la-tri'se'z).  [L.,  fern,  of  speculator : 
see  speculator.]  A  female  speculator.  [Rare.] 

A  communion  with  invisible  spirits  entered  into  the 
general  creed  I  in  the  sixteenth  century]  throughout  Eu- 
rope, and  crystal  or  beryl  was  the  magical  medium.  .  .  . 
Persons  even  of  ordinary  rank  in  life  pretended  to  be  what 
they  termed  speculators,  and  sometimes  women  were  spec- 
ulatrices.  I.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  297. 

speculum  (spek'u-lum),  «. ;  pi.  specula  (-la), 
sometimes  speculum^  (-lumz).  [<  L.  speculum, 
a  mirror,  a  copy  or  imitation  (cf.  specula,  a 
watch-tower,  lookout),  <  specere,  look  at,  be- 
hold: see  species.]  1.  Something  to  look  into 
or  from ;  specifically,  a  mirror  or  looking-glass. 
— 2.  An  attachment  to  or  part  of  an  optical 
instrument,  as  a  reflecting  telescope,  having 
a  brightly  polished  surface  for  the  reflection  of 
objects.  Specula  are  generally  made  of  an  alloy  called 
speculum-metal  consisting  of  ten  parts  of  copper  to  one  of 
tin,  sometimes  with  a  little  arsenic  to  increase  its  white- 
ness. Another  speculum  alloy  is  made  of  equal  weights 
of  steel  and  platinum.  Specula  are  also  made  of  glass 
covered  with  a  fllm  of  silver  on  the  side  turned  toward  the 
object. 

3.  Inornith.:  (a)  An  ocellus  or  eye-spot,  as  of  a 
peacock's  tail.     See  ocellus,  4.     (6)  The  mirror 
of  a  wing,  a  specially  colored  area  on  some  of 
the  flight-feathers.     It  is  usually  iridescent-green, 
purple,  violet,  etc.,  and  formed  by  a  space  of  such  color 
on  the  outer  webs  of  several  secondaries,  toward  their 
end,  and  commonly  set  in  a  frame  of  different  colors 
formed  by  the  tips  of  the  same  secondaries  or  of  the  great- 
er wing-coverts,  or  of  both.    Sometimes  it  is  dead-white, 
as  in  the  gadwall.    A  speculum  occurs  in  various  birds, 
and  as  a  rule  in  ducks,  especially  the  Anatinse,  being  in 
these  so  constant  and  characteristic  a  marking  that  some 
breeds  of  game  fowls  are  named  duclnnng  in  consequence 
of  a  certain  resemblance  in  the  wing-markings.   See  silver- 
duclmring.    Also  called  mirror.    See  cuts  under  Chaulelas- 
mu*  and  mallard. 


speculum 

The  wing  [In  Anatiiuv]  hiis  usually  a  brilliant  Speculum, 
which,  like  the  other  wing-markings,  is  the  same  in  lioth 
sexes.  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  690. 

4.  In  anat.,  the  septum  lucidum  of  the  brain. 
See  cut  under  corpus. —  5.  In  mcd.  and  surg.,  an 


Speculums. 

A,  eye-speculum  ;  B,  Sims's  vaginal  speculum  ;  C.  bivalve  vaginal 
speculum ;  D,  ear-speculum. 

instrument  used  for  rendering  a  part  accessible 
to  observation,  especially  by  opening  or  enlarg- 
ing an  orifice. — 6.  A  lookout;  a  place  to  spy 
from. 

It  was  in  fact  the  speculum  or  watch-tower  of  Teufels- 
drockh ;  wherefrom,  sitting  at  ease,  he  might  see  the 
whole  life-circulation  of  that  considerable  City. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  i.  3. 

Duck-billed  speculum,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to 
Sims's  vaginal  speculum,  and  more  rarely  to  some  of  the 
bivalve  vaginal  specula,  whose  valves  resemble  a  duck's 
bill.  Also  called  duck-bill. — Ear-speculum,  an  instru- 
ment, usually  a  hollow  cone,  introduced  into  the  meatus 
externus  for  holding  the  hairs  out  of  the  way  so  that  the 
bottom  of  the  passage  may  be  illuminated  and  seen. — 
Nose-speculum.  See  rhinoscope. 

speculum-metal  (spek'u-lum-met;*al),  n.  See 
speculum,  2. 

sped  (sped).  A  preterit  and  past  participle  of 
speed. 

spedet,  spedefult.  Old  spellings  of  speed,  speed- 
ful. 

speecet,  «•     An  old  form  of  specs,  spice. 

speech  (spech),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  speach  ; 
<  ME.  speche,  spxche,  earlier  spek,  speke,  <  AS. 
spxc,  spec,  earlier  spreec,  spree  (=  OS.  sprdca 
=  OFries.  spreke,  spretse,  sprake  =  D.  spraak  = 
MLG.  sprake  =  OHG.  sprdhha,  MHG.  G.  sprache 
=  Icel.  spekjur,  f.  pi.,  =  Sw.  sprdg  =  Dan. 
sprog),  speech,  <  sprecan  (pret.  spr&c),  speak: 
see  speak.]  1.  The  faculty  of  uttering  artic- 
ulate sounds  or  words,  as  in  human  beings 
and,  by  imitation,  in  some  birds ;  capacity  for 
expressing  thoughts  by  words  or  articulate 
sounds ;  the  power  of  speaking,  or  of  uttering 
words  either  in  the  speaking-  or  the  singing- 
voice. 

And  they  bring  unto  him  one  that  was  deaf,  and  had  an 
Impediment  in  his  speech.  Hark  vii.  32. 

Speech  is  the  instrument  by  which  a  Foole  is  distin- 
guished from  a  Philosopher. 

Howell,  Forreine  Travell  (rep.  1869),  p.  59. 
God's  great  gift  of  speech  abused 
Makes  thy  memory  confused. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

2.  The  action  or  exercise  of  speaking ;  expres- 
sion of  thoughts  or  ideas  with  the  speaking- 
voice;  oral  utterance  or  communication;  also, 
an  act  or  exercise  of  oral  expression  or  com- 
munication ;  talk ;  conversation ;  discourse :  as, 
a  person's  habit  of  speech  ;  to  be  chary  of  speech ; 
their  speech  was  all  about  themselves. 

There  is  no  speech  nor  language  where  their  voice  is  not 
heard.  [There  is  no  speech  nor  language ;  their  voice  can- 
not be  heard,  R.  V.]  PB.  xix.  3. 

Without  more  Speche  I  you  beseche 

That  we  were  sone  agone. 
The  Ifut-Broien  Maid  (Percy's  Reliques,  H.  i.  6> 
We  entered  into  many  speeches  of  divers  matters. 

Coryat,  Crudities,  1. 14. 

3.  The  words  and  grammatical  forms  in  which 
thought  is  expressed;  language;  a  language. 

For  thou  art  not  sent  to  a  people  of  a  strange  speech. 

Ezek.  Hi.  5. 

There  is  not  a  language  in  the  world  which  does  not  ex- 
ist in  the  condition  of  dialectic  division,  so  that  the  speech 
of  each  community  is  the  member  of  a  more  or  less  ex- 
tended family.  Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  175. 

4.  That  which  is  spoken;  thoughts  as  uttered 
or  written;  a  saying  or  remark;  especially,  a 
more  or  less  formal  address  or  other  utterance ; 
an  oration;  a  harangue:  as,  a  cutting  speech  in 
conversation;  the  speeches  in  a  dialogue  or  a 
drama;  to  deliver  a  speech;  uvoluraeot  speeches. 

You  may  spare  your  speeches:  I  expect  no  reply. 

Sleele,  Tatler,  No.  266. 

At  the  end  of  his  speech  he  [Chatham]  fell  in  an  apoplec- 
tic flt,  and  was  borne  home  to  die  a  few  weeks  afterward. 

Amer.  Cyc.,  XIII.  552. 

5.  A  speaking  or  talking  of  something;  uttered 
opinion,  intention, etc.;  oral  or  verbal  mention ; 
report.     [Archaic.] 


5813 

The  duke  .  .  .  did  of  me  demand 
What  was  the  speech  among  the  Londoners 
Concerning  the  Kn-ni-li  journey. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  I.  2.  154. 

[There  is]  no  speech  of  any  stop  of  shipping  hither,  nor 
of  the  general  governour. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  466. 

6.  An  occasion  of  speaking;  course  of  speak- 
ing;  oral  communication;   colloquy;   confer- 
ence; parlance:  as,  to  get  speech  of  or  with  a 
person. 

I  would  by  and  by  have  some  speech  with  you. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  Hi.  1.  155. 
Look  to  it  that  none  have  speech  of  her. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  xxxlv. 

7.  Manner  of  speaking;  form  or  quality  of  that 
which  is  spoken  or  of  spoken  sounds;  method 
of  utterance,  either  habitual  or  occasional:  as, 
his  speech  betrays  his  nationality;  rapid  speech; 
thick  or  harsh  speech. 

As  thou  wonldest  be  cleane  In  arraye. 
So  be  cleane  in  thy  speeche. 

Babces  Book(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  96. 
Thou  art  a  Galilean,  and  thy  speech  agreeth  thereto. 

Mark  xiv.  70. 

8.  The  utterance  or  sounding  of  a  musical  in- 
strument, especially  of  a  pipe  in  a  pipe-organ. 

In  the  11th  century  ...  the  manner  of  testing  the 
speech  [of  an  organ]  by  blowing  the  pipe  with  the  mouth 
in  various  ways  is  precisely  that  often  employed  by  the 
"voicer"  of  the  present  day.  Grove,  Diet.  Music,  II.  578. 

9.  In  a  wheel,  the  hub  with  the  spokes,  but 
without  the  fellies  and  tire.    E.  H.  Knight.— 
Figure  of  speech.    See  figure. — Maiden,  oblique,  per- 
fect speech.    See  the  adjectives.— Part  Of  speech.    See 
port.— Reported  speech.  Same  as  oblitjue  speech.— Rule 
of  speech.    See  rufei.-  Scanning  speech.    See  scan.— 
Set  speech.    See  «e».-  Speech  from  the  throne,  in 
British  politics,  a  speech  or  address  prepared  by  the  minis- 
try in  the  name  of  the  sovereign,  and  read  at  the  opening 
of  Parliament  either  by  the  sovereign  in  person  or  by  com- 
mission.   It  states  briefly  the  relations  with  foreign  coun- 
tries and  the  condition  of  domestic  affairs,  and  outlines 
vaguely  the  chief  measures  which  will  be  considered  by 
Parliament.    Also  called  King's  (or  Queen's)  speech.  =Syn. 
Speech,  Address,  Harangue,  Oration.    Speech  is  generic, 
and  applies  to  any  form  of  words  uttered  ;  it  is  the  thing 
spoken,  without  reference  to  its  quality  or  the  manner  of 
speaking  it.    An  address  is  a  speech  viewed  as  spoken  to 
one  or  more  persons,  and  is  generally  of  the  better  sort : 
as,  Paul's  speech  on  Mars'  Hill ;  his  address  before  Felix.    A 
harangue  is  a  noisy  speech,  usually  unstudied  and  unpol- 
ished, addressed  to  a  large  audience  and  in  a  violent  man- 
ner.   An  oration  is  a  formal,  impressive,  studied,  and  elab- 
orately polished  address :  as,  Webster  was  selected  to  de- 
liver the  oration  when  the  corner-stone  of  the  Bunker 
Hill  monument  was  laid,  and  again  when  the  monument 
was  completed.    See  sermon  and  language. 

speecht  (spech),  v.  i.  [<  speech,  n.]  To  make  a 
speech ;  harangue. 

He  raved  continually, ...  and  speeched  against  him  from 
morning  till  night. 

Account  o/  T.  Whigg,  Esq.,  p.  9.    (Latham.) 

speech-center  (spech'sen"ter),  n.  A  nervous 
center  particularly  related  to  speech ;  especial- 
ly, a  cortical  center  situated  in  the  region  of 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  left  frontal  con- 
volution of  the  brain,  the  destruction  of  which 
produces  in  most  persons  ataxic  aphasia. 

speechcraft  (spech'kraft),  n.  The  art  or  science 
of  language  ;  grammar.  Burns. 

speech-Crier  (spech'kri'er),  n.  Formerly,  in 
Great  Britain,  a  hawker  of  the  last  speeches 
or  confessions  of  executed  criminals,  accounts 
of  murders,  etc.  As  a  distinct  occupation,  such  hawk- 
ing arose  from  the  frequency  of  public  executions  when 
hanging  was  the  penalty  for  a  great  variety  of  crimes. 

speech-day  (spech'da),  n.  In  England,  the 
periodical  examination-day  of  a  public  school. 

I  still  have  .  .  .  the  gold  etui  your  papa  gave  me  when 
he  came  to  our  speech-day  at  Kensington. 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xxi. 

speechful  (spech'ful),  a.  [<  speech  +  -/«/.] 
Full  of  talk;  loquacious;  speaking.  [Rare.] 


Blackie,  Lays  of  the  Highlands,  p.  18. 

speechification  (spe'chi-fi-ka'shon),  ».  [< 
speechifi/  +  -ation  (see  -/cotton).]  The  act  of 
making  speeches  or  of  haranguing.  [Humorous 
or  contemptuous.] 

speechifier  (spe'chi-fi-er),  re.  [<  speechify  + 
-eri.]  One  who  speechifies;  one  who  is  fond 
of  making  speeches ;  a  habitual  speechmaker. 
[Humorous  or  contemptuous.] 

A  county  member,  .  .  .  both  out  of  the  house  and  in  it, 
is  liked  the  better  for  not  being  a  speechijier. 

Oeorge  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xliv. 

speechify  (spe'chi-fi),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  speech- 
ified, ppr.  speechifying.  [<  speech  +  -i-fy.]  To 
make  a  speech;  harangue.  [Humorous  or  con- 
temptuous.] 

At  a  political  dinner  everybody  is  disagreeable  and  In- 
clined to  speech\fy.  Dickens,  Sketches,  Scenes,  xix. 


speed 

speechless  (spech'les),  n.     [<  speerh  +  -less.] 

1 .  Not  having  or  not  using  the  faculty  of  speech ; 
unable  to  speak;  dumb;  mute. 

He  that  never  hears  a  word  spoken, ...  it  is  no  wonder 
if  such  an  one  remain  speechless. 

Holder,  Elements  of  Speech,  p.  115. 

2.  Refraining  or  restrained  from  speech  ;  not 
speaking,  either  of  purpose  or  from  present  in- 
ability: as,  to  stand  speechless  before  one's  ac- 
cusers ;  speechless  from  terror. 

I  had  rather  hear  your  groans  then  find  you  speechlesse. 
Brome,  Queens  Exchange,  II. 

3.  Characterized  by  the  absence  of  speech ; 
unexpressed ;  unattended  by  spoken  words. 

From  her  eyes 
I  did  receive  fair  speechless  messages. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  L  1.  164. 

4f.  Using  few  words ;  concise.     HalliiceU. 

speechlessly  (spech 'les-li),  adv.  Without 
speaking;  so  as  to  be  incapable  of  utterance : 
as.  spGGckkssly  amazed. 

speechlessness  (spech'les-nes),  ».  The  state 
of  being  speechless ;  muteness. 

speechmake  (spech'mak).  v.  i.  [A  back-forma- 
tion, <  speechmaking.']  To  indulge  in  speech- 
making;  make  speeches.  [Rare?] 

"The  King's  Friends"  and  the  "Patriots"  .  .  .  were 
speechmalciiiff  and  pamphleteering. 

Athenaum,  No.  3251,  p.  206. 

speechmaker  (spech 'marker),  «.  One  who 
makes  a  speech  or  speeches;  one  who  speaks 
much  in  public  assemblies. 

speechmaking  (spech'ma'king),  n.  [<  speech 
+  making.}  The  act  of  making  a  speech  or 
speeches;  a  formal  speaking,  as  before  an  as- 
sembly; also,  used  attributively,  marked  by  for- 
mal speaking  or  the  delivery  of  speeches. 

speechmant  (spech'man),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  speachman;  <  speech  +  man.]  One  em- 
ployed in  speaking;  a  spokesman;  an  inter- 
preter. 

Sending  with  them  by  poste  a  Talmach  or  Speachman 
for  the  better  furniture  of  the  seruice  of  the  sayde  Am- 
bassadour.  Hakluyt't  Voyages,  I.  286. 

speech-reading  (spech're'ding),  ».  The  pro- 
cess of  comprehending  spoken  words  by  watch- 
ing the  speaker's  lips,  as  taught  to  deaf-mutes, 
speed  (sped),  n.  [< ME.  speed,  sped,  spede,  <  AS. 
sped,  success,  prosperity,  riches,  wealth,  sub- 
stance, diligence,  zeal,  haste,  =  OS.  spod,  spot, 
success,  =  D.  spoed,  haste,  speed,  =  MLG.  spot, 
LG.  spood  =  OHG.  spuot,  spot,  MHG.  spuot,  suc- 
cess ;  with  formative  -d,  <  AS.  spowan  =  OHG. 
*spuoan,  spuon,  MHG.  spuon,  succeed;  cf. 
OBulg.  spieti,  succeed,  =Bohem.  spieti,  hasten, 
=  Russ.  spieti,  ripen,  =  Lith.  speti,  be  at  leisure, 
=  Lett,  spet,  be  strong  or  able ;  Skt.  sphiti,  in- 
crease, prosperity,  <  \f  sphd,  fatten.]  1.  Suc- 
cess; a  successful  course ;  prosperity  in  doing 
something;  good  fortune;  luck:  used  either 
absolutely  or  relatively :  as,  to  wish  one  good 
speed  in  an  undertaking. 

0  Lord  God  of  my  master  Abraham,  I  pray  thee,  send  me 
good  speed  this  day.  Gen.  xxlv.  12. 

Well  mayst  thou  woo,  and  happy  be  thy  speed  ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  li.  1.  139. 
Remember  me 

To  our  all-royal  brother ;  for  whose  speed 
The  great  Bellona  I'll  solicit. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  I.  3. 

2t.  A  promoter  of  success  or  progress;  a  speeder. 
There ;  and  Saint  Nicholas  be  thy  speed  I 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iiL  1.  SOL 

3.  Rapidity  of  movement;   quickness  of  mo- 
tion ;  swiftness :  also  used  figuratively. 

Wi  speid  they  ran  awa. 

Sir  James  the  Rose  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  75). 
In  skating  over  thin  ice  our  safety  is  in  our  speed. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser..  p.  214. 

4.  Rate  of  progress  or  motion  (whether  fast  or 
slow);  comparative  rapidity;  velocity:  as,  mod- 
erate speed;  a  fast  or  a  slow  rate  of  speed;  to 
regulate  the  speed  of  machines. 

He  that  rides  at  high  speed,  and  with  his  pistol  kills  a 
sparrow  flying.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4.  379. 

We  have  every  reason  to  conclude  that,  in  free  space, 
all  kinds  of  light  have  the  same  speed.  Tait,  Light,  S  72. 

The  term  speed  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  magni- 
tude only  [and  not  the  direction]  of  a  velocity. 

Wright,  Text  Book  of  Mechanics,  p.  11. 
The  machine  has  two  different  speeds  of  gear. 

Sri.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVII.  210. 

History  .  .  .  can  only  record  with  wonder  the  speed 
with  which  both  the  actual  Norman  conquerors  and  the 
peaceful  Norman  settlers  who  came  in  their  wake  were 
absorbed  into  the  general  mass  of  Englishmen. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lccls.,  p.  158. 

5.  In  submarine  rock-drilling,  a  leg  or  beam  to 
which  the  drilling  apparatus  is  attached.  E.  H. 


speed 

Kni</lit At  speed,  in  her.,  said  of 

a  hart,  or  other  animal  of  the  chase, 
when  represented  as  running.  — Full 
speed,  at  the  highest  rate  of  speed ; 
with  the  utmost  swiftness. 

They  said  they  saw  about  ten  men 
riding  swiftly  towards  us,  and  as  many 
coming  full  speed  down  the  hill. 
Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II. 

I1-  62-  Hart  at  speed. 

Good  speed.    See  yood.—To  lave 

the  speed  Oft,  to  get  in  advance  of ;  pass  ahead  of ;  be 

swifter  than. 

Our  thane  is  coming ; 
One  of  my  fellows  had  the  speed  of  him. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  5.  36. 

=  Syn.  3.  Swiftness,  Rapidity,  etc.  (see  quickness),  expedi- 
tion. 

speed  (sped),  v. :  pret.  and  pp.  sped,  speeded,  ppr. 
speeding.  [<  ME.  speden  (pret.  spedde,  pp.  sped), 
<  AS.  spedan  (pret.  spedde),  succeed,  prosper, 
grow  rich,  speed,  hasten,  =  D.  spoeden,  speed, 
hasten,  =  MLG.  spoden,  LG.  spoden,  spoden  = 
OHG.  spuoton,  MHG.  'spuoten,  G.  sputen,  also 
(after  LG.)  sptiden,  speed;  from  the  noun.]  I. 
intrans.  1 .  To  advance  toward  a  goal  or  a  re- 
sult; get  on  successfully;  be  fortunate;  pros- 
per; get  on  in  general ;  make  progress ;  fare ; 
succeed. 

Thei  worschipen  also  specyally  alle  tho  that  the!  ban 
gode  meetynge  of ;  and  whan  thei  speden  wel  in  here  ior- 
neye,  aftre  here  raeetynge.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  166. 

Come  you  to  me  at  night ;  you  shall  know  how  I  speed. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  it.  2.  278. 

Whoso  seeks  an  audit  here 
Propitious,  pays  his  tribute,  game  or  flab,, 
Wild  fowl  or  ven'son ;  and  his  errand  speeds. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  614. 

What  do  we  wish  to  know  of  any  worthy  person  so  much 
as  how  he  has  sped  in  the  history  of  this  sentiment? 

Emerson,  Love. 

2.  To  get  on  rapidly;  move  with  celerity ;  has- 
ten in  going ;  go  quickly ;  hasten  in  doing  some- 
thing; act  rapidly;  hurry;  be  quick. 

I  have  speeded  hither  with  the  very  extremes!  inch  of 
possibility.  Shak.,  -2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3.  38. 

Then  to  the  Castle's  lower  ward 
Sped  forty  yeomen  tall. 

Scott,  Manuion,  i.  4. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  advance  toward 
success;  favor  the  course  or  cause  of;  make 
prosperous. 

Alle  thenne  of  that  auenturre  hadde  gret  ioye, 
&  thonked  god  of  his  grace  that  so  godli  hem  spedde. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4922. 

Let  the  gods  so  speed  me,  as  I  love 
The  name  of  honour  more  than  I  fear  death. 

Shak.,  J.  C.,  i.  2.  88. 

2.  To  push  forward;  carry  toward  a  conclu- 
sion; promote;  advance. 

It  shall  be  speeded  well.          Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  5.  10. 

Judicial  acts  are  .  .  .  sped  in  open  court  at  the  instance 

of  one  or  both  of  the  parties.  Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

3.  To  send  or  push  forward  in  a  course ;  pro- 
mote the  going  or  progress  of ;  cause  to  go;  aid 
in  going. 

True  friendship's  laws  are  by  this  rule  exprest* 
Welcome  the  coming,  speed  the  parting  guest 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xv.  84. 

4.  To  give  high  speed  to ;  put  to  speed ;  hasten 
the  going  or  progress  of ;  make  or  cause  to  be 
rapid  in  movement ;  give  celerity  to :  also  used 
reflexively. 

The  helpless  priest  replied  no  more, 
But  sped  his  steps  along  the  hoarse  resounding  shore. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i. 
He  sped  him  thence  home  to  his  habitation.      Fairfax. 

0  precious  evenings !  all  too  swiftly  sped  ! 

Longfellow,  Mrs.  Kemble's  Readings. 

Perhaps  it  was  a  note  of  Western  independence  that  a 

woman  was  here  and  there  seen  speeding  a  fast  horse,  in 

a  cutter,  alone.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  876. 

5.  To  give  a  certain  (specified)  speed  to;  also, 
to  regulate  the  speed  of;  arrange  for  a  certain 
rate  of  going;  set  for  a  determined  rapiditv. 
[Technical.] 

When  an  engine  is  speeded  to  run  300  revolutions  per 
minute.  The  Engineer,  LXVIII.  458. 

Circular  saws  and  other  high-speeded  wood-working 
machines.  Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXIX.  261. 

6.  To  send  off  or  away;  put  forth;  despatch 
on  a  course :  as,  an  arrow  sped  from  the  bow. 
[Archaic.] 

When  this  speche  was  sped,  speke  thai  no  fferre. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  7601. 

Hence  —  7.  To  send  or  put  out  of  the  way ;  get 
rid  of;  send  off;  do  for;  in  a  specific  use,  to  send 
out  of  the  world ;  put  to  death;  despatch;  kill. 
[Archaic.] 

We  three  are  married,  but  you  two  are  sped. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  v.  2.  185. 


5814 

Were  he  cover'd 

With  mountains,  and  room  only  for  a  bullet 
To  be  sent  level  at  him.  I  would  speed  him. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  3. 

A  dire  dilemma  !  either  way  I'm  sped; 

If  foes,  they  write,  if  friends,  they  read  me  dead. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  31. 

8.  To  cause  to  be  relieved:  only  in  the  pas- 
sive. [Archaic.] 

We  believe  we  deserve  to  be  sped  of  all  that  our  blind 
hearts  desire. 
Tyndale,  Ans.  to  Sir  T.  More,  etc.  (Parker  Soc.,  1850),  p.  11. 

Being  sped  of  ray  grumbling  thus,  and  eased  into  better 
temper.  K.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  Ix. 

9f.  To  disclose;  unfold;  explain. 

Ne  hath  it  nat  ben  determyned  ne  isped  fermly  and  dili- 
gently of  any  of  yow.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  v.  prose  4. 
[The  word  in  this  quotation  is  a  forced  translation  of  the 
Latin  expedite.]  —  God  speed  you,  may  God  give  you  ad- 
vancement or  success ;  I  wish  you  good  progress  or  pros- 
perity. See  God-speed. 

speed-cone  (sped'kon),  n.  A  contrivance  for 
varying  and  adjusting  the  velocity-ratio  com- 
municated between  a  pair  of  parallel  shafts  by 
means  of  a  belt.  It  may  be  either  one  of  a  pair  of 
continuous  cones  or  conoids  whose  velocity-ratio  can  be 
varied  gradually  while  they  are  in  motion  by  shifting  the 
bel^  or  a  set  of  pulleys  whose  radii  vary  by  steps ;  in  the 
latter  case  the  velocity-ratio  can  be  changed  by  shifting 
the  belt  from  one  pah-  of  pulleys  to  another.  Rankine, 
Applied  Mechanics,  p.  467. 

speeder  (spe'der),  «.  [<  ME.  speder,  spedar; 
<.  speed  +  -er1.]  1.  One  who  makes  speed; 
one  who  advances  rapidly,  or  who  gains  success. 
[Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

Supposing  you  to  be  the  Lady,  and  three  such  Gentle- 
men to  come  vnto  you  a  wo[o)ing :  in  faith,  who  should 
be  the  speeder?  Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  294. 

These  are  the  affections  that  befit  them  that  are  like  to 
be  speeders.  The  sluggard  lusteth,  and  wanteth. 

Rev.  S.  Ward,  Sermons,  p.  7. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  moves  with  great 
swiftness,  as  a  horse.     [Colloq.] — 3.  One  who 
or  something  which  promotes  speed;  specifi- 
cally, some  mechanical  contrivance  for  quick- 
ening speed  of  motion  or  operation;  any  speed- 
ing device  in  a  machine,  as  a  pair  of  speed- 
cones  or  cone-pulleys.     See  speed-multiplier. 

To  spill  [mini  vs  thu  was  oure  spedar, 
For  thow  was  oure  lyghte  and  oure  ledar. 

York  Plays,  p.  5. 

4.  In  cotton-manuf.,  a  machine  which  takes  the 
place  of  the  bobbin  and  fly-frame,  receiving 
the  slivers  from  the  carders,  and  twisting  them 
into  rovings. 

speedful  (sped'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  speedful,  spede- 
ful,  spedful;  <  speed  +  -/«/.]  If.  Successful; 
prosperous. 

Othere  tydings  speedful  for  to  seyn. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  629. 

2f.  Effectual;  efficient. 

He  moot  shewe  that  the  collacions  of  propositions  nis 
nat  spedful  to  a  necessarye  conclusion. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  iv.  prose  4. 

And  this  thing  he  sayth  shall  be  more  speedful  and 
effectual  in  the  matter.  Sir  T.  More. 

3.  Pull  of  speed;  hasty;  speedy.     [Rare.] 

In  pouernesse  of  spyrit  is  spedfullest  hele. 

Piers  Plowman's  Crede,  1.  264. 

speedfully  (sped'ful-i),  adv.  [<  ME. spedfuttye; 
<  speedful  +  -Iy2.~\  In  a  speedful  manner;  speed- 
ily; quickly;  successfully. 

Then  thay  toke  ther  way  wonder  spedfuUye. 

Rom.  ofPartenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  183. 

speed-gage  (sped'gaj),  w.  A  device  for  indi- 
cating a  rate  of  speed  attained ;  a  velocimeter ; 
a  speed-indicator. 

.speedily  (spe'di-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  spedily,  <  AS. 
*spedigliec  (Lye),  prosperously;  as  speedy  + 
-ty2.]  In  a  speedy  manner;  quickly;  with 
haste ;  in  a  short  time. 

Speed-indicator  (sped'm'di-ka-tor),  «.  An  in- 
strument for  indicating  the  speed  of  an  en- 
gine, a  machine,  shafting,  etc. ;  a  speed-gage  or 
velocimeter.  Various  forms  are  in  use.  See 
tachometer  and  operameter. 

speediness  (spe'di-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing speedy;  quickness;  celerity;  haste;  de- 
spatch. 

speeding  (spe'ding),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  speed,  iv] 
The  act  of  putting  to  speed;  a  test  of  speed, 
as  of  a  horse. 

speedless  (sped'les),  a.  [<  speed  +  -less.']  Hav- 
ing no  speed ;  slow ;  sluggish ;  not  prosperous ; 
unfortunate;  unsuccessful.  [Rare.] 

It  obeys  thy  pow'rs, 
And  in  their  ship  return  the  speedless  wooers. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  v.  40. 

speed-multiplier  (sp_ed'inul'ti-pli-er),  ».  An 
arrangement  of  gearing  in  which  pinions  are 


speer 

driven  by  large  wheels,  and  convey  the  motion 
by  their  shafts  to  still  larger  wheels. 
speed-pulley  (sped'pul"i),  ».     A  pulley  having 
several  luces  of  different  diameters,  so  that 
it  gives  different  speeds  according 
to   the  face   over  which   the  belt 
is  passed;  a  cone-pulley — Conical 

speed-pulley,  (a)  A  pulley  of  a  conical 
form,  connected  by  a  band  or  belt  with  an- 
other of  similar  form,  so  that  any  change  of 
position  of  the  belt  longitudinally  on  the 
pulleys  varies  the  speed.  (6)  The  cone- 
pulley  of  a  machine-tool.  See  cone-pulley, 

speed-recorder  ( sped're - kdrMer), 
n.  An  apparatus  for  making  a 
graphic  record  of  the  speed  of  a 
railroad-train  or  road-vehicle,  or  of 
the  revolutions  of  a  machine  or 
motor. 

speed-riggers  (sped'rig'erz),  n.  pi.  Cone-pul- 
leys graduated  to  move  a  belt  at  higher  or 
lower  speed.  [Eng.] 

speed-sight  (sped'sit), «.  One  of  a  pair  of  sights 
on  a  cannon  for  adjusting  aim  at  a  moving  ship. 
The  fore  sight  is  permanently  fixed,  and  the  hind  sight  is 
adjustable  by  a  scale  according  to  the  ship's  estimated 
rate  of  sailing. 

speedwell  (sped'wel),  «.  [<  speed  +  weM2.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  reronica,  especially  V. 
Cham&drys,  an  herb  with  creeping  and  ascend- 
ing stems,  and  racemes  of  bright-blue  flowers, 
whence  it  has  received  in  Great  Britain  such 
fanciful  names  as  angers-eyes,  bird's-eye,  god's- 
eye,  and  eyebright.  Also  called  germander-speed- 
well. The  corolla  falls  quickly  when  the  plant  is  gathered. 
The  common  speedwell  is  V.  oficinalis,  which  has  been 


Fkjwering  Plant  of  Speedwell  (Veronica  offtttnalis). 
a,  a  dower;  «,  the  fruit. 

considered  diaphoretic,  etc.,  but  is  now  no  longer  used 
in  medicine.  The  thyme-leafed  speedwell,  V.  serpyUi- 
folia,  is  a  very  common  little  wayside  herb  with  erect 
stems  from  a  creeping  base,  and  small  white  or  bluish  flow- 
ers with  deeper  stripes.  Other  species  have  special  names, 
V.  Anat/allii  being  the  water-speedwell,  V.  scutellata  the 
marsh-speedwell,  V.  peregrina  the  purslane-speedwell  or 
neckweed,  V.  arvcnsis  the  corn-speedwell,  V.  ayrestis  the 
fleld-speedwell,  and  V.  hederxfolia  the  ivy-leafed  speed- 
well. See  Veronica. 

speedy  (spe'di),  «.  [<  ME.  gpetti,  <  AS.  spedig, 
prosperous,  rich,  powerful  (=  D.  spoedig, 
speedy,  =  OHG.  spuotig,  G.  sputig,  spudig,  in- 
dustrious, speedy),  <  sped,  prosperity,  success, 
speed:  see  speed.~\  1.  Successful ;  prosperous. 
I  will  wish  her  speedy  strength,  and  visit  her  with  my 
prayers.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  3.  87. 

2.  Marked  by  speed  of  movement ;  going  rap- 
idly ;  quick ;  swift ;  nimble  ;  hasty ;  rapid :  as, 
a  speedy  flight. 

We  men  of  business  must  use  speedy  servants. 

Fletcher  (and  another  1),  Prophetess,  iii.  2. 

3.  Rapidly  coming  or  brought  to  pass ;  not  de- 
ferred or  delayed;  prompt;  ready. 

Whereto  with  speedy  words  the  Archfiend  replied. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  156. 

With  him  [the  ambassador]  Temple  came  to  a  speedy 
agreement.  Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

speedy-cut  (spe'di-kut),  w.  An  injury  in  the 
region  of  the  carpus  (or  knee)  of  the  horse  on 
the  inner  side,  inflicted  by  the  foot  of  the  op- 
posite side  during  motion. 

speekt,  »•  An  obsolete  form  of  spike1.  E.Phillips. 

speel  (spel),  v.  t.  andt.  [Origin  uncertain.]  To 
climb ;  clamber.  [Scotch.] 

speelkent,  «.     See  spellken. 

speer1  (sper),  v.  t.  and  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
spear;  Sc.  also  speir,  spier,  and  formerly  spere, 
spire,  etc. ;  <  ME.  speren,  spiren,  speoren,  spuren, 
spyrren,  <  AS.  spyrian,  spirian,  sperian,  track, 
trace,  investigate,  inquire,  discuss,  ask  (=  MLG. 
sporen  =  D.  speuren  =  OHG.  sjmrifn,  spurren, 
spuren,  MHG.  spuren,  spilnt,^  G.  spuren  =  Icel. 
spyrja,  track,  trace,  investigate,  ask,  =  Sw. 


5815 


speer 

xpiirja,  ask,  spitni,  track,  trace,  =  Dan.  spiirgr, 

ask,  inquire,  spore,  track,  trace),  <  spur,  a  track, 

footprint,  =  MLG.  spor  =  D.  spoor,  trace.  =  spelding   (spel'diug),   «.      [Also   spi'lilrn,  sprl- 

OHG.  M  IK!.  . -•/'«/•,<!.  spur  =  Icel.  spor  =  Sw.     ilrini/.  xprlilrin.  .v/«  •I'lnm  :  <  ,s/«7</  +  -iinjA.]     A 

spSr  =  Dan.  *por,  a  track,  trace :  see  spoor  and     small  fish  split  and  dried  in  the  sun.     [Scotch.] 

sniir]    To  make  diligent  inquiry ;  ask;  inquire;  spelean,".     See  sprl;ciiii. 

Spelerpes  (spe-ler'pe/.),  «.  [NL.  (Kafinesque, 
18312),  irreg.  ^  Cir.  a^ift.aiov,  a  cave,  +  i/t-ur, 
creep.]  A  genus  of  I'lfthodontnlii',  having  the 
digits  free,  containing  numerous  species  of 
small  American  salamanders,  often  handsome- 
ly colored.  S.  longicauda  is  a  slender  long-tailed  fiirin 
found  in  the  Southern  States,  of  a  rich-yellow  color,  with 


spell 

Sift  thatt  tu  cannst  ipettdnrm  hemm  spell1  (spel ),  c.     [<  M  K.  .</"'"'•«.  spi  "'' '»•  •"'/"  "'" 

Adam  thn  Undent  QKUdredd.  Onnuitnn,  1. 16410.     xnjlii-ii,  <  .\S.  XIH  limn  i  pret, 


iiiquire  of  or  about.     [Now  chiefly  Scotch.] 
Shu  tuni'd  her  richt  and  round  about, 
To  spier  her  true  love's  name. 

7'«iH.«-/,iw  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  259). 

To  speer  at,  to  aim  a  question  at ;  inquire  of.  [Old  Eng. 
anil  Scotch.] 

speer'2t,  «•     An  old  form  of  spire1. 

speeret,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  sphere. 

speerhawkt,  »»•  [Appar.  another  form  and  use 
of  sprrlttiirl,;  xfiarlunck.]  An  old  name  of  the 
hawkweed,  Hieracium.  Jiritten  and  Holland, 
Eng.  Plant  Names. 

speering  (sper'ing),  n.  [Sc.  also  speiring;  ver- 
bal n.  of  speer1,  r.J  A  question;  an  inquiry. 
[Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

speett,  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  spit1. 

speightt,  "•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  speght,  specht, 
xpiglit;  =  D.  sj>eeht,  <  G.  specht,  MHG.  OHG. 
speltt  (MHG.  OHG.  also  spcch)  >  OF.  espeehe, 
F.  epeiche),  a  woodpecker;  perhaps  akin  to  L. 
picus,  a  woodpecker  (see  pie);  otherwise  con- 
nected with  OHG.  spehdtt,  MHG.  spehen,  G. 
spahen,  look,  spy:  see  spy1.']  A  woodpecker. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Eue,  walking  forth  about  the  Forrests,  gathers 
Speights,  Parrots,  Peacocks,  Estrich  scattered  feathers. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Handy-Crafts. 

speir1,  v.     See  speer1. 

speir'4,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  sphere. 

speiranthy,  ».    See  spiranthy. 


Sptlerpts  ruber. 

numerous  broken  black  bands.  S.  bilineatw,  a  common 
species  of  the  Northern  States,  haa  a  black  line  along  each 
side  of  the  back,  and  the  belly  yellow.  S.  ruber  is  of  a 
bright-red  color,  more  or  less  spotted  with  black,  and  is 
found  in  cold  springs  and  brooks.  S.  belli  is  the  largest ; 
it  is  plumbeous,  with  a  double  row  of  red  spots  on  the 
hack,  and  inhabit*  Mexico. 

[So  called  in  "Spelin," 
<  spe-,  var.  of  spa,  all  (<  s-, 
forming  general,  collective,  and  plural 
terms,  +  pa,  every,  <  Gr.  uof,  every,  all),  + 
lin,  <   L.  lingua  =  E.  tongue.]     An  artificial 
linguistic  system  devised  by  Prof.  Georg  Bauer, 
of  Agram  in  Croatia,  in  1888,  designed  for  a 
universal  language.     It  is  constructed  on  the 
same  lines  as  Volapiik,  but  is  of  greater  sim- 
plicity.    See  Volapiik. 


set  with  splints  (=  MD.  spalcken,  set  with 
splints,  fasten,  support,  prop,  =  Icel.  spelkja, 
stuff  (skins),  =  Sw.  spjelka,  split,  splinter),  < 
"spele,  "spile,  a  splint,  splinter :  see  spelk,  n.] 
1.  To  set,  as  a  broken  bone,  with  a  spelk  or 
splint.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To  use  a 
spelk  or  rod  in  or  upon ;  fasten  or  strike  with 


gonimium.]    In  bot.     See  gonidium,  3. 

speiss  (spis),  n.  [<  G.  speisc,  a  metallic  mix- 
ture, amalgam  (speisige  erze,  ores  mixed  with 
cobalt  and  arsenic),  a  particular  use  of  speise, 
food,  meat,  <  MHG.  spine,  OHG.  spisa,  food,  < 
Olt.  It.  spesa  (ML.  spesa,  for  spensa),  expense, 

cost,  <  spendere,  spend :  see  spenee,  expense.]       _ 

A  compound,  consisting  chiefly  of  arsenic  and  8pel^  (spelk),  n.  *[<  ME.  spelke,  <  AS.  *spelc, 
iron,  but  often  containing  nickel  and  cobalt,  IJJJjJj  (Somner,  Lye)  =  MD.  spalcke,  D.  spalk  = 
obtained  in  smelting  the  complicated  lead  ores  Icei.  spelkur,  a  splint,  splinter,  rod;  prob.  akin 
occurring  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  and  mother  to  spM^  gpa^i)  spall*,  etc.]  1.  A  splinter  of 
localities.  wood ;  a  splint  used  in  setting  a  broken  bone. 

spek-boom  (spek'bom),  n.     [S.  African  D.,  <     Ualliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  A  rod,  stick,  or 
spek,  fat,  lard  (=  E.  specK*),  +  boom,  tree  (=    switch;  especially,  a  small  stick  or  rod-used  in 
E.  beam).]    A  South  African  plant.     See  For-    thatching.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
tulacaria.  spelk  (8peik),  v.  t. '  [Also  assibilated  spelch;  < 

speke  (spek),  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of  spoke1.    ME.*speM;e»,*sprf<*e»,  <  AS.  spelcean,  spilcean 

spel1*.     An  old  spelling  of  spell1,  spell*.  ^   ~SM-    — :«-S-   /      ITT\    — i-?.~.    ...4.  _^« 

spel'2  (spel), «.  [D.swef,  play:  see  speM3.]   Play. 

Sooth  play,  quad  «prf,  as  the  Flemyng  seith. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Cook's  Tale,  1.  33. 

[In  Tyrwhitt's  edition  alone,  apparently  his  own  substitu- 
tion of  the  Dutch  for  its  English  equivalent  play,  which 
appears  in  all  other  editions.] 

spelaean,  spelean  (spe-le'an),  a.  t<  L.  spe- 
Iseum,  <  Gr.  mt^/Uuov.  a  cave,  cavern;  cf.  avfi- 
Awyf,  a  cave  (>  ult.  E.  spelunc),  <  cra-foc,  a  cave.] 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cave  or  cavern;  form- 
ing or  formed  by  a  cave;  cavernous.  Owen, 
Longman's  Mag.,  Nov.,  1882,  p.  67.— 2.  Inhab- 
iting caves  or  caverns;  cave-dwelling;  caver- 
nicolous;  troglodyte.  Eraser's  Mag.  Alsospe- 
luncous. 

spelch  (spelch),  v.  t.     Same  as  spelk. 

speld  (speld),  n.  [<  ME.  speld,  a  splinter,  <  AS. 
speld,  a  splinter  (biernende  speld,  'a  burning 
splinter,'  or  simply  speld,  a  torch),  =  D.  speld,  a 
pin,  =  MHG.  spelte,  a  splinter,  =  Icel.  speld{  mod. 
speldi,  a  square  tablet,  spilda,  a  flake,  slice,  = 
Goth,  spilda,  a  writing-tablet;  from  the  root  of 
spald1  (var.  speld):  see  spald1.  Cf.  Gael,  spealt, 
a  splinter.  See  spell*,  spill2,  in  part  variants 
of  speld;  and  cf.  spelk,  spelt2.]  A  chip  or  splin- 
ter. See  spall1,  spill2. 

Manli  as  mijti  men  either  mette  other, 
&  spacli  the  otheres  spere  in  epeldes  than  wente. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3392. 

speld,  ('.     A  Scotch  variant  of  spald1. 
speldert  (spel'der),  n.     [<  ME.  'spelder,  spildur 
(=  MLG.  spelder  =  MHG.  spelter,  spilter),  a 
splinter,  dim.  of  speld.]     A  splinter.     Pals- 
grave. 

The  grete  schafte  that  was  longe, 

Alle  to  spildun  hit  spronge. 

Avowynge  of  King  Arthur,  xill.  6.    (Halliwell.) 

spelder  (spel'der),  c.  [<  ME.  spelderen,  speldren, 
spell,  <  spelder,  a  splinter  (used  as  a  pointer; 
cf.  fescue):  see  spelder,n.]  To  spell.  Cath.Ang., 
p.  353;  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


,  pp.  ."7"-"'1''), 

tell,  declare,  relate,  speak,  discourse  (K  MD. 
sprl/rii,  declare,  explain,  explain  ill  detail  or 
point  by  point,  spell,  =  OHG.  s/nlliin,  MJIG. 
sprllni,  declare,  relate,  =  Icel.  spjalla,  speak, 
talk,  =  Goth,  spillon,  tell,  narrate),  <  x/>cl,  a  talc, 
storv:  see  xfiiin,  ii.  Cf.  sp< '/-,«'.]  I.  trims. 
If.  To  tell;  relate;  teach;  disclose. 
It 's  I  have  intill  Paris  been, 

And  well  my  drift  can  tpeU. 
Youny  Child  During  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  267). 

2.  To  act  as  a  spell  upon;  entrance;  enthrall ; 
fascinate;  charm.— 3.  To  imbue  with  magic 
properties. 

This  [hippoinaiiea],  gathered  .  .  . 
With  noxious  weeds,  and  spell'd  with  words  of  power, 
Dire  stepdamt-B  In  the  magic  IKIW!  infuse. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  III.  445. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  tell;  tell  a  story;  give  an 
account. 

Xow  of  marschalle  of  halle  wylle  I  spette, 
And  what  falle  to  hys  otfyce  now  wylle  y  telle. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  310. 

spell2  (spel),  «>.;  pret.  and  pp.  spelled  or  spelt, 
ppr.  spelling.  [<  late  ME.  spellen;  a  particular 
use  of  spell* ,  tell,  appar.  due  to  D.  use:  MD. 
spellen,  declare,  explain,  explain  in  detail  or 
point  by  point,  spell,  D.  spellen,  spell ;  cf.  OF. 
espeller,  espeler,  declare,  spell,  F.  epeler,  spell, 
=  Pr.  espelar,  espelhar,  declare  (<  G.  or  D.) :  see 
spell* .  The  word  is  in  part  confused,  as  the 
var.  speal  also  indicates,  with  spell*,  speld1, 
spelder,  a  splinter,  because  a  splinter  of  wood 
was  used  as  a  pointer  to  assist  in  spelling 
words:  see  spell*,  and  cf.  spelder,  v.,  spell.]  I. 
(raw*.  1.  To  tell  or  set  forth  letter  by  letter; 
set  down  letter  by  letter;  tell  the  letters  of; 
form  by  or  in  letters. 

Spellyn  (lettersji    Sillabico.          Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  468. 
A  few  commonplace  and  m-spelled  letters,  a  few  wise  or 
witty  words,  are  all  the  direct  record  she  has  left  of  her- 
self. The  Century,  XL.  «49. 

2.  To  read  letter  by  letter,  or  with  laborious  ef- 
fort ;  hence,  to  discover  by  careful  study ;  make 
out  point  by  point :  often  with  out  or  orer. 

I  will  sit  on  this  fooUtool  at  thy  feet,  that  I  may  spell 
over  thy  splendour,  and  learn  for  the  first  time  how  princes 
are  attired.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  vii. 

He  was  a  perfect  specimen  of  the  Trullibers  of  old ;  he 

smoked,  hunted,  drank  beer  at  his  door  with  his  grooms 

and  dogs,  and  spelled  over  the  county  paper  on  Sundays. 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  vil. 

3.  To  constitute,  as  letters  constitute  a  word; 
make  up. 

The  Saxon  heptarchy,  when  seven  kings  put  together 
did  spell  but  one  in  effect.  Fuller. 

To  spell  backward,  to  repeat  or  arrange  the  letters  of 
in  reverse  order ;  begin  with  the  last  letter  of ;  hence,  to 
understand  or  explain  in  an  exactly  contrary  sense ;  turn 
inside  out ;  reverse  the  character  or  intention  of. 

I  never  yet  saw  man, 

How  wise,  how  noble,  young,  how  rarely  featured, 
But  she  would  spell  him  backward. 

Shale.,  Much  Ado,  ill.  1.  61. 

To  spell  baker,  to  do  something  difficult :  supposed  to 
refer  to  baker  as  one  of  the  first  words  met  by  children  in 
passing  from  the  "  easy  "  monosyllables  to  the  "  hard  "  dis- 
syllables in  the  old  spelling-books.  [Old  and  colloq.,  U.  S.] 
If  an  old  man  will  marry  a  young  wife, 
Why  then  — why  then— why  then  — he  must  spell  Baker. 
Longfelloy,  Giles  Corey,  ii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  words  with  the  prop- 
er letters,  in  either  reading  or  writing ;  repeat 
or  set  down  the  letters  of  words. 

O,  she  knew  well 
Thy  love  did  read  by  rote  and  could  not  spell. 

Shale.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  3.  8& 

2.  To  make  a  study ;  engage  in  careful  contem- 
plation of  something.     [Poetical  and  rare.] 
Where  I  may  sit  and  rightly  spell 
Of  every  star  that  heaven  doth  shew, 
And  every  herb  that  sins  the  dew. 

MMon,  II  Penseroso,  1.  170. 

spell3  (spel),  v.  t.  [ME.  spelen,  spelien,  <  AS. 
spelian,  act  in  one's  stead,  take_one's  place,  also 


t,  a  saying,  tale,  story,  history,  narrative, 
e,  also  speech,  discourse,  command,  teach- 
ing, doctrine,  =  OS.  spel  (spell-)  =  OHG.  spel 
(spell-),  a  tale,  narrative,  =  Icel.  spjall,  a  say- 
ing, saw,  pi.  spjoll,  words,  tidings,  =  Goth,  spill, 
a  tale,  fable,  myth;  root  unknown.  The  word 
is  found  in  many  AS.  and  ME.  compounds,  of 
which  the  principal  ones  are  represented  by 
by <spell  and  gospel.  Cf.  spell*,  v.]  If.  A  tale ; 
story;  narrative. 

Herkneth  to  my  spette.  Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  183. 

2f.  Speech ;  word  of  mouth ;  direct  address. 

An  ax  ...  hoge  &  vn-mete, 

A  spetos  sparthe  to  expoun  [describe]  in  spclle  quo-so  myjt. 
Sir  Qawayne  and  the  Oreen  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  209. 

3.  A  charm  consisting  of  some  words  of  sup- 
posed occult  power ;  any  form  of  words,  whether    -f  -  - 

written  or  spoken,  supposed  to  be  endowed  with    rarely  sptl,an,  play,  jest    =  OS.  sp'hn    pay, 
magical  virtues ;  an  incantation ;  hence,  any    dance,  =  D.  spelen  =  MLG.  LG.  spele,,,  play, 

•       •  —ill. — 11 n~     game,  act,  move,  sparkle,  allude, ,=  OHG.  sptlon, 

MHG.  xpiln,  G.  spieien  =  Icel.  spila.  play,  spend, 
play  at  cards,  =  Sw.  spela  —  Dan.  spille ,  act  a 
part,  move,  sparkle,  play,  gamble ;  from  a  noun 
not  recorded  in  AS.,  but  appearing  as  OS.  spil, 
play  (of  weapons),  =  MD.  D.  spel  =  MLG.  «pil, 
LG.  spile,  play,  music,  performance,  cards,  = 
OHG.  MHG.  spil,  G.  spiel,  play,  game ;  root  un- 
known.] To  take  the  place  of  (another  person) 
temporarily  in  doing  something;  take  turns 
•with ;  relieve  for  a  time;  give  a  rest  to. 

Sometimes  there  are  two  ostensible  boilers  [slaves  in 
charge  of  sugar-boiling]  to  spell  and  relieve  one  another. 


means  or  cause  of  enchantment,  literally  or  fig- 
uratively ;  a  magical  or  an  enthralling  charm ; 
a  condition  of  enchantment;  fascination:  as, 
to  cast  a  spell  over  a  person ;  to  be  under  a  spell, 
or  bound  by  a  spell. 

Spell  is  a  kinde  of  verse  or  charme,  that  in  elder  tymes 
they  used  often  to  say  over  every  thing  that  they  would 
have  preserved,  as  the  NightspeJ  f  or  theeves,  and  the  wood- 
spell.  And  herehence,  I  thinke,  is  named  the  gospel,  as  it 
were  Gods  spell,  or  worde.  And  so  sayth  Chaucer. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March,  Glosse. 


The  running  stream  dissolved  the  spell, 
And  his  own  elvish  shape  he  took. 

Scott,  L.  of  L  M.,  iii.  13. 


spell 

When  one  is  obliged  to  be  spelled  for  the  purpose  of  nat- 
ural rest,  he  should  leave  his  injunctions  to  a  judicious 
negro.    T.  Rouyhley,  Jamaica  Planters'  Guide  (1823),  p.  340. 
Mrs.  Savor  kept  her  seat  beside  Annie.    She  said.  "Don't 
you  want  I  should  spell  you  a  little  while,  Miss  Killmrn?" 
Hotcells,  Annie  Kilburu,  xvi. 

spell3    (spel),   «.     [<  spellS,  v.] 
work  or  duty  in  place  of  another;  an  interval 
of  relief  by  another  person;  an  exchange  of 


5816 


spencer-mast 

tre,  spelt  ;  <  LL.  spelta,  spelt.]  A  kind  of  wheat 
commonly  known  as  Triticum  Spelta,  but  be- 
lieved to  be  a  race  of  the  common  wheat,  Tri- 


tici/iu  Ktitirinti  (  T.  nilgare).    Spelt  is  marked  by  the 
fragile  rachis  of  the  spike,  which  easily  breaks  up  at  the 


2.  A  book  containing  exercises  or  instructions 

in  spelling ;  a  spelling-book. 
speller3  (spel'er),   «.      [<  spell*   +   -er1.]      A 

branch  shooting  out  from  the  crown  of  a  deer's 

antler.     See  cut  under  Dama.     Cotgnin-.  __,  , r_ 

1     A  turn  of  Spellful  (spel'ful),  a.      [<  spellt  +  -/«;.]     Full     Jolllt8>  ,and  »y  the  grains  being  adherent  to  the  chart.    It 

of    snplls  or   charms-  tascinatinir-  ahsm-hinrr      Sas  cultlvated  ''y  the  Swiss  lake-dwellers,  by  the  ancient 

„   8PeJ  %     .  °mS-      Egyptians,  and  throughout  the  Roman  umpire,  and  is  still 

Hoole,  tr.  of  Orlando  I-  urioso,  xv.     [Rare.]  grown  in  the  colder  mountainous  regions  of  Europe  and 

elsewhere.  It  makes  a  very  fine  flour,  used  especially  for 
pastry-making,  but  the  grain  requires  special  machinery 
for  grinding. 

ipelt-t  (spelt),  H.  [<  ME.  spelt;  a  var.  of  speld.] 
A  splinter,  splint,  or  strip;  a  spell  or  spill. 

The  spekes  was  splentide  alle  with  speltis  of  silver, 
The  space  of  a  spere  lenghespringundc  fulle  faire. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  3265. 


work  and  rest:  as,  to  take  one's  regular  spell;  spelling1!  (spel'ing),  n.     [<  ME.  upelliiigi;  */«•/- 

to  work  the  pumps  by  spells,  lunge,  spelling,  spellyng,  recital,  <  AS.  spelluny, 

Their  toyl  is  so  extreame  as  they  can  not  endure  it  above  narration    verbal  n .  of  spellian,  tell,  declare : 

foure  houres  in  a  day,  but  are  succeeded  by  spels.  see  spell1.]     A  story;  a  relation;  a  tale. 

Caretc,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  fol.  11.  As  we  telle  yn  owre  spellyng, 

A  poor  old  negro,  whose  woolly  head  was  turned  to  gray,  Falsenes  come  never  to  gode  endyng. 

though  scarcely  able  to  move,  begged  to  be  taken  in,  and  US.  Cantab,  ft.  ii.  38,  f.  125.    (Ualliwell.) 
offered  to  give  me  a  spell  when  I  became  tired. 
B.  Ball,  Travels  in  ~ 

Hence  —  2.  A  continuous  course 

ment  in  work  or  duty;  a  turn  of  occupation  be 

tween  periods  of  rest ;  a  bout. 

We  read  that  a  working  day  [in  Holland]  of  thirteen  or 
fourteen  hours  is  usual ;  a  spell  of  eighteen  or  more  hours 
is  not  uncommon.  The  Academy,  July  27, 1889,  p.  54. 

3.  An  interval  of  rest  or  relaxation;  a  turn  or 
period  of  relief  from  work;  a  resting-time. 

A  halt  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the  horses  a 
spell  and  having  a  pot  of  tea. 

A.  C.  Grant,  Bush  Life  in  Queensland,  I.  4-2. 
In  the  warm  noon  spell 
Twas  good  to  hear  him  tell 
Of  the  great  September  blow. 

R.  W.  Gilder,  Building  of  the  Chimney. 

4.  Any  interval  of  time  within  definite  limits ; 
an  unbroken  term  or  period. 

Nothing  new  has  happened  in  this  quarter  since  my 
last,  except  the  setting  in  of  a  severe  spell  of  cold  wea- 
ther and  a  considerable  fall  of  snow. 

Washington,  To  J.  Keed,  Dec.  25, 1775. 

After  a  grievous  spell  of  eighteen  months  on  board  the 
French  galleys.  Jt.  W.  Dixon,  Hist  Church  of  Eng.,  xix. 

5.  A  short  period,  indefinitely;  an  odd  or  oc- 
casional interval ;  an  uncertain  term ;  a  while. 
[Colloq.] 

No,  I  hain't  got  a  girl  now.  I  had  one  a  spell,  but  I'd 
rather  do  my  own  work. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Their  Pilgrimage,  p.  145. 

Why  don't  ye  come  and  rest  a  spell  with  me,  and  to-mor- 
rer  ye  kin  go  on  ef  ye  like?  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXX.  349. 


.   .     .  ,  spelling  (<  ,,„„„-    f 

stabe,  a  letter:  see  under  book);  Sw.  slafning    DreaK- 

=  Dan.  stavning,  spelling  (see  staff,  stave) ;  and        Feed  Beese  with  oats,  spelted  beans. 

cf .  orthography.]    1 .  The  act  of  one  who  spells ;  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

the  manner  of  forming  words  with  letters ;  or    spelt3  (spelt).    A  preterit  and  past  participle  of 

thography.  spelll. 

SpeUynge,  sillabicacio.  Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  488.  Spelter  (spel'ter),  n.     [Not  found  in  ME.,  and 

Our  common  spelling  is  often  an  untrustworthy  guide     PTO^>-  of  LG.  origin :   LG.  Spialter,  pewter,  = 

to  etymology.  J.  Hadley,  Essays,  p.  356.     MD.  speauter,  D.  spiauter  =  G.  Sw.  Dan.  spiau- 

To  prepare  the  way  for  such  a  change  [a  reform  in  spell-     &*•>  zinc,  bell-metal;  cf.  OF.  piautre,  peutre, 

ing]  the  first  step  is  to  break  down,  by  the  combined  influ-     peautre,  espeautre  =  Sp.  Pg.  peltre  =  It.  peltro 


(ML.  peutrum,  pestrum),  pewter:  see  pewter. 
The  Rom.  forms  are  from  Teut.,  but  have  ap- 
par.  in  turn  influenced  the  Teut.  forms.]  Zinc : 
now  used  only  in  commerce. 


ence  of  enlightened  scholars  and  of  practical  educators, 
the  immense  and  stubborn  prejudice  which  regards  the 
established  modes  of  spelling  almost  as  constituting  the 
language,  as  having  a  sacred  character,  as  in  themselves 
preferable  to  others.  All  agitation  and  all  definite  propo- 
sals of  reform  are  to  be  welcomed  so  far  as  they  work  in  -,  , 
this  direction.  Proe.  Amer.  Philol.  Assoc  ,  VII.  35  Not  onlv  tnose  metalline  corpuscles  that  were  Just  over 

philological  bodies  have  uniformly  denounced  it  as  a  mon-  y  '     '                    ialty'  ****• 

strousabsurdlty.bothfromapractlcalandascientiflcpoint  Spelter  solder,  hard  solder.    Seesolder. 

of  view.               H.  Sweet,  Handbook  of  Phonetics,  p.  201.  Spelter  (spel'ter),  V.  t.     [<  spelter,  «.]     To  sol- 

2.  A  collocation  of  letters  representing  a  word  •  der  witn  8Pelter  solder,  or  hard  solder.    Brass- 

a  written  word  as  spelled  in  a  particular  way.  Founders'  Manual,  p.  59. 

Our  present  spelling  is  in  many  particulars  a  far  from  SpelunCt,  Spelunkt  (spe-lungk'), )!.     [<  ME.  spe- 

trustwprthy  guide  in  etymology,  and  often,  indeed,  en-  lunk,  spelonke,  spelunc  =  D.  spelonk,  <  OF.  spe- 


6.  A  bad  turn;  an  uncomfortable  time ;  a  pe-    guage. 
riod  of  personal  ailment  or  ill  feeling.          ' 
loq.,  U.  S.] 


tirely  falsifies  history.  Such  spelling!  as  Island,  author, 
delight,  sovereign,  require  only  to  be  mentioned,  and  there 
are  hundreds  of  others  involving  equally  gross  blunders, 
many  of  which  have  actually  corrupted  the  spoken  Ian- 

»  pe-     guage.  H.  Sweet,  Handbook  of  Phonetics,  p.  200. 

[Col-  Phonetic  spelling.  See  phonetic.^-  Spelling  reform 
the  improvement  by  regulation  and  simplification  of  the 
conventional  orthography  of  a  language,  specifically  of  the 
English  language;  the  proposed  simplification  of  Eng- 
lish orthography.  The  spelling  of  all  languages  having 
a  recorded  history  tends  to  lag  behind  the  changes  of 


Wal,  arter  all,  we  sot  out,  and  Hepsy,  she  got  clear  beat 
out ;  and  when  Hepsy  does  get  beat  out  she  has  spells,  and 
she  goes  on  awful,  and  they  last  day  arter  day. 

H.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  171.  -.  ,  — .  -      , —    — =—  — 

,,.    ,       .,  pronunciation,  and  in  time  a  reform  becomes  necessary. 

Spell*   (spel),  n.      [Also   spill,  speal,  formerly     In  English,  since  the  gradual  fixation  of  the  spelling  after 

ation  of  spelling  and 
,  and  numerous  pro- 


ter,  or  splint.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 


lonqtie,  F.  spetonque  =  Pr.  spelunca  =  Sp.  Pg.  es- 
pelunca  =  It.  spelonca,  <  L.  spelunca,  <  Gr.  omj. 
Avyf  (ovi/fayy-),  a  cave,  cavern,  <  amof,  a  cave.] 
A  cave ;  a  cavern ;  a  vault. 

Men  bi  hem-selue, 
In  spekes  and  In  spelonkes  selden  speken  togideres. 

Piers  Plovman(B), xv.  270. 

And  parte  of  the  same  stone  lieth  ther  yett  now  In  the 
same  vttermost  Spelmtlc. 

Torlnngtan,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  40. 

[<  spelunc  + 


Cf.  E.  spell  or  spill,  originally  a  chip  of  wood  for  light- 
ing a  candle. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Gloss.,  p.  305. 
2.  In  the  game  of  nur-and-spell,  the  steel  spring 
by  which  the  nur  is  thrown  into  the  air. — 3. 
One  of  the  transverse  pieces  at  the  bottom  of  a 
chair  which  strengthen  and  keep  together  the 
legs.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
spellable  (spel'a-bl),  a.  [<  spelP  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  spelled,  or  represented  in 


speluncous  (spe-lung'kus),  a. 
-ous.]    Same  as  spelsean,  2. 

made.    ThVpresent  spent,  v.  t.     [ME.  spennen  (=  MHG.  spennen  = 
has  arisen  out  of  the    Icel.  spenna),  a  secondary  form  of  AS.  span- 
nan,  span :  see  span1.   Cf .  i_ 

parative  philology,  which  is  alao'based  on  phonetfcs.  "pro-     KrasPi  span. 

posals  for  a  gradual  reform  in  spelling  have  been  put  forth  Bifore  that  spot  my  honde  I  spenn[e]d. 

jointly  by  the  American  Philological  Association  and  the  Alliterative  Pot 

Spelling  ReformVssoci'aUon"  'Amended  speUings  have  SpenCOt,  Spencer1?.     See  spensc,  Spenser. 
been  accepted  to  some  extent  by  various  periodicals,  and  Spencer*  (spen'ser),    n.     [Named   after   Earl 
are  admitted,  less  freely,  into  recent  books.    Movements     Spencer  (1782-1845).    The  surname  is  derived 

from  spencer1,  spenser.']  1 .  A  man's  outer  gar- 
ment or  overcoat  so  short  that  the  skirts  of  the 
body-coat  worn  under  it  were  seen :  a  fashion 
introduced  about  1800.— 2.  A  woman's  gar- 
ment introduced  a  year  or  two  later,  and  made 
in  direct  imitation  of  the  above.  It  also  was  short, 


for  spelling  reform  exist  also  in  France,  Germany,  Den- 
mark, and  other  countries.  A  spelling  reform  has  been 
accomplished  in  Dutch,  Spanish,  and  other  tongues  and 

~-r 6    =F— ",  "*    J^CBCJIUCU    „,     to  some  extent  by  government  action  in  Germany 

letters:  as,  some  birds  utter  spellable  notes    spelling-bee  (spel  ing-be),  ».    Same  as spelhnij- 

Carlt/le,  Misc.,  IV.  69.     (Davits.)     [Rare.]  match.  

spellbind  (spel'bind),«'.t     [A  back-formation    spelling-book  (spel'ing-buk),  n.    A  book  from    indir 
after  spellbound;  <  spell1  +  bind.]     To  bind    wlV,c; h  chlldreii  are  taught  to  spell.  and  fo: 

T...  _    **  i_  ,,-*    ,      ,  -,  J  -  Wluvl    cmAllivifr_TnQ+/tli      .  ,  ...I  '  I  M..-    .....  ,.l.  i    «          A    ~~— * — *       the  Wa 


, 
rmed  a  kind  of  over-jacket,  reaching  a  little  below 


for?-and- 
malnmast 


ft  tt'  f 
sail  set  abaft  the  foremast  and 

trvsai1- 

* 


W.IIU      OJ/C.K  ,111,     •>     BUCK-      -r     UtltU.I          1O     DinO     _         ,-,.  .     ,      , ,/~°  i*> the  uraiat 

by  or  as  if  by  a  spell;  hold  under  mental  con-  Spelling-match  (spel  ing-mach),  n.    A  contest  ^JS 
trol  or  restraint ;  fascinate      [Recent  ]  for  superiority  m  spelling  between  two  or  more  BPel 

Now  the  poor  French  word  "Qu1  en  dira  t^n?"     P6™0118  or  parties.    A  formal  spelling-match  is  usual- 

spellbinds  us  all.      Carlyle,  Essays  (J.  P.  F.  Richter  again).      /  of  persons  chosen  by  two  leaders. 

The  other,  in  his  speech  about  the  banner,  retires,  and  the  victory  belongs  to  the  side  that  has  the 

larger  number  left  at  the  close.    Also  called  spelling-bee. 

Ualleck,  Fanny.  speUkent  (spel'ken),  ii.     [Also  speelken ;  <  D    Spencerian  (spen-se'ri-an),  a.     [<  Spencer  (see 
spell-bone  (spel'bon),  «.     [<  spem  +  bone1.]    spel,  play  (see  spellS)  +  E.  ken&,  a  resort.]    A    del.) +  -»«».]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Eng- 
Ihe  small  bone  of  the  leg;  the  fibula.    See    playhouse;  a  theater.     [Low  slang  ]  hsh  philosopher  Herbert  Spencer  (born  1820), 

phrases  under peroneal.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  Who  in  a  row  like  Tom  could  lead  the  van  °T  characteristic  of  his  philosophical  system, 

spellbound  (spel  bound),  a.     Bound  by  or  as  if  Booze  in  the  ken,  or  at  the  speUken  hustle?  °ee  Spencenanism. 

by  a  spell ;  entranced ;  rapt ;  fascinated.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  19.  Spencerianism  (spen-se'ri-an-izm),   n.    The 

My  dear  mother  stood  gazing  at  him,  spellbound  by  his  Spell-stopped  (spel'stopt),   a.    Stopped  by  a    philosophy  of  Herbert  Spencer,  called  by  him 
eloquence.  K.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  Ii.     spell  or  spells;    spellbound.     Shak.,  Tempest 

speller1!  (spel'er),  n.     [<  ME.  spellers;  <  spell1    v.  1.  61. 

+ -eri.]    A  speaker  or  talker ;  atelier;  a  nar-  spell-work(spel'werk),  n.    That  which  is  work- 
rator.  ed  by  spells  or  charms:  power  of  magic;  en- 

Speke  we  of  tho  spelleres  bolde,  chantment.     Moore,  Lalla  Rookh. 

aDeZr^^npr^Tt^'rVT^M'^'  ^'Htaf p)  8peltinfspe'lt),^ame[<aMlf/"^«  (not  found),  < 
SMDleD.  i^K'speller/f  ^|-+S^?T  ('=    AS=  •*"'=- *  ^  =  **&*  ^  =  °HG' 


the  synthetic  philosophy .  Like  almost  all  the  an- 
cient and  a  considerable  part  of  the  modern  philosophical 
systems,  it  is  a  philosophy  of  evolution  ;  but  it  differs 
from  most  of  these  in  reducing  evolution  to  the  rank  of  a 
mere  secondary  principle,  and  in  making  the  immutable 
law  of  mechanics  the  sole  fundamental  one.  Spencer  has 
formally  stated  his  philosophy  in  sixteen  propositions, 
which  concern  the  relations  of  evolution  and  dissolution. 
These  are  of  a  special  and  detailed  character,  so  that  he 
does  not  countenance  the  claim  made  for  him  of  the  princi- 
'  His  sixteenth  proposition  states 


ini' «£,t        11  '  *  Sp       I'  Y-Pe"2  + -or1.]     1.  spelta,  spelza,  spelzo,   MHG.   svelte,  spelze,  G.  Pie  of  evolution  itself.    His  sixteenth  propositioi 

One  who  spells,  as  in  school ;  a  person  skilled  spelt,  spelz,  spelt ;  cf .  G.  spelze,  chaff,  shell  beard  that  u?de,r  the  se"9!b'e  <»PP«>rances  which  the  u 

m  spelling.  ./«      '  J       't *'.       T/  £,!«"     «  ;*         <5  presents  to  us,  and  " transcending  human  knowli 

<?««„«.  MM*.  ?,         ?>             '  =  lt-  32S**1'  sPelta  =  Sp.  Pg.  an  unknown  and  unknowable  power." 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  468.  espelta  =  Pr.  espeuta  =  OF.  espiavtre,  F.  epeau-  spencer-mast  (spen'ser-nYast),  «.     See  mast1. 


Spellare,  sillabicator. 


Diverse 
ledge,  is 


apency 

spency  (spen'si),  a, :  \>\.  *y«wiV.s  (-siz).  The 
stormy  petrel,  Procellaria  pclagira.  C.  Swain- 
son.  [Shetland  Isles.] 

spend1  (spend),  c. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spent  (for- 
merly sometimes  spended),  ppr.  .*/><  luting.  [< 
ME.  spenden  (pret.  spendc,  pp.  upended,  ispend), 
<  AS.  spendau,  spend  (also  in  comp.  d-spcndan, 
for-spendan)  =  OHG.  spenton,  MHO.  xpenten, 
spenden,  G.  spenden  =  Sw.  spendera  =  Dan. 
spendere  =  It.  dispendere,  spendere  =  Sp.  Pg.  de- 
spender  =  OF.  despeiidn;  F.  dfpendrc,  <  ML. 
.ipi-ndere,  L.  dispendere,  pay  out,  dispend:  see 
dispend.  Cf.  expend,  and  see  spense,  spenser, 
etc.]  I.  ft-ajis.  1.  To  pay  or  give  out  for  the 
satisfaction  of  need,  or  the  gratification  of  de- 
sire ;  part  with  for  some  use  or  purpose ;  ex- 
pend; lay  out:  used  of  money,  or  anything  of 
exchangeable  value. 

The  moore  thou  spendtit,  the  lease  thou  haat. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  01. 

Wherefore  do  ye  spend  money  for  that  which  is  not 

bread?  Isa.  Iv.  2. 

The  oils  which  we  do  spend  in  England  for  our  cloth 
are  brought  out  of  Spain. 

J.  Campion  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  56). 

2.  To  impart;  confer;  bestow  for  any  reason ; 
dispense. 

As  help  me  Crist  as  I  in  fewe  yeeres 

Have  spended  [var.  spent]  upon  diverse  maner  freres 

Ful  many  a  pound,  yet  fare  I  never  the  bet. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  242. 

I  will  but  spend  a  word  here  in  the  house, 

And  go  with  you.  Shak.,  Othello,  1.  2.  48. 

3.  To  consume;  use  up;  make  away  with ;  dis- 
pose of  in  using. 

They  were  without  prouision  of  victuals,  but  onely  a 
little  bread,  which  they  spent  by  Thursday  at  night. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  276. 
My  last  breath  cannot 
Be  better  spent  than  to  say  I  forgive  you. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ill.  2. 

4.  To  pass ;  employ ;  while  away :  used  of  time, 
or  of  matters  implying  time. 

They  spend  their  days  in  wealth,  and  in  a  moment  go 
down  to  the  grave.  Job  xxl.  13. 

I  would  not  spend  another  such  a  night, 
Though  'twere  to  buy  a  world  of  happy  days. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  L  4.  5. 

5.  To  waste  or  wear  out  by  use  or  action ;  incur 
the  loss  of.    See  phrase  to  spend  a  mast,  below. 

What's  the  matter, 
That  you  unlace  your  reputation  thus, 
And  spend  your  rich  opinion  for  the  name 
Of  a  night-brawler?          Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 196. 

6.  To  exhaust  of  means,  force,  strength,  con- 
tents, or  the  like;  impoverish;  enfeeble:  only 
in  the  passive.     See  spent. 

Their  bodies  spent  with  long  labour  and  thirst. 

Knottes,  Hist  Turks.    (Latham.) 

They  could  have  no  design  to  themselves  in  this  work, 
thus  to  expose  themselves  to  scorn  and  abuse,  to  spend 
and  be  spent.  Penn,  Rise  and  Progress  of  Quakers,  iii. 

Faintly  thence,  as  pines  far  sighing, 
Or  as  thunder  spent  and  dying, 
Come  the  challenge  and  replying. 

Whittier,  The  Eauger. 

7f.  To  cause  the  expenditure  of;  cost. 

It  spent  me  so  little  time  after  your  going  that,  although 
you  speak  in  your  letter  of  good  dispatch  in  your  going, 
yet  I  might  have  overtaken  you.  Donne,  Letters,  cxv. 

The  main  business,  which  spent  the  most  time,  and 
caused  the  adjourning  of  the  court,  was  about  the  removal 
of  Newtown.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  1. 167. 

To  spend  a  mast,  to  break,  lose,  or  carry  away  a  mast  in 
sailing ;  incur  the  loss  of  a  mast 

He  spent  his  mast  in  fair  weather,  and  having  gotten  a 
new  at  Cape  Anne,  and  towing  it  towards  the  bay,  he  lost 
it  by  the  way.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  II.  74. 

To  spend  ground,  to  excavate  in  mining ;  mine.  (Corn- 
wall, Eng.]— To  spend  the  mouth*,  to  bark  violently, 
give  tongue ;  bay. 

Then  do  they  (hounds]  spend  their  mouths;  Echo  replies, 
As  if  another  chase  were  in  the  skies. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  695. 

To  spend upt,  to  use  up ;  consume  improvidently ;  waste. 
There  is  treasure  to  be  desired  and  oil  in  the  dwelling 
of  the  wise ;  but  a  foolish  man  spendeth  it  up. 

Prov.  xxi.  20. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  pay  or  lay  out;  make  ex- 
penditure of  money,  means,  strength,  or  any- 
thing of  value. 

He  spendeth,  iousteth,  niaketh  festeynynges. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1718. 

Get  ere  thou  spend,  then  shalt  thou  bid 
Thy  friendly  friend  good  morrowe. 

Babees  Boo*(E.  E.  T.  3.),  p.  98. 
To  spend  in  all  things  else, 
But  of  old  friends  to  be  most  miserly. 

LoweU,  Under  the  Willows. 

2.  To  be  lost  or  wasted;  be  dissipated  or  con- 
sumed; go  to  waste:  as,  the  candles  spend  fast. 


5817 

The  sound  spendeth  and  is  dissipated  in  the  open  air. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  121). 

3.  Specifically,  to  emit  semen,  milt,  or  spawn. 
See  spent,  2. 

spend-  (spend),  v.  t.  [A  var.  of  spcn.~\  To 
span;  grasp  with  the  hand  or  fingers.  Halli- 
well.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

He  sawe  the  Uuglas  to  the  deth  was  dyght, 
llespendyd  a  spear,  a  trust!  tre. 
Hunting  of  the  Cheviot  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  37). 

spendable  (speii'da-bl),  a.  [<  spendl  +  -able.] 
That  may  be  spent ;  proper  to  be  used  for  cur- 
rent needs:  as,  spendable  income.  [Rare.] 

spend-all  (spend'al),  n.  [<  spend1,  v.,  +  obj. 
all.]  A  spendthrift ;  a  prodigal. 

Nay,  thy  wife  shall  be  enamored  of  some  spend-all, 
which  shall  wast  all  as  licentiously  as  thou  hast  heaped 
together  laboriously.  Man  in  the  Moone  (1609).  (A'ora.) 

spender  (spen'der),  n.  [<  ME.  spendere,  spen- 
dare;  <  spend1  +  -er1.]  One  who  or  that  which 
spends  or  wastes ;  used  absolutely,  a  spend- 
thrift. 

You've  been  a  spender,  a  vain  spender;  wasted 
Your  stock  of  credit  and  of  wares  unthriftily. 

Ford,  Fancies,  ii.  1. 

Very  rich  men  in  England  are  much  freer  spenders  than 
they  are  here.  The  American,  VI.  217. 


Spergularia 

The  *}H'm-'T  raiiM-  with  kryrs  in  Ills  hand, 
Opened  the  doore  ;iml  them  ;tt  ilinurr  falld. 

iii,  Moral  Fables,  p.  12. 


[<  ME.  spendyng, 
1.  The  act  of 


spending   (spen'ding),  n. 
spendynge;  verbal  n.  of  spend, v.] 
paying  out  money. —  2f.  Beady  money ;  cash ; 
means. 

Yf  thou  fayle  ony  spendynge, 
Com  to  Robyn  Hode. 
LyteU  Oeste  of  Robyn  Hade  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  92). 

3.  Seminal  emission. 
spending-money(spen'ding-mun//i),  «.  Money 

provided  or  used  for  small  personal  expenses ; 

pocket-money  for  incidental  outlay. 
Spending-silverKspen'ding-siFver^M.  [<  ME. 

spending-silver ;  <  spending  +  silver.]    Money 

for  expenses;  spending-money;  cash. 

And  spending  silver  hadde  he  ryght  ynow. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  7. 

For  of  thy  spendynge  sylver,  monk, 

Thereof  wyll  I  ryght  none. 
LyteU  Qeste  of  Robyn  Hode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  87). 

spendthrift  (spend'thrift),  n.  and  a.  [<  spend1, 
v.,  +  obj.  thrift.]  I.  n.  One  who  spends  lav- 
ishly, improvidently,  or  foolishly ;  an  unthrifty 
spender ;  a  prodigal. 

What  pleasure  can  the  miser's  fondled  hoard, 
Or  spendthrift's  prodigal  excess,  afford? 

Cowper,  In  Memory  of  John  Thornton. 

II.  a.  Wastefully  spending  or  spent ;  lavish; 
improvident ;  wasteful ;  prodigal :  as,  a  spend- 
thrift heir ;  spendthrift  ways. 

And  then  this  "should  "  is  like  a  spendthrift  sigh, 
That  hurts  by  easing.  Shak,,  Hamlet,  iv.  7.  123. 

Spendthrift  alike  of  money  and  of  wit. 

Cowper,  Table-Talk,  1.  684. 

spendthrifty  (spend' thrif'ti),  a.  [<  spendthrift 
+  -i/1.]  Lavish;  wasteful;  prodigal.  [Bare.] 

Spendthrifty,  unclean,  and  ruffian-like  courses. 

Rogers,  Naaman  the  Syrian,  p.  611. 

spense  (spens),  n.  [Also  spence;  <  ME.  spense, 
spence,  <  OF.  spense,  spence,  espense,  expense, 
expense  (see  expense);  in  ME.  partly  by  apher- 
esis  from  dispense,  <  OF.  despense,  expense,  also 
a  larder,  buttery,  etc.,  <  despendre,  spend:  see 
expense,  dispense,  and  cf.  spend1,  spenser.]  If. 
Expense ;  expenditure  of  money. 

So  he  sped  hym  by  spies,  &  spense  of  his  gode. 
That  the  lady  fro  hir  lord  lyuely  he  stale. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1S692. 

For  better  is  cost  upon  somewhat  worth  than  spense 
upon  nothing  worth. 

Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  1864),  p.  115. 

2.  A  buttery;  a  larder;  a  cellar  or  other  place 
where  provisions  are  kept.   [Obsolete  and  prov. 
Eng.] 

Al  vinolent  as  bottle  in  the  spence. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  223. 

Yn  the  spence,  a  tabell  planke,  and  ij.  sylwes  [shelves]. 
English  Oilds(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  S27. 

Bluff  Harry  broke  into  the  spence, 
And  turn'd  the  cowls  adrift. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

3.  The  apartment  of  a  house  where  the  fam- 
ily sit  and  eat.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

spensert  (spen'ser),  ».  [Also  spencer;  Sc. 
spensar;  <  ME.  spenser,  spencere,  spensere,  also 
despenser,  <  OF.  despencier,  despensier  (ML.  dis- 
pensarius),  dispenser,  spenser,  <  despense,  ex- 
pense: see  dispenser,  spense.  Hence  the  sur- 
names Spencer,  Spenser.]  A  steward  or  butler ; 
a  dispenser. 

Cesar  heet  his  spenser  jeve  the  Greke  his  money. 

Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon,  IV.  309. 


Spenserian  (spun-so'ri-an),  «.  and  «.    [<  <£/«•«- 

,srr  (sec  del',  and  .-.•/»'  HXI  r  \  +  -i-un.]  I.  a.  Of 
")•  pertaining  to  the  English  poet  Edmund 
Spenser  (died  !.">!)!»);  specifically,  noting  the 
style  of  versification  adopted  by  Spenser  in  his 
"Faerie  Queene."  Itconsista  of  a  strophe  of  eight 
decasyllabic  lines  and  an  Alexandrine,  with  three  rimes, 
the  first  and  third  line  forming  one,  the  second,  fourth. 
fifth,  and  seventh  another,  ami  the  sixth,  eighth,  and 
ninth  the  third.  It  is  the  stateliest  of  English  measures, 
and  is  used  by  Thomson  in  his  ''Castle  of  Indolence,"  by 
Byron  in  his  "Childe  Harold,"  etc. 

II.  n.  The  poetical  measure  of  Spenser's 
"FaerieQueene";  a  Spenserian  verse  orstauza. 
O.  W.  Holmes,  Poetry. 

spent  (spent),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  spend1,  v.]  1.  Nearly 
or  quite  exhausted  or  worn  out;  having  lost 
force  or  vitality  ;  inefficient  ;  impotent  :  gen- 
erally in  a  comparative  sense.  A  spent  deer  or 
other  animal  is  one  that  has  been  chased  or  wounded 
nearly  to  death.  A  spent  ball  is  a  flying  ball  (from  a  gun) 
that  has  so  nearly  lost  its  impulse  as  to  be  unable  to  pene- 
trate an  object  struck  by  it,  though  it  may  occasionally 
inflict  a  dangerous  contused  wound.  A  spent  bill  of  lading 
or  other  commercial  document  is  one  that  has  fulfilled  its 
purpose  and  should  be  canceled. 

The  forme  of  his  style  there,  compared  with  Tullies 
writyng,  is  but  euen  the  talke  of  a  spent  old  man. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  152. 

Mine  eyes,  like  spent  lamps  glowing  out,  grow  heavy. 
Fletcher,  Sea  Voyage,  Iii.  1. 

2.  Exhausted  by  spending  or  spawning;  offish, 
having  spawned. 

speos  (spe'os),  n.  [<  Gr.  antof,  a  cave.]  In 
Egypt,  archseol.,  a  temple  or  part  of  a  temple, 
or  a  tomb  of  some  architectural  importance,  as 
distinguished  from  a  mere  tunnel  or  syringe, 
excavated  in  the  solid  rock  ;  a  grotto-temple  or 
tomb,  as  at  Bern-Hassan  (see  cut  under  hypo- 
geum)  and  Abou  Simbel  (Ipsamboul).  The 
larger  speos  of  Abou  Simbel  is  about  169  feet  deep,  and 
has  all  the  parts  of  a  complete  open-air  Egyptian  temple. 

SpeotytO  (spe-ot'i-to),  n.  [NL.  (Gloger,  1842), 
*  Gr.  oTreof,  a  cave,  +  rvru,  the  night-owl.]  An 
American  genus  of  Strigidse,  containing  several 
species  of  small  long-legged  earless  owls  which 
live  in  treeless  regions  and  burrow  in  the 
ground,  as  S.  citnieulariaotthe  pampas  of  South 
America  and  S.  hypogsea  of  the  prairies  of  west- 
ern North  America;  the  burro  wing  owls.  A  variety 
of  the  latter  also  inhabits  Florida,  and  the  genus  is  like- 
wise represented  in  the  West  Indies.  S.  hypogxa  is  the 
species  which  is  found  in  association  with  prairie-dogs  and 
spermophiles,  giving  rise  to  many  exaggerated  accounts 
of  the  relation  between  the  bird  and  the  mammal.  These 
owls  were  formerly  placed  in  the  genus  Athene,  and  were 
also  called  Pholeoptynx.  See  cuts  under  owl. 

spert,  v.  t.    A  variant  of  spar^. 

Sperable1!  (spe'ra-bl),  a.  [<  L.  sperabilis,  that 
may  be  hoped  for,  <  sperare,  hope,  <  spes,  hope.] 
Capable  of  being  hoped  for  ;  affording  grounds 
of  hope. 

Wherin,  suerly  perceaving  his  own  cause  not  speraMe. 
he  doth  honorably  and  wisely. 

Sir  W.  Cecil  (June  3,  1565),  in  Ellis's  Hist.  Letters,  2d  ser., 

(clxxii. 

sperable-t,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  sparable. 

speraget,  H.    Same  as  spar  age. 

speratet(spe'rat),  a.  [<  L.  speratus,  pp.  of  spe- 
rare, hope.]  Hoped  for;  not  hopeless:  op- 
posed to  desperate.  In  old  law,  in  determining  whether 
debts  to  a  testator,  the  right  to  collect  which  devolved 
upon  the  executor,  were  assets  to  be  accounted  for  by  him, 
though  not  collected,  regard  had  to  be  had  to  their  charac- 
ter, whether  they  were  sperate  or  desperate. 

spercleti  *•     A  Middle  English  form  of  sparkle. 

speret.  An  old  spelling  of  spear1,  speer1. 
sphere. 

Spergllla  (sper'gu-lii),  n.  [NL.  (Dillenius,  1719), 
named  from  its  scattering  its  seeds  ;  <  L.  spar- 
gere,  scatter:  see  sparge.]  A  genus  of  poly- 
petalous  plants,  of  the  order  Caryophyllaceee 
and  tribe  Jtoinea?.  It  is  characterized  by  the  presence 
of  small  scarious  stipules,  by  flowers  with  five  styles  alter- 
nate with  the  five  sepals,  and  by  a  one-celled  capsule  with 
its  five  valves  opposite  the  sepals.  There  are  2  or  3  species, 
widely  scattered  through  temperate  regions  of  either  hemi- 
sphere, and  especially  abundant  in  fields  and  cultivated 
places  of  the  Old  World.  They  are  annual  herbs  with 
dichotomous  or  clustered  branches,  the  swollen  and  suc- 
culent axils  bearing  apparent  whorls  of  awl-shaped  leaves. 
The  small  white  or  pink  flowers  form  raceme-like  cymes 
with  conspicuous  pedicels.  The  species  are  known  by  the 
general  name  of  spurry,  sometimes  sandwfed. 

Spergularia  (sper-gu-la'ri-a),n.  [NL.  (Persoon. 
1805),  <  fSperr/ula  +  -aria.]  A  genus  of  polypeta- 
lous  plants,  of  the  order  Caryojtiyllaceee&na  tribe 
Alsinese.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  allied  genus  Sper- 
gula  by  its  three  styles  and  three-valved  capsule,  and  differs 
from  Arenaria,  to  which  it  was  formerly  referred,  in  the 
possession  of  stipules.  There  are  3  or  4  species,  scattered 
through  temperate  regions,  especially  along  salt-marshes 
and  shores.  They  are  commonly  diffuse  herbs,  small  and 
often  succulent,  with  thread-like  or  linear  leaves,  often,  as 


Spergularia 

in  Spenjtlla,  with  secondary  clustersof  leaves  forming  ap- 
parent whorls  at  the  axils.  The  small  flowers  open  in 
bright  sunshine,  and  are  white  or  rose-colored  or  common- 
ly purplish.  'J'hc  species  are  known  as  sand-spurry.  At 
least  :i  species  are  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the 
United  States.  See  Ti&m. 

sperhawkt,  "•  Same  as  aparhavJt  for  sparroie- 
httick. 

sperket  (spto'ket),  «.  [Also  spirket;  origin  ob- 
scure.] A  large  hooked  wooden  peg,  not  much 
curved,  to  hang  saddles,  harness,  etc.,  on.  Hal- 
liwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

High  on  the  spirket  there  it  hung. 

Bloomfield,  The  Horkey.    (Daviei.) 

Sperling  (sper'ling),  H.     Same  as  sparliii;/1. 

sperm1  (sperm),  H.  [<  ME.  sperme,<.  OF.  gperme, 
x/inrnte,  Y.sperme  =  Sp. ,Pg.  esperma  =  It.  sper- 
ma,  <  L.  sperma,  <  Gr.  ampfia  (oirep/iar-),  seed, 
<  aircipciv,  sow.  Of.  spore'2.']  The  male  seed  of 
any  kind,  as  the  semen  or  seminal  fluid  of  the 
higher  vertebrates,  the  male  spawn  or  milt  of 
the  lower  vertebrates,  or  the  seminal  elements 
of  any  animal,  containing  the  male  germs,  or 
spermatozoa. 

sperm2  (sperm),  H.  [Abbr.  of  spermaceti."]  1. 
Same  as  spermaceti. —  2.  A  sperm-whale. — 3. 
Sperm-oil. 

spernia  (sper'ma),  «.  Same  as  semen  (which 
see). 

spermaceti  (sp£r-ma-set'i  or  -se'ti),  n.  and  a. 
[Formerly  or  dial,  also,  in  corrupt  forms,  par- 
macetl,  parmacety,  parmaeetty,  parmacity,  par- 
macitty,  etc.;  <  F.  spermaceti  =  Sp.  esperma- 
ceti  =  Pg.  espermacete  =  It.  spermaceti,  <  NL. 
spermaceti,  lit. '  whale's  seed,'  the  substance  hav- 
ing been  regarded  as  the  spawn  of  the  whale  ;  < 
L.  sperma,  seed,  +  ceti,  gen.  of  cetus,  <  Gr.  Kt/rof, 
whale:  see  Cete3.]  I.  n.  A  peculiar  fatty  sub- 
stance contained  in  the  characteristic  adipose 
tissue  of  the  cavity  of  the  head  of  the  sperm- 
whale  or  cachalot,  1'hyseter  or  Catodon  macro- 
cephalus,  and  related  cetaceans.  During  the  life 
of  the  animal  the  spermaceti  is  in  a  fluid  state,  and  when 
the  head  is  opened  has  the  appearance  of  an  oily  white 
liquid.  On  exposure  to  the  air  the  spermaceti  concretes 
and  precipitates  from  the  oil,  from  which  it  may  then  be 
separated.  After  being  purified  by  an  elaborate  process 
the  spermaceti  concretes  into  a  white,  crystallized,  brittle, 
semi-transparent  unctuous  substance,  nearly  inodorous 
and  insipid.  It  dissolves  in  boiling  alcohol,  and  as  the 
solution  cools  it  is  deposited  in  perfectly  pure  lamellated 
crystals.  In  this  state  it  is  called  cctin.  Spermaceti  is  a 
mixture  of  various  fatty  acids  and  derivatives  of  the  acids. 
It  is  bland  and  demulcent,  but  in  medicine  it  is  chiefly  cm- 
ployed  externally  as  an  ingredient  in  ointments,  cerates, 
and  cosmetics.  It  has  also  been  largely  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  candles. 

By  this  [fallacy  of  Equivocation]  are  they  deluded  who 
conceive  spermaceti  \sperma  Cceti,  Pseud.  Ep.,  1646),  which 
is  found  about  the  head,  to  be  the  spawn  of  the  whale. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 

II.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  derived  from,  or  com- 
posed of  spermaceti  or  sperm. — 2.  Producing 
or  yielding  spermaceti,  as  the  sperm-whales. — 
Spermaceti  ointment.  See  ointment. 

spermaceti-oil  (sper-ma-set'i-oil),  n.  Sperm- 
oil.  • 

spermaceti-whale  (sper-ma-set'i-hwal),  n.  A 
sperm-whale. 

Spermacoce  (sper-ma-ko'se),  n.  [NL.  (Dille- 
nius,  1732),  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  carpels 
pointed  with  one  or  more  calyx-teeth;  <  Gr. 
axep/ia,  seed,  germ,  +  OKUM/,  a  point,  <  ani],  a 
point,  anything  sharp.]  A  genus  of  rubiaceous 
plants,  type  of  the  tribe  Spermacocess.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  flowers  with  from  two  to  four  calyx-lobes 
sometimes  with  smaller  teeth  between,  a  small  two-cleft 
or  capitate  stigma,  and  a  dry  fruit  of  two  carpels  which 
separate  when  ripe  and  are  each  or  only  one  of  them 
open,  one  often  retaining  the  membranous  axis.  There 
are  about  175  species,  scattered  through  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical regions,  and  particularly  common  in  America. 
They  are  annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  low  undershrubs, 
with  smooth,  rough,  or  hairy  stems,  commonly  with  four- 
angled  branehlets.  They  bear  opposite  leaves,  which  are 
either  sessile  or  petioled,  membranous  or  coriaceous, 
nerved  or  feather-veined.  The  stipules  are  united  with 
the  petioles  into  a  bristle-bearing  membrane  or  sheath. 
The  small  sessile  flowers  are  solitary  in  the  axils  or  vari- 
ously clustered,  often  in  dense  axillary  and  terminal  heads, 
and  are  white,  pink,  or  blue.  In  allusion  to  the  heads, 
the  species  are  called  button-weed.  Five  species  occur 
in  the  United  States  all  southern  and  summer-flower- 
ing and  with  a  short  white  corolla ;  S.  glabra,  the  most 
common,  extends  into  Ohio.  Several  species  are  in  re- 
pute for  medicinal  properties,  especially  as  substitutes 
for  ipecacuanha,  for  which  S.  ferruyinea  and  S.  Poaya 
are  used  in  Brazil,  and  S.  verlicillata  in  the  West  Indies. 
The  root  of  S.  hispiila,  is  used  as  a  sudorific  in  India. 

Spermacocese  (sper-ma-ko'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Chamisso  and  Schlecti'tendal,  1828),  <  Sperma- 
coce +  -cse  (shortened  for  Spermacoeeese).]  A 
tribe  of  rubiaceous  plants,  of  which  Spcrmacore 
is  the  type,  embracing  18  other  genera,  chiefly 
natives  of  tropical  or  subtropical  America. 

spermaduct  (sper'ma-dukt),  n.  [<  NL.  gperma- 
ductus,  irreg.  <  Gr.  avipjia,  seed,  +  L.  ductus,  a 


5818 

duct:  see  iJi/cf.']  A  spermatic  duct,  or  sperm- 
duct;  a  male  gonaduct  or  seminal  passage;  a 
hollow  tubular  or  vesicular  organ  in  the  male, 
serving  to  convey  or  detain  sperm  or  semen. 
It  is  connected  in  some  way  with  the  spermary,  from 
which  it  carries  off  the  sperm,  and  in  many  animals  is 
specifically  called  the  vas  ile.feren».  But  it  is  a  more  com- 
prehensive term,  including  the  whole  of  the  male  gener- 
ative passages,  of  whatever  kind.  Also  gperiii(rd«<-tti<, 

*j/:  l'llli<htCt. 

spermagone  (sper'ma-gou),  «.     Same  as  xpi-r- 

IK'KJOIIC. 

spermagonium  (sper-ma-go'm-um),  «.  Same 
as  xpci'iiiotjoiiiuiii. 

spermalist  (sper'ma-list),  n.  [<  x/xrwi1  +  -al  + 
-ist.]  A  s_permist. 

spermangium  (sper-man'ji-um),  n. ;  pi.  */»•/•- 
nii(ii(/iti  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airepfia.,  seed,  sperm.  + 
a-j'yeicn',  vessel.]  In  Algse,  a  receptacle  contain- 
ing the  spores:  same  as  conceptacle,  2  (b). 

spermaphyte  (sper'ma-fit).  H.  fjQemermopkyte. 

spermarium  (sper-ma'ri-um),  «.;  pi.  spermaria 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  L.  sperma,  seed,  +  -arium."]  A 
spermary:  used  in  distinction  from  ovarium. 

spermary  (sper'ma-ri),  n. ;  pi.  spermaries  (-riz). 
[<  NL.  spermarium.']  The  male  germ-gland  or 
essential  sexual  organ,  of  whatever  character: 
the  sperm-gland,  or  spermatic  organ,  or  seminal 
gonad,  in  which  spermatozoa  are  generated,  in 
its  specialized  condition  in  the  higher  animals 
known  as  the  testis  or  testicle.  The  term  is  used 
in  distinction  from  ovary,  both  spermaries  and 
ovaries  being  gonads.  Also  spermnriiim. 

spennatemphraxis  (sper'ma-tem-frak'sis),  «. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  mrepfia(T-),  seed,'  +  inQpaoativ,  ob- 
struct: see  emphractic."]  Obstruction  to  the 
discharge  of  semen. 

spermatheca  (sper-ma-the'ka),  n. ;  pi.  sperma- 
thecfe  (-se).  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr.  airtpfia,  seed,  4- 
Or/Kr/,  a  case.  Cf.  spermothcca.'}  A  spermatic 
case,  capsule,  or  sheath;  a  receptacle  for  se- 
men ;  specifically,  the  seminal  receptacle  in  the 
female,  as  of  various  insects  and  other  inverte- 
brates, which  receives  and  conveys  or  detains 
the  sperm  of  the  male.  More  correctly  sper- 
matotlieca.  See  cuts  under  Dendroc&la,  ovari- 
ole,  and  Shabdoceela. 

spermathecal  (sper-ma-the'kal),  a.  [<  sper- 
matheca +  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sperma- 
theca: as,  a  spermathecal  duct  or  vesicle. 

On  reaching  the  point  where  the  spermathecal  duct  de- 
bouches, they  [ova]  are  impregnated  by  the  spermatozoa 
which  escape  now  from  the  spermatheca  and  meet  the 
ova.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  658. 

spermatia,  n.    Plural  of  spennatium. 

spermatic  (sper-mat'ik),  a.  [<  OF.  (and  F.) 
xpermatique  =  Sp.  espermdtico  =  Pg.  espermati- 
co  =  It.  spermatico,  <  L.  spermaticus,  <  Gr.  anep- 
[taTtn6f,  <  oirepua,  seed:  see  sperm1.']  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  sperm,  or  male  seed,  in  general ; 
containing  spermatozoa,  or  consisting  of  sperm 
or  semen;  seminal:  as,  spermatic  fluid. —  2.  Se- 
creting spermatozoa ;  generating  or  producing 
semen;  seminal,  as  a  spermary. — 3.  Connected 
with  or  related  to  the  spermary,  or  essential 
male  organ ;  subservient  to  the  male  function  ; 
testicular:  as,  spermatic  vessels;  the  spermatic 
cord. — 4.  In  bot.,  resembling  or  of  the  nature 
of  spermatia  :  as,  spermatic  filaments  ;  sper- 
matic gelatin. —  5.  Figuratively,  seminal ;  ger- 
minal; fructifying.  [Rare.] 

I  find  certain  books  vital  and  spermatic,  not  leaving  the 
reader  what  he  was ;  he  shuts  the  book  a  richer  man. 

Emerson,  Books. 

External  spermatic  fascia.  Same  as  intercolumnar 
fascia  (whicn  see,  under  fascia). — External  spermatic 
nerve,  the  genital  branch  of  the  genitocrural  nerve.  It 
supplies  the  cremaster  muscle.— Internal  spermatic 
fascia.  Same  as  in,fundibul\form  fascia  (which  see,  under 
.fascia).— Spermatic  artery,  any  artery  supplying  a  tes- 
tis or  other  spermary,  corresponding  to  an  ovarian  artery 
of  the  female.  In  man  the  spermatic  arteries  are  two  long 
slender  arteries  arising  from  the  abdominal  aorta  a  little 
below  the  renal  arteries,  and  passing  along  each  spermatic 
cord,  to  be  distributed  to  the  testes.  — Spermatic  cal- 
culus, a  concretion  sometimes  found  in  the  seminal  vesi- 
cles.—Spermatic  canal,  (a)  The  inguinal  canaL  (b)  Any 
spermatic  duct,  as  the  vas  deferens.— Spermatic  car- 
tridge. Same  as  spermatophore. — Spermatic  cord.  See 
cordi.—  Spermatic  cyst,  in  palhol.,  a  cyst  arising  in  the 
testicle  near  the  epididymis,  and  filled  with  fluid  in  which 
are  often  found  spermatozoa,  crystals,  etc.  See  spermato- 
cele.—  Spermatic  duct.  Same  as  tpermaduct.—  Sper- 
matic filament,  a  spermatozoon.— Spermatic  gelatin, 
in  bot.,  a  gelatinous  substance  in  spermogonia  which  when 
wet  aids  in  the  expulsion  of  the  spermatia.—  Spermatic 
logos.  See  logos.—  Spermatic  plexus  of  nerves.  See 
plexus.— Spermatic  plexus  of  veins,  a  thick  plexus  of 
convoluted  vessels  formed  in  the  spermatic  cord  by  the  ve- 
nae comites  of  the  spermatic  arteries.  These  veins  coalesce 
after  leaving  the  inguinal  canal,  and  empty  into  the  vena 
cava  inferior  of  the  right  side  and  the  renal  vein  of  the  left 
side.  This  venous  plexus  corresponds  to  the  ovarian  ve- 
nous plexus  of  the  female,  and  is  specifically  known  as 
the  pampintform  plexus.  When  varicose,  it  constitutes  a 


spermatogemma 

varicocde  or  cirsocele,  an  extremely  ommiun  altuction, 
most  frequent  on  the  left  side.— Spermatic  rete.  Same 
as  rete  vasculosum  testig  (which  see,  under  rete).—  Sper- 
matic sac,  a  sac  containing  a  number  of  spermatozoa 
packed  or  bundled  together,  to  be  discharged  on  rupture 
of  the  sac. 

spermatical  (sper-mat'i-kal),  a.  [<  x/n-ruiulic 
+  -«'.]  Same  as  spermatic.  Jiarmi. 

spermatiogenous  (spt'r-ma-slii-oj'c-nus),  a.  [< 
NL.  K/II  riiintiiiiii  +  Gr.  -yevr/c;,  producing:  see 
-t/i'iiiiiin.']  In  bot.,  producing  or  bearing  sper- 
inatia:  as,  a  gpermatiugenous  surface. 

On  tile  contrary,  they  are  disk-shaped  or  cushion-shaped 
bodies  with  the  Kpennatioffenous  surface  folded  into  deep 
sinuous  depressions.  De  Bary,  Fungi  (trans.),  p.  241. 

spermatiophore  (sper-ma'shi-o-ior),  ».  [<  NL. 
x/H'rinatiiiHi  +  Gr.  -^opof,  <  ipipetv  =  E.  bear1.']  In 
bot.,  a  structure  bearing  a  spennatium. 

spermatism  (sper'ma-ti/.m).  H.  [<  XJM  riiint(i:i') 
+  -i*»w.]  1.  Emission  of  semen;  a  seminal 
discharge. —  2.  Same  as  spinnism. 

spermatist  (sper'ma-tist),  «.  [<  Gr.  anepfia(r-), 
seed,  +  -is<.]  Sarnie  as  uprrmixt. 

spermatium  (sper-ma'shi-um),  «.;  pi.  sperma- 
tia (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oirepua,  seed.]  In  bot.,  an 
exceedingly  minute  cylindrical  or  rod-shaped 
body  in  fungi,  produced  like  spores  in  cup-like 
organs  called  spermogonia.  The  spermatia  are  con- 
jectured to  be  the  male  fertilizing  organs,  although  the 
male  sexual  function  of  all  spermatia  in  fungi  has  not 
been  demonstrated.  In  more  technical  language  a  sper- 
matium is  a  "male  non-motile  gamete  conjugating  with 
the  trichogyne  of  a  procarp  "  (Goebel). 

spermatize  (sper'ma-tlz),  r.  «.;  pret.  and  pp. 
xpermatized,  ppr.  sper»tatizi>t</.  [<  Gr.  ancpfiaTi- 
C,siv,  sow,  yield  seed,<  ampfia,  seed :  see  sperm1.] 
To  yield  male  sperm  or  seed;  have  a  seminal 
emission;  discharge  semen. 

spermatoat,  ».    Plural  of  xpermatoon.     Ovsen. 

spermatoal  (sper-ma-to'al),  a.  [<  spermato(on) 
+  -al.]  Pertaining  to  a'spermatoon.  Owen. 

spermatoblast  (sper'ma-to-blast),  n.  [<  Gr. 
axep/ja(T-),  seed,  +  /3/.aoT(if,'bud,  sprout,  shoot.] 
The  bud  or  germ  of  a  spermatozoon ;  a  germinal 
blastema  whence  spermatozoa  are  produced. 
Spermatoblasts  form  a  layer  of  nucleated  and  nucleolated 
cells  In  the  seminal  tubules,  which  proliferates  or  pro- 
jects into  the  lumen  of  the  tubule  with  often  a  lobed  or 
digitate  end ;  and  from  every  lobe  a  spermatozoon  devel- 
ops and  is  discharged,  leaving  a  branching  stump  of  the 


spermatoblast.    Also  spermoblast,  nematoblast. 

spermatoblastic  (sper'ma-to-blaVtik),  a.  [< 
spermatoblast  +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  sper- 
matoblasts  or  the  formation  of  spermatozoa; 
germinal  or  budding,  as  a  structure  which  de- 
velops spermatozoa.  Also  spermoblastic. 

spermatocele  (sper'ma-to-sel),  n.  [<  Gr.  oirtp- 
/M(T-),  seed,  +  idfi.ri,  a  tumor.]  A  retention- 
cyst  of  the  epididymis  or  testicle  containing 
spermatozoa. 

spermatocyst  (sper'ma-to-sist), «.  [<  NL.  sper- 
matocyxtis,<.  Gr.  oTrf/3/«z(r-),  seed,  +  Krartf,  blad- 
der: see  cyst."]  1.  In  anat.,  a  seminal  vesicle. 
—  2.  In  pathol.,  a  spermatic  cyst  or  sac.  See 
spermatic. 

spermatocystic (sper'nia-to-sis'tik),  a.  [<  sper- 
matocyst +  -ic.]  Containing  spermatozoa,  as  a 
cyst ;  of  the  nature  of  a  spermatocyst. 

spermatocystidium  (sper'ma-to-sis-tid'i-um), 
n.;  pi.  spermatocystidta  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amp- 
ua(r-),  seed,  +  Ktxmf,  bladder,  +  dim.  -iStov."} 
In  bot.,  same  as  antlieridium.  Bedtrig. 

spermatocystis  (sper'ma-to-sis'tis),  n.  [NL.: 
see  spermatocyst."]  Same  as  spermatocyst. 

spermatocystitis  (sper"ma-to-sis-ti'tis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  spermatocystis  +  -iiis.]  Inflammation 
of  the  seminal  vesicles. 

spermatocytal  (sper"ma-to-sl'tal),  a.  [<  sper- 
matocyte  +  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  sperma- 
tocytes ;  of  the  nature  of  a  spermatocvte. 

spermatocyte  (sper'ma-to-sit),  n.  [<  NL.  sper- 
matium +  Gr.  KjVof,  a  follow:  see  eyte.]  1.  In 
bot.,  the  mother-cell  of  a  spermatozooid. 

The  protoplasm  in  each  of  the  two  cells  of  the  antherid- 
ium  [in  Salvinia]  contracts  and  by  repeated  bipartition  di- 
vides into  four  roundish  primordial  cells  (spennatocytes), 
each  of  which  produces  a  spermatozoid. 

Goebel,  Special  Morphology  of  Plants  (trans.),  p.  230. 

2.  The  cell  whose  nuclear  chromatin  and  cell- 
protoplasm  become  respectively  the  head  and 
tail  of  the  spermatozoon:  synonymous  with 
spermatoblast.  Flemming. 

These  spermatocytei  may  either  all  develop  into  sper- 
matozoa (Mammals),  or  a  single  spermatocyte  may  become 
modified  as  a  basilar  cell  (Plagiostome  Fishes),  or  a  num- 
ber may  form  an  envelope  or  cyst  around  the  others  (Am- 
phibians and  Fishes).  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  412. 

spermatogemma  (sper"ma-to-jem'a),  «.;  pi. 
spertnatnnemmte  (-e).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oTr?p/ia(r-), 
seed,  +  'gemma,  a  bud.]  A  mass  of  spermato- 
cytes ;  a  multinuclear  spermatic  cyst ;  a  kind  of 


spermatogemma 

spermatoblast.    See  also  sprrinii.*iihere.    Encyc. 
Brit.,  XX.  412. 
spermatogenesis  (sper"ma-to-jen'e-sis).  //. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  aircp/ia(T-),  seed,  +  yeveaif,  origin.] 
In  biol.,  the  formation  or  development  of  sper- 
matozoa. Huxley  ami  Martin,  Elementary  Bi- 
ology, p.  301. 

spermatogenetic(sper'/ma-to-je-iiet'ik),  «.  [< 
spermatogffnesis,  after  gnietic.']  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  spermatogenesis;  exhibiting  or  charac- 
terized  by  spermatogenesis :  as,  a  n}teriii(i/ni/i- 
i/i'/ic  process  or  result ;  a  spermatoijenetictlieoTy. 
Encyc,  Brit.,  XX.  412. 

speriuatogenous  (sper-ma-toj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
airep/ia(T-),  seed,  +  -ycfff,  producing:  see  -ge- 
nous."]  Producing  spermatozoa. 

spermatogeny  (sper-ma-toj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr. 
amp/ia(r-),  seed,  +  -yiveia,  <  -yevw,  producing: 
see  -geny.~]  The  generation  or  production  of 
spermatozoa ;  spermatogenesis. 

spermatogonium(sp6r"rna-to-g6'ni-um), n. ;  pi. 
gpermatogonia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-nippa^-), 
seed,  +  yovij,  generation.]  If.  In  hot.,  same 
as  pycnidium,  1. — 2.  A  primitive  or  formative 
seminal  cell,  forming  a  kind  of  sperm-morula, 
or  spermosphere  composed  of  spermatoblasts 
or  spermatocytes,  which  in  turn  give  rise  to 
spermatozooids.  La  Valette  St.  George. 

spermatoid  (sper'ma-toid),  a.  [<  Gr.  airtp- 
fia(T-),  seed,  +  eliof,  form.]  Kesembling  sperm, 
or  male  seed;  sperm-like;  of  the  nature  of 
sperm;  spermatic  or  seminal. 

spermatological  (sper'ma-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  [< 
sper»tato1o</-y  +  -ic-al.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to 
spermatology.  Also  spermological. 

spermatologist  (sper-ma-tol'o-jist),  n.  [<  sper- 
ma tolog-y  +  -ist.']  One  who  is  versed  in  sper- 
matology. Also  spcrmologist. 

spermatology  (sper-ma-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avepfta(T-),  seed,  +  -fayia,  <  Myetv,  speak:  see 
-ology.}  The  doctrine  or  body  of  facts  and 
opinions  regarding  sperm,  semen,  or  the  male 
elements  of  procreation,  as  those  of  spermato- 
genesis or  spermatogeny.  Also  spermology. 

spermatomere  (sper'ma-to-mer),  n.  [<  Gr. 
oirep/ia(T-),  seed,  +  /uepof,  part.]  One  of  the 
parts  into  which  the  male  or  female  pronucleus 
of  an  ovum  may  divide  after  fertilization. 

Two  of  these  "residual  globules  "  are,  according  to  them, 
expelled  by  the  spermatvmeres  during  their  nuclear  meta- 
morphosis preceding  division. 

Micros.  Science,  XXVL  597. 

spermatoont  (sper-ma-to'on),  n. ;  pi.  sperma- 
toa  (-a).  [<  Gr.  aTtep/ia(T-),  seed,  +  fay,  an 
egg.]  The  nucleus  of  a  sperm-cell  or  sperma- 
tozoon ;  a  cell  which  stands  in  the  relation  of 
such  a  nucleus,  as  that  out  of  or  from  which  a 
spermatozoon  may  be  developed ;  a  spermato- 
blast. 

Spermatophilus  (sper-ma-tof'i-lus),  «.  [NL. 
( Wagler,  1830),  emended  from  Spermophilus.] 
Same  as  Spermophilus. 

spermatophoral  (sper-ma-tof 'o-ral),  a.  [<  sper- 
matophore  +  -al.~\  Of  tne  character  of  or  per- 
taining to  a  spermatophore.  Huxley  and  Mar- 
tin, Elementary  Biology,  p.  29L 

spermatophore  (sper'ma-to-for),  «.  [<  Gr. 
<nteppa(T-),  seed,  +  fyepeiv  ='E.  bear1.']  A  spe- 
cial case,  capsule,  or  sheath  containing  sperma- 
tozoa; specifically,  one  of  the  peculiar  sper- 
matic cysts  of  cephalopoda  (also  called  spermatic 
or  seminal  cartridge,  seminal  rope,  or  filament  of 
Needham),  usually  forming  a  long  cylindrical 
structure  in  which  several  envelops  may  be  dis- 
tinguished. The  contents  of  such  a  spermatophore 
are  not  exclusively  seminal,  for  in  the  hinder  part  of  each 
there  is  a  special  substance,  the  exploding  mass,  which 
serves  to  discharge  the  packet  of  spermatozoa.  These  are 
invested  in  a  special  tabular  tunic,  and  packed  in  the  front 
part  of  the  spermatophore,  like  a  charge  of  shot  In  a  car- 
tridge in  frontof  thepowder.  Behind  this  packet  of  sperm 
the  exploding  mass  forms  a  spiral  coil,  which  extends 
through  the  greater  part  of  the  spermatophore  and  is  con- 
tinuous behind  with  the  coat  of  the  latter.  When  the 
spermatophore  is  wetted  it  swells  up  and  bursts,  through 
the  force  of  the  spring  coiled  inside,  and  the  spermatozoa 
are  discharged  with  considerable  force.  A  spermatophore 
thus  offers  a  striking  analogy  to  the  nematophore  or 
thread-cell  of  a  coelenterate,  though  the  object  attained  is 
not  urtication  or  nettling,  but  a  seminal  emission  and  con- 
sequent impregnation  of  the  female.  A  spermatophore 
of  some  sort,  less  complex  than  that  of  cephalopods,  is 
very  commonly  found  in  several  classes  of  invertebrates. 

spermatophorous  (sper-ma-tof'o-rus),  a.  [As 
spermatophorc  +  -oits.]  Bearing  or  conveying 
seed,  sperm,  or  spermatozoa;  spermatogenous; 
seminiferous;  specifically,  bearing  sperm  as  a 
spermatophore ;  of  or  pertaining  to  a  sperma- 
tophore; spermatophoral. 

spermatorrhea,  spermatorrhoea  (sper"ma-to- 
re'a),  it.  [NL.  gptrmatorrkaa ;  <  Gr.  airepiui(T-), 


5819 


Involuntary  seminal 


seed,  +  peh>,  flow,  run.] 

loss. 
spermatospore  (sper'niii-to-spor),   ».     [<  (Jr. 

aKcpfta(T-),  seed,  +  mropuf,  a  sowing.]     A  kind 

of  cell  which  gives  rise  to  spermatozoa.     Also 

x/nriiiospore. 
spermatotheca  (sper"ma-to-the'kii),  n.     Same 

as  */>r  riitfithft'tt. 
spermatovum  (sper-ma-to'vum),  n.;  pi.  sper- 

matom  (-va)     [NL.,  <  'Gr.  airtpt2a(T-),  seed,  + 

L.  ovum,  egg.]     A  fecundated  egg;   an  ovum 

alter  impregnation  by  spermatozoa,  whence  its 

substance  consists  of  material  from  both  pa- 

rents.    Also  spcrniovitm. 
Spermatozoa  (sper"ma-to-z6'a),  ».  pi.     [NL., 

pi.  of  spermatozoon,  q.  v.]    If.  A  supposed  class 

or  other  group  of  animalcules  ;  sperm-animals  : 

so  called  before  their  nature  was  known,  when 

they  were  regarded  as  independent  parasitic  or- 

ganisms. —  2.  [i.e.]  Plural  of  spermatozoon. 
spermatozoa!  (sper'ma-to-zo'al),  a.     [<  sper- 

matozoon +  -a/.]     Same  as  spermatozoon. 
spermatozoan  (sper*ma-to-z6'an),  a.  and  «.    [< 

spermatozoon  +  -an.]    1.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a 

spermatozoon  ;  of  or  pertaining  to  spermatozoa. 

II.  ».  A  spermatozoon  or  spermatozooid. 
spermatozoic  (sper"ma-to-zd'ik),  a.   [<  sperma- 

tozoon +  -ic.]    Same  as  spermatozoan. 
spermatozoid  (sper*ma-to-zd'id),  a.  and  n.    [< 

spermatozoon  +  -i<J2.]     gee  spermatozooid. 
spermatozoidal    (sper'ma-to-zo'i-dal),  a.     [< 

spermatozoon  +  -oid  +  -a/.]    Same  as  spermato- 

zooid.   W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  $  443. 
spermatozooid   (sper'ma-to-zo'oid),  a.  and  n. 

[<  spermatozoon  +  -aid.]    I.  a.    Resembling 

a  spermatozoon  ; 

of     spermatozo- 

an nature  or  ap- 

pearance. 

II.    n.    1.     A 

spermatozoon. 

Von         Siebold. 

Also,   less   com- 

monly, spermalo- 

zoid.     See  zooid. 

—  2.    In   lot.,  a 

male        ciliated 

motile      gamete 

produced   in   an 

antheridium: 

same  as  antltcr- 

ozoid.      In    this 

sense  more  commonly  spermatozoid. 

cut  under  antheridium. 
spermatozoon  (sper'ma-to-zo'on),  n.  ;  pi.  sper- 

matozoa (-a).     [NL.,  <  Gr.  o-jr%«i(r-),  seed,  + 

C'poi',  an  animal.]     1.  One  of  the  numberless 

microscopic   bodies   contained   in   semen,    to 

which  the  seminal  fluid  owes  its  vitality,  and 

which  are  the  immediate  and  active  means  of 

impregnating  or  fertilizing  the  ovum  of  the  fe- 


Spermatozooids  of  Atiiantun 
yrntris. 


See  also 


r    i      L    ji 

Spermatozoa. 

M  four  spermatozoa  of  man ;  A,  two  of  ape ;  R,  two  of  rabbit.  In 
each  case,  I,  broadest  view,  II,  profile,  of*,  kernel  or  nucleus  of  the 
head,  and  m,  filamentous  body,  ending  in  s,  the  long  slender  tail. 

male;  a  spermatic  cell  or  filament;  a  spermato- 
zoan or  spermatozooid.  Spermatozoa  are  the  vital 
and  essential  product  of  a  spermary,  male  gonad,  or  testis, 
as  ova  are  of  the  ovary  or  female  gonad ;  their  production, 
or  the  ability  to  produce  them,  is  the  characteristic  distinc- 
tion of  the  male  from  the  female  organism,  whatever  their 
size  or  shape  or  other  physical  character,  and  however  vari- 
ous may  be  the  organ  in  which  they  are  produced.  Sperma- 
tozoa, like  ova,  have  the  morphological  value  of  the  cell ; 
and  a  spermatozoon  is  usually  a  cell  in  which  a  cell-wall, 
cell-contents,  and  cell-nucleus,  with  or  without  a  nucleo- 
lus,  may  be  distinguished.  The  form  may  be  spherical,  like 
the  ovum,  and  indistinguishable  therefrom  by  any  physical 
character;  more  frequently,  and  especially  in  the  higher 
animals,  these  little  bodies  are  shaped  like  a  tadpole,  with  a 


sperm-kernel 

small  spherical  or  dixiiidal  head,  rod-like  or 

bacillur  part,  and  a  long  slender  tail  or •  raiid:il  lilaiin-iil, 
capable  of  spontaneous  \  iliiatik1  nio\rim'nts,  by  inc;iti^  ->f 
which  the  sni-nnatozoaswim  actively  in  the  seminal  lluiil, 
like  a  shoal  of  micro  king.inthe 

passages  of  tlie  female  into  which  the  lln  :  nject- 

i'il.  !o  discover  tiir  oviiin  in  which  to  luiry  itself,  in  op 
undergo  dissolution  in  the  substance  of  the  ovum.  They 
arc  smaller  than  the  corresponding'  ovum,  ami  several 
or  many  of  them  may  be  embedded  in  one  ovum.  The 
actual  union  of  spermatozoa  with  an  ovum,  und  fusion  of 
their  respective  protoplasms,  is  required  for  Impregnation, 
and  Is  the  consummation  of  sexual  intercourse,  tu  which 
all  other  acts  and  processes  are  simply  ancillary  or  sub- 
servient. Spermatozoa  may  be  killed  by  cold,  or  chemical 
or  mechanical  injury,  like  any  other  cells.  Thcsr  bodies, 
very  similar  to  various  animalcules,  were  discovcTed  and 
named  KpermatuyM  by  Leenwenhoek  in  K177  ;  they  were 
at  first  and  long  afterward  regarded  as  Independent  or- 
ganisms, variously  classed  as  parasitic  helminths  or  infti- 
sorians  —  such  a  view  being  held,  for  instance,  by  Von  Baer 
so  late  as  1827  or  1835.  Von  Siebold,  who  found  tin  n.  in 
various  vertebrates,  called  them  epermaiuznnidi.  Their 
true  nature  appears  to  have  been  first  recognized  by  Kol- 
liker.  Spermatozoa  or  their  equivalents  are  diagnostic 
of  the  male  sex  under  whatever  conditions  they  exist, 
whether  in  male  individuals  separate  from  the  female,  or 
in  those  many  hermaphrodite  animals  which  unite  the 
two  sexes  in  one  individual ;  and  the  organ  which  pro- 
duces them  Is  Invariably  a  testis  or  its  equivalent  sper- 
mary, of  whatever  character.  The  male  elements  of  the 
lowest  animals,  however,  as  Protozoa,  do  not  ordinarily 
receive  the  name  spermatozoa,  this  being  specially  ap- 
plied to  the  more  elaborate  male  cells  of  the  character 
above  described.  The  origination  of  spermatozoa  has  of 
late  years  been  the  subject  of  much  research  and  discus- 
sion ;  the  details  of  the  process,  as  observed  in  different 
animals,  or  under  different  conditions  of  investigation, 
together  with  conflicting  doctrinal  conclusions,  have  oc- 
casioned a  large  special  vocabulary.  See  many  words 
preceding  and  following  this  one. 
2f.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  animalcules.  Fan  Baer, 
1827. 

sperm-ball  (sperm'bal),  «.  A  spherical  cluster 
of  spermatozoa,  such  as  occurs  in  some  sponges. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  424. 

sperm-blastoderm  (sperm'blas'to-derm),  n.  A 
blastoderm  ic  layer  of  formative  spermatozoa 
composing  the  surface  of  a  sperm-blastula. 

sperm-blastula  (sperm'blas'tu-la),  «.  A  sper- 
matic blastula,  or  hollow  sphere  whose  surface 
is  a  layer  of  formative  spermatozoa. 

Sperm-cell  (sperm'sel), ».  1.  A  spermatozoon : 
so  called  from  its  morphological  valence  as  a 
cell. — 2.  A  cell  giving  rise  to  spermatozoa;  a 
spermatoblast  or  spermatocyte. 

spermet,  »•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  sperm1. 

Spermestes  (sper-mes'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Swain- 
son,  1837),  said  to  be  (irreg.)  <  Gr.  am-ppa,  seed, 
+  iaOieiv,  eat.]  The  typical  genus  of  Spermes- 
tinm,  containing  six  or  eight  species  confined  to 
Africa  and  Madagascar.  Such  are  S.  cucullata,  S. 
poensif,  and  S.  tricolor,  of  the  continent,  and  the  Madagas- 
car S.  mi  mi.  These  little  birds  are  closely  related  to  Ama- 
dina,  of  which  Spermestes  is  often  rated  as  a  subgenus. 

Spermestinae  (sper-mes-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
(Spermestes  +  -inse.]  An. extensive  subfamily 
of  Ploceidx,  named  from  the  genus  Spermestes. 
The  very  numerous  species,  about  160,  are  chiefly  African 
and  Asiatic,  but  some  of  them  extend  to  Australia  and  va- 
rious Polynesian  islands.  Among  them  are  the  amada- 
vats  and  estrilds.  Leading  genera  are  Layonosticta,  Sper- 
mospiza,  Pyrenestes,  Estrelda,  and  Amadina.  See  cut  un- 
der Senegal. 

spermestine  (sper-mes'tin),  a.  Of,  or  having 
characters  of,  the  Spermestinee. 

spermic  (sper'mik),  a.  [<  sperm1  +  -tc.]  Same 
as  spermatic. 

spermidiumt  (sper-mid'i-um),  «.;  pi.  spcrmidta 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  L.  sperma,  seed,  germ,  +  -idium.~\ 
In  bot.,  same  as  aclienium,  1. 

spermiduct  (sper'mi-dukt),  «.  [<  L.  sperma, 
sperm,  +  ductus,  a  duct:  see  duct.  Cf.  sper- 
maduct.']  A  passage  for  the  conveyance  of 
sperm  in  the  female  of  EchinorJiynclius.  See 
the  quotation.  [Rare.] 

From  the  lower  end  of  the  ovarium  [of  the  female  of 
Echinorhynehus]  two  short  oviducts,  or  rather  spermi- 
ducts,  arise,  and  almost  immediately  unite  into  a  sort  of 
uterus,  which  is  continued  into  the  vagina. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  555. 

spermin  (sper'min),  n.  [<  xperm1  +  -in2.]  A 
non-poisonous  alkaloid  (C2H5N)  obtained  from 
sputum,  human  semen,  organs  of  leucemic  pa- 
tients, and  alcoholic  anatomical  preparations. 

spermisnl  (sper'mizm),  «.  [<  sperm1  +  -ixm.} 
The  theory  or  doctrine  that  the  male  sperm 
contains  the  whole  germ  of  the  future  animal, 
which  develops  entirely  from  a  spermatozoon, 
the  ovum  serving  merely  as  a  mold  or  matrix ; 
animalculism.  Also  qiermatixm. 

spermist  (sper'mist),  n.  [<  sjtenii1  +  -ist.~\  One 
who  holds  the  theory  of  spermism  or  sperma- 
tism;  an  animalculist :  the  opposite  of  miiHxt. 
See  theory  vfim-tisiment,  under  ineasement.  Also 
spernmtint. 

sperm-kernel  (sperm'ker"nel),  ».  Same  as  sper- 
mococcus. 


sperm-morula 

sperm-morula  (sporin'inor"o-la),  «.  A  sper- 
matic morula;  a  mulberry-mass  of  formative 
spermatozoa. 

sperm-nucleus  (spenn'nu"kle-us),  n.  1.  The 
nucleus  of  a  spermatozoon;  a  spermococcus 
or  sperm-kernel. — 2.  In  hot.,  the  nucleus  of  a 
male  gamete,  which  coalesces  with  the  nucleus 
of  an  ob'sphere  to  form  a  germ-nucleus.  Goebel. 

spermoblast  (sper'mo-blast),  n.  Same  as  sper- 
matoblast. 

spermoblastic  (sper-mo-blas'tik),  a.  Same  as 
gpermatoblastic. 

spermocarp  (sper'mo-karp),  n.  [<  Gr.  oiripfia, 
seed,  +  Kapirof,  fruit.]  In  hot.,  the  so-called 
"fruit "  in  the  Characese  and  certain  confervoid 
algte.  It  is  the  fertilized  and  matured  femaleorgan  with  its 
variously  formed  covering  or  pericarp  and  accessory  cells. 
The  "fruit"  of  the  Characex  nas  also  been  called  the  an- 
theridium,  sporangium,  enveloped  oiigonium,  and  sp&ro- 
phydium,  by  different  authors.  Sporophydium  seems  the 
preferable  term.  See  these  various  words.  Compare  sporo- 
carp.  See  cuts  under  antheridium  and  conceptacle. 

spermococcus  (sper-mo-kok'us),  ». ;  pi.  spermo- 
cocei  (-si).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oirep/M,  seed,  +  x6iiKof, 
grain,  berry.]  The  nucleus  of  a  spermatozoon : 
it  consists  of  the  head  of  the  sperm-animalcule, 
excepting  its  thin  outer  layer.  Also  sperm- 
kernel. 

spermoderm  (sper'mo-derm),  ».  [<  Gr.  airtpfia, 
seed,  +  itp/ia,  skin.]  In  bot.,  the  integument 
of  a  seed  in  the  aggregate ;  properly,  same  as 
testa. 

spermogastrula  (sper-mo-gas'trij-la),  «.;  pi. 
spermogastrulee  (-le).  [NL.,  <  L.  sperma  (see 
sperm*)  +  NL.  gastrula,  q.  v.]  A  sperm-blas- 
tula  which  has  undergone  a  kind  of  gastrula- 
tion. 

spermogone  (sper'mo-gon),  n.  [<  NL.  spermo- 
gonium.] In  bot.,  same  as  spermogonium  ;  also 
employed  by  some  writers  to  denote  the  sper- 
matium  or  spore-like  body  which  is  produced 
in  a  spermogonium.  See  spermogonium,  sper- 
matiuni.  Also  spelled  spermagone. 

spermogonia,  n.    Plural  of  spermogonium. 

spermogoniferous  (sper"mo-go-nif'e-rus),  a. 
[<  NL.  spermogonium,  q.  v.,  -r  L.  Jerre  =  E. 
bear*.]  In  bot.,  bearing  or  producing  spermo- 
gonia. 

spermogonium  (sper-mo-go'ni-um),  «.;  pi.  sper- 
mogonia (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airepfioyovof,  produ- 
cing seed,  <  airepfia,  seed,  +  -yovoj,  producing: 
see  -gony.~]  In  bot.,  a  cup-shaped  cavity  or 


ft    I- 

Section  of  Barberry-leaf  (of  its  natural  thickness  at  x\  infested  with 

Puccinia  framint'j  in  its  aecidial  stage. 

sp,  spermogonia  ;  a,  fruit,  inclosed  within  the  peridium  /,  or  open  and 
discharging  spores.    (Somewhat  magnified.) 

receptacle  in  which  spermatia  are  produced. 
See  spermatium,  peridium,  Puceinia  (with  cut). 
Also  spermagonium. 

spermogonous  (sper-mog'o-nus),  a.  [<  spermo- 
gone  +  -oils.]  In  bot.,  resembling  or  having 
the  character  of  spermogonia  or  spermogones. 

sperm-oil  (sperm' oil),  n.  Spermaceti-oil;  the 
oil  of  the  spermaceti-whale.  See  train-oil. 

spermolith  (sper'mo-lith),  n.  [<  Gr.  mrep/ta, 
seed,  +  )ii6of,  stone.]  A  concretion  which  oc- 
casionally forms  in  the  seminal  ducts. 

spermological  (sper-mo-loj'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
spermatological. 

spermologist  (sper-mol'o-jist),  n.  [<  spermol- 
°9-y  +  ->st.]  1.  Same  as  spermatologist. —  2. 
In  bot.,  one  who  treats  of  or  collects  seeds;  a 
student  of  or  an  authority  in  spermology. 

spermology  (sper-mol'o-ji),  n.  1.  Sameassper- 
matology. —  2.  In  6ot.,'that  branch  of  science 
which  investigates  the  seeds  of  plants. 

spermonucleus  (sper-mo-nu'kle-us),  n. ;  pi. 
spermonuclei  (4) .  [NL.,<  L.  sperma  (see  sperm*-) 
+  nucleus,  q.  v.]  A  male  pronucleus.  See 
masculonucleus,  feminonucleus.  Hyatt. 

Spermophila  (sper-mof'i-la),  ».  [NL.  (Swain- 
son,  1827),  <  Gr.  oTrip/ia,  seed,  +  fyikeiv,  love.] 
1.  In  ornith.,  the  little  seed-eaters  or  pygmy 
finches,  an  extensive  genus  of  small  American 
fringilline  birds,  with  very  short  stout  bills 


5820 

like  a  bullfinch's,  giving  name  to  the  subfam- 
ily Spermophilinee.  The  limits  of  the  genus  vary  with 
different  authors,  but  it  usually  includes  about  50  species, 
of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  The  only  one  of 
these  which  occurs  in  the  United  States  is  S.  marelcti, 
which  is  found  in  Texas,  and  known  as  Aforelet's pyy my 
fnch.  It  is  only  about  4  inches  long,  with  extremely  tur- 
gid bill  convex  in  all  its  outlines,  short  rounded  wings, 
and  still  shorter  tail.  The  male  is  entirely  black  and 
white,  the  latter  color  tinged  with  butf  on  the  under  parts  ; 
the  female  is  olivaceous-brown  above  and  brownish-yel- 
low or  buff  below,  with  whitish  wing-bars.  A  like  dissimi- 
larity of  coloration  characterizes  the  sexes  throughout 
the  genus.  By  those  who  hold  that  Spemwphila  is  the 
same  name  as  Spennophilus,  this  genus  is  called  Sporo- 
phila  ;  and  some  or  all  of  the  species  are  often  placed  in 
a  more  extensive  genus  GyrinorhyncMw,  of  which  Sper- 
inophila  or  Sparophila  then  constitutes  one  section.  See 
cut  under  grassquit.  Also  called  Spermoipiza. 
2.  In  mammal.,  same  as  Spemophiliu,  1.  ./. 
Richardson,  1825. —  3f.  In  enlom.,  a  genus  of 
arachnidans.  Hente,  1842. 

spermophile  (sper'mo-fil),  n.  [<  NL.  Spermo- 
pMlus.J  1.  A  rodent  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Spermophilus,  as  a  ground-squirrel  or  suslik,  of 
which  there  are  numerous  species  iu  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America.  See  cuts  under  *•«*- 
lik  and  Spi  riinijilii/iis. — 2.  A  fringilline  bird 
of  the  genus  Spermophila;  a  little  seed-eater, 
of  which  there  are  numerous  Central  and  South 
American  species.  See  cut  under  grassguit. 

Spermophilinae  (sper'mo-fi-li'ne),  n.pl.  [NL., 
\Sjicnnopliilus  (iu  sense  2  <  Spermophila )  +  -ina?.] 

1.  In  mammal.,  the  ground-squirrels  or  spenno- 
philes,  prairie-dogs,  and  marmots,  one  of  two 
subfamilies  into  which  the  Sciuridse  are  some- 
times divided,  represented  by  the  genera  Sper- 
mophilus, Tamias,  and  Arctomys.     It  Is  not  sepa- 
rated from  Sciurinx  or  the  true  arboreal  squirrels  by  any 
trenchant  characters,  and  the  two  divisions  intergrade 
through  the  genera  Xerus  and  Tamias.     But  the  sper- 
mophilinea  are  of  terrestrial  habite,  with  usually  stouter 
form,  larger  size,  and  less  bushy  tail  than  the  Sciurinx. 
They  inhabit  Europe,  Asm,  and  especially  North  America, 
where  the  greater  number  of  species  are  found,  and  most 
of  them  are  called  gophers.    The  group  is  also  called  Arc- 
tomyitue.   See  cuts  under  Arctomys,  chipmunk, prairie-dog, 
SpcnnvphUus,  and  suslik. 

2.  In  ornith.,  an  American  subfamily  of  Frin- 
gillidee,  named  from  the  genus   Spermophila. 
P.  L.  Sclater,  1862. 

spermophiline  (sper-mof'i-lin),  a.  and  ».     [< 
Spermophilinee.']     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sper- 
mophilime,  or  having  their  characters. 
II.  M.  A  member  of  the  Spermophilinae. 

Spermophilus  (sper-mof'i-lus),  n.  [NL.  (F. 
Cuvier,  1822),  <  Gr.  enep/ia,  seed,  +  iptteiv,  love.] 
1.  A  genus  of  ground-squirrels,  giving  name 
to  the  Spermophiliiise.  The  type  is  S.  citiUu»  of  Eu- 
rope, the  suslik,  but  the  genus  is  especially  well  repre- 
sented in  North  America,  where  more  than  a  dozen  dis- 
tinct species  occur,  some  of  which  run  into  several  va- 
rieties. They  are  divided  into  3  subgenera,  (1)  Otoiper- 
mophilus,  in  which  the  ears  are  high  and  pointed,  the  tail 
is  full  and  broad,  with  the  hairs  from  two  thirds  to  three 
quarters  of  the  length  of  the  head  and  body,  and  the  whole 
aspect  is  strongly  squirrel  like.  To  this  section  belongs 
5.  yrammurus,  with  its  varieties  beecheyi  and  douglassi ; 
these  are  the  common  ground-squirrels  of  California,  Ore- 
gon, and  Washington,  and  cast  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
5.  anntilatus  of  Mexico  probably  also  belongs  here.  (2) 
Colobotis,  in  which  the  ears  are  short  and  marginiform, 
the  tail  is  short,  from  one  third  to  one  half  the  length  of 
the  body,  and  the  form  is  stout.  The  Old  World  species 
belong  here,  and  several  of  those  of  North  America,  as 
Parry's  spermophile,  S.  empetra(oTparryi),  which  inhabits 
British  America  and  Alaska,  and  runs  into  several  varie- 
ties, as  kodiacensis  and  erythroglutaus.  In  the  United 
States  the  best-known  species  of  this  section  is  Richard- 
son's spermophile,  5.  richardsoni,  very  generally  distrib- 
uted, in  one  or  another  of  its  varieties,  from  the  plains 
of  the  Saskatchewan  to  those  of  the  Laramle.  It  is  a 
tawny  animal,  resembling  a  prairie-clog  in  appearance 
and  habits.  Here  also  belong  S.  moUis,  S.  spilosoma,  and 
5.  obsoUtus,  inhabiting  western  parts  of  the  United  States. 
(.''.)  Jctidomyg,  which  includes  several  slender-bodied  spe- 
cies, almost  like  weasels  in  this  respect  (whence  the 
name),  with  the  ears  generally  small  or  rudimentary,  as  in 
Cctobotis,  the  skull  long  and  narrow,  the  tail  variable,  and 
the  first  upper  premolar  generally  small.  The  most  squir- 
rel-like of  these  is  Franklin's  spermophile,  5.  franklini, 
inhabiting  Illinois  and  Missouri  and  northward  to  64°. 
It  not  distantly  resembles  a  gray  squirrel,  the  tall  being 
bushy,  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  head  and  body.  The 
commonest  species  is  S.  tridecemlineatus,  the  thirteen- 


Thirteen-lined  Spermophile.  or  Federation  Squirrel  {Spermophilus 
tridtctmlineacus}. 

lined  sperraophile,  or  federation  squirrel,  so  called  by  Dr. 
a  L.  Mitchill  (in  1821)  from  the  original  thirteen  States 
of  the  United  States,  it  having  a  number  (six  or  eight)  of 
longitudinal  stripes,  with  five  or  seven  rows  of  spots  be- 


spermule 

tween  them,  likened  by  that  patriot  to  the  "stars  and 
stripes."  It  inhabits  the  prairies  of  the  United  States  at 
large,  and  extends  northward  in  to  British  America,  other 
species  of  tliis  section  are  5.  wexicatius  of  Texas  and  .Mexi- 
co, and  S.  tereticaudus  of  Arizona  and  California.  Three 
of  the  above  animals,  S.  yrariimurus,  S.  Jranklini,  and  .S'. 
Iridecemlincatits,  are  numerous  enough  in  cultivated  dis- 
tricts to  be  troublesome,  and  all  of  them  are  called 
yiiphers,  a  name  shared  by  the  ditlerent  animals  of  the 
family  Geomyidie.  They  are  all  terrestrial  (S.  Jranklini 
somewhat  arboreal),  and  live  in  burrows  underground, 
much  like  prairiu-dogs,  though  none  of  them  dig  so  ex- 
tensively. In  many  parts  of  the  Dakotas  and  Montana  the 
ground  is  honeycombed  with  the  burrows  of  S.  richard- 
*viii.  They  feed  on  herbage  and  seeds,  and  are  also  to 
some  extent  carnivorous.  They  are  prolific,  like  most 
rodents,  and  bring  forth  their  young  in  burrows.  Those 
of  northern  regions  hibernate  like  marmots.  Their  flesh 
is  eatable.  The  name  of  the  genus  is  also  written  Sper- 
mophila  ami  Spertnatophilus,  but  both  of  these  forms  are 
rare.  See  also  cut  under  suslik. 
2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Geblcr. 

spermophore  (sper'mo-for),  n.  [<  NL.  sper- 
mophorum.]  Same  as  spermophorum. 

spermophorum  (sper-mof'o-rum),  n.;  pi.  sper- 
niophora  (-rjj).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oirepfta,  seed,  + 
Qepeiv  =  E.  Sear1.]  1.  A  seminal  vesicle. — 2. 
In  bot.,  a  synonym  of  platcnta  and  also  offuni- 
I'liluy. 

Spermophyta  (sper-mof'i-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  spermophijlum :  see  spermophyte. ]  The  high- 
est of  the  four  principal  groups  or  divisions 
into  which  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  separated 
by  the  later  systematists.  it  embraces  the  higher 
or  flowering  plants,  those  producing  true  seeds.  It  is 
the  same  as  Phanerogamic.  The  correlative  terms  in  de- 
scending systematic  order  are  Pteridophyta,  Bryophyta, 
and  Thallophyta.  See  Phanerogamia,  and  compare  Cryp- 
toyamia. 

spermophyte  (sper'mo-fit),  w.  [<  NL.  spermo- 
phytum,  <  Gr.  ampfia,  seed,  +  <fnrr6v,  plant.]  In 
bot.,  a  member  of  the  Spermophyta  ;  a  plant  pro- 
ducing true  seeds;  a  pheenogam,  or  flowering 
plant.  Sometimes  written  spcrmaphyte. 

spermophytic  (sper-mo-fit'ik),  a.  [<  spermo- 
phyte +  -ic.]  In  bot.,  capable  of  producing  true 
seeds;  phamogamic. 

spermoplasni  (sper'mo-plazm),  n .  [<  Gr.  avtpfia, 
seed,  T  Tr/Uiff/m,  anything  formed  or  molded: 
see  plasm.]  The  protoplasm  of  a  spermato- 
zoon; the  plasmic  contents  of  a  spermule,  dis- 
tinguished from  the  spermococcus  or  sperm- 
kernel.  Also  upermoplasma. 

spermopodium  (sper-mo-p6'di-um),«.;  pi.  sper- 
mopodia  (-&).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avep/ia,  seed,  +  iroif 
(iroi-)  =  E.  foot.]  In  bot.,  an  unused  name  for 
the  gynophore  in  Umbellifcrse. 

spermosphere  (sper'mo-sfer),  n.  [<  Gr.  tnrip/ia, 
seed,  +  cHjmlpa,  sphere.]  A  mass  of  spermato- 
blasts;  a  spermatogemma. 

Spermospiza  (sper-mo-spi'zii),  ».  [NL.  (G.  R. 
Gray,  1840),  <  Gr.  airtpua,  seed,  +  am(a,  a  finch.] 
1.  A  leading  genus  of  Spermestinx,  the  type  of 
which  is  the  African  S.  hsematina.  Originally 
called  Spermophaga,  a  name  too  ne&rSpermopha- 
gus. — 2.  A  genus  of  American  finches,  synony- 
mous with  Spermophila.  Bonaparte. 

spermospore  (sper'mo-spor),  n.  Same  as  sper- 
matospore. 

spermotheca  (sper-mo-the'ka),  n.;  pi.  spermo- 
thecx(-se).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKep/ta,  seed,  +  6^10?,  a 
case.  Cf.  spermatheca.]  In  hot.,  a  pericarp. 
[Rare.] 

spermous  (sper'mus),  a.  [<  sperm1  +  -ous.] 
Same  as  spermatic. 

spermovarian  (sper-mo-va'ri-an),  a.  [<  sper- 
movari(um)  +  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sper- 
movarium. 

spermovarium  (sper-mo-va'ri-um), «.;  pi.  sper- 
moraria  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amp/ja,  seed,  +  NL. 
ovarium,  q.  v.]  A  hermaphroditic  genital 
gland;  a  bisexual  gonad;  an  ovispermary  or 
ovotestis,  which  gives  rise,  simultaneously  or 
successively,  to  male  and  female  products.  See 
cut  under  ovotestis. 

spermoyary  (sper-mo'va-ri),  «.;  pi.  spermora- 
rii's  (-riz).  [<  NL.  spermovarium.']  Same  as 
spermovarium, 

spermovum  (sper-mo'vum),  «.;  pi.  spermova 
(-va).  [<  Gr.  antpiia,  seed,  +  L.  ovum,  egg.] 
Same  as  spermatorum, 

sperm-rope  (sperm'rop),  n.  A  string  of  sper- 
matozoa packed  in  a  long  case;  a  package  of 
sperm,  as  one  of  the  spermatic  cartridges  of  a 
cephalopod.  For  description,  sees]>ermatopliore. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  682. 

spermule  (sper'mul),  n.  [<  NL.  spermulum,  dim. 
of  LL.  sperma,  seed:  see  sperm1.]  A  seed-ani- 
malcule, sperm-cell,  spermatozoon,  or  zoosper- 
mium;  the  fertilizingmale  element,  of  the  mor- 
phological valence  of  a  cell.  Spermule  is  Haeckel's 


spermule 


the  nucleus  xj>i>i-i,t"/-ii<Ti'*. 

spermulum(sper'iiin-lmni.«.;  pl.spermula(-\$,). 

[XL.:  see  spermule.]     A  spennulc,  sperm-cell, 

or  spermatozoon. 
sperm-whale  (sperm'hwal),  n.     [<  sperm*  + 

irliule1.]     The   spermaceti-whale  or  cachalot, 

I'liysctcr  (or  Cntoiloti)  macrocephahtS,  belonging 


x 


to  the  family  Physeterida  (which  see  for  tecli- 
nical  cliaracters;  see  also  cut  of  skull  under 
I'lii/seter).  It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  animals,  exceeded 
in  length  only  by  the  great  rorqual  or  flnner,  Balmiaptera 
itibbaldi ;  it  has  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  but  none  and  no 
baleen  in  the  upper ;  and  the  enormous  square  head  con- 
tains the  valuable  product  spermaceti.  This  whale  is  also 
the  source  of  the  best  whale-oil,  and  its  chase  is  a  very 
important  industry  in  the  warmer  waters  of  all  seas.  See 
cachalot.— Porpoise  sperm-whale,  a  pygmy  sperm- 
whale,  or  snub-nosed  cachalot,  of  the  family  Physeterid/e 
and  genus  Kogia,  as  K.  brevirogtris  (K.  floweri  of  Gill),  of 
the  Pacific  and  chiefly  tropical  seas,  but  sometimes  occur- 
ring oft  the  coast  of  the  United  States.— Sperm-whale 


5821 

spewer  (spu'er),  H.  [<  ,«;>e«>  +  -fr1.]  One  who 
or  that,  which  spews. 

spewinesst  (spii'i-nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 
spewy,  moist,  or  damp. 
The  coldness  and  xprmnem  of  the  soil. 

Hji.  H/iailfii,  Ilivrasplstes  (1853),  p.  561.    (Latluiiii.) 
spewingt  (spu'ing),  a.     Same  as  spciri/. 

The  soil  [in  New  England]  for  the  general  is  a  warm 
kind  of  Karth,  there  being  little  cold  spnnny  Land. 

S.  Clarke,  four  Plantations  in  America  (1070),  p.  w. 
(See  also  the  quotation  under  amueatiun.] 
spewyt  (spu'i),  a.     [<  spew  +  -y1.]    Wet;  bog- 
gy; moist;  damp. 

The  lower  valleys  in  wet  winters  are  so  rpfiry  that  they 
know  not  how  to  feed  them.  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

Speyside  pine.    See  pine1. 

sp.  gr.    An  abbreviation  of  specific  gravity. 

sphacel  (sfas'el),  n.  [<  NL.  sphacelus,  q.  v.] 
bame  as  8j>lmcrlnx. 

sphacela  (sfas'e-la), «.;  pL9fcmto(-16).  [<Gr. 
ai/>aKeAof,  gangrene.]  In  bot.,  in  certain  algoB, 
a  hollow  chamber  of  considerable  size  which  is 
developed  from  the  apical  cell  of -each  branch. 
'  with  dark  mucilaginous  contents, 


turn.    Also  sphacele. 

Sphacelaria  (sfas-e-la'ri-ii),  ».    [NL.,  so  called 
in  allusion  to  the  tips  of  "the  branches,  which 


sphaeridium 

Sphaeralcea(sie-rarse-ii).  //.  [M,.  ,st.  Hilaire. 
1SJ1).  so  i-allecl  from  the 'fruit,  a  round  head  of 
carpels;  <  Gr.  oQaifia,  a  kill,  spline,  +  li/Wn,  a 
jihinl.  M/ilrii  Alan,  related  to  the  plant  here 

defined.]    A  genus  of  polypetaloui  plants,  or 

(lie  order  Mtilrnreae,  tribe  Mttlrt'ir,  and  snlitrilie 
.\lnilili-ii-.  It  is  characterized  hy  flowers  earh  wit  li  three 
bnottotti  and  fruit  of  numerous  two-valved  carpels  na- 
ked within,  each  containing  two  or  three  n  nifc.im 
There  are  about  25  species,  nathe^  uf  \\aiiuei  parts  of 
Amciiea,  with  4  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They  are 
herbs  or  shrubs,  in  habit  resembling  the  genus  ilalm. 
The>  usually  bear  anuli-il  or  lobed  leaves,  and  short -j,.  .li 
celled  violet  or  reddish  flowers  single  or  clustered  in  the 
axils  or  forming  a  raceme  or  spike.  They  are  known  as 
fflobt:  mallow,  and  several  species  are  in  cultivation  for 
ornament  under  glass.  They  possess  marked  demulcent 
properties,  especially  S.  citplatina,  a  decoction  of  which 
is  used  as  a  remedy  in  Brazil,  and  as  a  substitute  for  marsh- 
mallows. 

Sphaeranthus  (sfe-ran'thus),  it.  [NL.  (Linnas- 
us,  1753),  so  called  from  the  clustered  heads  of 
flowers ;  <  Gr.  otjiaipa,  a  ball,  +  avttof ,  flower.]  A 
genus  of  gamopetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Com- 
positas, tribe  Inuloideae,  and  svfotribePlucheineac. 
It  Is  characterized  byflowers  without  pappus,  the  central 
ones  bisexual,  fertile  or  sterile,  tubular  and  four-  to  five- 
cleft,  the  outer  female  and  fertile,  filiform  and  minute- 
ly two-  to  three-toothed,  and  by  the  aggregation  of  the 
small  flower-heads  into  a  dense  solitary  terminal  spheri- 
cal or  ovoid  glomerule.  There  are  about  10  species,  na- 


whale,  but  to  a  different  subfamily.  (See  Ziphmise.)  The 
species  are  several,  not  well  determined,  and  with  confused 
synonymy.  They  are  larger  than  any  porpoises  properly  so 
called,  though  far  inferior  in  size  to  the  true  sperm-whale. 
speront,  «•  [<  It.  sperone  =  OF.  esperon,  F. 
eperon,  a  spur,  the  beak  of  a  ship:  see  spur.] 
The  beak  of  a  ship. 

Which  barks  are  made  after  the  maner  of  Fusts  or  Gal- 
liots, with  a  Speron  and  a  couered  poope. 

Hoktuyt's  Voyages,  II.  215. 

sperrt,  i'.  t.    Sa»»e  as  spar1. 

sperrablet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  sparable. 

sperrylite  (sper'i-llt),  n.  [Named  after  F.  L. 
Sperry,  the  discoverer.]  A  native  arsenide  of 
platinum,  occurring  in  minute  isometric  crystals 
with  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite  at  the  Vermilion 
mine,  near  Sudbury  in  Ontario.  It  has  a  tin-white 
color,  brilliant  metallic  luster,  and  a  specific  gravity  of 
10.0.  It  is  the  only  compound  of  platinum  known  to  occur 
in  nature. 

sperset  (spers),  v.  t.  and  i .  [An  aphetic  form  of 
disperse,  or  var.  of  sparse.]  To  disperse.  Spen- 
ser, Visions  of  Bellay,  1.  195. 

sperthet,  «•   A  Middle  English  form  of  sparth. 

spertlet,  i'.  and  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  spurtle. 

spervert,  spervyourt,  n.     Same  as  sparrer. 

spessartite,  spessartine  (spes'ar-tit,  -tin),  «. 
[<  Spessart,  a  mountainous  region  in  Germany, 
north  of  the  river  Main.]  A  manganesian  va- 
riety of  garnet. 

spet,  v.  and  re.     An  obsolete  or  dialectal  variant 


Spetch(sPech),«.    [Assibilatedformof^o/cl.] 
A  piece  of  skin  or  hide  used  in  making  glue: 


spew  (spu),  v.  [Formerly  also  spue;  <  ME. 
spewen,  spuen,  spiwen,  <  AS.  spiwan  (pret.  spate, 
pp.  spiwen)  =  OS.  spiwan  =  OFries.  spia  =  MD. 
spijen,  spouwen,  spuuwen,  D.  spuwen  =  OHG. 
spiwan,  spian,  MHG.  spien,  G.  speien  =  Icel. 
spyjn  =  Sw.  Dan.  spy  =  Goth,  speiwan,  spew, 
=  L.  spuere  =  Gr.  Kriietv,  Doric  ^IVTTCIV  (for 
*<nrfev),  spit,  =  OBulg.  pKvati,  pljuti  =  Bohem. 
pliti  =  Pol.pluc  =  Euss.  plevati=IAth.  spiauti 
=  Lett,  splaut  (Slav.  -\/plju  <  splj&  <  spu),  spit. 
Hence  ult.  spit2.]  I.  intrans.  1 .  To  discharge 
the  contents  of  the  stomach ;  vomit ;  puke. 
Then  he  gan  to  spewe,  and  up  he  threwe 


;,  gangrene.]  A  genus  of  alga?,  typical  of 
the  family  Sphacelariacese.  They  have  olive-brown, 
branching,  filamentous  fronds,  with  corticating  cells  want- 
ing or  confined  to  the  base  of  the  frond.  The  axis  and 
branches  are  terminated  by  a  large  apical  cell,  from  which, 
by  transverse,  longitudinal,  and  oblique  divisions,  a  solid 
frond  is  formed  whose  external  surface  is  composed  of  rec- 
tangular cells  arranged  in  regular  transverse  bands.  The 
unilocular  and  plurilocular  sporangia  are  spherical  or  el- 
lipsoidal, borne  on  short  pedicels ;  reproduction  is  non-sex- 
ual, by  means  of  propagula.  The  species  are  variable,  and 
difficult  of  determination.  There  are  two  species  along 
the  New  England  coast. 

Sphacelariaceae  (sfas-e-la-ri-a'se-e),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Sphacelaria  +  -acese.]  A  family  of 
algaa,  typified  by  the  genus  Sphacelaria.  They 
are  olive-brown  seaweeds  with  branching  polysiphonous 
fronds,  the  branches  of  which  terminate  in  a  peculiar  large 
apical  cell.  Also  Sphacelarieee. 

sphacelate  (sfas'e-lat),  a.  [<  sphacelus  +  -ate1.] 
1.  Inpatliol.,  dead;  necrosed. —  2.  In  bot.,  de- 
cayed, withered,  or  dead. 

sphacelate  (sfas'e-lat), D.;  pret.  and  pp. sphace- 
lated, ppr.  sphacelating.  [<  sphacelus  +  -ate2.] 
I.  intrans.  To  become  necrosed. 

H.  trans.  To  affect  with  sphacelus  or  necro- 
sis. 

The  floor  of  the  existing  wound  was  of  course  formed  by 
sphacelated  hepatic  tissue.  Lancet,  1890,  II.  425. 

sphacelated  (sfas'e-la-ted),  a.  [<  sphacelate  + 
-ed2.]  Same  as  sphacelate. 

sphacelation  (sfas-e-la'shon),  n.  [<  sphacelate 
+  -ion.]  Necrosis ;  the  process  of  becoming  or 
making  gangrenous;  mortification. 

sphacele  (sfas'el),  n.  [<  NL.  sphacela.]  In  bot., 
same  as  sphacela. 

Sphacelia  (sfa-se'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  o^fceAof, 
gangrene.]  A' former  genus  of  fungi,  now  known 
to  be  the  conidial  stage  or  form  of  Claviceps, 
the  ergot.  It  constitutes  the  first  stage  of  the  ergot, 
and  consists  of  a  growth  of  mycelium  destroying  and  re- 
placing the  ovary  of  the  host,  taking  approximately  the 
form  of  the  latter.  It  produces  conidial  spores  upon  the 
tips  of  basidia  which  radiate  from  the  surface  of  the  hyphal 
mass.  Seeerijoti,  2.  Also Sphacelium. 

Sphacelism  (sfas'e-lizm),  n.  [<  sphacel(u#)  + 
-ism.]  Same  as  sphacelismus. 

sphacelismus  (sfas-e-lis'mus),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a<jtaKEAtO[£6(;,  gangrene,  {  aQaKefa^eiv,  be  gan- 
grened or  blighted,  ^  otf>dK£/iO^,  gangrene:  see 
sphacelus.]  Necrosis. 

(sfa-se'li-um),  u.     [NL. : 


by  the  pink  flower-clusters.  The 
leaves  are  alternate,  toothed,  and  decurrent  on  the  stem. 
S.  Mrltix  is  known  as  the  East  Indian  globe  thistle;  S. 
nwllis  is  a  common  Indian  weed  of  dry  cultivated  land, 
clothed  everywhere  with  soft  glandular  hairs  which  give 
off  a  powerful  honey-like  odor. 

sphaeraphides  (sfe-raf 'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [<  Gr. 
aiftaipa,  a  ball,  +  pa^'r,  a  needle.]  In  bot.,  the 
more  or  less  spherical  masses  of  crystals  or 
raphides  occurring  in  the  cells  of  many  plants. 
Also  called  sphere-crystals. 

sphaeret,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  sphere. 

sphaerenchyma (sfe-reng'ki-mii),n.  [NL.,irreg. 
<  Gr.  man/Hi,  a  ball,  +  iyxyiia,  an  infusion :  see 
parenchyma.]  Spherical  or  spheroidal  cellular 
tissue,  such  as  is  found  in  the  pulp  of  fruits: 
a  modification  of  parenchyma.  Treas.  of  Bot. 

Sphaeria  (sfe'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  atiaipa,  a 
ball :  see  sphere.]  A  genus  of  pyrenomycetous 
fungi,  giving  name  to  the  family  Sphasriacete. 
The  perithecia  are  black,  carbonaceous  or  membrana- 
ceous,  pierced  at  the  apex,  usually  superficial  or  erum- 
pent.  The  species  are  very  numerous,  among  them  be- 
ing S.  morbosa,  the  destructive  black-knot  of  plum-  and 
cherry-trees.  See  black-knot,  2. 

Sphaeriaceae  (sfe-ri-a'se-e),n.j>Z.  [NL.  (Fries, 
1825),  <  Sphaeria  +  -aceee.]  A  family  of  pyre- 
nomycetous fungi,  typified  by  the  genus  Sphx- 
ria. 

Sphaeriacei  (sfe-ri-a'se-1),  n.  pi.  [NL. ,  <  Sphasria 
T  -acei.]  Same  as  Sphxriacea?. 

sphaeriaceous  (sfe-ri-a'shius),  a.  [<  Sphaeria 
+  -accous.]  In  bot.,  resembling  or  belonging 
to  the  genus  Sph&ria  or  the  Sphazriaceas. 


2.  In  gun.,  to  run  at  the  mouth :  said  of  a  gun 
which  bends  at  the  chase,  or  whose  muzzle 
droops,  from  too  quick  firing. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  vomit;  puke  up  or  out;  eject 
from  or  as  if  from  the  stomach. 

So  then  because  thou  art  lukewarm  ...  I  will  spue 
thee  out  of  my  mouth.  Eev.  iii.  10. 

2.  To  eject  as  if  by  retching  or  heaving;  send 
or  cast  forth  from  within;  drive  by  internal 
force  or  effort :  often  used  figuratively. 

That  the  land  spite  not  you  out  also,  when  ye  defile  it, 
as  it  spued  out  the  nations  that  were  before  you. 

Lev.  xviii.  28. 

To  live,  for  me,  Jane,  is  to  stand  on  a  crater-crust  which 
may  crack  and  spew  fire  any  day. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xx. 

To  spew  oakum,  said  of  the  seams  of  a  ship  when  the 
oakum  starts  out  from  between  the  planks. 


sea-urchin. 

(sfe-ri-di'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
H  -idas.]  The  Sphasridiinas  as  a 
coleopterous  insects.  Also 
Sphasridiadai,  Sphseridida,  Sphasridides,  Sphseri- 
diites,  Sphasridiota,  Spheridiites. 
Sphaeridiinae  (sfe-rid-i-i'ne),  «..  pi.  [NL.  (Le 
Conte,  1883,  as  ilphaeridinii),  <  Sphairidium  + 
-inae.]  A  subfamily  of  the  water-beetle  family 
Hydrophilidai,  remarkable  from  the  fact  that 
its  forms  are  all  terrestrial.  They  are  small,  oval, 
convex,  or  hemispherical  beetles  which  live  in  the  excre- 
ment of  herbivorous  mammals.  They  are  usually  black 
in  color,  with  the  elytra  frequently  spotted  or  margined 


'.of,  gangrene:  see  sphacehis.]  A  genus  of 
pyrenpmycetous  fungi,  containing  the  very  de- 
structive species  (S.  Ampelinum)  known  as  an- 
thracnose.  It  first  appears  on  the  shoots,  leaves,  and 
berries  of  grape-vines  as  minute  brown  spots  which  are  a 
little  depressed  in  the  middle  and  have  a  slightly  raised 
darker-colored  rim.  These  spots  soon  increase  in  size  and 
elongate  longitudinally.  On  the  fruit  the  spots  retain  a 
more  or  less  regularly  rounded  outline,  and  have  a  well- 
defined  band  of  bright  vermilion  between  the  dark  border 
and  the  central  portion.  Finally,  under  the  action  of  the 
disease,  the  berries  dry  up,  leaving  nothing,  apparently, 
but  the  skin  and  seeds.  Washing  the  vines  with  a  strong 
solution  of  sulphate  of  iron  before  the  appearance  of  the 
leaves  has  been  found  effective  in  destroying  or  checking 
the  disease.  See  anthracnose. 

Sphacelus  (sfas'e-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a$d/cefaf, 
gangrene,  mortification,  caries,  also  a  spasm, 
convulsion.]  1.  Necrosis. — 2.  A  necrosed  mass 
of  tissue. 


sphaeridium  (sfe-rid'i-um),«.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  o<t>at- 
piiwv,  dim.  of  aifalpa,  a  ball,  sphere :  see  sphere.] 

1.  PI.  sphasridia  (-a).  In  echinoderms,  one  of 
the  numerous  minute  spheroidal  bodies,  rarely 
more  than  one  hundredth  of  an  inch  long,  which 
are  found  in  nearly  all  sea-urchins  upon  the 
ambulacral  plates,  especially  those  nearest  the 
mouth.    Each  contains  a  dense  glassy  calcareous  skele- 
ton, and  is  articulated  by  a  short  pedicel,  like  a  spine,  to 
one  of  the  tubercles.    The  spheeridia  are  supposed  to  be 
olfactory  or  auditory  sense-organs. 

In  some  genera,  these  sphteridia,  towhich  Loven  ascribes 
a  sensory  function  (probably  auditory),  are  sunk  in  fossa? 
of  the  plate  to  which  they  are  attached. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  490. 

2.  [cap.]     [NL.  (Fabricius,  1795).]    The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  Sphasridiinai,  comprising  mainly 
African  species  distinguished  _by  the  elongate 


sphaeridium 

sriitellum  and  the  visible  pygidium.  N.  xrttni- 
lix'oiilcx  is  an  example. 

Sphaeriidae  (sfe-ri'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  fiphseritim 
+  -ids.}  A  family  of  fresh-water  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Sphierium,  formerly 
called  (''i/clailiilie,  and  now  generally  united  with 
the  typical  Cyrenidie  under  the  latter  name. 

sphaeristerium  (sfe-ris-te'ri-um),  ». ;  pi.  sphse- 
rixti-ria  (-a).  [<  L.  uphieristcriuni,  <  Gr.  a$cu- 
p/ari'/pioi',  a  place  for  playing  ball,  <  a^tupifeev, 
play  at  ball,  <  afalpa,  a  ball:  see  sphere.']  In 
I'liifis.  initiq.,  any  place  or  structure  for  the  ex- 
ercise of  ball-playing ;  a  tennis-court. 

sphaerite  (sfe'rit),  «.  [<  Gr.  a^aipa,  a  ball, 
sphere,  +  -ite2.]  A  hydrous  phosphate  of 
aluminium,  allied  to  wavellite  in  structure  and 
composition. 

Sphaerium  (sfe'ri-um),  n.  [NL.  (Scopoli,  1777), 
<  Gr.  atyaipiov,  dim.  of  aQalpa,  a  ball.]  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  Spheeriidse,  or  a  genus  of  the 
family  Cyrenidie,  for  a  long  time  generally 
known  as  Cyclas.  It  contains  many  small  clam- 
like  fresh-water  shells. 

Sphaerobacteria  (sfe"ro-bak-te'ri-a),  it.  t>l. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  cnt>aipa,  a  sphere,  +  NL.  bacterium. 
q.  v.]  In  Cohn's  system  of  classification,  a 
tribe  of  sehizomycetes  or  bacteria,  with  spheri- 
cal cells,  as  in  the  genus  Micrococcus.  See  Mi- 
crococcus. 

Sphaerococcaceae  (sfe'ro-ko-ka'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Kphserococcus  +  -ac«e.]  The  same  or 
nearly  the  same  as  the  Sphssrococcoidese. 

Sphaerococcoideae  (sfe"ro-ko-koi'de-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Spheerococctis  +  -oidea.']  An  order  or 
suborder  of  florideous  algas,  named  from  the 
genus  Sphssrococctts.  The  fronds  are  cylindrical  or 
membranaceous,  often  of  very  delicate  substance.  The 
antheridia  form  superficial  patches,  or  are  occasionally 
contained  in  sunken  cavities. 

Sphaerococcus  (sfe-ro-kok'us),  n.  [NL.  (Stack- 
house),  <  Gr.  otfialpa,  a  ball,  +  «i(ucor,  a  berry.] 
A  genus  of  florideous  algee,  giving  name  to  the 
order  Sphserococcoidese.  There  are  no  American 
species. 

Sphaerodactylus  (sfe-ro-dak'ti-lus),  w.  [NL. 
(Wagler,  1830),  <  Gr.  ajaipa,  a  ball,  +  i&KTvfjof, 
finger.]  A  genus  of  American  gecko  lizards, 
having  toes  ending  in  small  circular  sucking- 
disks,  by  means  of  which  they  adhere  to  per- 
pendicular surfaces.  There  are  large  carinate  scales 
on  the  back,  and  small  smooth  hexagonal  ones  on  the  belly. 
S.  notatux  is  one  of  the  smallest  of  lizards,  about  2  inches 
long, found  in  Florida  and  Cuba;  it  is  notable  as  the  only 
gecko  of  the  United  States.  Also  Sphariodactylus. 

Sphaerogaster  (sfe-ro-gas'ter),  n.  [NL.  (Zet- 
terstedt,  1842),  <  Gr.  oQalpa,  a  ball,  +  yaart/p, 
belly.]  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Acroceridse,  containing  one  species,  8. 
arcticus,  a  minute  shining-black  fly,  which  oc- 
curs from  the  northernmost  point  of  Lapland 
to  northern  Sweden. 

Sphaerogastra  (sfe-ro-gas'tra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  o^oipOj  a  ball,  +  yamf/p,  belly.]  A  division 
of  arachmdans,  containing  those  whose  abdo- 
men is  more  or  less  spheroidal  or  globose,  as 
the  spiders:  contrasted  with  Arthrogaxtra.  See 
cut  under  spider. 

sphaeroid,  n.     See  spheroid. 

Sphasroma  (sfe-ro'ma),  n.  [NL.  (Latreille, 
1802),  <  Gr.  a^a/pu/ttz,  anything  made  round  or 
globular,  <  aqiaipovv,  make  round  or  globular,  < 
ofaipa,  a  ball,  sphere:  see  sphere.~\  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  Sphseromidx,  so  called  from  their 
habit  of  rolling  themselves  up  in  a  ball  when 
disturbed,  like  some  of  the  Oniscidse,.  They 
are  known  as  globe-slaters.  Also  Spheroma. 
Leach. 

sphaeromere,  n.    See  spheromere. 

sphaeromian,  a.  and  n.     See  spheromian. 

Sphaeromidae  (sfe-rom'i-de),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
Sphteroma  +  -irfa;.]     A  family  of  isopod  crus- 
taceans, typified  by  the  genus  Spliseroma;  the 
globe-slaters.    Also  Sphseromatidse. 
sphaerosiderite,  »•    See  spherosiderite. 
sphasrosppre,  ».    Same  as  spherospore. 
sphaerostilbite  (sfe-ro-stil'bit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a<j>alpa, 
a  ball,  +  E.  stilbite.]  '  A  variety  of  stilbite. 
Sphaerotheca(sfe-ro-the'ka),n.  [NL.  (L6veill6, 
1851),  <  Gr.  a<j>alpa,  a  ball,  +  6r/nr/,  a  case.]     A 
genus  of  pyrenomycetous  fungi,  belonging  to 
the  family  Eri/siphese,  characterized  by  a  peri- 
thecium  which  contains  only  a  single  aseus. 
The  appendages  are  simple  threads  not  unlike  the  myce- 
lium with  which  they  are  frequently  interwoven.    The  as- 
cus  is  usually  snborbicnlar  in  shape,  and  generally  con- 
tains eight  spores.    S".  hitmuli,  called  the  hop-mildew,  is 
destructive  to  the  hop-vine ;  S.  pannosa  is  injurious  to 
rose-bushes ;  and  f?.  mnrtt-uvx  is  the  common  gooseberry- 
mildew.    See  hop-mildew. 


5822 

sphaerotherian  (sfe-ro-the'ri-an),  «.  and  n.  [< 
Slilnernthi-riiiiii  +  -nn."]  I.  «.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  genus  Sphserotlieriiim. 

II.  w.  A  milleped  of  the  genus  Sphserothe- 
r  in  HI  or  family  Sphserotlieriidee . 
Sphaerotherii'dae  (sfe"ro-the-ri'i-de),   n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <Sphserotherittm  +  -idle.]  Afamilyof  chi- 
lognath inyriapods,  typified  by  the  genus  ,S/I/I<T- 
rotherium,  having  aggregated  eyes  and  lateral 
antennae.     Also  called  Zepltroniidx. 
Sphaerotherium  (sfe-ro-the'ri-um),  «.    [NL., 
(Brandt,  1841),  <  Gr.  aifiaipa,  a  ball,  +  &r/piov,  a 
wild  beast.]    A  genus  of  chilognath  myriapods, 
of  the  family  (Homeridse,  and  giving  name  to 
the  Sphssrotiieriidse.    S.  doiir/dtiim  is  an  exam- 
ple.    Also  called  Zephronia. 
sphaerozoa,  n.    Plural  of  sphserozoou. 
sphaerpzoid  (sfe-ro-zo'id),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the ' Sphserozoidee. 

II.  ».  A  spheerozoon,  or  member  of  the  Sphse- 
rozoidse. 

Sphaerozoidae  (sfe-ro-zo'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL., 
'  Sphierozoum  +  -idse.~\  A  family  of  spumella- 
rians,  or  compound  radiolarians,  typified  by  the 
genus  Sphierozoum,  with  a  skeleton  composed 
of  numerous  detached  spicules  scattered  round 
the  social  central  capsules,  or  embedded  in  their 
common  gelatinous  body, 
sphaerozoon  (sfe-ro-zo'on),  n. ;  pi.  sphserozoa 
(-a).  [NL. :  see  Sphserozoum.']  An  individual 
or  species  of  the  genus  Sphierozoum  or  family 
Sphserozoidse. 

Sphaerozoum  (sfe-ro-zo'um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aipaipa,  a  ball.  +  C£w,  an  animal.]  A  genus 

of  compound 
radiolarians, 
typical  of  the 
family  Sphse- 
rozoidse, the 
protoplasm  of 
which  con- 
tains colored 
cellseformbod- 
ies,  and  gives 
rise  to  a  net- 
work of  spic- 
ules forming 
a  loose  de- 
tached skele- 
ton. S.  orodi- 
sph*r<Ksmm  madimnrt.  magnited.  mare  is  an  ex- 
ample. A  sec- 
ond species  is  S.  punctatum.  See  also  cut  un- 
der spicule. 

sphaerule,  sphaerulite,  etc.  See  spherule,  etc. 
Sphagnaceae  (sfag-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Bri- 
del,  1826).  <  Sphagnum  +  -acexT]  A  monotypic 
order  of  mosses;  the  peat-mosses.  They  are  soft 
and  flaccid  caulescent  plants,  generally  of  large  size,  grow- 
ing in  more  or  less  compact  tufts  or  patches  on  the  sur- 
face of  bogs,  or  floating  in  stagnant  water,  more  rarely  on 
the  borders  of  mountain  rivulets.  They  are  whitish,  yel- 
lowish, or  sometimes  red  or  olive-colored,  and  are  peren- 
nial by  the  annual  prolongation  of  the  stems  or  by  simple 
innovations  at  the  apex.  The  branches  are  generally 
spreading,  in  lateral  fascicles  of  from  two  to  seven,  rarely 
more,  those  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  capitate.  The  leaves 
are  nerveless,  translucent,  formed  of  a  single  layer  of  two 
kinds  of  cells.  The  inflorescence  is  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious ;  the  male  organs  (antheridia)  are  borne  upon  clavate 
catkin-like  branches,  solitary  at  the  side  of  each  leaf,  glo- 
bose or  ovoid,  pedicellate  ;  the  female  organs  (archegonia) 
are  generally  three  or  four  terminating  a  short  branch, 
only  one  perfecting  fruit  and  forming  a  capsule.  The  cap- 
sule is  globose,  operculate  with  a  convex  or  nearly  flat  lid, 
the  orifice  naked ;  the  spores  are  of  two  kinds.  See  cut 
under  Sphagnum. 

Sphagnei  (sfag'ne-1),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  sphag- 
nos,  <  Gr.  a<f>ayvo<;,  a  kind  of  moss.]  Same  as 
Spluignacese. 

sphagnicolous  (sfag-nik'o-lus),  a.  [<  NL. 
Sphagnum  +  L.  colere,  innabit.]  In  bot.  and 
zofil.,  growing  or  living  upon  or  among  mosses 
of  the  genus  Sphagnum. 

sphagnologist  (sfag-nol'o-jist),  n.  [<  sphag- 
nolog-y  +  -ist.]  In  bot.,  a  student  of  the  Sphag- 
nacese;  one  who  is  an  authority  on,  or  interest- 
ed in  the  study  of,  the  Sphagnacese.  Jour.  Hoy. 
Micros.  Soc.,  2d  ser.,  VI.  108. 
sphagnology  (sfag-nol'o-ji),  n.  [<  NL.  Sphag- 
num +  Gr.  -/loyJa,  <  Aeyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  special  study  of  the  Sphagnacese. 
sphagnous  (sfag'nus),  a.  [<  NL.  Sphagn(um) 
+  -ous.]  In  bot.,  pertaining  to  bog-mosses  or 
peat-mosses;  abounding  in  bog- or  peat-mosses. 
See  Sphagnum. 

Sphagnum  (sfag'num),  n.  [NL.  (Dillenius, 
1741),  <  Gr.  otydyvof,  also  aifianof,  and  QaaKof,  $&a- 
KOV,  a  kind  of  moss.]  1.  A  genus  of  mosses, 
the  peat-  or  bog-mosses,  the  only  representa- 
tive of  the  order  Sphagnacese.  For  charac- 


Sphecius 


ters,  see  Splimiinici  se. 
The  plants  of  this  genus 
are  widely  diffused  over 
the  temperate  parts  of  the 
globe,  and  enter  largely 
into  the  composition  of 
peat.  There  are  about  25 
North  American  species 
and  many  varieties  or 
forms,  about  the  validity  of 
which  the  best  authorities 
differ  widely.  The  most  di- 
vergent forms  may  be  dis- 
tinguished by  well-marked 
characters,  but  these  seem 
to  merge  into  one  another 
by  a  complete  series  of  con- 
necting links.  See  peat', 

r-moss,  Bryaceee. 
[I.  c.~\  A  mass 
or  quantity  of  moss 
of  this  genus:  often 
used  attributively:  as, 
.i/ili«iiiiitin  moss;  a 


SphagOlODUS  (  sf  S-gol-    the  capsule  of  Sphagnum  suitr- 

rXTT  '     /r*.i        cuildltm  :    f,  the  amhericluim  of 

0-bUS),    n.       [JSL.    (Oa-      sphagnum     sub,tc,,,,d,<m  ;      rf, 

banis,  1860),  <  Gr.  <*»*  ?'  ««  '»'  °f  sp^e"*™ 
ai/Kryf/,  the  throat,  +  ' 

Ao/36f,  lobe.]  A  genus  of  hornbills,  of  the  fam- 
ily Bueerotida,  characterized  by  the  peculiar 
form  of  the  casque  and  by  the  curly  crest.  The 


Sphagolobus  alrattts. 


only  species  is  S.  atratus  of  western  Africa,  of 
a  blackish  color  with  the  tail  dark-green  and 
broadly  tipped  with  white. 

sphalerite  (sfal'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  e<t>aZcp6f,  slip- 
pery, uncertain  ('<  efyaUciv,  cause  to  fall,  throw 
down,  trip:  see  fall,  fail1),  +  -tie2:  so  named 
because  often  confounded  with  more  useful 
ores.]  The  native  zinc  sulphid  more  familiar- 
ly known  as  zinc-blende.  See  blende. 

sphalerocarpium  (sfaFe-ro-kar'pi-um),  n. ;  pi. 
.iphalerocarpia  (-a).  [NL-,  (  Gr.  afafapfy,  slip- 
pery, uncertain  (see  sphalerite),  +  xapmSf,  fruit.] 
In  bot.,  a  name  proposed  for  an  accessory  fruit, 
as  that  of  Sliepherdia,  in  which  the  achene  is 
invested  by  a  persistent  succulent  calyx,  which 
assumes  the  appearance  of  a  berry. 

Sphargididae  (sfar-jid'i-de), n.pl.  [NL. (Bona- 
parte, 1839),  <  Sphargis  (Sphargid-)  +  -idx.~\ 
A  family  of  chelonians,  typified  by  the  genus 
Sphargte,  having  a  soft,  thick,  coriaceous  cara- 
pace not  consolidated  by  the  bones,  and  claw- 
less  feet  forming  mere  paddles ;  the  soft-shelled 
turtles.  Only  one  species  is  known,  the  luth,  or  leather- 
back  turtle,  which  reaches  a  gigantic  size.  Preferably  to 
be  called  Dermochelydidse.  Also  Sphargida,  Sphargi- 
dina,  Sphargidoida.  See  cut  under  lealherbaclc. 

Sphargis  (sfar'jis),  n.  [NL.  (Merrem,  1820).] 
The  typical  genus  of  Sphargididss.  The  species  is 
S.  coriacea,  the  soft-shelled  or  leather-backed  turtle,  or 
trunk-turtle.  An  earlier  and  unexceptionable  name,  and 
therefore  the  onym  of  this  genus,  is  Dermochelyt.  See  cut 
under  leatherbacit. 

Sphecia  (sfe'shi-a),  n.  [NL.  (Hiibner,  1816), 
<  Gr.  a<t>t/j;  (ff^K-)J'  a  wasp.]  A  genus  of  lepi- 
dopterous  insects,  of  the  family  MgerUdse,  hav- 
ing the  abdomen  moderate  and  no  anal  tuft; 
the  hornet-moths.  Two  European  species  are  the 
hornet-moth  (S.  apifmrmii)  and  the  lunar  hornet-moth  (S. 
bembeciformis).  See  Sesia. 

Sphecidae  (sfes'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  also  errone- 
ously Sphegidse,  <  Sphex  (Sphec-)  +  -idee.]  A 
family  of  fbssorial  hymenopterous  insects,  typ- 
ified by  the  genus  Sphcx:  same  as  Sphegidse. 

SpheciilS  (sfe'shi-us),  n.  [NL.  (Dahlbom, 
1843),  <  Gr.  o-^f  (a<t»lK-),  a  wasp.]  A  notable 
genus  of  digger-wasps,  of  the  family  Bembccidfe, 
having  the  middle  tibise  armed  with  two  spurs 
at  the  apex,  and  the  marginal  cell  of  the  fore 
wings  lanceolate.  The  species  are  of  large  size  and 
bright  colors.  S.  tpedaswi  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the 


Sphecius 


Blue 


:r-wasp  (Chalybion  fsruleum},  one 
f  the  Sphegidse,  natural  size. 


speciostts,  natural  size. 

North  American  solitary  wasps,  and  digs  large  cylindrical 
burrows  which  it  stores  with  stung  cicadas,  particularly 
with  the  dog-day  harvest-fly  (Cicada  tibicen). 

Sphecotheres  (sfe-ko-the'rez),  n.  [NL.  (Vieil- 
lot,  1816,  also  Sphecotera  and  Sphecothera),  < 
Gr.  er0j/f  (a<f»/K-),  a  wasp,  +  th/pav,  hunt,  chase.] 
One  of  two  leading  genera  of  passerine  birds, 
of  the  family  Oriolidse,  having  the  lores  and 
circumocular  region  naked.  There  are  4  species, 
ranging  in  Australia,  New  Guinea,  Timor,  and  the  Kei 
Islands.  The  Australian  is  S.  inaxillarig;  the  Papuan  is 
S.  saleadorii ;  S.  jtamventris  inhabits  the  Kei  Islands  and 
parts  of  Australia  ;  while  S.  Hindis  is  found  in  Timor  and 
Semao.  Also  called  Picnorhamphus. 

Sphegidas  (sfej'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Westwood, 
1840),  irreg.  <  SpJtex  (Sphec-)  +  -idseJ]  A  fam- 
ily of  fossorial  hymenopters,  or  digger-wasps. 
The  prothorax  is 
narrowed  ante- 
riorly, and  forms 
a  sort  of  neck ; 
the  basal  seg- 
ment of  the  ab- 
domen is  narrow- 
ed into  a  long, 
smooth,  round 
petiole ;  and  the 
head  and  thorax 
are  usually  cloth- 
ed with  a  long, 
thin  pubescence. 
These  wasps  usu- 
ally burrow  into 
sand-banks,  and 
provision  their 
cells  with  cater- 
pillars and  spi- 
ders. Eighteen 
genera  and  about 
three  hundred  species  are  known.  Also  Sphecidse.  See 
sand-wasp,  and  cuts  under  digger-wasp,  Ammophila,  mud- 
dauber,  and  Pelopseus. 

Sphenasacus,  ».    See  Sphenosacus. 

sphendone  (sfen'do-ne),  n.  [<  Gr.  o<t>evfi6vt/,  a 
sling,  a  head-band,  ahoop,etc.]  InGr.archseol.: 
(a)  A  form  of  head-band  or  fillet  worn  by  women 
to  confine  the  hair  around  and  on  the  top  of  the 
head.  It  is  characteristically  broad  in  front  and  narrow 
behind,  being  thus  opposite  in  its  arrangement  to  the 
opisthosphendone.  (ft)  An  elliptical  or  semi-ellip- 
tical area,  or  any  place  of  kindred  form,  as  the 
auditorium  of  a  theater;  that  end  of  a  stadium 
which  was  curved  or  rounded. 

The  Messenian  stadium,  which  is  surrounded  by  colon- 
nades, has  16  rows  of  seats  in  the  sphendone. 

C.  O.  Miitter,  Manual  of  Archjeol.  (trans.),  §  290. 

sphene  (sfen),  ».  [<  F.  sphene,  in  allusion  to  the 
wedge  shape  of  the  crystals, <Gr.  aifnjv,  awedge.] 
The  mineral  titanite.  The  transparent  green,  green- 
ish-yellow, or  yellow  varieties  frequently  exhibit  a  play  of 
colors  as  brilliant  as  that  of  the  yellow  or  green  diamond, 
showing  a  strong  refractive  and  dispersive  power  on  light. 
It  is  quite  soft,  the  hardness  being  only  6.5.  See  titanite. 

sphenethmoid  (sfe-neth'moid),  a.  and  n.  [< 
sphen(oid)  +  ethmoid.']  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  sphenoid  and  the  ethmoid  bone ;  sphe- 
nethmoidal; ethmosphenoid:  as,  the  spheneth- 
moid suture  or  articulation. — 2.  Representing 
or  combining  characters  of  both  sphenoid  and 
ethmoid :  as,  the  sphenethmoid  bone. 

II.  n.  The  sphenethmoid  bone,   as  of  the 
frog's  skull :  one  of  the  cranial  bones,  situated 
in  front  of  the  parasphenoid.     See  girdle-bone, 
and  cuts  under  Anurtfl  and  Bana. 
Also  spheno-ethmoid. 

sphenethmoidal  (sfe-neth-moi'dal),  a.  [<  sphe- 
iirtliatoifl  +  -»?.]  Same  as  spteneiltmoid — Sphe- 
nethmoidal nerve,  a  branch  of  the  nasal  nerve  described 
by  Liischka  as  passing  through  the  posterior  internal  or- 
bital canal  to  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  posterior  eth- 
moidal  cells  and  the  sphenoidal  sinus.  Called  by  Krause 
the  posterior  ethmmdal  nerve. 

sphenic  (sfe'nik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a<l>f/i',  a  wedge,  + 
-iV.]  Wedge-like — Sphenic  number,  a  number  hav- 
ing three  unequal  factors. 

sphenion  (sfe'ni-on),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a</>r/v,  a 
wedge.]  The  apex  of  the  sphenoidal  angle  of 
the  parietal  bone,  on  the  surface  of  the  skull : 
so  called  by  Von  Torok.  See  craniometry. 

spheniscan  (sff-nis'kau),  n.  [<  Sphenisctis  + 
-dn.]  A  penguin  or  spheniscomorph ;  espe- 


5823 

cially,  a  jackass-penguin  of  the  restricted  ge- 
nus x/>li<-nir!cii!i.  See  cut.  under  N/''"''"'*''"*. 

Spheniscidse  (sfe-uis'i-de),  «.  ///.    [NL.,  <  •*>)</« 

iiiitriix  +  -idle.]  The  penguins  as  a  family  of 
sqiiamipeiinatc  or  lirevi|ic>iinati'  palmiped  na- 
tatorial birds,  of  the  order  ri/i/,i/indfi< ;  the  only 
family  of  SrjMniseolHOrpheB,  Si/mmi'iin  mus.  /;«- 
/»'»/«. v,  or  Pttiopteri,  so  strongly  marked  that 
it  is  regarded  as  representing  a  supcrl'amily, 
order,  or  even  superorder,  though  formerly  in- 
cluded in  the  Alciiln',  or  auk  family.  The  wings 
are  reduced  to  flippers,  like  a  seal's  or  turtle's.  They 
hang  by  the  side,  and  cannot  be  closed  like  those  of 
nl  her  birds;  in  swimming  underwater  they  are  Hapi"  'I 
altiTnately  with  a  peculiar  motion  suggesting  that  of  the 
blades  of  a  screw  propeller.  They  are  covered  with  small 
scaly  feathers  in  which  no  remiges  can  be  distinguished, 
and  their  bones  are  peculiarly  flat,  and  not  hollow.  The 
feet  are  four-toed  and  webbed,  with  very  short  broad  tar- 
si, the  bones  of  which  are  more  separate  than  the  nu-ta- 
tarsals  of  any  other  birds.  In  walking  or  standing  the 
whole  tarsus  rests  on  theground,  so  that  the  birds  are  plan- 
tigrade ;  and  in  swimming  under  water  the  feet  act  mainly 
as  rudders.  The  beak  varies  in  form  in  different  gcuna. 
The  plumage  is  uniformly  implanted  in  the  skin,  without 
any  apteria ;  and  there  is  a  highly  developed  system  of 
subcutaneous  muscles,  contributing  to  the  sinuous  move- 
ments of  the  birds  under  water,  suggestive  of  those  of  the 
duck-mole.  The  feathers  of  the  upper  parts  and  wings 
are  scaly,  with  thick,  flattened  shafts  and  slight  webbing. 
The  Spheniscidfe  are  confined  to  the  southern  hemisphere, 
and  abound  in  cold  temperate  and  antarctic  waters,  espe- 
cially about  the  southern  end  of  Africa  and  South  America, 
where  they  live  in  communities,  often  of  great  extent. 
There  are  about  14  species,  one  of  which  reaches  Brazil  and 
another  Peru.  The  generic  forms  are  Apte?wdytes,  the 
king-penguins,  of  great  size,  with  slender  bill ;  Pygoscelis, 
a  similar  but  long-tailed  type ;  Dasyrhamphus,  with  ex- 
tensively feathered  bill ;  Eudyptula,  of  very  small  size  ; 
Eudyptes  (or  Catarractes),  the  rock-hoppers,  which  are 
crested,  and  hop  instead  of  waddling ;  and  Spheniscus,  the 
jackass-penguins.  There  is  a  fossil  penguin,  Palxeudyp- 
tes  antarcticus,  from  the  Tertiary  of  the  west  coast  of  Nel- 
son Island,  which  was  a  giant,  0  or  7  feet  tall.  Apteno- 
dytida  is  a  synonym.  See  the  generic  names,  Sphenisco- 
morphee,  and  cuts  under  Eudyptes,  metatarsus,  penyuin^, 
Pygoscflis,  Spheniscus,  and  Squamipennes. 

Spheniscinae  (sfe-ni-si'ne), n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Sphe- 
niscus +  -inse.]  The  penguins :  (of)  as  a  sub- 
family of  Alcidx;  (b)  as  the  only  subfamily  of 
Spheniscidte. 

spheniscine  (sfe-nis'in),  «.  [<  Spheniscus  + 
-inel.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sphen iscidse ; 
spheniscomorphic. 

spheniscoid  (sfe-nis'koid),  a.  [<  Spheniscus  + 
-aid.']  Same  as'  spheniscomorphic. 

spheniscomorph  (sfe-nis'ko-m6rf),  n.  A  pen- 
guin as  a  member  ot  the  Spheniscomorphas. 

Spheniscomorphse  (sfe-nis-ko-m6r'fe),  n.  pi. 
[NL.  (Huxley,  1867),  <  'Spheniscus  +  Gr.  poppi/, 
form.]  The  penguins  as  a  group  of  schizog- 
nathous  carinate  birds,  represented  by  the 
single  family  Spheniscidse.  See  Spheniscidse. 

spheniscomorphic  (sfe-nis-ko-m6r'fik),  a.  [< 
Spheniscomorphse  +  -i'c.']  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Spheniscomorphse.  Also  spheniscoid. 

Spheniscus  (sfe-nis'kus),  n.  [NL.  (Brisson, 
1760),  <  Gr.  ojqvioitet,  dim.  of  o<t>'/v,  a  wedge.] 
1.  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  penguins,  of  the  fam- 
ily Spheniscidse,  having  a  stout,  compressed 
beak  hooked  at  the  end,  and  no  crest ;  the  jack- 
ass-penguins. There  are  several  species,  of  medium 
size.  5.  aemerswi  is  found  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It 


sphenographic 
2.  In  iiiinni..  a  genus  of  heteromerotu 

Ic roils  insects,  M!  the  family  'inn  lifimtiilu;    hir- 

/<//.  1S17. — 3.  [/.  e.]  In  phenio  number, 

sphenobasilar  (sfe-no-iias'i-liir),  ».     [<  .•</;/»- 

no(iit)  +  hiixilnr.\  i !>f  or  pertaining  to  the 
liasisplii'iioid  and  the  busioccipital  or  basilar 
process  of  the  occipital  bone;  basilar,  as  the 

suture  lictuccn  these  bones.     See  cuts  under 

ri-ilinnfili-iill.  s/.'iill,  lil\tl  njiln  inii'l. 

sphenoccipital  (sfe-nok-sip'i-tal),  n.  [<  Kjilir- 
n(oid)  +  in-i-i)iiliil.\  Of  or  peHaiiiini:  to  the 
sphenoid  and  the  occipital  bone;  oceipitosphr- 
noid  ;  sphenobasilar. 

Sphenocercus(»fe-no-ser'kus),  ii.    [NL.  (<!.  li. 

Hi-ay,   1840),  <  Gr.  o<j>f/v,  a  wedge,  +  Kepnot,  a 
tail."]     A  genus  of  fruit-pigeons  or  '//</•, 
having  the  tail  cuneate.     Several  species  inhabit 
parts  of  Asia,  Japan,  and  the  East  Indies,  as  5.  tphenurvs 


Cape  Jackass-penyuin  (Sfhtniscus  de>nersns). 


is  bluish-gray  or  slate-colored  above,  white  below,  with  a 
dark  mask  and  single  collar  cut  off  by  a  white  band  from 
the  other  colored  parts,  the  collar  extending  as  a  stripe 
along  the  sides  of  the  body.  The  Magcllanic  penguin,  S. 
mageUanicus,  of  South  America,  is  similar,  but  has  a  dou- 
ble collar.  S.  humhnldti  is  another,  inhabiting  the  coast 
of  Peru.  S.  minor  is  a  very  small  species,  only  about  12 
inches  long,  now  placed  in  another  genus,  Eudyptula. 


Wedge-tailed  Pigeon  (Spkenoftrcttj  sptitn 


of  the  Himalayan  region,  S.  siebiMi  of  Japan,  S.  tarthalsi 
of  Sumatra,  S.  apicauda  of  Nepal,  5.  oxyurug  of  Java  and 
Borneo,  S.  formoga  of  Formosa.  The  genus  is  also  called 
Sphenurus,  Sphencenas,  and  Sphenotreron. 

Sphenodon  (sfe'no-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^r/v,  a 
wedge,  +  Moi'f  (bfiovr-)  =  E.  tooth.]  1.  In  mam- 
mal., a  genus  of  extinct  megatherioid  edentates, 
or  fossil  sloths,  remains  of  which  occur  in  the 
bone-caves  of  South  America.  Lund,  1839. — 
2.  In  herpet.:  («t)  A  genus  of  extant  rhyn- 
chocephalous  lizards  of  New  Zealand.  S.  punc- 
tatiis  is  known  as  the  tuatcra.  The  name  is 
synonymous  with  Hatteria.  (6)  [I.  c.]  A  lizard 
of  this  genus.  They  resemble  ordinary  lizards  exter- 
nally, but  have  internal  characters  representative  of  an 
order  (Ithynckocephalia).  They  are  now  restricted  to  cer- 
tain localities  in  New  Zealand,  and  live  chiefly  in  holes 
in  the  sand  or  about  stones  on  certain  rocky  islets,  though 
they  were  formerly  abundant  in  other  places.  They  have 
been  thinned  out,  it  is  said,  chiefly  by  hogs.  Three  species 
are  described.  See  cut  under  Hatteria. 

sphenodont  (sfe'no-dont),  a.  and  n.     [<  Sjiln- 
nodon(t-).]    I.  a.  Having  the  character  of  a 
sphenodon;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sphenodnn- 
tidse  or  Hatteriidx. 
II.  n.  A  sphenodont  lizard. 

Sphenodontidae  (sfe-no-don'ti-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Sphenodon(t-)  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  rhyn- 
chocephalous  reptiles,  named  from  the  genus 
Sphenodon :  same  as  Hatteriidse. 

sphenodontoid  (sfe-no-don'toid),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Sphcnodon(t-)  +  -oirf.]  Same  as  sphenodont. 

Sphenceacus  (sfe-ne-a'kus),  n.  [NL.  (Strick- 
land, 1841),  <  Gr.  a^r/v,  a  wedge,  +  oiaf  (olax-), 
a  rudder.]  A  genus  of  aberrant  reed-warblers, 
of  uncertain  systematic  position.  It  is  remarkable 
in  having  only  ten  tail-feathers,  which  are  stiffened  with 
spiny  shafts,  and  whose  webs  are  lax  and  decomposed. 
There  are  no  rictal  bristles  (as  in  the  related  emu-wren  : 
see  cut  under  Stipitums).  There  are  6  species,  of  South 
Africa,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Chatham  Islands,  as  S.  afri- 
camis,  S.  punctatvs  of  New  Zealand,  and  S.  rufescens  of  the 
Chathams.  Also  Spheneeacus  and  Sphenura. 

Sphencenas  (sfe-ne'nas),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  offr; 
a  wedge,  +  oivdf,  a  wild  pigeon  of  the  color  of 
ripening  grapes,  <  oivdf,  olvii,  the  vine:  gee 
IC/HC.]  Same  as  Sphenoeerciis. 

spheno-ethmoid  (sfe-no-eth'moid),  a.  and  ». 
Same  as  sphenethmoid. 

spheno-ethmoidal  (sfe"no-eth-moi'dal),  a. 
Same  as  xplicnrthnioidtil. 

sphenofr ontal  (sfe-no-fron'tal), a.  [< spheno(id) 
+  fronhil.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sphenoid 
anil  the  frontal  bone ;  frontosphenoid — Spheno- 
frontal  suture  or  articulation,  in  man,  a  long  horizon- 
tal suture  between  the  orbital  plates  of  the  frontal  bone 
and  the  orbitosphenoids,  and  between  the  external  angu- 
lar processes  of  the  frontal  and  the  alisphenoids. 

sphenogram  (sfe'no-gram).  n.  [<  Gr.  tj^jyv,  a 
wedge,  +  ypa/ifia,  a  writing,  <  jpd^efr,  write.] 
A  cuneiform  or  arrow-headed  character. 

sphenographer  (sfe-nog'ra-fer),  H.  [<  sphnioii- 
mpli-i/  +  -cr1.]  One  versed  in  sphenography. 
[Little  used.] 

sphenographic  (sfe-no-graf 'ik), </.  [<  tpkenogra- 
ph-y  +  -i'c.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  sphenography. 


sphenographist 


5824- 


Sphenozamites 


maxary    ssure,   ossa,  suure,  ec.      ee     e  nouns,     gpnus  Spicnojitiris. 

Sphenomonadidae  (sfe"no-mo-nad'i-de),  n.  pi.  Sphenopteris  (sfe-nop'te-ris),  «.  [NL.  (Bron- 
CNL->  <  SpJtenomonas  (-motia(t-)  +  -idse.]  A  glliart,  1822),  <  Gr.  a^v,  a  wedge,  +  7mW  (irT-t- 
family  of  dimastigate  eustomatoug  mfusonans,  p«i-),afern:  see /'few.]  A  genus  of  fossil  ferns 
represented  by  the  genus  ^>he>iom,,Ha».  These  very  widely  distributed  and  very  abundant,  es- 

" 


sphenographist  (sfe-nog'ra-fist),  H.     [<   »p/ie-    noid  and  superior  maxillary  bones — Spheno-  sphenopterid  (sfe-nop'te-rid),  «.    A  fern  of  the 
nograpn-ij  +  -int.]     Same  as  sphe)iograp)tcr.          maxillary  fissure,  fossa,  suture,  etc.    See  the  nouns,     gpnus  Sphenopteris. 
sphenography  (sfe-nog'ra-fi),  «.    [<  Gr. 

and  description  of 'cuneiform  writings.  [Rare.]  'a™Uv  of  dimasUgate  eustomatous  infusorians,  prf-),  afern/seel'^r/s.]'  Agenusof  fossiTferns. 
Sphenoid  (sfe'noid),  «.  and  «.  [<  Gr.  o<ta/voei6fa ; 
wedge-shaped,  <  c^r/v,  a  wedge,  +  tirlof,  form.] 
I.  a.  Wedge-shaped;  wedge-like;  specifically, 
in  anat.,  noting  certain  cranial  bones.  See 
II. ,  2.—  Minimum  sphenoid  diameter,  the  least  trans- 
verse diameter  of  the  skull,  measured  between  the  tem- 
poral fossjc. 

II.  n.  1.  In  crystal.,  a  wedge-shaped  crystal- 
line form  contained  under  four  equal  isosceles 
triangles.     It  is  the  hemihedral  form  of  the 
square  pyramid  of  the  tetragonal  system. —  2. 
In  anat.,  a  large  and  important  compound  bone 
of  the  skull:  so 
called    from   its 
shape   and  con- 
nections in  man. 
The  cranial  articu- 
lations are  with  the 
occipital,  temporal, 
parietal,  frontal,and 
ethmoid;  the  facial, 


short,  both  vibratile  and  extended  anteriorly ;  the  oral 
aperture  is  succeeded  by  a  distinct  tubular  pharynx ;  the 
endoplasm  is  colorless,  granular;  an  endoplast  and  con- 
tractile vesicle  are  conspicuous. 

Sphenomonas  (sfe-nom'o-nas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
o<t>qv,  a  wedge,  +  fiovaf,  solitary,  a  unit:  see 
monad.]  The  representative  genus  of  Spheno- 
monadidst.  These  animalcules  arc  of  persistent  poly- 
hedral prismatic  figure,  with  four  or  more  longitudinal 
carinsa,  and  two  vibratile  flagella,  a  long  and  a  short  one. 
Two  fresh- water  species  are  S.  quadranyularis  and  S.  octo- 
costatus. 

sphenonchus  (sfe-nong'kus),  «. ;  pi.  sphenonchi 
(-ki).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^,  a  wedge,  +  oysof,  bulk, 
mass.]  In  ichth. :  (a)  One  of  the  hooked  dermal 
spines  of  the  cephalic  armature  of  certain  fossil 


pecially  in  the  (Carboniferous)  coal-measures, 
but  ranging  from  the  Devonian  to  the  Middle 
Cretaceous.  "These  are  elegant  ferns,  very  numer 
ous  in  species,  and  most  difficult  to  discriminate"  (Dan-- 
son).  Almost  nothing  is  known  of  the  fructification 
of  Sphenopteris,  and  the  numerous  specific  distinctions 
which  have  been  made  are  generally  derived  from  the 
subdivisions  of  the  fronds,  and  the  shape  and  venation  of 
the  pinnules.  Lesquereux  divides  the  sphenopterids  into 
three  subdivisions :  (a)  the  pecopterid  sphenopterids,  spe- 
cies of  which  group  were  referred  to  Pecopteris  by  Bron- 
gniart, of  which  the  fronds  have  their  ultimate  pinna;  pin- 
nately deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  connate  to  the  middle  or 
higher,  and  the  veins  pinnately  divided,  as  in  Pecopteris; 

(b)  Sphenopteris  proper,  of  which  the  pinna'  are  more  deep- 
ly divided  in  lobes,  or  pinnately  narrowed  and  decurrent 
at  the  base,  and  generally  dentate  or  crenate  at  the  apex ; 

(c)  the  hymenophyllite  sphenopterids,  which  he  thinks 
should  constitute  a  distinct  genus.    See  cut  under  fern. 


n  Sphenoid  Bone,  from  above. 


a.o.alisphenoid, or  greater  wing,  the  lowe 
letter  a  pointing  to  its  continuation  i 


,he 


with  the  vomer, 
malar,  palate,  and 
sometimes  the  su- 
perior maxillary.  It 
has  a  solid  median 
and  inferior  body, 
and  bears  on  each 
side  two  pairs  of 
wings,  greater  and 
lesser,  separated  by 
the  sphenoidal  fis- 
sure from  each  oth- 
er. It  is  a  collec- 
tion of  bones,  not  a 
single  bone,  its  com- 
position including, 
in  man  and  the  mammals  generally,  (a)  a  basisphenofd, 

the  principal  posterior  part  of  the  body  of  the  bone,  bear-  ,    ,,  ^-^  •- 

ing  (6)  the  alisphenoids,  the  pair  of  greater  wings,  these     Palati"e  °f  Meckel  s  ganglion.—  Sphenopalatine  vein, 
elements  forming  with  the  parietal  bones  the  second  or     a  Bma"  Tein  entering  the  pterygoid  plexus, 
parietal  segment  of  the  minium:  (c)  the  presphenqid,   Sphenoparietal  (sfe'no-pa-ri'e-tal),  a.     [<  sphe- 

no(id)  +  parietal.]     Pertaining  to  the  sphenoid 


fishes,  as  of  the  genera  Hybodus  and  Acrodus.  sphenopterygoid(sfe-nop-ter'i-goid),a.  [(sphc- 
(&t)  [cap.]  A  lapsed  genus  of  fishes,  founded  no(id)  +  pterygoid.]  Common  to  the  sphenoid 
on  sphenonchi  by  Agassiz  in  1843.  and  pterygoid  bones.  Also  pteryqosnhcnoid. 

spheno-orbital,  spheno-orbitar  '  " 


external  pterygoid  process;  bs,  basisphe- 
noid,  or  main  body  of  the  bone.^r  pointing  to 
the  sphenoccipital  articulation  ;  /<-,  post- 
clinoid  processes,  bounding  the  pituitary 
fossa  or  sella  Turcica  behind  ;  fs,  presphe- 
noul.or  fore  part  of  the  body  of  the  Done  ;  u, 
orbitosphenoid,  or  lesser  wing;  /,  internal 
pterygoid  process ;  i,  optic  foramen ;  a, 
sphenoidal  fissure,  or  foramen  lacerum  an- 
terius;  3,  foramen  rotundum;  4,  foramen 
ovale ;  5,  groove  for  internal  carotid  artery, 
or  cavernous  groove. 


_,  10-orbitar  (sfe-no-6r'bi-  sphenorbital  (sfe-nor'bi-tal),  a.     [<sphen(oid) 

tal,  -tar),  a.     Same  as  spheitorbital.  +  orbital.]     Pertaining  to  the  sphenoid  bone 

sphenopalatine  (sfe-no-pal'a-tin),  a.    [<  sphe-    and  the  orbits  of  the  eyes;  orbitosphenoid.    The 
no(id)  +  palatine'*.]  Pertaining  to  the  sphenoid     sphenorbital  parts  of  the  sphenoid  are  the  lesser  wings,  or 
and  palatine  bones.     Also  si>henopalatal,  sphe-     orbitosphenoids;  the  sphenorbital  fissure  is  the  sphenoi- 
nnn Inilvni*      i»  dal  fissure,  or  anterior  lacerate  foramen.    See  orbUosphe- 

iwpalatinate.-tatenial    sphenopalatine    nerve,     noid.    Also  spheno-nrbital  and  sphem-orbitar 
Same  as  nasopalattne  nerve  (which  see,  under  nasopala-   Hn1i«nM>1ivn«fciu  tato  «/i  i-i.i<»'u-i,a  rvi 

tint).- Sphenopalatine  artery,  a  branch  arising  him  B  te-no-ring  kus),  «.      L^L., 

the  third  or  sphenomaxillary  portion  of  the  internal  max-     Pr°P-  9S!fOr^flu*u*  (Hempnch  and  Ehren- 


ax- 
illary  artery.    It  passes  through  the  sphenopalatine  fora-     berg,   1829),  <  Gr. 


a  wedge,  +  f>v}X»f,  a 


the  lesser  anterior  moiety  of  the  body  of  the  bone,  bearing 
(d)  the  orbitosphenoids,  the  pair  of  lesser  wings,  or  pro- 
cesses of  Ingrassias,  these  forming  with  the  frontal  bones 
the  third  or  frontal  cranial  segment ;  (e)  a  pair  of  ptery- 
goid bones,  the  so-called  internal  pterygoid  processes ;  (/) 
a  pair  of  spongy  bones,  the  sphenoturbinals.  The  devel- 
opment of  the  human  sphenoid  is  from  14  centers  of  ossi- 
fication, 8  in  the  postsphenoid  division,  and  6  In  the  pre- 
sphenoid  division.  Below  mammals,  in  Sauropsida  (bir 
and  reptiles),  the 

of  the  pterygoids,  which  then  form"  permanently  d 

bones,  and  complicated  by  the  addition  of  other  elements, 
especially  an  underlying  membrane-bone  called  the  para- 
sphenoid.  In  Ichthyopsida  (amphibians  and  fishes)  further 
and  very  great  modifications  occur.  To  the  sphenoid  of 
man  are  attached  twelve  pairs  of  muscles. 


, 

men  into  the  cavity  of  the  nose,  and  is  distributed  to  the  snout.]  1.  A  genus  of  Ciconiidx,  the  wedge- 
i  and  the  membranes  of  the  an-  billed  gtork8|  having  a  sharp  straight  bill  with 
a  membrane  saddled  on  the  base  of  the  upper 
mandible,  and  no  ambiens  muscle.  The  only  spe- 
cies is  the  white-bellied  stork  or  simbil,  5.  abdimi,  also 
called  Abilimia  gphenorhyncha,  of  greenish  and  brownish- 
purple  color  and  white  below,  the  bill  tipped  with  orange- 
red.  It  inhabits  Africa,  nests  In  trees,  and  is  regarded 
with  veneration  by  the  natives.  See  cut  under  simM. 


trum,  ethmoid,  and  sphenoid  cells.  Also  called  nasal 
artery.— Sphenopalatine  foramen,  ganglion,  notch. 
See  the  nouns.— Sphenopalatine  nerves,  two  small 
branches  of  the  superior  maxillary  nerve  to  the  spheno- 


and  parietal  bones :  as,  the  Sphenoparietal  su- 
ture—  Sphenoparietal  sinus,  a  small  vessel  which 

communicates  with  the  cavernous  sinus  and  middle  me-  .                        ~                                                ~~ ,  _ 

ningeal  veins,  and  rests  In  a  groove  on  the  under  side  of  the  Spaenosquamosal  (sfe* no-skwa-mo'sal),  a.      [< 

lesser  wing  of  the  sphenoid.    Breschrl.— Sphenoparie-  sphenolid)  +  squamosal.]  Oforpertaininetothe 

tal  suture.    See  suture.  — ' —    -^        •» 


2f.  A  genus  of  South  American  dendrocolaptine 
birds,  now  called  Glyphorhytichvs.  Maximilian, 
1831.— 3f.  A  genus  of  reptiles.  Tschudi,  1838. 


ls7on.'-BlfowmTmmal7;inYaTr^a(brrds  Sphenopetrosal  (sfe'no-pet-ro'sal),  a.    [<  sphe-    J^SSS!?-  Tana    foSSl1"*1  °*  "^  ^^ 

i,  the  sphenoid  is  simplified  by  subtraction     no(iil)  +  netrosal~\   Of  ornertaininitothesrVhp         v  squamosphenoidal. 

coids,  which  then  form  permanently  distinct     "";"     T£f      ™iJL.  P         Sphenotemporal    (sfe-no-tem'po-ral),    a.      [< 


noid  and  petrosal 
bones ;  petrosphe- 
noidal .  _  Sphenopetro- 
sal suture.  See  suture. 

sphenopharyngeus 

sphenoidal  (sfe-noi'dal),  a.  [<  sphenoid  +  -al.]     (sfe"nd-far-in-je'us), 
Same  as  sphenoid — sphenoidal  angle.   See  crani- 
ometry.— Sphenoidal  crest,  the  median  thin  ridge  pro- 
jecting from  the  anterior  surface  of  the  sphenoid  bone  to 
articulate  with  the  perpendicular  plate  of  the  ethmoid. 
Also  called  ethtturidal  crest. — Sphenoidal  fissure.    See 
Assure.— Sphenoidal  fontanelle,  the  membranous  in- 
terspace in  the  infant  skull  at  the  junction  of  the  squamous 
suture  with  the  coronal  suture.    It  often  contains  a  Wor- 
mian  bone —Sphenoidal   hemihedrism.     See  hemi-  _ 
hedrism.—  Sphenoidal  process.    See  process.-  Sphe-  Sphenophorus 
noidal  rostrum,    (a)  The  beak,  or  a  beak-like  part,  of     nof'6-rus),   n. 


«.  [<  spheno(id)  + 
pliaryngeus.]  An 
occasional  elevator 
muscle  of  the  phar- 
ynx which  arises  from 
the  spine  of  the  sphe- 
noid. 

(sfe- 
[NL. 


6 

Sfhenophortu  sculptitis. 
a,  adult  beetle,  dorsal  view;  6, 
adult  beetle,  side  view  in  outline 
(hair-line  shows  natural  size) ;  f, 
pattern  of  elytra!  sculpture,  still 
more  enlarged. 


. 

sphcno(id)  +  temporal2.]  In  anat.',  of"  or  belong- 
ing to  the  temporal  and  sphenoid  bones.    Also 

temporosphenoid — Sphenotemporal  suture.    See 
future. 

sphenotic  (sfe-no'tik),  a.  and  «.  [<  splien(oid) 
+  otic.]  I.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sphenoid 
bone  and  the  otic  capsule,  or  hard  parts  of  the 
auditory  organ:  as,  a  sphenotic  ossification  in 
various  fishes.  See  cut  under  teleost. 

II.  n.  Inorni</i.,apostfrontalprocessof  bone, 
or  a  separate  ossification,  developed  in  relation 
with  sphenoidal  and  otic  elements,  entering  into 
the  posterior  boundary  of  the  orbital  cavity. 

sphenotresia  (sfe-no-tre'si-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 


M.— Sphenoidal  spongy  hones,  the  sphenoturbinals. 

sphenoides  (sfe-noi'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ai/a/voei- 
3«,  wedge-shaped :  see  sphenoid.]  1.  In  anat., 
the  sphenoid  bone :  more  fully  called  os  sphe- 
noides.— 2.  [ciip.]  A  genus  of  coalenterates. 

sphenoideum  (sfe-noi'de-um),n.;  p\.sphenoidea 
(-a).  [NL. :  see  sphenoid.]  The  sphenoid  bone, 
or  os  sphenoideum. 

sphenoido-auricular(sfe-noi"do-a-rik'u-lar),a. 
In  craniom.,  noting  the  ratio  of  the  minimum 


very   wide 

tion,  having  the  an- 


distribu-    ment  used  in  performing  sphenotresia. 
laving  the  an-  sphenoturbinal  (sfe-nd-terfbi-nal),  a.  and  n.  [< 
erior  COXBB  narrowly    sphenodd)  +  turbinal]     I.  a.  gpbenoidal  and 


separated,  and 
body  beneath 
brous.  Nearly  200  . 
cles  are  known,  of  which 
30  inhabit  America  north 
of  Mexico.  Many  of  them 
breed  In  the  roots  of 


Sptunephorus  pulchelltts. 
a,  adult  beetle,  dorsal  view ;  *. 
adult  beetle,  side  view  in  outline. 
(Hair-line  shows  natural  size.) 


pul 
our 


sphenoidal  diameter  of  the  skull  to  the  mini- 
mum auricular  diameter:  as,  the  spltenoido- 
auricular  index. 

sphenoidofrontal  (sfe-noi'do-fron'tal),  a.    In 

craniom.,   noting  the' ratio  of  the  "minimum  Sphenophyllum    (8fe-n6-fir;um)7">r 
sphenoidal  diameter  of  the  skull  to  the  mini- 
mum frontal  diameter. 

sphenoidoparietal  (sfe-noi"d6-pa-ri'e-tal),  a. 
In  craniom.,  noting  the  ratio  of  the  minimum 
sphenoidal  diameter  of  the  skull  to  the  maxi- 
mum parietal  diameter. 


tne    turbinated  or  whorled  or  scroll-like ;  spheno- 

turbinate :   specifically  applied,   conformably 
""^    with  ethmoturbinal  and  maxilloturbinal,  to  the 

sphenoidal  spongv  bones.     See  II. 

.    II.  «.  One  of  the  sphenoidal  spongy  bones ; 

one  of  a  pair  of  small  bones  situated  in  front  of 

pesta'  TOe'aduH  b«UeS     the  b<>dy  °f  the  8Phenoid> in  m»n  at  birth  solid, 
also    often    feed     upon     no"ular,  distinct  from  each  other  and  from  the 
plants.    Thus  5.  tmlptati    sphenoid,  afterward  fused  with  the  body  of  the 
feeds  upon  corn,  and  S.     sphenoid  as  delicate  spongy  or  scroll-like  bones 
p«Wie«u«uponthecockle-     which  take  part  in  t££fiL  the  gphenoidal  si- 
nuses.    Their  homologues  ia  other  animals  are 
questionable. 


[NL. 


sphenomalar  (sfe-no-ma'lar),  a.    [<  spheno(id)     i"  «  herbaceous  plant,  with  whorlsof  wedge-shaped  leaves, 
+  malar.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sphenoid     fPri-n.??_nf  J.ro,m_eP.lar»ed ..^ticulations,  the  fructification 
and  malar  bones :  as,  the  sphenomalar  articula- 
tion, between  the  alisphenoid  and  malar  bones. 
—Sphenomalar  suture.    See  suture. 


sphenomaxillary  (sfe-no-mak'si-la-ri),  a.     [< 
spheno(id)  +  mnxilhiri/.]    Relating'to  the  sphe- 


the  Lower  Silurian,  near  Cincinnati  in  Ohio    It    8Pnenoi(J  Done  and  the  vomer :   as,  the  spheno- 

romerine  suture  or  schindylesis. 
Sphenozamites  (sfe'no-za-mi'tez),  «.  [NL. 
(Brongniart,  1849),  <  Gr.  otyfjv,  a  wedge,  +  NL. 
Zamites,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  fossil  plants  be- 
longing to  the  cycads,  ranging  from  the  Per- 
mian to  the  Jurassic  inclusive.  They  are  said 


in  cylindrical  spikes,  with  bracts  curved  upward  in  a 
sharp  flexure  from  near  the  base,  and  globular  sporanges 
in  the  axils  of  the  bracts.  Sphenophyllum,  tlrst  thought 
by  Brongniart  to  belong  to  the  gymnosperms,  is  now  be- 
lieved to  constitute  a  peculiar  type  of  vegetation,  regarded 
by  some  authors  as  related  to  the  rhizocarps,  by  others  as 
connected  with  the  Calamarite  through  Asterophyttitet. 


by  Schimper  to  bear  some  resemblance  to  the  prob- 
lematical Noeggerathia,  and,  among  living  forms,  to  be 


Sphenozamites 

most  nearly  analogous  to  Zatnia  and  Knrfiihalartos     See 
Zamites. 

Sphenura  (sfe-rnVra),  «.  [NL,.,  <  Gr.  a^-  a 
wedge,  +  '»/»'.  ;i  tiiil.]  1.  Iu  nrnitli.,a,  generic 
name  variously  applied.  (0)  An  Australian  genus  of 
aberrant  reed  warblers,  with  only  ten  tail-feathers  and 
three  pairs  of  strong  recurved  rU-tul  bristles.  It  is  quite 


i!!    the.r|8ht.e?u«  «l'i»e 
n  the  sphear  of  heaven 


SfAtHUra  brachyftera. 

near  Sphenasacus  (which  see),  and  in  part  synonymous 
therewith.  There  are  3  species,  S.  brach,,ptem,  S  l"n.;l 
rostns,  and  5.  broadbentl.  LicMenslein  18->3  (6t)  \ 
genus  of  South  American  synallaxine  birds  now  called 
iusphenura  and  Thripophaga.  Spix,  1824;  Svndemtt. 
Ifc35.  (cl)  A  genus  of  Indian  and  African  birds  related 
to  neither  of  the  foregoing,  now  called  Argya  (or  An/ia) 
and  ilalcolmia.  Bonaparte,  1854. 
2.  In  eiitom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Dejean,  1834. 

spheral  (spher'al),  a.  [<  L.  gpltaeralis,  of  or 
pertaining  to  a  sphere,  globular,  <  spltatra,  < 
Ur.  ofupa,  a  ball,  sphere:  see  sphere.]  1 
Bounded  or  formed  like  a  sphere;  sphere- 
shaped  ;  hence,  symmetrical ;  perfect  in  form. 
-2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  spheres  or  hea- 
venly bodies;  moving  or  revolving  like  the 
spheres ;  hence,  harmonious. 

Well  I  know  that  all  things  move 
To  the  spheral  rhythm  of  love. 

Whittier,  Andrew  Rykman's  Prayer. 
The  spheral  souls  that  move 
Through  the  ancient  heaven  of  song-illumined  air. 

Swinburne. 

Oarlyle  had  no  faith  in  ...  the  astronomic  principle  by 

which  the  systems  are  kept  in  poise  in  the  spheral  liar- 

The  Century,  XXVI.  538. 

spherality  (sfe-ral'i-ti),  H.  [<  spheral  +  -4tu.] 
Ine  state  of  being  spheral,  or  having  the  form 
of  a  sphere.  [Rare.] 

spheraster  (sfe-ras'ter),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  m/nipa 
a  ball,  sphere,  +  aarijp,  a  star.]  In  sponges,  a 
regular  polyact  or  stellate  spicule  whose  rays 
coalesce  into  a  spherical  figure,  as  in  the  genus 
treodta  ;  an  aster  with  a  thick  spherical  body 
W.  J.  Sollas. 

spheration  (sfe-ra'shon),  n.  [<  sphere  +  -ation.] 
Formation  into  a  sphere;  specifically,  the 
process  by  which  cosmic  matter  is  formed  into 
a  globular  or  planetary  body.  [Recent.] 

The  physical  relations  accompanying  the  spheration  of  a 
ring  are  not  such  as  to  determine  uniformly  either  direct 
or  retrograde  motion.  Winchell,  World-Life,  p.  123. 

sphere  (sfer),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sijhear, 
spheare,  also  sphan  (with  vowel  as  in  L  )  • 
earlier  (and  still  dial.)  spere,  <  ME.  spere,  < 
OF.  espere,  later  sphere,  F.  sphere  =  Pr.  espern 
=  Sp.  esfera  =  Pg.  csphera  =  It.  sfera  =  D 
nfeer  =  G.  sphare  =  Dan.  sf&re  =  Sw.  spher,  <  L. 
sphiera,  ML.  also  sphera,  .spera,  <  Gr.  a<f>aipa,  a 
ball,  globe,  sphere,  applied  to  a  playing-ball, 
a  sphere  as  a  geometrical  figure,  the  terrestrial 
globe,  the  earth,  also  an  artificial  globe  (so  in 
Strabo,  the  notion  that  the  earth  is  a  sphere 
appearing  first  prob.  in  Plato),  also  a  star  or 
planet  (Plutarch),  also  a  hollow  sphere,  one 
of  the  concentric  spheres  supposed  to  revolve 
around  the  earth,  also  a  ball  (of  the  eye),  a  pill 
etc.;  perhaps  lit.  'that  which  is  tossed  about'1 
(applied  first  to  a  playing-ball),  for  *aij>apya  for 
"an-apya,  <  airelpcm,  scatter,  throw  about  (see 
sperm,  sporei);  or  perhaps  connected  with 
amlpa,  a  coil,  ball,  spire  (see  spire2).]  1.  In 
fieom.,  a  solid  figure  generated  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  a  semicircle  about  its  diameter.  This  is 
substantially  Euclid's  definition.  The  modern  definition 
is  a  quadric  surface  having  contact  with  the  absolute 
throughout  a  conic,  and  therefore  everywhere  equidis- 
tant from  a  center.  The  surface  of  a  sphere  Is  4,rR-' 
where  R  is  the  radius ;  its  volume  is  j  ^R'1. 
Hence  —  2.  A  rounded  body,  approximately 
spherical ;  a  ball ;  a  globe. 


5825 

3   An  orbicular  body  representing  the  .-firth  or 
the  apparent  heavens,  or  illustrating  Hi,  i 
tronomical  relations.    Hence  — 4.  The  visii,!.- 
supernal  region;  the  upper  air;  the  heavens ; 
the  sky.     [Poetical.] 

e  glorious  starres 

Sweet  Echo,  .  "  '""""''  (l':"  K'  '   Sj  '''  ''" 

Sweet  queen  of  parley,  daughter  of  the  f,,ln;;: 

Milln,,,  (    ,1,1,118,  1.   241. 

An  eagle,  clang  an  eagle  to  the  sphere. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  111. 

5.  One  of  the  supposed  concentric  and  ec- 
centric revolving  rigid  and  transparent  shells 
called  crystalline,  in  which,  according  to  the 
old  astronomers  (following  Eudoxus),  the  stars 
sun,  moon,  and  planets  were  severally  set,  and 
by  which  they  were  carried  iu  such  a  manner 
as  to  produce  their  apparent  motions.  The  term 
is  now  generally  restricted  to  the  sphere  of  the  fixed  stars 
id  is  recognized  as  a  convenient  fiction.  It  is  also  loosed 
applied  to  the  planets  themselves. 

After  shewede  he  hym  the  nyne  speres; 
And  after  that  the  melodye  herde  he 
Ihat  cometh  of  thilke  speres  thryes  three 
That  welle  is  of  ruusik  and  melodye 
In  this  world  here  and  cause  of  harmonye. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  69. 
Stand  still,  you  ever-moving  spheres  of  heaven ! 

Marlowe,  Doctor  f'austus,  v.  4. 
Hence  — 6f.    An  orbicular  field  or  course  of 
movement ;  an  orbit,  as  that  of  a  heavenly  body 
or  of  the  eye ;  a  circuit. 
As  Mars  in  three-score  yeares  doth  run  his  spheare 
ihe  spheare  of  Cupid  fourty  yeares  container 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  Ix. 
Make  thy  two  eyes,  like  stars,  start  from  their  spheres. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5.  17. 

7.  Place  or  scene  of  action ;  the  space  within 
which  movement  is  made  or  operations  are  car- 
ried on  ;  a  circumscribed  region  of  action:  as, 
the  sphere  of  a  mission;  the  spheres  (fuller 
spheres  of  influence)  of  the  different  European 
powers  and  trading  companies  in  Africa. 

The  foure  elementes  wherof  the  body  of  man  is  com- 
pact e  ...  be  set  in  their  places  called  spheris,  higher  or 
lower  accordynge  to  the  soueraintie  of  theyr  natures 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i.  1. 
All  this  while  the  King  had  mov'd  within  his  own 
Sphere,  and  had  done  nothing  out  of  the  Realm. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  403. 

Our  South  African  sphere  seems  better  suited  for  Eu- 
ropean settlement  than  is  the  Tunisian  protectorate  of 
Jiance.  Sir  C.  W.  DMe,  Probs.  of  Greater  Britain,  v. 

8.  Position  or  rank  in  society ;  position  or  class 
with  reference  to  social  distinctions. 

Pleas'd  or  not  pleas'd,  if  we  be  Englands  King, 
And  mightiest  in  the  Spheare  in  which  we  moove 
Weele  shine  alone,  this  Phaeton  cast  downe 
Heywood,  Royal  King  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  VI.  2fl). 
I  saw  her  [Marie  Antoinette]  just  above  the  horizon 
decorating  and  cheering  the  elevated  sphere  she  just  began 
to  move  in-  Burke,  Rev.  in  France 

9.  Circuit  or  radius,  as  of  knowledge,  influ- 
ence,  or  activity;   definite   or  circumscribed 
range;   determinate   limit   of  any  mental  or 
physical  course :  as,  the  sphere  of  diplomacy. 

This  being  wholly  out  of  my  sphere,  I  can  give  no  ac- 
count of  them.  Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  I.  120. 
Nature  to  each  allots  his  proper  Sphere. 

Conyreve,  Of  Pleasing. 


spherical 

loliBhur  to  :,  tetrahedron  in  which  llu-fom  pcipcmliclllars 
Iron,  the  summit,,  upon  the  opposite  faces  intersect  in 
one  point,  tnta  iphen  passing  through  the  four  feet  of 
these  perpendlcnuv  .|,i, mlv  also  through  the 

•  LVttj  of  the  four  faces,  an.i  through  'he  mid- 
points  „(  the  lines  from  the  Venice.,  to  the  common  inter- 

ernonsof  the  IM  rpendlculars aforesaid.    (/,)  MO,, 
ally,  a  sphere  (discovered  in  ]Ss-l  by  the  Kalian  mall 

lelan  IntrigUa)  belonging  t.,  any  tetrahedron,  and  pass- 
ing tnruogh  the  four  feet  of  the  perpendiculars  from  the 
sunn, ills  upon  the  opposite  faces,  and  ,  onscnuentry  also 
through  the  mid-points  of  the  lines  from  the  summits  to 
the  center  of  the  hjrperboloid  ,,f  »  bid,  these  perpendicu- 

tkins",',,   these''"',",',!'-""'1    """"'''    "'"   '""""-"""j'    l>l"j"<" 

sphere  (sfer),  c.  t.-  pret.  and  pp.  ^,l,<ml,  ppr 
sphering.  [<  */,/„,-,-,  «.]  1.  f0  make  into  a 
sphere;  make  spherical;  round,  or  round  out; 
fill  out  completely. 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Outswell  the  colic  of  pult'd  Aquilo,,. 

S/iak.,T.  andC.,lv.  5. 8. 

2.  To  place  in  a  sphere  or  among  the  spheres- 
ensphere. 

And  therefore  is  the  glorious  planet  Sol 
In  noble  eminence  enthroned,  and  sphered 
Amidst  the  other.  Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  1. 3.  90. 

Light  .  .  .  from  her  native  east 
To  journey  through  the  aery  gloom  began, 
Sphered  in  a  radiant  cloud ;  for  yet  the  sun 
Was  not-  Hilton,  P.  L.,  rii.  247. 

Because  I  would  have  reach'd  you,  had  you  been 
Sphered  up  with  Cassiopeia.        Tennyson,  Princess,  IT. 

3.  To  inclose  as  in  a  sphere  or  orbit ;  encircle : 
engirdle. 

When  any  towne  is  spher'd 
w  ith  siege  of  such  a  foe  as  kits  men's  minds. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xviii.  185. 

4.  To  pass  or  send  as  in  a  sphere  or  orbit;  cir- 
culate.    [Bare.] 

Wei  still  sit  up, 
Sphering  about  the  wassail  cup 

To  all  those  times 
Which  gave  me  honour  for  my  rhimes. 

Herriclr,  His  Age. 

sphere-crystals  (sfer'kris'talz),  ,,.pt.   In  bot 
same  as  spharaphides. 

sphereless  (sfer'les),  a.     [<  sphere  +  -less.] 
Having  no  sphere ;  wandering;  unrestrained. 

Let  the  horsemen's  scimitars 

Wheel  and  flash,  like  sphereless  stars, 

Thirsting  to  eclipse  their  burning 

In  a  sea  of  death  and  mourning. 

Shelley,  Masque  of  Anarchy,  at,  79. 
sphere-yeast  (sfer'yest),  n.     In  bot.,  an  aggre- 
gation of  certain  sprouting  forms  of  the  genus 
Muc^r:  formerly  so  called  from  a  resemblance 
in  shape  to  the  saccharomycete  of  yeast. 


J.  ~     -~j       • -T-  — -j-*.»— j  j    v»».    v/J.    JJ-Cl  IjOilLHUK    I 

ball,  <  ofaipa,  a  ball,  sphere:  see  sphere.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  sphere  or  the  spheres ;  sphere- 
like;  spherical. 

Up  the  tpheric  circles,  circle  above  circle. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Drama  of  Exile. 

Let  any  sculptor  hew  us  out  the  most  ravishing  combi- 
nation of  tender  curves  and  spheric  softness  that  ever 
stood  for  woman.  S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  278 


The  Lieutenant's  evidence  was  as  round,  complete,  and 
lucid  as  a  Japanese  tpherr  of  rock-crystal. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  6:,. 

•tin) 


ArmUlary  sphere.  See  annitlary.— Axis  of  a  sphere 
Seefmsi.-clrcleof  thesphere.  See  circle.- Colloid' 
dialing,  direct  sphere.  See  the  qualifying  words  — ' 
Copernican  sphere,  an  armillary  sphere  with  the  addi- 
tion of  a  second  sphere  representing  the  sun,  central  to  a 
divided  circle  representing  the  ecliptic.— Doctrine  of 
the  sphere,  the  elements  of  the  geometry  of  figures 
drawn  upon  the  surface  of  a  sphere —Epidermic 
spheres.  Same  as  epithelial  pearls  (which  see  under 
peorp.-Oeometry  of  spheres,  a  branch  of  geometry 
in  which  the  lines  of  Plucker's  geometry  of  lines  are  re- 
placed by  spheres,  and  the  intersections  of  lines  by  the 
contact  of  spheres.— Harmony  ormusic  of  the  spheres 
See  harmany.- Logical  sphere,  the  subject  or  ultimate 
antecedent  of  a  statement,  or  the  objects  which  a  term 
denotes.-Maglc  sphere.  See  magic.-  Oblique  sphere, 
the  sphere  of  the  heavens,  or  another  sphere  representing 
tnat,  as  it  appears  at  a  station  where  the  angle  between 
the  equator  and  the  horizon  is  oblique.  The  right  sphere 
is  the  same  sphere  for  an  equatorial  station  where  the 
angle  is  a  right  angle,  and  the  parallel  sphere  is  the  same 
where  the  angle  vanishes  — that  Is,  for  a  polar  station  — 
Osculating  sphere  of  a  non-plane  curve,  the  sphere 
through  four  consecutive  points  of  the  curve.— Parallel 
circles  on  a  sphere.  See  parallel.—  Parallel  sphere 
See  oblique  sphere.— Power  of  a  sphere  In  regard  to 
another,  the  squared  distance  of  the  two  centers  less  the 
sum  of  the  squares  of  the  radii.  Clifford.— Projection  of 
the  sphere.  See  map-projection, \\nderprojection.— Radi- 
cal sphere,  a  sphere  orthogonally  cutting  four  spheres 
having  their  centers  at  the  summits  of  the  tetrahedron  of 
coordinates.-  Right  sphere.  See  oblique  sphere.—  Sec- 
tor of  a  sphere,  see  sector.— Segmentation  sphere 
See  segmenlation.— Segment  of  a  sphere.  See  MUfmnt. 
Sphere  at  infinity.  See  infinity,  3.— Twelve-point 
sphere,  (a)  A  sphere  (discovered  by  Prouhet  in  1»>3)  be- 


spherical  (sfer'i-kal),  a.  [<  spheric  +  -al  ]  1 
Bounded  by  or  having  the  form  of  the  surface 
ot  a  sphere:  as,  a  spherical  body;  a  spherical 
surface;  a  spherical  shell. 

We  must  know  the  reason  of  the  ipherical  figures  of  the 
drops-  Glanville. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  sphere  or  spheres 
or  to  sphericity :  as,  a  spherical  segment  or  sec- 
tion; spherical  trigonometry.— 3f.  Relating  to 
the  planets;  planetary,  in  the  astrological 
sense. 

We  make  guilty  of  our  disasters  the  sun,  the  moon,  and 
the  stars:  as  if  we  were  villains  by  necessity;  foo  s  by 
heavenly  compulsion;  knaves,  thieves,  and  treachers  by 
spherical  predominance.  Shak.,  Lear,  1.  2.  134. 

Adjunct  spherical  function.    See  /mutton.-  Center 

i,  S5lle1rlcal  curvature.  See  wnteri.-Concave 
spherical  mirror.  See  mirror,  2.-  Line  of  SDhertcal 
curvature.  See  to**. -Spherical  ablrratfoi 
aberration,  4-  Spherical  angle.  See  anyltx.  -Spheri- 
cal bracketing  in  arch.,  an  arrangement  of  brackets  for 
the  support  of  lath-and-plaster  work  forming  a  snheri 
cal  surface.— Spherical  compasses,  a  kind  of  calipers 
for  measuring  globular  bodies,  variously  constructed  — 
Spherical  complex,  the  aggregate  of  all  the  spheres' in 
space  fulfilling  a  single  geometrical  condition. -SDheri- 
ca  1  congruence,  the  aggregate  of  all  the  spheres  in  space 
fulfilling  two  geometrical  conditions.—  Spherical  conic 
section,  see™,*.-  spherical  coordinatei  See^rf' 

ti™^Sj  r»cal  curva,ture.  epicycloid, excess, func- 
tion, geometry.  See  the  nouns Spherical  cvclic  n 

curve  which  is  the  intersection  of  a  spnere  wi"h  a  quadric 
surface  -Spherical  group,  the  spherical  complex  deter- 
mined  by  a  linear  equation  between  the  coordinates  and 
the  power  of  the  center  of  the  variable  circle.  —  Spherics  1 
harmonic.  Same  as  Laplace's  function  (which  see,  nn 
*%f ««<*""  --Spherical  indlcatrix.  See  ndieatrtx.- 
Spherical  inversion.  See  geometrical  inversion,  under 


spherical 

.-  Spherical  lune,  the  portion  of  the  surface  of 
ttphere  included  between  two  great  circles.— Spherical 
nucleus.  Same  as  mtcli'ux  ffuboatu  (which  see,  undn- 
nucleus).—  Spherical  pencil,  a  singly  infinite  continuous 
series  of  spheres  determined  like  a  spherical  Kroup,  but 
by  three  equations.— Spherical  polygon.  Sec  polygon.— 
Spherical  representation,  a  mode  of  continuous  corre- 
spondence between  the  points  of  a  surface  and  the  points 
of  a  sphere,  each  radius  of  the  sphere  through  the  center 
representing  the  parallel  normal  of  the  surface.  Any  part 
of  the  sphere  considered  as  thus  representing  a  part  of  the 
surface  is  called  its  spherical  I'M  aye.  — Spherical  saw, 
a  saw  made  in  the  form  of  a  segment  of  a  sphere,  used  for 
sawing  out  curvilinear  work.  See  cut  d  under  0au?l. — 
Spherical  sclere.  See  sclere  and  spheraster.  —  Spheri- 
cal-shot machine,  a  machine  for  finishing  cannon-balls 
by  molding  and  pressing  to  a  true  spherical  form.  E.  II. 
Knvjh  t. — Spherical  surface-harmonic.  See  harmonic. 
—  Spherical  triangle,  trigonometry,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

sphericality  (sfer-i-kal'i-ti),  H.  [<  spherical  + 
-i/i/.]  Spherical  form ;  sphericity.  N.A.fiei'., 
CXXVI.  375.  [Rare.] 

spherically  (sfer'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  the  form  of 
a  sphere,  or  of  part  of  a  sphere ;  so  as  to  be 
spherical. 

sphericalness   (sfer'i-kal-nes),  H.    The  state  or 


-,...- „..,      j  being  in 

shape  of  a  sphere. 

sphericle  (st'er'i-kl),  w.  [Dim.  of  sphere.]  A 
small  sphere ;  a  spherule.  [Rare.]  Imp.  Diet. 

spherics  (sfer'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  spheric  (see  -ies).] 
Geometry  of  figures  drawn  on  the  surface  of  a 
sphere;  specifically,  spherical  trigonometry. 

spheriform  (sfe'ri-form),  a.  [<  L.  sphxra, 
sphere,  +  forma,  form.]  Formed  or  existing 
as  a  sphere ;  sphere-shaped ;  spherical.  Cud- 
worth,  Intellectual  System,  II.  23.  [Rare.] 

spherocobaltite  (sfe-ro-ko'bal-tit),  «.  [<  Gr. 
a<paipa,  a  ball,  sphere,  +  E.  cobalt  +  -ite?.]  Carbo- 
nate of  cobalt,  a  rare  mineral  occurring  in  small 
spherical  masses  with  concentric  radiated  struc- 
ture, and  having  a  peach-blossom  red  color. 

spheroconic  (sfe-ro-kon'ik),  n.  [<  Gr.  atjxupa,  a 
ball,  sphere,  +  auvof,  a  cone:  see  conic.]  A 
non-plane  curve,  the  intersection  of  a  sphere 
with  a  quadric  cone  having  its  vertex  at  the 
center  of  the  sphere Cyclic  arcs  of  the  sphero- 
conic,  the  intersections  of  the  cyclic  planes  of  the  cone 
with  the  sphere. — Reciprocal  spheroconic,  the  envelop 
of  the  great  circles  of  which  the  points  on  the  first  sphero- 
conic  are  the  poles. 

spherocrystal  (sfe-ro-kris'tal),  H.  [<  Gr.  a<t>aipa, 
a  ball,  sphere,  +  Kpi-araUaf,  crystal.]  1.  In 
lithol.,  a  mineral  occurring  in  spherical  form 
with  fibrous-radiate  structure. — 2.  pi.  In  hot., 
same  as  sphxraphides. 

spherodactyl  (sfe-ro-dak'til),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  genus  Nphaerodactylus,  as  a  gecko. 

spherogastric  (sfe-ro-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a$alpa, 
a  ball,  sphere,  +  yaarf/p,  stomach.]  Having  a 
spherical  or  globular  abdomen,  as  a  spider;  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Spheeroi/astra.  See  cut 
under  honey-bearer. 

spherograph  (sfe'ro-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  oQaipa,  a 
ball,  sphere,  -t-  ypfyeiv,  write.]  A  nautical  in- 
strument consisting  of  a  stereographic  projec- 
tion of  the  sphere  upon  a  disk  of  pasteboard, 
in  which  the  meridians  and  parallels  of  latitude 
are  laid  down  to  single  degrees.  By  the  aid  of  this 
projection,  and  a  ruler  and  index,  the  angular  position  of 
a  ship  at  any  place,  and  the  distance  sailed,  may  be  read- 
ily and  accurately  determined  on  the  principle  of  great- 
circle  sailing. 

spheroid  (sfe'roid),  ii.  [Also  spliseroid;  =  F. 
splieroide,  <  Gr.  mfiaipoeiStif,  like  a  ball  or  sphere, 
globular,  <  afyalpa,  a  ball,  sphere,  +  fMof,  form.] 
1.  A  geometrical  body  approaching  to  a  sphere, 
but  not  perfectly  spherical. —  2.  In  geom.,  a 
solid  generated  by  the  revolution  of  an  ellipse 
about  one  of  its  axes.  When  the  generating  ellipse 
revolves  about  its  longer  or  major  axis,  the  spheroid  is 
prolate  or  oblong ;  when  about  its  less  or  minor  axis,  the 
spheroid  is  oblate.  The  earth  is  an  oblate  spheroid  —  that 
is,  flattened  at  the  poles,  so  that  its  polar  diameter  is 
shorter  than  its  equatorial  diameter.  (See  earthl,  1.)  The 
same  figure  is  assumed  by  the  other  planets ;  hence  the 
properties  of  the  oblate  spheroid  are  of  great  importance 
in  geodesy  and  astronomy.  —  Universal  spheroid,  a  sur- 
face generated  by  the  revolution  of  an  ellipse  about  any 
diameter. 

spheroidal  (sfe-roi'dal),  a.  [<  spheroid  +  -al.] 
1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  having  the  form  of, 
a  spheroid.— 2.  In  crystal.,  globose;  bounded 
by  several  convex  faces. —  3.  In  entom.,  round 
and  prominent,  appearing  like  a  ball  or  sphere 
partly  buried  in  the  surface :  as,  spheroidal 
eyes;  spheroidal  coxie.- Spheroidal  bracketing, 
in  arch.,  bracketing  which  has  a  spheroidal  surface  — 
Spheroidal  epithelium.  See  epithelium.—  Spheroidal 
state  or  condition,  the  condition  of  water  or  other  li- 
quid when,  on  being  placed  on  a  highly  heated  surface, 
as  red-hot  metal,  it  assumes  the  form  of  a  more  or  less 
flattened  spheroid,  and  evaporates  without  ebullition. 


5826 

The  spheroid  in  this  condition  does  not  touch  the  surface 
of  the  metal,  but  floats  on  a  layer  of  its  own  vapor,  and 
evaporates  rapidly  from  its  exposed  surface.  It  is  bcaU-d 
mainly  by  radiation  from  the  hot  surface,  since  the  layer 
of  intervening  vapor  conducts  heat  very  feebly.  The 
formation  of  a  layer  of  non-conducting  vapor  explains  why 
it  is  possible  to  dip  the  wetted  hand  ink)  molten  iron  with 
impunity.  It  is  sometimes  spoken  of  as  the  caloric  or 
calorific  paradox. 

SphefoidaHy(sfe-roi'dal-i),  ailc.  In  a  spheroidal 
manner:  so  as  to  form  a  spheroid  or  spheroids. 

The  great  mass  ...  is  largely  built  up  of  spheroidaUy 
jointed  rock.  Quart.  Jour.  deal.  Soc.,  XLIV.  460. 

spheroidic  (sfe-roi'dik),  a.    [=F.spltr:i'<itili</u<-; 
us  spheroid  +  -ic.~\  Same  as  spheroidal.  [Rare.] 
spheroidical  (sfe-roi'di-kal),  «.     [<  spheroidic 
+  -a?.~\     Same  as  spheroidal.     [The  usual  old 
form.] 
The  same  spheroidical  form. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  67. 

spheroidicity  (sfe-roi-dis'i-ti),  H.  [<sphcniiilii' 
+  -ity.]  The  state  or  character  of  being  sphe- 
roidal. 

Spheroma, «.    See  Sphferonm. 

spheromere  (sfe'ro-mer),  w.  [Also  sphseromere; 
<  Gr.  aifaipa,  a  ball,  sphere,  +  fupof,  a  part.] 
One  of  the  radially  arrangeol  parts  or  sym- 
metrical segments  of  any  radiate ;  an  actino- 
mere.  Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  spheromeres  are 
those  two  which,  In  the  Venus's-girdle,  give  that  ctenoph- 
oran  a  ribbon-like  figure  by  their  enormous  development. 
See  cut  under  Cesium. 

spherometer  (sfe-rom'e-ter),  ».  [<  Gr.  otyaipa, 
a  ball,  sphere,  +  [tfrpov,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the 
radii  of  spheres;  a 
sphere-measurer,  it  is  of 
especial  service  to  opticians  in 
determining  the  focal  lengths, 
etc.,  of  lenses.  The  common 
form  (see  figure)  consists  of  a 
vertical  screw  c,  with  a  large 
graduated  head  a  a,  turning 
in  a  socket  supported  by  three 
legs  whose  hard  steel  points 
are  exactly  equidistant.  The 
fixed  scale  b  at  the  side,  toge- 
ther with  thegraduated  screw- 
head,  makes  it  possible  to  mea- 
sure with  great  accuracy  the  spherometer. 
distance  between  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  screw  and  the  plane  passing  through  the  ends 
of  the  three  supports,  when,  for  example,  all  the  points 
are  in  contact  with  the  surface  of  the  sphere.  If,  in  ad- 
dition, the  distance  between  the  ends  of  the  supports 
is  known,  a  simple  calculation  gives  the  radius  of  the 
sphere.  The  same  instrument  may  also  be  used  to  deter- 
mine with  precision  the  thickness  of  a  plate,  as  (in  the 
figure)  A,  placed  upon  a  horizontal  surface. 

spheromian  (sfe-ro'mi-an),  a.  and  w.     [<  Sphe- 
roma +  -tan."]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Sphse- 
roma  or  the  Sphseromidee. 
II.  ii.  A  globe-slater. 
Also  spelled  sphseromian. 

spheropolar  (sfe-ro-po'lar),  «.  [<  Gr.  a^alpa, 
sphere,  +  E.  polar.]  Reciprocal  relatively  to 
a  sphere.  The  plane  through  the  points  of  contact  of 
a  cone  with  a  sphere  is  the  spheropolar  of  the  vertex. 

spherosiderite  (sfe-ro-sid'e-rit),  ».  [Also 
sphaerosiderite ;  <  Gr.  a</xiipa,  a  ball,  sphere,  + 
<7«%>m7f,  of  iron:  see  siderite.]  A  variety  of 
the  iron  carbonate  siderite,  occurring  in  globu- 
lar concretionary  forms. 

spherospore  (sfe'ro-spor),  n.  [<  Gr.  oQaipa,  a 
ball,  +  E.  spore.]  In  bot.,  same  as  tetraspore. 

spherular  (sfer'Q-lar),  a.  [<  spherule  +  -ar$.] 
1 .  Having  the  form  of  a  spherule ;  resembling  a 
spherule. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sphemlite; 
spherulitic. 

Spherular  bodies  consisting  of  radially-aggregated  fibres 
of  a  single  mineral.  Nature,  XXXIX.  315. 

spherulate  (sfer'o-lat),  «.  [<  spherule  +  -ate1.] 
In  entom.,  having  one  or  more  rows  of  minute 
rounded  tubercles ;  studded  with  spherules. 

spherule  (sfer'6'1),  n.  [Also  sphserulf ;  <  L. 
sphsrula,  dim.  of  sph&ra,  a  ball,  sphere :  see 
sphere.]  A  little  sphere  or  spherical  body. 
Quicksilver,  when  poured  upon  a  plane  surface,  divides 
itself  into  a  great  number  of  minute  spherules. 

spherulite  (sfer'o-lit),  n.  [Also  sphaerulite;  < 
spherule  +  -ite2.]  1.  A  vitreous  globule,  such 
as  those  of  which  perlite  is  made  up,  having  a 
more  or  less  perfectly  developed  concentric  and 
at  the  same  time  decidedly  radiating  fibrous 
structure.  The  highly  silicious  volcanic  rocks 
not  unfrequently  have  a  spherulitic  structure. 
—  2.  Same  as  radiolite,  2 — Spherulite  rock,  in 
geol.,  a  rock  of  which  the  predominating  part  has  a  spheru- 
litic structure. 

spherulitic  (sfer-p-lit'ik),  a,  [<  spherulite  + 
-ic.]  Made  up  of  or  containing  spherulites ; 
having  the  character  of  a  spherulite.  Also 
sphserulitic. 

spherulitize  (sfer'o-li-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
sphcruHtized,  ppr.  spherulitizing.  [<  spherulite 


Sphindidae 

+  -i:c.]  To  convert  more  or  less  completely 
into  spherulites,  or  cause  to  assume  a  spheru- 
litic structure,  wholly  or  in  part.  Quart.  .Innr. 
i;«'i.  soe.,  XLV.  ivi. 

spherulitoid  (sfer'i>-li-toid),  «.  [<  spherulite  + 
-OK/.]  Having  more  or  less  perfectly  the  form  of 
a  spherulite.  tjuart. .four.  Geol. Soc., XLV. 248. 

sphery  (sfer'i),  a.  [<  sphere  +  -i/1.]  1.  Be- 
longing to  the  spheres. 

She  can  teach  ye  how  to  climb 
Higher  than  the  x]iher>/  chime. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  1021. 

2.  Resembling  a  sphere  or  star  in  roundness, 
brightness,  or  other  attribute. 

What  wicked  and  dissembling  glass  of  mine 
Made  me  compare  with  Henuia's  sphery  eyne? 

Shak.,  M.  >'.  U,  ii.  2.  99. 

spheterize(sfet'e-riz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spin  /- 
i  ri.:<-d,  ppr.  spheterizing.  [<  Gr.  oQeTe/iiCen; 
make  one's  own,  <  o0/rrpoc,  their  own,  poss.  adj. 
of  the  3d  pers.  pi.,  <  o-^rif,  they.]  To  take  to 
one's  self;  appropriate  as  one's  own.  Burke. 
[Rare.]  (Encyc.  Diet.) 

Sphex  (sfeks),  n.  [NL.  fi,innfeus,  1758),  <  Gr. 
op'/f,  a  wasp:  see  wasp.]  1.  A  notable  genus 
of  large  handsome  digger-wasps,  typical  of  the 
family  Sphegidse  (or Sphecidee orSpht-xidse).  They 
abound  in  tropical  regions,  but  some  12  species  inhabit 
the  United  States.  S.  ichneujnonea  digs  rapidly  in  hard 
ground,  and  provisions  its  cells  with  grasshoppers.  About 
100  species  are  known.  See  cut  under  digger-wasp. 
2.  [/.  c.]  A  wasp  of  this  genus. 

sphex-fly  ( sfeks'fll),  n.  One  of  numerous  differ- 
ent dipterous  insects,  as  of  the  genus  Conops, 
which  resemble  a  sphex  in  some  respects. 

sphiggure  (sfig'ur),  «.     See  uphi n</iire. 

sphincter  (sfingk'ter),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  sphincter, 
<  Gr.  a<t>r,KTf/p,  anything  which  binds  tight, 
a  lace,  a  band?  <  offyyeo',  shut  tight,  close.] 
An  orbicular,  circular,  or  annular  muscle  sur- 
rounding and  capable  of  closing  a  natural 
orifice  or  passage  of  the  body — Oral  sphincter. 
Same  as  orbicularis  oris  (which  see,  under  orbiculari*). 

—  Sphincter  ani,  the  sphincter  of  the  anus,  underwhich 
name  two  distinct  muscles  are  known,  (a)  The  sphincter 
ani  proper,  sphincter  externus,  or  external  sphincter  is  a 
thin,  flat  plane  of  voluntary  muscular  fibers  supplied  by 
hemorrholdal  branches  of  nerves  from  the  sacral  plexus, 
surrounding  the  anus,  subcutaneous  and  intimately  adher- 
ent to  the  Integument,  of  elliptical  form  3  or  4  inches  in 
long  diameter,  and  an  inch  wide  across.  It  arises  from  the 
tip  of  the  coccyx,  and  is  inserted  into  the  tendinous  raphe 
of  the  perineum.    Like  most  sphincters,  it  consists  of  sym- 
metrical lateral  halves  united  by  a  raphe  in  front  of  and 
behind  the  opening  it  incloses,      (b)  The  sphincter  recti, 
sphincter  internus,  or  internal  sphincter  tmrroundg  the 
lower  end  of  the  rectum,  forming  a  muscular  ring  about  an 
inch  in  extent  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and  consists 
of  an  aggregation  and  thickening  of  the  circular  fibers  of 
the  gut.  This  sphincter  is  involuntary,  and  in  health  main- 
tains its  tonic  contractility,  which  yields  by  reflex  action 
to  the  pressure  of  the  contents  of  the  bowel.— Sphincter 
oculi,  or  sphincter  palpebrarum,  the  orbicular  muscle 
of  the  eyelids,  which  surrounds  and  closes  them.    Usually 
called  orbicularis  palpebrarum.     See  cut  under  muscle*. — 
Sphincter  oris.  the  oral  sphincter.     See  orbicularis  oris, 
under  orbicularis. — Sphincter  pupillaris,  the  circular 
or  concentric  fibers  of  the  iris,  wnose  contraction  makes 
the  pupil  smaller.     Also  called  sphincter  pupillff  and 
sphincter  iridis.  —  Sphincter    pylori.     See  pylorvs.  — 
Sphincter  recti,  the  internal   sphincter  ani  (see  above). 

—  Sphincter  vaginae,  an  elliptical  muscle  surrounding 
the  orifice  of  the  vagina,  corresponding  to  the  bulboca- 
vernosus  of  the  male.     Also  called  constrictor  vaginst. — 
Sphincter  vesicSB,  the  unstriped  involuntary  muscular 
fibers  around  the  neck  of  the  urinary  bladder. — Sphinc- 
ter vesicffl  externus,   the  partly  plain  partly  striated 
muscular  fibers  which  surround  the  prostatic  part  of  the 
urethra.    Also  called  sphincter  progtaticus  and  sphincter 
of  Henle. 

sphincteral  (sfingk'ter-al),  a.  [<  sphincter  + 
-al.]  Same  as  sphincterial. 

sphincterate  (sfingk'ter-St),  a.  [Also  sphinc- 
trate. •< sphincter  + -ate1.]  1.  In««a/. and2oo7., 
provided  with  a  sphincter;  closed  or  closable 
by  means  of  a  sphincter. —  2.  Contracted  or 
constricted  as  if  by  a  sphincter:  thus,  an  hour- 
glass is  sphincterate  in  the  middle. 

sphincterial  (sfingk-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  sphincter 
+  -ial.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sphincter  or  its 
function :  as,  a  sphincterial  muscle ;  sphincte- 
rial fibers ;  sphincterial  action. 

sphincteric  (sfingk-ter'ik),  a.  [<  sphincter  + 
-ic.]  Same  as  Kphincterial. 

sphincterotomy  (sfingk-te-rot'o-mi),  w.  [<  Gr. 
O(fiiyK7>ip,  a  sphincter,  +  -rouia,  <  rt/iveiv,  TO/JCIV, 
cut.]  The  operation  of  cutting  a  sphincter  to 
prevent  its  spasmodic  action. 

sphinctrate  (sfingk'trat),  a.  Same  as  sjihinc- 
terate. 

Sphindidae  (sfin'di-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sphin- 
dus  +  -idle.]  An  aberrant  family  of  serncorn 
beetles,  in  which  the  antenna}  are  so  obviously 
clayate  as  to  resemble  those  of  the  clavicorn 
series.  It  contains  a  few  small  species  found  in  fungi 
which  grow  upon  the  trunks  of  trees. 


Sphindus 

Sphindus(s.in'dus),  «.  [M,.  (Ci,,.vTOlat,  1833) 
amadeword.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  5pM»l 
(Mote.  Only  3  species  are  known,  one  of  which 
is  North  American 

Sphingidae    (sfin'ji-de),    «.    /)/.      TNL     (Lench 

1O1(»\        X     ii      >    •  i    •  v  '  L*-11-**        ^-IJVitCll. 

ilSJ),  <t>plu>ix  (Sphing-)  +  -idee.']  An  impor- 
tant family  of  heterocerous  lepidopterous  in- 
sects, with  fusiform  antenna?,  typified  by  the 
genus  ,s>,/,,w.,-,  including  all  those  commonly 
known  us  sphinxes,  sphinx-moths,  //««•/,•- ninth'-! 
or  humming-bird  ninth*.  The  body  is  robust-  the  ab! 
donien  is  stout,  conical,  often  tufted  ;  the  tongue  is  usua'y 
wi!f-s '•',',  •'',""g  ;  •"  antonnic  lmve  a  llook  ot  tt*  tip  ;  the 
a.'ilU  -at  the  tip'  They  a^e'dim  ,'"']',  "t"  "pTl'scula'r  in  habff8 

nviH  ft?"8™  "I"  h°"e8t  sunslli"e.  l">t  the  majority  in  the 
twilight.  Ihe  larva)  are  large,  naked,  usual  y  green  in 
color,  and  generally  furnished  with  a  prominent  caud 
horn,  which  is  sometimes  replaced  after  the  last  molt 
by  a  shining  lenticular  tubercle.  When  full-grown  they 
either  pupate  above  ground,  between  leaves  in  a  "i  Sit 
cocoon,  or  more  generally  go  deep  under  iCmd  „,,! 
transform  in  an  earthen  cell*  The  long  ton|,"  spec  e' 
have  a  special  free  and  characteristic  tongue .Ca,eP  The 
species  of  temperate  regions  are  divided  into  four  princt 
pal  subfamilies :  MacraylniriM,  Chafmcampin^  SpSri- 
me,  and SmennOuna.  From  America  north  of  IteSoogS 
r±8ia!.e  .b,e5_"  *»**>«.  ""out  50  from  Europe,  and 
ire  world.  Also  SpMn- 
loidea,  and  Sphingoides. 
-'-  ,  hawlt-moth, 


5827 

}«.-,  throttle  strangle,  orig.  bind,  -ompn-ss, 
hx;  ,>rob.  =  L.  Ji,,,;;-,  lix  fUe  /,»  ;  by  some 
connecte.1  wi!l,  L.  /„«,,,  a  bundle:  see  >,-,-,,•  ] 
1.  [«,;,.  or  /.  ,.]  I,,  ,;;,  W//M.,  „  /,,,,,!,,  „„,„! 
ster  said  to  have  propose,!  a  rid.ll,.  to  (he 
fhebans  who  passed  her  as  she  sat  on  a  rock 
the  roadside,  and  to  have  killed  all  who 

•hdipus  answered,  Man,  who  creeps  i    i  f-  ',"v     ,terw 
Th9  S'nh'  a'Kl  fl"!lll)  Wlllk»  -«h  »  Btaff   a  ^'W  d 


sphygmograph 


this  monster  is  represented  with  the  I,.,,  ,-,,„];„„  oa 
dog,  winged,  and  Ae  head  and  often  the  Leasts  of  a  wo! 

J'or  valour,  is  not  Love  a  Hercules? 

Subtle  as  Sphinx.        Shak.,  L.  L.  L.'  iV  3  842 


sphingiform  (sfin'ji-f&rm),  «.  [<  NL.  .,,,„, HJ 
(ODMng-)  +  L,.  forma,  form.]  In  entom.,  resem- 
bling a  moth  of  the  family  Sphingida. 

spningine  (sfin'jin),  «.  Resembling  a  sphinx 
or  hawk-moth;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sphin- 
gulse;  sphmgoid  or  sphingiform 

sphingoid  (sting 'goid),  «,  [<  NL.  Sphinx 
(tsplitiig-)  +  -OH!.]  Like  a  sphinx  or  hawk- 
moth  ;  sphmgine  or  sphingiform. 

sphingure  (sting'gur),  n.  [=  F. sphiggure:  see 
SpMngtmu.]  Amemberof  thegenus  SpMngu- 

Sphingurinae  (sfing-gu-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Sphtngurns  +  -inee.  ]  The  American  porcupines  • 
a  subfamily  of  Hystricidx,  of  more  or  less  com- 
pletely arboreal  habits,  represented  by  four 
genera,  Sphingurus,  Si/netheres,  Chatomys,  and 
EreiMaon :  so  named  by  E.  B.  Alston  in  1876 
It  corresponds  to  the  Synetherina  of  Gervais  08521  the 
byn.cthe.nrue  of  J.  A.  Allen  (1877),  and  the  Cercolabitue  (as 
a  subfamily  of  SpalcKopudidee)  of  Lilljebora  (18(ifi^  ami  mil 
(1872).  see  cuts  under  porcupine  and  prelmwUe' 

sphingurine  (sfing'gu-rin),  «.     Of  or  belonging 
to  the  */>>„, tyKrinee;  synetherine;  cercolabme 

BPJUPF11^*  (snng-gu'rus),  n.  [NL.  (F.  Cuvier 
U*£S,  in  form  SpMggurue),  <  Gr.  atiyyetv  throt- 
tle, strangle  (see  sphinx),  +  ovpa.  tail  1  The 
typical  genus  of  Sphingurinx,  having  the  tail 
prehensile,  all  four  feet  four-toed,  and  little  de- 


t~3aBtitt^Zttf&  Whitelincd "^-"^asa  — *—  -*- 

a  hon  (never  winged),  and  a  male  Tinman  head 

or  an  animal  hea5.    The  human-headed  „„„„.  K_     ^^^S^SS^^^^ 

Cressitmo,  juglandui,  an  American  moth  whot 

Same 


mg  no  connection  with  the  Greek  fable  ;  and  1  the  Greeks 
probably  applied  the  term  sphinx  to  the  Egyptian  statut" 

''0 


brtwenhem,  h  •  ™e»  exernesemble 
Between  them  and  their  own  eonception.  The  Egvntian 
sphinxes  were  commonly  placed  in  avenues  leadh  K 

teal  Inning8'  t'i'he  '"°f  celebmted  example  isgthe 
jreat  Sph  nx  near  the  great  pyramids  of  Ghizeh  hewn 

?«f  tT  W  *£anite>  with  the  «cumbent  body  o  "a  lion 
nil  f  rg  from,,the  Boulders  to  the  rump,  and  56  feet 

A  fman  tln^an  8  hf?d,28}  feet  hi«n  from  c^"  to  crown 
A  8m  ill  temple  stood  between  the  fore  paws  of  this  sphinx 


sphinx-moth    (snngks'mdth),    n. 

ffiAMit)  0  (c/). 

sphragide  (sfraj'id),  «.  [<  F.  sphragide,  <  L. 
sphragis,  <  Gr.  ^pa^V,  a  8igneti  i  seal^  'Same 
as  Lemman  earth  (which  see,  under  Lemtiian) 

sphragistics  (sfra-jis'tiks),  «.  [<  Gr.  Zey^. 
rajOf,  of,  for  or  pertaining  to  sealing,  <*£•- 

'^7'  Se|  ',/  T"^'  a  sea1-^     The  study  of 
seals  and  the  distinctions  among  them;   the 


ta«,  Tn-e8-  U  is  cl<Mely  "'"ate"  to  Syne- 
s  but  the  latter  is  more  spiny,  and  has  a  broad  hieh- 
ly  arched  frontal  region.  The  two  genera  are  united  by 
Brandt  under  the  name  Cercolabes  Each  has  several 
the  In?,  °alf8PeCieS  '"  Ce»tral  ond  South  America,  east  of 
e™n  t 


3.  In  her.,  a  creature  with  a  lion's  body  and  a 
woman's  head,  but  not  necessarily  like  any  an- 
cient original.  It  is  assumed  to  be  winged- 
when  not  winged,  it  should  be  blazoned  "sans 
wings.  —4.  An  enigmatic  or  sphinx-like  ner- 
son ;  one  who  talks  puzzlingly,  or  is  inscrutable 
m  disposition  or  character ;  one  whom  it  is  hard 
to  understand.— 5.  In  entom.:  (a)  A  hawk- 
moth;  a  member  of  the  genus  Sphinx  or  the 
family  Sphmgidse.  See  cuts  under  hawk-moth 
'}?0-c<iterpi,ttar  Lepidoptera,  and  Philampelm. 
(b)  [cap.  |  [NL.  (Lmnasus,  1767).]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Sphingidx  At  flrst  it  w», 
extensive  with  this  famUy-  later  itformedagroupoivari" 

^Sft^^s^^fiSJsag 

s"des  occur  mgAme"e8'    "  'S  &  wide:8Pread  genus ;  19 

j£™  ^if-1'^'*  °f  ereu!;inK  the  head  and  anterior  segnVe'nte' 
ftom  which  Linmeua  derived  a  fanciful  resemblance  to  the 
Egyptian  Sphinx  (whence  the  name). 
6.  The  Guinea  baboon,  Cynocq>halus  papio  or 
Ptimo  sphinx.  Also  called  sphinx-baboon.- 
Abbot  S  sphinx,  Thyreus  abboti,  a  small  North  American 


tory  of  the  middle  ages,  as  well  as  in  the 


sphinx  (sfingksj,  ».;  pi.  sphinxes,  sphinges 
(sflngk'sez    sfln'jez).     [=  F.  sphinx^  4. 
esfinge  =  Pg.  esplnnge   =   It.  sfmgc  =  6. 
sPht'!x>  <    L-   sphinx,  <    Gr.   ^f    (<*yy-) 
JEohc  K,  a  sphinx  (Theban  or  Egyptian:  see 
f    ,?u         2);  8uPP°sed  to  mean  lit.  'stran- 
gler,  the  story  being  that  the  Sphinx  strangled 
those  who  could  not  solve  her  riddles;  <  My. 


in  their  classification  and  in  the  proof  of  their  authenticity 
sphngosis  (sfri-go'sis),  H.    [NL.,  for  "sphrigcsis; 
<  Gr.  o+pnto,  bo  full  and  vigorous,  +  -osis  1 
Over-rankness  in  fruit-trees  and  other  plants 

stems  t  Her  '"  Thic,h  the  plant  t™^  to  *™wto  wSS  « 
stem,  and  leaves  in  place  of  fruit  or  bulb  etc.,  or  tonmr 
so  luxuriantly  that  the  nutritious  qualities  of  the  Drodi  wt 
are  in  ured  as  in  the  turnip  and1  potato  Snhrigosis  is 

tS5*M&*&  °ver-™*™™*.  sSmetimes  Fo  eSitu! 
aerect.    Compare  ran/mess,  4. 

sphygmic  (sfig'mik),  «.     [<  Gr.  ^i^dc,  per- 
taining to  the  pulse,  <  afiwb,  the  beating  of 
the  heart,  the  pulse:  see  sphygmus.l    I    Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  pulse.-g.fc  ,ool,,  pulsat- 
ing or  pulsatile  ;  beating  with  rhythmic  con- 
traction and  dilatation,  like  a  pulse;  specifi- 
cally, belonging  to  the  Sphygmica. 
Sphygmica  (sfig'mi-ka),  ».  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr 
^j-^/cor,  pertaining  to'  the  pulse:   seesphyq- 
»MC.]     A  group  or  series  of  ameebifoi-m  proto- 
zoans, m  which  regularly  contractile  or  sphyg- 
mic vacuoles  are  observed.     See  Amceboidea 
sphygmogram  (sfig'mo-gram),  «.    [<  Gr. 


Sphygniogram. 

ft,  pulse,  +  ypa^a,  a  writing.]     A  tracing  of 
the  changes  of  tension  at  a  point  in  an  artery 
as  obtained  with  a  sphygmograph 
sphygmograph  (sfig '  mo  -  graf ),  „.    [<  Gr.  0*1?  - 

whi.r    t'        yp^"S'  Write']     An  "'strument 
which,  when  applied  over  an  artery,  traces  on 


Sphinx.— Greek  sculpture  in  the  British  Museum. 


Abbot's  Sphinx  (Thy™,,  attet,'),  moth  and  larra,  natural  size. 


sphinx  whose  larva  feeds  on  the  vine.— Achemon  sphinx 
llnlampeha  ackemmt.  See  cuts  of  moth  and  larva  under 
Phtiampelm  -Blind-eyed  sphinx,  /•««««»  excacatm,  a 
handsome  American  moth,  of  a  general  fawn  color  with 
roseate  hind  wings  ornamented  with  a  blue-centered  eye- 
spot,  whose  larva  lives  upon  the  apple.-Carolina  sphinx. 
Protoparce  Carolina,  a  mottled  gray  and  black  moth  whose 
larva  is  the  tobacco-worm.  See  cut  under  tobacco-worm  — 
Catalpa  sphinx,  Ceratomia  catatpx,  an  American  moth 
whoselai-vaf  eeds  on  the  catalpa.-  Clear- winged  spninx 
a  moth  whose  wings  are  partly  hyaline,  as  Humans  diffini* 
other  members  of  the  same  genus;  also,  improperly, 
certain  of  the  SesiidK.  See  cut  under  raftpbtrry. barer  — 
I)eatH  s-nead  sphinx,  Acherontia  atropos.  See  cut  un- 
der deatt's-Arad.-Flve-spotted  sphinx,  Protoparce  ce- 
levs,  a.  common  gray  North  American  moth  whose  abdomen 
is  marked  with  five  orange  spots  on  each  side,  and  whose 
larva  feeds  upon  the  tomato,  potato,  and  other  solanaceous 
plants.  See  cut  under  tomato  worm.— Mornlne-SDhinx 
any  species of  thegenus  Deilephila,  as  D.lineata  th* »hite- 
ed  morning-sphinx,  a  common  American  moth  of  strik- 


'T  f        ..c     an        e  pressure  wheels  i.  ,  the  paper 

s  carried;  /,  spring  which  bears  on  the  shaft  of  the  wheels  f Tto 

' 


sphygmograph 

a  piece  of  paper  moved  by  clockwork  a  curve 
which  indicates  the  changes  of  tension  of  the 
blood  within.  The  paper  is  blackened  by  holding  it 
over  a  smoking  lamp,  and  the  tracer,  moving  in  accordance 
with  the  pulsations  of  the  artery,  indicates  the  rapidity, 
strength,  and  uniformity  of  the  beats.  The  tracings  are 
preserved  by  a  thin  varnish  of  gum  dainar  dissolved  in 
benzolin. 

sphygmographic  (sfig-mo-graf 'ik),  a.  [<  sphyg- 
motjraph  +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  regis- 
tered or  traced  by,  the  sphygmograph. 

sphygmography  (sfig-mog'ra-fi),  n.  [As  sphyg- 
moaraph  +  -ys.]  1.  The  act  or  art  of  taking 
pulse-tracings  or  sphygmograms.— 2.  A  de- 
scription of  the  pulse. 

sphygmoid  (sfig'raoid),  a.  [<  Gr.  c^vy^f,  pulse, 
+  fi'dof.  form.]  Pulse-like. 

sphygmology  (sfig-mol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  o-^x/^f, 
pulse,  +  -Aoy/a,  <  teyeiv,  speak:  see  -ologi/.] 
The  sum  of  scientific  knowledge  concerning 
the  pulse. 

sphygmomanometer  (sfig'mo-ma-nom  e-ter), 
n.  [<  Gr.  aQvynoc.,  pulse,  +  /iav6r,  rare,  +  fdrpov, 
measure  (cf.  manometer).']  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  tension  of  the  blood  in  an  artery. 

sphygmometer  (sfig-mom'e-ter),  ».  [<  Gr.  a<t>\r>- 
/i6;,  pulse,  +  fierpov,  measure.]  Same  as  sphyg- 
momanometer. 

sphygmophone  (sfig'mo-fpn).  n.  [<  Or.  o-^iwof, 
pulse,  +  <t>avri,  sound,  voice.]  An  instrument 
by  the  aid  of  which  each  pulse-beat  makes  a 
sound.  It  is  a  combination  of  a  kind  of  sphyg- 
mograph with  a  microphone. 

sphygmoscope  (sfig'mo-skop),  n.  [< Gr.  m/ivyfiAf, 
pulse,  +  OKomiv,  view.]'  An  instrument  for  ren- 
dering the  arterial  pulsations  visible.  One  form 
of  it  works  by  the  projection  of  a  ray  of  light  from  a  mir- 
ror which  is  moved  by  the  pulsation ;  in  another  form 
the  impact  of  the  pulsation  is  received  in  a  reservoir  of 
liquid,  which  is  caused  by  it  to  mount  in  a  graduated 
tube.  The  invention  of  the  instrument  is  ascribed  to 
Galileo. 

sphygmus  (sfig'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
the  beating  of  the  heart,  the  pulse,  < 
beat  violently,  throb.]  The  pulse. 

sphynx, «.   An  occasional  misspelling  of  sphinx. 

Sphyrsena  (sfi-re'na),  n.  [NL.  (Artedi,  Bloch, 
etc.),  <  L.  sphyrseii'a,  <  Gr.  afi-paiva,  a  sea-fish 
so  called,  a  hammer-fish,  <  a<j>vpa,  hammer,  mal- 
let.] 1.  The  representative  genus  of  Sphyrse- 
nidse.  It  contains  about  20  species  of  voracious  pike- 
like  flshes,  of  most  temperate  and  tropical  seas.  S.  spet 
or  S.  rndyari-s  is  the  becuna.  of  both  coasts  of  the  Atlantic 
and  of  the  Mediterranean,  the  sphyrsena  of  the  ancients, 
about  2  feet  long,  of  an  olive  color,  silvery  below,  when 
young  with  dusky  blotches.  S.  aryetttea  of  the  Pacific 
coast,  abundant  from  San  Francisco  southward,  about  3 
feet  long,  is  an  important  food-fish.  S.  pieuda,  the  bar- 
racuda of  the  West  Indies,  grows  to  be  sometimes  7  or  8 
or  even,  it  is  claimed,  10  feet  long.  See  cut  under  becuna. 
2.  [(.  c.~\  A  fish  of  this  genus. 

Sphyraenidae  (sfi-reu'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.  (Bona- 
parte, 1831),  <  Sphyrxna  +  -idee.]  A  family  of 
percesocine  acanthopterygian  fishes,  typified 
by  the  genus  Spliyreena.  About  20  species  are  known, 
all  of  which  are  closely  related,  and  usually  referred  to 
the  single  genus  Sphyrsena.  They  are  mostly  inhabitants 
of  the  tropical  seas ;  but  a  few  advance  northward  and 
southward  into  cooler  waters,  as  along  the  United  States 
coast  to  New  England.  They  are  voracious  and  savage, 
and  the  larger  ones  are  much  dreaded.  See  cut  under 
becuna.  Also  Sphyrtenaidei. 

sphyraenine  (sfi-re'uin),  a.  [<  Spliyrsena  + 
-Hie1.]  Same  as  sphyrsenoid. 

sphyraenoid  (sfi-re'noid),  a.  [<  Sphyrsena  + 
-old.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sphyrxnidse. 

Sphyrna  (sfer'na),  n.  [NL.  (Rafinesque,  1815), 
an  error  for  'SpKyra,  <  Gr.  oxdi'pa,  a  hammer.]  A 
genus  of  hammer-headed  sharks,  giving  name 
to  the  family  Sphyrnidie.  It  contains  those  in  which 
the  head  is  most  hammer-like,  and  grooves  extend  from 
the  nostrils  to  the  front.  S.  tiburo,  the  bonnet-shark,  is 
now  placed  in  another  genus  (Jieniceps).  Zyymia  is  an  ex- 
act synonym  of  Sphyrni,  but  is  preoccupied  in  entomol- 
ogy. Also  called  Cestracion  (after  Klein).  See  cut  under 
hammerhead. 

Sphyrnidae  (sfer'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sphyrna 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  anarthrous  selachians ; 
the  hammer-headed  sharks,  having  an  extra- 
ordinary conformation  of  the  head.  There  are 
3  genera  and  5  or  «  species,  found  in  most  seas.  The  body 
usually  has  the  common  shark-like  form ;  but  the  head  is 
expanded  laterally  into  a  kidney-like  shape,  or  arched  Hkea 
hammer-head.  The  eyes  are  upon  the  sides  of  the  expand- 
ed head,  and  the  nostrils  are  on  the  front  edge.  The  fins 
are  like  those  of  ordinary  sharks.  See  cuts  under  ham- 
merhead and  shark.  Also  called  Zygxnidse. 

sphyrnine  (sfer'nin),  a.  [<  Sphyrna  +  -tne1.] 
Of  the  character  or  appearance  of  a  hammer- 
headed  shark;  belonging  to  the  Sphyrnidee; 
zygrenine. 

Sphyropicus  (sfi-ro-pi'kus),  n.  [NL.  (orig. 
Sphyrapicus,  S.  F.  Baird,  1858),  <  Gr.  atyvpa,  a 
hammer,  +  L.  picus,  a  woodpecker.]  A  remark- 
able genus  of  Picidse,  having  the  tongue  ob- 


5828 

tuse,  brushy,  and  scarcely  extensile,  owing  to 
the  shortness  of  the  hyoid  bones,  whose  horns 
do  not  curl  up  over  the  hindhead ;  the  sapsuck- 
ers,  or  sapsucking  woodpeckers.  There  are  sever- 
al species,  all  American,  feeding  upon  soft  fruits  and  s;ii>- 
wood  as  well  as  upon  insects.  The  common  yellow-bel- 
lied woodpecker  of  the  1'nited  States  is  S.  voritu,  of  which 
a  variety,  S.  nuclialw,  is  found  in  the  west,  and  another, 
S  ruber  has  the  whole  head,  neck,  and  breast  carmine-red. 
A  very  distinct  species  is  S.  Ihyruidetwo!  the  western  I'mt 
ed  States,  notable  for  the  great  difference  between  the 
sexes,  which  long  caused  tliem  to  be  regarded  as  different 
species,  and  even  placed  in  different  genera.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  hyoid  apparatus  in  this  genus  is  unique,  though 
an  approach  to  it  is  seen  in  the  genus  Xenopiau.  See  cut 
under  sapsvcker. 

spialt  (spi'al),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  spyat, 
spy  all;  by  apheresis  from  espial:  see  espial,  and 
ci.spion,spy.~\  1.  Close  or  secret  watch;  espial. 
I  have  those  eyes  and  ears  shall  still  keep  guard 
And  epial  on  thee.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iv.  -1. 

2.  A  spy ;  a  watcher ;  a  scout. 

Secretaries  and  gpials  of  princes  and  states  bring  in  bills 
for  intelligence.         Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

spiauterite  (spi-a'ter-it),  «.  [<  G.  spiautn; 
spelter  (see  spelter),  +  -ite2.]  Same  as  mirt:ttc. 

spica  (spi'ka),  n.  [<  L.  spica,  a  point,  spike, 
ear  of  grain:  see  spike1."]  1.  In  hot.,  a  spike. 
—  2.  In  svrg.,  a  spiral  bandage  with  reversed 
turns:  so  named  because  it  was  thought  to  re- 
semble a  spike  of  barley. — 3.  In  ornith.,  a  spur; 
a  calcar. — 4.  [cap.]  In  astron.,  a  very  white 
star  of  magnitude  1.2,  the  sixteenth  in  order  of 
brightness  in  the  heavens,  a  Virginis,  situated 
on  the  left  hand  of  the  Virgin.- spica celtlca, an 
old  name  of  Valeriana  Celtica.  —  Spica  nardi.  Same  as 
spikenard. 

spical  (spi'kal),  a.  [<  NL.  *spicalis,  <  L.  spica, 
a  spike:  see  spike1.]  Same  as  spicate:  as,  the 
spical  palpi  of  a  dipterous  insect. 

Spicatae  (spi-ka'te),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fern.  pi.  of  L. 
spicatws.  spiked :  see  spicate.]  A  section  of  pen- 
natuloid  polyps,  distinguished  by  a  bilateral 
arrangement  of  the  polyps  on  the  rachis,  which 
is  elongate,  cylindrical,  and  destitute  of  pin- 
nules. 

spicate  (spi'kat),  a.  [<  L.  spicatus,  spiked,  pp. 
of  spicare,  furnish  with  spikes,  <  spica,  a  spike: 
see  spikei.]  1.  In  hot.,  having  the  form  of  a 
spike ;  arranged  or  disposed  in  spikes. — 2.  In 
ornith.,  spurred;  calcarate;  spiciferous. 

spicated  (spi'ka-ted),  a.  [<  spicate  +  -ed?.] 
In  bot.,  same  as  spicate. 

spicateous  (spi-ka'te-us),  a.  [Irreg.  <  spicatt 
+  -e-ous.]  In  zob'l.,  spicate;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Spicatae. 

spicatum  (spi-ka'tum),  n.  [L.,  sc.  opus,  lit. 
'spicate  work':  see  spicate.]  In  anc.  masonry, 
herring-bone  work:  so  called  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  position  of  the  blocks  of  any  two 
contiguous  courses  to  that  of  the  grains  in  an 
ear  of  wheat. 

SpiccatO  (spik-ka'to),  «.  [It.,  pp.  of  spiccare, 
detach,  divide.]  In  music,  same  as  picchttato. 

spice1  (spis),  ».  [<  ME.  spice,  spyce,  spyse, 
itpece,  species,  kind,  spice  (Icel.  sjpfe,  spices,  < 
E.),  <  OF.  espice,  espece,  kind,  spice,  F.  epice, 
spice,  espece,  kind,  species,  especes,  pi.,  specie, 
=  Pr.  ettpecia,  esneci  =  Sp.  especia,  spice,  espe- 
cie,  species,  =  Pg.  especia,  spice,  especie,  spe- 
cies, specie,  =  It.  spezie,  species,  kind,  pi. 
spices,  drugs,  <  L.  species,  look,  appearance, 
kind,  species,  etc.,  LL.  also  spices,  drugs,  etc. 
(ML.  espicise,  after  Bom.):  see  species.  Doub- 
let of  species  and  specie.]  If.  Kind;  sort;  va- 
riety; species. 

The  spices  of  penance  ben  three.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 
Justice,  all  though  it  be  but  one  .  .  .  vertne,  yet  is  it 
described  in  two  kyndes  or  spices. 

Sir  T.  Klyot,  The  Oovernour,  iii.  1. 

The  very  calling  it  a  Bartholomew  pig,  and  to  eat  it  so, 
is  a  spice  of  idolatry.  B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  L  1. 

2f.  Kind  of  thing;  anything  of  the  kind  or 
class  before  indicated;  such  sort:  used  demon- 
stratively or  indefinitely. 

Chydynge  comys  of  hert  hy, 
And  grett  pride  and  velany, 
And  other  npice  that  mekylle  deres. 
R.  de  Brunne,  MS.  Bowes,  p.  31.    (Hallimll.) 

Al  that  toucheth  dedly  synne 
In  any  spyce  that  we  falle  ynne. 

MS.  Harl.  1701,  f.  1.    (Battimll. 

For  trewthe  telleth  that  loue  is  triacle  of  heuene; 
May  no  synne  be  on  him  sene  that  vseth  that  spise. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  L  147. 

3t.  An  exemplification  of  the  kind  of  thing 
mentioned;  specimen;  sample;  instance;  piece. 

Whanne  he  seeth  the  lepre  in  the  skynne,  and  the  heeris 
chaungid  into  whijt  colour,  and  thilk  spice  of  lepre  lower 
than  the  skynne  and  that  other  flesh,  aplaage  of  lepre  it 
is.  Wydif,  Lev.  xiii.  S. 


spice-cake 

He  hath  spicei  of  them  all,  not  all.  Shak.,  Cor.,iv.  7.  46. 
4.  A  characteristic  touch  or  taste  ;  a  modicum, 
smack,  or  flavoring,  as  of  something  piquant  or 
exciting  to  the  mind  :  as,  a  spice  of  roguery  or 
of  adventure.  [In  this  sense  now  regarded  as 
a  figurative  use  of  def  .  5  ;  compare  sauce  in  a 
similar  figurative  use.] 

I  think  I  may  pronounce  of  them,  as  I  heard  good 

Senecio,  with  a  spice  of  the  wit  of  the  last  age,  say,  viz., 

"That  a  merry  fellow  is  the  saddest  fellow  in  the  world." 

Slede,  Tatler,  No.  45. 

The  world  loves  a  spice  of  wickedness. 

w,  Hyperion,  i.  7. 


5.  A  substance  aromatic  or  pungent   to  the 

taste,  or  to  both  taste  and  smell;  a  drug;  a 

savory  or  piquant  condiment  or  eatable  ;  a  rel- 

ish.    The  word  in  this  sense  formerly  had  a  much  wider 

range  than  at  present  (def.  e);  it  is  still  used  in  northern 

England  as  including  sweetmeats,  gingerbread,  cake,  and 

any  kind  of  dried  fruit. 

"Hastow  aujte  in  tin  purs,  any  hote  spices?" 

"I  naue  peper  and  piones  [peony-seeds],"  quod  she,  "and 

a  pounde  of  gai  like, 
A  ferthyngworth  of  fenel-seed  for  fastyngdayes." 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  311. 

Now,  specifically  —  6.  One  of  a  class  of  aro- 
matic vegetable  condiments  used  for  the  sea- 
soning of  food,  commonly  in  a  pulverized  state, 
as  pepper,  allspice,  nutmeg,  ginger,  cinnamon, 
and  cloves  ;  collectively,  such  substances  as  a 
class:  as,  the  trade  in  spices  or  spice. 
So  was  her  love  diffused  ;  but,  like  to  some  odorous  spices, 
Suffered  no  waste  nor  loss,  though  filling  the  air  with 
aroma.  Longfellow,  Evangeline,  ii.  5. 

7.  A  piquant  odor  or  odorous  substance,  es- 
pecially of  vegetable  origin;   a  spicy  smell. 
[Poetical.] 

The  woodbine  spices  are  wafted  abroad, 
And  the  musk  of  the  rose  is  blown. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xxii. 

8.  Figuratively,  a  piquant  concomitant;   an 
engaging  accompaniment  or  incident;  an  at- 
tractive or  enjoyable  variation. 

Is  not  birth,  .  .  .  youth,  liberality,  and  such  like,  the 
spice  and  salt  that  season  a  man  ? 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  2.  277. 

Variety  's  the  very  spice  of  life, 
That  gives  it  all  its  flavour. 

Cwper,  Task,  II.  606. 

Madagascar  spice,  the  clove-nutmeg.  See  Ravensara. 
—  Spice  plaster.  See  pJ,i«ter.=Syn.  4.  Relish,  savor, 
dash. 

spice1  (spis),  »'.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  spiced,  ppr. 
spicing.  [<  ME.  spice,  <  OF.  espicer,  F.  epicer 
=  Sp.  especiar,  spice  ;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To 
prepare  with  a  condiment  or  seasoning,  espe- 
cially of  something  aromatic  or  piquant;  season 
or  temper  with  a  spice  or  spices  :  as,  highly 
spiced  food  ;  to  spice  wine. 

Shulde  no  curyous  clothe  comen  on  hys  rugge, 

Ne  no  mete  In  his  mouth  that  maister  lohan  spiced. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xix.  282. 

2.  To  vary  or  diversify,  as  speech,  with  words 
or  matter  of  a  different  kind  or  tenor;  inter- 
lard; make  spicy,  piquant,  or  entertaining:  as, 
to  spice  one's  talk  with  oaths,  quips,  or  scandal  : 
to  spice  a  sermon  with  anecdotes. 

spice2  (spis),  n.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  spite1.]  A 
small  stick.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spice-apple  (spis'ap"!),  «.  An  aromatic  variety 
of  the  common  apple. 

spiceberry  (spis'  ber"i),  n.  ;  pi.  spiceberries  (-iz). 
The  checkerberry  or  wiiitergreen,  GavUlierin 
procumbens. 

spice-bpx  (spis'boks),  n.  1.  A  box  to  keep 
spices  in  ;  specifically,  a  cylindrical  box  inclos- 
ing a  number  of  smaller  boxes  to  contain  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  spice  used  in  cooking.  —  2.  In 
decorative  art,  a  cylindrical  box,  low  in  propor- 
tion to  its  diameter,  and  having  a  lid;  especial- 
ly, such  a  box  of  Indian  or  other  Oriental  work. 
Spice-boxes  are  usually  of  metal,  often  of  gold  or  silver, 
and  decorated  with  damascening  or  otherwise. 

Small  boxes  of  very  graceful  form,  covered  with  the 
most  delicate  tracery,  and  known  to  Europeans  as  spice- 
boxes.  G.  C.  if.  Birdwood,  Indian  Arts,  I.  160. 

spice-bush  (spis'bush),  «.  A  North  American 
shrub,  Lindera  Benzoin,  the  bark  and  leaves  of 
which  have  a  spicy  odor,  bearing  small  yellow 
flowers  very  early  in  the  spring  and  oval  scarlet 
berries  in  late  summer.  See  Lindera  and/e»er- 
bush.  Also  spiceicood. 

spice-cake  (spis'kak),  n.  A  cake  flavored  with 
a  spice  of  some  kind,  as  ginger,  nutmeg,  or  cin- 
namon. 

She  's  gi'en  him  to  eat  the  good  spice-cake, 

She  's  gi'en  him  to  drink  the  blood-red  wine. 
Young  Beichan  and  Susie  Pye  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  5). 

A  spice-cake,  which  followed  by  way  of  dessert,  vanished 
like  a  vision.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  i. 


spiced 

spiced  (spist),  p.  «.  [<  ME.  spiced ;  <  spice1  + 
-i-if-.]  1.  Impregnated  with  an  aromatic  odor; 

spicy  to  the  smell ;  spice-laden. 

In  the  spiced  Indian  air,  by  night, 
Full  often  hath  she  gossip'd  by  my  side. 

Shak.,  \l.  X.  Ii.,  ii.  1.  124. 

.s/^'ft''/  carnations  of  rose  and  garnet  crowned  their  bed 
in  July  and  August. 

R.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  :;!». 

2f.  Particular  as  to  detail ;  over-nice  in  matters 
of  conscience  or  the  like ;  scrupulous ;  squeam- 
ish. 

Ye  sholde  been  al  pucient  and  meke, 
And  ban  a  sweete,  spiced  conscience, 
Sith  ye  so  precbe  of  .lobes  pacience. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  435. 

Take  it ;  'tis  yours ; 
Be  not  so  spiced ;  'tis  good  gold, 
And  goodness  is  no  gall  to  the  conscience. 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iii.  1. 

spiceful  (spis'ful),  a.  [<  spice1  +  -ful.]  Spice- 
laden;  spicy;  aromatic. 

The  scorching  sky 
Doth  singe  the  sandy  wilds  of  spice_M  Barbary. 

Drayton,  1'olyolbion,  v.  312. 

spice-mill  (spls'mil),  n.  A  small  hand-mill  for 
grinding  spice,  etc. :  sometimes  mounted  orna- 
mentally for  use  on  tables. 

spice-nut  (spis'nut),  ».     A  gingerbread-nut. 

spice-platet  (spis'plat),  «.  A  particular  kind 
of  plate  or  small  dish  formerly  used  for  holding 
spice  to  be  served  with  wine. 

Item,  ij.  spiceptates,  weiyng  both  iilj™  xij.  unces. 

Paston  Letters,  I.  474. 

The  spice  for  this  mixture  [hypocras]  was  served  often 
separately,  in  what  they  called  a  spice-plate. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry  (ed.  1871),  III.  277,  note. 

spicer  (spi'ser),  n.  [<  ME.  spicer,  spycer,  spy- 
cere,  spysere,  <  OF.  espicier,  F.  epicier  =  Pr.  es- 
pessier  =  Sp.  especiero  =  Pg.  especieiro,  <  ML. 
speciarius,  a  dealer  in  spices  or  groceries.  < 
LL.  species,  spice :  see  spice1,  n.]  If.  A  dealer 
in  spices,  in  the  widest  sense;  a  grocer;  an 
apothecary. 

Spiceres  spoke  with  hym  to  spien  here  ware, 
For  he  couth  of  here  craft  and  knewe  many  gommes. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  ii.  225. 

2.  One  who  seasons  with  spice. 

spicery  (spi'ser-i),  n.  [<  ME.  spicerye,  spieerie 
=  D.  speccrij  =  G.  spezerei  =  Sw.  Dan.  speceri, 

<  OF.  spieerie,  espicerie,  F.  epicerie  =  Pr.  Pg. 
especiaria  =  Sp.  especieria  =  It.  spe:ieria,  <  ML. 
speciaria,  spices,  <  LL.  species,  spice :  see  spice1, 
n.]    1.  Spices  collectively. 

Ne  how  the  fyr  was  couched  first  with  stree  [straw],  .  .  . 
And  thanne  with  greene  woode  and  spieerie. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  2077. 

And  eke  the  fayrest  Alma  mett  him  there, 
With  balme,  and  wine,  and  costly  spicery, 
To  comfort  him  in  his  infirmity. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  49. 

2f.  A  spicy  substance;  something  used  as  a 
spice. 

For  (ahlas  my  goode  Lorde),  were  not  the  cordial  of  these 
two  pretious  Spiceries,  the  corrosyue  of  care  would  quicke- 
ly  confounde  me. 

(iascoiyne,  Steele  Glas  (ed.  Arber),  Ep.  Ded.,  p.  43. 

3.  A  repository  of  spices ;  a  grocery  or  buttery ; 
a  store  of  kitchen  supplies  in  general. 

Furst  speke  with  the  pantere  or  offlcere  of  the  spicery, 
For  frutes  a-fore  mete  to  etc  them  fastyngely. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  162. 

He  had  in  the  hall-kitchen  ...  a  clerk  of  his  spicery. 
G.  Cavendish,  Cardinal  Wolsey,  I.  34. 

4.  A  spicy  quality  or  effect ;  an  aromatic  efflu- 
ence; spiciness. 

My  taste  by  her  sweet  lips  drawn  with  delight, 
My  smelling  won  with  her  breath's  spicery. 

Drayton,  Idea,  xxix.,  To  the  Senses. 

The  affluence  of  his  [Emerson's]  illustrations  diffuses 
a  flavor  of  oriental  spicery  over  his  pages. 

G .  Ripley,  in  Frothingham,  p.  266. 

spice-shop  (spis'shop),  ».    [<  ME.  spice  schope; 

<  spice  +  shop.]    A  shop  for  the  sale  of  aromatic 
substances;  formerly,  a  grocery  or  an  apothe- 
cary's shop. 

A  Spycere  schoppe  (a  Spice  schope  .  .  .\  apotheca  vel 
ipotheca.  Cath.  Ang.,  p.  355. 

spice-tree  (spis'tre),  n.  An  evergreen  tree, 
Cmbellularia  California,  of  the  Pacific  United 
States,  variously  known  as  mountain-laurel, 
California  laurel,  olice,  or  bay-tree,  and  cajeput. 
Northward  it  grows  from  70  to  90  feet  high,  and  affords  a 
hard  strong  wood  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  this 


is  used  for  some  ship  building  purposes,  and  is  the  finest 
cabinet-wood  of  its  region.  The  leaves  are  exceedingly 
acrid,  exhaling,  when  bruised,  a  pungent  effluvium  which 


spicewood  (spis'wud),  «.     Same  as  gpice-biish. 

spiciferous  (spl-sif'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  spicifer, 

ear-bearing,  <  spica,  a  spike,  ear,  +  fcrre  =  E. 


5829 

bear1.]  1.  In  bot.,  bearing  or  producing  spikes  : 
spicate;  eared. — 2.  In  ornitli.,  spurred;  hav- 
ing spurs  or  ealcars,  as  a  fowl. 

spiciform  (spi'si-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  spica,  a  point, 
spike,  ear,  4-  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  spica  or  spike. 

spicily  (spi'si-li),  arlr.  In  a  spicy  manner;  pun- 
ifcntly;  with  a  spicy  flavor. 

spiciness  (spi'si-nes),  ii.  The  quality  of  being 
ni;-y,  piquant,  or  spicy,  in  any  sense. 

Delighted  with  the  spiciness  of  tiifs  beautiful  young 
woman.  The  Century,  XXVI.  370. 

spick1!,  n.    [An  obs.  or  dial,  form  of  spike1 ;  cf. 
pick1  as  related  to  pike1.']     A  spike;  a  tenter. 
florio, 
spick-  (spik),  ii.    [Origin  obscure.]   A  titmouse. 

—  Blue  spick,  the  blue  titmouse,  1'ana  ccerideus. 
Spick3  (npik),  n.     See  spick-and-span-new. 
spick-and-span  (spik'and-span'),  a.     [Short- 
ened from  spick-and-xpan-new.]    Same  as  spick- 
and-span-new. 

From  our  poetic  store-house  we  produce 
A  couple  [of  similes]  spick  and  span,  for  present  use. 
Garrick,  quoted  in  W.  Cooke's  Memoirs  of  S.  Foote,  1. 107. 
The  Dutcli  Boer  will  not  endure  over  him  ...  a  spick- 
and-span  Dutch  Africander  from  the  Cape  Colony. 

Trollope,  South  Africa,  II.  vi. 

Beside  my  hotel  rase  a  big  spick  and-svan  church. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  178. 

spick-and-span-new  (spik'and-span'nu'),  a. 
[Also  spick-span-new;  lit.  'new  as  a  spike  and 
chip':  anemphaticformofspa«-ne«;:  seespike1, 
spoon1,  new,  and  cf.  span-new,  spick-span-new. 
Cf .  also  the  equiv.  D.  spik-splinter-nieuw, '  spick- 
spliuter-new,'  Dan.  splinter-ny,  Sw.  splitter-ny, 
'splinter-new,'  Sw.  dial,  till  splint  och  span  ny, 
'splint-and-span-new,'  G.  spalt-neu,  'splinter- 
new,'  etc.,  E.  brand-new,  etc.  A  compound  of 
four  independent  elements,  like  this,  is  very 
rare  in  E. ;  the  lit.  meaning  of  the  nouns  spick 
and  span  is  not  now  recognized,  but  the  words 
spick  and  span  are  taken  together  adverbially, 
qualifying  new,  with  which  they  form  a  com- 
pound. By  omission  of  new,  the  phrase  spick- 
and-span  is  sometimes  used  with  an  attribu- 
tive force.]  New  and  fresh ;  span-new ;  brand- 
new. 

'Xis  a  fashion  of  the  newest  edition,  spick  and  span  new, 
without  example.  Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  ii.  1. 

Among  other  Things,  Black-Friars  will  entertain  you 
with  a  Play  spick  and  span  new,  and  the  Cockpit  with  an- 
other. Bowell,  Letters,  L  iv.  2. 

spickett  (spik'et),w.  An  obsolete  form  of  spigot. 

spicknel,  spignel  (spik'nel,  spig'nel),  n.  [Ear- 
ly mod.  E.  also  spicknell,  spignell,  speknel,  spike- 
nel;  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  spike-nail,  and 
to  be  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  its 
long  capillary  leaves.]  The  baldmoney,  Mettm 
athamanticum  ;  also,  any  plant  of  the  related 
genus  Athamanta,  which  has  similar  graceful 
finely  dissected  foliage. 

spick-span-new  (spik'spau-nu'),  a.  Same  as 
spick-and-span-new. 

Look  at  the  cloaths  on  'er  back,  thebbe  ammost  spick-span- 
new.  Tennyson,  Northern  Cobbler. 

spicose  (spi'bos),  a.     [<  NL.  spicosus :  see  spi- 
cous.]    In  bot.,  same  as  spicous. 
spicosity  (spi-kos'i-ti),  ».     [<  spicose  +  -ity.] 
In  bot.,  the  state  or  condition  of  being  spicous 
or  eared. 

spicous  (spi'kus),  a.  [Also  s]>icose ;  <  NL.  spi- 
cosus, <  L.  spica,  a  spike,  ear:  see  spike1.']  In 
bot.,  having  spikes  or  ears ;  spiked  or  eared  like 
corn. 

spicula1  (spik'u-la),  «.;  pi.  spiculx  (-le).  [NL.: 
see  spicule.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  diminutive  or  secon- 
dary spike;  a  spikelet. — 2.  A  small  splinter- 
like  body;  a  spicule.— 3.  In  zool.,  a  spicule  or 
spiculum.  [Rare.] 
spicula2,  ».  Plural  of  spiculum. 
spicular  (spik'u-lar),  a.  [<  spicule  +  -or3.]  In 
zool. :  (a)  Having  the  form  or  character  of  a 
spicule;  resembling  a  spicule ;  dart-like;  spicu- 
liform;  spiculate.  (b)  Containing  or  composed 
of  spicules;  spiculous;  spiculiferous  or  spicu- 
ligenous:  as,  a  spicular  integument;  the  spicu- 
lar skeleton  of  a  sponge  or  radiolarian — Spicu- 
lar notation,  a  notation  for  logic,  invented  by  Augustus 
De  Morgan  (though  the  name  was  given  by  Sir  William 
Hamilton),  in  which  great  use  is  made  of  marks  of  paren- 
thesis. The  significations  of  the  principal  signs  are  as 
follows : 

X))Y    AllXsareYs. 

X).(Y  NoXsare  Ys. 

X(.)Y  Everything  is  either  X or  Y. 

X((Y    Some  Xs  compose  all  the  Ys. 

X  ( .  (  Y  Some  Xs  are  not  Ys. 

X()Y    Some  Xs  are  Ys. 

X )( Y    Some  things  are  neither  X  nor  Y. 

X ) . )  Y  None  of  the  Xs  are  certain  of  the  Ys. 


spicy 

spiculate  (spik'u-lat).  t,  t.-  pn-t.  iiml  pp. 
lutul,  ppr.  .•i/in'iilatiiiii.     [<  L.  xpiriiliitiis.  pp.  of 
sjiicularc,  sharpen,  <  .^lii-nliiiii,  dim.  <ii'  .^/m-»w. 
a  point:  see  xpike1.]     To  sharpen  to  a  point. 
Extend  a  rail  of  elm,  securely  arm'd 
With  xpicxliitt'd  puling. 

W.  Mason,  English  Gard.-n,  ii. 

spiculate  (spik'u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  x)>i<-i<l<iti<*,  \<\>. : 
see  the  verb.]  1.  In  :<wl.,  sharp-pointed;  sjji- 
cate. — 2.  Covered  with  or  divided  into  fine 
points.  Specifically,  in  bot. :  (a)  Covered  with  pointed 
fleshy  appendages,  as  a  surface,  (b)  Noting  a  spike  com- 
posed of  several  epikelets  crowded  tog*  iln  t 

spicule  (spik'ul),  n.  [<  L.  nj>i< •»//<«/,  NL.  also«/H- 
ntla,  f.,  a  little  sharp  point,  dim.  of  .-/<;« •«/«.  *]>i<-u. 
a  point,  spike:  see  sjiikcl.]  1.  A  fine-pointed 
body  resembling  a  needle :  as,  ice-spjcttfos. —  2. 
In  bot. :  (a)  A  spikelet.  (ft)  One  of  the  small 
projections  or  points  on  the  basidia  of  hymeno- 
mycetous  fungi  which  bear  the  spores.  There 
are  usually  four  to  each  basidium.  Seesterigma. 
— 3.  In  zool.,  a  hard,  sharp  body  like  a  liUle 
spike,  straight  or  curved,  rod-like,  or  branched, 
or  diversiform ;  a  spiculum ;  a  sclere :  variously 
applied,  without  special  reference  to  size  or 
shape.  Specifically  —  (a)  One  of  the  skeletal  elements, 
scleres,  or  spicula  of  the  protozoans,  as  radiolarians,  either 


Sfharotoum  punctatitm. 

A,  natural  size ;  f!,  two  of  the  sacs  with  coloied  vesicles  and  spicules 
which  lie  in  the  investing  protoplasm,  magnified. 

calcareous  or  silicious.  coherent  or  detached.  See  cuts 
under  Radiolaria  and  Sphteroznum.  (b)  One  of  the  spines 
of  echinoderms,  sometimes  of  utt-.tt  si?e,  and  biisiling 
over  the  surface  of  the  test,  as  in  sea-urchins  or  small, 
and  embedded  in  the  integument,  as  in  holothurians ; 
sometimes  of  singular  shape,  like  wheels,  anchors,  etc. 
?ee  cuts  under  ancorai,  Jichinometra,  Echinus,  and  fpa- 
tanffus.  (c)  In  sponges,  a  spiculum ;  one  of  the  hard  cal- 
careous or  silicious  bodies,  of  whatever  shape,  which  enter 
into  the  composition  of  the  skeleton ;  a  mineral  sclere :  a 
sponge-spicule  (which  see).  Some  pponges  mostly  consist 
of  spicules,  as  that  figured  under  Euplectella.  (d)  In  some 
worms  and  molluskB,  a  dart-like  oigau  constituting  a  kind 
of  penis;  a  spiculum  (which  see).  («)  In  entom. :  (1)  A 
minute  spine  or  spinous  process.  (2)  The  piercing  ovi- 
positor of  any  insect;  especially,  the  lancet  like  portion 
of  the  sting  of  a  parasitic  hymenopter.  See  Spicvlifera. 

spicule-sheath  (spik'ul-bheth),  n.  A  thin  layer 
of  organic  substance  forming  the  sheath  or  in- 
vestment of  a  sponge-spicule. 

Spiculifera  (spik-u-lif 'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
spiculiferotis.]  In  Westwood's  classification  of 
insects,  a  division  ofHymenoptera,  in  which  the 
abdomen  is,  in  the  female,  armed  with  a  long 
pluri valve  ovipositor,  and  thelarvte  are  footless. 
It  contains  the  ichneumons  (including  braconids),  the 
evaniids,  the  proctotrypids,  the  chalcids.  and  the  cynipids 
or  gall-flies.  It  thus  corresponds  to  the  Pvpivcra  oi  la- 
treille,  except  in  excluding  the  Chrysidida  as  TvbvHfera. 

spiculiferous  (spik-u-lif 'e-nis),  a.  [<  L.  spic«- 
luni,  a  spicule,  +  fcrre  =  E.  6eari.]  In  zool., 
having  a  spiculum  or  spicula ;  spicular  or  spicu- 
lous; specifically,  in  entom.,  having  a  piercing 
ovipositor;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Spiculifera. 
Also  spiculigerous. 

spicullform  (spik'u-li-form),  a.  [<  L.  spiculum, 
a  spicule,  +  forma,  form.]  In  bot.  and  zool., 
having  the  form  of  a  spicule ;  being  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  spicule. 

spiculigenous  (spik-u-lij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  spicu- 
lum, a  spicule,  +  -ijenus,  producing:  see  -ge- 
no«s.]  Producing  spicules;  giving  origin  to 
spicules;  spiculiferous:  as,  the  spiculigenous 
tissue  of  a  sponge. 

spiculigerous  (spik-u-lij'e-rus),  a.  [<L  spieu- 
lum,  a  spicule,  +  gerere,  carry.]  Same  as  sjiieu- 
liferoim. 

spiculose  (spik'u-los),  a.  [<  NL.  gpiculosus: 
see  spiculous.']  Same  as  spiculous. 

spiculous  (spik'u-lus),  a.  [Also  spiculose;  < 
NL.  spiculosus,  <!  L.  spiculum,  a  spicule:  see 
spicule."]  Haying  spicules;  spinulose;  spicu- 
lose  or  spiculiferous. 

spiculum  (spik'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  spicula  (-la). 
[NL.,  <  L.  spiculum,  a  little  sharp  point:  see 
spicule.']  In  zool.,  a  spicula  or  spicule.  Spe- 
cifically—(a)  In  some  worms,  a  chitinous  rod  developed 
in  the  cloaca  as  a  copulatory  organ ;  a  kind  of  penis.  (6) 
In  somemollusks.  as  snails,  the  lore-dart,  a  kino  of  penis, 
more  fully  called  spicvlum  amoris.  (c)  In  insects,  the 
piercing  non-poisonous  ovipositor  of  the  Spiculiffra. 

spicy  (spi'si),  a.  [<  sptcel  +  -01.]  1.  Produ- 
cing spice;  abounding  with  spices. 

As  ...  off  at  sea  north-east  winds  blow 

Sabeean  odours  from  the  spicy  shore 

Of  Araby  the  bless'd.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  iv.  162. 


spicy 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  spice ;  flavored  with 
spice:  fragrant;  aromatic:  as,  spicy  plants. 

The  ypict/  nut-brown  ule.  Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  100. 

I  ndrr  southern  skies  exalt  their  sails, 
Led  by  new  stais,  and  borne  by  spicy  gales  ! 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  392. 

3.  Highly  flavored ;  pungent ;  keen ;  pointed ; 
racy:  as,  a  spicy  letter  or  debate.     [Colloq.] 

Your  hint  about  letter-writing  for  the  papers  is  not  a 
bad  one.  .  .  .  Apolitical  surmise,  a  spicy  bit  of  scandal,  a 
sensation  trial,  wound  up  with  a  few  moral  reflections 
upon  how  much  better  we  do  the  same  sort  of  thing  at 
home.  Lever,  A  Bent  in  a  Cloud,  p.  f>8. 

4.  Stylish;  showy;  smart  in  appearance:  as, 
a  .i/iicy  garment ;  to  look  spicy.     [Slang.] 

"  Bless'd  if  there  isn't  Snipe  dismounting  at  the  gate ! " 
he  exclaimed  Joyfully;  "there's  a  drummer  holding  his 
nag.  What  a  spicy  chestnut  it  is ! " 

Wliilte  Melville,  White  Rose,  I.  xiii. 
=Syn.  3.  Racy,  Spicy.  See  racy. 
spider  (spl'der),  «.  [An  altered  form  of  "gpitiier, 
<.  ME.  spither,  dat.  spitfire,  <  AS.  *snither,  orig. 
*spinther,  with  formative  -ther  of  the  agent,  < 
xpiinian,  spin:  see  spin.  Cf.  spinner^,  a  spider; 
D.  spin  =  OHG.  spinnd,  MHG.  G.  spinne,  a  spi- 
der, lit.  'spinner.'  For  other  E.  names,  see 
attercop,  cop2,  toft1,  ?op3.]  1.  An  arthropod  of 
the  order  Araneee,  Araneina,  or  Araneida  (the 
old  Linnean  genus  Aranea),  of  the  class  Arachni- 
da,  of  which  there  are  many  families,  hundreds 
of  genera,  and  thousands  of  species,  found  all 
over  the  world.  Though  popularly  considered  insects, 
spiders  are  not  true  Tnsecta,  since  they  have  eight  instead 
of  only  six  legs,  normally  seven-jointed,  and  no  wings  arc 


5830 

2.  Some  other  arachnidan,  resembling  or  mis- 
taken for  a  spider;  a  spider-mite.  See  rcd- 
xjiiilc/-. —  3.  A  spider-crab ;  a  sea-spider. — 4.  A 
cooking-utensil  having  legs  or  feet  to  keep  it 
from  contact  with  the  coals:  named  from  a 
fancied  resemblance  to  the  insect — the  ordi- 
nary frying-pan  is,  however,  sometimes  errone- 
ously termed  a  spider.  (0)  A  kind  of  deep  frying-pan, 
commonly  with  three  feet. 

Some  people  like  the  sound  of  bubbling  in  a  boiling 
pot,  or  the  fizzing  of  a  trying-spider. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  10. 

Hash  was  warmed  up  in  the  spider. 

J.  T.  Trmvbridye,  Coupon  Bonds,  p.  113. 

(6)  A  trivet ;  a  low  tripod  used  to  support  a  dish,  or  the 
like,  in  front  of  a  fire. 

5.  In  much. :  (a)  A  skeleton  of  radiating  spokes, 
asarag-wheel.  (6)  The  internal  frame  or  skel- 
eton of  a  gear-wheel,  for  instance,  on  which 
a  cogged  rim  may  be  bolted,  shrunk,  or  cast, 
(c)  The  solid  interior  part  of  a  piston,  to 
which  the  packing  is  attached,  and  to  whose 
axis  the  piston-rod  is  secured.  E.  H.  Knight. 
—  6.  Naut.,  an  iron  outrigger  to  keep  a  block 
clear  of  the  ship's  side.— Geometrical  spider.  See 
geometric.—  Grass-spider,  one  of  many  different  spiders, 
as  species  of  Ayalena,  which  spin  webs  on  the  grass,  such 
as  may  be  seen  spangled  with  dew  in  the  morning  in 
meadows.— Round- web  spider, one  of  many  orbitelarian 
spiders,  as  species  of  Epeira  (see,  also,  cut  under  cross- 
TOider).— Spider  couching.  See  couching^,  5.— Trap- 
door spider.  See  Cteniza,  Stygalidtt,  trap-door,  and  cut 
under  Araneida.  (See  also  bird-spider,  crab-spider,  dicing- 
spider,  garden-spider,  house-spider,  jumpiny-spider,  sea- 
spider,  sillc-spider,  tcater-spider,  wolf-spider.) 


developed.  They  are  dimerosomatous  — that  is,  have  the  spider-ant  (spi'der-ant),  n.  A  solitary  ant  of 
body  divided  into  two  prin-  the  family  Mutillidie:  so  called  from  the  spi- 
^^IT^t^T",  der-like  aspect  of  the  females. 


thorax,  or  he^jd  and' chest     ""-"^  aspect  of  the  females, 
together,  and  the  abdomen.   Spider-band  (spl  der-band),  n.     Naut.,  an  iron 
hoop  round  a  mast  to  which  the  lower  ends  of 


which  is  generally  tumid 


Female  of  Latrixitctiis  Mactans, 

enlarged  one  quarter, 
a,  under  side  of  abdomen. 


U*  the  futtock-shrouds  are  secured;  also,  a  hoop 
antennaTare  deveioped  as  round  a  mast  provided  with  belaying-pins.  See 
such,  but  there  are  rapto-  cut  under  futtock-shrouds. 

rial  organs  called  falces,  spider-bug  (spi'der-bug),  n.  A  long-legged 
that'te  have  a^nstaM^int  "eter°pterous  insect  of  the  family  Emesidee, 
folding'  down  on  the  next  Emesa  longipes,  somewhat  resembling  a  spider, 
like  the  blade  of  a  pocket-  See  cut  under  stick-bug.  [U.  S.] 
knife.  (See  cut  under  faix.)  spider-catcher  (spi'der-kach^er),  «.  A  bird 
In  those  species  which  are  t,^t  Catche8 

spiders.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  The  wall- 
creeper,  Tichodro- 
ma  muraria.  See 
cut  under  Ticho- 
droma.  (b)  pi.  The 
genus  Arachnothe- 
ra  in  a  broad  sense, 
numerous  species 
of  which  inhabit 
the  Indo-Halayan 
region.  They  are 
small  creeper-like 
birds  with  long 
bills,  and  belong  to 
the  family  Nectari- 
ini'i:i-  Also  called 
spider-eaters  and 
spider-hunters. 

usually  eight  eyes,  sometimes  six,  rarely  four,  in  one  genus  spider-Cells   (spi' der-selz),    H.  pi.     Neuroglia 

(Nops)  only  two.     The  abdomen  is  always  distinct,  ordi-     :;„]]„ 

narily  globose,  never  segmented,  and  provided  with  two        ..  .     .     -,,,     . 

or  more  pairs  of  spinnerets.    (See  cut  under  arachnidium.)  Spluer-COb    (spl  aer-kot),    n. 

The  characteristic  habit  of  spiders  is  to  spin  webs  to  catch     weft, 
heir  prey,  or  to  make  a  nest  for  themselves,  or  for  both  spider-crab    (spi'der-krab),    H. 

by  the  arachnidium,  or  arachnidial  glands,  and  conducted 
by  ducts  to  the  several,  usually  six,  arachnidial  mammilla!, 
which  open  on  papillie  at  br  near  the  end  of  the  abdomen, 
and  through  which  the  viscid  material  is  spun  out  in  fine 
gossamer  threads.  Gossamer  or  spider-silk  serves  not  only 
to  construct  the  webs,  but  also  to  let  the  spider  drop 
speedily  from  one  place  to  another,  to  throw  a  "  flying 
bridge  "  across  an  interval,  or  even  to  enable  some  species 
to  "fly"  — that  is,  be  buoyed  up  in  the  air  and  wafted  a 


spider-stitch 

spider-flower  (spi'der-flou"er),  n.  1.  A  planl 
of  the  former  genus  I.nxitiinlra  of  I  he  Melasto- 
iiiin-cif,  now  included  in  Tilinin-liiiiti.  The  spe- 
cies are  elegant  hothouse  shrubs  from  Brazil, 
bearing  large  purple  flowers. —  2.  A  plant  of 
the  gi'ims  I'/riniK;  especially  C.  njiimtxii  (C.  /uni- 
UCHX),  a  native  of  tropical  America,  escaped 
from  gardens  in  the  southern  United  States. 
The  stipules  are  spinous,  the  flowers  large,  rose-purple  to 
white,  with  long  stamens  and  style,  suggesting  the  name. 
See  cut  under  Ulcoinr. 

spider-fly  (spi'der-fli),  n.  A  parasitic  pupipa- 
rous  dipterous  insect,  as  a  bee-louse,  bat-louse, 
bird-louse,  bat-fly,  sheep-tick,  etc.  They  are  of 
three  families,  Braulidtf,  Sycteribiuliv,  and  Iiipi>nbf>xi-ittu  . 
Some  of  them,  especially  the  wingless  forms,  as  Kycteribia, 
closely  resemble  spiders  in  superficial  appearance.  See 
cut  under  sheep-tick. 

spider-helmet  (spi'der-hel'met),  ».  A  name 
given  to  the  skeleton  head-pieces  sometimes 
worn.  See  secret,  n.,  9. 

spider-hunter  (spi'der-hun"ter),  «.  Same  as 
xjiiili:r-cutclur  (6). 

spider-legs  (spi'der-legz),  H.  pi.  In  gilding,  ir- 
regular fractures  sometimes  occurring  when 
gold-leaf  is  fitted  over  a  molding  having  deep 
depressions. 

spider-line  (spi'der-lin),  «.  One  of  the  threads 
of  a  spider's  web  substituted  for  wires  in  mi- 
crometer-scales intended  for  delicate  astro- 
nomical observations. 

The  transit  of  the  star  is  observed  over  spider  linet 
stretched  in  the  field,  while  a  second  observer  reads  the 
altitude  of  this  star  from  the  divided  circle. 

The  Century,  XXXVI.  008. 

spider-mite  (spi'der-mlt),  n.  A  parasitic  mite 
or  acarid  of  the  family  Gamasidse. 

spider-monkey  (spi'der-mung'ki),  n.  A  tropi- 
cal American  platyrrhine  monkey,  of  the  family 
Cebidse,  subfamily  Cebinee,  and  genera  Attics 
and  Brachyteles ;  a  kind  of  sajou  or  sapajou, 


'  species  which  are 
poisonous  the  falces  are 
traversed  by  the  duct  of  a 
venom-gland.  Some  spi- 
ders are  by  far  the  most 
venomous  animals  in  ex- 
istence in  proportion  to 
their  size :  that  the  bite  of 
a  spider  can  be  fatal  to  man 
(and  there  are  authentic 
instances  of  this)  implies 
a  venom  vastly  more  pow- 
erful than  that  of  the  most 
poisonous  snakes.  (See 
katipo  and  Latrodectus.)  Spiders  breathe  by  means  of 
pulmonary  sacs,  or  lung-sacs,  nearly  always  in  connection 
with  trachete  or  spiracles,  whence  they  are  called  pulmo- 
tracheal;  these  sacs  are  two  or  four  in  number,  whence  a 
division  of  spiders  into  dipneumonous  and  tetrapneumo- 
nous  araneids.  (See  Dipneumones,  2,  Tetrapneumones.) 
Most  spiders  belong  to  the  former  division.  They  have 


Spider-catcher  *,Arachnothtra  mafna}. 


bame   as  sptder- 


-u 


great  distance.  It  has  occasionally  been  woven  artificially 
into  a  textile  fabric,  and  is  a  well-known  domestic  appli- 
cation for  stanching  blood.  (See  cut  under  silk-spider.) 
Some  spiders  are  sedentary,  others  vagabond ;  the  former 
are  called  orbitelarian,  retitelarian,  tubitelarian,  i 


j  dorscttcnsis). 


— .  — ,  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  the  character  of  their  webs.     Spiders  move  by 
running  in  various  directions,  or  by  leaping ;  whence  the 
vagabond  species  have  been  described  as  rectigrade,  lateri- 
grade,  citigrade,  saltir/rade,  etc.     They  lay  numerous  eggs, 
usually  inclosed  in  a  case  or  cocoon.      The  male  is  com- 
monly much  smaller  than  the  female,  and  in  impregnating 
the  female  runs  great  risk  of  being  devoured.    The  differ- 
ence in  size  is  as  if  the  human  female  should  be  some  60  or 
70  feet  tall.    (See  cut  under  silk-spider.)     Spiders  are  car-     Oxurhuiicha 
mvorous  and  highly  predatory.    Some  of  the  largest  kinds  J 
are  able  to  kill  small  birds,  whence  the  name  bird-spiders  Spiaer-OlVer 
of  some  of  the  great  hairy  mygalids.     (See  cut  under  bird-     (spi  der-di*ver),  »(.     The  little  grebe,  or  dab- 
spider. )    A  few  are  aquatic,  as  the  water-spiders  of  the  ge-     chick.      [Local,  British.  ] 
nus  Argyroneta  (which  see,  with    cut).     Wolf-spiders  or 
tarantulas  belong  to  the  family  Lycosidse;  but  the  name 
tarantula  is  more  frequently  applied  to  the  Mygalida  (or 
TheraphosidsB).    The  common  garden-spider  or  diadem- 
spider  of  Europe  is  Epeira  diademata;  that  of  the  United 
States  is  E.  cophinaria  (or  riparia).   See  Araneida,  and  cuts 


A  spider-like 

crab,  or  sea-spider,  with  long  slender  legs  and 
comparatively 
small  triangular 
body.  The  name  is 
given  to  many  such 
crabs,  of  different 
families,  but  espe- 
cially to  the  maioids, 
or  crabs  of  the  fam- 
ily Maiidee,  such  as 
Maia  squinado,  the 
common  spinousspi- 
der-crab  of  Great 
Britain,  and  species 
of  Libinia,  Inachus, 
etc.  The  giant  Jap- 
anese spider-crab, 
Macrochira  kaemp- 
feri,  is  the  largest 
crustacean.  See  cuts 
under  Leptopodia, 
Lithodes,  Maia,  and  A  Spider-crab  (/«<><•*« 

male. 


'ter),  «.   Same  as spider- 
catclicr  (b). 

I  obtained  an  interesting  bird,  a  green  species  of  Spi- 
der-eater. H.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  233. 


.  .  , 

under  chelicera,  cross-spider,  pulmonary,  and  tarantula. 
My  brain,  more  busy  than  the  labouring  spider, 
Weaves  tedious  snares  to  trap  mine  enemies 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  Hi.  1.  338. 


spidered  (spi'derd),  «.     [<  spider  +  -ed?.]     In- 
tested  with  spiders;  cobwebbed.     [Rare.] 

Content  can  visit  the  poor  spidered  i 
Wolcot  (Peter  Pindar),  p. 


room. 
39.    (Dames.) 


A  Spider-monkey  {Ateles fanisctts). 

likened  to  a  spider  by  reason  of  the  very  long 
and  slim  limbs,  and  long  prehensile  tail.  They  are 
large  slender-bodied  monkeys  of  great  agility  and  of  arbo- 
real habits,  with  the  thumb  absent  or  imperfect.  Brachy- 
teles (or  Eriodes)  arachnoides  is  a  Brazilian  spider-monkey 
called  the  miriki.  A  teles  paniscus  is  the  large  black  spider- 
monkey,  or  coiata;  A.  melanochir  is  the  black-handed  spi- 
der-monkey; and  many  more  species  or  varieties  of  this 
genus  have  been  named.  One  of  the  spider-monkeys,  .4. 
veUerosui,  is  among  the  most  northerly  of  American  mon- 
keys, extending  into  Mexico  to  Orizaba  and  Oajaca.  The 
flesh  of  some  species  is  used  for  food,  and  the  pelts  have 
a  commercial  value.  See  also  cut  under  Eriodes. 

spider-net  (spi'der-net),  n.  Netting  by  spider- 
stitch. 

spider-orchis  (spi'der-6r"kis),  H.  A  European 
orchid,  0/iliri/s  aranifera.  It  has  an  erect  stem  from 
9  to  18  inches  high,  with  a  few  leaves  near  the  base,  and  a 
loose  spike  of  few  small  flowers  with  broad  dull-brown  lip 
and  parts  so  shaped  and  arranged  as  somewhat  to  resemble 
a  spider. 

spider-shell  (spi'der-shel),  n.  The  shell  of  a 
gastropod  of  the  family  Strombidee  and  genus 
Pteroceras;  a  scorpion-shell, having  the  outer  lip 
expanded  into  a  number  of  spines.  The  species 
inhabit  the  Indian  and  tropical  Pacific  oceans. 
See  cut  under  scorpion-shell. 

spider-Stitch  (spi'der-stich),  n.  A  stitch  in 
darned  netting  and  in  guipure,  by  which  open 
spaces  are  partly  filled  with  threads  carried  di- 
agonally and  parallel  to  each  other,  the  effect 
of  several  squares  together  being  that  of  a 
spider-web. 


spider-wasp 

spider-wasp  («pi'di-r-\vosp).  «.    Any  true  wasp 
of  the  family  PoatpiKdtB,  which  stoves  its  nrsl 


Spiderwort  (Tradescantia 
ca).    i,  the  inflorescence ;  z,  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  with  the  root. 


Spider-wasp  (Ctropales  rujivctttris).    (Cross  shows  natural  size.) 

with  spiders  for  its  young,  as  Ceropales  rufiven- 
trin  of  North  America,  which  lays  its  eggs  in 
the  mud  nests  of  Agenia.  See  cut  under  Agenia. 

spider-web  (sp'der-web),  •».  The  web  or  net 
spun  by  a  spider;  cobweb;  gossamer.  Also 
spider-oof. 

spider-wheel  (spi'der-hwel), ».  In  embroidery, 
any  circular  pat- 
tern or  unit  of  de- 
sign open  and  hav- 
ing radiating  and 
concentric  lines. 
Compare  catna- 
rine-wlieel,  4. 

spider- work  (spi'- 
der-werk),w.  Lace 
worked  by  spider- 
stitch. 

spiderwort  (spl'- 
der-wert),  «.  1.  A 
plant  of  the  genus 
Tradescautia,  espe- 
cially T.  Virginian, 
the  common  gar- 
den species.  It  is  a 
native  of  the  central 
and  southern  United 
States,  and  was  early 
introduced  into  Euro- 
pean gardens.  The  pet- 
als are  very  delicate 
and  ephemeral;  in  the 
wild  plant  they  are 
blue,  in  cultivation  va- 
riable in  color,  ofteu 
reddish-violet. 

2.  By  extension,  any  plant  of  the  order  Com- 
melinaceee;  specifically,  Commelina  ecelestis,  a 
blue-flowered  plant  from  Mexico.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  Lloydia  serotiiia,  mountain-spiderwort ;  to 
Anthericum  (Phalangimn)  LiKayo,  St.  Bernard's  lily ;  and 
to  Paradisia  (Czaclcia)  Liliastrum,  St.  Bruno's  lily — all  Old 
World  plants,  the  last  two  ornamental. 

spidery  (spi'der-i),  «.  [<.  spider  + -y1.]  Spider- 
like.  Cotgrave. 

spiet,  «.  and  n.     An  old  spelling  of  spy. 

Spiegel  (spe'gl),  n.  [Short  for  spiegeleisen.] 
Same  as  spiegeleisen.—  Spiegel-iron.  Same  as  spie- 
ffeleisen. 

spiegeleisen  (spe'gl-i"zen),  «.  [G.,  <  splegel  (< 
L.  speculum),  a  mirror,  +  eisen  =  E.  iron.~\  A 
pig-iron  containing  from  eight  to  fifteen  or 
more  per  cent,  of  manganese.  Its  fracture  often 
presents  large  well-developed  crystalline  planes.  This 
alloy,  as  well  as  ferromanganese,  an  iron  containing  still 
more  manganese  than  spiegeleisen,  is  extensively  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  steel,  and  is  a  necessary  ad- 
junct to  that  process.  Also  called  spiegel-iron. 

spiegelerz  (spe'gl-erts),  n.  [G.,  <  spiegel,  a 
mirror,  +  erz,  ore.]  Specular  ironstone :  a 
variety  of  hematite. 

spier1  (spi'er),  n.  [<  spy  +  -er1.]  One  who 
spies;  a  spy;  a  scout.  Halliwell. 

spier2,  0.    See  speer1. 

spiffy  (spif'i),  a.  [Origin  obscure.]  Spruce; 
well-dressed.  [Slang,  Eng.] 

spiflicate  (spif'li-kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spif- 
licated,  ppr.  spiflicating.  [Also  spifflicate,  smif- 
ligate;  appar.  a  made  word,  simulating  a  L. 
origin.]  1.  To  beat  severely ;  confound;  dis- 
may. Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  To  stifle; 
suffocate;  kill.  [Slang.] 

So  out  with  your  whinger  at  once, 

And  scrag  Jane  while  I  spiflicate  Johnny. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  166. 

spiflication  (spif-li-ka'shon),  «.  [<  spiflicate  + 
-inn.']  The  act  of  spiflicating,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing spiflicated ;  annihilation.  [Slang.] 


5831 

Whose  blood  he  vowed  to  drink  — the  Oriental  form  of 
threatening  xpijlicatiim.    H.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  I.  204. 

Spigelia  (spi-jiVH-ii),  «.    [NL.  (Linmi'us,  17:>7), 

named  after  Adrian  van  dcr  Npiryrl  ( \ of>8  -1  ( '<-'< ) . 
a  Belgian  physician  and  professor  of  anatomy 
at  Padua.]  A  genus  of  gamopetalous  plants, 
of  the  order  Loganiacvie  and  tribe  /.'«/»</"""•''• 
typo  of  the  subtribe  Ny "'.'/'  '"•''•  It  is  character!/.  ,1 
by  flowers  commonly  disposed  in  one-sided  spikes,  the 
corolla  with  valvate  lubes,  a  jointed  style,  and  a  two-celled 
ovary  becoming  in  fruit  a  compressed  twin  capsule  which 
is  circumscissile  above  the  cup-shaped  persistent  base. 
There  are  about  30  species,  natives  of  America  and  mostly 
tropical,  r>  extending  into  the  United  States  ;  of  these  2  are 
confined  to  Florida,  2  to  Texas,  and  1,  S.  Marilaiuliat,  the 
Maryland  pinkroot  or  worm-grass,  reaches  Pennsylvania 
and  Wisconsin.  They  are  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely 
somewhat  shrubby,  either  smooth,  downy,  or  woolly,  bear- 
ing opposite  feather-veined  or  rarely  nerved  leaves,  which 
are  connected  by  a  line  or  transverse  membrane  or  by 
stipules.  The  flowers  are  usually  red,  yellow,  or  purplish, 
and  the  many-flowered  secund  and  curving  spikes  are 
often  very  handsome.  In  5.  Anthelmia,  the  Demerara 
pinkroot,  the  flowers  are  white  and  pink,  followed  by  pur- 
ple fruit,  and  the  two  pah's  of  upper  leaves  are  crowded 
in  an  apparent  whorl.  See  pintcroot. 

Spigelian  (spi-je'li-an),  a.  [<  Spiegel  (see  Sui- 
gelia)  +  -ian,'}  In  anat.,  noting  the  lobulus 
Spigelii,  one  of  the  lobes  of  the  liver. 

spight1!,  ».    See  Speight. 

spight'-'t,  »•  and  y.  An  obsolete  erroneous  spell- 
ing of  spite. 

spignel,  n.     See  spicknel. 

spignet  (spig'net),  n.  [A  corruption  of  spike- 
nard.] The  American  spikenard,  Aralia  race- 
mosa.  See  spikenard. 

spigot  (spig'ot),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  spig- 
got,  spiggott,  spiggotte,  spygotte,  spygote,  <  ME. 
spigot,  spygot,  spygott,  speget;  obs.  or  dial,  also 
sjjif.ket, <  ME.spykket,  spykette;  appar. <  Ir. Gael. 
spiocaid,  a  spigot  (=  W.  ysbigod,  a  spigot,  spin- 
dle), dim.  of  Ir.  spice  =  W.  ysbig,  a  spike,  <  L. 
spica,  spicus,  a  point,  spike :  see  spike1.  The 
Celtic  forms  may  be  from  the  E.]  A  small  peg 
or  plug  designed  to  be  driven  into  a  gimlet-hole 
in  a  cask  through  which,  when  open,  the  con- 
tained liquor  is  drawn  off;  hence,  by  exten- 
sion, any  plug  fitting  into  a  faucet  used  for 
drawing  off  liquor. 

He  runs  down  into  the  Cellar,  and  takes  the  Spiggott.  In 
the  mean  time  all  the  Beer  runs  about  the  House. 

Selden,  Table- Talk,  p.  63. 

spigot-joint  (spig'ot-joint),  re.  A  pipe-joint 
made  by  tapering  down  the  end  of  one  piece 
and  inserting  it  into  a  correspondingly  widened 
opening  in  the  end  of  another  piece.  Also 
called  faucet-joint.  E.  H.  Knight. 

spigot-pot  (spig'ot-ppt),  n.  A  vessel  of  earthen- 
ware or  porcelain  with  a  hole  in  the  side,  near 
the  bottom,  for  the  insertion  of  a  spigot. 

spigurnelt,  ».  [ML.  spigurnellus;  origin  ob- 
scure.] In  law,  a  name  formerly  given  to  the 
sealer  of  the  writs  in  chancery. 

These  Bohuns  .  .  .  were  by  inheritance  for  a  good  while 
the  king's  spiguriutUs— that  is,  the  sealers  of  his  writs. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  312. 

spike1  (spik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  spyke ;  < 
ME.  spik  =  Icel.  spik  =  Sw.  spik,  a  spike,  =  Ir. 
spice  =  W.  ysbig,  a  spike ;  cf .  MD.  spijcker,  D. 
spijker  =  MLG.  LG.  spiker  =  OHG.  spicari,  spi- 
chdri,  spihhiri,  MHG.  spicJter,  G.  speicher-nagel, 
spieker  =  Norw.  spiker  =  Dan.  spiger  (with  add- 
ed suffix  -er) ;  of.  (with  loss  of  initial  s)  Ir.  pice, 
Gael,  pic,  W.  pig.  a  peak,  pike  (see  pike1) ;  = 
Sp.  Pg.  espiga  =  It.  spiga,  a  spike,  =  OF.  espi, 
espy,  a  pointed  ornament,  also  OF.  espi,  F.  epi, 
wheat ;  <  L. spica,  f.,  also  spicus,  m.,  and  spicum, 
neut.,  a  point,  spike,  ear  of  corn,  the  top,  tuft, 
or  head  of  a  plant  (spicus  crinalis  or  spicum  cri- 
nale,  a  hair-pin).  Hence  spicous,  spicose,  etc., 
and  ult.  spike2,  spigot,  pike1,  pick1,  etc.,  spine, 
etc.]  1.  A  sharp  point;  a  pike;  a  sharp-point- 
ed projection,  (a)  A  long  nail  or  pointed  iron  inserted 
in  something  with  the  point  outward,  as  in  chevaux-de- 
frise,  the  top  of  a  wall,  gate,  or  the  like,  as  a  defense  or  to 


spikenard 

hinder  passage.  See  cut  under  cheraitx-ile-frise.  (6)  A 
.-harp  projecting  point  on  the  sole  of  a  shoe,  to  prevent 
slipping,  as  on  ice  or  soft  wet  ground,  (c)  The  central 
boss  of  a  shield  or  buckler  when  prolonged  to  a  sharp 
point.  Siu-li  a  spike  is  sometimes  a  mere  pointed  nnibn 
and  sometimes  a  square  or  three-cornered  steel  blade 
screwed  or  bolted  into  the  boas,  (d)  In  anil.  :  (l)'llie  ani 
ler  of  a  young  deer,  when  straight  and  without  snay  »>r 
tine;  a  spike-horn.  (2)  A  young  maekerel  (i  or  7  inches 
long.  (3)  A  spine,  as  of  some  animals,  (e)  A  piece  of 
hardened  steel,  with  it  soft  point  that  can  be  eh  nched, 
used  to  plug  lip  the  vent  of  a  cannon  in  order  to  render 
it  useless  to  an  enemy. 

2.  A  large  nail  orpin,  generally  <>f  iron.    The 

forms  of  spikes,  particularly  railroiul-spikes,  are 
chisel-pointed,  and  have  a  head  or  fang  projecting  to  one 
side  to  bite  the  rail.  Spikes  are  also  made  split,  barbed, 
grooved,  and  of  other  shapes.  See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

3.  An  ear,  as  of  wheat  or  other  grain. 

Bote  yf  the  sed  that  sowen  is  in  the  sloh  sterue, 
shall  nenere  spir  springen  vp,  lie  xpilc  on  strawe  eurne. 
/'„/•«  Pto™«m(C),  xiii.  180. 

4.  In  bot.,  a  flower-cluster  or  form  of  inflores- 

cence in  which  the  flowers  are 
sessile  (or  apparently  so)  along 
an  elongated,  unbrauched  com- 
mon axis,  as  in  the  well-known 
mullen  and  plantain.  There  are 
two  modifications  of  the  spike  that  have 
received  distinct  names,  although  not 
distinguishable  by  exact  and  constant 
characters.  They  are  ftpadix  and  cat- 
kin. In  the  Equisetace/e  a  spike  is  an 
aggregation  of  sporophyls  at  the  apex 
of  a  shoot.  Compare  raceine,  and  see 
cutsunderin/ioTesee'xtf.  barley,  papyrus, 
and  Equisetacese. 

Hence  —  5.  A  sprig  of  some 
P^an*  *n  which  the  flowers  form 
a  spike  or  somewhat  spike-like 
cluster:  as,  a  spike  of  lavender. 


t  "'oSma°a°'  "sec 
fion"of  Ttrs'ho'wTng 
the  sessile  flowers, 


a 


g 


Spikes. 

a.dock-spike,  used  in  building  docks  and  piers;  #.  cut-spike,  or  large 
cut  nail ;  c,  rf.railway-spikes,  for  fastening  rails  to  sleepers ;  e,  barbed 
spike  ;  /.  barbed  and  forked  spike  ;  p.  ft,  types  of  forked  spikes,  the 
points  of  which  spread  and  become  hooked  in  the  timber  when  driven, 
thus  making  them  extremely  difficult  to  draw  out. 


The  head  of  Nardus  spreadeth  into  certaine  spites  or 
eares,  whereby  it  hath  a  twofold  use,  both  of  spike  and 
also  of  leafe ;  in  which  regard  it  is  so  famous. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xii.  12. 

Within,  a  stag-horned  sumach  grows, 
Fern-leafed,  with  spikes  of  red. 

Whittier,  The  Old  Burying-Ground. 

spike1  (spik),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  spiked,  ppr. 
spiking.  [<  spike1,  n.]  1 .  To  fasten  with  spikes 
or  long  and  large  nails :  as,  to  spike  down  the 
planks  of  a  floor  or  a  bridge. —  2.  To  set  with 
spikes;  furnish  with  spikes. — 3.  To  fix  upon  a 
spike. —  4.  To  make  sharp  at  the  end.  John- 
son.—  5.  To  plug  up  the  vent  of  with  a  spike, 
as  a  cannon.— Spiked  loosestrife.  See  loosestrife. 

spike2  (spik),  n.  [=  MD.  spijcke,  spick,  D.  spijk, 
<  OF.  spicque,  F.  spic,  lavender;  cf.  NL.  Lavan- 
dwla  Spica,  spike-lavender;  <  L.  spica,  a  spike: 
see  spike1.  Cf.  aspic?,]  Same  as  spike-lavender. 
—  Oil  Of  spike.  See  oil  of  lavender,  under  lavender?. 

spikebill  (spik'bil),  n.  1.  A  merganser,  as  the 
hooded  merganser ;  a  sawbill.  See  cut  under 
merganser.  G.  Trumbull,  1888.  [Michigan.]  — 
2.  The  great  marbled  godwit,  Limosafedoa.  G. 
Trumbull,  1888. 
[New  Jersey.] 

spike -extractor 
(splk'eks -trai- 
tor), n.  An  ap- 
paratus for  ex- 
tracting spikes, 
as  from  a  rail. 

spike-fish  (spik'- 

fish),  ;«.  A  kind  crum-.pVe'ce'hS;ke"d  over  the  rail and  sup. 
of  saiifish,  His-  ported  on  the  sleeper 4;  f.claw-lever,  with 

finnTinriiv  rimrri  a  heel  show"  '"  do"<"'  u0"?!16'  wbi'h  is 
llOpHOTtls  ttrilt/l-  passed  through  a  slot  in  the  fulcrum-piece. 

canus,  so  called 

from  the  long  sharp  snout.     See  Histiophorus, 

and  cut  under  saiifish. 

spike-grass  (spik'gras),  «.  One  of  several 
American  grasses,  having  conspicuous  flower- 
spikelets.  (a)  Diplachne  .fascicularis.  (b)  Diitichlis 
maritima  (salt-grass),  (c)  The  genus  Uniofa,  especially 
U.  paniculata  (also  called  sea  or  seaside  oats),  a  tall  coarse 
grass  with  a  dense  heavy  panicle,  growing  on  sand-hills 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  southward. 

spikehorn  (spik 'horn),  n.  1.  The  spike  of  a 
young  deer. —  2.  A  young  male  deer,  when  the 
antler  is  a  mere  spike. 

spike-lavender  (spik'lav"en-der),  n.  A  laven- 
der-plant, Larandula  Spica.  See  aspic%,  and 
oil  of  lavender  (under  lavender2). 

Spikelet(sp!k'let),K.  [<  spike1  +  -let.~\  Inbot., 
a  small  or  secondary  spike :  more  especially  ap- 
plied to  the  spiked  arrangements  of  two  or  more 
flowers  of  grasses,  subtended  by  one  or  more 
glumes,  and  variously  disposed  around  a  com- 
mon axis.  See  cuts  under  Meliccx,  oat,  orchard- 
grass,  Poa,  reed1,  1,  rye,  and  Sorghum. 

spike-nail  (spik'nal),  n.    A  spike. 

spikenard  (spik'niird),  w.  [<  ME.  spikenard, 
xpllkfnardi;  n)/yk>iard,  xpikantird,  <  OF.  spique- 
ndrd  (also  simply  espic,  sjiic)  =  Sp.  espicatuirdi, 


Spike-extractor. 
,  rail ;  b,  spike  to  he  extracted  ;  f,  ful- 


spikenard 


'dii.  t.ii>ifdiidrd<>  =  It 
narrfo,  =  Ml),         - 


Spikenard  (Nardastachys 
Jataiitanai). 


espial  iinrilo  =  Pg.  .•i/iifinui 
npiganurdo,  formerly  spii/n 
nard  =  MHO.  spicuaurde, 
ttanlespicke,  G.  sjiiclciinnl. 
<  L.  sjiicii  iiirnli,  'a  spike 
of  nard '  (ML.  also  nordux 
spi<-atus,  'spiked  nard'): 
ii.spica,  spike;  nardi,  gen. 
of  nardus, nard:  see  s/iiki  > 
and  nard.]  1.  A  plant, 
the  source  of  a  famous 
perfumed  unguent  of  the 
ancients,  now  believed  to 
be  Nardostacliys  Jataman- 
si,  closely  allied  to  vale- 
rian, found  in  the  Hima- 
layan region.  This  plant  is 
known  to  have  been  used  by  the 
Hindus  as  a  medicine  and  per- 
fume from  a  very  remote  period, 
and  is  at  present  employed 
chiefly  in  hair-washes  and  oint- 
ments. The  odor  is  heavy  and 
peculiar,  described  as  resem- 
bling that  of  a  mixture  of  vale- 
rian and  patchouli.  The  market  drug  consists  of  short 
pieces  of  the  rootstock  densely  covered  with  fibers,  the 
remains  of  leafstalks.  Also  nard. 

2.  An  aromatic  ointment  of  ancient  times,  in 
which  spikenard  was  the  characteristic  ingre- 
dient; nard.     It  was  extremely  costly. 

There  came  a  woman  having  an  alabaster  box  of  oint- 
ment of  spikenard,  very  precious,  and  she  brake  (he  box, 
and  poured  it  on  his  head.  Mark  xiv.  3. 

3.  A  name  given  to  various  fragrant  essential 
oils — American  spikenard,  a  much-branching  herba- 
ceous plant,  Aralia  racemosa,  with  a  short  thick  rootstock 
more  spicy  than  that  of  A.  nudicaulis,  the  wild  sareapa- 
rilla,  and,  like  that,  used  in  domestic  medicine  in  place  of 
true  sarsaparilla.    The  A.  nudicaulis  is  sometimes  named 
small  spikenard,  while  A.  spinosa,  the  angelica-tree,  has 
been  called  spikenard-tree.  —  Celtic  spikenard,  Valeriana 
Celtica  of  the  Alps,  Apennines,  etc. — Cretan  spikenard, 
Valeriana  Phu,  an  Asiatic  plant,  sometimes  cultivated  in 
Europe,  but  medicinally  weaker  than  the  officinal  vale- 
rian.—False  spikenard,  an  American  plant,  Smilticina 
racemosa.  somewhat  resembling  the  true  (American)  spike- 
nard.    Also  false  Solomons-seal. — Indian  spikenard, 
the  true  spikenard.  See  def.  1.— Plowman's  spikenard, 
a  European  plant,  Intua  Conyza,  BO  called  from  its  fra- 
grant root  and  from  being  confounded  with  a  plant  by 
some  writers  called  nardus  rustica  or  clown's-nard.   Prior. 
—Small  spikenard,    see  American  spikenard.— West 
Indian  spikenard,  a  fragrant  weed,  Hyptus  miaveolens, 
sometimes  cultivated  for  medicinal  use. 

spikenard-tree  (spik'nard-tre),  ».  See  Ameri- 
can spikenard,  under  spikenard. 

spikenelt,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  spicknel,  spifl- 
nel. 

spikenose  (spik'noz),  ».  The  pike-perch,  or 
wall-eyed  pike,  Stizostedion  vitreum.  See  cut 
under  pike-perch.  [Lake  Ontario.] 

spike-oil  (spik'oil), «.  [=  D.  spijkolie;  as  spike? 
+  0(7.]  The  oil  of  spike.  See  spike?,  lavender-. 
—  Spike-oil  plant,  Lavandula  Spica.  See  lavender^. 

Spike-plank  (spik'plangk),  n.  Naut.,  a  plat- 
form or  bridge  projecting  across  a  vessel  be- 
fore the  mizzenmast,  to  enable  the  ice-master 
to  cross  over  and  see  ahead,  and  so  pilot  her 
clear  of  the  ice :  used  in  arctic  voyages.  Admi- 
ral Smijtli. 

spiker  (spi'ker),  n.  In  rail-lai/ina,  a  workman 
who  drives  the  spikes 


.-.832 

It  is  characterized  by  stiilkt-cl  and  finally  ovoid-conical 
heads  with  small  flowers;  the  ray-floweis  are  fertile  or 
absent ;  the  style-branches  are  truncate  and  without  the 
appendages  common  among  related  genera :  the  achenes 
are  small,  compressed,  commonly  ciliate,  ami  without 
pappus,  or  bearing  two  or  three  very  slender  bristles. 
Over  40  species  have  been  described,  of  which  perhaps 
20  are  distinct.  They  are  mainly  natives  of  eastern  and 
tropical  America,  with  some  species  common  in  warmer 
parts  of  both  hemispheres.  Most  of  the  species  are  much- 
branched  annuals,  smooth  or  slightly  downy,  bearing 
toothed  opposite  leaves,  and  long-stalked  solitary  heads 
with  a  yellow  disk  and  yellow  or  white  rays.  S.  Acmdlo. 
of  the  East  Indies,  has  been  called  alpftabet-plnnt.  Its 
variety  oleracea  is  the  Para  cress.  Another  species,  S.  re- 
pens,  occurs  in  the  soutlwrn  United  States. 
spile1  (spil),  n.  [<  D.  spijl,  a  spile,  bar,  spar, 
=  LG.  spile,  a  bar,  stake,  club,  bean-pole  (>  G. 
spile  (obs.),  speiler,  a  skewer);  perhaps  in  part 
another  form  of  D.  spil,  a  pivot,  axis,  spindle, 
capstan,  etc.,  a  contracted  form,  =  E.  spindle: 
see  spindle.  Cf.  spilft,  gptll*.  The  Ir.  spile,  a 
wedge,  is  from  E.]  1.  A  solid  wooden  plug 
used  as  a  spigot. —  2.  A  wooden  or  metal  spout 
driven  into  a  sugar-maple  tree  to  conduct  the 
sap  or  sugar-water  to  a  pan  or  bucket  placed 
beneath  it;  a  tapping-gouge.  [U.  S.] — 3.  In 
ship-building,  a  small  wooden  pin  used  as  a  plug 
for  a  nail-hole. —  4.  A  narrow-pointed  wedge 
used  in  tubbing. —  5.  A  pile:  same  as  pile*,  3. 
spile1  (spil),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  spiled,  ppr. 
spiling.  [<s/«7«l,  ».]  1.  To  pierce  with  a  small 
hole  and  stop  the  same  with  a  plug,  spigot,  or 
the  like :  said  of  a  cask  of  liquid. 

I  had  them  [casks]  spilnl  underneath,  and,  constantly 
running  off  the  wine  from  them,  filled  them  up  afresh. 
Mamjat,  Pacha  of  many  Tales,  Greek  Slave. 


. 
spike-rush  (spik'rush), 


See  Eleochuris. 
A  pteropod  of  the 


,    . 
Spike-shell  (spik'shel),  «. 

genus  Sit/Kola. 
spike-tackle  (spik'tak'l),  n.     A  tackle  serving 

to  hold  a  whale's  carcass  alongside  the  ship 

during  flensing. 
spiketail   (spik'tal),   ».      Same  as  pintail,  1. 

[Illinois.] 
spike-tailed  (spik'tald),  a.     Having  a  spiked 

tail.  —  Spike-tailed  grouse,  the   sharp-tailed,   sprig- 

tailed,  or  pin-tailed  grouse,  Pediaecetes  phasianellus  or 

eolumbianus.    See  cut  under  Pediaecetei. 
spike-team  (spik'tem),  n.    A  team  consisting 

of  three  horses  or  other  draft-animals,  two  of 

which  are  at  the  pole  while  the  third  leads. 
spiky  (spi'ki),  a.     [<  spike*  +  -y*.~]     1.  Having 

the  shape  of  a  spike  ;  having  a  sharp  point  or 

points;  spike-like.     [Bare.] 

Ranks  of  spiky  maize 
Hose  like  a  host  embattled. 

Bryant,  The  Fountain. 

2.  Set  with  spikes;  covered  with  spikes. 
The  spiky  wheels  through  heaps  of  carnage  tore. 

Pope.  Iliad,  xx.  588. 

spilt,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  spilt*. 
Spilanthes  (spl-lan'thez),  n.  [NL.  (Jacquiii, 
1763),  said  to  be  so  called  in  allusion  to  the 
brown  disk  surrounded  by  yellow  rays  in  the 
original  species;  <  Gr.  airifof,  spot,  +  avBof, 
flower.]  A  genus  of  composite  plants,  of  the 
tribe  Helianthoideie  and  subtribe  Verbesineie. 


spiller 

He  lookt  upon  the  blood  spilt.  wlu-tliiT  ul  subjects  or 
of  Rebels,  with  an  indifferent  eye,  as  exhausted  out  of  bis 
own  veines.  Hilton,  l.ikonnklastes.  xii. 

5.  To  suffer  to  fall  or  run  out  accidentally  and 
wastefully,  and  not  as  by  pouring:  said  of  fluids 
or  of  substances  in  tine  grains  or  powder,  such 
as  Hour  or  sand:  as,  to  spill  wine;  to  spill  salt. 

Their  arguments  are  as  fluxive  as  liqnor  xjrflt  upon  a 
table.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

6f.  To  let  out ;  let  leak  out ;  divulge :  said  of 
matters  concealed. 

Although  it  be  a  shame  to  spill  it,  I  will  not  leaue  to 
say  .  .  .  that,  if  there  happened  any  kinseman  or  friend 
to  visit  him.  he  was  driuen  to  seek  lodging  at  his  neigh- 
bours, or  to  borrowe  all  that  was  necessarie. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  llellowes,  1577),  1.  257. 

7.  Saitt.,  to  discharge  the  wind  from,  as  from 
the  belly  of  a  sail,  iu  order  to  furl  or  reef  it. — 

8.  To  throw,  as  from  the  saddle  or  a  vehicle : 
overthrow.    [Colloq.]  =  8yn. 5.  Splash, etc.  Heeslopi. 

II.  inti-diix.  If.  To  kill;  slay;  destroy: 
spread  ruin. 

He  schall  tpyll  on  euery  syde; 
Ffor  any  cas  that  may  betyde, 

Schall  non  therof  avanse. 
The  tlom  of  King  Arthur  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  24). 

2f.  To  come  to  ruin  or  destruction;  perish;  die. 
The  pore,  for  faute  late  them  not  ..•/•/,//.. 
And  jje  do,  sour  deth  is  dyght. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  95. 
For  deerne  love  of  thee,  lemman,  I  spille. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1. 92. 

3t.  To  be  wasteful  or  prodigal. 

Thy  father  bids  thee  spare,  and  chides  for  epOliny. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

4.  To  run  out  and  become  shed  or  wasted. 

He  was  so  topfull  of  himself  that  he  let  it  spill  on  all 
the  company.  Watts. 

spill1  (spil),  H.    [<  spill*,  r.]    1 .  A  throw  or  fall, 
as  from  a  saddle  or  a  vehicle.     [Colloq.] 
First  a  shiver,  and  then  a  thrill, 
Then  something  decidedly  like  a  spill, 
And  the  parson  was  sitting  upon  a  rock. 

0.  JF.  Holmes,  The  Deacon's  Masterpiece. 

2.  A  downpour;  a  flood.     [Colloq.] 

Soon  the  rain  left  off  for  a  moment,  gathering  itself  to- 
gether again  for  another  spill. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXX  VIII.  87. 

(spi'ling),,,.     [Verbal In.  of  spile*,  r.]  spill2  (spil)  „.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  *pi7,sptffe;  < 
s:    nilmo-:  fts.  thn  *«,/,»«  m,,Rt  hp  „..     ME.*]>.7/e,' a  var.  of  q>e«4,  q.  v.  In  some  senses. 

as  def.  4,  prob.  confused  with  spile1,  <  D.  spijl, 
a  bar,  stake,  etc.,  also  (in  def.  5)  with  D.  spil,  > 
G.  spille,  a  pin,  pivot,  spindle:  see  sj>ile*.]  If. 
A  splinter;  a  chip. 

What  [boots  it  thee]  to  reserve  their  relics  many  years, 
Their  silver  spurs,  or  spils  of  broken  spears  1 

Bp.  a  all,  Satires,  IV.  ill.  16. 

2f.  A  little  bar  or  pin ;  a  peg. 

The  Ostyers  (besides  gathering  by  hand,  at  a  great  ebb) 
haue  a  peculiar  dredge,  which  is  a  thick  strong  net,  fastned 
to  three  spils  of  yron,  and  drawne  at  the  boates  sterne. 

B.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  fol.  31. 

3.  A  slip  or  strip  of  wood  or  paper  meant  for 
use  as  a  lamplighter.    Paperspillsaremadeof  strips 
of  paper  rolled  spirally  in  a  long  tapering  form  or  folded 
lengthwise.    Thin  strips  of  dry  wood  are  also  used  as 
spills. 

what  she  piqued  herself  upon,  as  arts  in  which  she  ex- 
iled, was  making  candle-lighters,  or  spills  (as  she  pre- 
ferred calling  them),  of  colored  paper,  cut  so  as  to  resem- 
ble feathers,  and  knitting  garters  in  a  variety  of  dainty 
stitches.  Mrs.  Gaslcell,  Cranford,  xiv. 

4.  A  small  peg  or  pin  for  stopping  a  cask ;  a 
spile :  as,  a  vent-hole  stopped  with  a  spill. — 

5.  The  spindle  of  a  spinning-wheel.    Halliicell. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  — 6f.  A  trifling  sum  of  money ;  a 
small  fee. 

The  bishops  who  consecrated  the  ground  were  wont  to 
have  a  spill  or  sportule  from  the  credulous  Inity. 

Aylife,  Parergon. 

Spill2t  (spil),  r.  t.  [<  spilP,  ».]  To  inlay,  di- 
versify, or  piece  out  with  spills,  splinters,  or 
chips;  cover  with  small  patches  resembling 
spills.  In  the  quotation  it  denotes  inlaying 
with  small  pieces  of  ivory. 

All  the  pillours  of  the  one  [temple]  were  guilt, 
And  all  the  others  pavement  were  with  yvory  spilt. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  x.  5. 

Spillan,  spillar  (spil'an,  -iir),  n.  Same  as  spill- 
er^. 

spill-case  (spil'kas),  n.  A  small  ornamental 
vase  meant  for  the  decoration  of  a  mantel- 


2.  To  set  with  piles  or  piling. 
spile2t,  v.     [ME.  spilen,  <  Icel.  spila  =  G.  spielen, 

play,  =  AS.  spelian,  take  a  part:  see  spelfi.] 

To  play. 

spile3  (spil),  /•.     A  dialectal  form  of  spoil. 
spile-borer  (spil'b6r"er),  n.     A  form  of  auger- 
bit  for  boring  out  stuff  for  spiles  or  spigots. 

It  tapers  the  ends  of  the  spiles  by  means  of  an  obliquely 

set  knife  on  the  shank.    E.  H.  Knight. 
spile-hole  (spil'hol),  n.    A  small  aperture  made 

in  a  cask,  usually  near  the  bung-hole,  for  the  ad- 
mission of  air,  to  cause  the  liquor  to  flow  freely, 
spilikin,  n.     See  spillikin. 
spiling  (spi'ling),  «.     [V« 

1.  Piles;    piling:  as,  the  spiling  must  be  re 

newed. — 2.  The  edge-curve  of  a  plank  or  strake. 

— 3.  ;>/.  In  snip-building,  the  dimensions  of  the 

curve  or  sny  of  a  plank's  edge,  commonly- 
measured  by  means  of  a  batten  fastened  for 

the  purpose  on  the  timbers, 
spilite  (spi'lit ),  ».    [<  Gr.  CTTrttof,  a  spot,  +  -ite2.'] 

A  variety  of  diabase  distinguished  by  its  amyg- 

daloidal   structure,   the   cavities  being    most 

frequently  filled  with  calcite.  Also  called  amyg- 

daloidal  diabase,  and  by  a  variety  of  other  names. 

See  diabase  and  melapliyre. 
spill1  (spil),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  spilled  or  spilt,  ppr. 

spilling.     [<  ME.  spillen,  spylten  (pret.  spildi;, 

pp.  spilled,  spilt),  <  AS.  spillan,  an  assimilated 

form  of  spildan,  destroy  (for-spildtin,  destroy 

utterly),  =  OS.  spildjan,  destroy,  kill,  =  D.  gpi'l- 

len  =  MLG.  spilden,  spillen,  LG.  spillen,  waste, 

snfin()    _  OHG    mOAam    wnstp  w  nat  she  piqued  herself  upon,  as  arts  in  which  she  ex- 

ipena,  iu.  gpiiaan,  waste,  spend,  =  leel.     celled   Wa8  n,Mnlf  candle-lighters,  or  sj*««  (as  she  pre- 

spilla,  destroy.  =  Sw.  sptlla  =  Dan.  spilde,  lose,     ' — '  --•••-•-  -----  —  --.-?..  — 

spill,  waste ;  of.  AS.  gpild,  destruction ;  perhaps 

connected  with  spald*,  split,  speld,  splinter, 

etc.:  see  spald*,  spilP,  spell*.]   I.  trans.  If.  To 

destroy;  kill;  slay. 

To  saven  whom  him  list,  or  elles  spille. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1. 1917. 

I  have  conceived  that  hope  of  your  goodnes  that  ye  wold 
rather  my  person  to  bee  saved  then  spilled;  rather  to  be 
reformed  then  destroyed. 

Udall,  in  Ellla's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  4. 

2f.  To  injure;  mar;  spoil;  ruin. 

Who-so  spareth  the  sprynge  [rod]  spUleth  his  children. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  41. 
So  full  of  artless  jealousy  is  guilt. 
It  spills  itself  in  fearing  to  be  spat. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  5.  20. 

O  what  needs  I  toil  day  and  night, 
My  fair  body  to  spill. 

Lord  Randal  (A)  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  23). 
3t.  To  waste ;  squander ;  spend. 

This  holde  I  for  a  verray  nycetee 
To  xjtill,-  labour  for  to  kepe  wyves. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  49. 
To  thy  mastir  be  trew  his  goodes  that  thow  not  spille. 
Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  120. 


piece,  etc.,  and  to  hold  spills  or  lamplighters. 
[Eng.l 

We  give,  and  we  are  not  the  more  accepted,  because  he  Spill-channel  (spil'chan"el),   H.     A   bayou    or 
beholdeth  how  unwisely  we  «pt«our  gifts  in  the  bringing,     overflow-channel  communicating  with  a  river  • 
Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  79.     U8ed  in  Illd1a_    gee  spiU-gtream.    Hunter,  Ste- 
4.  To  suffer  or  cause  to  flow  out  or  become     tistics  of  Bengal. 

lost;  shed:  used  especially  of  blood,  as  in  wil-  spiller1  (spil'er),  ».    [<  spill*  +  -er*.]    One  who 
ful  killing.  Bpins  or  sheds:  as,  a  spiller  of  blood. 


spiller 

Spiller-  (spil'er),  ».  [Also  spillnr,  K 
spillaii,  spillet;  origin  obscure.]  1.  A  trawl- 
line;  abultow.  [West  of  Ireland.]— 2.  In  the 
mackerel-fishery,  a  seine  inserted  into  a  larger 
seine  to  take  out  the  fish,  us  over  :i  rocky  bot- 
tom where  the  larger  seine  cannot  be  hauled 
ashore.  [Nova  Scotia.] 

spillet  (spil'et),  H.     Same  as  spilln^. 

spillet-flshing  (spil'et-flsh'ing),  «.  Same  as 
spilliard-Jlshing. 

spill-goodt  (spil'gud),  n.  [<  spiin,  r.,  +  obj. 
I/HIH!.]  A  spendthrift.  Minshev. 

spilliard  (spU'yftrd),  n.  Same  as  spilli-r-. 
[West  of  Ireland".] 

spilliard-fishing  (spil'ygrd-flsh'ing),  n.  Fish- 
1115;  with  a  trawl-Hue. 

spillikin  (spil'i-kin),  «.  [Also  spillikeii,  spilikin 
(and  in  pi.  Kpcllicans,  speHeans)',  <  MD.  sjx'llr- 
/.•<  a,  a  little  pin,  <  spcUe,  a  pin,  splinter,  +  dim. 
-km:  see  spill'-,  xpcll*.  and  -kin.']  1.  A  long 
splinter  of  wood,  bone,  ivory,  or  the  like,  such  as 
is  used  in  playing  some  games,  as  jackstraws. 

The  kitchen  fire-irons  were  in  exactly  the  same  position 
against  the  back  door  as  when  Martha  and  T  had  skillfully 
piled  them  up  like  ipUKtiiw,  ready  to  fall  with  an  awful 
clatter  if  only  a  cat  had  touched  the  outside  panels. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Cranford,  x. 

2.  pi.  A  game  played  with  such  pegs,  pins,  or 
splinters,  as  push-pin  or  jackstraws. — 3.  A 
small  peg  used  in  keeping  count  in  some  games, 
as  cribbage. 

spilling-line  (spil'ing-lin),  n.  Xaut.,  a  rope 
occasionally  fitted  to  a  square  sail  in  stormy 
weather,  so"  as  to  spill  the  sail,  in  order  that  it 
may  be  reefed  or  furled  more  easily. 

Reef-tackles  were  rove  to  the  courses,  and  tpttling-line* 
to  the  topsails.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast, p.  34T. 

spill-stream  (spil'strem),  «.  In  India,  a  stream 
Formed  by  the  overflow  of  water  from  a  river ; 
a  bayou.  See  spill-channel. 

The  Bhaglrathi,  although  for  centuries  a  mere  spill- 
itream  from  the  parent  Ganges,  is  still  called  the  Gauges 
by  the  villagers  along  its  course. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XXIII.  43. 

spill-timet  (spil'tim),  n.  [ME.  spille-tyme;  < 
spill1,  v.,+  obj.  time.]  A  waster  of  time ;  a  time- 
killer;  an  idler. 

A  spendour  that  spende  mot  other  a  spille-ti/me, 
Other  beggest  thy  bylyue  a-boute  at  menne  hacches. 
Piers  Plowman  (C\  vi.  28. 

spill-trough  (spil'trof),  ».  In  brass-founding, 
a  trough  against  which  the  inclined  flask  rests 
while  the  metal  is  poured  from  the  crucible, 
and  which  catches  metal  that  may  be  spilled. 

spillway  (spil'wa),  n.  A  passage  for  surplus 
water  from  a  dam. 

In  wet  weather  the  water  in  the  two  reservoirs  flows 
away  through  the  spillways  or  waste  weirs  beside  the 
dams,  and  runs  down  the  river  into  Croton  Lake. 

The  Century,  XXXIX.  207. 

Spilochalcis  (spi-lo-kal'sis),  n.  [NL.  (Thom- 
son, 1875),  <  Gr.  am'Aof,  a  spot,  speck,  +  NL. 
Chalcis:  see  ChoMt1.]  A  genus  of  parasitic 
hymenopterous  insects,  of  the  family  Chalcidi- 
dse,  containing  some  of  the  largest  species.  The 
hind  thighs  are  greatly  enlarged,  the  abdomen  has  a  long 
petiole,  the  thorax  is  maculate,  and  the  middle  tibise  have 
spurs.  The  genus  is  very  widely  distributed,  and  the  spe- 
cies destroy  many  kinds  of  insects.  Some  of  the  smaller 


5833 


[NL.  (G.  R.  Gray, 
+  bpvtf,  a  bird.]     A 


Little  Striped  Skunk  (..Sfitogalf  putorius 

Spilornis  (spi-lor'nis),  ». 
1840),  <  Gr.  oTn'/.of,  a  spot, 
genus  of  large  spotted  and  crested  hawks,  of  the 
family  Falconidse,  having  the  tarsi  bare  below, 
the  nostrils  oval  and  perpendicular,  and  the 
crest-feathers  rounded.  There  are  several  species 
of  India,  and  thence  through  the  Indo-Malayan  region  to 
Celebes  and  the  Sulu  and  Philippine  Islands.  The  best- 


Spilochalcis  martet,  female.    (Cross  shows  natural  size.) 

ones  are  secondary  parasites.  5.  marise  is  a  common  para- 
site of  the  large  native  American  silkworms,  such  as  the 
polyphemus  and  cecropia. 

Spilogale  (spi-log'a-le),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oiri'Aof, 
a  spot,  +  yal.fi,  contr.  of  yaUri,  a  weasel.]  A 
genus  of  American  skunks,  differing  from  Me- 
phitis in  certain  cranial  characters.  The  skull  is 
depressed,  with  highly  arched  zygomata,  well-developed 
postorbital  and  slight  mastoid  processes,  and  peculiarly 
nullous  periotic  region.  S.  putorius,  formerly  Mephitis 
tricolor,  is  the  little  striped  or  spotted  skunk  of  the  United 
States.  It  is  black  or  blackish,  with  numerous  white 
stripes  and  spots  in  endless  diversity  of  detail.  The  length 
is  scarcely  12  Inches  without  the  tail,  which  is  shorter 
than  the  rest  of  the  animal.  The  genus  was  named  by 
J.  E.  Gray  in  1865.  See  cut  in  next  column. 


Crested  Serpent-eagle,  or  Cheela  (Sfttornis  cheela). 

known  is  the  cheela,  S.  cheela,  of  India.  The  bacha,  S. 
bacha,  inhabits  Java,  Sumatra,  and  Malacca ;  S  pallidus 
is  found  in  Borneo,  S.  ruflpectus  in  Celebes,  S.  sulxnsis  in 
the  Sulu  Islands,  and  S.  holospttus  in  the  Philippines. 

spilosite  (spil'p-sit),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  o-m'/iof, 
a  spot,  +  -ite2.]  A  name  given  by  Zineken 
to  a  rock  occurring  in  the  Harz,  near  the  bor- 
ders of  the  granitic  mass  of  the  Ramberg,  ap- 
parently the  result  of  contact  metamorphism 
of  the  slate  in  the  vicinity  of  granite  or  dia- 
base. The  most  prominent  visible  feature  of  this  change 
in  the  slate  is  the  occurrence  of  spots ;  hence  the  rock 
has  been  called  by  the  Germans  Fleclcenschiefer,  while 
rocks  of  a  similar  origin,  but  striped  instead  of  spotted, 
are  known  aa  Bandschiefer.  Similar  phenomena  of  con- 
tact metamorphism  have  been  observed  in  other  regions 
and  described  by  various  authors,  and  such  altered  states 
are  called  by  English  geologists  spotted  schists,  chiastolite 
schists,  andalusite  schists,  etc. 

Spilotes  (spl-16'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Wagler,  1830), 
as  if  <  Gr.  "o-m/kirtfr,  <  air&ovv,  stain,  <  cni?j>f,  a 
spot.]  A  genus  of  colubrine  serpents,  having 
smooth  equal  teeth,  one  median  dorsal  row  of 
scales,  internasals  not  confluent  with  nasals, 
two  prefrontals,  two  nasals,  one  preocular,  the 
rostral  not  produced,  and  the  anal  scute  entire. 
S.  covperi  is  a  large  harmless  snake  of  the  South  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  States,  sometimes  6  or  8  feet  long,  of  a  black  color 
shading  into  yellow  below,  and  known  as  the  indigo-  or 
gopher-snake.  This  genus  was  called  Georgia  by  Baird 
and  Girard  in  1853. 

spilt  (spilt).  A  preterit  and  past  participle  of 
spill1. 

spiltert  (spil'ter),  TO.     Same  as  speller3. 

spilth  (spilth),  n.  [<  spiU1  +  -thS.  Cf.  tilth.} 
That  which  is  spilled;  that  which  is  poured 
out  lavishly. 

Our  vaults  have  wept 
With  drunken  spilth  of  wine. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  ii.  2.  169. 
Burned  like  a  spilth  of  light 
Out  of  the  crashing  of  a  myriad  stars. 

Browning,  Bordello. 

spilus  (spi'lus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  omTof,  a  spot, 
blemish.]  1.  PI.  spilt  (-li).  In  anat.  &nApa- 
thol.,  a  spot  or  discoloration ;  a  neevus  or  birth- 
mark.— 2.  [cap.]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  elaterid 
beetles,  confined  to  South  America.  Candeze, 
1859. 

spin  (spin),  v.;  pret.  spun  (formerly  also  span), 
pp.  spun,  ppr.  spinning.  [<  ME.  spiiuien,  spynnen 
(pret.  span,  pi.  sponne,  pp.  sponnen),  <  AS.  spin- 
aim  (pret.  spann,  pp.  spiiniien)  =  D.  spinnen  = 
MLG.  LG.  gpinnen  =  OHG.  spinnan,  MHG.  G. 
spinnen  =  Icel.  Sw.  spinna  =  Dan.  spinde  = 
Goth,  spinnan,  spin ;  prob.  related  to  span  (AS. 
spannan,  etc.),  <  Teut.  -^  span,  draw  out:  see 
span1.  Hence  ult.  spinner,  spindle,  spinster,  spi- 
der.] I.  trans.  1.  To  draw  out  and  twist  into 


spin 

tlm-iuls.  either  by  the  hand  nr  by  min-liincry  : 
as.  to  spin  wool,  cotton,  or  llax. 

All  the  yarn  she  [Penelope] «;«//  in  i  lym  I'rtaance  ili.i 
but  till  Ithaca  full  of  ninths.  Sha/r.,  Cor.,  i.  ::.  !>:;. 

For  plain  truths  lose  much  of  their  weight  when  they 
are  rarify'd  into  snlitilties,  anil  their  slreuclh  is  inipain  .1 
when  they  are  Hfttin  intntoo  line  a  thread. 

StOllngflut,  Sermons,  I.  iv. 

The  number  of  strands  of  gut  spun  into  a  cord  varies 
«  itli  the  thickness  of  catgut  required. 

H'/,rk*ln>p  Receipt!,  2d  ser.,  p.  32U. 

2.  To  make,  fabricate,  or  form  by  drawing  out 
and  twisting  the  materials  of:   as,  to  spin  a 
thread  or  a  web;  to  spin  glass. 

(I  fatal  sustren!  which,  er  any  cloth 
.Me  shapeu  was,  my  desteyne  me  tponne. 

•rr,  Troilus,  iii.  734. 

She,  them  saluting,  there  by  them  sate  still, 
Beholding  how  the  thrids  of  life  they  */.««. 

Spenser,  If.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  49. 

What  Spinster  Witch  could  spin  such  Thread 

He  nothing  knew.     Conyrere,  An  Impossible  Thing. 

There  is  a  Wheel  that's  turn'd  by  Humane  power,  which 
Spins  Ten  Thousand  Yards  of  Glass  in  less  than  half  an 
hour.  Advertisement  quoted  in  Axtitvn'*  Social  Life 

[in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  290. 

3.  To  form  by  the  extrusion  in  long  slender 
filaments  or  threads  of  viscous  matter  which 
hardens  in  air:  said  of  the  spider,  the  silkworm, 
and  other  insects:  as,  to  spin  silk  or  gossamer; 
to  spin  a  web  or  cocoon. — 4.  Figuratively,  to 
fabricate  or  produce  in  a  manner  analogous  to 
the  drawing  out  and  twisting  of  wool  or  flax 
into  threads,  or  to  the  processes  of  the  spider 
or  the  silkworm:  sometimes  with  out. 

When  they  [letters]  are  spun  out  of  nothing,  they  are 
nothing,  or  but  apparitions  and  ghosts,  with  such  hollow 
sounds  as  he  that  hears  them  knows  not  what  they  said. 
Donne,  Letters,  xlvii. 

Those  accidents  of  time  and  place  which  obliged  Greece 
to  spin  most  of  her  speculations,  like  a  spider,  out  of  her 
own  bowels.  De  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

5.  To  whirl  rapidly ;  cause  to  turn  rapidly  on 
its  own  axis  by  twirling:  as,  to  spin  a  top;  to 
spin  a  coin  on  a  table. 

If  the  ball  were  spun  like  a  top  by  the  two  fingers  and 
thumb,  it  would  turn  in  the  way  indicated  by  the  arrow  in 
the  diagram.  St.  Nicholas,  XVII.  826. 

6.  To  fish  with  a  swivel  or  spoon-bait :  as,  to 
spin  the  upper  pool. —  7.  In  sheet-metal  icorl; 
to  form  in  a  lathe,  as  a  disk  of  sheet-metal, 
into  a  globe,  cup,  vase,  or  like  form.    The  disk 
is  fitted  to  the  live  spindle,  and  is  pressed  and  bent  by 
tools  of  various  forms.  The  process  is  peculiarly  suitable 
to  plated  ware,  as  the  thin  coating  of  silver  is  not  broken 
or  disturbed  by  it.    Called  in  French  repoussi  sur  tcur. 
8.  To  reject  at  an  examination;  "send  spin- 
ning."   [Slang.] 

"  When  must  you  go,  Jerry  ?  "  "Are  you  to  join  direct- 
ly, or  will  they  give  you  leave 5"  "Don't  yon  funk  being 
spun?"  "Is  it  a  good  regiment?  How  jolly  to  dine  at 
mess  every  day !"  Whyte  Melville,  White  Rose,  I.  x. 

Spun  glass,  Silk.  See  the  nouns.—  Spun  gold,  gold 
thread  prepared  for  weaving  in  any  manner;  especially, 
that  prepared  by  winding  a  very  thin  and  narrow  flat  rib- 
bon of  gold  around  a  thread  of  some  other  material. —  Spun 
silver,  silver  thread  for  weaving.  Compare  spun  gold,— 
Spun  yarn  (naut.\  a  line  or  cord  formed  of  rope-yarns 
twisted!  together,  used  for  serving  ropes,  bending  sails, 
etc.— To  spin  a  yarn,  to  tell  a  long  story :  originally  a  sea- 
men's phrase.  [Colloq.]— To  spin  hay  (milit.\  to  twist 
hay  into  ropes  for  convenient  carriage.— To  spin  Out,  to 
draw  out  tediously ;  prolong  by  discussion,  delays,  wordi- 
ness, or  the  like ;  protract :  as,  to  spin  out  the  proceedings 
beyond  all  patience. 

By  one  delay  after  another,  they  spin  out  their  whole 
lives.  Sir  It.  L'Estrange. 

Do  you  mean  that  the  story  is  tediously  spun  out? 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

He  endeavoured,  however,  to  gain  further  time  by  spin- 
ning out  the  negotiation.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  13. 

To  spin  street- yarn,  to  gad  abroad ;  spend  much  time 
in  the  streets.  [Slang.  New  Eng.] 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  threads  by  drawing 
out  and  twisting  the  fiber  of  wool,  cotton,  flax, 
and  the  like,  especially  with  the  distaff  and 
spindle,  with  the  spinning-wheel,  or  with  spin- 
ning-machinery. 

Deceite,  wepyng,  spynnyng,  God  hath  yeve 

To  wommen  kyndely. 

Chaucer,  Pro),  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  401. 

When  Adam  dalve,  and  Eve  span, 
Who  was  then  a  gentleman? 

Bp.  Pilkingtcn,  Works  (Parker  Soc.),  p.  126. 

2.  To  form  threads  out  of  a  viscous  fluid,  as  a 
spider  or  silkworm.— 3.  To  revolve  rapidly; 
whirl,  as  a  top  or  a  spindle. 

Let  the  great  world  spin  for  ever  down  the  ringing  grooves 
of  change.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

4.  To  issue  in  a  thread  or  small  stream ;  spirt. 

Make  incision  in  their  hides, 
That  their  hot  blood  may  spin  in  English  eyes. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  2. 10. 


spin 

The  sharp  streams  (if  milk  spun  and  foamed  into  the 
pail  below.  It.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  B4. 

5.  To  no  or  move  rapidly;  go  fast:  as,  to  xpilt 
along  the  road.     [Colloq.] 

While  it  [money]  lasts,  make  it  spin. 

1C.  Collins,  Hide  and  Seek,  ii.  4. 

The  locomotive  spins  along  no  less  merrily  because  ten 
carloads  of  rascals  may  be  profiting  by  its  speed. 

S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  3. 

6.  To  use  a  spinner  or  spinning-spoon ;  troll: 
as,  to  spin  for  trout. —  7.  To  be  made  to  re- 
volve, as  a  minnow  on  the  trolling-spoou.    The 
minnow  is  fastened  on  a  gang  of  small  hooks  that  are 
thrust  into  its  back  and  sides  to  so  bend  it  that  it  may 
turn  round  and  round  when  dragged  through  the  water. 
—  Spinning  dervish.    See  dervish. 

spin  (spin),  n.  [<  spin,  r.]  1 .  A  rapid  revolv- 
ing or  whirling  motion,  as  that  of  a  top  on  its 
axis  ;  a  rapid  twirl :  as,  to  give  a  coin  a  spin. 

She  found  Nicholas  busily  engaged  in  making  a  penny 
spin  on  the  dresser,  for  the  amusement  of  three  little 
children.  .  .  .  He,  as  well  as  they,  was  smiling  at  a  good 
long  spin.  Mrs.  Oaskell,  North  and  South,  \  \  \  i  \. 

2.  A  continued  rapid  motion  or  action  of  any 
kind ;  a  spirited  dash  or  run ;  a  single  effort  of 
highspeed,  as  in  running  a  race;  a  spurt.  [Col- 
loq.]—  3.  In  math.,  a  rotation-velocity  consid- 
ered as  represented  by  a  line,  the  axis  of  rota- 
tion, and  a  length  marked  upon  that  line  pro- 
portional to  the  number  of  turns  per  unit  of 
time.  W.  K.  Clifford. 

spina  (spl'nii),  n.;  pi.  sjrinse  (-ne).  [<  L.  spina,  a 
thorn,  prickle,  the  backbone :  see  spine."]  1.  In 
zool.&n&anat. :  (a)  A  spine,  in  any  sense.  (6)  The 
spine,  or  spinal  column;  the  backbone:  more 
fully  called  spina  dorsalis  or  spina  dorsi,  also 
columna  spinalis. —  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In  ornith., 
a  genus  of  fringilline  birds,  the  type  of  which  is 
S.  lesbia  of  southern  Europe.  Kaup,  1829.  Also 
called  Buscarla.  See  Spinus. —  3.  In  Bom.  an- 
tiq.,  a  barrier  dividing  the  hippodrome  longi- 
tudinally, about  which  the  racers  turned. — 4. 
One  of  the  quills  of  a  spinet  or  similar  instru- 
ment— Erector  spina,  multifldus  spinae,  rotatores 
spinse.  See  erector,  muttifldus,  rotator.— Spina  angu- 
laris.  See  spine  of  the  sphenoid,  under  spine.  —  Spina 
bifida,  a  congenital  gap  in  the  posterior  wall  of  the  spi- 
nal canal,  through  which  protrudes  a  sac,  formed  in  hy- 
drorachis  externa  of  meninges,  and  in  hydrorachis  in- 
terna  of  these  with  a  nervous  lining.  This  forms  a  tumor 
in  the  middle  line  of  the  back.  —  Spina  dorsalis,  spina 
dorsi,  the  vertebral  column.  — Spina  frontalis.  See 
nasal  spine  (a),  under  nasal.—  Spina  helicis,  the  spinous 
process  of  the  helix  of  the  ear.— Spina  mentalis,  one  of 
the  mental  or  genial  tubercles.  See  mental'^,  genial'^. 

spinaceous  (spi-na'shius),  a.  [<  Spinacia  + 
-ous  (accom.  to  -aceous).~]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
of  the  nature  of  spinach,  or  the  class  of  plants 
to  which  it  belongs. 

spinach,  spinage  (spin'aj),  n.  [(«)  According 
to  the  present  pron.,  prop,  spelled  spinage  (early 
mod.  E.  also  spynnage),  this  being  an  altered 
form  of  spinach  (early  mod.  E.  spinachc);  = 
MD.  spinagie,  spinazi,  D.  spinazie  =  LG.  spina- 
sie,(  OF.  spinache,  espinache,  espiuage,  espiiiace, 
espitioce,  espinoclie,  espinoichc,  etc.,  =  Sp.  espi- 
naca  =  Cat.  espinac  =  It.  spinace,  also  spinacchia, 
<  ML.  spinacia,  spinacium,  also  spinacius,  spi- 
nachia,  spinachium,  spinathia,  etc.,  after  Rom. 
(NL.  spinacia),  spinach ;  cf.  (6)  Pr.  cspinar,  OF. 
espinars,  espinard,  espinar,  F.  epinard,  <  ML. 
"spinariiis,  *spinarium,  spinach;  (c)  G.  Dan. 
spinat  =  Sw.  spenat,  spinat,  <  ML.  "spinatum, 
spinach;  (d)  Pg.  cspinafre,  spinach  (cf.  L.  spi- 
nifer,  spine-bearing) ;  so  called  with  ref .  to  the 
prickly  fruit ;  variously  formed,  with  some  eon- 
fusions,  <  L.  spina,  a  thorn:  see  spine.']  1.  A 
cheuopodiaceous  garden  vegetable  of  the  genus 
Spiitacia,  producing  thick  succulent  leaves, 
which,  when  boiled  and  seasoned,  form  a  pleas- 
ant and  wholesome,  though  not  highly  flavored 
dish.  There  is  commonly  said  to  be  but  a  single  species, 
S.  oleracea ;  but  S.  glabra,  usually  regarded  as  a  variety, 
is  now  recognized  as  distinct,  while  there  are  two  other 
wild  species.  The  leaves  of  S.  oleracea  are  sagittate,  un- 
divided, and  prickly ;  those  of  S.  glabra  are  larger,  round- 
ed at  the  base,  and  smooth.  These  are  respectively  the 
prickly-leaved  andround-leaved  spinach.  There  are  several 
cultivated  varieties  of  each,  one  of  which,  with  wrinkled 
leaves  like  a  Savoy  cabbage,  is  the  Savoy  or  lettuce-leaved 
spinach.  All  the  species  are  Asiatic ;  the  cultivated  plant 
was  first  introduced  into  Europe  by  the  Arabs  by  way  of 
Spain. 
2.  One  of  several  other  plants  affording  a  dish 

like  spinach.     See  phrases  below Australian 

spinach,  a  species  of  goosef oot,  Chenopodium  an  ricom  urn. 
a  recent  substitute  for  spinach ;  also,  Tetragonia  implexi- 
coma,  the  Victorian  bower-spinach,  a  trailing  and  climbing 
plant  festooning  bushes,  its  leaves  covered  with  transpa- 
rent vesicles  as  in  the  ice-plant— Indian  spinach  Same 
as*fa(ooar  nightshade.  See  nightshade.— Mountain  spin- 
ach. See  mountain  spinach.  —  New  Zealand  spinach,  a 
decumbent  or  prostrate  plant,  Tetragonia  ezpansa,  found 
in  New  Zealand,  Australia,  and  Tasmania,  and  also  in  Ja- 
pan and  southern  South  America.  It  has  numerous  rhom- 


5834 

bold  thick  and  succulent  deep-green  leaves. —  Straw- 
berry spinach.  Same  as  strawberry-Mite.— Wild  spin- 
ach, a  mime  of  several  plants  locally  used  as  pot-herbs, 
namely  Chenopodium  Komu-Jlenriau  and  C.  album,  Beta 
i/iitrtluna  (the  wild  beet),  and  Campanula  latifolia.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Spinachia  (spi-na'ki-ii).  H.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1817), 
<  L.  spina,  a  thorn,  prickle,  spine :  see  tspiiu; 
and  cf.  spinach.']  In  ichth.,  a  genus  of  marine 
gasterosteids.  .S.  ntlj/nris  is  the  common  sea- 
stickleback  of  northern  Europe. 

Spinacia  (spi-na'si-a),  «.  [NL.  (Tournefort, 
1700),  <  ML.  spinai-iu, "spinach :  see  spinach.]  A 
genus  of  apetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Chei/o- 
limliacese  and  tribe  Atriplieex.  It  is  characterized 
by  bractless  and  commonly  dioecious  flowers,  the  pistillate 
with  a  two-  to  four-toothed  roundish  perianth,  its  tube  har- 
dened and  closed  in  fruit,  covering  the  utricle  and  its  sin- 
gle erect  turgid  seed.  There  are  4  species,  all  Oriental  (for 
which  see  spinach).  They  are  erect  annuals,  with  alter- 
nate stalked  leaves  which  are  entire  or  sinuately  toothed. 
The  flowers  are  borne  in  glomerules,  the  fertile  usually 
axillary,  the  staminate  forming  interrupted  spikes. 

Spinacidae  (spi-nas'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Spinax 
(-ac-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  anarthrous  sharks, 
typified  by  the  genus  Xpiiiaj-;  the  dogfishes. 
There  are  6  or  more  genera  and  about  20  species  of  rather 
small  sharks,  chiefly  of  the  Atlantic.  Also  called  Acan- 
thiidx,  Centrinidse,  and  Spinaces. 

spinacine  (spin'a-sin),  a.  [<  Spinax  (-ac-)  + 
-/«(!.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Spinacidae. 

spinacoid  (spin'a-koid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Spinax 
(-ac-)  +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Resembling  or  related  to 
the  dogfish;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Spinacidse. 
II.  H.  A  member  of  the  Spinacidee;  a  dog- 
fish. 

spinage,  n.     See  spinach. 

spinal  (spl'nal),  a.  [=  F.  spinal  =  Sp.  espinal  = 
Pg.  espinhal  =  It.  spinale,  <  LL.  spinalis,  of  orper- 
taining  to  a  thorn  or  the  spine, <  L.  spina,  a  thorn, 
prickle,  spine,  the  spine  or  backbone :  see  spine.'] 
In  anat. :  (a)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  backbone, 
spine,  or  spinal  column  ;  rachidian ;  vertebral : 
as,  spinal  arteries,  bones,  muscles,  nerves;  spi- 
nal curvature ;  a  spinal  complaint.  (6)  Pertain- 
ing to  a  spine  or  spinous  process  of  bone  ;  spi- 
noug :  as,  the  spinal  point  (the  base  of  the  nasal 
spine,  or  subnasal  point):  specifically  used  incra- 
uiometry.  [Bare.] -Accessory  spinal  nerve,  or 
spinal  accessory.  Same  as  accwtsorius  (6). — Acute, 
atrophic,  and  spastic  spinal  paralysis.  See  paralysis. 
—  Spinal  arteries,  numerous  branches,  especially  of  the 
vertebral  artery,  which  supply  the  spinal  cord. — Spinal 
bulb,  the  medulla  ohlongata.— Spinal  canal  See  ca- 
nali.—  Spinal  column,  the  spine  or  backbone  ;  the  ver- 
tebral column  or  series  of  vertebrae,  extending  from  the 
head  to  the  end  of  the  tail,  forming  the  morphological 
axis  of  the  body  of  every  vertebrate.  In  man  the  bones 
composing  the  spinal  column  are  normally  thirty-three  — 
seven  cervical,  twelve  dorsal  or  thoracic,  five  lumbar,  five 
sacral,  and  four  coccygeal.  These  form  a  flexuous  and 


Spinax 

sacral.    Twenty-  four  of  its  bones  are  individually  movable. 

The  total  length  averages  26  or  27  inches.     See  vertebra. 

and  cuts  under  backbone  and  spine.  —  Spinal  cord,  the 

main  neural  axis  of  every  vertebrate,  exclusive  of  the  bruin; 

the  myelon,  or  the  neuron  without  the  enccphalnn;  the 

spinal  marrow,  or  nervous  cord  which  extends  in   the 

spinal  canal  from  the  brain  for  a  varying  distance  in  dif- 

ferent animals,  and  gives  off  the  series  of  spinal  nerves  in 

pairs.    The  cord  is  directly  continuous  with  the  brain  in 

all  cranial    verte- 

brates, and,  with 

the  brain,  consti- 

tutes the  neuron, 

or    cerebruspiiiul 

axis,       developed 

from    an    involu- 

tion of  epiblast  in 

connection  with  a 

notochord  (see  cut 

under   protoverte- 

bra).    The  cord  is 

primitively  tubu- 

lar, and  may  re- 

tain, in  the  adult, 

traces  of  its  ccelia 


ri    i.    «nli 
me  cora   IB    Solid 

and     SUbcylindri- 


Human  Spinal  Column. 

A,  side  view ;  Jj,  same,  in  median  sagittal  section ;  C,  front  view  ; 
c,  seven  cervicals ;  rf,  twelve  dorsals ;  /,  five  lumbars ;  s,  five  sacrals, 
fused  in  a  sacrum  ;  cd,  four  caudals  or  coccygeals,  forming  a  coccyx. 

flexible  column  capable  of  bending,  as  a  whole,  in  every 
direction.  It  is  most  movable  in  the  lumbar  and  cervical 
regions,  less  so  in  the  dorsal  and  coccygeal,  fixed  in  the 


(see  rhoinbocoetia),  Cross-section  of  Human  Spinal  Cord. 

comparable  to  the  AC,  anterior  column  ;  AF,  anterior  fissure  ; 
CO2lfaeof  the  brain;  AGC.  anteriorgray  commissure;  AH,  anterior 
but  it  generally  horn  of  gray  matter;  AR.  anterior  roots;  A!  . 
•nlMlflu/.  n  Bending  anterolateral  tract,  or  tract  of 

solidities,  and  also     Cowers;  BC,  postero-extcmal  column,  or  col- 
becomes  UUted,  or     umn  of  Burdach  ;  Can.,  central  canal  ;  cc. 
presents      several     Clarke's  column;    CPT,  crossed  pyramidal 
parallel   columns,     "*"'•   "•  cerebellar  tract;  upr.  direct  or 
*     uncrossed  pyramidaltract;  DT,  antcrolatera] 
'•     descending  tract  ;  GC.  posteromedian  column, 
certain    Of    Which     or  column  of  Goll;  I.,  I.tssauer's  tract:  LC. 
the  spinal  nerves     lateral  column  ;    in.  lateral  horn  or  inter- 
Tn    man      mediolateral  tract  of  gray  matter  with  con- 
tainedBanglion-cells:  PC.  posterior  column! 
PF|  posterior  fissure;  PGC,  posteriorgraycom- 
missure;   PR.  posterior  root;  SG,  subst.mti.i 
cal,    and    extends     gelatinosa  ;  we,  anterior  white  commissure. 

in  the  spinal  ca- 

nal from  the  foramen  magnum,  where  it  is  continuous 
with  the  oblongata,  to  the  first  or  second  lumbar  vertebra. 
It  gives  off  the  spinal  nerves,  and  may  be  regarded  as  made 
up  of  a  series  of  segments,  from  each  of  which  springs  a 
pair  of  nerves  ;  it  is  divided  into  cervical,  thoracic,  lum- 
bar, sacral,  and  coccygeal  regions,  corresponding  to  the 
nerves  and  not  to  the  adjacent  vertebrae.  There  is  an  en- 
largement where  the  nerves  from  the  arms  come  in  (the 
cervical  enlargement),  and  one  where  those  from  the  legs 
come  in  (the  lumbar  enlargement).  A  cross-section  of  the 
cord  exhibits  a  central  H-shaped  column  of  gray  substance 
incased  in  white.  (See  figure.)  The  tracts  of  different 
functions  are  exhibited  on  one  sideof  the  cut;  they  are  not 
distinguished  in  the  adult  healthy  cord,  but  differ  from  one 
another  in  certain  periods  of  early  development,  and  may 
be  marked  out  by  secondary  degenerations.  The  cord  is 
a  center  for  certain  reflex  actions,  and  a  collection  of  path- 
ways to  and  from  the  brain.  The  reflex  centers  have  been 
located  as  follows  :  scapular.  5  C.  to  1  Tli.  ;  epigastric,  4 
Th.  to  7  Th.  ;  abdominal,  8  Th.  to  1  L.  ;  cremasteric,  1  L. 
to  3  L  ;  patellar,  2  L.  to  4  L.  ;  cystic  and  sexual,  2  L.  to  ' 
4  L.  ;  rectal,  4  L.  to  2  S.  ;  gluteal,  4  L.  to  6  L.  ;  Achilles  ten- 
don, 5  L.  to  1  8.  ;  plantar,  1  S.  to  3  S.  See  also  cuts  under 
brain,  cell,  Petromyzontidae,  and  Pharynffobranchii.  —  Spi- 
nal epilepsy,  muscle-clonus,  spontaneous  or  due  to  as- 
suming gome  ordinary  position  of  the  legs,  the  result  of 
increased  myotatic  irritability,  as  in  spastic  paralysis.  — 
Spinal  foramina,  the  intervertebral  foramina.—  Spi- 
nal ganglia.  See  ganglion.—  Spinal  marrow.  Same 
as  smnal  cord.—  Spinal  muscles,  the  muscles  proper 
of  tne  spinal  column,  which  lie  longitudinally  along 
the  vertebrae,  especially  the  epaxial  muscles  of  the  back, 
constituting  what  are  known  in  human  anatomy  as  the 
third,  fourth,  and  fifth  layers  of  muscles  of  the  back 
(the  so-called  first  and  second  "layers  "of  human  anatomy 
being  not  axial,  but  appendicular).  One  of  these  is  called 
spinalis.  —  Spinal  nerves,  the  numerous  pairs  of  nerves 
which  arise  from  the  spinal  cord  and  emerge  from  the  in- 
tervertebral foramina.  In  the  higher  vertebrates  spinal 
nerves  originate  by  two  roots  from  opposite  sides  of  that 
section  of  the  spinal  cord  to  which  they  respectively  per- 
tain  —  a  posterior,  sensory,  or  ganyli&nated  root,  and  an  an- 
terior, motor,  or  non-ganglionated  root,  which  usually  unite 
in  one  sensorimotor  trunk  before  emergence  from  the 
intervertebral  foramina,  and  then  as  a  rule  divide  into  two 
main  trunks,  one  epaxial  and  the  other  hypaxial.  The 
number  of  spinal  nerves  varies  within  wide  limits,  and 
bears  no  fixed  relation  to  the  length  of  the  spinal  cord, 
which  latter  may  end  high  in  the  dorsal  region,  yetgive  off 
a  leash  of  nerves  (see  cauda  equina,  under  cauda)  which 
emerge  from  successive  intervertebral  foramina  as  far  as 
the  coccygeal  region.  The  spinal  nerves  form  numerous 
and  intricate  connections  with,  the  nerves  of  the  gan- 
glionic  system.  Their  epaxial  trunks  are  always  few  and 
small  in  comparison  with  the  size,  number,  and  extent  of 
the  ramifications  of  the  hypaxial  trunks,  which  latter 
usually  supply  all  the  appendicular  and  most  of  the  axial 
parts  of  the  body.—  Spinal  reflexes.  See  reflex.—  Spi- 
nal veins,  the  numerous  veins  and  venous  plexuses  in 
and  on  the  spinal  column,  carrying  off  blood  from  the 
bones  and  included  structures.  In  man  these  veins  are 
grouped  and  named  in  four  sets.  See  vena. 

spinalis  (spi-na'lis),  n.  ;  pi.  spinales  (-lez).  [NL. 
(sc.  muscitlus),  <  LL.  spinalis,  pertaining  to  a 
thorn:  see  spinal.]  In  anat.,  a  series  of  muscu- 
lar slips,  derived  from  the  longissimus  dorsi, 
which  pass  between  and  connect  the  spinous 
processes  of  vertebrae:  usually  divided  into 
the  spinalis  dorsi  and  spinalis  colli,  according  to 
its  relation  with  the  back  and  the  neck  respec- 
tively. 

spinate  (spi'nat),  a.  [<  NL.  itpinatus,  <  L. 
spina,  spine  :  see  spine.  Cf.  spinach  (d).~]  Cov- 
ered with  spines  or  spine-like  processes. 

Spinax  (spi'naks),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1817),  <  Or. 
airiva  or  o-jr/wy,  a  fish  so  called.]  A  genus  of  dog- 
fishes, giving  name  to  the  family  Spinadda?,  and 


Spinax 


5835 
capsule,  with  a  central  dilatation. 


Commonly 


represented  by  fi.  niger  or  spinax,  a  small  black 

sliark  of  Kuropr.  called/H.vi/'oi-w  mliiriu-t. 

Spindalis  (spin'da-lis),  n.     [NL.  (Jardine  and  spindle-cell  (spin'dl-sel),  w.    A  spindle-shaped 

S(''  '>'•     *M>'>   °"®n  uuk,nowu-]     A,S('nus  of     -'HI;  a  fusiform  cell.-splncUe-ceUlayer.thedeep- 

eet  layer  of  the  cerebral  cortex,  containing  many  fusiform 
"'."'  '!  few  a"8ular  cclls.     Spindle-cell  sarcoma.    See 


.  .  - 

1'>  >'<<le-crlled  sarcoma,  under  sarcoma. 
Spindle-Celled  (spiu'dl-seld),  a.     Made  up  of 
containing  spindle-shaped  cells  —  Snindle-ccll 


or 
Snindle-ccllcd 


,.      ,.  ,  ,, 

thick-billed  tanagers,  OI  the  lamily  Lanagrtdx, 

peculiar  to  the  Antillean  region.  They  have  a 
.•.impnrotively  long  bill,  ascending  gonys,  and  swollen 
upper  nianilible;  in  the  male  the  coloration  is  brilliant 
Granite  varied  with  black  and  white.  There  are  «  species, 
X.  iii'iiricephala,  purtoneensw,  multicolor,  pretrii,  benedicti, 
and  KIUI,  respectively  inhabiting  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico, 
Sin  Domingo,  Cuba,  Cozumel  Island  (off  the  Yucatan 
eoasl  ).  ami  the  Bahamas.  The  first-named  builds  a  cup- 
shaped  nest  in  trees  or  shrubs,  and  lays  spotted  eggs,  and 
the  others  are  probably  similar  in  this  respect.  See  cut 

SpindlT(sp'ii"di),  n.     [Also  dial,  spiiinel;  <  ME.  Spindle-legs  (spin'dl-legz),  «.  pi.    Long,  slim 
spindle,  spyndle,  spindel,  spyndel,  xpi/iidelle,  spun-     legs,;     ,  nce'  a  *a,"'  tum  Person  with  such  legs 
<tt/l.  xpyndylle,  <  AS.  spindle,  spindel,  earlier  si,i-     "V   j,      ?:  "Sfd  humorously  or  iu  contempt. 
net,  *i>init,  xpinl  (dat.  spinele,  spittle)  (=  MD    Spmttle-snanked  (spin  dl-shangkt),  a.     Same 

JSKS     '   '-" 

anks  (spin  dl-shangks),  n.pl.    Same 

as  •P"I«**V»' 

«A  Weezel-faced 
**•"** 


spindle-shaped  cells 
sarcoma.    See  sarcoma 

sninrilp  loiriMii  /minMI  lo™11    „      Tl^.,!«™  !„„ 

legged  (spin  dl-legd),  a.     Having  long, 

un  IeSs!  spindle-shanked. 
A  pale,  sickly,  spindle  legged  generation  of  valetudina- 
rians.  Addison,  Taller,  No.  148. 


*/./(/«  (by  assimilation  for  "spinle),  D.  spil  = 
OHG.  spiimela,  spinnila,  spinnala,  MHG.  spin- 
nele,  sjiiiinel,  G.  spindel  (also  spille,  <  D.)  =  Sw. 

Dan.  spindel),  a  spindle.  <  siiinnan,  spin:  see     «A  Weezel-faced   cross   old  Gentleman  with   Sm'ndle- 
spiii.     Cf.  X/-/7/2.]     1.   (0)  ln  hand-spinning,  a     **•"**  S«*fc,  Tender  Husband,  i.  i. 

small  bar,  usually  of  wood,  hung  to  the  end  of  spindle-shaped  (spin'dl-shapt),  a.     Circular  in 
the  thread  as  it  is  first  drawn  from  the  mass  of     cross-section  and  tapering 

from  the  middle  to  each 


fiber  on  the  distaff.  By  rotating  the  spindle  the 
spinner  twists  the  thread,  and  as  the  thread  is  spun  it  is 
wound  upon  the  spindle. 

Sing  to  those  that  hold  the  vital  shears, 
And  turn  the  adamantine  spindle  round, 
On  which  the  fate  of  gods  and  men  is  wound. 

Milton,  Arcades,  1.  68. 

(b)  The  pin  which  is  used  in  spinning-wheels 
for  twisting  the  thread,  and  on  which  the 
thread,  when  twisted,  is  wound.  See  cut  un- 
der spinning-wlieel.  (c)  One  of  the  skewers  or 


end ;  fusiform ;  formed  like 
a  spindle. 

spindle -shell  (spin'dl- 
shel ) ,  n .  In  conch. ,  a  spin- 
dle-shaped shell;  a  spin- 
dle, (a)  A  shell  of  the  genus 
Fusus  in  some  of  its  applica- 
tions, as  F.  antiquus,  the  com- 
mon spindle  or  red-whelk,  also 
called  buckie  or  roaring  buckie. 


canal  slightly  produced.  Thespe- 
cies  inhabit  chiefly  the  northern 
cold  seas.  See  cut  under  revene 


axesfof  a  spinning-machine  upon  which  a  bob!  ^o^Z  $"Z  $£ 
Din  is  placed  to  wind  the  yarn  as  it  is  spun,  stromb.  (c)  A  gastropod  of  the 
See  cut  under  spinning-jenny. —  2.  Any  slender  famUy  Muricida  and  genus 
pointed  rod  or  pin  which  turns  round,  or  on  like^o^fusirorn^sha  *•  ?pi?  tl6- 
which  anything  turns,  (a)  A  small  axle  or  axis,  in 
contradistinction  to  a  shaft  or  large  axle,  as  the  arbor  or 

mandrel  in  a  lathe :  as,  the  spindle  of  a  vane ;  the  spindle     „_,    „ „  „,„,„  .„„,„. 

of  the  fusee  of  a  watch.    See  dead-spmdle,  live-spindle,    (b)  qninrllp    stpn         i^nin'rll 
A  vertical  shaft  supporting  the  upper  stone  or  runner  of  a  SPln^ie  -  Step         (spin    dl- 
pair  in  a  flour-mill.  See  cut  under  mill-spindle.  (c)Invehi-     st:ep;,tt.    Inmill-and  spin- 
cles,  the  tapering  end  or  arm  on  the  end  of  an  axletree.  (d)     ning-spindles,    the    lower      spindle-shaped  Root  of 
A  small  shaft  which  passes  through  a  door-lock,  and  upon     bearing     of      an    iirmVht.    Radisn    (Jtafumxt   sati- 
which  the  knobs  or  handles  are  fitted.    When  it  is  turned     ,     inHlf      V    itw,,£,i,t          *"">• 
it  withdraws  the  latch,    (e)  In  ship-building :  (1)  The  up-  „  V  ji       ^     v  /      •  ^  11    ± 

per  main  piece  of  a  made  mast.  (2)  An  iron  axle  fitted  into  Spmale-Stromb  (spin  dl-stromb),  H.  A  gastro- 
a  block  of  wood,  which  is  fixed  securely  between  two  of  pod  of  the  family  Strombidm  and  genus  Rostel- 
the  ship^s  beams,  and  upon  which  the  capstan  turns.  (/)  /aria,  having  a  spindle-like  or  fusiform  shell 


, 

mating,  a  short  turned  part,  especially  the  turned  or  cir- 
cular  part  of  a  baluster,  stair-rail,  etc. 


a  long  spire,  and  also  a  long  anterior  ca- 
nal. The  species  inhabit  the  tropical  Pacific 
and  Indian  oceans.  See  cut  under  Rostellaria. 

3.   Something  having  the  form  of  a  spindle  spindletail(spin'dl-tal),«.  The  pin-tailed  duck, 
(sense  1) ;  a  fusiform  object,    (a)  The  grip  of  a    Dafila  acuta.     See  pintail,  1.     ("Local,  U.  S.I 
sword,    (b)  A  pine-needle  or  -leaf.    [U.  S.] 

We  went  into  camp  in  a  magnificent  grove  of  pines. 
The  roots  of  the  trees  are  buried  in  the  spindles  and  burrs 
which  have  fallen  undisturbed  for  centuries. 

G.  W.  Nichols,  Story  of  the  Great  March,  xxii. 


,  ,     .    . 

spindle-tree  (spin'dl-tre),  ».  A  European  shrub 
or  small  tree,  Euonymus  Europeea  (E.  vulgar  is), 
growing  in  hedge-rows,  on  borders  of  woods, 
etc.  It  is  so  called  from  the  use  of  its  hard  fine-grained 
wood  in  making  spindles,  and  other  uses  have  given  it  the 
names  prick-timber,  gkewer-wood,  and  pegwood.  It  is  one 
of  the  dogwoods.  The  name  is  carried  over  to  the  Ameri- 
can E.  atropurpurea,  the  wahop  or  burning-bush,  and  to 
the  Japanese  E.  Japonica;  it  is  also  extended  to  the  ge- 
nus, and  even  to  the  order  (Celastrineie). 

Harris,  Insects  Injurious  to  Plants.   spindle-Valve  (spiu'dl-valv),  n.     A  valve  hav- 
(d)  In  conch.,  a  spindle-shell,    (e)  In  anat.,  a  fusiform  part     ing  an  axial  guide-stem.     E.  H.  Knight. 
or  organ.    (1)  A  spindle-cell.     (2)  The  inner  segment  of  a 


(c)  The  roll  of  not  yet  unfolded  leaves  on  a  growing  plant 
of  Indian  corn. 

Its  [the  spindle-worm's]  ravages  generally  begin  while 
the  cornstalk  is  young,  and  before  the  spindle  rises  much 
above  the  tuft  of  leaves  in  which  it  is  embosomed. 


The  spindles  must  be  tied  up,  and,  as  they  grow  in  height, 
st  by  then-  bending  they  should  break. 
Mortimer. 


one  of  the  fusiform  flg'ures  produced  by  chromatin  fibers 
in  the  process  of  karyokiuesis.  Amer.  Nat.,  XXII.  933. 

4.  In  geom. ,  a  solid  generated  by  the  revolution 
of  the  arc  of  a  curve-line  about  its  chord,  in  op- 
position to  a  conoid,  which  is  a  solid  generated 
by  the  revolution  of  a  curve  about  its  axis. 
The  spindle  is  denominated  circular,  elliptic,  hyperbolic, 
or  parabolic,  according  to  the  figure  of  its  generating  curve. 

5.  A  measure  of  yarn :  in  cotton  a  spindle  of  18 
hanks  is  15,120  yards;  in  linen  a  spindle  of  48 
cuts  is  14,400  yards.— 6.  A  long  slender  stalk. 

The  spindles  muslin 
rods  set  by  them,  lest 

7.  Something  very  thin  and  slender. 

I  am  fall'n  away  to  nothing,  to  a  spindle. 

Fletcher,  Women  Pleased,  iv.  3. 

Ring-spindle,  a  spindle  which  carries  a  traveling  ring. — 
Spindle  side  of  the  house,  the  female  side.  See  spear- 
side. 

spindle  (spin'dl),  ».  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spindled, 
ppr.  spindling.  [<  spindle,  «.]  To  shoot  or 
grow  in  a  long,  slender  stalk  or  body. 

When  the  flowers  begin  to  spindle,  all  but  one  or  two  of 
the  biggest  at  each  root  should  be  nipped  off.    Mortimer. 

spindle-cataract  (spin'dl-kat"a-rakt),  w.  A 
form  of  cataract  characterized  by  a  spindle- 
shaped  opacity  extending  from  the  posterior 
surface  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  capsule  to 
the  anterior  surface  of  the  posterior  part  of  the 


the  noctuid  moth  Aclia  todes  (or  Gortyna)  zex :  so 
called  because  it  burrows  into  the  spindle  of 
Indian  corn.  See  spindle,  n.,  3  (c).  [Local, 
U.  S.] 

spindling  (spind'ling),  a.  and  n.  [<  spindle  + 
-4ng2.~\  i.  a.  Long  and  slender ;  disproportion- 
ately slim  or  spindle-like. 

II.  n.  A  spindling  or  disproportionately  long 
and  slim  person  or  thing;  a  slender  shoot. 
[Bare.] 

Half-conscious  of  the  garden-squirt, 
The  spindlings  look  unhappy. 

Tennyson,  Amphion. 

spindly  (spind'li),  a.  [<  spindle  +  -yi.]  Spin- 
dle-like; disproportionately  long  and  slender 
or  slim.  [Colloq.] 

The  effect  of  all  this  may  be  easily  imagined  —a  spindly 
growth  of  rootless  ideas.  Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXXVI.  556. 

spindrift  (spiu'drift),  ».  [A  var.  (simulating 
spin,  go  rapidly)  of  spoon-drift,  q.  v.]  Nawt., 
the  spray  of  salt  water  blown  along  the  surface 
of  the  sea  in  heavy  winds. 

spine  (spin),  n.  [<  OP.  espine,  P.  epine  = 
Pr.  Sp.  espina  =  Pg.  cspinha  =  It.  spina,  <  L. 
spiiKi,  a  thorn,  prickle,  also  the  backbone; 
prob.  for  'spicna,  and  akin  to  spica,  a  point, 
spike :  see  spike1.  In  the  sense  of  '  backbone ' 
spine  is  directly  <  L.  spina.  Hence  spinach,  spin- 
aye,  spinal,  spiny,  spinet,  spinney,  etc.]  1.  In 


spine 

hot.,  a  stiff  Sharp-pointed  process,  containing 
more  or  less  woody  tissue,  ami  originating  in 
the  degeneracy  or  modification  of  some  organ. 
Usually  it  is  a  branch  or  the  termination  of  a  stem  nr 
branch,  indurated,  leafless,  and  attenuated  to  a  point,  as 
in  the  hawthorn,  sloe,  pear,  and  honey-locust;  its  nature 
is  clearly  manifest  by  the  axillary  position,  and  also  by 
the  fact  that  it  sometimes  produces  imperfect  leaves  ami 
buds.  A  spine  may  also  consist  of  a  modified  leaf  (all 
gradations  being  found  between  merely  spiny-tootheil 
leaves  and  leaves  which  are  completely  contracted  into 
simple  or  multiple  spines,  as  in  the  barberry),  or  of  a  per- 
sistent petiole,  as  in  some  Astragali  and  in  Fouquieria,  or 
of  a  modified  stipule,  as  in  the  common  locust.  A  spine 
Is  to  be  clearly  distinguished  from  a  prickle,  which  is  mere- 
ly a  superficial  outgrowth  from  the  bark.  See  prickle,  1. 

2.  The  backbone;  the  rai-his,  Hpinu.  or  spinal 
column  of  a  vertebrate.     The  name  is  due  to  the 
series  of  spinous  processes  of  the  several  vertebras  which 
it  presents,  forming  a  ridge  along  the  middle  of  the  back. 
See  spinal  column  (under  spinal),  and  vertebra,  vertebral. 

3.  A  name  of  some  part  in  various  animals, 
(a)  In  anat.,  a  sharp  process,  point,  or  crest  of  bone ;  a 
spinous  process,  generally  stouter  than  a  styloid  process : 
as,  the  spiiie  of  the  ilium,  of  the  ischium,  of  the  scapula, 
of  the  pubis.     See  cuts  under  innnminatum  and  shoulder- 
blade.    (6)  In  morph.,  a  bony  element, or  pair  of  bony  ele- 
ments, which  completes  a  segment  of  either  the  neural 
canal  or  the  hemal  canal  of  a  vertebrate  on  the  midline  of 
the  dorsal  or  ventral  aspect  of  the  body,  the  ossification 
intervening  dorsad  between  a  pair  of  neurapophyses  or 
yentrad  between  a  pair  of  hemapophyseg,  the  former  be- 
ing a  neural  spine,  the  latter  a  hemal  spine.    Thus,  the 
spinous  process  of  a  dorsal  vertebra  is  the  neural  spine  of 
that  vertebra,  and  the  segment  of  the  sternum  with  which 
the  rib  of  that  vertebra  articulates  is  the  hemal  spine  of 
the  same  vertebra.    Owen.    See  cuts  under  dorsal,  cara- 
pace, and  endoskeleton.    (c)  In  mammal. ,  a  modified  hair ; 
a  sharp,  stiff ,  hard,  horny  dermal  outgrowth,  as  one  of  the 
quills  of  a  porcupine,  or  of  the  prickles  of  the  hedgehog  or 
spiny  ant-eater.    In  many  animals  the  transition  from  soft 
f  ur  through  harsh  or  bristlypelage  to  spines  is  very  gradual. 
See  cuts  under  Echidnidee,  Erinaceus,  and  porcupine,    (d) 
In  ornith.,  a  spur  or  calcar,  as  of  the  wing  or  foot ;  a  mu- 
cro,  as  of  a  feather.    See  cuts  under  Palamedea,  Jiasores, 
and  mucronate.    (e)  In  herpet.,  a  sharp,  prickly  scale  of 
considerable  size ;  a  horn.    See  cuts  under  Cerastes  and 
Phrynosoma.    (/)  In  conch.,  any  considerable  sharp  pro- 
jection of  the  shell.    Such  spines  are  endlessly  modified 
in  size,  shape,  and  site.    Good  examples  are  figured  under 
murex,  scorpion-shell,  and  Spondylus.    (y)  In  Crustacea,  any 
considerable  spinous  process  of  the  carapace,  of  the  legs, 
etc.     Such  spines  are  the  rule  with  most  crustaceans. 
The  large  tail-spine  of  some  is  specified  as  the  telsm.    (h) 
In  entom.,  any  comparatively  short  sharp  projection  of 
the  chitinous  body-wall  of  an  insect.    Such  occur  com- 
monly upon  the  larvte  of  Lepidoptera,  upon  the  bodies  of 
many  adult  Coleoptera,  Hemiptera,  and  Hymenoptera.  and 
upon  the  legs  (principally  upon  the  tibia;)  of  these  and 
nearly  all  Orthoptera  and  many  Neuroptera.    The  body- 
spines  of  adult  insects  are  always  of  great  use  in  classifi- 
cation,   (i)  In  ichth. :  (1)  A  fin-spine ;  one  of  the  unjointed 
and  unbranched  sharp  bony  rays  of  the  fins,  such  as  those 
the  presence  of  which 

gives  name  to  the 
acanthopterygian 
fishes ;  a  spinous  fin- 
ray,  as  distinguished 
from  a  soft  ray.  See 
rayi,  7,  and  the  for- 
mula under  radial,  a. 
(2)  A  spinous  process, 
as  of  an  opercular 
bone.  (3)  The  spinous 
process  of  some  gan- 
oid, placoid,  etc., 
scales.  See  cuts  un- 
der Echinorhinus, 
sand-fish,  scale,  sea- 
raven,  and  shackle- 
joint,  (f)  In  echino- 
derms,  one  of  the  movable  processes  which  beset  the  ex- 
terior, as  of  an  echinus,  and  are  articulated  with  the 
tubercles  of  the  body-wall.  Primary  spines  are  the  large 
ones  forming  continuous  series  along  the  anibulacral,  as 
distinguished  from  less-developed  secondary  and  tertiary 
spines.  Other  spines  are  specified  as  semital.  See  cuts 
under  Cidaris,  Echinometra,  Echinus,  semita,  and  Spatan- 
gus.  (i)  In  general,  some  or  any  hard  sharp  process,  like 
a  spine ;  a  thorn ;  a  prickle :  as,  the  spine  at  the  end  of 
the  tail  of  the  lion  or  the  fer-de-lance. 
4.  In  macli.,  any  longitudinal  ridge  ;  a  fin.  E. 
H.  Knight. — 5.  In  lace-making,  a  raised  projec- 
tion from  the  cordonnet:  one  of  the  varieties  of 
pinwork ;  especially,  one  of  many  small  points 
that  project  outward  from  the  edge  of  the  lace, 
forming  a  sort  of  fringe. — 6.  The  duramen  or 
heart  wood  of  trees :  a  ship-builders'  term.  See 
duramen — Angular  curvature  of  the  spine.  See 
curvature.— Anterior  superior  spine  of  the  Ilium 

See  spines  of  the  ilium.— Concussion  of  the  spine,  in 
theoretic  strictness,  a  molecular  lesion  of  the  spinal  cord 
too  fine  for  microscopic  detection,  but  impairing  the  func- 
tions of  the  cord,  and  produced  by  violent  jarring,  as  in  a 
railway  accident :  often  applied,  without  discrimination 
to  cases  which,  after  an  accident,  exhibit  various  nervous 
or  spinal  symptoms  without  any  manifest  gross  lesion 
which  explains  them.  These  include  cases  of  traumatic 
neurasthenia,  of  hemorrhage  in  the  cord  or  its  mem- 
branes, of  displacement  and  fracture  of  vertebrae,  and  of 
muscular  and  ligamentous  strains.— Ethmoldal  spine 
a  projection  of  the  sphenoid  hone  for  articulation  with 
the  cribriform  plate  of  the  ethmoid.—  Hemal  spine.  See 
def.  3  (b\  and  hemal.—  Interhemal  spine.  See  inter- 
hemal.—  Interneural  spine.  See  interneuraL— Lateral 
curvature  of  the  spine.  See  curvature.— Mental  ex- 
ternal spine,  the  mental  protuberance  of  the  human 
mandible.— Mental  spines,  the  genial  tubercles.  See 
Nasal,  pharyngeal,  pleural  spine.  See  the 


.  -.  -,  -.. (followed  by  soft  rays)  of 

the  dorsat,  ventral,  and  anal  fins  of  an 
acanthopterygian  fish:  a,  ten  spines;  *, 
one  spine  ;  c,  three  spines. 


spine 

adjectives.  —  Palatine  spine.  See  (posterior)  iiasal  ipine, 
under  nasal.— Posterior  superior  spine  of  the  ilium. 
See  spines  of  the  ilium.— Pubic  spine.  See  below,  and 
jttih/i-  — Railway  spine,  concussion  of  the  spine  (espe- 
cially in  its  more  vague  sense)  resulting  from  railway  ac- 
cident.—Scapular  spine.  Same  as  fi/ine  of  the  scapula. 
—  Sciatic  spine  the  spine  of  the  iscliium.— Serm'tal 
spine.  See  semitat.  —  Spine  Of  the  ischium,  a  pointed 
triangular  eminence  situated  a  little  below  the  middle  of 
the  posterior  border  of  the  ischium,  and  separating  the 
lesser  from  the  greater  sacroseiatic  notch.  In  man  the 
pudlc  vessels  and  nerve  wind  around  tins  spine.— Spine 
Of  the  pubis,  the  pubic  spine,  a  prominent  tubercle 
which  projects  from  the  upper  border  of  the  pubis  about 
an  inch  from  the  symphysis.  —  Spine  of  the  scapula,  the 
scapular  spine,  in  man  a  prominent  plate  of  bone  sepa- 
rating the  supraspinous  and  iufraspinous  fossie,  and  ter- 
minating in  the  acromion.- Spine  of  the  sphenoid,  a 
projection  from  the  lower  part  of  the  greater  wing  of  the 
sphenoid,  extending  backward  into  the  angle  between  the 
petrous  and  squamous  divisions  of  the  temporal  bone. 
Also  called  spinous  process  of  the  sphenoid.—  Spines  of 
the  ilium,  the  iliac  spines.  In  man  these  are  four  in  num- 
ber :  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  iliac  crest  terminates 
in  the  anterior  superior  spine,  below  which  and  separated 
from  it  by  a  concavity  is  the  anterior  inferior  spine; 
In  a  similar  manner  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  iliac 
crest  terminates  in  the  posterior  superior  spine,  while  be- 
low it  is  the  posterior  inferior  spine,  the  two  being  sepa- 
rated by  a  notch.— Spines  of  the  tibia,  a  pair  of  pro- 
cesses between  the  two  articular  surfaces  of  the  head  of 
the  tibia,  in  the  interior  of  the  knee-joint,  to  which  are 
attached  the  ends  of  the  semilunar  cartilages  and  the  cru- 
cial ligaments  of  the  joint— Trochlear  spine,  a  small 
spine-like  projection  upon  the  orbital  part  of  the  frontal 
bone  for  attachment  of  the  pulley  of  the  superior  oblique 
muscle  of  the  eye. 

spine-armed  (spm'armd),  a.  Armed  with  spines 
or  spiny  processes,  as  a  murex ;  spinigerous. 

spineback  (spin'bak),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Notacanthidx. 

spine-bearer  (spin'bar"er),  n.  A  spine-bearing 
caterpillar. 

spine-bearing  (spin'bar"ing),rt.  Having  spines; 
spine  J  or  spiny;  spinigerous. 

spinebelly  (spln'bel"i),  n.  A  kind  of  balloon- 
tish,  Tetraodon  lineatus,  more  fully  called  striped 
spinebelly.  See  cut  under  balloon-fish. 

spinebill  (spm'bil),  n.  An  Australian  meli- 
phagine  bird,  Acanthorhynchus  tenuirostris,  for- 
merly called  slender-billed  creeper,  or  another 
of  this  genus,  A .  supcrciliosits.  In  both  these  honey- 
eaters  the  bill  is  slender,  curved,  and  extremely  acute. 
They  are  closely  related  to  the  members  of  the  genus 
Myzamela,  but  present  a  totally  different  pattern  of  color- 
ation. The  first-named  is  widely  distributed  on  the  con- 
tinent and  in  Tasmania;  the  second  inhabits  western  and 
southwestern  Australia. 

Spined  (spind),  a.  [<  spine  +  -erf2.]  1.  Hav- 
ing a  spine  or  spinal  column ;  backboned ;  ver- 
tebrate.—  2.  Having  spines;  spinous  or  spiny : 
as,  a  spined  caterpillar;  the  spined  cicadas. — 
Spined  soldier-bug.  See  soldier-buy. 

spinefoot  (spin'fut),  ».  A  lizard  of  the  genus 
Acanthudactylits,  as  A.  vulgaris  of  northern 
Africa. 

spinel  (spin'el  or  spi-nel'),  n.  [Also  spinelle, 
espinel;  early  mod.  E.  spinelle;  <  OF.  spinelle, 
espinelle,  F.  spinelle  =  It.  spinella,  spinel;  prob. 
orig.  applied  to  a  mineral  with  spine-shaped 
crystals;  dim.  of  L.  spina,  a  thorn,  spine:  see 
spine.']  1.  A  mineral  of  various  shades  of  red, 
also  blue,  green,  yellow,  brown,  and  black, 
commonly  occurring  in  isometric  octahedrons. 
It  has  the  hardness  of  topaz.  Chemically,  it  consists  of 
the  o.vids  of  magnesium  and  aluminium,  with  iron  pro- 
toxid  in  some  varieties,  also  chromium  in  the  variety 
picotite.  Clear  and  finely  colored  red  varieties  are 
highly  prized  as  ornamental  stones  in  jewelry.  The  red 
varieties  are  known  as  spinel  ruby  or  balas  ruby,  while 
those  of  a  dark-green,  brown,  or  black  color,  containing 
iron  protoxid  in  considerable  amount,  are  called  ceylon- 
ite  or  pleonaste.  The  valuable  varieties,  including  the 
spinel  ruby  (see  ruby),  occur  as  rolled  pebbles  in  river- 
channels  in  Ceylon,  Burma,  and  Siam  ;  they  are  often  as- 
sociated with  the  true  ruby  (corundum).  The  spinel 
group  of  minerals  includes  several  species  which  may  be 
considered  as  made  up  of  equal  parts  of  a  protoxid  and 
a  sesquioxid  (R,0+R2O3).  Here  belong  gahnite,  magnet- 
ite, franklinite,  etc.  An  octahedral  habit  characterizes 
them  all. 

There  [in  the  Island  of  Zeilam]  is  also  founde  an  other 
kynde  of  Rubies,  which  wee  caule  Spinelle  and  the  Indians 
Caropus.      R.  Eden,  tr.  of  Antonio  Pigafetta  (First  Books 
[on  America,  ed.  Arber,  p.  264). 

2.  A  bleached  yarn  from  which  the  linen  tape 
called  inkle  is  made.  E.  H.  Knight Zinc- 
spinel.  Same  as  gahnite. 

spineless  (splu'les),  a.  [<  spine  +  -less.']  1. 
Having  no  spine  or  spinal  column;  inverte- 
brate. Hence — 2.  Having  no  backbone,  vigor, 
or  courage;  limp;  weak;  nerveless. — 3.  Hav- 
ing the  backbone  flexible  or  supple. 

A  whole  family  of  Sprites,  consisting  of  a  remarkably 
stout  father  and  three  spineless  sons. 

Dickens,  Uncommercial  Traveller,  Iv.    (Dames.) 

4.  In  icJith.,  having  no  fin-spines;  soft-finned; 
anacanthine;  malacopterous :  as,  the  spineless 
fishes,  or  Anacanthini — Spineless  perch  a  pirate- 
perch. 


5830 

spinellane  (spi-m-1'an),  «.  [<  .</>/«<//(•  +  -<nie.] 
A  blue  variety  of  nosean  occurring  in  small 
crystalline  masses  and  in  minute  crystals,  found 
near  Andernach  on  the  Ehine. 

spinelle  (spi-nel').  «•     See  xpiiirl. 

spine-rayed  (spin'rad),  a.  In  iclitli.,  ocanthop- 
Eerygian. 

spinescent (spi-nes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  spinesccn(t-)><, 
ppr.  of  apincscn-e,  grow  thorny,  <  spina,  a  thorn, 
prickle,  spine :  see  spine.]  1.  In  hot.,  tending 
to  be  hard  and  thorn-like ;  terminating  in  a  spine 
or  sharp  point;  armed  with  spines  or  thorns; 
spinose. —  2.  In  zoiil.,  somewhat  spinous  or 
spiny,  as  the  fur  of  an  animal;  very  coarse, 
harsh,  or  stiff,  as  hair;  spinulous. 

spinet1!  (spin'et),  n.  [<  L.  spinetum,  a  thicket 
of  thorns,  <  s)iina,  a  thorn,  spine :  see  spine.  Cf . 
OF.  spinat,  F.  dial,  fyinat,  a  thicket  of  thorns; 
and  see  spinney.']  A  small  wood  or  place  where 
briers  and  thorns  grow;  a  spinney. 

A  satyr,  lodged  in  a  little  spinet,  by  which  her  majesty 
and  the  Prince  were  to  come,  .  .  .  advanced  his  head 
above  the  top  of  the  wood.  B.  Jonson,  The  Satyr. 

spinet2  (spiu'et  or  spi-net'),  it.  [Formerly  also 
spitmet,  espinette;  =  D.  spiuet  =  G.  Sw.  spinett 
=  Dan.  spinet,  <  OF.  espinette,  F.  epinette  =  Sp. 
Pg.  es}>ineto,  <  It.  spinetta,  a  spinet,  or  pair  of 
virginals  (said  to  be  so  called  because  struck 
with  a  pointed  quill),  <  spinetta,  a  point,  spigot, 
etc.,  dim.  of  spina,  a  thorn,  <  L.  sjrina,  a  thorn: 
see  spine.]  A  musical  instrument  essentially 
similar  to  the  harpsichord,  but  of  smaller  size 
and  much  lighter  tone.  Also  called  virginal  and 
couched  harp.— Dumb  spinet.  Same  as  maniehord. 

spinetail  (spm'tal),  n.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  pas- 
serine bird  of  the  family  Dendrocolaptidee,  hav- 
ing stiff  and  more  or  less  acuminate  tail-fea- 
thers, much  like  a  woodpecker's ;  a  spine-tailed 
or  sclerurine  bird.  See  cuts  under  saberbill  and 
Sclerurus.  (b)  A  cypseline  bird  of  the  subfam- 
ily Cheeturinee;  aspme-tailedorchsBturineswift, 
having  mucronate  shafts  of  the  tail-feathers. 
See  Acanthytlis,  and  cut  under  mucronate.  (e) 
The  ruddy  duck,  Erismatura  rubida.  [Penn- 
sylvania and  New  Jersey.] 

spine-tailed  (spin'tald),  a.  1.  In  ornith.:  (a) 
Having  stiff  and  generally  acuminate  tail-fea- 
thers; dendrocolaptine ;  sclerurine.  (6)  Hav- 
ing mucronate  shafts  of  the  tail-feathers;  ch»- 
turine. —  2.  In  lierpet.,  having  the  tail  ending  in 
a  spine,  as  a  serpent.  Seefer-de-lance,  and  cuts 
under  Craspidocephalus  and  Cyclura. — 3.  In  en- 
torn.,  having  the  abdomen  ending  in  a  spine  or 
spines.  The  Scoliidx  are  known  as  spine-tailed  wasps, 
and  the  Sapygidse  have  been  called  parasitic  spine-tailed 
wasps.  See  cut  under  Elix. 

spine-tipped  (spin'tipt).  a.  In  bot.,  tipped  with 
or  bearing  at  the  extremity  a  spine,  as  the  leaves 
of  agave. 

spiii-houset  (spin'hous),  ».  A  place  in  which 
spinning  is  carried  on.  Also  spinning-house . 
See  the  quotation. 

As  we  returned  we  stepp'd  in  to  see  the  Spin-house,  a 
kind  of  Bridewell,  where  incorrigible  and  lewd  women 
are  kept  in  discipline  and  labour. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  19,  1641. 

spinicerebrate  (spl-ni-ser'f-brat),  a.  [<  L. 
spina,  the  spine,  +  cerebrum,  the  brain,  4-  -ate1.] 
Having  a  brain  and  spinal  cord ;  cerebrospinal ; 
myelencephalous. 

spi'nideltoid  (spi-ni-del'toid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
spina,  the  spine,  +  E.  deltoid.']  I.  a.  Repre- 
senting that  part  of  the  human  deltoid  muscle 
which  arises  from  the  spine  of  the  scapula,  as 
a  muscle ;  pertaining  to  the  spinideltoideus. 
II.  n.  The  spinideltoideus. 

spinideltoideus  (spi"ni-del-toi'de-us),  «.:  pi. 
spinideltoidei  (-i).  [NL. :  see  spinideltoid.]  A 
muscle  of  the  shoulder  and  arm  of  some  ani- 
mals, corresponding  to  the  spinal  or  mesoscapu- 
lar  part  of  the  human  deltoideus:  it  extends 
from  the  mesoscapula  and  metacromion  to  the 
deltoid  ridge  of  the  humerus. 

spiniferite  (spi-nif 'e-rit),  n.  [<  L.  spinifer,  bear- 
ing spines  (see  spitiiferous),  +  -ite*.]  A  certain 
minute  organism  beset  with  spines,  occurring  in 
the  Chalk  flints.  Their  real  nature  is  unascertained, but 
they  have  been  supposed  to  be  the  gemmules  of  sponges 

spiniferous  (spi-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  spinifer, 
bearing  spines,  <  spina,  a  thorn,  spine,  +  ferre 
=  E.  Mat*.]  Bearing  or  provided  with  spines ; 
spinous  or  spiny;  spinigerous. 

spiniform  (spi'ni-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  spina,  a  thorn, 
spine,  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
spine  or  thorn ;  spine-like.  Huxley. 

spinigerous  (spi-nij'e-rus),  a.  [<LL.  spiniger, 
bearing  thorns  or  spines,  <  L.  spina,  a  thorn, 


siti 
I. 


spinner 

spine,  +  gercre,  bear,  carry.]  Bearing  spines. 
as  a  hedgehog:  spinose;  aculeate;  spiuiferous. 
—Spinigerous  elytra,  in  entom..  elytra  each  oneof  »  hicli 
has  an  upright  sutura!  process,  the  two  uniting,  when  the 
elytra  are  closed,  to  foim  a  large  spiniform  process  on  the 
back,  as  in  certain  phytophagous  beetles. 

Spinigrada  (spi-nig'ra-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  sjiiiiii/railtts:  see  spinigrade,]  An  order 
of  echinoderms,  composed  of  the  ophiurans  and 
euryaleans,  or  the  brittle-stars  and  gorgon's- 
licails.  Fnrlii.i.  [Rare.] 

spinigrade  (spi'ni-grad),  «.  [<  NL.  spiiiii.irti'lii*. 
<  L.  spina,  a  thorn,  spine,  +  r/radi,  walk,  go  : 
see  grade1.]  Moving  by  means  of  spines  or 
spinous  processes,  as  an  echinoderm;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Spinignnlii. 

spininess  (spi'ni-nes),  n.  Spiny  character  or 
state,  (a)  Thorniness.  (6t)  SU-nderness;  dimness: 
lankness. 

The  old  men  resemble  grasshoppers  for  their  cold  and 
bloodless  spininttn.  Chapman,  Iliad,  iii.,Commentarius. 

spinirector  (spi-ni-rek'tor),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
,  the  spine,  +  rector  for  NL.  erector,  q.  v.] 
.  a.  Erecting,  extending,  or  straightening  the 
spine,  or  spinal  column  :  noting  the  set  or  series 
of  muscles  of  the  back  of  which  the  erector 
spines  is  the  basis. 

II.  n.  The  erector  spinse.  (See  erector.)  It 
corresponds  to  the  so-called  fourth  layer  of  the 
muscles  of  the  back  in  human  anatomy.  Cones 
and  Slnite,  1887. 

spinispicule  (spi-ni-spik'ul),  n.  [<  L.  spina,  a 
spine,  +  E.  spicwle.]  A  spiny  sponge-spicule  ; 
a  spiraster. 

spinispirula  (spi-ni-spir'(?-lil),  n.  ;  pi.  spinispi- 
rulx  (-le).  [NL.,  <  L.  spina,  a  spine,  +  spirtt- 
la,  a  small  twisted  cake,  dim.  of  spira,  a  coil, 
spire:  see  spire2.]  A  spiny  sigmaspire;  a  sig- 
moid  microsclere  orflesh-spicule  provided  with 
spines.  Also  called  spiraster.  Sollas. 

spinispirular  (spi-ni-spir'ij-lar),  a.  [<  spini- 
spirula  +  -ars.]  Spiny  and  slightly  spiral,  as 
a  sponge-spicule;  having  the  character  of  a 
spinispirula.  Sollas. 

spinispirulate  (spi-ni-spir'ij-lat),  a.  [<  spini- 
spirula +  -ate1.]  Same  as  spinispirular. 

spinitis  (spi-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  spina,  the 
spine,  +  -itis.]  Inflammation  of  the  spinal  cord 
and  its  membranes,  in  the  horse  and  other  do- 
mestic quadrupeds. 

Spinitrapezius  (spi"ni-tra-pe'zi-us),  n.  ;  pi.  spi- 
nitrapezii  (-1).  [NL.,  <  L.  spina,  the  spine,  + 
NL.  trapezius.]  The  spinal  as  distinguished 
from  the  cranial  part  of  the  trapezius  muscle, 
forming  in  some  animals  a  nearly  distinct  mus- 
cle. 

spink1  (spingk),  H.  [<  ME.  spink,  spyiik,  spynke 
=  Sw.  dial,  spink,  also  spikke,  spekke,  a  sparrow 
(gull-spink,  a  goldfinch),  =  Norw.  spikke  (for 
*spinke),  a  sparrow  or  other  small  bird;  cf.  Gr. 
OTriyj-of,  also  airl^a,  a  finch  (<  oirifrtv,  chirp)  ;  an 
imitative  name,  like  the  equiv.  pink&,  fineh^.] 
The  chaffinch,  Fringilla  coelebs.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

The  ipink  chants  sweetest  in  a  hedge  of  thorns. 

W.  Barte. 

spink-  (spingk),  n.  [Origin  obscure;  prob.  in 
part  a  var.  of  pink%.]  The  primrose,  Primula 
veris;  also,  the  lady's-smock,  Cardamine  pra- 
tensis  (also  bo(/-spinks),  and  some  other  plants. 
[Scotland.] 

spinnaker  (spin'a-ker),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  spin, 
in  sense  of  'go  rapidly.']  A  jib-headed  racing- 
sail  carried  by  yachts,  set,  when  running  before 
the  wind,  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  mainsail. 

spinnel  (spin'el),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of  spin- 
dle. 

spinner1  (spin'er),  «.  [<  ME.  spinnere,  spijnner, 
spinnare  (=  D.  G.  spinner  =  Sw.  spinnare  =  Dan. 
spinder);  <sm'ii  +  -eri.  Cf.  spider.]  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  spins,  in  any  sense  ;  one  skilled  in 
spinning,  (a)  A  workman  who  gives  shape  to  vessels  of 
thin  metal  by  means  of  a  turning-lathe.  See  spin,  c.  (.,  8. 
(6)  In  woolen-manvf.,  any  thread-spinning  machine;  a 
drawing  and  twisting  machine  for  making  woolen  threads. 
(c)  A  trawling  fish  hook  fitted  with  wings  to  make  it  revolve 
in  the  water  ;  a  propeller  spoon-bait,  (a)  In  hat-manuf., 
a  machine  for  finishing  the  exterior  of  a  hat.  It  consists 
of  a  flat  oval  table  with  a  face  corresponding  to  the  curve 
of  the  hat-brim. 

2.  A  spider;  especially,  a  spinning-spider. 

As  if  thou  hadst  borrowed  legs  of  a  spinner  and  a  voice 
of  a  cricket.  B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

3.  See  the  quotation.     [Eng.] 

I  do  not  know  whether  the  daddy  longlegs  is  ever  called 
"gin  spinner";  but  Jenny  Spinner  is  certainly  the  name 
of  a  very  different  insect,  viz.  the  metamorphosis  of  the 
iron-blue  dun,  which,  according  to  Ronald's  nomenclature, 
Cloe. 


is  an  ephemera  of  the  genus  C 


A",  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VI.  153. 


spinner 

4.  A  spinneret.— 5.  The  night-jar  or  night- 
ehurr,  (.'(itirhinili/ii.i  ciimpifHn:  from  its  cries. 
which  may  be  likened  to  the  noise  of  u  spin- 
ning-wheel. See  cut  under  nii/lit-jfir.  Also 
wheel-bird.  Compare  reclcr  in  like  use  for  an- 
other bird.  [Wexford,  Ireland.]  -Ring-and- 
traveler  spinner.  Same  as  ring-frame. 
spinner'-'t,  ».  [HE.  spynnri-;  origin  obscure.] 
A  kind  of  boat. 

As  on  Monday  next  after  May  day  there  come  tydyngs 
to  London,  that  on  Thorsday  before  the  Uuke  of  Suffolk 
come  unto  the  costea  of  Kent  fullnere  slower  with  his  ij. 
shepes  and  a  litel  spynner ;  the  qweche  spynner  he  sente 
with  certeyn  letters  to  certeyn  of  his  trustid  men. 

Paston  Letters,  I.  124. 

spinneret  (spin'er-et),  «.  [<  spinner1  +  -el.] 
A  part  or  organ  concerned  in  the  spinning  of 
silk,  gossamer,  or  cobweb,  as  of  a  silkworm 
or  spider.  Specifically— (a)  One  of  the  mammillae  of 
the  arachnidium  of  a  spider;  one  of  the  four,  six,  or  eight 
little  conical  or  nipple-like  processes  under  a  spider's  abdo- 
men and  near  its  end,  through  which  the  viscid  secretion 
of  the  arachnidial  glands  is  spun  out  into  threads  of  silk, 
.some  of  the  spinnerets  are  three-jointed.  See  arachnid- 
ium. (6)  One  of  the  tubules  of  the  labium  of  certain 
caterpillars,  as  silkworms,  through  which  silk  is  spun 
out  of  the  secretion  of  glands  connected  with  the  mouth- 
parts.  See  sericterium.  (c)  One  of  the  tubules  of  the 
anal  segment  of  certain  coleopterous  larvae,  as  in  the  first 
larval  stage  (triungulin)  of  some  blister-beetles  (Melaidte), 
through  which  a  little  silk  is  spun.  See  cut  under  Sitaris. 
(d)  A  like  organ  of  any  other  insect. 

spinnerular  (spi-ner'ij-lar),  «.  [<  spinner  ule 
+  -a)'8.]  Entering  into  the  formation  of  a 
spinneret,  as  a  tubule;  of  or  pertaining  to 
spinnerules. 

spinnerule  (spin'er-61),  n.  [(.spinner1  +  -tile.] 
One  of  the  several  individual  tubules  which 
collectively  form  the  spinneret  of  a  spider. 

spinnery  (spin'er-i),  n.\  pi.  spinneries  (-iz). 
[=  D.  spinnerij,  a  spinning-house,  =  G.  spinne- 
ret =  Sw.  spinneri  =  Dan.  spindei'i,  spinning, 
spinning-house;  as  spin  •+•  -ery.]  A  spinning- 
mill.  Imp.  Diet. 

spinnett,  »•     See  spinet*. 

spinney,  spinny2  (spin'i),  n.  [<  ME.  *spineye, 
spenne,  <  OF.  espinaye,  espinoye,  espinoie,  F.  epi- 
naie,  a  thicket,  grove,  a  thorny  plot,  <  L.  spine- 
turn,  a  thicket  of  thorns,  <  spina,  a  thorn:  see 
spine.  Cf .  spinet2."]  A  small  wood  with  under- 
growth; a  clump  of  trees  or  shrubs;  a  small 
grove  or  shrubbery. 

As  he  sprent  ouer  a  spennf,  to  spye  the  schrewe. 
Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 1895. 

A  land  .  .  .  covered  with  fine  hedgerow  timber,  with 
here  and  there  a  nice  little  gorse  or  spinney. 

T.  Huyhes,  Tom  Brown  at  Eugby,  i.  1. 

spinning  (spin'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  spynnynge ; 
verbal  n.  of  spin,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  one  who 
spins. — 2.  The  process  of  giving  shape  to  ves- 
sels of  thin  metal  by  means  of  a  turning-lathe. 

spinning-frame  (spin'ing-fram),  n.  A  machine 
by  which  cotton  thread  was  twisted  hard  and 
firm,  so  as  to  make  it  suitable  for  the  warp  of 
cotton  cloth:  the  invention  of  Richard  Ark- 
wright.  E.  H.  Knight. 

spinning-head  (spin'ing-hed),  n.  An  early 
form  of  spinning-machine  in  which  the  draw- 
ing and  twisting  mechanisms  are  combined  in 
one  head. 

spinning-houset  (spin'ing-hous),  «.  Same  as 
spin-house. 

spinning-jack  (spin'ing-jak),  n.  In  cotton- 
manuf.,  a  device  for  twisting  and  winding  a 
sliver  as  it  comes  from  the  drawing-rollers.  It 
is  placed  in  the  can,  in  which  it  rotates,  the 
sliver  being  wound  on  a  bobbin.  E.  H.  Knight. 

spinning-jenny  (spin'ing-jeu"i),  «.  A  spin- 
ning-machine, invented  by  James  Hargreaves 


5837 

means  of  which  the  operator  is  enabled  to  clasp  and  draw 
out  all  the  rovings  simultaneously  during  the  operation 
of  twisting,  and  to  feed  the  twisted  threads  to  the  spindles 
when  winding  on  —  the  whole  operation  being  almost  ex- 
actly like  hand-spinning,  except  that  a  large  number  of 
rovings  are  operated  upon  instead  of  a  single  one. 

spinning-machine  (spin'ing-ma-shen").  n.  1. 
Any  machine  for  spinning;  a  mule;  a  spinner. 
Specifically — 2.  An  apparatus  which  spins  con- 
tinuously, as  distinguished  from  the  intermit- 
tent action  of  the  mule.  E.  H.  Knif/lit. 

spinning-mill  (spin'iug-mil),  n.  A  mill  or  fac- 
tory where  thread  is  spun. 

Spinning-mite  (spin'ing-mit),  «.  Any  mite  or 
acarid  of  the  family  I'etraonychidee;  a  red- 
spider. 

spinning-organ  (spin'ing-6r"gan),  H.  The  or- 
gan or  apparatus  by  means  of  which  a  spider 
or  caterpillar  spins  silk;  an  arachnidium,  as  of 
a  spider.  See  cut  under  arachnidium. 

spinning-roller  (spin'ing-rp'ler),  «.  One  •  of 
the  iron  wheels,  covered  with  various  materi- 
als— as  rubber,  vulcanite,  paper,  or  felt — run- 
ning in  pairs  in  the  drawing  mechanism  of  a 
spinning-machine. 

spinning-spider  (spin'ing-spi//der),  H.  A  spider 
which  spins  cobwebs ;  specifically,  a  true  spider 
or  araneid,  as  distinguished  from  any  other 
arachnidan,  whether  it  actually  spins  or  not. 

spinning-wart  (spin'ing-wart),  n.  A  spinner- 
et ;  one  of  the  papilla?  or  mammillse  out  of  which 
a  spider  spins  silk.  See  cut  under  arachnidium. 
Gegenbatir,  Comp.  Auat.  (trans.),  p.  291. 

spinning-wheel  (spiu'ing-hwel),  n.  A  machine 
for  spinning  wool,  cotton,  or  flax  into  threads 
by  hand.  It  consists  of  a  wheel,  band,  and  spindle,  and 


Spinning-wheel  for  WooL 

a,  bench ;  b,  t>',  standards ;  '•,  driving  band-wheel  with  flat  rim, 
turned  by  the  peg  k  held  in  the  right  hand  of  the  spinner ;  d,  cord- 
band,  crossed  at  e  and  driving  the  speed-pulley./",-  g,  cord-band  im- 
parting motion  to  the  spindle  Jt  ;  i,  thread  in  process  of  spinning. 

is  driven  by  foot  or  by  hand.  Before  the  introduction  of 
machinery  for  spinning  there  were  two  kinds  of  spinning- 
wheels  in  common 
use  —the  large  wheel 
for  spinning  wool 
and  cotton,  and 
the  small  or  Saxon 
wheel  for  spinning 
flax.  The  girdle- 
wheel  was  a  spin- 
ning-wheel for- 
merly in  use,  small 
enough  to  be  fas- 
tened to  a  girdle- 
or  apron-string,  and 
used  while  standing 
or  walking  about. 

spinny1,  >*.   See 

spinney. 
spinny^t,  &•  [Ap- 

par.    an    irreg. 

var.  of  spiny,  3, 

or   of   spindly.] 

Thin ;    slender ; 


Spinning-wheel  for  Flax. 
<*•  bench  or  stool;  t>,  standards;  ct  driv- 
ing  band-wheel  grooved  in  its  perimeter;*, 
treadle;  e,  rod  which  connects  treadle  with 
crank  ;  /,  cord-band  which  drives  the  flier- 
spindle  ;  £•,  flier ;  h,  distaff  upon  which  the 
flax  to  be  spun  is  placed,  and  which  in  use 
is  held  in  the  left  hand  of  the  operator. 


Hargreaves's  Original  Spinning-jenny. 

a,  frame  ;  b,  frames  supporting  spindles ;  c,  drum  driven  by  the 
band  e  from  the  band- wheel/",  and  carrying  separate  bands  (not  shown) 
which  separately  drive  each  spindle  ;  rf,  fluted  wooden  ciasp  which 
travels  on  wheels  on  the  top  of  the  frame,  and  in  which  the  rovings 
are  arranged  in  due  order. 

in  1767,  which  was  the  first  to  operate  upon  more 
than  one  thread.  It  has  a  series  of  vertical  spindles, 
each  of  which  is  supplied  with  roving  from  a  separate 
spool,  and  has  a  clasping  and  traversing  mechanism  by 


slim;  lank. 

They  plow  it  early  in  the  year,  and  then  there  will  come 
some  spinny  grass  that  will  keep  it  from  scalding. 

Mortimer. 

spinode  (spi'nod), »/.  [<  L.  spina,  a  thorn,  spine, 
+  nodus,  a  knot.]  In  geom.,  a  stationary  point 
or  cusp  on  a  curve.  A  spinode  may  be  conceived  as 
resulting  from  the  vanishing  of  the  angle  at  a  node  be- 
tween the  two  branches,  the  length  of  arc  between  them 
being  reduced  to  zero,  just  as  an  inflection  may  be  regarded 
as  resulting  from  the  vanishing  of  the  interval  between 
the  two  points  of  tangency  of  a  bitangent,  the  total  curva- 
ture between  them  at  the  same  time  vanishing.  But  this 
view  in  the  latter  case  includes  all  the  points  of  the  in- 
flectional tangent  as  points  of  the  curve,  and  in  the  former 
case  includes  all  lines  through  the  spinode  as  tangents. 
For  this  reason  the  spinode,  like  the  inflection,  is  reck- 
oned as  a  distinct  kind  of  singularity.  A  curve  cannot, 
while  remaining  real,  change  continuously  from  having  a 
crunode  to  having  an  acnode  without  passing  through  a 
form  in  which  it  has  a  spinode. 

spinode-curve  (spi'nod-kerv),  ».  A  singularity 
of  a  surface  consisting  in  a  locus  of  points 
where  tangent-planes  to  the  curve  intersect  it 
in  curves  having  spinodes  at  those  points.  The 
sptnode-curve  on  a  real  surface  is  the  boundary  between  a 
synclastlc  and  an  anticlastic  region.  It  bears  no  resem- 


spinster 

blancc  to  that  singularity  of  a  surface  termed  the  cuspidal 
mint, 

spinode-torse  (nd'nM-tdn),  «.  That  torse  of 
which  a  spinodc-curvc  is  the  edge  of  regres- 
sion. It  is  the  envelop  of  tangent-planes  to  a 
surface  intersecting  it  in  curves  having  spi- 
nodes. 

spinose  (spi'nos),  a.  [<  L.  ftjtiiKisiis,  full  of 
thorns:  seespinitnx.]  Full  of  spines;  spinous; 
spinigerous  or  spiniferous;  armed  with  spines 
or  thorns;  of  a  spiny  character:  as,  a  spinosr 
leaf;  a  spinose  stem — Spinose  maxillae,  in  entmn., 
maxillfc  armed  with  spinus  at  the  apex,  as  in  the  dragon- 
fly. 

spinosely  (spi'nos-li),  ndi:  In  but.,  in  a  spinose 
manner. 

spinosity  (spi-nos'i-ti), «.;  pi.  spinositics  (-tiz). 
[<  L.  spinoxita(t-)s,  thominess,  (.  spinosus, 
thorny,  spiny:  see  spinous.]  1.  The  state  of 
being  spinous  or  spinose;  rough,  spinous,  or 
thorny  character  or  quality;  thominess:  liter- 
ally or  figuratively. 

The  part  of  Human  Philosophy  which  is  Rational  .  .  . 
seemeth  but  a  net  of  subtilty  and  spinosity. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

2.  A  thorny  part  or  thing;  something  thorny 
or  crabbed. 

spinous  (spl'nus),  a.  [=  F.  cpineux  =  Sp.  es- 
pinoso  =  Pg.  cspinhoso  =  It.  spinoso,  (.  L.  spi- 
nosus, full  of  thorns,  thorny,  spiny,  <  spina,  a 
thorn,  spine:  see  spine.]  1.  In  eool.  and  anat. : 
(a)  Having  spines;  spiny;  spinigerous  or  spi- 
niferous. (b)  Shaped  like  a  spine  ;  spiniform; 
having  the  character  of  a  spine ;  sharp  or  point- 
ed: as,  a  spinous  process  of  bone.  See  spinose. 

—  2.  In  bot.,  same  as  spinose — Spinous  foramen, 
the  foramen  spinosum  of  uie  sphenoldT    See  under fora- 
men.— Spinous  process  Of  a  vertebra,  one  of  the  ele- 
ments of  most  vertebrae,  usually  autogenous,  or  having 
Its  own  center  of  ossification,  forming  a  process,  point,  or 
plate  of  bone  where  the  lateral  halves  of  the  neural  arch, 
or  neurapophyses,  come  together  behind  (in  man)  or  above 
the  neural  arch ;  a  neural  spine.    See  cuts  urrfler  axis,  cer- 
vical, dorsal,  hypapophysit,  lumbar,  and  vertebra.—  Spi- 
nous process  of  the  sphenoid.    See  spine  of  the  sphe- 
noid, under  spine. — Spinous  rat,  a  spiny  rat,  in  any  sense. 

—  Spinous  Shark.    See  sharW,  ana  Echinorhinus  (with 
cut). —  Spinous  spider-crab,  Maia  sguinado,  the  com- 
mon spider-crab. 

spinous-radiate  (spi-'nus-ra'di-at),  o.  In  en- 
torn.,  rayed  or  encircled  with  spines. 

Spinozism  (spi-no'zizm),  n.  [<  Spinoza  (see 
def. )  +  -ism.]  The  metaphysical  doctrine  of 
Baruch  (afterward  Benedict)  de  Spinoza  (1632- 
1677),  a  Spanish  Jew,  born  at  Amsterdam.  Spi- 
noza's chief  work,  the  "Ethlcs,"ls  an  exposition  of  the  idea 
of  the  absolute,  with  a  monistic  theory  of  the  correspon- 
dence between  mind  and  matter,  and  applications  to  the 
philosophy  of  living.  It  is  an  excessively  abstruse  doc- 
trine, much  misunderstood,  and  too  complicated  for  brief 
exposition.  The  style  of  the  book,  an  imitation  of  Euclid's 
*'  Elements."  is  calculated  torepel  the  mathematician  and 
logician,  and  to  carry  the  attention  of  the  ordinary  reader 
away  from  the  real  meaning,  while  conveying  a  completely 
false  notion  of  the  mode  of  thinking.  Yet,  while  the  form 
is  pseudomathematical.  the  thought  itself  is  truly  mathe- 
matical. The  main  principle  is,  indeed,  an  anticipation 
in  a  generalized  form  of  the  modern  geometrical  concep- 
tion of  the  absolute,  especially  as  this  appears  in  the  hy- 
perbolic geometry,  where  the  point  and  plane  manifolds 
have  a  correspondence  similar  to  that  between  Spinoza's 
worlds  of  extension  and  thought.  Spinoza  is  described  as 
a  pantheist ;  he  identifies  God  and  Nature,  but  does  not 
mean  by  Nature  what  is  ordinarllymeant.  Somesaylngsof 
Spinoza  are  frequently  quoted  in  literature.  One  of  these 
liomnis  determinate  est  negatio,"&\\  specification  involves 
exclusion  " ;  another  is  that  matters  must  be  considered 
sub  specie  seternitatis,  "under  their  essential  aspects." 

Spinozist  (spi-no' zist),  ».  [<  Spinoza  +  -ist.] 
A  follower  of  Spinoza. 

Spinozistic  (spi-no-zis'tik),  a.  [<  Spinozist  + 
-ic.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of  Spi- 
noza or  his  followers :  as,  the  Spinozistic  school ; 
Spinozistic  pantheism. 

spinster  (spin'ster),  «.  [<  ME.  spinster,  spyn- 
stare,spinnestere,  spynnester(=D.spinster),wit}i 
suffix  -estre  (E.  -ster),  <  AS.  spinnan,  spin :  see 
xpin.]  1.  A  woman  who  spins;  by  extension, 
any  person  who  spins;  a  spinner. 

My  wlf  was  a  webbe  and  wollen  cloth  made. 
Hu  spak  to  the  spynnesters  to  spynnen  hit  oute. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  vii.  222. 
The  silkworm  is 
Only  man's  spinster. 

Randolph,  Muses'  Looking-Glass,  iv.  1. 
Let  the  three  housewifely  spinsters  of  destiny  rather 
curtail  the  thread  of  thy  life. 

Dekker,  Gull's  Hornbook,  p.  83. 

2.  An  unmarried  woman  (so  called  because  she 
was  supposed  to  occupy  herself  with  spinning) : 
the  legal  designation  in  England  of  all  unmar- 
ried women  from  a  viscount's  daughter  down- 
ward ;  popularly,  an  elderly  unmarried  woman ; 
an  "old  maid":  sometimes  used  adjectively. 

I,  Anthony  Lumpkin,  Esquire,  of  Blank  place;  refuse 
you,  Constantia  Neville,  spinster,  of  no  place  at  all. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  T.  1. 


spinster 

(I,  that  I  should  live  to  hear  myself  called  Spimler ! 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

Here  the  spinster  aunt  uttered  a  loud  shriek,  and  he- 
came  senseless.  Dickens,  Pickwick,  x. 

3f.  A  woman  of  an  evil  life  or  character:  so 
csilli'd  from  being  forced  to  spin  in  the  house 
of  correction.  See  spin-linimc. 

We  are  no  spinsters;  nor,  if  you  look  upon  us, 

So  wretched  as  you  take  us. 

Fletcher  (and  another  ?),  Prophetess,  ill.  1. 

spinsterdom  (spin'ster-dum),  n.  [<  spinster  + 
-(torn. ]  Spinsters  or  "old  maids"  collectively. 
G.  Meredith,  Manfred,  ii.  2.  [Rare.] 

spinsterhood  (spin'ster-hud),  n.  [<  spinster  4- 
-hood.}  The  state  of  being  a  spinster ;  unmar- 
ried life  or  state.  • 

spinstership  (spin'ster-ship),  n.  [<  spinster  + 
-ship.'}  Spinsterhood.  Southey. 

spinstress  (spin'stres),  n.  [<  spinster  +  -ess.} 
A  woman  who  spins,  or  whose  occupation  is 
spinning;  a  spinster. 

Let  meaner  souls  by  virtue  be  cajoled, 

As  the  (rood  Grecian  nriiislress  [Penelope]  was  of  old. 

Tom  Brown,  Works,  IV.  10.    (Daviet.) 

spinstryt  (spin'stri),  n.  [<  spinster  +  -ys  (cf. 
-ery).}  The  work  or  occupation  of  spinning; 
spinning. 

What  new  decency  can  be  added  to  this  your  spinstry  > 
Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  2. 

spintext  (spin'tekst),  n.  [<  spin,  v.,  +  obj. 
text.  ]  One  who  spins  out  long  dreary  discourses ; 
a  prosy  preacher. 

The  race  of  formal  gpintexts  and  solemn  saygraces  is 
nearly  extinct.  V.  Knox,  Winter  Evenings,  ix. 

spinthere  (spin'ther),  n.     [=  F.  spinthere,  <  Or. 

mrtv6tip,  a  spark.]     A  greenish-gray  variety  of 

sphene  or  titanite. 
spintryt  (spin'tri),  n.    [<  L.  spintria,  sphintria, 

a  male  prostitute.]   A  male  prostitute.  [Bare.] 

Itavished  hence,  like  captives,  and,  in  sight 
Of  their  most  grieved  parents,  dealt  away 
Unto  his  tpintries,  sellaries,  and  slaves. 

/;.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iv.  5. 

spinula  (spin'u-la),  n. ;  pi.  spinulie(-le).  [NL., 
<  L.  spinula,  dim.  of  spina,  a  spine :  see  spine.'} 
In  entom.,  a  minute  spine  or  hook.  Specifically  — 
(a)  One  of  the  little  hooks  bordering  the  anterior  edge  of 
the  lower  wing  in  most  Hymenoptera :  same  as  hamulus, 
1  (d).  (6)  One  of  the  bristles  forming  the  strigilis. 

spinulate  (spin'u-lat),  a.     [<  spinula  +  -ate1.'] 

In  :o(il.,  covered  with  little  spines Spinulate 

hairs,  hairs  emitting  minute  rigid  branches  or  spinules : 
such  hairs  cover  many  hymenopterous  insects. 

spinulated  (spin'u-la-ted),  a.  [<  spinulate  + 
-ed'2.}  Same  as  spinulate. 

spinule  (spin'ul),  n.  [<  L.  spinula,  dim.  of 
spina,  a  thorn,  spine:  see  spine.}  A  small 
spine ;  a  spicule. 

spinulescent  (spin-u-les'ent),  a.  [<  spinule  + 
-escent.}  In  60*.,  producing  diminutive  spines ; 
somewhat  spiny  or  thorny. 

spinuliferous  (spin-u-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  spi- 
nula, a  spiuule,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.}  In  bot., 
same  as  spinulose. 

spinulose  (spin'u-los),  a.  [<  NL.  spinulosus: 
see  spiiiulotis.']  In  bot.  and  zool.,  furnished 
with  spinules  or  diminutive  spines. 

I  have  never  seen  any  prominent  spine  upon  the  poste- 
rior elevation,  though  it  is  sometimes  minutely  spinulose. 
llnrli'ii.  Crayfish,  p.  234. 

spinulous  (spin'u-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  spinulosus,  < 
L.  spinula,  a  spinule:  see  spinule.}  Same  as 
spinulose. 

spirals  (spi'nus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  axivof,  a  bird  of 
the  finch  kind ;  cf .  spink.}  If.  An  old  name  of 
some  small  bird  which  feeds  on  seeds,  as  a  this- 
tle-bird, linnet,  siskin,  or  bunting.  Hence — 2. 
[cap.}  A  genus  of  thistle-birds  named  by  Koch 
in  1816,  containing  the  linnet,  the  siskin  or 
aberdevine,  the  goldfinch,  the  redpoll,  and 
others,  both  of  Europe  and  of  America.  In  pres- 
ent usage,  the  siskin  is  Spinus  spimts,  the  pine-finch  is 
S.  pinus,  the  goldfinch  of  Europe  is  S.  carduelis,  that  of 
America  is  S.  tristis,  etc.  The  name  wavers  in  application, 
and  is  more  or  less  inexactly  synonymous  with  several 
others,  as  Acanthis,  Carduelis,  Chrysomitris,  Astragalinus, 
JEgiotlaut,  Linaria,  lAnota,  etc.  See  cuts  under  siskin  and 
goldfinch. 

spiny  (spi'ni),  a.     [<  spine  +  -y1.}     1.  Hav- 
ing thorns  or  spines;  full  of  spines;  thorny; 
prickly.— 2.  Figuratively,  thorny;  perplexed; 
difficult;  troublesome. 
The  spiny  desarts  of  scholastick  philosophy. 

Warburton,  On  Prophecy,  p.  61.    (Latham.) 

3f.  Thin;  slim;  slender. 

As  in  well-grown  woods,  on  trees,  cold  spiny  grasshoppers 
Sit  chirping  Chapman,  Iliad,  iii.  161. 

Faith,  thou  art  such  a  spiny  bald-rib,  all  the  mistresses 
in  the  town  will  never  get  thee  up. 

Middleton,  Mayor  of  Queenborough,  iii.  3. 


5838 

Spiny  calamary,  a  cephalopod  of  the  genus  Acantho- 
teuttmi.  P.  P.  Carpenter.—  Spiny  crab,  a  crab  whose 
carapace  is  spiny,  or  has  spinous  processes;  a  spider-crab 
or  maioid.  See  cut  under  Oxyrhyncha.—  Spiny  fish,  a 
spiny-tinned  or  aciinthopterygian  tish.—  Spiny  lobster. 
Sec  lobster. —  Spiny  rat,  one  of  sundry  small  rat-like  ro- 
dents whose  pelage  is  more  or  less  spiny,  (a)  One  of 
the  South  American  species  of  Echimyx  and  Loncheres  or 
Nelomye.  See  cut  under  Echimys.  (b)  One  of  several 
pouched  rats  of  the  genus  Heteroinys. 

spiny-eel  (spi'ni-el),  ».    See  MtutaoentbeUcUe. 
spiny-finned  (spi'ni-ftnd),  «.     In  ichth.,  having 

spinous  fin-rays;  spine-finned;  acanthoptery- 

gious. 
spiny-skinned(spl'ni-skind),  a.    Echinoderma- 

tous. 
spiont  (spi'on),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  apijon  ; 

=  D.  G.  Sw.'  Dan.  spion,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  espinn, 

a  spy:  see  spy.    Cf.  espionage.}     A  spy. 

Captaine  of  the  Spyons. 
Heywood,  Four  Prentisesof  London  (Works,  1874,  II.  242). 

spirt,  v.     An  obsolete  form  of  speer1. 

spira  (spi'ra),  «.;  pi.  spires  (-re).  [L.,  the  base 
of  a  column,  a  spire:  see  spire*.}  In  arch.,  the 
moldings  at  the  base  of  a  column;  a  torus. 
Such  a  molding  or  moldings  are  not  present  in  the  Greek 
Doric  order  of  architecture,  but  the  feature  is  constant  in 
all  varieties  of  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian.  See  cute  under 
basel,  3. 

spirablet  (splr'a-bl),  a.  K  L.  spirabilis,  that  may 
be  breathed, respirable, <  spirare, breathe,  blow: 
see  spire3.}  Capable  of  being  breathed;  re- 
spirable. 

The  gpirable  odor  and  pestilent  steame  ascending  from 
it  put  him  out  of  bis  bias  of  congruity. 

Nashe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Hart.  Misc.,  VI.  173).    (Dacia.) 

spiracle  (spir'  or  spir'a-kl),  n.  [<  ME.  spyrakle, 
<  OF.  spiracle,  vernacularly  spirail,  espirail  = 
It.  spiracolo,  <  L.  spiraculum,  a  breathing-hole, 
air-hole,  <  spirare,  breathe:  see  spire3.}  1.  An 
aperture  or  orifice. 
And  after  XL  dayes  this  spiracle 

Is  uppe  to  close,  and  whenne  the  [you]  list,  it  [the  wine] 
drinke.        Palladia*,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  202. 

2.  In  zool.,  an  aperture,  orifice,  or  vent  through 
which  air,  vapor,  or  water  passes  in  the  act  of 
respiration;  abreathing-hole;  aspiraculum:  ap- 
plied to  many  different  formations.  Specifically 
—  (a)  In  Mammalia,  the  nostril  or  blow-hole  of  a  cetacean, 
as  the  whale,  porpoise,  etc. ,  through  which  air,  mixed  with 
spray  or  water,  is  expelled.  (&)  In  ichth. :  (1)  An  aperture 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  bead,  in  front  of  the  suspensorium 
of  the  lower  jaw,  observed  in  many  fishes,  as  selachians 
and  ganoids.  This  is  the  external  opening  of  the  hyoman- 
dibular  cleft,  or  persistent  first  postoral  visceral  cleft,  of  the 
embryo.  (2)  The  single  nostril  of  the  monorhine  verte- 
brates, or  myzonts  —  the  lampreys  and  hags,  (c)  In  entom. , 
a  breathing-hole ;  the  external  orifice  of  one  of  the  tracheae 
or  windpipes  of  an  arachnidan  or  myriapod,  opening  in  the 
side  of  the  body.  In  true  insects  (Hexapoda)  the  spiracles 
are  typically  twenty-two  in  number,  a  pair  (one  on  each 
side)  for  each  of  the  three  thoracic  segments,  and  for  each 
of  the  anterior  eight  abdominal  segments ;  but  they  are 
almost  always  lacking  on  some  one  or  more  of  these.  They 
are  either  simple  openings  into  the  respiratory  system,  or 
are  provided  with  valves,  sieves,  or  fringes  of  hair  for  the 
exclusion  of  foreign  particles.  See  cut  under  Sygtaechus. 

spiracula1,  «.     Plural  of  spiraculum. 

spiracula2  (spi-rak'u-la),  n. ;  pi.  spiraculse  (-le). 
[NL. :  see  spiracle.}  Iii  entom.,  same  as  spiracle. 

spiracular  (spi-rak'u-lar),  «.  and  ».  [<  spi- 
raculum +  -ara.}  I.  a"  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  spiracle,  breathing-hole,  or  blow-hole. —  2. 
Fitted  for  or  permitting  respiration,  as  a  spira- 
cle ;  respiratory.  _  Spiracular  arch,  in  ichth. ,  one  of 
the  visceral  arches  of  some  fishes,  between  the  mandibular 
and  hyomandibular  arches,  in  special  relation  with  the 
spiracular  cleft  and  spiracle.—  Spiracular  cleft,  in  ichth., 
the  hyomandibular  cleft:  so  called  from  its  relations  to 
the  spiracle  in  certain  fishes,  as  all  selachians  and  various 
ganoids.  See  spiracle,  2  (b)  (1).— Spiracular  gill,  a 
false  gill,  or  pseudobranch. — Spiracular  respiration, 
a  breathing  through  spiracles,  as  in  the  tracheal  respira- 
tion of  many  insects. 

II.  M.  A  small  bone  or  cartilage  in  special 
relation  with  the  spiracle  of  some  fishes. 

A  series  of  small  ossicles,  of  which  two  may  be  distin- 
guished as  spiractdars.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  648. 

spiraculate  (spl-rak'u-lat),  a.  [<  spiraculum  + 
-ate1.}  Provided  with  a  spiracle. 

spiraeuliferous  (spi-rak-u-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
spiraculum,  a  breathing-hole,  +  ferre  =  E. 
bear1.}  In  entom.,  bearing  a  spiracle  or  breath- 
ing-pore: said  of  segments  in  which  these  or- 
gans are  visible.  See  cut  under  Syskechus. 
Westwood. 

spiraculiform  (spi-rak'u-li-form),  a.  [<  L.  spi- 
raculum, a  breathing-hole,  +  forma,  form.]  In 
entom.,  having  the  structure,  form,  or  appear- 
ance of  a  spiracle;  stigmatiform. 

spiraculum  (spi-rak'u-lum),  ». ;  pi.  spiracula 
(-la).  [L. :  see  spiracle.}  1.  A  spiracle,  in  any 
sense. — 2.  A  breathing-hole  in  the  aventaile, 
beaver,  or  mesail  of  a  helmet. 

spirse,  «.    Plural  of  spira. 


spiral 

Spirsea  (spi-re'a),  w.  [NL.  (Tournefort,  1700), 
<  L.  ttpirtett,  <  (jr.  aTTttpaia,  meadow-sweet,  so 
called  from  the  shape  of  its  follicles,  <  onti/xt, 
a  coil,  spire:  see  .s-/j/>c2.]  1.  A  genus  of  rosa- 
ceous plants,  type  of  the  Mpirserfe.  It  IB  charac- 
terized by  fruit  commonly  of  five  follicles,  contain- 
ing usually  numerous  linear  seeds  with  a  membranous 
or  rarely  coriaceous  outer  seed-coat  and  little  or  no 
albumen.  The  flowers  have  four  or  five  calyx-lobes,  as 
many  rounded  petals,  twenty  to  sixty  filiform  stamens, 
and  a  smooth  or  woolly  fleshy  disk.  The  Himalayan 
5.  parvifolia  is  an  exception  in  its  solitary  seeds  and 
obconical  calyx.  There  are  about  50  species,  widely 
scattered  through  temperate  and  cold  regions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  and  occurring  rarely  on  mountains 
within  the  tropics.  They  are  herbs  or  shrubs,  bearing 
alternate  simple  pinnate  or  ternately  compound  leaves, 
usually  furnished  with  free  or  wing  like  and  united  stip- 
ules. The  small  white,  pink,  or  rose-colored  flowers  forma 
copious  axillary  or  terminal  inflorescence,  which  is  either 
a  raceme,  cyme,  panicle,  or  corymb,  or  consists,  as  in  & 
Aruncus,  of  a  diffuse  panicle  composed  of  numerous  elon- 
gated slender  spikes.  Most  of  the  species  are  highly  orna- 
mental in  flower.  They  are  now  most  commonly  known, 
especially  in  cultivation,  by  the  generic  name  Spirsea. 
Eleven  species  are  natives  of  Europe,  3  of  which  occur  in 
England  ;  of  these  S.  Filipendula  is  the  dropwort,  and  the 
others,  S.  solid/oHa  and  S.  Ulmaria,  are  known  as  meadmc- 
siceet  (the  latter  also  as  mteen-of-the-meadmcs,  which  see). 
Six  species  are  natives  of  the  northeastern  I'nitcd  States, 
of  which  S.  salictfolia  is  the  moat  widely  distributed,  a 
shrub  with  slender 
ascending  spire-like 
branches,  popularly 
known  in  the  west  as 
steeplebush,  in  America 
usually  with  white 
flowers,  in  Europe,  Si- 
beria, Mongolia,  and 
J  a  pan  pink  or  rose- 
colored.  It  Is  often 
cultivated,  especially  in 
.Russia,  where  a  great 
many  varieties  have 
originated  ;  in  Wales  it 
forms  a  large  part  of 
the  hedges.  For  S.  to- 
•mentosa,  a  similar  pink- 
flowered  eastern  spe- 
cies, see  hardhack ;  its 
representative  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  S.  Doug- 
lasii,  with  handsome 
whitened  leaves,  is  one  1 
of  the  most  showy  of 
American  shrubs.  For 
S.  lobata,  see  queen-of- 
the-prairie,  and  for  S. 
A  runcus,  goafs-beard ; 
the  latter  is  one  of  the 
most  ornamental  plants 
of  eastern  woodland 
borders.  For  S.  hyperi- 
n'folia,  common  in  cul- 
tivation from  Europe 
and  Siberia,  and  also 
called  Italian  may  and 
St.  Peter's  wreath,  see 
bridal-wreath.  Several 
species  from  Japan  are 
now  abundant  in  orna- 
mental grounds,  as  5.  Japonica  and  its  variety  S.  For- 
tunei,  and  S.  prun\folia,  the  plum-leafed  spiraea,  a  white- 
flowered  shrub  with  handsome  silky  leaves.  S.  Thun- 
beryii  from  Japan  is  much  used  in  parks,  forming  a 
small  diffuse  shrub  2  or  3  feet  high  with  light  recurving 
branches  whitened  before  the  leaves  with  a  profusion  of 
small  flowers  usually  in  threes  in  the  axils.  Some  Asiatic 
species  with  pinnate  leaves  and  large  terminal  panicles 
of  white  flowers  are  arborescent,  as  S.  sorbi/olia,  often 
seen  as  a  shrub  in  New  England  dooryards,  and  S.  Kam- 
chatica,  with  the  panicles  very  large,  the  flowers  fragrant 
and  feathery.  The  former  S,  opulijolia,  the  ninebark,  and 
its  variety  avrea,  the  golden  spinea  of  gardens,  are  now 
referred  to  NeiUia,  or  by  some  separated  as  a  genus  Physo- 
carpus.  Many  species  possess  moderate  astringent  or 
tonic  properties ;  the  roots  of  the  British  species  are  so 
used,  and  the  flowers  of  S.  hyperici/olia;  S.  Ulmaria  is 
valuable  also  as  a  diuretic.  S.  t&mentosa,  the  principal 
American  medicinal  species,  a  plant  of  bitter  and  astrin- 
gent taste,  is  used  in  New  England  and  also  formerly  by 
the  Indians  as  a  tonic. 

2.  [I.  c.]  (a)  A  plant  of  this  genus.  (6)  The 
white-flowered  shrub  Astilbe  Japonica,  now  ex- 
tensively imported  into  the  United  States  and 
propagated  under  glass,  form  ing  one  of  the  chief 
materials  of  Easter  decorations. 

Spiraeeae  (spl-re'e-e),  n. pi.  [NL.  (Bentham  and 
Hooker,  1865),  <  Spiraea  +  -ex.]  A  tribe  of  poly- 
petalous  plants,  of  the  order  Rosacese.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  flowers  with  bractless  and  commonly  persis- 
tent calyx-lobes,  ten  or  more  stamens,  from  one  to  eight 
superior  carpels,  usually  each  with  two  or  more  pendulous 
ovules,  either  indehiscent  or  ripening  into  follicles,  and 
not  included  within  the  calyx-tube.  It  consists  of  10 
genera,  of  which  Spirsea  is  the  type.  They  are  usually 
shrubs,  all  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere ;  Spirsea 
only  is  of  wide  distribution;  4  others  are  confined  toNorth 
America,  of  which  Nemusa  is  found  only  in  Alabama,  and 
Adenostoma  in  California.  Four  or  five  other  genera  are 
confined  to  Japan  and  China. 

spirseic  (spi-re'ik),  a.     [<  NL.  Spirsea  +  -ic.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  Spirsea. —  2f. 

Same  as  salicylic. 
spiral  (spi'ral).  a.  and  n.     [<  F.  spiral  =  Sp. 

Pg.  espiral  =  It.  spirale  =  D.  spiraal  =  G.  Sw. 

Dan.  spiral,  <  ML.  spiralis,  spiral  (Hnea  spirttlist 


Flowering  Branch  of  Hardback 

(Sptrtea  rptHfnfisit  . 
a,  flower;  '-,  fruit;  c,  leaf. 


spiral 

a  spiral  line,  a  spiral), <  L.  spiraea,  coil,  spire:  see 
spire-.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  spire 
or  coil ;  like  a  spire ; 
pointed  or  shaped  like 
a  spire. —  2.  Winding 
around  a  fixed  point 
or  center,  and  contin- 
ually receding  from  it, 
like  a  watchspring; 
specifically,  in  cuiu-li., 
making  a  number  of 
turns  about  the  col- 
nmella  or  axis  of  the 
shell;  whorled.  The 
whorls  may  be  in  one  plane, 
producing  the  flat  or  dis- 
coid shell,  or  oftener  wound 


5839 


spire 


2.  A  helix  or  curve  which  winds  round  a  cylin-  spiration  (spi-ra'shon),  «.     [<  LL.  tpiratto(n-), 


der  like  a  screw. —  3.  A  spiral  spring. — 4.  Ii 
wool,  one  of  the  eurls  or  convolutions  in  wool- 
fiber,  the  number  of  which  in  a  unit  of  length  is 
made  the  basis  of  an  estimate  of  its  quality  for 
manufacturing. —  5.  In  :ofil.  and  anat.,  a  spiral 
formation,  as  of  a  univalve,  of  the  cochlea,  etc. 
— Airy'S  spirals,  the  peculiar  colored  interference  flgiires 
seen  when  two  sections  of  quartz,  one  of  a  right-handed 
the  other  of  a  left-handed  crystal,  hoth  cut  transverse 
to  the  vertical  axis,  are  placed  one  over  the  other,  and 
viewed  in  converging  polarized  light.  —  Curschmann's 
spirals,  invatlutl.,  bodies  formed  of  spirally  wound  mu- 
cous threads  with  often  a  fine  shining  central  thread. 
They  seem  to  be  casts  of  small  bronchi,  and  are  eipecto- 


a  breathing,  <  L.  xpirarc,  pp.  xiiirtitiin.  breathe, 
blow,  exhale:  see  spire3.]     1.  A  breathing. 

God  did  by  a  kind  of  spiration  produce  them. 

Barrow,  Sermons,  II.  xxxiv. 

2.  In  tlieol.,  the  net  by  which  the  procession  of 
the  Holy  Ghost  is  held  to  take  place ;  also,  the 
relation  or  notion  so  constituted. 
spire1  (spir),  «.  [Also  spear  (formerly  also 
speer),  now  commonly  associated  with  spnn  '  : 
<  ME.  spire,  spyre,  spir,  <  AS.  spir,  a  stalk,  = 
MLG.  spir,  LG.  spier,  a  point,  needle,  sprout, 
=  G.  spier,  a  needle,  pointer,  spiere,  a  spar,  = 


Flat  Spiral  of  an  Ammonite  (An 
monites  bifrons). 


rated  in  asthma  and  certain  forma  of  bronchitis.— Dou-     Icel.  spira,  a  spar,  stilt,  a  kind  of  beaker,  =  Sw. 


CO1U  alien,  Ul  WJl/CIIcl   »»l*ullv» 

into  a  spire,  resulting  in  the  ordinary  turreted  form.  Com- 
pare cuts  under  Planorbis  and  Limneea,  and  see  spires,  2. 
3.  Winding  and  at  the  same  time  rising  or  ad- 
vancing like  a  screw-thread:  more  accurately 
lii-liral  or  lielicoidal. 

Where  upward,  in  the  mellow  blush  of  day, 
The  noisy  bittern  wheeled  his  spiral  way. 

Longfellow,  Sunrise  on  the  Hills. 

Spiral  axis.  See  oxisi .— Spiral  balance,  a  form  of  bal- 
ance in  which  the  weight  of  the  body 
under  examination  is  measured  by  the 
stretching  (torsion)  of  an  elastic  wire  in 
the  form  of  a  long  spiral.  A  common 
use  of  the  staple  form  of  spiral  balance 
(see  cut)  is  in  determining  the  specific 
gravity  of  small  fragments  of  minerals, 
which  for  this  purpose  are  weighed  first 
in  the  upper  pan  and  then  in  that  be- 
low, which  is  immersed  in  water. — Spi- 
ral canal  of  the  cochlea,  of  the  mo- 
diolus.  See  canali,  and  cut  under  earl. 

—  Spiral  duct,  in  bot.t  same  &s  spiral  ves- 
sel— Spiral  fracture.a  fracture  of  bone 
due  to  torsion,  so  that  the  broken  ends 
have  a  more  or  less  screw-like  appear- 
ance.— Spiral  gearing.    See  gearing. 

—  Spiral  layer,  the  middle  one  of  the 
three  layers  or  coats  of  the  tracheal  wall 
in  insects.    See  txnidium  and  trachea. 

—  Spiral  ligament  of  the  cochlea, 
the  spiral  ridge  at  the  outer  insertion  of 
the  basilar  membrane :  it  is  prismatic, 
or  triangular  in  section. —  Spiral  line, 
the  line  connecting  the  radii  or  radiating 
lines  of  a  geometrical  spider's  web,  and 
forming  a  continuous  spiral  from  the 
circumference  nearly  to  the  center.    It 
is  formed  after  the  radii  have  been  put 
in  place.— Spiral  nebula,  phyllotax- 
is,  plexus.     See  the  nouns. —  Spiral 
point.    See  spires,  3.— Spiral  ptero- 

pods,  the  Limacinidie.— Spiral  pump,  a  form  of  the 
Archimedean  screw  water-elevator.  See  Archimedean 
screw,  under  Archimedean.— Spiral  screw.  See  screw*. 
—  Spiral  space,  the  area  bounded  at  its  two  ends  by 
successive  parts  of  the  same  radius  vector,  and  within 
and  without  by  successive  parts  of  the  same  spiral.— 
Spiral  spring.  See  spring.—  Spiral  valve,  in  ichth., 
a  continuous  fold  or  ridge  of  mucous  membrane  which 
winds  spirally  about  the  interior  of  the  intestine  of 
some  fishes,  as  ganoids.— Spiral  vessel,  in  bot.,  a  ves- 
sel which  is  usually  long,  with  fusiform  extremities,  and 
has  the  walls  thickened  in  a  spiral  manner  with  one 
or  more  simple  or  branched  bands  or 
fibers.  In  most  cases  the  direction  of  the 
spiral  is  from  right  to  left,  but  it  fre- 
quently happens  that  the  earlier  formed 
spirals  run  in  one  direction,  while  those 
formed  later  run  in  an  opposite  direction. 
See  tissue,  vessel.  —  Spiral  Wheels,  in 
math.  See  wheel. 

H.  K.  1.  In  geom.,  a  plane  curve 
which    runs  continuously  round 
and    round    a 
fixed       point, 
called  the  een- 


Spiral  Balance  for 
determining  spe- 
cific gravities. 


We,  equiangular,  logarithmic,  loxodromic  spiral. 
See  the  adjectives.-  Logistic  spiral.  Same  as  logaritk- 
mic  spiral  (which  see,  under  logarithmic).— Norwich  spi- 
ral, that  second  involute  of  the  circle  whose  apse  is  mid- 
way between  the  cusp  of  the  first  involute  and  the  center 
of  the  circle :  so  called  because  first  shown  by  Sylvester  at 
the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  at  Norwich  in  1888. 
—  Parabolic  spiral.  See  parabolic^,  and  cut  above, 
spiral  (spi'ral),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spiraled, 
spiralled,  ppr.  spiraling,  spiralling.  [\  spiral, 
n.]  To  make  spiral;  cause  to  move  spirally. 

The  teeth  of  the  cutter  should  be  made  to  run  slightly 
spiralled.  Joshua  Rose,  Practical  Machinist,  p.  346. 

spirality  (spi-ral'i-ti),  n.  [<  spiral  +  -ity.] 
Spiral  character  or  quality.  Science,  III.  583. 

spirally  (spi'ral-i),  adv.  In  the  form  or  man- 
ner of  a  spiral. 

spiral-tail  (spi'ral-tal),  n.  The  royal  or  king 
bird  of  paradise,  Cincinnurus  regitts:  so  called 
from  the  spiral  coil  at  the  end  of  the  middle 
tail-feathers.  See  cut  under  Cincinnurus. 

spiramentt,  ».  [<  L.  spiramentum,  a  breathing- 
hole,  air-hole,  <  spirare,  breathe:  see  spire9.] 
A  spiracle.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  78. 

spirant  (spi'rant),  n.  [<  L.  ypiran(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
spirare,  breathe,  blow,  exhale :  see  spire3.]  A 
consonant  uttered  with  perceptible  blowing,  or 
expulsion  of  breath ;  an  alphabetic  sound  in  the 
utterance  of  which  the  organs  are  brought  near 
together  but  not  wholly  closed ;  a  rustling,  or 
fricative,  or  continuable  consonant.  The  term 
is  by  some  restricted  to  sounds  of  the  grade  of  »  and /,  the 
(ft  of  thin  and  that  of  thine,  and  the  German  eft;  others 
make  it  include  also  the  sibilants  ;  others,  the  semivowels 
/'•  and  y. 

Spiranthes  (spi-ran'thez),  n.  [NL.  (Eichard, 
1818),  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  spiral  arrange- 
ment of  the  flowers ;  <  Gr.  mrelpa,  a  coil,  spire, 


npira,  a  spar,  scepter,  pistil,  =  Dan.  spire,  a 
spar,  germ,  shoot,  spir,  a  spar,  spire  (in  arch. ) ; 
perhaps  connected  with  spikel  and  spine,  or 
with  spear1.]  1.  A  sprout  or  shoot  of  a  plant. 
An  ook  comth  of  a  litel  spire.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1335. 

2.  A  stalk  of  grass  or  some  similar  plant;   a 
spear. 

Shal  neuere  spir  springen  vp. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xiii.  180. 

Pointed  Spires  of  Flax,  when  green, 
Will  Ink  supply,  and  Letters  mark  unseen. 

Congrcve,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love. 

3.  The  continuation  of  the  trunk  in  a  more 
or  less  excurrent  tree  above  the  point  where 
branching  begins. 

No  tops  to  be  received,  except  the  spire  and  such  other 
top  or  limb  as  may  be  grown  on  the  main  piece  [British 
oak  for  navy  contracts).  Laslett,  Timber,  p.  72. 

4.  A  name  of  various  tall  grasses,  as  the  mar- 
ram, Ammophila  arundinacea;  the  reed  canary- 
grass,  Phalaris  arundinacea;  and  the  common 
reed,  Phragmites  communis.  Britten  and  Holland, 
Eng.  Plant  Names.  [Proy.  Eng.] — 5.  In  mining, 
the  tube  carrying  the  train  to  the  charge  in  the 
blast-hole :  so  called  from  the  spires  of  grass  or 
rushes  used  for  the  purpose.   Also  called  reed  or 
rush. — 6.  A  body  that  shoots  up  to  a  point;  a 
tapering  body;  a  conical  or  pyramidal  body; 
specifically,  in  arch. ,  the  tapering 

part  of  a  steeple  rising  above 
the  tower;  a  steeple;  the  great 
pinnacle,  often  of  wood  covered 
with  lead,  frequently  crowning 
the  crossing  of  the  nave  in  large 
churches. 


E  the  flowers;  <  Gr.  mrelpa,  a  coil,  spire,     churches.    The  earliest  spires,  in  the 
•    flower.]     A  genus  of  orchids,  of  the     architectural  sense,  were  merely  pyram- 
-    -          -  -   --      ~    -        --  ijai    or    conical    roofs,    specimens  of 

which  exist  in  some  of  the  oldest  Roman- 
esque buildings.  These  roofs,  becoming 
gradually  elongated  and  more  and  more 
acute,  resulted  at  length  in  the  graceful 
tapering  spire.  Among  the  many  exist- 
ing medieval  examples,  that  of  Salisbury 
Cathedral  is  one  of  the  finest;  that  of 


tribe  Neottiex,  type  of  the  subtribeS/nranWiea-. 
It  is  characterized  by  commonly  spirally  ranked  and  some- 
what ringent  flowers  with  the  upper  sepal  and  the  two  pet- 
als erect  or  connivent  and  galeate,  and  the  lateral  sepals 
set  obliquely  on  the  ovary  or  long-decurrent,  and  by  a 
column  not  prolonged  into  a  free  appendage,  but  usually 
decurrent  on  the  ovary.  There  are  about  80  species,  wide- 


Parabolic Spiral.  Archimedean  Spiral. 

Spiral    Vessels 

or  Ducts  of  E<-  ter,  with  constantly  increasing  ra- 
r""m.'"  ''  dius  vector,  so  that  the  latter  is 
never  normal  to  the  curve ;  also,  a 
part  of  such  a  curve  in  the  course  of  which  the 
radius  from  the  center  describes  360°.  Besides 
the  spirals  mentioned  below,  the  involute  of  the  circle  and 
the  cyclodes  are  very  important.  The  principal  spirals 
which  have  received  attention  are  the  spiral  of  Archi- 
medes(usually  understood 
to  have  been  discovered 
by  Conon  the  Samian),  the 
radius  of  which  increases 
uniformly  with  the  angle ; 
the  hyperbolic  spiral, 
whose  radius  vector  is  in- 
versely proportional  to 
the  angle  ;  the  lituus,  the 
square  of  whose  radius  vector  is  inversely  proportional  to 
the  angle ;  and  the  logarithmic  spiral,  whose  angle  is  pro- 
portional to  the  logarithm  of  the  radius  vector. 


Hyperbolic  Spiral.  (Less  of  the 
inner  part  of  one  branch  is  shown 
than  of  the  other.) 


. 

ly  dispersed  through  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of 
both  hemispheres.  They  are  terrestrial  herbs  from  a  short 
rootstock  or  a  cluster  of  fleshy  fibers  or  thickened  tubers. 
Many  species  produce  small  white  or  greenish  fragrant 
flowers,  in  several  spirals  forming  a  dense  spike  ;  in  some 
the  spike  is  reduced  to  a  single  spiral  or  becomes  straight 
and  unilateral.  The  flowers  are  commonly  small,  but  reach 
a  large  size  in  some  tropical  American  species.  The  leaves 
are  usually  narrow,  often  grass-like.  Six  species  are  na- 
tives of  the  northeastern  United  States,  all  late-flower- 
ing and  some  of  them  then  leafless.  They  are  known  as 
lady's-tresses,  &'.  cernua  also  locally  as  wild  tuberose,  and 
S.  graciKs  as  corkscrew-plant. 

spiranthic  (spi-ran'thik),  a.  [<s]>irantli-y  +  -ic.] 
Of  the  nature  of  or  affected  with  spiranthy. 

Spiranthy  (spi-ran'thi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aire'ipa,  a  coil, 
spire  (see  spire2),  +  avftoc,  a  flower.]  In  bot.,  the 
abnormal  dislocation  of  the  organs  of  a  flower 
in  a  spiral  direction.  Thus,  Masters  describes  a  curi- 
ous flower  of  Cypripedium  insigne,  in  which  a  displace- 
ment occurred  by  a  spiral  torsion  proceeding  from  right 
to  left,  which  involved  the  complete  or  partial  suppression 
of  the  organs  of  the  flower.  Also  spelled  speiranthy. 

spiraster  (spl-ras't&r),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amlpa, 
a  coil,  spire,  +  aarr/p,  a  star.]  In  sponges,  an 
irregular  polyact  spicule  in  the  form  of  a  stout 
spiral  with  thick  spines  ;  a  spinispirula.  When 
these  spines  or  rays  are  terminal,  the  spicule  is 
called  an  amphiaster.  Sollas. 

Spirastrosa  (spir-as-tro'sa),  n.  pi.  [NL.: 
see  spirastrose.]  In  Sollas's  classification  of 
sponges,  a  group  of  choristidan  tetractinellidan 
sponges,  generally  provided  wifli  spirasters. 

spirastrose  (spl-ras'tros),  a.  [<  spiraster  + 
-ose  (see  •*.._'  ' 

spicules  in  the  form  of  spirasters  ;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Spirastrosa  :  distinguished  from  ster- 
rastrose. 

spirated  (spi'ra-ted),  a.  [<  spire?  +  -atel  + 
-ed?.]  Formed  into  or  like  a  spiral;  twisted  like 
a  corkscrew.  See  cut  under  sasin.  [Bare.] 

Themalesof  this  species  [Anlilopebezoartica]  have  long, 
straight,  spirated  horns  nearly  parallel  to  each  other,  and 
directed  backward.  Darwin,  Descent  of  Man,  II.  236. 


I 


Spire    of    Senlis 


Senlis  Cathedral,  France,  though  not  of 
great  size,  is  one  of  the  earliest  of  fully 
developed  spires,  and  is  admired  for  the 
purity  and  elegance  of  its  design.  The 
spires  of  medieval  architecture  are  gen- 
erally square,  octagonal,  or  circular  in 
plan  ;  they  are  sometimes  solid,  more 
frequently  hollow,  and  are  variously  or- 
namented with  bands  encircling  them, 
with  panels  more  or  less  enriched,  and 
with  piercings  and  spire-lights,  which 
are  of  infinite  variety.  Their  angles 
are  sometimes  crocketed,  and  they  are 
often  terminated  by  a  flnial.  In  later 
examples  the  general  pyramidal  outline 
is  obtained  by  diminishing  the  diameter 

of  the  structure  in  successive  stages,  and  

this  has  been  imitated  in  modern  spires,  Cathedral, France; 
in  which  the  forms  and  details  of  classic  ««'y  '3*  century, 
architecture  have  been  applied  to  an 
architectural  creation  essentially  medieval.  The  term 
spire  is  sometimes  restricted  to  signify  such  tapering 
structures,  crowning  towers  or  turrets,  as  have  parapets 
at  their  base,  while  when  the  spire  rises  from  the  exterior 
of  the  wall  of  the  tower,  without  the  intervention  of  a 
parapet,  it  is  called  a  broach.  See  also  cuts  under  broach, 
10,  rood-steeple,  and  transept. 

The  glorious  temple  rear'd 
Her  pile,  far  off  appearing  like  a  mount 
Of  alabaster,  topt  with  golden  spires. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  548. 

7.  The  top  or  uppermost  point  of  a  thing ;  the 
summit. 

To  silence  that 
Which,  to  the  spire  and  top  of  praises  vouch'd, 


Would  seem  but  modest. 


Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  9.  24. 


!  (spi-ras'tros),  a.     [<.   spiraster   f 

MS).]     Having  microscleres  or  flesh-  spire1  (spir),  P.;  pret.  and  pp.  spired,  ppr.  spir- 


ing. [<  ME.  spiren,  spyren  (=  Dan.  spire  =  Sw. 
spira,  germinate);  <  spire1,  n.~\  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  sprout,  as  grain  in  malting. —  2.  To  shoot; 
shoot  up  sharply. 

Yon  cypress  spiring  high, 
With  pine  and  cedar  spreading  wide 
Their  darksome  boughs  on  either  side. 

Wordsworth.  White  Doe  of  Rylstone,  iv. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  shoot  or  send  forth. 


spire 

In  gentle  Ladies  lireste  and  bounteous  race 
Of  woman  kind  it  fayrest  Klmvre  dothspyre. 

r,  V.  (}.,  III.  v.  M. 


2.  To  furnish  with  a  spire  or  spires. 
Like  rampired  walls  the  Iiouses  lean, 
kllspircd  and  domed  and  tnrreted, 
sheer  to  the  valley  s  darkling  green. 
II'.  K.  llffili'ii,  From  a  Window  in  Princes  Street. 

spire2  (spir),  >i-  [<  P.  spire  =  Sp.  Pg.  '•••</'<>"  = 
It.  spinr,  <  L.  npira,  <  Gr.  amipa,  a  coil,  twist, 
wreath,  spire,  also  a  tore  or  anchor-ring.  Cf.  Gr. 
amt/ii',  a  woven  basket,  ii.sporta,  a  woven  bas- 
ket, Lith.  spartas,  a  baud.  Hence  spiral,  etc.] 

1.  A  winding  line  like  the  thread  of  a  screw; 
anything  wreathed  or  contorted;  a  coil  ;  a  curl  ; 
a  twist;  a  wreath;  a  spiral. 

His  head  .  .  . 

With  burnish'd  neck  of  verdant  gold  erect 
Amidst  his  circling  spires,  that  on  the  grass 
Floated  redundant.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  602. 

2.  In  conett.,  all  the  whorls  of  a  spiral  univalve 
above  the  aperture  or  the  body-whorl,  taken 
together  as  forming  a  turret,     in 

most  cases  the  spire  is  exserted  from  the 
last  turn  of  the  shell,  giving  the  ordinary 
turreted  conical  or  helicoid  form  of  num- 
berless gastropods  :  and  in  some  long  slen- 
der forms,  of  many  turns  and  with  small 
aperture,  the  spire  makes  most  of  the  length 
of  the  shell,  as  figured  at  Cerithium,  Cylin- 
drella,  and  Terebra,  for  example.  In  other 
cases,  however,  the  spire  scarcely  protrudes 
from  the  body-whorl,  and  it  may  be  even 
entirely  included  or  contained  in  the  latter, 
so  that  a  depression  or  other  formation  oc- 
cupies the  usual  position  of  the  apex  of  the 
shell.  (Compare  cuts  under  cowry,  Cyprsa, 
Cymbtum,  and  Oimdmt.)  See  also  cut  under 
univalve. 

3.  In  math.,  a  point  at  which  different  leaves 
of  a  Riemann's  surface  are  connected.    Also 
called  a  spiral  point. 

spirest  (spir),  i:  i.  [=  OF.  spirer,  espirer,  e.t- 
perer=  Sp.  Pg.  espirar  =  It.  spirare,<  L.  spirare, 
breathe.  Hence  ult.  spirit,  etc.  ,  and  aspire,  con- 
spire, expire,  inspire,  perspire,  respire,  transpire.] 
To  breathe. 

But  see,  a  happy  Korean  blast  did  spire 

From  faire  Pelorus  parts,  which  brought  us  right. 

Vicars,  tr.  of  Virgil  (1632).    (Nares.) 

spire4t,  c.     A  Middle  English  form  of  specr1. 
spire5  (spir),  ».     [Cf.  sp/rei.]     The  male  of  the 
red  deer,  Cen-us  elaplms,  in  its  third  year. 
A  spire  [has]  brow  [antler]  and  uprights. 

W.  W.  Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  510. 

spire-bearer  (spir'bar"er),  «.  In  conch.,  a  spiri- 
fer. 

spired1  (spird),  a.  [<  spire*  +  -erf2.]  Having 
a  spire. 

And  Baal's  spired  Stone  to  Dust  was  ground. 

Cowley,  Davideis,  li. 

spired2  (spird),  a.  [<  spirct  +  -co"*.}  In  conch., 
having  a  spire,  as  a  univalve  shell  ; 


turreted. 


spiriferous ; 
A  window  or  opening 


spire-light  (spIrTIt),  ». 
of  any  kind  for  light  in  a  spire. 

spire-steeple  (spir'ste-'pl),  n.  A  spire  consid- 
ered as  part  of  a  steeple ;  a  spire.  [Rare.] 

spiric  (spi'rik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr.  amipiKAf,  spiric, 

<  axeipa,  a  tore,  <  aite'iptiv,  sweep  round.]     I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  in  the  form  of  a  tore  or  anchor- 
ring.  —  Spiric  body,  a  tore.—  Spiric  line.    See  Km'*. 

II.  H.  A  curve,  the  plane  section  of  a  tore. 
Such  curves,  which  are  bicircular  quartics,  were  treated 
by  the  ancient  geometers  Eudoxus  and  Perseus. 

spiricle  (spir'i-kl),  «.  [<  NL.  "spirieitla,  dim. 
of  L.  spira,  a  spire :  see  sjtire'2.]  In  bot.,  one  of 
the  delicate  coiled  threads  in  the  hairs  on  the 
surface  of  certain  seeds  and  achenes,  which  un- 
coil when  wet.  They  probably  serve  in  fixing 
small  and  light  seeds  to  the  soil,  in  order  that 
they  may  germinate. 

Spirifer  (spir'i-fer),  n.     [NL.  (Sowerby,  1816), 

<  L.  spira,  a  coil,  spire,  +  j'erre  =  E.  bear*.']    1 . 
The  typical  genus  of  Spiriferidx,  having  the 
long  bracliial  appendages  coiled  into  a  pair  of 


a,  vcntial  view  ;  b,  dorsal  view ;  c ,  late: 


5840 

Spiriferidae  (spir-i-fer'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Spirifer  +  -iilfr.]  A  family  of  arthropomatous 
brachiopods  with  highly  developed  spiral  ap- 
pendages, typified  by  the  genus  Spirifer,  con- 
taining numerous  genera,  ranging  from  the 
Lower  Silurian  to  the  Liassie. 

spiriferine  (spi-rif'e-rin ),a.  [< Spirifer  +  -ine* . ] 
Bearing  bracliial  appendages  in  the  form  of  a 
spiral;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Spiriferidse. 

spiriferoid  (spl-rif'e-roid),  «.  and  a.  [<  (fpiri- 
j'er  +  -<>it1.~\  I.  11.  A  brachiopod  of  the  family 
Spiriferidie. 

II.  a.  Kesembling  a  spirifer;  having  char- 
acters of  the  Spirifci-iil,T. 

spiriferous  (spi-rif'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  "gpirift-r,  < 
L.  spira,  a  coil,  spire,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear*.'}  1. 
Having  a  spire,  as  a  univalved  shell ;  spired ; 
turreted. —  2.  Having  spiral  appendages,  as 
a  brachiopod;  spiriferine. —  3.  Containing  or 
yielding  fossil  spirifcrs,  as  a  geological  stra- 
tum. Eneijc.  Erit.,  XXIV.  507. 

spirignath  (spir'ig-nath),  «.  [<  NL.  gpiriijua- 
tlm  (Latreille,  1796),  <  "spirignatlius:  see  spi- 
rii/nathous.]  The  slender  spirally  coiled  antlia 
or  haustellum  of  lepidopterous  insects.  Also 


spirals,  called  the  carnage-spring  apparatus, 
supported  upon  similarly  convoluted  shelly  la- 
mellee,  and  the  shell  impunctate,  with  a  long 
straight  hinge-line.  Numerous  species  range  from 
the  lower  Silurian  to  the  Permian.  S.  hysterica  Is  an  ex- 
ample. Also  called  Spin/era,  Spiriferw. 
2.  \l.  c.]  A  member  of  this  genus. 


spirignathous  (spi-rig'na-thus),  a.  [<  NL. 
'spirigiiatiius,  <  Gr.  vireipa,  a  coil,  +  yvatiAc,  a 
jaw.]  Having  a  filiform  sucking-tube  coiled  in 
a  spiral,  as  a  moth  or  butterfly ;  haustellate  or 
antliate,  as  a  lepidopterous  insect. 

spirillar  (spir'i-liiv),  «.  [<  SpiriU-um  +  -«c3.] 
In  hot.,  belonging  to  or  resembling  the  genus 
Spirillum. 

Spirillum  (spl-ril'um),  H.  [NL.  (Ehrenberg, 
183Q),  dim.  of  L.  spira,  a  coil,  spire :  see  spire2.] 
A  genus  or  form-genus  of  Schizomycetes  or  bac- 
teria, having  cylindrical  or  somewhat  com- 
pressed spirally'twisted  cells.  They  are  rigid  and 
furnished  at  each  end  with  a  cilium,  and  multiply  by 
transverse  division,  the  parts  soon  separating  from  one 
another.  This  genus,  which  according  to  some  authorities 
also  embraces  the  genus  known  as  Vibrio,  contains  many 
species,  found  in  swamp-water,  salt  water,  infusions,  etc. 
See  Schteomycetes.—  Spirillum  fever.  Seefeverl. 

spirit  (spir'it),  «.  [<  ME.  spirit,  spirite,  spyryte, 
spyrite  (also  sprit,  sprite,  >E.  sprite*),  <  OF.  espi- 
rit,  esperit,  esprit,  F.  esprit  =  Sp.  espiritu  =  Pg. 
espirito  =  It.  spirito,  spirit  (=  G.  Sw.  Dan.  spiri- 
tits,  spirits  of  wine,  etc.),  <  L.  spiritus,  a  breath- 
ing or  blowingfas  of  the  wind),  a  breeze,  the  air,  a 
breath,  exhalation,  the  breath  of  life,  life,  mind, 
soul,  spirit,  also  courage,  haughtiness,  etc.,  LL. 
a  spirit,  ghost,  <  spirare,  breathe:  see  spire3. 
Cf.  sprite*,  a  doublet  of  spirit.'}  1.  According 
to  old  and  primitive  modes  of  thought,  an  in- 
visible corporeal  thing  of  an  airy  nature, 
scarcely  material,  the  principle  of  life,  medi- 
ating between  soul  and  body.  The  primitive  and 
natural  notion  of  life  was  that  it  consisted  of  the  breath, 
and  in  most  languages  words  etymologically  signifying 
'  breath '  are  used  to  mean  the  principle  of  life.  Spirit  Is 
one  of  these,  and  translates  the  Greek  iti'tO^o.  The  or- 
dinary notion  of  the  Greek  philosophers  was  that  the  soul 
is  warm  air.  This  was  strengthened  by  the  discovery, 
about  the  time  of  Aristotle  (who,  however,  does  not  share 
the  opinion),  of  the  distinction  between  the  veins  and  the 
arteries.  It  is  found  elaborately  developed  in  the  writings 
of  the  Stoics,  and  especially  of  Galen.  The  spirit  in  the  body 
exists  in  various  degrees  of  fineness.  The  coarser  kinds 
confer  only  vegetative  life,  and  betray  themselves  in  eruc- 
tations, etc. ;  there  are,  besides,  a  vital  spirit (iri/eu/iu  f<uo- 
n<c6r)  and  an  animal  or  psychical  spirit  (irnuna  ^i>xt«rir). 
At  birth  man  was  said  to  possess  only  vegetative  spirit, 
but  as  soon  as  he  draws  breath  this  was  thought  to  be  car- 
ried through  the  left  ventricle  and  the  arteries  to  every 
part  of  the  body,  becoming  triturated,  and  conveying  ani- 
mal life  to  the  whole.  The  spirits  were  also  said  to  be 
in  different  states  of  tension  or  tone,  causing  greater  or 
less  energy  of  body  and  mind.  The  vital  spirits,  being 
carried  to  the  ventricles  of  the  brain,  were  there  further 
refined,  and  converted  into  spirits  of  sense,  or  animal 
spirits.  In  vision  these  spirits  dart  out  from  the  eye  to 
the  object,  though  this  be  the  most  distant  star,  and  im- 
mediately return  laden  in  some  form  with  information. 
This  doctrine,  modified  by  the  addition  of  an  incorporeal 
soul,  and  confused  with  the  Hebrew  conception  of  a  spirit, 
was  generally  believed  down  to  and  into  the  scientific  era. 
Old  writers,  therefore,  who  use  phrases  which  are  still 
employed  metaphorically  must  be  understood  as  mean- 
ing them  literally.  See  def.  3. 

There  is  no  malice  in  this  burning  coal ; 

The  breath  of  heaven  hath  blown  his  spirit  out. 

•  Shalt.,  K.  John,  iv.  1.  110. 

From  the  kind  heat  which  in  the  heart  doth  raigne 
The  spirits  of  life  doe  their  beginning  take ; 
These  spirits  of  life,  ascending  to  the  braine, 
When  they  come  there  the  spirits  of  sense  do  make 
These  spirits  of  sense  in  fantasie's  high  court 
Judge  of  the  formes  of  objects  ill  or  well ; 
And  so  they  send  a  good  or  ill  report 
Downe  to  the  heart,  where  all  affections  dwell. 
Besides,  another  motive  power  doth  rise 
Out  of  the  heart,  from  whose  pure  blood  do  spring 
The  vitall  spirits,  which,  borne  In  arteries, 
Continual!  motion  to  all  parts  doe  bring. 

Sir  J.  Dories,  Nosce  Teipsum. 


spirit 

Adam,  now  enforced  to  close  his  eyes, 

Sunk  down,  and  all  his  spirit*  became  entranced. 

Millini,   P.  L.,  Xi.  419. 

Thus  lunch  cannot  be  denied,  that  our  smil  acteth  not 
immediately  only  upon  bones,  Hesh,  brains,  anil  other  such 
like  gross  parts  of  the  l>ody,  but,  first  and  chiefly,  upon 
the  animal  spirits,  as  the  immediate  instruments  of  sense 
and  fancy,  as  that  by  whose  vigour  and  activity  the  other 
heavy  and  unwieldy  bulk  of  the  body  is  so  nimbly  moved. 
And  therefore  we  know  no  reason  why  we  may  nut  assent 
here  to  that  of  Porphyrius :  that  the  blood  is  the  food  ami 
nourishment  of  the  spirit,  and  that  this  spirit  is  the  vehicle 
of  the  soul,  or  the  more  immediate  seat  of  life. 

Oudwurt/t,  Intellectual  System,  v.  §  3. 

2.  The  principle  of  life  conceived  as  a  frag- 
ment of  the  divine  essence  breathed  into  man 
by  God.    This  conception  is  developed  in  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments,  in  the  writings  of  the  Neoplatonists,  and 
by  theologians.    In  Biblical  and  theological  language  the 
spirit  is  the  highest  part  of  human  nature,  as  most  akin 
to  the  divine,  connected  mediately  with  the  body  through 
the  soul,  and  spoken  of  alone,  or  in  contradistinction  to 
the  body,  or  as  distinguished  from  both  body  and  soul 
(see  soul). 

All  flesh  died  that  moved  upon  the  earth,  ...  all  in 
whose  nostrils  was  the  breath  of  the  spirit  of  life. 

Gen.  vii.  21,  22. 
The  spirit  of  Elijah  doth  rest  on  Elisha.         2  Ki.  II.  15. 

My  spirit  is  consumed,  nvy  days  are  extinct,  the  grave 
is  ready  for  me.  Job  xvii.  1. 

Who  among  men  knoweth  the  things  of  a  man,  save  the 
spirit  of  the  man,  which  is  in  him?  1  Cor.  it  11  [R.  V.]. 

Our  body  shall  be  turned  into  ashes,  and  our  spirit  shall 
vanish  as  the  soft  air.  Wisdom  of  Solomon,  ii.  :i. 

3.  Metaphorically,  animation;  vivacity;  exu- 
berance of  life ;  cheerfulness;  courage;  mettle; 
temper;  humor;  mood:  usually  in  the  plural. 
But  In  old  writers  this  meaning  is  not  figurative,  since  they 
conceived  this  quality  to  be  due  to  the  tension  of  animal 
spirits. 

So  feble  were  his  spirites,  and  so  low. 

Chaucer,  C.  T.,  1. 1361. 

Hastings  went  to  the  council  that  morning  in  remarkably 
high  spirits.  J.  Qairdner,  Rich.  III.,  ii. 

All  furnish'd,  all  in  arms ;  .  .  . 
As  full  of  spirit  as  the  month  of  May. 

Sliak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  Iv.  1.  101. 

I  wonder  you  can  have  such  spirits  under  so  many  dis- 
tresses. Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

4.  A  peculiar  animating  and  inspiring  princi- 
pie;  dominant  influence;  genius;  that  which 
pervades  and  tempers  the  conduct  and  thought 
of  men,  either  singly  or  (especially)  in  bodies, 
and  characterizes  them  or  their  works. 

O  spirit  of  love !  how  quick  and  fresh  art  thou ! 

Shale.,  T.  N.,  L  1.  9. 

This  shows  plainly  the  democratical  spirit  which  acts 
our  deputies.  Winthrop,  Hist  >'ew  England,  II.  141. 

All  seem  to  feel  the  spirit  of  the  place, 

And  by  the  general  reverence  tiod  is  praised. 

Wordsworth,  .Sonnets,  iii.  48. 

That  is  the  best  part  of  each  writer  which  has  nothing 
pi-hate  in  It;  ...  that  which  in  the  study  of  a  single 
artist  you  might  not  easily  find,  but  in  the  study  of  many 
you  would  abstract  as  the  spirit  of  them  all. 

Emerson,  Compensation. 

And  that  law  of  force  which  governs  all  the  changes  of 
character  in  a  given  people  at  a  given  time,  which  we 
call  the  Spirit  of  the  Age,  this  also  changes,  though  more 
slowly  still.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  80. 

5.  The  essence,  real  meaning,  or  intent  of  any 
statement,  command,  or  contract :  opposed  to 
letter. 

Who  also  hath  made  us  able  ministers  of  the  new  testa- 
ment ;  not  of  the  letter,  but  of  the  spirit:  for  the  letter 
killeth,  but  the  spirit  giveth  life.  2  Cor.  iii.  6. 

The  scientific  principles  of  Aristotle  were  in  spirit,  if 
not  in  form,  in  contrast  with  those  of  modern  science. 

W.  Wallace,  Epicureanism,  p.  171. 

6.  Incorporeal,  immaterial  being  or  principle  ; 
personality,  or  a  personality,  unconnected  or 
only  associated  with  a  body:  in  Biblical  use 
applied  to  God,  and  specifically  [cap.'}  to  the 
third  person  of  the  Trinity  (the  Holy  Spirit) ; 
also  to  supernatural  good  and  evil  beings  (an- 
gels). 

God  is  a  .-//'/•/' ;  and  they  that  worship  him  must  wor- 
ship him  in  spirit  and  in  truth.  John  iv.  24. 

But  God  hath  revealed  them  unto  us  by  his  Spirit:  for 
the  Spirit  searcheth  all  things,  yea,  the  deep  things  of 
God.  1  Cor.  ii.  10. 

Putting  together  the  ideas  of  thinking  and  willing,  or 
the  power  of  moving  or  quieting  corporeal  motion,  joined 
to  substance,  of  which  we  have  no  distinct  idea,  we  have 
the  idea  of  an  immaterial  *i>irit. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  xxiii.  15. 

If  we  seclude  space  out  of  our  consideration,  there  will 
remain  but  two  sorts  of  substances  in  the  world  :  that  is, 
matter  and  mind ;  or,  as  we  otherwise  call  them,  body  and 
spirit.  Watts,  Logic,  I.  ii.  i  2. 

Spirit  exists  everywhere  in  nature,  and  we  know  of  no 
spirit  outside  of  nature. 

Uaeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  455. 

7.  A  person  considered  with  respect  to  his 
peculiar  characteristics   of  mind  or  temper, 


spirit 

especially  as  shown  in  action ;  a  man  of  life,  fire, 
energy,  enterprise,  courage,  or  the  like,  wild 
influences  or  dominates:  as,  the  leading  .syvn/.- 
of  the  movement  were  arrested. 

No  place  will  please  me  so,  no  mean  of  death, 
As  here  by  (Vsar,  and  by  you  cut  off, 
The  choice  and  master  spirits  of  this  age. 

Shak.,  J.  C.,  iii.  1.  163. 


5841 


spiritless 


)f  life,  fire,      spirit.—  Public  spirit,  active  interest  in  the  welfare  of     iti«il)  +  -lift  ~\     Bv  mean  brpatl 

like,   who      »5  community;   disposition  to  exert  or  to  deny  one's 
inir  tntrttx     8e"  for  tlle  Zenera-}  K°od.-pyro-acetic  spirit.    Same     KPlr 


n    ansnasmoc.-   pr 

soul,  01  a  soul  naturally  des-  liquid  composed  of  oil  of  anise  10,  alcoho 
titute  of  an  ordinary  solid  body;  an  apparition  ">  «  stomachic  and  carminative.-  Spirit  of 
of  such  a  being ;  a  specter;  a  ghost, 


as  acetone.-  Pyrollgneous  spirit.      Same"  as  met  hylic 

alcohol  (which  see,  under  alcohol).  —  Pyroxylic  spirit 

See  pyroxi/Kc.— Rectified  spirit.     Sec  reriifti  and  al- 

cohol.— silent  spirit.    Si-e  silent.  -Spirit  colors.   See 

color.—  Spirit  Of  ammonia,  an   alcoholic   solution  of  -».— ;  :  s 

ammonia,  containing  lu  per  cent,  by  weight  of  the  gas      cistern  Which  holds  the  spirit. 

It  is  stimulant  and  antispasmodic.- Spirit  of  anise,  a  spirit-blue  (spir'it-blii),  it. 


We  may  conceive  one  of  each  111  or  rr  occurring  in  a 
word]  pronounced  npiritally,  the  other  vocally. 

Holder,  Elements  of  Speech,  p.  58. 

Spirit-back  (spir'it-bak),   n.     In  clintilliny,  the 


Then  shall  the  dust  return  to  the  earth  as  it  was ;  and 
the  spirit  shall  return  unto  God  who  gave  it.  Eccl.  xli.  7. 

Whilst  he  |tha  child]  is  young,  be  sure  to  preserve  his 
tender  mind  from  all  impressions  and  notions  of  spirits 
and  goblins  or  any  fearful  apprehensions  in  the  dark. 

Locke,  Education,  §  138. 

9.  A  supernatural  being;  an  angel,  fairy,  elf, 
sprite,  demon,  or  the  like. 

I  am  a  spirit  of  no  common  rate,  .  .  . 
And  I  will  purge  thy  mortal  grossness  so 
That  thou  shall  like  an  airy  spirit  go. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  1.  157. 

And  when  Saul  inquired  of  the  Lord,  the  Lord  answered 
him  not,  neither  by  dreams,  nor  by  (Trim,  nor  by  prophets. 
Then  said  Saul  unto  his  servants,  Seek  me  a  woman  that 
hath  a  familiar  spirit.  1  Sam.  xxviii.  6,  7. 


il  90  parts.  '[I 

ilrit  of  ants.    Same 

as  spmt  of  formic  acid.— Spirit  of  bitter  almonds,  a 
liquid  composed  of  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  alcohol,  and 
water.— Spirit  of  cajeput,  a  liquid  composed  of  oil 
of  cajeput  i,  alcohol  49  parts.— Spirit  of  camphor, 
a  liquid  composed  of  camphor  10,  alcohol  70,  and  water 
20  parts.-  Spirit  of  chloric  ether.  Same  as  spirit 
of  chloroform.  —  Spirit  Of  chloroform,  a  liquid  consist- 
ing of  purified  chloroform  10,  alcohol  90  parts.— Spirit 
of  cinnamon,  a  liquid  composed  of  oil  of  cinnamon  lo, 
alcohol  90  parts:  aromatic  cordial.— Spirit  of  citron  a 
2  per  cent,  solution  of  oil  of  citron  in  alcohol.—  Spirit  of 
Cochlearla,  a  liquid  composed  of  fresh  scurvy-grass  8,  al- 
cohol 5,  water  3  parts  Spirit  of  cucumbers,  a  liquid 


An  aniline  blue  de- 

froin  coal-tar,  used  for  dyeing,  and  solu- 
ble in  spirit  (alcohol).  There  are  two  kinds.  The 
first  is  prepared  from  rosaniline  by  heating  it  with  an  ex- 
cess  of  aniline  and  some  benzoic  acid,  distilling  off  the 
excess  of  aniline,  saturating  the  residue  with  hydrochloric 
acid,  drying,  and  powdering  :  it  produces  the'hydrochlo- 
riil  nf  triphenyl-rosaniline.  The  second  is  prepared  from 
diphenylamine  liy  treating  it  with  oxalic  acid  and  hydro- 
chloric acid,  producing  the  hydrochlorid  of  triphenyl- 
pararosaniline.  The  chemical  composition  of  these  two  is 
not  identical.  They  are  used  in  dyeing  silks,  giving  very 
pure  blues,  the  latter  being  the  finer.  Also  called  diphenyl- 
amine-blue,  Gentiana  blue,  Humboldt  blue,  imperial  blue, 
r blue,  rosanitine-blue. 


ui   a,  waici    J  pans.       BPITII  01   CUCUmnerS,  a  liquid  H"j7T™*!                       .,.     . 

made  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  grated  cucumbers  and  al-  Spirit-brown  (spir  it-broun),  n.     See  Iroirii. 

cohol  :i  parts,  used  in  making  ointment  of  cucumber.—  spirit-butterfly  (spir'it-but"er-fll),  «.     A  trop- 

«m  oriin''i'"cnu?i0^i"tterl*!nnolnfOBe('i0'i'?1?  °i"  "s^Vr-ft  loa^  American  butterfly  of  the  genus  Ithomia, 

of  ether,  a  spirit  composed  of"s'trong1ether°:(o"  aiiJolKil  70  of  ""morons  species,  delicate  in  form,  with 

parts.  It  has  properties  similar  to  those  of  ether.— Spirit  nearly  scaleless  gauzy  wings, 

of  formic  acid,  a  liquid  composed  of  formic  acid,  alcohol,  spirit^duck  (spir  it-duk),  n.     1.   In 


10.  A  subtle  fluid  contained  in  a  particular 
substance,  and  conferring  upon  it  its  peculiar 
properties,  (a)  In  Bacon's  philosophy,  such  a  fluid  for 
each  kind  of  substance,  living  or  dead. 


i       ~*-  ^  dfUck  that  dives  at  the  flash  oa  gun 

Splrlt  of  junlper|  a  li(llli(1  composed  of  oil  of  juniper  3,     or  twang  of  a  bow-string  ;  a  conjuring  duck. 
hol  97  parts  :  adjuvant  to  diuretic  medicine.—  Spirit     Compare  hell-diver. 


alcoho 


each  kind  of  substance,  living  or  dead.  Of  lemon,  a  liquid  composed  of  oil  of  lemon  6,  lemon-peel  SDirited  (srjir'i-ted)    a      f<  mint 

The  spirits  or  pneumaticals,  that  are  in  all  tangible  bod-  4'al.coh°l '?  make  100  parts:  used  for  flavoring  medicines,     Animated  •  full  of  life'-  liVoli-  fi 

ies,  are  scarcely  known.  .  .  .  Spirit,  are  nothing  else  but  ^tards,  etc.     Also  called  essence  of  tonon.-Spirit  of     Animated,  n            lite,  lively,  II 

a  natural  hodv.  rarefied  tn  n  nrnnnrHnn  «nH  i,,,.ii,,i.>,i  ;,,  Minaererus.  oam&Mmuti(mQfac6tateofainmonia(vfhich     nre. 


a  natural  body,  rarefied  to  a  proportion,  and  included  in 
the  tangible  parts  of  bodies,  as  in  an  integument.  And 
they  be  no  less  differing  one  from  the  other  than  the  dense 
or  tangible  parts ;  .  .  .  and  theyarenever(almost)at  rest; 
and  from  them  and  their  motions  principally  proceed 
arefaction,  colliquation,  concoction,  maturation,  putrefac- 
tion, vivifaction,  and  most  of  the  effects  of  nature. 

Bacon,  Nat  Hist.,  §  98. 

(6)  In  old  diem.,  a  liquor  obtained  by  distillation :  often  in 
the  plural. 

11.  A  strong  alcoholic  liquor;  in  a  restricted 
sense,  such  a  liquor  variously  treated  in  the 


_.,  -Spirit 

Muidererus.  Sam eas solutions f  acetate of 'aintnonia(wlii 
see,  under  solution).— Spirit  Of  myrcia.  Same  as  bay- 
rum. —  Spirit  Of  nitert.  An  obsolete  nameforntfnc  acid. 
—  Spirit  of  nitroglycerin,  a  solution  of  nitroglycerin 
(glonoin)  in  alcohol,  containing  1  per  cent,  by  weight  of  ni- 
troglycerin.—Spirit  of  nitrous  ether.  See  nitrous.— 
Spirit  of  nutmeg,  a  liquid  composed  of  oil  of  nutmeg  3, 
alcohol  97  parts.  Also  called  essence  ofnutmeff,  and  used  as 
a  flavoring  for  medicines.— Spirit  of  orange,  a  liquid 
composed  of  oil  of  orange-peel  6,  alcohol  94  parts :  used  in 
flavoring  medicines.— Spirit  of  peppermint,  a  liquid 
composed  of  oil  of  peppermint  10  parts,  peppermint  in 
powder  1  part,  and  alcohol  to  make  100  parts.  Also  called 


+  -eo-2.]     1. 
full  of  spirit  or 


the  plural,  any  strong  distilled  liquor. 


They  are  like  too  frequei 
health,  which  weaken  the  i 
too  high. 


1  gin ;  m 


.  ix. 


of  phosphorus.—  Spirit  of  rosemary,  a  liquid  composed 
of  oil  of  rosemary  1,  rectified  spirit  49  parts :  a  perfume 
and  adjuvant  to  liniments,  etc.— Spirit  Of  sea-salt. 


12.  A  solution  of  tin  in  an  acid,  used  in  dye- 
ing.— 13f.  An  aspirate;  a  breathing,  as  the 
letter  7(. 

But  be  it  [A]  a  letter  or  spirit,  we  have  great  use  of  it  in 
our  tongue,  both  before  and  after  vowels. 

B.  Jonson,  Eng.  Grammar,  iv. 


sensation  ;  sensibility  or  sensitiveness  of  touch,  sighti  etc. 

To  whose  soft  seizure 

The  cygnet's  down  is  harsh,  and  spirit  of  sense 
Hard  as  the  palm  of  ploughman. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  1.  68. 


Dryden's  translation  of  Virgil  is  noble  and  spirited. 

Pope. 

His  rebuke  to  the  knight  and  his  sottish  revellers  is 
sensible  and  spirited.  Lamb,  Old  Actors. 

2.  Having  a  spirit  of  a  certain  character:  used 
in  composition,  as  in  high-spirited,  low-spirited, 
me&n-spirited. 

That  man  is  poorly  spirited  whose  life 
Buns  in  his  blood  alone,  and  not  in 's  wishes. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  v.  1. 

3.  Possessed  by  a  spirit.     [Rare.] 

So  talk'd  the  spirited  sly  snake.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  613. 
=  Syn.  1.  Spiritual,  etc.  (see  spirituous);  ardent,  high- 
mettled,  high-spirited.  See  also  animation. 

spiritedly  (spir'i-ted-li),  adv.  In  a  spirited  or 
lively  manner;  with  spirit,  strength,  or  anima- 
tion. 

spiritedness  (spir'i-ted-nes),  n.  Spirited  na- 
ture or  character ;  spirit :  liveliness ;  life ;  ani- 
mation. Boyle,  Works,  VI.  48. 


!,?^«?/rSOa&£Wd  comP°!?d  °f  Castile  soap,  alcohol    spiriter  (spir'i-ter),  n.     One  who  spirits  another 
and  water.— Spirit  Of  spearmint,  a  liquid  composed  of     nwav-  nn  abductor-  a  Uidnnnnpf       rR0™  1 
oil  of  spearmint  10,  powdered  spearmint  1,  alcohol  89     awav>  an  aDa  napper.      [rJare.J 


i_         .    .  — * —  j"-&      BLamte  01  ia»o  us  ana  44  v  let.,  c.  24)  wlncn  consolidates  _H;«i4.A.i    /      •   /-*r.i\  rs 

such  existence— Animal,  ardent,  astral  spirits,     the  laws  relating  to  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  spirits.  SpmtfUl  (spir  it-flu),  a.     [<  sjn 
See  the  adjectives.— Aromatic  spirit,  a  liquid  composed     —  Sweet  spirit  of  niter.   Same  as  spirit  of  nitrous  ether,     spnteful,    spnghtful.]     Full   of 


While  the  poor  boy,  half  dead  with  fear, 
Writh'd  back  to  view  his  spiriter. 

Cotton,  Works,  p.  257.    (Danes.) 

[<  spirit  +  -fnl.    Cf. 


of  compound  spirit  of  orange  and  alcohol. — Aromatic 
spirit  of  ammonia,  a  liquid  composed  of  ammonium  car- 
bonate 40,  water  of  ammonia  100,  oil  of  lemon  12,  oil  of 
lavender-flowers  1,  oil  of  pimeuta  1,  alcohol  700,  water  to 
make  1,000  parts.  It  is  stimulant,  antacid,  and  is  used  in 
sick-headache  or  as  an  aid  in  recovering  after  alcoholic  de- 
bauch.—Bar  wood  spirits.  Same  as  tin  spirits.— Breth- 
ren of  the  Free  Spirit,  Brethren  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 


—  The  four  spirltst,  four  substances  used  in  alchemy:     Chapman.     [Bare.] 

nilU'knilviir    nmlmpnt.  r»»*   .1  v_i  .i.ii-    ool    «  i.»n,  .>.!.>..     nnil    m,l 3 -i.^> 11 / •   ./«.     e 


quicksilver,  orpiment  or  arsenic,  sal  ammoniac,  and  sul- 
phur. 

The  flrste  spirit  quicksilver  called  is, 
The  second  orpiment,  the  thridde  ywis 
Sal  armoniak,  and  the  ferthe  brimstoon. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1. 


ipiritfully 
lively  man 


(spir'it-ful-i),  adi: 


In  a  spirited  or 
Liveliness ; 


spiritfulness  (spir'it-ful-nes),  «. 
sprightliness.     Harvey.     [Rare.] 
spirit-gum  (spir'it-gum),   «.    A   quick-drying 


Tin  spirits,  solutions  of  tin,  in  the  preparation  of  which 


courage;  enliven;  cheer:  sometimes  with  up. 

Shall  our  quick  blood,  spirited  with  wine, 
Seem  frosty?  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  5.  21. 


We,,,  I  shau  tf 


pound  spirit  Of  lavender. TSame  as  co^pou^d  tincture     '       ^"'r^'TT'  IV  ™          ;  i       i 

of  lavender  (which  see,  under  tincture).-  Compound  sPlrl*  (sP\r  lt;)>  "•  '•  tf  sptnt,n.  Cf.  sprite*,  f.] 
spirit  of  orange,  a  liquid  composed  of  the  oils  of  bitter-  1.  To  animate;  inspire;  inspirit;  excite;  en- 
orange  peel,  lemon,  coriander,  star-anise,  and  alcohol  — 
Dulcified  spirit.  See  dulcify.—  Dyers'  spirit  See 
dyer.  — Familiar  spirit.  See  familiar.—  Fetid  spirit 
Of  ammonia,  a  liquid  composed  of  asafetida,  strong  so 
lution  of  ammonia,  and  alcohol.  It  is  a  nervous  stimu- 
lant, antacid.— Fever  Of  the  spirit.  See  feverl.— Holy 
Spirit,  or  the  Spirit,  the  Spirit  of  God ;  the  Holy  Ghost. 
See  ghost.—  In  spirit,  (a)  Inwardly :  as,  to  groan  in  spirit, 
(b)  By  inspiration ;  by  or  under  the  guidance  of  the  Holy 
Spirit. 

How  then  doth  David  in  spirit  call  him  Lord? 

Mat.  xxii.  43. 

Mahwa-spirit,  an  alcoholic  liquor  distilled  from  fer- 
mented flowers  of  Bassia  latifolia.— Master  spirit.  See 
master^.—  Materialized  spirit.  See  materialize.— Me- 
dicinal spirits,  medicines  prepared  either  by  macer- 
ating bruised  seeds,  flowers,  herbs,  etc.,  in  alcohol  or 
spirit  for  two  or  three  days  before  distillation,  and 
then  drawing  off  by  a  gentle  heat,  or  extemporaneously 
by  adding  a  proper  proportion  of  essential  oil  to  pure 
spirit  of  the  prescribed  strength.  In  this  way  are  pre- 
pared spirits  of  aniseed,  cassia,  cinnamon,  juniper,  lav- 


a  spirit. 

I  will  be  correspondent  to  command, 
And  do  my  spiriting  gently. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.  298. 

spiritism  (spir'i-tizm),  w.      [<  spirit  +  -ism.'] 
Same  as  spiritualism,  3. 

It  is  a  concession  or  yielding  from  the  throne,  and  would  spiritist  (spir'i-tist),  n.   [<  spirit  +  -ist.~\    Same 
naturally  spirit  up  the  Parliament  to  struggle  on  for  power.     as  spiritualist   3 

Walpole,  Letters,  II.  393.   spirkistic  (spVi.tis'tik),  «.      [<  spiritist  +  -fc.] 
^-"-  Of  ,  pertaining  to,  founded  on   o|  in  harmon,! 

with  spiritualism  :  as,  ttpmtistic  doctrines. 


2.  To  convey  away  rapidly  and  secretly,  as  if 
by  the  agency  of  a  spirit;  kidnap:  generally 
with  off,  away,  or  other  adverb  of  direction. 


Those  strange  forces,  equally  occult,  the  mesmeric  and 
the  spiritistic.          Honelts,  Undiscovered  Country,  p.  16. 

,  spirit-lamp  (spir'it-lamp),  n.    See  fampi. 

When  we  came  abreast  of  Old  Panama  we  anchor'd,  and  sniritlpaf  fsnir'it  Infl    11       Th«  nmnvrnnt     P« 
sent  our  Canoa  ashore  with  our  Prisoner  Don  Diego  de  spirmeal  (,    >11  lt-1  WJ>  «.      1  he  >ot,  Mil 


Pinas,  with  a  Letter  to  the  Governour,  to  treat  about  an 


3.  To  treat  with  spirits. 

The  whole  carpet  is  to  be  cleaned,  spirited,  and  dried,  a 

F> __,  __        square  yard  at  a  time.      Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  142. 

ender,  p'eppermint,  rosemary,  etc.    They  arVused  p'rinci-  ani-ri+!illirWttr>iT>'i  tnl  il  nrtr     T <  * aniri-tnl I C\V 

pally  as  aromatics  and  stimulants.-Methylated  spirit    sPlr"a^yt  IfP1/  l-iftl-i;,  arti .  JMi   spitital(=  Ut . 
See  inethylate.- Perfumed  spirit     "m?  a> "S^nT-     upmtal,  cspintal,  espental,  <  ML.  spintalts,  <  L. 
Poor  In  spirit.    See  poor.— Proof  spirit.    See  proof,    xpiritus,  breath,  spirit:  see  spirit,  and  cf.  spir- 
367 


ellia  tuberosfi.  Also  spiritweed.    [West  Indies.] 

Exchange  for  our  Man  they  had  spirited  away.  Spiritless   (spir'it-les),    a.      [<    spirit  +   -less.] 

Dampier,  Voyages,  1. 178.     1.  Having  no  breath ;  extinct;  dead. 

'Tis  the  body 

Of  the  great  captain  Poenlus,  by  himself 
Made  cold  and  spiritless.     Fletcher,  Bonduca,  v.  1. 

2.  Having  no  spirit,  vigor,  courage,  or  fire; 


without  one's   customary  vivacity;    wanting 
cheerfulness;  dejected;  depressed. 


spiritless 


S 
sp 


Why  are  you  still  so  s:ul  ?  you  take  our  edge  off  ; 
You  make  us  dull  anil  apir/tlm 

Fletcher,  Doable  Marriage,  ii.  1. 

spiritlessly  (spir'it-les-li),  ndr.    In  11  spiritless 
manner;  without  spirit  ;  without  exertion.   Dr. 
11.  More,  Epistles  to  the  Seven  Churches,  ix. 
pirit-level  (spir'it-lev'el),  it.     See  /ere/1,  1.  — 

pirit-level  quadrant.    See  quadrant. 

iritlyt  (spir'it-li),  «.     [<  spirit  +  -fy1.     Of. 

/iriti-li/.  sprightly.]    Spirited  ;  spiritful. 

Pride,  you  know,  must  be  foremost  ;  and  that  comes  out 

like  a  Spaniard,  with  daring  look,  and  a  tongue  thundering 

outbraves,  mounted  on  as^inV/(/jennet  named  Insolence. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  420.    (Dairies.) 

spirit-merchant  (spir'it-mer*chant),  ».  Amer- 
ehant  who  deals  in  spirituous  liquors. 

spirit-meter  (spir'it-me'ter),  n.  An  instrument 
or  apparatus  for  measuring  the  quantity  of 
spirit  which  passes  through  a  pipe  or  from  a 
still.  Various  forms  are  in  use  —  as  a  rotating  drum  of 
known  capacity,  a  piston  moving  in  a  cylinder  of  known 
capacity  and  recording  its  pulsations,  vessels  of  known 
capacity  which  are  alternately  filled  and  emptied,  or  a 
form  of  rotary  pump  recording  its  revolutions.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

SpiritOSO(spir-i-t6's6),  rtrfc.  [It.;  =  E.  spiritous.'] 
In  music,  with  spirit,  energy,  or  animation. 
Also  spirituoso. 

spiritous  (spir'i-tus),  n.  [=  It.  spiritoso,  <  ML. 
*sniritosus,  <  L.  spirit  us,  spirit:  see  spirit."]  1. 
Of  the  nature  of  spirit;  intangible;  refined; 
pure;  subtile. 

More  refined,  more  spiritous,  and  pure. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  475. 

2f.  Burning;  ardent;  fiery;  active.  —  3.  Same 
as  spirituous.  [Rare.] 

spiritousness  (spir'i-tus-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  spiritous;  a  refined  state;  fineness  and 
activity  of  parts  :  as.  the  thinness  and  spiritous- 
ness of  liquor. 

spirit-rapper  (spir'it-rap*er),  «.  One  who  be- 
lieves or  professes  to  believe  that  he  can  sum- 
mon the  spirits  of  deceased  persons  and  hold 
intercourse  with  them  by  raps  made  by  them 
upon  a  table  in  answer  to  questions,  or  by  their 
causing  the  table  to  tilt  up. 

spirit-rapping  (spir'it-rap"ing),  n.  A  general 
name  given  to  certain  supposed  spiritualistic 
manifestations,  as  audible  raps  or  knocks  on 
tables,  table-turning,  and  kindred  demonstra- 
tions. See  spiritualism,  3. 

spiritrompe  (spir'i-tromp),  ».  [F.  (Latreille), 
\  L.  spira,  a  coil,  spire,  +  F.  trompe,  a  trump  : 
see  trump1.']  The  long  spiral  tongue  or  antlia 
of  lepidopterous  insects;  the  spirignath. 

spirit-room  (spir'it-rom),  H.  A  room  or  com- 
partment in  a  ship  in  which  spirits  are  kept 
for  the  use  of  the  officers  and  crew. 

spirit-Stirring  (spir'it-ster'ing),  a.  Stirring, 
rousing,  or  animating  the  spirit. 

Farewell  the  neighing  steed,  and  the  shrill  trump, 
The  spirit-  stirring  drum,  the  ear-piercing  fife. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  352. 

spiritual  (spir'i-tu-al),  a.  and  «.  [<  ME.  spiri- 
tuall,  spyrytiialle,  spiritueil,  espiritiiell,  <  OF.spi- 
rituel,  spiritueil,  F.  spiritual  =  Pr.  espirital  =  Sp. 
Pg.  espiritual  =  It.  spirituals,  <  lAj.spiritualis,  of 
or  pertaining  to  breath,  breathing,  wind,  or  air, 
or  spirit,  <  L.  spiritus  (spiritu-),  spirit,  breath, 
air:  see  spirit.]  I.  n.  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
being  spirit  in  the  sense  of  something  between 
soul  and  body,  or  of  a  disembodied  soul  or  a 
supernatural  immaterial  being. 

So  faire  it  was  that,  trusteth  well, 
It  semed  a  place  espirituell. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  650. 
When  to  ende  nyhed  he, 
That  the  soule  moste  yelde  being  spiritual!. 

.Rom.  o.f  J'artenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  5291. 
Millions  of  spiritual  creatures  walk  the  earth, 
Unseen,  both  when  we  wake  and  when  we  sleep. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  677. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  soul,  or  to  the  higher  en- 
dowments of  the  mind,  especially  when  consid- 
ered as  a  divine  influence.  —  3.  Pertaining  to 
the  soul  or  its  affections  as  influenced  by  the 
Divine  Spirit;  proceeding  from  or  controlled 
and  inspired  by  the  Holy  Spirit  ;  pure  ;  holy  ; 
sacred;  divine. 

Blessed  be  the  God  and  Father  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ, 
who  hath  blessed  us  with  all  spiritual  blessings  in  heavenly 
places  in  Christ.  Eph.  i.  3. 

God's  law  is  spiritual  ;  it  is  a  transcript  of  the  divine 
nature,  and  extends  its  authority  to  the  acts  of  the  soul 
of  mau.  Sir  T.  Browne.  (Imp.  Diet.) 

4.  Relating  to  sacred  things  ;  not  lay  or  tem- 
poral ;  pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  church  ; 
ecclesiastical.-Lords  spiritual.  See  iord.-Spiri- 


5842 

being  (which  see,  under  beiny).  —  Spiritual  body.  See 
natural  body,  under  natural.—  Spiritual  communion. 
See  sacramental  communion,  under  sacramental. —  Spiri- 
tual corporations,  spiritual  courts,  ecclesiastical  cor- 
porations; ecclesiastical  courts.  See  ecclesiastical. — Spir- 
itual exercises,  immutationt,  incest,  matter,  peer. 
etc.  See  exercise,  etc.— Spiritual  mant.  (a)  An  inspired 
person  ;  also,  a  holy  man  ;  an  ecclesiastic. 

Other  elles  I  trowe  that  it  be  som  spiritueil  man  that 
liod  liath  me  sente  for  to  defende  this  reamc,  nought  for 
me  but  for  Cristynte  and  holy  cherche  to  mayntene. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  226. 

Which  Battel,  because  of  the  many  spiritual  Men  that 
were  in  it,  was  called  the  White  Battel. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  108. 

(b)  The  spiritual  nature:  opposed  to  physical  man.— 
Spiritual  sense  Of  the  Word.  Same  as  internal  sense 
of  the  Word  (which  see,  under  internal).  =  Syn.  1.  Spirit- 
ed, etc.  (see  spirituous),  immaterial. 

II.  M.  1.  A  spiritual  thing. 

Ascend  unto  invisibles  ;  fill  thy  spirit  with  spirituals, 
with  the  mysteries  of  faith. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  }  14. 

He  [Dante]  assigns  supremacy  to  the  pope  in  spirituals, 
and  to  the  emperor  in  temporals. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  30. 

2.  A  spiritual  person,  (a)  One  who  is  of  a  spiritual 
nature  or  character,  (b)  One  charged  with  a  spiritual  of- 
fice or  calling. 

We  bee  the  spiritualle» ;  we  searche  the  bottome  of 
Goddes  commaundement.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  899. 

spiritualisation,  spiritualise,  etc.  See  npiri- 
tualization,  etc. 

spiritualism  (spir'i-tu-al-izm),  M.  [=  F.  spiri- 
tualisme  =  Sp.  Pg.  'espiritualisino  =  It.  spiri- 
tualismo;  as  spiritual  +  -ism."]  1.  The  state 
of  being  spiritual;  spiritual  character.  Mil- 
man. —  2.  In  philos.,  the  doctrine  of  the  exis- 
tence of  spirit  as  distinct  from  matter,  or  as  the 
only  reality:  opposed  to  materialism. — 3.  The 
belief  that  disembodied  spirits  can  and  do  com- 
municate with  the  living,  especially  through  the 
agency  of  a  person  particularly  susceptible  to 
spiritualistic  influences,  called  a  medium;  also, 
the  various  doctrines  and  theories,  collectively, 
founded  upon  this  belief.  In  its  modern  form,  spiritu- 
alism originated  in  the  State  of  New  York  in  the  year  1848. 
and  since  that  time  has  extended  over  the  I'nited  States  and 
Europe.  The  mediums  through  whom  the  supposed  com- 
munications take  place  are  of  various  kinds,  no  fewer  than 
twenty-four  different  classes  being  mentioned  in  the  books 
explanatory  of  spiritualism.  Among  the  chief  methods  of 
communication  are  rappings,  table-tippings,  writing,  and 
speaking  :  in  the  latter  forms  of  communication  the  me- 
dium ia  supposed  to  be  fully  possessed  by  the  spirit  for 
the  time  being.  Spiritualism  has  no  formal  system  of 
theology,  and  it  is  contended  by  many  of  its  advocates  that 
it  is  not  necessarily  inconsistent  with  the  maintenance 
of  a  faith  otherwise  Christian,  and  that  spirit-communica- 
tions are  providential  interventions  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
culcating the  doctrine  of  immortality,  and  counteracting 
the  material  tendencies  of  the  age.  The  meetings  for 
spiritualistic  communications  are  commonly  call  edseances. 
Also  spiritism. 

spiritualist  (spir'i-Ju-al-ist),  «.  [=  P.  spiritii- 
aliste  =  Sp.  Pg.  espiritualista  =  It.  spiritualista ; 
as  spiritual  +  -ist."]  1.  One  who  professes  a 
regard  for  spiritual  things  only ;  also,  one  whose 
employment  is  spiritual. 

May  not  he  that  lives  in  a  small  thatched  house  .  .  . 
preach  as  loud,  and  to  as  much  purpose,  as  one  of  those 
high  and  mighty  spiritualist*? 

Echard,  Grounds  of  Contempt  of  Clergy  (1696X  p.  140. 

{(Latham.) 

2.  One  who  accepts  philosophical  spiritualism. 
See  spiritualism,  2. 

We  may,  as  spiritualists,  try  to  explain  our  memory's 
failures  and  blunders  by  secondary  causes. 

W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psycho!.,  I.  2. 

3.  One  who  believes  that  intercourse  may  be 
and  is  held  with  departed  spirits,  especially 
through  the  agency  of  a  medium;   one  who 
claims  to  hold  such  intercourse.     Also  called 
spiritist. 

spiritualistic  (spir»i-tu-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  spir- 
itualist +  -ic.]  1.  Of  or' pertaining  to  philo- 
sophic spiritualism ;  idealistic. 

The  deep-lying  doctrine  of  Spiritual  Beings,  which  em- 
bodies the  very  essence  of  Spiritualistic  as  opposed  to 
Materialistic  philosophy. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  384. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  modern  spiritualism,  or 
communication  with  departed  spirits ;  produced 
by  or  believed  to  be  due  to  the  agency  of  de- 
parted spirits:  as,  spiritualistic  manifestations; 
a  spiritualistic  stance. 

spirituality  (spir'i-tu-al'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  spirituali- 
ties (-tiz).  [<  ME.  spiritualite,  spiritualte,  <  OF. 
spiritualite,  spiritualte,  espiritualte,  esperituaute. 
etc.,  F.  spiritualite  =  Sp.  espiritualidad  =  Pg. 
espiritualidade  =  It.  spiritualita,  <  LL.  spiritu- 
alita(t-)s,  <  spiritualis,  spiritual :  see  spiritual.'] 
1 .  Spiritual  nature  or  character ;  immaterial- 
ity; incorporeality. 

A  pleasure  made  for  the  soul,  suitable  to  its  spirituality, 
and  equal  to  all  its  capacities.  South. 


spirituous 

2.  Spiritual  tendency  or  aspirations;  freedom 
from  worldliness  and  from  attachment  to  the 
tilings  of  time  and  sense  ;  spiritual  tono  ;  dr- 
siiv  for  spiritual  good. 

We  are  commanded  to  fast,  that  we  may  pray  with  more 
spirituality,  and  with  repentanrr. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  Return  of  Prayers,  i. 

No  infidel  can  argue  away  the  spirituality  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion  ;  attacks  upon  miracles  leave  that  unaffected. 
De  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

His  discourses  were  so  valued,  and  his  spin innliln  «,> 
revered,  that  his  ministrations  were  coveted  in  all  that 
region.  Sew  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  140. 

3t.  The  clergy  as  a  whole ;  the  ecclesiastics ; 
the  church. 

Five  entire  subsidies  were  granted  to  the  king  by  the 
spirituality.  Fuller. 

4.  That  which  belongs  to  the  church  or  to  an 
ecclesiastic  in  his  official  capacity:  generally 
in  the  plural,  and  distinguished  from  tempural- 
il/i'fi:  as,  sitiritualitiett  of  a  bishop  (those  prof- 
its and  dues  which  a  bishop  receives  in  his  ec- 
clesiastical character) — Guardian  of  the  spiritu- 
alities. See  guardian.  —  Spirituality  of  benefices,  the 
tithes  of  land,  etc. 

spiritualization  (spir*i-tu-al-i-za'shon).  H.  [< 
*l>iritualize  + -at ion.]  1.  The  act  of  spiritual- 
izing, or  the  state  of  being  spiritualized. —  2. 
In  old  client.,  the  operation  of  extracting  spirit 
from  natural  bodies. 
Also  spelled  spiri/iot/ixulion. 

spiritualize  (spir'i-tu-al-iz),  0.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
spiritualised,  ppr.  tpiritvaUtinf.  [<  P.  spiri- 
tuii/i.ier  =  Sp.  Pg.  esjtiritutt/i;/tr  =  It.  sniritun- 
li~:(ire;  as  spiritual  +  -ize."]  1.  To  make  spir- 
itual, or  more  spiritual;  elevate  above  what  is 
worldly  or  bodily. 

Unless  we  endeavour  to  spiritualise  ourselves,  .  .  .  the 
older  we  grow  the  more  we  are  embruted  and  debased. 
Southey,  The  Doctor,  clxxxiv. 

2.  To  infuse  spirituality  or  life  into;  inform 
with  spirit  or  life;  animate. 

This  seen  in  the  clear  air,  and  the  whole  spiritualized 
by  endless  recollections,  fills  the  eye  and  the  heart  more 
forcibly  than  I  can  express.  Carlyle.  (Imp.  Diet.) 

3.  To  draw  a  spiritual  meaning  from,  or  im- 
part a  spiritual  meaning  to:  as,  to  8pirituali;e 
a  text  of  Scripture. — 4.  In  chem.:  (a)  To  ex- 
tract spirit  from.    (6)  To  convert  into  spirit,  or 
impart  the  properties  of  spirit  to. 

Also  spelled  spiritualise. 

spiritualizer  (spir'i-tu-al-i-zer),  n.  [<  spiritu- 
alize +  -er1.]  One  who  spiritualizes,  in  any 
sense.  Also  spelled  spiritualiser. 

The  most  licentious  of  the  allegorists,  or  the  wildest  of 
the  spiritualizers.  Warburton,  Divine  Legation,  Ix.  2. 

spiritually  (spir'i-tu-al-i),  adr.  [<  ME.  spyri- 
tually;  <  spiritual  +  -ly'2.]  1.  In  a  spiritual 
manner;  without  corporeal grossness,  sensual- 
ity, or  worldliness;  with  purity  of  spirit  or 
heart. — 2.  As  a  spirit;  ethereally. 

The  sky  ... 

Bespangled  with  those  isles  of  light, 
So  wildly,  spiritually  bright. 

Byron,  Siege  of  Corinth,  xi. 
3.  In  a  spiritual  sense. 

spiritual-minded  (spir'i-tu-al-min'l'ded),  a. 
Having  the  mind  set  on  spiritual  things ;  hav- 
ing holy  affections;  spiritual. 

spiritual-mindedness  (spir'i  -  tu  -  al  -min'ded- 
nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  spiritual-minded ; 
spirituality  of  mind. 

spiritualness  (spir'i-tu-al-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  character  of  beingVpiritual;  spirituality. 

spiritualty!  (spir'i-tu-al-ti),  n.  [<  ME.  spiri- 
tualte, <  OF.  speritiialte,  etc.:  see  spirituality.] 
The  ecclesiastical  body;  the  whole  clergy  of 
any  national  church. 

It  [the  church]  is  abused  and  mistaken  for  a  multitude 
of  shaven,  shorn,  and  oiled,  which  we  now  call  the  spiri- 
tualty and  clergy. 
Tyndale,  Ana.  to  Sir  T.  More,  etc.  (Parker  Soc.,  1850),  p.  12. 

spirituelle  (spir'i-tu-el'),  a.  [F.,  fern,  of  spiri- 
tuel:  see  spiritual.']  Characterized  by  or  ex- 
hibiting a  refined  intellectuality,  grace,  or  deli- 
cacy: noting  primarily  but  not  exclusively  a 
woman  or  the  ways  of  women. 

I  have  the  air  of  youth  without  freshness,  but  noble, 
sweet,  lively,  spirituelle,  and  interesting. 

The  Century,  XL.  654. 

spirituosity  (spir"i-to-os'i-ti),  n.  [<  spirituous 
+  -ity.~\  1.  Spirituous  character  or  quality: 
as,  the  spirituosity  of  beer. — 2.  Immateriality; 
ethereality.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System, 
p.  421. 

spirituoso  (spir"i-tu-6'so).  mlr.  Same  as  spiri- 
toso. 

Spirituous  (spir'i-tu-us),  n.  [=  Dan.  spirituos; 
<  OF.  (and  F.)  spifitueux  =  Pg.  expirituoso,  spir- 


spirituous 

ituous;  <-f.  (T.  spirituonon,  Sw.  Dan.  upii'itmtxd 
pi.,  alcoholic  liquors;  <  ML.  "spirituosus,  full  of 
spirit,  <  L.  s/iiri/u.*,  spirit:  see  spirit;  cf.  .«/«>- 
ilons.]  If.  Having  the  quality  of  spirit;  ethe- 
real; immaterial;  intangible. —  2f.  Lively;  ac- 
tive; gay;  cheerful;  enlivening. 

Hedon,  Well,  I  am  resolved  what  I'll  do. 
Ana.  What,  my  good  spirituous  spark  ? 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ill.  2. 
That  it  may  appear  aiery  and  fpiritttous,  *  fit  for  the 
welcome  of  chearful  guests  ;  the  principal  difficulty  will 
be  in  contriving  the  lights  and  stair-cases 

Sir  H.  Wotton,  Reliquiaj,  p.  42. 

3.  Containing  much  alcohol;  distilled,  whether 
pure  or  compounded,  as  distinguished  from  fer- 
mented; ardent:  applied  to  a  liquor  for  drink- 
ing. =  Syn.  3.  Spirituous,  Spiritual,  Spirited.  Spirituous 
is  now  strictly  confined  to  the  meaning  of  alcoholic-  as 
spirituous,  ardent,  or  intoxicating  liquors.  Spiritual  is 
as  strictly  confined  to  that  higher  field  of  meaning  which 
is  opposed  to  corporeal  or  carnal,  secular  or  temporal 
Spirited  expresses  active  animal  spirits,  or  that  spirit  which 
is  a  vigorous  movement  of  the  feelings  and  the  will  •  as 
a  spirited  horse,  boy,  reply. 

spirituousness  (spir'i-tu-us-nes),  n.  The  char- 
acter of  being  spirituous.  Boyle. 

spiritus  (spir'i-tus),  x, ;  pi.  spiritus.  [L.:  see 
spirit.']  1.  A  breathing;  an  aspirate.— 2.  In 
phar.,  spirit;  any  spirituous  preparation:  the 
officinal  name  of  various  spirits,  specified  by  a 
qualifying  term:  as,  spiritus  vini  Gallici,  spirit 
of  French  wine  (that  is,  brandy) ;  spiritus  eethe- 

ris  eompositus,  compound  spirit  of  ether snlr- 

Itus  asper,  a  rough  breathing ;  in  Gr.  gram.,  the  mark  f) 
placed  over  or  before  an  initial  vowel,  or  over  the  second 
letter  of  an  initial  diphthong,  to  indicate  that  it  should 
be  preceded  by  a  sound  like  A  in  English :  also  placed 
over  p  when  it  is  initial  or  is  preceded  by  another  p(pp)  — 
Spiritus  lenls,  a  soft  or  smooth  breathing ;  in  Or.  gram 
the  mark  ( )  denoting  the  absence  of  the  rough  breathing' 

spiritweed  (spir'it-wed),  >i.    Same  as  spiritleaf. 

spirit-world  (spir'it-werld),  ».  The  world  of 
disembodied  spirits ;  Hades ;  the  shades. 

spirity  (spir'i-ti),  a.  [<  spirit  +  -y1.]  Full  of 
spirit;  spirited.  [Scotch.] 

spirivalve  (spi'ri-valv),  a.  [<  L.  spira^,  a  coil, 
spire,  +  valva,  door  (valve).]  Having  a  spiral 
shell,  as  a  univalve  mollusk ;  spirally  whorled 
as  a  shell. 


5843 

and  very  many  varieties  in  the  Vnited  States.  They  arc 
popularly  called  .fray-spit  or  frog-spittle.  Seefrnn-spit  and 
cuts  under  chlorophyl  and  conjugation,  4. 

spirolet, Spirolt  (spi'rol,  -rol), H.  [<  OF.  spirole, 
a  small  ciilverin.]  A  small  culveriu. 

Long  pieces  of  artillery  called  basilisks,  and  smaller 
sized  ones,  known  by  the  name  of  spirals. 

Urguhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  47. 

SpiroloCUline  (spl-ro-lok'u-lin),  «.  Composed 
of  spirally  coiled  Ipculi  or  chamberlets :  specifi- 
cally noting  certain  foraminifers.  Amer.  Jour. 
*'•/.,  No.  160,  p.  328. 

spirometer  (spi-rom'e-ter),  «.  [Irreg.  <  L. 
spirare,  breathe  (see  spire^),  +  metnim,  mea- 
sure.] A  contrivance  for  measuring  the  ex- 


spit 

but  specimens  of  the  entire  animal  are  extremely  rare 
AUoSpirul«a,Spirulea.  (ft)  [/.p.;  pi.  «pfttfte(-16).] 
A  member  of  this  genus.  Imp.  Diet.—  2.  [J.  c.  ; 
pi.  spirula;  (-le).]  In  sponges,  an  irregular 
spineless  polyact  spicule  of  spiral  form. 
spirulate  (spir'Q-lat),  «.  [<  LL.  spirilla,  dim. 
of  L.  spira,  a  coil,  spire  (see  Spirula),  +  -«fe>i.] 
Spiral  in  form,  or  in  disposition  of  parts;  spi- 
rally arranged:  said  of  structures,  markings, 
etc. 

SpirulidSB  (spl-ro'li-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Spir- 
it/a +  -idie.}  A  family  of  cephalopods,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Kpintln.  They  are  squids  or  sepi- 
oids  with  the  mantle  supported  by  a  cartilaginous  promi- 
nence or  ridge  and  a  corresponding  pit  or  furrow,  the 
nd  an 


*.~~j       ^lAj-vn-uiiai  \rttpituity  OI  lilt 

The  instrument  most  commonly 
employed  consists  of  an  inverted 
chamber  submerged  in  a  water- 
bath.   The  breath  is  conducted  by 
a  flexible  pipe  and  internal  tube 
so  as  to  collect  in  the  chamber,     C- 
which  rises  in  the  water,  and  is 
fitted  with  an  index  which  marks     . 
the  cubic  inches  of  air  expired    O- 
after  a  forced  inspiration.    In  the 
accompanying  cut,  a  a  is  a  small 
gas-holder  containing  an  inverted 
vessel  a'  ;  b,  index,  which  shows  on 
the  scale  c  the  number  of  cubic 
inches    expired;    d,   manometer,    „ 
which,  when  a'  is  held  down,  shows    "" 
the  pressure  which  the  lungs  can 
exert;  e,  plug-vent  for  outlet  of 
expired  air  ;  /,  cock  for  outlet  of 
water  ;  g,  tube  through  which  the 
expiration  is  made.                                A 

spirometric(spi-ro-met'rik),     r 
a.   [As  spirometir  +  -ic.']  Of    ff^ 
or  pertaining  to  the  spirom- 
eter; ascertained  by  means 
of  the  spirometer;  as  tested 
by  the  spirometer.-splrometric  ca 
Jmerential  capacity  of  the  lungs,  measi 

5  unman  iui 

ifiK  ?ffi 

tgs.                               terminal,  aim  an  internal  tubular  shell 
partitioned  into  numerous  chambers  by  transverse  septa 
and  wound  in  a  loose  coll. 
spirulite  (spir'5-ttt),  n.   [<  NL.  Spirula  +  •ite*.'] 
A  fossil  cephalopod  resembling  or  related  to 
Spimla. 
spiry1  (spir'i),  a.   [Early  mod.  E.  spirie;  <  spire* 
+  -y  '  .  ]     1  .  Having  the  form  of  a  spire  or  pyra- 
^    mid  ;  tapering  like  a  spire. 
In  these  lone  walls  (their  days'  eternal  bound) 
Those  moss-grown  domes  with  spiry  turrets  crown'd. 
Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  142. 
2.  Abounding  in  spires  or  steeples. 
,/               And  villages  embosom'd  soft  in  trees, 
And  spiral  towns  by  surging  columns  mark'd 
Of  household  smoke.            Thomson,  Spring,  1.  953. 
spiry2  (spir'i),  a.     [<  spire*  +  -yi.]     Of  a  spiral 
form;  spiral;  wreathed;  curled. 
Hid  in  the  spiry  volumes  of  the  snake. 
"•                                              Dryden,  State  of  Innocence,  iv.  2. 
spiscioust,  «.    A  variant  of  spissous. 
spisst  (spis),  a.     [=  OF.  espais,  espois,  F.  epais 
=  Sp.  espeso  =  Pg.  cspesso  =  It.  spesso,  <  L. 
mc    spissus,  thick,  compact,  dense.]     Thick;  close; 
,tai    dense. 

I 

^7  r~  —  Lr      "^ 

56Sr-* 

/*y~ 

Spirometer. 

ipaclty,  extr< 
ired  by  the  t< 

spirket(sper'ket),«.  [Origin obscure.]  Inship- 
building,  a  space  forward  and  aft  between  the 
floor-timbers.     Hamersly. 
spirketing,  spirketting  (sper'ket-ing),  ».    [< 
spirket.']    In  ship-building,  the  strakes  of  plank 
worked  between  the  lower  sills  of  ports  and 
waterways.     Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  $  209. 
spirling  (sper'ling),  n.     Same  as  sparlingl. 
Spirobranchia  (spl-ro-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Or.   aireipa,  a  coil,'  spire,   +  'fipdyxta,  gills.] 
Same  as  Brachiopoda.    Also  Spirobranchiata. 
spirobrancbiate  (spi-ro-brang'ki-at),  a.  and  n. 
[<  NL.  spirobranchiatus',  <  Qr.  oxupa,  a  coil,  spire, 
+  ppayxta,  gills.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Spirobranchiata  ;  brachiopod. 

II.  n.  A  brachiopod. 

Spirochaeta  (spi-ro-ke'ta),  n.  [NL.  (Ehrenberg. 
1833), <Gr.  <nr«>2,acoil,'spire,-l-;t-a/rj7,a  bristle.] 
A  genus  of  Schizomy- 
cetes  or  bacteria,  hav- 
ing the  cells  united 
in  long  slender 
threads  which  usual- 
ly show  narrow  spi- 
ral windings.  The  fila- 
ments have  the  liveliest 
movements,  and  clearly 
propel  themselves  for- 
ward and  back,  but  are 
also  able  to  bend  in  va- 
rious ways.  S.  plicatilis 
occurs  among  alga;  in 

JESTED   1  °^e 

blood  of  those  sick  with  recurrent  fever,  is  the  cause  of 
the  disease;  S.  Cohnii  is  found  in  the  mucus  of  the  teeth 
and  S.  ffigantea  in  sea-water.  Also  Spirochtete. 

spirogonimium  (spi*ro-go-nim'i-um),  n. ;  pi 
spirogonimia  (-a).  [NL.,'<  Gr.  awelpa,  a  coil, 
spire,  +  NL.  gonimiwn,  q.  v.]  In  bot.,  a  go- 
nimium  similar  to  a  hormogonimium,  but  not 
moniliform,  with  the  syngonimia  subglobose, 
smaller  and  more  scattered,  as  in  Omphalaria. 

Spirogyra  (spi-ro-ji'ra),  n.  [NL.  (Link,  1833), 
so  called  with  ref .  to  the  spiral  bands  of  chloro- 
phyl  in  the  cells;  <  Gr.  amlpa,  a  coil,  spire,  + 
yvpof,  a  circle,  ring.]  A  genus  of  fresh-water 
algaa,  of  the  class  Conjugate  and  order  Zygue- 
macex.  They  are  among  the  commonest  of  fresh-water 
algffl,  forming  dense  bright-green  masses,  in  both  running 
and  stagnant  water,  and  have  often  a  slimy  feel,  owing  to 
the  well-developed  mucilaginous  sheath  in  which  each  fila- 
ment is  enveloped.  The  cells  have  one  to  several  parietal 
chlorophyl-bands  spirally  winding  to  the  right.  Conjuga- 
tion is  scalariform  or  lateral.  There  are  about  40  species 


e   ues  pos- 
sible inspiration. 

spirometry  (spl-rom'e-tri),  «.  [As  spirometer 
+  -j/3.]  The  use  of  the  spirometer  in  measur- 
ing the  capacity  of  the  lungs. 

Spiromonas  (spi-rom'o-nas),  n.  [NL.  (Perty, 
1852),  <  Gr.  aireipa,  a  coil,  spire,  +  ftov&s,  a  unit.] 
A  genus  of  pantostomatous  flagellate  infusori- 
ans,  spirally  twisted  on  their  long  axis  (whence 
the  name).  These  animalcules  are  free-swimming  or 
temporarily  attached,  soft  and  plastic,  with  two  anterior 
subequal  flagella,  one  of  which  is  adherent  at  will.  S 
volulnlis  is  an  example.  According  to  Kent  the  Cycli- 
dmm  awtartum  and  Ueteromita  angustata  of  Duiardin  are 
both  species  of  Spiromonas. 

spirophore  (spi'ro-tor),  «.  [Irreg.  <  L.  spirare, 
breathe,  +  Gr.  -Qopof,  <  <t>epeiv  =  E.  fcear1.]  An 
apparatus  for  producing  artificial  respiration 
in  cases  of  suspended  animation,  as  in  persons 
rescued  from  drowning,  it  consists  of  an  air-tight 
case,  in  which  the  body  is  inclosed  up  to  the  neck  and 
an  air  pump,  for  producing  at  proper  intervals  a  partial 
vacuum  in  the  case,  thus  causing  the  external  air  to  ail 
the  lungs  of  the  patient. 

Spirophyton  (spi-rof'i-tou),  «.  [NL.  (Hall), 
<  Gr.  airelpa,  a  coil,  spire,  +  <ptrr6v,  a  plant.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  algte,  a  characteristic  plant 
of  a  subdivision  of  the  Devonian  occurring  in 
the  State  of  New  York,  and  called  from  this 
fossil  (Spirophyton  cauda-galli)  the  cauda  galli 

?Tik  S'B  alga  belon«8  to  »  group  which  appeared  early 
in  the  Silurian,  and  continued  into  the  Tertiary  but  is 
now  extinct.  The  frond  of  Spirophyton  was  broad  thin 
with  a  distinct  transversal  nervation,  and  spirally  convo- 
luted around  a  slender  axis,  the  convolution  widening  with 
the  distance  from  the  point  of  attachment. 
Spirozoqid  (spi-ro-zo'oid),  n.  [<  Gr.  amtpa,  a 
coil,  spire,  +  E.  zooM.]  The  defensive  zooid 
of  certain  hydroid  hydrozoans,  as  of  Podoco- 
ryne,  a  tubularian  polyp :  so  called  as  coiling 
or  curling  spirally  when  not  in 
action.  These  zooids  are  long  slender 
filaments  always  provided  with  cnidae  or 
lasso-cells  for  nettling,  and  are  some- 
times called  spiralozooids.  Compare  doc- 
tylozooid  and  machopolyp. 

spirt1,  spirt2.   See  spurft,  spurt2. 
spirtle,  v.  and  n.    See  spurtle. 
Spirilla  (spir'o-la),  re.     [NL.  (La- 
marck, 1799),  <  LL.  spirula,  dim. 

of  L.  spira,  a  coil,  spire :    see 

Sf»Ve2.]     1.  Iu  Cephalopoda:  (a) 

A  genus  of  sepioid  cuttlefishes, 

typical  of  the  family  SpiruUdx, 

having  a  delicate  shell   in  the 

hinder  part  of  the  body  rolled 

into  aflat  ordiscoidal  spiral,  with 

discrete  whorls  whose  involute 

spire  presents  ventrally,  and  no 

guard.    There  are  several  species,  as  S. 

lams  and  S.  Jragilis.  The  shells  are  com- 
mon, and  are  sometimes  carried  by  the 

Gulf  Stream  to  the  coast  of  England, 


This  spiss  and  dense,  yet  polish'd,  this  copious  yet  con- 
cise treatise  of  the  variety  of  languages.  Bremcood. 

spissated  (spis'a-ted),  «.  [<  L.  spissatus,  pp. 
of  spissare,  thicken,  condense,  <  spissus,  thick, 
compact:  see  spiss.]  Inspissated;  thickened, 
as  by  evaporation.  Warbtirton,  Divine  Lega- 
tion, ii.  4. 

spissedt  (spist),  a.  [<  spiss  +  -ed2.]  Thick- 
ened; condensed;  inspissated. 

Of  such  a  tpissed  Substance  there's  no  need. 

Heywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  214. 
spissitude  (spis'i-tud),  n.  [<  L.  spissitudo,  thick- 
ness, density,  <  spissus,  thick,  compact:  see 
spiss.']  Density;  the  denseness  or  compact- 
ness which  belongs  to  substances  not  perfectly 
liquid  nor  perfectly  solid;  inspissated  condi- 
tion. 

From  this  Grossness  and  Spissitude  of  Air  proceeds  the 
slow  Nature  of  the  Inhabitants.  Uowell,  Letters,  I.  I.  8. 
spissoust  (spis'us),  «.  [<  L.  spissus,  thick  :  see 
spjss.]  Thick.  Hist,  of  Francion  (1655).  (Nares) 
spit1  (spit),  n.  [(a)  <  ME.  "spitte,  spytte,  spette, 
earlier  spite,  spyte,  spete,  <  AS.  spitu,  a  spit,  = 
MD.  spit,  spet,  speet,  spete,  D.  spit  =  MLG.  spit 
LG.  spitt  =  OHG.  MHG.  spig,  G.  spiess  (=  Dan 
spid  =  Sw.  spett,<  LG.  ?),  a  roasting-spit,  in  G. 
also  the  branches  of  a  deer's  horn  (hence  OF 
espoit,  espoi,  a  spit,  espois,  F.  epois,  a  deer's 
horn,  =  Sp.  Pg.  espeto,  a  spit,  =  Olt.  spito,  spedo, 
a  spit);  orig.  neut.  of  the  adj.,  OHG.  spizzi, 
MHG.  spit;e,  spiz,  G.  spits,  pointed  (G.  spitze 
a  point),  (b)  Cf.  LG.  speet  (prop,  "spiet),  a 
spear,  in  humorous  use  a  sword,  =  OHG.  spioz, 
MHG.  spieg,  G.  spiess,  a  spear,  lance,  pike,  = 
Icel.  apt,  a  spear,  =  Sw.  spjvt  =  Dan.  spyd,  a 
spear  (hence  OF.  espiet,  espet,  espie,  also  estmt, 
espoi  =  It.  spiedo,  spicde,  a  spear),  (c)  Cf.  Icel. 
spyta,  a  spit,  a  wooden  peg,  <  ypjot,  a  spear.  The 
above  forms  have  been  partly  confused  with  one 
another,  (d)  Cf.  W.  pid,  a  tapering  point,]  1 
A  slender  bar,  sharply  pointed  at  the  end,  to  be 
thrust  through  meat  which  is  to  be  roasted  in 

fr?.nt  ?f>,the  fif?-  The  rotation  of  the  >P"  brin«a  •»» 
parts  of  the  meat  in  turn  to  the  heat.  The  ordinary  spit 
is  several  feet  long,  and  rests  on  supports  at  the  sides  of 
the  fireplace.  Shorter  spits  are  used  for  small  birds  kid- 
neys, etc.  See  cut  under  njritraclt. 

With  your  arms  crossed  on  your  thin-belly  doublet  like 
a  rabbit  on  a  spit.  Shale.,  L.  L.  L.,  ill.  1.  20. 

He  loves  roast  well 
That  eats  the  tptt. 

Fletcher,  JIad  Lover,  II.  1. 
2t.  A  sword.     [Cant,] 

Going  naked  with  a  spit  on  his  shoulder. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  £09. 

3f.  The  obelisk  or  dagger  (t)  used  as  a  refer- 
ence-mark. 

Either  your  starres  or  your  spit*  (that  I  may  use  Origen's 
notes)  shall  be  welcome  to  my  margent 

Up.  Hall,  To  Hugh  Cholmley.    (Latham.) 


spit 

4.  A  small  point  of  land  running  into  the  sea, 
or  a  long  narrow  shoal  extending  from   the 
shore  into  the  sea. 

But  Hermod  rode  with  Niord,  whom  lie  took 
To  show  him  smts  and  beaches  of  the  sea. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead,  iii. 

On  a  narrow  spit  of  sand  between  the  rocks  a  dozen 
little  girls  are  laughing,  romping,  and  pattering  about. 
Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  il. 

5.  In  icciiriiifi,  the  spindle  or  wire  which  holds 
the  cop,  spool,  or  pini  in  the  shuttle. 

spit1  (spit),  i-.;  pret.  and  pp.  spitted,  ppr.  */<<''- 
thiy.  [<  ME.  spittcii,  xpyten,  spitien  =  MD. 
spiten,  speten,  D.  speten  =  MLG.  LG.  spefeii  = 
OHG.  spizzen,  G.  spiessen  =  Dan.  up/Me  (cf. 
Sp.  Pg.  espetar),  spit,  turn  on  a  spit;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  thrust  a  spit  through ; 
pierce,  transfix,  or  impale  with  or  as  with  a  spit : 
as,  to  spit  a  loin  of  veal. 

Look  to  see  ... 
Your  naked  infants  spitted  upon  pikes. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  3.  38. 
Howlov'd  Patroclus  with  Achilles  Joins, 
To  quarter  out  the  ox,  and  spit  the  loins. 

W.  King,  Art  of  Cookery,  1.  203. 

2.  To  string  on  a  stick  and  hang  up  to  dry,  as 
herring  in  a  smoke-house. 

II.  intrans.  To  roast  anything  on  a  spit;  at- 
tend to  a  spit;  use  a  spit. 

spit2  (spit),  )'.;  pret.  and  pp.  spit  or  spat,  ppr. 
spitting.  [Under  this  form  are  merged  several 
orig.  diff.  forms :  (a)  Early  mod.  E.  and  dial, 
also  gpet,  <  ME.  apt  Hen,  spytten  (pret.  spitte, 
spytte,  sptitte,  sput),  <  AS. spittan,  "spyttan  (pret. 
*spytte)  =  G.  spntzen  —  Sw.  spotta  =  Dan.  spytte, 
spit;  (6)  late  MHG.  sputzen,  G.  speutzen  =  Icel. 
spyta,  spit;  (c)  ME.  speten  (pret.  spette,  spete, 
spetide),<  AS.  spietan  (pret.  sptette),  spit.  These 
forms  are  supposed  to  be  connected  with  spew, 
but  their  relations  are  not  clear.  The  similar 
forms,  MD.  spicken,  also  spur/en,  MLG.  spigeii, 
spiggen,  G.  spucken,  spit,  are  secondary  forms  of 
the  verb  cognate  witn  AS.  spiwan,  E.  spew:  see 
spew.  Hence  spattle1,  spittle1,  and  prob.  ult. 
spot."]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  eject  saliva  from  the 
mouth;  expectorate. 

When  he  had  thus  spoken,  he  spat  on  the  ground,  and 
made  clay  of  the  spittle.  John  ix.  6. 

I  .i-t  him  but  fasting  spit  upon  a  toad, 
And  presently  it  bursts  and  dies. 
Fletcher  and  Massinger,  A  Very  Woman,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  fall  in  scattered  drops,  as  rain.   [Colloq.] 
"And"— putting  her   hand    out  at  the  window— "I 

think  it 's  spitting  already."      Hits  Ferrier,  Marriage,  vii. 
It  had  been  spitting  with  rain  for  the  last  half-hour,  and 
now  began  to  pour  in  good  earnest. 

Dickens,  Sketches,  Tales,  vii. 

3.  To  make  a  noise  as  if  spitting,  like  an  angry 
cat.— To  spit  on  or  upon,  to  treat  with  gross  insult  or 
ignominy. 

II.  trans.  To  eject  from  the  mouth;  spew; 
especially,  to  eject  as  or  with  saliva :  as,  to  spit 
blood. 

Thus  spitte  I  out  my  venim  under  hewe 
Of  holynesse,  to  seme  holy  and  trewe. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  136. 

Sir  Roger  told  me  that  Old  Moll  had  been  often  brought 

before  him  for  making  Children  spit  Pins,  and  giving  Maids 

the  Night  Mare.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  117. 

To  spit  Sixpences,  to  spit  with  a  white  nummular  ex- 
pectoration from  a  dry  mouth.  [Low.  ] 

He  had  thought  it  rather  a  dry  discourse;  and,  beginning 
to  spit  sixpences  (as  his  saying  was),  he  gave  hints  to  Mr. 
Wildgoose  to  stop  at  the  first  public-house  they  should 
come  to.  Graves,  Spiritual  Quixote,  iv.  6.  (Davies.) 

To  spit  white,  to  spit  from  a  dry  or  feverish  mouth,  es- 
pecially after  a  debauch.  |Low.] 

If  it  be  a  hot  day,  and  I  brandish  any  thing  but  a  bottle, 
I  would  I  might  never  spit  white  again. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2.  237. 

spit2  (spit),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  and  dial,  also 
spot;  <ME.spyt;  <.  spiff, v.]  1.  What  is  ejected 
from  the  mouth;  saliva;  spume. — 2.  The  act 
of  spitting:  as,  a  cat  gives  an  angry  spit. 

The  speckl'd  toad  .  .  . 
Denes  his  foe  with  a  fell  spit. 
Lovelace,  Lucasta,  Toad  and  Spider,  p.  42. 

3.  Inentom.:  (a)  The  spume  of  certain  insects;  a 
frothy,  fleecy,  or  waxy  substance  secreted  by  va- 
rious homopterous  bugs  from  specialized  pores 
scattered  over  the  general  surface  of  the  body. 
(6)  An  insect  which  produces  such  spume :  as, 
the  cuckoo-spif,  Ptyeltis  spumarius.  See  spittle- 
iitsect. — 4.  A  light  fall  of  rain  or  snow;  espe- 
cially, rain  or  snow  falling  in  light  gusts  or 
scattered  drops  or  flakes. 
Spits  of  rain  dashed  in  their  faces. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Their  Pilgrimage,  p.  176. 
5.  Image;  likeness.     [Vulgar.] 

There  was  a  large  lithograph  of  a  horse,  dear  to  the  re- 
membrance of  the  old  man  from  an  indication  of  a  dog  in 


5844 

the  corner.  "  The  very  spit  of  the  one  I  had  for  years  ;  it 's 
a  real  portrait,  sir,  for  Mr.  Hanbart,  the  printer,  met  me 
one'  day  and  sketched  him." 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  4S8. 

spit3  (spit),  c.  /.  [<  D.  xpittfii,  dig;  appar.  con- 
nected with  speten,  spit :  see  tpif*.]  To  spade ; 
plant  by  spading. 

Saffron  .  .  .  in  the  moneth  of  July,  .  .  .  when  the  heads 
thereof  have  been  plucked  up,  and  after  twenty  days  spit- 
ted or  set  againe  under  mould. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  453.    (Danes.) 

spit3  (spit),  H.  [E.  dial.;  cf.  spifi,  v.]  A  spade ; 
hence,  the  depth  of  a  spade  in  the  earth ;  a  spad- 
ing or  spadeful.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

It  [a  curious  harp]  was  raised  by  labourers  at  the  depth 
of  twelve  spiti  or  spadings  under  the  earth  in  Coolness 
Moss,  near  Newcastle,  between  Limerick  and  Killarney. 
O'Curry,  Anc.  Irish,  II.  xxxiii. 

spitalt,  spittle2!  (spit'al,  spit'l), ».  [< ME.  spyt- 
tl'1,  spitel,  xpytelle,  by  apheresis  from  hosjiit<tl: 
see  hospital.]  A  hospital ;  properly,  a  hospital 
for  lazars. 

He  is 

A  spittle  of  diseases,  and,  indeed, 
More  loathsome  and  infectious. 

Massinger,  Picture,  iv.  2. 

Kind,  pious  hands  did  to  the  Virgin  build 

A  lonely  Spital,  the  belated  swain 

From  the  night  terrors  of  that  waste  to  shield. 

Wordsworth,  Guilt  and  Sorrow,  xvii. 

spital-houset,  spittle-houset  (spit'al-,  spit'l- 
hous),  n.  A  hospital. 

All  the  Cripples  in  tenne  Spittle-houses  shewe  not  more 
halting.  Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  36. 

spital-mant,spittle-mant(spit'al-,spit'l-man), 
H.  One  who  fives  in  a  spital  or  hospital. 

Good  Preachers  that  Hue  ill  (like  >•///"'<•"'•"' 
Are  perfect  in  the  way  they  neuer  went. 

Davies,  Summa  Totalis,  p.  26.    (Da nee.) 

spital-sermont,  spittle-sermont(spit'al-,  spif- 
I-ser*mon),  n.  A  sermon  preached  at  or  in  be- 
half of  a  spital  or  hospital.  B.  Jonson,  Under- 
woods, Ixi. 

spitball  (spit'bal),  H.  Paper  chewed  and  made 
into  a  ball  to  be  used  as  a  missile.  [Colloq.] 

spitboz  (spit'boks), «.  [<  spit2  +  box*.]  A  box, 
usually  of  wood,  filled  with  sand,  sawdust,  or 
the  like,  to  receive  discharges  of  spittle,  to- 
bacco-juice, etc.;  a  spittoon.  Such  boxes  are  some- 
times open,  as  in  country  taverns  in  America,  sometimes 
covered,  the  cover  being  easily  raised  by  a  lever  arrange- 
ment, as  is  common  on  the  continent  of  Europe. 

spit-bug  (spit'bug),  M.    Any  spittle-insect. 

spitchcock  (spich'kok),  n.  [Appar.  a  corrup- 
tion of  "spitcock  (<  spit1  +  cock1),  which  may 
have  been  orig.  a  name  for  a  fowl  roasted  on  a 
spit,  transferred  fancifully  to  an  eel  split  and 
broiled.  Cf.  spatchcock.]  An  eel  split  and 
broiled. 
Will  you  have  some  Cray-fish  and  a  Spiteh-cocke  ? 

Webster  and  Dekker,  Northward  Hoe,  i.  1. 

spitchcock  (spich'kok),  t.  t.  [<  spitcncock,  n.] 
To  split  (an  eel)  lengthwise  and  broil  it. 

Yet  no  man  lards  salt  pork  with  orange-peel, 
Or  garnishes  his  lamb  with  spitchcock'd  eel. 

W.  King,  Art  of  Cookery,  1.  18. 
If  you  chance  to  be  partial  to  eels.  .  .  . 
Have  them  spiteh-cock'd  —  or  stew'd  —  they're  toooily  when 
fried !  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  337. 

spit-curl  (spit'kerl),  w.  A  small  lock  of  hair 
curled  so  as  to  lie  flat  on  the  temple :  so  called 
jocosely  or  contemptuously  from  the  circum- 
stance that  they  were  often  made  with  the  help 
of  saliva.  [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 
spit-deep  (spif  dep),  a.  [<  spit3  +  deep.]  Hav- 
ing the  depth  of  a  spade-cut.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
spite  (spit),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  spight;  < 
ME.  spite,  spyt,  spyyt;  by  apheresis  from  de- 
spite: see  despite.  Cf.  spitous  for  despitom.] 
It.  Injury;  mischief;  shame;  disgrace;  dis- 
honor. 

I'll  find  Demetrius  and  revenge  this  spite. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2.  420. 
Day  and  night  hel  work  my  spight, 
And  hanged  I  shall  be. 
ItiMn  Hood  and  the  Bishop  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  299). 

2.  A  disposition  to  thwart  and  disappoint  the 
wishes  of  another;  ill-will;  malevolence;  mal- 
ice; grudge;  rancor. 

This  is  not  the  opinion  of  one,  for  some  priuatetpite,  but 
the  judgement  of  all.      Ascham,  The  3cholemaster,  p.  78. 
Nor  called  the  gods,  in  vulgar  spite, 
To  vindicate  his  helpless  right. 

Marcell,  Essay  on  Government. 

3.  Chagrin;  vexation;  ill  luck;  trouble. 

The  time  is  out  of  joint :  O  cursed  spite, 
That  ever  I  was  born  to  set  it  right ! 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5.  189. 

In  spite  Of,  literally,  in  defiance  or  contempt  of ;  in  op- 
position to  ;  hence,  notwithstanding.  Sometimes  abbre- 
viated to  spite  of. 


spitted 

Death  to  me  subscribes, 
since,  spite  of  him,  I'll  live  in  this  poor  rhyme. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cvii. 
Honour  is  into  Scotland  gone, 
In  spite  of  England's  skill. 

Johnie  Scot  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  69). 
=  Syn.  2.  Animosity,  Ill-trill,  Enmity,  etc.  (see  animosity), 
pique,  spleen,  defiance.  Inttpite  of,  Despite,  etc.  See»o(- 
wwutandtng. 

spite  (spit),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spited,  ppr.  spit- 
ing. [Early  mod.  E.  also  spight;  <  late  ME. 
unit/';  <  xpite,  w.]  1.  To  dislike;  regard  with 
ill-will. 

I  gat  my  master's  good-will,  who  before  spited  me. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 

Hash  hated  or  spited  Obed,  partly  on  Margaret's  account, 
partly  because  of  misunderstandings  with  his  mother. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  3. 

2.  To  thwart;  cross;  mortify;  treat  malicious- 
ly: as,  to  cut  off  one's  nose  to  spite  one's  face. 

I'll  sacrifice  the  Iamb  that  I  do  love, 
To  spite  a  raven's  heart  within  a  dove. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1.  134. 

3.  To  fill  with  vexation;  offend. 

The  nobles,  spited  at  this  indignity  done  them  by  the 
commons,  firmly  united  in  a  body. 

Nni.it,  Nobles  and  Commons,  lit. 

spite-blastedt  (spit'blas'ted),  a.  Distracted 
or  defeated  by  spite.  Jfasne,  Pierce  Penilesse, 
p.  34.  [Bare.] 

spiteful  (spif  fill),  o.  [<  ME.  spytefuUe;  <  spite 
+  -ful.]  Filled  with  spite;  having  a  malevo- 
lent or  grudging  disposition  ;  malicious. 

A  wayward  son, 
Spiteful  and  wrathful. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  6.  12. 

spitefully  (spit'ful-i),  odr.  1.  Shamefully ;  out- 
rageously. 

And  the  remnant  took  his  servants,  and  entreated  them 
spitefully,  and  slew  them.  Mat.  xxli.  «. 

2.  In  a  spiteful  manner;  mischievously;  ma- 
liciously. 

At  last  she  spitefully  was  bent 
To  try  their  wisdom's  full  extent. 

Niii.it.  Cadenus  and  Vanessa. 

spitefulness  (spit' ful -nes),  n.  The  state  or 
character  of  being  spiteful ;  the  desire  to  vex, 
annoy,  or  injure,  proceeding  from  irritation ; 
malevolence;  malice. 

It  looks  more  like  spitefulness  and  ill  nature  than  a  dili- 
gent search  after  truth.  Keill,  Against  Burnet. 

spitfire  (spit'fir),  «.  [<  spitf,  v.,  +  obj.  fire.] 
An  irascible  or  passionate  person ;  one  whose 
temper  is  hot  or  fiery.  [Colloq.] 
spit-frogt  (spit'frog),  «.  [<»pi<1,  v.,  +  frog1.] 
A  small  sword.  John  Taylor,  Works  (1630). 
[Slang.]  (If ares.) 

spitkid  (spit'kid).  M.    A'aut.,  a  spitbox. 
spitoust,  a.     [ME.,  also  spetous;  by  apheresis 
from  despitous:  see  despitovs.  Cf. spite.]   Spite- 
ful; malicious;  mischievous. 

That  arowe  was  as  with  felonye 
Envenymed,  and  with  spitous  blame. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  979. 

spitouslyt,  flrfr.  [ME.,  <  spitons  +  -fy2.]  Spite- 
fully; angrily;  injuriously. 

They  were  ful  glad  whan  I  spak  to  hem  faire, 
For,  God  it  wot,  I  chidde  hem  spitously. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath  s  Tale,  L  223. 

spit-poison  (spit'poi'zn),  M.  [<  spift,  v.,  +  obj. 
poison.]  A  malicious  or  venomous  person; 
one  given  to  calumny. 

The  scourge  of  society,  a  spit-poison,  a  viper. 

South,  Sermons,  X.  290. 

spit-rack  (spit'rak),  «.  An  iron  rack,  formerly 
used,  on  which  a  spit  was  hung  before  a  fire. 
A  common  form  was 
that  of  a  pair  of  tall 
andirons  fitted  with 
hooks  to  support  the 
ends  of  the  spit. 

spit-sticker  (spif- 
stik'er),  n.  In  en- 
graving, a  graver 
with  convex  faces. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

spit-swordt  (spif- 
sord),  n.  Same  as 
estoc:  a  term  intro- 
duced in  the  six- 
teenth century.  spit-rack. 
Grose. 

spittardt  (spit'iird),  «.  [<  spit1  +  -ard.  Cf. 
spitter1.]  A  two-year  old  hart;  a  spitter.  Top- 
sell,  Four-Footed  Beasts  (1607),  p.  122.  (Halli- 
icell.) 

spitted  (spit'ed),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  y-spyted,  spit- 
ted: see  iptt*.]  1.  Put  upon  a  spit;  thrust 
through,  as  if  with  a  spit;  impaled. —  2. 


spitted 

Spiked,  or  shot  out  to  a  point  like  a  spit  or 
bodkiu,  but  without  tines  or  branches:  said  of 
the  antlers  of  a  deer. 

Let  trial  be  made  .  .  .  whether  the  head  of  a  deer  that 
by  age  is  more  spitted  may  be  brought  again  to  be  more 
branched.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  757. 

spittent.    An  obsolete  past  participle  of  spit-. 

spitter1  (spit'er),  «.  [<  spit*  +  -<?/•!.]  1.  One 
who  puts  meat  on  a  spit. —  2.  A  young  deer 
whose  antlers  are  spitted;  a  brocket  or  pricket. 

spitter-  (spit'er),  H.  [<  «p»<a  + -erl.]  One  who 
spits,  or  ejects  saliva  from  the  mouth. 

spitting  (spit'ing),  ii.  [Verbal  n.  of  spit2,  r.] 
1.  The  act  or  practice  of  expectoration. — 2. 
An  appearance  seen  on  the  surface  of  silver 
which  has  been  melted  in  considerable  quan- 
tity and  then  allowed  to  cool  slowly,  protuber- 
ances like  miniature  volcanic  cones  being 
formed  just  as  the  surface  of  the  metal  begins 
to  solidify,  through  the  orifices  of  which  oxygen 
gas  escapes,  sometimes  with  sufficient  violence 
to  throw  out  bits  of  the  molten  metal.  This  Is 
frequently  seen  In  the  cupellatlon  of  silver  in  the  large 
way.  The  same  phenomenon  is  exhibited  by  melted  plat- 
inum, which,  like  silver,  absorbs  oxygen  when  melted,  and 
gives  it  off  again  on  cooling.  Also  called  sprouting.— 
Spitting  of  blood.  Same  as  hemoptysis  (which  see). 

spitting-snake  (spit'ing-snak),  n.  A  venomous 
serpent  of  the  family  ffajidse,  Sepedon  hsemaclia- 
tes  of  South  Africa.  This  snake,  when  irritated,  has 
the  habit  of  spitting  in  spray  the  poisonous  saliva  which 
has  dribbled  from  its  fangs. 

spittle1  (spit'l),  ii.  [Formerly  also  spettle;  a 
var.  of  spattle,  conformed  to  the  verb:  see 
spattle1,  spit'2,  «.]  The  mucous  substance  se- 
creted by  the  salivary  glands;  saliva;  saliva 
ejected  from  the  mouth. 

Owre  men,  moued  with  greate  hope  and  hunger  of  golde, 
beganne  ageine  to  swalowe  downe  theyr  spettie. 
Peter  Martyr  (tr.  in  Eden's  First  Books  on  America,  ed. 

[Arber,  p.  118). 

The  Priests  abhorre  the  Sea,  as  wherein  Nilus  dieth ; 
and  salt  is  forbiden  them,  which  they  call  Typhous  spittle. 
Purcttas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  572. 
To  lick  the  spittle  of.  See  licit. 

spittle2!,  w.     See  spital. 

spittle3  (spit'l),  n.  [<  ME.  spytelle;  dim.  of 
spits.}  1.  A  kind  of  small  spade. —  2.  A  spade- 
like  implement  with  a  short  handle,  used  in  put- 
ting cakes  into  an  oven.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spittle3  (spit'l),  v.  t.  [<  spittles,  „.]  To  dig  or 
stir  with  a  small  spade.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spittle-fly  (spit'1-fli),  «.     A  spittle-insect. 

spittle-insect  (spit'l-in'sekt),  «.  Any  one  of 
several  different  homopterous  insects  of  the 
family  Cercopidse,  as  species  of  Aphrophora, 
Lepyronia,  and  Ptyelus;  a  spit-bug  or  froghop- 
per.  The  larvae  and  pupte  live  upon  plants,  enveloping 
and  entirely  concealing  themselves  within  a  mass  of 
frothy  material  which  they  secrete,  sometimes  called 
toad-spittle  or  frog-spit  and  cuckoo-spit.  See  cut  under 
froghopper. 

Spittle-Of-the-StarS  (spit'1-ov-the-starz'),  H. 
See  Nostoc,  2. 

spittly  (spit'li),  a.  [<  spittle^  +  -y1.}  Con- 
taining or  resembling  spittle ;  slimy. 

spittoon  (spi-ton'),  n.  [Irreg.  <  spit*  +  -0011.} 
A  vessel  for  receiving  what  is  spit  from  the 
mouth;  especially,  a  round  vessel  of  metal, 
earthenware,  or  porcelain,  made  in  the  form  of 
a  funnel  at  the  top,  and  having  a  bowl-shaped 
compartment  beneath,  which  may  be  partly 
filled  with  water ;  a  cuspidor. 

A  gentleman  with  his  hat  on,  who  amused  himself  by 
spitting  alternately  into  the  spittoon  at  the  right  hand  side 
of  the  stove  and  the  spittoon  on  the  left. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xvi. 

spit-venom  (spit'ven'om),  n.  [<  spit2  +  ven- 
om. Cf.  spit-poison.]  foisonous  expectoration. 
[Rare.] 

The  spit-venom  of  their  poisoned  hearts  breaketh  out  to 
the  annoyance  of  others.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  V.  il.  §  2. 

spitz  (spits),  n.  [<  G.  spitz,  also  spitehund,  a 
Pomeranian  dog,  so  called  from  its  pointed 
muzzle;  <  spitze,  a  point:  see  spit1.'}  A  spitz- 
dog. 

spitz-dog  (spits'dog),  «.  [A  half  translation  of 
G.  spitzhund,  a  Pomeranian  dog,  <  spitze,  a  point, 
+  hund,  a  dog,  =  E.  hound.}  A  variety  of  dog, 
so  called  from  the  pointed  muzzle ;  a  Pomera- 
nian dog.  See  Pomeranian. 

spitzflute  (spits'flot),  n.  [<  G.  spitze,  a  point, 
+  E.  flute*.}  In  organ-building,  a  stop  having 
conical  pipes  of  metal,  which  give  a  thin,  some- 
what reedy  tone. 

spitzkasten  (spits'kas-ten),  n.  [G.,  <  spitze,  a 
point,  +  kasten,  a  chest:  see  chest*.}  In  mill- 
ing, a  pointed  box ;  a  V-vat :  a  German  word 
frequently  used  by  writers  in  English  on  ore- 
dressing. 


5840 

Spiza  (spi'xij),  M.  [NL.  (Bonaparte,  1828),  <  Gr. 
amla,  a  fincl'i,  <  airlfctv,  pipe,  chirp.  Cf.  spinlc1.} 
A  genus  of  fringilline  birds,  including  a  number 
of  types,  and  hence  variously  limited,  (at)  Tint 
genus  of  painted  flnclu-s  of  which  the  common  indifjo-binl 
of  the  United  States  is  the  type:  synonymous  with  /'««.»•- 
rina  or  Hortjtlamis  of  Vieillot,  and  Cyanvspiza  of  Baird. 
See  cut  under  iiuligo-bird.  (6)  Now  employed  for  the  silk- 
buntings,  of  which  the  common  dickcissel  or  black-throat- 
ed bunting,  S.  amcricana,  is  the  type :  synonymous  with 


Euspiza.  The  male  is  8}  inches  long,  10j  in  extent  of  wings ; 
the  plumage  is  smooth  and  compact ;  the  upper  parts  are 
grayish-brown,  streaked  with  black  on  the  back ;  the  low- 
er are  whitish,  shaded  with  gray,  tinged  with  bright  yellow 
on  the  breast,  and  marked  with  a  large  black  throat-patch ; 
the  edge  of  the  wing  is  yellow ;  the  lesser  and  middle  cov- 
erts are  bright- chestnut ;  the  lower  eyelid  is  white,  the  su- 
perciliary stripe  yellow,  and  the  bill  dark  horn-blue.  The 
female  is  similar,  but  plainer,  being  less  tinged  with  yellow, 
and  having  no  black  throat-patch,  but  a  few  black  maxil- 
lary or  pectoral  streaks.  This  bunting  ia  widely  but  irreg- 
ularly distributed  in  the  United  States,  especially  in  the 
eastern  half,  abounding  in  some  districts,  but  seldom  or 
never  seen  in  others  apparently  as  eligible.  It  nests  on  the 
ground  or  in  a  low  buah,  and  lays  four  or  five  plain  pale- 
greenish  eggs  (rarely  speckled).  The  nuptial  male  has  a 
quaint  monotonous  ditty,  three  notes  of  which  are  ren- 
dered in  the  name  dickcissel— a  word  which  originated  in 
Illinois,  and  crept  into  print  in  or  about  1876. 

Spizae'tUS(spI-za'e-tus),H.  [NL.j Vieillot,  1816), 
<  Gr. arnica,  a  finch  (see  Spiea),+  atrdf,  an  eagle.] 
A  genus  of  Falconidse,  including  hawks  or  small 
eagles  having  the  feet  feathered  to  the  bases 
of  the  toes,  the  tail  square  or  little  rounded, 
the  wings  short  and  rounded,  and  the  head,  in 
the  typical  species,  with  a  long  occipital  crest. 
The  genus  is  sometimes  restricted  to  such  birds  as  the 
crested  eagle  of  Brazil,  S.  manduyti  or  S.  ornatus;  in  a 
wider  sense,  it  includes  12  or  more  species  of  Central  and 
South  America,  Africa,  India  and  the  Indo-Malayan  re- 
gion, Celebes,  Formosa,  and  Japan.  Also  Spizailos. 

Spizella  (spi-zel'a),  n.  [NL.  (Bonaparte,  1832), 
*  Spiza  T  dim.  -ella.}  A  genus  of  small  Amer- 
ican finches  or  sparrows,  the  chipping-spar- 
rows,  having  the  wings  pointed,  the  tail  long 
and  emarginate,  the  back  streaked,  and  the  un- 
der parts  not  streaked  in  the  adult.  It  includes 
several  of  the  most  familiar  sparrows  of  the  United  States, 
as  the  chippy  or  chip-bird,  S.  eotdalis  or  domestics;  the 
field-sparrow,  S.  agrestis  or  pusilla;  the  tree-sparrow,  &'. 
inonticola;  the  clay-colored  bunting  and  Brewer's  bunt- 
ing, 5.  f 'tit lit/'/  and  S.  breiceri ;  and  the  black-chinned  spar- 
row, S.  alrigidarig.  See  cut  under  field-sparrow. 

Spizellinae  (spi-ze-H'ne), n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Spizella 
+  -inse.}  A  subfamily  of  Fringillidse,  contain- 
ing a  large  number  of  small  spotted  and  streaked 
sparrows.  None  of  those  which  occur  in  the 
United  States  have  any  red,  blue,  or  orange 
colors.  S.  F.  Baird,  1858. 

spizelline  (spi-zel'in),  a.  [<  Spizella  +  -ine1.} 
Resembling  or  related  to  the  chippiug-sparrow; 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Spizcllinx. 

spizine  (spi'zin),  a.  [<  Spiza  +  -inci.]  Re- 
sembling or  related  to  the  finches  or  buntings 
of  the  genus  Spiza. 

Splachneae  (splak'ne-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Splacli- 
num  +  -ex.}  A  tribe  of  bryaceous  mosses, 
named  from  the  genus  Splachmim.  Also  Splach- 
nei,  Splachnaeese. 

Splachnum  (splak'num),  H.  [NL.  (Linneeus, 
1753),  <  Gr.  o-ffAdyjvov,  some  cryptogamous 
plant.]  A  genus  of  bryaceous  mosses,  giving 
name  to  the  tribe  Splaelinese.  Theyare  loosely  ces- 
pitose,  mostly  annual  plants,  with  soft,  slender  branches, 
which  bear  distant  lower  and  tufted  upper  leaves,  all  with 
very  loose  areolation.  The  capsule  is  long-pedicelled, 
small,  oval  or  short-cylindrical,  provided  with  a  peristome 
of  sixteen  linear  orange-colored  teeth.  There  are  6  North 
American  species. 

splaiet,  v.    An  old  spelling  of  splay. 

splanadet,  ».     Same  as  esplanade. 

splanchnapophysial  (splangk'ua-po-fiz'i-al), 
a.  [<  S2)lanch»apophysis  +  -at.}  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  splanchnapophysis. 

splanchnapophysis  (splangk-na-pof'i-sis),  «. ; 
pi.  splanctiiKipopliyses (-sex).  [NL.,<  Gr.  air/.ayx- 


splash 

w,  pi.  m~t,dyxva,  viscera,  +  iirdfvoif,  an  off- 
shoot: sec  tipoplii/six.}  An  apophysis  or  out- 
growth of  a  vertebra  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
vertebral  axis  fromaneurapophysis.  and  inclos- 
ing or  tending  to  inclose  some  viscus.  See  cut 
under  hypopopkytit, 

splanchnic  (splangk'nik),  11.  and  ».  [<  Gr. 
arc'/ ayxviKoi; ,  pertaining  to  the  viscera,  <  nxl.dyx- 
t'ov,  pi.  tn&ayxya,  viscera,  bowels.]  I,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  vise-era  or  entrails;  visceral; 
intestinal;  enteric. —  Splanchnic  cavities,  the  vis- 
ceral cavities  of  the  body. -Splanchnic  musculature, 
the  muRck-s  of  the  spliinchnopleure  ;  that  one  of  the  twu 
chief  layers  of  ca-lomatic  muscles  which  surrounds  the 
ulimentary  canal :  contrasting  with  Kitmulic  nulMttMwV, 
or  the  muscles  of  the  somatopleure.  -  Splanchnic  nerves, 
three  nerves  from  the  thoracic  sympathetic  ganglia  —  the 
first  or  great,  the  second  lesser  or  small,  and  the  tliinl 
smallest  or  inferior.  The  first  goes  to  the  semilunar  gan- 
glion, the  second  to  the  cceliac  plexus,  the  third  to  the  re- 
nal and  cceliac  plexuses.— Splanchnic  wall,  the  splanch- 
nopleure. 
II.  H.  A  splanchnic  nerve. 

splanchnocoele  (splangk'no-sel),  ».  [<  Gr. 
OTT/.d; 'Xvor,  pi.  <77r?,ay;fi'a,  the  viscera,  +  xoiAof, 
hollow.]  A  visceral  cavity;  specifically,  the 
visceral  cavity  of  a  brachioppd,  an  anterior  di- 
vision of  which  is  the  brachiocoele  or  brachial 
chamber,  and  the  lateral  parts  of  the  posterior 
division  of  which  are  the  pleurocoales. 

splanchnographer  (splangk-nog'ra-fer),  H.  [< 
x/jl(inchiioyraiili-y  +  -erl.}  One  who  describes 
viscera ;  a  writer  on  splanchnography. 

splanchnographical  (splangk-no-graf 'i-kal),  a. 
[<  splaiiclmograpii-y  T  -ic-al,}  Descriptive  of 
viscera  ;  pertaining  to  splanchnography. 

splanchnography  (splangk-nog'ra-fi),  n.  [< 
Gr.  a-x'Adyxvov,  pi.  anAayxva,  viscera,  +  -yaafyla,  < 
ypdfyeiv,  write.]  Descriptive  splanchnology;  a 
description  of  or  a  treatise  on  viscera. 

splanchnological  (splangk-no-loj'i-kal),  a.  [< 
splanehnolog-y  +  -ic-al.}  Of  or  pertaining  to 
splanchnology. 

splanchnologist  (splangk-nol'o-jist),  H.  [< 
splancJinuloy-y  +  -ist.}  One  who  is  versed  in 
splanchnology. 

splanchnology  (splangk-nol'6-ji),  «.  [<  Gr. 
(TTr/'.ay^vov,  pi.  UTrAay^-ra,  viscera,  T  -Ijiyla,  <  \i- 
yeiv,  speak:  see  -ologi/.}  The  sum  of  scientific 
knowledge  concerning  viscera. 

splanchnopleura  (splangk-no-plo'ra),  ».;  pi. 
splaitclntopleurse  (-re).  [NL. :  see  splanehno- 
pleure.}  Same  as  splaiichnopleure. 

splanchnopleural  (splangk-no-plo'ral),  a.  [< 
splanchnopleure  +  -al.}  Forming  the  walls  of 
viscera;  constituting  or  pertaining  to  the 
splanchnopleure. 

splanchnopleure  (splangk'no-plor),  «.  [<  NL. 
splanclinupleuru,  <  Gr.  c7rAd> xvov,  pi-  "M*JW» 
viscera,  -f  irfovpd,  the  side.]  The  inner  or  vis- 
ceral layer  of  mesoderm,  formed  by  the  split- 
ting of  the  mesoblast,  separated  from  the  soma- 
topleure by  the  perivisceral  space,  coelomatic 
cavity,  or  cosloma.  It  is  formed  in  those  animals 
whose  germ  becomes  four-layered  in  the  above  manner, 
and  then  constitutes  the  musculature  and  connective  tis- 
sue of  the  intestinal  tract  and  its  annexes  —  the  lining 
epithelium  being  derived  from  the  hypoblast.  Thus,  the 
connective  tissue  and  muscular  substance  of  the  lungs, 
liver,  kidneys,  etc.,  and  the  thickness  of  the  walls  of  the 
stomach,  bowels,  etc., are  all  splanchnopleural.  The  term 
is  contrasted  with  somatopleure. 

splanchnopleuric  (splangk-no-plo'rik),  «. 
[<  splanchnopleure  +  -ic.}  Same  as  splanchno- 
pleural. Foster,  Elements  of  Embryology,  i.  2. 

splanchnoskeletal  (splangk-no-skel'e-tal),  a. 
[<  splanclmoskclctoii  +  -al.}  Skeletal  or  hard, 
as  a  part  of  a  viscus ;  forming  a  part  of,  or  relat- 
ing to,  the  splanchnoskeleton. 

splanchnoskeleton  (splangk-no-skel'e-ton),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aiAdyxyov,  pi-  oif^dyxva,  viscera,  + 
VKe/.eTov,  skeleton.]  The  splanchnic  or  vis- 
ceral skeleton ;  those  hard  parts  of  the  body, 
collectively  considered,  which  are  developed 
in  special  relation  with  the  viscera,  and  serve  to 
support  or  contain  them.  Such  are  teeth,  branchial 
arches,  tracheal  rings,  bonelets  of  the  eyeball  and  heart, 
penis-bones,  etc.  The  term  originated  with  Carus,  1828, 
and  acquired  currency  through  Owen  and  others.  Its  dif- 
ference of  meaning  from  ecleroikeleton  is  not  clear  in  all 
its  applications. 

Splanchnotomical  (splangk-no-tom'i-kal),  a. 
[<  splaiichnotom-y  +  -ic-al.}  Anatomical  in  re- 
spect of  the  viscera ;  of  or  pertaining  to  splauch- 
notomy. 

splanchnotomy  (splangk-not'o-mi),  «.  [<  Gr. 
airway xvov,  pi.  mrU.yxva,  viscera,  +  -roftia,  <  TI/J- 
vetv,  ra/ielv,  cut.]  Dissection  of  the  viscera; 
the  anatomy  of  the  viscera:  more  commonly 
called  visceral  anatomy. 

splash  (splash),  r.  [Avar,  of  plash1,  with  un- 
orig.  s,  regarded  as  intensive;  perhaps  sug- 


The  cok  confesseth  eiuynent  cupide 
When  lie  his  gemray  tail  begynneth  gplay. 

Palladitu,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23. 
To  spleyen  out  hire  leves  on  brede 
Ageyn  the  siiiinc. 
Lydgate,  Complaint  of  the  Black  Knight,  1.  33. 

2.  To  dislocate,  as  a  horse's  shoulder. —  3.  Ill 
arch.,  to  slope  ;  form  with  an  oblique  angle,  as 
the  jambs  or  sides  of  a  window.  See  the  noun. 

1.  Spread;  flare. 

By  hammering  in  the  corners  of  a  bit,  care  should  be 
taken  to  preserve  the  gplay  throughout  to  the  extremity, 
by  properly  inclining  the  face  of  the  hammer. 

Morgans,  Mining  Tools,  p.  49. 

2.  In  arch.,  a  sloped  surface,  or  a  surface  which 
makes  an  oblique  angle  with  another,  as  when 


splash  5846 

gested  by  the  appar.  relation  ofsmaali  to  mash1.} 

1.  trans.   1.  To  spatter  or  bespatter,  as  with 
water,  water  and  mud,  or  any  other  liquid. 

In  carving  a  partridge,  I  splashed  her  with  gravy  from 
head  to  foot.  Sydney  Smith,  To  Francis  Jeffrey,  1806. 

2.  To  dash  or  throw  about  in  splotches:  as,  to 
njiliixk  dirty  water  on  one. — 3.  To  accomplish 
with  splashing  or  plashing. 

The  stout,  round-sterned  little  vessel  ploughed  and  splay1  (spla),  n.   [<niil/nil    r  ~\ 
splashed  its  way  up  the  Hudson,  with  great  noise  and  lit- 
tie  progress.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  179. 

4.  To  ornament  with  splashed  decoration. =Syn 
1  and  2.  Spill,  etc.    See  slopi. 

II.  iii  trans.  1.  To  dabble  or  spatter  about 
in  water  or  other  liquid ;  dash  or  spatter  water 
about. 

It  is  in  knowledge  as  in  swimming ;  he  who  flounders 
and  splaxhes  on  the  surface  makes  more  noise,  and  attracts 
more  attention,  than  the  pearl-diver  who  quietly  dives  in 
quest  of  treasures  to  the  bottom. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  211. 

2.  To  fall  with  or  make  a  plashing  sound. 

The  heavy  burden  splashed  in  the  dark  blue  waters. 

Scott,  Bob  Boy,  xxxi. 

Splashing  fremitus,  fremitus  caused  by  succussiou. 
splash  (splash),  it.     [<  splash,  v.}     1.  Water  or 
other  liquid  thrown  upon  anything. —  2.  A  noise 
or  effect  as  from  water  or  mud  thrown  up  or 
dashed  about. 

The  splash  and  stir 
Of  fountains  spouted  up  and  showering  down. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

3.  A  spot  of  dirt  or  other  discoloring  or  dis- 
figuring matter;  a  blot;  a  daub. 

Her  [Rachel's]  very  mode  of  writing  is  complex,  nay,  is 
careless,  incondite ;  with  dashes  and  splashes,  .  .  .  with 
involutions,  abruptnesses,  whirls,  and  tortuosities. 

Carlyle,  Varnhagen  von  Ense's  Memoirs. 

4.  A 
from 


spleenwort 

2.  Ill  humor;  melancholy;  low  spirits. 

He  affected  to  complain  either  of  the  Spleen  or  his 
Memory.  Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  i.  6. 

Such  [melancholic  fancy]  as  now  and  then  presents  it- 
self to  musing,  thoughtful  men,  when  their  spirits  are 
low,  and  the  spleen  hath  gotten  possession  of  them. 

Bp.  Atterbury,  Sermons,  I.  xii. 

3.  Bad  temper;  anger;  ill-will;  malice;  latent 
spite;  grudge:  as,  to  vent  one's  spleen;  a  tit  of 
the  spleen. 

A  hare-brain'd  Hotspur,  govern 'd  by  a  spleen. 
Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v. 


Plan  of  Portal  of  Notre  Dame,  Paris,    s  s  j,  Splays. 


the  opening  through  a  wall  for  a  door  or  win- 
dow widens  from  the  position  of  the  door  or 
window  proper  toward  the  face  of  the  wall.  A 
large  chamfer  is  called  a  splay. 

Among  the  most  marked  of  these  [defects  in  design  of 
facade  of  Kheims  Cathedral]  is  the  projection  of  the  great 
portal  jambs,  with  their  archivolts,  beyond  the  faces  of  the 
buttresses,  and  the  continuation  of  the  splays  to  the  outer 
faces  of  the  jambs,  so  that  those  of  the  adjoining  portals 
almost  meet  in  a  sharp  edge. 


2. 19. 

The  Dauphin  all  this  while,  though  outwardly  having 
made  a  Reconciliation  with  the  Duke  of  liurgoigne,  yet 
inwardly  bearing  a  Spleen  against  him,  intended  nothing 
so  much  as  his  Destruction.  Baiter,  Chronicles,  p.  174. 

4f.  A  sudden  impulse,  fancy,  or  caprice;  a 
whim. 

A  thousand  spleens  bear  her  a  thousand  ways. 

Shale.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  907. 
5f.  Mood;  disposition. 

Haply  my  presence 
May  well  abate  the  over-merry  spleen. 

Shale.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i.  137. 

They  [the  Presbyterians]  came  to  that  Spleen  at  last 
that  they  would  rather  enthral  themselves  to  the  King 
again  than  admit  their  own  Brethren  to  share  in  their 
Liberty.  HlMoii,  Ans.  toSalmasius. 

In  the  apleent,  in  low  spirits ;  out  of  sorts ;  in  ill  humor. 
—  On  the  spleen*,  on  the  impulse  of  the  moment;  sud- 
denly ;  impulsively. 


Wordes  which  seid  are  on  Hie  splene 
In  faire  langage  peynted  fill  plesantlye. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  62. 
C.  H.  Moore,  Gothic  Architecture,  p.  110.   spleen  (splen)    V 


3.  In  fort.,  the  outward  widening  of  an  embra- 
sure from  the  mouth  toward  the  exterior  of  the 


^  ...       .,          [<  spleen,  n.}    I.  trans.  I. 

To  deprive  of  the  spleen ;  extirpate  the  spleen 
of.  Animals  subjected  to  this  operation  tend  to  become 
fat,  and  may  live  for  an  indefinite  period  apparently  in 
perfect  health. 

~ —  v..^  0^^^U1..S  „„„„,  00  UJi  LUC  urn*  ui  »  -,  a-  .  -,  -     -  .  .  Animals  spleened  grow  salacious.  Arbuthnot. 

horse,  cow,  or  other  animal.—  5.  A  complexion-    '         »t,  wide  and  flat;  turned  out  ward;  hence,    2f.  To  anger;  annoy.    Roger  North,  Examen, 
powder,  generally  the  finest  rice-flour,  used  by     '      msy;  awkward-    See  splay-foot,  splay-mouth,     p.  326.— 3f.  To  dislike;  hate. 


..   .  _  parapet.     See  embrasure — Splay  cut,  an  inclined 

spot  or  plash  of  color  strongly  differing    "Vo^l?8  f-T  "'  rTy  ,brif  wo,rkb 
the  surrounding  color,  as  on  the  hide  of  a  "Pf? * !l*p1^'  °'   Pfl*^*]  Spread  or  spread- 


women  to  whiten  their  necks  and  faces.  —  6    A     j  In  the  Oerman  mind,  as  in  the  German  language,  there 
shad          h.  SSMYnffi?^'  """^  """""""^ 

Splash-board    (splash  bord),    «.      A    guard    of  M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  Pref 

wood,  or  an  iron  frame  covered  with  leather,  splay^t  (spla),  r.  t.     [A  var.  of  spayi.  prob.  by 
in  front  of  a  wheeled  vehicle  or  a  sleigh,  to    confusion  with  splay  f]     Same  as  spay     S/mA 
protect  the  occupants  from  the  splashing  of  the    M  for  M    ii  1  243 

' 


Sir  T.  Wentworth  spleen'd  the  bishop  for  offering  to 
bring  his  rival  into  favour. 

Bp.  Uacket,  Abp.  Williams,  II.  83.    (Davies.) 

II.  intrants.  To  have  a  loathing;  become  dis- 
gusted.    [Rare.] 

It  is  fairly  sickenin' ;  I  spleen  at  it. 


«  -----------  -'  .......... 

horses'  feet;  a  dash-board  or  dasher.    The  guard  splayed  (spiad),  «.'     f<  snlaul  +  -erf2  1     Hav         ,  *•  ^  Coote,  The  Congregationalist,  Jan.  1,  1886. 

placed  over  a  wheel  (on  a  passenger  railroad-car,  at  the     ,W  Vsolav  form  •  solav  Spleenativet,  a.     An  obsolete  form  of  splmi- 

ends  of  the  steps  to  protect  them  from  dirt  thrown  by  the     '  ,*  '  five. 


wheels)  is  also  sometimes  called  a  splash-board. 
splash-inny. 


Also  splayer  (spla'er),  ».    In  tile-manuf.,  a  segment 
of  a  cylinder  used  as  a  mold  for  curved  tiles,  as 
He  filled  the  glass  and  put  it  on  the  splash-board  of  the     ridge-  or  hip-tiles,  drain-tiles,  etc. 

W.  Black,  In  far  Lochaber,  xix.  splay-foot  (spla'fut),  «.  and  o.      [<  splayl  + 

splasher  (splash'er),  M.     [<  splash  +  -«rl.]    1.     foot.}     I.  n.  A  broad  flat  foot  turned  more  or 
«    m,°  Or  that  which  8Plasaes-     Specifically     less  outward.    A  splay-foot  may  be  only  coarse  or  un- 
—  2.  That  which  is  splashed;   a  contrivance 
to  receive  splashes  that  would  otherwise  deface 
the  thing  protected,    (a)  A  guard  placed  over  loco- 
motive-wheels to  protect  persons  on  the  engine  or  the 


.  .  n'ful),  a.  [<  spleen  +  -ful.}  Full 
of  or  displaying  spleen ;  angry ;  peevish ;  fret- 
ful; melancholy;  hypochondriacal ;  splenetic. 
Myself  have  calm'd  their  spleenful  mutiny. 

Shot.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2.  128. 

In  a  spleenful 


machinery  from  the  wheels,  or  from  wet  or  dirt  throw 
up  by  them,     (b)  A  guard  over  a  wheel  to  prevent  the 
sh 


a  »piay-iooi  may  oe  only  coarse  or  un-  __|..  ^-ft-ii—  /     ,-    ,t.,-,       , 
.',  but  in  extreme  cases  it  amounts  to  the  deformity  SPleenrUlly  (splen  ful-l),  adv. 
known  as  talipes  valyus,  a  kind  of  clnbfoot.  manner. 

II.  «,  Having  splay-feet;  splay-footed.  spleenish  (sple'nish),  a. 

Tho'  still  some  traces  of  our  rustic  vein 
And  splay-foot  verse  remain'd  and  will  remain. 
Pope,  Imitation  of  Horace,  Epistle  l  1. 


splashes  from  entering  the  vehicle,  or  to  protect  the  gar-   snliv-fnotpH  (*  >l»'fVir'»rl 

ments  of  the  riders  on  entering,    (c)  A  screen  placed  be-  BP,lay  2^S?  )  ?  ,'i    '    .  l>arly  mod-  E- 

hind  a  wash-stand  to  protect  the  wall  from  water  that     &iso  splea-footed ;  as  splay-foot  +  -t(fi.}    Having 
m_ay  be  splashed.  splay-feet. 

Salutes  from  a  splay-footed  witch,  .  .  . 
Croaking  of  ravens,  or  the  screech  of  owls, 
Are  not  so  boding  mischief. 


.,  [Formerly  also,  erro- 
neously, splenish;  <  spleen  +  -isAl.]  Spleeny; 
affected  with  spleen ;  arising  from  disordered 
spleen;  ill-natured. 


Same  as  ,y>las)i- 


Nor 


ME. 

To  rmf 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires]  i.  116. 

Babees  Booh  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  p.  266.  splay-mouthed  (spla'moutht),  a.  Having  a 
splay-mouth ;  making  the  mouth  splay,  as  in  a 
grimace. 


Splash- Wing  (splash' wing),  n. 
board. 

splashy  (splash'i),  a.     [<  splash  +  -yi.}    Full 

of  dirty  water;  wet;  wet  and  muddy;  plashy. 

Not  far  from  hence  is  Sedgemore,  a  watry,  splashy  place 

Defoe,  Tour  through  Great  Britain,  II.  34.    (Danes.) 

splatt,  v.   t.      [Early  mod.  E.  splette;    < 

splatten;   a  secondary  form  of  split  (?).] 

split ;  splay ;  extend ;  spread  out. 

Splatte  that  pyke. 

Pitche  it  not  downwarde, 
.   Me  it  not  to  flatte. 
Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  48. 

(splat'er),  v.  i.  and  t.     [Prob.  a  var.  of 

spioi.j     TO  make  a  noise,  as  in  dashing  water 
about ;  splash ;  cast  or  scatter  about. 
Dull  prose-folk  Latin  splatter. 

Burns,  To  William  Simpson. 

splatter-dash  ( splat 'er-dash),  w.    An  uproar- 
a  bustle.     [Colloq.] 

splatterdashes  (splat'er-dash-ez),  M.  pi.    Same 
as  spatterdashes. 

splatter-faced  (splat'er-fast),  a.  Broad-  or  flat- 
faced. 

Oh,  lawk !  I  declare  I  be  all  of  a  tremble  • 
My  mind  it  misgives  me  about  Sukey  Wimble 
A  splatter-faced  wench,  neither  civil  nor  nimble ! 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  I.  iv.  (song), 
splayi   (spla),  v.   t.     [<  ME.  splayen,  splaien, 
spleyen ;   by  apheresis  from  display :   see  dis- 
play.}     If.  To  display;  unfold;  spread  out; 
hence,  to  cut  up;  carve:  as,  to  splay  a  fish 


But  here  yourselves  you  must  engage 
Somewhat  to  cool  your  spleenish  rage. 

Drayton,  Nymphldia. 

spleenishly  (sple'nish-li),  adv.    In  a  spleenish 
manner.     Imp.  Diet. 
spleenishness  (sple'nish-nes),  n.    The  state  of 


spleenless  (splen'les), 


- 


A  spleenless  wind  so  stretcht 
Her  "1188  to  W8ft  U8" 


*"•  *«• 


Tom  Brown,  Works,  II.  271.    (Dames.) 
(splen),  n.     [<  ME.  splene,  splen,  <  OF. 
esplen,  esplein,  esplain,   esplien,  esplene  =  It. 
splene,  <  L.  splen,  <  Gr.  trjrP.^v  =  L.  lien  (for  orig. 
•splien)  =  Skt.  plihan  (for  orig.  "splihan),  the 
spleen.]     1.  A  non-glandular,  highly  vascular 
organ  which  is  situated  in  the  abdomen,  on 
the  left  side,  in  connection  with  the  digestive 
organs,  and  in  which  the  blood  undergoes  cer- 
tain modifications  in  respect  of  its  corpuscles. 
This  viscus  has  no  proper  secretion  and  no  excretory 
duct,  and  in  these  respects  agrees  with  the  thyroid,  an' 
thymus,  and  adrenal  bodies.    In  man  the  spleen  is  of  an     61 
oblong  flattened  form,  dark  livid-red  in  color,  soft  and      •' 
friable  in  texture,  and  extremely  vascular.    It  lies  in  the     *" 
left  hypochondriac  region,  capping  the  cardiac  end  of  the  Spleen-stone 
stomach.    The  spleen  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  seat     (splen'ston),    n 
of  various  emotions.    Its  enlargement  or  induration,  un-     Sari  info'*  n. 

der  malarial  poisoning,  is  known  as  aaue-calte.    See  cut     '       ,    .     Jaae    ol 
under  pancreas.  nephnte. 

I  thought  their  spleens  would  break ;  they  laugh'd  us  all     Spleenwort 

Out  of  the  room.         Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2.      (splen'wert),    w. 


(splen'pulp),  n. 
The  proper  sub- 
stance of  the 
spleen,  contain- 
ed in  the  areoles 
of  the  trabeeu- 
lar  tissue  of  that 
organ,  forming 
a  soft  mass  of 
a  dark  reddish- 
brown  color,  like 
grumous  blood. 
Also  splenic  pulp 
or  tissue. 

leen-sickt,    a. 

•plenetic.  Lev- 
ins. 


Spleenworts. 


I. frond  of  Aspleniumcbencutn;  2,  fn 
of  Aspltnium  Adiantitm-nigntm ; 
frond  of  Aspltnium  stpttntrionale. 


frond 
3. 


spleenwort 

Any  fern  of  the  genus  Axplcninni.  The  ebony 
spleenwort  is  A,  ebeneum;  the  maidenhair  spleenwort  is 
A.  Trichoniant'S  ;  the  wall-rue  spleenwort  is  A.  lluta-mu- 
raria, 

spleeny  (sple'ni),  «.     [<  spleen  +  -i/l.]     Full  of 
or  characterized  by  spleen.    («)  Angry;  peevish; 
fretful ;  ill-tempered ;  irritable ;  fiery ;  impetuous. 
The  heart  and  harbour'd  thoughts  of  ill  make  traitors, 
Mot  spleeny  speeches.  Fletcher,  Valentinian,  li.  3. 

(b)  Melancholy,  or  subject  to  fits  of  melancholy ;  affected 
with  nervous  complaints. 

splegett,  a.  [Appar.  an  erroneous  form  of 
pledget?]  A  wet  cloth  for  washing  a  sore.  Imp. 
Diet. 

splenadenoma  (sple-nad-e-no'ma),  ».  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ox'/.i/v,  spleen,  +  NL.  adenoma, i  q.  v.]  Hyper- 
plasia  of  the  spleen-pulp. 

splenalgia  (sple-nal'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oirtyv, 
spleen,  +  a?,jof,  pain.]  Pain  in  the  spleen  or 
its  region. 

splenalgic  (sple-nal'jik),  a.  [<  gpleitalgia  + 
-/t.]  Affected  with  splenalgia;  having  pain  in 
the  spleen  or  splenic  region. 

splenalgy  (sple-nal'ji),  u.    Same  as  splenalgia. 

splenativet,  «•    See  splenitive. 

splenauxe  (sple-nak'se),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^t/v,  the 
spleen,  +  aif?/  =  a'ufyats,  increase,  amplifica- 
tion :  see  aiixesis.]  Enlargement  of  the  spleen. 

splencular  (spleng'ku-lar),  a.  [<  splencule  + 
-ar3.]  Having  the  character  of  a  splenculus; 
pertaining  to  a  splenculus. 

splencule  (spleng'kul),  «.  [<  NL.  splenculus.} 
A  splenculus  or  splenule. 

splenculus  (spleng'ku-lus),  n. ;  pi.  splenculi  (-11). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  L.  splen,  <  Gr.  av^i/v,  spleen :  see 
spleen.']  A  little  spleen;  an  accessory  or  sup- 
plementary spleen;  a  splenule;  a  henculus. 
Such  splenic  bodies  are  frequently  found  in  as- 
sociation or  connection  with  the  spleen  proper. 

splendencyt  (splen 'den-si),  ».  [<  splenden(t) 
+  -ey.]  Splendor.  Hackm,  Dumb  Knight,  i. 
(Davits.) 

splendent  (splen'dent),  a.  [Formerly  also splen- 
dant;  =  OF.  esplendent  =  Sp.  Pg.  esplendente  = 
It.  splendente,  <  L.  splenden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  splen- 
dere.  Hence  (<  L.  splendere)  also  splendor, 
splendid,resplendent,eto.]  1.  Shining;  resplen- 
dent; beaming  with  light ;  specifically,  in  en- 
torn.,  mineral.,  etc.,  having  a  very  bright  me- 
tallic luster;  reflecting  light  intensely,  as  the 
elytra  of  some  beetles,  or  the  luster  of  galena. 
Compare  iridescent. 

But  what  talke  I  of  these,  when  brighter  starres 
Darken  their  splendant  beauty  with  the  scarres 
Of  this  insatiate  sinne? 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  90. 
A  splendent  sun  shall  never  set. 

B.  Jonson,  Entertainment  at  Theobalds. 

2.  Very  conspicuous;  illustrious. 
Divers  great  and  splendent  fortunes. 

Sir  U.  WoUon,  Reliquiae,  p.  66. 

splendid  (splen'did),  a.  [<  F.  splendide  =  Sp. 
espUndido  =  Pg.  esplendido  =  It.  splendido,  <  L. 
splendidus,  shining,  brilliant,  <  splendere,  shine : 
see  splendent.]  1.  Shining;  brilliant;  specifi- 
cally, in  e»to/»»*iSaving  brilliant  metallic  col- 
ors; splendent. — 2.  Brilliant;  dazzling;  gor- 
geous; sumptuous:  as,  a  splendid  palace;  a 
splendid  procession. 
Our  state  of  splendid  vassalage.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  262. 

Indeede  the  entertainment  is  very  splendid,  and  not  un- 
reasonable, considering  the  excellent  manner  of  dressing 
their  meate,  and  of  the  service. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  27,  1644. 

3.  Conspicuous;    illustrious;    grand;    heroic; 
brilliant;  noble;  glorious:  as,  a  splendid  vic- 
tory; a  splendid  reputation. 

But  man  is  a  noble  animal,  splendid  in  ashes,  and  pom- 
pous in  the  grave.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-burial,  v. 

We  hold  that  the  most  wonderful  and  xplttulid  proof  of 
genius  is  a  great  poem  produced  in  a  civilised  age. 

Mataulay,  Milton. 

4.  Very  fine;  excellent;  extremely  good:  as, 
a  splendid  chance  to  make  a  fortune.    [Colloq.] 

Mr.  Zach  distinguished  himself  in  Astronomy  at  Gotha, 

where  I  saw  his  splendid  Observatory  lately  constructed 

by  the  Duke.  Abbe  Mann,  in  Ellis's  Letters,  p.  446. 

The  dessert  was  splendid.  .  .  .  Oh  !  Todgers  could  do  it, 

when  it  chose.    Mind  that. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  ix. 

=Syn.  2.  Magnificent,  Superb,  etc.    See  grand.  —  3.  Emi- 
nent, remarkable,  distinguished,  famous. 
splendidioust  (splen-did'i-us),  a.     [<  splendid 
+  -i-ous.]     Splendid;  magnificent.     [Bare.] 
A  right  exquisite  and  splendidious  lady. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

splendidly  (splen'did-li),  adv.  In  a  splendid 
manner,  (o)  Brilliantly;  gorgeously;  magnificently ; 
sumptuously  ;  showily ;  gloriously.  (6)  Excellently  ;  ex- 
ceedingly well ;  finely.  [Colloq.] 


splendidness  (splen'did-nes),  M.  The  charac- 
ter of  being  splendid;  splendor;  magnificence. 
Boyle. 

splendiferous  (splen -dif' e-rus),  a.  [Irreg.  < 
L.  splendor,  brightness,  +'  ferre  =  E.  bear1.] 
Splendor-bearing;  splendid;  brilliant;  gor- 
geous. [Obsolete  or  colloq.] 

O  tyme  most  ioyfull,  daye  most  splend\ferus ! 
The  clerenesse  of  heaven  now  apereth  vnto  vs. 

Bp.  Bale,  Enterlude  of  Johan  Bapt.  (1538). 
Where  is  all  your  goi-geous  attire  from  Oriental  climes? 
I  see  the  splendiferous  articles  arrive,  and  then  they  van- 
ish forever.  C.  Reade,  Hard  Cash,  xxviii. 

splendor,  splendour  (splen'dor),  n.  [<  OF. 
splendeur,  splendor,  F.  splendeur  =  Pr.  «plfii<lor 
=  Sp.  Pg.  esplendor  =  It.  splendore,  <  L.  splen- 
dor, brightness,  <  splcndere,  shine:  see  splen- 
dent.] 1.  Great  brightness;  brilliant  luster: 
as,  the  splendor  of  the  sun. 

A  sudden  splendour  from  behind 

Flush'd  all  the  leaves  with  rich  gold-green. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

2.  Great  show  of  richness  and  elegance  ;  mag- 
nificence; pomp;  parade;  grandeur;  eminence: 
as,  the  splendor  of  a  victory. 

Romulus,  being  to  give  laws  to  his  new  Romans,  found 
no  better  way  to  procure  an  esteem  and  reverence  to 
them  than  by  first  procuring  it  to  himself  by  splendour  of 
habit  and  retinue.  South. 

A  splendour  of  diction  which  more  than  satisfied  the 
highly  raised  expectation  of  the  audience. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

3.  In  her.    See  sun  in  splendor,  under  sun.  =Syn 

1.  ne/vltjence,  Brilliance,  etc.    See  radiance,  n.—  Z.  Gor- 
geousness,  display,  showiness,  renown.    See  grand. 

splendorous,  splendrous  (splen'dor-us,  -drus), 
a.  [<  splendor  +  -ous.]  Having  splendor; 
bright;  dazzling. 

Your  beauty  is  the  hot  and  splendrous  sun. 

Drayton,  Idea,  xvi. 

splenectomist  (sple-nek'to-mist),  n.  [<  sple- 
nectomy +  -ist.]  One  who  has  excised  the 
spleen. 

splenectomy  (sple-nek'to-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  air?j/v, 
spleen,  +  curour/,  a  cutting  out.]  In  sura.,  ex- 
cision of  the  spleen. 

splenectopia  (sple-nek-to'pi-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
air^r/v,  spleen,  +  eKTimof,  away  from  a  place : 
see  ectopia.]  Displacement  of  the  spleen, 
splenetic  (sple-uet'ik  or  spleu'e-tik),  a.  and  «. 
[<  ME.  splenetyk,  <  OF.  splenetique,  F.  splenetique 
=  Sp.  esplenetico  =  It.  splenetico,<  LL.  spleneti- 
ciis,  <  L.  splen,  spleen :  see  spleen.]  I.  a.  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  spleen;  splenic. — 2.  Affect- 
ed with  spleen ;  ill-humored;  peevish;  fretful; 
spiteful. 

You  humour  me  when  I  am  sick, 
Why  not  when  I  am  splenetic' 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  vii.  B. 

=Syn,  2.  Sulky,  Morose,  etc.  (see  sullen),  irritable,  pettish, 
waspish,  snappish,  cross,  crusty,  testy. 
II.  n.  It.  The  spleen. 

It  solveth  flevme,  and  helpeth  splenetyk  ; 
Digestion  it  maketh,  and  een  quyk. 

Palladim,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  168. 

2.  A  person  affected  with  spleen. 

The  Spleneticks  speak  just  as  the  Weather  lets  'em  — 
They  are  mere  talking  Barometers. 

Steele,  Tender  Husbapd,  iii.  1. 

splenetical  (sple-net'i-kal),  a.  [<  splenetic  + 
-al.]  Same  as  splenetic.  '  Sir  H.  Wotton. 

splenetically  (sple-net'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  mo- 
rose, ill-humored,  or  splenetic  manner. 

splenetivet,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  splenitive. 

splenia,  «.     Plural  of  splenium. 

splenial  (sple'ni-al),  a.  and  ».  [<  Gr.  mrZqviov, 
a  bandage,  compress.]  I.  a.  In  2067.  and  anat. : 
(a)  Acting  like  a  splint  or  clasp;  having  the 
character  of  a  splenial :  noting  one  of  the  pieces 
of  the  compound  ramus  of  the  lower  jaw  of  many 
vertebrates  below  mammals.  (6)  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  splenium  of  the  brain :  as,  the 
splenial  border  of  the  corpus  callosum.  See 
splenium.  (c)  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  splenius: 
as,  the  splenial  muscles  of  the  neck. 

II.  H.  The  splenial  element  of  the  compound 
mandible  of  a  vertebrate  below  a  mammal,  it 
is  a  bone  —  of  various  shape  in  different  animals,  as  birds, 
reptiles,  and  fishes  —  applied  like  a  splint  to  the  inner  side 
of  each  ramus  of  the  mandible,  between  the  articular  and 
the  dentary  elements.  See  cut  under  Gattina. 

splenic  (splen'ik),  a.  [<  OF.  splenique,  F.  sple- 
nique  =  Sp.  esplenico  =  Pg.  esplenico,  splenico  = 
It.  splenico,<.  L.  splenicus,<.  Gr.  airfaputfy,  pertain- 
ing to  the  spleen,  affected  in  the  spleen,  hypo- 
chondriac, < ffir/t^v, spleen :  seespleen.]  Of orper- 
tainingto  the  spleen:  as,  splenic  vessels,  nerves, 
tissue,  etc.;  splenic  disease — Splenic  apoplexy. 
(a)  Very  rapid  malignant  anthrax.  (6)  Hemorrhage  into 
the  substance  of  the  spleen.— Splenic  artery,  the  main 
source  of  arterial  blood*supply  of  the  spleen,  in  man  the 


splenological 

largest  out-  of  three  branches  of  the  celiac  axis.  See  cut 
under  pancreas.— Splenic  corpuscles.  See  Malpvjhian 
rnrfiiixrleit,  mule!'  f»rim*-lt'. —  Splenic  fever.  Same  as 
mattpnant  anthrax  (which  sec,  under  anthrax).  —  Splenic 
flexure,  see  flexure.  —  Splenic  hernia,  protrusion  of 
the  spleen,  or  s«>i  in1  |i;irt  nf  it,  through  an  opening  in  the  ab- 
dominal walls  or  the  diaphragm.— Splenic  lymphatics, 
the  absorbent  vessels  of  the  spleen,  originating  in  the  ar- 
terial sheaths  and  trabecula?  of  that  <i]<ran,  passing  through 
the  lymphatic  glands  at  the  hilum,  and  ending  in  the  tho- 
racic duct.  —  Splenic  nerves,  nerves  of  the  spleen  derived 
from  the  solar  plexus  and  the  pncumogastric  neive.  - 
Splenic  plexus.  See  plexus.  —  Splenic  pulp  or  tissue. 
Same  as  spleen-pulp.— Splenic  veins,  veins  which  con- 
vey from  the  spleen  to  the  portal  vein  the  blood  which  has 
been  modified  in  character  in  the  spleen. 
splenical  (spleu'i-kal),  a.  [<  xpU'tiic  +  -al.] 
Same  as  splenic.  [Kare.] 
spleniculus  (sple-nik'u-lus),  «.;  pi.  splenic  a  It 
(-11).  [NL.,dim.  of  li.  splen,  spleen:  see  spleen.] 
A  splenculus. 

splenii,  n.     Plural  of  xjih-niiis. 
splenisation,  n.    See tsplenization. 
spleniserrate  (sple-ni-ser'at),  a.    [<  NL.  spleni- 
us +  terratus.]    Consisting  of,  represented  by, 
or  pertaining  to  the  splenii  and  serrati  muscles 
of  the  back:  as,  the  spleniserrate  group  of  mus- 
cles.    Cones  and  Shute,  1887. 
spleniserrator  (sple"ni-se-ra'tqr),  n. ;   pi.  sple- 
iiiscn-(itnres(-ser-aj-td'iez).    [NL.:  see  spleniser- 
rate.]    The  spleniserrate  muscles,  collectively 
considered  as  a  muscular  group,  forming  the  so- 
called  "  third  layer"  of  the  muscles  of  the  back, 
composed  of  the  splenius  capitis,  splenius  cplli, 
serratus  posticus  superior,  and  serratusposticus 
inferior.     Coues  and  Shute,  1887. 
splenisht,  a.    An  obsolete  erroneous  spelling 
of  spleenish. 

selenitic  (sple-nit'ik),  a.  [<  splenitis  +  -ic.] 
Inflamed,  as  the  spleen ;  affected  with  splenitis. 
splenitis  (sple-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  splen,  <  Gr. 
aiMiv,  spleen,  +  -itis.  Cf.  Gr.  airt.r/viTit;,  fern, 
adj.,  of  the  spleen.]  Inflammation  of  the 
spleen. 

splenitive  (splen'i-tiv),  a.  [Also  splenative, 
and  formerly  spleenative,  spleenitive,  splenetive; 
irreg.  <  L.  splen,  spleen,  +  -it-ive.]  If.  That 
acts  or  is  fitted  to  act  on  the  spleen. 

Whereby  my  two  cunning  philosophers  were  driuen  to 
studie  Galen  anew,  and  seeke  splfnatiue  simples  to  purge 
their  popular  patients  of  the  opinion  of  their  olde  tradi- 
tions and  customes.  Nashe,  Pierce  Penilesse,  p.  73. 
2.  Splenetic;  fiery;  passionate;  irritable. 
For,  though  I  am  not  splenitive  and  rash, 
Yet  have  I  something  in  me  dangerous, 
Which  let  thy  wiseuess  fear. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1.  284. 

splenium  (sple'ni-um),  «.;  pi.  splenia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  mr'h.r/viov,  a  bandage,  compress.]  In 
anat.,  the  thickened  and  rounded  free  border  in 
which  the  corpus  callosum  ends  behind.  Also 
called  pad.  See  cut  I.  under  cerebral. 

splenius  (sple'ni-us),  n. ;  pi.  splenii  (-i).  [NL. 
(sc.  tmisculus),  <  Gr.  a^nviov,  a  bandage,  com- 
press.] A  broad  muscle,  extending  from  the 
upper  part  of  the  thorax,  on  the  back  and  side 
of  the  neck,  beneath  the  trapezius.  In  man  the 
splenius  arises  from  the  nuchal  ligament  and  from  the 
spinous  processes  of  the  seventh  cervical  and  of  the  first 
six  dorsal  vertebra).  In  ascending  the  neck,  it  is  divided 
into  two  sections  —  (a)  the  splenius  capitis,  inserted  into 
the  occipital  bone  beneath  the  superior  curved  line,  and 
partly  into  the  mastoid  process,  and  (6)  the  splenius  colli, 
inserted  into  the  transverse  processes  of  some  of  the  upper 
cervical  vertebrae.  The  splenius  of  each  side  is  separated 
from  its  fellow  by  a  triangular  interval,  in  which  the  corn- 
plexus  appears.  The  splenii  together  draw  the  head  back- 
ward, and  separately  turn  it  a  little  to  one  side.  See  cut 
under  musclel. 

splenization  (sple-ni-za'shon),  n.  [<  L.  splen, 
spleen,  +  -ize  +  -ation.]  In  pathol.,  a  change 
produced  in  the  lungs  by  inflammation,  in  which 
they  resemble  the  substance  of  the  spleen. 
Compare  hepatization.  Also  spelled  splenisa- 
tion. 

splenocele  (sple'no-sel),  n.  [<  Gr.  anM/u,  spleen, 
+  Kfy.ri,  a  tumor.]  A  splenic  tumor ;  a  hernia 
or  protrusion  of  the  spleen. 

splenodynia  (sple-no-din'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
mr/.i/v,  spleen,  +  bdlvrj,  pain.]  Pain  in  the  spleen. 

splenographical  (sple-no-graf'i-kal),rt.  [<  splc- 
nograph-y  +  -ic-al.]  Descriptive  of  the  spleen ; 
relating  to  splenography. 

splenography  (sple-nog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  cmljr*, 
spleen,  +  -y/ia^ia,  <  ypdfyeiv,  write.]  The  de- 
scriptive anatomy  of  the  spleen ;  a  treatise  on 
the  spleen. 

splenoid  (sple'noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  "a'K'knvociSi^, 
an'/.irnu6r/f,  like  the  spleen,  <  rt'K'krfv,  spleen,  + 
(Hoc,  form.]  Like  the  spleen;  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  spleen,  or  of  splenic  tissue  or  sub- 
stance. 


splenological  (sple-no-loj'i-kal),  a.    [<  splenol- 
iiii-y  +  -ic-al.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  splenology; 


splenological 

relating  to  the  structure  and  function  of  the 
spleen. 

spienology  (sple-nol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  air'/J/i', 
spleen,  +  -Ao;  ia,  <  '/r/eiv,  speak :  see  -olOffV.] 
The  science  or  knowledge  of  the  spleen ;  the 
body  of  anatomical  and  physiological  fact  or 
doctrine  respecting  the  structure  and  function 
of  the  spleen. 

splenomalapia  (sple"no-ma-la'si-a),  w.  [NL.. 
<  Gr.  mr'At/v,  spleen,  +  /uz/.a/cia,  softness,  <  //a/la- 
n6s,  soft.]  Softening  of  the  spleen. 

splenopathy  (sple-nop'a-thi),  w.  [<  Gr.  oirXtfv, 
spleen,  +  vaffof,  suffering.]  Disease  of  the 
spleen. 

splenotomical  (sple-no-tom'i-kal),  a.  [<  sple- 
notom-y  +  -ic-al.]  Anatomical  as  regards  the 
spleen ;  pertaining  to  splenotomy. 

splenotomy  (sple-not'o-mi),  «.     [<  Gr. 
spleen,  +  -nuuo,  {  rtfivtiv,  Ta/ielv,  cut.] 
nological  anatomy;  incision  into  or  dissection 
of  the  spleen. 

splent  (splent),  w.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  splint. 

splenter  (splen'ter),  ».  An  obsolete  or  dialec- 
tal form  of  splinter. 

Splenule  (splen'ul),  n.  [<  Nli.*spleiittlus,  dim.  of 
L.  splen,  <  Gr.  inr/u^v,  the  spleen :  see  spleen.] 
A  splencule,  or  little  spleen ;  a  rudimentary 
spleen.  Owen. 

splettet,  r.     See  splat. 

spleuchan,  spleughan  (splo'chan),  w.  [<  Gael. 
Ir.  spliuclian,  a  pouch.]  A  pouch  or  pocket ;  es- 
pecially, a  tobacco-pouch. 

Ye  ken  Jock  Hornbook  i'  the  clachan ; 

Deil  mak  his  king's- hood  in  [into]  a  gpleuchan ! 

Burns,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

splice  (splis),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  spliced,  ppr. 
splicing.  [=  OF.  "esplisser,  espisser,  F.  episser 
=  Sw.  splissa  =  Dan.  splidse,  spledse,  spleise, 
splice,  <  MD.  splissen,  an  assimilated  form  of 
"splitsen,  D.  splitsen,  splice  ;  so  called  with  ref. 
to  the  splitting  of  the  strands  of  the  rope ;  with 
formative  -s,  <  MD.  splitten,  splijten,  D.  splijten, 
split,  =  MHG.  splizen,  G.  spleisseii,  split :  see 
split.  The  G.  splissen,  splitsen,  splice,  may  be 
a  secondary  form  of  spleissen,  split,  and  this  it- 
self the  source  of  the  OF.  and  tne  D.,  Sw.,  etc., 
forms ;  or  it  may  be  from  the  D.]  1 .  To  unite 
or  join  together,  as  two  ropes  or  the  parts  of  a 
rope  by  interweaving  the  strands  of  the  ends; 
also,  to  unite  or  join  together  by  overlapping, 
as  two  pieces  of  timber,  metal,  or  other  mate- 
rial. See  splice,  n. 

When  the  long  tale,  renew'd  when  last  they  met, 
Is  spliced  anew,  and  is  unfinished  yet. 

Crabbe,  Works,  II.  164. 

2.  To  join  in  marriage ;  marry.     [Slang.] 

Alfred  and  I  Intended  to  be  married  in  this  way  almost 
from  the  first ;  we  never  meant  to  be  spliced  in  the  hum- 
drum way  of  other  people.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  xl 

Spliced  eye.  Same  as  eye-splice.—  Splicing-clamp,  a 
clamp  used  to  hold  the  ends  or  parts  to  be  spliced.— To 
splice  the  main-brace.  See  main-brace. 

splice  (splis),  n.  [<  splice,  v.']  1.  The  joining 
together  of  two  ropes  or  parts  of  a  rope  by  in- 
terweaving part  of  the  untwisted  strands  of 
each,  or  the  union  so  effected.  The  short  splice  is 
used  for  a  rope 
where  it  is  not 
to  pass  through 
blocks.  The  long 
splice  or  round 
splice  is  made  by 
unlaying  the  ends 
of  ropes  that  are  to 
be  joined  together 
and  following  the 
lay  of  one  rope  with 
a  strand  of  the 
other  until  all  the 
strands  are  used, 
and  then  neatly  tucking  the  ends  through  the  strands  so 
that  the  size  of  the  rope  will  not  be  changed.  This  occu- 
pies a  great  extent  of  rope,  but  by  the  three  joinings  being 
fixed  at  a  distance  from  one  another  the  increase  of  bulk  is 
diminished,  hence  it  is  adapted  to  run  through  the  sheave- 
hole  of  a  block,  etc.  The  eye-splice  or  ring-splice  forms  a 
sort  of  eye  or  circle  at  the  end  of  a  rope,  and  is  used  for 
splicing  in  thimbles,  etc.  See  cut  under  etje-iplice. 
2.  The  junction  of  two  pieces  of  wood  or 
metal  by  overlapping  and  bolting  or  otherwise 
fastening  the  ends ;  a  scarf.  See  cut  under 
scarf,  2. 

splice-grafting  (splis'graf "ting),  ».  See  graft- 
ing, 1. 

splice-piece  (splis'pes),  «.  On  a  railway,  a  fish- 
plate or  break-joint  plate  used  where  two  rails 
come  together,  end  to  end. 

splicer  (spli'ser),  n.  [<  splice  +  -erl.]  One 
who  splices;  also,  a  tool  used  in  splicing. 

splicing-fid  (spli'siug-fid),  n.  Naut.,  a  tapered 
wooden  pin  or  marlinspike  used  to  open  the 


584S 

strands  of  a  rope  in  splicing.  It  is  sometimes 
driven  by  a  mallet  called  a  commander.  E.  H. 
Knif/ltt. 

splicing-hammer  (spli'sing-ham"er),  «.  A  ham- 
mer with  a  face  on  one  end  and  a  point  on  the 
other,  used  in  splicing. 
K.  H.  Kni(/lit. 
splicing-siackle  (spli'- 
sing-sliak''!),  n  A  Sl)licjnt,.shack,e. 

shackle  in  the  end  of  a 

length  of  chain  around  which  the  end  of  a  rope 
is  taken  and  spliced  when  the  chain  and  cable 
are  to  be  secured  together, 
splindert,  ''•    See  splinter,  r. 
spline  (splin),  H.  [Origin  obscure.]  1.  lumacli., 
a  rectangular  piece  or  key  fitting  into  a  groove 
in  the  hub  of  a  wheel,  and  a  sim- 
ilar groove   in  a  shaft,  so  that, 
while  the  wheel  may  slide  endwise 
on  the  shaft,  both  must  revolve  to- 
gether.   See  cut  under  paint-mill. 
—  2.  A  flexible  strip  of  wood  or 


Splices  of  Ropes. 
a,  short  splice  ;  *,  long  splice  ;  f,  eye-splice. 


b 

Spline. 

ie^sh<-?*pi?ne>uo'r  !'ard  rubber  used  by  draftsmen 
feather  fitted  to  a  in  laying  out  broad  sweeping 
and0" '"  "  curves,  especially  in  railroad 
work.  The  spline  has  a  narrow  groove 
on  its  upper  edge  to  which  can  be  anywhere  attached  the 
projecting  finger  of  the  heavy  weight  which  keeps  it  In 
any  desired  position  while  the  curve  is  being  drawn. 

spline  (splin),  v.  t.  [<  spline,  w.]  To  fit  with  a 
spline. 

splining-machine  (spli'ning-ma-shen*),  «.  A 
machine-tool  for  cutting  grooves  and  key- 
seats. 

splint  (splint),  r.  t.  [=  Sw.  splinta,  splinter;  a 
secondary,  nasalized  form  of  split :  see  split.  In 
sense  2  also  dial,  splent;  <  ME.  splenten;  from 
splint,  «.]  1.  To  splinter;  shiver.  Florio. 
[Rare.] — 2.  To  join  together,  confine,  or  sup- 
port by  means  of  splints,  as  a  broken  limb. 

splint  (splint),  n.  [Formerly  and  still  dial,  also 
splent;  <  ME.  "siHinte,  splynte,  splent,  splenic 
(>  AF.  esplcnte),  a  splint,  =  D.  splint,  a  piece  of 
money,  =  MLG.  splintc,  LG.  splinte,  splint  (>  G. 
splint),  a  thin  piece  of  iron,  =  Sw.  splint,  a  kind 
of  spike,  a  forelock,  flat  iron  peg  (cf.  sj>rint,  a 
forelock),  =  Dan.  splint,  a  splinter;  from  the 
verb:  see  splint,  v.  Cf.  splinter.'}  1.  Apiece 
of  wood  or  other  substance  split  off;  a  splinter. 

The  speres  splindered  in  gplyntei. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  628. 

2.  A  thin  flexible  strip  of  wood  (or  metal) 
adapted  to  a  particular  use.   Specifically— (o)  One 
of  a  number  of  strips  woven  together  to  make  chair-seats, 
baskets,  etc.    (b)  A  lath.    [Prov.  Eng.]  (c)  A  piece  of  wood 
used  to  splice  or  stiffen  a  weak  or  broken  beam,    (d)  One 
of  the  thin  strips  of  wood  used  in   making  matches, 
brooms,  etc.    E.  II.  Knight,    (e)  A  tapering  strip  of  wood 
formerly  used  to  adjust  a  shell  in  the  center  of  the  bore 
of  a  mortar.   E.  II.  Knight,  (/t)  In  armor,  a  narrow  plat* 
of  steel  overlapping  another.      Splints 

were  used  for  protecting  parts  of  the 
body  where  movement  had  to  be  al- 
lowed for.  See  also  cut  under  solteret. 
(g)  In  surg.,  a  thin  piece  of  wood  or 
other  substance  used  to  hold  or  con- 
fine a  broken  bone  when  set,  or  to 
maintain  any  part  of  the  body  in  a  fixed 
position.  See  pistol-splint. 

3.  In  (mat.,  a  bone  acting  as  a 

splint;  a  splint-bone. — 4.  In  farriery:  (n)  Peri- 
ostitis in  the  horse,  involving  the  inner  small 
and  the  large  metacarpal  or  cannon-bone,  rare- 
ly also  the  corresponding  metatarsal  bones.  It 
is  caused  mainly  by  concussion,  and  sometimes 
leads  to  lameness.  (6)  An  exostosis  of  the 
splint-bone  of  a  horse;  a  bony  callus  or  ex- 
crescence on  a  horse's  leg  formed  by  periosti- 
tis of  a  splint-bone. 

Outward  diseases,  as  the  spavin,  splent,  ring-bone,  wind- 
gall. 

Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 


split 

the  back  of  the  cannon-bone,  or  middle  meta- 
carpal or  metatarsal.  See  cuts  under  cannon- 
bone,  Perissudactyla,  pisiform,  and  solidungv- 
late. 

splint-bottomed  (spliut'bot'umd),  a.  [<  Kjilinl 
+  bottom  +  -te&.j  Having  the  bottom  or  seat 
made  of  splints,  or  thin  strips  of  wood,  gener- 
ally interwoven:  as,  a  splint-bottomed  chair. 
Also  xji/it-lmttiiiiH'd. 

splint-box  (splint'boks),  ».  A  form  of  frac- 
ture-box consisting  of  a  support  for  the  leg 
with  hinged  side  strips,  adjustable  foot-piece, 
and  often  a  support  for  the  thigh,  which  is  at- 
tached by  means  of  a  hinge  so  that  it  may  be 
adjusted. 

splint-coal  (splint'kol),  w.  A  variety  of  cannel- 
coal  having  a  more  or  less  slaty  structure.  See 
slate-coal. 

splintedt  (splin'ted),  «.  [<  splint  +  -ed2.]  Com- 
posed of  splints:  as,  splinted  armor. 

splinter  (splin'ter),  v.  [Formerly  also  splin- 
tler ;  <  ME.  'gplinteren,  uplindercn,  <  D.  splin - 
teren,  split,  shiver,  =  Dan.  splintre,  splinter;  cf. 
Sw.  splittra,  separate,  =  G.  splittern,  splinter; 
a  freq.  form  of  splint,  nit.  of  split:  see  splint, 
v.,  split,  »•.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  split  or  rend  into 
long  thin  pieces;  shiver. 

"The  postern  gate  shakes,"  continued  Rebecca;  "It 
crashes — it  is  splintered  by  his  blows." 

Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xxix. 

2f.  To  support  by  a  splint,  as  a  broken  limb ; 
splint. 

This  broken  joint .  .  .  entreat  her  to  splinter;  and  .  .  . 
this  crack  of  your  love  shall  grow  stronger  than  it  was 
before.  Shak.,  Othello,  II.  8.  829. 

II.  intrant.  To  be  split  or  rent  into  long 
pieces;  shiver. 

A  lance  that  splinter'd  like  an  Icicle. 

Tennyson,  Oeraint. 

splinter  (splin'ter),  n.  [Formerly  also  splenter; 
=  MD.  splinter,  splenter,  D.  splinter;  cf.  MD. 
spletter  =  Gr.  splitter,  a  splinter:  see  splinter, 
t\]  A  sharp-edged  fragment  of  anything  split 
or  shivered  off  more  or  less  in  the  direction 
of  its  length;  a  thin  piece  (in  proportion  to  its 
length)  of  wood  or  other  solid  substance  rent 
from  the  main  body ;  a  splint. 

The  splenderis  of  thair  spearis  they  break. 

Battle  of  Balrinnes  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  227). 

Several  have  picked  splinters  of  wood  out  of  the  gates 
[of  a  church  |  for  relics. 

Addison,  Remarks  on  Italy  (Works,  ed.  Bohn,  I.  389). 

splinter-bar  (splin'ter-biir),  «.  A  cross-bar  in 
front  of  a  vehicle  to  which  the  traces  of  the 
horses  are  attached;  also,  the  cross-bar  which 
supports  the  springs. 

splinter-bone  (splin'ter-bon),  n.     The  fibula. 

splintered  (splin'terd),  «.  [<  splinter  +  -e<J2.] 
In  her. :  (a)  Same  as  shivered.  (6)  Same  as 


Armor  made 


5.  Alburnum  or  sap-wood, 
splintage  (splin'taj),  n.    [<  splint  +  -age.'}   The 

application  or  use  of  splints, 
splint-armor  (splint'ar'mor),  u 

of  splints.  See  splint,  2  (/)'.' 
splint-bandage     (splinf- 

uan"daj),   «.     An  immov- 
able bandage,  as  a  starch, 

gum,  plaster  of  Paris,  etc., 

bandage. 
splint-bone  (splint'bon), «. 

I.  In  anat.:  (a)  The  sple- 

nium  of  the  mandible.   See 

splenmm.  (b)  The  fibula  or 

perone,  which  acts  like  a 

splint    to   the    tibia.— 2. 

In  farriery,  a  splint ;  one   sals/'' 

of  the  reduced  lateral  metacarpals  or  metatar- 

sals  of  the  horse,  closely  applied  to  one  side  of 


Splint-armor,  i5th  cen- 
tury. (FromViollet-le-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Mobilier  Iran- 


ragged. 

splinter-netting  (splin'ter-nefing), n.  Naut.,  a 
netting  formed  of  small  rope  rigged  on  a  man- 
of-war  to  prevent  accidents  from  splinters  and 
falling  spars  in  action. 

splinter-proof  (splin'ter-prof),  a.  Proof  against 
the  splinters  of  bursting  shells:  as,  splinter- 
proof  shelters. 

splintery  (splin'ter-i),  a.  [<  splinter  +  -yi.] 
1.  Apt  to  splinter:  as,  splintery  wood. —  2. 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  splinters. — 3.  In 
mineral.,  noting  a  fracture  of  minerals  when 
the  surface  produced  by  breaking  is  slightly 
roughened  by  small  projecting  splinters  or 
scales. 

splint-machine  ( splint 'ma-shen'),  n.  In  wood- 
working, a  machine  for  planing  thin  veneers, 
or  riving  slats  or  splints  from  a  block  of  wood 
for  making  matches,  veneers,  etc. ;  a  slivering- 
machine. 

splint-plane  (splint'plan),  n.  A  plane  for  cut- 
ting or  riving  from  a  board  splints  for  boxes, 
blind-slats,  etc. ;  a  scale-board  plane.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

split  (split),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  split  (sometimes 
splitted),  ppr.  splitting  .  [Not  found  in  ME.  or 
AS.,  and  prob.  of  LG.  origin:  =  OFries.  splita 
=  MD.  D.  splijten  =  MLG.  spliten,  LG.  spliten 
=  MHG.  splizen,  G.  spleissen  =  Dan.  splitte, 
split,  =  Sw.  dial,  splitta,  split,  separate,  disen- 
tangle (ef.  Sw.  splittra,  separate).  Connection 
with  spald1,  split,  cannot  be  made  out:  see 
spald1.  The  E.  dial,  sprit,  split,  may  be  a  var. 
of  split,  or  else  of  Sw.  spricka,  split.  Hence 
ult.  splice,  splint,  splinter,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
cleave  or  rend  lengthwise ;  separate  or  part  in 
two  from  end  to  end  forcibly  or  by  cutting; 
rive;  cleave. 


split 

He  straight  inform'd  a  lute, 
Put  neck  and  frets  to  it ;  of  which  a  suit 
lie  made  of  ftplittett  quills. 

Chapman,  Homeric  Hymn  to  Hermes,  1.  88. 

2.  To  tear  asunder  by  violence ;  burst ;  rend : 
as,  to  split  a  rock  or  a  sail. 

Do't,  and  thou  hast  the  one  half  of  my  heart; 
Do't  not,  thou  split'st  thine  own. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,1.  2.349. 

That  Man  makes  me  .*pii(  my  Sides  with  Laughing,  he 's 
such  a  Wag.  Steele,  Tender  Husband,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  divide ;  break  into  parts. 

The  parish  of  St.  Pancras  is  spiff  into  no  less  than  21 
districts,  each  district  having  a  separate  and  independent 
"Board." 

Mayheu',  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  187. 

4.  To  cause  division  or  disunion  in ;  separate 
or  cause  to  separate  into  parts  or  parties,  as 
by  discord. 

In  states  notoriously  irreligious,  a  secret  and  irresisti- 
ble power  splits  their  counsels,  and  smites  their  most  re- 
fined policies  with  frustration  and  a  curse.  South. 

5.  In  leatlier-maniif.,  to  divide  (a  skin)  paral- 
lel with  one  of  its  surfaces.     See  splitting-ma- 
chine. —  6.  In  coal-mining,  to  divide  (a  current 
of  air  passing  through  any  part  of  a  mine)  so 
that  various  districts,  as  required,  shall  be  sup- 
plied— TO  split  hairs.    See  hairi.— TO  split  one's 
votes,  in  cases  where  an  elector  has  more  than  one  vote, 
to  vote  for  candidates  of  opposite  parties. 

He  calls  himself  a  Whig,  yet  he'll  split  votes  with  a  Tory 
—  he'll  drive  with  the  Debarrys. 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xi. 
=  Syn.  1-3.  Tear,  Cleave,  etc.    See  rend*. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  break  or  part  lengthwise ; 
suffer  longitudinal  division ;  become  divided  or 
cleft:  as,  timber  that  splits  easily. — 2.  To  part 
asunder;  suffer  disruption;  burst;  break  in 
pieces:  as,  the  sails  split  in  the  gale. —  3.  Fig- 
uratively, to  burst  with  laughter.  [Colloq.] 
Each  had  a  gravity  would  make  you  split. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  ii.  131. 

4.  To  differ ;  separate ;  disagree. 

We  .  .  .  struck  upon  the  corn-laws,  where  we  split. 

Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

5.  To  divulge  secrets;  inform  upon  one's  ac- 
complices; betray  confidence.     [Slang.] 

I  might  have  got  clear  off,  if  I'd  split  upon  her.  .  .  . 
But  I  didn't  blab  it.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  xxv. 

6.  To  vote  for  candidates  of  opposite  parties. 
See  to  split  one's  votes,  under  I. 

Ill  plump  or  I'll  split  for  them  as  treat  me  the  hand- 
somest and  are  the  most  of  what  I  call  gentlemen  ;  that's 
my  idee.  George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xi. 

7.  To  run  or  walk  with  long  strides.    [Colloq.] 
—To  make  (or  let)  all  split*.    See  matei. 

split  (split),  ji.  [=  Mb.  splete,  D.  spleet,  a  split, 
rent,  =  G.  spleisse,  a  splinter,  =  Dan.  Sw.  split, 
a  split,  rent:  see  split,  v.~\  If.  A  splinter;  a 
fragment ;  a  sliver. 

If  I  must  totter  like  a  well-grown  oak, 

Some  under-shrubs  shall  in  my  weighty  fall 

Be  cruBh'd  to  splits.  Ford,  'Tis  Pity,  v.  3. 

2.  One  of  a  number  of  short  flat  strips  of  steel, 
cane,  etc.,  placed  in  vertical  parallel  order  at 
small  distances  from  one  another  in  a  frame  to 
form  the  reed  of  a  loom.  The  threads  of  the 
web  are  passed  through  the  splits,  which  beat 
up  the  weft  to  compact  the  fabric. — 3.  An 
osier,  or  willow  twig,  split  so  as  to  have  one 
side  flat,  used  in  basket-making  in  certain  parts 
of  the  work. —  4.  A  lath-like  strip  of  bog-fir 
used  in  the  rural  districts  of  Ireland  as  a  can- 
dle or  torch. —  5.  pi.  In  leather-manuf.,  skins 
which  have  been  separated  into  two  layers  by 
the  cutting-machine. — 6.  A  crack,  rent,  or 
longitudinal  fissure. —  7.  A -division  or  sepa- 
ration, as  in  a  political  party;  a  schism;  a 
breach:  as,  there  is  a  split  in  the  cabinet. 

The  humiliation  of  acknowledging  a  split  in  their  own 
ranks.  Nineteenth  Century,  XXVI.  749. 

8.  Same  as  split  stroke.    See  split,  p.  a. — 9.  In 
printing,  a  small  spindle  placed  below  the  car- 
riage of  a  printing-press,  about  which  leather 
belts  wind  in  opposite  directions  and  lead  to 
opposite  ends  of  the  carriage.    By  turning  this 
spindle  by  a  crank  attached,  the  carriage  is 
moved  in  or  out. — 10.  pi.  Among  acrobats, 
the  feat  of  going  down  on  the  ground  with 
each  leg  extended  laterally :  as,  to  do  the  splits. 
[Slang.] 

He  taught  me  to  put  my  leg  round  my  neck,  and  I  was 
just  getting  along  nicely  with  the  splits  .  .  .  when  I  left 
him.  Mayhem,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  569. 

11.  An  occasion  for  splitting  or  dividing  that 
which  could  otherwise  be  claimed  by  one  per- 
son: thus,  in  faro,  a  split  occurs  when  two 
cards  of  the  same  value  appear  together,  and 
the  better  loses  half  of  his  stake. — 12.  A  split 


5849 

fish:  as,  Nova  Scotia  n/ilitx:  a  trade-name.  — 
13.  A  division  of  the  air-current  in  a  coal- 
mine. —  14.  A  small  or  half  bottle  of  aerated 
water;  also,  a  halt'  glass  of  brandy  or  the  like. 
[Slang.] 

"Well,  that's  your  opinion,"  said  Jack,  finishing  his 
brandy.  "  Perhaps  if  you  knew  what  it  is  to  love  a  woman, 
your  opinion  would  be  different.  Have  another  spirt?  I 
must  lie  otf,  then."  The  Century,  XXXVII.  21(1. 

A  split  in  the  ranks.  See  ra»*2.-  Full  split  See 
/i<tti.—  To  run  like  split,  to  run  very  fast.  [Colloq.] 
Split  (split),;).  «.  1.  Divided;  separated;  rent; 
fractured.—  2.  In  hot.,  deeply  divided  into  seg- 
ments; cleft.  —  3.  Opened,  dressed,  and  cured, 
as  fish  :  opposed  to  niiiH/l.—  Split  cloth,  in  surg.,  a 
bandage  which  consists  of  a  central  part  and  six  or  eight 
tails.  It  is  used  chiefly  for  the.head.—  Split  cut,  in  glass- 
engraving,  a  groove  like  a  flute,  except  that  it  is  cut 
deeper.-  Split  draft.  See  drafti.—  Split  ferrule.  See 
ferrule?.—  Split  gear,  or  split  Wheel,  a  gear  or  wheel 
made  in  halves  for  convenience  in  attaching  or  removing 
from  the  shaft.  See  cut  under  paint-mill.—  Split  gland, 
herring,  leather.  See  the  nouns.—  Split  moss,  a  moss 
of  the  order  Andreseaceie  :  so  called  from  the  manner  i 


which  the  capsule  splits  at  maturity.  See  Anaresm.— 
Split  pease,  husked  pease  split  for  making  pease-soup 
or  pease-pudding.—  Split  pelvis,  a  congenital  deformity 
in  which  the  pubic  bones  are  not  united  at  the  symphysis. 
-  Split  ring,  rod,  ticket,  etc.  See  the  nouns.—  Split 
stroke  or  shot,  in  croquet  and  similar  games,  a  stroke  or 
shot  made  in  such  a  way  that  two  balls  placed  in  contact 
are  driven  in  different  directions. 

split-back  (split'bak),  a.  Having  aback  made 
of  thin  splits  or  laths:  as,  a  split-back  chair. 

splitbeak  (split'bek),  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus 
Schizorhis;  one  of  the  plantain-eaters  ortoura- 
cous:  a  book-name. 

split-bottomed  (split'bot"umd),  «.  Same  as 
splint-bottomed. 

split-brilliant  (split'bril"yant),  11.  See  bril- 
liant. 

splitfeet  (split'fet),  n.  pi.  The  fissiped  carni- 
vores. See  Fissipedia. 

splitfoot  (split'fut),  n.  The  devil,  from  the 
cloven  hoofs  which  are  popularly  attributed  to 
him. 

splitful  (split'ful),  «.  [<  split  +  -fttl.]  In 
weaving,  the  number  of  yarns,  whether  two  or 
more,  passed  through  each  split  or  opening  in 
the  reed  of  the  batten  or  lathe.  E.  H.  Knight. 

split-harness  (split'har'nes),  ».  Same  as  shaft- 
monture  (which  see,  under  monture). 

splitmouth  (split'mouth),  n.  The  hare-lipped 
sucker,  or  cutlips,  a  fish,  Quassilabia  lacera: 
more  fully  called  split-mouthed  sucker.  See  cut 
under  Quassilabia. 

split-new  (split'nu),  a.     [<  split  +  neic.    Cf. 
span-new,    spick-and-span-new.']      Quite   new; 
brand-new;  span-new.    [Scotch.] 
A  split-new  democratical  system.  Bp.  Sage. 

splittail  (split'tal),  «.  1.  A  cyprinoid  fish, 
Pogonichthys  macrolepidotus,  a  kind  of  chub, 
characterized  by  the  great  development  of  the 


Splittail  (PofOHichtftys  macrolepittctus). 

upper  lobe  of  the  caudal  fin  and  its  rudimen- 
tary rays  (whence  the  synonym  P.inseguilobus). 
It  is  of  a  uniform  and  somewhat  silvery  coloration,  grows 
to  be  a  foot  long,  and  inhabits  the  rivers  of  California. 
2.  The  pintail  duck,  Daflaacuta.    See  pintail, 

1,  and  cut  under  Dafila.     [Massachusetts.] 
splitter  (split'er),  n.     [<  split  +  -eri.]     1.  One 

who  or  that  which  splits:  as,  a  rail-splitter; 
also,  an  implement  used  in  splitting.—  2.  One 
who  splits  hairs ;  one  who  makes  too  fine  dis- 
tinctions, as  in  argument,  classification,  etc. : 
in  natural  history,  opposed  to  lumper.  See  the 
quotation  under  lumper,  3.  [Slang.]  —  3.  A 
kind  of  rich  short-cake  baked  in  irons  like 
waffles,  and  then  split  and  buttered.  [U.  S.] 
splitting  (split'ing),  a.  1.  Very  severe,  or  in 
gome  way  extreme,  as  if  it  were  likely  to  cause 
something  to  split :  as,  a  splitting  headache. — 

2.  Very  rapid.     [Colloq.] 

Though  stout,  he  was  no  mean  pedestrian ;  and  on  he 
ran  at  a  splitting  pace,  keeping  the  hounds  still  in  view, 
and  intent  only  on  seeing  as  much  of  the  sport  as  he  could. 
Whyte  Melville,  White  Hose,  II.  IT. 

splitting-knife  (split'ing-nif),  n.  I.  The^knife 
of  a  leather-splitting  machine.  It  is  usually  a  steel 
plate  of  the  length  of  the  cylinder,  or  about  6  feet  long, 
and  is  gaged  to  a  distance  from  a  roller  over  which  the 
sheet  separates  and  the  grain-side  split  winds  as  the  hide 
passes  through  the  machine. 


spodomancy 

2.  A  knife  used  for  splitting  fish. — 3.  In  dia- 
iiiniiil-ciilting,  a  steel  blade  used  by  the  diamond- 
cleaver. 

splitting-machine  (split'ing-ma-shen'1'),  n.  1. 
A  machine  for  dividing  a  skin  of  leather  paral- 
lel with  one  of  its  surfaces  in  order  to  produce 
a  sheet  of  uniform  thickness. —  2.  A  machine 
for  resawing  thick  boards.  E.  H.  Knight. 

splitting-saw  (split'ing-sa),  n.  1.  Aresawing- 
machine. —  2.  A  machine  for  sawing  a  round 
log  into  bolts,  instead  of  riving  or  sawing  re- 
peatedly through  it  in  parallel  planes.  It  is  used 
in  preparing  stuff  for  ax-  and  pick-handles,  and  other  work 
in  which  the  direction  of  the  grain  must  be  considered. 

split-tongued  (split'tungd),  a.  Fissilingual,  as 
a  lizard. 

sploacht ,  ii .  An  obsolete  form  of  splotch .  Wyclier- 
lei/. 

splodge  (sploj),  «.     A  variant  of  splotch. 

A  splodge  of  green  for  a  Held,  and  a  splodge  of  purple  for 
a  mountain,  and  a  little  blue  slopped  here  and  there  on  a 
piece  of  white  paper  for  a  sky. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  397. 

Splore  (splor),  «.  [Origin  obscure ;  cf .  splurge.] 
A  frolic;  a  spree.  [Scotch.] 

In  Poosie  Nancy's  held  the  ttplure. 

Burns,  Jolly  Beggars. 

splore  (splor),  «.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  splored,  ppr. 
sploring.  [Cf.  splore,  n.]  To  make  a  great 
show;  show  off.  [Scotch.] 

splott  (splot),  n.  [<  ME.  splot,  <  AS.  splot,  a 
spot,  blot.  Cf.  spot.  Hence  splotch."]  A  spot; 
a  splotch. 

splotch  (sploch),  n.  [Formerly  also  sploacli 
(also  in  var.  form  splotch  and  Sfjlodge,  q.  v.);  a 
var.  or  irreg.  extension  of  splot  (cf .  blotch  as  re- 
lated to  blot1)."]  A  broad,  ill-defined  spot;  a 
stain ;  a  daub ;  a  smear. 
Thou  spot,  sploach  of  my  family  and  blood ! 

Wycherley,  Gentleman  Dancing-Master,  v.  1. 

The  leaves  were  crumpled,  and  smeared  with  stains  and 

splotches  of  grease.    M.  E.  Braddon,  Eleanor's  Victory,  v. 

splotchy (sploch'i),  a.  [<.splotch  +  -y1.'\  Mark- 
ed with  splotches  or  daubs. 

There  were  splotchy  engravings  scattered  here  and  there 
through  the  pages  of  Monsieur  Feval's  romance. 

M.  E.  Braddon,  Eleanor's  Victory,  v. 

splurge  (splerj),  H.  [Origin  obscure ;  cf.  splore."] 
A  blustering,  noisv,  or  ostentatious  demonstra- 
tion, display,  or  effort.  [Colloq.] 

The  great  splurge  made  by  our  American  cousins  when 

.  .  .  they  completed  another  connection  with  the  Pacific. 

Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  28,  1886.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

splurge  (splerj),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  splurged, 
ppr.  splurging.  [<  splurge,  «.]  To  make  an 
ostentatious  demonstration  or  display.  [Col- 
loq.] 

You'd  be  surprised  to  know  the  number  of  people  who 
come  here  [to  Newport],  buy  or  build  expensive  villas, 
splurge  out  for  a  year  or  two,  then  fail  or  get  tired  of  it, 
and  disappear.  C.  D.  Warner,  Their  Pilgrimage,  p.  114. 

splurgy  (spier' ji),  a.  [<  splurge  +  -yl.]  Mak- 
ing, or  disposed  to  make,  a  splurge.  [Colloq.] 

splutter  (splut'er),  r.  [A  var.  of  "sprutter,  freq. 
of  sprout,  or  of  sputter,  freq.  of  spout:  see  sprout, 
spout,  and  cf.  spurt1.  Cf.  splatter  as  related  to 
spatter."}  I.  intrans.  1.  To  sputter. 

A  row  of  apples  roasting  and  spluttering  along  the 
hearth.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  425. 

2.  To  talk  hastily  and  confusedly. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  confusedly  or  indistinctly, 
as  through  haste,  excitement,  embarrassment, 
or  the  like :  often  with  out  or  forth :  as,  to  splut- 
ter out  an  apology. 

splutter  (splut'er),  «.  [<  splutter,  t\]  Bustle; 
stir;  commotion.  [Colloq.] 

Bingwood  .  .  .  lighted  amidst  the  flowers,  and  the 
water,  and  the  oil-lamps,  and  made  a  dreadful  mess  and 
splutter  among  them.  Thackeray,  Philip,  xxiv. 

splutterer  (splut'er-er),  n.  [<  splutter  +  -eri."\ 
One  who  or  that  which  splutters. 

spodiosite  (spod'i-o-sit),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  em-o- 
oiof,  ash-colored,  ashy  (<  ovo66f,  ashes),  +  -ite2.] 
A  fluophosphate  of  calcium,  found  in  ash-gray 
crystals  in  Wermland,  Sweden. 

spodium  (spo'di-um),  n.  [ML.,  <  L.  spodium, 
the  dross  of  metals,  <  Gr.  orrodof,  ashes.]  A  pow- 
der obtained  by  calcination,  as  ivory-black,  me- 
tallic calxes,  etc.  [Now  rare.] 

spodogenous  (spo-doj-e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  oiro66f, 
ashes,  +  -yevijt,  producing:  see  -genous.]  Caused 
by  debris  or  waste  products:  applied  byPou- 
fick  to  enlargement  of  the  spleen  caused  by  the 
debris  of  the  red  blood-corpuscles,  as  in  hemi- 
globinemia. 

spodomancy  (spod'o-man-si),  «.  [<  Gr.  mroS6f, 
ashes,  embers,  +  pdvreia,  divination.]  Divina- 
tion by  means  of  ashes. 


5850 


he  said,  "They  see  nothing  wrong  in  the  rule  that  to  the 
victor  belong  the  spoils  of  the  enemy. "    This  system  had 


spodomantic 

spodomantic   (spod-o-man'tik),  it.      [< 
niiiiifi/  (-ni(iHt-)    +  -«c.]      Relating  to   spodo- 
rnaucy,  or  divination  by  means  of  ashes. 

The  poor  little  fellow  buried  his  hands  in  his  curls,  and 
stared  fiercely  into  the  flre,  as  if  to  draw  from  thence 
omens  of  his  love,  by  the  spodomantic  augury  of  the  an- 
cient Greeks.  Kinynley,  Two  Years  Ago,  vii.  (Dairies.) 

spodumene  (spod'u-men),  M.  [=  F.  s/tnilniiii'iii', 
\  Gr.  tnroiav/ievof,  ppr.  pass,  of  mrotiovv,  burn 
to  ashes,  roast  in  ashes,  <  oiroMf,  ashes,  em- 
bers.] A  silicate  of  aluminium  and  lithium, 
occurring  usually  in  flattened  prismatic  crys- 
tals, near  pyroxene  in  form,  also  in  cleavable 
masses.  It  is  hard,  transparent  to  translucent,  and 
varies  in  color  from  grayish-,  yellowish-,  or  greenish- 
white  to  emerald-green  and  purple.  The  emerald-green 
variety  (hiddenite),  found  in  North  Carolina,  is  used  as  a 
gem.  Also  called  triphane. 

spoffish  (spof 'ish),  a.  [<  "spoff  (origin  obscure ; 
cf.  sniffy)  +  -is/I1.]  Bustling;  fussy;  demon- 
stratively smart;  officious.  [Slang.] 

He  invariably  spoke  with  astonishing  rapidity ;  was 
smart,  spoffish,  and  eight-and-twenty. 

Dickens,  Sketches,  Tales,  vii. 

spoffle  (spof'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spoffled,  ppr. 

spoffling.     [Freq.  of  *spoff  as  in  spoffish,  spoffy.']  "PO"  (spoil),  v. ;  pret.  »ndj>l>.  S]>otleil  or  SpoUt, 

To  fuss  over  trifles.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
spoffy  (spof 'i),  a.  and  n.     [<  *spoff  (ef.  spoffish) 

+  -y1-]     I.  a-  Same  as  spoffish. 
II. «.;  pi.  spoffies  (-iz).   A  bustling  busybody. 

[Slang.] 
spogel-seed  (spo'gl-sed),  «.     Same  as  ispaghnl- 

seed. 
spoil  (spoil),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  spoile,  spoyle,  < 

ME.  spoile,  spityle,  <  OF.  espoille,  espuille,  booty, 

spoil,  =  Sp.  espolio,  property  of  an  ecclesiastic, 

spolium,  =  Pg.  espolio,  booty,  spoil,  =  It.  spo- 

glio,  booty,  prey,  spoil,  goods,  furniture,  chat- 
tels, =  W.  ysbail,  yspail,  formerly  yspeil,  spoil, 

<  L.  spolium,  usually  in  pi.  spolia,  booty,  prey, 

spoil,  the  anus  or  armor  stripped  from  a  defeat- 
ed enemy,  also,  and  perhaps  orig.,  the  skin  or 

hide  of  an  animal  stripped  off;  cf.  Gr.  miAov, 

usually  in  pi.  era/la,  booty,  spoil,  OKVAOS,  hide, 

ovavUcw,  flay.     Hence  spoil,v.    Cf.  despoil,  etc., 

spoliate,  spolium,  etc.]     1.    Arms   and  armor 

stripped  from  a  defeated  enemy ;  the  plunder 

taken  from  an  enemy  in  war;   booty;   loot; 

hence,  that  which  is  seized  or  falls  to  one  after 

any  struggle ;   specifically,  in  recent  use,  the 

patronage  and  emoluments  of  office,  considered 

as  a  reward  for  zeal  or  service  rendered  in  a 

struggle  of  parties :  frequently  in  the  plural : 

as,  the  spoils  of  capture;  to  the  victor  belong 

the  spoils;  the  spoils  of  office;  party  spoils. 

The  spoil  got  on  the  Antiates 
Was  ne'er  distributed.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  3.  4. 

Then  lands  were  fairly  portioned ; 
Then  spoils  were  fairly  sold. 

Macaulay,  Horatius,  st.  32. 

2.  The  act  of  plundering,  pillaging,  or  despoil- 
ing; the  act  of  spoliation ;  pillage;  robbery. 

Shortly  after  he  [Baiazeth]  ouercame  the  prouinces  of 
Hungaria,  Albania,  and  Valachia,  and  there  committing 
many  spoyles  and  damages  he  tooke  diuers  Christian  pris- 
oners.       Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577X  p.  331. 
The  man  that  hath  no  music  in  himself, 
Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds, 
Is  fit  for  treasons,  stratagems,  and  spoils. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1.  85. 

The  spoil  of  the  church  was  now  become  the  only  re- 
source of  all  their  operations  in  finance. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

3f.  Injury;  damage;  waste;  havoc;  destruc- 
tion. 

If  the  tender-hearted  and  noble-minded  reioice  of  the 
victorle,  they  are  greeued  with  others  spoyle. 


spoke-shave 


The  selection  of  the  sites  was  mjided  ...  in  part  by     tricks  make  the  game,  and  when  no  one  can  take  so  many 
convenience  in  disposing  of  the  »pM,  or  waste  rock.  the  game  is  said  to  be  trailed. 

The  Century,  XXXIX.  2 IS.   spoilful  (spoil'ful),  «.      [<  x],»il  + -fill']      Kapa- 
7t.  The  slough,  or  cast  skin,  of  a  serpent  or    cious;  devastating;  destructive.     [Bare.] 
other  animal.     [Rare.]  Those  spoylefull  Picts,  and  swarming  Easterlings. 

The  snake  is  thought  to  renew  her  youth  by  casting  her  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  x.  6:i. 

fPotf-  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  989.   spoil-paper  (spoil'pa"p6rj,    H.       [<  spoil,  v.,  + 

8.  In  spoil-fin;  :i  drawn  game. —  Spoils  system,     obj.  pnpn;']     A  scribbler.     [Humorous.] 
in  politics,  the  practice  of  treating  the  public  offices  not  as         A8  8ome  Sp,nle.paper*  have  dearly  clone  of  late, 
public  trusts,  to  be  administered  primarily  for  the  public  '.    ,,  ,,       ,      ,  n___.     , 

interest,  but  as  spoils  of  war,  to  be  taken  from  members  of 

the  defeated  party  and  Kiven  to  members  of  the  successful  spoilsman  (spoilz 'man),  /(. ;  pi.  xjioitsint'it 
party  — the  emoluments  and  distinction  of  holding  such  (-men).  [<  spoils,  pi"  of  slioi-l,  +  mini.]  An 
offices  being  regarded  as  rewards  for  services  rendered  to  ••  •  -..-1  .^ 

the  successful  party,  and  the  influence  resulting  from  the 
possession  of  the  offices  being  expected  to  be  used  for  the 
maintenanceof  that  party  in  power:  a  term  of  depreciation. 
The  name  is  derived  from  a  remark  made  in  a  speech  in 
the  United  States  Senate,  in  January,  1832,  by  Mr.  Marcy  of 
New  York ;  speaking  of  and  for  the  New  York  politicians, 


advocate  of  the  spoils  system;  a  politician  who 
seeks  personal  profit  at  the  public  cost  from 
the  success  of  his  party;  one  who  maintains 
that  party  service  should  be  rewarded  with  pub- 
lic office;  one  who  is  opposed  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  civil  service  on  the  basis  of  merit. 
See  spoils  system,  under  spoil,  n.  [U.  S.  ] 

ger),  «.     One  who 
See    spoil-muni. 

shoot  to  spoil    See  shoot. = Syn.  1.  Plunder,  Booty,  etc.   spoil-Sport  (spoil'sport),  n.     [<  spoil,  <•.,  +  obj. 
lee  pillage,  n.  tport.'J    One  who  spoils  or  hinders  sport  or  en- 

--,   -v,  -  joyment.     Scott,  Kenilworth,  xxviii. 

ppr.  «w$h»g.        [Early  mod.  E    also    spoile,  spoilt.     A  past  participle  of  *»oi7. 
spoyle;  <  ME  tpoton,  spuylen  <  OV.espotllier,  spokei  (gpg^  £     [Afso  diaf         k  k      < 

espolher,  espitler,  F.  spolttr  =  Pr.  espotar  =  Sp.  ME.  spo/e  spake  (pl.  spok&>  s  \  «££»<  < 
atpoliar  =  Pg.  espolmr  =  It,  spogltare  <  t.  A8.  spaca  (pL  U£^S  =  D7  speek  =  MLG. 
spohare,  strip  plunder  spoil,  <  WOttM,  booty,  ^te,  LG.  speke  =  OHG.  speicha,  speihha,  MHG. 
spoil :  see  spoil,  n.  Cf.  despoil.  The  senses  de-  <«.  gp^j^  %  spoke .  prob  not  related  to  OHG. 
stroy,  injure' have  been  supposed,  unnecessary  KpaMtd  8having,  splinter,  G.  dial,  spache,  a 
ly,  to  be  due  m  part  to ,  *j«Wi .]  I.  trans.  1.  To  s\,oke  '=  MD.  gyae£e  a  T^  D  spa(,^  &  lev'er 
stnp  with  violence;  rob;  pillage;  plunder;  de-  roller  but  perhaps  related  to  spike.-  see  spiked 

«nm  I  *    wnrh  nt   I  n  >  1 1  IM •  T  no  r  IIITI  **  tu  L- 1  >  n  /-»/>     T       »  iu  j  a  .  i  • 

Cf.  Icel.  tpon,  a  piece  of  wood,  spsekja,  a  thin 


spoil:  with  of  before  the  thing  taken. 

And  the  sons  of  Jacob  came  upon  the  slain,  and  spoiled 
the  city.  Gen.  xxxiv.  27. 

Love  always  gives  something  to  the  object  it  delights  in, 
and  anger  spoils  the  person  i 
something  laudable  in  him. 


2f.  To  seize  or  take  by  force ;  carry  off  as  booty. 
For  feare  lest  Force  or  Fraud  should  unaware 
Breake  in,  and  spoile  the  treasure  there  In  gard. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  25. 

How  can  one  enter  into  a  strong  man's  house,  and  spoil 
his  goods,  except  he  first  bind  the  strong  man  ? 

Mat.  xii.  29. 

3.  To  destroy;    ruin;   injure;   mar;   impair; 
render  useless,  or  less  valuable,  potent,  or  the 
like  ;  seriously  impair  the  quality,  value,  sound- 
ness, beauty,  usefulness,  pleasantness,  etc.,  of: 
as,  to  spoil  a  thing  in  the  making ;  to  spoil  one's 
chances  of  promotion;  to  spoil  the  fun. 

Spiritual  pride  spoils  many  graces.  Jet.  Taylor. 

There  are  not  ten  people  in  the  world  whose  deaths 

would  spoil  my  dinner.       Macaulay,  in  Trevelyan,  I.  286. 

4.  To  injure,  vitiate,  or  impair  in  any  way ;  es- 
pecially, as  applied  to  persons,  to  vitiate  or  im- 
pair in  character  or  disposition ;  render  less 
filial,  obedient,  affectionate,  mannerly,  modest, 
contented,  or  the  like  :  as,  to  spare  the  rod  and 
spoil  the  child ;  to  spoil  one  with  flattery. 

You  will  spoil  me,  Mamma.    I  always  thought  I  should 
like  to  be  spoiled,  and  I  find  it  very  sweet. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxv. 


board.]     1.  One  of  the  bars,  rods," or  rungs 
which  are  inserted  in  the  hub  or  nave  of  a 
wheel,  and  serve  to  support  the  rim  or  felly ;  a 
radius  of  a  wheel.     See  cut  under  felly. 
Lat  brynge  a  cart  wheel  into  this  halle ; 
But  looke  that  it  have  his  spokes  alle ; 
Twelve  spokes  hath  a  cart  wheel  comunly. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  L  554. 
Break  all  the  spokes  and  fellies  from  her  wheel, 
And  bowl  the  round  nave  down  the  hill  of  heaven. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iL  2.  517. 

2.  One  of  the  rounds  or  rungs  of  a  ladder. — 

3.  One  of  a  number  of  pins  or  handles  jutting 
from  the  periphery  of  the  steering-wheel  of  a 
vessel. — 4.  A  bar  of  wood  or  metal  so  placed 
in  or  applied  to  the  wheel  of  a  vehicle  as  to  pre- 
vent its  turning,  as  when  going  down  a  hill. 
See  second  phrase  below. 

You  would  seem  to  be  master !  you  would  have  your 
spoke  in  my  cart!  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

I'll  put  a  spoke  among  your  wheels. 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iii.  6. 

Spoke-sizing  machine,  a  machine  for  planing  tenons  of 
spokes  to  uniform  size  and  shape.  It  has  cutters  with  an 
adjustable  angle-gage  for  beveling  the  edges  of  the  tenons. 


in  one's  way  ;  check  or  thwart  one's  purpose  or  effort. 

It  seems  to  me  it  would  be  a  poor  sort  of  religion  to  put 
a  spoke  in  his  wheel  by  refusing  to  say  you  don't  believe 
such  harm  of  him  as  you've  got  no  good  reason  to  believe. 
George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xiii. 

5f.  To  cut  up;  carve:  as,  to  spoil  a  hen.    Babees  Spoke1  (spok),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  spoked,  ppr. 
Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  265.    '  spoking.     [<  spoke*,  «.]     To  fit  or  furnish  with 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  engage  in  plunder  and  rob-     spokes:  as,  to  spoke  a  wheel, 
bery;  pillage;  rob.  spoke2  (spok).    Preterit  and  obsolete  past  par- 

Robbers  and  out-lawes,  which  lurked  in  woodes,  .  ticiple  of  speak. 

whence  they  used  oftentimes  to  breake  foorthe  ...  to  Spoke-auger  (spok  a'ger),  «.     A  hollow  auger 
robbe  and  spoyle.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland,     for  forming  the  round  tenons  on  the  outer  ends 

2.  To  decay;  become  tainted  or  unsavory;  lose     °'  spokes.     E.  H.  Knight. 

freshness:  as,  fruit  and  fish  soon  spoil  in  warm  Spoke-bone  (spok'bon),  n.     The  radius  of  the 
weather.-To  be  spoiling  for,  to  be  pining  for ;  espe-     forearm. 

Guemra,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  l&'T),  p.  39.     cially,  to  have  a  longing  for,  caused  or  stimulated  by  dis-  Spoke-gage  (spok'gaj),  n.     A  device  for  testing 
,  that  ill  layer  up  of  beauty,  can  do  no  more     U8e:  as-  he  wai  J"8t  spoiling  for  a  fight.    [Slang.]     '  the  set  of  spokes  in  a  hub.      It  consists  of  a  man- 


Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2.  249.   Spoilable(spoi'la-bl),  a.   [<s/wi7  +  -able.}  Capa-     drel  with  confcal  sleeves,  which  bear  upon  the  ends  of  the 
T.I — «  i — ; i_j  boxing,  and  hold  the  hub  true  while  the  distance  of  the 


Old  age, 
spoil  upon  my  face. 

The  mice  also  did  much  spoil  in  orchards  eating  off  the     ble  of  being  spoiled.  -..  ---     --  ---------------  — 

bark  at  the  bottom  of  the  fruit  trees  in  the  time  of  the  Spoilage   (spoi'laj),    n.     [<   spoil   +   -«</«.]     In     ^^  is  tested  by  the  gage-pin  in  the  staff.    E.  H.  Knight. 

,  II.  113.     printing,  paper  spoiled  or  wasted  in  presswork    spoke-lathe  (spok  laTH),  n.     A  lathe  for  turn- 
spoil-bank   (spoil'bangk),    H.     In   mining,  the     !ne  .irregular    forms,  especially  adapted    for 

turning  spokes,  gun-stocks,  handles,  etc. 


burrow  or  refuse-heap  at  the  mouth  of  a  shaft 


or  that  whiell         ;ls     (         plunderer  •  a  pillager  !  a 
robber. 


snow.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England 

4f.  Ruin;  ruination. 

Company,  villanous  company,  hath  been  the  spoil  of  me. 
Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3.  11. 

They  put  too  much  learning  in  their  things  now  o'  days ; 
and  that  I  fear  will  be  the  spoil  of  this.  SDOller  i - 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  v.  1. 

5.  An  object  of  pillage  or  spoliation ;  a  thing 
to  be  preyed  upon ;  a  prey. 

The  Welsh-men,  growing  confident  upon  this  Success, 
break  into  the  Borders  of  Herefordshire,  making  Spoil  and 
Prey  of  the  Country  as  freely  as  if  they  had  Leave  to  do  it. 
Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  160. 
Oh,  Greece  1  thy  flourishing  cities  were  a  spoil 
Unto  each  other.  Bryant,  The  Ages.  , 

6.  Waste  material,  as  that  obtained  in  mining,  spoil-five  (spoil'fiv),  n.   A  round  game  of  cards, 

'"'g,  excavating  canals,  making  railway    played  with  the  whole  pack,  bv  from  three  to 
etc.     Compare  spoil-bank.  ten  persons,  each  receiving  five  cards.     Three 


or  adit-level  :  a  term  little  used  except  in  parts  8P°ien  (spo  kn),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  speak.]  1.  Ut- 
of  England,  and  there  chiefly  in  coal-mining.  tered;  oral:  opposed  to  written.—  2.  Speak- 
poiler  (spoi'ler),  ».  [<  spoil  +  -trU  One  who  mg  :  m  comPosltl011  :  as,  a  civil-spoken  man. 


The  pleasantest-spotoi  gentleman  you  ever  heard. 

Dickens,  Christmas  Carol,  iv. 

The  anger  of  the  Lord  was  hot  against  Israel,  and  he  Spoke-pointer  (spok'poin'ter),  »i.     A  knife  for 
delivered  them  into  the  hands  of  spoilers  that  spoiled  them,     tri  naming  the  ends  of  spoke-tenons.    It  is  a  form 

of  circular  plane,  havi  ng  a  cutting-edge  in  a  hol- 
low cone,  like  a  pencil-sharpener. 


, 

Judgesii.  14. 
(6)  One  who  or  that  which  impairs,  mars,  or  decays. 


Unchanged,  the  graven  wonders  pay 

te  to 


spoke-setter  (spok'set'er),  n.    A  machine  by 
™t,,-,,i,  „  i...v.  : 4. — j  to  ;n8ure  true  boriugg 


A 


tween  two  handles,  formerly  used  in  shaping 


spoke-shave 

-6.     C  A  . V     b 


A,  spoke-shave  witli  blade  a,  made  adjustable  in  the  stock  *,  by 
adjustins,r-*crews  f ;  B.  spoke-shave  similar  to  A,  but  without  the 
adjusting-screws;  C,  spoke-shave  for  working  upon  very  concave 
surfaces;  1),  spoke-shave,  in  the  nature  of  a  small  hand-plane,  for 
smoothing  and  dressing  off  the  straiyhter  parts  of  spokes. 

wagon-spokes,  but  now  in  woodwork  of  every 
kind. 

spokesman  (spoks'rmiu),  w. ;  pi.  spokesmen 
(-men).  [<  'spoke's,  gen.  of  "spoke,  var.  of 
speech  (AS.  spxc,  tepraic),  +  man.'}  One  who 
speaks  for  another  or  others;  an  advocate;  a 
representative. 
He  shall  be  thy  spokesman  unto  the  people.  Ex.  iv.  1<>. 

He  is  our  Advocate  —  that  is,  a  spokesman,  comforter,  in- 
tercessor, and  mediator. 

J.  Bradford,  Works  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  II.  294. 

spoke-trimmer  (spok'trim"er),  it.  A  wheel- 
wrights' tool  for  trimming  ends  of  spokes,  etc., 
preparatory  to  using  the  spoke-pointer. 

spoking-machine  (spo'king-ma-sheu"),  ».  An 
apparatus  for  adjusting  the  spokes  of  a  wheel 
to  give  them  all  the  same  inclination,  and  thus 
give  the  wheel  a  uniform  dish. 

spole  (spol),  n.  [A  var.  of  spool.}  1.  An  obso- 
lete or  dialectal  form  of  spool.  Specifically  — 
2.  The  small  wheel  near  the  distaff  in  the  com- 
mon spinning- wheel . 

Then  fly  the  spates,  the  rapid  axles  glow, 

And  slowly  circumvolves  the  labouring  wheel  below. 

Danvin,  Loves  of  the  Plants,  ii.  103. 

spolia,  «.     Plural  of  spolium. 

spolia  opima  (spo'li-a  o-pi'ma).  [L. :  spolia, 
pi.  of  spolium,  spoil ;  opima,  neut.  pi.  of  opimus, 
fat,  rich,  plump :  see  opime.}  In  ancient  Rome, 
the  choicest  spoil  taken  from  an  enemy;  hence, 
any  valuable  booty  or  pillage. 

Milton,  however,  was  not  destined  to  gather  the  spolia 
opima  of  English  Rhetoric.  De  Quineey,  Rhetoric. 

spoliary  (spo'li-a-ri),  n.;  pi.  spoliaries  (-riz).  [< 
L.  spoliarium,  a  room  or  place,  as  in  the  amphi- 
theater, where  the  bodies  of  slain  gladiators 
were  stripped  of  their  clothes,  also  a  den  of  rob- 
bers, <  spolium,  spoil:  see  spoil.]  The  place  in 
Eoman  amphitheaters  to  which  slaughtered 
gladiators  were  dragged,  and  where  their  clothes 
and  arms  were  stripped  from  their  bodies. 

An  Act  of  the  Senate  ...  is  extant  in  Lampridius : 
"Let  the  Enemy  of  his  Country  be  depriv'd  of  all  his  Titles ; 
let  the  Parricide  be  drawn,  let  him  be  torn  in  pieces  in  the 
Spoliary."  Milton,  Ans.  to  Salmasius. 

spoliate  (spo'li-at),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  spoliated, 
ppr.  spoliating.  [<  L.  spoliatus,  pp.  of  spoliare, 
spoil:  see  spoil,  ».]  I.  trans.  To  plunder;  pil- 
lage; despoil. 

The  other  great  Whig  families,  .  .  .  who  had  done  some- 
thing more  lor  it  than  spoliate  their  church  and  betray 
their  king.  Disraeli,  Sybil,  i.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  engage  in  robbery ;  plunder. 

spoliation  (spo-li-a'shon),  n.     [<  F.  spoliation 

=  Pr.  expoliatio  =  Sp.  expoliaeion  =  It.  spoglia- 

gione,  <  L.  sj)ottatio(n-),  plundering,  a  spoiling, 

<  spoliare,  plunder,  spoil :  see  spoliate,  spoil,  v.} 

1.  The  act  of  pillaging,  plundering,  or  spoil- 
ing; robbery;  plunder. 

He  [Hastings]  .  .  .  declared  that,  if  the  spoliation  which 
had  been  agreed  upon  were  not  instantly  carried  into  ef- 
fect, he  would  himself  go  to  Lucknow,  and  do  that  from 
which  feebler  minds  recoil  with  dismay. 

fifacaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  in  time  of 
war,  especially  of  plundering  neutrals  at  sea 
under  authority. —  3.  Eccles.,  the  act  of  an  in- 
cumbent in  unlawfully  taking  the  fruits  of  a 
benefice  under  a  pretended  title. — 4.  In  law, 
intentional  destruction  of  or  tampering  with  (a 
document)  in  such  way  as  to  impair  eviden- 
tiary effect — French  Spoliation  Act,  a  United  States 
statute  of  1885  (23  Stat.  at  Large,  283)  providing  for  the  as- 
certainment of  the  French  spoliation  claims.—  French 
spoliation  claims,  certain  claims  of  citizens  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  or  their  representatives,  against  France  for  ille- 
gal captures,  etc.,  prior  to  the  treaty  of  1800-1  between 
the  United  States  and  France.    By  this  treaty  these  claims 
were  assumed  by  the  United  States.    The  first  appropria- 
tion for  the  payment  of  them  was  made  in  1891.— Writ  Of 
spoliation,  a  writ  obtained  by  one  of  the  parties  to  a  suit 
in  the  ecclesiastical  courts,  suggesting  that  his  adversary 
has  wasted  the  fruits  of  a  benefice,  or  unlawfully  taken 
them  to  the  complainant's  prejudice. 

spoliatiye  (spo'li-a-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  spoliative; 
as  spoliate  +  -ive.}  Tending  to  take  away  or 
diminish;  specifically,  in  med.,  lessening  the 
mass  of  the  blood. 


5851 

spoliator  (spo'li-a-tor),  w.  [=  F.  spolialeur  = 
Sp.  expolimlor,  plunder,  <  L.  spoliator,  a  plun- 
derer, <  spolinre,  spoil :  see  spoliate.}  One  who 
commits  spoliation ;  a  despoiler ;  a  robber. 

Sppliatores  (sp6"li-a-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  spoliator,  a  plunderer:  see  spoliator,'}  In 
Maegillivray's  system  of  classification,  an  order 
of  birds,  the  robbers,  as  the  jagers.  [Not  in 
use.] 

spoliatory  (spo'li-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  spoliate  + 
-<*/•;/.]  Consisting  in  spoliation  ;  causing  spoli- 
ation. Quarterly  Kev.,  XL VII.  41G. 

spolium  (spo'li-um),  «. ;  pi.  spolia  (-a).  [ML. 
use  of  L.  s/ioliiim,  spoil:  see  spoil,}  In  ccrlis. 
Itnc,  the  property  of  a  beneficed  ecclesiastic 
which  could  not  be  legally  disposed  of  by  will 
at  death — Jus  spolll,  originally,  the  right  claimed  in 
the  middle  ages  by  those  present  at  the  deathbed  of  a 
beneficed  ecclesiastic  to  seize  and  carry  off  any  portable 
property  of  the  deceased.  This  led  to  such  scandals  that 
finally  the  right  was  vested  by  papal  constitutions  in  the 
church,  and  all  spolia  belong  to  the  papal  treasury. 

spont,  •'•     A  Middle  English  form  of  spoonl. 

spondaic  (spon-da'ik),  a.  [<  OF.  spoitdai(/m; 
F.  spondatque  =  Sp.  csponddico  =  Pg.  espoii- 
dnim  =  It.  spoudaico,  <  L.  "spondaiciis,  incor- 
rect form  of  spondiacns,  <  Gr.  avovSetano^,  of  or 
pertaining  to  a  spondee,  <  mavieiof,  a  spondee: 
see  spondee.'}  In  anc.  pros. :  (a)  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  spondee ;  constituting  a  spondee ;  con- 
sisting of  spondees.  (6)  Having  a  spondee  in 
the  fifth  place :  noting  a  dactylic  hexameter  of 
the  exceptional  form 


the  fifth  foot  being  regularly  a  dactyl. 

spondaical  (spon-da'i-kal),  a.  [<  spondaic  + 
-al.}  Same  as  spondaic. 

spondalt  (spon'dal),  «.  An  obsolete  erroneous 
form  of  spoiidyl.  " 

spondee  (spon'de),  ».  [Formerly  also  spondas 
(also,  as  L.,  spondeus  =  D.  G.  Dan.  spondeus); 
=  Sw.  sponde,  <  F.  spondee  =  Sp.  Pg.  espoudeo 
=  It.  spondee,  <  L.  spondeus,  spondeeus,  <  Gr. 
mrovSelof,  a  spondee,  so  called  as  used  (proba- 
bly as  double  spondee)  in  hymns  accompany- 
ing libations,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  vrouf,  a  foot),  of 
or  pertaining  to  a  libation,  <  avovSii,  a  drink- 
offering,  libation  to  the  gods,  pi.  cmcrvSai,  a 
solemn  treaty,  a  truce,  <  rmevScw,  pour  out, 
make  a  libation ;  root  uncertain.  Cf .  L.  spon- 
dere,  answer:  see  sponsor.}  In  anc.  pros.,  a 
foot  consisting  of  two  long-times  or  syllables, 
one  of  which  constitutes  the  thesis  and  the 
other  the  arsis :  it  is  accordingly  tetrasemic 
and  isorrhythmic.  The  spondee  is  principally  used 
as  a  substitute  for  a  dactyl  or  an  anapest.  In  the  for- 
mer case  it  is  a  dactylic  spondee  (—  —  for  —  ~  ^),  in  the 
latter  an  anapestic  spondee  (—  -£  for  ^  ^  -).  An  irrational 
spondee  represents  a  trisemic  foot,  trochee,  or  iambus  (-*  - 
for  -*  w,  or  —  -i  for  ~  -0.  It  is  found  in  the  even  places  of 
trochaic  lines  and  in  the  odd  places  of  iambic  lines,  also 
in  logacedic  verses,  especially  as  representing  the  initial 
trochee  ("basis").  A  foot  consisting  of  two  spondees  is 
called  a  dispondee.— Double  spondee,  greater  spon- 
dee, in  anc.  pros.,  a  foot  consisting  of  two  tetrasemic 
longs  (-*-  •*-£  and  accordingly  double  the  magnitude  of 
an  ordinary  (single)  spondee  (•*• A). 

Spondiaceae  (spon-di-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Kunth,  1824),  <  Spondias  +  -acese.}  Same  as 
Spondiese. 

Spondias  (spon'di-as),  n.  [NL.  (Linnaeus,  1737), 
*  Gr.  airavdidf,  a  false  reading  of  airoSiaf,  a  tree 
supposed  to  be  the  bullace.]  A  genus  of  poly- 
petalous  trees,  of  the  order  Anacardiaeeie,  type 
of  the  tribe  Spondiese.  It  is  characterized  by  polyga- 
mous flowers  with  eight  or  ten  stamens  and  four  or  five 
styles  which  are  free  at  the  apex.  There  are  5  species, 
dispersed  through  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 
They  bear  alternate  odd-pinnate  leaves,  often  crowded  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  with  opposite  and  often  very 
taper-pointed  leaflets.  The  small  short-pedicelled  flowers 
form  spreading  terminal  panicles.  Each  flower  contains 
four  or  five  spreading  petals  and  a  free  ovary  of  as  many 
cells,  which  becomes  in  fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  with  a  thick 
stone.  The  leaves  and  bark  often  yield  medicinal  and 
principally  astringent  preparations ;  the  fruit  is  often 
austere  and  laxative ;  that  of  S.  tuberosa  is  valued  in  Bra- 
zil as  a  remedy  in  fevers.  The  fruits  of  several  species 
are  known  as  hog-plums.  S.  purpurea,  the  purple  or  Span- 
ish plum,  is  often  cultivated  in  the  West  Indies,  and  is 
readily  propagated  by  cuttings.  S.  lutea,  a  tree  resem- 
bling the  ash  and  reaching  40  or  50  feet,  bears  yellowish 
flower-buds,  used  as  a  sweetmeat  with  sugar,  and  a  yellow 
oval  fruit  known  as  Jamaica  plum  or  golden  apple,  S. 
duleis,  a  similar  tree  abundant  in  most  Polynesian  islands, 
and  known  as  Otaheite  apple,  yields  a  large  yellow  fruit 
with  the  smell  of  apples  and  an  agreeable  acid  flavor,  to 
the  eye  contrasting  handsomely  with  the  dark-green  foli- 
age. The  tree  is  widely  cultivated  elsewhere  in  the 
tropics.  A  Brazilian  tree,  reported  as  5.  tuberosa,  produces 
long  aerial  roots  which  descend  and  form  at  the  ground 
large  black  hollow  and  cellular  tubers  containing  about  a 
pint  of  water,  supplying  in  dry  weather  the  needs  both  of 
the  tree  and  of  travelers.  S.  mangifera  of  India  is  the 
source  of  a  gum  resembling  gum  arable,  known  as  hog- 
gum,  and  of  several  medicinal  remedies.  Its  smooth  yel- 


Spondylus 

lowish-green  fruit  is  known  as  wild  mango,  or  amra,  and 
is  eaten  parboiled  or  pickled  or  made  into  curries. 

Spondieae  (spon-di'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Beiitham 
and  Hooker,  1801'),  <  Spondias  +  -ete.}  A  tribe 
of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Anacardia- 
ceee,  distinguished  from  the  other  tribe,  Mani/i- 
feriese,  by  an  ovary  with  from  two  to  five  cells 
(instead  of  one),  the  ovules  usually  or  always 
pendulous.  It  includes  47  genera,  of  which  Spondias 
is  the  type.  They  are  mainly  tropical  or  South  African, 
and  are  mostly  trees  with  pinnate  leaves.  Also  Spottdia- 
ceee,  Spondiei. 

spondilt,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  spondijl. 

spondulics  (spou-du'liks),  n,  [Also  spondoolics, 
tspondoolix ;  origin  obscure.]  Originally,  paper 
money;  now,  any  money;  funds.  [Slang,  U.S.] 

Spondyl,  spondyle  (spon'dil),  n.  [Formerly 
also  spondil,  spondal,  K/iondle;  <  F.  s/iondi/le,  < 
L.  spoiuli/lHx,  <  Gr.  o-mSwM.of,  less  correct  form 
of  oQMvAof,  a  joint  of  the  spine,  a  vertebra, 
joint,  round  stone,  etc.]  1 .  A  joint,  or  joining 
of  two  pieces. 

Great  Sir,  the  circles  of  the  divine  providence  turn  them- 
selves upon  the  affairs  of  the  world  so  that  every  spondyl 
of  the  wheels  may  mark  out  those  virtues  which  we  are 
then  to  exercise.  Jer.  Taylor,  Ductor  Dubitantium,  Ded. 

2.  A  joint  of  the  backbone ;  a  vertebra. 

A  kind  of  rack 
Runs  down  along  the  spondils  of  his  back. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  •>. 

spondylalgia  (spou-di-lal'ji-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

o-TTOTtSu/lof,  a  vertebra,  +  at.yof,  pain.]     Pain  in 

the  spine;  rachialgia. 
spondylarthritis  (spon"di-liir-thrj/tis),  n.  [NL. , 

<  Gr.  oTToVrftvlot:,  a  vertebra,  +  NL.  arthritis,  q.  v.] 

Inflammation  of  the  vertebral  articulations. 
spondylexarthrosis  (spou-di-leks-ar-thro'sis), 

11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  an-6vdv"/j)f,  a  vertebra,  -f-  c^dpffpoian; 
dislocation,  <  ef,  out,  +  apffpov,  a  joint.]  Dis- 
location of  the  vertebrse. 
Spondylidae1  (spon-dil'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (J. 
E.  Gray,  1826),  <  Spondylm  +  -idx.}  A  fami- 
ly of  marine  bivalves,  related  to  the  Limidse 
and  to  the  scallops,  typified  by  the  genus  Spon- 
clylus;  the  thorn-oysters.  The  valves  are  dissimilar, 
the  right  one  being  the  larger,  and  attached  at  the  beak, 
the  left  generally  flat  or  concave ;  the  ligament  is  internal. 
About  70  species  are  known,  inhabiting  chiefly  tropical 
seas.  The  extinct  species  are  numerous.  Formerly  also 
Spondylea.  See  cut  under  Spondylus. 


„  ,  typified  by  the  ge- 

nus Spondylis,  having  deeply  impressed  sensi- 
tive surfaces  of  the  antennae,  and  the  tarsi  not 
dilated.  The  family  was  erected  by  Le  Conte  and  Horn 
to  receive  all  the  aberrant  Cerambycidx  of  Lacordaire, 
probably  representing  in  the  modern  fauna  remnants  of 
the  undifferentiated  types  of  a  former  geologic  age.  The 
genera  and  species  are  few.  Also  Spondylii. 

Spjondylis  (spon'di-lis),  n.  [NL.  (Fabricius, 
1775),  <  Gr.  oTrdVdivlof,  aif>6vSv?.os,  a  vertebra, 
joint:  see  spondyl.'}  A  genus  of  phytophagous 

.  beetles,  typical  of  the  family  Spondylidse. 

spondylitis  (spon-di-li'tis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
o-7Tow5iMof,  a  vertebra,  +  -itis.}  Arthritis  of  a 
vertebra — Spondylitis  deformans,  arthritis  defor- 
mans  involving  the  vertebra. 

spondylolisthesis  (spon-di-lol-is-the'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avovSv'Aof,  a  vertebra,  •+•  bUaOriaif,  a 
slipping/  bfaaOdvetv,  slip,<  o/.ia6of,  slipperiness.] 
A  displacement  forward  of  the  last  lumbar  ver- 
tebra on  the  sacrum. 

spondylolisthetic  (spon-di-lol-is-thet'ik),  a. 
[<  spondylolisthesis  (-et-)  +  -ic.}  Pertaining  to, 
of  the  nature  of,  or  affected  with  spondylolis- 
thesis. 

spondylopathia  (spon"di-lo-path'i-a),  n.  [NL., 
?  Gr.  avovdvXof,  a  vertebra,  +  TraSof,  suffering.] 
Disease  of  the  vertebrae. 

spondylous  (spon'di-lus),  a.  [<  spondyl  +  -ous.} 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  spondyl ;  like  a  vertebra ; 
vertebral. 

Spondylus  (spon'di-lus),  n.  [NL.  (Linnaeus, 
1758),  <  L.  spondylus,  <  Gr.  eir6v6vtoe,  <  ' 
a  vertebra,  joint: 
see  spondyl.}  1. 
A  genus  of  bi- 
valves, repre- 
senting the  fam- 
ily Spondylidse, 
formerly  refer- 
red to  the  Ostrsei- 
dx  or  Pectinidee. 
They  are  remarkable 
for  the  character  of 
their  spines  and  the 
richness  of  their 
coloring.  Some  are 
known  as  thorn-oys- 
ters, spring-oysters, 

and  water-clams.  Thorn-oyster  (.SpondylMS  princtps). 


Spondylus 

2.  II.  e.]  An  oyster  of  this  genus. — 3.  [1.  c.}  A 
vertebra. 

sponet,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  spoon*-. 

spong  (spong),  H.  [Prob.  a  form  of  sptnit/.  n 
clasp,  brooch  (taken  as  a  point,  a  gore  ?) :  see 
spangl.}  A  projection  of  laud;  an  irregular, 
narrow,  projecting  part  of  a  field.  [Obsolete 
or  prov.  Eng.] 

The  tribe  of  Judah  with  a  narrow  spong  confined  on  the 
kingdom  of  Edom. 

Flitter ,  Pisgah  Sight,  II.  iv.  2.    (Trench.) 

sponge  (spunj),  «.     [Formerly  also  spunge;  < 
ME.   sponge,  spunge,  spounge   (=  D.  spangle, 
spans),  <  OF.  esponge,  F.  sponge  =  Pr.  esponja, 
esponga  =  Sp.  Pg.  esponja  =  It.spngiiu,  spttgna 
=  AS.  sponge  =  Gael.  Ir.  sponc,  <  L.  spongia, 
<   Gr.  avoyyia,  also   OTTO/}  of  (Attic  a$6-yyoc),  a 
sponge,  any  spongy  substance,  =  L.  fungus,  a 
mushroom,  fungus ;  perhaps  akin  to  Gr.  oou</>6(, 
spongy,  porous,  and  to  Dan.  Sw. scamp,  a  sponge, 
fungus,  =  Icel.  svoppr,  a  sponge,  and;  so  to  Goth. 
svxtmms,  a  sponge,  =  OHG.  steam,  swamp,  MHG. 
swam,  swamp  (swamo-),  G.  schwamm  =  MLG. 
swam,  swamp,  LG.  swamm,  s>camp,  a  sponge, 
fungus:  see  swamp,  and  cf.  spunk  &M  fungus.} 
1.  A  fixed  aquatic  organism  of  a  low  order,  va- 
rious in  form  and  texture,  composed  of  an  ag- 
gregate of  amoebiform  bod- 
ies disposed  about  a  com- 
mon cavity  provided  with 
one  or  more  inhalent  and  ex- 
halent orifices  (ostioles  and 
oscules),  through  which  wa- 
ter pours  in  and  out.    The 
proper  sponge-substance  is  trav- 
ersed by  a  water-vascular  system 
or  set  of  irrigating  canals,  and  in 
nearly  all  cases  is  supported  and 
strengthened  by  a  skeleton  in  the 
form  of  horny  fibers,  or  silicious  or 
calcareous  spicules.    The  stream- 
ing of  the  water  is  kept  up  by  the 
vibration  of  cilia  in  the  water-vas- 
cular system  —  that  is,  by  the  lash- 
ing of  flagella  borne  upon  the  in- 
dividual sponge-cells.     These  so 
much  resemble  flagellate  infuso- 
rians   that   some  naturalists  re- 
gard sponges  as  compound  infuso- 
rians,  and  consequently  as  protozo- 
ans.   Those  cells  which  have  defl- 
nite  form  are  spindle-shaped,  or 
flask-shaped,  and  provided  with 
flagella,  round  the  base  of  which 
there  may  be  a  little  rim  or  collar, 
as  in  those  infusorians  known  as 
collar-bearing  monads,  or  Choano- 
flagellata.    Sponges  propagate  by 
budding  or  gemmation,  a  process 
involving  cell-flssion  or  ordinary 
division  of  cells.    They  also  repro- 
duce sexually  by  ova  and  sperma- 
tozoa.    Sponge-germs  resulting  from  fission  are  called 
gemmules.     The  spermatozoa  are  spindle-shaped.    The 
ova  are  like  ordinary  amcebiform  cells,  and  are  usually 
shed  into  the  canals  and  pass  out  of  the  system  to  be 
developed ;  in  some  species  they  develop  in  the  substance 
of  the  parent.    The  embryo  forms  a  hollow  ball  with  a 
ciliated  cavity,  and  then  acquires  inhalent  and  exhalent 
pores.    The  living  tissue  proper  of  sponges  is  disposed 
in  three  layers  or  sets  of  cells,  as  in  all  higher  animals. 
These  are  an  ectoderm,  cuticle,  or  out-layer;  an  endo- 
derm,  innermost  layer,  or  in-layer;  and  amesoderm,  middle 
layer,  or  mid-layer,  which  may  be  quite  thick.    It  is  from 
the  mid-layer  that  the  reproductive  elements,  and  all  the 
many  forms  of  skeletal  elements,  are  derived.    Special 
sense-organs  have  been  described  in  some  sponges.    (See 
cut  under  synocil.)    Sponges  as  a  class  or  phylum  of  aui- 
mals  have  many  technical  names— as  Acnidophora.  because 
they  have  no  cnidse  or  stinging-organs  (compare  Cnidaria) ; 
Amorphozoa,tiom  their  shapelessness,  or  rather  their  many 
shapes ;  Parazoa,  from  their  position  with  respect  to  both 
Protozoa  and  Metazoa ;  Porifera,  Poriferata,  Porozoa,  and 
Polystomata,  from  their  many  pores  or  openings  (see  cut 
under  Porifera);  Spongite,  Spongiaria,  Sponyida,  Spontri- 
ozoa,  etc.    They  are  divided  into  various  primary  groups, 
the  most  tangible  of  which  are  two  — the  chalk-sponges 
or  Calcispongix,  and  the  fibrous  and  flinty  sponges  or 
Silicispongise.    But  the  leading  authorities  differ  irrecon- 
cilably in  the  arrangement  and  nomenclature  of  the  many 
orders,  families,  and  genera  they  respectively  adopt-  and 
the  opinion  has  been  expressed  that  the  sponges  are  not 
susceptible  of  satisfactory  treatment  by  the  ordinary  meth- 
ods of  zoological  classification.    See  also  cuts  under  cat- 
ate,  Spoiigilla,  monadi/orm,  Euplectella,  and  Hyalonemidx. 
<t.  I  he  fibrous  framework  of  a  colony  of  sponge- 
animalcules,  from  which  the  animalcules  them- 
selves have  been  washed  out,  and  from  which 
the  gritty  or  sandy  parts  of  the  colony,  if  there 
were  any,  have  been  taken  away.    See  skeleton, 
•  \V '  The  framew°rk  of  sponges  is  of  different  characters 
in  the  several  orders.    The  slime-sponges  hare  none,  or 
scarcely  any.   In  the  ordinary  fibrous  sponges  the  skeleton 
is  a  quantity  of  interlacing  fibers  and  layers,  forming  an 
intricate  network.    This  is  further  strengthened  in  the 
chalky  and  glassy  sponges  by  hard  spicules,  either  sepa- 
rately embedded  in  the  general  skeletal  substance  called 
ceratode,  or  solidified  in  a  kind  of  latticework.   (See  Calci- 
upongije,  Silicispongiee.)    The  chalk-needles  or  calcareous 
spicules  are  either  straight  or  oftener  rayed  in  three- 
armed  or  four-armed  crosses.    The  sand-needles  or  sili- 
cious spicnles  present  an  extraordinary  and  beautiful  va- 


riety. Among  them  are  many  starry  figures  and  whei'l- 
like  forms,  resembling  snow-crystals;  others  are  still 
more  curious,  in  the  forms  of  crosses,  anchors,  grapnels, 
shirt-studs,  bodkins,  etc.  The  six-rayed  star  is  the  char- 
acteristic shape  in  the  glass-sponges.  (SceHexactiiiellida.) 
Sponge-spicules  are  named  in  an  elaborate  special  vocabu- 
lary. (See  sponge-spicule.)  The  glass-sponges  have  some 
commercial  value  from  their  beauty  as  objects  of  curiosity ; 
but  a  few  of  the  fibrous  sponges  are  the  only  others  out  of 
many  hundreds  of  species,  both  fossil  and  recent,  of  any 
economic  importance.  Sponges,  when  wetted,  swell  to 
a  much  greater  size,  and  become  very  flexible ;  they  are 
therefore  used  as  vehicles  and  absorbents  of  water  and 
other  liquids,  in  wiping  or  cleansing  surfaces,  erasing 
marks,  as  from  a  slate,  etc.  See  bath-sponge,  Euspongia, 
and  Hippospongia. 

The  Spounge,  and  the  Reed,  of  the  whiche  the  Jewes 
zaven  cure  Lord  Eyselleand  Oalle,  in  the  Cros. 

Manderille,  Travels,  p.  10. 

3.  Any  sponge-like   substance,    (a)  In  bating, 
dough  before  it  is  kneaded  and  formed,  when  full  of  glob- 
ules of  carbonic  acid  generated  by  the  yeast  or  leaven    (6) 
A  metal  when  obtained  in  a  finely  divided  condition,  the 
particles  having  little  coherence,  and  the  mass  more  or 
less  of  a  spongy  texture.    Thus,  a  "  metallic  sponge  "  of 
iron  is  obtained  by  the  reduction  of  brown  hematite  ore 
by  cementation  with  charcoal  in  the  so-called  "Chenot 
process"  for  the  manufacture  of  steel.    Spongy  iron  is 
also  prepared  on  a  large  scale  by  the  reduction  of  various 
ores,  and  in  this  form  is  used  for  purifying  water.    Plati- 
num-sponge may  be  prepared  by  gently  heating  the  double 
chlorid  of  platinum  and  ammonium.    Platinum-black  is 
a  black  powder  not  differing  much  in  its  properties  from 
platinum-sponge,  except  that  it  is  less  dense ;  it  may  be 
made  to  take  on  the  spongy  character  by  repeated  ignition 
in  a  mixture  of  air  and  a  combustible  gas :  both  are  used 
as  oxidizing  agents. 

4.  A  tool  for  cleaning  a  cannon  after  its  dis- 
charge.    The  sponge  used  for  smooth-bore  guns  con- 
sists of  a  cylinder  of  wood  covered  with  sheepskin  or  some 
similar  woolly  fabric,  and  fitting  the  bore  of  the  gun  rather 
closely;  this  is  secured  to  a  long  handle,  or,  for  field- 
guns,  to  the  reverse  end  of  the  rammer.    For  modern 
rifled  guns  and  breech-loaders,  sponges  of  different  forms 
and  materials  have  been  introduced.     A  common  form  is 
a  cylinder  to  which  bristles  are  fixed,  forming  a  cylindri- 
cal brush,  the  rounded  end  being  also  covered  with  the 
bristles.    See  cut  under  gun-carriage. 

5.  Figuratively,  one  who  or  that  which  absorbs 
without  discrimination,  and  as  readily  gives  up, 
when  subjected  to  pressure,  that  which  hasbeen 
absorbed. — 6.  One  who  persistently  lives  upon 
others;  a  sycophantic  or  cringing  dependent; 
a  hanger-on  for  the  sake  of  maintenance :  a 
parasite. 


Ascetta  frimordialis, 
one  of  the  Chalk-sponges: 
a  part  of  one  side  of  the 
body  removed,  exposing 
the  ventriculus. 

0,  osculutn,  mouth,  or 
exhalent  aperture ;  A  one 
of  the  many  ostioles  or 
inhalent  pores ;  i,  endo- 
derm ;  e,  ectoderm,  in 
which  triradiate  spicules 
are  embedded  ;  £•,  ova. 


Better  a  penurious  Kingdom  then  where  excessive 
wealth  flowes  into  the  gracelesse  and  injurious  hands  of 
common  sponges  to  the  impoverishing  of  good  and  loyall 
men-  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

7.  In  the  manegel  the  extremity  or  point  of  a 
horseshoe  answering  to  the  heel. — 8.  The  coral, 
or  mass  of  eggs,  under  the  abdomen  of  a  crab. 
[Chesapeake  Bay.]  -Bahama  sponge,  one  of  three 
species  or  varieties  of  bath-sponges  procured  from  the  Ba- 
hamas. —Burnt  sponge,  sponge  that  has  been  burnt,  used 
in  the  treatment  of  goiter  and  scrofulous  swellings.— Cal- 
careous sponge,  a  chalk-sponge.— Crumb-of-bread 
sponge.  See  Halichondria.— Dog-head  sponge,  a  kind 
f  bath-sponge,  Spongia  agaricina  punctata.— Fibrous 
sponge,  any  horny  sponge.— Glove-sponge,  a  ftnger- 
sponge;  a  reef-sponge.  —  Hardhead  sponge,  a  kind  of 
bath-sponge,  the  hardhead,  Spongia  duro.-Holy  sponge 
in  the  Or.  Ch.,  a  piece  of  compressed  sponge  which [the 
deacon  uses  in  the  office  of  prothesis  to  gather  together 
the  portions  in  the  disk  under  the  holy  bread,  and  with 
which  he  wipes  the  disk  after  communion.— Honeycomb 
sponge,  the  grass-sponge,  Spongia  equina.  ccrebnjvnnis. 

-  Horny  sponge,  a  fibrous  or  flbrosilicious  sponge ;  a 
sponge  of  the  group  Ceratosa,  as  distinguished  from  a 

lalk-sponge  or  glass-sponge.— Pyrotecnnical  sponge. 
Same  as  amadou. -Red  sponge,  Microciona  prolifera, 
the  red  beard  of  the  oyster  of  the  northern  United  States. 

-  Reef-sponge,  a  kind  of  bath-sponge,  Spongia  offici- 
nalts,  var.  tubulifera,  growing  on  the  Florida  reefs  and 
in  the  West  Indies.  —  Sheepswool  sponge.    See  sheeps- 
wool.— Sponge  tent.    See  tent.— Toile£sponge  a  bath- 
sponge  of  fine  quality;   a  Turkish  sponge. -^To  set  a 
sponge,  in  baking,  to  leaven  a  small  mass  of  dough,  to  be 
used  in  leavening  a  larger  quantity.— To  throw  up  the 
sponge,  in  pugilism,  to  toss  up  the  sponge  used  to  freshen 
a  fighter,  in  acknowledgment  of  his  defeat;  hence  in  gen- 
eral, to  acknowledge  that  one  is  conquered  or  beaten ;  sub- 
mit; give  up  the  contest  or  struggle.    [Slang.]— Turkey 
cup-sponge,  Spongia  adriatica.— Vegetable  sponge 
See  sponge-gourd.— Velvet  sponge,  a  fine  soft  sponge  of 
the  vt  est  Indies  and  Florida,  Spongia  equina,  var.  rntan- 
drifonnis.— Vitreous  sponge,  a  g'tass-sponge.— Waxed 
sponge.    Same  as  sponge  tent.  —Yellow  sponge  zimoc- 
ca  sponge.     See  bath-sponge.     (See  also  bonng-spom/e 
cup-sponge,  finger-sponge,  flint-sponye,  glass-sponge,  grass- 
sponge,  horse-sponge,  woot-sponge.) 

sponge  (spunj),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sponged,  ppr. 
sponging.     [Formerly  also  spunge;  =  D.  span- 
sen  =  F.  eponger  =  Sp.  esponjar,  sponge,  <  LL. 
spongiare,  wipe  off  with  a  sponge ;  cf.  Gr.  mro)- 
}•«£«»>,  sponge;  from  the  noun.]     I.  trans.  1. 
To  cleanse  or  wipe  with  a  sponge:  as,  to  sponge 
the  body;  to  sponge  a  slate  or  a  cannon. 
Brush  thon,  and  spunge  thy  cloaths  to, 
That  thou  that  day  shalt  weare. 

Babees  Boolr(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  73. 
2.  To  wipe  out  with  a  sponge,  as  letters  or 
writing;  efface;  remove  with  a  sponge ;  destroy 
all  traces  of:  with  out,  off,  etc. 


sponge-spicule 

Every  little  difference  should  not  seem  an  intolerable 
blemish  necessarily  to  be  spunged  out. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  19. 

Specifically  —  3.  Todampen,  as  in  cloth-manu- 
facturing.— 4.  To  absorb;  use  a  sponge,  or  act 
like  a  sponge,  in  absorbing:  generally  with  up: 
as,  to  sponge  up  water  that  luis  been  spilled. 

They  spunged  up  my  money  while  it  lasted,  borrowed 
my  coals  and  never  paid  for  them,  and  cheated  me  when 
I  played  at  cribbage. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxvii. 

5.  To  gain  by  sycophantic  or  mean  arts. 

Here  wont  the  dean,  when  he  's  to  seek, 
To  sponge  a  breakfast  once  a  week, 

Swi,ft,  Richmond  Lodge  and  Marble  Hill. 
"  Whatelse  haveyoubeen  spunginti?"  said  Maria 
•'A'puiiging,  my  dear!   It  is  nothing  but  four  of  those 
beautiful  pheasants'  eggs,  which  Mrs.  Whitaker  would 
quite  force  upon  me."       Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  x. 

6.  To  drain ;   harass  by  extortion ;  squeeze ; 
plunder. 

How  came  such  multitudes  of  our  own  nation  .  to 
be  spunged  of  their  plate  and  money? 

South,  Sermons,  I.  xil. 

7.  In  baking,  to  set  a  sponge  for:  as,  to  sponge 
bread. 

H.  in  trans.  1.  To  gather  sponges  where  they 
grow ;  dive  or  dredge  for  sponges. 

There  were  a  few  small  open  boats  engaged  in  sponging 
from  Apalachicola,  which  were  not  entered  upon  the  cus- 
tom-house books.  Fisheries  of  U.  S.,  V.  ii.  824. 

2.  To  live  meanly  at  the  expense  of  others; 
obtain  money  or  other  aid  in  a  mean  way:  with 
M, 
She  was  perpetually  plaguing  and  sjnmging  on  me. 

Swift,  To  Dr.  Sheridan,  April  24,  1738. 

sponge-animalcule  (spunj'an-i-mal"kul),  «.  A 
sponge-cell.     See  cut  under  monadiform. 
sponge-bar  (spunj'bar), «.    A  sand-bar  or  rock 
bottom  on  which  sponges  grow.     [Florida.] 

sponge-cake  (spunj'kak'), «.  A  very  light  sweet 
cake  made  of  flour,  eggs,  and  sugar,  flavored 
with  lemon:  so  called  from  its  light,  spongy 
substance. 

sponge-crab  (spunj'krab),  n.  A  crab  with 
which  a  sponge  is  habitually  cahcrisocial,  as  a 
member  of  the  genus  Dromia.  See  cut  under 
Dromia. 

sponge-cucumber  (spunj'ku'kum-ber),  n. 
Same  as  sponge-gourd. 

sponge-diver  (spunj'di"ver), «.  One  who  dives 
tor  sponges ;  a  sponge-fisher. 

sponge-farming  (spunj'far"ming),  M.  The  in- 
dustry of  breeding  and  rearing  sponges.  En- 
eye.  Brit.,  XXII.  428. 

sponge-fisher  (spunj'fish^er),  ».  One  who 
fishes  for  sponges,  or  is  engaged  in  the  sponge- 
fishery. 

sponge-fishery  (spunj'fish"er-i),  n.  The  pro- 
cess or  occupation  of  fishing  for  sponges. 

sponge-glass  (spunj'glas),  n.  I.  Abucket  with 
a  glass  bottom,  used  in  searching  for  sponges 
Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  179.— 2.  The 
flint-sponge,  Byalonema  mirabilis,  found  on  the 
coast  of  Japan. 

sponge-gourd  (spunj'gord),  n.  The  washing-  or 
towel-gourd,  Luffa  cylindrica  (L.  Mgyytiaca), 
also  L.  acittangula.  The  netted  fiber  from  the  interior 
of  the  fruit  is  used  for  washing  and  other  purposes,  hence 
called  vegetable  sponge  or  dish-rag.  See  Luffa  and  strainer- 
vine. 

sponge-hook  (spunj'huk),  n.    See  hook. 
spongelet  (spunj'let),  n.     [<  sponge  +  -let.}     1 . 
A  little  sponge.    £neye.Dict.—  2.  In  So*.,  same 
as  spongiole. 

sponge-moth  (spunj'moth),  n.  The  gipsv-moth 
[Eng.  and  (recently)  U.  S.] 
spongeous(spun'jus),a.  [<  sponge  +  -ous.  Cf. 
spongious.}  Same  as  spongy. 
sponger  (spun'jer), ».  [Formerly  also  spunger; 
<  sponge  +  -*/•!.]  1.  One  who  uses  a  sponge. 
—  2.  A  person  or  vessel  engaged  in  fishing  for 
sponges.  Fisheries  of  U.  S.,  V.  ii.  823.— 3.  In 
cloth-maniif.,  a  machine  in  which  cloth  is  damp- 
ened previous  to  ironing.  It  has  a  perforated 
adjustable  cylinder,  which  is  filled  with  steam, 
and  about  which  the  cloth  is  rolled.— 4.  A  par- 
asitical dependent;  a  hanger-on  for  mainte- 
nance ;  a  sponge. 

Trencher-flies  and  spungen.  Sir  R.  L'Eetrange. 

sponge-spicule  (spunj'spik'ul),  n.  One  of  the 
calcareous  or  silicious  spicules  peculiar  to 
sponges.  They  generally  appear  in  more  or  less  modi- 
fled  geometrical  figures,  with  definite  axes  represented  by 
a  non-skeletal  rod  or  axial  canal,  around  which  the  lime 
or  silica  is  deposited  in  concentric  layers.  There  may  be 
one  such  axis  or  several.  Sponge-spicules  are  either  calca- 
reous or  silicious ;  according  to  their  position  and  relations, 
they  are  either  supporting-spicules  or  skeleton-spicnles 
(megascleres),  or  flesh-spicules  or  tension-spicules  (micro- 


sponge-spicule 

scleres).  Schulze  hasclassified  them,  accun 

more  elaborately  into  spicula  autodermalu_ , 

basalia,  etc.    They  are  also  grouped  primarily  according 

to  their  axes,  next  according  to  their  rays,  and  finally  ac- 


5853 

(spon'ji-form),  a.  [<  1 
sponge,  +  forma,  form.]  1.  Having  the  form 'or 
structure  of  a  sponge ;  poriferous,  as  a  member 
of  the  Spoitgise;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Spimgin: 
Hence — 2.  Sponge-like;  spongy;  soft,  elastic, 
and  porous,  like  an  ordinary  bath-sponge :  not- 
ing various  objects  or  substances  not  sponges. 
—  Spongiform  quartz,  floatstone. 
Spongilla(spon-jil'ii), ».  [NL.  (Lamarck,1816), 
dim.  of  H/>i>n,/i;c,  the  sponges :  see  sponge"]  The 
only  genus  of  fresh-water  sponges,  belonging 
to  the  group  Fibrospongise.  The  type-species  is  S. 
fluvialis,  which  grows  on  the  banks  of  rivers  and  ponds, 


Various  Spiciiles  from  Glass-sponges  (H  exacting  I  lido). 

i,  oxydiact ;  2,  echinate  oxydiact  r  3,  echinate  hexact ;  4,  amphidlsk  i 

5,  ancora  ;  6,  tetract ;  7,  oxyhexact ;  8,  discohexaster  ;  9,  triact. 

cording  to  their  many  individual  figures.  Thus,  both  calca- 
reous and  silicious  spicules  are  monaxon,  dlaxon,  triaxon, 
or  tetraxon.  Some  silicious  spicules  are  anaxon  or  polyact, 
giving  stellate  figures,  either  regular,  as  the  oxyaster,  (mas- 
ter, and  sterraster,  or  irregular,  as  the  spiraster,  spirula, 
and  corona.  These  anaxon  spicules  are  always  flesh-spic- 
ules  or  microscleres.  The  monaxon  spicules  are  either  me- 
gascleres  or  microscleres ;  of  the  former  are  the  strongyl-us 
or  strongtjlon,  oxijstrongi/lus,  oxym  or  oxyon,  tylotus,  and  ty- 
lostylus;  of  the  latter  are  the  tnxius  or  toxon,  toxodragma, 
Sigma,  sigmndrai/ma,  isochela,  aninochela,  diancistra,  tricho- 
dragma,  etc.  Of  triaxon  silicious  forms  are  the  oxyhexact, 
oxypentact,  oxytetmct,  oxydiact;  the  hexaster,  oxyhexaster, 
discohexaster,  graphiohexaster,  floricome,  and  plumicmne; 
thepinula,  scapula,  amphidlsk,  uncinate,  and  clavula.  The 
tetraxon  spicules  are  divided  into  monactinal,  diactinal, 
triactinal,  and  tetractinal.  The  above  names  and  classes 
(excepting  those  from  Schulze)  are  substantially  according 
to  Lendenfeld.  Sollas,  the  monographer  of  the  sponges  in 
the  ninth  edition  of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  uses  a 
similar  set  of  terms  and  many  others.  Among  the  terms 
employed  by  these  investigators  may  be  noted  acerella,  am- 
phiaster,  amphiastrella,  amphitetrad,  amphttrieene,  anatri- 
«ne,  anthastcr,  arculiis,  aster,  calthrops,  candelabrum,  chela, 
chiaster,  cladome,  cladus,  cymba,  desma,  diancistron,  dicho- 
tri&ne,  echinetta,  ectaster,  endaster,  hexaster,  meniscoid,  mi- 
crarhabd,  microstrongylon,  microxeon,  orthotruene,  pentact, 
polyact,  polyaxon,  protritene,  pterocymba,  pycnaster,  rhabd 
or  rhabdus,  sanidaster,  sigmasjnre,  sitjmella,  spheraster, 
spherula,  spinispirula,  spirastrella,  stellate  (».),  stylus,  tet- 
rad, triad,  trisene,  trichite,  trichotrisme,  triona,  tylon,  etc. 
Sponge- spicules  are  occasionally  absent,  as  in  gelatinous 
sponges.  They  are  small  or  few  in  horny  sponges,  such  as 
are  used  for  the  bath.  In  the  glass-sponges  they  make  mag- 
nificent structures,  like  spun  glass,  of  elegant  figures,  and 
constitute  most  of  the  bulk  of  the  sponge.  See  also  cuts 
under  Haliphysema,  Euplectella,  Hyalonemidas,  and  sponge. 

and 


"I 


sponge-tongs  (spuuj'tongz),  n.  sing,  and  pi. 
Tongs  used  for  taking  sponges. 

sponge-tree  (spunj'tre),  n.  An  evergreen  shrub 
or  small  tree,  Acacia  Farnesiana,  widely  dif- 
fused through  the  tropics,  and  found  in  the 
United  States  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  has 
slender  zigzag  branches,  bipinnate  leaves,  stipular  spines, 
and  bright-yellow  heads  of  very  fragrant  flowers,  much 
used  by  perfumers.  It  is  often  planted  for  ornament. 

spongewood(spunj'wud),  «.  1.  The  hat-plant, 
Mschynomene  aspera,  or  its  pith.  See  hat-plant 
and  JEscUynomene. —  2.  A  plant  with  spongy 
bark,  Gastonia  cutispongia,  of  the  Araliaceee, 
the  only  species  of  its  genus.  It  is  an  erect  shrub 
with  pinnate  leaves  and  a  panicle  a  foot  long  consisting 
of  crowded  branches  with  the  flowers  umbeled  at  the  ends. 

Spongiae  (spon'ji-e), ».  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  spon- 
gia,  a  sponge :  see  sponge.']  Sponges ;  the  meso- 
dermalian  class  of  Ccelentera,  having  a  branch- 
ing canal-system  (the  organs  of  which  are  de- 
veloped from  cells  of  the  mesoglosa,  or  primary 
mesoderm),  simple  epithelia,  endodermal  collar- 
cells,  and  no  cnidoblasts  or  movable  appen- 
dages. The  class  is  divided  by  Lendenfeld  into  two  sub- 
classes: the  Calcarea,  with  one  order,  Calcisponffia ;  and 
the  Silicea,  with  three  orders,  Hexactinellida,  Chondrospon- 
giee,  and  Cornacuspongise,  with  many  suborders,  tribes, 
etc.,  and  about  fifty  living  families,  besides  several  fossil 
ones.  The  class  dates  back  to  the  Silurian.  See  sponge. 

spongian  (spon'ji-au),  n.  [<  Spongise  +  -an.'] 
A  member  of  the  Spongin ' ;  any  sponge. 

spongicell  (spon'ji-sel),  n.  [<  L.  spongia,  a 
sponge,  +  cella,  a  cell.]  A  sponge-cell. 

spongicolous  (spou-jik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  spon- 
gia, a  sponge,  +  colere,  inhabit.]  Inhabiting 
sponges. 

Spongidae,  Spongiidae  (spon' ji-de,  spon-ji'i-de), 
n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Spongise  +  -idx."]  1.  Sponges; 
the  Spongise. —  2.  A  family  of  horny  or  fibrous 
sponges,  typified  by  the  genus  Spongia,  to 
which  various  limits  have  been  assigned.  In  the 
most  restricted  sense  the  family  is  represented  by  such 
forms  as  the  bath-sponges,  and  now  called  Euspongidte. 


A  Small  Fresh-water  Sponge,  Spongillafluvialis,  with  one  exhalent 

aperture,  seen  from  above. 

a  and  bt  ostioles,  or  tnhalent  apertures ;  c,  ciliated  chambers ;  rf,  os- 
culuirt,  or  exhalent  aperture.  (Arrows  indicate  the  direction  of  the 
current  of  water.) 

on  submerged  timber  and  other  supports,  forming  thick 
greenish  incrustations.  It  represents  a  highly  specialized 
and  somewhat  aberrant  family,  SpongUKdfe.  See  also  cuts 
under  ciliate  and  Por\fera. 

Spongillidae  (spon-jil'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Spoit- 
gilla  +  -idle.'}  The  only  family  of  sponges 
which  are  not  marine,  characterized  by  their 
gemmules,  and  typified  by  the  genus  Spongilla. 

sppngilline  (spon'ji-lin),  «.  [<  Spongilla  + 
-iHfii.]  Pertaining  to  the  Spongillidee,  or  hav- 
ing their  characters. 

spongin  (spun'jin),  n.  [<  sponge  +  -ii<2.]  The 
proper  horny  or  fibrous  substance  of  sponges; 
ceratose  or  ceratode.  Also  spongiolin. 

sponginblast  (spun'jin-blast),  n.  [<  spongin 
+  Gr.  /J/laorof,  a  germ.]  One  of  the  cells  of 
sponges  from  which  spongin  is  produced;  the 
formative  blastema  in  which  spongin  arises. 
W.  J.  Sollas,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  420.  Also 
spongoblast. 

sppnginblastic  (spun-jin-blas'tik),  a.  [<  spon- 
ginblast +  -j'c.]  Producing  spongin,  as  a  spon- 
ginblast; formative  or  germinating,  as  spongin. 

sponginess  (spun'ji-nes),  «.  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  soft  and  porous,  or  spongy;  po- 
rosity :  said  of  various  objects  and  substances 
not  sponges. 

sponging-house  (spun ' jing-hous), « .  [Formerly 
also  spimging-hmise ;  <  sponging,  verbal  n.  of 
sponge,  r.,  6,  +  house1."]  A  victualing-house  or 
tavern  where  persons  arrested  for  debt  were 
kept  by  a  bailiff  for  twenty-four  hours  before 
being  lodged  in  prison,  in  order  that  their 
friends  might  have  an  opportunity  of  settling 
the  debt.  Sponging-houses  were  usually  the  private 
dwellings  of  bailiffs,  and  were  so  named  from  the  extor- 
tionate charges  made  upon  prisoners  for  their  accommo- 
dation therein. 

A  bailiff  by  mistake  seized  you  for  a  debtor,  and  kept 
you  the  whole  evening  in  a  spungmg-house. 

Sw\ft,  Advice  to  Servants  (General  Directions). 

Spongiocarpeae  (spon//ji-o-kar'pe-e),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  enroyyia,  a  sponge,  +  /to/wop,  a  fruit, 
+  -eee.~]  An  order  of  florideous  algee,  founded 
upon  a  single  species,  Polyidcs  rotundxs.  The 
fronds  are  blackish-red,  cylindrical,  cartilaginous,  from  3 
to  6  inches  long,  and  attached  by  a  disk,  with  an  undivided 
stipe,  which  becomes  repeatedly  dichotomous  above.  The 
cystocarps  are  in  external  flesh-colored  wart-like  protu- 
berances, which  are  borne  on  the  upper  parts  of  the  frond. 
It  grows  on  stones  in  deep  water. 

spongiole  (spou'ji-61),  n.  [=  P.  spongiole,  <  L. 
spongiola,  dim.  of  spongia,  a  sponge : 
see  sponge."]  In  bot.,  a  former  name 
of  the  spongy  tissue  of  a  root-tip, 
from  its  supposed  property  of  suck- 
ing up  moisture  like  a  sponge.  Also 
called  snongelet. 

spongiolin  (spon'ji-o-lin),  n.  [<  spon- 
giole +  -in2.]  Same  as  spongin.  W. 
J.  Sollas,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  416. 

spongiolite  (spon'ji-o-lit),  n.     [<  Gr. 
anoyyiov,  dim.  of  oTroj-yof,  sponge  (see 
sponge),  +  MBof,    stone.]     A   fossil 
sponge-spicule ;  one  of  the  minute  silicious  ele- 
ments of  a  sponge  in  a  fossil  state. 


spongy 

spongiolitic  (spon"ji-o-lit'ik),  «.  [<  spongiolite 
+  -ic.~]  Of  the  nature  of  a  spongiolite;  con- 
taining spongiolites,  or  characterized  by  their 
presence:  as,  sp<»igi»litir  flint. 

Sppngippiline  (spon"ji-o-pi'lin),  11.  [<  Gr.  ffrro;  - 
yiov,  dim.  of  GTroyyus,  sponge,  +  ?n/of,  felt,  4- 
-/«(••-.]  A.  substitute  for  cataplasms,  it isa  thick 

cloth  into  which  sponge  is  incorporated  in  the  weaving,  in 
a  manner  analogous  to  that  of  pile-weaving,  to  form  a  uni- 
form pile,  and  coated  on  the  opposite  side  with  rubber. 
Sppngipplasm  (spou'ji-o-plazm),  n.  [<  Gr.  OTTOJ- 
j-fov,  dim.  of  OTroyyoi;  sponge,  +  TrAria/ia,  anything 
formed  or  molded:  see  jilasnt."]  The  substance, 
resembling  neuroglia,  which  supports  the  so- 
called  "primitive  tubules"  or  subdivisions  of 
nerve-fiber  containing  hvaloplasm.  JWiiw/i. 
1886. 

The  primitive  tubes  are  the  meshes  in  a  supporting 
substance  designated  as  li  upoivjuiplatnn,"  a  substance  de- 
scribed as  similar  to  the  neuroglia  which  forms  the  sheath 
of  the  nerve  tube  or  fibre.  Amer.  Jour.  Psychol.,  I.  487. 

spongipplasmic  (spon"ji-o-plaz'mik),  a.  [< 
sponotoplaem  +  -ic."]  Of  the  nature  of,  or  per- 
taining to,  spongioplasm.  Amer.  Jour.  Psychol., 

spongiose  (spon'ji-6s),  a.  [<  L.  spongiosus  :  see 
tpongions.]  Same  as  spongy. 

spongious  (spon'ji-us),  a.  [<  P.  spongieux  = 
Sp.  Pg.  esponjoso  =  It.  spugnoso,  <  L.  spongio- 
sus, spongeosus,  porous,  <  spongia,  a  sponge: 
see  sponge."]  Spongy. 

spongipzoon  (spon"ji-o-zo'on),  «.;  pi.  spongio- 
zoa  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airoy, iov,  a  sponge,  +  f£oK, 
an  animal.]  A  sponge.  Also  spongozoon. 

spongite  (spon 'jit),  n.  [<  L.  spongia,  sponge,  + 
-ite2.]  A  fossil  sponge. 

spqngitic  (spon-jit'ik),  a.  [<  spongite  +  -ic.] 
Of  the  nature  ot  a  fossil  sponge ;  containing  or 
characterized  by  the  fossil  remains  of  sponges. 

spongoblast  (spong'go-blast),  n.  [<  Gr.  anoy- 
7«f,  sponge,  +  ffAaardf,  germ.]  Same  as  spon- 
ginblast. 

S'j>ongodie»  (spong-go-di'e-e),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  0iroyy<j6q(;,  fjiroyyoetdij^,  sponge-like,  spongy 
(see  spongoid),  +  -ese."]  An  order  of  siphono- 
cladaceous  algrje,  typified  by  the  genus  Codium. 
They  form  spongy  spherical  or  cylindrical  float- 
ing masses,  consisting  of  branched  tubes. 

spongoid  (spong'goid),  «.  [<  Gr.  OTroyyoeioqf, 
OTroyyuityc  (also  fftjtoyyosififa,  oij>oyy&dt]<;\  sponge- 
like,  <  ax6yyo$,  sponge,  +  elios,  form.]  Spongi- 
form, in  any  sense  ;  spongy. 

spongological  (spong-go-loj'i-kal),  <i.  [<  spon- 
yolog-y  +  -/c-a/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  spongolo- 
gy,  or  the  science  of  sponges. 

spongologist  (spong-gol'o-jist),  n.  [<  spongol- 
°9-y  +  -»'*<.]  One  who  is  versed  in  the  science 
of  sponges. 

spongology  (spong-gol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  oxoyyof, 
a  sponge,  +  -Aoyia,  <  teysiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  science  of  sponges;  the  study  of  the  Spon- 
giee,  and  the  body  of  knowledge  thence  obtained. 

spongomeral  (spong'go-mer-al),  a.  [<  spongo- 
mere +  -<7?.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  spongomere ; 
choanosomal,  as  that  part  of  a  sponge  which  is 
characterized  by  flagellated  chambers. 

spongomere  (spong'go-mer),  «.  [<  Gr.  atrdyyof, 
a  sponge,  +  jjiepof,  a  part.]  The  upper,  choa- 
nosomal part  of  a  sponge,  characterized  by  the 
presence  of  flagellated  chambers:  distinguished 
from  hypomere.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  415. 

Spongozoon  (spong-go-zo'on),  n.  [<  Gr.  air6yyof, 
sponge,  +  Cvol'i  animal.]  Same  as  spongiozoon. 
Hyatt. 

spongy  (spun'ji),  «.  [Formerly  also  spungy;  < 
sponge  +  -yl.~\  1.  Of  the  nature  or  character 
of  a  sponge;  spongiform  or  spongoid. —  2.  Re- 
sembling a  sponge  in  certain  particulars ;  soft 
or  elastic  and  porous ;  of  open,  loose,  compres- 
sible texture,  like  a  bath-sponge ;  punky,  pithy, 
or  soft-grained,  as  wood;  boggy  or  soggy,  as 
soil;  absorbent;  imbibitive.  See  cuts  under 
cellular  and  cystolith. 

That  sad  breath  his  spongy  lungs  bestow'd. 

Shale.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  326. 
plashy  base, 


Here  pits  of  crag,  with  (. 

To  some  enrich  th'  uncultivatei 

Crabbe,  Works,  II.  9. 

3f.  As  it  were  soaked  with  drink;   drunken. 
[Bare.] 

What  not  put  upon 

His  spongy  officers,  who  shall  bear  the  guilt 
Of  our  great  quell?  Shale.,  Macbeth,  i.  7.  71. 

4f.  Moist;  wet;  rainy. 

Thy  banks  with  pioned  and  twilled  brims, 
Which  spongy  April  at  thy  best  betrims, 
To  make  cold  nymphs  chaste  crowns. 

Shalt.,  Tempest,  iv.  I.  65. 

Spongy  bones,  cancellated  bones ;  specifically,  the  sphe- 
noturblnals.— Spongy  cartilage,    same  as  elastic  carti- 


spongy 

lar/e  (which  see,  under  elastic).—  Spongy  Platinum,  plati- 
num-sponge. See  sponije,  ft.,  3. 

spongy-pubescent  (spun"ji-pu-bes'eut),  a.  In 
I'litom.,  having  a  very  compact  pubescence,  re- 
sembling the  surface  of  a  sponge. 

spongy-villous  (spun'ji-vil'us),  a.  In  hot.,  so 
thickly  covered  with  fine  soft  hairs  as  to  be 
spongy  or  to  resemble  a  sponge. 

sponkt,  a-     An  obsolete  form  of  spunk. 

sponnent,  sponnet,  r.  Obsolete  forms  of  the 
preterit  plural  and  past  participle  of  spin. 

sponsal  (spon'sal),  «.  [<  L.  sponsaUs,  pertain- 
ing to  betrothal  or  espousal,  <  sponsitg,  a  be- 
trothal :  see  spouse.']  Relating  to  marriage  or 
to  a  spouse.  Bailey,  1731. 

sponsible  (spon'si-bl),  a.  [An  aphetic  form  of 
responsible."]  1.  Capable  of  discharging  an  ob- 
ligation; responsible.  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxvi. — 
2.  Respectable;  creditable;  becoming  one's 
station. 

sponsing  (spon'sing),  «.     Same  as  sponson. 

sponsion  (spon'shou),  n.  [<  L.  sponsio(n-),  a 
solemn  promise  or  engagement,  security,  < 
spondere,  pp.  sponsus,  engage  oneself,  promise 
solemnly:  see  sponsor."]  1.  The  act  of  becom- 
ing surety  for  another. —  2.  In  international 
law,  an  act  or  engagement  made  on  behalf  of 
a  state  by  an  agent  not  specially  authorized. 
Such  conventions  must  be  confirmed  by  express 
or  tacit  ratification. 

sponsional  (spon'shon-al),  a.     [<  sponsion  + 

-al.]    Responsible;  implying  a  pledge.    [Rare.] 

He  is  righteous  even  in  that  representative  and  span- 

film nl  person  he  put  on.  A bp.  Leighton,  Sermons,  v. 

sponson  (spon'son),  ».  [Also  sponsing ;  origin 
obscure.]  Naui.,  the  curve  of  the  timbers  and 
planking  toward  the  outer  part  of  the  wing, 


5854 

Such  actions,  though  voluntary,  lack  recognizable  motive, 
and  appear  to  depend  upon  the  tension  of  a  vigorous 
nervous  system  refreshed  by  repose.  Such  spontaneity 
is  notable  in  the  great  activity  of  children  and  the  gam- 
bols of  young  animals.— Spontaneity  of  certain  cogni- 
tive faculties,  in  the  philosophy  of  Kant,  the  self-activity 
of  those  faculties  which  are  not  determined  to  act  by  any- 
thing in  the  sense-impressions  on  which  they  act.  But  the 
conception  is  not  made  very  clear  by  Kant. 

spontaneous  (spon-ta'ne-us), a.  [=  F.  spontant 
=  Sp.  Pg.  rxi>iiiitii>it'o  =  It.xpoHta>ieo,  <  LL., «/»•«- 
tuiieiis,  willing,  <  L.  *spon(t-)s,  will,  only  in  gen. 
spontis  and  abl.  xponte,  of  one's  own  will,  of 
one's  own  accord.]  1.  Proceeding  from  a  con- 
scious or  unconscious  internal  impulse ;  occur- 
ring or  done  without  the  intervention  of  exter- 
nal causes ;  in  a  restricted  sense,  springing  from 
one's  own  desire  or  volition,  apart  from  any 
external  suggestion  or  incitement.  Of  late  the 
employment  of  spontaneous  in  the  sense  of  '  irreflective '  or 
•not  controlled  by  a  definite  purpose'  is  creeping  in  from 
the  French ;  but  this  is  an  objectionable  use  of  the  term. 

The  spontaneous  grace  with  which  these  homely  duties 
seemed  to  bloom  out  of  her  character. 

Ilnu-thonu,  Seven  Gables,  v. 

Now  my  speculation  is  that  advantageous  permanent 
changes  are  always  produced  by  the  spontaneous  action  of 
the  organism,  and  not  by  the  direct  action  of  the  environ- 
ment. W.  K.  Cli/ord,  Lectures,  I.  101. 

A  man  whose  nature  leads  him  to  a  spontaneous  fulfil- 
ment of  the  Divine  will  cannot  be  conceived  better. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  277. 

2.  Growing  naturally,  without  previous  human 
care. 


a,  a,  Sponson. 

before  and  abaft  each  of  the  paddle-boxes  of  a 
steamer;  also,  the  framework  itself — Sponson- 
beams,  the  projecting  beams  which  contribute  to  form 
sponsons. 

sponsor  (spon'sor),  «.  [<  L.«pOW0r,  a  surety, 
LL.  a  sponsor  in  baptism,  <  xpondere,  pp.  spon- 
sus, promise ;  cf .  Gr.  airovAai  (pi.  of  a-novM/),  a 
truce,  <  mrivoetv,  pour,  a  libation,  as  when  mak- 
ing a  solemn  treaty:  see  spondee.  From  L. 
spondere  are  also  ult.  despond,  respond,  cor- 
respond, spouse,  espousal,  etc.]  1.  A  surety; 
one  who  binds  himself  to  answer  for  another, 
and  is  responsible  for  his  default ;  specifically, 
one  who  is  surety  for  an  infant  at  baptism, 
professing  the  Christian  faith  in  its  name,  and 
guaranteeing  its  religious  education ;  a  god- 
father or  godmother.  The  custom  of  having 
sponsors  in  baptism  is  as  old  as  the  second 
century.  See  godfather. — 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In 
entom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 

sponsorial  (spon-so'ri-al),  a.  [<  sponsor  + 
-i-al.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sponsor. 

sponsorship  (spon'sor-ship),  n.  [<  sponsor  + 
-ship.]  The  state  of  being  a  sponsor. 

spontaneity  (spon-ta-ne'i-tl),  H.  [<  F.  sponta- 
neite  =  Sp.  esppiitaneidad  =  Pg.  espontaneidade 
=  It.  spontaneita,  <  ML.  *spontaneita(t-)s,  <  LL. 
spontaneus,  spontaneous:  see  spontaneous.]  1. 
Spontaneous  character  or  quality ;  that  charac- 
ter of  any  action  of  any  subject  by  virtue  of 
which  it  takes  place  without  being  caused  by 
anything  distinguishable  from  the  subject  it- 
self. Spontaneity  does  not  imply  the  absence  of  a  pur- 
pose or  external  end,  but  the  absence  of  an  external  in- 
citement or  external  efficient  cause. 
2.  In  biol.,  the  fact  of  apparently  automatic 
change  in  structure,  or  activity  in  function, 
of  animals  and  plants,  whereby  new  charac- 
ters may  be  acquired,  or  certain  actions  per- 
formed, under  no  influence  of  external  condi- 
tions or  stimulus ;  animal  or  vegetable  autom- 
atism, (a)  The  inherent  tendency  of  an  individual  or- 
ganism to  vary  in  structure  without  reference  to  its  con- 
ditions of  environment,  as  when  a  plant  or  animal  sports ; 
spontaneous  variability.  Some  of  the  moat  valuable  strains 
of  domestic  animals  and  cultivated  plants  have  arisen 
thus  spontaneously.  (6)  The  tendency  to  purposeless  ac- 
tivity of  the  muscular  system  of  animals,  whereby  they 
execute  movements  independent  of  external  stimulus. 


Spontaneous  flowers  take  the  place  of  the  finished  par- 
terre. Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxxL 

3.  Growing  as  native ;  indigenous.     [Rare.] 

Whence  they  had  their  Indian  corn  I  can  give  no  ac- 
count ;  for  I  don't  believe  that  it  was  spontaneous  in  those 
parts.  Beverley,  Hist.  Virginia,  iv.  If  20. 

4.  In  biol.,  instinctive  or  automatic,  as  some 
actions  of  animals  which  depend  upon  no  ex- 
ternal stimulus  and  are  performed  without  ap- 
parent motive  or  purpose ;  uninfluenced  by  ex- 
ternal conditions,  as  a  change  in  structural 
character.   Compare  spontaneity,  2.    Spontaneous 
actions  may  be  either  voluntary,  in  a  usual  sense,  as  the 
gambols  of  puppies  or  kittens,  or  involuntary  and  quite 
uncontrollable  by  the  will.    Of  the  latter  class,  some  are 
abnormal,  as  spontaneous  (In  distinction  from  induced) 
somnambulism,  and  these  are  also  called  idiupathic. — 
Center  of  spontaneous  rotation.  See  rotation. — Spon- 
taneous axis,  an  axis  of  rotation  of  a  body  under  instan- 
taneous forces,  in  case  there  to  no  translation  in  the  first 
instant.— Spontaneous  cause,  a  cause  that  is  moved  to 
causing  by  the  end  or  the  object.— Spontaneous  com- 
bustion.   See  combustion.—  Spontaneous  dislocation. 
See  dislocation,  2  (a).—  Spontaneous  energy,  free  energy, 
unrepressed  and  unforced.— Spontaneous  evolution,  In 
obstet.,  the  spontaneous  expulsion  of  the  fetus  in  a  case  of 
shoulder  presentation,  the  body  being  delivered  before 
the  head.— Spontaneous  generation.    See  generation 
and  abiogenesis.— Spontaneous  suggestion,  suggestion 
by  the  action  of  the  laws  of  association,  without  the  inter- 
vention of  the  will.  =  Syn.  1.  Willing,  etc.  (see  voluntary), 
instinctive,  unbidden. 

spontaneously  (spon-ta'ne-us-li),  adr.  In  a 
spontaneous  manner;  will/spontaneity. 

spontaneousness  (spon-ta'ne-us-nes),  «.  The 
character  of  being  spontaneous ;  spontaneity. 

spontoon  (spon-ton'),  n.  [Formerly  also  espon- 
ton;  =  G.  spoil  ton,  <  F.  span  ton,  esponton,  F.  dial. 
eponton  =  Sp.  esponton  =  Pg.  espontSo, <  It.  span- 
tone,  spuntone,  a  sharp  point,  a  bill,  javelin,  pike, 
spontoon ;  cf .  spun  tare,  shoot  forth,  break  off  the 
point,  blunt;  puntone,  a  point,  (punto,  a  prick, 
a  point :  see  poin  t1.]  A  kind  of  halberd  or  par- 
tizan  formerly  serving  as  the  distinguishing  arm 
for  certain  officers  of  the  British  infantry.  Com- 
pare half-pike.  Also  called  demi-pike. 

spook  (spok),  n.  [Also  sjiuke;  <  D.  spook,  MD. 
spoocke  =  MLG.  spok,  spftk,  LG.  spook  =  Gr.spueh 
(obs.  except  in  dial,  use),  also  spuJc  (after  LG. ) 
=  Sw.  spoke  (cf .  D.  spooksel,  MD.  spoocksel,  Dan. 
spogelse),  a  spook,  ghost.  There  is  nothing  to 
show  any  connection  with  Ir.  puca,  elf,  sprite, 
=  'W.pwea,pwci:  see  puck,  pugl.]  A  ghost;  a 
hobgoblin.  [Now  colloq.] 

Woden,  who,  first  losing  his  identity  in  the  Wild  Hunts- 
man, sinks  by  degrees  into  the  mere  spook  of  a  Suabian 
baron,  sinfully  fond  of  field-sports. 

LoweU,  Among  my  Books,  1st  sen,  p.  118. 

spook  (spok),  c.  i.  [=  D.  spoken  =  MLG.  spoken 
=  Gr.  spitken,  spucken  =  Sw.  spoka  =  Dan.  spoge; 
from  the  noun.]  To  play  the  spook.  [Rare.] 

Yet  still  the  New  World  spooked  it  in  his  veins, 
A  ghost  he  could  not  lay  with  all  his  pains. 

Lowell,  Kitz  Adam's  Story. 

spookish  (spo'kish),  a.  [<  spook  +  -i'sTfi.]  1. 
Like  a  spook  or  ghost;  ghostly. —  2.  Given 
over  to  spooks;  congenial  to  ghosts;  haunted: 
as,  a  spookisli  house. — 3.  Affected  by  a  sense  or 
fear  of  ghosts;  suggestive  of  the  presence  or 
agency  of  spooks:  as,  a  spookish  circumstance ; 
a  spookish  sensation.  [Colloq.  in  all  uses.] 


spoon 

spooky  (spii'ki),  n.  [<  spook  +  -1/1.]  Same  as 
.*litMikitth.  in  any  sense.  [Colloq.] 

spool (spol),H.  "[<  JIE.  spole  (noi  in  AS.),<MD. 
x/miic,  I),  xjintl,  a  spool,  quill,  =  MLG.  spole, 
LG.  spole  =  OHG.  spuolo,  spuold,  MHG.  spuole, 
(1.  sjiiilr,  a  spool,  bobbin,  =  Icel.  spola  =  Sw. 
Dan.  spole,  a  spool  (cf.  It.  spola,  spnola,  bobbin, 
()!•'.  fjialcl,  spindle,  <  Teut);  perhaps  akin  to 
Icel.  xpiilr,  a  rail,  a  bar:  see  ttpate.]  1.  A  small 
cylinder  of  wood  or  other  material  (with  a  pro- 
jecting disk  at  each  end),  upon  which  thread  or 
yarn  is  wound;  a  reel. — 2.  The  revolving  metal 
shaft  of  an  anglers'  reel,  upon  which  the  fishing- 
line  is  wound.  See  cut  under  reel. 

spool  (spiil),  r.  t.  [<  spool,  n.]  To  wind  on  a 
spool. 

spool-cotton  (spol'kofn),  n.  Cotton  thread 
wound  on  spools. 

spooler  (spo'ler),  w.  [<  spixil  +  -<••)•!.]  One  who 
winds,  or  a  machine  used  in  winding,  thread 
or  yarn  on  spools.  Cre,  Diet.,  IV.  122. 

spool-holder  (spdThol"der),  H.  1.  A  stand  for 
one  or  more  spools  of  sewing-thread,  on  whicli 
the  spools  are  mounted  on  pins,  so  as  to  turn 
freely  as  the  thread  is  unwound.  Also  spool- 
stdini. —  2.  In  warping,*&  creel  on  which  spools 
are  placed  on  skewers. 

spooling-machine  (spo'ling-ma-shen*),  ».  A 
machine  for  winding  thread  on  spools. 

spooling-wheel  (spo'ling-hwel),  «.  Same  as 
spole,  2.  HalUweH. 

spool-Stand  (spoTstand),  n.  Same  as  spool- 
holder,  1. 

spoomt  (spom), ».  [Supposed  to  be  a  var.  of 
spume,  q.  v.  Cf.  spoon'*.]  I.  intrans.  Naut.,  to 
sail  steadily  and  rapidly,  as  before  the  wind. 

Well  spare  her  our  main-top  sail : 
She  shall  not  look  us  long,  we  are  no  starters. 
Down  with  the  fore-sail  too !  we'll  spooin  before  her. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  ii.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  scud,  as  before  the 
wind. 

Spoom  her  before  the  wind,  you'll  lose  all  else ! 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  iii.  4. 

spooming  (spo'ming),  p.  a.  Rushing  before  the 
wind:  in  the  quotation  perhaps  used  errone- 
ously in  the  sense  of  'foaming,'  'surging,' 
'  roaring.' 

O  Moon  !  far  spooming  Ocean  bows  to  thee. 

Keats,  Endymion,  iii. 

spoon1  (spon),  «.  [<  ME.  spoon,  spone,  spoil, 
span,  <  AS.  spon,  a  splinter  of  wood,  chip,  = 
OFries.  spon,  span  =  D.  spaen,  spaan  =  MLG. 
spon,  LG.  spoon  =  MHG.  span,  G.  span,  a  thin 
piece  of  wood,  shaving,  chip,  =  Icel.  spann, 
sponn  =  Sw.  spdn  =  Dan.  spaan,  a  chip;  root 
uncertain.  Cf.  span-new,  spick-and-span-neic.] 
If.  A  thin  piece  of  wood;  a  splinter;  a  chip. 

A  fyre  of  sponys,  and  lowe  of  gromis 

Full  soun  woll  be  att  a  nende  [an  end]. 
Booke  of  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  3.,  extra  ser.),  p.  41. 

2.  A  utensil  consisting  of  a  bowl  or  concave 
part  and  a  handle,  used  for  conveying  liquids  or 
liquid  food  to  the  mouth.     Spoons  were  originally 
of  wood,  later  of  horn  or  metal.    They  are  now  made  usu- 
ally of  silver,  gold,  iron,  or  mixed  metal,  of  wood,  horn, 
shell,  or  other  materials,  in  various  sizes  and  shapes,  and 
for  a  great  variety  of  purposes.    Compare  dessert-spoon, 
egg-spoon,  table-spoon,  etc. 

He  must  have  a  long  spoon  that  must  eat  with  the  devil. 
Shale.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  3.  62. 

3.  Something  wholly  or  in  part  like  a  spoon 
(def .  2)  or  the  bowl  of  a  spoon  in  shape.    Specifi- 
cally— (a)  The  blade  of  an  oar  when  broad  and  slightly 
curved,  or  an  oar  with  such  a  curved  blade.    (6)  A  bright 
spoon-shaped  piece  of  metal  or  other  substance,  swiveled 
above  hooks,  used  as  a  lure  or  decoy  in  fishing.  It  revolves 
as  it  is  drawn  through  the  water,    (c)  A  piece  cut  from  the 
horn  of  an  ox  or  bison,  in  the  shape  of  an  elongated  bowl 
of  a  spoon,  six  to  eight  inches  in  length.     It  is  used  in 
gold-washing,  and  for  testing  the  value  of  any  kind  of 
detrital  material  or  pulverized  ore.    (d)  A  club  the  strik- 
ing-surface of  which  is  somewhat  hollowed,  used  in  the 
game  of  golf,    (e)  The  spoonbill  or  paddle-fish.    (/)  In 
ornith.,  the  spatulate  dilatation  at  the  end  of  the  bill  of  a 
spoon-billed  bird,    (ff)  lu  cotton-manuf.,  a  weighted  grav- 
itating arm  in  the  stop-motion  of  a  drawing-frame.    One 
of  these  is  held  in  position  by  the  tension  of  each  sliver, 
and  in  case  the  sliver  breaks  or  the  can  becomes  empty, 
and  the  tension  is  thus  relieved,  it  falls,  and,  actuating  a 
belt-shifter,  causes  the  driving-belt  to  slip  from  the  fast 
pulley  to  the  loose  pulley,  thus  stopping  the  machine,    (h) 
In  archery,  same  as  petticoat,  a.—  Apostle's  spoon.    See 
apostle-spoon.— Bag  and  spoon.  See  6«yi.— Deflagrat- 
Ing-spoon,  a  small  spoon  of  metal,  upon  which  a  sub- 
stance which  is  to  be  deflagrated  is  subjected  to  the 
action  of  heat. — Eucharlstic  spoon.    -Same  as  labis.— 
Maidenhead  spoon.     See  maidenhead.  — To  be  born 
with  a  silver  spoon  In  one's  mouth.    See  iwmi.— 
Wooden  spoon,    (a)  At  Cambridge  University,  the  stu- 
dent whose  name  stands  last  in  the  Mathematical  Tripos. 
(6)  At  Yale,  formerly,  the  student  who  took  the  last  ap- 
pointment at  the  Junior  Exhibition  ;  later,  the  most  popu- 
lar student  in  a  class. 


spoon 

SDOOn1  (spon),  r.  [<  spoon1,  H.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  take  up  or  out  with  a  spoon  or  ladle ;  re- 
move with  a  spoon;  empty  or  clean  out  with  a 

spoon:  often  with  up :  as,  to  spoon  n/>  a  liquid. 

Ours,  .  .  . 
An  age  of  scum,  xpooned  off  the  richer  past. 

Mrs.  Brou'niny,  Aurora  Leigh,  v. 

2.  To  lie  close  to,  the  face  of  one  to  the  back  of 
the  other,  as  the  bowl  of  one  spoon  within  that 
of  another.  Compare  spoiin-fonliioii.  [Colloq.J 

"  Now  spoon  me."  Sterling  stretched  himself  outon  the 
warm  flag-stone,  and  the  boy  nestled  up  against  him. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  49. 

II.  hitrniiK.  1.  Ineror/ni-t,  to  use  the  mallet  as 
a  spoon ;  push  or  shove  the  ball  along  with  the 
mallet  instead  of  striking  it  smartly  as  is  re- 
quired by  the  strict  rules  of  the  game. 

Belabour  thy  neighbour,  and  spoon  through  thy  hoops. 
F.  Locker,  Mr.  Placid's  Flirtation. 

2.  To  fish  with  spoon-bait. — 3.  To  lie  spoon- 
fashion.  Compare  I.,  2.  [Colloq.] 

Two  persons  in  each  bunk,  the  sleepers  spooniny  to- 
gether, packed  like  sardines.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXI V.  781. 

spoon12  (spon),  v.  i.  [A  var.  or  corruption  of 
SIHIOHI.]  Same  ass/wow. 

Such  a  storme  did  arise,  they  were  forced  to  let  slip 
Cable  and  Anchor,  and  put  to  Sea,  upooaing  before  the 
wind.  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  52. 

spoon3  (spon),  M.  [Usually  assumed  to  be  a 
particular  use  of  spoon* ;  but  rather  a  back-for- 
mation from  spoony,  orig.  in  allusion  to  the  use 
of  a  spoon  in  feeding  an  infant.  ]  1 .  A  foolish 
fellow ;  a  simpleton ;  a  spoony ;  a  silly  lover. 
[Colloq.] 

A  man  that's  fond  precociously  of  stirring 

Must  be  a  gpoon.  Hood,  Morning  Meditations. 

What  a  good-natureil  gpoon  that  Dodd  is ! 

C.  Reade,  Hard  Cash,  Prol. 

2.  A  fit  of  silliness;  especially,  a  fit  of  silly 
love.  [Colloq.]— To  be  spoons  on,  to  be  sillily  in 
love  with.  [Slang.] 

I  ought  to  remember,  for  I  leas  spoons  on  you  myself  for 
a  week  or  two.  Harper's  May.,  LXXVIII.  749. 

spoon3  (spon),  v.  i.  [<  spoon3,  ».]  To  be  a 
spoon  or  spoony ;  be  sillily  in  love.  [Colloq.] 

spoonaget  (spo'naj),  n.  [<  spoon1  +  -age.'] 
Spoon-meat.  Warner,  Albion's  England,  ii.  10. 

spoon-bait  (spdn'bat),  M.  A  trolling-spoon ;  a 
revolving  metallic  lure  for  the  capture  of  cer- 
tain kinds  of  fish,  used  in  trolling;  a  spinner  or 
propeller. 

spoonbeak  (spon'bek),  »i.  Same  as  spoonbill, 
1  (6).  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spoonbill  (spon'bil),  n.  1.  In  ornitn.:  (a)  A 
large  grallatorial  bird  of  either  of  the  genera 
Platalea  and  Aiaia :  so  called  from  the  broad, 
flat,  spatulate  dilatation  of  the  end  of  the  bill, 
likened  to  a  spoon.  See  cuts  under  Platalea 
and  aiaia.  (b)  The  shoveler-duck,  Spatula  cly- 
pcata.  See  cut  under  shoveled,  (c)  The  scaup- 
duck,  Fuligula  mania.  See  cut  under  scaup. 
[East  Lothian.]  (d)  The  ruddy  duck,  Erisma- 
tura  rubida;  the  broadbill:  more  fully  called 
spoon-billed  butterball.  See  cut  under  Erisma- 
tura.  [Massachusetts  and  New  York.] — 2.  In 
ichth. ,  the  spoon-billed  cat, or  paddle-fish,  Poli/o- 
don  spatula.  See  cuts  under  paddle-fish — Rose- 
ate spoonbill.  See  aiaia,. 

spoon-billed  (spon'bild),  a.  1.  In  orniili.,  hav- 
ing a  spoon-like  or  spatulate  bill,  dilated  at  the 
end.  See  spoonbill. —  2.  In  ichth.,  duck-billed; 
shovel-nosed;  having  a  long  spatulate  snout, 
as  a  sturgeon.  See  cuts  under  paddle-fish 
and  Psepfcwrws.-gpoon-billed  butterball.  Same  as 
spoonbill,  1  (rf). — Spoon-billed  cat.  Same  as  paddle-fish. 
—  Spoon-billed  duck,  teal,  or  widgeon,  the  shoveler.— 
Spoon-billed  heron,  a  spoonbill.-Spoon-billed  sand- 
piper, Eurynorhynchm  pygmenu,  a  sandpiper  with  the 
bill  dilated  into  a  spoon  at  the  end.  In  other  respects  this 
curious  little  bird  is  almost  identical  in  form  with  the 
stints,  or  least  sandpipers,  of  the  genus  Actodromas;  it  is 
also  of  about  the  same  size,  and  its  plumage  is  similar. 
See  cut  under  Eurynorhynchus. 

spoon-bit  (spon'bit),  n.  A  shell-bit  in  which 
the  piercing-end  is  drawn  to  a  radial  point: 
same  as  dowel-bit. 

spoon-chisel  (sp8n'chiz"el),  •».  See  chisel"*.  E. 
H.  Knight. 

spoon-drift  (spon'drift),  n.  [<  spoon?  +  drift.] 
Naut.,  a  showery  sprinkling  of  sea-water  or  fine 
spray  swept  from  the  tops  of  the  waves  by  the 
violence  of  the  wind  in  a  tempest,  and  driven 
along  before  it,  covering  the  surface  of  the  sea ; 
scud.  Sometimes  called  spindrift. 

Spooney,  ".  and  ».     See  spoony. 

spoon-fashion  (sp8n'fash//on),  adv.  Like 
spoons  close  together;  with  the  face  of  one  to 
the  back  of  the  other  and  with  the  knees  bent: 


5855 

as,  to  lie  spoon-ftifshirin.  The  Century,  XXXV. 
771.  [Colloq.] 

spoonflower  (spBn'flou'er),  «.  A  plant,  Xini- 
lliiifiniiiii  ttiigitti/nliiim,  more  specifically  iirroir- 
leafcd  spooujloirer,  considerably  resembling  a 
'•a  I  la-lily.  It  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  occurring 
very  sparingly  in  the  southern  United  States.  Its  rootstock 
after  boiling  is  nii'aly  and  edible,  and  for  this  it  is  said  to 
be  cultivated  in  Brazil.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

Spoonful  (spon't'ul),  n.  [<  fijtoon1  +  -fill.}  As 
much  as  a  spoon  contains. 

spoon-gouge  (spon'gouj),  w.  In  carp.,  a  gouge 
with  a  crooked  end,  used  for  hollowing  out  deep 
furrows  or  cuttings  in  wood. 

spoon-hook  (spon'huk),  «.  A  fish-hook  with  a 
spoon  attached;  an  anglers'  spoon. 

spoonily  (spo'ni-li),  adv.  In  a  silly  or  spoony 
manner. 

spooniness  (spii'ni-nes),  n.  Spoony  character 
or  state;  silliness;  especially,  silly  fondness. 
E.  H.  Yates,  Land  at  Last,  I.  107. 

SPOOn-meat  (spon'met),  ».     Food  that  is  or 
has  to  be  taken  with  a  spoon;  liquid  food ;  fig- 
uratively, food  for  babes  or  weaklings. 
Cour.  Will  you  go  with  me?  Well  mend  our  dinner  here? 
Dro.  S.  Master,  if  you  do,  expect  spoon-meat;  or  bespeak 
a  long  spoon.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  3.  61. 

spoon-net  (spon'net),  n.  A  landing-net  used 
by  anglers. 

Spoon-saw  (spon'sa),  n.  A  spoon-shaped  in- 
strument with  a  serrated  edge,  used  in  gyne- 
cological operations. 

spoon-shaped  (spon'shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a 
spoon ;  spatulate ;  cochleariform. 

spoontail  (spon'tal),  ».  A  phyllopod  crusta- 
cean of  the  genus  Lepidurus. 

spoon-victuals  (sp6n'vit'i'lz),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
spoon-meat.  [Colloq.] 

spoonwood  (spon'wud),  n.  The  mountain- 
laurel  or  calico-bush,  Kalmia  latifolia,  of  the 
eastern  United  States.  It  is  commonly  a  shrub,  but 
in  the  Alleghanies  southward  becomes  a  tree  20  or  30  feet 
high.  Its  wood  is  hard  and  heavy,  and  is  used  for  tool- 
handles,  in  turnery,  and  for  fuel.  The  leaves  are  consid- 
ered poisonous,  and  have  a  slight  medicinal  repute.  See 
cut  under  Kalmia. 

spoonworm  (spon '  werm),  n.  A  gephyrean 
worm;  especially,  a  sipunculoid  worm.  See 
Gephyrea,  and  cuts  under  Sipuncultis — Nep- 
tune's spoonworm.  See  Neptune. 

spoonwortt  (spSn'wert),  n.  [<  spoon1  +  wort1.] 
The  scurvy-grass,  Cocnlearia  officinalis. 

spoony  (spo'ni),  a.  and  ».  [Also  spooney;  cf. 
spoon's.]  I.  a.  Soft;  silly;  weak-minded;  spe- 
cifically, weakly  or  foolishly  fond;  sentimental. 

Not  actually  in  love,  .  .  .  but  only  spoony. 

Lever,  Davenport  Dunn,  Ix. 

His  grandson  was  not  to  his  taste ;  amiable,  no  doubt, 
but  spoony.  Disraeli. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  spoonies  (-niz).  A  stupid  or  silly 
fellow ;  a  noodle ;  a  ninny ;  a  simpleton ;  espe- 
cially, a  sillily  fond  sentimental  fellow.  Also 
spoon.  [Slang.] 

In  short.  I  began  the  process  of  ruining  myself  in  the 
received  style,  like  any  other  spoonie. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xv. 

What  the  deuce  can  she  ilnd  in  that  spooney  of  a  Pitt 
Crawley?  .  .  .  The  fellow  has  not  pluck  enough  to  say  Bo 
to  a  goose.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxiv. 

spoor  (spor),  M.  [<  D.  spoor  =  MLG.  spor  = 
OHG.  MHG.  spor,  Gr.  spur  =  Icel.  spor  =  Sw. 
sp&r  =  Dan.  spor,  track,  =  AS.  spor,  a  track, 
trace,  footprint.  Cf.  speer1,  spur.]  The  track 
or  trail  of  a  wild  animal  or  animals,  especially 
such  as  are  pursued  as  game ;  slot;  hence,  scent: 
used  originally  by  travelers  in  South  Africa. 

spoor  (spor),  r.  [<  spoor,  n.  Cf.  speer1.]  I. 
intrans.  To  follow  a  spoor  or  trail. 

Alter  searching  and  spooring  about  for  another  hour, 
we  were  obliged  to  abandon  pursuit. 

The  Field,  Feb.  17, 1887.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

II.  trans.  To  track  by  the  spoor. 
The  three  bulls,  according  to  the  natives,  have  been 
spoored  into  the  dense  patch  of  bush  above  the  kloof. 

Harper's  Hay.,  LXXVII.  192. 

spoorer  (spor'er),  w.  One  who  follows  or  tracks 
game  by  the  spoor  or  scent. 

Ventvogel  .  .  .  was  one  of  the  most  perfect  spoorers  I 
ever  had  to  do  with. 

H.  R.  Haggard,  King  Solomon's  Mines,  iii. 

spoornt,  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  The  name  of  a 
fiend  or  hobgoblin  whose  nature  does  not  ap- 
pear to  be  determinable. 

Urchins,  Elves,  Hags,  Satyrs, .  .  .  Kitt-wlth-the-candle. 

stick,  Tritons,  .  .  .  the  Spoorn,  the  Mare,  the  Man-in-the- 

oak.  Middleton,  The  Witch,  i.  2. 

Most  antiquarians  will  be  at  fault  concerning  thespoorne, 

Kltt-wlth-the-candlestick,  Boneless,  and  some  others. 

Scott,  Letters  on  Demonology,  note. 

The  scene  of  fairy  revels,  ...  the  haunt  of  bulbeggars, 
witches,  .  .  .  the  tpoorn.  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  I.  5. 


sporation 

8poraceous(spo-ra'shius),n.  [(.spore +  -accous.] 
In  hot.,  pertaining  to  spores;  contributing  to 
spores. 

Sporades  (spor'a-dez),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  o;ro- 
priotc,  sc.  vf/aot,  'the  scattered  islands,'  a  group 
of  islands  off  the  west  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  pi. 
of  ompar,  scattered :  see  sporadic.]  1.  A  group 
of  scattered  islands  in  the  Greek  Archipelago. 
—  2.  [/.  c.]  In  «»<•.  unit-tin.,  stars  which  were 
not  included  in  anv  constellation. 

sporadial  (spo-ra'di-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  avopdf  (rnro- 
/)«'*-),  Mattered  (see  "sporadic),  4-  -i-al.]  Scat- 
tered; sporadic.  [Bare.] 

sporadic  (spo-rad'ik),  a.  [=  P.  sporadit/ue  = 
Sp.  esporMUeo  =  Pg.  esporadico  =  It.  sporadico, 
<  NL.  sporadicits,  <  Gr.  airopadixos,  scattered,  < 
oiropaf,  scattered, <  aireipe/v,  scatter:  see  spore2.] 
Separate ;  single ;  scattered ;  occurring  singly, 
or  apart  from  other  things  of  the  same  kind ; 
widely  or  irregularly  scattered;  of  exceptional 
occurrence  (in  a  given  locality) ;  straggling. 

If  there  was  discontent,  it  was  in  the  individual,  and 
not  in  the  air ;  sporadic,  not  epidemic. 

Lowell,  New  Princeton  Kev.,  I.  158. 

Sporadic  cholera.  See  cholera,  2.— Sporadic  dysen- 
tery, dysentery  occurring  in  scattered  cases,  which  have 
no  apparent  common  origin. 

sporadical  (spo-rad'i-kal),  a.  [<  sporadic  + 
-al.]  Same  as  sporadic.  Arbuthnot. 

sporadically  (spo-rad'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  spo- 
radic manner;  separately;  singly;  dispersedly. 

sporadicalness  (spo-rad'i-kal-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  sporadic. 

Rare  even  to  sporadicalness. 

W.  D.  Whitney,  Amer.  Jour.  Phllol.,  V.  287. 

sporal  (spo'ral),  a.  [<  spore2  +  -al.]  Relating 
to  or  resembling  spores. 

sporange(spo-ranj'),»-  [<  sporangium.]  Inbot., 
same  as  sporangium. 

sporangia,  n.    Plural  of  sporangium. 

sporangia!  (spo-ran'ji-al),  a.  [<  sporangium  + 
-al.]  1.  Of  or  relating  to  the  sporangium:  as, 
the  sporangial  layer. —  2.  Containing  spores; 
having  the  character  of  a  sporangium;  per- 
taining to  sporangia. 

sporangidiumt  (spo-ran-jid'i-um),  ». ;  pi.  spo- 
rangidia  (-a).  [NL.,  dim.  of  sporangium.]  In 
hot. :  (a)  Tne  columella  in  mosses,  (b)  A  spo- 
rangium. 

sporangiferous  (spo-ran-jif'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
sporangium  +  L.  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]  Ci  bot., 
bearing  or  producing  sporangia. 

sporangiform  (spo-ran'ji-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
sporangium  +  L.  forma,  form.]  In  bot.,  having 
the  form  or  appearance  of  a  sporangium. 

sporangioid  (spo-ran'ji-oid),  a.  [<  NL.  sporan- 
gium +  Gr.  rMoc,  appearance.]  In  bot.,  having 
the  appearance  of  a  sporangium. 

sporangiole  (spo-ran'ji-61),  n.  [<  NL.  sporan- 
giolum.]  In  bot.,  same  as  sporangiolum. 

sporangiolum  (spo-ran-ji'o-lum),  n. ;  pi.  spo- 
rangiola  (-la).  [NL.,  dim.  of  sporangium.]  In 
bot.,  a  small  sporangium  produced  in  certain 
genera  of  Mucorini  in  addition  to  the  large 
sporangium.  The  spores  are  similar  in  both. 
The  term  has  also  been  used  as  a  synonym  for 
ascus. 

sporangiophore  (spo-ran'ji-o-for),  n.  [<  NL. 
sporangiophonim,  (  sporangium  +  Gr.  -^o/oof,  < 
ipepeiv  =  E.  bear1.]  In  bot.,  the  axis  or  recep- 
tacle which  bears  the  sporangia ;  a  sporophore 
bearing  sporangia.  See  sporophore. 

sporangiophorum  (spo-ran-ji-of 'o-rum),  w. ;  pi. 
sporangiophora  (-ra).  [NL. :  see  sporangio- 
phore.] In  bot.,  same  as  sporangiophore. 

sporangiospore  (spo-ran'ji-o-spor),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aTropd,  <nro/»f,  seed,  -f-  ayytlov,  vessel,  +  oiropa, 
ojro/wf,  seed.]  In  bot.,  one  of  the  peculiar 
spores  of  the  Myxomycetes.  See  Myxomycetes. 

sporangium  (spo-ran'ji-um),  n. ;  pi.  sporangia 
(-ft).  [NL.,  <  spora,  a  spore,  +  Gr.  ayyeiov,  ves- 
sel.] 1.  In  bot.,  a  spore-case;  the  case  or  sac 
in  cryptogamous  plants  in  which  the  spores, 
which  are  the  analogues  of  the  seeds  of  the 
higher  or  flowering  plants,  are  produced  endo- 
genously .  The  sporangium  receives  different  names,  in 
accordance  with  the  kind  of  spores  produced :  as,  macro- 
sporangium,  microsporanyium,  oosporangittm,  zoosporan- 
gitim,  etc.  In  mosses  sporangium  is  usually  the  same  as 
capsule,  but  by  some  authors  it  Is  restricted  to  the  spore- 
case  or  sac  lining  the  cavity  of  the  capsule.  See  spore- 
sac. 

2.  In  zool.,  the  spore-capsule  or  spore-recepta- 
cle of  the  Mycetozoa.     W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros., 
$  334. 
Also  sporange. 

sporation  (spo-ra'shou),  ».  [<  spore'2  +  -ation.] 
In  biol.,  a  mode  of  generation  which  consists 
in  the  interior  division  of  the  body  into  a  mass 


5856 


sporation 

of  spores  or  germs,  which  are  freed  upon  the 
rupture  of  the  body-wall;  also,  spore-forma- 
tion. Usually  called  sporukilioii. 

SporeH,  „.     A  Middle  English  form  of  spur.  „.     ,  luiol  _  ^ 

spore'-3  (spor),  n.     [=  F.  spore,  <  NL  spora,  a  "goridiferous  (sp6-ri-dif'e-rus), «.    [<  1 
spore,  <  Gr.  cnopd,  a  sowing,  seed-time,  seed  8^° ;«7«  + L  %V'r  =  E.  bear*.-]    Into*., 
sown,  seed,  produce,  offspring;   cf.  - 
seed-time,  seed, 


sporophyas 


seaweeds,  of  the  class  Pltxosporci?,  giving  name 
to  the  order  Sporocii  naceie.  AccordmgtoAgardh 
there  are  6  species,  widely  separated  in  distri- 


sowing,  , 

sow,  scatter;  cf.  sperm*,] 
cell  which  becomes 
free  and  is  capable  of 
developing  directly 
into  a  new  morpho- 
logically and  physio- 
logically independent 
individual.  The  name  is 
given  to  all  the  reproduc- 
tive bodies  of  cryptoga- 
mous  plants,  which  are  the 
analogues  of  the  seeds  of 
the  higher  or  flowering 
plants,  from  which  they 
further  differ  by  having  no 
embryo.  In  the  majority 
of  cases  a  spore  consists  of 
a  nucleated  mass  of  proto- 
plasm, inclosing  starch  or 
oil  as  reserve  nutritive  ma- 
terial, surrounded  by  a  cell- 
wall.  In  those  cases  in 
which  the  spore  is  capable 
of  germination  immediate- 
ly on  the  completion  of  its 
development,  the  cell-wall 
is  a  single  delicate  mem- 
brane consisting  of  cellu- 
lose ;  but  in  those  cases 
in  which  the  spore  must 
pass  through  a  period  of 
quiescence  before  germi- 
nation, the  wall  is  thick 
and  may  consist  of  two 
layers,  an  inner,  the  en- 


and  in  which  each  cell  is  an  independent  spore 
with  the  power  of  germination.  Also  called  spore- 
group,  semen-multiplex,  compound  spare,  mtdtilomlar  spore, 
'cellular  spore,  pluriliicidarlpore,  septate  spore,  etc.  De  Dary. 
sporidia,  "•  Plural  of  sporidium. 

S  (spo-ri-dif'e-rus),  «.    [<  NL.  spo- 
fen-c  =  E.  bear*.']    In  bot.,  bearing 

^'ll"     sporidia.     Also  sporid iiferous.  ,„  „„ r r 

rmrln  sporidiole  (spo-rid'i-61), ».  [<NL.sp0nrt»orom.J     SpOriilar  encystment ;  any 
,  a  .ingie     jn  fto^  game  ag  Sp0rj,n0ii<m.  cellular  organism  which 

sporidiolum  (spo-ri-di'o-lum),  ».;  pi.  tporiatola 
WjJM/  (-la).     [NL.,  dim.  of  sporidium.']    In  bot.,  one 

of  "the  minute  globose  bodies  produced  upon 
slender  pedicles  by  germinating  spores  in  cer- 
tain fungi.  They  are  regarded  by  Tulasne  as 
spermatia. 

sporidium  (spo-rid'i-um),  ".;  pi.  sporidia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  anapa,  enropoc,  seed  (see  spore?),  + 
dim.  -«W.]  In  bot.:  (a)  A  name  restricted  by 
some  to  the  reproductive  organs  or  so-called 
spores  which  are  borne  upon  and  detached 


Sporocyst(spo'ro-sist),H.  [<  NL.«pora, spore,  + 
Gr.  Kvarif,  a  bag  or  pouch:  see  cyst.]  Inro67.:(a) 
The  cyst,  sac,  or  capsule  which 
is  developed  in  the  process  of 

be- 
comes encysted  and  proceeds 
to  sporulation.  (b)  A  cyst 
or  sac  containing  spores  or 
germs,  such  as  is  developed 
in  the  larval  state  of  certain 
flukes,  or  trematoid  worms,  as 
Btictplialtix ;  this  state  of  such 
worms ;  a  redia  containing  cer- 
cariee.  See  redia,  and  cuts  un- 
der cercaria,  germariuui,  and 
1'retiiatoda. 


from  a  promycelium;  by  others  also  given  to  Sp0rocystic  (spo-ro-sis'tik),  a.      A.  Ramified  spon>. 


the  spores  produced  in  asci  or  ascospores.    (») 

A  spore.     See  promycelium. 
sporiert,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  spurrier. 
sporiferous  (spo-rif'e-rus).  a.     [s  NL.  spora, 

spore,  +  L.  ferr'e  =  E'.' bear*.']     In  bot.  and  zodl. , 

bearing  or  producing  spores. 
sporification  (spo'n-n-ka'shon),  n.      [< 


NL. 


In 

(a)   Containing  spores,   as    a  magnified:  «, outer, ». 

cyst.    (6)  Contained  in  a  cyst,  SS^c.'' £S"3 

aS  SpOreS ;    encysted.      (C)  Em-  these,  more  magnified 

bryonic  and  asexual,  as  a  stage  ' 

of  a  trematoid  worm;  of  or  pertaining  to  a 

sporocyst. 


7 

Spores. 
Of    Ljcopodium 


.      . 

.  Of  Marattia 
Of    Anei 


dospore,  which  is  deli- 
cate and  consists  of  cellu 
lose,  and  an  outer,  the  exo- 


consists  of  cutin.  In  certain  plants,  as  some  alga;  and 
fungi,  spores  are  produced  which  are  for  a  time  destitute 
of  any  cell-wall.  They  are  further  peculiar  in  that  they 
are  motile,  on  which  account  they  are  called  zoosporei. 
In  the  various  divisions  of  cryptogams  the  spores  are  pro- 
duced in  many  different  ways  and  under  various  condi- 
tions. See  tecidiospore,  ascospore,  bispore,  carpotpore,  ehla- 
mydospore,  clinospore,  maerospore,  rnicrospore,  oospore,  pro- 
tospore,  pseudospore,  pycnidiospore,  stylospnre,  teleutospore, 
tetraspore,  uredotpore,  zoospore,  zygospore,  etc. 
2.  In  zool.,  the  seed  or  germ  of  an  organism, 


spora,  spore,  -t-  L.  -ficatio,  <  -ficare:  see  -fy.]  gporocyte  (spo'ro-sit),  «.  [<  NL.  spora,  spore, 
In  bot.  and  ro67.,  the  process  of  bearing  spores ;  4.  QT  Kl-irof;  a  hollow.]  In  bot.,  the  mother-cell 
production  of  spores;  spore-formation.  of  a  spore.  Goebel. 

^  -  [<tportpanw  sp0roderm  (spo 'ro- derm),  n.  [<  NL.  spora, 
spore,  +  Gr.  dfp^a,'skin.]  In  bot.,  the  covering 
or  coating  of  a  spore.  Compare  exospore. 
sporoduct  (spo'ro-dukt),  n.  [<  NL.  spora,  spore, 
+  L.  ducere,  carry:  see  duct.]  A  duct  or  pas- 
sage in  which  spores  are  lodged,  or  through 
which  they  pass. 


"•  sporiparity  (spo-ri-par'i-ti),  *        _     _ 

°£  +  -ity.]   Reproduction  by  means  of  spores ;  the 

^(xfqHiseiumarytnse.s-of  character  of  being  sporiparous.    Seesporativn, 

quaelrifolv*.    6.  Of  Sat- 


sporulation. 

sporiparous  (spo-rip'a-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  spora, 
spore,  +  L.  pare're,  produce.]  Reproducing  by 
means  of  spores  or  sporular  encystment,  as  an 
W.  S.  Kent. 


MarsiU 
vinia  natans. 
fraxinifolia. 

UtParmtlia  filiaris.  is.  Of  Par- 
melia  parietina,  13.  Of  Cera- 
ntium  purpurtum.  13.  Of  Cairo-  _  _  _  f 

chxtt t»ivin«ta.  lnf usorian ;  sporogenous.     n.  is.  Jient.  sporogen  (spo'ro-jen),  n.     [<  NL.  spora,  spore, 

ijwrer  which"  is  "thick and  rigid,  frequently  dark-colored,  spoiling  (spfir'ling),  n.    A  variant  of sparling*.     +  Gr>  .j,f^f  j  producing:  see  -gen.]     In  bot.,  a 
and  beset  externally  with  spines  or  bosses^  and  which  gpornet,  r.  and  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of     p]ant  producing  spores  instead  of  seed. 

spurn.  sporogenesis  (spo-ro-jen'e-sis), «.  [<NL.  spora, 

tporoblast  (spo'ro-blast),  n.     [<  NL.  spora,     gpore)  +  or.  -yfaeat'c,  generation:  see  genesis.'] 

spore,  +  Gr.  j&.aaT6s,  germ.]     1.  In  hot.,  Kor-     j_  The  origination  of  spores ;  spore-formation. 

bert  term  for  merapore.—  2.  The  germ  or  rudi-    _2.  Eeproduction  by  means  of  spores.    Also 

ment  of  a  spore.  sporogony. 

Sporobolus  (spo-rob'o-lus),  n.  [NL.  (R.Browii,  8p0rogenous  (spo-roj'e-nus),  a.     [<  NL.  spora, 

1810),  so  called  with  ref.  to  the  seed,  which  is    spore    +  Gr.  -y'mK,  producing:  see  -genous.] 

loose  and  readily  scattered ;  <  Gr.  airopa,  ovdpof, 

_.  , .__.  „  „  seed,  +  pdMeiv,  cast  forth.]   A  genus  of  grasses, 

of  minute  size,  and  not  of  the  morphological    of  the  tribe  Agrostidese,  type  of  the  subtribe  Spo- 
value  of  a  cell,  such  as  one  of  the  microscopic     robolex.    It  is  characterized  by  a  diffuse  or  cylindrical 
bodies  into  which  the  substance  of  many  proto-     and  spike-like^ panicle,  generally^containing^veryjiumer- 
zoans  is  resolved  in  the  process  of  reproduc- 
tion by  sporation ;  a  sporule ;  a  gemmule,  as  of 
a  sponge. —  3.  In  biol.,  an  organic  body  of  ex- 
tremely minute  size,  and  not  subject  to  ordi- 
nary classification ;  a  sporozoid  or  zo8spore ; 
a  living  germ,  as  a  seed  of  certain  diseases. — 
4.  Figuratively,  a  germ;  a  seed;  a  source  of 
being. 

The  spores  of  a  great  many  ideas  are  Hoating  about  in  rTouS>"io'metrmes"inclosed ^^  in "the'ieaf-sheaths'the  spike-  Snoroeonv  <>  j-roe'6-ni),  n.  (X 
the  atmosphere.  0.  W.  Bolmcs,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  40.  lets  lometimes  minute.  They  are  known  in  general  as  ^Te  +  GT  --  ovia  <  -rovo"  pro 
Cellular  snore,  compound  spore.  Same  as  sporfdesm.—  dropseed-grass,  some :as  rush-grass  (which  see).  •  ' 


Reproducing  or  reproduced  by  means  of  spores; 
sporiparous:  bearing  or  producing  spores. — 
Sporogenous  layer,  in  hymenomycetous  fungi,  same  as 
hymmmm . — Sporogenoua  tissue,  in  bot. ,  the  tissue  from 

»..»  «  .» -    ,  e * --  which  the  spores  are  developed, 

oils  and  Vnikllrone  flowered  spikelete,  each  with  three  sporogone  (spo'ro-gon),  n.     [<  NL.  sporogoni- 
awnless  glumes,  the  flowering  glume  equal  to  the  others     um  i     jn  Dof     game  as  sporogonium. 

sSa^tf^^ 

ma  (-a).  [<  NL.  spora,  spore,  +  Gr.  yavfi,  genera- 
tion.]' In  bot.,  the  sporocarp  in  the  Muscinese. 
It  is  the  capsule  or  "moss-fruit,"  with  its  various  appen- 
dages, being  the  whole  product  of  the  sexual  act,  and  re- 
maining attached  to,  but  not  in  organic  connection  with, 
the  plant  bearing  the  sexual  organs.  See  Mvsci,  and  cut 
under  moss. 

NL.  spora, 
see 


from  the  (, , __    ... 

carp,  unlike  that  of  most  grasses,  is  a  utricle ;  other  8] 
cies  having  the  usual  caryopsis  are  sometimes  separated  as 
a  genus  VOfa  (Beauvois,  1812).  There  are  about  80  species, 
widely  scattered  through  temperate  and  wanner  regions, 
numerous  in  America,  but  with  only  one  species,  S.  pun- 
yens,  in  Europe.  They  are  commonly  perennials,  slenderer 
sometimes  coarse,  the  leaves  flat  or  rolled,  the  panicle  va- 


Ceuular  spore,  compound  spore,  same  as  sponaem.—    «"«—  „,.-,,.  ™v,. ...-..,  - 

Cystocarplc  spore,  a  carpospore.-Helicold,  secon-  Sporocarp  (spo'ro-karp),  n.  [<  NL.  spora,  spore, 

-     _*_       __.*_,*».         fa..~   *U~   ul*juM*Ma  «*..1+41  AA»I  A.  I  n  ..  /  _         f 'A.    T  T !,„*  -.        _^l»w«,n11i>         STlfirOlfl 


dary,  etc.7  spores.  See  the  adjectives.  -  Multllocular, 
plurilocular,  or  septate  spore.  Same  as  sporidetm. 

spore-capsule  (spor'kap'sul),  ».  A  sporangi- 
um; a  spore-case. 

spore-case  (spor'kas),  «.  1.  In  bot.,  the  sporan- 
gium, or  immediate  covering  of  the  spores,  of 
cryptogams. —  2.  In  zodl.,  a  spore-capsule. 

spore-cell  (spor'sel),  «.  In  bot.,  a  spore,  or  a 
cell  which  gives  rise  to  a  spore. 

spore-formation  (sp6r'f6r-ma'/shou),  it.  In 
biol.,  the  origination  of  spores;  the  vital  pro- 


[<  NL.  spora,  spore,  + 


or  procarp  in  Fungi  and  Phodophyceat  is  a  sporocarp ;  such, 


-ist.~]  In  bot.,  a  botanist,  especially  a  lichenolo- 
gist,  who  gives  prominence  to  the  spore  as  a 

ri basis  of  classification. 

also,  is  tne  sporogonium  in  Huscinea.  The  term  is  also  sporont  (spo'ront),  «.  [<  Gr.  oxopd,  seed,  +  uv 
used  for  the  capsule-like  structure  formed  by  the  indusi-  (bvr-),  being,  ppr.  of  elvai,  be :  see  ens  and  be*.] 
0™iT10siT4^a^aandacutshr.nderT.m/™^  M^rsaSi,  A  gregarine  not  provided  with  an  epimerite,  or 
mildew,  and  moss.  proboscidiform  organ  which  attaches  the  para- 

[NL.,  <    site  to  its  host:  distinguished  from  cepkalont. 


cess  whereby  spores  are  produced,    (o)  A  kind  of  Sporocarpea  (spo-ro-kiir'pe-e),  n.  pi 


spore-group  (spdr/'grOp), 

sporidesm 


In  bot.,  same  as 


acterized  by  the  production  of  sporocarps.  See 
cut  under  ascus. 


spore-plasm  (spor'plazm), ».  In  bo  t.,  the  pro  to-  sporocarpium  (spo-ro-kar'pi-um),  «.;  pi.  sporo- 
plasm  of  a  sporangium  that  is  devoted  to  the  carpia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  spora,  spore,  +  Gr.  napvAf, 
formation  of  spores.  fruit.]  In  bot.,  a  sporocarp. 

sporert,  »'.  A  Middle  English  form  of  spurrier.  Sporochnaceae  (spo-rok-na  se-e),n.pl.  [<  Spa- 
te (spor'sak),  ».  In  bot.,  in  mosses,  the  rochnus  +  -aceee.]  An  order  of  olive-colored 


spore-sac 

sac  lining  the  cavity  of  the  sporangium,  which 

contains  the  spores. 
sporget.    A  Middle  English  form  of  spurge^  and 

spurge^. 
sporid  (spor'id), «.   [<  NL.  «por»(f!M»i.]  In  bot., 

a  sporidium. 


seaweeds,  of  the  class  Phseosporese,  taking  its 


cells.  The  various  forms  are  further  distin- 
guished as  gonidiophore,  sporangiophore,  asco- 
pkore,  etc.  (c)  In  Archegoniateee,  a  sporophyte. 
Also  called  enearpium.  —  Compound  sporophore, 
a  sporophore  formed  by  the  cohesion  of  the  ramifications 
of  separate  hyphal  branches.— Filamentous  sporo- 
phore. Same  as  simple  sporophore.—  Simple  sporo- 
phore, a  sporophore  consisting  of  a  single  hypha,  or 
branch  of  a  hypha. 


name  from  the  genus  Sporochnus.   The  fronds  are  sporophoric'  (spo-ro-for'ik),  a.      [<  sporophore 
cylindrical  or  tubular,  branching,  and  composed  within      +  -jc.]     Having  the  character  of  a  sporophore. 


spofidesm_(spor'i-dezm),   ».     [<  NL.  spora,  Sporochnus  (spo-rok'nus),  «. 

In      '         '     ' 


of  elongated  cuboidal  cells,  which  become  smaller  and  spor0phorOUS  (spo-rof  6-rus),  a.  [As  SporopJtore 
roundish  at  the  surface  ;  the  fructification  is  in  external  °  1"T"£>  \  V.   r-\V(LMJi  v,ei    ' 

scattered  sori.    The  order  contains  4  or  5  genera  and      +   -OUS.\     In   bot. .  (a)  bpore-Dei 

or  pertaining  to  the  sporophore. 


In  bot.:  (a)  Spore-bearing.    (6)   Of 

about  2fi  species.  or  pertaining  to  the  sporophore. 

Sporochnus  (spo-rok'nus),  «.     [NL.  (Agardh,  sporophyas  (spo-rof'i-as), «.    [NL.  (A.  Braun), 

spore,  +  Gr.  '660/0;,  a  bundle.]    In  bot.,  a  pluri-     1844),  <  Gr.  airopa,  seed,  +  ^voof,  ^voif,  down,     <  spora,  spore,  +  Gr.  fivtv,  produce.]     Same  as 
cellular  body  which  becomes  free  like  a  spore,     bloom.]     A  genus  of  olive-colored  inarticulate     xporopliydium. 


sporophydium 

Sporophydium  (spo-ro-fid'i-um),  «.;  pi.  .s 
lilHjiliit  (-a).  [NL.  (T.  F.  Allen,  1888),  <  * 
spore,  +  Gr.  Qvtiv,  produce,  +  -ifiiav,  dim.  suf- 
fix.] In  hot.,  in  the  Characex,  a  term  applied 
to  the  whole  fruit,  including  the  spore  proper, 
its  basal  cell,  and  the  enveloping  cells,  it  is  the 
same,  or  nearly  the  same,  :is  the  ant/ieridium  of  Sachs  and 
Goebel,  the  sporaphtjas  of  Bnuui,  the  "enveloped  oono. 
nium  "  of  Celakowsky,  and  the  sporangium  of  authors  in 
general.  Sec  spermocarp. 

sporophyl,  sporophyll  (spo'ro-fil),  n.  [<  NL. 
sporophyMtm,(  spora,  spore,  +  Gr.  $i>//.ov,  a  leaf.] 
In  hot.,  the  leaf  or  leaf-like  organ  which  bears 
the  spores,  or  receptacles  containing  the  spores, 
in  many  of  the  vascular  cryptogams,  it  is  usually 

more  or  less  modified  and  unlike  the  normal  leaves,  as  in 
the  spikes  of  LycopoMum,  Selayinella,  OjpMogiomtm,  etc. 
See  cuts  under  these  words,  also  under  Osinunda,  poly- 
pody, and  sorus. 

sporpphyte  (spd'rfi-flt).  «.  [<  NL.  si><mt,  spore, 
+  Gr.  QVTOV,  plant.]  In  bot.,  the  segment  or 
stage  of  the  life-cycle  of  the  higher  cryptogams 
(Pteridophyta,  Bryophyta)  in  which  the  non-sex- 
ual organs  of  reproduction  are  borne,  it  is  a  stage 
in  what  has  been  called  the  alternation  of  generations,  and 
is  the  fern-plant,  cluh-moss  plant,  etc.,  of  popular  lan- 
guage. Itbearsthesporesincountlessnumbers.  Bysome 
authors  the  word  spitrophore  is  used  for  sporophyte.  Com- 
pare oijphijte  and  oophore.  See  Mu&ri. 

sporophytic  (spo-ro-fit'ik),  a.  [<  sporopliyte 
+  -ic.]  In  bot.,  belonging  to,  resembling,  or 
characteristic  of  a  sporophyte. 

sporosac  (spo'ro-sak),  »i.  [<  NL.  spora,  spore,  + 
L.  saccus,  sack:  see  sack*.]  1.  In  Hydrozoa, 
a  degenerate  medusiform  person;  one  of  the 
simple  generative  buds  or  gonophores  of  cer- 
tain hyclrozoans  in  which  the  medusoid  struc- 
ture is  not  developed.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  554. 
— 2.  In  Vermes,  a  sporocyst  or  redia.  See  spo- 
rocyst  (l>). 

sporostegium  (spo-ro-ste'ji-um),  ».;  pi.  sporo- 
stegia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  spora,  spore,  +  Gr.  rsrkyeiv, 
cover,  roof.]  In  bot.,  in  the  Characex,  the  char- 
acteristic spirally  twisted  or  furrowed  shell  of 
the  oospore.  It  is  thick  and  hard,  usually  black  or 
brown  in  color,  and  consists  of  five  cells  which  arise  from 
the  base  of  the  spore.  It  is  the  so-called  Chara-fruit. 

sporous  (spo'rus),  a.  [<  spore?  +  -CMS.]  In  hot., 
of  or  pertaining  to  a  spore. 

Sporozoa  (spo-ro-zo'a),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airopd, 
seed,  +  £yov,  an  animal.]  1.  Mouthless  para- 
sitic corticate  protozoans,  a  class  of  Protozoa, 
synonymous  with  Gregarinida,  but  more  com- 
prehensive, including  many  organisms  not  or- 
dinarily classed  with  the  gregarines.  They  are 
parasitic,  and  occur  in  almost  all  animals.  Most  are  veiy 
minute,  but  some  attain  the  largest  size  by  far  known 
among  protozoans.  The  Sporozoa  have  been  divided  into 
four  subclasses,  Gregarinidea,  Coccidiidea,  Myxosporidia, 
and  Sarcocystidia.  Also  called  Cytozoa, 

2.  [?.  c.]     Plural  of  sporozoon. 
sporozoan  (spo-ro-zo'an),  a.  and  n.     [^(.Sporo- 
zoa +  -an.']   1.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  the 
Sporozoa;  pertaining  to  the  Sporozoa. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Sporozoa. 

sporozoic  (spo-ro-zo'ik),  a.  [<  Sporozoa  +  -ic.~\ 
Same  as  sporozoan. 

sporozooid  (sp6-ro-zo'oid),  n.  [<  Gr.  mrApof, 
seed,  +  zooid.]  In  biol.,  a  zoospore. 

sporozoon  (spo-ro-zo'on),  n. ;  pi.  sporozoa  (-&). 
[NL.:  see  Sporozoa.']    An  in- 
dividual of  the  Sporozoa;  a 
sporozoan. 

sporran  (spor'an),  «.  [<  Gael. 
sporan  =  Ir.  sparan,  a  purse,. 
pouch.]  In  Highland  costume, 
the  purse  hanging  down  from 
the  belt  in  front  of  the  kilt. 
It  is  commonly  of  fur.  In  its  present 
form,  as  a  large  and  showy  adjunct  to 
the  dress,  it  is  not  very  old.  See  also 
cut  under  purse. 

sport  (sport),  v.  [<  ME.  sport- 
en;  by  apheresis  from  dis- 
port.] I.  trans.  1.  To  amuse; 
divert;  entertain;  make  mer- 
ry: Commonly  with  a  reflexive  Sporran  of  the  modern 

object. 

Ffor  to  sport  hytn  a  space,  &  speike  with  tho  kynges. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7809. 

I  shall  sport  myself  with  their  passions  above  measure. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v  3. 

2f.  To  represent  by  any  kind  of  play. 

Now  sporting  on  thy  lyre  the  loves  of  youth. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires,  vi.  9. 

3.  To  display  sportively  or  with  ostentation ; 
show  off ;  show ;  exhibit. 

By-aiid-by,  Captain  Brown  sported  a  hit  of  literature. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Cranford,  i. 

A  man  .  .  .  must  sport  an  opinion  when  he  really  had 
none  to  give.  J.  H.  Newman. 

4.  To  spend  in  display.     [Australia.] 

368 


I  took  him  for  a  flash  overseer  sporting  his  salary,  and  I 
was  as  thick  as  you  like  with  him. 

//.  Kinydey,  fieolfry  Hninlyit,  xxxi. 

5.  To  cause  to  sport,  or  vary  from  the  normal 
type.  Dawson,  Geol.  Hist,  of  Hants,  p.  i~>8.— 
To  Sport  Offt,  to  utter  sportively ;  throw  olf  with  easy 
and  playful  copiousness. 

lie  thus  sports  off  a  dozen  epigrams.  Addisnn. 

To  sport  one's  oak.    Sec  oak.  — to  sport  one's  door. 

Same  as  to  sport  one's  oak. 

Stop  that,  till  I  see  whether  the  door  is  sported. 

Kinydc}/,  Alton  Locke,  xiii. 

II.  intraiis.   1.  To  divert  one's  self;   play; 
frolic;  take  part  in  games  or  other  pastimes; 
specifically,  to  practise  (ield-sports. 
If  you  come  to  another  mans  house 
To  sport  and  to  playe. 

Bailees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  83. 
If  all  the  year  were  playing  holidays, 
To  sport  would  be  as  tedious  as  to  work. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  I V.,  i.  2.  229. 

2.  To  jest;  speak  or  act  jestingly;  trifle. 

He  was  careful!  lest  his  tongue  should  any  way  digresse 
from  truth,  eilen  when  he  most  sported. 

Heywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  294. 

3.  In  zool.  and  lot.,  to  become  a  sport;  pro- 
duce a  sport;  vary  from  normal  structure  in 
a  singular  spontaneous  manner,  as  an  animal 
or  a  plant.     See  sport,  n.,8. 

sport  (sport),  ».     [<  ME.  sport,  spoort,  sporte; 
by  apheresis  from  disport.]     1.  Amusement; 
enjoyment;  entertainment;  diversion;  fun. 
Whan  they  had  take  hyr  sporte  in  halle, 
The  kyng  to  counselle  gan  hyr  calle. 
Ipomydon  (Weber's  Metr.  Romances,  II.  303),  1.  601. 
For  'tis  the  sport  to  have  the  enginer 
Hoist  with  his  own  petar. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  206. 

2.  A  mode  of  amusement;   a  playful  act  or 
proceeding;  a  pastime;  a  merrymaking ;  a  play, 
game,  or  other  form  of  diversion. 

What  man  that  I  wrastele  with,  .  .  . 
I  jeve  him  suche  a  trepett,  he  xal  evyr  more  ly  stillc,  ffor 
deth  kan  no  sporte. 

Coventry  Plays  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  185. 

Devote  old  age 
To  sports  which  only  childhood  could  excuse. 

Covrper,  Task,  ii.  638. 

Specifically  —  (a)  A  dramatic  or  spectacular  performance. 
The  shallowest  thick-skin  of  that  barren  sort, 
Who  Pyramus  presented,  in  their  sport 
Forsook  his  scene  and  enter'd  in  a  brake. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2.  14. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century  the  May  sports  in 
vogue  were,  besides  a  contest  of  archery,  four  pageants, 
—  the  Kingham,  or  election  of  a  Lord  and  Lady  of  the 
May,  otherwise  called  Summer  King  and  Queen,  the  Mor- 
ris Dance,  the  Hobby  Horse,  and  the  "Robin  Hood." 

Child's  Ballads,  V.,  Int.,  p.  xxvii. 

(6)  Any  out-of-door  pastime,  such  as  hunting,  fishing,  ra- 
cing, or  the  various  forms  of  athletic  contests. 

Horse  and  chariots  let  us  have, 
And  to  our  sport.  Madam,  now  shall  ye  see 
Our  Roman  hunting.  Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  2.  19. 

3.  Jest,  as  opposed  to  earnest;  mere  pleasantry. 

In  a  merry  sport 
.  .  .  let  the  forfeit 
Be  nominated  for  an  equal  pound 
Of  your  fair  flesh.       Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3.  146. 

Earnest  wed  with  sport.  Tennyson,  Day-Dream,  Epil. 
4f.  Amorous  dallying;  wantonness.  Shak., 
Othello,  ii.  1.  230.— 5.  A  plaything;  a  toy. 

Commit  not  thy  prophetick  mind 
To  flitting  leaves,  the  sport  of  every  wind, 
Lest  they  disperse  in  air  our  empty  fate. 

Dryden,  Jineid.vi.  117. 

6.  A  subject  of  amusement,  mirth,  or  derision ; 
especially,  a  mock ;  a  laughing-stock. 

Of  slouth,  there  is  no  man  ashamed,  but  we  take  it  as  for 
a  laughynge  matter  and  a  sporte. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  102. 
They  made  a  sport  of  his  prophets.  1  Esd.  i.  61. 

7.  Play;  idle  jingle. 

An  author  who  should  introduce  such  a  sport  of  words 
upon  the  stage  even  in  the  comedy  of  our  days  would 
meet  with  small  applause. 

W.  Broome,  Notes  on  Pope's  Odyssey,  ix.  432. 

8.  In  goal,  and  bot.,  an  animal  or  a  plant,  or 
any  part  of  one,  that  varies  suddenly  or  singu- 
larly from  the  normal  type  of  structure,  and  is 
usually  of  transient  character,  or  not  perpetu- 
ated.   A  sport  is  generally  an  individual  variation  of  ap- 
parently spontaneous  origin.  The  difference  from  the  nor- 
mal type  is  usually  slight,  but  may  be  quite  marked ;  in 
either  case  its  tendency  is  to  disappear  with  the  indi- 
vidual in  which  it  arises,  though  some  sports  repeat  them- 
selves, or  may  be  preserved  by  careful  selection.    If  per- 
petuated, it  becomes  a  strain,  breed,  or  variety.    Sports  are 
observed  chiefly  among  domesticated  animals  and  culti- 
vated plants.    Many  of  the  beautiful  or  curious  hothouse- 
flowers  are  mere  sports,  that  are  produced  by  high  culti- 
vation, crossing,  or  accident,  and  some  valued  breeds  of 
domestic  animals  have  arisen  in  like  manner.    Monstrous 
characters  are  sometimes  acquired,but  mere  monstrosities 


sportive 

or  malformations  arc  not  usually  called  sport*.     Compare 
mmtaautty,  -2  («),  and  freak  of  nature  (under  freak"). 
9.  A  sporting  man;  one  who  is  interested  in 
open-air  sports  ;  hence,  in  a  bad  sense,  abetting 
man;  a  gambler;  a  blackleg.     [Colloq.] 

"The  sports,"  by  which  is  meant  those  who  like  fast 
living.  Contemporary  Ret.,  LI  II.  22x. 

In  sport,  In  jest:  in  play;  jesting.-To  make  sport  of 

or  (formerly)  at,  to  laugh  at  ;  mock  at  ;  deride. 

It  were  not  good 
She  knew  his  love,  lest  she  make  sport  at  it. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1.  r,s. 

=  Svn.  1.  Recreation,  hilarity,  mcniment,  mirth,  jollity, 

^ainboling.  —  2.  Frolic,  prank. 
Sportability  (spor-ta-bil'i-ti),  ii.    [<  xjiort/ible  + 

-itji  (see  -biHty).]  Frolicsoraeness;  playfulness. 

Clinic.  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  82.    [Rare.] 
spqrtable  (spor'ta-bl),  a.      [<  sport  +  -able.] 

Mirthful;  playful;  frolicsome.  Sterne,  Tristram 

Shandy,  ix.  6.     [Rare.] 
sportalt  (spor'tal),  a.     [<  sport  +  -<t).]    Of  or 

pertainiugto  sports;  used  in  sports  :  as,  "sportal 

arms,"  Dnjilcn.     [Rare.] 
sportancet  (spor'tans),  ».     [<  sport  +  -ance.] 

Sporting;  merrymaking.     Peelc,  Arraignment 

of  Paris,  i.  3. 
sporter  (spor'ter),  n.     [<  sport  +  -erl.]     Oue 

who  or  that  which  sports,  in  any  sense  of  the 

verb.     Goldsmith. 
sportful  (sport'ful),  a.     [<  sport  +  -fill.]     1. 

Frolicsome;  playful;  mirthful;  merry. 

Down  he  alights  among  the  sportful  herd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  396. 
2f.  Amorous;  wanton. 

Let  Kate  be  chaste  and  Dian  sportful. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  il.  1.  263. 

3.  Tending  to  or  causing  mirth  ;  amusing;  gay; 
also,  designed  for  amusement  only  ;  jesting  ; 
not  serious. 

Though  't  he  a  sportful  combat, 
Yet  in  the  trial  much  opinion  dwells. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  3.  335. 

sportfully  (sport'fiil-i),  adv.   In  a  sportful  man- 

ner;   playfully;   sportively;    in  jest.     Sir   P. 

Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 
sportfulness  (sport'ful-nes),  «.     The  state  of 

being  sportful.    Donne,  Letters,  To  Sir  Henry 

Goodyere,  xxvii. 
sporting  (spor'ting),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  sport,  v.] 

1.  A  sport;  a  game;  specifically,  participation 
in  horse-racing,  sports  of  the  field,  etc.  ;  sports 
collectively,  with  all  the  interests  involved  in 
them. 

When  that  these  pleasant  sporting*  quite  were  done, 

The  marquess  a  messenger  sent 
For  his  young  (laughter  and  his  pretty  smiling  son. 

Patient  Grissel  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  211). 

2.  In  zool.  and  bot.,  spontaneous  origination  of 
new  and  singular  characters;  the  appearance 
of  a  sport,  or  the  assumption  of  that  character 
by  an  individual  animal  or  plant.     See  sport, 
v.  i.,  3,  and  ».,  8. 

sporting  (spor  '  ting),  p.  a.  1.  Engaging  or 
concerned  in  sport  or  diversion  ;  specifically, 
interested  in  or  practising  field-sports:  as,  a 
sporting  man.  See  sport,  n.,  9. 

The  most  famous  sporting  man  of  his  time  was  Tregon- 
well  Frampton,  Esq.,  of  Moreton,  Dorsetshire,  "The  Father 
of  the  Turf,"  who  was  keeper  of  her  Majesty's  running 
horses  at  Newmarket, 

J.  Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  306. 

2.  In  bot.  and  zool.,  assuming  the  character  of 

a  sport.    See  sport,  ».,  S.   Darwin,  Var.  of  Ani- 

mals and  Plants,  p.  413  —  Sporting  rifle.  Seen/fe2. 
sporting-book  (spor'ting-buk),  «.    A  book  in 

which  bets,  etc.,  are  recorded. 
sporting-house  (spor'ting-hous),  n.     A  house 

frequented  by  sportsmen,  betting  men,  gam- 

blers, and  the  like. 
sportingly  (sppr'ting-li),  adv.    In  a  sportive 

manner;  sportively;  in  jest.  Hammond,  Works, 

I.  193. 
sportive  (spor'tiv),  a.     [<  sport,  +  -ive.]     1. 

Inclined  toward  sport;  fond  of  sport  or  amuse- 

ment; frolicsome;  playful. 

Is  it  I 
That  drive  thee  from  the  sportive  court? 

.,  All's  Well,  iii.  2.  109. 


2.  Connected  with  amusement  or  sports;  char- 
acterized by  sport,  mirth,  or  pleasantry. 

I  am  not  in  a  sportive  humour  now. 

Shak.,C.  of  E.,  i.z.  5S. 

As  from  the  sportive  Field  she  goes, 
His  down-cast  Eye  reveals  his  inward  Woes. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma. 
3f.  Amorous;  wanton. 

Why  should  others'  false  adulterate  eyes 
Give  salutation  to  my  sportive  blood? 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxxi. 


sportive 

4.  In  lint,  and  Miil.,  tending  to  vary  from  the 
normal  type.  See  sport,  n.,  8.  Jttinriii,  Var.  of 
Animals  and  Plants,  p.  407.=Syn.  1.  Jocose,  jocu- 
lar, facetious,  gamesome,  prankish. 

sportively  (spor'tiv-li),  adr.  In  a  sportive  or 
playful  manner.  Drayton,  Duke  of  Suffolk  to 
the  French  Queen. 

sportiveness  (spor'tiv-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  sportive ;  disposition  to  mirth ;  playful- 
ness; mirth;  gaiety;  frolicsomeness:  as,  the 
sportiveness  of  one's  humor.  /.  Walton,  Com- 
plete Angler. 

sportless  (sport'les),  «.  [<  sport  +  -less.'] 
Without  sport  or  mirth ;  joyless.  P.  Fletcher, 
Piscatory  Eclogues,  vii.  1. 

sportling  (sport'ling),  «.     [<  sport  +  -/iw;/1.] 

1.  A  light  or  playful  sport;  a  frolic. 

The  shepherd's  boys  with  hundred  sparUiiujs  light 
Gave  wings  unto  the  time's  too  speedy  haste. 

Britain's  Ida,  i.  1.    (Mason's  Supp.  to  Johnson.) 

2.  A  playful  little  creature. 

When  again  the  lambkins  play, 
Pretty  sportlings .'  full  of  May. 

A.  Philips,  Ode  to  Miss  Carteret. 

[Bare  in  both  uses.] 

SpOrtsman(sp6rts'man),  n.;p\.sportsme>i(-men). 
[<  sport's,  poss.  of  sport,  +  man.'}  1.  A  man 
who  sports  ;  specifically,  a  man  who  practises 
field-sports,  especially  hunting  or  fishing,  usu- 
ally for  pleasure  and  in  a  legitimate  manner. 

The  pointer  ranges,  and  the  sportsman  beats 
In  russet  jacket ;  —  lynx-like  Is  his  aim ; 
Full  grows  his  bag.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  75. 

2.  One  who  bets  or  is  otherwise  interested  in 
field-sports,  especially  racing ;  a  sporting  man. 

It  was  pleasant  to  be  called  a  gentleman  sportsman  — 
also  to  have  a  chance  of  drawing  a  favourite  horse. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Eugby,  i.  8. 

sportsmanlike  (sports'  man  -Ilk),  a.  Having 
the  characteristics  of  sportsmen ;  fond  of  field- 
sports;  also,  characteristic  of  or  befitting  a 
sportsman;  hence,  legitimate  from  the  point 
of  view  of  a  sportsman. 

sportsmanly  ( sports 'man-li,, «.  [<  sportsman 
+  -ly1.]  Same  as  sportsmanlike. 

sportsmanship  (sports'man-ship),  n.  [<  sports- 
nuin  +  -ship.}  The  practice  or  art  of  sports- 
men ;  skill  in  field-sports. 

sportswoman  (sports'wum*'an),  w.;  pi.  sports- 
women (-wim^en).  A  woman  who  engages  in 
or  is  interested  in  field-sports.  [Rare.] 

sportularyt  (spor'tu-la-ri),  a.  [<  spot-title  + 
-(try.]  Subsisting  on  alms  or  charitable  con- 
tributions. Sp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience, 
iii.  7. 

sportulet  (spor'tul),  «.  [<  L.  sportula,  a  little 
basket,  esp.  one  in  which  food  or  money  was 
given  to  a  great  man's  clients,  a  present,  dim. 
of  sporta,  a  plaited  basket.]  An  alms ;  a  dole ; 
a  gift  or  contribution. 

The  bishops  who  consecrated  the  ground  had  a  spill  or 
sportule  from  the  credulous  laity.  Ayli/e,  Parergon. 

sporular  (spor'o-lar),  a.  [<  sporute  +  -«)-3.] 
Having  the  character  of  a  sporule ;  pertaining 
to  a  sporule  ;  sporoid ;  sporuloid ;  also,  swarm- 
ing like  a  mass  of  spores. 

sporulate  (spor'p-lat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sporu- 
lated,  ppr.  sporulating.  [<  sporule  +  -ate2.] 
I.  intrans.  To  form  spores. 

II.    trans.   To  convert  into  spores.    Encuc. 
Brit.,  XIX.  854. 

sporulation  (spor-ij-la'shon),  n.  [<  sporulate 
+  -ion.]  Formation  of  or  conversion  into 
spores  or  sporules ;  sporation. 

sporule  (spor'61), «.  [<  NL.  sporula,  dim.  of 
sptira,  spore  :  seesporA]  A  spore ;  sometimes, 
a  small  spore. 

sporuliferous  (spor-o-lif ' e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  spo- 
rula +  L.  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]  In  hot.,  bearing 
sporules. 

sporuloid  (spor'o-loid),  a.  [<  sftorule  +  -aid.] 
Resembling  a  sporule;  sporular. 

sposh  (sposh),  H.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  splosii  for 
splash,  like  sputter  for  splutter.  The  resem- 
blance to  slosh,  slnsh,  is  merely  accidental.] 
Slush,  or  something  resembling  it;  splosh. 
[Local,  U.  S.] 

sposhy(sposh'i),  «.  [<sposh  +-»/!.]  Soft  and 
watery;  sploshy.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

There  's  a  sight  o'  difference  between  good  upland  fruit 
and  the  sposky  apples  that  grows  in  wet  ground. 

S.  0.  Jewett,  A  Country  Doctor,  p.  22. 

spot  (spot),  11.  [<  ME.  spot,  spotte  =  OFlem 
spotte,  a  spot;  cf.  D.  spat,  a  speck  (see  epafl), 
Dan.  spiette,  a  spot ;  these  forms  are  appar.  con- 
nected with  Icel.  spotti,  spottr,  Sw.  gpott,  spit- 
tle, and  so  with  E.  */>«2;  but  ME.  spot  maybe 


5858 


ill  part  a  var.  of  xplut,  <  AS.  »/>li>l,  >i  spot:  see 
splnt.  The  D.  spot  =  OHG.  MUG.  np,it,  (.!.  «//..» 
=  Icel.  Sw.  spott,  Dan.  .yjoi,  mockery,  drri:  ion. 
is  not  related.]  1.  A  stain  made  by  foreign 
matter;  a  blot:  a  speck. 

Thi  best  cote.  Hnukyn, 
Hath  many  moles  and  spottes,  it  moste  ben  yn-asshe. 

1'iers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  315. 

Out,  damned  spot .'  out,  I  say  !    Shalt. ,  Macbeth,  v.  1.  39. 

2.  A  blemish;  a  flaw;  a  fault;  especially,  a 
stain  upon  moral  purity. 

Alsno  is  the  spot  of  lecherie  more  uouler  and  more  peri 

lous  ine  clerkes  and  ine  prelas  thanne  ine  leawede  uolke. 

Ayenbite  of  Imnyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  237. 

Sublimely  mild,  a  spirit  without  spot. 

Shelley,  Adonals,  st.  45. 

3.  A  bit  of  surface  differing  in  some  way  from 
the  rest,  as  in  color,  material,  or  finish ;  a  dot ; 
a  small  mark.     Specifically  -  (at)  A  patch;  a  beauty- 
spot. 

I  was  sorry  to  see  my  Lady  Castlemaine ;  for  the  mourn- 
ing forcing  all  the  ladles  to  go  in  black,  with  their  hair 
plain  and  without  spots,  I  find  her  to  be  a  much  more  or- 
dinary woman  than  ever  I  durst  have  thought  she  was. 

Pepys,  Diary,  April  21,  1660. 

(b)  A  pustule  or  other  eruptive  mark,  as  in  a  rash,  (c)  One 
of  the  pips  on  a  playing-card :  hence,  in  composition  with 
a  numeral,  the  card  having  pips  to  the  number  expressed  : 
as,  to  play  a  ten-spot,  (d)  One  of  two  marked  points  on 
a  billiard-table,  on  which  balls  are  placed,  or  from  which 
they  are  to  be  played,  (e)  A  dark  place  on  the  disk  or 
face  of  the  sun  or  of  a  planet.  See  sun-spot.  (/)  In  zodl., 
a  color-mark  of  rounded  or  indeterminate  form,  but  not 
very  long  for  its  width,  and  thus  not  forming  a  streak 
or  stripe ;  a  blotch ;  a  macula :  usually  said  of  markings 
larger  than  those  called  dots  or  points.  An  eyed  spot  forms 
an  ocellus  (which  see). 

4.  A  small  extent  of  space;  a  particular  local- 
ity ;  a  place ;  a  site. —  5.  A  piece ;  a  bit ;  hence, 
something  very  minute ;  a  particle ;  an  atom. 

This  earth,  a  spot,  a  grain, 
An  atom,  with  the  firmament  compared. 

Stilton,  P.  L.,  vill.  17. 

6.  A  breed  of  domestic  pigeons  having  a  spot 
on  the  head  above  the  beak. —  7.  (a )  A  scitenoid 
fish,  Liostomus  xanthurus  (obliquus),  also  called 
goody,  lafayette,  oldwife,  and  pig-fish.  See  cut 
under  lafayette.  (b)  The  southern  redfish  or 
drum,  Scixnops  ocellatus.  See  cut  under  redfish. 
— 8.  A  small  fishing-ground.— Acoustic  spot.  See 
macula  acitstica,  under  macula. — Black-spot.  See  black. 
—Blind spot.  See blindi.— Compound  ocellated  spot 
See  compound!.— Confluent,  discal,  distinct,  ermine 
spots.  See  the  qualifying  words.— Crescent  spot,  iti 
entom.,  a  butterfly  of  the  genus  Mtlitaa  and  some  related 
forms,  having  crescentic  white  spots  on  the  edges  of  the 
wings.— Embryonal  spot.  S&me&sgerminalspot.—  Eyed 
spot,  an  ocellus.— Geminate,  germinal,  obliterate 
spot.  See  the  adjectives.— On  the  spot,  (a)  Without 
change  of  place ;  before  moving ;  at  once ;  immediately. 

Treasury  Department,  Jan.  29,  1881.  .  .  .  If  any  one  at- 
tempts to  haul  down  the  American  flag,  shoot  him  on  the 
spot.  John  A.  Dix  (Memoirs,  by  Morgan  Dix,  I.  870). 

(b)  At  the  precise  place  and  time  ;  at  the  place  and  time  at 
which  something  specified  occurred :  as,  a  picture  of  a  skir- 
mish made  on  the  spot.— Orbicular  spot.  See  orbicular. 
"Receptive,  reniform,  sagittate  spot.  See  the 
adjectives. — Sieve-like  spot.  See  macula  cribrosa,  under 
macula.—  Solar  spots.  See  sun-spnt.—  Sommering's 
spot,  the  macula  lutea,  or  yellow  spot  of  the  eye.  — Spot 
of  Wagner.  See  nucleolus,  1.— To  knock  spots  out  of. 
See  knock.—  Yellow  spot  of  the  eye.  See  macula  lutea, 
under  macula. 

spot  (spot),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spotted,  ppr.  spot- 
ting. [<ME.spo«e»(=OFlem.spotten);  <  spot, 
n.  Cf.  spat1*,  spatter.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  a 
spot  on ;  blot ;  stain ;  discolor  or  defile  in  a  spot 
or  spots. 

He  that  meddleth  with  pitch  is  like  to  be  spotted  with 
it.  Latimer,  5th  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

With  rust  his  armor  bright  was  spotted  o'er. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  84. 

2.  To  mar  the  perfection  or  moral  purity  of; 
blemish;  tarnish;  stilly. 

Spotted  with  the  stain  of  unlawful  or  indirect  procure- 
ment Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  79. 

3.  To  mark  or  cover  with  spots ;  mark  in  spots ; 
dot. 

A  handkerchief 
Spotted  with  strawberries. 

Shale.,  Othello,  III.  3.  435. 

The  surface  of  the  water  was  spotted  with  rings  where 
the  trout  were  rising.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  75. 

Specifically — 4f.  To  put  a  patch  or  patches  on 
(the  face)  by  way  of  ornament. 
Faces  spotted  after  the  Whiggish  manner. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  81. 

5.  To  mark  as  with  a  spot;  especially,  to  note 
as  of  suspicious  or  doubtful  character.  Tuft's 
Glossary  of  I/neves'  Jargon  (1798).  [Thieves' 
slang.] 

At  length  he  became  spotted.  The  police  got  to  know 
him,  and  he  was  apprehended,  tried,  and  convicted. 

Mayheu;  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  484. 


spotted 

6.  To  note  or  recognize  by  soim-  peculiarity; 
catch  with  the  eye;  detect;  come  upon;   liinl 
out.     [Slang.] 

The  Widow  Leech  .  .  .  rang  three  times  with  long  inter- 
vals. —  but  all  in  vain  :  the  inside  Widow  having  spottedttlv 
outside  one  through  the  blinds. 

0.  IT.  Holmes,  Elsie  Venner,  xxi. 

7.  In  horse-racing,  to  indicate,  give  a  hint  as 
to,  or  name :  as,  to  xjmt  the  winner  of  a  future 
race. —  8.  To  place  upon  a  spot;  specifically,  in 
billianls,  to  place  (a  ball)  on  one  of  the  spots 
or  marks  on  the  table — To  spot  timber,  to  cut  or 
chip  it,  in  preparation  for  hewing. 

II.  i iitra us.  1.  To  make  a  spot ;  cause  a  stain, 
discoloration,  or  shadow. —  2.  To  be  subject  to 
spots ;  be  easily  spotted :  as,  a  fabric  that  spots 
when  exposed  to  damp. 

spot-ball  (spot'bal),  H.  In  billiard*:  (a)  The 
ball  which  belongs  on  the  spot.  (6)  That  one 
of  the  two  white  balls  which  is  distinguished 
by  a  black  spot;  the  "black"  ball, 
spot-lens  (spot'lenz),  ».  In  microscopy,  a  plano- 
convex lens  used  in  the  place  of  an  ordinary 
condenser.  It  has  a  central  stop  on  the  plane  side 
toward  the  object,  and  since  the  rays  which  pass  through 
the  annular  portion  converge,  too  strongly  to  enter  the 
objective,  the  transparent  or  translucent  object  under  ex- 
amination appears  to  be  self-luminous  surrounded  by  a 
dark  background. 

spotless  (spot'les),  a.  [<  ME.  spottes,  <  spot  + 
-less.]  1.  Free  from  spots,  foul  matter,  or  dis- 
coloration. 

Otspotlez  perlez  tha(y)  beren  the  creste. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  856. 
This  palliament  of  white  and  spotless  hue. 

Shale.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1.  182. 

2.  Free  from  blemish,  fault,  or  reproach ;  im- 
maculate; pure. 

My  true  service  .  .  . 
May  so  approve  my  spotless  loyalty. 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 

3.  Guiltless;  innocent:  followed  by  of.  [Rare.] 

You  fight  for  her,  as  spotless  of  these  mischiefs 
As  Heaven  is  of  our  sins,  or  truth  of  errors. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  U.  5. 
=  Syn.  Unspotted,  blameless,  unblemished,  irreproach- 
able, untainted,  untarnished. 

spotlessly  (spot'les-li),  adr.  In  a  spotless  man- 
ner; without  spot,  stain,  or  blemish. 

spotlessness  (spot'les-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  spotless;  freedom  from  spot, 
stain,  or  blemish.  Donne,  Devotions. 

spotneck  (spot'nek),  w.  The  Hudsonian  cur- 
lew, Xumenius  hudsonicus.  [Local,  New  Eng.] 

spotrump  (spot 'rump),  n.  The  Hudsonian 
godwit,  Limosa  hsemastica.  Also  whitermnp. 
G.  Trumbttll.  [Massachusetts.] 

spot-Stitch  (spot'stich),  n.  In  crochet-work,  a 
stitch  by  means  of  which  raised  rounded  figures 
are  produced  at  equal  intervals,  forming  a  kind 
of  pattern. 

spotted  (spot'ed), p.  a.  [<  ME.  spotted;  <  spot 
+  -erf2.]  1.  Marked  with  a  spot  or  spots; 
dotted  or  sprinkled  with  spots:  as,  the  spotted 
leopard. —  2.  Distributed  in  separate  places  or 
spots:  said  of  a  mineral  vein  when  the  ore 
which  it  carries  is  very  irregularly  distributed 
through  the  workings—Black  and  spotted  heath- 
cockt.the  Canada  grouse.— Dusky  and  spotted  duck. 
See  dwc*2. — Spotted  adder.  See  Oligodontidee.  -  Spotted 
alder,  the  wych-hazel.— Spotted  axis.  See  ax&,  i.— 
Spotted  cat,  any  one  of  the  larger  felines  which  is  spotted 
(not  striped  as  the  tiger,  nor  plain  as  the  lion).  See  cuts 
under  chetah,  jaguar,  leopard,  ocelut,  otmce,  panther,  and 
tenal.— Spotted  comfrey.  See  Pulmonariai.—  Spotted 
cowbane,  eyebrignt,  fever.  See  the  nouns.—  Spotted 
deer.  Same  as  axis'?,  1.— Spotted  grouse,  the  Canada 
grouse,  or  spruce-partridge.  See  cut  under  Canace.—  Spot- 
ted gum.  See  jrum2,  3.—  Spotted  hemlock,  same  as 
hemlock,  1.- Spotted  Iceland  falcon.  See  Iceland  fal- 
con, under  falcon —  Spotted  kidney,  the  condition  of  the 
kidney  in  chronic  parenchymatous  nephritis.— Spotted 
knotweed,  mackerel,  medic.  See  the  nouns.— Spotted 
lace,  an  openwork  material,  generally  made  of  cotton, 
somewhat  resembling  a  lace  reseau  with  small  spots  at 
equal  intervals.— Spotted  metal.  See  organ,  metal,  un- 
der metal.  —  Spotted  net.  Same  as  spotted  lace.  —  Spot- 
ted rail, skitty,  water-hen.  See  ra il*.— Spotted  sand- 
piper. *ee  sandpiper.  —  Spotted  schists.  See  spilosite.— 


Spotted  Yellow  Warbler  (Dendrcrca  maiulosai. 


spotted 

Spotted  seal,  a  leopard-seal.— Spotted  shrike,  spurge, 
tortoise,  wintergreen,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Spotted 
tringa.  Same  as  spotted  •ondpAMr.  —  Spotted  yellow 
warbler,  the  magnolia  warbler,  Di'ndrceva  utaculnsa,  the 
male  of  which  is  much  spotted.  The  adult  male  is  lieh- 
yellow  helow,  with  white  crissum,  heavily  streaked  with 
black;  the  rump  is  bright^yellow,  the  back  nearly  black, 
the  crown  clear  ash;  there  is  a  white  circumocular  and 
postocular  stripe,  and  the  wing-  and  tail-feathers  are 
marked  with  conspicuous  white  spots.  This  bird  is  5 
inches  long  and  7J  in  extent  of  wings;  it  inhabits  eastern 
North  America,  abounds  in  woodland,  breeds  from  New 
England  northward,  builds  a  small  neat  nest  in  low  coni- 
fers, and  lays  4  or  5  white  eggs  spotted  with  reddish-brown. 
Also  called  black-and-ijellaw  warbler.  See  cut  on  preced- 
ing jaw. 

spotted-bass  (spot'ed-bas),  «.  Same  as  driini1, 
11  (c). 

spottedness  (spot 'ed-nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  spotted. 

spotted-tree  (spot'ed-tre),  H.  A  small  Austra- 
lian tree,  FtiiHlcmia  titr;elt'rkitiHa  (/•'.  maculosa), 
remarkably  spotted  from  the  falling  off  of  the 
outer  bark  in  patches. 

spotter  (spot'er),  w.  [<  spot  +  -er1.]  One  who 
or  that  which  spots;  specifically,  one  who  is 
employed  to  shadow  suspicious  or  suspected 
persons;  a  detective.  [Slang.] 

A  conductor  .  .  .  had  a  private  detective  arrested  for 
following  him  about,  and  the  spotter  was  fined  ten  dollars 
by  a  magistrate.  The  American,  VI.  338. 

spottiness  (spot'i-nes),  ».  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  spotty. 

spotting  (spot'ing),  n.  In  lot.,  same  as  necro- 
sis, 2. 

Spotty  (spot'i),  a.  [<.  MIS.  spotty,  spotti;  <  spot 
+  -!/*.]  1.  Full  of  spots;  marked  with  spots ; 
spotted. 

Thou  ne  sselt  najt  maky  none  sacreflce  to  God  of  oxe, 
ne  of  saep,  thet  by  [be]  spotty. 

Ayenbite  of  Tnwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  192. 

To  descry  new  lands, 
Rivers,  or  mountains  in  her  spotty  globe. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  291. 

2.  Occurring  in  spots  or  irregularly :  as,  hops 
are  said  to  run  spotty  when  the  crops  are  un- 
equal, ffalliwell. —  3.  Patchy;  lacking  har- 
mony of  parts ;  without  unity. 

spounget,  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  sponge. 

spousaget  (spou'zaj),  «.  [<  spouse  +  -age.'] 
Espousal;  marriage. 

The  manne  shall  gene  vnto  the  womanne  a  ring,  and 
other  tokens  of  spousaye. 

Marriage  Service,  Prayer-Book  of  Edward  VI.,  1549. 

spousal  (spou'zal),  a.  and  n.  [In  E.  first  as  a 
noun,  <  ME.  spousail,  spousaile,  spousaille,  spo- 
sail,  espousaile,  <  OF.  espousailles,  <  L.  sponsa- 
lia,  betrothal,  neut.  pi.  of  sponsalis,  pertaining 
to  betrothal,  <  sponsus,  a  betrothal:  see  spouse, 
espousal.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  marriage  or 
espousal;  nuptial;  bridal;  connubial. 

Now  the  Rabbi,  receiving  a  Ring  of  pure  gold,  .  .  .  puts 
it  on  the  brides  finger,  and  with  a  loud  voice  pronounceth 
the  spousail  letters.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  214. 

The  well-wrought,  lovely  spousal  ring. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  203. 

II.  ».  Marriage;  nuptials;  espousal:  often 
used  in  the  plural. 

Boweth  your  nekke  under  that  blisful  yok 

Of  aoveraynetee,  nought  of  aervyae, 

Which  that  men  clepeth  spousail  or  wedlok. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  59. 

By  our  spousals  and  marriage  begun,  .  .  . 
Rue  on  this  realm,  whose  ruin  is  at  hand. 

Surrey,  ..Eneid,  Iv.  407. 

spouse  (spouz),  n.  [<  ME.  spouse,  spowse,  spusc, 
spus  =  Icel.  spusa,  pusa,  pusi,  <  OF.  espos, 
spans,  F.  epoux,  m.,  OF.  espouse,  espuse,  F. 
epouse,  f.,  =  8p.  Pg.  esposo,  m.,  esposa,  f.,  = 
It.  sposo,  m.,  sposa,  f..  <  L.  sponsus,  m.,  sponsa, 
f.,  one  betrothed,  a  bridegroom,  a  bride  (cf. 
sponsus,  a  betrothal),  prop.  masc.  and  fern.  pp. 
of  spondere,  promise :  see  sponsor.]  A  married 
person,  husband  or  wife ;  either  one  of  a  mar- 
ried pair. 

The  soule  is  widewe  thet  haueth  vorloren  hire  spus,  thet 
is  ...  Crist.  Ancren  Rlwle,  p.  10. 

For  her  the  spouse  prepares  the  bridal  ring, 
For  her  white  virgins  hymeneals  sing. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  219. 

spouset  (spouz),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  spousen,  spowsen, 
spusen,  <  OF.  espouser,  F.  tpouscr  =  Pr.  espozar 
=  Pg.  esposar  =  It.  sposare,  <  LL.  spons/ire,  be- 
troth, espouse :  see  spouse,  n.,  and  cf.  espouse, 
v.]  1.  To  take  for  a  husband  or  a  wife ;  wed; 
espouse. 

Ye  ryde  as  coy  and  atille  as  doth  a  mayde 
Were  newe  spoused,  sitting  at  the  bord. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  3. 

They  led  the  vine 

To  wed  her  elm ;  ahe,  spoused,  about  him  twines 
Her  marriageable  arms,  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  216. 


2.  To  givo  in 

Kyng  William  of  Scotland  did  his  doubter  spouse 
To  the  eric  of  lloloyn.  Kub.  of  Gloucester,  p.  210. 

spouse-breacht  (spouz'brech), «.  [<  ME.  xpous- 

liri'chi',    npinisi'lirirltr,   xpHxbruche;    <   spouse    + 

breach.]    Adultery. 

But  oonis  he  sailed  a  weddid  wijf 
In  spouKebricke  that  hadde  doon  mys. 

lliluna  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  47. 

spousehedet,  ><•    *<•<•  s/nxaifiiood. 

spousehoodt  (spouz'hud),  n.  [<  ME.  spousln>il, 
also  spousehede  ;  < '.spouse  +  -hooit.]  The  state 
of  wedlock;  matrimony. 

The  eldore  of  the  tuo  in  spomhod  he  nome. 

Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  307. 

spouseless  (spouz'les),  a.  [<  xpuune  +  -less.'] 
Without  a  spouse ;  unmarried  or  widowed. 

The  spouseless  Adriatic  mourns  her  lord. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  11. 

spousesst  (spou'zes),  n.  [<  ME.  spowsesse ;  < 
spouse  +  -ess.]  A  bride  or  wife ;  a  married 
woman. 

At  whiche  marriage  was  no  persones  present  but  the 
spowse.  the  spowsesse,  the  duches  of  Bedforde  her  moder, 
ye  preest,  two  gentylwomen,  and  a  yong  man  to  helpe  the 
preest  synge.  Fabyan,  Chron.,  an.  1(164. 

spousingt  (spou'zing),  ».  [<  ME.  spoicsyngc, 
spusing;  verbal  n.  of  spouse,  v.~\  The  act  of 
marrying;  wedding;  espousal;  marriage. 

Loke  to  thi  doujtren  that  noon  of  hem  be  lorn ;  .  .  . 
And  geue  hem  to  spowsynge  aa  soone  as  the!  been  ablee. 
Babees  Book(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  46. 

spout  (spout),  i'.  [<  ME.  spouten,  spoicten  =  MD. 
spitijten,  T).  spuiten.  spout,  =  Sw.  sputa,  a  dial, 
var.  of  spruta,  squirt,  spout,  sprout,  etc.:  see 
sprout.  A  similar  loss  of  r  occurs  in  speak. 
Cf.  sputter.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  issue  with  force, 
as  a  liquid  through  a  narrow  orifice,  or  from  a 
spout;  spurt:  as,  blood  spo  uts  from  an  artery. 

Like  a  raving  torrent,  struggling  amongst  the  broken 
rocks  and  lease  free  passages,  at  length  he  spouts  down 
from  a  wonderfull  height  into  the  valley  below. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  73. 

2.  To  discharge  a  fluid  in  a  jet  or  continuous 
stream ;   send  out  liquid  as  from  a  spout  or 
nozle ;  specifically,  to  blow,  as  a  whale. 

With  youre  mouthe  ye  vse  nowther  to  squyrt  nor  epowt. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  3.),  p.  135. 

When  the  larger  Cetacea  come  up  to  breathe,  the  ex- 
pired vapor  suddenly  condenaea  into  a  cloud ;  and,  if  ex- 
piration commencea  before  the  spiracle  is  actually  at  the 
surface,  a  certain  quantity  of  spray  may  be  driven  up  along 
with  the  violent  current  of  the  expelled  air.  This  givea 
rise  to  the  appearance  termed  the  spouting  of  Whales,  which 
doea  not  arise,  as  it  is  commonly  aaid  to  do,  from  the 
straining  off  of  the  aea-water  awallowed  with  the  food,  and 
its  expulsion  by  the  nostrils.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  348. 

3.  To  speak  volubly  and  oratorically ;  talk  or 
recite  in  a  declamatory  manner,  especially  in 
public;  speechify.     [Colloq.] 

For  anything  of  the  acting,  spouting,  reciting  kind  I 
think  he  has  always  a  decided  taste. 

Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  xlii. 

II.  trans.  1 .  To  pour  out  in  a  jet  and  with 
some  force;  throw  out  as  through  a  spout  or 
pipe:  as,  an  elephant  spouts  water  from  his 
trunk. 

A  conduite  cold  into  it  bringe  aboute. 
Make  pipes  water  warme  inwarde  to  spoute. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.)>  p.  40. 
Your  statue  spouting  blood  in  many  pipes. 

Shale.,  3.  C.,il.  2.85. 

2.  To  cause  to  spurt  or  gush  out. 

From  the  dry  stones  he  can  water  snout. 

Heywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  6. 

3.  To  utter  volubly  or  grandiloquently. 

Pray,  spout  some  French,  son. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  iv.  4. 

4.  To  pawn;  pledge.    See  spout,  n.,2.    [Slang.] 

The  dona  are  going  to  spout  the  college  plate. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  II.  i. 

5.  To  furnish  or  provide  with  a  spout,  in  any 
sense :  as,  to  spout  a  roof;  to  spout  a  tea-kettle. 

spout  (spout),  n.  [<  ME.  spoute,  spowte  =  MD. 
spuyte,  D.  spuit  =  Sw.  spruta,  a  spout :  see  spout, 
v.,  and  cf.  sprout,  n.]  1.  A  pipe,  tube,  or  trough 
through  which  a  liquid  is  poured,  and  which 
serves  to  guide  its  flow.  Similar  tubes,  etc.,  are 
uaed  for  finely  divided  solids,  as  grain.  The  spout  of  a 
small  vessel,  as  a  pitcher,  may  be  a  mere  fold  or  doubling 
of  the  rim,  or  may  be  a  piece  put  on  the  outside,  a  notch 
having  been  cut  in  the  ilin  to  allow  the  liquid  to  pass,  or 
may  be  a  closed  tube,  as  in  a  tea-pot  or  aftaba.  See  cut 
under  mill. 

She  dreamt  to-night  she  saw  my  statua, 
Which,  like  a  fountain  with  an  hundred  spouts, 
Did  run  pure  blood.  Shak.,  J.  C.,  11.  2.  77. 

The  walla  surmounting  their  roofes,  wrought  thorow 
with  potsheards  to  catch  and  strike  down  the  refreshing 
winds ;  having  spowtn  of  the  same. 

Sandys,  Travailea,  p.  116. 


sprackly 

2.  A  lift  or  shoot  in  a  pawnbroker's  shop;  hence, 
vulgarly,  the  shop  itself. 

Pawnbrokers,  .  .  .  before  spouts  were  adopted,  used  ;i 
hook  to  lift  the  articles  offered  in  pawn. 

X.  and  Q.,  7th  aer.,  VII.  56. 

3.  A  continuous  stream  of  fluid  matter  issuing, 

actually  or  seemingly,  from  a  pipe  or  nozle;  a 
jet  or  column,  as  of  water. 

Before  this  grotto  ia  a  long  ponle  into  which  ran  divers 
spouts  of  water  from  leaden  escollop  basins. 

Evelyn,  liiary,  Feb.  27,  1644. 
Specifically  — (a)  A  waterspout. 

They  say  furthermore  that  in  certeyne  places  of  the  aea 
they  sawe  certeyne  stremes  of  water,  which  they  caule 
spouten,  faulynge  owt  of  the  ayer  into  the  sea. 

/(.  Eden,  First  Books  on  America  (ed.  Arber),  p.  386. 
(6)  The  column  of  spray  or  vapor  emitted  from  the  spout- 
hole  of  a  whale  during  the  act  of  expiration,  resembling 
the  escape  of  ateam  from  a  valve. 

4.  The  spout-hole  of  a  whale. —  5.  A  short  un- 
derground passage  connecting  a  main  road  with 
an  air-head :  a  term  used  in  the  thick  coal-work- 
ings of  South  Staffordshire,  England — Up  the 
spout,  in  pawn,    see  def.  2.    [Slang.) 

His  pockets,  no  doubt, 
Being  tnrn'd  inside  out, 

That  his  mouchoir  and  glovea  may  be  put  up  the  spout. 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  16. 

spouter  (spou'ter),  H.  [<  spout,  v.,  +  -eri.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  spouts,  (a)  Something  that 
sends  forth  a  jet  or  stream  of  fluid  matter. 

The  flowing-wells  of  the  Baku  district,  In  the  energy 
with  which  they  throw  out  the  oil  and  the  quantity  so  pro- 
jected, far  exceed  even  our  largeat  American  spouters. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXIII.  77. 

(&)  One  who  apeaks  grandiloquently  or  oratorically ;  a  mere 
declaimer ;  a  speechifler.  [Colloq.  ] 

The  quoters  imitate  parrota  or  profeaaed  spnuters,  in  com- 
mitting worda  only  to  memory,  purposely  for  the  sake  of 
oatentation.  V.  Knox,  Winter  Eveninga,  xxxii. 

2.  Anexperienced whaleman.  [Nautical slang.] 

The  spouter,  as  the  sailors  call  a  whaleman,  had  sent  up 
his  main  top  gallant  mast  and  set  the  sail,  and  made  sig- 
nal for  us  to  heave  to. 

/(.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Maat,  p.  86. 

spoilt-fish  (spout'fish),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk 
which  squirts  water  through  its  siphons,  as  the 
common  clam,  razor-shell,  and  many  others. 

spout-hole  (spout'hol),  n.  1.  An  orifice  for  the 
discharge  of  a  liquid. —  2.  The  spiracle  or  blow- 
hole of  a  whale  or  other  cetacean.  The  number 
of  spout-holes  differs  in  different  species,  thesperm-whalea 
and  porpoises  having  one,  and  the  right  whales,  bowheada, 
finbacks,  aulphur-bottoma,  etc.,  two.  The  nostrils  of  the 
walrus  are  also  sometimes  called 
apout-holes. 

spoutless  (spout'les),  a.  [< 
spout  +  -less.]  Having  no 
spout,  as  a  pitcher.  Coicper, 
Task,  iv.  776. 

spout-Shell  (spout'shel),  n.  A 
shell  of  the  family  Aporrhai- 
dse,  as  Aporrhais  pes-pelecani, 
the  pelican's-foot.  See  also 
cut  under  Aporrliais. 

SpOWTget.  A  Middle  English 
form  of  spurge1;  spurge?. 

Spp.  An  abbreviation  of  spe- 
cies (plural). 

S.  P.  Q.  K.  An  abbreviation  of  the  hatiu  Sena- 
tus  I'opulusque  Romanus,  the  senate  and  the 
people  of  Rome. 

sprach.  v.  and  H.     See  spraich. 

sprachle,  »>.  t.    See  sprackle. 

sprack  (sprak),  a.  [Also  dial,  spray;  <  ME. 
sprac,  <  Icel.  sprsekr,  also  sparkr,  sprightly,  = 
Norw.  spreek  =  Sw.  dial,  sprak,  sprag,  sprdker, 
cheerful,  talkative,  noisy.  Cf.  spark2,  spry.] 
Sprightly;  lively;  brisk;  alert.  [Prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

Mrs.  Page.  He  ia  a  better  acholar  than  I  thought  he  was. 
Evans.  He  is  a  good  sprag  memory. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  Iv.  1.  84. 

If  your  Royal  Highness  had  seen  him  dreaming  and 
dozing  about  the  banka  of  Tully  Veolan  like  an  hypochon- 
driac person,  .  .  .  you  would  wonder  where  he  hath  aae 
suddenly  acquired  all  thta  fine  sprack  festivity  and  jocu- 
larity. Scott,  Waverley,  xliii. 

sprackle  (sprak'l),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sprackled, 
ppr.  sprackliiig.  [Also  spraclde,  spraickle, 
sprauchlc;  prob.  <  Icel.  spraukla,  sprokla,  mod. 
gprikla,  sprawl;  freq.  of  a  verb  represented  by 
Sw.  sparka  =  Dan.  sparke,  kick.  Cf.  sprangle 
and  sprawl*.]  To  clamber;  get  on  with  diffi- 
culty. [Scotch.] 

Sae  far  I  iprachled  up  the  brae, 
I  dinner'd  wi'  a  Lord. 

Burn*,  On  Meeting  with  Lord  Daer. 

spracklyt,  a.    [ME.  spraklicJie,  <  Icel.  sprseklit/r. 
sprightly,  <  sprxkr,  sprightly:  see  sprack  and 
-ly1.]     Same  as  sprack. 
xxi.  10. 


Spout-shell  (Apor- 
rhais  pes-ptltcanf). 


Piers  Plowman  (C), 


spradde 

spraddet,  spradt.  Obsolete  forms  of  the  pret- 
erit and  past  partieiplo  of  spread. 

sprag1  (sprag),  11.  [<  Dan.  dial. spray  =  Sw.  dial. 
spi-iii/u,  xjirat/gc,  a  spray,  sprig:  see  tprayl.]  1. 
A  billet  of  wood.  [Prov.  Eng.]  Specifically 
—  2.  Incoal-miiiiiif/ :  (n)  A  short  billet  of  wood 
used  instead  of  a  brake  to  lock  the  wheels  of  a 
car.  (b)  A  short  wooden  prop  used  to  support 
the  coal  during  the  operation  of  holing  or  un- 
dercutting; a  punch-prop.  [Eng.] 

sprag1  (sprag),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spraggcd,  ppr. 
spragaing.  [<  «pr«0i,  «.]  To  prop  by  a  sprag ; 
also,  to  stop,  as  a  carnage  on  a  steep  grade, 
by  putting  a  sprag  in  the  spokes  of  the  wheel. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

sprag2  (sprag),  «.     [Prob.  a  particular  use  of 


5860 

young  of  the  herring,  pilchard,  or  shad ;  but  it  can  ho 
easily  distinguished  from  the  young  of  any  of  these  fishes 
by  the  sharply  notched  edge  of  the  abdomen.  Young 
sprats,  an  inch  or  two  long,  are  the  fishes  of  which  white- 


Sprat  (flufta  ifratliitl. 


spray*  in  sense  of  '  sprout,'  i.  e.  '  young  one ' ; 
cf.  spra  ft,  sproft,  a  small  fish,  similarly  derived 
from  sproft,  a  sprout.]  1.  A  young  salmon  of 
the  first  year;  a  smolt.  —  2.  A  half-grown  cod. 
[Prov.  Eng.  in  both  senses.] 

sprag3  (sprag),  a.    A  dialectal  form  of  sprack. 

sprag-road  (sprag'rod),  «.  In  coal-mining,  a 
mine-road  having  such  a  steep  grade  that  sprags 
are  needed  to  control  the  descent  of  the  car. 
Pcnn,  Sure.  Gloss. 

Spraich  (sprach),  v.i.  [Also  spracli, sprcich;  prob. 
<  Sw.  spraka  =  Dan.  sprage  = 


make  a  noise,  crackle,  burst :  see  spark1.  J     To 
cry;  shriek.    Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 
spraich  (sprach),  «.     [Also  spracli,  spreich;  < 
spraich,  «?.]     1.  A  cry;  a  shriek. 

Anone  thay  herd  sere  vocis  lamentabill, 
Grete  walyng,  quhimpering,  and  sprachis  miserabill. 
Gavin  Douglas,  tr.  of  Virgil,  p.  178. 

2.  A  pack;  a  multitude:  as,  a  spraich of  bairns. 

Jamieson.     [Scotch  in  both  uses.] 
spraickle  (spra'kl),  n.  i.     Same  as 

[Scotch.] 
spraid  (sprad),  «.     [Also  sprayed;  a  reduced 

torm  of  spreathcd.]     Chapped  with  cold. 

liwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

It  was  much  worse  than  Jamaica  ginger  grated  into  a 
poor  sprayed  finger.    R.  V.  lilackmore,  Lorna  Uoone,  xxxi. 

sprain  (spran),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  espreindre,  press, 
wring,  <  L.  exprimcrc,  press  out,  <  ex,  out,  + 
premere,  press :  see  press1,  and  cf .  express.]  If. 
To  press ;  push. 


Hee  sprainde  in  a  sprite  [sprit,  pole]  &  spradde  it  aboute. 
Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1097. 


bait  mainly  or  largely  consists  at  some  seasons.  Thesprat 
is  known  in  Scotland  by  the  name  of  yarvie  or  garvie-her- 
ring. 

'Sfoot,  ye  all  talk 

Like  a  company  of  Kprat-ieA  mechanics. 

lleau.  and  Fl.  ('!),  Faithful  Friends,  i.  2. 

2.  A  name  of  other  fishes,  (a)  A  young  herring. 
(b)  The  sand-eel  or  -lance.  See  cut  under  Ammodytidte. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  (c)  A  kind  of  anchovy,  Stolephorus  compressus, 
about  six  inches  long,  of  a  very  pale  or  translucent  oliva- 
ceous color,  with  a  silvery  lateral  band,  found  on  the  coasts 
of  California  and  Mexico.  It  closely  resembles  S.  delicatix- 
simut  of  the  same  coasts,  but  is  larger  and  has  a  longer 
anal  fin.  (d)  Same  as  aljiona.— Fresh- water  sprat,  the 
bleak.  I.  Walton.  [Local,  Eng.]— London  sprat,  the 
true  sprat :  so  distinguished  from  the  sand-eel  or  -lance. 
Sprat'2  (sprat),  ».  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spratted,  ppr. 
spratting.  [<  sprat'',  n.]  To  fish  for  sprats. 

They  will  be  afloat  here  and  there  in  the  wild  weather, 
tpraUtng.  Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  27, 1888.  (Encye.  Diet.) 

sprat3  (sprat),  n.     [Perhaps  a  particular  use  of 
spraft.]    A  small  coin.     [Slang.] 

Several  Lascars  were  charged  with  passing  sprats,  the 
slang  term  applied  to  spurious  fourpenny  pieces,  six- 
pences, and  shillings.  Morning  Chronicle,  Dec.  2, 1857. 

sprat-barley  (sprat'barli),  ».    See  barley!-, 
sprackle.  sprat-borer  (sprat'bor'er),  n.    A  loon,  as  the 
red-throated  diver,  Colymbus  (or  Vrinator)  sep- 
tentrionalis:  from  its  fondness  for  sprats. 
jjal.  sprat-day  (sprat'da),  n.    The  ninth  day  of  No- 
vember: so  called  in  London  as  being  the  first 
day  of  the  sprat-selling  season.    Mayheic,  Lon- 
don Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  69. 

Same  as  sprat-borer. 
(sprat'mu),  n.     A  sea-gull  which 
catches  sprats ;  the  kittiwake. 
spratter  (sprat'er),  n.     [<  spraft,  v.,  +  -er1.] 
1.  One  who  fishes  for  sprats.— 2.  The  guille- 
mot.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


2.  To  overstrain,  as  the  muscles  or  ligaments 
of  a  joint  so  as  to  injure  them,  but  without 
luxation  or  dislocation. 


sprattle  (sprat'l),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  gprattled, 
ppr.  sprattling.     [Also  sprottle;  <  Sw.  sprattla, 


The  sudden  turn  may  streteh  the  swelling  vein, 
Thy  cracking  joint  unhinge,  or  ankle  sprain. 


sprawl,  =  Dan.  spr&lte,  sprselde,  sprawl,  floun- 
der, toss  the  legs;  cf.  D.  spartelen,  flutter,  leap, 
wrestle,  sparkle.  Cf.  sprackle,  sprawl^.]  To 

scramble.     Burns,  To  a  Louse.     [Scotch.]  — 0- -        —  ~r..e.  . 

vla> ,         sprattle  (sprat'l),  H.     [<  sprattle,  v.]    A  scram-  8l>ray  °f  diamonds ;  an  embroidered  spray. 

sprain  (spran),  H.     [<  sprain,  v.]     1.  A  violent    tie;    a  struggle.     Scott,  Bedgauntlet    ch    xii  Spray2  (spra),  n.    [Not  found  in  ME.  or  AS. ;  the 

straiiiinir  or  wronp.hinir  of  the  sr.fr.  narta  anr.     ra_'_L_a.  -i                                                                  '  alleged  'spregan,  in  AS.  "gcond-spregan,  pour 

Same  as  sprackle. 


sprayer 

5.  To  widen  or  open  irregularly,  as  a  body  of 
cavalry. 

II.  trans.  To  spread  out  ungracefully. 
The  leafless  butternut,  whereon  the  whippoorwill  used 
to  sing,  and  the  yellow  warbler  make  its  nest,  sprawls  its 
naked  arms,  and  moans  pitifully  in  the  blast. 

5.  Judtl,  Margaret,  1.  17. 

sprawl1  (spral),  H.  [<  uprau-n,  r.]  1.  The  act  of 
sprawling. —  2.  A  sprawling  posture ;  an  awk- 
ward recumbent  attitude:  as,  to  be  stretched 
out .in  a  careless  sprairl. — 3.  Motion;  activity. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

sprawl-  (spral),  n.  [Prob.  dim.  of  s/>rai/ordial. 
K.tprayl;  SGQ spray1,  xpraifi.]  A  small  twig  or 
branch  of  a  tree ;  a  spray! 
lla/liwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
sprawler  (spra'ler),  ii.  [< 
tprawfl  +  -ei-l.]  One  who 
or  that  which  sprawls.  Spe- 
cifically, in  entinn.:  (a)  One  of 
certain  moths  or  their  larvae.  (1) 
The  European  noctuid  moth 
Asteroscopus  sphinx:  so  called 
from  the  sprawling  of  the  larva. 
The  rannoch  sprawler  is  A.  n»- 
beadoms.  (2)  A  noctuid  moth, 
Demas  coryli.  (b)  The  dobson  or 
hellgrammite.  [Local,  U.  S.f 
1  (spra),  n.  [<  ME. 
<  Sw.  dial. 

spragg,  spragge  =  Dan. 
Kprag,  a  sprig,  a  spray:  see 
sprag1,  a  doublet  of  spray1, 
and  cf.  sprig.  Cf.  Lith. 
sproga,  a  spray  of  a  tree, 
also  a  rift,  sprogti,  split, 
sprout,  bud ;  Gr.  aairdpa-jof, 
asparagus,  perhaps  orig. 
'sprout.']  1.  A  branch  of 
a  tree  with  its  branchlets, 
especially  when  slender 
and  graceful ;  also,  twigs,  or  such  branches 
collectively;  a  stem  of  flowers  or  leaves;  a 
sprig. 

He  knelyde  down  appon  his  knee 
Vndir  nethe  that  grenwode  ftpraye. 
Thomas  of  Ersseldoune  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  100). 
0  nightingale,  that  on  yon  bloomy  spray 
Warblest  at  eve,  when  all  the  woods  are  still. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  i. 
2f.  An  orchard;  a  grove. 

Abute  the  orchard  is  a  wal ; 

The  ethelikeste  ston  is  cristal ; 

Ho  so  wonede  a  moneth  in  that  spray 

Vil.le  him  neure  longen  away. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  50. 

3.  A  binding-stick  for  thatching.  Halliwell. 
[Prpv.  Eng.]  —  4.  Any  ornament,  pattern,  or 
design  in  the  form  of  a  branch  or  sprig:  as,  a 


Sprawler  (*)  (Larva  of 
Corydaltts  ccrMtifus),  two 
thirds  natural  size. 


straining  or  wrenching  of  the  soft  parts  sur-     [Scotch  ] 

rounding  a  joint,  without  dislocation.    Theordi-  sprauchle  (spra'chl),  v.  i. 


S  in  thS  mriuiedemrtedegree  °'  sprault.  r.     An  obsolete  form  of  mwfc 
sed  ^'SSSK—^WI  sprawl 


2.  The  injury  caused  by  spraining;  a  sprained 
'  joint. 
spraint  (sprant),  n.     [<  ME.  "spraynte,  prob.  < 

OF.   espreinte,   a  pressing  out,   straining,   F. 

epreinle,  <  espreindre,  press  out:   see  xprai'n.] 

The  dung  of  the  otter.     Jfingsley,  Two  Years 

Ago,  xviii. 
sprainting(spran'ting),  n.    [<  ME.  sprayntyng  ; 

<  spraint  +  -ing*.]     Same  as  spraint. 
spraith  (sprath),  n.    Same  as  spreagh. 
sprale  (spral),  v.   A  dialectal  variant  of  gprairl*. 
sprallt,  r.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  sy>r«icA. 
sprang  (sprang).    A  preterit  of  spring. 
sprangle  (sprang'gl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spran- 

gled,  ppr.  sprangKng.     [Appar.  a  nasalized  var. 

ot  sprackle.]    To  sprawl;  straggle.    [Prov.  Eng. 

and  U.  S.] 

Over  its  fence  spranyles  a  squash  vine  in  ungainly  joy 
Cornhill  Mag.,  May,  1882.    (Encye.  Diet.) 

When  on  the  back-stretch  his  legs  seemed  to  sprangle 
out  on  all  sides  at  once. 

Philadelphia  Times,  Aug.  15,  1883. 
sprangle  (sprang'gl),  ».     [<  sprangle,  v.]     The 
act  or  attitude  of  sprangling.     J.  Spaldinf/,  Di- 
vine Theory  (1808).     [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 
sprat1  (sprat),  «.     [Sc.  also  spreat,  sprett,  sprit, 
sprot,  the  joint-leafed  rush ;  another  form  and 
use  of  sproft,  a  stump,  chip,  broken  branch :  see 
*ph>fl,  and  cf.  sprat?,  n.]    1.  A  name  of  various 
species  of  rushes,  as  Juncus  articitlatus,  etc. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.]  — 2.  pi.  Small  wood. 
Kennett;  Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
~  (sprat), 


prawl1  (spral),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sprall; 
<  ME.  sprawlen,  spratden,  spraieelen,  spraullen, 
spralleti,  <  AS.  spredwlian  (a  rare  and  doubtful 
word,  cited  by  Zupitza  ("Studium  der  neueren 
Sprachen,"  July,  1886)  from  a  gloss);  perhaps 
akin  to  Icel.  spraukla,  sprdkla,  sprawl;  cf.  Sw. 
dial,  spralla,  sprala  =  Dan.  spralle,  sprselde, 
sprawl,  flounder:  see  sprackle  and  sprattle.] 
f.  in  trans.  1.  To  toss  the  limbs,  about;  work 
the  arms  and  legs  convulsively;  in  general,  to 
struggle  convulsively. 

He  drow  it  [a  fish]  in  to  the  drie  place,  and  it  bigan  to 

sprattle  bifor  hise  feet.  Wycly,  Tobit  vi.  4. 

He  spraulleth  lyke  a  yonge  padocke.    I  spratile  with  my 

legges,  struggell,  Je  me  debate.  Palsgrave,  p.  729. 

Spraicl'st  thou?  take  that,  to  end  thy  agony.    [Stabs  him. 

Shale.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5.  39. 

Grim  in  convulsive  agonies  he  sprawls. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xxii.  23. 

2.  To  work  one's  way  awkwardly  along  with  the 
aid  of  all  the  limbs ;  crawl  or  scramble. 


outj  is  appar.  an  error  for  sprengan,  cause  to 
spring:  see  spreng.  spring.  The  Icel.  sprsena, 
jet,  spurt  out,  Norw.  sprspn,  a  jet  of  water,  are 
not  related.  Cf.V.spreijen  (Sewe\),torspreiden, 
=  LG.  spreen,  spreten,  for  spreden,  =  E.  spread: 
see  spread.]  Water  flying  in  small  drops  or  par- 
ticles, as  by  the  force  of  wind,  or  the  dashing 
of  waves,  or  from  a  waterfall ;  water  or  other 
liquid  broken  up  into  small  particles  and  driven 
(as  by  an  atomizer)  along  by  a  current  of  air 
or  other  gas. 

Winds  raise  some  of  the  salt  with  the  spray.  Arbuthnot. 
Carbolic  spray,  carbolic  acid  and  water  in  various  pro- 
portions, as  used  with  an  atomizer  in  the  treatment  of  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  throat,  in  surgical  operations 
and  the  like. 

spray'2  (spra),  ».  [Cf.  spray*,  n.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  throw  in  the  form  of  spray ;  let  fall  as  spray ; 
scatter  in  minute  drops  or  particles. 

The  niched  snow-bed  sprays  down 
Its  powdery  fall.  M.  Arnold,  Switzerland,  ii. 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  fine  drops;  dampen  by 
means  of  spray,  as  of  perfume,  or  of  some  ad- 
hesive liquid  used  to  preserve  drawings  and  the 
like. 

II.  intrans.  To  discharge  or  scatter  a  liquid 
in  the  form  of  spray:  as,  the  instrument  will 
either  spout  or  spray. 


I  haue  seene  it,  saith  Cambrensis,  experimented,  that  a 
toad,  being  incompassed  with  a  thong, .  ..  reculed  backe, 
as  though  it  had  beene  rapt  in  the  head ;  wherevpon  he 
began  to  sprall  to  the  other  side. 

Stanihurst,  Descrip.  of  Ireland,  ii.  (Holinshed's  Chron.). 

3.  To  be  spread  out  in  an  ungraceful  posture ;  spray-board  (spra'bord),  n.      A  strip  on  the 
be  stretched  out  carelessly  and  awkwardly.          gunwale  of  a  boat  to  keep  out  spray. 

spray-drain  (spra'dran),  n.  In  agri.,  a  drain 
formed  by  burying  in  the  earth  brush,  or  the 
spray  of  trees,  which  serves  to  keep  open  a 
channel.  Drains  of  this  sort  are  much  used  in 


fish  of  European  waters,  Clupea  (Harengula) 
spra  tins.     At  one  time  the  sprat  was  thought  to  be  the 


On  painted  ceilings  you  devoutly  stare, 
Where  sprawl  the  saints  of  Verrio  or  Laguerre, 
Or  gilded  clouds  in  fair  expansion  lie. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iv.  146. 

4.  To  have  an  irregular,  spreading  form  or    grass-lands, 
outline;  straggle:  said  of  handwriting,  vines,  Sprayed,  «. 
etc.  sprayer  (spra'er),  «.     One  who  or  that  which 

The  arches  which  spring  from  the  huge  pillars,  though     discharges  spray;  specifically,  one  of  a  large 
wide,  are  not  spraieling.       E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  21.     class  of  machines  for  applying  liquid  insecti- 


sprayer 

cities  or  fungicides  to  plants,  consisting  of  a 
pneumatic  or  hydraulic  force-pump  and  a  suit- 
able reservoir  and  discharge-nozle  or  spray-tip. 
sprayey1  (spra'i),  a.  [<  spray*  +  -ei/.]  Form- 
ing or  resembling  sprays,  as  of  a  tree  or  plant ; 
branching. 

Heaths  of  many  a  gorgeous  hue  .  .  .  and  ferns  that 
would  have  overtopped  u  tall  horseman  mingled  their 
sprayey  leaves  with  the  wild  myrtle  and  the  arbutus. 

Lever,  Davenport  Dunn,  hiii. 

sprayey'2  (spra'i),  a.  [<  xpniy?  +  -ey.J  Con- 
sisting of  liquid  spray. 

This  view,  sublime  as  it  is,  only  whets  your  desire  to 
stand  below,  and  see  the  river,  with  its  sprayey  crest  shin- 
ing against  the  sky,  make  but  one  leap  from  heaven  to  hell. 
B.  Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  357. 

spraying-machine  (spra'ing-ma-shen1"),  it. 
bame  as  sprayer. 

spray-instrument  (spra'in"stro-ment),  M.  In 
med.,  an  instrument  for  producing  and  diffusing 
spray,  or  for  the  application  of  liquids  in  the 
form  of  spray;  an  atomizer. 

spray-nozle  (spra'noz"!),  n.  An  attachment 
for  the  nozle  of  a  hose  which  serves  to  project 
liquid  insecticides  and  fungicides  in  the  form 
of  a  fine  spray. 

spreach,  spreacherie,  spreachery.  See  spreagh, 
tpreagksry. 

spread  (spred),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  spread,  ppr. 
spreading.      [<    ME.   spreden    (pret.    spredde, 
spradde,  sprcdd,  spred,  pp.  spredd,  spred,  sprad, 
y-sprad),  <  AS.  sprMdan  =  D.  spreiden,  spreijen, 
=  MLG.  spreden,  spreiden,  LG.  spreden,  spreen, 
spreien  =  OHG.  spreitan,  MHG.  G.  spreiten  = 
Norw.  spreida,  dial,  spreie  =  Dan.  sprede,  ex- 
tend, spread;   causal  of  the  more  orig.  verb 
MHG.  spriten,  spriden  =  Sw.  sprida,  spread; 
cf.  Icel.  sprita,  sprawl.     Not_  connected,  as  is 
often  said,  with  broad  (AS.  brsedan,  make  broad, 
etc.).]     I.  trans.  1.  To  scatter;  disperse;  rout. 
Was  neuer  in  alle  his  lyue  ther  fadere  ore  so  glad 
Als  whan  he  sauh  his  sons  tun  the  paiens  force  to  sprad. 
Rob.  of  Bntnne,  p.  18. 

I  have  spread  you  abroad  as  the  four  winds  of  the  hea- 
ven, saith  the  Lord.  Zech.  ii.  6. 

2.  To  distribute  over  a  surface  as  by  strewing, 
sprinkling,  smearing,  plastering,  or  overlaying. 
Eche  man  to  pleye  with  a  plow,  pykoys,  or  spade, 
Spynne,  or  sprede  donge,  or  spille  hym-self  with  sleuthe. 

Fieri  Plowman  (ii),  iii.  308. 

He  carved  upon  them  carvings  of  cherubims  and  palm 
trees, .  .  .  and  spread  gold  upon  the  cherubims,  and  upon 
the  palm  trees.  1  Kl.  vi.  32. 

3.  To  flatten  out;  stretch  or  draw  out  into  a 
sheet  or  layer. 

Silver  spread  into  plates  is  brought  from  Tarshish,  and 
gold  from  Uphaz.  Jer.  x.  9. 

In  other  places  similar  igneous  rocks  are  spread  out  in 
sheets  which  are  intercalated  between  the  sedimentary 
strata.  E.  W.  Streeter,  Precious  Stones,  p.  65. 

4.  To  extend  or  stretch  out  to  the  full  size ;  un- 
fold; display  by  unfolding,  stretching,  expand- 
ing, or  the  like. 

The  saisnes  com  faste  ridinge  with  haner  sprad,  and  were 
moo  than  fifty  thousande.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  it  248. 

A  parcel  of  a  field  where  he  had  spread  his  tent. 

Gen.  xxxiif.  19. 

Some  species,  as  the  meadow  lark,  have  a  habit  of  spread- 
ing the  tail  at  almost  every  chirp.  Amer.  Nat.,  XXII.  202. 

5.  To  lay  or  set  out ;  outspread ;  display,  as 
something  to  be  viewed  in  its  full  extent. 

With  orchard,  and  with  gardeyne,  or  with  mede, 
Se  that  thyne  hous  with  hem  be  umviroune, 
The  side  in  longe  upon  the  south  thou  gprede. 

Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  13. 
To  spread  the  earth  before  him,  and  commend  .  .  . 
Its  various  parts  to  his  attentive  note. 

Camper,  Tirocinium,  1.  640. 

6.  To  reach  out;  extend. 

Bot  jit  he  sprange  and  sprente,  and  spraddene  his  armes. 

And  one  the  spere  lenghe  spekes,  he  spekes  thire  wordes. 

Marie  Arthwe  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  331. 

One  while  he  spred  his  armes  him  fro, 
One  while  he  spred  them  nye. 

Sir  Catiline  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  174). 
Rose,  as  in  dance,  the  stately  trees,  and  spread 
Their  branches  hung  with  copious  fruit. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  324. 

7.  To  send  out  in  all  directions ;  scatter  or  shed 
abroad ;  disseminate ;  diffuse ;  propagate. 

Great  fear  of  my  name  'mongst  them  was  spread. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  L  4.  50. 
The  hungry  sheep  .  .  . 
Bot  inwardly,  and  foul  contagion  spread. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  L  127. 
And  all  the  planets,  in  their  turn, 
Confirm  the  tidings  as  they  roll, 
And  spread  the  truth  from  pole  to  pole. 

Addison,  Ode,  Spectator,  No.  465. 

On  this  blest  age 
Oh  spread  thy  influence,  but  restrain  thy  rage. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  122. 


5861 

8.  To  overspread ;  overlay  the  surface  of. 

The  workman  melteth  a  graven  image,  and  the  cold- 
smith  spreadeth  it  over  with  gold.  Isa.  xl.  r.> 

Bich  tapestry  spread  the  streets. 

Dryden,  1'al.  and  Arc.,  iii.  1U4. 

Hence  —  9.  To  cover  or  equip  in  the  proper 
manner;  set;  lay:  as,  to  spread  a  table. 

The  boordcs  were  spred  in  righte  litle  space, 
The  ladies  sate  eche  as  hem  seined  best. 

Political  I'oems,  etc.  (ed.  1'urnlvall),  p.  55. 

10.  To  set  forth  ;  recount  at  full  length  ;  hence, 
in  recent  use,  to  enter  or  record. 

If  Dagon  be  thy  god, 

Go  to  his  temple,  .  .  .  spread  before  him 
How  highly  it  concerns  his  glory  now 
To  frustrate  and  dissolve  these  magick  spells. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1147. 

The  resolutions,  which  the  [Supreme]  Court  ordered 
spread  on  the  minutes,  expressed  the  profound  loss  which 
the  members  of  the  bar  felt. 

New  York  Tribune,  Dec.  16,  1890. 

11.  To  push  apart :  as,  the  weight  of  the  train 
spread  the  rails — To  spread  one's  self,  to  take  ex- 
traordinary and  generally  conspicuous  pains ;  exert  one's 
self  to  the  utmost  that  something  may  appear  well.  [Slang, 
U.S.] 

We  dispatched  Cullen  to  prepare  adinner.  He  had  prom- 


spreader 

6.  Capacity  for  spreading  or  stretching. 
Skins  dressed  by  this  process,  .  .  .  it  is  claimed,  are  made 

soft,  pliable,  and  with  elasticity  or  spr,',i,l. 

C.  T.  Uacix,  Leather,  p.  558. 

7.  That  whichis  spread  or  Mt  Out,  M  on  Stable; 

ameal;  a  feast;  especially,  a  meal,  more  or  less 
elaborate,  given  to  a  select  party.     [Colloq.] 

We  had  such  a  spread  for  breakfast  as  th'  Queen  hersel 
might  ha'  Bitten  down  to.     Mrs.  (Jaskell,  Mary  Barton,  ix. 

Alter  giving  one  sjiread, 
With  fiddling  and  masques,  at  the  Sara-en's  Head. 

llarham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  61. 

8.  A  cloth  used  for  a  covering,  as  of  a  table 
or  bed;  a  coverlet.    [U.  S.]  — 9.  The  privilege 
of  demanding  shares  of  stock  at  a  certain  price, 
or  of  delivering  shares  of  stock  at  another  price, 
within  a  certain  time  agreed  on. — 10.  A  sad- 
dle.    Tuft's  Glossary  of  Thieves' Jargon  (1798). 
[Cant.]  — 11.  Among  lapidaries,  a  stone  vvliieli 
has  a  largo  surface  in  proportion  to  its  thick- 
ness.— 12.  In  sool.,  the  measure  from  tip  to  tip 
of  the  spread  wings,  as  of  a  bat,  a  bird,  or  an  in- 
sect; the  expanse  or  extent. — 13.  In  math.,  a, 
continuous  manifold  of  points :  thus,  space  is 
a  three-way  spread — Cone  of  spread. 


WedispatchedCullentoprepareadinner.  Hehadnrom-  . . 

ised,  to  use  his  own  expression,  to  spread  himself  m  the  Spread  (spred),  p.  a.      [<  ME.  spred,  i,prad,  pp. 


preparation  of  this  meal. 

Hammond,  Wild  Northern  Scenes,  p.  266.    (Bartlett.) 

=  Syn.  7.  To  scatter,  circulate,  publish. 

ii,  intrans.  1.  To  become  scattered  or  dis- 
tributed. 

As  soone  as  the  saisnes  were  logged  thei  gpredde  a-brode 
in  the  contrey  to  forry,  and  euer  brente  and  distroied  as 
thei  wente.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  272. 

2f.  To  stretch  one's  self  out,  especially  in  a 
horizontal  position. 

Ther  he  mihte  wel  sprxdc  on  his  feire  hude  [hide], 

Layamon,  1.  14203. 

3.  To  be  outspread;    hence,  to    have  great 
breadth ;  be  broad. 

The  cedar  .  .  . 
Whose  top-branch  overpeer'd  Jove's  spreading  tree. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  T.  2.  14. 
Plants  which,  if  they  spread  much,  are  seldom  tall. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §354. 

4.  To  become  extended  by  growth  or  expan- 
sion ;  increase  in  extent ;  expand ;  grow. 

Glory  is  like  a  circle  in  the  water, 

Which  never  ceaseth  to  enlarge  itself 

Till  by  broad  spreading  it  disperse  to  nought. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2.  13.'. 
Spread  upward  till  thy  boughs  discern 
The  front  of  Sumner-place. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

The  streams  run  yellow, 
Burst  the  bridges,  and  spread  into  bays. 

R.  W.  Wider,  Early  Autumn. 

5.  To  be  extended  by  communication  or  prop- 
agation ;  become  diffused ;  be  shed  abroad. 
This  speche  sprang  in  that  space  &  spradde  alle  aboute. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  iii.  565. 

Lest  his  infection,  being  of  catching  nature, 
Spread  further.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  1.  811. 

His  renown  had  spread  even  to  the  coffee-houses  of  Lon- 
don and  the  cloisters  of  Oxford. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

6.  To  be  pushed  apart,  as  the  rails  of  a  car- 
track. —  7.  To  set  a  table;   lay  the  cloth  or 
dishes  for  a  meal. 


of  spredd,  «.]  1.  Extended  in  area;  having  a 
broad  surface ;  broad. 

Tho  wurthen  waxen  so  wide  and  spred, 
Pride  and  giscinge  [desire]  of  louerd  hed. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  831. 
Of  stature  spread  and  straight,  his  armes  and  hands 
delectable  to  behold. 

Heywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  302. 

2.  Shallower  than  the  standard;  having  insuf- 
ficient depth  or  thickness  for  the  highest  luster: 
said  of  a  gem. 

The  other  Spinel  was  also  an  octagon  shaped  stone,  of 
perfect  color,  very  spread,  and  free  from  flaws. 

E.  W.  Streeter,  Precious  Stones,  p.  158. 

Spread  eagle,  (a)  See  eagle.  (b)  Naut.,  a  sailor  or  other 
person  lashed  in  the  rigging  or  elsewhere  with  arms  and 
legs  outspread :  a  form  of  punishment,  (c)  In  cookery,  a 
fowl  split  open  down  the  back  and  broiled.  Q.  Macdonald, 
Warlock  o'  Ulenwarlock,  xiv.  (d)  In  the  language  of  the 
stock  exchange,  a  straddle.  [Colloq.] 

Spread  Eagle  is  where  a  broker  buys  a  certain  stock  at 
seller's  option,  and  sells  the  same  at  seller's  option  within 
a  certain  time,  on  the  chance  that  both  contracts  may  run 
the  full  time  and  he  gain  the  difference. 

Biddle,  On  Stock  Brokers,  p.  74. 

Spread  harmony.  See  harmony,  2  (d).— spread  win- 
dow-glass. Same  as  broad  glass  (which  see,  under  broad). 
spread-eagle  (spred'e'gl),  a.  [<  spread  eagle  : 
see  spread  and  ea(j\e.~\  Having  the  form  or 
characteristics  of  a  spread  eagle,  or  of  the 
kind  of  display  so  called;  hence,  ostentatious; 
bombastic ;  boastful :  as,  a  spread-eagle  oration. 
See  spread  eagle,  under  eagle. 

A  kind  of  spread-eagle  plot  was  hatched,  with  two  heads 
growing  out  of  the  same  body. 
Dryden,  Postscript  to  the  History  of  the  League,  II.  469. 

We  Yankees  are  thought  to  be  fond  of  the  spread-eagle 
style.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  375. 

Spread-eagle  orchid.    See  Onddium. 
spread-eagle  (spred'e'gl),  v.  t.   [<  spreadeagle.\ 
To.  stretch  out  m  the  attitude  of  a  spread  eagle. 
[Rare.] 

Decapitated  carcases  of  cod  —  as  well  as  haddock  and 
ling,  which  are  included  under  the  name  of  stockfish  — 
may  be  seen  spread-eagled  across  transverse  sticks  to  dry. 
JT.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  IV.  278. 


Dromio,  go  bid  the  servants  spread  for  dinner. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2.  189. 

Spreading  globe-flower,  a  plant,  Trollius  laxu*,  grow-  spread-eagleism  (spred'eygl-izm), «.  [< 'spread- 
ing in  swamps  in  the  northeastern  United  States:  it  lit-  eagle  +  -tat.]  Vainglorious  spirit  as  shown  in 
tie  resembles  the  true  globe-flower  in  appearance,  its  opinion,  action,  or  speech;  ostentation;  bom- 
sepals  being  spreading,  and  of  a  greenish-yellow  or  nearly  bagt;  egpecialiy  in  tne  display  of  patriotism  or 


white  color. 

spread  (spred),  «.  [<  spread,  t'.]  1.  The  act 
of  spreading  or  extending;  propagation;  dif- 
fusion :  as,  the  spread  of  knowledge. 


national  vanity. 

When  we  talk  of  spread-eagleism,  we  are  generally  think- 
ing of  the  United  States. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLI.  330. 
Jo  flower  hath  that  kind  of  *«£«£  th.  woodbine  spreader  (spred>er),  „.      [<  spread  +  -«•!.]      1. 

_     m,  ,.,.  ..,..        One  who  or  that  which  spreads,    (a)  One  who  or 

2.   The  state,  condition,  quality,  or  capability     that  whfch  expand,  outspreads,  or  spreads  abroad.    See 
of  being  outspread;  expansion:  as,  the  tail  of 
the  peacock  has  an  imposing  spread. — 3.  The 
amount  of  extension  or  expansion,  especially  in 
surface ;  expanse ;  breadth ;  compass. 

These  naked  shoots  .  .  . 
Shall  put  their  graceful  foliage  on  again, 
And  more  aspiring,  and  with  ampler  spread, 
Shall  boast  new  charms,  and  more  than  they  have  lost. 


Conper,  Task,  vi.  145. 


spread,  v.  i. 

If  their  child  be  not  such  a  speedy  spreader  and 
brancher,  like  the  vine,  yet  perchance  he  may  .  .  .  yield 
.  .  as  useful  and  more  sober  fruit  than  the  other. 

Sir  H.  Walton,  Reliqute,  p.  77. 

(6)  One  who  or  that  which  extends,  diffuses,  disseminate?, 
etc.    See  spread,  v.  t. 

If  it  be  a  mistake,  I  desire  I  may  not  be  accused  for  a 
spreader  of  false  news.  SmJ't. 


The  capitals  of  the  triforium  of  Laon  have  about  the     3    In  flax-manuf.,  a  machine  for  drawing  and 
same  spread  as  those  of  the  choir  of  Paris.  doubling  flax  from  the  heckles,  and  making  it 


C.  H.  Moore,  Gothic  Architecture,  p.  203. 
Hence  —  4.  See  the  quotation. 

The  spread  of  the  wheels  or  axles  ...  is  the  distance 
between  the  centres  of  two  axles. 

Forney,  Locomotive,  p.  285. 
5.  A  stretch;  an  expanse. 
An  elm  with  a  spread  of  branches  a  hundred  feet  across. 
0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  p.  248. 


into  slivers;  a  drawing-frame. —  3.  In  cotton- 
manuf.,  same  as  lapper^,  2. —  4.  A  device  fitted 
to  the  nozle  of  a  hose  for  causing  the  stream 
to  spread  into  a  thin  fan  of  spray;  a  form  of 
spray-nozle. — 5.  A  bar,  commonly  of  wood, 
used  to  hold  two  swingletrees  apart,  and  thus 
form  a  substitute  for  a  doubletree  for  a  plow, 


spreader 

stone-boat,  cart,  etc.  E.  H.  Knight.—  Blower 
and  spreader.  Set'W"ir<'ri. 

spreading-adder  (spred'ing-ad'er),  n.  Same 
as  blowing-snake. 

spreading-board  (spred'ing-bord),  n.  Same 
us  sftting-bo&rd, 

spreading-frame  (spred'ing-fram), ,«.  lasjihi- 
iiing,  a  machine  for  spreading  slivers  of  flax 
and  leading  them  to  the  drawing-rollers.  E. 
II.  K nil/lit. 

spreading-furnace  (spred'ing-fer"nas),  n.  In 
Ulasx-iHiiiiuf.,  a  flattening-t'urnace.  in  which  the 
split  cylinders  of  blown  glass  are  flattened  out. 
The  hearth  of  this  furnace  is  called  the  gprctid- 
ing-plate. 

spreadingly  (spred'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  spread- 
ing or  extending  manner. 

The  best  times  were  spreadingly  infected. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng., !. 

spreading-machine  (spred'ing-ma-shen"),  ». 
In  cotlon-manuf.,  a  batting  and  cleaning  ma- 
chine for  forming  loose  cotton  into  a  con- 
tinuous band  ready  for  the  carder.  Compare 
scutcher. 
spreading-oven  (spred'ing-uv'n),  n.  In  glass- 

niHiiiif.,  a  spreading-  or  flattening-furnace. 
spreading-plate  (spred'ing-plat),  n.  In  glass- 
manuf.,  a  flat  plate  or  heartn  on  which  a  split 
cylinder  of  glass  is  laid  to  be  opened  into  a  flat 
sheet.  Seeflatteniiig-furnace,  spreading-furnace, 
cylinder-glass. 

spreagh  (sprech),  «.  [Also  spreach,  spreich, 
spreath,  spreith,  spreth,  spraith ;  <  Ir.  Gael. 
gpreidh,  cattle,  =  W.  praidd,  flock,  herd,  booty, 
prey.]  Prey,  especially  in  cattle ;  booty ;  plun- 
der. Gavin  Douglas,  tr.  of  Virgil,  p.  64. 
[Scotch.] 

spreaghery,  sprechery  (sprech 'er-i),  n.   [Also 
spraygltfric,  spreagherie,  spreacheri/,  spreacherie, 
sprecherie;  < spreagh  +  -ery.]    1.  Cattle-lifting; 
plundering. —  2.  Prey,  in  cattle  or  other  prop- 
erty;  booty;  plunder;  movables  of  an  inferior 
sort,  especially  such  as  are  collected  by  depre- 
dation.    [Scotch  in  both  uses.] 
spreat,  w.     Same  as  sprat1.     [Scotch.] 
spreath,  ».     See  spreagh.     [Scotch.] 
sprechery,  ».     See  spreaghery.     [Scotch.] 
spreckled  (sprek'ld),  a.     [<  "spreckle  (<  Icel. 
sprekla   (Haldorsen)   =  Sw.   sprakla,   a  spot, 
speck)  +  -ed2.     The  E.  may  be  in  part  a  var.  of 
speckled.]   Speckled.   [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
"  What  like  were  your  fishes,  my  jollie  young  man  ?  " 
"Black  backs  and  spreM'd  bellies." 

Lord  Donald  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  246). 

spredt,  spreddet.  Obsolete  forms  of  spread, 
preterit  and  past  participle  of  spread. 

spree1  (spre),  w.  [Perhaps  <  Ir.  spre,  a  spark, 
flash,  animation,  spirit;  cf.  sprac,  a  spark,  life, 
motion,  spraic,  strength,  vigor,  sprightliness, 
=  Gael,  spraic,  vigor,  exertion.  Cf.  sprack  and 
spry.]  1.  A  lively  frolic ;  a  prank. 


spree 
dons. 


John  Blower,  honest  man,  as  sailors  are  aye  for  some 

;ee  or  another,  wad  take  me  ance  to  see  ane  Mrs.  Sid- 
is.  Scott,  St.  Bonan's  Well,  xx. 

2.  A  bout  or  season  of  drinking  to  intoxication ; 
a  fit  of  drunkenness. 

Periodic  drinkers,  with  long  intervals  between  spree*. 
Amer.  Jour.  1'sychol.,  I.  518. 

=  Syn.  2.  Revel,  Debauch,  etc.    See  carousal^. 
spree1  (spre),  ?>.  i.     [<  spree1,  w.]     To  go  on  a 
spree ;  carouse :  often  with  an  indefinite  it :  as, 
to  spree  it  for  a  week. 

He  ...  took  to  spreein'  and  liquor,  and  let  down  from  a 
foreman  to  a  hand.  T.  Winthrop,  Love  and  Skates. 

spree2  (spre),  a.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  spry.  Con- 
nection with  spree1  is  uncertain.]  Spruce; 
gay.  Hallmell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spreettail  (spret'tal),  ».    Same  as  sprittail. 

spreich1,  «'.  and  ».    See  spraich. 

spreich-,  spreith,  ».    See  spreagh. 

spreintt.   Preterit  and  past  participle  of  sprcng. 

Sprekelia(spre-ke'li-a),n.  [NL.(Heister,  1753), 
named  after  J.  H.  von  Sprekelsen  of  Hamburg, 
from  whom  Linnteus  obtained  the  plant,  and 
who  wrote  on  the  yucca  in  1729.]  A  genus  of 
monocotyledonous  plants,  of  the  order  Amaryl- 
lidese  and  tribe  Amaryllese.  It  is  characterized  by 
a  one-flowered  scape  with  a  single  spathaceous  bract,  by 
a  perianth  without  a  tube  and  with  an  ascendiug  posterior 
segment,  and  by  versatile  anthers,  a  corona  of  small  scales 
between  the  filaments,  and  a  three-celled  ovary  with  nu- 
merous ovules.  The  only  species,  S.formosiisima,  is  known 
in  cultivation  as  the  jacobsea-lily  (which  see). 

sprengt  (spreng),  t-.;  pret.  and  pp.  sprent,  spreint. 
[An  obs.  verb,  now  merged,  so  far  as  existent,  in 
its  primary  verb,  spring,  or  represented  by  the 
dial,  springe1;  <  ME.  sprengen  (pret.  sprente, 
spreynte,  pp.  sprcynd,  spreind,  spreint,  yspreynd), 


5862 

<  AS.  sprengan,  cause  to  spring,  sprinkle  (= 
Icel.  xprciigjn  =  Sw.  xprfinga.  cause  to  burst, 
=  Dan.  xjirfengc,  sprinkle,  burst,  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  xpn  ni/cii,  cause  to  burst),  causal  of 
springan,  etc.,  spring,  burst:  see  spring;  cf. 
bespreng.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  scatter  in  drops  or 
minute  particles;  strew  about;  diffuse. 

Gamelyn  sprengeth  holy  water  with  an  oken  spire. 

Tale  of  (Jamelyn  (Lansdowne  MS. ).  1.  603. 
A  fewe  fraknes  in  his  face  yspreynd. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1311. 

2.  To  sprinkle ;  overspread  with  drops,  parti- 
cles, spots,  or  the  like.     [The  past  participle 
sprent  is  still  in  use  as  an  archaism.] 
Sprengeth  on  [you]  mid  hali  water.  Ancren  Ritrle,  p.  16. 

Otherwhere  the  snowy  substaunce  sprent 
With  vermeil.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  45. 

The  cheek  grown  thin,  the  blown  \iairsprcnt  with  grey. 
M.  Arnold,  Thyreis. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  leap;  spring. 

To  the  chambyr  dore  he  sprente, 
And  claspid  it  with  barres  twoo. 

MS.  Hart.  22S2,  f.  109:    (Halliu-ell.) 

The  blode  sprente  owtte  and  sprede  as  the  horse  spryngez. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  F,.  T.  S.),  1.  2062. 

2.  To  rise ;  dawn. 
Sprengel  pump.    See  mercury  air-pump,  under 

mercury. 

sprenkelt,  r-  and  n .  An  obsolete  f  orm  of  sprinkle. 
SprentH,  »•  «'•     [ME.  sprenten  =  MHG.  sprenzcn 

=  Icel.  spretta  (for  "sprenta),  start,  spring, 

spurt  out,  =  Sw.  spritta  =  Dan.  sprsette,  start, 

startle.]    To  leap;  bound;  dart. 

Sparkes  of  fire  that  obout  sal  eprent. 

Hampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  6814. 

sprent2.  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  spretig. 
[Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

sprett,  spretet,  «•    Obsolete  forms  of  sprit1. 

sprett  (spret),  n.    Same  as  sprat1, 1.    [Scotch.] 

sprew,  sprue  (spro),  «.  [Sc.  also  sproo;  <  D. 
spruw,  sprouw,  the  thrush.]  A  disease:  same 
as  thrush'*. 

spreyndet,  spreyndt.  Old  forms  of  the  preterit 
and  past  participle  of  spreng. 

sprig*  (sprig),  M.  [<  ME.  spryg,  sprigge,  per- 
haps a  var.  of  "sprikke,  <  MLG.  sprik,  LG. 
sprikk,  stick,  twig,  =  AS.  "spree  (in  Somner, 
not  authenticated)  =  Icel.  sprek,  a  stick  (smd- 
sprek,  small  sticks);  cf.  Sw.  dial,  spragg,  spragge 
=  Dan.  dial,  sjirag,  a  sprig,  spray:  see  spray1, 
sprag1.]  1 .  A  sprout ;  a  shoot ;  a  small  branch ; 
a  spray,  as  of  a  tree  or  plant. 

So  it  became  a  vine,  and  brought  forth  branches,  and 
shot  forth  sprigs.  Ezek.  xvii.  >'>. 

A  faded  Bilk,  .  .  . 
With  sprigs  of  summer  laid  between  the  folds. 

Tennyson,  Geraint 

2.  An  offshoot  from  a  human  stock ;  a  young 
person ;  a  scion ;  a  slip :  often  implying  slight 
disparagement  or  contempt. 

A  sprig  of  the  nobility, 

That  has  a  spirit  equal  to  his  fortunes. 

Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  L  1. 

3.  An  ornament  or  a  design  in  the  form  of  a 
spray ;  especially,  such  a  design  stamped,  wo- 
ven, or  embroidered  on  a  textile  fabric. 

Ten  Small  Diamonds  singly  set  in  Silver,  but  made  up 
together  into  a  Sprig  fastened  by  a  Wire,  which  were  lost 
from  her  Majesty's  Robes. 

Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 

[I.  182. 

4.  A  kind  of  spike. —  5.   See  the  quotation. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Men  who  work  in  wall  or  mud-work  have  to  run  bar- 
rows full  of  earth  on  planks,  perhaps  upwards.  To  pre- 
vent slips  a  triangular  piece  of  iron  is  screwed  to  their 
shoe-heels,  having  three  points  half  an  Inch  long  project- 
ing downwards.  These  are  called  sprigs.  Halliwell. 

6.  A  small  brad  or  nail  without  a  head.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  7.  A  small  wedge-shaped  piece,  usually 
of  tin-plate,  used  to  hold  the  glass  in  a  wooden 
sash  until  the  putty  can  be  applied  and  has 
time  to  harden. —  8.  In  lace-making,  one  of  the 
separate  pieces  of  lace,  usually  pillow-made 
lace,  which  are  fastened  upon  a  net  ground  or 
r6seau  in  all  kinds  of  application-lace.  They 
are  generally  in  the  form  of  flowers  and  leaves 
(whence  the  name). — 9.  The  sprigtail  or  pin- 
tail duck,  Dajila  acuta.  G.  Trumbull,  1888.— 
10.  Naut.,  a  small  eye-bolt  ragged  at  the  point. 
—  Chantllly  sprig  pattern.  See  ChanKlly porcelain  (a), 
under  porcelain*. 

sprig1  (sprig),  r.  (.;  pret.  and  pp.  sprigged,  ppr. 
sprigging.     [<  sprig1,  n.]     1 .  To  decorate  with 
sprigs,  as  pottery  or  textile  fabrics. 
A  grey  clay  sprigged  with  white.  Duright. 

Friday,  went  to  the  lower  Rooms ;  wore  my  sprigged 
muslin  robe  with  blue  trimmings. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  iil. 


spring 

2.  To  form  into  a  sprig  or  sprigs. 

Sprigg'd  rosemary  the  lads  and  lasses  bore. 

Uay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Friday,  1.  135. 

3.  To  drive  sprigs  into. 

sprig-  (sprig),  n.     [Cf.  xpriif/.]     The  sparrow, 
faster  aomesticut.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
sprig:!t  (sprig),  «.  [Cf.  xjirack.]  Spruce;  smart. 

For  all  he  wears  his  beard  so  XJH •/-/. 
Cotton,  Burlesque  upon  Burlesque.    (Danes.) 

sprig-bolt  (sprig'bolt),  n.     Same  as  rag-bolt. 

sprig-crystal  (sprig'kris'tal),  «.  A  crystal  or 
cluster  of  prismatic,  crystals  of  quartz,  adher- 
ing to  the  rock  at  one  end,  and  tapering  off  to 
a  sharp  point  at  the  other  extremity. 

In  perpendicular  fissures,  crystal  is  found  in  form  of  an 
hexangular  column,  adhering  at  one  end  to  the  stone,  and 
near  the  other  lessening  gradually,  till  it  terminates  in  a 
point :  this  is  called  by  lapidaries  sprig  or  rock  crystal. 

Woodward. 

spriggy  (sprig'i),  a.  [<  sprig1  +  -y1.]  Full  of 
sprigs  or  small  branches.  Jiailey,  1729. 

spright't,  n.  and  r.  An  obsolete  and  erroneous 
spelling  of  sprite1. 

spright2t,  ».    See  sprite?. 

sprightfult  (sprit'ful),  a.  [Prop,  xprileful;  < 
xpright,  sprite1,  +  -fill.]  F»ll  of  spirit;  spright- 
ly ;  brisk ;  animated ;  gay. 

Spoke  like  a  sprightfid  noble  gentleman. 

Shalt.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 177. 

sprightfullyt  (sprit'ful-i),  «rfc.  In  a  sprightly 
or  lively  manner;  with  spirit. 

Archid.  So,  so,  'tis  well :  how  do  I  look? 

Mar.  Most  sprightfully.   JUassinger,  The  Bondman,  il.  1. 

sprightfulnesst  (sprit'fiil-nes),  n.  [Prop.sprite- 
f illness  ;(.sprightf ill,  spriteful,+  -ness.]  Spright- 
liness ;  vigor ;  animation.  Bp.  Parker,  Platon- 
ick  Philos.,  p.  6. 

sprightlesst  (sprit'les),  a.  [Prop,  spriteless;  < 
upright,  sprite1,  +  -less.]  Lacking  spirit ;  spirit- 
less. 

Nay,  he  is  spriteless,  sense  or  soul  hath  none. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Yillanie,  vii.  44. 

sprightliness  (sprit'li-nes),  n.  [Prop,  spriteli- 
ness;  <  sprightly,  spritely,  +  -ness.]  The  state  or 
character  of  being  sprightly ;  liveliness ;  life ; 
briskness;  vigor;  activity;  gaiety;  vivacity. 

To  see  such  sprighttiness  the  prey  of  sorrow  I  pitied  her 
from  my  soul.  Steme,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  20. 

=  Syn.  /• '/'  Liveliness,  etc.  See  animation. 
sprightly  (sprit'li),  a.  [Prop,  spritely,  but 
sprightly  is  the  common  spelling,  the  literal 
meaning  and  therefore  the  proper  form  of  the 
word  being  lost  from  view ;  <  spright1,  sprite1, 
+  -ly1.]  It.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sprite  or 
spirit;  ghostly;  spectral;  incorporeal. 

As  I  slept,  me  thought 
Great  lupiter,  vpon  his  Eagle  back'd, 
Appear'U  to  me,  with  other  sprightly  shewes. 

Shale.,  Cymbeline  (folio  1623),  v.  5.  428. 

2.  Full  of  spirit  or  vigor;  brisk;  lively;  viva- 
cious; animated;  spirited;  gay. 

I  am  glad  you  are  so  sprightly.    You  fought  bravely. 

Beau,  and  /•'/..  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  1. 

Let  me  tell  you,  that  sprightly  grace  and  insinuating 
manner  of  yours  will  do  some  mischief  among  the  girls 
here.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

Syn.  2.  See  animation. 

sprightly!  (sprit'li),  adv.  [Prop,  spritely;  < 
sprightly,  a.]  In  a  sprightly  manner;  with 
vigor,  liveliness,  or  gaiety.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv. 
4.53. 

sprigtail  (sprig'tal),  «.  1.  The  pintail  or  sprig, 
a  duck,  Dafila  acuta.  See  cut  under  Dafila. — 
2.  The  sharp-tailed  or  pin-tailed  grouse,  Pedioe- 
cetes pliasiane Hits  columbianus :  more  fully  sprig- 
tailed  grouse.  See  cut  under  Pedicecetcs. 

sprig-tailed  (sprig'tald),  a.  Having  a  sprigged 
or  sharp-pointed  tail,  as  a  bird  ;  pin-tailed:  as, 
the  sprig-tailed  duck,  Dafila  acuta. 

spring  (spring),  t'. ;  pret.  sprang  or  sprung,  pp. 
sprung,  ppr.  springing.  [Also  dial,  sprink;  < 
ME.  springen,  spryngen  (pret.  sprang,  sprang, 
pi.  sprungen,  sprongen,  pp.  sprungen,  sprongen, 
sprunge),<.  AS. springan,  sprincan  (pret.  sjirang, 
spranc,  pi.  sprungon,  pp.  sprungen),  spring,  = 
OS.  springan  =  OFries.  springa  =  D.  springen 
=  MLG.  springen  =  OHG.  springan,  MHG.  G. 
springen,  spring,  =  Icel.  springa  =  Sw.  springa 
=  Dan.  springe,  spring,  run,  burst,  split,  =  Goth. 
*spriggan  (not  recorded);  cf.  OF.  espringuier, 
ete.,  spring,  dance,  =  It.  springare,  kick  about 
(<  OHG.);  prob.  akin  to  Gr.  oirtpxeatiai,  move 
rapidly,  be  in  haste,  ampxvuf,  hasty.  Cf.  Lith. 
sprugii,  spring  away,  escape.  Hence  spring,  n., 
and  ult.  springal1,  springaf*,  the  causal  spreng 
(now  mostly  merged  in  sjiring),  sprinkle,  etc.] 
I.  intrans.  1.  To  leap  up;  jump. 


spring 

Whan  Gonnore  tins  saugh,  she  xjiruntje  for  loye. 

M,;-/i,i  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  n.  210. 

They  would  often  spring,  and  huiinil,  and  leap,  with  pro- 
digious agility.  Surfft,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  move  with  leaps;  bound  along;  rush. 

Than  spronge  forth  Gawein  and  his  companye  a-monge 

the  fori-evours,  that  many  were  there  slain  and  wounded. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  587. 

The  horses,  tprimjiitg  from  uniler  the  whip  of  the  char- 
ioteer, soon  bore  us  frcmi  the  great  entrance  of  the  palace 
into  the  midst  of  the  throng  that  crowded  the  streets. 

W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  58. 

Specifically — 3.  Tostartup;  rise  suddenly,  as 
a  bin!  from  a  covert. 

Watchful  as  fowlers  when  their  game  will  spring. 

Otway,  Venice  Preserved,  i.  1. 

4.  To  be  impelled  with  speed  or  violence; 
shoot;  fly;  dart. 

And  sudden  light 
Sprung  through  the  vaulted  roof.       Dryclen. 

The  blood  sprang  to  her  face. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Out  sprang  his  bright  steel  at  that  latest  word. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  285. 

5.  To  start,  recoil,  fly  back,  etc.,  as  from  a 
forced  position;  escape  from  constraint;  give; 
relax ;  especially,  to  yield  to  natural  elasticity 
or  to  the  force  of  a  spring.     See  spring,  n.,9. 

Thor  (Jacob]  wrestelede  an  engel  with, 
Senwe  [sinew]  sprungen  fro  the  lith  [limb]. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1804. 
No  sooner  are  your  .  .  .  appliances  withdrawn  than 
the  strange  casket  of  a  heart  springs  to  again. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  ii.  6. 

6.  To  be  shivered  or  shattered;  split;  crack. 
Whene  his  spere  was  sprongene,  he  spede  hym  f ulle  serne, 
Swappede  owtte  with  a  swerde,  that  swykede  hym  never. 

MorteArthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1794. 

East  and  Tom  were  chatting  together  in  whispers  by 

the  light  of  the  fire,  and  splicing  a  favourite  old  fives  bat 

which  had  sprung.   T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  9. 

7.  To  come  into  being;  begin  to  grow;  shoot 
up;  come  up;  arise;  specifically,  of  the  day, 
to  dawn:  said  of  any  kind  of  genesis  or  begin- 
ning, and  often  followed  by  up. 

The  derke  was  done  &  the  day  sprange. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1076. 
Hadst  thou  sway'd  as  kings  should  do,  ... 
Giving  no  ground  unto  the  house  of  York, 
They  never  then  had  sprung  like  summer  flies. 

SAafr.,3Hen.  VI.,  ii.  6.  17. 

In  the  night,  when  the  Land  winds  came,  they  anchored, 
and  lay  still  till  about  10  or  11  a  Clock  the  next  day,  at 
which  time  the  Sea-breeze  usually  sprang  up  again,  and 
enabled  them  to  continue  their  Course. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  i.  106. 

Alone  the  sun  arises,  and  alone 
Spring  the  great  streams. 

M .  Arnold,  In  Utrumque  Paratus. 

8.  To  take  one's  birth,  rise,  or  origin  (from  or 
out  of  any  one  or  any  thing) ;  be  derived ;  pro- 
ceed, as  from  a  specified  source,  stock,  or  set 
of  conditions. 

This  folc,  sprungen  of  Israel, 
Is  vnder  God  timed  wel. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4023. 
My  only  love  sprung  from  my  only  hate ! 

Shale.,  R.and  J.,  i.5.  140. 

9f.  To  come  into  view  or  notice ;  be  spread  by 
popular  report ;  gain  fame  or  prevalence. 
Thus  withinne  a  whyle  his  name  is  spronge 
Bothe  of  his  dedes  and  his  goode  tonge. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  579. 

The  word  shal  springen  of  him  into  Coloyne. 

Flemish  Insurrection  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  271). 

10.  To  rise  above  a  given  level;  have  a  rela- 
tively great  elevation ;  tower. 

Up  from  their  midst  springs  the  village  spire, 
With  the  crest  of  its  cock  in  the  sun  afire. 

Whittier,  Prophecy  of  Samuel  Sewall. 

Above  this  springs  the  roof,  semicircular  in  general  sec- 
tion, but  somewhat  stilted  at  the  sides,  so  as  to  make  its 
height  greater  than  the  semi-diameter. 

J.  Fergusson,  Hist.  Indian  Arch.,  p.  119. 

11.  To  warp,  or  become  warped ;  bend  or  wind 
from  a  straight  line  or  plane  surface,  as  a  piece 
of  timber  or  plank  in  seasoning. 

The  battens  are  more  likely  to  spring  fairly  than  when 
the  curves  are  nearly  straight.  Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  §  21. 

12.  To  bend  to  the  oars  and  make  the  boat  leap 
or  spring  forward,  as  in  an  emergency:  often 
in  the  form  of  an  order:  as,  "Spring  ahead 
hard,  men ! "—  Springing  bow.  In  violin-playing,  a  stac- 
cato passage,  producedby  dropping  the  bow  on  the  strings 
so  that  it  rebounds  by  its  own  elast  icity.  is  said  to  be  played 
with  a  springing  bow.    Also  called  tpiccato,  and,  when  the 
bow  rebounds  to  a  considerable  distance,  saltato.  =  Syn. 
Leap,  Jump,  etc.    See  stop',  p.  ». 

II.  (ran*.  1.  To  cause  to  leap  or  dart;  urge 
or  launch  at  full  speed. 

So  they  spede  at  the  spoures,  they  sprangene  theire  horses, 
Hyres  theme  hakenayes  hastyly  there  aftyre. 

Marie  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  483. 


5863 

I  spring  my  thoughts  into  this  immense  field. 

J.  Uerrrii.  .Meditations,  II.  129. 

2.  To  start  or  rouse,  as  game;  cause  to  rise 
from  the  earth  or  from  a  covert ;  flush :  as,  to 
spring  a  pheasant. 

The  men  sprange  the  birdes  out  of  the  busshes,  and  the 
haukes  sorynge  oiler  them  bete  them  doune,  so  that  the 
men  mought  easily  take  them. 

Sir  T.  Elijnt,  The  Oovernour,  i.  18. 

Here  's  the  master  fool,  and  a  covey  of  coxcombs;  one 
wise  man,  I  think,  would  spring  you  all. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

3.  To  bring  out  hastily  or  unexpectedly;  pro- 
duce suddenly ;  bring,  show,  contrive,  etc.,  with 
unexpected  promptness,  or  as  a  surprise. 

I  may  perhaps  spring  a  wife  for  you  anon. 

B.  Junson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  v.  3. 

Surprised  with  fright, 
She  starts  and  leaves  her  bed,  and  springs  a  light. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  x.  153. 
The  friends  to  the  cause  sprang  a  new  project.      Smft. 
It 's  a  feast  at  a  poor  country  labourer's  place  when  he 
springs  sixpenn'orth  of  fresh  herrings. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  63. 

4.  To  jump  over;  overleap. 

Far  be  the  spirit  of  the  chase  from  them  [women] ! 

Uncomely  courage,  unbeseeming  skill; 

To  spring  the  fence,  to  rein  the  prancing  steed. 

Thomson,  Autumn,  1.  575. 

5f.  To  cause  to  spring  up  or  arise ;  bring  forth : 
generate. 

Two  wellis  there  bethe,  I  telle  thee, 
That  spryngqythe  oyle,  there  men  may  see. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  142. 
Their  indulgence  must  not  spring  in  me 
A  fond  opinion  that  he  cannot  err. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

6f.  To  scatter  as  in  so  wing;  strew  about;  shed 
here  and  there ;  sprinkle  (a  liquid). 

Before  theise  Ydoles  men  sleen  here  Children  many 
tymes,  and  spryngen  the  Blood  upon  the  Ydoles;  and  so 
thei  maken  here  Sacrifise.  Mandealle,  Travels,  p.  170. 

7.  To  sprinkle,  as  with  fine  drops,  particles, 
or  spots ;  especially,  to  moisten  with  drops  of  a 
liquid :  as,  to  spring  clothes.     [Now  only  prov. 
Eng.] 

With  holi  water  thou  schalt  me  springe, 
And  as  the  snowe  I  sehal  be  whyt. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  253. 

8.  To  shiver;  split;  crack:  as,  to  spring  a  bat ; 
the  mast  was  sprung. 

Our  shippes  [were]  in  very  good  plight,  more  then  that 
the  Mary  Rose,  by  some  mischance,  either  sprang  or  spent 
her  fore-yarde.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  609. 

9.  To  cause  to  burst  or  explode ;  discharge. 

I  sprung  a  mine,  whereby  the  whole  nest  was  over- 
thrown. Addison,  Spectator. 

10.  To  shift  out  of  place ;  relax ;  loosen. 

The  linch-pins  of  the  wagon  are  probably  lost,  and  the 
tire  of  the  wheels  sprung.  II.  B,  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  178. 

Specifically  — 11.  To  relax  the  spring  of ;  cause 
to  act  suddenly  by  means  of  a  spring ;  touch 
off,  as  by  a  trigger:  as,  to  spring  a  trap;  to 
spring  a  rattle;  also  figuratively:  as,  to  spring 
a  plot  or  a  joke. 

He  shall  weave  his  snares, 
And  spring  them  on  thy  careless  steps. 

Bryant,  Antiquity  of  Freedom. 

12.  To  bend  by  force,  as  something  stiff  or 
strong. — 13.  To  insert,  as  a  beam  in  a  place  too 
short  for  it,  by  bending  it  so  as  to  bring  the  ends 
nearer  together,  and  allowing  it  to  straighten 
when  in  place :  usually  with  in :  as,  to  spring  in 
a  slat  or  bar. — 14.  In  arch.,  to  commence  from 
an  abutment  or  pier:  as,  to  spring  an  arch. — 15. 
Naut.,  to  haul  by  means  of  springs  or  cables: 
as.  to  spring  the  stern  of  a  vessel  around. — 
16.  In  carp.,  to  unite  (the  boards  of  a  roof)  with 
bevel-joints  in  order  to  keep  out  wet —  To  spring 
a  butt  (naut.).  See  im«2._ To  spring  a  leak.  See  leak. 
—  To  spring  her  luff  (naut. ).  See  lu/2. 
spring  (spring), «.  and  a.  [<  ME.  spring,  springe, 
a  leap,  spreng,  sprynge,  a  spring  (of  water),  a 
rod,  a  sprig,  <  AS.  si>ring,  spryng,  a  leap,  a 
spring,  fountain,  ulcer,  =  OS.  spring  (in  aho- 
spring  =  AS.  e-spryng,  a  well,  'water-spring') 
=  OFries.  spring  (in  spedelspring)  =  MLG. 
sprink  =  OHG.  spring,  sprung,  MHG.  sprinc, 
sprunc,  G.  spring,  a  spring  of  water  (cf.  sprung, 
a  leap),  =  Sw.  Dan.  spring,  a  leap,  run,  spring 
(cf .  Sw.  sprdng,  a  leap,  bound,  water-spring) ; 
from  the  verb:  see  spring,  v.~\  I.  n.  1.  The  act 
of  springing  or  leaping,  (a)  A  leaping  or  darting ;  a 
vault ;  a  bound. 

The  Indian  immediately  started  back,  whilst  the  lion 
rose  with  a  spring,  and  leaped  towards  him. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  56. 

(6)  A  flying  back ;  the  resilience  of  a  body  recovering  its 
former  state  by  its  elasticity. 

The  bow  well  bent,  and  smart  the  spring. 

Cowper,  Human  Frailty. 


spring 

2.  The  act  or  time  of  springing  or  appearing; 
the  first  appearance;  the  beginning:  birth; 
rise;  origin:  as,  the  sprint/  of  mankind;  the 
sprint/  of  the  year;  the  spring  of  the  morning 
or  of  the  day  (see  rJaynpriny).  [Archaic  except 
as  in  def.  3  and  its  figurative  use.] 

Men,  if  we  view  them  in  their  spring,  are  at  the  first 
without  understanding  or  knowledge  at  all. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  i.  6. 

This  river  taketh  spring  out  of  a  certain  lake  eastward. 
D.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Blackness. 

So  great  odds  there  is  between  the  Spring  and  Fall  of 
Fortune.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  126. 

At  morning  spring  and  even-full 
Sweet  voices  in  the  still  air  singing. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  II. 

Specifically — 3.  The  first  of  the  four  seasons 
of  the  year ;  the  season  in  which  plants  begin 
to  vegetate  and  rise;  the  vernal  season  (see 
season);  hence,  figuratively,  the  first  and  fresh- 
est period  of  any  time  or  condition. 

Rough  winter  spent, 
The  pleasant  spring  straight  draweth  in  ure. 

Surrey,  The  Louer  Comforteth  Himself. 
My  hasting  days  fly  on  with  full  career, 
But  my  late  spring  no  bud  or  blossom  shew'th. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  ii. 

4.  That  which  springs  or  shoots  up.  (at)  A 
sprout;  shoot;  branch;  sapling. 

Springii  and  plantes,  any  spryg  that  growl  out  of  any 
tree.  Arnold's  Chron.,  p.  168. 

This  canker  that  eats  up  Love's  tender  spring. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  656. 

(&)  A  young  wood ;  any  piece  of  woodland ;  a  grove ;  a 
shrubbery.  [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

When  the  spring  is  of  two  years'  growth,  draw  part  of 
it  for  quick-seta.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  III.  viii.  §  23. 

(ct)  A  rod ;  a  switch. 

For  ho  so  spareth  the  spring  spilleth  bus  children ; 
And  so  wrot  the  wise  to  wissen  us  alle. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  vi.  139. 
5f.  A  youth ;  a  springal. 

The  one  his  bowe  and  shafts,  the  other  Spring 
A  burning  Teade  about  his  head  did  move. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos,  1.  292. 

Ca'  me  nae  mair  Sir  Donald, 
But  ae  spring  Donald  your  son. 

LizU  Lindsay  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  65). 

6t.  Offspring;  race. 
Who  on  all  the  human  spring  conferred  confusion. 

Chapman.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

7.  Water  rising  to  the  surface  of  the  earth  from 
below,  and  either  flowing  away  in  the  form  of 
a  small  stream  or  standing  as  a  pool  or  small 
lake.  Rivers  are  chiefly  fed,  both  before  and  after  being 
Joined  by  their  various  affluents,  by  underground  springs, 
and  some  pools  of  water  large  enough  to  be  called  ponds 
or  even  lakes  are  supplied  in  the  same  way.  The  condi- 
tions under  which  springs  are  formed  are  exceedingly  va- 
riable, at  once  as  regards  the  quantity  of  water,  its  tem- 
perature, the  amount  and  nature  of  the  gaseous  and  solid 
substances  which  it  holds  in  solution,  and  the  manner  in 
which  it  is  delivered  at  the  surface ;  hence  springs  are  va- 
riously designated  in  accordance  with  these  peculiarities, 
the  most  familiar  terms  used  for  this  purpose  being  shal- 
low, simple,  common,  or  surface;  hot,  boiling,  thermal;  min- 
eral, medicinal;  and  spouting,  or  geyser,  as  this  kind  of 
spring  is  more  generally  called.  Shallow  or  surface  springs 
ordinarily  furnish  water  which  is  pretty  nearly  pure,  can 
be  used  for  drinking,  and  does  not  differ  much  in  tem- 
perature from  the  mean  of  the  locality  where  they  occur. 
They  are  due  to  the  fact  that  the  water  falling  on  the  surface 
in  the  form  of  rain,  or  furnished  by  melting  snow,  sinks 
to  a  certain  depth  (according  as  the  soil  and  underlying 
rocks  are  more  or  less  porous  or  permeable),  where  it  is 
held  in  greater  or  less  quantity  according  to  the  amount 
of  rainfall  and  the  thickness  and  relative  position  of 
the  various  permeable  and  impermeable  formations  with 
which  it  is  brought  In  contact,  but  seeks  under  the  influ- 
ence of  gravitation  to  escape,  and  makes  its  appearance 
at  tie  surface  when  the  topographical  or  geological  con- 
ditions are  favorable.  Thus,  a  bed  of  gravel  or  sand  rest- 
ing on  a  mass  of  clay  (the  former  being  very  permeable, 
the  latter  almost  impermeable)  will  become  saturated 
with  water  below  a  certain  depth,  the  distance  from  the 
surface  of  the  saturated  sand  or  gravel,  or  the  line  of 
saturation,  as  it  is  called,  varying  with  the  climate  and 
season.  If,  however,  there  be  an  adjacent  ravine  or  val- 
ley which  is  cut  deep  enough  to  expose  the  line  of  junc- 
tion of  the  permeable  and  impermeable  formations,  the 
water  will  escape  along  this  line  in  greater  or  less  quanti- 
ty, giving  rise  to  springs,  which  will  vary  in  number  and 
copiousness  with  the  varying  conditions  which  present 
themselves.  The  water  of  such  springs,  not  having  de- 
scended to  any  great  depth,  will  not  vary  much  in  tem- 
perature from  the  mean  of  the  locality.  Very  different 
are  the  conditions  in  the  case  of  thermal  or  hot  springs, 
which  may  have  any  temperature  up  to  boiling,  and  of 
which  the  water  may  have  been  heated  either  by  coming 
from  great  depths  or  by  contact  with  volcanic  rocks ;  hence 
thermal  springs  are  phenomena  very  characteristic  of  vol- 
canic and  geologically  disturbed  or  faulted  regions,  and 
those  hot  springs  which  are  of  the  geyser  type  (see  geyser) 
are  most  interesting  from  the  scenic  point  of  view.  The 
medicinal  properties  and  curative  effects  of  various  hot 
springs  are  of  great  practical  importance ;  and  many  such 
springs,  in  Europe  and  the  United  States,  are  places 
much  resorted  to  by  invalids  and  pleasure-seekers.  The 
variety  of  constituents,  both  solid  and  gaseous,  held  in 
solution  by  different  hot  springs  is  very  great.  From 
the  medicinal  point  of  viewpsprlngs  are  variously  class!- 


spring 

lied,  and  without  regard  to  temperature,  because  the  na- 
ture and  quantity  of  the  substances  which  the  water  con- 
tains are  not  by  any  means  entirely  dependent  on  tempera- 
ture, although  in  general  the  hotter  the  water  the  larger 
the  amount  of  foreign  matter  likely  to  be  held  in  solution, 
while  a  high  temperature  is  undoubtedly  in  many  cases  an 
Important  element  in  the  therapeutic  etlect  produced.  A 
convenient  classification  of  mineral  waters,  from  the  medi- 
cinal point  of  view,  is  into  (a)  indifferent,  (ft)  earthy,  (c)  sul- 
phurous, ((/)  saline,  (e)  alkaline,  (/)  purgative,  (g)  chalyb- 
eate. Indifferent  waters  are  such  as  contain  but  a  small 
amount  of  foreign  matter — often  so  little,  indeed,  that  tlu-y 
might  well  be  classed  as  potable,  but  they  are  usually  ther- 
mal. Their  mode  of  therapeutic  action  is  not  well  under- 
stood, and  by  some  the  imagination  is  thought  to  play  an  im- 
portant part  as  a  curative  agency.  Examples  of  well-known 
and  much-visited  springs  of  this  class  are  Schlangen- 
bad  in  Nassau ;  Gastein  in  Siilzburg ;  Teplitz  in  Bohemia ; 
Plombiercs  in  France ;  Lebanon,  New  York ;  Hot  Springs, 
Bath  Court  House,  Virginia ;  Clarendon  Springs,  Vermont ; 
Hot  Springs,  Arkansas,  etc.  Earthy  waters  contain  a  large 
amount  of  mineral  matter  in  solution,  calcium  sulphate 
predominating  in  quantity.  Examples:  Leuk,  Switzer- 
land ;  Bagneres-de-Bigorre,  France ;  Bath,  England ;  Sweet 
Springs  and  Berkeley  Springs,  West  Virginia.  Sulphurous 
waters  are  weak  solutions  of  alkaline  sulphurets,  the  min- 
eral constituents  ranging  from  a  few  grains  to  a  hundred 
or  more  in  the  gallon,  and  the  sulphur  from  a  trace  to  4 
parts  in  10, 000;  some  are  cold,  others  hot.  Examples:  many 
of  the  most  frequented  springs  of  the  Pyrenees,  as  Cau- 
terets,  Eaux-Bonnes,  Eaux  Ohaudes,  Bagneres-de-Luchon; 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  Prussia;  Harrogate,  England ;  White  Sul- 
phur, West  Virginia ;  and  many  others.  Saline  springs : 
these  are  very  numerous,  both  hot  and  cold,  common  salt 
being  the  predominating  ingredient ;  but  besides  this  there 
are  usually  present  salts  of  lime,  magnesia,  soda,  iron,  io- 
dine, and  bromine.  Examples:  Kissingen,  Bavaria;  Wies- 
baden, Baden-Baden,  Niederselters,  in  Germany ;  St.  Cath- 
erines, Canada ;  Saratoga,  New  York.  Alkaline  waters : 
these  contain  salts  of  soda,  potash,  lime,  and  magnesia; 
also,  more  or  less  commonly,  lithia,  strontia,  and  traces  of 
iodine,  bromine,  fluorin,  and  arsenic.  Examples:  Vichy 
in  France;  Bilin  in  Bohemia;  Heilbrunn,  Ems,  in  Ger- 
many. Purgative  waters,  containing  especially  the  sul- 
phate of  magnesia,  and  also  of  soda,  often  in  large  quan- 
tity, as  in  the  case  of  the  Piillna  water,  which  has  1,986 
grains  to  the  gallon,  mostly  sodium  and  magnesium  sul- 
phates. Examples:  Sedlitz,  Carlsbad,  and  Piillna,  Bohe- 
mia ;  Cheltenham  and  Scarborough,  England.  Chalybeate 
waters,  in  which  salts  of  iron  are  the  essential  ingredient. 
Examples :  Schwalbach,  Nassau ;  Spa,  Belgium ;  Pyrmont, 
Germany. 
8.  Figuratively,  any  fount  or  source  of  supply. 

Macb.  The  spring,  the  head,  the  fountain  of  your  blood 
Is  stopp'd ;  the  very  source  of  it  is  stopp'd. 

Macd.  Your  royal  father 'smurder'd. 


5864  / 

A  rope  extending  from  some  part  of  a  ship1  to 
another  ship,  or  to  a  fixed  object,  to  cant  or 
move  the  ship  by  being  hauled  upon. — ;14.  A 
quick  and  cheerful  tune;  a  skip.  [Obsolete  or 
Scotch.] 

We  will  meet  him, 


springe 

the  fall,  or  afford  return  motion.  —  4.  In  a  rail- 
road-car, one  of  two  heavy  timbers  resting  on 
the  springs  of  a  six-wheel  cur-truck,  and  serv- 
ing to  support  the  bolster-bridges,  which, 
through  the  bolster,  support  the  car-body. — 
5.  In  cnrji.,  the  tie-beam  of  a  truss. 


And  strike  him  such  new tjjniuji,  aim  sucn  iree  welcomes,   aTvriTi(r  Knon+^r /.,,,    >,™'v,r,»tn          i      A  /> 
Shall  make  him  scorn  an  empire.  Sprmg-beauty  (spung  bu  ti),  «.    1.  A  common 

Fletcher  (and  another'!).  Prophetess,  v.  2.      American  wild  flower  ot  the  genus  Clai/toniii, 

especially  C.  I'irginica,  a  low,  succulent  herb, 
sending  up  from  a  deep-set  tuber  in  early  spring 
a  simple  stem  bearing  a  pair  of  narrow  leaves 
and  a  loose  gradually  developing  raceme  of 
pretty  flowers,  which  are  white  or  rose-colored 


Last  night  I  play'd  .  .  . 
"O'er  Bogie    was  the  tepn'u  /. 

Ramsay,  Gentle  Shepherd,  i.  1. 

15.  In  falconry,  a  collection  of  teal. 
A  spring  of  teels.        Stnttt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  97. 


with  deeper  veins.     See  cut  under  Clautonid. 


Presently  surprising  a  spring  of  teal.  ""•'"  "CCF"   .ciuo.     oco  cuu   uiiuei   ^niyivnw. 

Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  26,  1S85.    (Encyc.  Diet.)     Tue  smaller  C.  Cnroliiiiaiiit,  with  spatulate  or 
tmospheric,bltuminous,boiling,caballine  spring.     oval  leaves,  is  more  northern  except  in  the 
;e  the  adjectives.— Backlash-spring.    See  backlaih.—    mountains. —  2.   In   entom.,  a   beautiful   little 
Cspring.  See  C-*prin<j.— Carbonated  springs,  see  cor-     butterfly  of  America,  Krortt  lieta,  which  ap- 
bonatev.—  Compound  spring,  a  spring  in  which  springs     nonrK  ;„  ar>rin<r   ntiH  hoa  tliA  liiurl  «-;,,,r^  in  tlfo 
ofditferenttypesarecomUned.-Intermittentorinter-     ]  ng   ana  nas  tne  lima  wings  m  tie 

male  brown  bordered  with  blue,  m  the  female 
mostly  blue.  S.  H.  Scudder.  [Recent.] 
Spring-bed  (spring'bed),  n.  1.  A  mattress 
formed  of  spiral  springs  or  a  fabric  woven  of 
coiled  spiral  wire,  set  in  a  wooden  frame. — 2. 
In  a  cloth-shearing  machine,  a  long  elastic  plate 
of  steel  fastened  to  the  framing  of  the  machine 

in  line  with  the  axis  of  the  spring,   s'ee  cut  under  offer.—     to  press  the  fibers  of  the  cloth  within  the  range 
Spring  of  a  beam  or  of  a  deck,  the  curve  of  a  beam  or    of  the  cutting  edges. 

deckupwardfrom  a  horizontal  fine -Spring  of  pork,  spring-beetle   (spnug'be"tl),   n.     A  beetle  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  fore  quarter,  which  is  divided  from     fjTI  t'amilv  I''lntfriila>  •  an  plnrpi"  n  olinV  hootlo 
the  neck,  and  has  the  leg  without  the  shoulder.  =Sm  7.  ,,'   Sn     .,    ' '  a  CUCK-beetle. 

Fountain,  etc.    Seetretti.  See  cut  under  click-beetle.   Alsospnngtng-beetle. 


mlttlug  spring.  See  intermittent.— Platform-spring, 
a  form  of  spring  used  for  heavy  vehicles,  consisting  of 
four  semi-elliptical  steel  springs  arranged  as  a  sort  of  re- 
silient  skeleton  platform. -Pneumatic  spring, a  device 
in  which  air  is  confined  and  made  by  its  elasticity  to  per- 
form  the  functions  of  a  spring.  It  may  be  a  simple  air-bag 
or  a  cylinder  with  a  close-fitting  piston,  etc.  Also  called 


II.  a.  Pertaining  to,  suitable  for,  or  occur-    8ee  spring,  «.,  10  (6). 
ring  or  used  in  the  spring  of  the  year:  as,  spring  spring-bell  (spring'be 
fashions;  spring  wheat.— Spring  canker-worm.     "'v-  tiixyrincliium  gra> 


ring  or  used  in  the  spring  of  the  year:  &s,spring  Spring-Dell  (spnng'bel),  n.    A  species  of  rush- 
fashions;  spring  wheat.—  Spring  canker-worm.     '"}'•  Sixyrinchiiim  grandifloruiii.     See  rush-lily. 
See  canker-worm.— Spring  cress,  an  American  bitter-  spring-block    (spring'blok),    n.       1.    Naut.,   a 
cress,  Cardamine  rhomboidea,  common  in  wet  places,  bear-     common  block  or  deadeye  connected  to  a  ring- 
ing white  Mowers  in  early  spring.— Spring  crocus,  an     v^i*  i ..„:_„!  —  j_  js*  _.v  .;_;__      A? 

early  crocus,  Crocus  wrnus,  having  blue,  white,  or  party- 
colored  flowers,  perhaps  the  most  common  garden  spe- 
cies.—Spring  fare,  the  first  fare  of  fish  taken  any  year. 
Fishermen  make  about  two  fares  of  cod  in  a  year,  and  the 
first  or  spring  fare,  which  commences  early  in  April,  is  of  a 
superior  quality.  [New  England.  ]  —  Spring  fever.  See 
feveri.— Spring  grinder.  See  grinder.— Spring  lob- 
ster. See  lobster.  2.— Spring  mackerel. 

snbwflake. 


bolt  by  a  spiral  or  india-rubber  spring.  It  Is 
attached  to  the  sheets,  so  as  to  give  a  certain 
amount  of  elasticity. —  2.  In  a  vehicle,  a  piece 
of  wood  fixed  on  the  axle  as  a  support  for  the 
spring. —  3.  In  a  car-truck,  a  distance-piece 

placed  above  or  below  an  elliptic  spring. 

See  TTKMjn--  spring-board    (spring'  bord),    n.      An    elastic 
board  used  in  vaulting,  etc. 


9.  An  elastic  body,  as 
coiled  spirally,  a  steel 

steel  suitably  joined  togethx., r  ,                  .-_-,.             ~ 

of  india-rubber,  etc.,  which,  when  bent  orforced  espinguale,  and  also  espringole,  expringarae,  es- 
from  its  natural  state,  has  the  power  of  recov-  pixyarde  (=  Pr.  espingala  =  Sp.  Pg.  espingarda 
ering  it  again  in  virtue  of  its  elasticity.  Springs  =  "•  spingarda,  ML.  spingarda),  a  military  en- 
are  used  for  various  purposes— as  for  diminishing  concus-  gi"e,  also  a  dance,  <  espringuier,  espringhier, 
sion  as  in  carriages;  for  motive  power,  as  in  clocks  and  espringier,  espinnuer,  espinguier,  spring,  dance 
watches;  for  communicating  motion  by  sudden  release  ,  L  if  mrtnnnrr  *  nunnrr  \  i»lr  Lv,A,,t1  t  nw 
from  a  state  of  tension,  as  a  bow,  the  spring  of  a  gun-lock  .  '  *Pnnffa™t  sptngare,  lack  about),  <  OHO. 
etc.;  for  measuring  weight  and  other  force,  as  in  the  spnngan,  spring,  jump:  see  spnng.]  A  mih- 
spring-balance;  as  regulators  to  control  the  movement  of 
wheel-works,  etc. 


tary  engine,  resembling  the  ballista,  used  in 
Europe  in  the  middle  ages. 

Eke  withynne  the  castelle  were 
Spryngoldet,  gunnes,  and  bows,  archers. 

Rom.  qfthe  Role,  L  4191. 


To  the  trunk  again,  and  shut  the  spring  of  it 

Shah.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2.  47. 

10.  In  entom.,  a  special  elastic  organ  by  which 
an  insect  is  enabled  to  spring  into  the  air.  (a)  Springar-',Springald2(spring'al,-ald),M.  [Also 
The  springmg-organ  of  species  of  the  family  Podurida.  springel,  springall,  sjmngold,  springow,  <  sprin,/ 
It  consists  of  several  bristle-hke  appendages  at  the  end  of  £  .afrf>' equiv.  to  -ar<l  (the  word  being  then 

perhaps  suggested  by  springat1,  springald1),  or 
else  +  -al,  equiv.  to  -el,  -le,  AS.  -ol,  as  in  E. 
brittle,  tieiefangle,  etc.  Cf . spring,  n.,5,  springer, 
1  (6).]  A  young  person;  a  youth;  especially,  a 
young  man.  [Obsolete  or  Scotch.] 
A  Springald,  adolescens. 

Levim,  Manip.  Vocab.  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  16. 
Ha,  well  done  !  excellent  boy !  dainty,  fine  springal! 
Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  Besides  Women,  v.  1. 


appendagi 

the  abdomen,  which  are  united  at  their  bases  and  bent 
under  the  body.  In  leaping,  the  end  of  the  abdomen  is  first 
bent  down  and  then  suddenly  extended,  bringing  the  elas- 
tic bristles  with  great  force  against  the  ground.  See  cut 
under  springtail.  (6)  The  springing-organ  of  a  skipjack 
beetle,  or  elater.  It  consists  of  a  spine  extending  back- 
ward from  the  prosternum  and  received  in  a  cavity  of  the 
mesosternum.  When  the  insect  is  placed  on  its  back,  it 
extends  the  prothorax  so  as  to  bring  the  spine  to  the  edge 
of  the  mesosternal  cavity;  then,  suddenly  relaxing  the 
muscles,  the  spine  descends  violently  into  the  cavity,  and 
the  force  given  by  this  sudden  movement  causes  the  base 
ist  the  supporting 


11.  Any  active  or  motive  power,  physical  or 
mental ;  that  by  which  action  is  produced  or 
propagated;  motive. 

Self-love,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  59. 

12.  Capacity  for  springing;    elastic  power; 
elasticity,  either  physical  or  mental. 

Heav'ns !  what  a  spring  was  in  his  arm !  Dryden. 

Th'  elastic  spring  of  an  unwearied  foot 
That  mounts  the  stile  with  ease,  or  leaps  the  fence. 

Cowper,  Task,  i.  135. 


?rt^e  with  springardt  (spring'ard),  ».     Same  as  springa/l. 
ir-    See  cut  spring-back  (spring'bak),  «.     In  bookbinding, 


back  put  on  the  sewed  sections  of  a 
:,  which  springs  upward  when  the  book  is 
opened  flat,  but  returns  to  its  proper  position 
when  the  book  is  closed.  The  outer  or  true  back 
does  not  change  its  outward  curve,  being  kept  stiff  on  li- 
brary books  by  sheets  of  stiff  paper,  in  large  blank  books 
by  molded  pasteboard  or  sheets  of  thin  steel. 

Spring-balance  (spring'bal'7ans),  n.  See  bal- 
ance. 

spring-band  (spring'band),  n.  In  a  vehicle,  a 
loop  or  strap  used  to  unite  the  arms  of  an  el- 


Spriotfbolt  {(jaxrila  tufhorij. 

from  its  agility  in  springing  upward  when 
alarmed  or  as  it  scours  the  plain  in  escaping 
from  its  pursuers.  It  is  of  lithe  and  graceful  form  and 
handsome  coloration,  in  which  a  rich  tawny  brown  is  va- 
ried with  pure-white  and  black.  Also  spring-boc,  spring- 
buck, sprink-buck,  and  springer. 

spring-box  (spring'boks),  M.  1.  The  box  which 
contains  the  mainspring  of  a  watch  or  other 
mechanism;  the  barrel. —  2.  A  box  or  some 
similar  receptacle  closed  by  a  lid  which  opens 
or  shuts  by  the  elasticity  o°f  a  spring  or  some 
similar  device.  See  palpal. — 3.  In  upholstery. 


13.  Naut.:  (a)  The  start,  as  of  a  plank;   an  spring-bar  (spring'bar),  n.    In  a  vehicle,  abar    the  wooden  frame  within  which' the  springs,  as 
opening  in  a  seam ;  a  leak. 

Each  petty  hand 
Can  steer  a  ship  becalmed  ;  but  he  that  will 

Govern  and  carry  her  to  her  ends  must  know  _  _ 

=r  sprigs  are,  her  leaks ^and  how ^to >  stop , 'em.  readling  across  a  wioie  space,  without  aWtral  spring-carriage  (spring'kar"aj),  n.   A  wheeled 

,M  ,          n                                               me,  m.i.  support.— 2.     In  ship-building,  a  fore-and-aft    carriage  mounted  upon  springs. 

w^M^r rd'run"ln/°W>quf-  timber  uniting  the  outer  ends  of  the  paddle-box  spring-cart    (spring'kart),    n.     A    light    cart 

nsversely     (c)  A  hue  made  fast  to  the  beams,  and  carrying  the  outboard  shaft-bearing,     mounted  upon  springs. 

3ad°orqsli                                          rtopullthe  —3.  An  elastic  bar  at  the  top  of  a  tilt-hammer,  springe1  (sprinj),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  spmi,/ed. 

a  any  Kauired  direction.     (d\  jig-saw,  or  mortising-machine,  to  accelerate     ppr.fpringeing.  {<M.E.s^renffen,<AS.sprengan, 


-, - —  ,  i    -o  — -. , 

upon  the  ends  of  which  the  body  is  supported,     of  a  mattress  or  of  the  seat  of  a  sofa,  are  con- 
It  lies  parallel  with  the  axle,  and  rests  upon     tained. 
the  center  of  the  elliptic  spring.  spring-buck  (spring'buk),  «.     Same  as  spriiig- 

sprmg-beam    (spring'bem),    n.      1.    A   beam     lok.     Imp.  Diet. 


»          **        • 
any  required  direction,     (d) 


springe  5865 

causal  of  gpriugan,  spring:  see  spring,  and  cf.  spring-hammer  (si)ring'ham"er),».  Amachine- 
spreng  (of  which  springe  is  the  proper  form  (cf .     hammer  in  which  the  blow  is  partly  or  wholly 

made  by  a  spring  to  which  tension  has  been 

imparted    by   mecha- 


Khige,  as  related  to  sing),  now  only  dialectal;.] 
To  sprinkle.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Kng.] 
springe^  (sprinj),  ».  [<  ME.  springe,  <  spriiigi'n, 
spring:  see  spring,  v.  Cf.  springle,  and  D. 
spring-net,  a  spring-net,  OHG.  spriitga,  MHG. 
Sprinke,  a  bird-snare.]  A  noose  or  snare  for 
catching  small  game ;  a  gin.  It  is  usually  secured 
to  an  clastic  branch,  or  small  sapling,  which  is  bent  over 
and  secured  by  some  sort  of  trigger  which  the  movements 
of  the  animal  will  release,  when  it  flies  up  and  the  noose 
catches  the  game. 

A  woodcock  to  mine  own  springe. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  317. 

I  will  teach  thee  a  springe.  Tony,  to  catch  a  pewit. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  xli. 


springe- 


springcil, 
trans.  To 


(spriuj),  c. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ppr.  springeing.  [<  springe'2,  «.]  I. 
catch  in  a  springe. 

We  springe  ourselves,  we  sink  in  our  own  bogs. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  iv.  4. 

II.  intrans.  To  set  springes ;  catch  game  by 
means  of  springes. 

springe3  (sprinj),  a.     [<  spring,  i\]     Active; 
nimble;  brisk;  agile.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

The  squire  's  pretty  springe,  considering  his  weight. 

George  Elwt,  Silas  Marner,  xi. 

springer  (spring'er),  n.     [<  spring  +  -erl.]    1. 


nism  dui'ing  the  lift  of 
the  hammer-head.  In 
some  hammers  the  spring 
is  a  volume  of  confined 
and  compressed  air.  In 
the  accompanying  cut  a  is 
the  anvil-block;  6,  anvil; 
c,  frame ;  d,  guides  for  ham- 
mer ;  e,  piston-rod  ;  /,  cylin- 
der; g,  hammer;  h,  crank 
(driven  by  the  pulley  i) 
which  lifts  the  hammer,  at 
the  same  time  compressing 
the  air  in  the  air-spring 
cylinder  /;  j,  Idler-pulley 
which  tightens  the  driving- 
belt  *  when  pressed  against 
the  belt  by  the  action  of 
the  rock-lever  I,  the  rod  n, 
and  the  foot  -lever  or  treadle 
o  —  the  rock-lever  I  being 
pivoted  to  the  frame  at  m, 
while  the  treadle  is  pivoted 
to  it  at  p.  Pressure  upon 
the  treadle  by  the  foot 
tightens  the  belt,  and  the 
hammer  Is  then  raised. 
The  treadle  is  then  relieved 


In  Ituiltl- 


spring-stud 

[TJhe  furst  age  of  man  locond  &  light, 
The  Bwrintjywje  tyme  clepc  "  ver." 

Babeei \llook  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  169. 

Springing-tOOl  (spring'ing-tol),  it.  In  iron- 
u-orking,  same  as  Hanging-tool. 

springing-wall  (spring'ing-wal),  ». 
ing,  a  buttress. 

spring-jack  (ipring'jak),  ».  In  teleg.,  a  device 
for  inserting  a  loop  in  a  line-circuit.  It  usually 
consists  of  a  ping  to  be  inserted  between  two  spring-con- 
tarls,  the  ends  of  the  loop  beini!  joined  to  metallic  strips 
nxed  to  the  opposite  sides  of  the  insulating  plug.  If  the 
latter  Is  entirely  of  insulating  material,  it  becomes  a 
»  splint/ -jack  cut-out. 

spring-latch  (spring'lach),  n.  A  latch  that 
snaps  into  the  keeper  after  yielding  to  the  pres- 
sure against  it.  See  cuts  under  luicli. 

springle  (spriug'l),  w.  [=  D.  G.  sprenkel,  a 
noose,  snare,  springe,  =  Sw.  spra>ikla,a,  sprin- 


gle, =  Dan.  xprinkcl,  trellis;  a  dim.  of  spring, 
springe,  in  similar  senses:  see  spring,  springe2.] 

1 .  A  springe. 

They  [woodcocks]  arrine  first  on  the  north  coast,  where 
almost  euerie  hedge  serueth  for  a  roade  and  euerle  plash- 
oote  for  ttprinyles  to  take  them. 

K.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  fol.  25. 

2.  A  rod  about  four  feet  in  length,  used  in 
thatching.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

springless  (spring'les),  a.  [<  spring  +  -less.] 
Lacking  springs  or  spring,  (a)  Having  no  springs, 
or  natural  fountains  of  water.  (6)  Lacking  elastic  springs : 

„ .  .  _       ..  as,  a springless  wagon. 

strap  of  iron  serving  to  support  the  end  of  a  springlet  (spring'let),  H.     [(spring  +  -let.}     A 
semi-elliptical  car-spring.  little  spring;  'a  small  stream. 

(spring'hed),  n.     1.  A  fountain-  But  yet  from  out  the  little  hill 


Spring-hummer. 


from  pressure,  the  belt  is  slackened  on  the  pulley  i,  and 
the  compressed  air,  acting  on  the  piston,  delivers  the  blow, 
the  belt  then  slipping  easily  over  the  pulley  t. 


Oozes  the  slender  sprint/let  still. 

Scott,  ilarmion,  vi.  87. 

spring-head  tram  whence  if  desceudeth.  spring-ligament  (spring'lig"a-ment),  «.      The 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i.     fnferior  calcaneoscaphoid  ligament  of  the  sole 

of  the  foot,  connecting  the  os  calcis  or  heel- 
bone  with  the  scaphoid,  supporting  the  head 
Having    of  the  astragalus,  and  forming  part  of  the  ar- 
ticular cavity  in  which  the  latter  is  received, 
springlike  (spring'Hk),  «.    Eesembling  spring; 
characteristic  of  spring;  vernal:  as,  springlike 
weather;  a  springlike  temperature. 

There  the  last  blossoms  spring-like  pride  unfold. 

Savage,  Wanderer,  T. 


[X  swing  +  -er'.]    j..     -  —  .  —  .  --------  "—-./,  .  ,-       -.  T 

S~ne~whoVr  that  which  springs/in  any  sense.  Spring-hanger  (sprmg'hang'er),  n.A  U-shaped 
(o)  A  growing  plant,  shrub,  or  tree  ;  a  sapling. 

The  young  men  and  maidens  go  out  into  the  woods  and 
coppices,  cut  down  and  spoil  young  springers  to  dress  up  au       _ 
their  May-booths.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  IV.  iv.  §  4.     head;  a  source. 

(6)  A  youth  ;  a  lad.    HaUiieell.    [Prov.  Eng.]  Water  will  not  ascend  higher  than  the  level  of  the  first 

2.  In  arch.:  (a)   The  impost  or  place  where 
the  vertical  support  to  an  arch  terminates,  and 

the  curve  of  the  arch  begins.     (6)  The  lower    2.  A  clutch,  button,  or  other  connecting  de- 
voussoir  or  bottom  stone  of  an  arch,  which  lies    vice  at  the  end  of  an  elliptic  carriage-spring. 
immediately  upon  the  impost,     (c)  The  bottom  spring-headedt  (spring'hed'ed),    a.     **•»" 
stone  of  the  coping  of  a  gable,     (d)  The  rib  of    heads  that  spring  afresh.     [Rare.] 
a  groined  roof  or  vault.     See  cross-springer.  —        Spring-headed  Hydres,  and  sea-shonldring  Whales. 

3.  A  dog  of  a  class  of  spaniels  resembling  the  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  23. 
cocker,  used,  in  sporting,  to  spring  or  flush  gpring-hook(spring'huk),H.  1.  In  locomotives, 
game.     See  spaniel.                                                   a  hook  fixing  the  driving-wheel  spring  to  the 

The  Springer  is  smaller  than  the  former  (the  Water     frame.  —  2.    A   latch   or   door-hook    having   a 

Spaniel),  of  elegant  form,  gay  aspect,  and  usually  white     gpring-catch  for  keeping  it  fast  in  the  staple.  —  spring-line  (spring'lin),  «.     In  milit.  engin.,& 

3    A  fish.hook  get  ij^e  a  spring-trap,  with  a  line  passing  diagonally  from  one  pontoon  of  a 

supplementary  hook,  which,  on  being  released,  bridge  to  another. 

fixes  itself  in  the  fish  ;  a  snap-hook.   Also  called  spring-lock  (spring'lok),  n.    A  lock  which  fas- 
spear-nook.  tens  itself  automatically  by  a  spring  when  the 

Springfield  gun,  rifle,    bee  gun\  rtfle*,  also  8pring-house  (spring'hous),  «.    A  small  build-    door  or  lid  to  which  it  is  attached  is  shut.   Also 
cut  under  bullet.  f^  constructed  over  a  spring  or  brook,  where     called  latch-lock. 

milk,  fresh  meat,  etc.,  are  placed  in  order  to  be  spring-mattress  (spring'mat'res),  n.   See  mat- 
kept  cool  in  or  near  the  running  water.     [TJ.  S.]     tress  and  spring-bed. 

As  I  was  a-settin'  in  the  spring-house,  this  mornin',  Spring-net  (spring'net),  «.  A  bird-net  which 
a-workin1  my  butter,  I  says  to  Dinah,  "I'm  goin1  to  carry  can  be  shut  by  means  of  a  spring  ana  trigger; 
a  pot  of  this  down  to  Miss  Scudder."  a  flap-net.  A  net  of  similar  form  is  used  for 

a.  B.  Stowe,  Minister's  Wooing,  iv.      trap£ing  rabbits. 

springiness  (spring'i-nes),  H.     1.  The  state  or  springold1!,  «•     Same  as  springal1. 

property  of  being  springy  ;  elasticity.  springold2t,  SpringOWt,  «•     Same  as  springal^. 

The  air  is  a  thin  fluid  body  endowed  with  elasticity  and  Spring-Oyster  (spring'ois'ter),  n.  A  thorn-oys- 
ipringinett,  capable  of  condensation  and  rarefaction.  ter.  See  cut  under  tuponaylus. 

SenOey.  spring-padlock  (spring'pad'lok),  n.     A  pad- 

2.  The  state  of  abounding  with  springs  ;  wet-     lock  which  locks  automatically  by  means  of  a 

„.  .  -  ness;  sponginess,  as  of  land.  spring  when  the  hasp  is  pressed  into  its  seat. 

perhaps,  according  to  Nares,  a  garden  where  sprjnging  (springing),  «.     [<  ME.  springing,  spring-pawl  (spring'pal),  n-     A  ™wl  «...tnatp 
concealed  springs  were  made  to  spout  jets  ot    tmSSSfe-  verbal  n.  of  sprii 


,  , 

with  red  spots,  black  nose^and^alate 

4.  The  springbok.—  5.   A  grampus—Springer 
antelope  the  springbok 


spring-flood  (spring'flud),  n.  [<  ME.  spring- 
flood  (=  D.  spring-vloed  =  G.  spring-fluth  =  Sw. 
Dan.  spring-flod) ;  as  spring  +  flood.]  Same 
as  springtide. 

Than  shal  she  [the  moon]  been  evene  atte  fulle  alway, 
And  sprung-flood  laste  bothe  nyght  and  day. 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  342. 

spring-fly  (spring'fli),  TO.     A  caddis-fly. 

spring-forelock  (spring'f6r"lok),  n.  A  cotter- 
key  having  a  spring  in  the  entering  end  to  pre- 
vent its  accidental  withdrawal.  E.  H.  Knight. 

spring-garden!  (spring'gar"dn),  n.  A  word  of 
doubtful  meaning,  possibly  a  corrupt  form; 


water  upon  the  visitors. 

Sophocles  [bound].  Thy  slave,  proud  Martius? 

.  .  .  not  a  vein  runs  here 

From  head  to  foot,  but  Sophocles  would  unseam,  and 
Like  a  spring-garden  shoot  his  scornful  blood 
Into  their  eyes  durst  come  to  tread  on  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Four  Plays  in  One,  Play  1st. 

spring-gun  (spring'gun),  n.     A  gun  which  is 
discharged  by  the  stumbling  of  a  trespasser 


spring,  v.]     1.    The    by  a  spring. 


A  pawl  actuated 


springs  or  rises;  also,  a  springer, 
ipringing  (sprini 
contingent:  as,  ^  , 

spri^j-haas,  <  spring  (=  E.  spring)  +  haas,  a  springing-beetle  (spring'ing-be"tl),  «. 


act  or  process  of  leaping,  arising,  issuing,  or  spring-plank  (spring'plangk),  M.  A  transverse 
proceeding;  also,  growth;  increase.  timber  beneath  a  railway  truck-bolster,  form- 

ThePoooutofawellesmal  ing  a  support  for  the  bolster-springs.     E.   H. 

Taketh  his  flrste  springing  and  his  sors.  Snigh  t. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  49.   spring-pole  (spring'pol),  n.     A  pole  fastened 
Thou  visitest  the  earth,  and  waterest  it. .  .  .  Thoumak-     so  that  its  elasticity  can  be  used  for  some  me- 
chanical purpose — Spring-pole  drilling,  a  method 
of  boring  holes  In  rock  for  oil,  water,  or  any  other  purpose, 
in  which  the  rods  and  drill  are  suspended  from  a  spring- 
™'o,  which  by  its  elasticity  lifts  them  up  after  every  stroke, 
down  motion  is  effected  by  hand-power,  or  sometimes 


,  . .  .  . 

est  it  soft  with  showers;   thou  blessest  the  springing 
thereof.  F»-  !*»•  10- 

the   point  from  which    an  arch 


uiscnargea  oy  me  siu  r    g     jn  ar(,^ 

PT  '•  nlso8^1,      i  simi\rffrh?setefor  laree  ani*^     BPring.s  or  visc.B '  ™.10"'  "  "1"  l"*"  • ,.  The  down  motion  is  effected  by  hand-power,  or  sometimes 

Springing  (springing),  p.  a.     Liable  to  arise;  a  8tirrup  is  added  to  enable  the  driller  to  use  his  feet. 

Trlil.lS.     ilS       trlllS    Ol      \\O1V6S.  .     _i*f rl.-L  -• .•-.„ ~  O»n    ,,««  __i, ».„! te ... —   *„  t\.~n*.  1nnlt*.a  in  H  iunl  atn>- 


mals,  as  bears  or  wolves. 
spring-haas  (spring'has),  «. 


[<  S.  African  D. 


Prospecting-holes  of  from  two  to  three  inches  in  diameter 
,n  be  bored  with  this  simple  apparatus  to  the  depth  of 


hare,  =  E.  hare:  see  spring  and  hare1.] 
Cape  jumping-hare,  Pedetes  coffer,  a  kind  of 
jerboa,  of  the  family  Dipodidet.    See  cut  under 
Pedetes. 

spring-halt  (spring'halt),  n.  [Also,  corruptly, 
string-halt;  <  spring  +  halfl.]  An  involuntary 
convulsive  movement  of  the  museles  of  either 
hind  leg  in  the  horse,  by  which  the  leg  is  sud- 


( spring' ing -kors),   n. 


contingent:  as,  springing  uses.     See  use. 

one  or  two  hundred  feet,  or  even  more, 
o       spring-punch  (spring'punch),  n.  A  punch  which 
has  a  spring  to  throw  it  back  after  it  has  been 

course  .  driven  down  by  pressure.    This  is  usually  done  only 

springing-hairs  (spring  mg-harz),  n.  pi.     1  he     ,n  quick.workillg  punches  which  are  driven  by  the  blows 
locomotory  cilia   of   some  infusorians,  as  the     of  a  hammer,  or  in  hand  punches  such  as  those  used  by 
Halteriidse,  by  means  of  which  these  animal-     shoemakers,  railway  conductors,  etc. 
cules  skip  about.  spring-searcher  (spring/ser*cher),  «.     A  tool 

springing-line    (spring'ing-lin),  «.     The  lino     having  steel  prongs  projected  by  springs,  used 

o  —  from  which  an  arch  springs  or  rises;  the  line     to  detect  defects  in  a  cannon-bore. 

denly  and  unduly  raised  from  the  ground  and  ^  wh-ch  the  rfn  regt  QU  the  impO8tS)  spring-shackle  (spring' shak"l),«.  1.  A  shackle 
lowered  again  with  unnatural  force;  also,  the  and  from  whichrthe  rlse  or  versea  sine  is  cal-  closed  by  a  spring.— 2.  A  shackle  connecting 
nervous  disorder  on  which  such  movements  de-  culate(j  two  springs,  or  connecting  a  spring  to  a  rigid 

pend,  and  the  resulting  gait.  springing-timet  (spring'ing-tim),  n.     [<  ME.     part:  used  in  vehicles,  etc. 

One  would  take  it,  spritK/inti  time ;  <  springing  +  time.]     The  time  spring-Stay  (spring'sta),  n.    Naut.    See  stay*. 

That  never  saw 'em  pace  before,  the  spavin  f  th  growing  of   plants;    spring-time;  spring-Stud   (spring'stud),   n.      A  rod  passed 

Or  vmnohalt  reigu'cf  amon^en^^  ^    (  ^  ^      »M££  through  the  axis  of  a  coil-spring  to  hold  the 


spring-stud 

spring  in  place.     The  upper  end  works  in  a 
guide.     See  cut  under  oiler. 
springtail  (spring'tal),  H.     1.  A  collembolous 
thysanurous  insect  which  leaps  or  skips  about 
by  means  of  abdominal  hairs 
acting  like  a  spring,  as  any  po- 
duran.    In  these  creatures  the  anal 
bristles  are  united  and  bent  under 
the  body,  forming  a  spring  by  the  aid 
of  which  they  leap  to  a  great  height. 
They  are  found   in 
gardens,  in  hotbeds, 
on  manure-heaps  in 
winter,  and  on  snow, 
and  may  also  be  seen 
on    the    surface    of 
water  in  quiet  pools. 
See     Collembola,    '.>, 
Podura,  and  Thysa- 
nura. 

2.  A  thysanu- 
rous insect  of  the 
suborder  fin  urn, 
oftener  called 
bristletail.  See 
Cinura,  Lepisma, 
and  cut  under 


Springtails. 

I,  Dtgeerta  nfvatit ;  a,  a  poduran ;  buth 
greatly  enlarged. 


silverfish. —  3.  One  of  certain  minute  neurop- 
terous  insects  of  the  panorpid  genus  Boreus, 
found  in  moss  and  on  the  surface  of  snow;  a 
snow- fly.  This  insect  springs,  but  not  by  means 
of  anal  appendages. 

spring-tailed  (spring'tald),  a.  Springing  by 
means  of  the  tail,  or  having  a  spring  on  the 
tail,  as  a  collembolous  insect;  thysanurous; 
podurous. 

spring-tide  (spring'tid),  «.  [=  D.  spring-tij, 
spring-tide,  =  G.  spring-zeit,  high  tide,  =  8w. 
Dan.  spring-till,  spring-tide;  as  spring,  r.,  rise, 
+  tide.]  I.  The  tide  which  occurs  at  or  soon 
after  the  new  and  full  moon,  and  rises  higher 
than  common  tides,  the  ebb  sinking  corre- 
spondingly lower.  At  these  times  the  sun  and  moon 
are  in  a  straight  line  with  the  earth,  and  their  combined 
influence  in  raising  the  waters  of  the  ocean  is  the  greatest, 
consequently  the  tides  thus  produced  are  the  highest.  See 
tide. 

Hence  — 2.  Figuratively,  any  great  flood  or  in- 
flux. 

Yet  are  they  doubly  replenished  by  the  first  and  latter 
spring-tides  of  devotion.  Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  160. 

springtide  (spring'tid),  n.  [<  spring,  «.,  3,  + 
tide.]  Springtime. 

Sounds  as  of  the  springtide  they,  .  .  . 
While  the  chill  months  long  for  May. 

D.  0.  Jlossetti,  Love's  Nocturn. 

springtime  (spring'tim),  n.     Spring. 

Primrose,  first-born  child  of  Ver, 
Merry  spring-time's  harbinger. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  i.  1. 

spring-tool  (spring'tol),  n.  A  light  tongs  clos- 
ing by  a  spring,  used  by  glass-blowers. 

spring-trap  (spring'trap),  ».  1.  A  trap  work- 
ing by  a  spring,  which  may  cause  a  door  or  bar 
to  fall  when  the  detent  is  released  by  the  mov- 
ing of  the  bait,  or  may  throttle  the  "victim,  as 
in  an  ordinary  form  of  mouse-trap,  etc. — 2.  A 
form  of  steam-trap.  E.  H.  Knight. 

spring-valve  (spring' valv),  «.  1.  A  valve  fitted 
with  a  spring,  which  holds  it  to  its  seat  except 
when  it  is  opened  by  extraneous  force. —  2.  A 
safety-valve  with  which  is  connected  a  spring- 
balance,  graduated  to  any  required  number  of 
pounds,  and  acting  as  a  check  on  the  valve  un- 
til the  determined  pressure  is  attained.  See 
cut  under  safety-vah-e. 

spring-wagon  (spring'wag'on),  n.  A  wagon 
the  bed  of  which  rests  on  springs. 

spring-water  (spring'wa'ter),  n.  Water  issu- 
ing from  a  spring:  in  contradistinction  to  river- 
water,  rain-water,  etc. 

Spare  Diet,  and  Spring-water  clear, 
Physicians  hold  are  good. 

Prior,  Wandering  Pilgrim. 

spring-weir  (spring'wer),  n.  A  kind  of  weir 
arranged  to  drop  to  the  bottom  at  low  water, 
and  allow  the  fish  to  pass  over  it  with  the  in- 
coming tide,  while  at  high  water  it  is  lifted  up. 
It  is  worked  from  the  shore  by  means  of  capstans  and 
ropes  so  that  It  forms  an  impassable  barrier  to  the  nsh 
which  are  retained  as  the  tide  passes  out,  and  are  thus 
taken  in  large  numbers.  [Maine.] 

spring-worm  (spring'werm),  «.  A  pin-worm, 
as  Osyurit  vermicular  is ;  a  small  threadworm 
bee  cut  under  Oxyitris. 

springwort  (spring'wert),  n.  [<  ME.  spryng- 
wurt,  sprungwurt;  <  spring  +  icorfl.]  In  Euro- 
pean folk-lore,  a  plant  to  which  various  magical 
virtues  were  attributed,  among  them  that  of 
drawing  down  the  lightning  and  dividing  the 
storm:  identified  by  Grimm  with  the  caper- 


5866 

spurge,  Euphorbia  Ltitlii/ri*.  Dyer.  Folk-lore  of 
Plants. 

springy  (spriug'i),ff.  [<  spring  +  -i/1.]  1.  Hav- 
ing elasticity  like  that  of  a  spring;  elastic; 
light:  as.  njiriiif/y  steel;  a  x/nini/i/  step. 

Which  vast  contraction  and  expansion  seems  unintelli- 
gible by  feigning  the  particles  of  air  to  be  springy  and 
ramous.  Xttrton,  Opticks,  iii.  query  SI. 

2.  Abounding  with  springs  or  fountains;  wet; 
spongy :  as,  springy  land. 

sprink  (springk),  v.  t.  [A  dial.  var.  of  spring  : 
<sl.  sprinkle.]  To  sprinkle ;  splash.  HattiveU. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

sprink  (springk),  H.  [<  yprii,!;,  ,:]  If.  A  sprin- 
kle; a  drop,  as  of  water.  Hotccll,  Arbor  of  Ami- 
tie  ( 1568).  (Xares. )  —  2.  A  crack  or  flaw.  Hal- 
liirrll.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spriuk-buck  (springk'buk),  «.  Same  as  spring- 
bok. 

sprinkle  (spring'kl),^. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sprinkled, 
ppr.  sprinkling.  [Early  mod.  E.  sprenkle,  spren- 
kyll,  <  ME.  sprenkelen,  sprynklen,  springgolen 
(=  MD.  sprinckelcn,  sprenckclen,  D.  sprenkelen  = 
G.  sprenkeln'),  sprinkle;  freq.  of  ME.  gprengen, 
<  AS.  sprcngan,  causal  of  springan,  sprincan, 
spring:  see  spreng  and  spring.  Ct.  sprink.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  scatter  in  drops  or  particles;  let 
fall  in  minute  quantities  here  and  there ;  strew. 
To  sprenkyUe ;  spergere,  fundere.  Cath.  Any.,  p.  356. 
Take  to  you  handfuls  of  ashes  of  the  furnace,  and  let 
Moses  sprinkle  it  toward  the  heaven  in  the  sight  of 
Pharaoh.  Ex7  ix.  8. 

2.  To  besprinkle ;  bespatter  or  bestrew;  over- 
spread with  drops  or  particles,  as  of  a  powder, 
liquid,  coloring  matter,  etc. 

Valerianus  ...  at  last  was  flayed  aliue,  and  sprinkled 
Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  357. 

3.  To  cleanse  with  drops,  as  of  water;  wash; 
purify. 

Having  our  hearts  sprinkled  from  an  evil  conscience. 

Heb.  x.  22. 

4.  To  distribute  here  and  there ;  diffuse. 


sprite 

—  (a*)  A  spherical  or  barrel  shaped  vase  having  a  small 
spout.  Such  vases  were  grasped  in  tbo  hand,  and  the  li- 
quid contents  tin-own  out  wiih  a  jerking  motion,  (b)  A 
brush  for  sprinkling  holy  water.  Compare  a*i>ersorium, 

1.  (c)  A  device  for  spraying  water  over  plants,  or  over  a 
lawn,  etc. 

2.  Milit.,  same  as  morning-star,  2 Holy-water 

sprinkler.    See  holy. 

sprinkling  (spring'kling),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of 
sprinkle,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  one  who  sprinkles, 
in  any  sense  of  the  word;  aspersion. 

Your  uncleanly  unctions,  your  crossings,  creepings  cens- 
ings,  sprinklings.  Bp.  Hall,  Epistles,  i.  1. 

2.  A  small  quantity  falling  in  distinct  drops  or 
parts,  or  coming  moderately :  as,  a  sprinktiiiuoi 
rainorsnow.  Hence— 3.  A  small  amount  scat- 
tered here  and  there,  as  if  sprinkled. 

We  have  a  sprinMiny  of  our  gentry,  here  and  there  one, 
excellently  well  learned.       Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  197. 


Upon  the  heat  and  flame  of  thy  distemper 
SpriiMe  cool  patience.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  124. 
These  and  such  other  reflections  are  sprinkled  up  and 
down  the  writings  of  all  ages.      Steele,  Spectator,  No.  11. 
5.    To  diversify  by  objects  placed  here  and 
there  over  the  surface ;  dot. 

Spacious  meads,  with  cattle  sprinkled  o'er. 

Cowper,  Task,  I.  164. 

H.  iii  traits.  1.  To  issue  in  fine  drops  or  par- 
ticles; be  sprinkled. 

It  will  make  the  water  sprinkle  up  In  a  flue  dew.    Bacon. 
2f.  To  send  out  sparks ;  scintillate;  sparkle. 
Toward  the  lady  they  come  fast  rennyng, 
And  sette  this  whele  uppon  her  hede, 
As  eny  hote  yren  yt  was  sprynygolyng  rede. 

MS.  Laud.  416,  f.  70.    (Uallimlt.) 
3.  To  rain  slightly:  used  impersonally:  as,  does 
it  sprinklef— 4.  To  scatter  a  liquid  or  any  fine 
substance  so  that  it  may  fall  in  small  particles. 
The  priest  .  .  .  shall  sprinkle  of  the  oil  with  his  finger. 

Lev.  xiv.  16. 

Of.  To  dart  hither  and  thither. 
The  siluer  scalit  fyschis  on  the  grete, 
Ouer  thowrt  clere  stremes  sprinkOland  for  the  hete, 
With  fynnys  schiuand  broun  as  synopare. 

Gavin  Douglas,  tr.  of  Virgil,  p.  400. 
sprinkle  (spring'kl),  «.  [<  ME.  sprynkil,  spren- 
kill,  sprenkylle  (cf.  MHG.  G.  sprengel);  from 
the  verb.]  If.  A  utensil  for  sprinkling ;  a  sprin- 
kler; specifically,  a  brush  for  sprinkling  holy 
water;  an  aspersorium. 

And  the  litil  sprynkil  of  ysop  wetith  in  bloode,  that  is 
in  the  nethirthreswold,  and  sprengith  of  it  the  ouerthres- 
wold,  and  either  post.  Wyclif,  Ex.  xii.  2i. 

She  alway  smyld,  and  in  her  hand  did  hold 
An  holy-water-spriiicMe,  dipt  in  deowe. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  III.  xii.  13. 

2.  A  sprinkling,  or  falling  in  drops;  specifically, 
a  light  rain. 

He  meets  the  first  cold  sprinkle  of  the  world 
And  shudders  to  the  marrow. 

Bromiing,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  213. 

3.  That  which  is  sprinkled  about;   hence,  a 
scattering  or  slight  amount;  a  sprinkling.— 4. 
A  light  tinkling  sound ;  a  tinkle.     [Bare.] 

At  Sorrento  you  hear  nothing  but  the  light  surges  of 
the  sea,  and  the  sweet  sprinkles  of  the  guitar. 

Landor,  imag.  Conv.,  Tasso  and  Cornelia. 
5.  Milit.,  same  as  morning-star,  2. 

sprinkled  (spring'kld),  a.  [<  sprinkle  +  -erP.] 
Marked  bysmall spots;  appearing asif  sprinkled 
from  a  wet  brush :  specifically  noting  a  kind  of 
decoration  of  pottery,  the  edges  of  cheaply 
bound  books,  etc. 

sprinkler  (spring'kler),  «.  [<  sprinkle  +  -er1.] 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  sprinkles.  Especially 


.,    .       . 

4.  In  bookbinding,  the  operation  of  scattering 
a  shower  of  fine  drops  of  color  on  the  trimmed 
edges  of  the  leaves  to  produce  a  mottled  effect. 
It  is  done  by  striking  a  brush  charged  with  color  against 
a  rod  held  above  the  edges  of  the  book  to  be  sprinkled 

sprint  (sprint),  c. ».  [Also  dial,  snrunt;  a  later 
form  of  sprenft,  q.  v.  Cf.  spwft,  spirt*.]  To 
run  at  full  speed,  as  in  a  short-distance  foot- 
race. Nineteenth  Century,  XXI.  520. 

sprint  (sprint),  n.  [<  sprint,  r.]  A  run  at  full 
speed,  as  in  a  short-distance  foot-race. 

sprinter  (sprin'ter),  «.  A  contestant  in  a  sprint- 
race;   a  short-distance  runner.     Eneyc.  Brit. 
XXI.  61. 

sprinting  (springing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  sprint, 
v.]  The  act  or  the  sport  of  running  at  full 
speed,  as  in  a  short-distance  foot-race. 

sprint-race  (sprint'ras),  n.  A  short-distance 
loot-race. 

sprint-runner  (sprint'run"er),  n.  Same  as 
sprinter.  Hie  Century,  XL.  206. 

SpritH  (sprit),  r.  [<  ME.  sprutten,  <  AS.  sprit- 
tan,  spryttan  (=  LG.  sprutten  =  G.  spritzen, 
spriitzen),  sprout,  a  secondary  form  of  spreotan, 
sprout:  see  sprout.  Cf.  spirt*,  spurti.]  I.  in- 
trans. To  sprout ;  bud ;  germinate,  as  barley 
steeped  for  malt. 

The  withi  thet  sprutteth  ut.  Ancnn  Riwlc,  p.  86. 

II.  trans.  To  throw  out  with  force  from  a 
narrow  orifice ;  eject ;  spurt.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

sprit1  (sprit),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  spret ;  < 
ME.  spret,  sprete,  spreot,  a  pole,  <  AS.  sprcdt,  a 
pole,  orig.  a  sprout,  shoot,  branch  of  a  tree  (= 
D.  spriet,  >  G.  spriet,  a  sprit),  <  spre6tan,  sprout : 
see  sprifl,  i\,  and  sprout.  Cf.  bowsprit.]  If.  A 
sprout;  a  shoot. 

The  barley,  after  it  has  been  couched  four  days,  will 
sweat  a  little,  and  shew  the  chit  or  sprit  at  the  root-end 
of  the  corn.  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

2f.  A  stick;  a  pole;  especially,  a  boatman's 
pole. 

Hastili  hent  eche  man  a  spret  or  an  ore. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  2754. 
3.  2fattt. :  (a)  A  small  pole,  spar,  or  boom  which 
crosses  the  sail  of  a  boat  diagonally  from  the 
mast  to  the  upper  aftmost  corner,  which  it  is 
used  to  extend  and  elevate.  The  lower  end  of  the 
sprit  rests  in  a  becket,  called  the  matter,  which  en- 
circles the  mast  at  that  place.  See  cuts  under  snotterZ 
and  spritsail.  (b)  The  bowsprit. 

sprit2  (sprit),  n.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of 
sprifl,  a  sprout.  Cf.  sproft,  sprati.]  1.  A  rush : 
same  as  spraft,  1. — 2.  See  the  quotation. 

The  object  of  the  rubbing  [in  the  modern  Irish  process 
of  bleaching  linen],  which  is  so  essential  for  many  quali- 
ties of  goods,  is  to  remove  small  specks  of  brownish  mat- 
ter called  sprite,  which  may  appear  here  and  there  through- 
out the  piece.  Spans'  £ncyc.  Manuf.,  I.  518. 

sprit3  (sprit),  r. «'.  [A  corruption  of  split,  simu- 
lating sprifl.]  To  split,  ffalliicell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

sprite1  (sprit),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sprighl 
(erroneously  conformed  to  the  spelling  of  light, 
night,  etc.);  <  ME.  sprite,  spryte, sprit,  spreit,  < 
OF.  esprit,  espirit,  F.  esprit  =  Sp.  espiritu  =  Pg. 
espirito  =  It.  spirito,  spirto,  spirit,  <  L.  spiritus, 
spirit :  see  spirit.  Doublet  of  spirit.']  If.  The 
breath ;  the  vital  principle ;  the  spirit. 

I  thus  beheld  the  king  of  equal  age 
Yield  up  the  sprite  with  wounds  so  cruelly. 

Surrey,  JEneid,  11. 

2.  A  disembodied  soul ;  a  ghost ;  a  shade. 

Thy  haire  vpon  thy  head  doth  stand  vpright, 
As  if  thou  hadst  been  haunted  with  a  sfriyht. 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  102. 

3.  An  elf ;  a  fairy;  a  goblin. 

Of  these  am  I,  who  thy  protection  claim, 
A  watchful  sprite,  and  Ariel  is  my  name. 

Pope,  R,  of  the  L.,  i.  108. 

4f.  The  faculty  of  thought  and  feeling ;  the  wit ; 

the  mind. 


sprite 

When  the  frantick  fltt  intlamd  his  spritjU. 
His  force  was  value.  Spenser,  F.  tj.,  II.  iv.  7. 

5f.  Frame  of  mind;    mood;   humor;   spirits: 
sometimes  in  the  plural. 

With  weary  sprite  he  stretclit  him  up,  ami  thus  he  told 
ills  plaint.  Surrey,  Complaint  of  a  Uying  Lover. 

Come,  sisters,  cheer  we  up  his  uprites. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1.  127. 

Holy  Sprite*.    Same  as  Holy  Spirit  (which  see,  under 
spirit). 

sprite't  (sprit),  r.  t.  [<  sprite1,  «.]  To  haunt, 
as  a  sprite. 

I  am  sprited  with  a  fool.     Shah.,  Cymbeline,  11.  3.  144. 

sprite-t,  ".  [Also  upright;  a  var.  form  of 
sprift.]  A.  short  aiTow  intended  to  be  iired 
from  a  musket. 

We  had  in  use  at  one  time  for  sea-fight  short  arrows, 
which  they  called  spriyhte,  without  any  other  heads  save 
wood  sharpened ;  which  were  discharged  out  of  muskets, 
and  would  pierce  through  the  sides  of  ships  where  a  bullet 
would  not.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  704. 

sprite3  (sprit),  ».  [A  corruption  of  spite2,  prop. 
"spight,  a  var.  of  speight:  see  speight.]  The 
green  woodpecker,  (!<•<•/ mis  riridis.  Also  wood- 
spite,  wood-spack.  See  cut  under  popinjay. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

spritedt  (spri'ted),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  upright- 
ed;  <  sprite1  +  -ed2.]  Mentally  gifted ;  quick- 
witted. 

A  well  spriffftted  man  and  wise,  that  by  his  wisdome 
wrought  .  .  .  well.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  75. 

spritefult,  spritefullyt,  etc.  See  spriglitful, 
etc. 

spriteliness,  spritely.    See  sprightliness,  etc. 

spritingt  (spri  ting),  »i.     Same  as  spiriting. 

spritisnly  (spri'tish-li),  adv.  [<  *spritish  (< 
sprite1  +  -ish1)  +  -1y2.]  In  the  manner  of  a 
sprite  or  an  elf;  hence,  mischievously;  imp- 
ishly. G.  Harvey,  Four  Letters. 

spritsail  (sprit'sal),  ».    Naut.:  (a)  A  sail  ex- 


Spritsail-rigfied  Boat. 

tended  by  a  sprit,  chiefly  used  in  small  boats. 

See  sprit'-,  3.  (6)  A  sail,  no  longer  in  use,  at- 
tached to  a  yard 
slung  across 
the  bowsprit  of 
large  vessels,  it 
was  often  pierced 
with  a  large  hole 
at  each  of  its  lower 
corners,  to  let  out 
the  water  with 
which  the  belly  of 
it  was  frequently 
filled  when  the  ship 
pitched.  Spritsail 


Spritsails. 

a,  spritsui! ;   b,  spritsail  topsail;  c,  sprit- 
sail  topgallantsail. 


topsails  ana  sprit- 
sail   topgallantsails 
were  also  formerly 
used.  —  Spritsail- 
yard,  a  yard  formerly  slung  across  the  bowsprit  to  sup- 
port a  spritsail. 
sprittail  (sprit'tal),  ».     The  pintail  duck,  Da- 

Jila  acuta.    Also  spreettail.     [Local,  U.  S.] 
Sprittle  (sprit'l),  v.  t.    Same  as  spruttle. 
spritty(sprit'i),rt.    [Also  (Sc.)  spritliy;  (.sprit2 
+  -y1.]  Abounding  in  sprits  or  sprats  (rushes). 
[Scotch.] 

Bis  dead  master  .  .  .  was  lying  in  a  little  sprithy  hol- 
low. Blackurood's  Mag.,  XIII.  319. 

sprocket  (sprok'et),  ».  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
One  of  a  series  of  projections  in  a  grooved  re- 
cess round  the  lower  part  of 
a  ship's  capstan,  by  which 
the  chain-cable  is  grasped 
while  heaving  up  anchor. — 
2.  One  of  the  projections  on 
a  sprocket-wheel  which  en- 
gage the  chain. 

sprocket-wheel  (sprok'et- 
nwel),    n.      [<   sprocket    + 
wheel."}     In  mach.,  a  wheel 
upon  which  are  radial  projections  that  engage 
the  links  of  a  chain  passing  over  it. 

SprongH.     An  old  preterit  of  spring. 


Sprocket-wheel. 


5867 

sprong'2  (gproiiR),  ».  [Appar.  a  var.  of  prong2.] 
1.  A  prong  of  a  fork.  etc. —  2.  The  stump  of 
a  tree  or  a  tooth.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  botli  uses.] 

sprong11  (sprong),  n.  [Cf.  spruy,  sprig3.]  The 
sparrow,  Passer  domesticus.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

sproo,  «.    See  xprew. 

sproot  (sprot),  «.     A  dialectal  form  of  sprout. 

Sprot1!  (sprot),  H.  [Also  dial,  spruli-;  <  JIM. 
sprnlli;  sprote,  <  AS.  sprulu,  sprout,  stick,  nail 
(=  MD.  sprot  (>Wall.  sprot),  a  sprout,  sprote, 
sporte,  a  round  of  a  ladder,  =  OHG.  xprozo, 
sprozzo,  MHG.  sprozze,  a  round  of  a  ladder,  G. 
spross,  sprout,  twig,  =  Icel.  xproti  =  OSw. 
sprotte,  sprout,  twig,  stick),  <  spreotan,  sprout: 
see  sprout,  v.  Cf.  sprout,  n.,  sprit1,  n.,  sprit".] 

1.  A  splinter;  a  fragment. 

Speiris  into  sj>rottes  spronge  ouer  hede. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  5783. 

And  thel  broken  here  speres  so  rudely  that  the  Tron- 
chouns  Hen  in  sprotes  and  peces  alle  alioute  the  Halle. 

ilandemlle,  Travels,  p.  238. 

2.  A  rush:  same  as  sprat1,  1. 

sprot2  (sprot),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sprott, 
sprotte;  <  ME.  sprot,  sprott,  sprote,  a  sprat 
(glossed  by  L.  epimera,  haleculti,  OF.  esplene), 
=  MD.  sprot  =  MLG.  LG.  sprot  =  Dan.  spnit, 
a  sprat ;  so  called  as  being  orig.  considered  the 
young  of  the  herring;  lit.  'sprout,'  i.e.  'young 
one,'  a  particular  use  of  the  noun  represented 
by  sprot1.  Hence  dial.,  and  now  reg.,  sprat: 
see  spraft.]  A.  fish:  same  as  sprat".  Pals- 
grave; Day. 

sprottle  (sprot'l),  v.  »'.  A  provincial  English 
rorm  of  sprattle. 

Sprout  (sprout),  v.  [<  ME.  sprouten,  sprowten, 
spruten,  <  AS.  "sprittan,  a  var.  otspredtan  (pret. 
spredt,  pp.  sproten)  =  OFries.  spruta  =  MD. 
spruyten,  D.  spruiten  =  MLG.  spruten,  LG. 
spruten  =  MHG.  spriezen,  G.  spriesseti,  sprout; 
not  found  outside  of  Teut.  Hence  ult.  (<  AS. 
"sprutan,  spredtan)  E.  sprit1,  v.  (a  secondary 
form  of  sprout),  sprit1,  ».,  sprot1,  spurt1,  spirt1, 
spirtle,  spurtle,  etc.,  spout,  sputter,  etc.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  shoot  forth,  as  a  bud  from  a 
seed  or  stock;  begin  to  grow;  spring:  said  of 
a  young  vegetable  growth,  or,  by  extension,  of 
animal  growth. 

That  leaf  faded,  but  the  young  buds  did  sprout  on ;  which 

afterwards  opened  into  fair  leaves.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  407. 

A  mouth  is  formed,  and  tentacles  sprout  forth  around  it. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  517. 

2.  To  put  forth  shoots  ;  bear  buds. 

The  Night,  to  temper  Dales  exceeding  drought, 
Moistens  our  Aire,  and  makes  our  Earth  to  sprout. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  7. 

After  a  shower  a  meadow  sprouts  with  the  yellow  buds 
of  the  dandelion.  T.  Winthrop,  Love  and  Skates. 

3.  To  spring  up;  grow  upward. 

To  rain  upon  remembrance  with  mine  eyes, 
That  it  may  grow  and  sprout  as  high  as  heaven. 

Shak.,  2  lien.  IV.,  ii.  3.  60. 

These  Vines  I  have  scene  grow  so  high  that  they  have 
sprowted  cleane  above  the  toppe  of  the  tree. 

Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  102. 

4.  To  spread  into  ramifications. 

Vitriol  ...  is  apt  to  sprout  with  moisture. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  604. 
Sprouting  fungi.    See  fungus. 

II.  transTi.  To  produce  or  afford  by  sprout- 
ing; grow:  as,  to  sprout  antlers;  to  sprout  a 
mustache. 

Trees  old  and  young,  sprouting  a  shady  boon 

For  simple  sheep.  Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

2.  To  remove  sprouts  from:  as,  to  sprout  pota- 
toes. [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 
sprout  (sprout),  n.  [<  ME.  sproute  =  MD. 
spruyte,  D.  spruite  =  MLG.  LG.  sprute,  a 
sprout;  from  the  verb.  Cf.  sprot1,  sprit1,  n.] 
1.  A  shoot  of  a  plant,  (a)  The  young  shoot  from 
a  germinating  seed,  or  from  a  rootstock,  tuber,  etc.,  or 
from  the  rooting  tip  of  a  stolon.  (&)  In  a  tree,  a  shoot, 
generally  from  an  adventitious  bud,  as  from  the  root  (a 
sucker),  the  stump,  or  the  trunk. 

Stumps  of  trees  lying  out  of  the  ground  will  put  forth 
sprouts  tor  a  time.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  f  29. 

Her  [a  vine's]  highest  sproot 
Is  quickly  levelled  with  her  fading  root. 

B.  JoniOH,  The  Barriers. 

Specifically — 2.  pi.  Young  coleworts.—  A  course 
Of  sprouts,  a  thrashing  with  switches  or  rods ;  a  switch- 
ing ;  a  birching  ;  a  instigation  ;  hence,  severe  discipline. 
ISlang,  U.  S.]  — Brussels  sprouts,  a  subyartety  of  the 
Savoy  cabbage,  originating  in  Belgium,  in  which  the 
stem,  which  grows  some  4  feet  high,  produces  along  its 
whole  length  from  the  axils  of  the  early  deciduous  leaves 
branches  with  miniature  heads  an  inch  or  two  thick.  The 
main  head  is  small  and  of  little  value,  but  the  sprouts  are 
highly  esteemed.  See  cut  in  next  column,  and  compare 
cut  under  broccoli. 

sprout-cell  (sprout'sel),  H.  In  fungi,  a  cell  pro- 
duced by  sprouting. 


spruce 
sprout-chain 

(sprout'chan),  H.  In 
fungi,  a  chain  of 
cells  produced  iiy 
sprouting. 

sprouted  (sprou'- 
ted),  a.  Having 
sprouts;  budded:  as, 
sprouted  potatoes. 

Tlit-  wheat  was  gent-r- 
ally sprouted  throughout 
the  country,  and  unfit  for 
bread. 

Lady  Holland,  Sydney 
[Smith,  vil. 

sprout-gemma 

(sprout '  jem  "  a),  ». 
In  fungi,  a  gemma 
having  the  form  of  a 
septate  confervoid 
filament,  the  seg- 
ments of  which  are 
capable  of  sprout- 
ing. DeBltllJ.  Brussels  Sprouts  tSrassica  clrrarta, 

sprout-germination  var.  f,mmif,rai. 

(sprout'jer  -  mi  -  na''- 

shon),  «.  In  hot.,  the  germination  of  a  spore  in 
which  a  small  process  with  a  narrow  base  pro- 
trudes at  one  or  more  points  on  the  surface  of 
the  spore,  then  assumes  an  elongated  cylindri- 
cal form,  and  finally  is  detached  as  a  sprout- 
cell.  De  Vary. 

sprouting  (sprou'ting),  n.  1.  In  fungi,  same 
as  pullulation,  2. —  2.  Same  as  spitting,  2. 

spruce1!  (spros),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  Spruce  leather, 
also  Pruce  leather,  where  Spruce  or  Pruce  is  an 
attributive  use  of  the  older  E.  name  of  Prussia; 
<  ME.  Spruce,  a  variant,  with  unorig.  initial  S-, 
of  Pruce,  Prus,  Pruys  (also  in  comp.  Pruslond. 
Pruyslond),  <  OF.  Pruce  (F.  Prusse),  <  ML. 
Prussia  (G.  Preussen  =  D.  Pruissen  =  Sw.  Dan. 
Preussen),  Prussia:  see  Prussian.  The  name 
Spruce,  Prussia,  was  not  only  used  in  the  phrase 
Spruce  leather,  or  Pruce  leather,  but  also  in  con- 
nection with  fashionable  apparel  ("appar- 
reyled  after  the  manner  of  Prussia  or  Spruce," 
Hall,  Henry  VIII.,  an.  1),  and  also  allusively, 
somewhat  like  Cockayne,  as  a  land  of  luxury 
( ' '  He  shall  Hue  in  the  land  of  Spruce,  milke  and 
hony  flowing  into  his  mouth  sleeping" — Chap- 
man, "  Masque  of  Middle  Temple  and  Lin- 
coln's Inn").  Hence  prob.  the  adj.  spruce2.  Cf. 
spruce2.]  Prussian  leather.  Compare  Pruce. 

Spruce,  corium  pumicatum. 

Levins,  Manip.  Vocab.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  182. 

spruce2  (spros),  a.  [Sc.  also  sprttsh ;  prob.  an 
extended  use  of  spruce1,  in  allusion  to  fashion- 
able apparel:  see  spruce1.  This  adjective  can- 
not be  derived,  as  some  attempt  to  derive  it, 
from  ME.  prous,  preus,  <  OF.  pro:,  F.  prcux, 
brave,  etc.  (see  prow2),  or  from  E.  dial,  sprug1 
or  sprack.]  1 .  Smart  in  dress  and  appearance ; 
affecting  neatness  or  dapperness,  especially  in 
dress;  trim;  hence  often,  with  a  depreciatory 
force,  dandified;  smug. 

Now,  my  spruce  companions,  is  all  ready,  and  all  things 
neat?  Shak,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1.  116. 

Be  not  in  so  neat  and  spruce  array 
As  if  thou  mean's!  to  make  It  holiday. 

Beaumont,  Remedy  of  Love. 
A  spruce  young  spark  of  a  Learned  Clerk. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  227. 

2.  Over-fastidious;  excessively  nice ;  finical. 
Taffeta  phrases,  silken  terms  precise, 
Three-piled  hyperboles,  spruce  affectation. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  407. 

The  niceties  of  a  spruce  understanding. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  III.  iii. 

=  Syn.  Foppish,  etc.  (see  finicaf),  smart,  jaunty,  nice,  dan- 
dyish. 

spruce2  (spros),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spruced,,  ppr. 
sprucing.  [<  spruce2,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
spruce ;  trim  or  dress  so  as  to  present  a  smart 
appearance :  sometimes  followed  by  up. 

Salmacis  would  not  be  seen  of  Hermaphroditus  till  she 
had  spruced  up  her  self  first.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  335. 

2.  To  brown,  as  the  crust  of  bread,  by  heating 
the  oven  too  much.  Halliirell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

II.  intrans.  To  become  spruce;  assume  or 
affect  an  air  of  smartness  in  dress :  often  fol- 
lowed by  up.  [Chiefly  colloq.] 

But  two  or  three  years  after,  all  of  a  sudden,  Dench.  he 
seemed  to  kind  o'  spruce  up  and  have  a  deal  o'  money  to 
spend.  H.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  193. 

spruce3  (spros),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  spruce-fir.] 
A  coniferous  tree  of  the  genus  Picea  ;  a  spruce- 
fir.  The  species  are  handsome  evergreens  of  a  conical 
habit,  often  of  great  economic  worth.  Some  related  trees 
are  also  called  spruce.  See  specific  names  below. 


spruce 


5868 


For  masts,  &c.,  those  [firs]  of  Prussia  which  we  call     gpruce-fir.  or  from  the  essence  of  spruce,  boil- 
mce  and  Norway  are  the  best.    Evelyn,  Sylva,  I.  xxii.  §  2.     ed  ^^  g  or  mola8ses>  and  fermented  with 


F. 
spruce 

Black  spruce,  Picea  niyra,  a  species  of  spruce  growing 

00  or  60  feet  high,  found  through  liritish  America,  the 

northern  United  States,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  to  North 

Carolina.   Its  light  soft  wood  is  largely  made  into  lumber, 

and  is  used  in  construction,  in  ship-building,  for  piles,  etc.     miustuj-uum; 

An  essence  of  spruce  is  obtained  from  its  branches,  used  onriirp  HiiflF  CsnroVdufl     it 

in  making  spruce-beer.  -  Blue  spruce.     Same  as  white  sPr11  ,,<'., 

spruce  (c).-  Double  spruce,  the  black  spruce.  -Douglas    spruce-trees,     bee  (luff,  6. 


sugar  or  molasses, 

veast.  There  are  two  kinds,  the  brown  and  the  white, 
of  which  the  latter  is  considered  the  better,  us  being  made 
with  white  sugar  instead  of  molasses.  Spruce-beer  is  an 
agreeable  and  wholesome  beverage,  and  is  useful  as  an 
antiscorbutic. 

Duff   formed   by 
,U.  S.] 


, 

spruce,  Pseudotsuga  Douylasii.  See  Pseudotmga,  and  Ore- 
gon  pine  (under  pmel).—  Essence  of  spruce,  a  thick  li- 
quid  with  a  bitterish  acidulous  astringent  taste,  obtained 
by  boiling  and  evaporation  from  the  young  branches  of 
the  Norway  spruce,  the  Mack  spruce,  and  perhaps  other 


The  soil  .  .  .  consisted  of  from  two  to  four  feet  of  what 
is  known  among  the  woodsmen  of  northern  New  York  as 
spruce-duff,  which  is  composed  of  rotten  spruce-trees, 
cones,  needles,  etc.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  289. 

' 


e     orway  spruce,      e     ac    spruce,  an    peraps  oer  ..  ,-.   *  r  »         i-  i  i   *.• 

species.    It  is  used  in  making  spruce-beer.  -Hemlock  SprUCC-fir  (spros'fer),  n.      [A  partial  translation 

and  accommodation  (as  if  'fir  of  Spruce    or 


spruce.  See  hemlock-spruce. — Himalayan  or  Indian 
spruce,  Picea  Morinda,  of  the  temperate  Himalayas 
and  Afghanistan,  a  tree  150  feet  high,  affording  a  pale 
straight-grained  timber,  durable  only  under  shelter. — 
New  Zealand  spruce,  the  imou-pine,  or  red  pine,  Dac- 
rydium  cupressinum,  a  beautiful  tree  with  long  weeping 
branches.  From 
the  young  growth 
Captain  Cook  made 
an  antiscorbutic 
spruce  -  beer.  See 
inunt-pine.  —  Nor- 
way spruce,  Picea 
excelsa,  a  spruce  of 
middle  and  northern 
Europe  and  north- 
ern Asia.  It  attains 
a  height  of  150  feet, 
forms  extensive  for- 
ests, endures  severe 
cold,  and  on  moun- 
tains reaches  an  ele- 
vation of  4,500  feet. 
Its  tough  and  elastic 
wood  is  the  white 
deal  of  Europe,  ex- 
cellent for  building, 
furniture,  masts, 
spars,  etc.  It  is  the 
source  of  Burgundy 
pitch.  See  pitch".— 
Oil  of  spruce,  oil 
of  hemlock. —  Red 
spruce,  a  stunt- 
ed variety  (P.  ru- 
bra)  of  the  black 
spruce,  growing  in 

Branchlet, 


•ith  Cone,  of  Norway  Spruce 
'"----  txcelsa). 


(ft 


Prussia,  <  Spruce,  or  Pruce,  Prussia,  +  fir* :  see 
spruce3,  and  the  quot.)  of  the  G.  sprossen-ficltte, 
the  spruce-pine  or  -fir,  whose  sprouts  furnish 
the  beer  called  spruce-beer,  <  sprossen,  pi.  of 
spross,  a  sprout,  +  f  elite,  pine,  fir.  Cf.  spruce- 
beer.]  Same  as  spruce3:  applied  somewhat  spe- 
cifically to  the  Norway  spruce. 

spruce-grouse  (sproVgrous),  «.  The  Canada 
grouse.  See  grouse,  and  cut  under  Canace. 

spruce-gum  (sprds'gum),  ».  A  resinous  exuda- 
tion from  the  balsam-fir,  Abies  balsamea,  used 
as  a  masticatory. 

spruce-leathert  (sproVleTH'er),  n.  Same  as 
spruce* . 

sprucely  (spros'li),  adv.  In  a  spruce  manner ; 
smartly ;  trimly  ;  smugly. 

spruceness  (sproVnes),  n.  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  spruce ;  smartness  of  appearance 
or  dress. 

spruce-ocher  (spros'o'ker), «.  [Appar.< Spruce , 
Prussia  (see  spruce*),  +  ocher.]  Brown  or  yel- 
low oeher. 

spruce-partridge  (spr6s'par'trij),n.  The  spot- 
ted or  Canada  grouse,  Canace  or  Dendragapus 
canadensis :  so  called  in  New  England,  Canada, 
etc.,  in  distinction  from  the  ruffed  grouse,  there 
known  as  the  partridge,  and  because  the  bird  is 
highly  characteristic  of  the  coniferous  woods. 
See  cut  under  Canace. 

spruce-pine  (spros'pin),  n.     Bee  pine*. 

sprucify  (sprO'si-fi),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spruci- 
fied,  ppr.  sprucifying.  [<  spruce'2  +  -i-fy.]  To 
make  spruce  or  fine ;  smarten.  Urqu- 
hart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.  37.  (Dories.) 

—  Spruce  bud-worm,  the  larva  of  a  tortricid  moth,  as  J  TIT 

.Tortrixfumiferana,  which  eats  the  end-buds  of  the  spruce  SPrUe1  (spro), n.   [Origin  obscure.]   l.In 

in  northeastern  parts  of  the  United  States,  especially  in     casting  metal,  one  of  the  passages  lead- 
ing from  the  "skimming-gate"  to  the 
mold;   also,  the  metal  which  fills  the 
sprue  or  sprue-gate  after  solidification: 
„ , same  as  dead-head,  1  (a).     Also  called  sprue- 

the  United  states. — Spruce   leaf-hopper,  an  oblong    gate. — 2.  A  piece  of  metal  or  wood  used  by  a 

ture^spru^'eedk^  molder  in  making  the  ingate  through  the  sand. 

States.— Spruce  plume-moth,  Oxyptilus  nigrociliatus.     %.  H.  Knight. 

Its  larva  feeds  on  spruce,  and  it  is  the  only  member  of  SprueJ.  n.     See  sprew. 

the  PUrophoridif  known  to  infest  any  conifer.- Spruce  sprue-hole  (spro'hol),  H.     In  casting  metal,  the 

saw-fly,  a  common  saw-fly,  Lophyrus  abvetts,  whose  pale-     £„*,,    ine.arp    or  noiir-ino  r,nlp 

green  larvse  defoliate  spruce,  flr,  pine,  and  cedar  in  the     !  lte>  ?r  P°l 

United  States,  but  especially  spruce.— Spruce  timber-  sprug1  (sprug),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sprugged,  ppr. 

beetle,  Xyloterus  biviUatus,  the  most  injurious  of  sev-     spruggiiig.     [Cf.  sprag3,  sprack.]     I.  trans.  To 

eral  scolytids  which  attack   the  spruce  in  the  United     make  smart. 

furgw  a?Mn™?™^pS^g(ma^an"r)an1iw«r^s        H-  <'"«*»«•  To  dress  neatly:  generally  with 

pinifex.— Tldelan'd  spruce,  Picea  Sitchensis,  a  spruce     ul>-     [Prov.  Eng.] 

found  from  Alaska  to  California  near  the  coast,  best  de-  spmg2  (sprug),  H.    [Cf .  snrifl2,  svronq,  and  pnua, 

veloped  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  where  for  50     a  srTarrow  •   origin  nncm-rn  in  1     r™ 

miles  in  each  direction  it  forms  a  foresMielt  10  or  15  miles      p' ,£  ?%*> 

wide.  It  grows  from  140  to  180  feet  high,  and  furnishes  an     ~~~*~     'Omesncus.      L°cotcn  and  i 

important  light,  soft,  and  straight-grained  timber,  large-   Sprung  (sprung).     1.  Preterit  and 

ly  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  used  for  construction,     pie  of  spring. —  2.   Tipsy;  drunk. 

timber-tree  ofsubarctUi  America  extendineTntoliortbern     J?  ih.e  Tave™-    Ex-Corporal  Whiston  with  his  friends  sal- 
New  England,  and  at  its  best  in'  northern  Montana.    Its         d  from  the  8tore  weU  ePrunff-    s- Jud^.  Margaret,  i.  13. 
timber  in  commerce  is  not  distinguished  from  that  of  the  spninkt,  «•      [Origin  obscure.     Cf.  svrunt2.]     A 
black  spruce.    Also  Kingle  spruce,    (b)  P.  Engelmanni,  the     concubine  (ChHiR-  a  awfinthpnrt 
most  valuable  timber-tree  of  the  central  Rocky  Mountain  ' '       8weetneart. 

,„„!„.,  ...i, —  .-.. 1.  wjth  fryajg  ftnd  m,,,,]^  an(j  their  fine  <rprwn*s, 

I  make  my  chief est  prey. 

The  King's  Disguise  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  378). 

sprunny  (sprun'i),  a.  and  n.  [Cf.  sprunt2.]  I. 
«._Neat;  spruce.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


spuilzie 

St.  Anything  short  and  not  easily  bent,  as  a 

stiff  curl. 

"This  gprunt  its  pertness  sure  will  lose 
"When  laid,"  said  he,  "to  soak  in  ooze." 

Conyreue,  An  Impossible  Thing. 

sprunt2t  (sprunt),  a.     [Cf.  ME.  sprind,  <  AS. 

x/iriitd,  agile;  cf.  also  sprunt*.]     Active;  vig- 

orous; strong;  lively;  brisk.     £.  Phillips,  1706. 
spruntlyt    (.sprunt'li),    adc.      1.    Vigorously; 

youthfully;  like  a  young  man.     Imp.  Diet.  —  2. 

Neatly;  gaily;  bravely. 

How  do  I  look  to-day?  am  I  not  drest 
SpnuMij  ~f          B.  Joiaon,  Devil  is  an  Ass,  iv.  1. 

sprusadot,  ".     [<  spruce,  with  Spanish-seeming 
term.  -aih>.~\     A  spruce  fellow;  a  dandy. 

The  answer  of  thatsprusado  to  a  judge  in  this  Kingdom, 
a  rigid  censor  of  men's  habits  ;  who,  seeing  a  neat  finical 
divine  come  before  him  in  a  cloak  lined  through  with 
plush,  encountered  him. 

Comm.  on  Chaucer,  p.  19  (Todd's  Johnson),  1665. 

sprush  (sprush),  o.  and  r.     A  Scotch  form  of 


swamps.  —  Single 
spruce.  Same  as 
while  spruce  (a). — 

Spruce  bud-louse,  an  aphid  of  the  subfamily  Cherme- 
siiise,  Adelgeg  abieticolens,  which  deforms  the  end-shoots 
of  the  spruce  In  the  United  States,  producing  large  swell- 
ings sometimes  mistaken  for  the  natural  cones.  In  Eu- 
rope A.  coccineus  and  A.  strobilobius  have  the  same  habit. 


Maine.  Other  spruce  bud-worms  are  the  reddish-yellow, 
Steganoptycha  ratzeburfriana  ;  the  black-headed,  Term 
variaiia;  and  the  red,  Gelechia  obliquistrigetta. —  Spruce 
cone-Worm,  the  larva  of  a  phycid  moth,  Pinipestis  retii- 
culella,  which  bores  the  fresh  young  cones  of  spruces  in 


spruttle  (sprut'l),  v.  t.     [Also  sprittle;  freq.  of 

sprout:  see  sprout,  and  cf.  spnrtle.']     To  spurt; 

sprinkle.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
spry  (spri),  a.     [Also  obs*.  or  dial,  sprey  ;  <.  Sw. 

dial,  sprygg,  very  active,  skittish  ;  akin  to  Sw. 

dial.  sj>rag,  sprdk,  spirited,  mettlesome:   see 

sprack.~\     Active,  as  in  leaping  or  running; 

nimble;  vigorous;  lively.     [Prov.   Eng.   and 

TJ.  S.] 

The  lady  liked  our  Margaret  very  well.  "She  was  so 
feat,  and  spry,  and  knowin',  and  good-natered,"  she  said, 
"  she  could  be  made  of  some  use  to  somebody." 

&  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  4. 

spt.     An  abbreviation  of  spiritus,  spirit. 

spud  (spud),  «.  [<  ME.  spudde,  knife  ;  perhaps 
<  Dan.  spyd,  a  spear:  see  spift.  Prob.  not  con- 
nected with  spadei.]  1.  A  stout  knife  or  dag- 
ger. 

The  one  within  the  lists  of  the  amphitheatre  .  .  .  with 
a  f  iiu,l  or  dagger  was  wounded  almost  to  death. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Ammianus  Marcellinus  (lG09).t  (Narei.) 

2.  A  small  spade,  or  a  spade  having  a  small 
blade,  with  a  handle  of  any  length;   a  small 
cutting-blade  fixed  in  the  axis  of  its  handle, 
somewhat  like  a  chisel  with  a  very  long  han- 
dle, for  cutting  the  roots  of  weeds  without 
stooping. 

Every  day,  when  I  walk  in  my  own  little  literary  gar- 
den-plot, I  spy  some  [weeds],  and  should  like  to  have  a 
spud,  and  root  them  out.  Thackeray,  lie  Finibus. 

3.  A  spade-shaped  tool  for  recovering  lost  or 
broken  tools  in  a  tube-well.     E.  H.  Knight.  — 

4.  A  nail  driven  into  the  timbers  of  a  drift  or 
shaft,  or  fastened  in  some  other  way,  so  as  to 
mark  a  surveying-station.     [Pennsylvania  an- 
thracite region.]  —  5.    Any  short   and    thick 
thing:   usually  in  contempt.     Specifically—  (a)  A 
piece  of  dough  boiled  in  fat.    Imp.  Diet,    (b)  A  potato. 
[Provincial.]    (c)  A  baby's  hand.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  8.] 
(d)  A  short,  dwarfish  person.    Hattiwett.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

spud  (spud),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  spudded,  ppr. 
spudding.  [<«/>wrf,  n.]  1.  To  remove  by  means 
of  a  spud  :  often  with  up  or  out. 


At  half-past  one  lunch  o»  Cambridge  cream  cheese; 
hen  a  ride  over  hill  and  dale;  '" 
weeds  from  the  grass. 


past  partici- 
fColloq  1 


region,  where  it  forms  extensive  forests.  Its  wood  is  of  a 
white  or  pale  yellow  color,  light  and  soft,  in  Colorado  af- 
fording lumber,  fuel,  and  charcoal.  The  bark  is  rich  in 


Also  called  blue  spruce,  Colorado  blue  spruce.    Sargent 
spruce4  (spros),  H.     An  abbreviation  of  spruce- 
leer.     [Colloq.j 


A  sweetheart. 


H.  «. ;  pi.  sprunnies  (-iz). 
Halliicell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

"Come,  friend,"  said  Hawk-eye,  drawing oul  SJl?re',J1/oo<J  Satan  lay8  her  on  like  thee- 

beneath  a  cover  of  leaves,  .        -try a Tittle Sruce  •  Cm  Whipp'd  to  some  purpose  will  thy  sprunny  be. 

.  .  .  quicken  the  life  in  your  bosom."  CMins-  Miscellanies  (1762),  p.  ill. 

J.F.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  vi.  sprunt1  (sprunt),  v.  i._    [A  var.  of  sprent:  see 


eer  o   spruce 

or  spruce-fir  (<  spruce^  +  bcerl),  or  as  if  Spruce 
beer,  i.  e.  'beer  of  Spruce'  or  Prussia  (<  Spruce, 
or  Pruce,  Prussia  (see  spruce*),  +  beer*))  of  G 

1 


sprenl*,  sprint.]    1.  To  spring  up;  germinate. 
—  2.  To  spring  forward  or  outward. 


spruce-beer  (spros'ber),  ».     [A  partial  transla- 
tion and  accommodation  (as  if  'beer  of  spruce 

See ;  this  sweet  simpering  babe, 
Dear  image  of  thyself ;  see !  how  it  spruntt 
With  joy  at  thy  approach ! 

Somenaie,  Hobbinol,  iii.  393. 

To  sprunt  UP,  to  bristle  up ;  show  sudden  resentment, 
v          CT    —  f —    — "    wiuiv/i*   Dp*  «v/^-m,   N      [Colloq    US] 

mrossen,?!.  of  spross,  a  sprout  (=  E.  sprot),  +  sprunt1  (sprunt),  n.     l<sitrunfl,v.    Cf.  sprint.] 
^«r-  «„  gprotl  andfttcrl.]     A  beer    It.  A  leap;   a  spring;   a  convulsive  struggle. 


™rt«f  l  A  -  '  ng;   a  convusve  srugge 

made  from  the  leaves  and  small  branches  of  the    -  2.  A  steep  ascent  in  a  road.    [Prov.  Eng]  - 


then  a  ride  over  hill  and  dale ;  then  spudding  up  some 

weeds  from  the  grass. 

E.  Fitzgerald,  quoted  in  The  Academy,  Aug.  8, 1889,  p.  63. 

2.  To  drill  (a  hole)  by  spudding  (which  see, 
below). 

A  12  inch  hole  is  usually  drilled  or  spudded  down  to  the 
rock.  Sci.  Amer.,  N.  8.,  LV.  116. 

spudding  (spud'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  spud,  i».] 
In  oil-well  drilling,  a  method  of  handling  the 
rope  and  tools  by  which  the  first  fifty  or  sixty 
feet  of  an  oil-well  are  bored  by  the  aid  of  the 
bull-wheel,  the  depth  not  being  sufficient  to 
allow  of  the  use  of  the  working-beam  for  that 
purpose. 

spuddle  (spud'l),  t'.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spuddled, 
ppr.  spuddling.  [Freq.  of  spud.']  1.  To  dig; 
grub. 

Hee  grubs  and  spuddles  for  his  prey  in  muddy  holes  and 
obscure  cavernes.      John  Taylor,  Works  (1(130).    (.Yores.) 

2.  To  move  about;  do  any  trifling  matter  with 

an  air  of  business.     Balliu-ell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

spuddy(spud'i),a.  [<spud  +  -y*.']  Short  and  fat. 

They  rest  their  spuddy  hands  on  their  knees,  and  shake 
all  over  like  jelly  when  they  laugh. 

W.  W.  Story,  Koba  di  Roma,  rv. 

spue,  i'.  An  old  spelling  of  spew:  retained  in 
modern  copies  of  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Bible. 

spuilzie,  spulzie  (spiil'ye),  n.  [Better  written 
xpulye,  gpulyie:  Sc.  forms  of  spoil.]  Spoil; 
booty ;  in  Scots  law,  the  taking  away  of  mova- 
ble goods  in  the  possession  of  another,  against 


spuilzie 

the  declared  will  of  the  person,  or  without  the 
order  of  law. 

spuilzie,  spulzie  (spiil'ye),  v.  [Better  written 
spitlyi;  x/iiilyii'.']  Same  as  spoil.  [Scotch.] 

Are  ye  come  to  spulzie  and  plunder  my  ha? 

Baron  of  Braikley  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  192). 

spuke,  it.  and  v.    Same  as  spool'. 

spuller  (spul'fer),  ».    A  Scotch  form  of  spooler. 

spulzie,  a.  and  v.     See  spuilzie. 

spume  (spurn),  w.  [<  ME.  spume,  <  OF.  (and  F.) 
spume  =  Sp.  Pg.  espumii  =  It.  spiimu,  <  L.  SJHI- 
iii a,  foam.  Ct.foam;  cf.  also  spoom.]  Froth; 
foam ;  scum  ;  frothy  matter  raised  on  liquors 
or  fluid  substances  by  boiling,  effervescence, 
or  agitation. 

Waters  frozen  in  pans  and  open  glasses  after  their  dis- 
solution do  commonly  leave  a  froth  and  spuine  upon  them. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 

spume  (spurn),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  gpumeil,  ppr. 
spuming.  [<  spume,  ».]  1.  To  froth;  foam. 

At  a  blow  nee  lustelye  swapping 

Thee  wyne  fresh  spuming  with  a  draught  swild  vp  to  the 
bottom.  Stanihurst,  MaeiS,  i.  727. 

2f.  Same  as  spoom. 

Spumella  (spu-mel'S),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L. 
«pnma,  froth,  foam:  see  spume.]  The  typical 
genus  of  Spumcllidee.  S.  guttula  and  S.  viripam 
are  two  Ehrenbergian  species,  abundant  in 
fresh  and  salt  infusions. 

Spumellaria  (spu-me-la'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
Spumella.]  An  oi'der  of  radiolarians.  The  cen- 
tral capsule  is  (usually  permanently)  spherical,  more  rare- 
ly discoid  or  polymorphous ;  the  nucleus  is  usually  divided 
only  immediately  before  the  formation  of  spores,  into  a 
number  of  small  nuclei ;  the  capsule-membrane  is  simple 
and  pierced  on  all  sides  by  innumerable  fine  pores ;  and 
the  extracapsularium  is  a  voluminous  gelatinous  sheath, 
without  phffiodium,  and  usually  with  zooxanthella.  The 
skeleton  consists  of  silica,  or  of  a  silicate,  originally  usu- 
ally forming  a  central  reticulate  sphere,  later  extremely 
polymorphous,  more  rarely  rudimentary  or  entirely  want- 
ing.  The  order  is  divided  into  several  families. 

spumellarian  (spu-me-la'ri-an),  a.  and  «.    I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Spumellaria. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Spumellaria. 

Spumellidae  (spu-mel'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Spu- 
mella +  -idee.]  A  family  of  trimastigate  panto- 
stomatous  infusorians,  typified  by  the  genus 
Spumella.  They  have  one  long  and  two  short 
flagella,  and  are  adherent  by  a  temporary 
pedicle. 

spumeoust  (spu'me-us),  a.  [<  L.  spumens, 
frothy,  <  spuma,  foam :  see  spume.]  Frothy ; 
foamy ;  spumous ;  spumy.  Dr.  H.  More. 

spumescence  (spu-mes'ens),  n.  [<  spumescen(t) 
+  -ce.]  Frothiness;  the  state  of  foaming  or 
being  foamy.  Imp.  Diet. 

spumescent  (spu-mes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  spumes- 
cen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  spumescere,  grow  frothy  or 
foamy,  <  spuma,  froth,  foam:  see  spume.']  Re- 
sembling froth  or  foam ;  foaming.  Imp.  Diet. 

spumidt  (spu'mid),  a.  [<  LL.  spumidus,  frothy, 
foamy,  <  L.  spuma,  froth,  foam:  see  spume.] 
Frothy ;  spumous.  Imp.  Diet. 

spumiferous  (spu-mif'e-rus),  a.  [=  Pg.  espu- 
mifero  =  It.  spumifero,  <  L.  spumifer,  frothing, 
foaming,  <  spuma,  froth,  foam,  +  ferre  =  E. 
bear1.]  Producing  foam.  Imp.  Diet. 

spuminess  (spu'mi-nes),  n.  [<  spumy  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  character  of  being  spumy.  Bailey. 

spumous  (spu'mus),  a.  [=  F.  spumeux  =  Pr. 
spumos  =  Sp.  Pg.  espumoso  =  It.  spumoso,  <  L. 
spumosus,  full  of  froth  or  foam,  <  spuma,  froth, 
foam :  see  spume.]  Con  sisting  of  froth  or  scum ; 
foamy.  Arbuthnot. 

spumy  (spu'mi),  a.  [<  spume  +  -y1.]  Foamy; 
covered  with  foam. 

The  Tiber  now  their  spumy  keels  divide. 

Brooke,  Constantia. 

Under  the  black  cliff's  spumy  base. 

Cotton  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  217). 

The  spumy  waves  proclaim  the  wat'ry  war.        Dryden. 

spun  (spun).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
spin. 

spunget,  spungert,  etc.  Obsolete  spellings  of 
sponge,  etc. 

spunk  (spungk),  n.  [Formerly  also  sponk;  <  Ir. 
Gael,  sponc,  sponge,  spongy  wood,  touchwood, 
tinder,  <  L.  spongia,  a  sponge,  <  Gr.  airoyyta, 
oir6yyoc,  a  sponge:  see  sponge.]  1.  Touch- 
wood ;  tinder ;  a  kind  of  tinder  made  from  a 
species  of  fungus ;  amadou.  Also  celled  pi(»k. 

Spunk,  or  touch-wood  prepared,  might  perhaps  make  it 
[powder]  russet.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  6. 

2.  A  very  small  fire;  a  fiery  spark  or  small 
flame;  also,  a  lucifer  match.  [Scotch.] 

Oh  for  a  spunk  o'  Allan's  glee ! 

Burns,  First  Epistle  to  Lapraik. 


A  spunk  it'  rtrc  in  the  red-room. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xi. 

3.  Mettle;  spirit ;  pluck;  obstinate  resistance 
to  yielding.     [Colloq.] 
The  Squire  lias  got  spunk  In  him. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  2. 

Parsons  is  men,  like  the  rest  of  us,  and  the  doctor  had 

got  his  spunk  up.  //.  B.  Stmce,  Oldtown,  p.  87. 

spunk  (spungk),  r.  /.     [<  spunk,  ».]     To  kindle; 

show  a  flame  or  spark:  used  in  phrases To 

spunk  out,  to  come  to  light ;  be  discovered.    [Scotch.] 
But  what  if  the  thing  spunks  out' 

A'octes  Ambrosiantr,  Sept.,  1832. 

To  spunk  up,  to  show  spirit,  energy,  or  obstinate  en- 
durance amid  difficulties.    [Colloq.,  I!.  S.] 

spunkie  (spung'ki),  ».     [<  spunk  +  dim.  -ie.] 

1.  A  small  fire;  a  spark. —  2.  The  ignis  fatuus, 
or  will-o'-the-wisp. — 3.  A  person  of  a  fiery  or  ir- 
ritable temper.     [Scotch  in  all  uses.] 

spunky  (spung'ki),  a.  [<  spunk  +  -y1.]  1. 
.Showing  a  small  fire  or  spark.  [Scotch.]  —  2. 
Haunted :  noting  a  place  supposed  to  be  haunt- 
ed from  the  frequent  appearance  of  the  ignis 
fatuus.  [Scotch.]  —  3.  Having  spunk,  fire, 
spirit,  or  obstinacy;  spirited;  unwilling  to 
give  up,  or  to  acknowledge  one's  self  beaten. 
[Colloq.] 

Erskine,  a  spunkie  Norland  billie. 
Burns,  I*rayer  to  the  Scotch  Representatives. 
There  are  grave  dons,  too,  in  more  than  one  college,  who 
think  they  are  grown  again  as  young  and  spunky  as  under- 
graduates. 

Landor,  Imag.  Conv.,  William  Penn  and  Lord  Peter- 

t  borough. 

Spun-OUt  (spun'out),  a.  Lengthened;  unduly 
protracted. 

We  can  pardon  a  few  awkward  or  tedious  phrases,  a  few 
spun  out  passages.  •  Grove,  Diet.  Music,  I.  645. 

spur  (sper),  w.  [<  ME.  spure,  spore,  <  AS. 
spora,  a  spur  (hand-spora,  '  hand-spur,'  talon), 
=  MD.  spore,  D.  spoor,  a  spur,  also  a  track,  = 
MLG.  spore  =  OHG.  sporo,  MHG.  spore,  spor,  G. 
sporn  =  Icel.  spori  =  Sw.  sporre  =  Dan.  spore, 
spur  (cf.  OF.  esporon,  esperon,  F.  eperon  =  Pr. 
espero  =  OSp.  esporon,  Sp.  espolon  =  Pg.  esporao 
=  It.  sperone,  sprone  (>  E.  obs.  speron),  also  with- 
out the  suffix,  OSp.  espuera,  Sp.  espuela  =  Pg. 
espora,  a  spur,  <  OHG.  sporo,  ace.  sporon) ;  orig. 
'  kicker,'  from  its  use  on  the  heel ;  from  the 
root  of  spurn,  v.  Cf.  speer1,  spoor,  speron,  from 
the  same  ult.  root.]  1.  A  pointed  instrument 
worn  on  the 
heel  by  a 
horseman  to 
goad  the 
horse.  The 
earliest  medi- 
eval spurs  were 
without  rowels 
(see  prick-spur, 
goad-spur) ;  an- 
other form  had 
a  ball  from 
which  a  short 
point  project- 
ed, and  was 
called  the  ball- 
and-spike  spur. 
The  rowel  was 
first  introduced 
in  the  thir- 
teenth century, 
but  was  not 
common  until  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth.  The  spurs 
of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries  are  sometimes  of 
extraordinary  length  on  account  of  the  projection  of  the 
steel  Handlers  which  kept  the  heel  far  from  the  horse's 
side.  See  rowel-spur  (with  cut),  also  cut  under  prick-sprir. 
Wyth-oute  spores  other  spere  spakliche  he  loked. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xviii.  12. 
Mount  thou  my  horse,  and  hide  thy  spurs  in  him, 
Till  he  have  brought  thee  up  to  yonder  troops, 
And  here  again.  Shak.,  3.  C.,  v.  3.  15. 

2.  Anything  which  goads,  impels,  or  urges  to 
action ;    incitement ;    instigation ;    incentive  ; 
stimulus :  used  in  this  sense  in  the  phrase  on 
or  upon  (lie  spur  of  the  moment — that  is,  on  a 
momentary  impulse;   suddenly;   hastily;  im- 
promptu. 

What  need  we  any  spur  but  our  own  cause 
To  prick  us  to  redress?          Shak.,  J.  C.,  ii.  1.  123. 
If  you  were  my  counsel,  you  would  not  advise  me  to  an- 
swer upon  the  spur  of  the  moment  to  a  charge  which  the 
basest  of  mankind  seem  ready  to  establish  by  perjury. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  Ivi. 

3.  Some  projecting  thing  more  or  less  closely 
resembling  a  horseman's  spur  in  form  or  posi- 
tion,   (o)  A  root  of  a  tree ;  a  large  lateral  root. 

By  the  spurs  pluck'd  up 

The  pine  and  cedar.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1.  47. 

Yet  is  thy  root  sincere,  sound  as  the  rock, 
A  quarry  of  stout  spurs  and  knotted  fangs. 

Cowper,  Yardley  Oak,  1.  117. 

(b)  pi.  Short  small  twigs  projecting  a  few  inches  from  the 
trunk.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.J  (c)  A  snag ;  a  spine ;  spe- 


of  Spurs. 


a,  knight's  spur  (i2th  ori3th  century);  b,  brass 
spur  (Henry  IV.);  c .  1 


IV.) ;    rf,  lone 
VII.)  i  f,  steel  spur  (Henry  VIII.). 


long-spiked  rowel-spur  (E.l- 
-necked  brass  spur  (Henry 


spur 

clflcally,  inherpet.:  (1)  An  anal  spur.  (2)  A  calcar  of  some 
frogs,  (d)  In  entom.,  a  spine  or  stiff  bristle  on  the  leg.  (e) 
InorntiA.:  (1)  A  horny  modification  of  the  integument  of  a 
bird's  foot,  forming  an  outgrowth  of  the  nature  of  a  claw, 
usually  sharp- puin ted  and  supported  on  a  bony  core,  and 
used  as  a  weapon  of  offense  and  defense ;  a  calcar.  Such 
a  spur  differs  from  a  claw  mainly  in  not  ending  a  digit, 
but  being  an  offset  from  the  side  of  the  metatarsus;  it  is 
also  characteristic  of  though  not  confined  to  the  male,  and 
is  therefore  a  secondary  sexual  character.  It  is  familiar 
as  occurring  on  the  shank  of  the  domestic  cock  and  other 
gallinaceous  birds,  and  is  sometimes  double  or  treble,  as  in 
i'ttru  l>ic((ti'tiratwt&n<\  in  the  genera (jaltopenh'x,  Ithaginix, 
ami  Pttlffjtlectron.  See  cuts  under  calcaratf,  Galloperdix, 
Ithaginis,  pea-fowl,  Prtyptfctron,  Hasoren,  and  tarsometa- 
tarsutt.  (2)  A  similar  horny  outgrowth  on  the  pin  ion- bone 
of  the  wing  in  various  birds,  resembling  a  claw,  but  dif- 
fering in  being  a  lateral  otfset  not  terminating  a  digit.  It 
occurs  in  certain  geese,  plovers,  pigeons,  and  jacanas,  and 
is  double  in  the  screamer.  See  cuts  under  jacana,  Palamf- 
dea,  and  spttr-winged.  (/)  In  tportlng,  a  gaff,  or  sharp 
piercing  or  cutting  instrument  fastened  upon  the  natural 
spur  of  a  game-cock  In  the  pit.  (g)  In  0UMUML,  the  cal- 
car of  some  bats,  (h)  In  phy*.  geog.,  a  ridge  or  line  of  ele- 
vation subordinate  to  the  main  body  or  crest  of  a  mountain- 
range;  one  of  the  lower  divisions  of  a  mountain-mas?, 
when  this,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  is  divided  by  valleys 
or  gorges.  See  mountain-chain. 

The  ground  plan  of  the  latter  massif  [Mont  Blanc]  is 
one  long  ridge,  which,  except  at  the  two  extremities,  pre- 
serves a  very  uniform  direction,  and  throws  out  a  series  of 
long  spurs  to  the  north-west. 

Bonney,  The  Alpine  Regions,  p.  25. 

(i)  A  climbing-iron  used  in  mounting  telegraph-poles  and 
the  like.  (,/')  In  carp.,  a  brace  connecting  or  strengthening 
a  post  and  some  other  part,  as  a  rafter  or  cross-beam.  (*) 
In  arch,,  any  otfset  from  a  wall,  etc.,  as  a  buttress ;  spe- 
cifically, the  claw  or  griff  e  projecting  from  the  torus  at  each 
of  the  angles  of  the  base  of  early  Pointed  medieval  columns. 
(1)  In  bot. ,  a  calcar ;  a  slender  hollow  projection  from  some 
part  of  a  flower,  as  from  the  ca- 
lyx of  columbine  and  larkspur  and 
the  corolla  of  violets.  It  is  usually 
nectariferous,  being  the  nectary 
(nectarium)of  Linneeus.  The  term 
is  also  rarely  applied  to  a  solid 
spur-like  process.  See  also  cuts 
under  nectary,  columbine,  and  Del- 
phinium. (m)In/ort,,a  wall  that 
crosses  a  part  of  the  rampart  and 
joins  it  to  an  anterior  work ;  also, 
a  tower  or  blockhouse  placed  in 
the  outworks  before  the  port  (n) 
In  ship-building :  (1)  A  shore  or 
piece  of  timber  extending  from 
the  bilgeways,  and  fayed  and  bolt- 
ed to  the  bottom  of  the  ship  on  the 
stocks.  (2)  A  curved  piece  of  tim- 
ber serving  as  a  half  beam  to  sup- 
port the  deck  where  a  whole  beam 
cannot  be  placed.  (3)  A  heavy  tim- 
ber extended  from  a  pier  or  wharf 
against  the  side  of  a  ship  to  pre- 
vent the  ship  from  striking  against 
the  pier,  (o)  In  hydraul,  engin., 
a  wing-dam,  or  projection  built  out 
from  a  river-bank  to  deflect  the 
current,  (p)  On  acasting,  a  fin, or 
projection  of  waste  metal,  (q)  A 

small  piece  of  refractory  clay  ware  w 

with  one  or  more  projecting  of  to  fmpatiens 
points,  used  in  a  kiln  to  support  (a)  Tropxoiu 
or  separate  articles  in  a  saggar 
during  firing,  and  to  prevent  the 
pieces  from  adhering  to  the  sag- 
gar and  to  each  other.  Also  called  stilt.  E.  H.  Knight, 
(r)  In  an  auger,  a  projecting  point  on  the  edge,  which 
makes  the  circular  cut,  from  wnich  the  chip  is  removed 
by  the  lip.  E.  H.  Knight.  See  cut  under  auger.  («)  The 
prong  on  the  arms  of  some  forms  of  patent  anchors,  for  the 
purpose  of  catching  on  the  bottom  and  making  the  fluke 
bite  or  take  hold  more  quickly.  See  cut  under  anchor. 
(t)  In  printing,  a  register- point.  [Eng.]  («)  In  anat.,  the 
angle  at  which  the  arteries  leave  a  cavity  or  trunk.  Dun- 
glison.  (o)  In  mining,  a  branch  of  a  vein ;  a  feeder  or 
dropper.— Anal  spurs.  See  anal.— Hot  0*  the  spur. 
See  hot* .— Order  Of  the  Golden  Spur,  an  old  order  of  the 
papal  court,  of  which  the  badge  was  a  Maltese  cross  with 
rays  between  the  arms,  and  having  a  small  spur  hanging 
from  it.  Having  sunk  into  neglect,  it  was  superseded 
in  1841  by  the  Order  of  St.  Sylvester— Scotch  spur,  in 
her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  prick-spur  without  rowel.— 
Spur-pepper.  See  Capsicum.— Spur  system,  in  hort., 
a  method  of  pruning  grape- vines  in  which  the  ripened  wood 
of  the  preceding  season  is  cut  back  close  to  the  old  stem  or 
arm,  so  as  to  leave  spurs  bearing  one,  two,  or  three  buds, 
the  spurs  being  so  selected  as  to  provide  for  shoots  at  equal 
distances.  The  growing  shoots  are  trained  to  a  position 
at  right  angles  to  the  arm,  whether  this  is  horizontal  or 
vertical,  and  are  topped  after  the  formation  of  one,  two, 
or  three  bunches  of  grapes  upon  each. —  Spur  valerian. 
See  Centranthus.—7o  win  One's  spurs,  to  gain  a  title  to 
knighthood  (because  spurs  were  given  as  a  reward  for  gal- 


j-,  Spur  in   the    flowers 


lant  or  valiant  action) ;  hence,  to  establish  a  title  to  honor- 
able recognition  and  reward. —  With  spur  and  yardt, 
with  whip  and  spur  —  that  is,  at  once. 

Trusteth  wel  that  I 

Wol  be  hire  chnmpyon  with  tcpore  and  yerde, 
I  raughte  noght  though  alle  hire  foos  it  herde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1427. 

spur  (sp6r),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  spurred,  ppr.  spur- 
ring. [<  ME.  spores,  sperren,  sporien,  spurien 
=  OHG.  sporon,  MHG.  sporen,  sporn,  G.  spornen 
—  Sw.  sporrtt  =  Dan .  spore,  spur;  from  the  noun. 
Cf.  AS.  spyrian,  spirian,  sperian,  etc.,  track,  fol- 
low out,  E.  speer:  see  speer^."]  I.  trans,  1.  To 
prick  or  rasp  with  the  point  or  rowel  of  a  spur. 

He  sporyd  his  hors,  and  theder  toke  the  way. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  L  217. 


spur 

He  tqmrred  the  old  horse,  and  he  held  him  tight. 

Kinysley,  The  Knight's  Leap. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  urge  or  incite. 

Remember  yet,  he  was  first  wrong'd,  and  honour 
Spurr'd  him  to  what  he  did. 

FU'tclicr  (and  (mother),  Love's  Cure,  i.  3. 

3.  To  hasten.     [Bare.] 

Lovers  break  not  hours, 
Unless  it  be  to  come  before  their  time; 
So  much  they  spur  their  expedition. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  1.  6. 

4.  (a)  To  fasten  spurs  to,  as  a  horseman's  boot, 
or  a  solleret.     (6)  To  furnish  with  spurs,  as  a 
rider:  as,  booted  sail  spurred;  to  furnish  with 
n  spur  or  gaff,  as  a  game-cock. —  5.  To  prop; 
support.     Halliwelt.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  prick  one's  horse  with  the 
spur;  ride  in  haste. 

Now  spurs  the  lated  traveller  apace 
To  gain  the  timely  inn. 

Shale.,  Macbeth,  iii.  3.  7. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  press  forward. 

Some  bold  men,  though  they  begin  with  infinite  igno- 
rance and  errour,  yet,  by  spurring  on,  refine  themselves. 

Grew. 

spur-blindt,  «•    [Appar.  a  var.  of  purblind,  sim- 
ulating spur.']     Purblind. 

Madame,  I  crave  pardon,  I  am  spur-blind,  I  could  scarce 
see.  Lyly,  Sapho  and  Phaon,  ii.  2. 

spur-bunting  (sper'bun"ting),  n.  Aspur-heeled 

bunting;  a  lark-bunting. 
spur-flower  (sper'flou'er),  n.     A  plant  of  the 

genus  Ceiitraiitliim. 
spur-fowl  (sper'foul),  «.     A  gallinaceous  bird 

of  the  genus  Galloperdix.    There  are  several 

Indian  and  Ceylonese  species.     See  cut  under 

Galloperdix. 
spur-gall  (sper'gal),  n.    A  sore  or  callous  and 

hairless  place,  as  on  the  side  of  a  horse,  caused 

by  use  of  the  spur. 
spur-gall  (sper'gal),  v.  t.     [<  spur-gall,  n.]    To 

make  a  spur-gall  on,  as  a  horse. 
And  yet  I  beare  a  burthen  like  an  Asse, 
Spur-gall'd  and  tyr'd  by  iauncing  Bullingbrooke. 

Shak.,  Eich.  II.  (folio  1623),  v.  5.  94. 

Spur-gaily  (sper'ga'li),  a.  [<  spur-gall  +  -y1.] 
Spur-galled;  wretched;  poor.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Spurge1!  (sperj),  v.  [<  ME.  spiirgen,  spourgen, 
spowrgcn,  <  OF.  espurger,  espourger  =  Sp.  Pg!  ex- 
purgar  =  It.  spurgare,  <  L.  expurgare,  purge, 
cleanse:  see  expurgate,  and  cf. purge.]  I.  trans. 
To  purge ;  cleanse ;  rid. 

Of  flyes  men  mow  hem  weyl  spourge. 

Rob.  of  Brunne,  Handlyng  Synne,  1.  10918. 

II.  intrans.  To  purge;  froth;  emit  froth; 
especially,  to  work  and  cleanse  itself,  as  ale. 

By  reason  that  .  .  .  the  ale  and  byere  haue  palled,  and 
were  nought  by  cause  such  ale  and  biere  hathe  taken 
wynde  in  spurgyng.  Arnold's  Chron.,  p.  86. 

spurge2  (sperj),  n.  [<  ME.  sponjen,  spoirrge,  < 
OF.  spurge,  espurge,  spurge,  <  OF.  espurger, 
purge:  see  spurge*.]  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Euphorbia.  Several  species  have  special  names  chiefly 
used  in  books;  a  few  related  or  similar  plants  also  are 
called  spurges.  Exotic  species  are  better  known  as  eu- 
phorbias —  Alleghany-mountain  spurge.  See  Pac: 
sandra.  —  Branched 


5870 

States.  — Flowering  spurge,  a  conspicuous  species,  Eu- 
phorbia corullata,  of  eastern  North  America,  :i  rather 
slender  plant  2  or  :i  feet  high,  with  1111  umbel  of  about 
five  forks,  the  rays  repeatedly  forking  into  twos  or  threes. 
The  involucre  has  five  while  appendages  appearing  like 
petals.  The  root  has  properties  similar  to  those  of  the  ipe- 
cac-spurge. Also  (with  other  species)  called  milk-urnl. 
Hyssop-spurge,  the  purple  spurge,  Euphorbia  Peplii,  a 
European  maritime  species  spreading  flat  on  the  sand. — 
Indian  tree-spurge.  .Same  as  milk-imliie.  -  Ipecac- 
spurge,  ipecacuanha-spurge,  Eiiplmrtmi  Ipecacuanha, 
found  in  the  1'nited  States  from  Connecticut  to  Florida, 
a  plant  with  many  low  stems  from  a  long  perpendicular 
root.  The  root  has  an  active  emetic  and  purgative  prop- 
erty, but  in  large  doses  tends  to  produce  excessive  nausea 


— ..-  species  resembling  theTypress-spumu,  uut  IIUKI-I, 
with  commonly  lanceolate  leaves  —  Myrtle-spurge.  See 
caper-sjmnje.— Petty  spurge,  a  low  branching  European 
species,  Euphorbia  Peplus.— Purple  spurge.  See  hys- 
sopspttrye.— Sea-spurge, or  seaside  spurge, Euphorbia 
Paralias.  of  European  sea-sands. — Slipper-spurge  the 
slipper  plant  See  J'edilanthus.—  Spotted  spurge,  a  pros- 
trate  American  species,  Euphorbia  maadata,  with  a  dark 
spot  on  the  leaf:  also  called  milk-purslane.  The  large 
spotted  spurge  is  B.  Preslii,  sometimes  called  black  spurge 
or  purslane.  See  purflane.— Spurge  hawk-moth,  ahand- 
some  sphinx,  Deiltphila  euphorbise,  whose  larva  feeds  on  the 
sea-spurge:  an  English  collectors'  name.— gun-spurge, 
Euphorbia  Ilelioscopia,  an  erect  annual  0  or  8  inches  high 
whose  flowers  follow  the  sun.  Also  called  cat's-milk,  little- 
good  (Scotland),  and  wartmed  or  wartwort  (Prov.  Eng.).— 
Wood-spurge,  Euphorbia  amygdaloides,  of  Europe  and 
western  Asia. 

spur-gear  (sper'ger),  n.     Same  as  spur-gearing. 
spur-gearing   (sper'ger'ing),  «.      Gearing  in 


Spur-gearing. 


which  spur-wheels  are  employed.  See  gear- 
ing, 2. 

spurge-creeper  (sperj'kre'per),  H.  A  nettle- 
creeper:  same  as  nettle-bird. 

spurge-flax  (spi-rj'flaks),  n.  A  shrub,  Daphne 
(Inidium,  a  native  of  southern  Europe:  so  called 
from  its  acrid  property  and  fibrous  bark. 

spurge-laurel  (sperj'la'rel),  «.  A  laurel-like 
shruo,  Daphne  Laureola,  of  southern  and  west- 
ern Europe.  It  has  an  acrid  property  suggest- 
ing spurge;  its  fibrous  bark  is  utilized  for 
paper-making. 

spurge-nettle  (sperj'net"!),  «.  A  plant,  Ja- 
tropha  urens.  See  Jatropha. 

spurge-olive  (sperj'ol*iv),  ».     The  mezereon. 

spurgewort  (sperj'wert),  n.    [<  late  ME.  i 


spurge,  a  rubiaceous 
shrub,  Ernodea  littora- 
lis,  of  the  sea-shores  of 
the  West  Indies  and 
Florida,  a  prostrate 
smooth  plant  with  four- 
angled  branches,  and 
yellowish  flowers  sessile 
in  the  upper  axils.— Ca- 
per-spurge, Euphorbia 
Lathyris,  a  smooth  glau- 
cous herb  native  in 
southern  Europe  and 
western  central  Asia, 
cultivated  in  gardens, 
thence  sometimes  es- 
caping. It  is  singular 
in  the  genus  for  its  op- 
posite leaves,  and  has  a 
four-rayed,  then  forking, 
umbel.  Its  young  fruit 
is  sometimes  substi- 
tuted for  capers,  and  its 
seeds  contain  an  oil  for- 
merly used  in  medicine. 
Also  wild  caper,  mole- 
tree,  and  myrtle-spurge. 
—  Cypress-spurge,  a 
common  garden  plant, 
Euphorbia  Cyparimaa, 
with  tufted  stems  and 
yellowish  inflorescence, 
cultivated  for  its  foliage, 
which  consists  of  crowd- 
ed linear  leaves  suggest- 
g  cypress.  It  is  a  native 


Flowering  Spurge  (.Kuphorbia 

coroltata). 

a,  a  leaf;  4,  a  flower  cluster  of  five 
male  and  one  female  flower ;  c,  flower- 
cluster,  hut  younger,  showim;  the  cup- 
like  hase;  rf.  part  of  the  involucre,  shoi- 


nig  uj  picas,  ina  a  nauve        .  , 

of  Europe,  running  wild    I,"8  the  S'tnd,a'  its  •*"«  '  '• 
in   the  eastern   United    card's/  the  '*""• 


•  a  raa= 
c°°s'stin>t  of  thr~ 


woort:  see  spurge2  and  wort*.}  1,  Any  plant 
of  the i  order  Euphorbiacese.  Lindley. — 2f.  The 
fetid  iris,  Iris  faetidissima. 

spurgingt  (sper'jing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  spurge*, 
r.]  Purging.  Ji.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens. 

spur-hawk  (sper'hak),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of 
s/xirhawk  for  sparrow-hawk.  [Eng.] 

spur-heeled  (sper'held),  a.  In  ortiith.,  having  a 
very  long  straightened  hind  claw;  lark-heeled: 
specifically  noting  the  coucals  or  cuckoos  of  the 
genus  Ceiitropus. 

spurise  (spu'n-e),n.pl.  [NL.,  fern.  pi.  (sc. pen- 
nee,  feathers)  ofspuriug,  spurious :  see  spurious.] 
The  packet  of  feathers  growing  on  the  bastard 
wing,  winglet,  or  alula ;  the  bastard  quills,  com- 
posing the  alula.  See  cut  under  alula. 

spurious  (spu'ri-us),  a.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  espurio  = 
It.  spurio,  <  L.  spuriits,  of  illegitimate  birth, 
hence  in  gen.  not  genuine,  false;  perhaps  akin 
to  Gr.  oiropa,  seed,  offspring,  <  aireipeiv,  sow:  see 
tpore*.]  1.  Not  legitimate ;  bastard:  tut,  spu- 
rious issue. 
Her  spurious  first-born.  Milton,  8.  A.,  I  391. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  the  true  source  or  from 
the  source  pretended ;  not  being  what  it  pre- 
tends or  appears  to  be ;  not  genuine ;  counter- 
feit; false;  adulterated. 

Spurious  gems  our  hopes  entice, 
While  we  scorn  the  pearl  of  price. 

Conper,  Self-diffldence  (trans.). 

3.  In  zool. :   (a)  False;  resembling  a  part  or 
organ,  but  not  having  its  function :  as,  spurious 
eyes  or  limbs.     (6)  Having  the  functions  of  an 
organ,  but  morphologically  different  from  it: 
as,  the  spurious  legs,  or  prolegs,  of  a  caterpillar. 


spurn 

(c)  Aborted  or  changed  so  that  the  normal 
functions  no  longer  exist:  as,  the  npiirions  or 
aborted  front  legs  of  certain  butterflies,  (d) 
Erroneous;  incorrectly  established:  as,  a  sim- 
riiins  genus  or  species.  BOG  psevdogemu. —  4. 
In  bot.,  !'als<';  counterfeit;  apparent  only. — 
Spurious  Baltimore,  the  orchard  oriole,  Icterus  spurius 
formerly  supposed  to  be  a  variety  of  the  llaltimore  oriole. 
Also  called  bastard  I  altimore.  —  Spurious  Claw,  in  en- 
torn.,  same  as  empodium.—  Spurious  dissepiment,  in 
bot.,  a  partition  in  an  ovary  or  pericarp  not  formed  by 
parts  of  the  carpels,  but  by  an  outgrowth  commonly  from 
the  back  of  the  carpel,  see  dissepiment.  —  Spurious 
hermaphrodites.  See  hermaphrodite,  1.— Spurious 
ocellus,  a  circular  spot  of  color  without  any  well-de- 
fined central  spot  or  pupil. -Spurious  pareira.  See 
pamra.--  Spurious  primary,  in  mtith.,  the  first  or 
outermost  primary  or  remex  of  a  bird's  wing  which  has 
at  least  ten  primaries  and  the  first  one  very  short,  rudi- 
mentary, or  functionless.  Also  called  spurious  quill  — 
Spurious  proposition,  rainbow,  stemma,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.— Spurious  sarsaparilla.  See  Hardtnber. 
gia.— Spurious  vein,  in  entom.,  a  faintly  indicated  vein 
or  nervure  of  the  wing,  traceable  only  by  a  strong  re- 
flected light,  particularly  of  certain  hymenopters.—  Spu- 
rious wing,  in  ornith.,  the  ala  spurla,  or  bastard  wing ; 
the  alula.  See  spuriee,  and  cut  under  alula.  |This  use 
of  spurious  has  no  reference  to  the  condition  of  a  first  pri- 
mary so  called.  See  above.  ]  =  Syn.  2.  Spurious,  Supposi- 
titious, and  Counterfeit  agree  in  expressing  intent  to  de- 
ceive, except  that  counterfeit  may  be  used  with  figurative 
lightness  where  no  dishonorable  purpose  is  implied.  Spu- 
rious, not  genuine,  expresses  strong  disapprobation  of  the 
deception,  successful  or  attempted,  f^iipjaisititunu  applies 
only  to  that  which  is  substituted  for  the  genuine ;  it  thus 
expressesaclassundertheqnmous.-amjipoffi'ttttousworkof 
Atnanasius  is  not  one  that  is  supposed  to  have  been  written 
by  him,  but  one  that  is  palmed  off  upon  the  public  as  being 
the  genuine  text  of  a  work  that  he  is  known  to  have  writ- 
ten ;  a  supposititious  child  is  a  changeling ;  was  the  Tich- 
borne  claimant  the  genuine  or  a  supposititious  Sir  Roger? 
Counterfeit  applies  also  to  a  class  under  the  spurious— 
namely,  to  that  which  is  made  in  attempted  imitation  of 
something  else :  as,  a  cmtnterfeit  coin,  bank-note,  signa- 
ture. Chattel-ton's  manuscripts  were  spurious,  but  not 
tupposititious;  as  they  were  not  exact  imitations  of  any 
particular  manuscripts  of  early  days,  they  would  hardly 
be  called  counterfeit.  See  factitious. 

spuriously  (spu'ri-us-li),  adv.  In  a  spurious 
manner;  counterfeitly ;  falsely. 

spuriousness  (spu'ri-us-nes),  n.  1.  Illegiti- 
macy; the  state  of  being  bastard,  or  not  of 
legitimate  birth :  as,  spuriousness  of  issue. — 2. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  spurious,  coun- 
terfeit, false,  or  not  genuine :  as,  the  spurious- 
ness  of  drugs,  of  coin,  or  of  writings. 

spur-leather  (sper'leTH"er),  n.  A  strap  by 
which  a  spur  is  secured  to  the  foot. 

I  could  eat  my  very  spur-leathers  for  anger ! 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  It  1. 

spur-legged  (sper'leg'ed  or  -legd),  a.  Having 
spurs  or  spines  on  the  legs  or  feet.  The  Leptida 
are  known  as  spur-legged  flies. 

spurless  (spfer'les),  a.  [<  spur  +  -less.]  With- 
out a  spur,  in  any  sense. 

spurling  (sper'ling),  n.    A  spelling  of  sparling. 

spurling-line  (sper'ling-Hn),  ».  Naut. :  (a)  A 
line  connected  with  the  axis  of  a  wheel  by  which 
a  telltale  or  index  is  made  to  show  the  posi- 
tion of  the  helm.  (6)  A  rope  stretched  across 
between  the  two  forward  shrouds,  having  thim- 
bles spliced  into  it  to  serve  as  fair-leaders  for 
the  running  rigging. 

spur-moneyt  (sper'mun'i),  n.  Money  exacted 
for  wearing  spurs  in  church.  See  the  quota- 
tion. 

Our  cathedrals  (and  above  all  St.  Paul's)  were,  in  Jon- 
son  s  time,  frequented  by  people  of  all  descriptions,  who, 
with  a  levity  scarcely  credible,  walked  up  and  down  the 
aisles,  and  transacted  business  of  every  kind  during  di- 
vine service.  To  expel  them  was  not  possible ;  such  how- 
ever, was  the  noise  occasioned  by  the  incessant  jingling 
of  their  spur-rowels,  that  it  was  found  expedient  to  pun- 
ish those  who  approached  the  body  of  the  church,  thus 
indecently  equipped,  by  a  small  fine,  under  the  name  of 
spur  money,  the  exaction  of  which  was  committed  to  the 
beadles  and  singing-boys. 

Gifford,  Note  to  B.  Jonson's  Every  Man  out  of  his 

[Humour,  It  1. 

spurn1  (spern),  v.  [<  ME.  spurnen,  spornen,  < 
AS.speornan(*spornan,ge-speornan,ge-spornan, 
'spurnan,  in  Somner,  not  authenticated),  also 
in  comp.  xt-speornan,  eet-spornan  (pret.  spearn, 
pi.  spurnon,  pp.  spornen)  =  OS.  spurnan  =  OHG. 
spurnan  =  Icel.  sporna,  spyrna,  also sperna,  kick 
against,  spurn  with  the  feet,  =  L.  spernere, 
despise;  ult.  connected  with  spin:]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  kick  against;  kick  ;  drive  back  or  away 
with  the  foot. 

And  Galashin  with  his  fote  spumed  his  body  to  grounde. 
Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  it  199. 
Am  I  so  round  with  you  as  you  with  me. 
That  like  a  football  you  do  spurn  me  thus? 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1.  83. 
2f.  To  strike  against. 

Aungils  in  hondis  schullen  beere  thee 
Lest  thoii  spume  thi  foot  at  a  stoon 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  p.  43. 


spurn 

3.  To  reject  with  disdain ;  scorn  to  receive  or 
consort  with  ;  treat  with  contempt. 

0  how  my  soul  would  spurn  this  h;ill  of  clay, 

And  loathe  the  dainties  of  earth's  painful  pleasure: 

Quartet,  Emblems,  v.  13. 
II.  iiitrans.  1.  To  kick. 

1  purpose  not  to  spurn  against  the  prick,  nor  labour  to 
set  up  that  which  <!«><!  pulleth  down. 

Bp.  of  Ely,  in  J.  Gardner's  Richard  III.,  iv. 

2f.  To  dash  the  foot  against  something;  light 
on  something  unexpectedly ;  stumble. 
No  wight  on  it  sporneth 
That  erst  was  nothynge,  into  nought  it  torneth. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  797. 

The  maid  .  .  .  ran  upstairs,  but,  spurning  at  the  dead 
body,  fell  upon  it  in  a  swoon.        Martinus  Scriblerus,  i.  8. 

3f.  To  dash;  rush. — 4.  To  manifest  disdain 
or  contempt  in  rejecting  anything;  make  con- 
temptuous opposition ;  manifest  contempt  or 
disdain  in  resistance. 

It  is  very  sure  that  they  that  be  good  will  bear,  and 
not  spurn  at  the  preachers. 

Latiiner,  3d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.f  1549. 
Thou  art  regardless  both  of  good  and  shame, 
Spurning  at  virtue  and  a  virtuous  name. 

Fletctter,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  3. 

spurn1  (spern),  «.  [<  ME.  spurn,  aporn;  <  spurn1, 
».]  1.  A  blow  with  the  foot ;  a  kick. 

I'le  tosse  that  heele  a  yard  above  his  head 
That  offers  but  a  spurn-c. 
Heywood,  Royal  King  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  VI.  31). 

2t.  A  stumble;  a  fall.  Joseph  of  Arinuilliii- 
(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  19.— 3.  Disdainful  rejection; 
contemptuous  treatment. 

The  insolence  of  office,  and  the  spurns 
That  patient  merit  of  the  unworthy  takes. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  111.  1.  73. 

4.  In  mining,  one  of  the  narrow  pillars  or  con- 
nections left -between  the  holings,  and  not  cut 
away  until  just  before  the  withdrawal  of  the 
sprags.     [South  Staffordshire  coal-field,  Eng- 
land.] 

spurn''  (spern),  n.  [A  var.  of  spur,  after  spurn1, 
v.  Cf.  G.  sporn,  spur,  orig.  an  ace.  form:  see 
spur,  H.]  1.  A  spur.  [Prov. Eng.] — 2.  Apiece 
of  wood  having  one  end  inserted  in  the  ground, 
and  the  other  nailed  at  an  angle  to  a  gate-post, 
for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  or  supporting 
it.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

spurn2t  (spern),  r.  t.  [<  spurn"*,  n.  Cf.  spurn*, 
«.]  To  spur. 

The  Faery  quickly  raught 
His  poynant  speare,  and  sharply  gan  to  spurne 
His  foray  steed.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  1.  5. 

spurn3   (spern),   n.      [Early  mod.   E.   spoorit, 

spoorne;    origin    obscure.]      An    evil    spirit. 

BalUwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
spurner  (sper'ner),  n.    [<  spurn1  +  -er1.]   One 

who  spurns  or  rejects. 
spurn-pointt  (spern'point),  «.      [<  spurn1  + 

point.]    An  old  game,  of  uncertain  nature. 
He  stakes  heaven  at  spurnpoint,  and  trips  cross  and  pile 

whether  ever  he  shall  see  the  face  of  God  or  no. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  743. 

spurnwater  (spem'wa/'ter),  n.  [<  spurn1,  v.,  + 
obj.  water.']  Naut.,  a  V-shaped  barrier  or  break- 
water, from  1  to  2  feet  or  more  high,  erected  on 
sea-going  vessels  forward  of  the  foremast,  to 
shed  water  coming  over  the  bows. 

spur-pruning  (sper'pro"ning),  «.  A  mode  of 
pruning  trees  by  which  one  or  two  eyes  of  the 
previous  year's  wood  are  left  and  the  rest  cut 
off,  so  as  to  leave  spurs  or  short  rods.  Com- 
pare spur-system,  under  spur, 

spurred  (sperd),  a.  [<  spur  +  -ed2.]  1.  Wear- 
ing spurs:  as,  a  spurred  horseman. —  2.  In  or- 
ititli.:  (a)  Having  unusually  long  claws:  as,  the 
spurred  towhee,  Pipilo  megalnnyx.  S.  F.  Brtird. 
[Rare.]  (6)  Having  spurs;  calcarate.  Seesjnir, 
n.,  3  (e)  (1).  (c)  Spur-heeled,  (d)  Spur-winged. 
— 3.  In  mammal.,  herpct.,  and  entom.,  having 
spurs  of  any  kind;  calcarate. — 4.  In  hot.,  pro- 
ducing or  provided  with  a  spur;  calcarate. — 
Spurred  butterfly-pea.  See  peai . — Spurred  chame- 
leon, Chanufleon  calcifer.— Spurred  corolla.  See  co- 
rolla.— Spurred  gentian.  See  gentian.— Spurred  rye. 
See  r.yei  and  ergot  i ,  2. — Spurred  tree-frog  or  tree-toad, 
Polypedeteg  eques,  of  Ceylon,  having  a  calcar. 

spurrer  (sper'er),  n.  1.  One  who  uses  spurs. 
—  2.  Somebody  or  something  that  incites  or 
urges  on. 

I  doubt  you  want  a  spurrer-on  to  exercise  and  to  amuse- 
ments. Swtft,  To  Pope,  July  16,  1728. 

spurrey,  n.     See  spurry'*. 

spurrier  (sper'ier),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
xpnryor;  <  ME.  snorter,  sporyer,  sparer;  <  spur 
+  -irri.]  One  whose  occupation  is  the  making 
of  spurs. 

Ods  so,  my  spurrier !  put  them  on,  boy,  quickly. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  i.  1. 


5871 

spur-royal  (spi'T'roi'al),  «.  [Also  ,v/""'-n/"'. 
*ptir-ri<il ;  <  spur  +  r/ii/iil.  Cf.  /'//"'•]  An  English 
gold  coin  issued  by 
James  I.,  and  worth 
15s.  or  16*.  6d. 
(about  .fa.63  or 
$3.99).  It  was  so 
named  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the 
sun  on  its  reverse 
to  the  rowel  of  a 
•par, 

She  has  ntne  spur-roy- 
alt,  and  the  servants  say 
she  hoards  old  gold. 
Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful 
[Lady,  i.  1. 

spurry't  (sper'i), «. 

[<spur  +  -i/i.]  Ka- 

diating,     like     the 

points   on   a   spur- 
rowel.       Chapman, 

Iliad,  xix.  367. 
spurry2  (spur'i),  ». 

[Also  spumy;  <  OF. 

spurrie,  <  MD.  spo- 

rie,  spurie,  speurie, 

spurrie,  D.  spurrie, 

spurry ;  cf .  G.  spar- 
ge], spergel  (>  Sw. 

Dan.  spergel),  <  ML. 

spergula,      spurry ; 

origin  obscure.]    A 


Spur-royal  of  James  I.— British  Mu- 
seum.   (Size  of  the  original.) 


plant  of  the  genus  Spergula.  The  common  species 
Is  S.  arvensit,  the  corn-spurry,  from  whose  seeds  a  lamp- 
oil  has  sometimes  been  extracted.  Knotted  spurry,  more 
properly  called  knotted  pearhcort,  is  Sairina  nodosa.  The 
lawn-spurry  (or  properly  lawn-pearlwort)  is  Sagina  glabra. 
The  sand-spurry  is  of  the  genus  Spergularia.  See  Speryula. 
Spurrie  [F.  ],  sparry,  or  frank ;  a  Dutch  herb  and  an  ex- 
cellent fodder  for  cattel.  Cotyrave. 

spur-shell  (sper-shel),  u.  A  shell  of  the  genus 
[mperator  (formerly  called  Calcar):  so  named 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  rowel  of  a  spur. 
The  term  extends  to  some  similar  troehiform 
shells.  See  cut  under  Imperator. 
spur-shore  (sper'shor).  n.  Naut.,  same  as  spur. 
5  0»)(l). 

spurt1,  spirt1  (spert),  r.  [Both  spellings  are 
in  use,  spirt  being  etymologically  more  cor- 
rect, and  spurt  appar.  the  more  common  spell- 
ing; a  transposed  form  of  sprit1  (like  bird1, 
bird2,  transposed  forms  of  brid,  bride1):  see 
sprit1.  The  word  is  prob.  confused  with  spurt1*, 
spirt2.'}  I.  intrans.  If.  To  sprout;  shoot. 

Shall  a  few  sprays  of  us,  ... 
Our  scions,  put  in  wild  and  savage  stock, 
Spirt  up  so  suddenly  into  the  clouds, 
And  overlook  their  grafters? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ill.  6.  8. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  fellow  so  spurted  up  in  a  moment? 
He  has  got  the  right  ear  of  the  duke,  the  prince,  princess, 
most  of  the  lords,  but  all  the  ladies. 

Marston,  The  Fawne,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  gush  or  issue  out  suddenly  in  a  stream, 
as  liquor  from  a  cask;  rush  with  sudden  force 
from  a  confined  place  in  a  small  jet  or  stream. 

Thus  the  small  jet,  which  hasty  hands  unlock, 
Spirts  in  the  gardener's  eyes  who  turns  the  cock. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  178. 

The  Prince's  blood  spirted  upon  the  scarf. 

Tennyson,  Geralnt. 

II.  trans.  To  throw  or  force  out  in  a  jet  or 
stream;  squirt:  as,  to  spurt  water  from  the 
mouth ;  to  spurt  liquid  from  a  tube. 

With  toonge  three  forcked  furth  spirts  fyre. 

Stanihurst,  jEneid  (ed.  Arber,  p.  59),  ii. 

Toads  are  sometimes  observed  to  exclude  or  spirt  out  a 
dark  and  liquid  matter  behind. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ill.  13. 

spurt1,  spirt1  (spert),  »,  [<  spurt1,  spirt1,  v. 
Cf.  sprout,  sprit1,  sprot1,  n.]  If.  A  shoot;  a 
sprout;  a  bud. 

These  nuts  .  .  .  have  in  the  mids  a  little  chit  or  spirt. 
Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xv.  22. 

2.  A  forcible  gush  of  liquid  from  a  confined 
place ;  a  jet. 

Water,  dash'd  from  fishy  stalls,  shall  stain 
His  hapless  coat  with  spirts  of  scaly  rain. 

Gay,  Trivia,  iii.  106. 

3.  A  brief  and  sudden  outbreak. 

A  sudden  spurt  of  woman's  Jealousy. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

4.  A  school  of  shad.     [Connecticut.] 
spurt'2,  spirt2  (spert),  v.  i.     [Both  spellings  are 

in  use,  spirt  being  etymologieally  the  more  cor- 
rect, and  spurt  the  more  common  spelling;  also 
rarely  spert;  a  transposed  form  of  "sprit  or 
"spret  (cf.  E.  dial,  sprut,  jerk),  <  Icel.  spretta 


spur-winged 

(for  *s/in-nt«)  (prot.  x/ii-alt.  for  "xpnnit),  start, 
spring,  also  sprout,  spout,  =  Sw.  ispritta,  start, 
>';irtl<'.  =  MIKi.  .•./</>//,:<•«,  spout,  crack;  the 
<>rig.  iinsiil  iippfiiring  in  XJH'I  at,  ME.  npri'iitcn. 
bound,  leap,  and  the  noun  xpriut,  dial.  s/,runl, 
a  convulsive  struggle.  clr.:  sre  xprciii.  xprint.'] 
To  make  a  short,  sudden,  and  exceptional  ef- 
fort ;  put  forth  one's  utmost  energy  for  a  short 
time,  especially  in  raring. 

Cambridge  spurted  desperately  in  turn,  .  .  .  and  so  they 
went,  fighting  every  inch  of  water.  C.  Iteade,  Hard  Cash,  i. 

Spurt-,  Spirt-  (sport),  n.  [Cf.  Icel.  xpri-flr.  a 
spurt,  spring,  bound,  run  ;  from  the  verb.  Cf. 
x]»-Hi<tl.  *]ii-i>it.]  I.  A  short,  sudden,  extra- 
ordinary  effort  for  an  emergency;  a  special 
exertion  of  one's  self  for  a  short  distance  or 
space  of  time,  as  in  running,  rowing,  etc.:  as. 
by  a  fine  spurt  he  obtained  the  lead. 

The  long,  steady  sweep  of  the  so-called  paddle  tried 

him  almost  as  much  as  the  breathless  strain  of  the  spurt. 

T.  lluijlies,  Tom  lirown  at  Oxford,  I.  vi. 

In  the  race  of  fame,  there  are  a  score  capable  of  brilliant 
spurts  for  one  who  comes  in  winner  after  a  steady  pull 
with  wind  and  muscle  to  spare. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  281. 

2f.  A  short  period ;  a  brief  interval  of  time. 
Heere  for  a  spirt  linger,  no  good  opportunity^  scaping. 
Stanihurst,  .•Eneid,  iii.  4.')3. 
He  lov'd  you  but  for  a  spurt  or  so. 

ilarston  and  Webster,  Malcontent,  i.  0. 

spurtle1,  spirtle1  (sper'tl),  v.  t.  and  i.  [Freq. 
of  spurt1,  spirt1;  in  origin  a  transposed  form 
of  spriltle,  spruttlc:  see  spttrt1,  spirt1,  sprit1, 
spruttle,  etc.]  To  shoot  in  a  scattering  man- 
ner; spurt.  [Rare.] 

The  brains  and  mingled  blood  were  »pirUed  on  the  wall. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  ii.  283. 

spurtle-,  Spirtle2  (sper'tl),  ».     [Dim.  of  sprit1. 
Cf.  spurtle1,  spirtle1.']     A  stick  used  for  stir- 
ring.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
She  left  the  spurtle  sticking  in  the  porridge. 

Gen.  MacDonald,  Warlock  o'  Glenwarlock,  xlix. 

spurtle-blade  (sper'tl-blad),  «.  A  broadsword. 
[Scotch.] 

It 's  i  an  Id  he  was  a  sodger  bred,  .  .  . 
But  now  he 's  quat  the  spurtle  blade. 

Burns,  Captain  Grose's  Peregrinations. 

spur-track  (sper'trak),  w.  A  short  track  lead- 
ing from  a  line  of  railway,  and  connected  with 
it  at  one  end  only. 

spur-tree  (sper'tre),  «.  A  West  Indian  shrub 
or  small  tree,  Petitia  Domingensis.  Also  called 
yellow  fiddlewood. 

spurway  (sper'wa),  H.  A  horse-path ;  a  narrow 
way;  a  bridle-road;  a  way  for  a  single  beast. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

spur-whang  (sper'hwaug),  n.  A  spur-leather. 
Scott,  Monastery.  [Scotch.] 

spur-wheel  (sper'hwel).  «.  The  common  form 
of  cog-wheel,  in  which  the  cogs 
are  radial  and  peripheral,  and 
made  to  engage  corresponding 
cogs  on  another  wheel.  Com- 
pare cut  under  pinion.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

spurwing  (sper'wing),  H.  A 
spur-winged  bird.  Especially— (o) 
A  jacana,  or  any  bird  of  the  family 
Jacanidee  or  Parridtf,  of  which  the 
spur  on  the  wing  is  a  characteristic. 
See  cut  under  jacana.  (6)  A  spur- 
winged  goose.  See  cut  under  Plectropterus.  (c)  A  spur- 
winged  plover.  See  Chettusia  and  spur-winged. 

Spur-winged  (sper'wingd),  a.  Having  a  horny 
spur  on  the  pinion,  as  various  birds,  it  is  a 
weapon  of  offense  and  defense.  It  is  sometimes  double,  as 
is  well  shown  in  the  cut  under  Palamedea.  See  also  cuts 
under  jacana  and  Plectroptfrus.—  Spur- winged  goose, 
a  species  of  Plectroptents,  as  P.  yambensis. — Spur- winged 
plovers,  those  plovers  or  lapwings,  of  the  family  Chara- 
driidee,  and  of  several  different  genera,  in  which  a  spur  is 
developed  on  the  wing  (including  some  species  of  these 
genera  in  which  such  a  spur  fails  to  develop).  Wing.gpuis 
are  more  frequent  in  this  than  in  any  other  family  of  birds 
(excepting  the  related  Jacanida  or  Parridee).  None  oc- 
cur, however,  in  the  true  plovers  (of  the  genera  Chara- 


Spur-wheel. 


Kgyptian  Spur-winged  Plover  it/of lof tents 


spur-winged 

drius,  ^(rialiten,  Eudromias,  Squatarola,  etc.);  they  are 
commonest  among  those  plovers  which  are  related  to  the 
lapwing  of  Europe  (Vancllm  crixtatw,  which,  however, 
has  none),  and  which  have  a  hind  toe  and  often  wattles  on 
the  face.  The  presence  of  spurs  and  wattles  is  often  coin- 
cident. South  American  spur-winged  plovers,  with  hind 
toe  and  no  wattles,  constitute  the  genus  Belonoptrrux; 
they  are  two,  the  Cayenne  and  the  Chilian  lapwings,  Ii. 
cayennensis  and  B.  chilensis ;  both  are  crested.  The  type 
of  the  genus  Iloplopteru*  is  the  Egyptian  spur-winped 
plover,  H.  spinosus,  with  large  spurs,  a  crest,  no  hind  toe, 
and  no  wattles  ;  it  has  when  adult  the  whole  crown,  chin, 
throat,  breast,  flanks,  and  legs  black,  and  the  greater  wing- 
coverts  and  some  other  parts  white.  It  inhabits  espe- 
cially northern  Africa,  abounds  in  Egypt  and  Nubia,  and 
extends  into  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  It  is  among  the 
birds  supposed  to  have  been  a  basis  of  the  trochilus  of 
the  ancients  (compare  crocodile-bird,  sicsac,  and  cut  un- 
der FluFianus).  It  is  represented  in  South  Africa  by  the 
black-backed  spurred  lapwing,  H.  speciosus,  with  large 
spurs  and  the  top  of  the  head  white.  The  Indian  spur- 
winged  lapwing,  //.  ventralis,  has  a  black  cap,  a  black 
patch  on  the  belly  in  white  surroundings,  and  large  spurs. 
Two  South  American  forms,  with  spurs,  but  no  wattles, 
crest,  or  hind  toe,  are  the  Peruvian  bronze-winged  lap- 
wing, //.  resplendens,  and  the  little  white-winged,  //. 
cayanus  (or  tttolattts,  if  the  term  cayanus  be  thought  too 
near  cayennensis) ;  each  of  these  has  been  made  the  basis 
of  a  different  generic  name.  In  the  type  of  the  genus 
Chettusia,  C.  greyaria  (see  cut  under  Chettusia),  and  sev- 
eral related  species,  a  hind  toe  is  present,  and  neither 
spurs  nor  wattles  are  developed ;  but  the  name  has  been 
used  to  cover  various  species  with  wattles  and  spurs, 
more  properly  separated  under  the  term  Lobiranellus.  In 
this  group  it  is  the  rule  that  large  wattles  are  associated 
with  well-developed  spurs,  for  in  those  species  which  have 
very  small  wattles  the  spurs  are  almost  or  quite  obsolete. 


genera.  (See  Sarciophorus,  Xiphidwpterus.)  Five  of  the 
best-marked  species  of  LobivaneUus  proper,  with  large 
spurs,  large  wattles,  and  a  hind  toe,  are  the  following: 


Sumatra,  etc.;  L.  personatus,  of  northern  Australia,  New 
Guinea,  and  some  other  islands ;  and  L.  lobatus,  of  eastern 
Australia  from  Buckingham  Bay  to  Tasmania  (see  cut  un- 
der wattled). 

spurwort(sper'wert),»i.  [(spur  +  (for/1.]  The 
neld-madder,  Sherardia  arvensis:  so  called  from 
its  whorls  of  leaves,  likened  to  the  rowel  of  a 
spur. 

sput  (sput),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  thimble 
or  annular  plate  used  to  reinforce  a  hole  in  a 
boiler.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Sputa,  n.    Plural  of  sputum. 

sputationt  (spu-ta'shon),  «.  [=  F.  sputation 
=  Pg.  esputaySo,  <  L.  sputare,  pp.  spiitatus, 
spit,  spit  out,  <  spuere.  spit:  see  spew.]  The 
act  of  spitting ;  that  which  is  spit.  Harvey. 

sputativet  (spu'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  sputare,  spit, 
spit  put  (see  sputation),  +  -ire.']  Pertaining 
to  spitting;  characterized  by  spitting.  Sir  H. 
Wotton,  Reliquiae,  p.  370. 

sputcheon  (spuch'on),  w.  [Origin  obscure.]  In 
a  sword-scabbard,  the  inner  part  of  the  mouth- 
piece, which  holds  the  lining  in  place.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

sputet  (sput),  »>.  i.  [<  ME.  spate,  sputi, by  apher- 
esis from  dispute.']  To  dispute. 

Whatt !  thay  sputen  *  speken  of  so  spitous  fylthe. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  845. 

sputter  (sput'er),  r.  [Also  in  var.  splutter;  cf. 
LG.  spritttern,  sputtern,  sprinkle,  G.  spritdeln, 
spout,  squirt ;  freq.  of  the  verb  represented 
by  spout.  Cf.  spurtle1,  spirtle1.]  I.  iiitrans. 

1.  To  spit,  or  eject  saliva  from  the  mouth  in 

moisture  in  small  detached  parts  and  with 
small  explosions;  emit  small  particles,  as  of 
grease,  soot,  etc.,  with  some  crackling  or  noise. 
They  could  neither  of  'em  speak  for  Rage ;  and  so  fell  a 
sputt'ring  at  one  another  like  two  roasting  Apples. 

Conyreoe,  Way  of  the  World,  iv.  8. 
Like  the  green  wood, 

That,  sputtering  in  the  flame,  works  outward  into  tears. 
Dryden,  Cleomenes,  i.  1. 

2.  To  speak  so  rapidly  and  vehemently  as  to 
seem  to  spit  out  the  words,  as  in  excitement  or 
anger. 

The  soul,  which  to  a  reptile  had  been  changed, 
Along  the  valley  hissing  takes  to  flight, 
And  after  him  the  other  speaking  sputters. 

Longfellow,  tr.  of  Dante's  Inferno,  xxv.  138. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  emit  forcibly  in  small  or 
scattered  portions,  as  saliva,  flame,  etc. ;  spit 
out  noisily. 

A  poisoned  tongue  cannot  forbear  to  sputter  abroad  his 
venom.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  73. 

Thus  sourly  wail'd  he,  sputt'ring  dirt  and  gore ; 
A  burst  of  laughter  echo'd  through  the  shore. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xxiii.  921. 
2.  To  emit  in  small  particles  or  amounts  with 


5872 

sputter  (sput'er),  w.  [<  sputter,  ?-.]  1.  The 
act  of  sputtering. —  2.  That  which  is  thrown 
off  or  ejected  in  sputtering. 

She  pouted  out  her  blubber-lips,  as  if  to  bellows  up  wind 
and  sputter  into  her  horse-nostrils. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  IV.  vii.    (Davies.) 

3.  The  noise  made  by  a  person  who  or  a  thing 
which  sputters;  hence,  bustle;  ado;  excited 
talk;  squabble. 

What  a  deal  of  Pother  and  Sputter  here  is,  between  my 
Mistress  and  Mr.  Myrtle,  from  mere  Punctilio! 

ntn'lf,  Conscious  Lovers,  iv.  1. 

sputterer  (sput'er-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  sputters. 

sputum  (spu'tum),  H.;  pi.  sputa  (-ta).  [NL.,  < 
L.  sputum,  that  which  is  spit  out,  spittle,  < 
spuere,  pp.  spiitus,  spit:  see  spew.]  1.  Spittle ; 
a  salival  discharge  from  the  mouth. —  2.  In 
patlioL,  that  which  is  expectorated  or  ejected 
from  the  lungs:  used  also  in  the  plural,  in  des- 
ignation of  the  individual  masses— jEruginous 
sputa,  very  green  expectoration.— Globular  sputa, 
nummular  sputa.— Rusty  sputa,  sputa  tinged  with 
blood,  and  characteristic  of  some  stages  of  pneumonia. — 
Sputum  coctum,  purulent,  loose  sputum,  forming  itself 
into  masses,  as  of  the  later  stages. of  bronchitis. — Spu- 
tum crudum,  scant,  tenacious,  mucous  sputum,  as  of  the 
early  stage  of  bronchitis. 

spy  (spi),  V.;  pret.  and  pp.  spied,  ppr.  spying.  [< 
ME.  spyen,  spien,  by  at>heresis  from  eapyen,  es- 
pien,  <  OF.  espier  =  it.  spiare  =  MD.  spien,  < 


squab 

[In  the  following  passage,  spy  is  supposed  by  some  to  mean 
that  which  precedes  and  announces  the  time  for  the  assas- 
sination of  Banquo,  by  others  the  very  eye,  the  exact  mo- 
ment. 

I  will  advise  you  where  to  plant  yourselves  ; 
Acquaint  you  with  the  perfect  spy  o'  the  time, 
The  moment  on  't ;  for 't  must  be  done  to-night. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1.  130.) 

5f.  A  glance;  look;  peep.     [Rare.] 

Each  others  cquall  puissaunce  envies, 

And  through  their  iron  sides  with  cniell  spies 

Does  seeke  to  perce.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ii.  17. 

6t.  An  eye. 

With  her  two  crafty  spyes 
She  secretly  would  search  eachdaintivlim. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  III.  i.  36. 

If  these  be  true  spies  which  I  wear  in  my  head,  here 's  a 
goodly  sight.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1.  259. 

=  Syn.  2.  Emissary,  Spy  (see  emissary),  scout. 
spyalt,  n.    See  sjiinl. 

spyboat  (spl'bot),  >i.    A  boat  sent  to  make  dis- 
coveries and  bring  intelligence.     [Rare.] 

Giving  the  colour  of  the  sea  to  their  spyboats,  to  keep 
them  from  being  discovered,  came  from  the  Veneti. 

Arbuthnnt. 

Spycraft  (spi'kraft),  n.     The  art  or  practices  of 
a  spy ;  the  act  or  practice  of  spying.      [Rare.] 

All  attempts  to  plot  against  the  Government  were  ren- 
dered impracticable  by  a  system  of  vigilance,  jealousy, 
spycraft,  sudden  arrest,  and  summary  punishment. 

Brougham. 


speja,  spseja,  watch,  observe,  spy,  =  L.  spectre, 
look,  =  Gr.  OKexTcoBai,  look,  =  Skt.-v/«pof  ,\/j>ay, 
see.  From  the  Teut.  root  are  also  ult.  espy,  spi- 
al,  espial,  spion,  espionage,  etc.;  from  the  L.  root 
ult.  E.  species,  spectacle,  etc.;  from  the  Gr.,  skep- 
tic, scope3,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  discover  at  a 
distance,  or  from  a  position  of  concealment; 
gain  sight  of ;  see ;  espy. 

As  they  forward  went, 
They  spyde  a  knight  fayre  pricking  on  the  playne. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  44. 

2.  To  discover  by  close  search  or  examination ; 
gain  a  knowledge  of  by  artifice. 

Look  about  with  your  eyes ;  spy  what  things  are  to  be 
reformed  in  the  Church  of  England.   Latimer.  (Imp.  Diet.) 

His  master's  eye 
Peers  not  about,  some  secret  fault  to  spy. 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  40. 

3.  To  explore;  view,  inspect,  or  examine  se- 
cretly, as  a  country :  usually  with  out. 

Moses  sent  to  spy  out  Jaazer,  and  they  took  the  villages 
thereof.  Num.  xxi.  32. 

4t.  To  ask;  inquire;  question. 

Thej  folke  had  farly  of  my  fare, 
And  what  I  was  full  taste  the!  spied. 
They  askid  yf  I  a  prophet*  ware. 

York  Plays,  p.  173. 

Thenne  watz  spyed  &  spured  [speered]  vpon  spare  wyse. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Kniyht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  901. 

II.  intrans.   1.  To  search  narrowly;  scruti- 
nize; pry. 

It  is  my  nature's  plague 
To  spy  into  abuses.       Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 147. 

2.  To  play  the  spy ;  exercise  surveillance. 


Ive  you 

Donne,  Letters,  Ixxvii. 

....      .  [<  ME.  spy,  sjrie,  short 

_  4e,  aspi/e,  espye  (=  MD.  spic),  <  OF.  espie, 
a  spy;  from  the  verb:  see  spy,  v.  Cf.  spion. ] 
1 .  A  person  who  keeps  a  constant  watch  on  the 
actions,  motions,  conduct,  etc.,  of  others;  one 
who  secretly  watches  what  is  going  on. 
This  sour  informer,  this  bate-breeding  spy. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  655. 

He  told  me  that  he  had  so  good  spies  that  he  hath  had 
the  keys  taken  out  of  De  Witt's  pocket  when  he  was 
a-bed,  and  his  closet  opened,  and  papers  brought  to  him, 


spy-hole  (spi'hol ),  n.  A  hole  for  spying ;  a  peep- 
hole. 

spyism  (spi'izm),  w.  [<spy  +  -ism.]  The  act 
or  business  of  spying;  the  system  of  employing 
spies.  Imp.  Diet. 

spy-money  (spi'mun'i),  «.  Money  paid  to  a 
spy;  a  reward  for  secret  intelligence.  B.  Jon- 
son,  Bartholomew  Fair,  ii.  1. 

Spyridia  (spi-rid'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Harvey),  <  Gr. 
airvpif  (airvpid-),  a  basket.]  A  genus  of  floride- 
ous  algae,  giving  name  to  the  order  Spyridiaccie 
(which  see  for  characters).  The  species  are 
few  in  number  and  mostly  tropical.  There  are, 
however,  two  forms  on  the  New  England  coast. 

Spyridiaceae  (spi-rid-i-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Kpuridia  +  -aceee.]  A  mon'otypic  order  (or  sub- 
order) of  florideous  algae.  The  fronds  are  filiform, 
monosiphonous,  and  formed  of  longer  branching  fila- 
ment* from  which  are  given  off  short  simple  branches. 
The  antheridia  are  borne  on  the  secondary  branches ;  the 
tetraspores  are  tripartite,  and  borne  at  the  nodes  of  the 
secondary  branches ;  the  cystocarps  are  subterminal  on  the 
branches. 

Spy  Wednesday^  The  Wednesday  immedi- 
ately preceding  Easter:  so  called  in  allusion 
to  the  preparations  made  by  Judas  Iscariot  on 
that  day  to  betray  Christ. 

sq.  An  abbreviation  of  square:  as,  sq.  ft.  (that 
is,  square  foot  or  feet);  sq.  m.  (square  mile  or 
miles). 

squat,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  squaw. 

squab1  (skwob),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sqtiabbed,  ppr. 
squabbing.  [Also  in  some  senses  squob  ;  cf.  Sw. 
dial,  sqvapp,  a  word  imitative  of  a  splash  (Icel. 
ski-ampa,  paddle  in  water),  Norw.  sqvapa,  trem- 
ble, shake,  =  G.  schwapp,  a  slap,  E.  swap,  strike 
(see  swap,  sieab,  squabble) ;  akin  to  Norw.  Tcvej)- 


again.  Pepys,  Diary,  IV.  72. 

2.  A  secret  emissary  who  goes  into  an  enemy's 
camp  or  territory  to  inspect  his  works,  ascer- 
tain his  strength  and  his  intentions,  watch  his 
movements,  and  report  thereon  to  the  proper 
officer.  By  the  laws  of  war  among  all  civilized 
nations  a  spy  is  liable  to  capital  punishment. 

On  the  morowe  erly  Gawein  sente  a  spie  for  to  se  what 
the  saisnes  diden  that  thei  hadde  lefte  at  the  brigge  of 
dione.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  290. 

Edmund  Palmer,  an  officer  in  the  enemy's  service,  was 
taken  as  a  spy  lurking  within  our  lines ;  he  has  been  tried 
as  a  spy,  condemned  as  a  spy,  and  shall  be  executed  as  a  spy. 

Oen.  Israel  Putnam,  To  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  Aug.  7, 1777. 


rapidly  and  with  indistinctness ;  jabber. 

In  the  midst  of  caresses  ...  to  sputter  out  the  basest 
accusations ! 


Since  knowledge  is  but  sorrow's 
It  is  not  safe  to  know. 
Sir  W.  Davenant,  The  Just  Italian,  v.  1  (song). 


ly;  flap;  flop. 

They  watched  the  street,  and  beheld  ladles  in  ... 
short  cloaks  with  hoods  squabbing  behind  (known  as  car- 
dinals). S.  Judd,  Margaret,  ii.  11. 

II.  trans.  To  squeeze ;  knock ;  beat.  Halli- 
icell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

squab1  (skwob),  adv.  [An  elliptical  use  of 
squab1,  ».]  So  as  to  strike  with  a  crash ;  with  a 
heavy  fall;  plump.  [Colloq.] 

The  eagle  took  the  tortoise  up  into  the  air  and  dropt 
him  down,  squab,  upon  a  rock.  Sir  K.  L' Estrange,  Fables. 

squab2  (skwob),  a.  and  n.  [Also  squob  ;  cf.  Sw. 
dial,  sqrabb,  loose  or  fat  flesh,  sqvabba,  a  fat 
woman,  sqrabbig,  flabby;  connected  with  the 
verb  squab1.  Cf.  quab3.]  I.  a.  1.  Fat;  short 
and  stout ;  plump ;  bulky. 

A  little  squab  French  page  who  speaks  no  English. 

Wycherley,  Country  Wife,  iv.  3. 

2.  Short;  curt;  abrupt.     [Rare.] 

We  have  returned  a  squab  answer  retorting  the  infrac- 
tion of  treaties. 

Walpole,  To  Mann,  July  25, 1756.    (Dames.) 

3.  Unfledged,  newly  hatched,  or  not  yet  having 
attained  the  full  growth,  as  a  dove  or  a  pigeon. 

Why  must  old  pigeons,  and  they  stale,  be  ilrrst, 
When  there's  so  many  squab  ones  in  the  nest? 

W.  King,  The  Old  Cheese. 

Hence  —  4.  Shy,  as  from  extreme  youth;  coy. 


squab 

Your  demure  ladies  that  are  so  nquob  In  company  are 
devils  in  a  corner. 

AT.  Lee,  Princess  of  Cleve,  ill.  i.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

II.  it.  1.  A  young  animal  in  its  earliest  pe- 
riod; a  young  beast  or  bird  before  the  hair  or 
feathers  appear,  (a)  Specifically,  a  young  unfledged 
pigeon  or  dove.  A  youn«  pigeon  is  properly  a  squab  as 
long  as  it  sits  in  the  nest;  as  soon  as  it  can  utter  its 


Squabs  of  Domestic  Pigeon. 

querulous  cries  for  food  it  becomes  a  squealer  or  squeaker, 
and  so  continues  as  long  as  it  is  fed  by  the  parents,  which 
is  generally  until  it  is  fully  fledged  ;  but  it  continues  to  be 
called  squab  as  marketable  for  its  flesh.  (6)  Figuratively, 
a  young  and  inexperienced  person. 

Brit.  I  warrant  you,  is  he  a  trim  youth? 

Mon.  We  must  make  him  one,  Jacke ;  'tis  such  a  squab  as 
thou  never  sawest ;  such  a  lumpe,  we  may  make  whatwe 
will  of  him.  Brome,  Sparagus  Garden,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  short,  fat,  flabby  person :  also  used  figur- 
atively. 

Oorgonius  sits,  abdominous  and  wan, 
Like  a  fat  squab  upon  a  Chinese  fan. 

Cowper,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  218. 

We  shall  then  see  how  the  prudes  of  this  world  owed  all 

their  fine  figure  only  to  their  being  a  little  straiter  laced, 

and  that  they  were  naturally  as  arrant  squabs  as  those 

that  went  more  loose. 

Pope,  To  Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  Aug.  18,  1716. 

3.  (a)  A  thickly  stuffed  cushion,  especially  one 
for  a  pieee  of  furniture,  as  an  upholstered  chair 
or  sofa,  to  which  it  may  or  may  not  be  attached. 
Hence  —  (6)  A  sofa  in  which  there  is  no  part 
of  the  frame  visible,  and  which  is  stuffed  and 
caught  through  with  strong  thread  at  regular 
intervals,  but  so  as  to  be  very  soft. 

Bessie  herself  lay  on  a  squab,  or  short  sofa,  placed  under 
the  window.  Mrs.  Gaskett,  North  and  South,  xiii. 

(c)  An  ottoman. 

I  have  seen  a  folio  writer  place  himself  in  an  elbow- 
chair,  when  the  author  of  duodecimo  has,  out  of  a  just 
deference  to  his  superior  quality,  seated  himself  upon  a 
squab.  .  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  529. 

Squab2  (skwob),  «;.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  squabbed, 
ppr.  squabbing.  [<  squab^jn.]  To  stuff  thickly 
and  catch  through  with  thread  at  regular  inter- 
vals, as  a  cushion.  A  button  or  soft  tuft  is  usually 
placed  in  the  depressions  to  hide  the  stitches.  Furniture 
upholstered  in  this  manner  is  said  to  be  squabbed. 

squabash  (skwa-bash'),  v.  t.  [Appar.  an  arbi- 
trary formation,  or  an  extension  of  sqitabl.]  To 
crush;  squash;  quash:  also  used  as  a  noun. 
[Slang.] 

His  [Gilford's]  satire  of  the  Baviad  and  Meeviad  squa- 
bashed,  at  one  blow,  aset  of  coxcombs  who  might  have  hum- 
bugged the  world  long  enough. 

Scott,  Diary,  Jan.  17,  1827.    (Lockhart.) 

squabbish  (skwob'ish),  a.  [<  squab?  +  -ish1.] 
Thick;  fat;  heavy. 

Diet  renders  them  of  &  squabbish  or  lardy  habit  of  body. 

Harvey. 

squabble  (skwob'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  squabbled, 
ppr.  squabbling.  [<  Sw.  dial,  "skvabbla,  dispute 
(skcabbel,  a  dispute),  freq.  of  slfvappa,  chide, 
lit.  make  a  splashing,  <  skuapp,  a  splash:  see 
swab,  swap.]  I.  intrans.  To  engage  in  a  noisy 
quarrel  or  row;  wrangle;  quarrel  and  fight 
noisily;  brawl;  scuffle. 

Drunk?  and  speak  parrot?  and  squabble?  swagger? 
swear?  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3.  279. 

We  should  squabble  like  Brother  and  Sister. 

Steele,  Tender  Husband,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  To  Jangle.    See  quarrell ,  n. 

II.  trans.  In  printing,  to  disarrange  and  mix 
(lines  of  composed  types)  when  they  are  stand- 
ing on  their  feet. 

The  letters  do  not  range  well,  giving  an  irregular  or 
squabbled  appearance  to  the  line.  Science,  VIII.  254. 

squabble  (skwob'l),  n.  [<  Sw.  dial,  skvabbel, 
a  dispute;  from  the  verb.]  A  wrangle;  a  dis- 
pute ;  a  brawl ;  a  scuffle  ;  a  noisy  quarrel. 

Pragmatic  fools  commonly  begin  the  sqiiabble,  and  crafty 
knaves  reap  the  benefit.  Sir  n.  L'Estramje. 

This  contrariety  of  humours  betwixt  my  father  and  my 
uncle  was  the  source  of  many  a  fraternal  squabble. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  21. 

=Syn.  Brawl,  Wratiyle,  etc.    See  quarrel*. 
369 


5873 

squabbler  (skwob'ler),  H.  [<  sqiiiibhtr  +  -n-l.] 
One  who  squabbles;  a  contentious  person;  it 
brawler;  a  noisy  disputant. 

squabby  (skwob'i), a.  [<  squab'*  +  -v1.]  Thick; 
resembling  a  squab;  squat. 

A  French  woman  is  a  perfect  architect  in  dress ; .  .  .  she 
never  tricks  out  a  squabby  Doric  shape  with  Corinthian 
finery.  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  2. 

squab-chick  (skwob 'chik),  n.  A  chick,  or 
young  chicken,  not  fully  feathered ;  a  fledgling. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

squab-pie  (skwob'pi),  w.  1.  A  pie  made  of 
squabs;  pigeon-pie. —  2.  A  pie  made  of  fat 
mutton  well  peppered  and  salted,  with  layers 
of  apple  and  an  onion  or  two.  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Cornwall  squab-pye,  and  Devon  white-pot  brings ; 
And  Leicester  beans  and  bacon,  food  of  kings ! 

W.  King,  Art  of  Cookery,  1.  165. 

squacco  (skwak'6),  n.  [A  native  name,  prob. 
imitative  (cf.  quack1,  quail3).']  A  small  rail-like 
heron  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  Ardea  or 
Ardeola  comata,  ralloidet)  castanea,  orsquaiotta. 
of  a  white  color,  much  varied  with  chestnut  or 
russet-brown  and  black.  The  head  is  crested,  with 
six  long  black  and  white  plumes;  the  bill  is  cobalt-blue, 


Squacco  (Ardeola  comata). 

tipped  with  black ;  the  lores  are  emerald-green ;  the  feet 
flesh-colored,  with  yellow  soles  and  black  claws ;  and  the 
irides  pale-yellow.  The  squacco  nests  in  heronries,  usu- 
ally on  a  tree,  and  lays  four  to  six  greenish-blue  eggs.  It 
is  rare  in  Europe  north  of  the  Mediterranean  basin,  but 
common  in  most  pails  of  Africa,  and  extends  into  a  small 
part  of  Asia. 

Squad1  (skwod),  n.  [(OF.  vernacular  esquarre, 
esquare,  >  ME.  square)  <  OF.  esqttadre,  escadre, 
F.  escadre  =  Sp.  escitadra  =  Pg.  esquadra,  < 
It.  squadra,  a  squad,  squadron,  square :  see 
sgxare1,  and  cf.  squadron.']  1.  Milit., ,  any  small 
number  of  men  assembled,  as  for  drill,  inspec- 
tion, or  duty. —  2.  Any  small  party  or  group 
of  persons:  as,  a  squad  of  navvies;  a  set  of 
people  in  general :  usually  somewhat  contemp- 
tuous.—Awkward  squad,  a  body  of  recruits  not  yet 
competent,  by  their  knowledge  of  drill  and  the  manual  of 
arms,  to  take  their  place  in  the  regimental  line. 

squad1  (skwod),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  squadded, 
ppr.  squadding.    [<  squad1,  n.]    To  draw  up  in 
a  squad. 
Squad  your  men,  and  form  up  on  the  road. 

Lever,  Charles  O'Malley,  Ixxxvl.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

squad2  (skwod),  n.  [Origin  obscure ;  perhaps 
a  dial.  var.  of  shade,  ult.  <  AS.  sceddan,  scddan, 
separate:  see  shade,]  1.  Soft,  slimy  mud. 
[Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  In  mining,  loose  ore  of  tin 
mixed  with  earth.  [Cornish.] 

squaddy  (skwod'i),  a.  [A  var.  of  squatty.] 
Squabby.  [Old  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

A  fatte  squaddy  monke  that  had  beene  well  fedde  in 
some  cloyster. 
Greene,  News  both  from  Heaven  and  Hell  (1593).  (Ifares.) 

I  had  hardly  got  seated  when  in  came  a  great,  stout, 
fat,  squaddy  woman. 

Major  Downing,  May-Day.    (Bartlett.) 

squadron  (skwod'ron),  n.  [=  D.  escadron  = 
Dan.  eskadron,  <  OF.  esquadron,  F.  escadron  = 
Sp.  escuadron  =  Pg.  esquadrao  (=  G.  schwad- 
rone  =  Sw.  squadron),  <  It.  squadrone,  a  squad- 
ron, aug.  of  squadra,  a  squad,  a  square:  see 
squad1,  square*.]  If.  A  square. 

Sixe  dayes  iourney  from  Bezeneger  is  the  place  where 
they  get  Diamants ;  ...  it  is  a  great  place,  compassed 
with  a  wall,  and  .  .  .  they  sell  the  earth  within  the  wall 
for  so  much  a  squadron,  and  the  limits  are  set  how  deepe 
or  how  low  they  shall  digge.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  221. 

2.  A  body  of  soldiers  drawn  up  in  a  square,  or 
in  regular  array,  as  for  battle ;  specifically,  in 


squalid 

modern  armies,  the  principal  division  of  a  regi- 
ment of  ca  va  Iry .  This  corresponds  more  or  less  close- 
ly to  a  company  in  the  infantry,  and  consists  of  two  troops, 
each  coimnaniird  liy  a  captain.  I  tir  actual  strength  "i  :> 
squadron  varies  from  l-.il>  to  liiX)  mm. 

The  Ordovices,  to  welcome  the  new  General,  had  hew'n 
in  peeces  a  whole  X'it'a<ln>it  of  HOI-M>. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

3.  A  division  of  a  fleet;  a  detachment  of  ships 
of  war  employed  on  a  particular  service  or  sta- 
tion, and  under  the  command  of  a  flag-officer. 
— 4.  Generally,  any  ranked  and  orderly  body 
or  group. —  5.  In  early  New  England  records 
(1636),  one  of  four  divisions  of  town  laud, 
probably  in  the  first  instance  a  square.  The 
records  show  that  squadron  was  used  later  in  other  senses : 
(a)  A  division  of  a  town  for  highway  care. 

Agreed  upon  by  the  selectmen  for  the  .  .  .  calling  out 
of  their  men  to  work,  that  is  within  their  several^uadro/w. 
Town  Recirrds,  Groton,  Mass.,  1671. 
(6)  A  school  district. 

Voted  and  chose  a  committee  of  seven  men  to  apportion 
the  school  in  six  societies  or  squadrons,  .  .  .  taking  the 
northwesterly  corner  for  one  squadron. 

Town  Records,  Marlborough,  Mass ,  1749. 

Sometimes  spelled  squadrant. 
squadron  (skwod'ron),  v.  t.     [<  squadron,  «.] 

1.  To  form  into  squadrons,  as  a  body  of  sol- 
diers.    Hence  —  2.  To  form  in  order ;  array. 

They  gladly  hither  haste,  and  by  a  quire 
Of  squadron'd  angels  hear  his  carols  sung. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  3«7. 

squail,  squale  (skwal),  «.  [Also  scale;  per- 
haps a  dial.  var.  of  skail,  in  pi.  skails,  formerly 
skayles,  a  var.  of  kail2:  see  kail2  and  skayles.]  1 . 
A  disk  or  counter  used  in  the  game  of  squails. 

Urge,  towards  the  table's  centre, 
With  unerring  hand,  the  squail. 

C.  S.  Calverley,  There  Stands  a  City. 

2.  pi.  A  game  in  which  disks  or  counters  are 
driven  by  snapping  them  from  the  edge  of  a 
round  board  or  table  at  a  mark  in  the  center. 
— 3.  pi.  Ninepins.     Balliicell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

squail,  squale  (skwal),  v.  [<  squail, «.]  I.  in- 
trans.  To  throw  a  stick,  loaded  stick,  disk,  flat 
stone,  or  other  object  at  a  mark :  often  applied 
to  the  throwing  of  sticks  at  cocks  or  geese  on 
Shrove  Tuesday,  a  sport  formerly  popular  in 
England.  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  New  Eng.] 
II.  trans.  To  aim  at,  throw  at,  or  pelt  with 
sticks  or  other  missiles. 

"Squalling  a  goose  before  his  door,  and  tossing  dogs  and 
cats  on  Shrove  Tuesday  "  (Mr.  Hunt's  "  Bristol ").  The  al- 
lusion is  to  the  republican  mayor  of  the  city  in  1651. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  IV.  169. 

squail-board  (skwal'bord),  «.  The  round  board 
upon  which  the  game  of  squails  is  played. 

squailer  (skwa'ler),  n.  A  kind  of  throwing- 
stick,  an  improvement  on  that  used  formerly 
in  squailing  cocks  or  geese. 

Armed  with  squatters,  an  ingenious  instrument  com- 
posed of  a  short  stick  of  pliant  cane  and  a  leaded  knob, 
to  drive  the  harmless  little  squirrel  from  tree  to  tree,  and 
lay  it  a  victim  at  the  feet  of  a  successful  shot. 

Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  30,  1881.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

squaimoust,  a.    See  squeamous. 

squaint,  »•  An  obsolete  dialectal  form  of  swain. 

squalder  (skwol'der),  w.  A  kind  of  jelly-fish. 
See  the  quotation. 

I  have  oftentimes  mett  with  two  other  entities  which 
seeme  to  bee  of  a  congenerous  substance  with  the  afore- 
named gellies,  both  of  them  to  bee  found  in  the  salt  water. 
One  is  flat  and  round,  as  broad  as  a  mans  palme,  or  broad- 
er, and  as  thick  as  the  hand,  cleare  and  transparent,  con- 
vex on  one  side  and  somewhat  like  the  gibbous  part  of  the 
human  liver,  on  the  other  side  concave  with  a  contrivance 
like  a  knott  in  the  very  middle  thereof,  but  plainly  with 
circular  fibers  about  the  verge  or  edge  of  it  (where  it  is 
growne  thin)  which  suffer  manifest  constriction  and  dila- 
tation, which  doe  promote  its  natation,  which  is  also  per- 
ceptible, and  by  which  you  may  discerne  it  to  advance 
towards  the  shore,  or  recede  from  it.  About  us  they  are 
generally  called  squalders,  but  are  indeed  evidently  fishes, 
although  not  described  in  any  Ichthyology  I  have  yet  mett 
with.  Dr.  R.  Robinson,  To  Sir  T.  Browne,  Dec.  12, 1659  (in 
[Sir  T.  Browne's  Works,  I.  423). 


squale,  «.  and  v.     See  squall. 

Squali  (skwa'li),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Miiller,  1835),  pi. 
of  L.  squalus,  a  shark:  see  Sqvalus.]  In  ichth., 
a  section  of  elasmobranchiate  fishes,  or  sela- 
chians, having  the  gill-slits  lateral  and  plural, 
five,  six,  or  seven  in  number ;  the  sharks  proper, 
as  distinguished  from  the  Raise  (rays  or  skates, 
with  ventral  gill-slits)  and  from  the  Holocepltali 
(chimeras,  with  gill-slits  a  single  pair).  The  name 
has  been  used  for  groups  of  various  extent ;  it  is  now  gen- 
erally restricted  to  the  plagiostomous  fishes  with  lateral 
branchial  apertures  and  the  pectoral  fins  regularly  curved 
backward  from  the  base  of  insertion.  The  Squali  are 
divided  into  about  12  families  and  many  genera,  the  no- 
menclature of  which  is  by  no  means  fixed.  See  Selachii 
and  sharkl ,  and  cuts  under  selachian  and  doyfah. 

Squalid  (skwol'id),  a.  [<  L.  squalidus,  foul, 
filthy,  <  squaiere,  be  stiff,  rough,  or  dry  (with 


squalid 

anything),  esp.  be  stiff  or  rough  from  negli- 
gence or  want  of  care,  be  foul ;  cf .  Gr.  o-/ce/Ue<i>, 
lie  dry  (see  skelet,  skeleton).]  1.  Foul;  filthy; 
extremely  dirty:  as,  a  squalid  beggar ;  a  squalid 
house. 

Uucomb'd  his  locks,  and  squalid  Ms  attire. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  i.  539. 

2f.  Bough;  shaggy.     [Bare.] 

Squalidae  (skwal'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Squiiliix 
+  -idie.]  A  family  of  sharks,  typified  by  the 
genus  Squalus,  to  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned.  By  Bonaparte  the  name  was  used  for 
all  true  sharks.  By  some  other  writers  it  has  been  used 
instead  of  Acanthiidw.  See  dogfish  and  picked*. 

squalidity  (skwo-lid'i-ti),  n.  [<  LL.  squalidi- 
ta(t-)x,  roughness,  filth,  <  L.  squalidus,  rough, 
filthy:  see  squalid.]  The  state  of  being  squalid; 
foulness  ;  filthiness.  Imp.  Diet. 

squalidly  (skwol'id-li),  adv.  In  a  squalid  or 
filthy  manner.  Imp.  Diet. 

squalidness  (skwol'id-nes),  n.  Squalidity. 
Bailey. 

squaliform  (skwa'li-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  squalus,  a 
shark,  +  forma,  form.]  Of,  or  having  the  char- 
acters of,  the  Squall;  resembling  a  shark. 

Squalius  (skwa'li-us),  n.  [NL.  (Bonaparte, 
1837),  <  L.  squalus,  a  shark.  The  European 
dace  was  at  one  time  called,  for  no  obvious  rea- 


5874 

or  a  child  in  augor  or  distress:  used  in  con- 
tempt or  dislike. 


Squamipinnes 

ant-eaters,  or  pangolins,  in  which  the  body  is 
squamated,  being  covered  with  horny  overlap- 
ping scales.  The  group  is  now  usually  ranked 
as  a  suborder. 

"Send  that  squalliwj  little  brat  about  his  business,  and  squamate   (skwa'mat),  (l.      [<  LL. 
do  what  I  bid  ye,  sir,  "says  the  Doctor.       _          scaly,  <  L.  .<<</«a»m,  a  scale:  see  S5«;//»r.  ] 


You  c 


:an  laugh,  and  squall,  and  romp  in  full  security. 
SUTJI,  Advice  to  .Servants  (General  Directions). 


Thackeray,  Henry  Esmond,  iii.  5. 
II.  trans.  To  utter  in  a  discordant,  scream- 
ing tone. 

And  pray,  what  are  your  Town  Diversions?  To  hear  a 
parcel  of  Italian  Eunuchs,  like  so  many  Cats,  squauil  out 
somewhat  you  don't  understand. 

Tuntmdge  Walks,  in  Ashton's  Queen  Anne,  I.  328. 

(skwal),  ».     [<  squall1*,  v.]     A  harsh 
loud  and  discordant  scream;  a  sound 
intermediate  in  character  between  a  squawk 
and  a  squeal. 

There  oft  are  heard  the  notes  of  infant  woe, 
The  short  thick  sob,  loud  scream,  and  shriller  squall. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Spenser,  The  Alley. 

squall3  (skwal),  w.     [Perhaps  a  particular  use 


1. 

In  zoiit.,  scaly  ;  covered  with  scales  or  squamee  ; 
squamose  or  squamigerous  ;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Squainutn,  in  any  sense.  — 
2.  In  (diat.,  scale-like;  forming  or  formed  like 
a  scale;  squamous  or  squamifonn:  as,  a  .«/»<(- 
matobone;  m/muii/itc  scales  of  cuticle.  —  3.  In 
but.,  same  as  squamose. 

"•     [< 


Squamation  (skwa-ma'shon),  i/.  [<  nquamate 
+  -ion.]  In  zoo'l.  j  the  state  or  character  of  be- 
ing squamate,  squamose,  or  scaly;  the  collec- 
tion or  formation  of  scales  or  squamee  of  an 
animal:  as,  the  squamation  of  a  lizard,  snake, 
or  pangolin.  Compare  desquamation. 


of  squall*.]     A  baby;  pet;  minx;  girl:  used  ,*      """J"1         ^omp^e  acsquamatio 
vaguely,  in  endearment  or  reproach.  squam-duck  (skwom'duk),  „.     S-.ee 

A  pretty,  beautiful,  juicy  squall.  Squame  (skwam),  n.  _  [<  ME.  squame,  <  L.  *,,„,,- 

Middleton,  Michaelmas  Term,  i 

The  rich  gull  gallant  call's  her  deare  and  love, 


Ducke,  lambe,  squall,  sweet-heart,  cony,  and  his  dove. 
Taylor's  Workes  (1630). 


son,  Squalus  minor.]    A  genus  of  small  cypri-  squaller  (skwa'ler),  n.    [<  squaW  + -er* .]    One 
noid  fishes,  many  of  which  are  known  as  dace,    who  squalls;  one  who  shrieks  or  cries  aloud. 
The  type  is  the  European  dace,  Cyprinus  leuciscus  of  the  Squally1  (skwa  ll),  a.      [<  squall1  +  -yl.]      1. 
Linnean  system,  now  called  Squalius  leuciscus  or  Leucis-     Abounding  with  squalls;  disturbed  often  with 
cusvulgaris.    Numerous  American  species  fall  in  this  ge-     sudden  and  violent  gusts  of  wind:  as,  squal- 


lu  weather. —  2.  Threatening;    ominous: 


i  ins.  and  are  loosely  known  as  minnows,  shiners,  chubs,  mul- 
lets, etc.    See  cut  under  dace.  „ . 
squall1  (skwal),  «.     [<  Sw.  sqval,  a  rush  of  wa-    things  began  to  look  squally.     [Colloq.] 
ter  (sqval-regn,   a  violent  shower  of  rain,  a  Squally2  (skwa  li),  a.     [Perhaps  a  dial.  var.  of 
squall)  (=  Norw.  skval,  a  gushing,  rippling,     neatly. \    1.  Having  unproductive  spots  inter- 
rinse-water;  cf.  Dan.  skyl,  also  skyl-regn,  a  vio- 
lent shower  of  rain),  <  sqeala,  dial,  skvala,  skva- 


ma,  a  scale  (of  a  fish,  serpent,  etc.),  a  scale 
(of  metal),  scale-armor,,  a  cataract  in  the  eye, 
hull  of  millet,  etc.,  LL.  fig.  roughness;  prob. 
akin  to  squalerr,  be  stiff  or  rough :  see  squalid.] 
If.  A  thm  layer;  a  scale. 

Orpiment,  brent  bones,  yren  squames. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  206. 

2.  In  zoo'l.,  a  scale  or  squama.  Huxley,  Cray- 
fish, p.  172. 

squamella  (skwa-mel'a),  n.;  pi.  squamellse(-e). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  L.  squama,  a  scale:  see  squame.] 
1.  In  bot.,  same  as  squamula,  2. —  2.  [cap.]  In 
zoo'l.,  a  genus  of  zygotrochous  rotifers,  of  the 
family  EucManidse. 


spersed  throughout:  said  of  a  field  of  turnips    „. 

or  corn.   [Prov.Eng.]— 2.  Badly  woven;  show-  squameiiate T(skwii-mel'at),  a.     [<  NL.  "squa- 

la,  gush  out,  =  Norw.  skcala,  gush  out,  splash,     mg  knots  m  the  thread  or  irregularities  in  the     mellatus,  <  squamella,  q.  v.]     Same  as  sqttamu- 

weaving:  said  of  a  textile  fabric.  late. 


ripple ;  also  in  secondary  forms,  Norw.  skvelja, 


shark;  of  or  pertaining"to  the 
form. 


to'be  connected  with  squall*.]     A  sudden  and 
violent  gust  of  wind,  or  a  succession  of  such 

gusts,  usually  accompanied  by  rain,  snow,  or  squalor  (skwol  or  or  skwa  16r),  n.  . 

sleet.     In  a  ship's  log-book  abbreviated  q.  «"'»  roughness,  filth,  <squalere,  be  stiff  or  rough, 

as  with  dirt:   see  squalid.]     Foulness;   filthi- 


A lowering  squall  obscures  the  southern  sky. 

Falconer,  Shipwreck,  ii.  145. 

No  gladlier  does  the  stranded  wreck 
See  thro'  the  gray  skirts  of  a  lifting  squall 
The  boat  that  bears  the  hope  of  life  approach. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 


ness;  coarseness. 
Nastiness,  squalor,  ugliness,  hunger. 


squali-    gquamellse. 

Squamifera  (skwa-mif'e-ra),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  F. 
[<  L.  squa-  Squammiferes  (De'Blain'ville,1816),<  L.  squama, 
a  scale,  +  ferre  =  E.  bearl.]  Squamous  or 
scaly  reptiles ;  Beptilia  proper,  as  distinguished 
from  Nudipellifera  or  Amphibia:  also  called 
Ornifhoides. 


Burton. 


,  ,  - 

onment  which  a  creditor  is  entitled  to  enforce,  in  order 


Arched  squall,  a  remarkable  squall  occurring  near  the  a     -   , 
equator,  in  which  a  mass  of  black  clouds  collects  and  rap-  SqualUS  (skwa  lus),  n. 
idly  rises,  forming  a  vast  arch,  or  ring-shaped  bed  of  cloud.      <    L.  squalus,  a   kind 
The  ring  of  cloud  enlarges,  and  above  it  masses  of  cloud 
rise  higher  and  higher  until  they  reach  the  zenith.    Then 
usually,  though  not  invariably,  a  violent  thunder-storm 
breaks  forth,  with  vivid  zigzag  lightning,  deafening  peals 
of  thunder,  and  torrents  of  rain,  lasting,  perhaps,  for  half 
an  hour.    The  phenomenon  varies  in  its  details  in  differ- 
ent seas,  but  occurs  most  frequently  and  on  the  grandest 
scale  in  the  southern  part  of  the  China  Sea,  the  Gulf  of 
Siam,  the  Sulu  Sea,  and  particularly  in  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
lacca.—Black  squall,  a  squall  attended  with  a  specially 


Squalor  carceris,  in  Scott  law,  the  strictness  of  imprls-  squamlferoUS  (skwa-mif 'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  squa- 
onment  which  a  creditor  is  entitind  t/>  <>nfn.Yv>  <„  nrrf«n     ma,  a,  sesde,  +  ferre  =  E.'bear1.]     1.  Provided 

with  squamee  or  scales ;  squamate;  squamiger- 
ous. —  2.  In  bot.,  bearing  scales:  as,  a  squamif- 


[NL.  (Linn»us,  1748), 

<  L.  squalus,  a  kind  of  sea-fish.]  A  genus 
founded  by  Linnteus,  including  all  the  sharks 
and  shark-like  selachians  known  to  him  (15 
species  in  1766).  See  Acanthias,  and  cut  under 
dogfish 

squam  (skwom),  «.     [<  Annisquam,  a  fishing-  SQuamiform  (skwa'mi-fonn),  a.     [<  L.  squama 
hamlet  in  Massachusetts.]  An  oilskin  hat  worn  '         °""        ™'      Havill     the  sh 


,  v.    -  , 

(skwa  mi-flo-rus),  a.     [<   L. 

.a  scale.  +  flos  (ftor-),  flower.]    Inbot., 
flowers  like  scales  ;  also,  having  scales 
earing  flowers,  as  in  the  Conifcrx. 
'- 


originally  by  fishermen  and  deep-water  sailors  ; 
a  cheap  yellow  sou'wester.     [U.  S.] 


,  form.]  Having  the  "shapei 
character,  or  appearance  of  a  scale ;  squamate 
in  form  or  structure ;  scale-like. 


"onTh^eM^^^  squama (skwa'ma),  n. ;  pi.  squamx (Ime)..  [NL.,  •BS**3S*&&i*r*?Q,  «•     C<  L..^- 


squall  in  which  the  wind  blows  with  much  force.  — Line- 
squall,  a  squall  accompanying  the  passage  of  the  trough 
of  a  V-shaped  barometric  depression  :  so  named  because 
the  squalls  form  a  line  coincident  with  the  axis  of  the 
trough,  which  sweeps  across  the  country,  broadside  on, 
with  the  progressive  motion  of  the  depression.— Thick 
squall,  a  squall  in  which  the  rain  or  snow  obscures  the 
view.— To  look  out  for  squalls,  to  be  on  one's  guard; 
be  on  the  watch  against  trouble  or  danger.  [Colloq  ]  — 
White  squall,  a  whirlwind  of  small  radius  arising  sud- 
denly in  fair  weather  without  the  usual  formation  of 
clouds.  The  only  indication  of  its  development  is  the  boil- 
ing of  the  sea  beneath  the  current  of  ascending  ah- around 


.     ,.         Any  fish  of  the 
Squamipennes  or  Squamipinnes. 


according  to  the  energy  of  the  whirl  and  the  amount  of 


and  rarely  occur  outside  of  the  tropics;  in  general  they 
are  dangerous  only  to  sailing  vessels  and  small  craft. 


w  ^  ,  .]  To  blow  a 
squall:  used  chiefly  impersonally :  a.s,  it  squalled 
terribly.  [Colloq.] 

And  the  quarter-deck  tarpauling 

Was  shivered  in  the  squallinff. 

Thackeray,  The  White  Squall. 

squall2  (skwal),  c.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  squawl  ; 
<  Icel.  skcala,  scream,  =  Sw.  dial,  sknala,  skvala, 
cry  out,  chatter,  =  Dan .  (f  req. )  skvaldre,  clamor ; 
cf.  Icel.  skella  (pret.  si-all),  resound,  =  G.  schal- 
len,  resound  (see  scold);  cf.  Sc.  squalloch,  skel- 
locn,  cry  shrilly,  Gael,  sgal,  howl.  Cf.  squeal^, 
and  see  squall*.]  I.  intrans.  To  cry  out; 
scream  or  c.ry  violently,  as  a  frightened  woman 


?L.  squama,  a.  sc&le:' see  squame.]     i'  In'bot.'    mi9er>   scale-bearing,   <   squama,  a   scale7  + 
a  scale  of  any  sort,  usually  the  homologue  of  a    Cerere'  oea,r,  carry.]     Provided  with  squamse ; 
leaf.— 2.  In  unat.  and  zool.:  (a)  A  scale,  as  of    S(luam.ose  !  squamiferous. 
the  epidermis.     (6)  A  thin,  expansive,  scale-  Sftuanupen  (skwa  mi-pen),  n. 
like  part  of  a  bone :  as,  the  squama  of  the  tern-    ^""P  Squamipennes  or  Squam^ 
poral  bone  (the  squamosal);  the  squama  of  squamipennate  (skwa-mi-pen'at),  a.     [<  L. 
the  occipital  bone  (the  supra-occipital).— 3.  In    l"Luama>  a  scale,  +  petma,  a  wing:  seepennate.] 
ornith.,  a  scale-like  feather,  as  one  of  those    Having  scaly  feathers,  as  a  penguin, 
upon  a  penguin's  wing  or  the  throat  of  a  hum-  Squamipennes  (skwa-mi-pen'ez),  n.pl.     [NL., 
ming-bird.     See  cut  under  Squamipennes.— 4      <  L- *«««»'«.  a  scale,  +  penna,  a  wing,  fin:  see 

peri*.]     1.  In 

ichth.,  same 
as  Squamipin- 
nes.—  2.  In 
ornith.,  the 
penguins,  or 
Sphenisci:  so 
called  from 
the  scale-like 
character  of 
the  plumage. 
[Bare.] 


on,  of  the  temporal  bone. 


"*"ej  "•    "  "»  *»nvi  wire  amuuiit  01  /    ,  -.    ,  .        .  ,_  .  T 

vapor  in  the  atmosphere.    White  squalls  are  infrequent,   SquamacBOUS  (skwa-ma  shius),  o.     [<  L.  squa- 


Same  as  squamous  or 
[NL.,  neut.pl. 


ma,  a  scale,  +  -aceous.] 
squamose. 

Squamata  (skwa-ma'ta),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  LL.  squamatus,  scaly:  see  squamate.]  1.  In 
herpet.,  the  scaly  reptiles,  (a)  An  order  of  Reptilia, 
established  by  Oppel  in  1811.  It  was  composed  of  the  sau- 
rians  or  lizards  (including  crocodiles)  and  snakes  or  ophid- 
ians, divided  accordingly  into  Saurii  and  Ophidii.  Its 


Squamipenne; 
rior  edge  of  wii 
longiroatris),  er 


—  Scaly  feather  from  ante- 
K  of  penguin  (Aflinmiylts 
argea  8  tunes. 


r- — it.    Its  Squamipinnes  (skwa-mi-pin'ez),  «.  pi.     [NL. 

were  the  modern  orders  Crocodilia,  Lacertilia,  and     (Cuvier,  spelled  Squammipeniies):  see  Squami- 

intjAij*.  -,»•.».»..*«  ? 


Ophidia,  with,  however,  one  foreign  element  (Amphix- 
osena).  (b)  In  Merrem's  system  of  classification  (1820),  same 
as  Oppel's  Squamata  exclusive  of  the  crocodiles,  or  Lori- 
cata  of  Merrem.  It  formed  the  third  order  of  Pholidota  or 
scaly  reptiles,  divided  into  Qradientia,  Kepentia,  Serpen- 
tia,  Incedentia,  and  Predentia.  Also  called  Lepidosauria 
and  formerly  Saurophidia. 

St.  In  mammal.,  scaly  mammals;  a  group  of  the 
Entomopliaga  or  insectivorous  edentates,  con- 
taining the  single  family  Manididse,  the  scaly 


pennes.]  In  ichth.:  (a)  In  Cuvier's  system  of 
classification,  the  sixth  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes:  so  called  because  the  soft  and 
frequently  the  spinous  parts  of  their  dorsal  and 
anal  fins  are  covered  with  scales,  which  render 
it  difficult  to  distinguish  them  from  the  body. 
The  body  is  generally  much  compressed ;  the  intestines 


<//'/.•<'    I 


Squamipinnes 

•e,  Psettidx,  Pimfl<-/'/'-ri<l;i;  Rramidar,  Pern- 
ul  Toxotvlif.    (h)  In  (iuuther's  system. 


5875 

A  little  scale.    Specifically,  in  entmn. :  (a)  Oiif  of  the 
flattened  scale-like  hairs  or  processes  which  in  many  cases 


a  fumilv  of    li'<iiilli»iitfrii</ii  1"  n-iformn,  nearly     clothe  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  tarsal  joints.    (I)  The 
a  i.iuuy  ui  .      i   ,....'...;,:{;',.„;  ,.,, .:-/„.,.. n',,rn   ;„,:_     tegula or  scale  covering  the  base  of  the  anterior  wing  of 

a  hymenopterous  insect. 

2.  In  hot.:  (a)  A  scale  of  secondary  order  or 
reduced  size,  (ft)  Same  as  lodiculc.  Alsosqua- 
ini'llii. 

Also  m/itaiiiiilr. 

2.  Squa-  Squamulate  (skwam'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  "squamu- 
littus,  <  L.  squamula,  a  little  scale:  see  squam- 
ule.] Having  little  scales ;  covered  with  squam- 
ules;  minutely  scaly  or  squamose.  Alsosquamc/- 


the  same  as  («),  but  without  the  Xanclidir,  I'lu- 

lnritl;r.  I'si'lliilie,  BrawWw,  I'l-niplirridiilie,  and 

typical  I'imi-lci'ti-fiiln-. 
squamoid   (skwa'moid),  n.     I      Li.    n<i>iinnit,  a 

scale,  +  Gr.  rMoc,  form.]      1.    Resembling  a 

squama;    sqiianiifin'iii ;    scale-like. 

inous;  scaly;  squamate. 
squamomandibular  (sk\va"m6-man-dib'u-lar), 

ii.     [<  »gitamo(m)  +  mandibular.]    Of  or  per- 


taining to  the  aquamosal  and  the  mandible,  or  iafe  squamulose. 

lower  jaw-bone :  as,  the  squamomandibular  *r-  SqUamule  (skwam'ul),  n.     [<  L.  squamula,  a  lit- 

tit-iilation,  characteristic  of  mammals.     In  hu-  fle  soaiej  dim.  of  squama,  a  scale:  see  squniur.  | 

man  anatomy  this  joint  is  commonly  called  ln  &0f.  and  ro67.,  same  as  sqvainiila. 

temporomaxiUary.  squamuliform    (skwam'u-li-form),  a.      [<  L. 

squamomastoid   (skwa-mo-mas  toid),  a.     \  .  gquamultt,  a  little  scale,  +  forma,  form.]    Hav- 

.«/»««<>(  «x)   +  mastotd.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  ing  the  form  or  character  of  a  squamule. 

the  squamous  and  mastoid  elements  of  the  tern-  gquamulose  (skwam'u-los),  a.   [<  NL.  "squamu- 

poral  bone  :  as,  a  sqvamomastoid  ankylosis.  fosus,  <  L.  squamula,  a  little  scale:  see  squam- 

squamoparietal  (skwa"mo-pa-ri'e-tal),  a.     |  .  ujg^     Same  as  squamulate. 

gqvamo(us)  +  parietal.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  squander  (skwon'der),  f.     [Not  found  in  early 

the   squamosal   and  parietal  bones :    as,  the  use .  perhaps  a  dial,  form,  a  variant,  with  the 

squamoparietal  suture,  shortly  called  squamous.  common  dial,  change  of  initial  sw-  to  squ-,  of 

squamopetrosal  (skwa/'mo-pe-trd'sal),  a.     [<  *swander,  which  is  perhaps  a  nasalized  form  of 

squnmii(u.i)  +  petrosal.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  "swadder,  orig.  scatter  as  water  (?)  (cf.  MD. 

the  squamosal  and  petrosal  elements  of  the  swadderen,  dabble  in  water,  =  Sw.  dial,  skvad- 


temporal  bone:  as,  squamopetrosal  ankylosis. 
squamosal  (skwa-mo'sal),  «.  and  n.     [<  squa- 

mose  +   -a?.]     1.  a.  Scale-like  or  squamous: 

noting  only  the  squamosal.     See  II. 
II.  n.  In  2007.  and  anat.,  the  gquamous  di- 

vision  of  the  temporal  bone;  the  thin,  expan- 

sive,  scale-like  element  of  the  compound  tern-    der:  see  squat'*,  squatter,  swat2,  swatter.    The 

poralbone;  a  membrane-bone,  morphologically    word  may  owe  its  nasalization  to  AS.  swindan 

distinct  from  other  parts  of  the  temporal,  fill-     (pret.  swand),  vanish,  waste,  OHG.  swantian,  G. 

ing  a  gap  in  the  cranial  walls,  articulating  in    ver-schwenden,  squander,  etc.]     I.  trans.  1.  To 

man  and  mammals  with  the  lower  jaw,  in  birds     scatter;  disperse.     [Archaic.] 

and  reptiles  with  the  suspensorium  (quadrate 

bone)  of  the  lower  jaw,  effecting  squamous  su- 

ture with  various  cranial  bones,  and  forming 

by  its  zygomatic  process  in  mammals  a  part  of 

the  zygoma,  or  jugal  bar.    It  is  remarkably  expan- 

sive in  man.    See  cuts  under  Acipenser,  acrodont,  Balee- 

nidte,  craniofacial,  Crotalus,  Cyclodus,  Felidse,  Galliiue, 

Ichthyosauria,  Ophidia,  Physeter,  Pythonidss,  Ra.no,,  and 

skull. 
squamose  (skwa'mos),  a.    [<  L.  squamosus,  full 

of  scales,  covered  with  scales,  <  squama,  a  scale: 

see  squame.]    1.  In  lot.,  scaly;  furnished  with 

small  appressed  scales  or  squamre  ;  also,  scale- 

like.     Also  squamate,  squamous.  —  2.    In  zool., 


ra>  gush  out,  as  water),  itself  a  variant  of  E. 
dial,  swatter,  So.  squatter,  throw  (water)  about, 
scatter,  squander,  <  Sw.  dial,  squattra,  sqnan- 
der;  f  req.  of  E.  dial,  swat,  var.  squat,  throw  down 
forcibly;  cf.  Icel.  skvetta  =  Sw.  sqvatta,  throw 
out,  squirt,  =  Dan.  skvattc,  squirt,  splash,  squan- 
' 


Other  ventures  he  hath,  squandered  abroad. 

SAo*-.,M.  of  V.,  i.  3.22. 

They  drive  and  squander  the  huge  Belgian  fleet. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis,  st.  87. 

The  fallen  timber  obstructed  the  streams,  the  rivers 
were  squandered  in  the  reedy  morasses. 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  223. 


squamous;  squamiferousorsquamigerous;  cov- 
ered with  scales ;  scaly;  specifically,  in  entom., 
covered  with  minute  scales,  as  the  wings  of 
lepidopterous  insects ;  lepidopterous ;  squamu- 
late. 

squamosphenoidal  (skwa"mo-sfe-noi'dal),  a. 
[<  squamo(us)  +  sphenoidal.']  Pertaining  to 
the  squamous  part  of  the  temporal  bone  and  the 

sphenoid  bone:  as,  the  squamospkenoidal  su- 
.  *  ,1  i _  •  j 


2.  To  spend  lavishly,  profusely,  or  prodigally  ; 
dissipate  ;  use  without  economy  or  judgment  ; 
lavish:  as,  to  squander  one's  money  or  an  estate. 

How  much  time  is  tquandred  away  in  Vanity  and  Folly  ? 
StiUinyjteet,  Sermons,  III.  x. 

Is  he  not  a  gay,  dissipated  rake,  who  has  squandered  his 
patrimony?  Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  disperse;  wander  aimless- 
ly ;  go  at  random.     [Archaic.] 

The  wise  man's  folly  is  anatomized 

Even  by  the  squandering  glances  of  the  fool. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7.  67. 

2.  To  waste  one's  substance;  go  to  wasteful 
expense  ;  spend  recklessly. 
He  was  grown  needy  by  squandering  upon  his  vices. 

Swift,  Change  in  Queen's  Ministry. 


part  of  the  temporal  bone.     Owen 

squamotympanic  (skwa"m6-tim-pan'ik),  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  squamosal  and  tym- 
panic bones:  as,  a  squamotympanic  ankylosis. 

Squamous  (skwa'mus),  a.  [<  L.  squamosus, 
covered  with  scales:  see  squamose.']  1.  In 


a  bulb  in  which  the  outer  scales  are  distinct,  fleshy,  and 
imbricated;  a  scaly  bulb.  See  bulb.  —  Squamous  cells, 
flattened,  dry,  thin  cells,  as  seen  in  the  superficial  layers 
of  the  epidermis.— Squamous  epithelium,  epithelium 
composed  of  thin  scale-like  cells,  either  in  a  single  layer 
(tessellated  epithelium)  or  in  several  layers  (stratified  scaly 
epithelium).  See  epithelium.— Squamous  portion  of 
the  temporal  bone,  the  squamosal :  opposed  to  petrous 


mosal.—  Z.  in  oot.,  same  as  squamose — squa-  anlVatitpr  aniiashtCskwon 
mous  bone,  the  squamosal. -Squamous  bulb,  in  tot.,  squanter-squasn 

•  '•  •  ••  ^  -__,__•"      »-u_.    =_-',-„       ,     aflflgtUMA*.     See  the  quotation. 

Yet  the  clypeato  are  sometimes  called  cymnels  (as  are 
some  others  also),  from  the  lenten  cake  of  that  name, 
which  many  of  them  very  much  resemble.  Squash,  or 
squanter-squash,  is  their  name  among  the  northern  In- 
dians, anofso  they  are  called  in  New  York  and  New  Eng- 
land. Bewrley,  Hist.  Virginia,  iv.  H  19. 

ano^STp^rto^^^^  squap  (skwop),  v.     [A  dial.  var.  of  swap.]    To 

mous  suture,  in  anat.,  a  fixed  articulation  or  synarfnro-  strike.     [Prov.  kug.J 

sis,  in  which  the  thin  beveled  edge  of  a  squamous  bone  gquap  (skwop)  ,n.    [<squap,V.]    A  blow.    [Prov. 

overlaps  another;  specifically,  the  squamoparietal  suture  Jjng  T 

^^arU™u^^Oi8fhearSrittSlaTd  aTisphtnVoS  bSnes  squarable  (skwar'a-bl),  a.     [<  square*  +  -able.] 

respectively.    See  cut  under  parietal.  In  math.,  capable  of  being  squared.     Buttons 

squamozygomatic   (skwa-mo-zi-go-mat'ik),  a.     Recreations,  p.  169. 

and  H.     [<  squamofus)  +  zygomatic.']     I.  a.  In  square1  (skwar),  «.  [Formerly  also  (esp.  i 

•'•f;  <  ME.  square,  squar,  s< 


square 

drawn  on  ;i  board,  =  It.  xqmulrri.  a  xpiave.  also 
a  squad  or  squadron  of  men  (orig.  :i  square); 
variant  forms,  with  initial  x  due  to  tlie  verb  (see 
«/«fm-l,  i'.),  of  OF.  i/iiiini-  =  Sp.  i-niiilni  =  Pg. 
It.fjiiin/i-<i.  a  square,  <  L.  qninli-n.  a  Bqnfm,  (em. 
of  (IJj. )  ijiHittnts,  square,  four-corneretl,  <  (/«»- 
linn;  four.  =  E.  four:  see /»«;•,  f/'""'''"1;  '/'""'- 
rate, tquad1,  squadron.  Ct.  tquare1,  a.]  1.  In 
I/runt.,  a  four-sided  plane  rectilineal  figure,  hav- 
ing all  its  sides  equal,  and  all  its  angles  right 


I  have  a  parlour 
Of  a  great  square,  and  height  aa  you  desire  it. 

7'..Hi*i»  ('.'},  Aluumazar,  U.  3. 


anat. ,  noting  the  squamous  and  zygomatic  parts    5)  squire,  squier ; 


of  the  temporal  bone:  as 
center  of  ossification. 

II.  «.  A  squamozygomatic  bone;  the  squa- 
mosal together  with  its  zygomatic  process. 
squamula  (skwam'u-la),  n. ;  pi.  squamulx  (-le). 
[L.,  dim.  of  squama,  a  scale:  see  squante.~]     1. 


The  hard-grained  Muses  of  tho  cube  and 

Tennyson,  Princess,  Prol. 

2.  A  figure  or  object  which  nearly  approaches 
this  shape;  a  square  piece  or  part,  or  a  square 
surface  :  as,  a  square  of  glass. 

A  third  court,  to  make  a  square  with  the  front,  but  not 
to  be  built,  nor  yet  enclosed  with  a  naked  wall. 

Bacon,  Building  (ed.  1887). 

He  bolted  his  food  down  his  capacious  thioat  in  squares 
of  3  inches.  Scott. 

The  casement  slowly  grows  a  glimmering  square. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv.  (song). 

Specifically—  (o)  In  printing,  a  certain  number  of  lines 
forming  a  part  of  a  column  nearly  square  :  used  chiefly 
in  reckoning  the  prices  of  newspaper  advertisements.  (6) 
A  square  piece  of  linen,  cloth,  or  silk,  usually  decorated 
with  embroidery,  fringe,  or  lace  :  as,  a  t&blK-square. 

3.  A  quadrilateral  area,  rectangular  or  nearly 
so,  with  buildings,  or  sites  for  buildings,  on 
every  side  ;  also,  an  open  space  formed  by  the 
intersection  of  streets  ;   hence,  such  an  area 
planted  with  trees,  shrubs,  or  grass,  and  open 
to  the  public  for  recreation  or  diversion  ;  a  pub- 
lic park  among  buildings  ;  a  common  ;  a  green  : 
as,   Union   Square  in   New  York;    Lafayette 
Square  in  Washington  ;   Trafalgar  Square  in 
London. 

The  statue  of  Alexander  the  Seventh  stands  in  the  large 
square  of  the  town. 

Addison,  Remarks  on  Italy  (Works,  ed.  Bohn,  I.  401). 

4.  An  area  bounded  by  four  streets  ;  ablock:  as, 
the  house  is  four  or  five  squares  furtherup-town. 
—  5.  An  instrument  used  by  artificers,  drafts- 
men, and  others  for  trying  or  describing  right 
angles.    It  consists  of  two  rules  or  branches  fastened 
perpendicularly  at  one  end  of  their  extremities  so  as  to 


ture.     Also  squamosphenoid.  squander  (skwon'der),  n.    [<  squander,  v.]  The 

squamotemporal  (skwa-mo-tem   po-ral),  a.  Jct  of  g    '  ndering.    Imp.  Diet.     [Bare.] 

[<  squamu(us)  +  temporal^     Squamosal,  as  a  s(,uanderer  (skwon'der-er),  n.     [<  squander 
l      ne.     Owen.  -, 


in  def. 
sqware, 

a  sq'uamozygomatic  swafe,  a  square,  squire,  sqiu/re,  squyyre,  squygcr, 
a  carpenters'  square,  <  OF.  esquare,  esquarre,  es- 
eairre,  esquierre,  esquire,  a  square,  squareness, 
F.  dquerre  =  Sp.  escuadra,  a  square,  squad, 
squadron,  =  Pg.  esquadra,  a  squadron,  esquad- 
ria,  a  square,  a  rule,  esquadro,  a  right  angle 


-er*.]   One  who  squanders ;  one  who  spends  his 
money  prodigally;  a  spendthrift;  a  prodigal; 

I  say  he  is  an  unthrift,  a  Squanderer,  and  must  not  ex- 
pect supplyes  from  me.      Brome,  Sparagus  Garden,  iii.  5. 

'der-ing-li),  adv.     In  a 

DMunuuoiiuR  ^0,^^^ ,  by  squandering;  prodi- 
squamate;  squamose;   squamiferous  or  squa-    °^u   .  iavighlv     Imp   Diet 
migerous.     (6)  Scale-like;  squamoid;  squami-  -SjJJilflgi,  (skwon'nsn),  n.'   A  cyprinoid  fish, 
form;  specifically,  of  a  bone,  same  as  squa-    J,tychocmus  iucilfs.    Seepike*,  n.,  2  (a). 

'•-2-  In  ^.5Pc.!L.?«???2!£r-*»-  aananter-sauasllt(skwon'ter-skwosh),».  Same 


a,  carpenters'  square  (of  iron  or  steel) ;  b,  b',  draftsmen's  T- 
squares  of  wood,  6'  having  a  head  adjustable  at  any  angle  ;  c,  bevel- 
square,  the  blade  of  which  can  be  set  either  square  or  at  any  angle  ; 


d~.  center-square ;  e,  miter-square ;  /,  carpenters'  try-square  :  g,  square 
with  adjustable  heads  and  with  vernier  scale  for  measuring  diameters, 
also  caned  vernier  calipers. 

form  a  right  angle.  Sometimes  one  of  the  branches  is 
pivoted,  so  as  to  admit  of  measuring  other  than  right 
angles.  When  one  rule  is  joined  to  the  other  in  the 
middle  in  the  form  of  a  T,  it  is  called  a  T-square. 

Thou  shalt  me  fynde  as  just  as  is  a  squyre. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  388. 

Of  all  kyne  craftes  ich  contreeuede  here  tooles, 

Of  carpentrie,  of  kerueres,  and  contreeuede  the  compas. 

And  cast  out  by  squire  both  lyne  and  leuell. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xii.  127. 

A  poet  does  not  work  by  square  or  line, 
As  smiths  and  joiners  perfect  a  design. 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  789. 

Hence — 6.  A  true  measure,  standard,  or  pat- 
tern. 

This  cause  I'll  argue, 

And  be  a  peace  between  ye,  if  't  so  please  you, 
And  by  the  square  of  honour  to  the  utmost. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  ii.  1. 
Religion  being,  in  the  pretence  of  their  Law,  the  square 
of  all  their  (otherwise  ciuill)  actions. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  183. 

7.  In  arith.  and  «?;/.,  the  number  or  quantity 
derived  from  another  (of  which  it  is  said  to  be 
the  square)  by  multiplying  that  other  by  itself: 
thus,  64  is  the  square  (A  8,  for  8  x  8  =  64;  x2 
or  £  X  x  is  the  square  of  x. 


square 

Light  diminishes  in  intensity  as  we  recede  from  the 
source  of  light  If  the  luminous  source  be  a  point,  the  in- 
tensity diminishes  as  the  square  of  the  distance  increases. 
.  .  .  This  is  the  muaning  of  the  law  of  inverse  squares  as 
applied  to  light.  Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  lf>. 

8.  Rule;  regularity;  exact  proportion ;  hence, 
integrity   of    conduct;    honest  dealing.     See 
phrases  on  thr  square  (c),  out  of  square,  etc. 

Read  not  my  blemishes  in  the  world's  report : 
I  have  not  kept  ray  square  ;  but  that  to  come 
Shall  all  be  done  by  the  rule. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  3.  6. 

9.  A  body  of  troops  drawn  up  in  quadrilateral 
form.    The  formation  used  in  the  sixteenth  century  and 
afterward  was  a  nearly  solid  body  of  pikemen,  to  which 
the  harquebusiers,  crossbowmen,  etc.,  formed  an  acces- 
sory, as  by  being  posted  on  the  flanks,  etc.    In  Shakspere's 
time  troops  drawn  up  in  battle  array  were  primarily  in 
squares.    At  the  present  time  the  square  is  a  hollow  for- 
mation, composed  of  four  fronts,  each  from  two  to  five 
ranks  deep,  having  the  officers,  colors,  etc.,  in  the  center. 
This  formation  is  used  to  repel  cavalry,  or  to  resist  any 
superior  force  which  outflanks  or  surrounds  the  body  of 
troops.    See  hollow  square,  below. 

He  alone 

Dealt  on  lieutenantry,  and  no  practice  had 
In  the  brave  squares  of  war. 

Shot.,  A.  and  C.,  iii.  11.  40. 

Dash'd  on  every  rocky  square, 

Their  surging  charges  foam'd  themselves  away. 

Tennyson,  Death  of  Wellington. 

10.  A  name  given  to  various  squared  projec- 
tions or  shanks  to  which  other  parts  of  ma- 
chines may  be  fitted. —  llf.  Level;  equality: 
generally  with  the.    See  on  the  square  (b),  be- 
low.— 12.  In  astral.,  quartile;  the  position  of 
planets  distant  90  degrees  from  each  other. 
See  aspect,  1. 

Their  planetary  motions,  and  aspects, 
In  sextile,  miiare,  and  trine. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  669. 

13t.  Opposition;  enmity;  quarrel.  Seesquare1, 
v.  ».,  2. — 14.  Apart  of  a  woman's  dress,  (a) The 
yoke  of  a  chemise  or  gown :  so  called  because  often  cut 
square  or  angular.  [Still  in  provincial  use.] 

The  sleeve-hand,  and  the  work  about  the  square  on  't 
[a  smock).  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  212. 

(6)  A  square  opening  in  the  upper  part  of  the  front  of  a 
bodice,  or  other  garment  covering  the  throat  and  neck.  It 
is  usually  filled  in  with  another  material,  except  for  even- 
ing dress. 

A  round  Sable  Tippet,  about  2  yards  long,  the  Sable 
pretty  deep  and  dark,  with  a  piece  of  black  Silk  in  the 
Square  of  the  neck. 

Advt.  quoted  in  Ashton's  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  173. 

15.  A  puzzle  or  device  consisting  of  a  series 
of  words  so  selected  that  when 

arranged  in  a  square  they  may    s  A  T 
be  read  alike  across  and  down- 
ward.   Also  called  word-square. —    T 

16.  In  bookbinding,  the  parts  of   v. 
the  cover  of  a  bound  book  that 
project  beyond  the  edge  of  the 
leaves. — 17.   The  square  end  of 

the  arbor  designed  to  receive  the  winding-key 
of  a  watch,  or  the  similar  part  by  which  the 
hands  of  the  watch  are  set. — 18.  In  flooring, 
roofing,  and  other  branches  of  mechanical  art, 
an  area  10  feet  square;  100  square  feet. — 19. 
In  lier.,  a  bearing  representing  a  carpenters' 
square.  (See  def.  5.)  It  is  represented  with  or 
without  the  scale.— 20.  In  organ-building,  a 
thin  piece  of  wood,  in  or  nearly  in  the  shape 
of  a  right-angled  triangle,  pivoted  at  the  right 
or  largest  angle  and  connected  with  trackers 
at  the  other  angles.  It  serves  to  change  the 
direction  of  the  tracker-action  from  vertical  to 
horizontal,  or  vice  versa.- A  deep  square,  a  long 
projection.— A  small  square,  a  narrow  projection.— At 
squaret,  in  opposition  ;  at  enmity. 

Marry,  she  knew  you  and  I  were  at  square  • 
At  least  we  fell  to  blowes. 

Promos  and  Cassandra,  ii.  4.    (Nares.) 

She  falling  at  square  with  hir  husband. 

Bolinshed,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv.  8. 
By  the  square,  exactly ;  accurately. 

Not  the  worst  of  the  three  but  jumps  twelve  foot  and  a 
half  by  the  squier.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  348. 

Why,  you  can  tell  us  by  the  squire,  neighbour, 
Whence  he  is  call'd  a  constable. 

B.  Jomon,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv.  2. 

Cyclical  square.  See  cyclical. — Face  of  a  square.  See 
/ocei. — Geometrical  square.  Same  n&quadrat,  2.—  Gun- 
ners square.  Same  as  quadrant,  6.— Hollow  square 
a  body  of  infantry  drawn  up  in  square  with  a  space  in  the 
middle  to  receive  baggage,  colors,  drums,  etc.  When  or- 
ders or  proclamations  are  to  be  read  to  troops,  it  is  usual 
to  form  a  hollow  square,  with  the  files  facing  inward.  See 
def.  9.— Incuse  square.  See  incuse.—  In  squaret, 

Then  did  a  sharped  spyre  of  Diamond  bright 
Ten  feete  each  way  in  square,  appeare  to  mee. 

Spenser,  Visions  of  Bellay,  1.  30. 
Magic  square.  See  mayic. — Method  of  least  squares, 
the  method  used  by  astronomers,  geodesists,  and  others 
of  deducing  the  most  probable  or  best  result  of  their 


A  T   0 
O   A 

ENS 
D  E  T 


N  E 

S  T 

V  E 

E  R 


Square. 


a 


5876 

observations,  in  cases  in  which  the  arithmetical  mean  of 
a  number  of  observations  of  the  same  quantity  is  the 
most  probable  or  best  value  of  that  quantity.  The 
adoption  of  the  mean  value  of  a  number  of  observations 
may  be  considered  as  the  simplest  application  of  the 
method  of  least  squares.  When  the  observed  values  de- 
pend upon  several  unknown  quantities,  the  rule  which  re- 
sults from  the  principle  of  the  arithmetical  mean  is  to 
adopt  such  values  for  the  unknown  quantities  as  to  make 
the  sum  of  the  squares  of  the  residual  errors  of  the  ob- 
servations the  least  possible.  When  there  are  certain  con- 
ditions that  must  be  fulfilled,  as  for  example,  in  geodesy, 
that  the  sum  of  the  angles  of  each  triangle  must  equal 
two  right  angles  plus  the  spherical  excess,  the  rules  be- 
come still  more  complicated.  There  are  also  rules  for 
calculating  probable  errors,  etc.—  Naslk  squares.  See 
the  quotation. 

Squares  that  have  many  more  summations  than  in  rows, 
columns,  and  diagonals  have  been  investigated  by  the  Rev. 
A.  H.  Frost(Cambridge  Math.  Jour.,  1857),  and  called  KaiOc 
squares  from  the  town  in  India  where  he  resided  ;  and  he 
has  extended  the  method  to  cubes  (called  Nasik  cubes), 
various  sections  of  which  have  the  same  singular  proper- 
ties. Kneyc.  Brit.,  XV.  216. 
Naval  square,  a  rectilinear  figure  painted  on  a  ship's 
deck  in  some  convenient  place,  for  the  purpose  of  aiding 
in  taking  the  bearings  of  other  ships  of  a  squadron  or  of 
objects  on  shore.— Normal  square,  the  mathematical 
instrument  called  a  square,  for  determining  right  angles. 
—  On  or  upon  the  square,  (a)  At  right  angles ;  straight : 
as,  to  cut  cloth  on  the  square,  as  opposed  to  bias.  Hence, 
figuratively  —  (i>)  On  an  equality ;  on  equal  terms. 

They  [the  Presbyterians]  chose  rather  to  be  lorded  over 
once  more  by  a  tyrant  .  .  .  than  endure  their  brethren 
and  friends  to  be  upon  the  square  with  them. 

Milton,  Ans.  to  Salmasius,  x. 
We  live  not  on  the  square  with  such  as  these ; 
Such  are  our  betters  who  can  better  please. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii.  179. 
(c)  Honest ;  Just ;  fairly ;  honestly. 

Keep  upon  the  square,  for  God  sees  you ;  therefore  do 
your  duty.  Penn,  To  his  Wife  and  Children. 

"Was  the  marriage  all  right,  then?"  "Oh,  all  on  the 
square  —  civil  marriage,  church  — everything." 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xxi. 

Optical  square,  an  instrument  used  in  surveying  for 
laying  out  lines  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  It  consists 
of  a  circular  brass  box  containing  two 

Srincipal  glasses  of  the  sextant,  viz. 
le  index-  and  horizon-glasses,  fixed 
at  an  angle  of  45*.  The  method  of 
using  this  instrument  is  obvious.  If 
the  observer  moves  forward  or  back- 
ward in  the  straight  line  AB,  until 
the  object  B  seen  by  direct  vision 
coincides  with  another  object  C,  seen 
by  reflection,  then  a  straight  line 
drawn  to  C  from  the  point  at  which  r 
he  stands,  as  D,  when  the  coinci- 
dence takes  place  will  be  perpendicular  to  AB. —  Out  Of 
square,  (a)  Not  drawn  or  cut  to  right  angles.  (6)  Out 
of  order ;  out  of  the  way ;  irregular ;  incorrect  or  incor- 
rectly. 

Herodotus,  in  his  Melpomene,  scorneth  them  that  make 

Europe  and  Asia  equal],  afHrmynge  that  Europe  .  .  .  pass- 

eth  them  in  latitude,  wherin  he  speaketh  not  greatly  out 

ojf  square.         R.  Eden,  tr.  of  Francisco  Lopez  (First  Books 

[on  America,  ed.  Arber,  p.  346). 

In  St.  Paul's  time  the  integrity  of  Rome  was  famous ; 
Corinth  many  ways  reproved ;  they  of  Galatia  much  more 
out  of  square.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  lit  1. 

Reducing  squares,  a  method  of  copying  designs  or 
drawings  on  a  different  scale.  The  original  is  divided  into 
squares  by  lines  drawn  at  right  angles  to  one  another.  The 
surface  on  which  the  copy  is  to  be  made  Is  divided  into  the 
same  number  of  squares,  smaller  or  larger,  according  to 
the  scale  desired,  and  the  lines  of  the  design  are  drawn  on 
the  squares  of  the  copy  in  the  same  relative  positions  that 
they  occupy  in  the  original.  Instead  of  marking  the 
original  design  with  lines,  a  frame  in  which  crossed 
threads  or  wires  are  set  may  be  laid  over  it ;  or  such  a 
frame  may  be  used  in  a  similar  way  in  drawing  a  land- 
scape or  any  other  subject  from  the  original. — Rising- 
square,  a  square  having  a  tongue  and  two  arms  at  right 
angles  to  it,  used  in  molding  the  floor-timbers  in  wooden 
ships.  The  tongue  is  in  width  equal  to  the  siding  size  of 
the  keel ;  and  the  seat  and  throat  of  the  floor-timbers  are 
squared  across  it,  the  risings  of  the  floor  at  the  head  being 
squared  across  the  arms.  The  timber-mold  applied  to  the 
seating  on  the  tongue  and  rising  on  the  arm  gives  the 
shape  of  one  side  of  the  floor-timber ;  the  mold  reversed 
gives  the  other.—  Solid  square  (mflit.),  a  square  body  of 
troops  ;  a  body  in  which  the  ranks  and  flies  are  equal. — 
Square  of  an  anchor,  the  upper  part  of  the  shank.— 
Square  of  senset.  See  the  quotation. 

I  professe 

My  selfe  an  enemy  to  all  other  loyes, 

Which  the  most  precious  square  of  seme  professes, 

And  find  I  am  alone  felicitate 

In  your  deere  Highnesse  loue. 

Shak.,  Lear  (folio  1673),  L  1.  76. 

[This  phrase  has  been  variously  interpreted  by  commen- 
tators :  Warburton  refers  it  to  the  four  nobler  senses  — 
sight,  hearing,  taste,  and  smell ;  Johnson  makes  it  mean 
'compass  or  comprehension  of  sense';  R.  G.  White,  'the 
entire  domain  of  sensation';  Schmidt,  'the  choicest 
symmetry  of  reason,  the  most  normal  and  intelligent 
mode  of  thinking.']— To  break  no  squarest,  to  make 
no  difference.  See  the  next  phrase. — To  break  or  breed 
squarest,  to  break  the  squaret,  to  throw  things  out 
of  due  or  just  relation  and  harmony ;  make  a  difference. 
—  To  reduce  the  square  (milit.).  See  reduce.—  To  see 
now  the  squares  go,  to  see  how  the  game  proceeds,  or 
how  matters  are  going  on. 

Atlength  they,  having  an  oppertunitie,  resolved  to  send 
M'.  Winslow,  with  what  beaver  they  had  ready,  into  Eng- 
land, to  see  how  y  square  wente. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  268. 


square 

One  frog  looked  about  him  to  see  hnw  squares  went  with 
their  new  king.  >Y,  /;.  L'Estrange. 

Square1  (skwar),  a.  [<  ME.  m/Hiir<;  xi/icare,  svsare, 
orig. two  syllables,  <  OF.  csquarrc,  escarre  (equiv. 
to  quitrr/'.'i-iirn';  F.  carre),  <  ML.  "exqi/adratus 
(equiv.  to  quadratus),  squared,  square,  pp.  of 
"eiquadrare,  make  square:  see  square*-,  v.,  and 
cf.  square1,  it.,  and  quadrate,  quarry1.]  1. 
Having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right  angles ; 
quadrate;  rectangular  and  equilateral:  as,  a 
square  room;  a  square  figure. 

Thurgh  a  wyndow  thikke,  of  many  a  barre 
Of  iren  greet,  and  square  as  any  sparre. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  218. 
A  massy  slab,  in  fashion  square  or  round. 

Camper,  Task,  i.  21. 

2.  Forming  a  right  angle;  having  some  part 
rectangular:  as,  a  table  with  square  corners. 

Square  tools  for  turning  brass  are  ground  in  the  same 
manner  as  triangular  tools. 

0.  Byrne,  Artisan's  Handbook,  p.  29. 

3.  Cut  off  at  right  angles,  as  any  body  or  figure 
with  parallel  sides:  as,  a  square  apse  or  tran- 
sept; a  square  (square-headed)  window. 

The  east  ends  in  this  architecture  [early  Pointed  in  Eng- 
land] are  usually  square. 

( '.  H.  Moore,  Gothic  Architecture,  p.  168. 

4.  Having  a  shape  broad  as  compared  with  the 
height,  with  rectilinear  and  angular  rather  than 
curved  outlines:  as,  a  man  of  square  frame. 

Erode  shulders  aboue,  big  of  his  arrays, 

A  harde  brest  hade  the  buerne,  &  his  back  sware. 

Destruction  o/Troi/(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3867. 
My  queen's  square  brows  [forehead] ; 
Her  stature  to  an  inch.          Shak.,  Pericles,  v.  1. 109. 

Sir  Bors  it  was,  .  .  . 
A  square-set,  man.  Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

5.  Accurately  adjusted  as  by  a  square;  true; 
just;  fitting;  proper. 

She 's  a  most  triumphant  lady,  if  report  be  square  to  her. 
Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  2.  190. 
Should  he  retain  a  thought  not  square  of  her, 
This  will  correct  all.      Shirley,  Love's  Cruelty,  ii.  3. 

Hence  —  6.  Equitable;  just;  fair;  unimpeach- 
able. 

All  have  not  offended ; 
For  those  that  were,  it  is  not  square  to  take 
On  those  that  are  revenges. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  4.  36. 

Telling  truth  is  a  quality  as  prejudicial  to  a  man  that 
would  thrive  in  the  world  as  square  play  to  a  cheat 

Wycherley,  Plain  Dealer,  I.  1. 

7.  Even ;  leaving  no  balance :  as,  to  make  the 
accounts  square;  to  be  square  with  the  world. 

There  will  be  enough  to  pay  all  our  debts  and  put  us 
all  square.  Disraeli,  Sybil,  iii.  2. 

If  a  man 's  got  a  bit  of  property,  a  stake  in  the  country, 
he'll  want  to  keep  things  square.  Where  Jack  isn't  safe, 
Tom 's  in  danger.  George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xx. 

8.  Absolute ;  positive ;  unequivocal :  as,  a  square 
refusal ;  a  square  contradiction ;  a  square  issue. 

—  9.  Leaving  nothing;  thorough-going;  hearty. 
Vn  ferial  beuveur.  A  square  drinker,  .  .  .  one  that  will 

take  his  liquor  soundly.  Cotgratx  (1611). 

By  Heaven,  square  eaters ! 
More  meat,  I  say!  — Upon  my  conscience, 
The  poor  rogues  have  not  eat  this  month. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  it  3. 

Hence  — 10.    Solid;    substantial;    satisfying. 

[Colloq.] 

And  I've  no  idea,  this  minute, 
When  next  a  square  meal  I  can  raise. 
New  York  Clipper,  Song  of  the  Tramp.    (Bartlett.) 

11.  Naut.,  noting  a  vessel's  yards  when  they 
are  horizontal  and  athwartships,  or  at  right 
angles  to  the  keel.— All  square,  all  arranged;  all 
right.  Dickens.— A  square  mant.  (a)  A  consistent, 
steadfast  man.  See  bricks,  etym. 

The  Prince  of  Philosophers  [Aristotle],  in  his  first  booke 
of  the  Ethicks,  termeth  a  constant  minded  man,  euen  egal 
and  direct  on  all  sides,  and  not  easily  ouerthrowne  by 
euery  HU[e]  aduersitie,  hominem  quadratum,  a  square 
man.  Puttenham,  Arteof  Eng.  Poesie(ed.  Arber),  p.  113. 

(6)  A  man  who  is  fair-dealing,  straightforward,  and  trust- 
worthy. 

Then  they  fill 

Lordships ;  steal  women's  hearts ;  with  them  and  theirs 
The  world  runs  round ;  yet  there  are  square  men  still. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  2. 
Fair  and  square.  8ee/ot>i.—  Knight  of  the  square 
flag.  See  bannerets,  1.— Square  B,  in  music.  See  B 
quadratum,  under  B.— Square  capitals.  See  capital!. 

—  Square  coupling.    See  coupling.— Square  dance. 
See  dance,  1.— Square  dice,  dice  honestly  made;  dice 
that  are  not  loaded.     Halliwell.— Square  fathom,  file, 
foot,  joint,  knot,  lobe,  measure.     See  the  nouns.— 
Square    map-projection.      See   projection.— Square 
muscle,  a  quadrate  muscle  (which  see,  under  quadrate). 
—Square  number,  a  number  which  is  the  square  of 
some  integer  number,  as  1,  4, 9, 16,  26,  etc.—  Square  octa- 
hedron, parsley,  rig,  roof.     See  the  nouns.—  Square 
piano.    See  pianoforte  («).— Square  root,  in  arith.  and 
alg.    See  roott,  2  (g).—  Square  sail.    See  taili,  1,  and 
squaresail.—  Square  stern.    See  stern?.—  Square  to,  at 
right  angles  to. 


square 


squash 


qwrir,  <v«-«m»r  V.  tquarrir  =  Pr.^^ayVor, 
escairar,  seayrar  =  Sp.  <•«•«<«/»•«/•  =  Pg.  esqua- 
rfr«>>  =  It.»g««d»-«ce,<ML.  "ejcquailnin;  square, 
<  L.  «-,  out,  +  quadntre,  make  square/  fjf««rfm, 
a  square,  <  quadrus,  square,  four-cornered:  see 

quadrate,  faiA  ct.  gqtiare^,  a.,  square^-,  «.]    I. 

trims.    1.   To   make   square;   form  with  four 


8qua»e-«potted,  as  a  moth:  as,  the 

.  coin™,  Hide  and  seek,  i.  i-j.    <»**i  the  ajKore-qwl  rustic:  a  British  collec- 
4.  To  strut;  swagger.    [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.l     tors  use. 

As  if  some  curious  Florentine  had  trickle  them  up  to     t  JlV^tT*'!^  '  ™         ^'^ 

square  it  up  and  downe  the  streets  before  his  mistresse.  °  leP"rn"M  COHSoiini  '•'. 

«r«n«.  Quip  for  an  i  pstart  courtier.   (Dames.)  square-spotted    (skwar  spotted),  a.    Having 
To  square  away,  to  square  the  yards  for  the  purpose  of    square  spots:  used  specifically  by  British  col- 

equal  sides  and  four  right  angles-  as   to  square     keeP'"S  the  8hiP  Before  the  wind.  lectors  to  note  various  moths.     Also  squm-i- 

a  block;   speoificallv  (milit.),  to  form  into  a  S9uarel  .(skwar),  adv.     K  Wiwr«l,  O.]     Square-    spot. 
square.  HI  at  right  angles  ;  without  deviation  or  dehVo  square-stern  (skwar'stern),  «.     A  boat  with  a 

Sfctiarrf  in  full  legion  (such  command  we  had)  *T  '  aS'  tO  hit  a  PerSOn  *Vuare  On  the  head"          8(luare  8tem  '  a  Huron' 

Milton.  P.  L.,  viii.  232          He  who  can  Bit  »?«'"•««'  on  a  three-legged  stool,  he  it  is        The  boats  from  Kenosha  to  Sheboygan  are  called  iquare- 

2m        i  3  wno  has  the  wealth  and  glory.  gleni  I   W    mZfur 

.  To  shape  by  reducing  accurately  to  right  R.  L.8l&**m,  Inland  Voyage,  p.  50.  „ 

angles  and  straight  lines.  Fair  and  sauare    See  fair*  Square-sterned  (skwar'sternd),  a.    Having  a 

As  if  the  carpenter  before  he  began  to  square  his  timber  square'  (skwar  j,  ».  A  dialectal  form  of  squired  JSSS^S*  '",  SSS&S??^  b°aitS  °?rve?8els;1 
would  make  his  squire  crooked  square-built  (skwar'bilt),  «.     Having  a  shape  SQUare-toed  (skwar  tod),   a.     1.    Having  the 

Puttcnham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  129.     ^road  as  compared  with  the  heieht.  and  bound- 


Having  with  his  shears  squared,  i.  e.  cut  off  at  right  an- 
gles, the  rough  outer  edge  of  two  adjoining  sides  of  each 
board.  [Jre,  Diet.,  I.  421. 

3.  To.reduce  to  any  given  measure  or  standard; 

mold;  adjust;  regulate;  accommodate;  fit. 

Stubborn  critics,  apt,  without  a  theme 
For  depravation,  to  square  the  general  sex 
By  Cressid'a  rule.  Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  v.  2.  132. 

Why  needs  Sordello  square  his  course 
By  any  known  example?  Browning,  Sordello. 

4. 
tion  to. 


compared  with  the  height,  and  bound- 
ed by  rectilinear  rather  than  curved  lines:  as, 
a  square-built  man  or  ship. 

A  short,  square-built  old  fellow,  with  thick  bushy  hair. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  52. 

square-capt  (skwar'kap), «.     A  London  appren- 
tice :  so  called  from  the  " 


toes  square. 

His  clerical  black  gaiters,  his  somewhat  short,  strapless 
trowsers,  and  his  square  toed  shoes. 

Chai  lotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xvi. 

2.  Formal;  precise;  finical;  punctilious;  prim. 
[Bare.] 


Have  we  not  almost  all  learnt  these  expressions  of  old 
foozles,  and  uttered  them  ourselves  when  in  the  square- 
toed  state  ?  Thackeray,  Roundabout  Papers,  xi. 


square-toes  (skwar'toz),  ».    A  precise,  formal, 


e  form  of  his  cap. 
But  still  she  repli'd,  good  sir,  la-bee, 
If  ever  I  have  a  man,  square-cap  for  me.  _  __    _ 

Cleamland,  Poems  (1651).    (Hares.)  "^Id-fashioned  pers'onage. 

„..,,.„;    t  square-CUt   (skwar'kut),   a.     Cut  with  square        I  have  heard  of  an  old  square-toes  of  sixty  who  learned, 

rot.,  to  Hold  a  quaitile  position  in  rela-     cuffS)  collar,  and  (broad)  skirts  :  noting  a  style     by  study  and  intense  application,  very  satisfactorily  to 

of  coat  in  fashion  in  the  eighteenth  century.         dance.  Thackeray,  rhilip,  xv. 

Hewaslooselydressedinapurple^^tcoat,  which  Squaring  (skwar'ing),  «.    [Verbal  n.  of  square^, 
had  8een  8enrlce-  Froude,  Two  chiefs  of  Dunboy,  ii.     l'.]     The  act  of  making  square. 

'' 


Zadkiel,  Gram,  of  Astrol. ,  p.  394. 
5.  To  balance;  counterbalance;  make  even,  so 
as  to  leave  no  difference  or  balance ;  settle :  as, 
to  square  accounts. 


*"**** 


square-framed  (skwar'framd),  «. 


proportion.  ° F'uil*er,\\mthies,~i7xv~     plied  to  framing. 

They  square  up  their  bills  with  the  importers  either  with  Squarehead  (skwar^hed),  H. 
the  articles  themselves  or  with  the  money  they  receive  for 
them,  and  lay  in  their  new  stock  of  goods. 


Originally,  a  free 
emigrant;  now,  a  German  or  a  Scandinavian. 


[Slang,  Australia.] 
The  Century,  XL.  317.  square-headed  (skwar'hed'ed),  a.    Cut  off  at 


right  angles  above,  as  an  opening  or  a  figure 
with  upright  parallel  sides;  especially,  noting 
a  window  or  a  door  so  formed,  as  distinguished 
from  one  that  is  round-headed  or  arched,  or 
otherwise  formed. 

The  outer  range,  which  is  wonderfully  perfect,  while 
the  inner  arrangements  are  fearfully  ruined,  consists,  on 
the  side  towards  the  town,  of  two  rows  of  arches,  with  a 
third  story  with  square-headed  openings  above  them. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  117. 

square-leg  (skwar'leg),  n,  lu  cricket,  a  fielder 
who  stands  some  distance  to  the  batsman's  left, 
nearly  opposite  the  wicket,  to  stop  balls  that 
may  be  hit  square  across  the  field. 

1.  In  a  square  form : 
In  a  square  manner. 
(a)  Honestly;  fairly:  as,  to  deal  squarely,    (b)  Directly; 


Thick  planks  of  seasoned  wood  truly  squared, 
used  by  bookbinders  for  cutting  boards  for 
single  book-covers,  or  for  the  square  cutting  of 
paper  with  rough  edges. 

[Uaring-plow  (skwar'ing-plou),  n.    In   book- 
inding,  a  hand-tool  used  to  trim  the  edges  of 
books. 

squaring-shears  (skwar'ing-sherz),  n.  sing,  and 
pi.  1.  In  sheet-metal  work,  a  machine  for  cut- 
ting and  tracing  sheets  of  tin-plate.  It  has  an 
adjustable  table  with  a  scale  and  gage. — 2. 
In  bookbinding,  a  pivoted  knife  for  trimming 
the  edges  of  piles  of  paper  or  book-sheets. 

squarrose  (skwar'os),  a.  [<  LL.  "squarrosug, 
given  in  Festus  as  an  adj.  applied  to  persons 
whose  skin  scales  off  from  uncleanliness;  prob. 
an  error  for  squamosus,  scaly,  scurfy:  see  sqtia- 
mose.']  1.  In  bot.,  rough  with  spreading  pro- 
cesses; thickly  set  with  divergent  or  recurved, 
commonly  rigid,  bracts  or  leaves,  as  the  in- 
volucres of  various  Composites  and  the  stems  of 
some  mosses ;  of  leaves,  bracts,  etc. ,  so  disposed 
as  to  form  a  squarrose  surface.  Also  squarrous. 
— 2.  In  entom.jlaciniate  and  prominent:  noting 
a  margin  with  many  long  thin  projections  di- 


6.  To  make  angular;  bring  to  an  angular  posi- 
tion. 

With  that  I  ...  planted  myself  side  by  side  with  Mr. 
Drummle,  my  shoulders  squared  and  my  back  to  the  fire. 
Dickens,  Great  Expectations,  xliii. 
He  again  squared  his  elbows  over  his  writing. 

B.  L.  Steeenson,  An  Inland  Voyage,  Epil. 

7.  In  math.,  to  multiply  (a  number  or  quantity) 
by  itself. —  8.  To  form  into  a  polygon:  a  loose 
use  of  the  word. 

Summe  ben  6  squared,  summe  4  squared,  and  summe  3,  as 
nature  schapethe  hem.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  160. 

9.  To  make  "  square  "  or  "  all  right ":  "fix" — 
that  is,  to  make  a  corrupt  bargain  with ;  bribe ; 
suborn :  as,  to  square  a  subordinate  before  at- 
tempting a  fraud.     [Slang.] 

The  horses  he  had  "nobbled,"  the  Jockeys  "squared,"  .       „  -    f . 

the  owners  "hocussed."           Lever,  Davenport  Sana,  xi.  gt)  Equally ;  evenly  ;  Justly 

How  D—  was  squared,  and  what  he  got  for  his  not  very  3"  In.  *<«>'•>  rectangularly  or  perpendicularly  to  squarrous  (skwar  us),  a,     [<  LL.  "squarrosus: 

valuable  complicity  in  these  transactions  does  not  appear  a  part  or  margin :  as,  squarely  truncate ;  square-  see  squarrose.]     1.  In  bot.,  same  as  squarrose, 

Huxley,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXXV.  609.  ly  deflexed.  1.— 2.    In    eutom.,   irregularly  covered   with 

10.  To  find  the  equivalent  of  in  square  mea-  squareman   (skwar 'man),   n.;    pi.   sqiiaremen  scales,  which  stand  up  from  the  surface  at  va- 
sure  ;  also,  to  describe  a  square  equivalent  to  (-men)-     A  workman  who  uses  the  square;  a  nous  angles,  resembling  scurf. 

—To  square  outt,  to  arrange;  layout.  carpenter.     [Scotch.]                                              squarrulose  (skwar  o-los),  a.     [Dim.  of  squar- 

Mason,  The  squareman  follow'd  i'  the  raw,                       rose'l     In   bot->    somewhat    squarrose;    finely 

Advance  your  Pickaxe,  whilst  the  Carpenter  squares  out  And  syne  the  weavers.                                  squarrose. 

Our  new  work.               Brome,  The  Queens  Exchange,  v.  Mayne,  Siller  Gun,  p.  22.    (Jamieson.)  squarson  (skwar'sn),  n.     [<  squ(ire~)  +  (p)ar- 

To  square  the  circle.    See  problem  of  the  quadrature,  squareness  (skwar'nes),n.  The  state  or  quality    *"»•]     One  who  is  at  the  same  time  a  landed 

under  quadrattire.—lo  square  the  course  (iumt.),  to  lay  of  being  square,  in  any  sense, 

get  thedeadcyesTn^he^m^oi^iifa^fn^-V'10"'^  *°  S0,uarer  (skwar'er),  n.      [<  square^-  +  -erl.]      1. 

the  ratlines  (naut.\  to  get  the  ratlines  horizontal"™!!  One  who  squares:  as,  a  squarer  of  the  circle, 

parallel  to  one  another.— TO  square  the  yards  (naut.)  — 2f.  One  who  quarrels ;  a  contentious,  irasci- 

to  lay  the  yards  at  right  angles  with  the  vessel's  keel  by  ble  fellow, 
means  of  the  braces,  at  the  same  time  bringing  them  to  a 

horizontal  position  by  means  of  the  lifts.  Is  there  no  young  W^rer  now  that  will  make  a  voyage 

II.  intfans.  1.  To  accord ;  agree ;  fit :  as,  his  with  hlm  to  the  devl1 '             Shak"  Much  Ado'  '• l'  8i 

opinions  do  not  square  with  mine.  3-  One  who  spars ;  __a  boxer.     [Colloq.] 


proprietor  and  a  beueficed  clergyman.    [Ludi- 
crous, Eng.] 

The  death  has  lately  occurred  of  Rev.  W.  H.  Hoare,  of 
Oakfleld,  Sussex.  .  .  .  Mr.  Hoare,  it  is  said,  was  the  origi- 
nal of  the  well  known  expression,  invented  by  Bishop  Wil- 
bertorce.  Squarson,  by  wnich  he  meant  a  landed  proprie- 
tor in  holy  orders.  Living  Church,  Aug.  25, 1888. 


He  (the  Duke]  could  never  square  well  with  his  Emi-  Square-rigged  (skwar'rigd),  a.     Naiit.  .having 
:ncy  the  Cardinal.  Hmeett,  Letters,  I.  vi.  46.     the  Principal  sails  extended  by  yards  slung 


He  held  the  sacrosanct  position  of  a  squarson,  heing  at 
once  Squire  and  Parson  of  the  parish  of  Little  Wentley. 

A.  Lang,  Mark  of  Cain,  ix. 

^  to  Squarsonage  (skwar'son-aj),  n.     [<  squarson  + 

the  masts  by  the  middle,  and  not  by  gaffs,  -age.]  The  residence  of  one  who  is  at  once 
booms,  or  lateen  yards.  Thus,  a  ship,  a  bark,  squire  and  parson.  [Ludicrous,  Eng.] 

No  works  shall  find  acceptance  in  that  day  .  .  ancl  a  ^"8  are  square-rigged  vessels.     See  cut        She  left  the  gray  old  squarsonage  and  went  to  London. 

That  square  not  truly  with  the  Scripture  plan.  under  */(  i)>.  A.  Lang,  Mark  of  Cain,  ix. 

Cowper,  Charity,  1.  659.  squaresail  (skwar'sal),  n.     A  sail  horizontally  squash1  (skwosh),  v.     [An  altered  form,  con- 

2f.  To  quarrel ;  wrangle ;  take  opposing  sides,     extended  on  a  yard  slung  to  the  mast  by  the    formed  to  the  related  quash,  of  what  would 

middle,  as  distinguished  from  other  sails  which  prop,  be  *sqnatch,  <  ME.  squacchen,  squachen, 
are  extended  obliquely;  specifically,  a  square  swacchen,  <  OF.  esquachier,  escachier,  escacier, 
sail  occasionally  carried  on  the  mast  of  a  sloop,  esquacJier,  escacJier,  F.  teacher,  crush;  cf.  Sp. 
or  the  foremast  of  a  schooner-rigged  vessel,  acachar,agachar=Pg.agachar,aeacapar,re6., 
bent  to  a  yard  called  the  squaresail-yard.  squat,  cower;  <  L.  ex-,  out  (or  in  Sp.  Pg.  a-  < 


nency  thi 

There  is  no  church  whose  every  part  so  squares*  unto  my 
conscience.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Eeligio  Medici,  i.  5. 


And  when  he  gave  me  the  bishopric  of  Winchester,  he 
said  he  had  often  squared  with  me,  but  he  loved  me  never 
the  worse.  State  Trials,  Gardiner,  5  Edw.  VI.,  an.  1561. 

Are  you  such  fools 
To  square  for  this  ?     Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  1. 100. 


squash  f>878 

L.  tifl-,  to),  +  cnactare  (ML.  "coactiare),  con-  squashiness  (skwosh'i-nes),  n.     The  state  of 
strain,  force,  r'voq.  of  cogere  (pp.  coactus),  con-    being  squashy,  soft,  or  miry.     [Colloq.j 
strain,  force:  see  cogent.     Cf.  quash*,  and  see        Give  a  trifleof  strength  and  austerity  to  the  squashiness 
squat*,  quat1.]     I.    trans.    To  crush;    smash;     of  our  friend's  poetry. 

beat  or  press  into  pulp  or  a  flat  mass.    [Colloq.]  Lander,  Imag.  Conv.,  Southey  and  Forson,  ii. 

One  of  the  reapers,  approaching,  .  .  .  made  me  appre-  squash-melon  (skwosh'mel//on),   n.      Same    as 
hencl  that  with  the  next  step  I  should  be  squashed  to  death     squash  2 

SUM,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  i.  Squash-vine  (skwosh'vln),  H.  The  squash.   See 
II.    intrant,    lo  splash;  make  a  splashing    squash9. 

sound.     [Prov.  or  colloq.]  squashy  (skwosh'i),  a.  [<  squash*  +  -yi.]    Soft 

Wet  through  and  through ;  with  herfeet  squelching  and     and  wet;  miry;  muddy;  pulpy;  mushy;  watery 
squashing  in  her  shoes  whenever  she  moved.  George  EUot,lSl.  Gilfil,  xxi.      [Colloq.] 

^e,«,Uardl,mes,xi.  ^gl  (skwot),  r. ;   pret,   and  pp.  squatted  or 

squash1  (skwosh), n.     [< squash*,  v .]    1.  Some-    squat,ppr.  squatting.    [< ME. fovattmt, Wttotiwi 
thing  soft  and  easily  crushed ;  something  un-     <  OF.  esquatir,  press  down,  lay  flat,  crush,  <  as- 
npe  and  soft;  especially,  an  unripe  pea-pod.        «  L.  ex_)  +  <]lt<,tir,  quattir,  press  down,  =  It. 
Not  yet  old  enough  for  a  man,  nor  young  enough  for  a     quattare,  lie  close,  squat,  <  L.  coactare,  press 
'  •         •  • 


squattle 

much  like  the  golden  plover  (see  plover)  in  plumage,  in 
changes  of  plumage  with  season,  and  in  habits ;  but  it  is 


boy  ;  as  a  squash  is  before  'tis  a  peascod. 

Shale.,  T.  N.,  i.  5.  166. 

2.  Something  that  has  been  crushed  into  a 
soft  mass. 

It  seemed  churlish  to  pass  him  by  without  a  sign,  espe- 
cially as  he  took  on*  his  squash  of  a  hat  to  me. 

Harper's  May.,  LXXVIII.  80. 

3.  A  sudden  fall  of  a  heavy  soft  body ;  a  shock 
of  soft  bodies. 

My  fall  was  stopped  by  a  terrible  squash,  that  sounded 
louder  to  my  ears  than  the  cataract  of  Niagara. 

Su-ift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  7. 
Lemon  squash.    Bee  lemon-squash. 
squash2  (skwosh),  «.     [An  abbr.  of  squanter- 


Swiss  or  Black -bellied  Plover  (Squatarola  helvetica). 
in  full  plumage. 


together,  constrain,  force :   see  quat*,  and  cf. 
squash*.]     I.    trans.    1.   To  lay  flat;   flatten; 
crush ;  bruise.     [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 
The  foundementis  of  hillis  ben  togidir  srnyten  and  squat. 

Ki.  [2  Sam.]  xxii.8.   squatarole,  squaterole  (strwat'a-rol.  -e-rol),  «. 
(X  Squatarola.]      The  gray  or  Swiss  plover, 
Middletm,  No  Wit  like  a  Woman's,  i.  3.     Squatarola  helvetica. 

Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.]-3.  Squatina  (skwat/i-na),*.    [NL.  (Dumeril,  1806, 


larger  and  stouter,  and  may  be  distinguished  at  a  glance 
by  the  small  though  evident  hind  toe,  no  trace  of  which 
appears  in  any  species  of  Charadrius  proper. 


2.  To  compress. 

To  make  quiet.  Compare  squatting-pilt.°[PTOv. 

Eng.]— 4f.  To  quash;  annul. 

King  Edward  the  second  [said]  .  .  .  that  although  lawes 
were  squatted  in  warre,  yet  notwithstanding  they  ought 


squash,  squonter-squash,  <  Amer.  Ind.  aslcuta-  to  be  reuiued  in  peace. 

squash;  asquash,  pi.  of  asq,  raw,  green.]     The  •S(a'>t'*u«'.De8crip.ofIreland,iii.(Holinshed'sChron.,I.). 

fruit  of  an  annual  plant  of  the  gourd  kind,  be-  5.    To  put  or  set  on  the  buttocks ;  cause  to 

longing  to  one  of  several  species  of  the  genus  cower  or  crouch  close  to  the  ground:  used  re- 

Cucurbita;  also,  the  plant  itself.    The  very  uumer-  flexively. 


ous  and  divergent  varieties  of  the  cultivated  squash  are  re- 
duced by  good  authority  to  three  species  —  C.  maxima,  the 
great  or  winter  squash ;  C.  Pepo,  including  the  pumpkin 
and  also  a  large  part  of  the  ordinary  squashes ;  and  C.  mos- 
chata,  the  musky,  China,  or  Barbary  squash.  The  last  has 
a  club-shaped,  pear-shaped,  or  long  cylindrical  fruit  with 
a  glaucous-whitish  surface.  The  other  squashes  may  for 
practical  purposes  be  divided  into  summer  and  winter 
kinds.  Among  the  latter  is  the  C.  maxima,  of  which  the 
fruit  is  spheroidal  in  form  and  often  of  great  size,  some- 
times weighing  240  pounds.  A  variety  of  this  is  the  crowned 
or  turban  squash,  whose  fruit  has  a  circular  projection  at 
the  top,  the  mark  of  the  adherent  calyx-tube.  Other 
winter  squashes  are  of  moderate  size,  and  commonly  either 
narrowed  toward  the  base  into  a  neck  which  in  the  "  crook- 
necks  "  is  curved  to  one  side,  or  egg-shaped  and  pointed 
at  the  ends,  as  in  the  (Boston)  marrow,  long  a  standard  in 
America,  or  the  still  better  Hubbard  squash.  The  winter 
squash  can  be  preserved  through  the  season.  The  sum- 
mer squash  has  a  very  short  vine,  hence  sometimes  called 
bush-squash.  Its  fruit  is  smaller,  and  is  either  a  crook- 
neck  or  depressed  in  form,  somewhat  hemispherical  with 
a  scalloped  border  (seesimlin) ;  it  is  colored  yellow,  white, 
green,  or  green  and  white.  Squashes  are  more  grown  in 
America  than  elsewhere,  but  also,  especially  the  winter 


He  ...  then  squatted  himself  down,  with  his  legs  twist- 
ed under  him. 

Manryat,  Pacha  of  Many  Tales,  the  Water-Carrier. 

H.  intrans.  1.  To  sit  close  to  the  ground; 
crouch;  cower:  said  of  animals;  sit  down  upon 
the  buttocks  with  the  knees  drawn  up  or  with 


after  Aldrovandi),  <  L.  Squatina,  a  skate,  dim. 
<  squatus,  a  skate,  an  angel-fish.]  The  only 
genus  of  Squatinidee,  represented  in  most  seas. 
S.  angelus  is  the  angel-shark,  angel-fish,  monk- 
fish,  or  squat.  See  cuts  under  angel-fish  and 
pterygium. 

Jqua'tinldae  (skwa-tin'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Squa- 
tina +  -idss.]  A  family  of  somewhat  ray-like 
anarthrous  sharks,  represented  by  the  genus 
Squatina.  These  fishes  inhabit  most  seas,  and  are  of 
singular  aspect,  having  a  broad  flat  body  with  very  large 
horizontal  pectoral  flns  separated  from  the  body  by  a  nar- 
rowed part,  two  small  dorsals,  large  ventrals,  a  small  cau- 
dal, and  no  anal.  The  body  is  depressed,  the  mouth  is 
anterior,  and  the  teeth  are  conical.  The  family  is  also 
called  Jihinidx,  and  the  suborder  Jihinx  is  represented 
•"-  •"-'-  family  alone. 


The  hare  now,  after  having  squatted  two  or  three  times, 
and  been  put  up  again  as  often,  came  still  nearer. 

BudyeU,  Spectator,  No.  116. 

2.  To  settle  on  land,  especially  public  or  new 


Yankees  of  Connecticut,  those  swapping,  bar- 


gaining,  squatting  enemies  of  the  Manhattoes,  made  a  -A,,.,*  7J.       *»     -   \  c 

daring  inroad  into  this  neighborhood,  and  founded  a  col-  Squat-snipe  (skwot  snip),  «.     Same  as  CT 

ony  called  Westchester.  Irving,  Wolfert's  Roost,  i.   Squat-tag  (skwot  tag),  n.      A  game  of   t 


3.  To  settle  by  the  stern,  as  a  boat. 
troufiii 


Qual- 


,  , 

squashes,  in  continental  Europe,  and  generally  in  tern-  squat1  (skwot),  a.     [Pp.  of  squat*.  ».]     1.  Flat- 
n«r»t«  «r,n  t™m™i  ,iim.,~,    T-  a™,  ^^  «-_        6ned;   hence,  short  and  thick,  like  the  figure 

of  an  animal  squatting. 


perate  and  tropical  climates,  "in  Great  Britain  the  only 
ordinary  squash  is  the  vegetable  marrow  (see  marrow^),  or 
succade  gourd.  The  summer  squash  is  eaten  before  ma- 
turity, prepared  by  boiling.  The  winter  squash  is  boiled 
or  roasted ;  in  France  and  the  East  it  is  largely  used  in 
soups  and  ragouts,  in  America  often  made  into  pies.  It  is 
also  used  as  food  for  animals. 

Askutasquash,  their  Vine-apple,  Which  the  English 

from  them,  call  Squashes. 
Jtoyer  Willia>ns,  Key  to  Lang,  of  America  (ed.  1043),  xvi. 

[(Rhode  Isl.  Soc.  Coll.). 
Squashes,  but  more  truly  squontersquashes ;  a  kind  of 

mellon,  or  rather  gourd. 

Josselyn,  N.  E.  Rarities  (1672),  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc.,  IV.  198. 
squash3  (skwosh).  ».  [Abbr.  of  musquash  (like 

coon  from  racoon,  or  possum  from  opossum).] 

The  musquash  or  muskrat,  Fiber  zibethicus. 
The  smell  of  our  weasels,  and  ermines,  and  polecats  is 

fragrance  itself  when  compared  to  that  of  the  squash  and 

the  skink.  Goldsmith,  Hist.  Earth  (ed.  1822),  III.  94. 

squash-beetle  (skwosh'be"tl),  n.     The  striped 

cucumber-beetle,  Diabrotica  vittata,  or  a  similar 

species,  which  feeds  upon  the  squash  and  re- 
lated plants.     See  DiabroHca. 
squash-borer   (skwosh'bor"er),  n.     The  larva 

of  an  segerian  or  sesiid  moth,  Trochilium  cucur- 

bitse,  which  bores  the  stems  of  squashes  in  the 

United  States. 
squash-bug  (skwosh'bug),  n.    An  ill-smelling 

heteropterous     insect,    Anasa 

tristis,  of  the  family  Coreidie, 

found  commonly  on  the  squash 

and      other      cucufbitaceous 

plants  in  North  America.   There 

are  one  or  two  annual  generations 

and  the  bug  hibernates  as  an  adult. 

Throughout  its  life   it  feeds  upon 

the  leaves  of  these  plants,  and  is  a 

noted  pest 

squasher  (skwosh'er),  n.  [< 
squash*  +  -er*.]  One  who  or 
that  which  squashes.  [Col- 
loq.] 

squash-gourd     (skwosh '  gord),    n.      Same    as 
squash2. 


A  squat  figure,  a  harsh,  parrot-like  voice,  and  a  system- 
atically high  head-dress. 

Otorge  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  v. 

2.  Sitting  close  to  the  ground ;  crouched;  cow- 
ering ;  sitting  on  the  buttocks  with  the  knees 
drawn  up  or  with  the  legs  crossed. 

Him  there  they  found, 
Squat  like  a  toad,  close  at  the  ear  of  Eve. 

Milton,  P.  I_,  iv.  800. 

n.    [<  squat*,  v. ;  in  defs.  3  and 
It.  A  bruise  caused  by  a  fall. 
Bruises,  squats,  and  falls.  Herbert.   (Johnson.) 

Neer  or  at  the  salt-worke  there  growes  a  plant  they  call 
squatmore,  and  hath  wonderfull  vertue  for  a  squatt ;  it 
hath  a  roote  like  a  little  carrat ;  I  doe  not  heare  it  is  taken 
notice  of  by  any  herbalist. 

Aubrey's  MS.  Wilts,  p.  127.    (Hallimll.) 
In  our  Western  language  squat  is  a  bruise. 

Aubrey's  Wilts,  Royal  Soc.  MS.,  p.  127.    (HaUiwett.) 

2.  The  posture  of  one  who  or  that  which  squats. 
One  [hare]  runneth  so  fast  you  will  neuer  catch  hir,  the 

other  is  so  at  the  squat  you  can  neuer  flnde  hir. 

Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  421. 
And  every  child  hates  Shylock,  though  his  soul 
Still  sits  at  squat,  and  peeps  not  from  its  hole. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  66. 

3.  A   short,   stout  person.      [Colloq.]— 4.  A 
small  mass  or  bunch  of  ore  in  a  vein.     [Corn- 
wall, Eng.] 

squat2  (skwot),  v.  [<  Dan.  sqratte,  splash, 
spurt:  see  squander,  swaft,  swatter.]  To  splash. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

squat3  (skwot),  re.  [<  NL.  Squatina.^  The 
angel-fish,  Squatina  angelus. 


+  -oid.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Squa- 
tinidse. 

II.  n.  A  shark  of  the  family  Squatinida. 
iquatmoret,  ».  [Appar.  <  squat*,  n.,  a  bruise, 
+  more2,  a  plant.]  The  horned  poppy,  Glau- 
cium  flavum  ( G.  luteum).  See  the  second  quota- 
tion under  squat*,  n.,  1.  Britten  and  Holland. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

krielcer. 
tag  in 

a~piayer  cannot  be  touched  or  tagged 
while  squatting. 

squattage  (skwot'aj),  «.  [<  squat*  +  -age.] 
Land  leased  from  the  government  for  a  term  of 
years.  [Australia.] 

squatter^  (skwot'er),  n.  [<  squat*  +  -er*.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  squats. —  2.  One  who 
settles  on  new  land,  particularly  on  public 
land,  without  a  title.  [U.  S.] 

The  place  where  we  made  fast  was  a  wooding  station, 
owned  by  what  is  called  a  Squatter,  a  person  who,  without 
any  title  to  the  land,  or  leave  asked  or  granted,  squats  him- 
self down  and  declares  himself  the  lord  and  master  of  the 
soil  for  the  time  being.  B.  Hall,  Travels  in  N.  A.,  II.  297. 

Hence — 3.  One  who  or  that  which  assumes 
domiciliary  rights  without  a  title. 

The  country  people  disliked  the  strangers,  suspected  the 
traders,  detested  the  heretics,  and  abhorred  the  sacrile- 
gious squatters  in  the  site  of  pristine  piety  and  charity. 

ft.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvii. 

4.  One  who  obtains  from  the  government  a 
right  of  pasturage  on  moderate  terms;   also, 
any  stock-owner.     [Australia.] 

Squatters,  men  who  rent  vast  tracts  of  land  from  Govern- 
ment for  the  depasturing  of  their  flocks,  at  an  almost  nom- 
inal sum,  subject  to  a  tax  of  so  much  a  head  on  their  sheep 
and  cattle.  H.  Kingslcy,  Hillyars  and  Burtons,  xlviii. 

5.  In  ornith.,  same  as  krieker Squatter  sover- 
eignty.   See  popular  sovereignty,  under  popular. 

Squatter2  (skwot'er),  ».  i.  [A  var.  of  swatter, 
rreq.  of  swat:  see  swat2,  and  cf.  squander, 
squat"2.]  To  plunge  into  or  through  water. 
[Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Amang  the  springs, 

Awa'  ye  squatter'd,  like  a  drake, 

On  whistling  wings. 

Burns,  Address  to  the  De'il. 
A  little  callow  gosling  squattering  out  of  bounds. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  xxv. 

squatting-pill  (skwot'ing-pil),  n.    An  opiate 


Squash-bug  (Ana- 
sa  tristis),  natural 
size. 


Squatarola  (skwa-tar'6-laj,  n.      [NL.  (Cuvier,  PlU!  a  P"1  adapted  to  squat  or  quiet  a  patient. 

1817),  <  It.  dial'.   (Venetian)  squatarola,  the  [Prov-  Eng-] 

Swiss  plover.]    A  genus  of  true  plovers  which  squattle  (skwot'l),  v.  i.     [Freq.  of  squafl.]    To 

have  four  toes.    The  only  species  is  S.  helvetica,  for-  settle  down '  squat.     [Scotch.] 

merly  fri,tga  squatarola,  the  common  Swiss,  gray,  black-  Swith,  in  some  beggar's  haffet  squatOe; 

Hied,  or  bullhead  plover,  found  in  most  parts  of  the  There  ye  may  creep,  and  sprawl,  and  sprattle. 

world,  and  having  fifty  or  more  technical  names.    It  is  Burns,  To  a  Louse. 


squattocracy 

squattocracy  (skwot-ok'ra-si),  n.  [For  "sqitnf- 
ti'n)i'i'<n'/j,  <  xi/ti<ittfr*  -r-  -iimit'if  as  in  nrtxtnc- 
i-iii-i/,  etc.]  The  squatters  of  Australia  collec- 
tively; the  rich  squatters  who  are  interested 
in  pastoral  property.  [Slang,  Australia.] 

The  bloated  squattocracy  represents  Australian  Con- 
servatism.   Mrs.  Campbell- Praed,  The  Head-Station,  p.  35. 

squatty  (skwot'i),  a.  [<  squat*-  +  -i/1.]  Squat ; 
short  and  thick;  dumpy;  low-set. 

A  few  yards  away  stood  another  short,  squatty  hem- 
lock, and  I  said  my  bees  ought  to  be  there. 

J.  Burroughs,  Pepacton,  iii. 

squaw  (sk via.),  n.  [Formerly  also  squa;  <  Mass. 
Eld.  squa,  eshqua,  Narragansett  squdws,  Cree 
/.V/'HTW;  Delaware  ochqueu,  khqueu,  a  woman, 
squaw,  in  comp.  female.]  A  female  American 
Indian;  an  American  Indian  woman. 

squaw-berry  (skwa'ber'i),  n.  Same  as  squau- 
ntuskleberry. 

squaw-duck  (skwa'duk),  n.    See  duck*. 

squaw-huckleberry  (skwa'huk"l-ber-i), »».  The 
deerberry,  Vaccinium  stamineum,  a  neat  low 
bush  of  the  eastern  United  States,  with  scarcely 
edible  fruit,  but  with  pretty  racemed  flowers 
having  white  recurved  corolla  and  projecting 
yellow  stamens. 

squawk  (skwak),  r.  i.  [A  var.  of  squeak,  per- 
haps affected  by  squall2.]  To  cry  with  a  loud 
harsh  voice ;  make  a  loud  outcry,  as  a  duck  or 
other  fowl  when  frightened. 


Your  peacock  perch,  pet  post, 
To  strut  and  spread  the  tail  and  squawk  upon. 

Browning. 

squawk  (skwak),  n.  [<  squawk,  v.]  1.  A  loud, 
harsh  squeak  or  squall. 

Gerard  gave  a  little  squawk,  and  put  his  fingers  in  his 
ears.  C.  Reade,  Cloister  and  Hearth,  xxvi.  (Dairies.) 

2.  The  American  night-heron :  same  as  quawk. 

squawk-duck  (skwak'duk),  re.  The  bimacu- 
lated  duck.  See  bimaculate.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

squawker  (skwa'ker),  «.  [<  squawk  +  -er*-.] 
One  who  or  that  which  squawks.  Specifically— (a) 
A  duck-call.  Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  (b)  A  toy  consisting 
of  a  rubber  bag  tied  to  one  end  of  a  tube  which  contains 
a  tongue-piece  or  reed. 

squawking-thrush  (skwa'kiug-thrush),  re.  The 
mistlethrush.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

squawlt,  v.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  squall^. 

Squaw-man  (skwa'man),  n.  A  white  man  who 
has  married  a  squaw,  and  has  become  more  or 
less  identified  with  the  Indians  and  their  mode 
of  life :  so  called  in  contempt.  [Western  U.  S.] 

Nowadays  those  who  live  among  and  intermarry  with 
the  Indians  are  looked  down  upon  by  the  other  frontiers- 
men, who  contemptuously  term  them  squaw-men. 

T.  Jtoosevelt,  The  Century,  XXXVI.  832. 

squaw-mint  (skwa'mint),  n.  The  American 
pennyroyal,  Hedeoma  putegioides.  [Bare.] 

squawroot  (skwa'rot),  n.  1.  A  leafless  fleshy 
plant,  Conopholis  Americana,  of  the  Orobancha- 
cese,  found  in  the  eastern  United 
States.  It  grows  from  3  to  6  inches 
high,  with  the  thickness  of  a  man's 
thumb,  and  is  covered  with  fleshy 
scales  having  the  flowers  in  their 
axils,  at  length  becoming  hard.  It  is 
more  or  less  root-parasitic,  and  occurs 
in  clusters  among  fallen  leaves  in  oak- 
woods.  Also  cancer-root. 
2.  Rarely,  the  blue  cohosh, 
<  'inilfiphyllum  thalictroides. 

squaw-vine  ( skwa '  vin ) ,  n .  The 
partridge-berry,  Mitchella  re- 
pens.  [Bare.] 

squaw-weed  (skwa'wed),  n. 
Same  as  golden  ragwort  (which 
see,  under  ragwort). 

squeak  (skwek),  v.  [E.  dial,  also 
sweak;  <  Sw.  sqvaka,  croak, 
=  Norw.  skvaka,  cackle, 
=  Icel.  skvakka,  sound  like 
water  shaken 
in  a  bottle ;  an 
imitative  word, 
parallel  to  simi- 
lar forms  with- 
out initial  s — 
namely,  Sw.  qvaka  =  Dan.  qvakka,  croak,  quack, 
=  Icel.  kvaka,  twitter,  chatter,  etc. :  see  quack1. 
Cf.  squawk.]  I.  in  trans.  1.  To  utter  a  short, 
sharp,  shrill  cry,  as  a  pig  or  a  rat ;  make  a  sharp 
noise,  as  a  pipe  or  fife,  a  wheel  or  hinge  that 
needs  oiling,  or  the  sole  of  a  boot. 

The  sheeted  dead 
Did  squeak  and  gibber  in  the  Roman  streets. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1.  118. 

Beside,  'tis  known  he  could  speak  Greek 
As  naturally  as  pigs  squeak. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  i.  52. 


Squawroot  {Conopholis  Americana), 
parasitic  on  the  root  of  oak. 


5879 

2.  To  break  silence  or  secrecy;  speak  out;  turn 
informer;  "squeal";  peach.     [Slang.] 

If  he  be  obstinate,  put  a  civil  question  to  him  upon  the 
rack,  and  in/  sv/umfa,  I  warrant  him. 

Dryden,  Doll  Sebastian,  iv.  3. 

"  She  was  at  the  Kaini  of  Derncleugh,  at  Vanbeest  Brown's 
last  wake,  as  they  call  it."  .  .  .  "That's  another  breaker 
ahead,  Captain  !  Will  she  not  squeak,  think  ye  1 " 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xxxiv. 

3.  To  shirk  an  obligation,  as  the  payment  of  a 
debt.     [Slant,'.] 

II.  trans.  To  utter  with  a  squeak,  or  in  a 
squeaking  tone. 

And  that,  for  any  thing  in  Nature, 

Pigs  might  squeak  Love-Odes,  Dogs  bark  Satyr. 

Prior,  To  Fleetwood  Shepherd. 

Squeak  (skwek),  n.  [<  squi-ak,  r.]  A  short, 
sharp,  shrill  cry,  such  as  that  uttered  by  pigs  or 
mice,  or  made  by  a  wheel  or  the  hinge  of  a  door 
when  dry. 

With  many  a  deadly  grunt  and  doleful  squeak. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  1.  732. 

There  chanced  to  be  a  coquette  in  the  consort,  .  .  .  with 
a  great  many  skittish  notes  [and]  affected  squeaks. 

Addition,  Tatler,  No.  157. 

A  squeak,  or  a  narrow  squeak,  an  escape  by  the  mer- 
est chance.  [Colloq.  or  slang.  ]  —  Bubble  and  squeak. 
See  liuUi/,-1 . 

squeaker  (skwe'ker),  n.  [<  squeak  +  -er*.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  squeaks. 

Mimical  squeakers  and  bellowers. 
Eehard,  On  Aus.  to  Contempt  of  Clergy,  p.  137.   (Latham.) 

2.  A  young  bird,  as  a  pigeon,  partridge,  or 
quail ;  a  chirper ;  a  peeper ;  a  squealer. 

Mr.  Campbell  succeeded  in  bagging  220  grouse  by  even- 
ing ;  every  squeaker  was,  however,  counted. 

W.  W.  Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  535. 

3.  An   Australian    crow-shrike  of  the   genus 
Strepera,  as  S.  cuneicauda  (oftener  called  ana- 
pJionensis,  after  Temminck,  1824,  a  specific  name 
antedated  by  the  one  given  by  Vieillot  in  1816), 
mostly  of  a  grayish  color,  19  inches  long:  so 
called  from  its  cries. — 4.  One  who  confesses, 
or  turns  informer.     [Slang.] 

squeakily (skwe'ki-li),  adv.  [<  squeaky  +  -ly2.] 
With  a  thin,  squeaky  voice :  as,  to  sing  squeak- 
ily. 

squeakingly  (skwe'king-li),  adv.    In  a  squeak- 
ing manner;  with  a  squeaky  voice ;  squeakily. 
squeaklet  (skwek'let),  n.     [<  squeak  +  -let.] 
A  little  squeak.     [Affected.] 
Vehement  shrew-mouse  squeaklets. 

Carlyle.  Misc.,  III.  49.    (Dames.) 

squeaky  (skwe'ki),  a.  [<  squeak  +  -y1.]  Squeak- 
ing ;  inclined  to  squeak. 

squeal1  (skwel),  r.  i.    [<  ME.  squelen,  <  Sw.  dial. 

sqvala  =  Norw.  skvella,  squall,  squeal ;  a  var.  of 

squall'^,  <  Icel.  skvala,  squall:  see  squall^.]     1. 

To  utter  a  sharp,  shrill  cry,  or  a  succession  of 

such  cries,  as  expressive  of  pain,  fear,  anger, 

impatience,  eagerness,  or  the  like. 

She  pinched  me,  and  called  me  a  squealing  chit.  Steele. 

This  child  began  to  squeal  about  his  mother,  having 

been  petted  hitherto  ana  wont  to  get  all  he  wanted  by 

raising  his  voice  but  a  little. 

R.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  Ixix. 

2.  To  turn  informer;  peach;  "squeak."  [Slang.] 

The  first  step  of  a  prosecuting  attorney,  in  attacking  a 
criminal  conspiracy,  is  to  spread  abroad  the  rumor  that 
this,  that,  or  the  other  confederate  is  about  to  squeal;  he 
knows  that  it  will  be  but  a  few  days  before  one  or  more 
of  the  rogues  will  hurry  to  his  office  to  anticipate  the 
traitors  by  turning  State's  evidence. 

The  Century,  XXXV.  649. 

squeal1  (skwel),  re.  [<  squeal*,  v.]  A  shrill, 
sharp  cry,  more  or  less  prolonged. 

His  lengthen'd  chin,  his  turn'd-up  snout, 
His  eldritch  squeal  and  gestures. 

Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

squeal2  (skwel),  a.  [Origin  obscure.]  Infirm; 
weak.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

That  he  was  weak,  and  ould,  and  squeal, 
And  zeldom  made  a  hearty  meal. 
Wolcot  (Peter  Pindar),  Works  (ed.  1794),  I.  286.   (Halliwell.) 

squealer  (skwe'ler),  «.  [<  squeak  +  -er*.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  squeals. — 2.  One  of  sev- 
eral birds,  (a)  A  young  pigeon ;  a  squab ;  a  squeaker. 
See  cut  under  squab. 

When  ready  to  leave  the  nest  and  face  the  world  for  it- 
self, it  [a  young  pigeon]  is  a  squealer,  or,  in  market  par- 
lance, a  squab.  The  Century,  XXXII.  100. 
(b)  The  European  swift,  Cypselus  apus.   Also  jack-squealer, 
screecher.    (e)  The  American  golden  plover,  Charadrius 
dominicus.    F.  C.  Browne.    [Plymouth,  Mass.)    (d)  The 
harlequin  duck.    0.  TrumbuU,  1888.    [Maine.] 
squeamt  (skwem),  v.  i.     [A  back-formation,  < 
squeamish.]     To  be  squeamish.     [Rare.] 
This  threat  is  to  the  fools  that  squeam 
At  every  thing  of  good  esteem. 

C.  Smart,  tr.  of  Phiedrus  (1765),  p.  145. 

squeamish (skwe'mish),  n.  [Also dial,  gweamixh, 
»waimish ;  early  mod.  E.  squeimish,  squemish; 


squeeze 

a  later  form  (with  suffix  -w/i1  substituted  for 
orig.  -mix)  of  xi/it«iiiiiinx :  see  XI/IH-HIIHIIIX.  The 
sense  'apt  to  be  nauseated' may  be  due  in  part 
to  association  with  qiiahiiixh.]  1.  Hasily  dis- 
gusted or  nauseated;  hence,  fastidious;  scru- 
pulous; particular;  nice  to  excess  in  questions 
of  propriety  or  taste;  finical:  as,  a  xi/iifimiisli 
stomach;  squeamish  notions. 

Let  none  other  meaner  person  despise  learning,  nor  .  .  . 
be  any  whit  squeimixh  to  let  it  be  pnblisht  vnder  their 
names.  1'uttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  17. 

The  modern  civilized  man  is  squeamish  about  pain  to  a 
degree  which  would  have  seemed  effeminate  or  worse  to 
his  great-grandfather.  The  Century,  XXXVI.  633. 

2.  (Qualmish;  slightly  nauseated;  sickish  :  as, 
a  squnniiisli  feeling. 

The  wind  grew  high,  and  we.  being  among  the  sands, 
lay  at  anchor;  I  began  to  be  dizzy  and  squeamish. 

Pepyf,  Diary,  I.  48. 

=Syn.  1.  Dainty,  Fastidious,  etc.  (see  nice),  overnicc,  strait- 
laced. 

Squeamishly  (skwe'mish-li),  adr.  In  a  squeam- 
ish or  fastidious  manner;  with  too  much  nice- 
ness  or  daintiness. 

squeamishness  (skwe'mish-nes),  •«.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  squeamish ;  excessive  nice- 
ness  or  daintiness;  fastidiousness;  excessive 
scrupulousness. 

squeamoust  (skwe'mus),  a.  [E.  dial,  also sicai- 
mous  ;  early  mod.  E.  squemous,  skoyntose,  <  ME. 
sqttaimous,  squaymous,  sqnaymose,  skeymous, 
skoymus,  sweymous,  disdainful,  fastidious,  < 
sweme,  stceeni,  E.  dial,  sweam,  dizziness,  an  at- 
tack of  sickness:  see  sweam.  The  word  has 
now  taken  the  form  squeamish.  The  dial,  change 
of  sw-  to  squ-  (which  in  ME.  further  changes  to 
sk-)  occurs  in  many  words :  cf.  squander.]  Same 
as  squeamish. 

Thou  wert  not  skoymus  of  the  maidens  wombe. 
Te  Deum  (14th  century),  quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  4th  ser., 

[III.  181. 
But  soth  to  say  he  was  somdel  squaimous. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale. 
Thow  art  not  skoyntose  thy  fantasy  for  to  tell. 

Bale's  Kynge  Johan,  p.  11.    (Halliwell.) 

squeanH,  *>•  «•     [A  var.  of  squin.]     To  squint. 
squean2  (skwen),  ?>.  i.     [Prob.  imitative;   cf. 
squeal1.]  To  fret,  as  the  hog.  Hallmell;  Wright. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

squeasinesst  (skwe'zi-nes),  n.  Queasiness; 
qualmishness;  nausea. 

A  squeasiness  and  rising  up  of  the  heart  against  any  mean, 
vulgar,  or  mechanical  condition  of  men. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  614. 

squeasyt  (skwe'zi),  a.  [Also  squeezy;  formerly 
squeazy ;  a  var.  of  queasy  (with  intensive  *-,  as 
in  splash  for  plash'-,  squench  for  quench):  see 
queasy.]  Queasy;  qualmish;  squeamish;  scru- 
pulous. 

His  own  nice  and  squeasy  stomach,  still  weary  of  his  last 

meal,  puts  him  into  a  study  whether  he  should  eat  of  his 

best  dish  or  nothing.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  425. 

The  women  are  few  here,  squeezy  and  forma],  and  little 

skilled  in  amusing  themselves  or  other  people. 

Gray,  Letters,  I.  202. 

Squeege  (skwej),  v.  and  re.  A  dialectal  form  of 
squeeze.  Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London 
Poor,  II.  530. 

squeegee  (skwe'je),  n.  [A  form  of  squilgee,  sim- 
ulating squeege  for  squeeze.]  1.  Jfaut.,  same 
as  squilgee. —  2.  In  photog.,  a  stout  strip  of  soft 
rubber  set  longitudinally  in  a  wooden  back 
which  serves  as  a  handle,  and  beyond  which 
the  rubber  projects.  It  is  used  for  expressing  moist- 
ure from  paper  prints,  for  bringing  a  film  into  close  con- 
tact with  a  glass  or  mount,  etc.,  and  is  also  made  in  the 
form  of  a  roller  of  soft  rubber,  much  resembling  a  printers' 
inking-roller. 

squeegee  (skwe'je),  v.  t.  [<  squeegee,  «.]  To 
treat  with  a  squeegee  or  squilgee. 

A  glace  finish  may  easily  be  obtained  by  squeegeeing  the 
washed  print  on  a  polished  plate  of  hard  rubber. 

Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LX.  53. 

squeezability  (skwe-za-bil'i-ti),  «.  [<  squeeza- 
ble +  -ity  (see  -bility)"]  T/he  quality  or  state 
of  being  squeezable.  Imp.  Diet. 

squeezable  (skwe'za-bl),  a.  [<  squeeze  +  -able.] 
1.  Capable  or  admitting  of  being  squeezed ; 
compressible. —  2.  Figuratively,  capable  of  be- 
ing constrained  or  coerced :  as,  a  squeezable  gov- 
ernment. [Colloq.] 

You  are  too  versatile  and  too  squeezable;  .  .  .  you  take 
impressions  too  readily. 

Savaffe,  Reuben  Medlicott,  i.  9.    (Davits.) 

The  peace-of  mind-at  any-price  disposition  of  that  (Glad- 
stone] Cabinet  had  rendered  it  squeezable  to  any  extent. 
Lowe,  Bismarck,  II.  230. 

squeeze  (skwez),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  squeezed, 
ppr.  squeezing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sqni;e, 
squise,  E.  dial,  also  squi::en  (also  perversely 
squeege);  with  intensive  s-,  <  ME.  queisen, 


squeeze 

squeeze,  <  AS.  cieenaii,  ctcysrm,  <•«•<*<«  (in  comp. 
to-ewysan,  to-cwesan),  crush ;  of.  Sw.  qriixit, 
squeeze,  bruise;  D.  kwetseii  =  MHG.  quetz<-n, 
Q.  quetschen,  G.  dial,  quetzal,  crush,  squash, 
bruise ;  MLG.  quotient,  qiicttern,  squash, bruise ; 
Goth,  kicintjaii,  destroy;  Lith.  yniszti,  destroy.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  press  forcibly;  subject  to  strong 
pressure ;  exert  pressure  upon :  as,  to  squeeze  a 
sponge ;  hence,  to  bruise  or  crush  by  the  appli- 
cation of  pressure :  as,  to  squeeze  one's  fingers 
in  a  vise;  apply  force  or  pressure  to  for  the 
purpose  of  extracting  something :  as,  to  squeeze 
a  lemon. 

O  Phylax,  spare 

My  squeezed  Soul,  least  from  herself  she  start 
Loose,  loose  the  Buckle !  if  the  time  be  come 
That  I  must  die,  at  least  afford  me  room. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  iii.  206. 

The  people  submit  quietly  when  their  governor  squeezes 
their  purses.  Pococlce,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  151. 

The  ingredients  for  punch  were  all  in  readiness ;  but 
no  one  would  squeeze  the  oranges  till  he  came. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews,  i.  13. 

2.  To  press  in  sympathy  or  affection,  or  as  a 
silent  indication  of  interest  or  emotion:  as,  to 
squeeze  one's  hand. 

He  is  said  to  be  the  first  that  made  love  by  squeezing 
the  hand.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  109. 

With  my  left  hand  I  took  her  right  —  did  she  squeeze 
it?  I  think  she  did. 

Thackeray,  Fitz- Boodle  Papers,  Dorothea. 

3.  To  produce  or  procure  by  the  application  of 
pressure;  express;  extract:  usually  with  out: 
as,  to  squeeze  consent  from  an  official. 

Qveise  out  the  Jus.  JteKq.  Antiq.,  I.  802. 

When  day  appeared,  ...  I  began  againe  to  squise  out 
the  matter  [from  a  wound],  &  to  annoint  it  with  a  litle 
salue  which  I  had. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  146. 

He  [Canute]  xquees'd  out  of  the  English,  though  now 
his  subjects,  not  his  Enemies,  72,  some  say  82,  thousand 
pound.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vl. 

They  can  squeeze  Bourdeaux  out  of  a  sloe,  and  draw 
Champagne  from  an  apple.  Addison,  Tatler,  No.  131. 

4.  To  thrust  forcibly;  force:  with  into,  or  other 
similar  adjunct:  as,  to  squeeze  a  gown  into  a 
box. 

He  [Webster]  has  not  the  condensing  power  of  Shake- 
speare, who  squeezed  meaning  into  a  phrase  with  an  hy- 
draulic press.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  818. 

Schneider  had  provided  himself  at  the  Greenland  ports 

with  the  entire  costume  of  the  Eskimo  belle,  and,  being  a 

small  man,  was  able  to  squeeze  himself  into  the  gaiiuents. 

A.  W.  Oreely,  Arctic  Service,  p.  176. 

5.  To  harass  or  oppress  by  exactions  or  the 
like. 

The  little  officers  oppress  the  people ;  the  great  officers 
squeeze  them.  Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  171. 

The  whole  convict  system  is  a  money-making  affair; .  . . 
they  all  just  naturally  squeeze  the  convict. 

The  Century,  XL.  22L 

6.  To  obtain  a  facsimile  impression  of  on  paper, 
by  means  of  water  and  rubbing  or  beating.   See 
squeeze,  n.,  3. 

But  the  overhang  of  the  rock  makes  it  extremely  diffi- 
cult to  squeeze  satisfactorily.  Athenieum,  No.  3284,  p.  455. 

Squeezed-ln  vessel,  a  vessel  of  pottery  or  glass  whose 
form  indicates  that  it  has  been  pressed  in  on  opposite 
sides,  as  if  nipped  by  the  fingers.  It  is  a  common  form 
in  Roman  glass  bottles ;  and  many  Japanese  flasks  of  stone- 
ware also  have  this  shape. 

II.  intratts.  1.  To  press;  press,  push,  or 
force  one's  way  through  or  into  some  tight, 
narrow,  or  crowded  place ;  pass  by  pressing  or 
pushing. 

Many  a  public  minister  comes  empty  in  ;  but,  when  he 
has  crammed  his  guts,  he  is  fain  to  squeeze  hard  before  he 
can  get  off.  Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

2.  To  pass  (through  a  body)  under  the  appli- 
cation of  pressure. 

A  concave  sphere  of  gold  filled  with  water,  and  sodered 
up,  has,  upon  pressing  the  sphere  with  great  force  let  the 
water  squeeze  through  it  and  stand  all  over  its  outside  in 
multitudes  of  small  drops  like  dew,  without  bursting  or 
cracking  the  body  of  the  gold. 

Newton,  Opticks,  ii.  3,  prop.  8. 

Squeeze  (skwez),  «.  [<  squeeze,  r.]  1.  Pres- 
sure, or  an  application  of  pressure ;  a  hug  or 
embrace;  a  friendly,  sympathetic,  or  loving 
grasp :  as,  a  squeeze  of  the  hand. 

Had  a  very  affectionate  squeeze  by  the  hand,  and  a  fine 
compliment  in  a  corner.  Gray,  Letters,  I.  239. 

The  Squire  shook  him  heartily  by  the  hand,  and  con- 
gratulated him  on  his  safe  arrival  at  Headlong  Hall  The 
doctor  returned  the  squeeze,  and  assured  him  that  the 
congratulation  was  by  no  means  misapplied. 

Peacock,  Headlong  Hall,  iii. 


5880 

3.  A  cast  or  an  impression,  as  of  an  inscrip- 
tion or  a  coin,  produced  by  forcing  some  plastic 
material  into  the  hollows' or  depressions  of  the 
surface ;  especially,  such  a  facsimile  or  impres- 
sion made  by  applying  sheets  of  wet  unsized 
paper  to  the  object  to  be  copied,  and  thorough- 
ly passing  over  the  sheets  with  light  blows  of 
a  stiff  brush,  so  as  to  force  the  paper  into  every 
inequality.  The  paper,  upon  drying,  hardens,  yielding 
a  perfect  and  durable  negative,  or  reversed  copy,  of  the 
original.  This  method  is  employed  by  archaeologists  for 
securing  faithful  transcripts  of  ancient  inscriptions. 

It  is  to  him  that  we  owe  the  copies  and  squeezes  of  the 
Nabathean  inscriptions.  Contemporary  Rev.,  LJV.  302. 

Armed,  therefore,  with  a  stock  of  photographic  plates, 
and  with  the  far  more  essential  stock  of  paper  for  making 
moulds  or  squeezes  from  the  stone,  I  began  work  on  the 
temples  of  Thebes.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVII.  297. 

squeezer  (skwe'zer),  n.  [<  squeeze  +  -f>-1.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  squeezes.  Specifically— 
(a)  In  iron-working,  a  machine  eniployed  in  getting  the 
puddled  ball  into  shape,  or  shingling  it,  without  hammer- 
ing. (See  puddling.)  Squeezers  are  of  two  kinds,  recipro- 
cating and  rotary.  The  essential  feature  of  the  recipro- 
cating fonn  is  that  a  movable  arm  or  lever  works  against 
a  corresponding  fixed  jaw,  the  former  representing  the 


2.  Crush;  crowding. 

The  pah-  of  MacWhirters  journeyed  from  Tours,  . 
and,  after  four  and-twenty  hours  of  squeeze  in  the  dili- 
gence, presented  themselves  at    nightfall   at  Madame 
Smolensk's.  Thackeray,  Philip,  xxvi. 


Rotary  Squeezer. 

it,  ridged  eccentric  casing  ;  f>,  ridged  roller.  The  ball  of  metal  enters 
at ' ,  in  the  direction  shown  by  the  arrow,  and  emerges  at  e '. 

hammer,  the  latter  the  anvil,  of  the  old  method  of  shin- 
gling with  the  hammer.  In  the  rotary  squeezer  the  pud- 
dled ball  is  brought  into  shape  by  being  passed  between  a 
cast-Iron  cylinder  and  a  cylindrical  casing,  the  former 
being  placed  eccentrically  within  the  latter  so  that  the 
distance  between  their  surfaces  gradually  diminishes  in 
the  direction  of  the  rotation.  The  ball,  being  introduced 
at  the  widest  part  of  the  opening,  is  carried  forward  and 
finally  delivered  at  the  narrower  end,  reduced  in  size  and 
ready  for  rolling.  (6)  In  sheet-metal  working,  a  crimping- 
machine  for  forcing  the  tops  and  covers  of  tin  cans  over 
the  cylinders  which  form  the  sides  of  the  cans,  (c)  A 
lemon-squeezer. 

2.  pi.  A  kind  of  playing-cards  in  which  the  face- 
value  of  each  card  is  shown  in  the  upper  left- 
hand  corner,  and  can  readily  be  seen  by  squeez- 
ing the  cards  slightly  apart,  without  displaying 
the  hand — Alligator  squeezer.  Same  as  crocodile 
squeezer.—  Crocodile  squeezer,  a  peculiar  form  of  squeez- 
er, having  a  long  projecting  upper  jaw  armed  with  teeth. 
It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  iron, 
squeezing  (skwe'zing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  squeeze, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  pressing;  compression. — 2. 
That  which  is  forced  out  by  or  as  by  pressure; 
hence,  oppressive  exaction. 
The  dregs  and  squeezing!  of  the  brain. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  607. 

squeezing-box  (skwe'zing-boks),  »».  In  ceram., 
a  cylinder  of  metal,  through  an  opening  in  the 
bottom  of  which  plastic  clay  is  forced  in  a 
continuous  ribbon  of  any  desired  section,  to 
form  lugs,  handles,  etc. 

squeezyt,  a.    See  squeasy. 

squelch  (skwelch),  n.  [Formerly  also  squelsh ; 
prob.  a  var.,  with  intensive  prefix  s-,  of  E.  dial. 
qneleh,  a  blow,  bang.]  A  crushing  blow;  a 
heavy  fall.  [Colloq.] 

But  Ralpho,  who  had  now  begun 

T'  adventure  resurrection 

From  heavy  squelch,  and  had  got  up. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  ii.  933. 

squelch  (skwelch),  *>.    [See  squelch,  n.']  I.  trans. 

1.  To  crush  down;  stamp  on  as  if  squeezing 
out  something  liquid ;  put  an  end  to.   [Colloq.  J 

'Sfoot,  this  Fat  Bishop  hath  so  overlaid  me, 
So  tquelch'd  and  squeezed  me. 

Middleton,  Game  at  Chess,  v.  3. 

Here,  all  about  the  fields,  is  the  wild  carrot.  You  cut 
off  its  head,  just  before  it  seeds,  and  you  think  you  have 
squelched  it;  but  this  is  just  what  Nature  .  .  .  wanted 
you  to  do.  J.  Burroughs,  The  Century,  XIX.  688. 

2.  To  disconcert ;  discomfit;  put  down.    [Col- 
loq.] 

Luke  glanced  shamefaced  at  the  nosegay  in  his  button- 
hole, and  was  squelched. 

J.  W.  Palmer,  After  his  Kind,  p.  120. 
II.  iutrans.  To  be  crushed.     [Colloq.] 


squid 

squelet,  r.     A  Middle  English  form  of  .n/imil. 

squelert,  squeleryt,  «.  Middle  English  forms 
of  xfuller",  xi'/il/i  •>•//. 

squench  (skwench),  r.  t.  [A  var.,  with  inten- 
sive prefix  s-,  of  quench.']  To  quench.  Beau. 
mid  I'l.  [Obsolete  or  vulgar.] 

squerelt,  squerrelt,  squerrilt,  «•     Obsolete 

forms  of  xi/nii'i'i  I. 

Squeteague  (skwe-teg'),  n.  [Also  sqm •!<•<;  mini- 
tee,  squit;  of  Amer.  Ind.  origin.]  A  salt-water 
sciffinoid  fish,  ('unoscion  ret/alia  (formerly  Oto- 
lillnin  rfi/<ili.i),  also  called  weakjisli,  sea-salmon, 
aud  sea-trout  in  common  with  some  other  mem- 
bers of  the  same  genus.  It  is  silvery,  darker  above, 
with  many  irregular,  small,  d;trk  blotches  tending  to  form 
oblique  undulating  bars.  It  is  common  from  Cape  Cod 
southward,  and  is  a  valued  food-fish.  A  more  distinctly 
marked  fish  of  this  kind  is  C.  maculxtus,  the  spotted 
squeteague,  weakfish,  or  sea-trout,  of  more  southerly  dis- 
tribution. See  Cynoscion,  and  cut  under  weakfish. 

squib  (skwib),  v. ;  pret.  aud  pp.  st/uiblied,  ppr. 
ti/niltbing.  [A  var.  of  *squip,  <  ME.  sqmpptu, 
a  var.  of  swip  (ME.  swippen),  move  swiftly, 
sweep,  dash:  see  swip,  swipe.]  I.  intraus.  1. 
To  move  swiftly  and  irregularly. 

A  battered  unmarried  beau,  who  squibs  about  from  place 
to  place.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixxxviii. 

2.  [<  squib,  n.,  3.]  To  make  a  slight,  sharp  re- 
port, like  that  of  an  exploding  squib. —  3.  [< 
squib,  n.,  4.]  To  resort  to  the  use  of  squibs,  or 
petty  lampoons. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  throw  (in  or  out)  suddenly; 
explode. 

Thou  wouldst  neutr  squib  out  any  new  Salt-petre 
lestes  against  honest  Tucca. 

Dekker,  Humorous  Poet  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  I.  235). 
lie  [Mr.  Brian  Twyne]  squibs  in  this  parenthesis. 

Fuller,  Hist.  Cambridge  University,  i.  §  52. 

2.  [<  squib,  n.,  4.]  To  attack  in  squibs ;  lam- 
poon. 

squib  (skwib),  w.  [(squib,  r.]  1.  A  ball  or  tube 
filled  with  gunpowder,  sent  or  fired  swiftly 
through  the  air  or  along  the  ground,  exploding 
somewhat  like  a  rocket. 

Like  a  Squib  it  falls, 
Or  ftre-wingd  shaft,  or  sulph'ry  Powder  Balls. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  2. 
Nor  nimble  squib  is  seen  to  make  afeard 
The  gentlewomen. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  Prol. 
So  squibs  and  crackers  fly  into  the  air, 
Then.-only  breaking  with  a  noise,  they  vanish 
In  stench  and  smoke.        Ford,  Broken  Heart,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  reed,  rush,  quill,  or  roll  of  paper  filled 
with  a  priming  of  gunpowder;  a  tube  of  some 
kind  used  to  set  off  a  charge  of  gunpowder,  as 
at  the  bottom  of  a  drill-hole.  Also  called  mote, 
train,  and  match. — 3.  A  fire-cracker,  espe- 
cially one  broken  in  the  middle  so  that  when 
it  is  fired  the  charge  explodes  without  a  loud 
report. — 4.  A  petty  lampoon;  a  short  satirical 
writing  or  sketch  holding  up  a  person  or  thing 
to  ridicule. 

Allowing  that  .  .  .  [the  play]  succeeds,  there  are  a 
hundred  squibs  flying  all  abroad  to  prove  that  it  should  not 
have  succeeded.  Goldsmith,  Polite  Learning,  x. 

5f.  One  who  writes  lampoons  or  squibs;  a  petty 
satirist ;  a  paltry,  trifling  fellow. 

The  fiiuilm  are  those  who,  in  the  common  phrase  of  the 
word,  are  called  libellers,  lampooners,  and  pamphleteers. 
Steele,  Tatler,  No.  88. 
6.  A  kind  of  cheap  taffy,  made  of  treacle. 

And  there  we  had  a  shop,  too,  for  lollipops  and  squibs. 
Hood,  Lines  by  a  Schoolboy. 

squibbisb.  (skwib'ish),  a.  [<  squib  +  -is*1.] 
Flashy;  light.  T.  Mace,  Music's  Monument. 
(Davies.) 

squid  (skwid),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  1.  A 
kind  of  cuttlefish  or  calamary ;  a  dibranchiate 
cephalopod  with  ten  arms,  especially  of  the 
family  Loliaini<i?e  or  Teuthididie.  The  name  is 
most  frequently  given  to  the  small,  slender  calamaries. 
a  few  inches  long  and  with  a  caudal  fin,  which  are  much 
u«ed  as  bait,  but  is  extended  (with  or  without  a  qualifying 
term)  to  many  other  species  of  different  genera  and  fami- 
lies, some  of  which,  as  the  giant  squids,  are  the  largest 
of  cephalopods.  See  cuts  under  Architeuthis,  calamary, 
Desmoteuthis,  Lolifiiuidte,  Sepiola,  and  Spirula.  and  com* 
pare  those  under  Dibranchiata,  cuttlefish,  and  Sepia. 
2.  An  artificial  bait  or  lure  of  metal,  ivory, 
etc.,  used  in  angling  or  trolling  for  fish,  often 
simply  a  fish-hook  on  the  shank  of  which  a  mass 
of  lead  is  melted  in  cylindrical  or  tapering  form 
to  imitate  a  squid  (def.  1).— False  squids,  the  Loli- 
gopsidie. — Flying  squids,  the  Ommastrephidse.—  Giant 
squids,  the  very  large  cephalopods  of  the  genus  Archi- 
teuthis,  as  A.  harveyi  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica, among  those  called  devil  Ash.  See  cut  under  Archi- 
teut his.— Long-armed  squids,  the  Chirnteuthididse.— 
Long-finned  squids,  species  of  Lolvjinidse.  See  cut  un- 
der Loliginidee. —  Short-tinned  squids,  species  of  Om- 
mastrephes,  as  0.  illecebrosus.  common  in  New  England 
seas  and  northward,  and  a  principal  source  of  bait. 


squid 

squid  (skwid),  r.  j. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ttquiildrct,  ppr. 

m/iiidding.     [<  squid,  «.]     To  fish  with  a  squid 

or  spoon-bait. 
squidding(skwiil'ing),«.  [Verbal n. of squid,v.] 

The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  fishing  with  a  squid. 
squid-fork    (skwid'ttrk),    H.     An  instrument 

used  by  fislienneii  in  baiting  with  a  squid. 


squid-hound  (skwid'hound),  n.     Tlie  striped-  Squilla  (skwil'ii),  ». 

bass.  KOCVHX  liin'iitiix.     See  cut  under  bass. 
squid-jig  (skwid'jig),  n.     A  squid-jigger. 
squid-jigger  (skwid'jig"er),  n.      A  device  for 

catching  squids,  consisting  of   a   number  of 

hooka  soldered  together  by  the  shanks  so  that 

the  points  radiate  in  all  directions.  Itis  dragged 

or  jerked  through  the  water, 
squid-jigging  (skwid'jig"iug),  n.    The  act  of 

jigging  Cor  squids;  the  use  of  a  squid-jigger; 

squiddiug. 
squid-thrower  (skwid'thro"er),  n.    A  device, 


5881 

bulb  or  plant  of  the  same  name:  see  squill1.'] 
1.  A  stomatopodous  crustacean  of  the  genus 
X<l>iiUn  or  family  X(/i<illid;e;  a  mantis-shrimp  or 

squill-fish.  Bee  cuts  under  mantig-fhrimp  and 
Ki/nilliiia.— 2f.  An  insect  so  called  from  its  re- 
scniblance  to  the  preceding;  a  mantis.  Also 
called  sqiiilt-inxrrl. 


squint 


[NL.   (Fabricius),  <  L. 


xquittii,  xcilln,  a  prawn:   set-  «/»///'-'.]     1.   The 

representative  genus  of  Kquillidie,  containing 

such  crustaceans  as  8,  mantis,  the   common 

mantis-shrimp  or  locust-shrimp.    The  southern 

squill  of  the  United  States  is  Coronis  glabriut- 

i-nln.     See  cuts  under  utitiititt-sliriuii>  and  Squil- 

lid.r. — 2.  [(.  c.]    Same  as  squill?,  1. — 3f.  [I-  ('.]  squincyt,  «•     [A  contraction  of  ; 

Same  as  squill-,  2.  squimnici/,  quinsy.]     Quinsy. 

The  Squilla,  an  insect,  differs  but  little  from  the  llsli  shall  not  we  be  suspected  fen  the  murder, 

Huuilla.  Moufel,  Theater  of  Insects,  II.  xxxvii.  Uul  c)loke  with  a  hempen  mtuegl 

squillagee  (skwil'a-je),  n.     Same  as  squilgee. 


on  the  principle  of  the  catapult,  used  in  trolling  squillante  (skwil-lan'tc),  a.     [It.,  ppr.  of  squil-  squin-eyet,  «.     A  squinting  eye. 

to  cast  a  fishing-line  seaward.  E.  II.  Kiiii/lit.  litre,  clang,  ring.]  In  music,  ringing;  bell-like  squink  (skwingk),  f.  i.  [A  dial,  form  of  wink : 
squierH,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  squire^.  intone.  see  squint  and  «•««£.]  To  wink.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

squier-'t,  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  «/»«/•<  i.  squill-fish  (skwil'tish),  n.  A  squill,  or  some  squinny  (skwiu' i),  r.  i.  [Formerly  also  squiny  : 

squieriet,  «•  An  obsolete  spelling  of  squiry.  similar  crustacean.  seesquin.]  To  squint.  [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

squiggle  (skwig'l),  •<>.  *. ;  pret.  and  pp.  squig-  gquillian  (skwil'i-an),  a.  [=  F.  squillien;  as  i  remember  thine  eyes  well  enough.  Dost  thou  squiny 

g/cd,  ppr.  squiggling.     [Appar.  a  var.,  with  in-    L.  squilla,  squill  (see  squilft),  +  -ian.]     Of  or    at  me? 

tensive  prefix  *-,  of  "quiggle,  E.  dial,  queegle,     pertaining  to  a  squill ;  belonging  or  relating  to  gq^nt  (gkwint),  a.  and  ».     [Not  found  in  ME., 


[NL.,  <  Squilla 
-f-  -irf*.]     A  family  of  stomatopod  crustaceans, 

JOV 

Al 

XX 


a  var.  of  wiggle:  see  wiggle.]     1.  To  shake  a    the  Squillidee 
fluid  about  in  the  mouth  with  the  lips  closed.  Squillidse  (skwil'i-de),  n.  pi 
[Prov.  Bug.]  — 2.  To  move  about  like  an  eel;  A  * — :1---l!  ••* — -' 

squirm;  wriggle.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

squilert,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  sculler1*. 

squilgee  (skwil'je),  H.  [Also  squillagee,  sqmll- 
yee,  also  squeegee,  squegee  (see  squeegee) ;  origin 
obscure ;  perhaps  connected  with  swill,  smile, 
wash,  rinse;  but  the  term,  is  not  explained.] 
1.  Naut.:  (a)  An  implement  some  what  resem- 
bling a  wooden  hoe,  with  an  edge  of  india-rub- 
ber or  thick  leather,  used  to  scrape  the  water 
from  wet  decks.  (6)  A  small  swab,  (c)  A 
becket  and  toggle  used  to  confine  a  studding- 
sail  while  setting  it. — 2.  One  of  several  imple- 
ments constructed  like  the  nautical  implement 
above  defined  (1  (a)),  used  for  washing  glass, 

in  photographic  work,  etc.     See  squeegee,  2 
f-          -  -  *  — .--         -      -•     -7__;  XT,, 


XX' 


Locubt-shrimp  (Syuilla  scaMcauda),  in  longitudinal  vertical 

section. 

I-XX,  the  somites  ;  I'-XX',  their  appendages,  of  most  of  which 
the  bases  only  are  seen.  Al,  alimentary  canal ;  C,  heart ;  An,  anus ; 
T,  teison  ;  ifr,  branchiae ;  /,  penis. 


except  as  in  asquint,  askew;  appar.  an  exten- 
sion of  the  obs.  or  dial,  squin,  sqiiean,  sken, 
prob.  connected  with  D.  schuinen,  slant,  slope, 
scltuin,  slant,  sloping;  perhaps  associated  with 
E.  dial,  squink,  wink,  partly  a  var.  of  wink, 
partly  <  Sw.sw'wifca,  shrink,  flinch,  nasalized  form 
of  m'ika,  balk,  flinch,  fail ;  cf.  Dan.  svigte,  bend, 
fail,  forsake;  AS.  stcican,  escape,  avoid.  The 
history  of  the  word  is  meager,  and  the  forms 
appar.  related  are  more  or  less  involved.]  I. 
a.  1.  Looking  different  ways;  characterized 
by  non-coincidence  of  the  optic  axes;  affected 
with  strabismus :  said  of  eyes. 

Some  things  that  are  not  heard 
He  mutters  to  himselfe,  and  his  squint  eye 
Casts  towards  the  Moone,  as  should  his  wits  there  lye. 
Heywood,  Dialogues  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  VI.  190). 

2.  That  looks  or  is  directed  obliquely;  look- 


squilgee  (sk'wil'je), ».  f.    [<  squilgee,  n.]    Naut.,  tified  by  the  genus  SgHiHa,  to  which  the  «o-    ing  askance  ;  indirect;  oblique;  sinister, 

to  scrape  (the  wet   decks   of  a   ship)  with  a  g£~«l(l  «W  sometimes  restricted ;  the  man-  The  pleasure  I  shall  live  in,  and  the  freedom, 

squilgee.  tis-shrimps  or  gastrurans.    ThepseudogenusJKma 

The  washing,  swabbing,  squilgeeing,  etc. ,  lasts,  or  is  made  an(j  at  ieast  two  other  spurious  genera  were  named  from 

to  last,  until  eight  o'clock,  when  breakfast  is  ordered,  fore  i^yal  forms  of  this  family.     Other  good  genera  than 


and  aft. 


£.  U.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  100.      tne  type  are  Coronis  and  Qonodactylus.    Also  called  Squil- 


a  strap  round  a  studdingsail  while  being  set,     •  ^r'".; -•,,-;     \\;,~^  „  milliticus  soil 

squyle,  <  OF.  squille   scille    P.  squille   scille ,  ==     «^£^  kind  of  wora>8  ^^  ,„  squimiclce 

Sp.  esquila  =  Pg.  scilla  =  It.  sqmtla,<,  L,.  squu-       ,  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  m.  3. 

la,  scilla,  squill,  =  Gr.  ^Ha,  ^squill,  perhaps  J3Sl^-«MrfJ«l    „<!«_     Same  as  skimble- 

[Also  squean,  skeen, 

"3te«,'aiso  squinny,  formerly  squiny;  cf.  squint.] 
To  squint. 

As  doctors  in  their  deepest  doubts 

Stroke  up  their  foreheads  hie ; 
Or  men  amazde  their  sorrow  flouts 

By  squeaning  with  the  eye. 
Armin's  ItaRan  Taylor  and  his  Boy  (1609).    (Nares.) 

squinancet   (skwin'ans),    n.     Same  as  squin- 

ancy,  1. 
squinancyt  (skwin'an-si),  n.  [Also  contr.  squin- 

cy,  squinny;  <  T&E."squinacie,  sqwinacie,  <  OF. 

esquinancie,  squinancie,  quinsy :  see  quinsy.]    I . 

Quinsy. 

Diseases  that  be  verie  perillous :  ...  to  wit,  the  Pleu- 

resie,  Squinancie,  inflammation,   sharpe  Feuer,  or  Apo- 

pleiie.      Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577^  p.  285. 

2.  The  quinsywort. 


of  Urginea  Scilla,  or  the 
plant  itself;  the  officinal 
squill.  See  def.  2.— 2. 
Any  plant  of  the  genus 
Scilla  (which  see).  S.nutans 
is  commonly  called  bluebell,  or 
wild  hyacinth.  Thespringsquill, 
S.  vema,  and  the  autumn  squill, 
5.  autumnalis,  are  small  Euro- 
pean wild  flowers  of  no  great 
merit  in  cultivation.  The  star- 
flowered  squill,  S.  amosna,  is  a 
distinct  early  species,  the  flowers 
indigo-blue  with  largeyellowish- 
green  ovary,  less  attractive  than 
the  species  following.  The  early 
squill.  S.  b(folia,  produces  rich 
masses  of  dark-blue  flowers  very  early  in  the  spring. 


Squil 


Scilla). 

The 


Spanish  squill,  S.  Hispanica  (S."eampanvlata\  is  a  fine  spe-        .  .  _ 

--•!of  squinancy-berryt  (skwin'an-si-ber"i),  w.  bame 


Same 


cies  of  early  summer,  with  a  strong  pyramidal  raceme       _._ 

large  pendent  usually  light-blue  flowers :  also  called  Span-     as  quinsi/-berru. 

ishbluetell.  The  Italian  squill,  S.  /tajica.haspale-bluellow-  Souinancv-W0rtt  (skwin'an-si-wert),  « 

ers  with  intensely  blue  stamens.     The  pyramidal  or  Pern-  "1"*'     •""*    "~* 

vian  squill,  S.  Perv.via.im,  not  from  Peru,  but  from  the     >&  qwnsywori.  ami,,ufp  .  var    of     squTnMheTurning'oTthe  eyes'simultaneously  upward 

Mediterranean  region,  has  pale-blue  flowers  with  white  SQUinCet,  »•      [Early  mod.  b.squynce,   var.   O      ^inward,  as  jf  tryiiiK  to  look ;at  the  middle  of  one's  own 

stamens,  the  flowers  very  numerous  in  a  regular  pyramid,     squilicy,  etc.]     Same  as  sqninancy.  forehead  as  a  means  of  producing  a  hypnotic  state 

The_Siberian i  squill,  S^SMrica  (S.^mo^a^ppthomSl.         DJ8ease8  aud  8ickene89e8,  as  sgu!/nc(,s. 


Without  the  squint  eye  of  the  law  upon  me, 
Or  prating  liberty  of  tongues  that  envy ! 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iii.  1. 

I  incline  to  hope,  rather  than  fear, 
And  gladly  banish  squint  suspicion. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  413. 

Squint  quoin,  in  arch.,  an  external  oblique  angle. 

II.  n.  1.  An  affection  of  the  eyes,  consisting 
in  non-coincidence  of  the  optic  axes ;  a  squint 
eye  ;  strabismus  (which  see). 
He 's  blue  eyes,  and  not  to  be  called  a  squint,  though  a  lit- 
tle cast  he 's  certainly  got.  Hood,  The  Lost  Heir. 

2.  An  oblique  or  furtive  look;  a  furtive 
glance;  hence  (colloquially),  a  leaning,  an  in- 
clination: as,  he  had  a  decided  squint  toward 
democracy. —  3.  In  arc*.,  an  oblique  opening 
through  the  walls  of  some  old  churches,  usu- 
ally having  for 
its  object  to 
enable  a  person 
in  the  transepts 
or  aisles  to  see 
the  elevation  of 
the  host  at  the 
high  altar.  The 
usual  situation  for 
a  squint  is  on  one 
or  both  sides  of  the 
chancel  arch;  but 
they  are  also  found 
in  other  positions, 
though  always  di- 
rected toward  an 
altar.  Generally 
they  are  not  above 
a  yard  high,  and  2 

feet  wide,  but  sometimes  they  form  narrow  arches  10  or 
12  feet  in  height,  as  at  Minster-Loyel,  Oxfordshire.  The 
name  hagioscope  is  sometimes  applied  to  them.— -Braid's 


Squints,  Minster-Lovel  Church,  Oxford- 
shire, England. 

A  A,  squints ;  B  B,  transepts ;  C,  chancel : 
D,  altar. 


Sir  T.  Elyat,  The  Governour,  iii.  22. 


beria,  but  from  southem  Russia,  is  a  very  choice  small  early- 
flowering  species,  the  blossom  of  a  peculiar  porcelain-blue. 

These  are  all  hardy  except  the  pyramidal  squill.— Chinese  gquinch1    (skwinch),   n.      [A  var.   ot  sconce'.] 

squill,  a  species  of  Salla,  S.  Chinensis,  once  classed  as  fn  arcj,     a  small  arch,  or  a  series  of  arches, 

Barnardia. —  Compound  syrup  of  squill.    See  syrup.  '^-.Y...!.,/]  „..+    +\,~n-nr-n  aivrtaa  mi  amr]p    as  in  a 

Oxymel  of  squill     fteeoxumel Pancratic  squill  coroeleu  out,  tnrown  acr< 

a  variety  of  the  officinal  squill  said  to  be  milder  in  its  square  tower  to  support  the  side  of  a  supenm- 

action.— Roman  squill,  the  Roman  hyacinth,  Hyacinihus  posed  octagon.    In  Western  architecture  it  is  frequent 

Romanus,  once  classed  as  Scilla,  also  as  Bellevalia. — Wild  as  performing  the  function  of  the  Eastern  pendentive. 

squill,  the  American  wild  hyacinth,  or  eastern  camass,  Tne  application  of  the  term  may  be  due  to  the  resem- 

Camassia  (Scilla)  Fraseri.  blance  of  this  structure  to  a  corner  cupboard,  which  was 

squill'2  (skwil),  n.     [<  L.  squilla,  scilln,  a  small  also  called  squinch  or  sconce.    See  cut  in  next  column, 

fish  of  the  lobster  kind,  a  prawn,  shrimp,  so  squinch'2  (skwinch),  ».     A  dialectal  variant  of 

called  from   a  supposed  resemblance  to  the  quince. 


squint  (skwint),  v.     [<  squint,  n.]     I.   intrans. 

1.  To  look  askew,  or  with  the  eyes  differently 
directed;  look  askance. 

He  gets  a  crick  in  his  neck  oft-times  with  squinting  up 
at  windowes  and  Belconies. 

Brome,  Sparagus  Garden,  iii.  4. 

Some  can  squint  when  they  will.  Bacon. 

2.  To  be  affected  with  strabismus. —  3.  To  run 
or  be  directed  obliquely ;  have  an  indirect  refer- 
ence or  bearing. 

Not  a  period  of  this  epistle  but  tquints  towards  another 
over  against  it.  Pope. 


squint 

Not  meaning  .  .  . 

His  iik-iisuiv  m-  his  good  alone, 

But  xquiiitiii'i  partly  :it  my  own. 

Cowper,  To  Rev.  W.  Bull,  June  22, 1782. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  render  squint  or  oblique; 
affect  with  strabismus. 

Let  him  but  use 

An  unsway'd  eye,  not  squinted  with  affections. 
lleymod,  Dialogues  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  VI.  226). 
He  gives  the  web  and  the  pin,  squints  the  eye,  and  makes 
the  hare-lip.  Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 122. 

2.  To  turn,  cast,  or  direct  obliquely. 

Perkin  .  .  .  raised  his  Siege,  and  marched  to  Taunton ; 
beginning  already  to  squint  one  eye  upon  the  crowne  and 
another  upon  the  sanctuary. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII.,  p.  183. 

squillter (skwin'ter), «.  [(.squint  +  -er1.]  One 
who  squints;  a  cross-  or  squint-eyed  person. 

I  pass  over  certain  difficulties  about  double  images, 
drawn  from  the  perceptions  of  a  few  squinters. 

W.  James,  Mind,  XII.  523,  note. 

squint-eyed  (skwint'Id),  a.  1 .  Having  eyes  that 
squint;  "having  eyes  with  non-coincident  axes. 
2r!  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  I.  103. 
—  2.  Oblique;  indirect;  sinister;  malignant. 

This  is  such  a  false  and  squinteyed  praise, 
Which,  seeming  to  look  upwards  on  his  glories, 
Looks  down  upon  my  fears. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  The  Sophy.    (Latham.) 

3.  Looking  obliquely  or  by  side-glances:  as, 
squint-eyed  jealousy  or  envy. 

The  hypocrite  .  .  .  looks  squint-eyed,  aiming  at  two 
things  at  once  :  the  satisfying  his  own  lusts,  and  that  the 
world  may  not  be  aware  of  it. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  494. 

squintifegot  (skwin-ti-fe'go),  a.     [<  squint  + 
-ifego,  an  arbitrary  termination.]     Squinting. 
The  timbrel,  and  the  squintifego  maid 
Of  Isis,  awe  thee. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires,  T.  271. 

Squinting  (skwin'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  squint, 
v.]  The  act  or  habit  of  looking  asquint;  stra- 
bismus. 

squintingly  (skwin'tiug-li),  adv.  With  squint 
look;  by  side-glances. 

squint-minded  (skwint'min;!'ded),  «.     Deceit- 
ful; crooked-minded.     Vrquhart,  tr.  of  Rabe- 
lais, ii.  34.     [Rare.] 
squinyt,  v.  i.     See  squinny. 
squir  (skwer),  v.  t.  and  i.     [Also  squirr ;  a  var. 
of  *quir  for  whirr:  see  u-hirr.]     To  throw  with 
a  jerk.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

I  saw  him  squir  away  his  watch  a  considerable  way  into 
BudgeU,  Spectator,  No.  77. 
pieces  of  tile  or  flat  stones  across  ponds  or 
ke  what  are  denominated  ducks  and  drakes. 
HalUweU. 

squiralty  (skwlr'al-ti),  n.  [<  squire^  +  -ally, 
after  the  analogy  of  loyalty.]  Same  as  squire- 
archy. Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  I.  xviii. 
[Rare.] 

squirarchy,  n.  See  squirearchy. 
squire1  (skvrir),  n.  [Also  dial,  square;  early 
mod.  E.  also  squier;  <  ME.  squier,  squyer,  sqtvier, 
scivier,  swyere,  by  apheresis  from  esquire:  see 
egmrfre1.]  1.  An  esquire;  an  attendant  on  a 
knight. 

Than  tolde  Grisandolus  how  he  dide  laugh  before  the 

abbey  and  in  the  chapell,  for  the  squyer  that  hadde  smyten 

his  maister,  and  the  dyuerse  wordes  that  he  hadde  spoken. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  428. 

The  rest  are  princes,  barons,  lords,  knights,  squires, 
And  gentlemen  of  blood.          Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  8.  94. 

2.  A  gentleman  who  attends  upon  a  lady ;  an 
escort;  a  beau;  a  gallant. 

And  eke  himselfe  had  craftily  devisd 

To  be  her  Squire,  and  do  her  service  well  aguisd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  21. 

3.  A  person  not  noble  nor  a  kuight,  but  who  has 
received  a  grant  of  arms. — 4.  In  England,  a 
landed  proprietor  who  is  also  justice  of  the 
peace :  a  term  nearly  equivalent  to  lord  of  the 
manor,  as  meaning  the  holder  of  most  of  the 
land  in  any  neighborhood. —  5.  In  the  United 
States,  in  country  districts  and  towns,  a  justice 
of  the  peace,  a  local  judge,  or  other  local  dig- 
nitary: chiefly  used  as  a  title Broom-squire 

See  the  quotation. 

"Broom-squires?"  "So  we  call  in  Berkshire  squatters 
on  the  moor  who  live  by  tying  heath  into  brooms." 

Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  xiv. 

Squire  of  dames,  a  man  very  attentive  to  women  and 
much  iu  their  company. 

Marry,  there  I'm  call'd 
The  Squire  of  Dames,  or  Servant  of  the  Sex. 

Massinger,  Emperor  of  the  East,  i.  2. 
Squire  of  the  body,  a  personal  attendant,  originally  on 
a  knight,  but  later  on  a  courtezan ;  a  pimp. — Squire  of 
the  padt,  a  footpad  ;  a  highwayman. 

Sometimes  they  are  Squires  of  the  Pad,  and  now  and 
then  borrow  a  little  Money  upon  the  King's  High  Way,  to 
recruit  their  losses  at  the  Uaming  House. 

Tom  Brown,  Works  (ed.  1705). 


5882 

squire1  (skwir),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  squired,  ppr. 
Kqiiiriiii/.  [<  ME.  "squin-ii,  xqnen-n;  <  xquire1, 
«.]  1.  To  attend  and  wait  upon,  as  a  squire 
his  lord. — 2.  To  attend,  as  a  gentleman  a  lady ; 
wait  upon  or  attend  upon  in  the  manner  of  a 
squire ;  escort. 

For  he  squiereth  me  bothe  up  and  doun, 
Yet  hastow  caught  a  fals  suspeccioun. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  305. 

To  squire  women  about  for  other  folks  is  as  ungrateful 
an  employment  as  to  tell  money  for  other  folks. 

Wycherley,  Country  Wife,  iv.  3. 

squire2t,  n.    An  old  form  of  square^. 

squireage  (skwlr'aj),  «.  [<  squire1  +  -age.] 
The  untitled  landed  gentry ;  the  squires  of  a 
country  taken  collectively.  De  Morgan,  Bud- 
get of  Paradoxes,  p.  46.  [Rare.] 

squirearch  (skwlr'iirk),  n.  [<  squircarch-y.]  A 
member  of  the  squirearchy. 

Man  is  made  for  his  fellow-creatures.  I  had  long  been 
disgusted  with  the  interference  of  those  selfish  squire- 
archs.  Bulu'er,  Caxtons,  ii.  11. 

squirearchal  (skwlr'ar-kal),  a.  [<  squirearch 
+  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  squirearchy. 
Imp.  Diet. 

squirearchical  ( skwir' ar-ki-kal),  a.  [<  squire- 
arch-y  +  -ic-al.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  charac- 
teristic of  squirearchy  or  a  squirearch.  Sulwer, 
My  Novel,  i.  10. 

squirearchy  (skwir'ar-ki),  ».  [Also  squirarchy  ; 
<  squire1  +  Gr.  apx'a,  rule  (after  analogy  of 
monarchy,  etc.).]  1.  In  England,  government 
by  the  squires,  or  "country  gentlemen" — that 
is,  the  large  landed  proprietors,  most  of  whom 
are  justices  of  the  peace,  and  who,  before  the 
Reform  Bill  of  1832,  and  to  a  certain  extent  af- 
ter it,  had  great  influence  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Hence  —  2.  The  squires  themselves  col- 
lectively. 

squireen  (skwir-en'),  n.  [<  squire^  +  dim.  -een, 
common  in  Ir.  words.]  In  Ireland,  a  small 
landed  proprietor:  usually  contemptuous. 

Squireens  are  persons  who,  with  good  long  leases  or  val- 
uable farms,  possess  incomes  of  from  three  to  eight  hun- 
dred a  year,  who  keep  a  pack  of  hounds,  take  out  a  com- 
mission of  the  peace,  sometimes  before  they  can  spell  (as 
her  ladyship  said),  and  almost  always  before  they  know 
anything  of  law  or  justice.  MissEdgeworth,  Absentee,  vii. 

squirehood  (skwir'hiid),  n.  [<  squire^  +  -hood.] 
The  state  of  being  a  squire ;  the  rank  or  posi- 
tion of  a  squire.  Swift,  Letter  to  the  King  at 
Arms. 

squirelt,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  squirrel. 
squirelet  (skwir'let),  n.     [<  squire?  + -let.]    A 
petty  squire;  a  squireling.     Carlyle,  Misc.,  iii. 
56.     (Dairies.) 

Squireling  (skwir'ling),  ».  [<  squire1  +  -ling1.] 
A  petty  squire ;  a  squirelet. 

But  to-morrow,  if  we  live, 
Our  ponderous  squire  will  give 
A  grand  political  dinner 
To  half  the  squiretings  near. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xx.  2. 

Squirely  (skwir'li),  a.  [<  squire1  +  -ly1.]  Be- 
fitting or  characteristic  of  a  squire. 

One  very  fit  for  this  squirely  function. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  i.  4.    (Latham.) 

How  could  that  oligarchy  [the  Southern  states  of  the 
United  States],  with  its  squirely  tastes,  its  free  wasteful 
outdoor  life,  its  love  of  landed  property,  and  its  contempt 
for  manual  labour,  become  a  trading  community? 

The  Academy,  July  20,  1889,  p.  32. 

squireship  (skwir'ship),  n.  [<  squire1  +  -sliip.] 
Same  as  squirehood.  Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quix- 
ote, i.  4.  (Latham.) 

squiress  (skwlr'es),  n.  [<  squire1  +  -ess.]  The 
wife  of  a  squire.  Bulwer,  Pelham,  vii.  (Davits. ) 
[Colloq.,  Eng.] 

Squirm  (skwlrm).  v.  i.  [Prob.  a  var.  of  squir, 
tnrow  with  a  jerk,  influenced  by  association 
with  swarm  and  worm :  see  squir.]  1.  To  wrig- 
gle or  writhe,  as  an  eel  or  a  worm;  hence,  to 
writhe  mentally. 

You  never  need  think  you  can  turn  over  any  old  false- 
hood without  a  terrible  squirming  and  scattering  of  the 
horrid  little  population  that  dwells  under  it. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  v. 

They  [worms  in  the  pupa  state]  only  squirm  a  little 
in  a  feeble  way  now  and  then,  and  grow  stiffer,  till  they 


squirrel-fish 

squirel,  squyrellc,  xcurcl,  swerelle,  su'i/rclle,  <  OF. 
esquiret.escurel,  cscuirel,  cscurcitl.  r.sr«iv«//,  <•.«- 
I'/iricit,  F.  ecureuil  =  Pr.  fscnrul  =  Sp.  Pg.  exifui- 
lo  (cf.  It.  scojattolo,  scojatto),  <  ML.  MHtrtMM, 
xciurellus  (also,  after  Rom.,  scuri<iln.i,  xrnr<'lliux, 
escurellns,  corruptly  siroyriltun,  riroyrit/us,  cxpe- 
riolus,  asperiolus,  etc.),  dim.  of  L.  sciurus,  <  dr. 
GKiovpor,,  a  squirrel,  lit.  'shadow-tailed,'  <  onia, 
shadow,  +  o'vpa,  tail.  For  the  sense,  cf.  E.  dial. 
skuy,  a  squirrel,  lit.  'shade':  see  skug.]  1.  A 
rodent  quadruped  of  the  family  Sciuriilee  and 
genus  Sciurus,  originally  and  specifically  Sciu- 
i-n.-i  rulynriii  of  Europe.  "  Squirrels  have  pointed  ears 
and  a  long  bushy  tail ;  they  are  of  active  arboreal  habits, 
and  are  able  to  sit  up  on  their  hind  quarters  and  use  the 
fore  paws  like  hands.  S.  rulgaris,  called  in  England 
skug,  is  a  squirrel  8  or  10  inches  long  (the  tail  being  nearly 


can't  squirm  at  all,  and  then  they're  mummies,  and  that's 
the  end  of  it  till  the  butterflies  are  born. 

Mrs.  Whitney,  Leslie  Goldthwaite,  viii. 

2.  To  climb  by  wriggling;  "shin":  as,  to  S<J>M«>»I 
up  a  tree. 

squirm  (skwerm),  n.  [(squirm,  r.]  1.  A  wrig- 
gling motion,  like  that  of  a  worm  or  an  eel. — 
2.  Naut,,  a  twist  in  a  rope. 

squirr,  v.     See  squir. 

squirrel  (skwnr'el  or  skwir'el),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  squirril,  squerrel,  squirel,  squiril;  <  ME. 


European  Squirrel  (Sciurus  vulgarise. 

as  much  more),  with  an  elegant  reddish-brown  coat,  white 
below,  and  the  ears  tufted  or  penciled.  It  lives  in  trees, 
is  very  agile  and  graceful  in  its  movements,  feeds  on  all 
kinds  of  small  hard  fruits,  nests  in  a  hole,  hibernates  to 
some  extent  in  the  colder  latitudes,  and  brings  forth  usu- 
ally three  or  four  young.  It  is  readily  tamed,  and  makes 
an  interesting  pet.  The  North  American  squirrel  nearest 
to  this  one  is  the  chickaree,  or  red  squirrel,  5.  hudsonius. 
(See  cut  under  chickaree.)  The  common  gray  squirrel  of 
the  United  States  is  S.  carolinensis.  (See  cut  under  Sciu- 
rus.) Fox-  or  cat-squirrels  are  several  large  red,  gray,  or 
black  species  of  North  America.  (See  cut  under  fox- 
squirrel.)  North  America  (including  Mexico  and  Central 
America)  is  very  rich  in  squirrels;  southern  Asia  and 
Africa  are  less  rich,  while  South  America  and  Europe  have 
each  but  a  single  species  of  Sciurus  proper.  In  the  ex- 
tension of  the  name  squirrel  to  other  genera  of  the  family, 
the  species  of  Tamias,  SpermophHus,  and  Cynomys  are 
distinguished  as  ground-squirrels  or  prairie-squirrels,  and 
some  of  them  are  also  called  marmot-squirrels  (see  cuts 
under  chipmunk,  SpermophHus,  ou'l,  and  prairie-dog)', 
those  of  Sciuropterus  and  Pteromys  are  Jlying-squirrels 
(see  cuts  under  Jlying-squirrel  and  Sciuropterus).  The 
scale- tailed  squirrels  of  Africa  belong  to  a  different  family, 
Anomalurida.  (See  cut  under  Anomaluridx.)  Certain 
Australian  marsupials,  as  phalangers  or  petaurists,  which 
resemble  squirrels,  are  improperly  so  called.  (See  cut 
under  Acrobates.)  Some  Sciuridx  have  other  vernacular 
names,  as  skug,  assapan,  taguan,  jelerang,  hackee,  chick- 
aree, gopher,  sisel,  suslik,  prairie-doy,  wishtomt-ish,  etc. ; 
but  squirrel,  without  a  qualifying  term,  is  practically  con- 
fined to  the  genus  Sciurus,  all  the  many  members  of  which 
resemble  one  another  too  closely  to  be  mistaken.  See  the 
technical  names,  and  cuts  under  taguan  and  Xerus. 
2.  In  cotton-mantif.,  one  of  the  small  card-cov- 
ered rollers  used  with  the  large  roller  of  a 
carding-machine.  Also  called  urchin — Bark- 
Ing  squirrel,  the  prairie-dog :  an  early  name  of  this  ani- 
mal as  brought  to  notice  by  Lewis  and  Clarke  in  1814. — 
Burrowing  squirrel,  Lewis  and  Clarke's  name  (1814)  of 
a  prairie-dog,  or  some  related  prairie-squirrel. — Chip- 
pLng-squirrel,  the  chipmunk.— Federation  squirrel, 
the  thirteen-lined  spermophile,  or  striped  gopher:  so 
called  in  allusion  to  the  thirteen  stripes  of  the  nag  of  the 
original  States  of  the  American  Union.  5.  L.  Mitchill, 
1821.  See  cut  under  SpermophHus. — Hunt  the  squir- 
rel. See  hunt.  (See  also  Jlying-squirrel,  prairie-squirrel, 
sugar-squirrel. ) 

squirrel-bot  (skwur'el-bot),  n.  A  bot-fly,  Cu- 
titerebra  emasculator,  whose  larvse  infest  the 
genital  and  axillary  regions  of  various  squir- 
rels and  gophers  in  the  United  States,  particu- 
larly the  scrotum  and  testicles  of  the  male  of 
Tamias  striatus,  the  striped  chipmunk. 

Squirrel-corn  (skwur'el-korn),  ».  A  pretty 
spring  wild  flower,  Dielytra  (Dicentra)  Cana- 
densis,  of  eastern  North  America.  It  has  elegant 
dissected  leaves,  graceful  racemes  of  a  few  cream-colored 
heart-shaped  blossoms,  and  separate  yellow  tubers  which 
resemble  kernels  of  Indian  corn.  See  Dicentra.  Less  com- 
monly called  turkey-corn. 

squirrel-cup  (skwur'el-kup),  n.  The  hepatica 
or  liverleafl 

squirrel-fish  (skwur'el-fish),  ».  1.  Any  fish  of 
the  family  Holocentridse,  and  especially  of  the 
genus  Holocentrus.  The  numerous  species  are  re- 
markable for  the  development  of  sharp  spines  almost 
everywhere  on  the  surface  of  the  body.  The  name  refers 
to  the  noise  they  make  when  taken  out  of  the  water, 
which  suggests  the  bark  of  a  squirrel.  //.  pentacanthufiot 
the  West  Indies,  occasional  on  the  United  States  coast,  is 
chiefly  of  a  bright-red  color,  with  streaks  shining  length- 
wise; its  bright  tints  and  quick  movements  make  it  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  denizens  of  rocky  tide-pools. 
See  cut  under  Hotocentridx. 


Squirrel-hawk  {Archibuteo  femigineus) . 


squirrel-fish. 

2.  The  serrano,  Diplectrum  fasciculare,  distin- 
guished by  the  segregation  of  the  seme  at  the 
angle  of  the  preoperculum  into  two  groups. 
It  is  common  in  the  West  Indies,  and  also  along 
the  southern  United  States  coast  to  North  Caro- 
lina.— 3.  A  local  name  of  the  piniish,  Lagodoii 
rhomboides. 

squirrel-grass  (skwur'el-gras),  H.  Same  as 
squirreltail. 

squirrel-hake  (skwur'el-hak),   n.     A   gadoid 
fish,  I'hi/cis  chuss;  the  white  hake.     See  chuss, 
hake'2,  2,  and  cut  under  Phycis. 
squirrel-hawk  (skwur'el-hak),  n.     The  ferru- 
ginous rough-legged  hawk,  Archibuteo  ferrugi- 

neus,  the  larg- 
est and  hand- 
somest bird 
of  its  genus, 
found  in  Cali- 
fornia and 
most  other 
parts  of  west- 
ern North 
America  from 
British  Amer- 
ica south- 
ward :  so 
called  be- 
cause it  preys 
extensively 
upon  ground- 
squirrels  and 
related  ro- 
dents, it  is  23 
inches  long  and 
55  in  extent ; 
when  adult  the 
under  parts  are 
nearly  white, 
with  rich  chestnut  flags  barred  with  black ;  the  tail  is 
mostly  white,  clouded  with  silver-gray,  and  tinged  with 
bay;  and  the  dark  upper  parts  are  much  varied  with 
brownish  red. 

squirrel-lemur  (skwur'el-le"mer),  n.  A  lemur 
of  the  subfamily  Galagininse,  and  especially  of 
the  genus  Galago.  See  cut  under  Galago. 
squirrel-lock  (skwur'el-lok),  n.  Squirrel-fur 
from  the  under  sides  of  the  body.  In  gray 
squirrels  it  is  pale-yellow,  and  it  is  used  for 
lining  winter  gar- 
ments. 

squirrel-monkey 
(skwur'el-mung"- 
ki),  n.  One  of 
many  kinds  of 
small  South 

American  mon- 
keys with  a  long, 
bushy,  and  non- 
prehensile  tail : 
so  called  from 
their  general  as- 
pect, (a)  Any  mem- 
ber of  the  family 
Hapalidie  or  Midi- 
dse;  a  marmoset.  See 
cut  under  Hapale.  (b) 
Especially,  a  saimiri 
or  titi  of  the  genus 
Chrysothrix,  as  the 
death's-head,  C.  sciureits.  See  saimiri,  and  compare  saguin. 
squirrel-mouse  (skwur'el-mous),  n.  Same  as 
dormouse. 

squirrel-petaurist  (skwur'el-pe-ta"rist),  n.  A 
squirrel-phalanger. 

squirrel-phalanger  (skwur'el-fa-lan"jer),  ». 
An  Australian  flying-phalanger,  or  petaurist, 
as  Petaurus  (Belideus)  sciureus,  a  marsupial 
mammal  resembling  a  squirrel  in  some  re- 
spects. 

squirrel-Shrew  (skwur'el-shro),  n.  A  small 
insectivorous  mammal  of  the  family  Tupaiidse, 
as  a  banxring  or  a  pentail.  See  cuts  under 
Tupaia  and  Ptilocercus. 

Squirreltail  (skwur'el-tal),  «.  One  of  several 
grasses  of  the  genus  Hordeum.  (a)  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, H.  maritimum,  and  sometimes  H.  murinum,  the 
wall-barley,  and  U.  secalinum  (H.  pratense),  the  meadow- 
barley,  (b)  In  the  United  States,  chiefly  H.  jubatum,  but 
in  California  also  H.  murinum,  there  naturalized  and,  as 
elsewhere,  a  pest,  infesting  wool,  also  the  throats,  etc.,  of 
animals,  with  its  long  barbed  awns. 
squirt  (skwert),  v.  [E.  dial,  also  swirt;  perhaps 
<  LG.  swirtjen,  squirt.  The  equiv.  verb  squitter 
ca,n  hardly  be  connected.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  eject 
with  suddenness  and  force  in  a  jet  or  rapid 
stream  from  a  narrow  orifice :  as,  to  squirt 
water  in  one's  face. 

The  hard-featured  miscreant  .  .  .  coolly  rolled  his  to- 
bacco in  his  cheek  and  squirted  the  juice  into  the  flre-grate. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xxxiii. 
2.  To  spatter  or  bespatter. 


Squirrel-monkey  {Chrysothrix 
sciureus). 


5883 

They  know  I  dare 

To  spurn  or  baffle  them,  or  Kquirt  their  eyes 
With  ink.  B.  Jonson,  Apol.  to  Poetaster. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  issue  suddenly  in  a  thiu 
jet  or  jet-like  stream,  as  from  a  syringe,  or  a 
narrow  orifice  suddenly  opened;  spurt. 

The  oars  seemed  to  lash  the  water  savagely,  like  a  con- 
nected row  of  swords,  and  the  spray  squirted  at  each  vi- 
cious stroke.  C.  Rea.de,  Hard  Cash,  i. 

2f.  To  prate;  blab.  [Old  slang.]— squirting 
Cucumber.  See  Ecballium. 

squirt  (skwert),  n.  [<  squirt,  v.]  1.  An  in- 
strument with  which  a  liquid  may  be  ejected 
in  a  strong  jet-like  stream ;  a  syringe. 

His  weapons  are  a  pin  to  scratch  and  a  squirt  to  be- 
spatter. Pope. 

2.  A  small  jet:  as,  a  squirt  of  water. —  3.  A 
system  of  motion  of  a  fluid,  where  the  motion 
is  everywhere  irrotational,  and  where  there  is 
no  expansion  except  at  isolated  points. —  4. 
Looseness  of  the  bowels;  diarrhea.  [Low.] 
—  5.  A  small,  insignificant,  but  self-assertive 
fellow;  an  upstart;  a  cad.  [Colloq.] —  6.  A 
hasty  start  or  spurt.  [Colloq.] 

How  different  from  the  rash  jerks  and  hare-brain'd 
squirts  thou  art  wont,  Tristram,  to  transact  it  with  in 
other  humours — dropping  thy  pen,  spurting  thy  ink  about 
thy  table  and  thy  books.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  Ui.  28. 

7.  A  sea-squirt;  an  ascidian  or  tunicaiy. 

squirter  (skwer'ter),  n.  [<  squirt  +  -«•!.]  One 
who  or  that  which  squirts.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Poet 
at  the  Breakfast-Table,  v. 

squirt-gun  (skwert'guu),  n,  A  kind  of  squirter 
or  syringe  used  as  a  toy  by  boys. 

squiry  (skwlr'i),  ».  [<  ME.  squierie,  <  OF. 
esquirie,  escuierie,  escuyerie,  escuerie,  escurie,  < 
escuier,  a  squire :  see  squire1.]  If.  A  number 
of  squires  or  attendants  collectively.  Bob.  of 
Brunne,  Chronicles. — 2.  The  whole  body  of 
landed  gentry. 

squit  (skwit),  n.     Same  as  squeteague. 

sqilitch  (skwich),  n.    A  variant  of  quitch2. 

squitee  (skwi-te'),  n.     Same  as  squeteague. 

SQUOb.     See  squab1,  squab?. 

squorget,  ».     [ME.;  origin  obscure.]     A  shoot. 

The  squorges  [tr.  L.  flagilla  for  flagetta}  hie  and  graffes  from 
the  folde.      Pailadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  65. 

squuncket,  n.  An  early  spelling  of  skunk. 
W.  Wood,  1634. 

squyncet,  »•     See  squince. 

sqw-.   A  Middle  English  fashion  of  writing  squ-. 

Sr.    A  contraction  of  senior:  as,  John  Smith,  Sr. 

Sr.     In  chem.,  the  symbol  for  strontium. 

sradha,  shraddha  (srad'ha,  shrad'ha),  n.  [Skt. 
craddha,  <  craddha,  faith!]  A  Hindu  funeral 
ceremony  in  honor  of  a  deceased  ancestor,  at 
which  food  is  offered,  and  gifts  are  made  to 
Brahmans. 

SS.     A  Middle  English  form  of  sli. 

SS-.  A  Middle  English  fashion  of  writing  ini- 
tial s-. 

SS.  An  abbreviation:  (a)  of  saints;  (b)  [I.  c.] 
of  scilicet  (common  in  legal  documents). 

S.  S.  An  abbreviation:  (a)  of  Sunday-school; 
(b)  of  steamship,  also  of  screw  steamship. 

S.  S.  E.     An  abbreviation  of  south-southeast. 

ssh.  A  common  Middle  English  form  of  sch, 
now  sh. 

S.  S.  W.     An  abbreviation  of  south-southwest. 

St.  An  abbreviation:  (a)  [cap.]  of  saint;  (b) 
leap,  or  1.  c.]  of  street;  (c)  [cap.  or  I.  e.]  of  strait; 
(d)  of  stanza;  (e)  of  stet;  (/)  of  statute. 

'at,  interj.     Same  as  hist1. 

-St1.     See  -estl. 

-St2.    See  -esft. 

Stab  (stab),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stabbed,  ppr.  stab- 
bing. [<  WE.*stabben  (found  in  the  noun);  per- 
haps <  Ir.  Gael,  stob,  thrust,  push,  stab,  fix  a 
stake  in  the  ground,  <  stob,  a  stake,  pointed 
iron  or  stick,  stub;  cf.  staff.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
puncture,  pierce,  or  wound  with  or  as  with 
a  pointed  weapon,  especially  with  a  knife  or 
dagger. 

I  fear  I  wrong  the  honourable  men 
Whose  daggers  have  stabb'd  Casar. 

Shak.,  3.  C.,  iii.  2.  157. 

He  was  not  to  be  torn  in  pieces  by  a  mob,  or  stabbed  in 
the  back  by  an  assassin.  Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

2.  To  thrust  or  plunge,  as  a  pointed  weapon. 
[Bare.] 

If  we  should  recount 
Our  baleful  news,  .  .  . 
Stab  poniards  in  our  flesh  till  all  were  told, 
The  words  would  add  more  anguish  than  the  wounds. 
Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1.  98. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  pierce  or  penetrate;  inflict 
keen  or  severe  pain  upon ;  injure  secretly,  as 
by  slander  or  malicious  falsehoods:  as,  to  stab 


stabilitate 

one  in  the  back  (that  is,  to  slander  one  behind 
his  back). 

Her  silence  stabbed  his  conscience  through  and  through. 
Lowell,  A  Legend  of  Brittany,  ii.  24. 

4.  In  masonry,  to  pick  (a  brick  wall)  so  as  to 
make  it  rough,  and  thereby  afford  a  hold  for 
plaster — To  stab  armst.  Seearmi.— To  stab  out,  to 
cut  a  continuous  incision  in  with  a  sharp  edge  like  that 
of  a  chisel,  by  making  one  cut  in  line  with  and  in  continu- 
ation of  another,  the  first  guiding  the  second,  and  so  on. 
II.  intraHs.  1.  To  :iim  a  blow  with  a  dagger 
or  other  pointed  weapon,  either  literally  or  fig- 
uratively: as,  to  stab  at  a  person. 

None  shall  dare 
With  shortened  sword  to  xtab  in  closer  war. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  iii.  509. 

2.  To  wound;  be  extremely  cutting. 

She  speaks  poniards,  and  every  word  stabs. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1.  255. 

Stab  (stab),  n.  [<  stab,  v.~\  1.  A  thrust  or  blow 
with  the  point  of  a  weapon,  especially  a  dag- 
ger. 

Hee  neuer  reuengeth  with  lesse  than  the  stab. 

Nashe,  Pierce  Penilesse,  p.  25. 

To  fall  beneath  a  base  assassin's  stab. 

Rowe,  Ambitious  Step-Mother,  il.  2. 

2.  A  wound  made  with  a  sharp-pointed  weapon. 

His  gash'd  stalls  look'd  like  a  breach  in  nature 
For  ruin's  wasteful  entrance. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3.  119. 

3.  A  wound  given  in  the  dark;  a  treacherous 
injury. 

This  sudden  stab  of  rancour  I  misdoubt. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  2.  89. 

Stabat  Mater  (sta'bat  ma'ter).  [So  called  from 
the  first  words  of  the  Latin  text,  Stabat  mater, 
'The  mother  (sc.  of  Jesus)  was  standing':  L. 
stabat,  3d  pers.  sing,  imperf .  ind.  of  stare,  stand 
(see  stand) ;  mater  =  Gr.  fif/rrip  =  E.  mother:  see 
mother.']  1.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  liturgy,  a  se- 
quence on  the  Virgin  Mary  at  the  crucifixion, 
written  about  1300  by  Jacobus  de  Benedictis 
(Jacopone  da  Todi).  It  has  also  been  ascribed  to 
Innocent  III.  and  others,  and  was  probably  modeled  on 
older  hymns  such  as  the  staurotheotokia  of  the  Greek 
Church.  It  is  sung  after  the  Epistle  on  the  Feasts  of  the 
Seven  Dolours  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  on  the  Friday 
before  Good  Friday  and  on  the  third  Sunday  in  September. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  sequence.  Famous 
examples  have  been  written  by  Palestrina,  Per- 
golesi,  Rossini,  Dvorak,  and  others. 

stabber  (stab'er),  n.  [<  stab  +  -eri.]  1.  One 
who  stabs;  one  who  murders  by  stabbing. 

A  lurking,  waylaying  coward,  and  a  stabber  in  the  dark. 
Dennis  (?),  True  Character  of  Mr.  Pope  (1716). 

2.  A  pricker,  (a)  Kaut.,  a  three-cornered  awl  used 
by  sailmakers  to  make  holes  in  canvas,  (b)  A  leather- 
workers'  pegging-awl,  (c)  An  awl  used  in  needlework  to 
make  holes  for  eyelets. 

stabbing  (stab'ing),n.  [Verbal  n.  of  stab,  v.~]  In 
bookbinding,  the  making  of  perforations  in  the 
inner  margins  of  pamphlets  for  the  insertion  of 
binding-thread  or  wire.  Also  called,  in  Eng- 
land, holing. 

stabbingly  (stab'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  stabbing 
manner;  with  intent  to  do  an  act  of  secret 
malice. 

Stabbing-machine  (stab'ing-ma-shen"),  n.  In 
bookbinding,  a  machine  for  perforating  the  in- 
ner margins  of  gathered  pamphlets  by  means 
of  stout  steel  needles  operated  by  a  treadle. 

Stabbing-press  (stab'ing-pres),  «.  In  bookbind- 
ing, same  as  stabbing-machine. 

stabelyt,  adv.     An  old  spelling  of  stably. 

Stabilify  (sta-bil'i-fl),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sta- 
bilijied,  ppr.  stabilifying.  [<  L.  stabilis,  stead- 
fast, steady  (see  stable*),  +  facere,  make.]  To 
render  stable,  fixed,  or  firm ;  establish.  [Rare.] 

Render  solid  and  Stabilify  mankind. 

Browning.    {Imp.  Diet.) 

stabilimentt  (sta-bil'i-ment),  n.  [<  L.  stabili- 
mentum,  a  stay,  support,  '<C  stabilire,  make  firm, 
fix:  see  stable^,  v.]  1.  Stablishment;  estab- 
lishment. [Kare.] 

If  the  apostolate,  in  the  first  stabUiment,  was  this  emi- 
nency  of  power,  then  it  must  be  so. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  II.  32. 
2.  Support;  prop.     [Rare.] 

They  serve  for  stabiliment,  propagation,  and  shade. 

Derham. 

stabilisation,  stabilise.  See  stabilization,  sta- 
bilize. 

Stabilitate  (sta-bil'i-tat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  stabili- 
ta(t-)s,  steadfastness,  firmness  (see  stability),  + 
-ate2.]  To  make  stable;  establish. 

The  soul  about  it  self  circumgyrates 
Her  various  forms,  and  what  she  most  doth  love 
She  oft  before  her  self  stabilitates. 

Dr.  H.  More,  I'sychathanasia,  I.  ii.  43. 


stabilitate 

The  work  reserved  for  him  who  shall  come  to  stabUitate 
our  empire  in  thu  East,  if  ever  he  conies  at  all. 

W.  U.  Kussell,  Diary  in  India,  I.  180. 

Stability  (sta-bil'i-ti),  «.  [In  ME.  stabiltc,  sta- 
blete;  <  OF.  stablete,  F.  stabilite  =  Sp.  eshtbili- 
ilnil  =  Pg.  fstabilidade  =  It.  stabilita,  <  L.  sta- 
liililii(t-)n,  firmness,  steadfastness,  <  stabilis, 
firm,  steadfast:  sets  stable2.]  1.  The  state  or 
property  of  beiug  stable  or  firm;  strength  to 
stand  and  resist  overthrow  or  change ;  stable- 
ness;  firmness:  as,  the  stability  of  a  building, 
of  a  government,  or  of  a  system. 

Take  myn  herte  in-to  thl  ward, 
And  sette  thou  me  in  etabiUe .' 

Hymns  to  Vinjin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  26. 
What  I  see  in  England,  in  America,  in  Switzerland,  is 
stability,  the  power  to  make  changes,  when  change  is  need- 
ed, without  pulling  the  whole  political  fabric  down  on  the 
heads  of  the  reformers. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  396. 

2.  Steadiness  or  firmness,  as  of  purpose  or  reso- 
lution; fixity  of  character;  steadfastness:  the 
opposite  of  fickleness  and  inconstancy. 

The  natural  generation  and  process  of  all  things  receiv- 
eth  order  of  proceeding  from  the  settled  stability  of  divine 
understanding.  [looker,  Eccles.  Polity,  i.  3. 

3.  Fixedness,  as  opposed  to  fluidity. 
Fluidness  and  stability  are  contrary  qualities.        Boyle. 

4.  Continuance  in  the  same  state;  permanence; 
specifically,  an  additional  or  fourth  vow  of  con- 
tinuance in  the  same  profession,  and  residence 
for  life  in  the  same  monastery,  imposed  upon 
monks  by  the  Benedictine  rule. — 5.  That  char- 
acter of  equilibrium,  or  of  a  body  in  equilibrium, 
in  virtue  of  which,  if  the  position  is  disturbed, 
it  tends  to  be  restored.    The  term  is  especially  used 
in  this  sense  with  reference  to  ships  and  floating  bodies, 
in  which  the  distance  of  the  center  of  gravity  below  the 
metacenter  is  the  measure  of  the  stability.    This  may  be 
considered  as  the  difference  between  the  distance  of  the 
center  of  flotation  from  the  metacenter,  called  the  stabili- 
ty of  figure,  and  the  distance  of  the  center  of  gravity  from 
the  metauenter,  called  the  stability  of  load.   The  stability 
under  sail  is  also  considered.— Moment  of  stability. 
See  moment.  =  SyiL  1  and  2.  Immobility,  permanence.  See 
stable*. 

stabilization  (stab"il-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  stabilize 
+  -ation.]  The  act  of  rendering  stable;  stab- 
lishment.  Also  spelled  stabilisation. 

The  transformation  of  "  stable  "  matter  into  "unstable  " 
that  takes  place  during  the  assimilation  of  food  is  neces- 
sary, because,  during  the  activity  of  the  organism,  forces 
are  constantly  becoming  "fixed,  and  with  this  "fixation 
of  force  "  goes  "  the  stabilisation  of  matter." 

Hind,  XII.  602. 

stabilize  (stab'il-iz),  <•'•  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stabil- 
ized, ppr.  stabilizing.  [<  L.  stabilis,  firm  (see 
stable*),  +  -ize.]  To  render  stable.  Also  spelled 
stabilise. 

A  written  literature,  the  habit  of  recording  and  reading, 
the  prevalence  of  actual  instruction,  work  yet  more  pow- 
erfully in  the  same  direction  :  and  when  such  forces  have 
reached  the  degree  of  strength  which  they  show  in  our 
modern  enlightened  communities,  they  fairly  dominate 
the  history  of  speech.  The  language  is  stabilized,  espe- 
cially as  regards  all  those  alterations  which  proceed  from 
inaccuracy.  Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  158. 

Stabiltet,  ><•    A  Middle  English  form  of  stability. 

Stable1  (sta'bl),  ».  [<  ME.  stable,  stabul,  <  OF. 
estable,  F.  etable  =  Pr.  estable  =  Sp.  establo  = 
Pg.  estabulo  =  It.  stabbio,  a  stable,  stall,  <  L. 
stabulum,  a  standing-place,  abode,  habitation, 
usually  in  the  particular  senses,  an  inclosure 
for  animals,  as  for  cows  (a  stall),  sheep  (a  fold), 
birds  (an  aviary),  bees  (a  beehive),  etc.,  also 
poet,  a  flock,  herd,  also  a  public  house,  tavern; 
<  stare,  stand:  see  stand.  Cf.  stall*.  The  word 
exists  also  in  constable.]  1.  A  building  or  an 
inclosure  in  which  horses,  cattle,  and  other 
domestic  animals  are  lodged,  and  which  is  fur- 
nished with  stalls,  troughs,  racks,  and  bins  to 
contain  their  food  and  necessary  equipments ; 
in  a  restricted  sense,  such  a  building  for  horses 
and  cows  only;  in  a  still  narrower  and  now  the 
most  usual  sense,  such  a  building  for  horses 
only. 

And  undre  theise  Stages  ben  Stables  wel  y  vowted  for 
the  Emperours  Hors.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  17. 

The  chambrcs  and  the  stables  weren  wyde, 
And  wel  we  weren  esed  atte  beste. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  29. 

If  your  husband  have  stables  enough,  you'll  see  he  shall 
lack  no  barns.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  4.  48. 

2.  In  racing  slang,  the  horses  belonging  to  a 
particular  racing  stable.-  Augean  stable.  See  Au- 
gean. 

stable1  (sta'bl),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stabled,  ppr. 
stabling.  [<  ME.  stablen,  <  OF.  establer,  <  L. 
stabulare,  lodge,  house,  stable,  in  pass,  be 
lodged,  stable,  kennel,  roost,  <  stabulum,  an 
abode,  stable:  see  stable1,  ».]  I.  trans.  To  put 
or  keep  in  a  stable,  as  horses. 


5884 

F.lizer  was  besy  to  serue  sir  Gawein  and  stable  Gringalet, 

and  helped  him  to  vn-arme.    Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  5S5. 

Here,  stable  me  these  steeds,  and  see  them  well  bedded. 

Scott,  Monastery,  xiv. 

II.  iHtrans.  To  dwell  or  lodge  in  or  as  in  a 

stable,  as  beasts. 

In  their  palaces, 

Where  luxury  late  reign'd,  sea-monsters  whelp'd 
And  stabled.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  752. 

stable2  (sta'bl).  11.  [<  ME.  stable,  <  OF.  utalili; 
estable,  F.  stable  =  .Sp.  (-stable  =  PR.  i-starel  = 
It.  stabile,  <  L.  stabilis,  firm,  steadfast,  <  xturr. 
stand:  see  stand.']  1.  Firm;  firmly  fixed,  set- 
tled, or  established;  that  cannot  be  easily 
moved,  shaken,  or  overthrown;  steadfast:  as, 
a  viable  structure;  a  stable  government. 

But  the  gode  Cristene  men  that  ben  stable  in  the  Feythe 
entren  welle  withouten  perile.  Mantteville,  Travels,  p.  282. 

That  all  States  should  be  stable  in  proportion  as  they 
are  Just,  and  in  proportion  as  they  administer  justly,  is 
what  might  be  asserted.  ft.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  1«2. 

2.  Fixed;  steady;  constant;  permanent. 

Withe  stable  Eye  loke  vpone  theym  rihte. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  S. 

I  have  a  stable  Home-Employment  proffered  me  by  my 
Lord  Scroop,  Lord  President  of  the  North. 

Howefl,  Letters,  I.  iv.  26. 

3.  Fixed  or  firm  in  resolution  or  purpose  ;  not 
wavering,  fickle,  or  easily  diverted  :  as,  a  man 
of  stable  character;  also  formerly,  in  a  bad  sense, 
obstinate  ;  pertinacious. 

Stable  and  abydyng  yn  malyce,  pervicax,  pertinax. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  471. 

Stable  equilibrium,  flotation,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Durable,  Permanent,  etc.  Hee  lasting. 
stable2t  (sta'bl),  v.  [<  ME.  stablen,  stabelen, 
stabullen,  <  OF.  establir,  F.  etablir  =  OSp.  es- 
tablir  =  It.  stabilire,  <  L.  stabilire,  make  firm 
or  steadfast,  establish,  confirm,  cause  to  rest,  < 
stabilis,  firm,  steadfast:  see  stable'^,  a.  Cf.  stab- 
lish,  establish.'}  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  stable; 
establish;  ordain. 

Be  hit  ordeynyd  and  stablyd  by  the  M.  and  Wardens. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  p.  328. 

This  book  bore  this  title,  Articles  devised  by  the  King's 
highness  to  stable  Christian  quietness  and  unity  among 
the  people.  Strype,  Abp.  Cranmer,  L  12. 

2.  To  make  steady,  firm,  or  sure  ;  support. 
When  thou  ministers  at  the  heghe  autere, 
With  bothe  hondes  thou  serue  tho  prest  in  fere, 
The  ton  to  stabutte  the  tother 
Lest  thou  fayle,  my  dere  brother. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  304. 

3f.  To  fix  or  hold  fast,  as  in  mire  ;  mire  ;  stall. 
When  they  the  peril  that  do  not  forecast 
In  the  stlfl*  mud  are  quickly  stabled  fast. 

Drayton,  Moon-Calf. 

II.  iHtrans.  To  stand  firm;  be  confirmed. 
Of  alegeaunce  now  leraeth  a  lesson  other  tweyne, 
Wher-by  it  standith  and  stablithe  moste. 

Richard  the  Reddest,  1.  10. 

stable-boy  (sta'bl-bo'i),  n.  A  boy  who  is  em- 
ployed about  a  stable. 

Stable-call  (sta'bl-kal),  n.  A  trumpet-signal 
in  the  cavalry  and  light  artillery  services,  to 
assemble  the  troop  or  battery  for  the  purpose 
of  watering  and  grooming  the  horses  ;  hence, 
the  assembling  of  a  troop  for  this  purpose. 

Will  you  go  down  to  stable-call  and  pick  out  a  mount? 
The  Century,  XXXVII.  900. 

Stable-fly  (sta'bl-fli),  M.  1.  The  biting  house- 
fly, Stomoiys  calcitrans,  common  to  Europe  and 
North  America.  It  much  resembles  thecommon  house- 
fly, ilusca  domestica,  but  bites  severely  and  is  often  very 
troublesome.  As  it  enters  houses  before  storms,  it  has 
given  rise  to  the  expression  "flies  bite  before  a  storm." 
2.  Another  fly,  Cyrtoneura  stabulans,  common 
to  Europe  and  North  America. 

stablelyt,  adr.  A  Middle  English  form  of  sta- 
bly. 

Stable-man  (sta'bl-man),  n.  A  man  who  at- 
tends in  a  stable  ;  an  ostler  ;  a  groom. 

stableness  (sta'bl-nes),  «.  [<  ME.  stablenesse, 
stabilnes,  stabulnesse;  <  stable2  +  -ness.]  The 
state,  character,  or  property  of  being  stable,  in 
any  sense  of  the  word. 

Stabler  (sta'bler),  n.  [<  ME.  stabler,  stabyller, 
<  OF.  stablier  =  Sp.  establero,  a  stable-boy,  < 
L.  stabularius,  a  stable-boy,  also  a  host,  a  tav- 
erner,  landlord,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  a  sta- 
ble or  to  a  public  house,  <  stabulum,  a  stable, 
a  public  house  :  see  stable*.]  A  person  who 
stables  horses,  or  furnishes  accommodations 
and  food  for  them. 

There  came  a  man  to  the  stabler  (so  they  call  the  peo- 
ple at  Edinburgh  that  take  in  horses  to  keep),  and  wanted 
to  know  if  he  could  hear  of  any  returned  horses  for  Eng- 
land. Defoe,  Col.  Jack,  p.  240.  (Davits.) 


Stable-room  (sta'bl-r6m),  ». 
ble  ;  room  for  stables. 


Room  in  a  sta- 


Stachydese 

Stable-stand  (sta'bl-stand),  «.  In  old  KHI/.  lair, 
the  position  of  a  man  who  is  found  at  his  place 
in  the  forest  with  a  crossbow  bent,  or  with  a 
long-bow,  ready  to  let  fly  at  a  deer,  or  standing 
near  a  tree  with  greyhounds  in  a  leash  ready 
to  slip.  This  is  one  of  the  four  presumptions 
that  a  man  intends  stealing  the  king's  deer. 

stabletet,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  sta- 
bility. 

stabling  (sta'bling),  «.  [Verbal  u.  of  stable1,  c.J 
1.  The  act  of  putting  horses  or  other  beasts 
into  a  stable. —  2.  Stable  accommodation: 
shelter  for  horses  and  other  beasts ;  stables. 

Her  terrour  once  on  AfrkV  tawny  shore, 
N'ow  smok'd  in  dust,  a  stubliiuj  now  for  wolves. 

Thomson,  Liberty,  iii.  372. 

The  villas  look  dreary  and  lonesome,  .  .  .  with  their 
high  garden  walls,  their  long,  low  piles  of  stabliiuj,  mid 
the  paasee  indecency  of  their  nymphs  and  fauns. 

llowells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

Stablish  (stab'lish),  D.  t.  [<  ME.  xtaulis<-licn. 
stablisslicn,  stablixxni,  <  OF.  fstabliss-,  stem  of 
certain  parts  of  cxtahlir,  F.  t'tablir,  <  L.  stabi- 
lire,  make  firm  or  steadfast:  see  stable^,  v .  Cf. 
establish.]  To  make  stable  or  firm;  establish; 
setup;  ordain.  [Archaic.) 

Devyne  thowht  .  .  .  stablijssyth  many  inanere  gyses  to 
thinges  that  ben  to  done.  Chattcer,  Boethius,  iv.  prose  ti. 
To  stop  effusion  of  our  Christian  blood, 
And  stablish  quietness  on  every  side. 

Shalt.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1.  10. 

Let  a  man  stablish  himself  in  those  courses  he  approves. 
Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser. ,  p.  238. 

Stablishment  (stab'lish-ment),  n.  [<  stablisli 
+  -meiit.  Cf.  establishment.]  Establishment. 

For  stint  of  strife  and  stablishment  of  rest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  vlii.  21. 

Stably  (sta'bli),  adv.  [<  ME.  stabely,  stablely; 
<  stable1*  +  -lyV.]  In  a  stable  manner;  firmly; 
fixedly;  securely. 

God  disponith  in  his  purvyaunce  syngulerly  and  stable- 
ly the  thinges  that  ben  to  done. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  iv.  prose  6. 

Thay  saide  a  sterne,  with  lemys  bright, 
Owte  of  the  Best  shulde  stabely  staude. 

York  Plays,  p.  126. 

stabulationt  (stab-u-la'shou),  «.  [<  L.  *fa&«- 
latio(n-),  a  place  where  cattle  are  housed,  < 
stabulari,  pp.  stabulatus,  stable,  lodge:  see 
stable!,  f.]  1.  The  act  of  stabling  beasts. — 2. 
A  place  or  room  for  stabling  beasts. 

stabwortt  (stab'wert),  n.  The  wood-sorrel, 
Oxalis  Acetosella  :  so  called  as  being  considered 
good  for  wounds. 

stabyllet.  A  Middle  English  form  of  stable^, 
stable*. 

stacca  (stak'a),  ».  A  Welsh  dry  measure,  equal 
to  three  Winchester  bushels. 

Staccatissimo  (stak-ka-tis'i-mo),  a.  [It.,  superl. 
of  staccato,  detached:  see  staccato.]  In  music, 
very  staccato. 

staccato  (stak-ka'to),  a.  [<  It.  staccato,  pp.  of 
staccare,  for  distaccare,  separate,  detach:  see 
detach.]  In  music,  detached;  disconnected; 
abrupt ;  separated  from  one  another  by  slight 
pauses:  used  both  of  single  tones  in  a  melody 
and  of  chords :  opposed  to  legato.  Three  grades  of 
staccato  are  sometimes  recognized— the  slightest  being 
marked  by  dots  over  or  under  the  notes  with  a  sweeping 
curve  (a),  the  next  by  dots  without  the  curve  (6),  and 
the  greatest  by  pointed  strokes  instead  of  dots  (c).  In  each 

rTr.    rrr»    'r  t  r* 

case  something  is  subtracted  from  the  duration  of  each 
note,  and  given  to  a  rest  or  silence.  On  keyboard  instru- 
ments like  the  pianoforte  and  organ,  a  staccato  effect  is  pro- 
duced by  a  variation  of  the  usual  touch  in  the  action  either 
of  theflngers,  of  the  wrist,  orof  the  forearm ;  in  bow-instru- 
ments like  the  violin,  by  an  abrupt  detached  motion  of 
the  bow,  or  by  a  springing  bow ;  in  wind-instruments, 
by  stopping  the  mouthpiece  with  the  tongue  (sometimes 
called  tonyuing) ;  and  in  the  voice,  either  by  a  detached 
action  of  the  breath  or  by  a  closing  of  the  glottis.  The 
word  is  also  used  sometimes  to  note  an  abrupt  emphatic 
style  of  speaking  or  writing.— Staccato  mark,  in  musi- 
cal notation,  a  dot  or  pointed  stroke  added  over  or  under  a 
note  to  indicate  a  staccato  rendering.  —  Staccato  touch, 
in  playing  the  pianoforte  or  organ,  a  touch  designed  to 
produce  a  clear  and  musical  staccato  effect. 

stacher  (stach'er),  v.  i.  A  Scotch  form  of 
stacker1. 

Stachydese  (sta-kid'e-e),n.  pi.  [NL.  (Bentham, 
1836),  <  Stacliys  (assumed  stem  Stachyd-)  + 
-eee.]  A  tribe  of  gamopetalous  plants,  of  the  or- 
der Labiatae.  It  is  characterized  by  a  five-  or  ten-nerved 
or  -veined  calyx,  a  corolla  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  con- 
cave, and  commonly  galeate  or  arched,  the  lower  lip  three- 
cleft  and  spreading,  four  perfect  ascending  or  included  sta- 
mens, with  thefonvard  pair  longer,  and  a  four-parted  ovary 
forming  in  fruit  four  dry  nutlets  fixed  by  a  small  basal 
or  slightly  oblique  scar.  It  includes  3fi  genera  (of  which 
Stachys  is  the  type),  classed  in  the  subtribes  Scntellarieff, 


Stachydeae 

M<>/ittete,  Marrubiex,  and  Lainiex;  other  important  gen- 
era are  Physostegin,  Brunella  (Prunella),  Phlomis.  Sideri- 
tig,  Bolivia,  Galeopsis,  Lamium,  Leonurus,  and  Moluccella. 
See  cut  under  self-heal. 

Stachys  (stfl'kis),  ».  [XL.  (Rivinus,  1690),  < 
L.  stachys,  <  Or.  ara^vc,  a  plant,  woundvvort, 
Stacli/i.t  tin-ri/fiin,  so  called  from  the  spiked 
flowers;  a  particular  use  of  ardxve,  an  ear 
of  corn,  a  spike,  in  gen.  a  plant.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  of  the  order  Lalriatse,  type  of  the 
tribe  Stachi/dae.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with 
the  five  calyx-teeth  equal  or  the  posterior  larger,  the 
corolla-tube  somewhat  cylindrical  and  either  included  in 
or  exserted  from  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  usually  entire 
and  arched,  the  anther-cells  usually  diverging,  and  the 
ovary  forming  nutlets  which  are  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
the  top.  Over  200  species  have  been  described,  of  which 
about  170  are  now  thought  to  be  distinct.  They  are  wide- 
ly dispersed  through  the  temperate  zones,  occur  within 
the  tropics  on  mountains,  and  extend  in  a  few  cases  into 
frigid  and  subalpine  regions.  They  are  lacking  in  Aus- 
tralia and  New  Zealand,  and  nearly  so  in  Chili  and  in 
South  Africa.  Sixteen  species  occur  in  the  United  States ; 
5  are  eastern,  of  which  S.  aspera  is  the  most  common, 
and  S.  palustris  the  most  widely  diffused.  Several  spe- 
cies, especially  S.  sylvatica  of  Europe,  are  known  as  hedge- 
nettle,  and  several  others  as  woundwort,  particularly  S. 
Germanica.  For  S.  Betonica  see  betony,  and  for  S.  palus- 
trie  see  clown-fieal.  Several  species  are  occasionally  cul- 
tivated for  ornament,  as  S.  lanata,  a  woolly-leafed  plant 
much  used  for  edgings.  S.  affmis  (S.  tubertfera),  an  escu- 
lent recently  introduced  from  Japan,  cultivated  in  France 
under  the  name  of  crosnes,  produces  numerous  small  white 
tubers  which  may  be  eaten  boiled  or  fried  or  prepared  as 
a  preserve.  The  tubers  are  said  to  decay  rapidly  if  ex- 
posed to  the  air,  and  are  kept  in  the  ground  or  packed 
in  sand ;  their  taste  is  compared  to  that  of  the  sweet  po- 
tato, followed  by  a  peculiar  piquant  flavor. 

Stachytarpheta  (stak"i-tar-fe'ta),  n.  [NL. 
(Vahl,  1804),  so  called  from  the  thick  flower- 
spikes  ;  prob.  an  error  for  "Stachytarpheia,  <  Gr. 
ord^t/f ,  a  spike,  +  rap<f>tt6r,  thick,  dense,  <  rptyuv, 
thicken.]  A  genus  of  gamopetalous  plants,  of 
the  order  Verbenaceas  and  tribe  Verbenese.  it  is 
characterized  by  sessile  spiked  flowers  with  a  narrow  five- 
ribbed  five-nerved  calyx,  a  corolla  with  five  spreading  lobes, 
two  perfect  stamens  with  divaricate  anther-cells,  and  a 
two-celled  ovary  ripening  into  two  hard  dry  oblong  or 
linear  one-seeded  nutlets.  There  are  about  45  species,  na- 
tives of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  with  one  species, 
S.  Indica,  also  dispersed  through  tropical  Africa  and  Asia. 
They  are  herbs  or  shrubs  bearing  opposite  or  alternate 
toothed  and  commonly  rugose  leaves.  The  flowers  are 
white,  blue,  purple,  or  scarlet,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
bracts,  and  sessile  or  half-immersed  in  the  axis  of  the 
more  or  less  densely  crowded  terminal  spikes.  The  spe- 
cies are  sometimes  called  bastard  or  false  vermin.  S. 
Jamaicensis  (now  identified  with  S.  Indica)  is  the  gervao 
(which  see),  from  its  use  sometimes  called  Brazilian 
tea.  This  and  other  species,  as  S.  mvtabilis,  a  handsome 
ever-blooming  shrub,  are  occasionally  cultivated  under 
glass. 

Stack1  (stak),  n.  [<  ME.  stack,  stacke,  stakke, 
stale,  stae,  <  Icel.  stakkr,  a  stack  of  hay  (of. 
stakka,  a  stump),  =  Sw.  stack  =  Dan.  stak,  a 
stack,  pile  of  hay;  allied  to  stake1,  and  ult. 
from  the  root  of  stick1.  Hence  staggard2."]  1. 
A  pile  of  grain  in  the  sheaf,  or  of  hay,  straw, 
pease,  etc.,  gathered  into  a  circular  or  rectangu- 
lar form,  often,  when  of  large  size,  coming  to  a 
point  or  ridge  at  the  top,  and  thatched  to  pro- 
tect it  from  the  weather. 

The  whole  prairie  was  covered  with  yellow  wheat  stacks. 
Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVIII.  581. 

2.  A  pile  of  sticks,  billets,  poles,  or  cordwood ; 
formerly,  also,  a  pyre,  or  burial  pile. 

Against  every  pillar  was  a  itack  of  billets  above  a  man's 
height,  which  the  watermen  that  bring  wood  down  the 
Seine  .  .  .  laid  there.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  249. 

3.  A  pile  or  group  of  other  objects  in  orderly 
position,    (a)  In  printing,  a  flat  pile  of  paper,  printed 
or  unprinted,  in  a  press-room  or  bindery,    (b)  Mttit.,  the 

Syramidal  group  formed  by  a  number  of  muskets  with 
xed  bayonets  when  stacked,    (c)  In  paper-making,  four 
or  more  calendering-rolls  in  position,    (d)  In  libraries,  a 
set  of  book-shelves  one  above  the  other,  whether  placed 
against  a  wall  or  standing  in  the  middle  of  a  room. 

4.  A  number  of  funnels  or  chimneys  standing 
together. —  5.  A  single  chimney  or  passage- 
way for  smoke ;  the  chimney  or  funnel  of  a 
locomotive  or  steam-vessel:  also  called  smoke- 
stack.    See  cuts  under  passenger-engine  and 
puddling-furnace. — 6.   A  high  detached  rock; 
a  columnar  rock :  a  precipitous  rock  rising  out 
of  the  sea.    The  use  of  the  word  stack  with  this  mean- 
ing is  very  common  on  the  coast  of  Scotland  and  the  adja- 
cent islands  (especially  the  Orkneys),  and  is  almost  exclu- 
sively limited  to  that  region. 

Here  [in  Shetland]  also,  near  200  yards  from  the  shore, 
stands  the  Stack  of  Snalda,  a  grand  perpendicular  column 
of  rock,  at  least  sixty,  but  more  probably  eighty,  feet  high, 
on  the  summit  of  which  the  eagle  has  annually  nested 
from  time  immemorial.  Shirref,  Shetland,  p.  5. 

7.  A  customary  unit  of  volume  for  fire-wood 
and  coal,  generally  4  cubic  yards  (108  cubic 
feet).      The  three-quarter  stack  in  parts  of 
Derbyshire  is  said  to  be  105  or  106  cubic  feet. — 

8.  )>l.  A  large  quantity;  "lots":  as,  stacks  of 
money.     [Slang.]  =Syn"  1.  Shock,  etc.    Seeshea/i. 


5885 

stack1  (stak),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  stakken  (=  Sw.  starka 
=  Dan.  stakke),  stack;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To 
pile  or  build  in  the  form  of  a  stack ;  make  into  a 
regularly  formed  pile:  as,  to  stack  grain. 

Your  hay  is  well  brought  in,  and  better  stacked  than 
usual.  Swift,  To  Dr.  Sheridan,  Sept.  1«,  17i".. 

2.  To  make  up  (cards)  in  a  designed  manner, 
so  as  to  secure  an  unfair  advantage;  pack. — 
To  Stack  arms,  to  stand  together  muskets  or  rifles  with 
fixed  bayonets  in  definite  numbers,  as  four  or  six  together, 
so  that  they  form  a  tent-shaped  group. 

stack2  (stak).  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  pret- 
erit of  stick1  (and  sticlft). 

Stackage  (stak'aj),  n.  [<  stackl  +  -age.'}  1. 
Grain,  hay,  etc.,  put  up  in  stacks.  [Rare.] 
i M/>.  Diet. — 2.  A  tax  on  things  stacked.  l>»i>. 
Diet. 

stack-borer  (stak'bor'er),  n.  An  instrument 
for  piercing  stacks  of  hay,  to  admit  air,  where 
the  nay  is  in  danger  of  damage  from  heating. 

stacken-cloudt  (stak'n-kloud),  n.  A  cumulus 
cloud. 

The  rapid  formation  and  disappearance  of  small  cumuli 
is  a  process  constantly  going  on  in  particular  kinds  of 
weather.  These  little  stacken-clouds  seem  to  form  out  of 
the  atmosphere,  and  to  be  resolved  again  as  rapidly  into 
it.  Forgter,  Atmospheric  Phenomena,  p.  58. 

stacker1  (stak'er),  v.  i.  [Sc.  also  stakker,  stack- 
er; <  ME.  stakercn,  also  stakelcn,  <  Icel.  stakra, 
push,  stagger,  freq.  of  staka,  push,  punt;  cf. 
stjaka,  punt,  push  with  a  stake  (stjaki,  a  punt- 
pole),  =  Dan.  stage  =  Sw.  staka,  push,  punt  with 
a  stake,  =  MD.  staken,  slacken,  set  stakes,  dam 
up  with  stakes,  give  up  work,  =  E.  stake1 :  see 
stake1,  v.  Doublet  of  stagger.']  1.  To  stagger. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

She  rist  her  up,  and  stakereth  heer  and  ther. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2687. 

2t.  To  stammer.     Prompt.  Pare.,  p.  471. 

Stacker2  (stak'er),  n.  [<  stocfr1  +  -er1.]  An 
attachment  to  a  threshing-machine  for  raising 
and  delivering  the  straw  from  the  machine, 
either  upon  a  wagon  or  upon  a  stack,  it  consists 
of  an  endless-belt  elevator  running  in  a  trough  that  can 
be  placed  at  any  angle,  the  whole  being  mounted  on 
wheels,  and  connected  by  belting  with  the  thresher,  or 
with  the  engine  or  other  motor.  Also  called  straw-  or 
hay-elevator,  and  stacking-machine.  Another  form  of 
stacker  consists  of  a  portable  derrick  used  with  a  hay- 
fork, and  commonly  called  a  stocking-derrick. 

stacket  (stak'et),  n.  [<  G.  stacket,  a  palisade, 
stockade;  appar.  connected  with  stack*.]  A 
stockade.  Scott. 

Stack-funnel  (stak'fun"el),  n.  A  pyramidal 
open  frame  of  wood  in  the  center  of  a  stack. 
Its  object  is  to  allow  the  air  to  circulate  through  the  stack, 
and  prevent  the  heating  of  the  grain.  See  stack-stand. 

stack-guard  (stak'giird),  n.  A  covering  for  a 
haystack  or  rick,  whether  for  the  top  or  the  ex- 
posed side.  Sometimes  it  is  suspended  from 
posts  temporarily  set  up. 

Stackhousia  (stak-hou'si-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Sir  J. 
E.  Smith,  1798),  named  after  John  Stackhouse, 
an  English  botanist  (died  1819).]  A  genus  of 
plants,  type  of  the  order  Staekhousieee.  It  con- 
sists of  about  20  species,  all  Australian  except  2,  which 
are  natives,  one  of  New  Zealand,  the  other  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  They  are  small  herbs  with  a  perennial  her- 
baceous or  woody  rootstock,  producing  unbranched  or 
slightly  divided  flower-bearing  stems  and  alternate  linear 
or  spatulate  leaves,  which  are  entire  and  slightly  fleshy  or 
coriaceous.  The  flowers  are  white  or  yellow,  borne  in 
spikes  terminating  the  branches,  or  in  clusters  along  the 
main  stem.  Each  flower  consists  of  a  small  three-bracted 
calyx,  an  elongated  often  gamopetalous  corolla  with  five 
included  stamens,  a  thin  disk,  and  a  free  ovary  with  from 
two  to  five  styles  or  style-branches. 

Stackhousieas  (stak-hou-si'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(H.  G.  L.  Reichenbach,  1828),  <  Stackhousia  + 
-ess.']  An  order  of  plants,  of  the  polypetalous 
series  Dwcifloree  and  cohort  Celastrales.  it  is 
characterized  by  a  hemispherical  calyx-tube,  having  five 
imbricated  lobes,  five  erect  imbricated  and  often  united 
petals,  and  as  many  alternate  stamens.  From  the  related 
orders  Celastrinese  and  Rhamnacex  it  is  especially  distin- 
guished by  its  lobed  ovary,  which  is  sessile,  roundish,  and 
from  two-  to  five-celled,  and  ripens  from  two  to  five  inde- 
hiscent  globose  or  angled  one-seeded  carpels,  which  are 
smooth,  reticulated,  or  broadly  winged.  It  consists  of 
the  genus  Stackhousia  and  the  monotypic  Australian  ge- 
nus Macgregoria.  Also  Stackhousiaceee. 

Stacking-band  (stak'ing-band),  H.  A  band  or 
rope  used  in  binding  thatch  or  straw  on  a  stack. 

stacking-belt  (stak  ing-belt),  H.  Same  &s  stack- 
ing-band. 

Stacking-stage  (stak'ing-staj),  «.  A  scaffold 
or  stage  used  in  building  stacks. 

Stack-room  (stak'rom),  n.  In  libraries,  a  room 
devoted  to  stacks  of  book-shelves ;  a  book-room. 

stack-stand  (stak'stand),  n.  A  basement  of 
timber  or  masonry,  sometimes  of  iron,  raised 
on  props  and  placed  in  a  stack-yard,  on  which 
to  build  a  stack.  Its  object  is  to  keep  the  lower  part 
of  the  stack  dry,  and  exclude  vermin.  Such  stands  are 


st.uk  stand  with  Stack-funnel. 


stadholder 

more  common  in  Eu- 
ropean countries  than 
in  the  United  States. 

stack-yard  (stak'- 

yard),  H.  [<  stacJ'1 

+  yard?.  Cf.  stay- 

gard'^.]      A  yard 

or    inclosure    for 

stacks  of  hay  or 

grain, 
stacte  (stak'te), «. 

[<  L.  stacte,  stacta, 

<  Gr.    araKT-tj,    the 

oil    that    trickles 

from  fresli  myrrh 

or  cinnamon,  fern. 

of  orn/iTtif,  dropping,  oozing  out,  <  ara&iv,  drop. 

let  fall  drop  by  drop.]     One  of  the  sweet  spices 

which  composed  the  holy  incense  of  the  ancient 

Jews.    Two  kinds  have  been  described  —  one,  the  fresh 

gum  of  the  myrrh-tree,  Balsamodendron  Myrrha,  mixed 

with  water  and  squeezed  out  through  a  press ;  the  other, 

the  resin  of  the  storax,  Styrax  oj/icinale,  mixed  with  wax 

and  fat. 
Take  unto  thee  sweet  spices,  stacte,  and  onycha,  and 

galbanum.  Ex.  xxx.  34. 

stactometer  (stak-tom'e-ter),  n.  [Also  stak- 
tometer;  <  Gr.  oraicrof,  dropping,  oozing  out  (see 
stacte),  +  /icrpov,  a  measure.]  A  glass  tube  hav- 
ing a  bulb  in  the  middle,  and  tapering  to  a  fine 
orifice  at  one  end,  used  for  ascertaining  the 
number  of  drops  in  equal  bulks  of  different  li- 
quids. Also  called  stalagmometer. 

stadt.  A  Middle  English  form  of  the  past  par- 
ticiple of  stead. 

stadda  (stad'a),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  double- 
bladed  hand-saw,  used  for  cutting  comb-teeth. 
Also  called  steady. 

staddle  (stad'l),  n.  [Also  shtdle,  and  more  orig. 
stathel,  Sc.  staithle,  contr.  stail,  stale,  <  ME. 
stathel,  <  AS.  statltol,  stathul,  stathel,  a  founda- 
tion, base,  seat,  site,  position,  firmament  (=  OS. 
stadal  =  OFries.  stathul  =  MLG.  stadel  =  OHG. 
stadal,  MHG.  G.  stadel,  a  stall,  shed,  =  Icel.  stod- 
liull  =  Norw.  sto'dul,  stodul,  contr.  sto'ul,  staid, 
stoil,  still,  usually  stol,  a  milking-shed);  with 
formative  -tliol  (-die)  (akin  to  L.  stabuhtm,  a 
stable,  stall,  with  formative  -bitlum),  from  the 
root  sta  of  stand:  see  stand,  and  cf.  stead.  See 
stalwortli.]  If.  A  prop  or  support;  a  staff;  a 
crutch. 

His  weake  steps  governing 
And  aged  limbs  on  cypresse  stadle  stout. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  14. 

2.  The  frame  or  support  of  a  stack  of  hay  or 
grain;  a  stack-stancl. 

Oak  looked  under  the  staddles  and  found  a  fork. 

T.  Hardy,  Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd,  xxxvi. 

3.  A  young  or  small  tree  left  uncut  when  others 
are  cut  down. 

It  is  commonlie  scene  that  those  yoong  staddles  which 
we  leaue  standing  at  one  &  twentie  yeeres  fall  are  vsuallie 
at  the  next  sale  cut  downe  without  any  danger  of  the  stat- 
ute, and  serue  for  fire  bote,  if  it  please  the  owner  to  burne 
them. 

W.  Harrison,  Descrip.  of  England,  ii.  22.    (Holinshed.) 
At  the  edge  of  the  woods  a  rude  structure  had  been 
hastily  thrown  up,  of  gtaddles  interlaced  with  boughs. 

.  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  ii.  5. 

4.  In  agri.,  one  of  the  separate  plots  into  which 
a  cock  of  hay  is  shaken  out  for  the  purpose  of 
drying. 

staddle  (stad'l),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stacldled,  ppr. 

staddliiig.     [Also  stadle;  <  staddle,  «.]     1.  To 

leave  the  staddles  in,  as  a  wood  when  it  is  cut. 

First  see  it  well  fenced,  ere  hewers  begin, 

Then  see  it  well  studied,  without  and  within. 

Tusser,  April's  Husbandry. 

2.  To  form  into  staddles,  as  hay. 

staddle-roof  (stad'1-rof ),  n.  The  roof  or  cover- 
ing of  a  stack. 

Stade1  (stad),  11.     Same  as  stathe. 

Stade2  (stad),  n.  [In  ME.  stadie,  q.  v. ;  =  F. 
stade  =  Sp.  estadio  =  Pg.  estadio  =  It.  stadia,  < 
L.  stadium,  a  furlong:  see  stadium.]  A  furlong ; 
a  stadium. 

The  greatness  of  the  town,  by  that  we  could  Judge, 
stretcheth  in  circuit  some  forty  stadee. 

Donne,  Hist.  Septuagint  (1638),  p.  71.    (Latham.) 

stadholder  (stad'hol'der),  n.  [Also  spelled 
stadtJiolder  (=  F.  stathouder) ;  a  partial  accom- 
modation of  MD.  stadhouder,  a  deputy,  legate, 
vicar,  substitute,  lieutenant,  esp.  a  viceroy,  a 
governor  of  a  province,  esp.  in  Holland,  in  later 
use  (D.  stadhoiider  =  G.  stattnalter),  a  governor, 
a  chief  magistrate,  lit.  'stead-holder,'  lieuten- 
ant, "locum-tenens"(Kilian);  <  MD.  stad,  stede, 
D.  stede,  stfc  (=  OHG.  MHG. stat,  G. statt,  place, 
=  AS.  stede,  E.  stead,  place),  +  Iiouder  =  G.  litil- 
ter  =  E.  holder :  see  stead  and  holder.  In  an- 


stadholder 

other  view,  reflected  in  the  false  spelling  xliidt- 
holder,  the  first  element  is  supposed  to  be  D.  stud 
=  G.  stadt,  a  town,  city  (a  particular  use  of  the 
preceding) ;  but  this  is  an  error,  due  to  the  fact 
that  D.  staa,  in  its  lit.  sense  'place,'  is  now  ob- 
solete ;  moreover,  a  stadholder  is  not  the  '  keep- 
er of  a  city.']  Formerly,  in  the  Netherlands,  (a) 
the  governor  or  lieutenant-governor  of  a  prov- 
ince ;  (6)  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  United 
Provinces  of  the  Netherlands. 

stadholderate  (stad'h61"der-at),  i>.  [Also 
spelled  stadtholdcrate  (=  F.  stathoudSrat):  < 
stiittliolder  +  -«te3.]  The  office  of  a  stadholder. 
The  Academy,  July  20,  1889,  p.  32. 

stadholdership  (stad'hol"der-ship),  »i.  [Also 
spelled  stadtholdcrslup  ;  <  stadholder  +  -ship.] 
Same  as  stadholderate. 

stadia  (sta'di-a),  n.  [<  ML.  stadia,  a  station, 
a  fern,  form,  orig.  pi.  of  the  neut.  stadium,  a 
stage,  station,  stadium:  see  stadium.]  1.  A 
station  temporarily  occupied  in  surveying. — 

2.  An  instrument  for  measuring  distances  by 
means  of  the  angle  subtended  by  an  object  of 
known  dimensions.    The  instrument  commonly  so 
called,  intended  for  rough  military  work  in  action,  con- 
sists of  a  small  glass  plate  with  figures  of  horsemen  and 
foot-soldiers  as  they  appear  at  marked  distances,  or  with 
two  lines  nearly  horizontal  but  converging,  crossed  by  ver- 
tical lines  marked  with  the  distances  at  which  a  man  ap- 
pears of  the  height  between  the  first  lines. 

3.  In  civil  and  topographical  engin.,  the  method 
or  the  instruments  by  which  what  are  called 
stadia  measurements  are  made.    This  use  is  almost 
exclusively  limited  to  the  United  States,  where  this  method 
of  measuring  distances  is  extensively  employed.    Stadia 
measurements  are  based  on  the  geometrical  principle  that 
the  lengths  of  parallel  lines  subtending  an  angle  are  pro- 
portioned to  their  distances  from  the  apex  of  that  angle. 
The  essential  appliances  for  this  kind  of  work  are  a  pair 
of  fine  horizontal  wires  (which  are  usually  of  platinum, 
but  which  may  be  spider-webs,  or  even  lines  ruled  or  pho- 
tographed on  the  glass),  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  hori- 
zontal and  vertical  wires  in  the  diaphragm  of  a  telescope, 
and  a  staff  or  graduated  rod  (the  stadia  rod)— these  giving 
the  means  of  measuring  with  considerable  precision  the 
angle  subtended  by  the  whole  or  any  part  of  a  vertical 
staff,  and  thus  furnishing  the  data  for  determining  the 
distance  of  the  rod  from  the  point  of  sight.    This  may  be 
accomplished  by  making  the  subtending  angle  variable 
(that  is,  by  making  the  wires  movable)  and  the  space  on 
the  staff  fixed  in  length,  or  by  having  the  angle  constant 
(that  is,  the  wires  fixed  in  position)  and  reading  off  a 
varying  length  on  the  staff ;  the  latter  is  the  method  now 
most  generally  used.    The  wires  may  be  applied  to  the 
telescope  of  any  suitable  instrument,  as  a  theodolite  or 
transit-theodolite;  butthemethodisspecially  well  adapted 
foruse  in  plane-tabling,  thewires  being  inserted  in  the  tele- 
scope of  the  alidade.    This  arrangement  has  been  exten- 
sively used  in  the  United  States,  and  has  given  excellent 
results.    The  intervals  between  the  wires  are  frequently 
arranged  so  that  at  a  distance  of  100  feet  a  space  of  one 
foot  shall  be  intercepted  on  the  rod ;  but  there  are  also 
instruments  made  in  which  the  number  of  wires  is  in- 
creased, the  method  of  reading  varying  accordingly. 

stadiet,  «•  [ME.,  <  L.  stadium,  a  race-course, 
a  furlong :  see  stade?,  stadium.]  A  race-course ; 
a  stadium. 

Yif  a  man  renneth  in  the  stadie  or  in  the  forlonge  for 
the  corone,  than  lieth  the  mede  in  the  corone  for  whiche 
he  renneth.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  iv.  prose  3. 

stadiometer  (sta-di-om'e-ter), «.  [<  Gr.  orddtov 
(see  stadium)  +  fiirpov,  measure.]  A  modified 
theodolite  in  which  the  directions  are  not  read 
off,  but  marked  upon  a  small  sheet,  which  is 
changed  at  each  station.  The  distances  as  read  on 
the  telemeter  can  also  be  laid  down.  The  stadiometer 
differs  from  the  plane-table  in  that  the  alidade  cannot  be 
moved  relatively  to  the  sheet. 

Stadium  (sta'di-um),  n. ;  pi.  stadia  (-a).  [<  L. 
stadium,  <  Gr.  arddiov,  a  fixed  standard  of  length, 


stand:  see  stand.  Cf.  stade?,  stadie.]  1.  A 
Greek  itinerary  unit,  originally  the  distance 
between  successive  stations  of  the  shouters 
and  runners  employed  to  estimate  distances. 
The  stadium  of  Eratosthenes  seems  to  have  been  short  of 
520 English  feet;  but  the  stadium  at  the  race-course  at 
Athens  has  been  found  to  be  between  603  and  610  English 
feet.  The  Roman  stadium  was  about  the  same  length, 
being  one  eighth  of  a  Roman  mile. 
Hence  —  2.  A  Greek  course  for  foot-races,  dis- 
posed on  a  level,  with  sloping  banks  or  tiers  of 
seats  for  spectators  rising  along  its  two  sides 
and  at  one  end,  which  was  typically  of  semi- 
circular plan.  The  course  proper  was  exactly  a  stadi- 
um in  length.  The  most  celebrated  stadia  were  those  of 
Olympia  and  Athens. 

3.  A  stage;  period;  in  med.,  a  stage  or  period 
of  a  disease,  especially  of  an  intermittent  dis- 
ease. 

Mohammed  was  now  free  once  more  ;  but  he  no  longer 
thought  of  carrying  on  his  polemic  against  the  Meccans 
or  of  seeking  to  influence  them  at  all.  In  his  relations  to 
them  three  stadia  can  be  distinguished,  although  it  is 
easier  to  determine  their  character  than  their  chronology. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  550. 


5886 

stadiet,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  sladdle. 

Stadmannia  (stad-mau'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Lamarck, 
1823),  named  after  Staduiaini,  a  German  botani- 
cal traveler.]  A  genus  of  trees,  of  the  order  ,sv<- 
piiidacex  and  tribe  Nephelieze.  It  is  distinguished 
from  the  nearly  related  genus  Nephdium  (which  see)  by 
the  absence  of  petals  and  by  a  somewhat  spherical  calyx 
with  five  broad  obtuse  teeth,  by  warty  branches,  and  by 
small  velvety  plum-like  berries.  The  only  species,  S.  Si- 
deroxylon,  is  a  native  of  Mauritius  and  Bourbon.  It  has 
alternate  abruptly  pinnate  leaves  with  from  three  to  six 
pairs  of  oblong  obtuse  leaflets,  oblique  at  the  base,  each 
k-allet  narrow,  entire,  smooth,  and  finely  reticulated.  The 
small  pedicelled  flowers  form  axillary  branching  panicles, 
with  conspicuous  long-exserted  erect  stamens.  It  is 
known  as  Bourbon  ironwood.  See  Macassar  oil,  under  oil. 

stadtholder,  stadtholderate  (stat'hol"der, 
-at),  etc.  Erroneous  spellings  of  stadholder, 
etc. 

staff  (staf),  n. ;  pi.  staves,  staffs  (stavz,  stafs). 
[<  ME.  stfiff,  staffe,  staf  (gen.  staves,  dat.  stave, 
pi.  staves),  <  AS.  stxf,  in  a  very  early  form  staeb, 
pi.  stafas,  a  stick,  staff,  twig,  letter  (see  etym. 
of  book),  =  OS.  staf=  OFries.  stef=  D.  staf  = 
MLG.  LG.  staf  =  OHG.  MHG.  stap  (stab-),  G. 
stab,  a  staff,  =  Icel.  stafr,  a  staff,  post,  stick, 
stave  of  a  cask,  a  letter,  =  Sw.  staf,  a  staff,  = 
Dan.  stav,  a  staff,  stick  (also  stab,  a  staff  (body 
of  assistants),  an  astragal  (of  a  cannon),  <  G.), 
=  Goth.  stafs  (stab-),  element,  rudiment  (not  re- 
corded in  the  orig.  senses  ' letter'  and  '  stick') ; 
=  OBulg.  stapu,  shtapu  =  OServ.  stipt,  Serv. 
stap,  shtap  =  Hung,  istap,  a  staff,  =  Lith.  stebas, 
a  staff,  stabas,  stobras,  a  pillar;  of.  Gael,  stob, 
a  stake,  stump;  prob.  related  to  OHG.  staben, 
be  stiff,  from  an  extended  form  of  the  root  sta 
of  stand:  see  stand.  Not  connected  with  L. 
stipes,  a  stock,  post,  which  is  cognate  with  E. 
stiff.  Hence  stave,  q.  v.]  1.  A  stick  or  pole. 
Specifically— (a)  A  stick  used  as  a  walking-stick,  espe- 
cially one  five  or  six  feet  long  used  as  a  support  in  walk- 
ing or  climbing. 

In  his  hand  a  staf.     Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  495. 

He  [the  pilgrim]  had  a  long  staffe  in  his  hand  with  a 
nobbe  in  the  middle,  according  to  the  fashion  of  those 
Pilgrims  staffes.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  20. 

(6)  A  stick  used  as  a  weapon,  as  that  used  at  quarter-staff ; 
a  club;  a  cudgel. 

A  god  to-hande  staffe  therowt  he  hent, 

Befor  Roben  he  lepe. 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Potter  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  20). 

The  wars  are  doubtful ; 

And  on  our  horsemen's  slaves  Death  looks  as  grimly 
As  on  your  keen-edg'd  swords. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 

(c)  A  stick  used  as  an  ensign  of  authority;  a  batou  or 
scepter.    Compare  baton,  club*,  mace*. 

The  Earl  of  Worcester 
Hath  broke  his  staff,  resign'd  his  stewardship. 

Shale.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2.  59. 

(d)  A  post  fixed  in  the  ground ;  a  stake. 

The  rampant  bear  chain'd  to  the  ragged  staff. 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1.  203. 

(e)  A  pole  on  which  to  hoist  and  display  a  flag :  as,  a  flag- 
staff;  an  ensign-staff;  a  jack-staff. 

The  flag  of  Norway  and  the  cross  of  St.  George  floated 
from  separate  staffs  on  the  lawn. 

B.  Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  295. 
(/t)  The  pole  of  a  vehicle ;  a  carriage-pole. 

His  newe  lady  holdeth  him  so  narowe 
Up  by  the  brydel,  at  the  staves  ende, 
That  every  word  he  dred  it  as  an  arowe. 

Chaucer,  Anelida  and  Arcite,  1.  184. 
(0)  The  long  handle  of  certain  weapons,  as  a  spear,  a  hal- 
berd, or  a  poleax. 

There  stuck  no  plume  in  any  English  crest 

That  is  removed  by  a  staff  of  France. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  it  1.  318. 
Their  staves  upon  their  rests  they  lay. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

(A)  A  straight-edge  for  testing  or  truing  a  line  or  surface : 
as,  the  ^root-staff  used  in  testing  the  face  of  the  stone 
in  a  grind-mill,  (t)  In  sun.,  a  graduated  stick,  used 
in  leveling.  See  cross-staff,  Jacob's-staff,  and  cut  under 
levelitig-staff.  (i)  One  of  several  instruments  formerly 
used  in  taking  the  sun's  altitude  at  sea :  as,  the  fore-staff, 
back-sto/;  cross-staff.  See  these  words.  (*•)  In  ship-build- 
ing, a  measuring  and  spacing  rule.  (I)  The  stilt  of  a  plow. 
2.  In  surg.,  a  grooved  steel  instrument  having 
a  curvature,  used  to  guide  the  knife  or  gorget 
through  the  urethra  into  the  bladder  in  the 
operation  of  lithotomy.— 3.  In  arch.,  same  as 
rude»ture.—  4.  Something  which  upholds  or 
supports ;  a  support ;  a  prop. 

He  is  asta/e  of  stedfastnes  bothe  erly  &  latte 
To  chastes  siehe  kaytifes  as  don  ayenst  the  lawe. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  3. 
The  boy  was  the  very  staff  of  my  age,  my  very  prop. 

5Ao*.,  M.of  V.,ii.  2.  70. 

Bread  is  the  staff  of  life.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv. 

5f.  A  round  of  a  ladder.  Latham.— 6.  A  body 
of  assistants  or  executive  officers,  (a)  MiKt., 
a  body  of  officers  who  are  not  in  command  of  troops' 
but  who  act  as  the  assistants  of  an  officer  in  high  com- 
mand, sometimes  including  that  officer  himself.  Thus, 


staff 

the  regimental  staff  consists  of  the  colonel,  lieutenant- 
colonel.  IIKIJOI,  and  adjutant,  or  the  officers  rorrespcind- 
ing  to  these  ranks;  the  lirigade  staff  and  division  staf 
are  composed  of  aides-de-camp,  cumin  issarifs,  qoarter- 
muten,  and  the  like ;  and  the  staff  of  a  general  com- 
manding an  army-corps,  or  an  army  composed  of  several 
army-corps,  includes  these  last-named  officers  and  also 
a  chief  of  staff,  a  chief  of  artillery,  a  chief  engineer,  and 
the  like.  The  general  staff  is  a  body  of  officers  form- 
ing the  central  office  of  the  army  of  a  nation,  and  it  acts, 
in  a  sense,  as  the  personal  staff  of  the  Commander-in-chief 
or  of  the  king  or  other  chief  ruler.  In  the  United  States 
navy,  stiiff-offlcers  are  the  non-combatants,  comprising  the 
medical  corps,  the  pay-corps,  the  steam-engineering  corps, 
and  chaplains,  of  those  who  go  to  sea,  as  well  as  civil  engi- 
neers, naval  constructors,  and  professors  of  mathematics 
(b)  A  body  of  executive  officers  attached  to  any  establish- 
ment for  the  carrying  out  of  its  designs,  or  a  number  of 
persons,  considered  as  one  body,  intrusted  with  the  exe- 
cution of  any  undertaking :  as,  the  editorial  and  reporting 
staff  of  a  newspaper;  the  staff  of  the  Geological  Survey  •  a 
hospital  staff. 

The  Archbishop  [Becket]  had  amongst  his  chaplains  a 
staff  of  professors  on  a  small  scale. 

Stubbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  143. 
7f.  A  letter  of  the  alphabet.  See  etymology  of 
book. 

The  flrrste  staff  iis  nemmnedd  I.         Ormulum,  1.  4312. 
8f.  A  line ;  a  verse ;  also,  a  stanza. 

Nerehande  stafe  by  staf,  by  gret  diligence, 
Sauyng  that  I  most  metre  apply  to ; 
The  wourdes  meue,  and  sett  here  &  ther. 

Ram.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6555. 

If  we  consider  well  the  forme  of  this  Poeticall  staffe,  we 

shall  flnde  it  to  be  a  certaine  number  of  verses  allowed  to 

go  altogether  and  ioyne  without  any  intermission,  and  doe 

or  should  finish  vp  all  the  sentences  of  the  same  with  a 

full  period.  Pultenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  64. 

I  can  sing  but  one  staff  ol  the  ditty  neither. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

Cowley  found  out  that  no  kind  of  staff  ii  proper  for  a 
heroic  poem,  as  being  all  too  lyrical.  Dryden. 

9.  In  musical  notation,  a  set  of  five  horizontal 
lines  on  which  notes  are  placed  so  as  to  indi- 
cate the  pitch  of  intended  tones.  Both  the  lines 
and  the  spaces  between  them  are  significant,  and  are  called 
degrees:  they  are  numbered  from  below  upward.  When 
the  nine  de- 


grees  of  the 
staff  are  not 
sufficient  for 
the   notation 
of  a  melody 
or  chord,  it  is 
extended    by 
means  of  add- 
ed   or    leger 
lines      above 
or  below.    In 

—  2d—  added  line. 
—1st—    "        •' 

1th      " 

4th  space 

3d      " 

2d        " 

2d      " 

lot       " 

1st     " 

—1st—  added  line. 
—  2d-     "       " 

general,  the  successive  degrees  of  the  staff  are  understood 
to  correspond  to  the  successive  degrees  of  the  scale  or  to 
the  successive  white  keys  of  the  keyboard,  irrespective  of 
the  fact  that  the  intervals  thus  indicated  are  not  equal 
to  each  other.  An  absolute  pitch  for  the  staff-degrees  is 
indicated  by  a  clef  placed  at  the  beginning.  (See  clef.) 
Gregorian  music  is  customarily  written  on  a  staff  of  four 
lines,  and  the  only  clef  used  is  the  C  clef.  The  staff  with 
its  appropriate  notation  is  a  development  from  the  early 
medieval  neumes,  which  were  originally  dots,  dashes,  or 
compound  marks,  whose  relative  position  or  shape  indi- 
cated the  relative  pitch  of  successive  tones.  To  make  this 
notation  more  precise  a  horizontal  line  was  drawn  across 
the  page  to  mark  the  pitch  of  some  given  tone,  as  C  or  F, 
and  the  neumes  were  arranged  above  or  below  this  line. 
Later,  a  second  line  was  added,  and  then  others,  only  the 
lines  being  at  first  regarded  as  significant  What  was 
called  the  great  or  grand  staff  was  such  a  staff  of  eleven 
lines.  In  harmonic  or  concerted  music,  two  or  more  staffs 
are  used  together,  and  are  connected  by  a  brace.  See 
brace*,  5,  and  score*,  9.  Also  stave,  especially  in  Great 
Britain. 

10.  In  her.,  same  as  fissure,  5.— Bishop's  staff 
See  crazier,  i.— Cantoral  staff,  cantor's  staff,  the  offi- 
cial staff  of  a  cantor  or  precentor:  it  is  primarily  the 
baton  with  which  he  beats  time,  but  is  often  large,  and 
elaborately  ornamented,  becoming  a  mere  badge  of  office. 
Also  called  baton.— David's  Staff,  a  kind  of  quadrant  for- 
merly used  in  navigation.— Episcopal  staff,  in  her.,  the 
representation  of  a  bishop's  or  pastoral  staff,  usually  en- 
twined with  a  banderole  which  is  secured  to  the  shaft 
below  the  head.  See  cut  under  banderole.  —  Folilferous 
staff.  See/olUferow.— Jeddart  staff,  a  form  of  battle- 
ax  used  by  mounted  men-at-arms :  so  named  from  the  town 
of  Jedburgh,  in  Scotland,  the  arms  of  which  bear  such  a 
weapon.  Also  called  Jedwood  ax.  Fairholt.— Marshal's 
staff.  See  marshal.—  Northern  staff,  a  quarter-staff.— 
Palmer's  Staff,  in  her.,  same  as  bourdon*,  3.— Papal 
staff,  in  her.,  a  staff  topped  with  the  papal  cross  of  three 


in  the  Greek  Church  it  generally  has  a  T-shaped  head, 
often  curved  upward  and  inward  at  the  ends  ;  in  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  and  some  other  churches  it  bears  a  cross 
in  the  case  of  an  archbishop,  and  a  double  cross  in  the 
case  of  a  patriarch.  See  cambuca,  crazier,  pateressa,  suda- 
rium.—  Pilgrim's  Staff.  See  pilgrim.— Red  Staff,  in 
mating,  a  straight-edge  used  to  test  the  dress  of  a  mill- 
stone.  It  is  so  called  because  it  is  rubbed  with  red  chalk 
or  ocher,  by  means  of  which  inequalities  on  the  surface 
of  the  stone  are  detected.— Ruig-and-staff  investi- 
ture. See  ecclesiastical  investiture,  under  investiture. — 
Short  Staff,  the  cudgel  used  in  ordinary  cudgel-play, 
similar  to  the  modern  single-stick  as  distinguished  from 
quarter-staff.— Staff  raguly.in  Aer.,  eitherapalletconped 
raguly,  or  the  representation  of  a  trunk  of  a  tree  with  short 
projections  on  the  opposite  sides,  as  of  limbs  sawed  off. — 


staff 

To  argue  from  the  staff  to  the  corner*,  to  raise  some 
othar question  tlmn  that  under  discussion.  Abp  /Irtini/itttf 
Works,  II.  !M.  (Uamet.)  —  To  break  a  staff.  Same  as 
t<i  break  a  lance  (which  sec,  under  break). 

A  puisny  filter,  that  .  .  .  breaks  his  staff  like  a  noble 
goose.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ill.  4.  47. 

To  go  to  sticks  and  staves.  See  sticks.  —  To  have 
the  better  or  worse  end  of  the  staff,  to  be  getting 
the  best  or  worst  of  a  matter. 

And  so  now  ours  seem  to  ham  the  better  end  of  the  staf. 
Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  II.  94. 
To  set  down  (or  up)  one's  staff*,  to  stop  and  rest,  as  a 
traveler  at  an  inn ;  abide  for  a  time.  Rev.  T.  Adam* 
Works,  I.  185.  (/>nraej».)  =  Syn.  1.  A  staff  is  a  substantial 
support  for  one  who  is  in  motion;  a  stay  or  prop  would 


5887 

0,    , ...ing),   «.     [ME.  tttfifl'i'xh/iii/i . 

stafsUnge;  <  stuff  +  ,sViM,/i.]  A  weapon  con- 
sisting of  a  sling  com- 
bined with  a  short  staff. 
The  start'  was  held  with  both 
hands  and  whirled  around. 
The  weapon  seems  to  have 
thrown  larger  missiles  than 
the  ordinary  sling  and  with 
greater  force.  Distinguished 
from  cord-sling.  Also  called 
fustibale,  fustibalus. 
This  geaunt  at  him  stones  caste 
Out  of  a  fel  staf-slinge. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1. 118. 


stick  is  ornamental  or  defensive.    See  definitions  of  crook, 
crozier,  crutch^. 

staff-angle  (staf'ang"gl),  n.  In  plastering,  a 
square  rod  of  wood,  standing  flush  with  the 
wall  on  each  of  its  sides,  at  the  ex- 
ternal angles  of  plastering,  to  pro- 
tect them  from  injury. 

staff-bead  (staf 'bed),  n.    In  arch.,  an 


Same  as  baculite. 
staff-strikert  (staf'stri'- 
ker),n.    A  sturdy  beggar; 

a  tramp.  Stair-slta*.  about  the  ,oth 

Many    became    staf -strikers,    ""V"*;,    I1;"""   v£"":!e- 
. .  .  and  wandered  ilTparties  of    £™cSais-P> 
two,  three,  and  four  from  vil-    "a"';als- 
lage  to  village.       R.  Eden,  quoted  in  Ribton-Turner's  Va- 
!  grants  and  Vagrancy,  p.  53. 


stage 

rope,  and  //.  elaphux  is  the  stag-beetle  of  the  I'nitcd  6 
The  former  is  one  of  the  largest  of  British  beetles,  distin- 
guished by  the  enormous  size  of  the  horny  ;uul  toothed 
mandibles  in  the  male,  and  by  tin-  rather  Ion;;  rlbu\vr<l 
antenmc,  which  end  in  a  perfuliutud  club,  and  are  com- 
posed of  ten  joints,  the  tlrst  being  very  long.  It  in  com- 
mon in  some  localities  in  the  ndxhlKirhoiid  of  London, 
and  is  often  2  inches  long,  of  a  black  color.  Other  species 
arc  numerous  in  various  parts  of  the  world.  See  also  cut 
under  1'latycerus. 

Stag-bush  (stag'bush),  n.  The  black  haw,  \'i- 
ItKi'itunt  itriniiftfl  in  in . 

stag-dance  (stag'daiis),  «.  A  dance  performed 
by  men  only.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

stage  (stag),  «.  [<  Ml-;,  stage,  <  OF.  cx/,,,,e,  es- 
IHII/I;  cstauge,  outage,  etc.,  a  story,  floor,  stage, 
a  dwelling-house,  F.  etitye,  story,  stage,  floor, 
loft,  =  Pr.  estatge,  a  stage,  =  It.  staggio,  a  stake, 


(staf'kap"tan),  n.    The 

British  navy. 

Staff-commander  (staf'ko-man//der),  n.  The 
second  grade  in  the  navigating  branch  of  the 
British  navy.  See  master*,  1  (6). 

Staff-degree  (staf'de-gre*),  n.  In  musical  no- 
tation, a  degree  of  a  staff,  whether  line  or  space. 

Staff-duty  (staf'du"ti),  «.  The  occupation  or 
employment  of  an  officer  who  serves  on  a  staff, 
especially  of  one  who,  not  originally  a  staff- 
officer,  has  been  detached  from  his  regiment, 
and  attached  to  a  staff. 

staffed  (staft),  o.  [<  staff  +  -e<R]  1.  In  her., 
surrounded  or  combined  with  staffs:  as,  an  an- 
nulet staffed,  a  ring  from  which  staffs  or  scep- 
ters radiate. — 2.  Provided  with  a  staff  or  body 
of  officers;  officered.  [Recent.] 

A  powerful  church  of  the  new  type,  staffed  by  friends 

and  pupils  of  Pnsey,  rose  in  the  centre  of  K . 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  Robert  Elsmere,  xxxiii. 

Staffelite  (staf'e-Ut),  ».  [<  Staffel  (see  def.)  + 
-ifc2.]  A  somewhat  altered  apatite,  occurring 
in  botryoidal  reniform  shapes  of  a  green  color, 
inerusting  the  phosphorite  found  at  Staffel, 
near  the  Lahn,  in  Prussia. 

staff-herding  (staf'her"ding),  n.  In  old  Eng. 
forest  law,  the  grazing  of  cattle  in  charge  of  a 
herdsman.  This  was  restrained  or  forbidden  as  more 
injurious  to  the  herds  of  deer  than  if  there  were  no  herds- 
man to  drive  away  the  deer,  and  the  cattle  had  to  find  their 
own  feeding-ground. 

Staff-hole  (staf'hol),  n.  In  metal.,  a  small  hole 
in  a  puddling-furnace  through  which  the  pud- 
dler  heats  his  staff.  Weale. 

stafflert  (staf'ier),  n.  [=  D.  staffier,  an  atten- 
dant, <  OF.  estaffier,  a  lackey,  footboy  that 
runs  by  the  stirrup,  etc.,  <  It.  staffiere,  staffiero,  a 
lackey,  footboy,  <  staffa,  a  stirrup  (ML.  staffa) 
(>  dim.  stafetta,  a  little  stirrup,  a  courier,  > 
Sp.  Pg.  estaffeta  =  F.  estafette,  >  D.  estafette  = 
G.  staffette  =  Sw.  stafett  =  Dan.  stafet,  a  cour- 
ier), <OHG.  stapfo,  staffo,  MHG.  G.  stapfe,  a 
footstep  (also  a  stirrup?),  <  OHG.  MHG.  step- 
fen,  also  OHG.  staphon,  MHG.  stapfen,  step, 
tread,  =  E.  step:  see  step,  and  cf.  OBulg.  stopa, 
a  spur.  The  notion  reflected  on  the  def.  as 
given  in  most  dictionaries,  that  staffier  means 
a  'staff-bearer,'  and  is  connected  with  staff,  is 
erroneous.]  A  footman ;  an  attendant. 

Before  the  dame,  and  round  about, 
March'd  whifflers  and  staffiers  on  foot, 
With  lackies,  grooms,  valets,  and  pages, 
In  fit  and  proper  equipages. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  660. 

stafflsht  (staf'ish),  a.  [In  Sc.  corruptly  staffage; 
<  staff  +  -wfel.]  Like  a  staff ;  rigid ;  hence,  in- 
tractable. Ascham,  Toxophilns  (ed.!864),p.  111. 

Staff-man  (staf 'man),  n.  A  workman  employed 
in  silk-throwing. 

Staff-notation  (staf 'no-ta"shon),  n.  In  musical 
notation,  the  entire  system  of  signs  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  staff:  opposed,  for  example,  to 
the  tonic  sol-fa  notation,  in  which  no  staff  is  used. 

Staff-officer  (staf'of'i-ser),  n.  An  officer  form- 
ing part  of  the  staff  of  a  regiment,  brigade, 
army,  or  the  like;  in  the  United  States  navy, 
an  officer  not  exercising  military  command. 

Staff-sergeant  (staf'sar"jent),  n.  A  non-com- 
missioned officer  having  no  position  in  the 
ranks  of  a  company,  but  attached  to  the  staff 
of  a  regiment.  In  the  United  States  service  the  staff- 
sergeants  are  the  sergeant-major,  ordnance-sergeant,  hos- 
pital-steward, quartermaster-sergeant,  and  commissary- 
sergeant. 


Staff-tree  (staf'tre),  n.  A  vine  or  tree  of  the 
genus  Celastrus.  The  best-known  species  is  the 
American  C.  scandens,  a  twiner  with  ornamental  fruit, 
otherwise  named  climbing  bittersweet,  waxwork,  staff-vine, 
and  fevertwig  (see  the  last,  and  cut  under  bittersweet).  The 
seeds  of  the  East  Indian  C.  paniculata  have  long  been  in 
repute  among  Hindu  physicians  for  their  stimulating  and 
acrid  properties,  and  are  applied  externally  or  internally 
for  the  relief  of  rheumatism,  etc.  They  yield  an  expressed 
oil,  also  an  empyreumatic,  known  as  oleum  nigrum. 

Staff-vine  (staf'vin),  n.     See  staff-tree. 

Stag  (stag),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  steg,  Sc.  also  staig; 
early  mod.  E.  stagg,  staggc;  <  ME.  steg,  stagge, 
<  Icel.  steggr,  steggi,  a  male  animal  (a  male  fox, 
cat,  a  gander,  drake,  etc. ),  lit. '  mounter,'  <  stiga 
=  AS.  stigan,  mount :  see  sty1.  Hence  stag- 
gard1,  staggon.~\  1.  The  male  of  various  ani- 
mals, especially  of  the  deer  tribe.  Specifically— 

(a)  The  male  red-deer  or  a  deer  of  other  large  species  of 
the  genus  Cermus  in  a  restricted  sense ;  a  hart,  of  which 
the  female  is  a  hind ;  and  particularly  the  adult  hart,  at 
least  five  years  old,  with  antlers  fully  developed  (com- 

Ce  staggardl,  and  see  cuts  under  antler) ;  in  heraldry,  a 
ned  deer  with  branched  antlers.  The  stag  of  Europe 
is  Cervus  elaphus,  now  found  wild  in  Great  Britain  only  in 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  It  is  a  magnificent  animal, 
standing  4  feet  high  at  the  shoulder,  with  the  antlers  3 
feet  long,  having  sometimes  ten  points  and  palmated  at 
the  crown  :  sometimes  known  as  a  stag  of  ten.  The  hind  is 
hornless  and  smaller.  The  corresponding  animal  in  North 
America  is  the  wapiti,  there  called  elk  (Cermis  canadensis), 
larger  than  the  European  stag,  with  much-branched  ant- 
lers sometimes  upward  of  4  feet  long,  not  palmated  at 
the  end.  (See  cut  under  wapiti.)  There  are  several  Asiatic 
stags,  among  them  the  rusine  deer  (see  Rusa\ ,  sambur). 

(b)  A  bull  castrated  when  half-grown  or  full-grown  ;  a 
bull-stag;  a  bull-segg.    (c)  A  male  fox  ;  a  dog-fox,    (<2)  A 
young  horse;  a  colt  (sometimes  a  filly),     (e)  A  gander. 
(/)  A  drake,    (g)  A  pit  or  exhibition  game-cock  less  than 
one  year  old ;  the  cockerel  of  the  game-fowl,    (h)  A  tur- 
key-cock.   (<)  The  wren.    [Local,  Eng.]   (j)  A  stag-beetle. 
[In  most  of  these  uses  prov.  Eng.] 

2.  In  com.  slang:  (a)  An  outside  irregular  deal- 
er in  stocks,  not  a  member  of  the  exchange,  (b) 
A  person  who  applies  for  the  allotment  of 
shares  in  a  joint-stock  company,  not  because 
he  wishes  to  hold  the  shares,  but  because  he 
hopes  to  sell  the  allotment  at  a  premium.  If 
he  fails  in  this  he  forbears  to  pay  the  deposit, 
and  the  allotment  is  forfeited. — 3.  A  romping 
girl;  a  hoyden.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  4f.  The  color 
of  the  stag ;  a  red  dirty-brown  color. 

Come,  my  Cub,  doe  not  scorne  mee  because  I  go  in  Stag, 
in  Unite  ;  beer 's  veluet  too ;  thou  seest  I  am  worth  thus 
much  in  bare  veluet. 

Dekker,  Satiromastix,  I.  220  (ed.  Pearson). 

Royal  stag,  a  stag  that  has  antlers  terminating  in  twelve 
or  more  points. 
stag  (stag),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stagged,  ppr.  stag- 


as  a  stag  on  the  stock  exchange.    See  stag,  n.,  2. 

II.  trans.  To  follow  warily,  as  a  deer-stalker 

does  a  deer;  dog;  watch. 

[Slang.] 

So  you've  been  slagging  this 
gentleman  and  me,  and  listen- 
ing, have  you  1 


H.  Kingsley,  Geoffry  Hamlyn,  v. 
[(Dames.) 

stagartt,  n.  An  obsolete 
spelling  of  staggard1. 

stag-beetle  (stag'be"tl),  re. 
A  lamellicorn  coleopterous 
insect  of  the  genus  Lucanus 
or  restricted  family  Luca- 
nidee  (which  see),  the  males 
of  which  have  branched 
mandibles  resembling  the 
antlers  of  a  stag.  L.  cermts 
is  the  common  stag-beetle  of  Eu- 


pp.  status,  stand:  see  state,  stand.  Cf.  etagere. 
In  the  sense  of  'the  distance  between  two 
points,'  the  word  was  prob.  confused  with  OF. 
estage,  <  L.  stadium,  <  Gr.  oTadtov,  a  measure  of 
distance :  see  stadium,  stade2,  stadie."]  If.  A 
floor  or  story  of  a  house. 

The  Erie  ascended  into  this  tour  quickly, 
As  sone  as  he  myght  to  hiest  stage  came. 

Hum.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  4925. 
Litul  John  stode  at  a  window  In  the  mornynge, 
And  lokld  forth  at  a  stage. 

Robin  Hood  and  the  Monk  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  8). 

2f.  A  house ;  building. 

Ther  buth  seriauns  in  the  stage 
That  serueth  the  maidenes  of  parage. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  58. 

3.  In  arch.,  the  portion  between  a  projection 
and  the  retreat  next  above  it  in  a  medieval 
buttress;  also,  one  of  the  horizontal  divisions 
of  a  window  separated  by  transoms. — 4.  A 
floor  or  platform  elevated  above  the  ground 
or  common  surface,  for  the  exhibition  of  a 
play  or  spectacle,  for  public  speakers  or  per- 
formers, or  for  convenience  of  view,  use,  or 
access :  as,  a  stage  for  a  mountebank ;  a  stage 
for  speakers  in  public. 

Give  order  that  these  bodies 
High  on  a  stage  be  placed  to  the  view. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  389. 

Specifically— (o)  A  floor  elevated  for  the  convenience  of 
performing  mechanical  work  and  the  like ;  a  scaffold ;  a 


...  -  paper  are  piled. 

(c)  A  shelf  or  horizontal  compartment,  as  one  of  the  steps 
of  a  court-cupboard. 

The  number  of  stages  in  the  bulf  et  or  sideboard  indicates 
the  rank  of  the  owner. 

S.  K.  Handbook,  Corporation  and  College  Plate. 

(d)  The  platform  on  which  an  object  is  placed  to  be  viewed 
through  a  microscope,    (e)  A  wooden  structure  on  a  beach 
to  assist  in  landing  ;  a  landing-place  at  a  quay  or  pier.   It 
sometimes  rises  and  falls  with  the  tide,  or  is  lowered  or 
raised  to  suit  the  varying  height  of  the  water. 

Getting  y«  starteof  y»  ships  that  came  to  the  plantation, 
they  tooke  away  their  stage,  &  other  necessary  provisions 
that  they  had  made  for  fishing  at  Cap- Anne  y«  year  before. 
Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  196. 
(/)  A  raised  platform  on  which  theatrical  performances 
are  exhibited ;  the  flooring  in  a  theater  on  which  the  actors 
perform.  In  modern  theaters  the  stage  includes  not 
only  the  part  which  can  be  seen  from  the  auditorium,  but 

6         d        a         e         c 


D 

\ 

ID' 

/ 

\ 

'  ~^ 

jf- 
\ 

gj 

e        i> 

Floor-plan  of  Stage. 


Stag-beetle  {Lucanus  rer- 
vus),  one  half  natural  size. 


A,  proscenium  ;  B,  C,  D,  first,  second,  and  third  prompt-entrances 
respectively;  B',  C',  I)',  first,  second,  and  third  opposite-prompt-en- 
trances respectively;  E,  wings;  a  a,  center;  b  b,  prompt-side;  c  f, 
o.-p.-side;  d  d,  prompt-center;  e  e,  o.-p.-center. 

also  the  spaces  on  each  side,  behind  the  proscenium- 
arch,  which  are  used  for  shifting  the  wings  or  aide  scenes, 
and  are  themselves  called  the  wings.  The  part  extending 
back  from  the  orchestra  to  the  proscenium-arch  is  called 
i\\e  proscenium.  That  side  of  the  stage  which  is  on  the 
extreme  left  of  the  spectator  is  called  the  prompt-side,  be- 
cause in  theaters  which  have  no  prompt-box  the  prompter 
stands  there.  The  corresponding  position  to  the  specta- 
tor's right  is  called  the  opposite-prompt  side  (or,  briefly, 
o.-p.-side).  Half-way  between  the  center  and  the  prompt- 
side  is  the  prompt-center,  the  corresponding  position  to  the 


stage 

right  being  called  the  npposite-prmnpi-rentfr  (or.  briefly, 
o  -p.-center).  The  stage  is  thus  divided  laterally  into  five 
parts,  called  in  order  the  prompt-side,  the  prompt-center,  the 
center,  the  o. -p. -center,  and  the  o.-p.-«'(Je,and  these  designa- 
tions extend  through  the  whole  depth  of  the  stage,  as  well 
as  up  into  the  flies  :  thus  the  five  ropes  by  which  a  drop- 
scene  is  raised  or  lowered  are  known  us  the  prompt-side 


Section  of  Stage,  as  seen  from  Prompt-side. 

A,  proscenium;./,/,  border-lights;  f-.^, fly-galleries;  A,  proscenium- 
arch;  *',_/,  curtains;  A,  asbestos  fire-proof  curtain. 

rope,  prompt-center  rope,  center-rope,  etc.  As  regards  depth, 
the  stage  is  divided  into  entrances  varying  in  number  ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  the  wings  or  side-scenes.  That 
between  the  proscenium  and  the  flrst  wing  is  called  on 
one  side  the  first  prompt-entrance,  and  on  the  other  the 
first  o.-p.-entrance.  From  the  first  wing  to  the  next  is  the 
second  prompt-  or  second  o.-p.-entrance,  and  so  on.  Every- 
thing above  the  stage  from  the  top  of  the  proscenium-arch 
upward  is  called  the  flies,  and  includes  the  borders,  border- 
lights,  all  needed  ropes,  pulleys,  and  cleats,  the  beams  to 
which  these  are  attached,  and  the  fly-galleries,  from  the 
lowest  of  which  the  drop-scenes  are  worked.  The  ancient 
Greek  theater  in  its  original  form,  as  developed  in  the 
fifth  century  B.  c.,  had  no  raised  stage,  the  actors  appear- 
ing in  the  orchestra  amid  the  chorus. 

All  the  world  's  a  stage, 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players. 

SAot.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7.  139. 

Mirth.   Pray  you  help  us  to  some  stools  here. 

Pro.    Where,  on  the  staye,  ladies? 

Mirth.  Yes,  on  the  staye ;  we  are  persons  of  quality,  I 
assure  you,  and  women  of  fashion,  and  come  to  see  and  to 
be  seen.  B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  Ind. 

Hence  —  5.  With  the  definite  article,  the  thea- 
ter; the  drama  as  acted  or  exhibited,  or  the 
profession  of  representing  dramatic  composi- 
tions: as,  to  take  to  tlie  stage;  to  regard  the 
stage  as  a  school  of  elocution. 

There  were  also  Poets  that  wrote  onely  for  the  stage,  I 
meaneplayes  and  interludes,  to  recreate  the  people  with 
matters  of  disporte. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  20. 
Lo !  where  the  stage,  the  poor  degraded  stage, 
Holds  its  warped  mirror  to  a  gaping  age. 

I       Sprague,  Curiosity. 

6.  A  place  where  anything  is  publicly  exhib- 
ited ;  a  field  for  action ;  the  scene  of  any  noted 
action  or  career;  the  spot  where  any  remark- 
able affair  occurs. 

When  we  are  born,  we  cry  that  we  are  come 

To  this  great  stage  of  fools.     Snak.,  Lear,  iv.  6.  187. 

7.  A  place  of  rest  on  a  journey,  or  where  a  re- 
lay of  horses  is  taken,  or  where  a  stage-coach 
changes  horses ;  a  station. 

I  have  this  morning  good  news  from  Gibson  ;  three  let- 
ters from  three  several  stages,  that  he  was  safe  last  night 
as  far  as  Royston,  at  between  nine  and  ten  at  night. 

Pepiis,  Diary,  June  14,  1667. 

Hence  —  8.  The  distance  between  two  places 
of  rest  on  a  road :  in  some  countries  a  regular 
unit. 

'Tis  strange  a  man  cannot  ride  a  stage 

Or  two,  to  breathe  himself,  without  a  warrant. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  ii.  4. 

Our  whole  Stage  this  day  was  about  five  hours,  our  Course 
a  little  Southerly  of  the  West 

MaundreU,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  2. 

9.  A  single  step  of  a  gradual  process ;  degree 
of  advance  or  of  progression,  either  in  increase 
or  decrease,  in  rising  or  falling,  or  in  any 
change  of  state :  as,  stages  of  growth  in  an  ani- 
mal or  a  plant ;  the  stages  of  a  disease ;  in  biol., 
a  state  or  condition  of  being,  as  one  of  several 


5888 

successive  steps  in  a  course  of  development: 
as,  the  larval,  pupal,  and  imaginal  stages  of  an 
insect;  several  stages  of  an  embryo. 

A  blysful  lyf  thou  says  I  lede, 
Thou  woldez  knaw  ther-of  the  stage. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  410. 

These  three  be  the  true  stages  of  knowledge. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

Our  education  is  in  a  manner  wholly  in  the  hands  of 
ecclesiastics,  and  in  all  stages  from  infancy  to  manhood. 
Burkf,  Rev.  in  France. 

They  were  in  widely  different  stages  of  civilization. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

10.    [Abbr.  of  stage-coach.']     Same  as  stage- 
coach; also  [U.  S.],  an  omnibus. 
A  parcel  sent  you  by  the  stage. 

Coicper,  Conversation,  1.  305. 

I  went  in  the  six-penny  stage.  Sirtft. 

Law  of  the  three  stages.  See  three.— Lyric  stage. 
See  lyric.—  Mechanical  stage.  See  microscope,  1.— To 
go  on  the  stage,  see  go.— To  run  the  stage.  See 
runi. 

stage  (stag),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  staged,  ppr.  stag- 
ing. [<  stage,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  represent 
in  a  play  or  on  the  stage ;  exhibit  on  the  stage. 

I  love  the  people, 
But  do  not  like  to  stage  me  to  their  eyes. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  1.  69. 
Frippery.   Some  poet  must  assist  us. 
Goldstone.  Poet? 

Youll  take  the  direct  line  to  have  us  stag'd. 

Middleton,  Your  Five  Gallants,  iv.  8. 

An  you  stage  me,  stinkard,  your  mansions  shall  sweat 
for  't  B.  Jomon,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  place  or  put  on  the  stage ;  mount,  as  a 
play. 

The  manager  who,  in  staging  a  play,  suggests  judicious 

modifications,  is  in  the  position  of  a  critic,  nothing  more. 

Fortnightly  Ret.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  819. 

II.  intrans.  To  travel  by  stage-coach :  some- 
times with  indefinite  it. 

He  seasons  pleasure  with  profit ;  he  stages  (if  1  may  say 
so)  into  politicks,  and  rides  post  into  business. 

Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  540.    (Davies.) 

stage-box  (staj'boks),  ?i.    A  proscenium-box, 
stage-carriage  (staj'kar*aj),  n.  A  stage-coach. 

In  1866  Gladstone  was  able  to  reduce  the  mileage  for 
all  stage-carriages  to  one  farthing. 

S.  Dwell,  Taxes  in  England,  III.  56. 

stage-coach  (staj '  koch),  n.  A  coach  that  runs 
by  stages;  a  coach  that  runs  regularly  every 
day  or  on  stated  days  between  two  places,  for 
the  conveyance  of  passengers.  Also  stage. 

Stage-craft  (staj'kraft),  n.  1.  The  art  of  dra- 
matic composition. 

The  fact  that  their  author  so  willingly  leaned  upon  the 
plot  of  a  predecessor  indicates  his  weak  point  — the  lack 
of  that  stage-craft  which  seems  to  be  still  one  of  the  rarest 
gifts  of  Englishmen.  A.  Dobson,  Introd.  to  Steele,  p.  xliv. 

2.  Knowledge  and  skill  in  putting  a  play  on 
the  stage. 

stage-direction  (staj'di-rek'shon),  71.  A  writ- 
ten or  printed  instruction  as  to  action,  etc., 
which  accompanies  the  text  of  a  play. 

stage-door  (staj'dor),  n.  The  door  giving  ac- 
cess to  the  stage  and  the  parts  behind  it  in  a 
theater;  the  actors'  and  workmen's  entrance 
to  a  theater. 

stage-effect  (staj'e-fekt"),  n.  Theatrical  ef- 
fect ;  effect  produced  artificially  and  designedly. 

Stage-fever  (staj'fe'ver),  «.  A  strong  desire 
to  go  on  the  stage,  or  to  be  an  actor  or  actress. 
[Colloq.] 

He  was  intended  for  the  Church,  but  he  caught  stage- 
fever,  ran  away  from  school  at  the  age  of  17,  and  joined 
the  theater  at  Dublin. 

,>.  Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  II.  21. 

stage-forceps  (staj'for'seps),  n.  A  clamp  for 
holding  an  object  on  the  stage  of  a  compound 
microscope.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Stage-fright  (staj'frlt),  n.  Nervousness  ex- 
perienced on  facing  an  audience,  especially  for 
the  first  time. 

Stage-hand  (staj'hand),  ».  A  man  employed 
to  move  scenery,  etc. 

stage-house  (staj'hous),  n.  A  house,  as  an  inn, 
at  which  a  coach  stops  regularly  for  passengers 
or  to  change  horses. 

stagelyt  (staj'li),  a.  [<  stage  +  -fyl.]  Per- 
taining to  the  stage ;  befitting  the  theater ;  the- 
atrical. Jer.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness, 
p.  168. 

Stagemant  (staj'man),  «.  An  actor.  T.  Bra- 
fttite,  1589  (prefixed  to  Greene's  "Menaphon"). 
(Davies.) 

Stage-manager  (staj'man'aj-er),  n.  In  theaters, 
one  who  superintends  the  production  and  per- 
formance of  a  play,  and  who  regulates  all  mat- 
ters behind  the  curtain. 


stagger 

stage-micrometer  (staj'mi-krom"e-ter),  ».  Iii 
microscopy,  a  micrometer  attached  to  the  stage, 
and  used  to  measure  the  size  of  an  object  un- 
der examination. 

Stage-plate  (staj'plat),  n.  A  glass  plate  with 
a  narrow  ledge  along  one  edge,  used  on  the 
stage  of  a  microscope  to  hold  an  object  when 
the  microscope  is  inclined,  and  sometimes  as 
the  bottom  plate  of  a  growing-slide.  E.  H. 
1\  night. 

stage-play  (staj'pla), «.  Originally,  a  dramatic 
performance ;  hence,  a  play  or  drama  adapted 
for  representation  on  the  stage,  as  distinguished 
from  a  reading-  or  closet-play. 

If  the  devil,  or  his  instruments,  should  then  tell  him 
[a  dying  man]  of  a  cup  of  sack,  of  merry  company,  of  a 
stage-play,  or  a  morris-dance,  do  you  think  he  would  then 
be  so  taken  with  the  motion  ?  Baxter,  Saints'  Rest,  iv.  3. 

stage-player  (staj'pla"er),  n.  An  actor  on  the 
stage;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  represent 
characters  on  the  stage. 

Among  slaves  who  exercised  polite  arts  none  sold  so 
dear  as  stageplayers  or  actors.  Arbuthnot,  Ancient  Coins. 

Stager  (sta'jer),  71.  [<  stage  +  -trl.]  If.  A 
player. 

Dare  quit,  upon  Jrour  oaths, 
The  stagers  and  the  stage-wrights  too  (your  peers). 

B.  Jonson,  Just  Indignation  of  the  Author. 

2.  One  who  has  long  acted  on  the  stage  of  life ; 
a  person  of  experience,  or  of  skill  derived  from 
long  experience:  usually  with  old. 

Here  let  me,  as  an  old  stager  upon  the  theatre  of  the 
world,  suggest  one  consideration  to  you. 

Chesterfield,  To  his  Son,  Dec.  20,  0.  S.  1748. 

3.  A  horse  used  for  drawing  a  stage-coach. 
stage-right  (staj'rit),  n.    The  proprietary  right 

of  the  author  of  a  dramatic  composition  in  re- 
spect to  its  performance ;  the  exclusive  right 
to  perform  or  authorize  the  performance  of  a 
particular  drama.  Compare  copyright. 
stageritet.  «•  [X  stager  T  -tie2;  with  a  pun  on 
Stagirite.]  A  stage-player.  [Humorous.] 

Thou  hast  forgot  how  thou  amblest  ...  by  a  play- 
wagon,  in  the  high  way,  and  took  st  mad  Jeronimoes  part, 
to  get  seruice  among  the  Mimickes ;  and  when  the  Stager- 
ites  banish't  thee  into  the  Isle  of  Dogs,  thou  tuni'dst  Ban- 
dog. DeMer,  Satiromastix,  I.  229  (ed.  Pearson). 

stageryt  (sta'jer-i),  71.  [<  stage  +  -ery.]  Ex- 
hibition on  the  stage. 

Likening  those  grave  controversies  to  a  piece  of  Stagery, 
or  Scene-worke.  Hilton,  An  Apology,  etc. 

stage-setter  (staj'set'er),  n.  One  who  attends 
to  the  proper  setting  of  a  play  on  the  stage. 

M.  Sardou  is  a  born  stage-setter,  but  with  a  leaning  to 

"great  machines,"  numbers  of  figurants,  and  magnificence. 

The  Century,  XXXV.  544. 

stage-struck  (staj'struk),  a.  Smitten  with  a 
love  for  the  stage ;  possessed  by  a  passion  for 
the  drama;  seized  by  a  passionate  desire  to 
become  an  actor. 

"You  are  a  precious  fool,  Jack  Bunce,"  said  Cleveland, 
half  angry,  and,  in  despite  of  himself,  half  diverted  by 
the  false  tones  and  exaggerated  gesture  of  the  stagestruck 
pirate.  Scott,  Pirate,  xxxix. 

stag-evil  (stag'e'vl),  n.  Tetanus  or  lockjaw  of 
the  horse. 

stage-wagon  (staj'wag'on),  M.  1.  A  wagon  for 
conveying  goods  and  passengers,  by  stages,  at 
regularly  appointed  times. — 2f.  A  stage-coach. 

stage-wait  (staj'wat),  ».  A  delay  in  a  theatri- 
carperformance,  due  to  dilatoriness  of  an  actor 
or  carpenter,  or  to  any  like  cause.  [Colloq.] 

stage-whisper  (staj'hwis*'per),  n.  A  loud  whis- 
per used  in  by-play  by  an  actor  in  a  theater ;  an 
aside ;  hence,  a  whisper  meant  to  be  heard  by 
those  to  whom  it  is  not  professedly  addressed. 

stagewright  (staj'rit),  n.  A  dramatic  author; 
a  playwright.  See  the  quotation  under  stager,  1. 
[Bare.] 

stagey,  stageyness.     See  stagy,  staginess,  1. 

staggard1,  staggart  (stag'ard,  -art),  n.  [For- 
merly also  stagart;  <  stag  +  -ard,  -art.]  A  stag 
in  his  fourth  year,  and  therefore  not  quite  full 
grown. 

staggard2  (stag'ard),  H.    Same  as  staggarth. 

staggarth  (stag'krth),  n.  [Also  staggard;  a 
reduction  of  "stack-garth,  <  stack  +  garth1.  Cf. 
equiv.  dial,  haggarth,  haggard,  'hay-garth'.] 
An  inclosure  within  which  stacks  of  hay  and 

€ 'mare  kept.  Cath.  Ang.,^.  358.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
ger  (stag'er),  t>.     [A  var.  of  stacker,  after 
.  staggeren,  stagger  as  a  drunken  man  (ap- 
par.  a  var.  of  "stackeren  =  Icel.  stakra,  stagger) : 
see  stacker'^.']    I.  intrans.  1.  To  walk  or  stand 
unsteadily;  reel;  totter. 

A  violent  exertion,  which  made  the  King  stagger  back- 
ward into  the  hall.  Scott,  Quentin  Durward,  x. 


stagger 

My  sight  gtatjyerx;  the  walls  shake;  he  must  be  —  do 
angels  ever  come  hither? 
Landor,  Imag.  Conv.,  Galileo,  Milton,  and  a  Dominican. 

2.  To  hesitate ;  begin  to  doubt  or  waver  iii 
purpose;  falter;  become  less  confident  or  de- 
termined; waver;  vacillate.  • 

He  staggered  not  at  the  promise  of  God  through  un- 
belief.    '  Rom.  l\:  20. 

It  was  long  since  resolved  on, 
Nor  must  I  stagger  now  in  't. 

Massinger,  Unnatural  Combat,  ii.  1. 
The  enterprise  of  the  .  .  .  newspapers  stops  at  no  ex- 
pense, utayyers  at  no  difficulties. 

Harper's  May.,  LXXVII.  887. 

=  Syn.  1.  Totter,  etc.    See  reels. 

It.  trails.  1.  To  cause  to  reel,  totter,  falter, 
or  be  unsteady ;  shake. 

I  have  seen  enough  to  stagger  my  obedience. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iii.  1. 

Strikes  and  lock-outs  occur,  which  stagger  the  prosper- 
ity, not  of  the  business  merely,  but  of  the  state. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  615. 

2.  To  cause  to  hesitate,  waver,  or  doubt;  fill 
with  doubts  or  misgivings;  make  loss  steady, 
determined,  or  confident. 

The  question  did  at  first  so  stagger  me. 

Shalt.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  4.  212. 
'Tis  not  to  die,  sir, 
But  to  die  unreveng'd,  that  staggers  me. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  arrange  in  a  zigzag  order;  specifically, 
"in  wheel-making,  to  set  (the  spokes)  in  the  hub 

alternately  inside  and  outside  (or  more  or  less  to 
one  side  of)  a  line  drawn  round  the  hub.  The 
mortise-holes  in  such  a  hub  are  said  to  be  dodging.  A 
wheel  made  in  this  manner  is  called  a  staggered  wheel. 
The  objects  sought  in  this  system  of  construction  are  in- 
creased strength  and  stiffness  in  the  wheel, 
stagger  (stag'er),  n.  [<  stagger, «'.]  1.  A  sud- 
den tottering  motion,  swing,  or  reel  of  the  body 
as  if  one  were  about  to  fall,  as  through  tripping, 
giddiness,  or  intoxication. 

Their  trepidations  are  more  shaking  than  cold  ague-fits; 
their  staggers  worse  than  a  drunkard's. 

Rev.  T.  Adam»,  Works,  1. 127. 

The  individual  .  .  .  advanced  with  a  motion  that  alter- 
nated between  a  reel  and  a  stagger. 
0.  A.  Sola,  Dutch  Pictures,  The  Ship-Chandler.  (Latham.) 

2.  pi.  One  of  various  forms  of  functional  and 
organic  disease  of  the  brain  and  spinal  cord  in 
domesticated  animals,  especially  horses  and  cat- 
tle: more  fully  called  blind  staggers.  A  kind  of 
staggers  (see  also  gidl  and  sturdy?)  affecting  sheep  is  spe- 
cifically the  disease  resulting  from  a  larval  brain-worm. 
(See  eosnure  and  T&nia.)  Other  forms  are  due  to  distur- 
bance of  the  circulation  in  the  brain,  and  others  again  to 
digestive  derangements.  See  stomach-staggers. 
How  now !  my  galloway  nag  the  staggers,  ha ! 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  IT.  3. 

Hence  —  3.  pi.  A  feeling  of  giddiness,  reeling, 
or  unsteadiness ;  a  sensation  which  causes  reel- 
ing. 

Johp.  And  a  kind  of  whimsie  — 

Mere.  Here  in  my  head,  that  puts  me  to  the  staggers. 
B.  Jonson,  Fortunate  Isles. 

4.  pi.  Perplexities;    doubts;    bewilderment; 
confusion. 

I  will  throw  thee  from  my  care  for  ever, 
Into  the  staggers  and  the  careless  lapse 
Of  youth  and  ignorance. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  il.  3.  170. 

Blind  staggers.  See  def.  2,  above.— Grass-staggers, 
the  loco-disease  in  horses.  See  loco,  2,  and  loco-weed. 


Stagger-bush  (Amtremeda  Mariana),    i,  flowering  branch; 
2,  the  fruits. 

370 


5880 

stagger-bush  (stag'er-bush),  H.  The  shrub  AH- 
ilriiiiinlii  (I'ii-rin)  Miiriinni  of  the  middle  and 
southern  United  States,  whose  leaves  have  been 
supposed  to  give  the  stagers  to  aiiimtils.  Its 
fascicles  of  waxy  pure-white  or  pinkish  nrn-shapeii  flow- 
ers are  very  beautiful,  the  habit  of  the  bush  less  so.  Sec 
cut  in  preceding  column. 

Staggerer  (stag'er-c-r),  ii.  [<  slaggrr  +  -<•;•!.]  1. 
One  wild  or  that  which  staggers. —  2.  A  state- 
ment or  argument  that  staggers;  a  poser;  what- 
ever causes  one  to  stagger,  falter,  hesitate,  or 
doubt.  [Colloq.] 

This  wns  a  ttayjerer  for  Dive's  literary  "gent,"  and  it 

took  him  nearly  six  weeks  to  get  over  it  »nd  triune  a  reply. 

Atheneeum,  Oct.  20,  1889,  p.  500. 

stagger-grass  (stag'er-gras),?*.  Theatamasco- 
lily,  Xi'pliijrantlH'x  Atamiisco:  so  called  as  sup- 
posed to  cause  staggers  in  horses. 

Staggeringly  (stag'er-ing-li),  n<lr.  In  a  stag- 
gering or  reeling  manner;  with  hesitation  or 
doubt.  Imp.  DM. 

staggerwort  (stag'er-wert),  n.  Same  as  stnn-i-- 
icort:  so  called  as  supposed  to  cure  the  staggers, 
oT,  as  Prior  thinks,  from  its  application  to  newly 
castrated  bulls,  called  stags. 

staggont  (stag'on),  n.  [Also  stagon  (ML.  stag- 
gon);  <  stag  +  -on,  a  suffix  of  F.  origin.]  A 
staggard.  Holinslied. 

Called  in  the  fourth  [year]  a  stayon. 

Stanihurst,  Descrip.  of  Eng.,  Hi.  4. 

Stag-headed  (stag'hed'ed),  a.  Having  the  up- 
per branches  dead :  said  of  a  tree. 

They  were  made  of  particular  parts  of  the  growth  of  cer- 
tain very  old  oaks,  which  had  grown  for  ages,  and  had  at 
length  become  stag-headed  and  half-dead. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVIII.  787. 

stag-horn  (stag'horn),  n.  1.  A  common  club- 
moss,  Lycopodium  clavatum.  Also  stag's-horn. 

Or  with  that  plant  which  in  our  dale 
We  call  stag-horn,  or  fox's  tail. 

Wordsworth,  Idle  Shepherd-Boys. 

2.  Amadrepore  coral,  ifadreporacerpicorwi's  and 
related  species,used  for  ornament.  See  cut  un- 
der Madrepore.— stag-born  fern,  a  fern  of  the  genus 
Platyceriwm,  but  especially  P.  alcicoriie :  so  called  from 
the  fact  that  the  fertile  fronds  are  dichotomously  forked 
like  a  stag's  horn.  The  genus  is  small  but  widely  diffused. 
The  name  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  certain  species  of 
Ophioglossum.— Stag-born  moss.  Same  as  stag-horn,  1. 
—  Stag-born  sumac.  See  sumac. 

Stag-horned  (stag'h6rnd),  a.  Having  long  ser- 
rate antennae,  as  the  longicorn  beetle  Acan- 
thophorus  serraticornig. 

Staghound  (stag'hound),  n.  A  hunting-dog 
able  to  overtake  and  cope  with  a  stag,  (a)  The 
Scotch  deerhound  or  wolf-dog,  of  great  speed,  strength, 
and  courage,  standing  28  inches  or  more,  with  a  shaggy 
or  wiry  coat,  usually  some  shade  of  gray.  They  hunt 
chiefly  by  sight,  and  are  used  in  stalking  the  red  deer,  for 
running  down  the  game.  (i>)  A  large  kind  of  fox-hound, 
about  25  inches  high,  trained  to  hunt  deer  by  scent. 

staginess  (sta'ji-nes),  n.  [<  stagy  +  -ness.]  1. 
Stagy  or  exaggerated  character  or  style  ;  con- 
ventional theatricality.  Also  stageyness.—  2. 
A  certain  stage  or  state  of  an  animal;  by  im- 
plication, that  stage  when  the  animal  is  out  of 
condition,  as  when  a  fur-bearing  animal  is  shed- 
ding. [Colloq.] 

Those  signs  of  shedding  and  staginess  so  marked  in  the 
seal.  Fisheries  o/  U.  S.,  V.  ii.  488. 

Staging  (sta'jing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  stage,  v.~\ 
1.  A  temporary  structure  of  posts  and  boards 
for  support,  as  in  building;  scaffolding. —  2. 
The  business  of  running  or  managing  stage- 
coaches, or  the  act  of  traveling  in  them. 

stagiont,  «•  [Appar.  an  altered  form  of  stag- 
ing, simulating  station  (ME.  station,  <  OF.  sta- 
tion, estayon,  estachon,  estagon,  e^c.):  see  sta- 
tion.'] Stage;  a  staging;  a  pier. 

In  these  tydes  there  must  he  lost  no  lot  of  time,  for,  if 
you  arriue  not  at  the  stagions  before  the  tyde  be  spent, 
vou  must  turne  backe  from  whence  you  came. 

HakluyCs  Voyages,  II.  234. 

Staglrite  (staj'i-rit),  n.   [Also,  erroneously,  Sta- 
</i/nte;  =  F.  Stagyrite  =  Sp.  Pg.  Estagirita  = 
It.  Stagirita,  <  L.  Stagirites,  Stagerites,  <  Or. 
Zray«p<Ti?f ,  an  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Stagira 
(applied  esp.  to  Aristotle),  <  IrArttaa,  Zraytipoc 
(L.  Stagira),  a  city  of  Macedonia.]    A  native 
or  an  inhabitant  of  Stagira,  a  city  of  Macedonia 
(Chalcidice),  situated  on  the  Strymonic  Gulf; 
specifically,  Aristotle,  the  "prince  of  philoso- 
phers" (384-322  B.  c.),  who  was  born  there,  and 
is  frequently  referred  to  as  "the  Stagirite." 
The  mighty  StagvrUe  first  left  the  shore, 
Spread  all  his  sails,  and  durst  the  deep  explore ; 
He  steer'd  securely,  and  discover'd  far, 
Led  by  the  light  of  the  Majonian  star. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  645. 

stagnancy  (stag'nan-si),  n.  [<  stagnan(t)  + 
-cy.]  1.  The  state  of  being  stagnant  or  with- 


Stahlian 

out  motion,  flow,  or  circulation,  as  a  fluid ;  stag- 
nation. 

There  is  nowhere  stillness  and  ulii'iiuinri/. 

rin-  r,.,,luT!/,  XX  VII.  174. 

2.   PI.  ntagniiiii-iis  (-six).      Anything  stagnant: 

a  stagnant  pool. 

Though  the  country  people  are  »i>  «IM' 

To  c;i!l  tlu-sr  rivers,  they're  but  utagnancief, 

Left  by  tin-  tlcinil. 

i  -1,11111,,  Wonders  of  the  Peaks  (1681),  p.  55. 

Stagnant  (stag'mmt),  a.  [<  F.  stagnant  =  It. 
s'ligiiHiite,  <  L.  Stagnant-)*,  ppr.  of  gtayiitirr, 
form  a  pool  of  standing  water,  cause  to  stand: 
see  stagnate.]  1.  Standing;  motionless,  as  the 
water  of  a  pool  or  lake ;  without  current  or  mo- 
tion, ebb  or  flow :  as,  xtai/naiit  water:  stagnant 
pools. 

Where  the  water  is  stopped  in  a  stagnant  pond 

Danced  over  by  the  midge. 

Browning,  By  the  Fireside. 

2.  Inert;  inactive;  sluggish;  torpid;  dull;  not 
brisk:  as,  business  is  stagnant. 
The  gloomy  slumber  of  the  stagnant  soul.         Johnson. 

stagnantly  (stag'nant-li),  adv.  In  a  stagnant 
or  still,  motionless,  inactive  manner. 

stagnate  (stag'nat),  <•.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stag- 
nated, ppr.  stagnating.  [C  L.  stngnattis,  pp. 
of  stagnarc  (>  It.  stagnare  =  F.  stagner),  form 
a  pool  of  standing  water,  stagnate,  be  over- 
flowed, <  stagnum,  a  pool,  swamp.  Cf.  ftonfcl.] 

1.  To  cease  to  run  or  flow;  be  or  become  mo- 
tionless ;  have  no  current. 

I  am  fifty  winters  old  ; 

Blood  then  stagnates  and  grows  cold. 

Cotton,  Anacreontic. 

In  this  flat  country,  large  rivers,  that  scarce  had  decliv- 
ity enough  to  run,  crept  slowly  along,  through  meadows 
of  fat  black  earth,  stagnating  in  many  places  as  they  went. 
Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  I.  372. 

2.  To  cease  to  be  brisk  or  active ;  become  dull, 
inactive,  or  inert:  as,  business  stagnates. 

Ready-witted  tenderness  .  .  .  never  stagnates  in  vain 
lamentations  while  there  is  room  for  hope.  Scott. 

stagnate!  (stag'nat),  a.  [<  L.  stagnatus,  pp.: 
see  the  verb.]  Stagnant. 

To  drain  the  stagnate  fen. 

SomeniUc,  The  Chase,  iii.  440. 

stagnation  (stag-na'shon),  «.  [=  F.  stagna- 
tion; as  stagnate  +  -ion'.']  1.  The  condition  of 
being  stagnant;  the  cessation  of  flow  or  circu- 
lation in  a  fluid;  the  state  of  being  without  flow, 
or  of  being  motionless. 

Th'  icy  touch 

Of  unproliftc  winter  has  impress'd 
A  cola  stagnation  on  th'  intestine  tide. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  139. 

In  ...  [suffocation]  life  is  extinguished  by  stagnation 
of  non-arterialized  blood  in  the  capillaries  of  the  lungs, 
and  by  the  changes  that  result  from  the  failure  of  the 
function  of  the  pulmonic  system. 

J.  M.  Carnochan,  Operative  Surgery,  p.  398. 

2.  Lack  or  absence  of  briskness  or  activity; 
inertness;  dullness. 
The  decay  of  my  faculties  is  a  stagnation  of  my  life. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  260. 

stagnicoloUS  (stag-nik'o-lus).  a.  [<  L.  stag- 
mini,  a  pool,  +  colere,  inhabit.]  Living  in  stag- 
nant water;  inhabiting  swamps  or  fens ;  palu- 
dicole,  as  a  bird. 

stagont,  »•     See  staggon. 

Stag-party  (stag'par'ti), «.  A  party  or  enter- 
tainment to  which  men  only  are  invited. 
[Slang,  U.  S.] 

Stag's-horn(stagz'h6rn),n.  Sameasstagf-/(om,l. 

stag-tick  (stag'tik),  «.  A  parasitic  dipterous 
insect,  Leptoptena  ccrri,  of  the  family  Eippobos- 
cidse,  which  infests  the  stag  and  other  animals, 
and  resembles  a  tick  in  being  usually  wingless. 

Stag-worm  (stag'werm),  n.  The  larva  of  one 
of  several  bot-flies  which  infest  the  stag.  There 
are  12  species,  0  of  which  (all  of  the  genus  Hypoderma) 
inhabit  the  subcutaneous  tissue  of  the  back  and  loins ;  the 
others  (belonging  to  the  genera  Cephenomyia  and  Pha- 
rynyomyia)  infest  the  nose  and  throat. 

st'agy(sta'ji),  a.  [Also  stagey;  <stage  +  -y1.] 
Savoringof  the  stage;  theatrical;  conventional 
in  manner:  in  a  depreciatory  sense. 

Mr.  Lewes  ...  is  keenly  alive  to  everything  stagey  in 
physiognomy  and  gesture. 

George  Eliot,  in  Cross's  Life.II.  xlii. 

The  general  tone  of  his  thought  and  expression  never 
rose  above  the  ceremonious,  stagy,  and  theatrical  charac- 
ter of  the  18th  century.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  97. 

Stagyrite,  n.  An  erroneous  spelling  of  Stagi- 
rite. 

Stahlian  (sta'lian),  n.and  n.    [<  Staltl  (see  def.) 

4- -Jan.]     I.  a.  "Of  or  pertaining  to  G.  E.  Stahl, 

a  German  chemist  (1660-1734),  or  his  doctrines. 

II.  n.  A  believer  in  or  supporter  of  Stablian- 

ism  or  animism. 


Stahlianism 

Stahlianism  (sta'lian-izm),  ».     [<  fitahlian  + 
-ism.]     Same  as  iiiiiiiiixni,  2. 
Stahlism  (stii'lizm),  >i.     [<  Xtiili/  (see  Ntaliliau) 

+  -ixin.]     Same  as  animism,  2. 
stahlspiel  (stal'spel),  «.     [G.,  <  stalil,  steel,  + 
x/HW,  play.]     Same  as  lyre1,  1  (c). 
staid  (stad).     A  mode  of  spelling  the  preterit 
and  past  participle  of  xtai/%. 
staid  (stad),  a.     [Formerly  also  stayed;  an  ailj. 
use  of  staid,  pp.]     Sober;  grave;  steady;  se- 
date;  regular;   not  wild,  volatile,  flighty,  or 
fanciful:  as,  a  staid  elderly  person. 

Put  thyself 

Into  a  havlour  of  less  fear,  ere  wildness 
Vanquish  my  gtaider  senses. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  4.  10. 
The  tall  fair  person,  and  the  still  staid  mien. 

Crabbe,  Works,  IV.  143. 

staidly  (stad'li),  adv.   [Formerly  also  stayedli/.] 
In  a  staid  manner;  calmly;  soberly. 
'Tis  well  you  have  manners. 

That  curtsy  again,  and  hold  your  countenance  staidly. 
Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 

staidness  (stad'nes),  n.  [Formerly  also  stayed- 
ness;  <  staid  +  -ness.]  The  state  or  character 
of  being  staid ;  sobriety ;  gravity ;  sedateness ; 
steadiness:  as,  staidness  and  sobriety  of  age. 

The  love  of  things  ancient  doth 
levity  and  want  of  experience  mak 
tions. 


5890 

You  do  remember 
This  stain  |a  mole]  upmi  her.' 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4.  138. 
Swift  trouts.  diversified  with  crimson  stains. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  145. 

2.  A  blot;  a  blemish;  a  cause  of  reproach  or 
disgrace:  as,  a  stain  on  one's  character. 


stake 

Knnii  IHT  warm  bed.  and  up  the  corkscrew  stair, 
\Vith  hand  and  rope  we  haled  the  groaning  sow. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 

Staircase-Shell   (star'kas-shel;,  ,i.     A  shell  of 
the  genus  Solarium  ;  any  member  of  the  ,<•'«/< 
i-iiil;r.     See  cut  Under  Solarium. 
Stair-foot  (star'fut),  H.     The  bottom  of  a  sh.ir 


Hereby  I  will  lead  her  that  is  the  praise  and  yet  the     Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII.,  p.  1L'3. 

*tnin  at  all  womankind.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  stair-head  (star'hed),  71.      The  top  of  a  stair. 

I  say  you  are  the  man  who  denounced  to  my  uncle  this         I  \M\KK  wm,  another  sweep  which  is  better  olf  nor  I 
miserable  stain  upon  the  birth  of  my  betrothed.  am,  and  pay  him  -2,.  »d.  a  week  for  a  little  stair-hmil  place 

L.  W.  M.  Lockhart,  Fair  to  See,  xxii.      with  a  ln-d  in  it. 

3.  In  entom.,  a  well-defined  spot  of  color  which  .l/«.'/A.'«^London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  428. 

appears  to  be  semi-transparent,  so  that  it  mere-  stair-rod  (stiir'rod),  n.  A  rod  or  a  strip  of  thin 
ly  modifies  the  ground-color :  it  may  be  pro-  metal,  sometimes  folded  and  corrugated  to  give 
duced  by  very  tine  dots,  as  on  a  butterfly's  wing,  it  stiffness,  used  to  hold  a  stair-carpet  in  place. 
—4.  Taint ;  tarnish :  evil  or  corrupting  effect :  "  u  f^ured  across  the  width  of  the  step  by  rings  or  sta- 
sis rhfi  «/«;»  of  «in  —  St  mitrlit  trnno-  tino-o  •  ples  into  whlch  ]t  '8  slipped,  and  in  other  ways;  by  ex 
f.8'  ~  Sin.— Of.  fcliglit  trace,  tinge,  tension,  something  not  a  rod  answering  the  same  pur- 
tincture.  pose. 

You  have  some  stain  of  soldier  in  you ;  let  me  ask  you  stairway  (star'wa),   «.     A  staircase.     Moore. 
a  question.                                  Shot.,  All's  Well,  i.  1.  12-2.      (Imp.  Diet.) 

6.  Coloring  matter;  a  liquid  used  to  color  Stair-wire  (star'wir),  ».  A  slender  stair-rod  of 
wood,  ivory,  etc.,  by  absorption.  metal. 

The  ivory  is  invariably  again  placed  in  cold  water  that         The  banisters  were  beeswaxed,  and  the  very  stair-vires 
has  been  boiled,  before  it  is  transferred  to  the  stain.  malle  y°"r  eSes  wink,  they  were  so  glittering. 

Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  234.  Dickens,  sketches,  Tales,  i.  1. 

Diffuse  stains,  those  dyes  which  stain  all  parts  of  the  Stairyt  (star'i),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  slayry ;  < 


Brought  up  among  Quakers,  although  not  one  herself,     '      — iV'TT3'/    •               ~"r~7",   -    j          ,    -,     r,  ctair^Ttrrvrt  fat- th'Toii-fl  « 

sheadmiredandrespectedtheio^^andoutwardpeace:  8tainable(sta'na-bl),«,     [< stein .  +  -able.]     Ca-  StaithWOrt        ath  wert),  «. 

fulness  common  among  the  young  women  of  that  sect.         pable  of  being  stained,  as  objects  for  the  micro-  Staiver,  v.  t.     nee  starer. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xxxii.     scope.     See  stain,  v.,  4  (c).    Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  stakt.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  stick1, 

Staig  (stag),  n.    [Avar,  of  stay.]  A  young  horse;     833.  stake1  (stak),  n.     [<  ME.  stake,  <  AS.  gtaca,  a 

a  stallion.     [Scotch.]                                               stainchel(stan'chel),  M.   A  Scotch  form  of  stan-  stake,  a  pin,  =  OFries.  stake  =  MD.  stake, 

Stall  (stal),  n.    A  spelling  of  stale?.                         rlni1.  staecke,  staeck,  D.  staak,  a  stake,  post,  =  MLG. 

stain  (stan),  f.     [<  ME.  steinen,  steynen  (>  Icel.  stainer  (sta'ner),  n.     [<  stain  +  -er1.]     1.  One  stake>  a  stake,  post,  pillory,  prison,  LG.  stake, 

steina),  by  apheresis  from  disteinen,  disteigneii,     who  or  that  which  stains,  blots,  or  tarnishes.—  '  <*•  staken,  a  stake,  =  Icel.  gtjaki,  a  stake,  pole, 

distcynen,desteinen,E.distain:  seedistain.]    I.     2.  One  who  stains  or  colors;  especially,  in  the  candlestick,  =  Sw.  stake,  a  stake,  a  candlestick, 

trans.  1.  To  discolor,  as  by  the  application  of    trades,  a  workman  whose  employment  is  stain-  =  Dan.  stage,  a  stake  (Scand.  forms  appar.  < 

ing  wood,  etc.     See  paper-stainer.—  3.  A  tine-  LG-)! ,cf-  OHG.  stacJiutta,  stacchulla,  MHO.  G. 
ture  or  coloring  matter  used  in  staining. 
Stainless  (stan'les),  a.    [<  stain  +  -less.]    Free 
from  spot  or  stain,  whether  physical  or  moral ; 
unblemished;  immaculate;  untarnished:  liter- 
ally or  figuratively. 


some  foreign  matter;  make  foul;  spot:  as,  to 
stain  the  hand  with  dye,  or  with  tobacco-juice ; 
to  stain  the  clothes. 

An  image  like  thyself,  all  stain'd  with  gore. 

Sliak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  (104. 

2.  To  soil  or  sully  with  guilt  or  infamy;  tarnish; 


stachcl,  a  sting;  from  the  root  of  stick  (AS. 
*stecaii,  pret.  "stasc):  see  stick1,  ».,  and  of .  sticks, 
ii.,  uttick.  Cf.  OF.  estake,  estaque,  estacke,  es- 
tucquc,  stake,  also  estachc,  estaiche.staclie,  etc., 
a  stake,  prop,  bar,  etc.,  =  Sp.  Pg.  estaca,  a 


bring  reproach  on;   corrupt;   deprave:   as,  to  Stainlessly  (stan'les-li),  adr.     In   a  stainless     stake,  =  It.  sfacco,  a  hook,  <  Teut.]    1.  A  stick 
«*_.-„  AL _  -i *.__  .  _j_....-j  — fi,    — i»i  «v*n«n*t«.  ^^4-u  f..»»,4n.~.  *_A«  ~4.~:«  of  wood  sharj>ened  at  one  end  and  set  in  the 

ground,  or  prepared  to  be  set  in  the  ground,  as 

7  -— j.  -7  -— j_. ,  . „.. , ,     part  of  a  fence?  as  a  boundary-mark,  as  a  post 

stair  (=  MD.  steygher,  steegher,  stegher,  D.  stei-    to  tether  an  animal  to,  or  as  a  support  for  some- 


stain  the  character;  stained  with  guilt. 

Never  believe,  though  in  my  nature  reign'd 
All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  blood, 
That  it  could  so  preposterously  be  stain'd, 
To  leave  for  nothing  all  my  sum  of  good. 

Shale.,  Sonnets,  cix. 

3t.  To  deface;  disfigure;  impair,  as  shape,  beau- 
ty, or  excellence. 

But  he  's  something  stain'd 

With  grief  that's  beauty's  canker,  thou  mightst  call  him 

A  goodly  person.  Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.  414. 

We  were  all  a  little  stained  last  night,  sprinkled  with  a 

cup  or  two.  B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

4.  To  color  by  a  process  other  than  painting  or 
coating  or  covering  the  surface,  (a)  To  color  (as 
glass)  by  something  which  combines  chemically  with  the 
substance  to  be  colored.  (6)  To  color  by  the  use  of  a  thin 
liquid  which  penetrates  the  material,  as  in  dyeing  cloth  or 
staining  wood,  (c)  In  microscopy,  to  impregnate  with  a 
substance  whose  chemical  reaction  on  the  tissue  so  treat- 
ed gives  it  a  particular  color.  The  great  value  of  staining 
for  this  purpose  results  from  the  fact  that  some  tissues  are 
stainable  by  a  certain  reagent  to  which  others  respond  but 


manner;  with  freedom  from  stain. 

Stair  (star),  n.      [<  ME.  staire,  stayre,  stayer, 

Kteir,  steire,  steyre,  stcyer,  <  AS.  stager,  a  step, 


ger,  a  stair,  step,  quay,  pier,  scaffold),  <  stiyan 
=  D.  stijgen,  etc.,  mount,  climb:  see  sty1,  v.,  and 
cf.  stile1,  sty1,  n.,  from  the  same  verb.]  If.  A 
step ;  a  degree. 

He  [Mars]  passeth  but  oo  steyre  in  dayes  two. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  of  Mars,  1.  12!). 
Forthy  she  standeth  on  the  highest  stayre 
Of  th'  honorable  stage  of  womanhead. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  v.  54. 

2.  One  of  a  series  of  steps  to  mount  by :  as,  a 
flight  of  stairs. 

The  qween  bar  furst  the  cros  afturward, 
To  fecche  folk  from  helleward, 
On  holy  stayers  to  steyen  vpward 
And  regne  with  God  vr  lorde. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  14S. 
The  stairs,  as  he  treads  on  them,  kiss  his  feet. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  330. 


feebly  or  not  at  all,  so  that  some  points,  as  the  nucleus  of  .  .      - 

cells,  etc.,  may  be  more  distinctly  seen  by  the  contrast  in  3     A  flio-ht  or  succession  of  fliirht*  of  stpns 
color.    Many  different  preparations  are  used  for  the  pur-        '  !t?P8'     , 

pose  in  different  cases.  ranged  one  behind  and  above  the  other  m  such 


5.  To  print  colors  upon  (especially  upon  paper-     a  way  as  to  afford  passage  from  a  lower  to  a 
hangings).     [Eng.]  —  6t.  To  darken;  dim;  ob-     higherlevel, 


seure. 

Clouds  and  eclipses  stain  both  moon  and  sun. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  \\\v 

Hence — 7t.  To  eclipse;  excel. 

O  voyce  that  doth  the  thrush  in  shrilness  stain. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 
Her  beauty  shin'd  most  bright, 
Far  staining  every  other  brave  and  comely  dame 


or  vice  versa:  as,  a  winding  stair; 
the  back  stair:  often  used  in  the  plural  in  the 
same  sense. 

Komyng%  outward,  fast  it  gonne  biholde. 
Downward  a  steyre,  into  an  herber  grene. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1705. 

Below  stairs,  in  the  basement  or  lower  part  of  a  house. 
—Close-string  stairs,  a  dog-legged  stairs  without  an 
el,  and  wi 


That  did  appear  in  sight. 

Patient  Grissel  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  209). 
Stained  cloth.  Same  sapainted  cloth  (which  see  under 
cloth). — Stained  glass.  " 

tion. 


thing,  as  a  hedge,  a  vine,  a  tent,  or  a  fishing- 
net. 

Here  hefd  and  here  kyng  haldyng  with  no  partie, 
Bote  stande  as  a  stake  that  styketh  in  a  muyre 
By-twyne  two  londes  for  a  trewe  inarke. 

Piers  Plowman  (C\  iv.  384. 
Sharp  stakes  pluck'd  out  of  hedges 
They  pitched  in  the  ground. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  I.  1. 117. 
Was  never  salmon  yet  that  shone  so  fair 
Among  the  stakes  on  Dee. 

Kingsley,  The  Sands  of  Dee. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  post  to  which  a  person 
condemned  to  death  by  burning  is  bound :  as, 
condemned  to  the  stake;  burned  at  the  stake; 
also,  a  post  to  which  a  bear  to  be  baited  is  tied. 

Have  you  not  set  mine  honour  at  the  stake, 
And  baited  it  with  all  the  unmuzzled  thoughts 
That  tyrannous  heart  can  think  ? 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  1.  129. 

3.  In  leathcr-maniif.,  a  post  on  which  a  skin 
is  stretched  for  currying  or  graining.  E.  H. 
Knight. — 4.  A  vertical  bar  fixed  in  a  socket  or 
in  staples  on  the  edge  of  the  bed  of  a  platform 
railway-car  or  of  a  vehicle,  to  secure  the  load 
from  rolling  off,  or,  when  a  loose  substance,  as 
gravel,  etc.,  is  earned,  to  hold  in  place  boards 
which  retain 
the  load. — 5.  A 
small  anvil  used 
for  working  in 
thin  metal,  as  by 
tinsmiths :  it  ap- 
pears to  be  so 
called  because 


Various  forms  of  Stakes  for  Sheet-metal 
Working. 


open  newel,  and  with  the  steps  housed  into  the  strings.— 
Down  stairs,  in  the  lower  part  of  a  house.— Flight  Of 
stairs,  a  succession  of  steps  in  a  continuous  line  or  from 
one  landing  to  another.— Geometrical  stairs.  Seege- 

...  . , ometric.—  Pair  of  stairs,  a  set  or  flight  of  steps  or  stairs. 

loth).— Stained  glass.    Seeglass.  Seepairi,  6.—  Up  stairs,  in  the  upper  part  of  a  house. 

joll  in  stain  or  discolora-  streak  (s.ar'b^)^     A  WSf-,.-     stuck  into  the  bench  by  a  sharp  vertiea,  prop 

As  the  berry  breaks  before  jujj,^  ^  ^  ^ ,  th ascendPlg  to  the  tip.  See  f  ut  Te^^ltanvil,  which  stands  upon  a  small 
2  To  take  stams;  become  stained,  soiled,  or  staircase  (star' kas),«,  [<Sfa,r  +  case".]  The  ir°n  f00t  °D  the  WOTkbenjh i^HK ohl ~lon  °aers' 
sullied;  grow  dim;  be  obscured.  part  of  a  building  which  contains  the  stairs:  stake-and-rider fence  ' ' 

The  only  soil  of  his  fair  virtue's  gloss,  '    r 


Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1.  48. 

stain  (stan),  H.  [<  stain,  v.]  1.  A  spot;  a  dis- 
coloration, especially  a  discoloration  produced 
by  contact  with  foreign  matter  by  external 
causes  or  influences:  as,  mildew-steins. 


Though  the  figure  of  the  house  without  be  very  extra- 
ordinary good,  yet  the  stayre-case  is  exceeding  poor. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  267. 

Corkscrew  staircase  or  stair,  a  winding  staircase  hav- 
ing a  solid  newel. 


and  pp.  staked,  ppr. 
MD.  MLG.  staken  (= 

OF.  estachier  =  Sp.  estaear),  stake ;  from  the 
noun.]  1.  To  fasten  to  a  stake ;  tether;  also, 
to  impale. 

Stake  him  to  the  ground,  like  a  man  that  had  hang'tl 
himself.  Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  ii.  1. 


stake 


5891 


stale 


llyes  (Fran(.,g  Potter) 


Ute. 

stalagmitic  (stal-ag-mit'ik),  <i.  [<  s/rilni/iiiili 
+  -ic.]  Composed  of  stalagmite,  or  having  its 
character. 


'twas  pitty  that  such  a  delicate  inventive  witt  should  stake-hook  (stilk'huk),  n.     On  a  railway  plat-  stalactitiform  (sta-lak'tl-ti-form),  a. 
l>e  staked  in  an  obscure  corner.  form-car,  a  hook,  loop,  or  clevis  on  the  side  of     xlnluctitrM  +  L.  forma,  form.]     Same  as  stalac- 

the  bed,  to  receive  an  upright  stake.  liform. 

Stake-iron  (stakT'ern),  n.     The  metallic  strap  stalagmite  (stij-lag'mit),  ».     [<  F.  stalagmite, 

purely  to  the  drudgery  of  the  law.  or  armature  of  a  railway-  or  wagon-stake.  <  (Jr.  ara'/.ajftof,  dropping  or  dripping,  mAayjia, 

Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  I.  15.    (Daviet.)  stake-net  (stak'net),  H.     A  kind  of  fishing-net .     that  which  drops,  <  OTaMfttv,  drop,  let  fall  drop 

2.  To  support  with  stakes ;  provide  with  sup-     consisting  of  netting  vertically  hung  on  stakes     by  drop:  see  stalactic.]     Carbonate  of  lime  de- 
porting stakes  or  poles:  as,  to  stake  vines. —    driven  into  the  ground,  usually  with  special  con-    posited  on  the  floor  of  a  cavern.     Sec  stalac- 

3.  To  defend,  barricade,  or  bar  with  stakes  or    trivances  for  entrapping  or  securing  the  tish. 
piles.  See  r/ill->iet,  and  cut  under  ]>nioitl-in  t. 

Then  caus'tl  his  ships  the  river  up  to  stalce,  Stake-netter  (stak'net  "er),  n.     One  who  uses 

That  none  with  victual  should  the  town  relieve  a  stake-net  or  pound ;  a  pounder. 

Drayton,  Battle  of  Agmcourt,  st.  89.   stake.pocket    (stak'pok»et),   •„.      A   socket   of  stalagmitical  (stal-ag-mit'i-kal),  «.      [< 

4.  To  divide  or  lay  off  and  mark  with  stakes    cast-iron  fixed  to  the  side  of  the  bed  of  a  flat     mitic  +  -«/.]     Stulagmitic  in  character  or  for- 
or  posts:  with  out  or  off:  as,  to  stake  off  a  site     or  platform-car  to  receive  the  end  of  a  stake.       mation. 

for  a  school-house ;  to  stake  out  oyster-beds.       stake-puller  (stiik'pul"er);  n.    A  machine,  con-  stalagmitically  (stal-ag-mit'i-kal-i),  adv.    In 
The  modest  Northerners   who   have  got  hold  of  it     sisting  of  a  hinged  lever  with  a  gripping  device,     the  form  or  manner  of  stalagmite. 

for  pulling  stakes  or  posts  from  the  ground;  a  stalagmometer  (stal-ag-mom'e-ter),  n.     [<  Gr. 
post-puller.  ora'Adi/ioc,  a  dropping  or  dripping  (see  ftalag- 

StakerH,  ».  i.     A  Middle  English  spelling  of    mite),  +  ucrpov,  a  measure.]     Same  as  stac- 
stacker*.  tometer. 

number  of  very  precious  monuments  in"  a  surprisingly  staker2  (sta'kcr),  n.     [<  stake2  +  -er*.]     One   staldert  (stal'der),  n.     [Prob.  <  Icel.  stallr,  a 
short  space  of  time,  but  he  left  the  ground  chronologically     wno  stakes  money,  or  makes  a  wager  or  bet.         stall,  pedestal,  shelf,  =  Dan.  staid,  a  stall:  see 
The  Centura,  XXXIX.  333.  gtake.rest  (stak'rest),  n.     On  a  railway  plat-     stall*.]    A  wooden  frame  to  set  casks  on. 

5.  To  stretch,  scrape,  and  smooth  (skins)  by     form-car,  a  device  for  supporting  a  stake  when  stale1  (stal),  n.     [Sc.  also  staill,  steill,  stall;  < 
friction  against  the  blunt  edge  of  a  semicir-     turned  down  horizontally.  ME.  stale,  theft,  a  trap,  <  AS.  stalu,  theft  (in 
cular  knife  fixed  to  the  top  of  a  short  beam  or  stakket,  «•  and  v.     An  old  spelling  of  stack.         comp.  steel-,  as  in  stxl-hrdn,  a  decoy  reindeer, 
post  set  upright.                                                       stakkert, ».  «•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  stacker*,     steelgeest,  ajhievish  guest,  stasUiere,  a  predatory 

The  [calf-]skins  ...  are  staked  by  drawing  them  to   gtaktometer,  ».      See  stactomcter. 
and  fro  over  a  blunt  knife  fixed  on  the  top  of  a  post.  f    ,         .      nbwilnta  nrptprit  of  ttfal* 

Workshop  Receipt*,  2dser.,  p.  367.    Sjait.      An  Ol  T.l>-. 

.    .    0  .  ,-,  x  r      »CT^  i          i  i      *       Stalactic    (sta-lak  tik),   a.     \\  (jr.  oraAftKTiKoc., 

Stakes  (8tak),  n.  [=  MD.  staeck,  a  stake  for  d  "i™  Dipping,  <  mJuJr*,  verbal  adj.  of 
which  one  plays;  a  particular  use  of  stake,  a  gTJ^^>  *•£&$%,  ara).av,  drop,  drip,  let  fall 
stake,  pole,  appar.  as  'that  which  is  fixed  or  d  b  d'  %>  y^^^f^^  of  aTa. 
put  up':  see  stake*,  sticW.]  1  That  which  is  f«vfdrL  iet  fall  by  drops.]  Pertaining  to  or 
placed  at  hazard  as  a  wager;  the  sum  of  money  £esemblmg  stalactite  or  a  stalactite;  italac- 
or  other  valuable  consideration  which  is  depos-  tiMc 

ited  as  a  pledge  or  wager  to  be  lost  or  won  ac-  stalactical  (sta-lak'ti-kal),  a.     [<  stalactic  + 
cording  to  the  issue  of  a  contest  or  contingency.     "^ ?    Same  i    ' 


[Florida),  and  staked  it  all  out  into  city  lots,  seem  to  want 
to  keep  it  all  to  themselves. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Their  Pilgrimage,  p.  4!>. 

When,  therefore,  M.  Naville  disbanded  his  men  at  the 

close  of  the  fourth  week,  he  had  not  only  found  a  large 


This  sparry,  stalactical  substance. 

And  manage  wisely  the  last  Stake.  Derham,  Physico-Theology,  iit.  1. 

Cowley,  Anacreontics,  v.   stalactiform  (sta-lak'ti-form),  a.  [<  stalact(ite) 

Whose  game  was  empires,  and  whose  stakes  were  thrones.     +  L.  forma,  form.]     Having  the  form  of  a  sta- 
Byron,  Age  of  Bronze,  iii.     lactite  ;  like  stalactite ;  stalactical. 

2.  The  prize  in  a  contest  of  strength,  skill,  stalactite  (sta-lak'tit),  n.     [=  F.  stalactite,  < 
speed,  or  the  like.  NL.  stalactites',  <  Gr.  arafaicrof,  dropping,  oozing 

From  the  king's  hand  must  Douglas  take  out  in  drops:  see  stalactic.]     1.  A  deposit  of 

A  silver  dart,  the  archer's  stake  carbonate  of  lime,  usually  resembling  in  form 

i,cott,  L.  of      :L.,v.  2-.     a  huge  icicle,  which  hangs  from  the  roof  of  a 

3.  An  interest;  something  to  gam  or  lose.  *-•  — ' 


Both  had  the  air  of  men  pretending  to  aristocracy  —  an 
old  world  air  of  respectability  and  stake  in  the  country, 
and  Church-and-Stateism.  Bulwer,  My  Novel,  xi.  2. 

4.  The  state  of  being  laid  or  pledged  as  a  wa- 
ger ;  the  state  of  being  at  hazard  or  in  peril :  pre- 
ceded by  at:  as,  his  honor  is  at  stake. 

Now  begins  the  Game  of  Faction  to  be  play'd,  wherein 
the  whole  State  of  Queen  Elizabeth  lies  at  stake. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  329. 

I  have  more  than  Life  at  Stake  on  your  Fidelity. 

Steele,  Conscious  Lovers,  ii.  1. 

5.  The  see  or  jurisdiction  of  a  Mormon  bishop. 
[A  forced  use.] 

Inasmuch  as  parents  have  children  in  Zion,  or  in  any 
of  her  stakes  which  are  organized,  that  teach  them  not,  .  .  . 
the  sin  be  upon  the  heads  of  the  parents. 

Doctrine  and  Covenants,  Ixviii.  25. 
Maiden  stakes.   See  maiden.— The  Oaks  stakes.   See 


cave  or  subterranean  rock-opening,  where  it 
has  been  slowly  formed  by  deposition  from 
calcareous  water  trickling  downward  through 
cracks  or  openings  in  the  rocks  above.  Water 
containing  carbonic  acid  in  solution,  which  it  has  gained 
in  filtering  through  the  overiying  soil,  has  the  power  of 
dissolving  carbonate  of  lime,  which  it  deposits  again  upon 
evaporation ;  stalactites  are  hence  common  in  regions  of 
limestone  rocks.  They  are  sometimes  white,  and  nearly 
transparent,  showing  the  broad  cleavage-surfaces  of  the 
calcite,  as  those  of  the  cave  near  Matanzas  in  Cuba ;  but 
commonly  they  have  a  granular  structure  with  concentric 
bands  of  pale-yellow  to  brown  colors.  In  some  caverns 
the  stalactites  are  very  numerous  and  large,  and  of  great 
beauty  in  their  endless  variety  of  form,  especially  in  con- 
nection with  the  stalagmites,  the  corresponding  deposi- 
tions accumulated  beneath  the  stalactites  upon  the  floor 
of  the  caverns.  The  caves  of  Adelsberg  in  Carniola  and 
of  Luray  in  Virginia  are  among  the  most  celebrated  for  the 
beauty  of  their  stalactites. 
The  grotto  is  perfectly  dry,  and  there  are  no  petriflca-  Stale2  (stal),  n.  [Also  stail;  also,  with  a  pron. 

.  ..    *^   .          .,         J  *  -,  .  .  ..-      .  H'.     ......  t          ntnnl       •«<-> -i>n  1  tr     n-tfifil        BAw]«*     •HAJ-1        f 


army)  (=  D.  "stal,  in  dief-stal,  theft,  =  G.  'stalil, 
in  dieb-stahl,  theft),  <  stelan  (pret.  stxl),  steal: 
see  steal*.  Cf.  stalk*.]  1+.  Theft;  stealing; 
pilfering. 

Ine  these  heste  is  uorbode  roberie,  thiefthe,  stale  and 
gauel,  and  bargayn  wyth  othren. 

Ayenbite  of  Imcyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  9. 

2f.  Stealth;  stealthy  movement.  Old  Eng. 
Homilies,  I.  249. — 3t.  Concealment;  ambush. 

He  stode  in  a  stale  to  lie  in  waite  for  the  relefe  that 
myght  come  from  Calleis.  Hall,  Chron.,  Hen.  IV.,  an.  12. 

4t.  A  trap,  gin,  or  snare. 

Still  as  he  went  he  crafty  stales  did  lay, 
With  cunning  traynes  him  to  entrap  unwares. 

Spenser,  F.  Q ,  II.  i.  4. 

5f.  An  allurement;  a  bait;  a  decoy;  a  stool- 
pigeon  :  as,  a  stale  for  a  foist  or  pickpocket. 

Her  ivory  front,  her  pretty  chin. 
Were  stales  that  drew  me  on  to  sin. 

Greene,  Penitent  Palmer's  Ode. 

Why,  thou  wert  but  the  bait  to  fish  with,  not 
The  prey ;  the  stale  to  catch  another  bird  with. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  ii.  2. 

They  [the  Bishops]  suff  er'd  themselvs  to  be  the  common 
stales  to  countenance  with  their  prostituted  Gravities 
every  Politick  Fetch  that  was  then  on  foot. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

6.  An  object  of  deception,  scorn,  derision,  mer- 
riment, ridicule,  or  the  like ;  a  dupe ;  a  laugh- 
ing-stock. [Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

You  have  another  mistresse,  go  to  her, 
I  wil  not  be  her  stale. 
The  Shepheards  Holyday,  sig.  G.  i.    (Halliwell.) 

I  pray  you,  sir,  is  it  your  will 

To  make  a  stale  of  me  amongst  these  mates? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  1.  68. 
A  subject  fit 
To  be  the  stale  of  laughter ! 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  1. 


. 

Stake'2  (stak),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  staked,  ppr. 
staking.     [<  stake2,  n.]     To  wager ;  put  at  haz- 
ard or  risk  upon  a  future  contingency ;  venture. 
"Tis  against  all  Rule  of  Play  that  I  should  lose  to  one 
who  has  not  wherewithal  to  stake. 

Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iii.  18. 
Like  an  inspired  and  desperate  alchemist, 
Staking  his  very  life  on  some  dark  hope. 

Shelley,  Alastor. 

Stake3t,  «•     A  Middle  English  form  of  stack. 
Stake4  (stak),  ».     The  ling.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Stake-boat  (stak'bot),  n.    A  moored  boat  used 
to  mark  the  end  of  a  course  or  a  turning-point 
in  a  regatta  or  boat-race. 

Each  boat  to  go  fairly  round  the  stake-boats  or  mark- 
buoys  without  touching  the  same. 

Qualtrough,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  141. 

Stake-driver  (stak'dri"ver),  n.     The  American 

bittern,  Botaurus  mugitans  or  lentitjinosus:  so 

called  from  its  cry,  which  is  likened  to  driving 

a  stake  into  the  ground  with  a  mallet.    Also  stalactitic  (stal-ak- 

pile-driver,  pump-thunder,  thunder-pumper,  etc.     tit'ik),  a.      [<  sta- 
Stake-head  (stak'hed),  n.     In  rope-making,  one    lactite  +  -ic.~\ 

of  several  cross-bars  set  on  stakes,  used  in  a 

rope-walk  to  support  the  cords  while  twisting. 
stake-holder  (stak'hol'der),  ».    1.  One  who 


tions  or  stalactites  in  it. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  41. 


now  different,  steal,  rarely  steel,  early  mod.  E. 
stele ;  <  ME.  stale,  stele,  <  AS.  stxl,  stel,  stalk,  stem, 


A  vwuvMV)  wwuk^gnHim  "*  v"^  jji*uv,  .».«..  .        tttVfVj  N  1U.J-J.  atutVf  own  j  \f\.t~jt  ot/eci-*  oiofj  niiaiAf  OUCLUJ 

2.  A  similar  form  of  some  other  mineral  spe-    =  MD.  stele,  steel,  stael,  D.  steel,  stalk,  stem,  han- 


cies,  such  as  are  occasionally  observed,  for  ex- 
ample, of  chalcedony,  limonite,  etc.,  but  only 
sparingly  and  on  a  small  scale. — 3.  A  like 
form  of  lava  sometimes  observed  in  connection 


die,  =  MLG.  stcl,  stel,  a  stalk,  handle,  LG.  stale, 
a  round  of  a  ladder,  =  OHG.  MHG.  stil,  G.  stiel, 
a  handle,  broomstick,  stalk ;  cf .  L.  stilus,  a  stake, 
pale,  pointed  instrument,  stalk,  stem,  etc.  (see 


Stalactitic  Sm 


lactite  +  -ic.~\  Con- 
taining stalactites; 
having  the  form  of 

iu<*A.t;-ijifiu.*;A    v«™.«.  *.«-  « ~-,,  ...     .. stalactites:   as,   in 

holds  the  stakes,  or  with  whom  the  bets  are     mineralogy,  the  stalactitic  structure  of  limonite, 
deposited  when  a  wager  is  laid. —  2.  In  law,     chalcedony,  and  other  species, 
one  holding  a  fund  which  two  or  more  claim  stalactitical  (stal-ak-tit'i-kal),  a.    [<  stalactitic 
adversely  to  each  other.  +  -al.~\     Same  as  stalactitic. 


with  volcanic  outflows.    Lava  stalactites  have  been     style2);  Gr.  are>.e6v,  oTe&ei6v,  a  handle  or  helve 

—  *—  of  an  ax,  araAic,  arffiq,  an  upright  or  standing 
slab  (see  stele3) ;  akin  to  oreA/.eiv,  set,  place, 
and  ult.  to  stall*  and  still*,  from  the  root  of 
stand:  see  stand.  Hence  stalk*.]  If.  A  stalk; 
stem. 

Weede  hem  wel,  so  wol  thai  wex(en)  fele. 
But  forto  hede  hem  greet  trede  downe  the  stele. 

Palladms,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  209. 

The  stalke  or  steale  thereof  [of  barley]  is  smaller  than 
the  wheat  stalk,  taller  and  stronger. 

B.  Gouge's  Herenbachius,  fol.  28. 

2.  The  stem  of  an  arrow. 

A  shaft  [in  archery]  hath  three  principal  parts,  the  stele, 
the  feathers,  and  the  head.     ' 

Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  1864),  p.  117. 

3.  A  handle ;  especially,  a  long  handle,  as  that 
of  a  rake,  ladle,  etc.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

A  ladel  bygge  with  a  long  stele. 

Piers  Plmeman  (C),  xxii.  279. 


noted  hanging  from  the  roofs  of  lava  caverns  in  the  crater 
of  Kilauea  in  Hawaii ;  and  slender  forms  of  a  nearly  uni- 
form diameter  of  one  fourth  of  an  inch,  and  from  a  few 
inches  to  20  or  80  inches  in  length,  ornament  the  roofs  of 
caverns  in  the  lava  stream  which  descended  from  Mauna 
Loa  in  the  same  island  in  1881.  Stalagmites  of  lava  rise 
from  the  lava  floor  beneath. 

Stalactited  (sta-lak'ti-ted),  a.     [<  stalactite  + 
-ed?.]    Covered  with  stalactites ;  also,  formed 
in  more  or  less  sem- 
blance   of    stalac- 
tites. -  Stalactited 
work.    See  rustic  work, 
under  rustic. 


"Thereof,"  quod  Absolon,  "be  as  be  may,"  .  .  . 
And  caughte  the  kultour  by  the  colde  stele. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,!.  599. 

4f.  A  round  or  rung  of  a  ladder ;  a  step. 


stale 

This  like  liuldre  (that  may  to  hevene  leste)  is  charite, 

Thf  stales  gode  theawis. 

Quoted  in  Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  Gloss.,  p.  196. 

VVyramen  vnwyttS  that  wale  ne  couthe 
That  on  hande  fro  that  other,  for  alle  this  hyje  worlde, 
Bitwene  the  stele  and  the  stayre  disserne  nojt  cunen. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ill.  513. 

stale3  (still),  (i.  and  n.     [<  ME.  stale,  stale  (ap- 
plied to  ale  and  beer)  ;  <  OF.  estate  (Kilian), 

<  MD.  stct,  old,  ancient,  applied  to  old  and 
purified  beer  and  to  old  urine  (stel  bier,  stele 
pissc,  Kilian;  later  written  as  compound,  stel- 
hiri;  slel-pisse,  Hexham);  origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps lit.  '  still,'  same  as  MD.  stel,  var.  oi'  xtil. 
still  (cf.  still  wine,  etc.):  see  still*.     According 
to  Skeat,  who  associates  the  adj.  with  xtalf, 
urine,  ''stale  is  that  which  reminds  one  of  tin- 
stable,  tainted,  etc.";   he  also  suggests  that 
stale  in  one  sense  may  be  'too  long  exposed 
to  sale,'  <  OF.  estaler,  "display  wares  on  stalls, 

<  estril,  a  stall:  see  stall*.     This  explanation. 
however,  fails  to  satisfy  the  conditions.]    I.  a. 
If.  Old  (and  therefore  strong)  :  said  of  malt 
liquors,  which  in  this  condition  were  more  in 
demand. 

And  notemuge  to  putte  in  ale, 
Whether  it  be  moyste  or  stale. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  63. 

Sappy  ale,  good  and  stale,  in  a  browne  bowle. 
The  King  and  Miller  of  Mansfield  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  SO). 
Two  barrels  of  ale,  both  stout  and  stale, 
To  pledge  that  health  was  spent. 

The  Kings  Disguise  (Chiltfs  Ballads,  V.  379). 

2.  Old  and  lifeless;  the  worse  for  age  or  for 
keeping;  partially  spoiled,   (a)  Insipid,  flat,  orsour; 
having  lost  its  sparkle  or  life,  especially  from  exposure 
to  air  :  as,  stale  beer,  etc.    (6)  Dry  and  crumbling  ;  musty  : 
as,  stale  bread. 

That  stale  old  mouse-eaten  dry  cheese. 

Shak.,T.  andC.,  v.  4.  11. 

3.  Old  and  trite  ;  lacking  in  novelty  or  fresh- 
ness; hackneyed:  as,  stale  news;  a  stall'  jest. 

Fast  bind,  fast  find  ; 

A  proverb  never  stale  in  thrifty  mind. 

.  of  V.,ii.  S.  53. 


Your  cold  hypocrisy  's  a  stale  device. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  M. 

4.  In  athletics,  overtrained;  injured  by  over- 
training: noting  the  person  or  his  condition. 
=  Syn.  3.  Time-worn,  threadbare. 

II.  n.  If.  That  which  has  become  flat  and 
tasteless,  or  spoiled  by  use  or  exposure,  as 
stale  beer.  Hence  —  2t.  A  prostitute. 

I  stand  dishonour'd,  that  have  gone  about 
To  link  my  dear  friend  to  a  common  stale. 

Shalt.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1.  67. 
3.  A  stalemate. 

Doe  you  not  foresee,  into  what  importable  head-tear- 
ings  and  heart-searchings  you  will  be  ingulfed,  when  the 
Parliament  shall  give  you  a  mate,  though  but  a  Stale? 

If.  Ward,  Simple  Oobler,  p.  61. 

stale3  (stal),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  staled,  ppr.  stal- 
ing. [ME.  stolen;  <  stale3,  </.]  To  render  stale, 
flat,  or  insipid  ;  deprive  of  freshness,  attraction, 
or  interest;  make  common  or  cheap. 

Age  cannot  wither  her,  nor  custom  stale 

Her  infinite  variety.      Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  2.  240. 

I'll  go  tell  all  the  argument  of  his  play  afore-hand,  and 
so  stale  his  invention.  B.  Joiaim,  Cynthia's  Revels,  Ind. 

Not  content 

To  stale  himself  in  all  societies, 
He  makes  my  house  here  common  as  a  mart. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 
An  imperial  abdication  was  an  event  which  had  not,  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  been  staled  by  custom. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  96. 

stale4  (stal),  f.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  staled,  ppr.  stal- 
ing. [Appar.  <  D.  G.  stallen  =  Sw.  stalla  = 
Dan.  stalle,  urinate  (said  of  horses  and  cattle); 
appar.  a  neuter  use,  lit.  'stand  in  stall,  'parallel 
with  the  trans,  use,  D.  G.  stallen  =  Sw.  stalla  = 
Dan.  stalle,  put  into  a  stall;  from  the  noun,  D. 
stal  =  G.  stall  =  Sw.  stall  =  Dan.  staid,  stall: 
see  stall1,  n.  The  form  is  appar.  irreg.  (for 
"stall),  and  is  perhaps  due  to  confusion  with 
stak3,  a.,  as  applied  to  urine.]  To  make  water; 
urinate:  said  of  horses  and  cattle. 

In  that  Moschee  or  Temple  at  Theke  Thioi  is  a  foun- 
taine  of  water,  which  they  say  sprang  vp  of  the  staling  of 
Chederles  horse.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  311. 

stale4  (stal),  H.  [See  stale*,  r.]  Urine  of  horses 
and  cattle. 

Stale6t.     An  old  preterit  of  steal*. 
Stalely  (stal'll),  adr.     [<  stales  +  _ty2.]     rn  a 
stale,  commonplace,  or  hackneyed  manner;  so 
as  to  seem  flat  or  tedious. 

Come,  I  will  not  sue  stalely  to  be  your  servant, 
But,  a  new  term,  will  you  be  my  refuge? 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  ii.  3. 

Stalemate  (stal'mftt),  «.  [Prob.  <  stale'*  (but 
the  first  element  is  doubtful)  +  mate3.]  In 


5892 

eJiess,  a  position  in  which  a  player,  having  to 
move  in  his  turn,  and  his  king  not  being  in 
check,  has  no  move  available  with  any  piece: 
in  such  a  case  the  game  is  drawn ;  figuratively, 
any  position  in  which  no  action  can  be  taken. 

It  would  be  disgraceful  indeed  if  a  great  country  like 
Russia  should  have  run  herself  into  such  a  stair- unit,' 
position.  Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  444. 

Stalemate  (stal'mat),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  xtalf- 
mated,  ppr.  stalfimitiiii/.  [<  .stalemate,  n.]  1. 
In  chess,  to  subject  to  a  stalemate :  usually  said 
of  one's  self,  not  of  one's  adversary:  as,  white 
is  stalemated.  Hence  — 2.  To  bring  to  a  stand- 
still; nonplus. 

I  had  regularly  stalemated  him. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  II.  xviii. 

"  I  beg  your  pardon,  sir,"  said  Fred, .  .  .  "  I  like  neither 
Bulstrode  nor  speculation."  He  spoke  rather  sulkily,  feel- 
ing himself  stalemated.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xii. 

staleness  (stal'nes), «.  The  state  of  being  stale, 
in  anv  sense. 

Stalk1'  (stak),  r.  [<  ME.  xtalkeii,  <  AS.  «ta-l<;in. 
stealcian,  walk  warily,  =  Dan.  stulke,  stalk : 
(a)  lit.  walk  stealthily,  steal  along;  with  for- 
mative -k,  from  the  root  of  stelait  (pret.  xtxl), 
steal:  see  steal1,  and  cf.  stale1,  n.  (b)  In  an- 
other view  the  AS.  stslcan,  stealcian,  is  con- 
nected with  stealc,  high,  and  means  'walk 
high,'  i.  e.  on  tiptoe,  being  referred  ult.  to  the 
same  source  as  stalk2,  and  perhaps  stilt.  For 
the  form  stalk  as  related  to  stale1  (and  steal1), 
cf.  talk  as  related  to  tale  (and  tell).']  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  walk  cautiously  or  stealthily; 
steal  along;  creep. 

In  the  night  ful  theefly  gan  he  stallff. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1781. 

The  shadows  of  familiar  things  about  him  stalked  like 
ghosts  through  the  haunted  chambers  of  his  soul. 

Longfellmr,  Hyperion,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  steal  up  to  game  under  cover  of  some- 
thing else ;  hunt  game  by  approaching  stealth- 
ily and  warily  behind  a  cover. 

The  king  [James]  alighted  out  of  his  coach,  and  crept 
under  the  shoulder  of  his  led  horse.  And  when  some 
asked  his  Majesty  what  he  meant,  I  must  stalk  (said  hex 
for  yonder  town  is  shy  and  flies  me. 

Bacon,  Apophthegms,  published  by  Dr.  Tenison  In  the 

[Baconians,  xl. 

Dull  stupid  Lentnlus, 
My  stale,  with  whom  I  stalle. 

B.  Jonfon,  Catiline,  ill.  3. 

3.  To  walk  with  slow,  dignified  strides ;  pace 
in  a  lofty,  imposing  manner. 

Here  stalks  me  by  a  proud  and  spangled  sir, 
That  looks  three  handfuls  [palms]  higher  than  hisforetop. 
B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  111.  4. 

II.  trans.  In  sporting,  to  pursue  stealthily, 
or  behind  a  cover;  follow  warily  for  the  pur- 
pose of  killing,  as  game. 

When  a  lion  Is  very  hungry,  and  lying  In  wait,  the  sight 
of  an  animal  may  make  him  commence  stalking  it. 

Livingstone.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

There  came  three  men  outside  the  hedge,  .  .  .  not  walk- 
ing carelessly,  but  following  down  the  hedge-trough,  as  if 
to  stalk  some  enemy. 

R.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  xxxviii. 

Stalk1  (stak),  ».  [<  stalk*,  ?.]  1.  The  pur- 
suit of  game  by  stealthy  approach  or  under 
cover. 

I  took  up  the  trail  of  a  large  bull  elk,  and,  though  after 
a  while  I  lost  the  track,  in  the  end  I  ran  across  the  ani- 
mal itself,  and  after  a  snort  stalk  got  a  shot  at  the  noble- 
looking  fellow.  The  Century,  XXX.  224. 

2.  A  high,  proud,  stately  step  or  walk. 

Twice  before,  and  jump  at  this  dead  hour, 
With  martial  stalk  hath  he  gone  by  our  watch. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1.  66. 

But  Milton  next,  with  high  and  haughty  stalla, 
Unfettered  in  majestic  numbers  walks. 

Addison,  The  Greatest  English  Poets,  1.  56. 

stalk2  (stak),  M.  [<  ME.  stalke;  prob.  a  var. 
(due  to  association  with  the  related  ste/e2  f )  of 
•stelk,  <  Icel.  stilkr  =  Sw.  stjelk  =  Dan.  stilk,  a 
stalk  (cf.  Gr.  arefoxof,  the  stem  of  a  tree); 
with  formative  -k,  from  the  simple  form  ap- 
pearing in  AS.  steel,  stel,  a  handle,  stale:  see 
stote2.]  1.  The  stem  or  main  axis  of  a  plant; 
that  part  of  a  plant  which  rises  directly  from 
the  root,  and  which  usually  supports  the  leaves, 
flowers,  and  fruit :  as,  a  stalk  of  wheat  or  hemp. 

I  had  sometimes  the  curiosity  to  consider  beans  and  peas 
pulled  up  out  of  the  ground  by  the  stalks,  in  order  to  an 
inquiry'  into  their  germination.  Boyle,  Works,  III.  310. 

Some  naked  Stalk,  not  quite  decay'd, 
To  yield  a  fresh  and  friendly  Bud  essay'd. 

Congreve,  Tears  of  Amaryllis. 

2.  The  pedicel  of  a  flower  or  the  peduncle  of  a 
flower-cluster  (flower-stalk),  the  petiole  of  a 
leaf  (leafstalk),  the  stipe  of  an  ovary,  etc.,  or 
any  similar  supporting  organ;  in  mosses,  a  seta. 
— 3f.  A  straw. 


stalklet 

He  kan  wel  in  myn  eye  seen  a  ytu/lr1. 
But  in  his  owene  he  kan  nat  seen  a  balke. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  05. 

4.  In  arch.,  an  ornament  in  the  Corinthian  cap- 
ital which  resembles  the  stalk  of  a  plant,  and 
is  sometimes  fluted.     From  it  the  volutes  or 
helices  spring.    Compare  caulin  and  caitlieuliix. 
— 5t.  One  of  the  upright  side-pieces  of  a  ladder, 
in  which  the  rounds  or  steps  are  placed. 
His  owene  hande  made  laddres  thre 
To  clymben  by  the  ronges  and  the  stalkes 
Into  the  tubbes,  hangynge  in  the  balkes. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  439. 

6.  The  shaft  or  handle  of  anything,  especially 
when  slender,  likened  to  the  stalk  of  a  plant ; 
the  stem :  as  the  stall-  of  n  wine-glass ;  the  stalk 
of  a  tobacco-pipe. — 7.  In  zool.,  some  part  or  or- 
gan like  a  stalk ;  a  stem ;  a  stipe,  (a)  A  pedicel  or 
peduncle ;  a  footstalk ;  a  supporting  part :  as,  the  stalk  of 
some  barnacles.  (6)  An  eyestalk,  as  of  various  crustaceans 
and  mollusks ;  an  ophthalmite  or  onimatophore.  (c)  The 
petiole  of  the  abdomen  of  many  insects,  especially  hyme- 
nopters,  as  wasps  and  ants,  (d)  The  stem,  shaft,  or  rachis 
of  a  feather,  (e)  The  stem  of  a  fixed  crinoid  and  of  vaiious 
other  animals  of  plant-like  habit,  as  rooted  zoophytes. 

8.  A  tall  chimney,  as  of  a  furnace,  factory,  or 
laboratory. 

Twisted  stalks  of  chimneys  «f  heavy  stonework. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  Hi. 

9.  In  founding,  an  iron  rod  armed  with  spikes, 
used  to  form  the  nucleus  of  a  core.     Ji.  //. 
Knit/lit — Optic  Stalk.    Seeopftr. 

stali-borer  (stak'bor'er),  H.  The  larva  of  Gor- 
tyna  nitela,  a  noctuid  moth  of  North  America, 
which  is  noted  as  a  pest  to  potato,  corn,  tomato, 
and  a  number  of  other  plants.  The  larva-  bore  Into 
the  stalks,  killing  them,  and  when  full-grown  leave  the 
plant  and  pupate  below  ground. 

stalk-cutter  (stak'kut*6r),  w.  In  agri. ,  a  horse- 
power machine  for  cutting  off  old  corn-stalks  in 
the  field  preparatory  to  plowing,  it  consists  of  a 
series  of  revolving  cylindrical  cutters  mounted  In  a  suita- 
ble frame  on  wheels,  and  operated  by  means  of  gearing 
from  the  axles. 

Stalked  (stakt),  a.    [<staltf  + -ecP.]    Haying  a 
stalk  or  stem :  as,  a  stalked  barnacle  or  crinoid. 
Innumerable  crabs  make  a  sound  almost  like  the  mur- 
muring of  water.    Some  are  very  large,  with  prodigious 
stalked  eyes,  and  claws  white  as  ivory. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVII.  62& 

Stalker  (sta'ker),  n.  [<  stalk*  +  -er*.~]  1.  One 
who  stalks:  as,  a  deer-stalker. — 2.  A  kind  of 
fishing-net. —  3.  pi.  In  ornith.,  specifically,  the 
Gradatores. 

stalk-eyed  (stak'Jd),  a.  Having  stalked  eyes; 
podophthalmous,  as  a  crustacean :  opposed  to 


A  Sulk-eyed  Crustacean  {Ocypoda  dilatata). 
a,  a,  the  long  eye-stalks. 

sessile-eyed.     See  also  cuts  under  Podophthal- 
mia,  Gelasimits,  Meyalops,  and  schiiopod-stage. 

They  all  have  their  eyes  set  upon  movable  stalks,  are 
termed  the  Podophthalmia,  or  stalk-eyed  Crustacea. 

Utixley,  Crayflsh,  p.  279. 

Stalking  (sta'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  stalk*,  ».] 
In  sporting,  the  act  or  method  of  approaching 
game  quietly  and  warily  or  under  cover,  taking 
advantage  of  the  inequalities  of  the  ground, 
etc.,  as  in  deer-stalking. 

stalking-horse  (sta'king-hors),  «.  1.  A  horse, 
or  a  horse-like  figure,  behind  which  a  fowler 
conceals  himself  on  approaching  game. 

The  stalking-horse,  originally,  was  a  horse  trained  for 
the  purpose  and  covered  witli  trappings,  so  as  to  conceal 
the  sportsman  from  the  game  he  intended  to  shoot  at. 

Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  98. 

Hence  —  2.  Anything  put  forward  to  conceal 
a  more  important  object;  a  mask;  a  pretense. 

Flattery  is 
The  stalking-horse  of  policy. 

Shirley,  Maid's  Revenge,  II.  3. 

France  suffered  all  the  evils  which  exist  when  a  despotic 

ruler  is  but  the  stalking-horse  behind  which  stands  the 

irresponsible  power.    Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.  826. 

Stalkless   (stak'les),   a.      [<    stalk'*   +    -less.'] 

Having  no  stalk. 

Stalklet  (stak 'let),  «.  [<  stam  +  -let.'}  A 
diminutive  stalk;  especially,  in  but.,  a  secon- 
dary stalk ;  a  pedicel  or  petiolule. 


stalkoes 


|(  'f.    Ir.   .itiilmire,  a 
ully,  also  a  fowler.] 


stalkoes  (sUi'koz),  ».  />i. 
lusty,  robust  fellow,  a  bul 
See  the  quotation. 

Soft  Simon  had  reduced  himself  to  the  lowest  class  of 
stalkoes,  or  walking  gentlemen,  as  they  are  termed;  men 
who  have  nothing  to  do,  and  no  fortune  to  support  them, 
but  who  style  themselves  esquire. 

Miss  Edgcu'orth,  Rosanna,  iii.    (Dairies.) 

stalky  (sta'ki),  a.     [<  stalk-  +  -;/1.]     Formed 
like  a  stalk ;  resembling  a  stalk.     Imp.  Diet. 
[Rare.] 
At  the  top  [it]  bears  a  great  stalky  head.          Mortimer. 

stall1  (stal),  ii.  [<  ME.  stal,  stall,  stalk,  stale, 
steal,  <  AS.  uteul  (sir-all-'),  steel,  a  station,  stall, 
=  OFries.*f«,,  MD.D.  MLG.  sfa;  =  OHG.MHG. 
stal  (stall-),  G.  stall  =  Icel.  stallr  =  Sw.  stall 
=  Dan.  staid  (cf.  It.  xtallo,  tttalla  —  OSp.  estalo 
=  OF.  estal,  F.  eta?,  a  stall,  itau,  a  vice,  =  Pr. 
estal,  <  ML.  staUum,  a  stall,  <  Teut.),  a  place, 
stall ;  akin  to  stool,  stale1,  etc.,  and  to  Or. 
artXteiv,  place,  set,  ult.  from  the  root  of  stand, 
L.  stare,  Gr.  iardvat,  Skt.  •/  stha,  stand:  see 
stand.  Hence  stall1,  r.,  and  ult.  stale*,  stallitni, 
etc.,  as  well  as  stell:  see  these  words.]  If.  A 
standing-place ;  station ;  position ;  place ;  room. 

Gaheries  .  .  .  threwe  down  and  slowgh  and  kepte  at 

stall  [kept  his  ground)  a  longe  while,  but  in  the  fyn  he 

mote  yeve  grounde  a  litill,  ffor  than  the  saisnes  be-gonne 

to  recover  londe  vpon  hem.      Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  ii.  286. 

Robyne  Hode  is  euer  bond  to  him, 

Bothe  in  strete  and  static  [that  is,  both  outdoors  and  in], 

RoKn  Hood  and  the  Monk  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  16). 

2.  A  standing-place  for  horses  or  cattle;  a 
stable  or  cattle-shed;   also,  a  division  of  a 
stable,  cow-house,  or  cattle-shed,  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  one  horse  or  ox;  the  stand  or 
place  in  a  stable  where  a  horse  or  an  ox  is  kept 
and  fed :  as,  the  stable  contains  eight  stalls. 

But  hye  God  som  tyme  senden  can 
His  grace  into  a  litel  oxes  stall. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  251. 
At  last  he  found  a  stall  where  oxen  stood. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  1.  223. 

They  bind  their  horses  to  the  stall, 
For  forage,  food,  and  tiring  call, 
And  various  clamour  fills  the  hall. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iii.  2. 

3.  A  booth,  either  in  the  open  air  or  in  a  build- 
ing, in  which  merchandise  is  exposed  for  sale, 
or  in  which  some  business  or  occupation  is  car- 
ried on :  as,  a  butcher's  stall, 

"  Vnkynde  and  vuknowing  ! "  quath  Crist,  and  with  a  rop 

smot  hem, 
And  ouer-turnede  in  the  temple  here  tables  and  here 

stalles.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  xix.  157. 

4.  A  bench  or  table  on  which  things  are  ex- 
posed for  sale :  as,  a  "book-stall. 

They  are  nature's  coarser  wares  that  lie  on  the  stall,  ex- 
posed to  the  transient  view  of  every  common  eye. 

Olanmlle. 

5t.  A  seat  or  throne ;  a  bench. 
Thar  als  a  god  he  sat  in  stall, 
And  so  he  bad  men  suld  him  call. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  124. 


Stalls  —  Choir  of  Chester  Cathedral.  England 


5893 

6.  One  of  a  range  of  fixed  scats  inclosed  cither 
wholly  or  in  part  at  the  back  and  sides,  in  the 
choir  or  chancel  of  a  cathedral  or  church,  mid 
often  surmounted  by  a  richly  sculptured  cano- 
py (see  cut  in  preceding  column):  mostly  ap- 

Sropriated  for  tne  clergy :  as,  a  canon's  stall;  a 
ean's  stall;  hence,  the  position  or  dignity  of 
canon. 

New  figures  sat  in  the  oaken  stalls, 
New  voices  chanted  in  the  choir. 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend. 

The  choir  ts  fitted  up  with  a  range  of  splendid  cinque- 
cento  stalls.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  129. 

7.  In  a  theater,  originally,  a  seat  separated 
from  others  by  arms  or  rails;   now,  usually, 
one  of  the  seats  in  the  front  division  of  the 
parquet  (sometimes  called  orchestra  stalls);  but 
the  application  of  the  term  is  variable.    [Eng.] 

The  price  of  seats  has  enormously  gone  up.  Where 
there  were  two  rows  of  stalls  at  the  same  price  as  the  dress 
circle  —  namely,  four  shillings — there  are  now  a  dozen  at 
the  price  of  half  a  guinea. 

W.  Bemnt,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  126. 

8.  In  metal.,  a  chamber  or  compartment  in 
which  ores  are  roasted.     See  roast-stall. — 9.  A 
working-place  in  a  coal-mine,  varying  in  size 
and  shape  according  to  the  system  adopted. 
Also  called  chamber,  room,  breast,  etc.— Post  and 
Stall,  pillar  and  Stall.    Same  as  pillar  and  6r«wt(which 
see.  under  piHar).—  Prebendal  stall.    See  prebendal. 

Stall1  (stal),  v.  [<  ME.  stallen,  <  AS.  steallian, 
place,  set,  =  Sw.  stalla,  put  into  a  stall,  =  Dan. 
stalle,  stall-feed,  fatten,  =  MHG.  G.  stallen, 
stable,  stall ;  from  the  noun.  Cf .  stell.  Hence 
forestall,  install,  installation,  etc.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  place;  set;  fix;  install. 

Among  foles  of  rijt  he  may  be  stallyd. 
Book  of  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.),  i.  83. 
Stall  this  in  your  bosom.        Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3.  131. 

2.  To  place  in  an  office  with  the  customary  for- 
malities ;  induct  into  office ;  install. 

And  see  another,  as  I  see  thee  now, 

Deck'd  in  thy  rights,  as  thou  art  stall'd  in  mine. 

Shall.,  filch.  III.,  i.  3.  206. 

But  in  his  State  yer  he  [Josua]  be  stall'd  (almost)* 
Set  in  the  midst  of  Ood's  beloved  Hoast, 
He  thus  dilates. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Captaines. 

3.  To  put  into  or  keep  in  a  stall  or  stable :  as, 
to  stall  a  horse. 

Where  king  Latinus  then  his  oxen  stall'd. 

Dryden,  JSaeid,  ix.  526. 

4.  To  set  fast  in  the  mire;  cause  to  stick  in  the 
mud;  mire:  as,  to  stall  horses  or  a  carriage. 

Yet  many  times  in  many  wordes  haue  been  so  xtall'd 
and  stabled  as  such  sticking  made  me  blushinglie  con- 
fesse  my  ignorance.  Florio,  Ital.  Diet,  Epis.  l>ed.,  p.  [5]. 

To  pray  alone,  and  reject  ordinary  meanes.  is  to  do  like 
him  in  jEsop,  that  when  his  cart  was  stalled,  lay  flat  on 
his  back,  and  cried  aloud,  Help,  Hercules. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  222. 

Mathematics  he  [the  general  artist]  moderately  studi- 
eth,  to  his  great  contentment.  —  Using  it  as  ballast  for  his 
soul ;  yet  to  fix  it,  not  to  stall  it. 

Fuller,  Holy  State,  II.  vii.  6. 

5.  To  corner;  bring  to  bay;  secure. 

When  as  thine  eye  hath  chose  the  dame, 
And  ttall'd  the  deer  that  thou  shouldst  strike. 

Shak. ,  Passionate  Pilgrim,  1.  300. 
6f.  To  forestall. 

We  are  not  pleased  in  this  sad  accident, 
That  thus  hath  stalled  and  abused  our  mercy, 
Intended  to  preserve  thee.  B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iii.  1. 

7f.  To  fatten ;  fatten  with  stall-feeding. 

It  is  tyme  to  stall  your  oxyn  that  you  entend  to  sel  after 
Ester.  Palsgrave.  (HaUiwell.) 

Better  is  a  dinner  of  herbs  where  love  is,  than  a  stalled 
ox  and  hatred  therewith.  Prov.  xv.  17. 

8t.  To  postpone  the  payment  of;  forbear  to 
claim  payment  for  a  time;  allow  to  be  paid  by 
instalments. 

That  he  might  not  be  stuck  on  ground,  he  petition'd 
that  his  Majesty  would  stall  his  fine,  and  take  it  up,  as  his 
estate  would  bear  it,  by  a  thousand  pounds  a  year. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  128.    (Dames.) 

To  be  stalled  to  the  roguet,  to  be  formally  received 
into  the  order  of  rogues ;  be  installed  or  initiated  as  a 
rogue. 

This  done,  the  Grand  Signior  called  for  a  Gage  of  Bowse, 
which  belike  signified  a  quart  of  drinke,  for  presently,  a 
pot  of  Ale  being  put  into  his  hand,  hee  made  the  yong 
Squire  kneele  downe,  and  powring  the  full  pot  on  his  pate, 
Tttered  these  wordes :  I  doe  stall  thee  to  the  Rogue  by  ver- 
tue  of  this  soueraigne  English  liquor,  so  that  henceforth 
it  shall  be  lawful!  for  thee  to  Cant  — that  is  to  say.  to  be  a 
Vagabond  and  Beg.  Dekker,  Belman  of  London  (1608). 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  come  to  a  stand ;  take  up 
a  position. 

And  ther  the!  stalleden  and  foughten  the  ton  vpon  the 
tother  till  the!  were  bothe  wery  for  travaile. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  161. 

2t.  To  live  as  in  a  stall ;  dwell ;  inhabit. 

We  could  not  stall  together 
III  the  whole  world.  Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  v.  1.  30. 


stallion 

3.  To  stick  or  be  set  last  in  the  mire. —  4.  To 
kennel,  as  dogs.  Jiihiixnii. —  5.  To  be  tired  of 
fating,  as  cattle,  liiiji.  Diet. 
Stall'-'  (stal),  H.  [A  var.  of  stale.1,  a  decoy,  etc., 
appar.  confused  with  stall1.']  It.  An  ambush. 
The  great  Prince  Bias,  .  .  .  when  he  happened  to  fall 
into  the  stall  of  his  enimies,  anil  hi-  souldiours  beganne 
to  criu  What  shall  we  doe?  he  made  aunswere  :  that  you 
make  reporte  to  those  that  are  aliue  that  I  die  fighting, 
and  I  will  say  there  to  the  dead  that  you  scapte  nyiiiL1. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  liy  Hellowts,  1577),  p.  -1-2. 

2f.  A  stale ;  a  stalking-horse ;  cover ;  mark ; 
pretext. 

This  tyranny 

Is  strange,  to  take  mine  ears  up  by  commission 
(Whether  I  will  or  no),  and  make  them  stalls 
To  his  lewd  solecisms  and  worded  trash. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ill.  1. 

3.  A  stool-pigeon;  a  thief's  (especially  a  pick- 
pocket's) assistant,  whose  role  it  is  to  divert  the 
attention  of  the  victim  while  the  thief  operates, 
to  conceal  the  crime,  assist  the  escape  of  the 
thief,  make  off  with  the  booty,  or  perform 
similar  offices.  He  is  called  fore-stall  or  back- 
stall  according  to  his  position  before  or  behind 
the  victim. 

Stallage  (sta'laj),  u.  [Formerly  also  (Sc.)  stal- 
lenge,  <  ME.  stallage  (?)  (ML.  stallayiiini,  cstal- 
lagium),  <  OF.  estallage,  estalage,  <  estal,  stall: 
see  stall1,  n.,  and  -age.  Cf.  stallinger.^  1.  The 
right  of  erecting  stalls  at  fairs;  rent  paid  for 
a  stall. 

The  citizens  of  Hereford  fined,  in  the  second  year  of 
Henry  III.,  In  a  hundred  marks  and  two  palfreys,  to  have 
the  king's  charter,  .  .  .  that  they  migttt  be  quit  through- 
out England  of  toll  and  lastage,  of  passage,  pontage,  and 
stallage,  and  of  leve,  and  danegeld,  and  gaywite,  and  all 
other  customs  and  exactions. 

S.  Dowell,  Taxes  in  England,  I.  26. 

2f.  Laystall;  dung;  compost, 
stallandt,  stallantt,  ».     Early  modern  English  . 
forms  of  stallion. 

stallangerti  «.     Same  as  stallinger. 
stallationt  (sta-la'shon),  «.     [<   ML.  "stalla- 
tio(n-),  <  stallare,  install,  <  stallum,  place,  stall: 
see  start1,  n.    Cf.  installation.']    Installation. 

As  for  dilapidacion,  I  vnderstond  the  house  [Abbey  of 
1 1  u  1 1 1 1  c  •  |  was  endetted  at  the  tyme  of  his  staUacion  in  grete 
somes  of  mony. 

Duke  of  Suffolk,  To  Cardinal  Wolsey,  in  Ellis's  Hist.  Let- 
[ters,  3d  ser.,  I.  201. 

Stall-board  (stal'bord),  n.  One  of  a  series  of 
floors  upon  which  soil  or  ore  is  pitched  succes- 
sively in  excavating. 

staller  (sta'ler),  n.  [<  OF.  cstallier,  estalier, 
estaillier,  one  who  keeps  a  stall,  <  estal,  a  stall : 
seestoM1.]  1.  A  hostler;  a  master  of  the  horse. 
The  King's  dish-thegn,  his  bower-thegn,  his  horse- 
thegn  or  staller,  all  became  great  dignitaries  of  the  King- 
dom. E.  A .  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  I.  60. 

2f.  A  standard-bearer. 

Tovy,  a  man  of  great  wealth  and  authority,  as  being  the 
king's  staller  (that  is,  standard-bearer),  first  founded  this 
town.  Fuller,  Waltham  Abbey,  i.  f  5. 

stall-fed  (stal'fed),  a.    Fattened,  as  oxen,  by 
feeding  in  a  stable  or  on  dry  fodder. 
You  shall  have  stall-fed  doctors,  crammed  divines. 

B.  Jomon,  Staple  of  News,  1.  2. 

Stall-feed  (stalled),  v.  t.  To  feed  and  fatten 
in  a  stall  or  stable,  or  071  dry  fodder. 

If  you  were  for  the  fair,  you  should  be  stall-fed,  and 
want  no  weal. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  II.  112. 

Stalling  (sta'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  stall1,  r.] 
Stabling. 

Hire  us  some  fair  chamber  for  the  night, 
And  stalling  for  the  horses.         Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Stallinger  (sta'lin-jer),  n.  [Formerly  also  stal- 
langer  (ML.  stallangiarius);  with  intrusive  n, 

<  stallage  +   -er1.     Cf.  passenger,  messenger, 
wharfinger,  etc.]    One  who  keeps  a  stall.     [Lo- 
cal, Eng.  or  Scotch.] 

Vacancies  among  the  Stattingers  are  filled  up  in  like 
manner  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  town. 

Uunicip.  Corp.  Report,  1835,  p.  1734. 

Stalling-kent  (sta'ling-ken),  n.  A  house  for  re- 
ceiving stolen  goods.  Dekker.  [Old  slang.] 

A  Stawling-ken  that  is  knowne  of  purpose  to  be  trusty, 
yea  and  that  in  the  night  too,  least  they  be  notified  and 
suspected  to  be  scandalizing  of  the  profession. 
Rowlands,  Hist.  Rogues,  quoted  in  Ribton-Turner's  Va- 
(grauts  and  Vagrancy,  p.  585. 

stallion  (stal'yon),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
tstalion,  "stallon,  stalland,  stallant,  stalant,  sta- 
lon;  <  ME.  stalyone,  stolon,  stalun,  <  OF.  estalon, 
F.  etalvn  =  It.  Stallone  (ML.  reflex  stalonus),  a 
stallion,  in  ML.  also  called  equus  ad  stallum,  'a 
horse  at  stall,'  so  called  because  kept  in  a  stall, 

<  stallum,  a  stall,  stable:  see  stall1.]    The  male 
of  the  horse ;  an  entire  horse ;  a  horse  kept  for 
breeding  purposes. 


stallman 

stallman  (stal' man),  «.;  pi.  xtallmen  (-men). 
[<  stall1  +  man."]  "  A  man  who  keeps  a  stall, 
as  for  the  sale  of  meat,  books,  or  other  com- 
modities. 

The  stallman  saw  my  father  had  [a  strong  fancy]  forthe 
book  the  moment  he  laid  his  hands  upon  it. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  35.    (Latham.) 

stallont,  '<•  [<  ME.  staloii,  <  OF.  astttlon,  exit/l- 
ion, estelon,  estolon,  a  stick,  post,  staddle,  stand- 
er,  appar.  <  L.  stolo(n-),  a  shoot,  twig,  branch, 
scion,  sucker.]  A  slip;  a  cutting;  a  scion. 
Holinshcd. 

In  stolons  forth  thei  sette 
Her  seede,  and  best  for  hem  is  solute  lande. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  113. 

Stall-plate  (stal'plat),  n.  A  plate  of  gilded 
copper  upon  which  are  engraved  the  arms  of  a 
Knight  of  the  Garter  (see  garter-plate),  or  of  a 
Knight  or  Esquire  (Companion)  of  the  Bath. 
The  stall-plates  of  the  Knights  of  the  Bath  are  fixed  in  the 
upper  row  of  stalls  in  the  Chapel  of  Henry  VII.  at  West- 
minster, and  those  of  the  Esquires  of  the  Bath  in  the  lower 
row. 

stall-reader  (stal're"der),  n.  One  who  reads 
books  at  the  stall  where  they  are  sold. 

Cries  the  stall-reader,  "  Bless  us  !  what  a  word  on 
A  title  page  is  this ! "  Miltmt,  Sonnets,  vi. 

stalonH,  «•   A  Middle  English  form  of  stallion. 
stalon'-'t,  "•    An  old  spelling  of  station. 
stalwart  (stal'wart),  a.  and  n.      [Prop,  a  Sc. 
form  of  stalworth,  with  assimilation   of  the 
vowel  of  the  second  element  to  that  of  the  first, 
and  an  alteration,  perhaps  orig.  dialectal,  of  the 
orig.  final  sequence  -rth  to  -rt  (as,  conversely, 
orig.  -rt  changes  to  -rth  in  swarth,  swarthy) :  see 
stalworth."]    I.  a.  1.  Stout;  strong:  applied  to 
inanimate  objects.      [Scotch.] — 2.  Hard;  se- 
vere.     [Scotch.]  —  3.    Stormy;   tempestuous. 
[Scotch.] — 4.     Stout;   sturdy;  strong;  bold; 
brave.     See  stalworth.     [Scotch ;  now  also  the 
form  regularly  used  in  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 
It's  neer  be  said,  my  stalwart  feres, 
We  kill'd  him  whan  a  sleiping. 
Sir  James  the  Rose  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  75). 
Of  the  European  sailors,  by  far  the  most  reliable  were 
five  stalwart  A.  B.s.  Chambers's  Journal,  No.  627. 

5.  Sturdy  and  steadfast  in  partizanship :  in 
U.  S.  politics  [cop.],  noting  various  sections  of 
the  Republican  party.  See  the  phrase. 

The  epithet  Stalwart  as  applied  to  a  class  of  politicians 
was  first  used  by  Mr.  Elaine  in  1877  to  designate  those 
Republicans  who  were  unwilling  to  give  up  hostility  and 
distrust  of  the  South  as  a  political  motive.  In  the  pres- 
ent contest  at  Albany  it  has  by  a  curious  transformation 
been  appropriated  by  the  followers  of  Mr.  C'onkling  to 
distinguish  politicians  faithful  to  his  Machine. 

The  Nation,  June  16,  1881. 

Stalwart  Republican,  in  U.  S.  hist. ,  a  decided  or  thor- 
ough-going member  of  the  Republican  party;  specifically, 
a  member  of  that  wing  of  the  Republican  party  in  the 
State  of  New  York  which  in  1880  advocated  the  renomi- 
nation  of  Grant  as  President  for  a  third  term  and  in  1881 
supported  Roscoe  Conkling  in  his  opposition  to  the  admin- 
istration of  Garfleld,  and  antagonized  the  "  Half- Breeds  " 
in  1881  and  following  years.  =Syn.  4.  Stout,  Sturdy,  etc. 
(see  robust),  sinewy,  brawny,  muscular,  strapping,  power- 
ful, valorous,  resolute. 
II.  n.  1.  A  strong  or  sturdy  person. 

His  opinion  is  not  favourable,  Emin's  stalwarts,  whose 
praises  had  been  so  loudly  trumpeted  in  Europe,  proving 
to  be  for  the  most  part  brutal  ruffians  and  abject  cravens 
in  the  presence  of  danger.  The  Academy,  Jan.  3,  1891. 

2.  A  stout  and  steadfast  partizan;  specifically 
leap."],  same  as  Stalwart  Republican.  See  above. 

stalwartht,  «•     Same  as  stalwortli,  stalwart. 

stalwartism  (stal'wart-izm),  «.  [<  stalwart  + 
-ism."]  In  U.  S.  politics,  the  principles  or  policy 
of  the  Stalwarts ;  partizan  devotion.  The  Xa- 
tion,  Nov.  27,  1879,  p.  355. 

stalwartly  (stal'wart-li),  adv.  [<  stalicart  + 
-lyZ.  Cf.  stalwortlily."]  In  a  stalwart  manner; 
stoutly;  bravely. 

stalwartness  (stal'wart-nes),  w.  Stalwart  char- 
acter or  quality;  sturdiness;  stoutness;  strength. 
Atheneeum,  Jan.  14,  1888,  p.  57. 

Stalworth  (stal'werth),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
stalwoorth, stalworthe;  <  W.E.stalworth,stalword, 
stalworthe,  stalwurthe,  staleworthe,  stalewwrthe, 
stelewurthe,  stealewurtlie,  also  stalworthy,  sta- 
wurthy  (see  stalworthy),  <  AS.  stselwyrtlie,  found 
only  once,  in  pi.  stxlwyrthe,  in  the  sense  'good' 
or  'serviceable,'  applied  to  ships;  a  compound 
peculiar  to  AS.:  (a)  prob.  a  contraction  of  *sta- 
tholwyrthe,  lit.  'steadfast,'  'well-based,'  'firm- 
set,'  etc.,  hence  'stout,'  <  stathol,  statJiel,  foun- 
dation, base,  seat,  site,  position,  E.  staddle,  Sc. 
also  contracted  stale,  stail  (ef.  AS.  stxlan,  con- 
tracted from  statholian,  found,  establish),  + 
wyrthe,  weorth,  wurtli,  good,  excellent,  worth: 
see  staddle  and  worth2.  Of.  the  equiv.  stathol- 
fsest,  steadfast,  firm,  stable  (<  stathol,  founda- 
tion, +  fxst,  firm,  fast),  and  stedefiest,  E.  stend- 


5804 

fast  (the  AS.  teeorth  and  fast  as  the  second 
element  of  adj.  compounds  being  used  rather 
as  adj.  formatives  than  as  independent  words). 
Such  contraction  is  not  common  in  AS.,  and 
the  form  steelwyrthe  has  generally  been  other- 
wise explained:  (b)  <  stain  (in  comp.  steel-), 
stealing,  theft,  +  weorth,  wurtli,  worth,  worthy 
(see  stale1  and  (cortfta),but  the  sense  'worthy  of 
theft,'  'worth  stealing,'  hence  'worth  taking  for 
use'  (''captu  diguee,"  Gibson),  cannot  apply  to 
men,  and  the  sense  'good  at  stealing,' suggested 
by  some,  even  if  it  were  etymologically  admis- 
sible, could  not  apply  to  ships,  (c)  In  another 
view,  lit.  'worthy  of  place,' i.  e.  fit  for  its  place 
or  use,  serviceable,  <  AS.  steal,  steall,  also  some- 
times, esp.  in  comp.,  steel,  a  place,  stall,  +  weorth, 
wurtli,  worth,  worthy  (see  stall1  and  worth"2). 
The  full  form  stall-  occurs  in  ME.  stallicorthdy , 
a  var.  of  stalwortlily,  and  in  the  mod.  surname 
Stallworthy.  In  any  view,  the  ME.  forms  stale- 
worth,  stalewurthe,  stelewurthe,  stealewurtlie, 
with  medial  e,  must  be  regarded  as  irregular. 
In  fact  the  orig.  meaning  of  the  compound  ap- 
pears to  have  been  lost,  and  the  ME.  variations 
must  be  due  to  simulation  of  one  or  other  of 
the  words  above  considered.  Hence,  by  further 
variation,  stalwarth,  and  now  stalwart,  which  is 
no  longer  regarded  as  a  compound.]  If.  Stead- 
fast; firm-based. 

That  stalworthe  sted  [Constantinople]  so  strong  was 

founded, 
Philip  hoped  that  holde  with  his  help  to  Wynne. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (15.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1230. 

Steken  the  gates  stonharde  with  stalworth  barrez. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  MorrisX  it.  884. 

2.  Stout ;  strong ;  sturdy :  used  of  things  and 
men  or  animals,  in  a  merely  physical  sense. 
[Archaic.] 

A  hogc  hathel  for  the  nonez  &  of  hyfrhe  elde ;  .  .  . 
Sturne  stif  on  the  stryththe  on  stalworth  schonkez  [shanks], 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Kni>jht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  847. 

And  his  strengthe  schal  be  maad  stalworthe  [et  robora- 
bitur  fortitudo  ejus,  Vulg.].  Wydtf,  Dan.  viil.  24. 

His  stalworth  steed  the  champion  stout  bestrode. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  vii.  27.    (Nares.) 

3.  Stout';  sturdy;  brave;  bold:  noting  men, 
with  reference  to  strength  and  courage.     [Ar- 
chaic.] 

A  man  that  es  yhung  and  light, 

Be  he  never  swa  stalworth  and  wyght. 

Hampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  689. 
Well  by  his  visage  you  might  know 
He  was  a  stalworth  knight,  and  keen. 

Scott,  Marmion,  i.  5. 

stalworthheadt, ».     [ME.stalu-orthhede;  <.stal- 
worth  +  -head."]     Same  as  stalwortliness. 
Stalworthlyt,  adr.     [<  ME.  stalwortlily,  stall- 
worthly,  stalwurthly ;  <  stalworth  +  -fy2.]  Stout- 
ly; sturdily;  strongly. 

Scho  strenyde  me  so  stallworthely  [var.  slalleworthely, 
Halliwell]  that  I  had  no  mouthe  to  speke,  ne  no  hande  to 
styrre.  Hampole,  Prose  Treatises  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  6. 

I  rede  we  ryde  to  Newe  Castell, 

So  styll  and  stalwurthlye. 
Battle  0}  Otterbourne  (Percy's  Reliques,  I.  i.  2). 

stalworthnesst  (stal'werth-nes),  n.  [<  ME. 
stalworthnes  ;  <  stalworth  +  -ness."]  Sturdiness; 
stalwartuess. 

The  sexte  vertue  es  strengthe  or  italworthness  noghte 

onely  of  body  but  of  herte,  and  wille  evynly  to  suffre  the 

wele  and  the  waa,welthe  or  wandrethe,  whethire  so  betyde. 

MS.  Lincoln,  A.  L  17,  f.  217.    (Balliwell,  s.  v.  wandrethe.) 

stalworthyt,  a.     [<  ME.  stalworthy,  stawurthy: 
see  stalworth. ,]     Same  as  stalworth. 
stalwurthet,  stalwurthlyt.  See  stalworth,  sM- 
worthly. 

stamH,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  stem1. 
stani'-'  (stam),  p.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  slammed,  ppr. 
stumming.    [Cf.  stem3.]    To  amaze  ;  confound. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
Stam2  (stam),  n.     [<  stam2,  p.]     Confusion. 

O,  then,  in  what  a  stam 
Was  theevish,  barb'rous,  love-sicke,  angrie  minde. 

title's  Historic  of  Heliodorus  ( 1638).    (Nares. ) 

stamber  (stam'ber),  •<•.  A  dialectal  form  of 
stammer. 

stambha  (stam'ba),  n.  [Skt.,  a  prop,  post,  col- 
umn, <  y  stambh,  make  firm,  prop:  see  stamp."] 
Same  as  Ittt®. 

One  or  two  stambhas  stood  in  front  of  or  beside  each 
gateway  of  every  great  tope,  and  one  or  two  in  front  of 
each  chaitya  hall.  J.  Feryusson,  Hist.  Indian  Arch.,  p.  55. 

stamelt,  n.     Same  as  stammel. 

Stamen  (sta'men),  «. ;  pi.  stamens  (sta'menz) 
(only,  in  the  fourth  sense)  or  (in  the  other  three 
senses)  stamina  (stam'i-na).  [<  L.  stamen,  the 
warp  in  the  (upright)  loom,  a  thread  hanging 
from  the  distaff,  in  gen.  a  thread,  string,  fiber, 
a  stamen  of  a  flower  (cf.  MGr.  crf/fia,  a  stamen, 


stamin 

Gr.  arij/iuv,  the  warp  in  the  loom,  a  thread  as 
spun) ;  <  stare  =  Gr.  'inrnaOai  (arfjvai,),  stand : 
see  stand.  Cf.  stametft,  stamin."}  1.  The  warp 
in  the  ancient  upright  loom  at  which  the  weaver 
stood  upright  instead  of  sitting ;  a  thread  of  the 
warp;  a  thread. —  2.  pi.  The  supports  or  main- 
stays of  a  body;  the  fixed,  firm  part  of  a  body, 
which  supports  it  or  gives  it  its  strength  and  so- 
lidity: as,  the  bones  are  the  stamina  of  animal 
bodies;  the  ligneous  parts  of  trees  are  stamina 
which  constitute  their  strength. 

Some  few  of  the  main  stamina,  or  chief  lines,  were  taken 
care  of  from  the  first,  and  made  up  the  first  creeds. 

Waterland,  Works,  IV.  809. 

Hence  —  3.  [PI.  stamina,  now  sometimes  used 
as  sing.]  Whatever  constitutes  the  principal 
strength  or  support  of  anything;  power  of  en- 
durance ;  staying  power ;  lasting  strength  or 
vigor. 

I  indeed  think  her  stamina  could  not  last  much  longer ; 
when  I  saw  her  she  could  take  no  nourishment. 

Swift,  To  Dr.  Sheridan,  July  27,  1726. 
Old  English  half  pint  bumpers,  my  dear  — Zounds,  sir! 
they  try  a  fellow's  stamina  at  once. 

Macklin,  Man  of  the  World,  iii.  1. 

She  had  run  through  all  tire  stamina  of  constitution  na- 
ture had  allotted  her,  and  died  of  old-age,  in  youth. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  Lady  Holland,  Feb.  2,  1816. 

4.  In  hot.,  the  male  or  fertilizing  organ  of  flow- 
ering plants.  It  is  situated  immediately  within  the 
inner  circle  of  floral  envelops,  or  petals  when  they  are 
present,  and  consists  of  two  parts,  the  filament,  which  is 
the  stalk  or  support,  and  the  anther,  which  is  a  double 


The  Unequal 
Stamens  of  Lafer- 
strartnia  Indica, 
the  flower  cut  lon- 


i.  Of Ixopyrum  bitematum  (a,  the  anther;  f,  the  connective,/, 
the  filament),  a.  Of  Qryza  sativa.  3.  Of  I.iriotiendron  Tuliptjera. 
4.  Of  Alliutn  Pvrntm.  5.  Of  Rosmarinus  qffifinalis.  6.  Of  Str6eris 
Canadentis.  7.  Of  face  in  titm  Myrtillus.  8.  Syncenesious  stamens 
of  CardttHS  crisptis.  9.  Monadelphous  stamens  of  Napizadioica.  10. 
Diadehjhous  stamens  of  Genista  tinctoria.  n.  Tetradynamous  sta- 
mensof  Erysimunt  chtiranthoitUs.  12.  Didynatnous  stamens  of  Tky- 
mus  Strfyllt4m.  13.  Stamen  in  trynandrous  flower  of  Epipactis  pa- 
liistris.  14.  Transverse  section  of  the  anther  of  Isopyrum,  showing 
the  dehiscence  and  the  pollen-grains. 

sac  or  body  of  two  cells  placed  side  by  side  and  filled  with 
a  powdery  substance,  the  pollen.  This  pollen,  when  ma- 
ture, is  discharged  from  the  anther  through  various  open- 
ings or  pores.  Theoretically  the  stamen  is  the  homologue 
of  a  leaf,  in  which  the  two  cells  of  the  anther  represent 
the  infolded  halves  of  the  blade,  while 
the  connective  represents  the  midrib 
and  the  filament  the  petiole  of  the  leaf. 
The  pollen  represents  the  parenchyma 
of  the  leaf.  The  stamens  of  a  flower 
are  collectively  called  the  androscium. 
When  both  stamens  and  pistils  are  pres- 
ent in  the  same  flower  it  is  said  to  be 
hermaphrodite  or  perfect;  when  only 
stamens  are  present  the  flower  is  said  to 
be  staminate  or  male.  The  number  of 
stamens  varies  in  different  plants  from 
one  to  one  hundred  or  more,  but  is  gen-  git»dinaily. 
erally  constant  for  the  winne  species,  and 
forms  an  important  element  in  the  system  of  classifica- 
tion. The  classes  in  the  Linnean  sexual  system  were  based 
upon  the  number  and  position  of  the  stamens ;  and  in  the 
natural  system  they  are  still  an  important  factor.  In  re- 
gard to  their  insertion,  stamens  may  be  hypogynous,  epigy- 
nous,  or  perigynous,  or  the  flower  may  be  gynandrous  (see 
these  words).  See  also  cuts  under  anther,  anthophore, 
diadelphowt,  epigynttus,  extrorse,  iittrorxe,  and  many  plant- 
names.— Barren  stamen.  Same  as  sterile  stamen.— In- 
cluded stamens.  See  include.— Stamina  of  reason, 
first  truths. — Sterile  stamen,  in  bot.,  an  organ  or  body 
which  belongs  to  the  series  of  stamens,  or  androecium,  but 
which  does  not  produce  pollen ;  an  imperfect  stamen,  as 
that  produced  by  certain  plants  of  the  family  Scrophulari- 
ne£e ;  a  staminooium. 

Stamened(sta'mend),o.  [< stamen  +  -ed2.]  Fur- 
nished with  stamens. 

Stamin1t,  Staminet  (stam'in), ».  [<  ME. stamin, 
stamyn,  <  OF.  estamine,  F.  etaminc,  <  ML.  sta- 
mina, staminea,  staminemn  (also  stamina,  after 
OF.),  a  woolen  cloth,  bolting-cloth,  <  L.  stami- 
nens,  consisting  of  threads,  <  stamen,  a  thread, 
fiber  (>  OF.  estame  =  It.  stame,  yarn,  worsted): 
see  stamen.  Hence,  by  irreg.  variation,  stammel, 
tamin,  famine,  tamimj,  tammy,  tamis."]  A  woolen 


stamin 

clot  li,  or  linsey-woolsey.  It  Is  mentioned  as  a  cloth 
for  common  wear  ;  but  its  cost  was  not  so  low  as  to  indi- 
cate the  coarsest  kind  of  cloth.  In  the  quotation  ap- 
parently a  tapestry. 

She  had  ywoven  in  a  slamin  [var.  stames]  large 
How  she  was  broght  from  Athene!  in  a  barge. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  L  -r.'Mi. 

Stamin2t,  «•  [Ml''-  *''"«.</'"',  appar.  a  var.  of 
xtcin1,  <  AS.  stemn  =  led.  xtafii,  stamn,  a  post, 
post  of  the  prow  or  stem;  cf.  It.  stamiiir,  the 
upright  ribs  or  pieces  of  timber  of  the  inside  of 
a  ship;  perhaps  <  L.  nldim-n  (stamin-),  the  warp 
of  a  loom,  etc.  (see  stamen,  stamin1),  other- 
wise <  G.  Htnmni,  etc.,  stem:  see  stew1.]  The 
stem  of  a  vessel.  Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.), 
1.  3659. 

stamina  ,  n.    Latin  plural  of  stamen,  sometimes 
used  as  a  singular  (see  stamen,  3). 
staminal  (stam'i-nal),  a.     [<  L.  stamen  (-in-),  a 
stamen,  +  -al.~\     Same  as  stamiiieotts. 
Staminate  (starn'i-nat),  a.     [<  L.  staininatiis, 
consisting  of  threads  (NL.  furnished  with  sta- 
mens), <  stamen,  a  thread,  stamen  :  see  stamen.] 
In  bot.  :  (a)  Furnished  with  or  producing  sta- 
mens.    (6)  Producing  stamens,  but  no  pistils: 
said  of  certain  flowers. 

Staminate  (stam'i-nat),*.  f.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  st«m- 
inateil,  ppr.  staminating.  [<  L.  stamen  (stamin-), 
fiber  (see  stamen),  +  -ate%.]  To  endue  with 
stamina. 

staminet,  ».     See  slant**1. 
stamineal  (sta-min'e-al),  «.     [<  L.  stamineus, 
full  of  threads  (see  stamineoui),  +  -al.]    Same 
us  stamincoiis. 

stamineous  (sta-min'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  staminas. 
full  of  threads,  thready,  <  stamen  (-in-),  a 
thread,  stamen:  see  stamen.']  Consisting  of, 
bearing,  or  pertaining  to  a  stamen  or  sta- 
mens. 

Staminidiumt  (stam-i-nid'i-um),  n.  ;  pi.  stamt- 
nidia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  L.  stamen  (-in-),  a  thread, 
stamen!'  +  Gr.  dim.  -iSiov.]  The  antheridium, 
an  organ  in  cryptogamic  plants  corresponding 
to  a  stamen. 

Staminiferous  (stam-i-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  sta- 
men (-in-),  a  thread,  stamen,  +  ferrc  =  E. 
bear^.]  Bearing  or  having  stamens.  A  stami- 
niferous flower  is  one  which  has  stamens  without  a  pistil. 
A  staminifemus  nectary  is  one  that  has  stamens  growing 

StamlnigerOUS  (stam-i-nij'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  sta- 

men (-in-),  a  thread,  stamen,  +  gerere,  carry.] 

Same  as  staminiferous. 
Staminode  (stam'i-nod),  «.      [<  NL.   stamino- 

dium.]   Same  as  staminodium. 
Staminodium    (stam-i-no'di-um),   » 

L.  stamen  (-in-),  a  thread. 

stamen,  +  Gr.  eMoj,  form.] 

A  sterile  or  abortive  sta- 


[NL.,   < 


The  Flower  of  Scroplnil'i- 
ria  nadosa,  laid  open  to  show 
Ihe  staniinodium  (iV).  a,  the 
staminodium. 


men,  or  an  organ  resem- 
bling an  abortive  stamen. 
Also  called  parastemon. 
Staminody(stam'i-n6-di), 

stamen,  a  thread,  stamen, 
+  eUof,  form.]    In  bot.,  a 

condition,  frequent  in  flowers,  in  which  various 
organs  are  metamorphosed  into  stamens.  Bracts, 
sepals  petals,  and  pistils  may  be  thus  transformed.  Com- 
pare sepalody,  pctalody,  pistUody.  See  metamorphosis,  4. 
stamin  (stam),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  In  the 
game  of  solo,  a  pool  of  sixteen  chips.  The 
American  Hoijle. 

StammelH  (stam'el),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
a\so  stamel,  stamell;  a  var.  of  stamin^.]  I.  it. 
1.  A  kind  of  woolen  cloth,  of  a  red  color:  red 
linsey-woolsey:  probably  same  as  stamin^. 

In  sommer  vse  to  were  a  scarlet  petycote  made  of  stam- 
ell or  lynse  wolse.  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  248. 

Now  in  satin, 
To-morrow  next  in  stammel. 

Chapman,  Monsieur  D  Olive,  u.  1. 

Hence — 2.  The  color  of  stammel:  a  red  in- 
ferior in  brilliancy  to  scarlet. 

Karsies  of  all  orient  colours,  specially  of  stamell. 

Hattuyts  Voyages,  I.  440. 

The  Violet's  purple,  the  sweet  Rose's  stammell, 
The  Lillie's  snowe,  and  Pansey's  various  ammell. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  s  Weeks,  i.  3. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  stammel  or  its  hue ; 
red ;  made  of  stammel. 

But  the  wench  in  the  stammel  waistcoat  is  stopping  too, 
Adam  .  .  .  they  are  going  to  dance !  Frieze-jacket  wants 
to  dance  with  sfammrf-waistcoat,  but  she  is  coy  and  r 
usant.  Scott,  Abbot,  xix. 

Stammel2  (stam'el),  ».  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
large,  clumsy  horse.  Wrif/ht.  [Prov.  Eng.J 

Stammer  (stam'er),  r.  [E.  dial,  also  stamber^; 
<  ME.  stameren  =  D.  stameren,  stamelen 


5895 

xtamutnliiii.  xliimaKii.  MHG. . itamrln.  xliiiniiii-lu. 
G.staminern,st(i/iimili/.  stammer:  a  freq.  verli. 
associated  with  AS.. ttnin<  •>-, stumor, xlamur,  stoni- 
er =  OHG.  stamal,  slummal,  adj.,  itammering, 
and  equiv.  to  the  simple  verb,  leel.  Sw.  xtiiiunta, 
Dan.  stamine,  stammer,  from  the  adj.  appearing 
in  OHG.  stam,  G.  .itumrn,  mute.  =  led.  xtmiir 
=  Goth,  stamms,  stammering;  perhaps  con- 
nected with xteufl,  obstruct,  etc.:  seesttm'J,  and 
cf.  stem2.  Cf .  also  stumble.]  I.  intranx.  1.  To 
hesitate  or  falter  in  speaking:  hence,  to  speak 
with  involuntary  breaks  and  pauses. 

His  hew  shal  falewen, 
&  his  tonge  shal  stameren,  other  famelen. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Kurnivall),  p.  224. 
The  Psythian  grape  we  dry :  Lagean  juice 
Will  staminerinff  tongues  and  staggering  feet  produce, 
Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Ueorgics,  n.  l.'i.'i. 
The  new  strong  wine  of  love, 
That  made  my  tongue  so  stammer  and  trip. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 

2.  To  stumble  or  stagger.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Stamn-ynge  in  goy  ng,  idem  quod  stakerynge,  waverynge. 
Prompt.  Pare.,  p.  472. 

=Syn.  1.  Falter,  Stammer,  Stutter.  He  who  falters  weak- 
ens or  breaks  more  or  less  completely  in  utterance  ;  the 
act  is  occasional,  not  habitual,  and  for  reasons  that  are 
primarily  moral,  belong  to  the  occasion,  and  may  be  vari- 
ous. He  who  stammers  has  great  difficulty  in  uttering  any- 
thing ;  the  act  may  be  occasional  or  habitual ;  the  cause  ii 
confusion,  shyness,  timidity,  or  actual  fear;  the  result  is 
broken  and  inarticulate  sounds  that  seem  to  stick  in  the 
mouth  and  sometimes  complete  suppression  of  voice. 
He  who  stutters  makes  sounds  that  are  not  what  he  de- 
sires to  make ;  the  act  is  almost  always  habitual,  espe- 
cially in  its  worst  forms ;  the  cause  is  often  excitement ; 
the  result  is  a  quick  repetition  of  some  one  sound  that 
is  initial  in  a  word  that  the  person  desires  to  utter,  as 
c-c-c-c-catch.— Stammering  bladder,  a  bladder  whose 
muscles  act  irregularly  and  spasmodically,  causing  pain- 
ful urination.  Paget. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  or  pronounce  with  hesi- 
tatio'n  or  imperfectly;  especially, to  utter  with 
involuntary  breaks  or  catches :  frequently  with 
out. 

His  pale  lips  faintly  stammered  out  a  "  No." 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xxxiii. 

Stammer  (stam'er),  ii.  [<  stammer,  <:]  Defec- 
tive utterance;  a  stutter:  as,  to  be  troubled 
with  a  stammer.  See  stammering. 

stammerer  (stam'er-er),  n.  [<  stammer  +  -er1.] 
One  who  stammers  or  stutters  in  speaking. 

Stammering  (stam'er-ing),  n.  [<  ME.  stamer- 
ynge;  verbal  n.  of  stammer,  r.]  Hesitating 
speech ;  imperfect  articulation ;  stuttering. 

stammeringly  (stam 'er-ing-li),  adv.  with 
stammering ;  with  stops  or  hesitation  in  speak- 
ing. 

Stamnos  (stam'nos),  «.;  pi.  stamnoi  (-1101).    | 
Gr.  ora/wof  (see  def.),  <  lardvai,  cause  to  stand, 
iaraoBai,  stand:  see  stand.]  In  Gr. 
archxol,  a  large  water-  or  wine- 
vase  closely  resembling  the  hy- 
dria,  but  generally  with  a  shorter 
neck,  and  provided  merely  with 
the  two  small  handles  on  the  sides 
of  the  paunch,  the  larger  handle 
behind  being  absent.    Sometimes 
called  olla.—  Apulian  stamnos,  in 
Or  archifol.,  a  type  of  stamnos  of  peculiar  shape,  having 
the  handles  on  the  shoulders  prolonged  upward  in  large 
volutes,  and  the  cover  often 
surmounted  by  a  vase  of  the 
iiaine    shape.      It    is    called 
Apulian  from  the  province  or 


stamp 

Thise  cokes,  how  they  stampe  and  streyne  and  grynde  ! 
Chaucer,  1'ardoner's  Tale,  L  78. 

They  put  the  water  into  large  jarres  of  stone,  stirring  !t 
about  with  a  few  stamp!  Almondi. 

,svi/»li/«,  Travailes,  p.  78. 

2.  To  strike  or  bent  with  a  forcible  downward 
thrust  of  the  foot. 


feet  I  stamp  t^aritatf.  tat  & 


region  where  most  examples 
are  found.    Often  called,  less 


.  , 

correctly,  Apulian  crater. 
Stamp  (stamp),  v.  [Also 
<\ia,l.  stomp  ;  <  ME.  stum- 
pen,  a  var.  (due  to  LG. 
or  Scand.  influence)  of 
'stempen,  <  AS.  stempan 
=  MD.  stcmjicn,  stain- 
pen,  D.  stampen  =  MLG. 
stampen  =  OHG.  stam- 

fon,  MHG.  stampfen,  G. 
'stampfen  =  Icel.  stappa 

(for    •stampa)    =    Sw. 
stampa  =  Dan.  stampe 

(cf.  It.  stampare  =  Sp. 

Pg.  estampar  =  OF.  es- 

tamper,    F.    etamper,   < 

Teut.),   stamp,    =    Gr. 

oTt/i/3e(V,  stamp,   shake, 

agitate,  misuse  (akin  to 

arelBeiv,  stamp  on,  tread,  are/ujwAov,  olives  or 

<*rapes  from  which  the  oil  or  juice  has  been 

pressed),  =  Skt.  -\fstambli,  make  firm  or  steady, 

prop.]     I    tra»s.  1  .  To  crush  or  bruise  with  or 

as  with  a  pestle  ;  pound  or  bray  as  in  a  mortar  ; 

pound;  bruise;  crush:  as,  to  stamp  ores  in  a 

stamping-mill. 


Apulian  Stamnos,  in  the  .- 
Naztonale,  Naples. 


He  frets,  he  fumes,  he  8 

3.  To  cause  to  strike  the  ground  with  a  sudden 
or  impetuous  downward  thrust. 

Red  Battle  stamps  his  foot,  and  nations  feel  the  shock. 
Byron,  Childe  Harold,  1.  38. 

4.  To  impress  a  design  or  distinctive  mark  or 
figure  upon ;  mark  with  an  impression  or  de- 
sign: as,  to  xtamp  plate  with  arms;  to  staii/i> 
letters;  to  stamp  butter. 

The  Romanes  were  wont  heretofore  to  stampe  their 
coynes  of  gold  and  silver  in  this  city. 

Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  59. 

Egmont  dined  at  the  Regent's  table,  ...  in  a  camlet 
doublet,  with  hanging  sleeves,  and  buttons  stamped  with 
the  bundle  of  arrows.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  1. 403. 
Hence  —  6.  To  certify  and  give  validity  or  cur- 
rency to  by  marking  with  some  mark  or  impres- 
sion; coin;  mint. 

We  nay  for  it  with  stamped  coin,  not  stabbing  steel. 
Shak.,  W.  T.,iv.  4.  747. 

6.  Figuratively,  to  brand  or  stigmatize  as  be- 
ing of  a  specified  character;  declare  to  be. 

Dares  stamp  nothing  false  where  he  finds  nothing  sure. 
M.  Arnold,  Empedocles  on  Etna. 

7.  To  imprint;  impress;  fix  deeply:  as,  to  stamp 
one's  name  on  a  book;  an  event  stamped  on 
one's  memory. 

If  ever  I  nn  Hope  admit 
Without  thy  Image  stampt  on  it. 

Cmvley,  The  Mistress,  The  Soul. 

God  has  stamped  no  original  characters  on  our  minds 
wherein  we  may  read  his  being. 

8.  To  characterize;  mark. 

They  [Macaulay's  articles]  are  characterized  by  many  of 
the  qualities  of  heart  and  mind  which  stamp  the  produc- 
tions of  an  Edinburgh  reviewer. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  1. 12. 

9.  To  affix  a  stamp  (as  a  postage-  or  receipt- 
stamp)  to:  as,  to  stamp  a  letter  of  a  newspaper. 
—10.  To  cut,  or  cut  into  various  forms,  with  a 
stamp:  in  this  sense  often  with  out:  as,  to  stamp 
out  circles  and  diamonds  from  a  sheet  of  metal. 
—  Stamped  envelop.    See  envelop.— Stamped  In  the 
blind.    See  blindi.—  Stamped  velvet,  velvet  or  velve- 
teen upon  which  a  pattern  has  been  impressed  by  not 
irons  which  leave  a  surface  more  or  less  lowered  from  the 
pile  according  to  the  amount  of  pressure  applied,  etc.  In 
some  cases  the  surface  of  the  impressed  pattern  is  brought 
to  a  smooth  gloss.    This  material  is  used  chiefly  for  uphol- 
stery —  Stamped  ware.    Same  as  sigillated  ware  (which 
see,  under  sibilated).    Solon,  The  Old  Eng.  Potter,  p.  xiii. 
-  Stamped  work,  metal-work  decorated  by  means  of 
dies  and  punches.— To  stamp  out,  to  extinguish,  as  fire, 
by  stamping  on  with  the  foot ;  hence,  to  extirpate ;  eradi- 
cate by  resorting  to  vigorous  measures ;  suppress  entirely ; 
exterminate  •  as,  to  stamp  out  disease  which  has  broken  out 
among  cattle  by  killing  the  whole  herd;  to  stamp  out  an 
insurrection. 

II.  intrans.  To  strike  the  foot  forcibly  down- 
ward. 

A  ramping  fool,  to  brag  and  stamp  and  swear. 

Shale.,  K.  John,  iii.  1.  1*22. 

Stamp  (stamp), H.  [OHG.  stampli,  stampf,  MHG. 
stamp/,  a  stamping-instrument,  a  stamp  (>  F. 
estampe  =  It.  stampa,  a  stamp) ;  in  dim.  form, 
MLG.  LG.  stempel  =  OHG.  stempJiil,  MHG. 
stempfel,  G.  (after  LG.)  stempel  =  Sw.  stampel 
=  Dan.  stempel,  a  stamp;  from  the  verb.]  1. 
An  instrument  for  crushing,  bruising,  or  pound- 
ing; specifically,  in  metal.,  that  part  of  the  ma- 
chinery of  a  stamp-mill  which  rises  and  falls, 
and  which  delivers  the  blow  by  which  the  ore 
is  reduced  to  the  necessary  fineness  for  being 
further  treated  for  the  separation  of  the  valua- 
ble portion  ;  by  extension,  the  mill  itself.  The 
stamp  consists  of  'head  and  stem,  the  latter  having  upon 
it  the  tappet  by  which,  through  the  agency  of  the  cam  or 
wiper  which  Projects  from  an  axis  turned  by  steam-  or 
water-power,  it  is  raised. 

There  are  340  stamps  in  operation  at  Butte,  and  the 
amount  of  ore  treated  every  day  amounts  to  600  tons. 

Harpers  Mag.,  LXXVII.  696. 

2.  An  instrument  for  making  impressions  on 
other  bodies;  an  engraved  block,  die,  or  the 
like,  by  which  a  mark  may  be  made  or  deliver- 
ed by  pressure ;  specifically,  a  plate  upon  which 
is  cut  the  design  for  the  sides  or  back  of  a  book. 
—  3.  A  hand-tool  for  cutting  Wanks  from  paper, 
leather,  etc.,  in  various  patterns,  according  to 
the  shape  of  the  cutting-edges.  It  operates  by 
pressure  or  a  direct  blow,  or  Is  laid  on  the  material  and 
struck  with  a  hammer.  Hand  stamps  are  used  for  can- 
celing, bating,  embossing,  eyeleting,  and  similar  work. 


stamp 

4.  A  forcible  or  impetuous  downward  thrust 
or  blow:  as,  ho  emphasized  his  order  with  a 
nln mp  of  the  foot. — 5.  An  impression  or  mark 
made  with  a  stamp;  an  impressed  or  em- 
bossed marker  pattern;  particularly,  an  im- 
pressed mark  used  to  certify  something,  or  give 
validity  or  currency  to  it:  as,  the  stamp  on  a 
coin ;  the  stamp  on  a  certified  check. 

What  boots  it  to  be  coin'd 
With  Heav'n's  own  stamp  ? 

Quarles,  Emblems,  v.  12. 

That  sacred  name  [the  king's]  gives  ornament  and  grace ; 
And,  like  his  stamp,  makes  basest  metals  pass. 

Drydcn,  Prol.  at  Opening  of  the  Is'ew  House,  1.  33. 

The  rank  is  but  the  guinea  stamp.  Burns,  For  a'  that. 
Specifically  —  (a)  An  official  mark  set  upon  a  thing  charge- 
able with  duty  or  tax  showing  that  the  duty  or  tax  is  paid. 
(6)  The  impression  of  a  public  mark  or  seal  required  by  the 
British  government  for  revenue  purposes  to  be  made  by 
its  officers  upon  the  paper  or  parchment  on  which  deeds, 
legal  instruments,  bills  of  exchange,  receipts,  checks,  in- 
surance policies,  etc.,  are  written,  the  fee  for  the  stamp 
or  stamped  paper  varying  with  the  nature  of  the  instru- 
ment or  the  amount  involved.  (See  stamp-duty.)  For  re- 
ceipts, foreign  bills  of  exchange,  and  agreements,  adhesive 
stamps  may  be  used,  but  in  general  the  stamp  must  be  em- 
bossed or  impressed,  (c)  A  small  piece  of  paper  having  a 
certain  figure  or  design  impressed  upon  it,  sold  by  the 
government  to  be  attached  to  goods,  papers,  letters,  docu- 
ments, etc.,  subject  to  duty,  or  lo  some  charge  as  for  post- 
age, in  order  to  show  that  such  duty  or  charge  has  been 
paid :  as,  postage-stamps;  receipt-stamps;  internal-reve- 
nue stamps. 

6.  pi.  Stamp-duties:  as,  the  receiver  of  stamps 
and  taxes.  See  stamp-duty. — 7.  pi.  Money:  so 
called  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  postage-stamps 
and  small  paper  notes  ("shinplasters")  as 
money.  [Slang,  U.  S.]  — 8f.  That  which  is 
marked ;  a  thing  stamped ;  a  medal. 

Hanging  a  golden  stamp  about  their  necks. 

Shale.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3.  153. 
9f.  A  coin,  especially  one  of  small  value. 

Hie.  Oh,  cruel,  merciless  woman, 
To  talk  of  law,  and  know  I  have  no  money. 

Vol.  I  will  consume  myself  to  the  last  stamp, 
Before  thou  gett'st  me. 

Middleton  (and  others),  The  Widow,  ii.  1. 

10f.  A  picture  cut  in  wood  or  metal,  or  made 
by  impression ;  an  engraving ;  a  plate  or  clich6. 

He  that  will  not  onely  reade,  but  in  manner  see,  the 
most  of  these  exploits  of  the  Hollanders,  with  other  rari- 
ties of  the  Indies,  may  resort  to  Theodoricke  and  Israel 
de  Bry,  who  haae  in  liuely  stampes  expressed  these  Naui- 
gations.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  463. 

When  I  was  at  Venice,  they  were  putting  out  very  curious 
stamps  of  the  several  edifices  which  are  most  famous  for 
their  beauty  or  magnificence. 

Addison,  Remarks  on  Italy  (Works,  ed.  Bohn,  I.  388). 

11.  Sanction;  value  derived  from  suffrage  or 
attestation ;  authority. 

The  common  people  do  not  judge  of  vice  or  virtue  by 
the  morality  or  the  immorality  so  much  as  by  the  stamp 
that  is  set  upon  it  by  men  of  figure.  Sir  R.  L'Estranye. 

12.  Distinguishing  mark;  imprint;   sign;  in- 
dication; evidence. 

If  ever  there  was  a  work  which  carried  with  it  the  stamp 

of  originality  in  all  its  parts,  it  is  that  of  John  Bunyan's  ! 

Southey,  Bunyan,  p.  70. 

13.  Make;  cast;  form;  character;  sort;  kind; 
brand. 

Those  he  hath  .  .  .  predestinated  to  be  of  our  stamp 
or  character,  which  is  the  image  of  his  own  Son,  in  whom, 
for  that  cause,  they  are  said  to  be  chosen. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.,  App.  1. 

He  had  wantonly  involved  himself  in  a  number  nf  small 
book-debts  of  this  stamp.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  12. 

14.  In  leathcr-maiiuf.,  a  machine  for  softening 
hides  by  pounding  them  in  a  vat.    E.  H.  Knight. 
— 15.  Same  as  nobblin. 

In  the  production  of  "charcoal  plates"  (for  tinplate 
making),  the  first  rough  forged  slabs  are  cut  into  pieces 
termed  stamps.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  319. 

16.  pi.  Legs.  [Old  slang.]  -Atmospheric  stamp. 
See  atmospheric.— Ball  stamp,  a  peculiar  form  of  stamp 
(so  named  from  the  inventor)  in  use  at  the  mines  on 
Lake  Superior.  It  is  a  direct-action  stamp,  the  stem  of 
the  stamp  being  the  continuation  of  the  piston-rod  of 
the  steam-engine  which  is  the  motive  power.— Leavitt 
stamp,  an  improved  form  of  Ball  stamp,  used  chietty  in 
the  Lake  Superior  mines.  One  head  is  capable  of  crushing 
250  tons  of  ore  in  24  hours.  This  stamp  works  like  the 
Nasmyth  hammer,  the  force  of  gravity  being  aided  by 
steam-pressure.  — Stamp  Act,  an  act  imposing  or  regu- 
lating the  imposition  of  stamp-duties;  in  American  colo- 
nial history,  an  act,  also  known  as  Grennlle's  Stamp  Act, 
passed  by  the  British  Parliament  in  1765,  providing  for 


5896 

the  leading  causes  in  effecting  the  revolution.— To  put 
to  stamp*,  to  put  to  press ;  begin  printing.  Hall,  Hen. 
VIII.,  an.  25. 

stampage  (stam'paj),  n.  [<  stamp  +  -itgr.'] 
An  impression;  a  squeeze. 

No  copy  [of  the  rock  inscription]  was  obtained  until  Oc- 
tober. 1838,  when  the  traveller  Masson  most  carefully  and 
perseveringly  made  a  calico  gtampay?  and  an  eye-copy. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  118. 

Stamp-album  (stamp'al 'bum).  H.  A  blank  book 
or  album  used  by  collectors  for  the  classification 
and  display  of  postage-  and  revenue-stamps. 

stamp-battery  (stamp'bat"iT-i),  ?*.  A  series  of 
stamps  in  a  machine  for  comminuting  ores. 
E.  R.  Knight. 

stamp-block  (stamp'blok),  n.  A  hollow  wooden 
block  in  which  mealies  are  pounded  before  be- 
ing cooked.  [South  Africa.] 

Stamp-collecting  (stamp'kp-lek"ting),  «.  The 
act  or  practice  of  collecting  postage-  or  reve- 
nue-stamps. See  philately. 

Stamp-collector  (stamp'ko-lek*tor),  n.  1.  A 
collector  or  receiver  of  stamp-duties. —  2.  One 
who  collects  postage-  or  revenue-stamps  as 
articles  of  interest  or  curiosity ;  a  philatelist. 

Stamp-distributer  (stamp'dis-trib'u-ter),  n. 
An  official  who  issues  or  distributes  government 
stamps. 

Stamp-duty  (stamp'du'ti),  n.  A  tax  or  duty 
imposed  on  the  sheets  of  parchment  or  paper 
on  which  specified  kinds  of  legal  instruments 
are  written.  Stamp-duties  on  legal  instruments,  such 
as  conveyances  and  deeds,  are  chiefiy  secured  by  pro- 
hibiting the  reception  of  them  in  evidence  unless  they 
bear  the  stamp  required  by  the  law.  Stamp-duties  were 
first  levied  in  England  in  the  reign  of  William  and  Mary. 

Stampede  (stam-ped'),  «.  [Formerly  also 
stampcdo;  <  Amer.  8p.  estampida,  a  stampede, 
a  particular  use  of  Sp.  estampida,  estamiMo 
(=  Pg.  estampido),  a  crack,  crash,  loud  report; 
connected  with  estampar,  stamp:  see  stamp,  r.] 

1.  A  sudden  fright  seizing  upon  large  bodies  of 
cattle  or  horses,  and  causing  them  to  run  for 
long  distances;  a  sudden  scattering  of  a  herd 
of  cattle  or  horses;  hence,  any  sudden  flight  or 
general  movement,  as  of  an  army,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  panic. 

With  every  herd  this  stampede  occurs ;  and,  watching 
the  proceedings,  I  hold  that  a  drover  ought  to  have  rather 
more  patience  than  Job. 

Mortimer  CMins,  Thoughts  in  my  Garden,  II.  131. 

2.  Any  sudden  unconcerted  movement  of  a 
number  of  persons  actuated  by  a  common  im- 
pulse: as,  a  stampede  in  a  political  conven- 
tion for  a  candidate  who  seems  likely  to  win. 
Stampedes  in  American   politics  have  been 
common  since  the  Democratic  convention  of 
1844. 

At  the  first  ring  of  the  bell  a  general  stampede  took 
place ;  some  twenty  hungry  souls  rushed  to  the  dining- 
room.  /,  M  Alcott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  63. 

Stampede  (stam-ped'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stam- 
peded, ppr.  stampeding.  [<  stampede,  «.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  become  generally  panic-strick- 
en ;  take  suddenly  to  flight,  as  if  under  the  in- 
fluence of  a  panic ;  scamper  off  in  fright :  said 
of  herds  or  droves. —  2.  To  move  together,  or 
take  the  same  line  of  conduct,  under  the  influ- 
ence of  any  sudden  and  common  impulse.  See 
stampede,  n.,  2. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  break  and  run  as  if 
panic-stricken;  disperse  or  drive  off  suddenly 
through  panic  or  terror. 

Those  most  trying  times  when  .  .  .  the  cattle  are  stam- 
peded by  a  thunder-storm  at  night. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  7. 
2.  To  cause  to  move  or  act  in  a  mass  through 
some  sudden  common  impulse:  as,  to  stampede 
a  political  convention  for  a  candidate, 
stampedot  (stam-pe'do),  n.    Same  as  stampede. 
A  sudden  stampedo  or  rush  of  horses.  Irving. 

stamper  (stam'per),  n.     [<  stamp  +  •«•!.]     1. 
One  who  stamps :  as,  a  stamper  in  the  post-of- 
fice.—2.  An  instrument  for  stamping;  a  stamp. 
— 3.  pi.  The  feet;  also,  shoes.     [Old slang.] 
Strike  up,  Piper,  a  merry,  merry  dance, 
That  we  OH  our  stampers  may  foot  it  and  prance. 

Brome,  Jovial  Crew,  i. 


stamp-mill 

vertically,  either  by  cams  or  friction-rollers,  or, 
as  is  more  commonly  the  case,  by  steam-  or  wa- 
ter-pressure acting  on  a  piston  in  a  closed  cyl- 
inder. I'cri'ij. 

stamp-head  (stamp'hed),  n.  In  a  stamp,  the 
rectangular  or  cylindrical  mass  of  iron  at  the 
end  of  the  stamp-stem,  which  by  its  weight  gives 
force  to  the  blow.  To  the  lower  end  of  the  stamp- 
head  is  attached  the  shoe,  a  thinner  piece  of  chilled  iron 
or  steel,  which  can  easily  be  replaced,  when  too  much  worn 
for  service,  without  the  necessity  of  replacing  the  whole 
stamp-head. 

stamping  (stam'ping),  n.  [<  ME.  stampi/nge; 
verbal  n.  of  xt<n/i/>,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  pounding, 
beating,  or  impressing  as  with  a  stamp. —  2. 
Something  stamped,  or  made  by  stamping-ma- 
chinery. 
Groups  of  U-shaped  soft  iron  ntampitv.it. 

Electrical  Ken.,  XXII.  174. 
3.  Same  as  blocking,  1  («). 

stamping-ground  (stam'ping-ground),  n.  A 
place  of  habitual  resort;  a  customary  haunt. 
[Slang,  U.  S.] 

It's  with  them  fellows  as  it  is  with  wild  animals.  Yon 
can  just  keep  clear  of  them  if  you  want,  stay  far  out  of 
their  stamping-yround,  hold  yourself  aloof  all  the  time 

W.  M.  Bater,  New  Timothy,  p.  176. 

stamping-machine  (stara'ping-ma-shen'),  n. 
A  machine  for  forming  articles  of  hard  materi- 
als, as  metal,  whether  for  the  first  rough  shap- 
ing, or  for  decorative  finishing. 

Stamping-mill  (stam'ping-mil),  n.  Same  as 
stamp-mill,  1. 

stamping-press  (stam'ping-pres),n.  1.  In  sheet- 
metal  work,  a  power-machine  for  making  hol- 
low ware,  as  pans,  bowls,  kitchen-utensils,  etc. 
Machines  of  this  class  are  a  development  of  the  earlier 
stamping-machines,  the  direct  blow  or  stamp  having  been 
replaced  in 
many  instances 
by  a  continuous 
pressure.  The 
essential  fea- 
tures of  the  ma- 
chine are  two 
dies  brought 
one  over  the 
other  by  a  di- 
rect blow  or 
by  pressure. 
Where  a  con- 
tinuous pressure  is  used  by  the  employment  of  a  screw, 
cam,  toggle-joint,  or  eccentric,  forcing  one  die  slowly  upon 
the  other,  the  sheet  of  metal  is  pressed  and  stretched  into 
shape.  The  dies  are  often  compound  —  one  part  cutting 
out  the  blank  from  the  sheet  and  another  part  compressing 
it  gradually  into  shape  — or  so  arranged  that  one  part  takes 
the  blank,  and  holds  it  firmly  by  the  edges,  while  a  central 
part  stretches  it  to  the  required  shape.  In  some  forms  of 
these  machines  a  series  of  dies  are  used  successively,  the 
blanks  being  pressed  in  part,  then  annealed  and  re-pressed 
until  the  final  shape  is  secured.  Also  called  stamping- 
machine. 

2.  A  small  hand-press  or  seal-press  used  by  pub- 
lic officials  and  others  for  impressing  stamps 
upon  or  affixing  them  to  documents,  either  m 
obedience  to  legal  requirement  or  as  a  matter 
of  convenience  or  custom.  Compare  seal-press. 
— 3.  Same  as  blocking-press.  See  also  arming- 
press. 

stamp-machine  (stamp'ma-shen''),  n.  In  pa- 
per-mamif.,  a  machine  for  beating  rags,  etc., 
into  pulp.  It  consists  of  a  number  of  rods  fixed  into 
a  stout  oak  beam,  and  working  alternately  with  a  set  be- 
low, the  water  passing  off  through  an  opening  covered 
with  a  fine  sieve.  The  machine  is  of  German  origin,  and 
is  used  only  in  small  factories. 

stamp-mill  (stamp'mil),  n.  1.  In  metal.,  a 
crushing-mill  employing  stamps  or  pestles  to 
crush  ores  or  rock  to  powder  preparatory  to 
treatment  for  extracting  metals.  The  stamps, 
which  are  often  of  great  size  and  weight,  are  arranged  in 


Die  used  in  a  Stamping-press. 

a,  vertical  section  of  die  for  forming  a  spoon ; 

*,  plan  of  upper  die ;  c,  side  view  of  lower  die. 


actions,  real-estate  transfers,  lawsuits,  marriage  licenses, 
inheritances,  etc. :  it  also  provided  that  the  royal  forces  in 
America  should  be  billeted  on  the  people.  The  act  was  to 
go  into  effect  November  1st,  1765,  but  it  aroused  intense 
opposition,  led  by  the  assemblies  of  Virginia,  Massachu- 
setts, and  other  colonies.  A  "Stamp  Act  Congress,"  with 
delegates  from  many  of  the  colonies,  met  at  New  York  in 
October,  1765,  and  a  petition  against  this  and  other  re- 
pressive measures  was  sent  to  England.  The  Stamp  Act 
was  repealed  in  March,  1766,  but  the  agitation  was  one  of 


suitable  machinery,  (b)  In  gunpowder-manuf.,  a  machine 
used  in  small  mills,  consisting  of  ten  or  twelve  stamps  of 
hard  wood,  arranged  in  a  row,  each  stamp  having  a  bronze 
shoe.  The  material  to  be  pulverized  is  placed  in  cavities 
in  a  block  of  solid  oak.  (c)  In  porcelain-mami/.,  a  mill  for 
pulverizing  calcined  flints  preparatory  to  treatment  in  the 
grinding-vat. 

5.  pi.  In  ornith.,  the  Calcatores. 
Stamp-hammer  (stamp'ham"er),  n.    A  direct- 
acting  hammer  where  the  hammer-block  is  lifted 


Stump-mill. 

a,  undershot  water-wheel ;  <\  shaft ;  c,  cams;  rf,  wipers;  e,  liftersof 
pine,  beach,  or  oak,  with  chilled  cast-iron  stamps;/",  Refers  (otherwise 
called  mortars  or  battery-boxes!  which  receive  the  "stuff"  or  broken 
ore  and  retain  it  until  reduced  to  the  required  degree  of  fineness.  The 
ore  is  fed  to  the  stamps  from  an  inclined  platform  at  the  rear  of  the 
kofers. 

a  row,  and  are  usually  raised  by  means  of  wipers  and  cams 
on  a  revolving  shaft  turned  by  steam-  or  water-power. 
The  cams  release  the  stamps  in  turn,  and  they  fall  on  the 
ore  placed  in  chambers  below,  the  sides  of  these  chambers 
being  perforated  to  allow  the  escape  of  the  crushed  mate- 


stamp-mill 

rial  as  soon  as  reduced  to  the  required  fineness,  while  a 
stream  of  water  sweeps  the  slimes  away  as  they  are  pro- 
duced.  Such  a  row  of  stamps  is  also  called  a  (tamo-tot- 
toy.  In  another  form  of  stamp-mill  the  stamp  is  placed 
at  the  end  of  the  piston-rod  of  a  steam-cylinder  on  the 
principle  of  the  steam-hammer.  Also  called  stampiny- 

2.  An  oil-mill  employing  a  pestle  or  pestles  to 
crush  seeds  and  fruits. 

Stamp-note  (stamp'not),  «.  In  com.,  a  memo- 
randum delivered  by  a  shipper  of  goods  to  the 
searcher,  which,  when  stamped  by  him,  allows 
the  goods  to  be  sent  off  by  lighter  to  the  ship, 
and  is  the  captain's  authority  for  receiving  them 
on  board.  Nimii/onds. 

Stamp-office  (stamp'of'is),  «.  An  office  where 
government  stamps  are  issued,  and  stamp-du- 
ties and  taxes  are  received. 

Stance  (stans).  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  staunce; 
<  OF.  stance,  estance,  a  station,  situation,  con- 
dition, also  a  stanchion,  =  Pr.  estansa,  station 
condition,  =  Sp.  Pg.  estancia,  a  dwelling,  =  It 
stanza,  a  station,  stanza,  etc.,  <  ML.  stantia,  a 
chamber,  a  house,  lit.  a  standing,  <  L.  slant  t-)s 
ppr.  of  stare,  stand:  see  stand.  Cf.stanza.]  1. 
A  station;  a  site;  an  area  for  building;  a  posi- 
tion ;  a  stand.  [Scotch.] 

i  Jf1fetSh»ed-,aJl;anlbo1  upon  one  foot'  and.  turning  to  the 
ft  hand  failed  not  to  carry  his  body  perfectly  round, 
just  into  its  former  stance. 

Urjuhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  35.    (Dames.) 
The  boy  answered  his  invitation  with  the  utmost  con- 
fidence, and  danced  down  from  his  stance  with  a  galliard 
8011  of  8teP-  Scott,  Kenilworth,  x. 

2f.  Space;  gap;  distance. 

Since  I  can  do  no  better,  I  will  set  such  a  staunce  be- 
tween him  and  Pasiphalo  that  all  this  town  shall  not 
make  them  friends. 

Oascoigne,  tr.  of  Ariosto's  Supposes,  ii.  3. 
3f.  A  stave  or  stanza. 
The  other  voices  sung  to  other  music  the  third  stance 

Chapman,  .Mask  of  Middle  Temple  and  Lincoln's  Inn. 
Stancet  (stans),  v.  t.    [<  stance,  ».]    To  station ; 
place. 

He  ne'er  advanc'd  from  the  place  he  was  stanc'd 

Battle  of  Sheri/.Muir  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  162). 

stanch1,  staunch1  (stanch,  stanch),  v.  [<  ME. 
stanchen,  staunchen,  stawnchen,  stonchen,  <  OF. 
estanclier,  estanchier,  stanchier,  etc.,  cause  to 
cease  flowing,  stop,  stanch,  F.  etancher,  stanch 
=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  estancar  =  It.  stancare  (ML.  stan- 
care),  stanch,  <  L.  stagnare,  stagnate,  cause  to 
cease  flowing,  make  stagnant,  ML.  also  stanch 
(blood),  L.staflnare,  cease  flowing,  becomestag- 
nant,  <sto<7n«w,apool,standingwater:  eeestaq- 
nant,  stagnate.  Cf.  stank*,  staunch?,  stanchion.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  cease  flowing;  check 
the  flow  of. 

I  will  staunche  his  floudes,  and  the  great  waters  shal  be 
.restrayned.  Bible  of  1551,  Ezek.  xxxi. 

Over  each  wound  the  balm  he  drew, 
And  with  cobweb  lint  he  stanched  the  blood. 

J.  S.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay,  p.  34. 

2.  To  stop  a  flow  from;  dry,  as  a  wound,  by  the 
application  of  a  styptic. 

Then  came  the  hermit  out  and  bare  him  in 
There  stanch' A  his  wound. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

3.  To  quench;  allay;  assuage.     [Obsolete  or 
archaic.] 

Al  weere  it  that  a  riche  coveytos  man  hadde  a  ryver 
fletynge  al  of  gold,  yit  sholde  It  never  staunchen  his 
coveytise.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  iii.  meter  3. 

Let  my  tears  stanch  the  earth's  dry  appetite 

Shale.,  lit.  And.,  iii.  1.14. 
I  stanch  with  ice  my  burning  breast, 
With  silence  balm  my  whirling  brain. 

M.  Arnold,  Saint  Brendan. 
4f.  To  free;  relieve:  with  of. 
Yf  two  brother  be  at  debate, 
Loke  nother  thou  forther  in  nor  hate, 
But  helpe  to  staunche  horn  <?/  malice. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  307. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  stop  flowing;  be  stanched. 
[Rare.] 

Immediately  her  issue  of  blood  stanched.  Luke  viii.  44. 
2f.  To  stop ;  cease. 

And  the  wynde  stonchede  and  blew  no  more, 
And  the  meyst  trunde  into  a  bryjt  cloude 

Chron.  Vilodun.,  p.  127.    (Hallimll.) 

StanchH,    Staunch1!   (stanch,   stanch),   n.     [< 
stanch*,  staunch*,  r.]      That  which  stanches; 
that  which  quenches  or  allays. 
O  frendship,  flour  of  flowers,  O  liuely  sprite  of  lyfe 
O  sacred  bond  of  blissful  peace,  the  stalworth  stanch  of 

strife. 
Poems  of  Vncertaine  Auctors,  On  Frendship.   (Richardson.) 

Stanch2  (stanch),  n.  [An  assibilated  form  of 
stank* ;  <  OF.  estanche,  a  pool,  fish-pond,  etc. : 
see  stank*."]  A  flood-gate  in  a  river  for  accumu- 


jal  ing  a  hr-ad  of  water  to  float  boats  over  shal- 
lows; a  weir.    Beetteftii.    K.  n.  K Hi,/iii. 

Formerly  rivers  used  to  be  penned  in  by  a  series  of 
stanches  n.-ai-  shoal  places,  which  held  up  the  water  anil 
when  several  boats  were  collected  in  the  pool  above  a 
lanch ,  it  was  suddenly  opened,  and  the  sudden  rush  of 
water  floated  the  boats  over  the  shallows  below. 

Kuri/c.  Brit.,  XX.  573. 

Stanch:i,  staunch2  (stanch,  stand] ),  a.  [<  ME. 
•MHMGM,  <  OF.  i-xtanc.  I'cni.  istiini-lic,  cnl>-n<\ 
MtMi,  i-xlain,  dried,  dry,  exhausted,  wearied, 
tired,  vanquished,  F.  etanche,  stanch,  water- 
tight, =  Pr.  estaiir,  still,  unchangeable.  =  Sp. 
rxttiHco  =  Pg.  fxt<iin/Hi;  stanch,  water-tight,  = 
It.  stanco,  tired:  from  the  verb  shown  under 
stanch*,  staunch*.  Cf.  stank?,  the  same  word.] 

1.  Dry;  free  from  water ;  water-tight;  sound: 
said  of  a  vessel. 

Now,  good  son,  thyne  ypocras  is  made  parflte  &  welle  • 
y  wold  than  ye  put  it  in  staunche  &  a  clene  vesselle.  ' 
BabeesBook(E.  K.  T.  S.),  p.  128. 

What  hoop  should  hold  us  stanch,  from  edge  to  edge 
O  the  world  I  would  pursue  it. 

Shale.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  2. 117. 

Our  provisions  held  out  well,  our  ship  was  stanch,  and 
our  crew  all  in  good  health.  AW«,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  1. 

2.  Strong;  firm. 

You  will  lose  their  love.    This  is  to  be  kept  very  staunch 
and  carefully  to  be  watched.         Locke,  Education,  §  107. 

3.  Sound  and  trustworthy;  true:  applied  to 
hounds  with  reference  to  their  keeping  the 
scent. 

If  some  staunch  hound,  with  his  authentic  voice 

Avow  the  recent  trail,  the  jugtling  tribe 

Attend  his  call.  Somenille,  The  Chase,  ii.  125. 


4.  Sound  or  firm  in  principle;  loyal;  heartv; 
trustworthy. 

Standing  absurdities,  without  the  belief  of  which  no  man 
is  reckoned  a  stanch  churchman,  are  that  there  is  a  calves- 
head  club ;  .  .  .  and  that  all  who  talk  against  Popery  are 
Presbyterians  in  their  hearts.    Addison,  Freeholder,  No.  7. 
You  are  staunch  indeed  in  learning's  cause. 

Cowper,  Tirocinium,  1.  492. 

=Syn.  4  Stout,  steadfast,  resolute,  stable,  unwavering. 
Stanchel1  (stan'chel),  n.     [Formerly  also  stan- 
chell,  stanchil,  Sc.  stainchel,  stenchil,  etc.;  cf. 
stanchion.]    Same  as  stanchion.    [Obsolete  or 
prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 

Round  about  the  said  tomb-stone,  both  at  the  sides  and 
at  e  ther  end,  were  set  up  neat  stanchells  of  wood,  joyned 
so  close  that  one  could  not  put  in  his  hand  betwixt  one 
and  the  other. 

Danes,  Ancient  Rites  (ed.  1672),  p.  118.  (Hallimll.) 
Stanchel2  (stan'chel),  n.  Same  as  staniel 
stancher,  stauncher  (stan'cher,  stan'cher),  n. 
[<  stanch*  +  -*)•!.]  One  who  or  that  which 
stanches;  specifically,  a  styptic. 
Stanchion  (stan'shon),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
stancheon,  stanchon,  staunchon;  <  OF.  estancon, 
estanson,  F.  ctancon,  a  prop,  staff,  dim.  of  OF. 
estance,  a  stanchion,  prop,  support,  lit.  a  sta- 
tion :  see  stance.  Ct.stanchel*.']  A  post,  pillar, 
or  beam  used  for  a  support,  as  a  piece  of  tim- 
ber supporting  one  of  the  main  parts  of  a  roof; 
a  prop.  Specifically -(a)  One  of  the  upright  iron  bars 
passing  through  the  eyes  of  the  saddle-bars  and  forming 
part  of  the  armature  steadying  the  lead  lights  of  a  large 
window-bay. 

He  did  him  to  the  wire-window, 

As  fast  as  he  could  gang ; 
Says,  "  Wae  to  the  hands  put  in  the  stancheons, 
Jor  out  we'll  never  win." 

Fire  of  Frendraught  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  180). 
(b)  One  of  the  upright  bars  in  a  stall  for  cattle,  (c)  In 
ship-budding,  an  upright  post  or  beam  of  different  forms 
used  to  support  the  deck,  the  rails,  the  nettings,  awnings 
etc.  (d)  pi.  In  miiit.  engin.,  one  of  the  upright  side-pieces 
of  a  gallery-frame. 

Stanchion  (stan'shon),  v.  t.     [<  stanchion,  «.] 
To  fasten  to  or  by  a  stanchion. 
The  cows  tied,  or  stanchioned,  as  in  their  winter  feeding. 
New  Amer.  Farm  Book,  p.  380. 

Stanchion-gun  (stau'shpn-gun),  ».  A  pivot- 
gun  ;  a  boat-gun  for  wild-duck  shooting, 
stanchless,  staunchless  (stanch'les,  stanch'- 
les),  a.  [<  stanch*  +  -less."]  Incapable  of  be- 
ing stanched  or  stopped;  unquenchable;  in- 
satiable. 

There  grows 

In  my  most  ill-composed  affection  .  . 
A  stanchless  avarice.        Shak.,  Macbeth,  Iv.  3.  78. 
And  thrust  her  down  his  throat  into  his  stanchless  maw 
Drauton,  Polyolbion,  vil.  791.    (Nares.) 

stanchly,  staunchly  (stanch'li,  stanch'li), 
adv.  In  a  stanch  manner;  soundly;  firmly. 

stanchness,  staunchness  (stanch'nes,  stanch'- 
nes), n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  stanch, 
in  any  sense.  Boyle,  Works,  III.  184. 

stancfct.    See  stank*,  stank?. 

Stand  (stand),  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  stood,  ppr.stand- 
ing.  [<  ME.  standen,  stonden  (pres.  ind.  3d 


stand 

pers.  slandi'tli,  stmidi-tli,  contr.  slant,  stunt,  pret. 
stui,i/,  st/itl.  pp.  slninli  n,  xinnili'ii),  <  AS.  s/aiiiliui. 
xtoiidfiii   (pret.   xtoil  (fur    'slaiiil),    pp.    s/iuii/rn, 
xtnndrn)   =  OS.  xliiiiilfin   =   OFrics.   xlnnila   — 
OHG.   xtiniliin.   MlKi.    xliinilrii    (rare)    =    led. 
x'anda  =  Sw.  stannii,  sttiilnn  =  (ic,th.  xliiinlun 
(pret.  stt'itli,  pp.  xtiilliniix  for  "xtfiniliins),  stand  : 
a  secondary  or  extended  form,  Tent,  i/  slum/ 
(perhaps  orig.  based  on  the  orig.  ppr..  OIK;. 
stdnt-er,  xti'iit-rr,  etc.,  =  L.  xtnn(  t-)x,  standing), 
parallel  with  a  simpler  form,  namely,  OS.  stun 
=  OFries.  xtdn  =  MD.  staen,  D.  stanu  =  MLG. 
staii,  LG.  stnaii  =  OHG.  MHG.  stdn  (also  with 
altered  vowel  (prob.  due  to  association  with 
the  contrasted  verb  OHG.  ,/,"/,.  (i.  ,/,/,,„.  go), 
OHG.  MHG.  (and  OS. ;  tOn,  c, . sH,, ,i)  =  Sw .sta 
=  Dan.  staae,  stand   (whence   E.  dial,  xlnir, 
stand),  Tent.  •/  utai  (not  found  in  AS..  Ice]., 
or  Goth.,  and  not  found  at  all  in  pret.  and  pp., 
which  are  supplied  by  the  pret.  and  pp.  of  stan- 
dnii,  -(/  xtand),  orig.  -/  sta  =  L.  stare  (redupl. 
pert',  steti,  pp.  status)  =  Gr.  laravai,  cause  to 
stand,  set  up,  mid.  and  pass.  "iaraa6at,  stand. 
2d  aor.  arf/vai,  stand,  =  OBulg.  stati  =  Serv. 
stati  =  Russ.  stati,  etc.,  also  OBulg.  stoyati  = 
Serv.  stayati  =  Bohem.  stati  =  Russ.  stoyati, 
etc.  (Slavic  •/  sta  and  •tf  sti,  with  numerous 
derivatives),  =  Skt.  •/  sthd,  stand.    By  reason 
ot  the  fundamental  nature  of  the  notion  '  stand ' 
and  its  innumerable  phases,  and  of  the  phonetic 
stability  of  the  syllable  sta,  this  root  has  pro- 
duced an  immense  number  of  derivatives,  which 
are  in  E.  chiefly  from  the  L.  source— namely, 
from  the  E.,  stand,  n.,  perstand,  etc.,  under- 
stand, withstand,  etc.;  from  Scand.,  staw* ;  from 
the  L.  (from  inf.  stare),  stable*  (with  constable, 
etc.),  stable?,  stablish,  establish,  staae,  stamen, 
stamin  (tamin,  etc.),  stay?  (staid,  etc.),  cost?, 
rest?,  contrast,  obstacle,  obstetric,  etc.;  (from 
the  pp.  status)  state,  estate,  status,  station, statist, 
statue,  statute,  armistice,  interstice,  solstice,  etc. ; 
constitute,  substitute,  etc.,  superstition;   (from 
the  ppr.  stan(t-)s)  stance,  stanchion,  stanza,  cir- 
cumstance, constant,  distant,  extant,  substantive, 
etc.;    (from  sistere,  causal  of  stare)  sist,   as- 
sist, consist,  desist,  exist,  insist,  persist,  subsist, 
etc.;  while  from  various  derivatives  or  exten- 
sions of  the   L.  •)/  sta  are  ult.  E.  stagnate 
stanch,  stank*,  tank,  stank?,  stolid,  sterile,  des- 
tine, obstinate,  etc.;  from  the  Gr.,  stasis,  static, 
apostate,  ecstasy,  metastasis,  system,  epistle,  apos- 
tle, etc.   To  the  same  ult.  y'  sta,  Teut.  or  other, 
may  be  referred,  with  more  or  less  plausibility, 
many  E.  words  having  a  root  or  base  appar.  ex- 
tended from  sta,  namely  (<  •/  stop  or  staf),  staff, 
stave,  stem*,  stem?,  step,  slope,  stoop*,  stamp 
stub,  stump,  stiff,  stifle;  (<  •/  stal)  stall*,  stale? 
steal?,  stalk?,  stell,  still*,  stilt,  stool,  stout,  etc. ; 
(<  V  stam)  stammer,  stumble,  stemS;  (<  -^  shid) 
stead,  stud*,  steed,  stithy,  stathe,  etc.;   and  see 
also  standard,  stare*,  steer*,  steer?,  stud?,  steel, 
stow,  «tore3,  story?,  etc.     The  list,  however,  is 
elastic,  and  may  be  indefinitely  increased  or 
diminished.   See  the  words  mentioned.    The  L. 
verb  has  also  passed  into  Sp.  Pg.  as  the  sub- 
stantive verb  estar,  be.]     I.  intrans.  1.   To  be 
upright ;  be  set  upright ;  take  or  maintain  an 
upright  position .    (a)  To  place  one's  self  or  hold  one's 
self  in  an  upright  position  on  the  feet  with  the  legs  straight, 
as  distinguished  from  sitting,  lying,  or  kneeling:  said  of 
men  or  beasts. 

And  thanne  commandethe  the  same  Philosophre  azen 
Stondethe  up.  MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  235. 

Stands  he,  or  sits  he  ? 
Or  does  he  walk?  Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  i.  5.  19. 

Ida,  .  .  .  rising  slowly  from  me,  stood 
Erect  and  silent.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vi. 

(6)  To  be  set  on  end ;  be  or  become  erect  or  upright. 
Fro  the  erthe  up  til  heuene  bem, 
A  leddre  stonden,  and  thor-on 
Angeles  dun-cumen  and  up-gon. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1607. 
Comb  down  his  hair ;  look,  look !  it  stands  upright 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  3.  15. 

To  the  south  of  the  church  stand  up  two  great  pillars. 
E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  66. 

2.  To  stop  moving;  come  to  or  be  at  a  stand- 
still; halt;  alight;  more  generally,  to  cease  ac- 
tion of  any  kind ;  be  or  become  motionless,  in- 
active, or  idle ;  be  or  become  stagnant. 

Foulis  fayre  and  bright,  .  .  . 

W  ith  fediys  fayre  to  fr«st  ther  flight  fro  stede  to  stede 
where  thai  will  stande.  York  Plays,  p.  12. 

Deepe  was  the  wey,  for  whiche  the  carte  stood. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  261. 

I'll  tell  you  who  Time  ambles  withal,  .  .  .  who  Time 
gallops  withal,  and  who  he  ttands  still  withal. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  III.  2.  329. 


stand 

Stand! 
If  thou  advance  an  inch,  thuu  art  dead. 

Fletcher  (and  another'!'),  Prophetess,  ii.  2. 

3.  Specifically,  in  hunting,  to  point:  said  of 
dogs.     See  jioiitU-r,  xrtteri. 

To  point,  set,  or  stand  (which  are  different  names  for 
the  same  act).  Dogs  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  ii4. 

4.  To  rest  as  on  a  support;  be  upheld  or  sus- 
tained, literally  or  figuratively;  depend:  fol- 
lowed by  on,  upon,  or  rarely  Inj. 

This  Ymage  stnnt  upon  a  Pylere  of  Marble  at  Coshmh  - 
noble.  Mandenlle,  Travels,  p.  !>. 

This  reply  standeth  all  by  conjectures.  Whitrjift. 

They  stand  upon  their  own  bottom,  without  their  main 
dependance  on  the  royal  nod. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.,  Concl. 

No  friendship  will  abide  the  test, 
That  stands  on  sordid  interest, 
Or  mean  self-love  erected. 

Coieper,  Friendship. 

5.  To  be  placed;  be  situated;  lie. 

"Now  "  quod  Seigramor,  "telle  vs  what  wey  stondeth 
Camelot."  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  2«i. 

In  this  King's  [William  I.]  sixteenth  Year,  his  Brother 
Duke  Robert,  being  sent  against  the  Scots,  builded  a  Fort, 
where  at  this  Day  standeth  New-Castle  upon  Tyne. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  29. 

A  nest  of  houses  and  trees  at  the  mountain's  foot,  stand- 
ing so  invitingly  as  to  make  the  traveller  wish  for  a  longer 
sojourn.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  191. 

6.  To  continue  in  place ;  maintain  one's  posi- 
tion or  ground;  hold  one's  own;  avoid  falling, 
failing,  or  retreating. 

The  Saisnes  were  so  many  that  they  myght  not  be  perced 
lightly  thourgh,  but  stode  stiffly  a  geiu  the  Crysten. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  215. 

Take  unto  you  the  whole  armour  of  God,  that  ye  may 
be  able  to  withstand  in  the  evil  day,  and,  having  done  all, 
to  stand.  Eph.  vl.  13. 

Who,  not  content  that  former  worth  stand  fast. 
Looks  forward,  persevering  to  the  last. 

Wordsworth,  The  Happy  Warrior. 

7.  To  continue  in  being;  resist  change,  decay, 
or  destruction ;  endure ;  last. 

He  tolde  vs  also  that  the  clerkes  ne  knew  not  the  cause 
why  that  youre  tour  may  not  gtonde;  but  he  shall  telle 
yow  apertly.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  I.  35. 

His  living  temples,  built  by  faith  to  stand. 

Miltan,  i:  L.,  xii.  527. 
I  reach  into  the  dark, 
Feel  what  I  cannot  see,  and  still  faith  stands. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  209. 

It  [most  of  the  black  Indian  ink]  blots  when  a  damp 

brush  is  passed  over  it ;  or,  as  draughtsmen  say,  "  it  does 

not  stand."  Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  330. 

8.  To  continue  in  force:  remain  valid;  hold 
good. 

The  resumpsion,  men  truste,  shall  forthe,  and  my  Lordes 
of  Yorkes  first  power  of  protectorship  stande. 

Paston  Letters,  I.  378. 

.My  covenant  shall  stand  fast  with  him.     Ps.  Ixxxlx.  28. 
No  conditions  of  our  peace  can  stand. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 184. 

9.  To  take  a  particular  attitude  with  respect 
to  others  or  to  some  general  question ;  adopt  a 
certain  course,  as  of  adherence,  support,  oppo- 
sition, or  resistance;  take  sides;  specifically, 
to  make  a  stand. 

Y  tryste  in  God  that  he  schalle  me  spede, 
He  standyth  wytb  the  ryght. 

MS.  Cantab.  Ff.  ii.  38,  f.  79.    (IlaUiwell.) 
I'll  stand  to-day  for  thee  and  me  and  Troy. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  v.  S.  3(1. 

Godwin  Earl  of  Kent,  and  the  West^Saxons  with  him, 
stood  for  Hardecnute.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Instructed  by  events,  after  the  quarrel  began,  the  Amer- 
icans took  higher  ground,  and  stood  for  political  indepen- 
dence. Emerson,  Address,  Soldiers'  Monument,  Concord. 

10.  To  become  a  candidate  for  office  or  dig- 
nity :  usually  with  for. 

How  many  stand  for  consulships?     Shak.,  Cor.,  it  2.  2. 

The  Town  of  Richmond  in  Richmondshire  hath  made 
choice  of  me  for  their  Burgess,  tho'  Master  Christopher 
Wandesford,  and  other  powerful  Men,  and  more  deserv- 
ing than  I,  stood  .for  it.  Hmcell,  Letters,  I.  v.  8. 

It  had  just  been  suggested  to  him  at  the  Reform  Club 
that  he  should  stand  for  the  Irish  borough  of  Lonshshane. 
.  .  .  What !  he  stand  for  Parliament,  twenty-four  years 
old !  Trollope,  Phineas  Finn,  i. 

11.  To  continue  in  a  specified  state,  frame  of 
mind,  train  of  thought,  course  of  action  or  ar- 
gument, etc. ;  keep  on ;  persevere ;  persist. 

But  this  so  plain  to  be  lawful  by  God's  word,  and  exam- 
ples of  holy  men,  that  I  need  not  to  stand  in  it 

Ridley,  Works  (Parker  Soc.),  p.  63. 
One  that  stands  in  no  opinion  because  it  is  his  owne,  but 
suspects  it,  rather,  because  it  is  his  owne,  and  is  confuted, 
and  than  kcs  you. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Modest  Man. 
Never  lie  before  a  king,  or  a  great  person  ;  nor  stand  in 
a  lie  when  thou  art  accused ;  but  modestly  be  ashamed  of 
it,  ask  pardon,  and  make  amends. 

Jer.  Taylor.  Holy  Living,  ii.  §  5. 


5898 

12.  To  be  pertinacious  or  obstinate;  be  in- 
sistent or  punctilious ;  hence,  to  be  overexact- 
ing:  generally  followed  by  on  or  upon,  rarely 
by  in  or  with.     Compare  to  stand  upon  (e). 

Stand  not  in  an  evil  thing.  Eccles.  viii.  3. 

Well,  I  will  not  stand  with  thee  ;  give  me  the  money. 

llarlinre,  r'austus,  iv.  5. 

13.  To  hold  back;  scruple;  hesitate;  demur. 

To  have  his  will,  he  stood  not  to  doe  things  never  so 
much  below  him.  Miltnn,  Eikonoklastes,  iii. 

An  I  had  asked  him  to  oblige  me  in  a  thing,  though  it 
had  been  to  cost  his  hanging,  he  wadna  hae  stude  twice 
about  it.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  x 

14.  To  be  placed  relatively  to  other  things : 
have  a  particular  place  as  regards  class,  order, 
rank,  or  relations. 

Amongst  Liquids  endued  with  this  Quality  of  relaxing, 
warm  Water  stands  first. 

Arbuthnot,  Aliments,  v.  prop.  4,  I  9. 

Amphioxus  stands  alone  among  vertebrated  animals  in 
having  a  ciecal  diverticulum  of  the  intestine  for  a  liver. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  79. 

Faith  and  scepticism  stand  to  each  other  much  in  the 
relation  of  poetry  and  criticism. 

H.  X.  Orenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  263. 

15.  To  be  at  a  certain  degree,  as  in  a  scale  of 
measurement  or  valuation  :  as,  the  mercury  (or 
the  thermometer)  stands  at  80°. 

In  1791  the  corn  law  was  changed  by  Pitt.  When  the 
price  of  wheat  stood  at  54s.  the  quarter,  or  above  that 
price,  wheat  might  be  imported  at  a  duty  of  6d. 

S.  Botrett,  Taxes  in  England,  IV.  10. 

16.  To  have  a  specified  height  when  standing. 
He  ...  ttood  four  feet  six  inches  and  three-quarters  in 

his  socks.  Dickens,  Sketches,  Tales,  x.  1. 

17.  To  be  in  a  particular  position  of  affairs; 
be  in  a  particular  state  or  condition:  often  in 
the  sense  of  be,  as  a  mere  copula  or  auxiliary 
verb :  as,  to  stand  prepared ;  to  stand  in  awe  of 
a  person;  to  stand  one's  friend. 

Alas,  Fadyr,  how  standisthls  case, 
That  ye  bene  in  this  peynes  stronge  ? 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall>,  p.  99. 
In  pity  I  stand  bound  to  counsel  him. 

Massinger,  Bashful  Lover,  i.  1. 

He  stood  in  good  terms  with  the  state  of  France,  and  also 
with  the  company.    Winthrop,  Hist.  Xew  England,  II.  130. 
I  do  not  know  how  the  laws  stand  in  this  particular. 

Steele,  Taller,  No.  135. 

Wonder  not  that  the  great  duke  [Buckingham]  bore  him 
out,  and  all  .-•'"".'  mum. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  /.,  I.  96. 

18.  To  occupy  the  place  of  another;  be  a  rep- 
resentative, equivalent,  or  symbol:   followed 
by  for. 

I  speak  this  to  you  in  the  name  of  Rome, 

For  whom  you  stand.       B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  v.  6. 

Definition  being  nothing  but  making  another  under- 
stand by  words  what  idea  the  term  denned  stands  for. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  III.  iii.  10. 

The  ideal  truth  stands  for  the  real  truth,  but  expresses 
it  in  its  own  ideal  forms. 

O.  H.  Leires,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  56. 

19t.   To  consist;   be  comprised  or  inherent: 
with  in. 

No  man's  life  standeth  in  the  abundance  of  the  things 
which  he  possesseth. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

Faith  standeth  not  in  disputing. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  II.  121. 

20.  To  be  consistent;  be  in  accordance ;  agree: 
followed  by  with,  except  in  the  phrases  to  stand 
to  reason  and  to  stand  together. 

It  cannot  stand  u-ith  God's  mercy  that  so  many  should 
he  damned.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  634. 

The  great  Turke  hearing  Musitians  so  long  a  tuning,  he 
thought  it  stood  not  with  his  state  to  wait  for  what  would 
follow.  A*.  Ward,  Simple  Cooler,  p.  40. 

How  an  evasive  indirect  reply  will  stand  with  your  rep- 
utation ...  is  worth  your  consideration. 

Junius,  Letters,  No.  68. 

21.  With  an  implication  of  motion  (from  or  to 
a  certain  point)  contained  in  an  accompany- 
ing adverb  or  preposition,  to  step,  move,  ad- 
vance, retire,  come  or  go,  in  a  manner  speci- 
fied: noting  actual  motion,  or  rest  after  mo- 
tion: as,  to  stand  back  ;  to  stand  aside  ;  to  stand 
off;  to  stand  out. 

The  place  also  liked  ...  me  wondrously  well,  it  being 
a  point  of  land  standing  into  a  cornfield. 

R.  Knox  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  386). 

As  things  stood,  he  was  glad  to  have  his  money  repayed 
him  and  stand  out. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  280. 

So  he  was  bid  stand  by. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  158. 

Our  nearest  friends  begin  to  stand  aloof,  as  if  they  were 
half-ashamed  to  own  us.  Strift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i. 

Stand  off,  approach  not,  but  thy  purpose  tell. 

Pope,  Iliad,  x.  93. 


stand 

The  tlowerage 
That  stood  from  out  a  stilt'  brocade. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

Trieste  stands  forth  as  a  rival  of  Venice. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  71. 

22.  Specifically  (>m«f.),tohold  a  course  at  sea; 
sail;  steer:  said  of  a  ship  or  its  crew:  followed 
by  tin  adverb  or  preposition  of  direction. 

No  sooner  were  they  entered  into  that  resolution  but 
they  descried  a  saile  standing  in  forthe  shore. 

((noted  InCapt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  125. 
We  did  not  stand  over  towards  Sumatra,  but  coasted 
along  nearest  the  Malacca  shore. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  \.  171. 

They  tacked  about,  and  stood  that  way  so  far  that  they 
were  fain  to  ttand  o/Fagain  for  fear  of  the  shore. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  I.  2i;<i. 

The  ship  .  .  .  filled  away  again,  and  stood  out,  being 
bound  up  the  coast  to  San  Francisco. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Bef  ore  the  Mast,  p.  68. 

23f.  To  put  up  with  something ;  forbear. 

But  stonde  he  moste  unto  hisowene  harm. 
For  when  he  spak  he  was  anon  bore  doun 
With  hende  Nicolas  and  Alisoun. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  644. 

Covenant  to  stand  seized  to  uses.  See  covenant.—  To 
stand  abeigh.  See  abeigh.—To  stand  bluff*.  Seeblufi. 
—  To  stand  by.  (a)  [By,  prep.]  (1)  To  side  with;  aid: 
uphold ;  sustain. 

I  would  stand  by  him  against  her  and  all  the  world. 

Sittft,  Story  of  the  Injured  Lady. 

Well  said,  Jack,  and  I'll  stand  by  you.  my  boy. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

(2)  To  adhere  to;  abide  by;  maintain  :  as,  to  stand  bij  un 
agreement  or  a  promise. 

Thy  lyf  is  sauf,  for  I  wol  stonde  thei*?;, 
Upon  my  lyf,  the  queene  wol  seye  as  I. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  159. 

If  Tom  did  make  a  mistake  of  that  sort,  he  espoused  it, 
and  ttood  by  it.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  7. 

(3)  A'oul.,  to  take  hold  or  be  ready  to  take  hold  of,  or  to 
act  in  regard  to :  as,  to  stand  by  a  halyard  ;  to  stand  by 
the  anchor,    (b)  [By,  adv.  |  To  make  ready,  stand  in  a 
position  of  readiness  to  seize  upon  something ;  be  ready 
to  perform  some  act  when  a  subsequent  command  or  signal 
Is  given :  used  principally  in  the  imperative,  as  a  word  of 
command.    Originally  a  nautical  term,  it  has  come  to  be 
used  quite  commonly  in  its  original  sense.  —  To  stand  for, 
from,  In,  off,  or  over  (naut.\    See  def.  22.— To  stand 
fortnt,  to  persist 

To  stonde  forth  in  such  duresse 
Igcruelte  and  wikkidnesse. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  3547. 

To  stand  from  under,  to  beware  of  objects  falling  from 
aloft.—  To  stand  good.  See  good.—  To  stand  high,  in 
printing,  to  exceed  the  standard  height  of  eleven  twelfths 
of  an  inch  :  said  of  a  type  or  an  engraving.— To  stand 
in.  (o)  To  cost :  followed  by  a  personal  object  in  the  da- 
tive :  sometimes  used  without  in .  as,  it  stood  me  [in]  five 
dollars. 

As  every  bushel  of  wheat-meal  stood  us  in  fourteen 
shillings.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  55. 

His  wife  is  more  zealous,  and  therefore  more  costly,  and 

he  bates  her  in  tyres  what  she  stands  him  in  Religion.    . 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Church  Papist. 

(b)  To  be  associated;  make  terms:  as,  to  stand  in  with 
the  politicians;  the  police  stand  in  with  them  for  the 
profits.  [Slang,  U.  S.|— To  stand  In  band,  to  be  on 
hand ;  be  ready  for  use  or  service ;  be  of  advantage :  usu- 
ally with  an  indirect  personal  object :  as,  It  will  stand  us 
in  hand  to  be  cautious. 

Well,  my  Lady,  I  stand  in  hand  to  side  with  you  al- 
ways. A.  E.  Barr,  Friend  Olivia,  xvii. 

To  stand  in  one's  own  light.  See  Kghn.— To  stand 
In  stead,  to  be  serviceable ;  serve  one's  turn  :  with  an  in- 
direct personal  object. 

My  legs  and  arms  stood  me  in  more  stead  than  either 
my  gentle  kin  or  my  hook-lear. 

Scott,  Legend  of  llontrose,  ii. 

To  stand  in  the  gap.  See  yap. — To  stand  in  the  gate. 
See  gate*.— To  stand  low,  in  printing,  to  fall  short  of 
the  standard  height  of  eleven  twelfths  of  an  inch:  said  of 
a  type  or  an  engraving.  —  To  Stand  mute.  See  mute*. 
—To  Stand  off.  (a)  See  def.  21.  (b)  To  stand  out ;  show. 

The  truth  of  it  stands  of  us  gross 
As  black  and  white.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  2.  103. 

Picture  Is  best  when  it  standeth  of  as  if  it  were  carved. 
Sir  H.  Wotton,  Elem.  of  Architecture,  ii. 

To  stand  off  and  on,  to  sail  away  from  the  shore  and 
then  toward  it,  repeatedly,  so  as  to  keep  a  certain  point  in 
sight.— To  Stand  on.  (a)  See  to  stand  upon,  (b)  AVnit.. 
to  continue  on  the  same  course  or  tack.— To  stand  on 
compliment,  on  scruple,  etc.  See  the  nouns.—  To 
Stand  out.  (a)  To  hold  out,  especially  in  a  struggle ;  per- 
sist In  opposition  or  resistance ;  refuse  to  yield. 

His  spirit  is  come  in, 
That  so  stood  out  against  the  holy  church. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2.  71. 

Of  their  own  Accord  the  Princes  of  the  Countrey  came 
in,  and  submitted  themselves  unto  him,  only  Rodorick 
King  of  Connaught  stood  out.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  6ti. 
(6)  To  project,  or  seem  to  project ;  be  prominent  or  in  re- 
lief ;  show  conspicuously.  See  def.  21. 

Their  eyes  stand  out  with  fatness.  Ps.  Ixxili.  7. 

In  the  history  of  their  [the  princes']  dynasty  the  name 
of  the  city  chiefly  stands  out  as  the  chosen  place  for  the 
execution  of  princes  whom  it  was  convenient  to  put  out 
of  the  way.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  111. 


stand 

The  heavy,  irregular  arches  of  the  bridge,  and  the  tall, 
S(,uare  mass  of  the  tower,  xlauit  nut  against  the  red  skv 
and  are  reflected  in  the  raidil  >v:itn. 

C.  K.  Xurlim,  Travel  anil  Study  In  Italy,  p.  11. 


5890 


To  stand  sam  for  one.    See  *awr-'.  —  TO  stand  to. 


(«) 


I  will  stand  to  and  feed, 
Although  my  last.      Shak.,  Tempest,  ill.  3.  49. 
((•)  [To,  prep.]  (1)  To  stand  by  ;  sustain  ;  help. 

Give  them  leave  to  fly  that  will  not  stay  • 
And  call  them  pillars  that  will  stand  to  us. 

Shale.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  :{.  ;,i. 

(2)  To  adhere  to;  abide  by  ;  uphold. 

Stand  strongly  to  your  vow,  and  do  not  faint. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ii.  2. 

(3)  To  await  and  submit  to  ;  take  the  chanee  or  risk  of- 
abide. 

Truilus  will  stand  ta  the  proof. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  1.  2.  142. 

[They)  fled  Into  the  woods,  and  there  rather  desired  to 
end  their  dales  then  stand  to  their  trials  and  the  euent  of 
Justice.  Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  122. 

(4)  To  take  to;  have  recourse  to;  keep  to;  annlv  one's 
self  to  resolutely. 

Their  sentinel!  caled,  "Arnie,  arme";  so  they  bestired 
them  &  stood  to  their  armes. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  84. 

But  Mr.  Sampson  stood  to  his  guns,  notwithstanding 
and  tired  away,  now  upon  the  enemy,  and  now  upon  the 
dust  which  he  had  raised.  Scolt,  Guy  Mannering,  xlvi. 
To  stand  to  a  Child,  to  be  sponsor  for  a  child  Ualli- 
well,  [1'rov.  Eng.]  —  To  stand  together,  to  be  consist- 
ent;  agree.  —  To  stand  to  it.  (a)  Tostandone'sground  ; 
hold  one's  own,  as  in  a  struggle  ;  hold  out. 

Their  lives  and  fortunes  were  put  in  safety,  and  pro- 
tected, whether  they  stood  to  a  or  ran  away. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII.,  p.  145. 

I  do  not  think  .  .  .  that  my  brother  stood  to  it  so  lustily 
as  he  makes  his  brags  for. 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  I.  1. 
(6)  To  persist,  as  in  an  opinion  ;  maintain. 
Now  I'll  stand  to  it,  the  pancakes  were  naught. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2.  69. 
To  Stand  to  reason,  to  be  reasonable. 
This  stands  to  reason  indeed. 

Brome,  Sparagus  Garden,  ii.  3. 

To  stand  under,  to  bear  the  weight  or  burden  of  :  as,  I 
stand  under  heavy  obligations.—  To  Stand  up  for,  to  de- 
fend the  cause  of  ;  contend  for  ;  support  ;  uphold. 

He  meant  to  sin  in?  up  for  every  change  that  the  eco- 
nomical condition  of  the  country  required. 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  viii. 

Ye  see  I  stood  up  far  ye,  Mr.  Avery,  but  I  thought  't 
would  n't  do  no  harm  to  kind  o'  let  ye  know  what  folks  is 
sayin'.  H.  B.  Stone,  Oldtown,  p.  483. 

To  stand  upon  or  on.    (a)  To  rely  upon  ;  trust  to. 

We  stand  upon  the  same  defence  that  St.  Paul  did  ;  we 
appeal  to  Scripture,  and  the  best  and  purest  Antiquity. 

Slillingfieet,  Sermons,  II.  I. 
So,  standing  only  on  his  good  Behaviour, 
He  's  very  civil,  and  entreats  yonr  Favour. 

Congreve,  Old  Eatchelor,  Prol. 

(6)  To  be  dependent  or  contingent  upon  ;  hinge  upon. 
Your  fortune  stood  upon  the  casket  there. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2.  203. 

(c)  To  concern  ;  affect  ;  involve. 

Consider  how  it  stands  upon  my  credit. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  1.  68. 

I  pray  God  move  your  heart  to  be  very  careful,  for  it 
stands  upon  their  lives. 

Quoted  in  Winthrop's  Hist.  New  England,  I.  66. 

(d)  To  dwell  on  ;  linger  over,  as  a  subject  of  thought. 
Since  the  Authors  of  most  of  our  Sciences  were  the  Ec- 

mans,  and  before  them  the  Greekes,  let  vs  a  little  stand 
vppon  their  authorities.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  1'oetrie 


If  you  want  to  dance,  Fanny,  I  will  stand  up  u-ith  you. 
Jane  Austen   Mansfield  I'ark,  .\ii. 

(b)  To  act  as  groomsman  or  bridesmaid  to :  as,  I  stood  up 
mth  him  at  his  wedding.  [Colloq.]-  To  stand  Witu 
See  def.  20. 

II.  trims.  1.  To  cause  to  stand;  specifically, 
to  set  upright. 

"And  as  concerning  the  nests  and  the  drawers,1  sni.l 
Sloppy,  after  measuring  the  handle  on  his  sleeve,  and 
softly  standing  the  stick  aside  against  the  wall,  "why,  it 
would  be  a  real  pleasure  to  me." 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv.  111. 
2f.  To  abide  by ;  keep  to ;  be  true  to. 

These  men,  stondi/nge  the  charge  and  the  bonde  which 
the!  haue  takene,  wille  leve  vtterly  the  besynes  of  lie 
world,  .  .  .  and  hooly  yeve  hem  to  contemplatife  lille. 
Hampole,  Prose  Treatises  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  24. 

3.  To  undergo;  endure;  bear;  more  loosely, 
to  endure  without  succumbing  or  complain- 
ing; tolerate;  put  up  with  ;  be  resigned  to;  be 
equal  to. 

I  am  sorry  you  are  so  poor,  so  weak  a  gentleman, 
Able  to  stand  no  fortune. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  2. 

I  should  never  be  able  to  stand  Noll's  jokes ;  so  I'd  have 

him  think,  Lord  forgive  me !  that  we  are  a  very  happy 

couPle-  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  •>. 

The  business  of  their  dramatic  characters  will  not  stand 

the  moral  test.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

She  did  not  mind  death,  but  she  could  not  stand  pinching. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  271. 

4.  To  await  and  submit  to ;  abide :  as,  to  stand 
trial. 

Bid  him  disband  his  legions,  .  .  . 
And  stand  the  judgment  of  a  Roman  senate. 

Addison,  Cato,  ii.  2. 
5f.  To  withstand  ;  resist ;  oppose ;  confront. 

Valiant  Talbot  above  human  thought 
Enacted  wonders  with  his  sword  and  lance ; 
Hundreds  he  sent  to  hell,  and  none  durst  stand  him. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  123. 
Not  for  Fame,  but  Virtue's  better  end, 
He  stood  the  furious  foe. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  L  343. 

The  rebels,  who  fled  from  him  after  their  victory,  and 
durst  not  attack  him  when  so  much  exposed  to  them  at 
his  passage  of  the  Spey,  now  stood  him,  they  seven  thou- 
sand, he  ten.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  19. 

6.  To  be  important  or  advantageous  to ;  be  in- 
cumbent upon ;  behoove. 

He  knew  that  it  depended  solely  on  his  own  wit  whether 
or  no  he  could  throw  the  joke  back  upon  the  lady.  He 
knew  that  it  stood  him  to  do  so  if  he  possibly  could. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xlvi. 

7.  To  be  at  the  expense  of;  pay  for:  as,  to  stand 
treat.     [Colloq.] 

Asked  whether  he  would  stand  a  bottle  of  champagne 
for  the  company,  he  consented. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  liii. 

To  Stand  a  watch  (naut.\  to  perform  the  duties  of  a  star- 
board or  port  watch  for  a  specified  time.  —  To  stand  bufft 
See  buff*.— To  stand  fire,  to  receive  the  fire  of  an  enemy 
without  giving  way.— To  stand  off,  to  keep  off ;  hold  at 
adistance:  as,  to  stand  o/Tacreditororadun.— To  Stand 
one's  ground.  See  ground^.—  To  stand  out.  (o)  To 
endure  or  suffer  to  the  end. 

Jesus  fled  from  the  persecution ;  as  he  did  not  siand  it 
out,  so  he  did  not  stand  out  against  it 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  78. 
(6)  To  persist ;  insist ;  maintain ;  contend. 

It  were  only  yesterday  at  e'en  she  were  standing  out  that 
he  liked  her  better  than  you. 

Mrs.  Oaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xxxix. 
To  stand  pad.    See  pad}.—  To  stand  shot.    See  shot*. 


Thethird^point  ._.  .  deserveth  to  be  a  little  stood  upon,  stand  (stand),  ti.     [<  ME.  stand  =  D.  stand  = 

MLG.  stant,  stant  =  MHG.  stant  (stand-),  G. 
stand  =  Dan.  (>  Icel.)  stand,  standing,  stand, 
station,  etc. ;  also,  in  some  mechanical  senses, 
E.  dial,  stand,  stound,  <  ME.  stonde,  <  AS.  stand 
=  MD.  stande  =  MLG.  LG.  standc,  a  tub,  =  OHG. 
stante,  MHG.  G.  stande,  a  tub,  stand,  a  stand, 
jack,  support,  etc.  (the  Gael,  stanna,  a  tub,  vat, 
is  from  E.);  all  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
standing,  (a)  A  coming  to  a  stop ;  a  cessation  from 
progress,  motion,  or  activity ;  a  halt ;  a  rest ;  stoppage. 

He  stalks  up  and  down  like  a  peacock  —  a  stride  and  a 
stand.  Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iii.  3.  252. 

Lead,  if  thou  thlnk'st  we  are  right. 
Why  dost  thou  make 

These  often  stands?  thou  said'st  thon  knew'st  the  way. 
Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  v.  1. 

(6)  The  act  of  taking  a  decided  attitude,  as  in  aid  or  resis- 
tance :  a  determined  effort  for  or  against  something ;  spe- 
cifically, in  Hit.,  a  halt  for  the  purpose  of  checking  the  ad- 
vance of  an  enemy. 

Breathe  you,  my  friends ;  well  fought ;  we  are  come  off 
Like  Romans,  neither  foolish  in  our  stands, 
Nor  cowardly  in  retire.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  6.  2. 

All  we  have  to  ask  is  whether  a  man  's  a  Tory,  and  will 
make  a  stand  for  the  good  of  the  country? 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  vii. 

2.  A  state  of  rest  or  inaction;  a  standstill; 
hence,  a  state  of  hesitation,  embarrassment,  or 
perplexity. 


and  not  to  be  lightly  passed  over. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 
(e)  To  insist  upon ;  make  much  of ;  hence,  to  pride  one's 
self  upon  ;  presume  upon. 

This  widow  is  the  strangest  thing,  the  stateliest, 
And  stands  so  much  upon  her  excellencies ! 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  II.  2. 
Nor  stand  so  much  on  your  gentility. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  I.  1. 

Stand  not  upon  the  order  of  your  going, 

But  go  at  once.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ill.  4.  119. 

I  must  say  that  of  you  Women  of  Quality,  if  there  Is  but 

Money  enough,  you  stand  not  upon  Birth  or  Reputation 

in  either  Sex.  Mrs.  Centlinre,  The  Basset-Table,  ii. 

C/t)  To  be  incumbent  upon :  in  the  form  to  stand  one  upon. 

It  stands  me  much  upon, 
To  stop  all  hopes  whose  growth  may  damage  me. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  2.  59. 

Does  it  not  stand  them  upon  to  examine  upon  what 
grounds  they  presume  it  to  be  a  revelation  from  God? 

Locke. 

To  stand  upon  one's  pantablest,  to  stand  upon 
points,  etc.  Heepantable,  points,  etc.— To  stand  upon 
one's  restt.  See  to  set  up  one's  rest  (a),  under  tell.— To 
stand  up  to,  to  make  a  stand  against ;  confront  or  face 
boldly. 

He  stood  up  to  the  Banbury  man  for  three  minutes,  and 
polished  him  off  in  four  rounds. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxiv. 

To  stand  up  with,  (a)  To  take  one's  place  with  (a  part- 
ner) for  a  dance ;  hence,  to  dance  with.  [Colloq.] 


stand 

The  sight  of  him  put  me  totmtanil  in  my  mind  whether 
1  should  go  on  or  stop. 

'/'.  RfeMrf,  Life  red.  Howells),  p.  250. 
Here,  then,  poor  Rip  was  hronitht  to  .1 

Intnf   Sketeh-liouk,  p.  56. 

3.  The  place  where  apersouoran  object  Mnmls: 
a  position,  site,  or  station;  a  post  or  place. 

At  every  halfe  lipure  one  from  the  Corps  du  guard  doth 
hollow,  shaking  his  lips  with  his  linger  lietweene  them; 
vnto  whom  every  Sentinell  doth  answer  round  from  his 
"tiiiiil.  Capt.  Jnhn  Hmith,  u  o.ks,  I.  148. 

The  knight  then  asked  me  if  I  had  s?en  Prince  Eugene, 
and  made  me  promise  to  get  him  a  stand  in  some  0 
nie.nl  place  where  he  might  have  a  full  sight  of  that  ex- 
traordinary man.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  269 
Amid  that  area  wide  they  took  their  stand. 

1'upe,  l)uneiad,  II.  27. 

A  salmon  is  said  to  be  swimming  when  he  is  moving  up 
the  river  from  pool  to  pool.  At  other  times  he  is  usually 
resting  in  his  "stand"  or  "lie,"  or  at  most  shifting  from 
one  stand  in  a  pool  to  another. 

Quarterly  Ret.,  CXXVI.  359,  note. 

Specifically— (a)  The  place  where  a  witness  stands  to  tes- 
tify in  court.    (6)  A  rostrum  ;  a  pulpit. 

Sometimes,  indeed,  very  unseemly  scenes  take  place, 
when  several  deputies  [in  the  French  Chamber',  all  equally 
eager  to  mount  the  coveted  stand,  reach  its  narrow  steps 
at  the  same  moment  and  contest  the  privilege  of  pre- 
cedence, w.  Wilson,  Cong.  Qov.,  II. 
(c)  A  stall  in  a  stable.  HalliweU. 

4.  Comparative  position;    standing,  as  in  a 
scale  of  measurement ;  rank. 

Nay,  father,  since  your  fortune  did  attain 
So  high  a  stand,  I  mean  not  to  descend. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  iv.  90. 

5.  A  table,  set  of  shelves,  or  the  like,  upon 
which  articles  may  be  placed  for  safety  or  ex- 
hibition ;  also,  a  platform  on  which  persons  may 
place  themselves.    Specifically -(a)  A  small  light  ta- 
ble, such  as  is  moved  easily  from  place  to  place. 

A  stand  between  them  supported  a  second  candle. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xxviii. 
(6)  A  stall  for  the  sale  of  goods ;  any  erection  or  station 
where  business  is  carried  on :  as,  a  fruit-stand;  a  news- 
stand ;  a  carriage-stand. 

The  Chief  of  Police  [of  Racine,  Wisconsin],  acting  under 
instructions  from  the  Mayor,  has  notified  the  proprietors 
of  every  cigar  store,  soda-fountain,  ice  cream  stand,  and 
confectionery  shop  to  close  on  Sunday. 

New  York  Evening  Post,  June  28,  1889. 
(c)  A  rack,  as  for  umbrellas  and  canes,  (d)  In  museums, 
the  support  for  a  mounted  specimen  of  natural  history ; 
especially,  a  perch  for  mounted  birds,  consisting  of  an  up- 
right and  cross-bar  of  turned  wood,  usually  painted  or 
varnished.  Stands  are  also  made  in  many  ways,  in  imita- 
tion of  natural  objects  upon  which  birds  perch  or  rest. 
Stands  for  mammals  are  usually  flat  boards  of  suitable 
size,  rectangular  or  oval,  and  with  turned  border.  («)  In 
a  microscope,  the  frame  or  support  which  holds  the  essen- 
tial parts  of  the  instrument  as  well  as  the  object  under 
examination.  It  includes  the  tube  with  the  coarse  and 
fine  adjustments,  the  stage  and  its  accessories,  the  mirror, 
etc.  See  microscope.  (/)  In  printing,  same  as  composing- 
stand,  (g)  A  platform  or  other  structure,  usually  raised, 
as  for  spectators  at  an  open-air  gathering,  or  for  a  band  or 
other  group  of  performers :  as,  the  grand  stand  on  a  race- 
course. 

A  large  wooden  shed,  called  "The  Stand,"  without  floor 
or  weather-boarding,  capable  of  covering,  say,  four  thou- 
sand persons,  stood  near  the  centre  [of  a  camp-meeting 
ground].  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVIII.  902. 

The  stand-buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  the  pa- 
trons of  the  course  are  four  or  five  in  number,  and  are 
three  stories  high.  T.  C.  Crawford,  English  Life,  p.  28. 

6.  A  standing  growth,  as  of  grass,  wheat,  In- 
dian corn,  etc. 

By  the  middle  of  April  there  should  be  a  good  stand  of 
the  young  sprouts  (of  sugar-cane]. 

The  Century,  XXXV.  111. 

7.  (a)  A  tree  growing  from  its  own  root,  in 
distinction  from  one  produced  from  a  scion  set 
in  a  stock  of  either  the  same  or  another  kind 
of  tree.    (6)  A  young  tree,  usually  one  reserved 
when  other  trees  are  cut.      See  standel. — 8. 
Ductility ;  lack  of  elasticity. 

Leather  may  have  the  quality  known  as  Stand  — that 
is  to  say,  may  be  strongly  stretched  in  either  length  or 
breadth  without  springing  Irack. 

Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  372. 
9.  In  com.,  a  weight  of  from  2$  to  3  cwt.  of 
pitch. — 10j.  A  company;  a  troop. 

A  stand  of  six  hundred  pikes,  consisting  of  knights  and 
gentlemen  as  had  been  officers  in  the  armies  of  his  late 
Majesty.  England's  Joy  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  30)i 

1 1 .  A  complete  set  or  suit ;  an  outfit.  See  stand 
of  urins,  below. 

Proclamation  was  made  ...  to  furnish  out  to  General 
Lesly's  army,  and  to  ilk  soldier  thereof,  their  share  of  a 
stand  of  gray  cloaths,  two  shirts,  and  two  pair  of  shoes. 
Spalding,  Hist.  Troubles  in  Scotland,  I.  289.    (Jamieson.) 

A  stand  o'  claes  was  nae  great  matter  to  an  Osbaldistone 
(be  praised  for  't '.).  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxxvi. 

12.  A  tub,  vat,  or  cask,  or  the  quantity  it  con- 
tains.    A  stand  of  ale  is  said  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  to  correspond  with  a  hogshead 
of  beer. 


stand 

First  dip  me  in  a  stand  o'  milk, 
And  then  in  n  stand  o'  water. 
The  Young  Tamlane  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  122). 
Here,  Will  Perkins,  take  my  purse,  fetch  me 
A  stand  of  ale,  and  set  in  the  market-place, 
That  all  may  drink  thut  are  athirst  this  day. 
Greene,  George-a-Greene  (Works,  ed.  Uyce,  II.  200). 
Band-stand,  a  balcony  or  raised  platform  in  a  hall  or 
park  for  the  accommodation  of  a  band  or  company  of  mu- 
sicians.—Brazier-stand,  a  stand,  usually  consisting  of  a 
ring  mounted  on  three  feet,  to  support  a  brazier.  —  Con- 
ducting-stand,  a  rack  or  frame  of  wood  or  metal  for 
holding  a  score  for  the  conductor  of  a  chorus  or  an  orches- 
tra.—Grand  stand,  in  any  place  of  public  resort,  the 
principal  stand  from  which  spectators  view  races,  games, 
or  any  other  spectacle. 

We  .  .  .  will  follow  Mr.  Egremont  to  the  grand  stand, 
where  ladies  now  sit  in  their  private  boxes  much  as  they 
sat  some  eighteen  hundred  years  ago  to  smile  on  the  dying 
gladiator  in  the  amphitheatres. 

Whyte  Melville,  White  Rose,  II.  iv. 
Stand  of  ammunition.  See  ammunition.— Stand  of 
armor,  stand  of  arms,  a  suit  of  armor  and  weapons 
taken  together,  or,  in  modern  times,  the  arms  and  accou- 
trements sufficient  for  one  man.  See  arm'',  n.—  Stand 
Of  colors,  a  single  color  or  flag.  Wtthelm. — To  be  at  a 
Stand,  to  be  brought  to  a  standstill ;  be  checked  and  pre- 
vented from  motion  or  action.— To  get  a  Stand.  See 
the  quotation. 

Occasionally  these  panic  fits  .  .  .  make  them  [buffalo] 
run  together  and  stand  still  in  a  stupid,  frightened  man- 
ner. .  .  .  When  they  are  made  to  act  thus  it  is  called  in 
hunters'  parlance  getting  a  stand  on  them ;  and  often  thirty 
or  forty  have  been  killed  in  one  such  stand,  the  hunter 
hardly  shifting  his  position  the  whole  time. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  274. 
To  make  a  stand,    (a)  To  come  to  a  stop ;  stand  still. 

When  I  beheld  this  hill,  and  how  it  hangs  over  the  way, 
I  suddenly  made  a  stand,  lest  it  should  fall  on  my  head. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  95. 

(6)  To  take  a  position  for  defense  or  resistance ;  stop  and 
fight.  —  To  put  to  a  stand,  to  stop :  arrest  by  obstacles  or 
difficulties :  as,  he  was  put  to  a  stand  for  want  of  men  and 
money. 

standaget  (stan'daj),  n.    [<  stand  +  -aye.]    If. 
A  stall. 

Such  strawe  is  to  bee  given  to  the  draughte  oxen  and 

cattell  at  the  standaxe  [read  standage]  or  the  barnedores. 

Archeeologia,  XIII.  383. 

2.  In  mining,  a  place  underground  for  water  to 
stand  or  accumulate  in ;  a  lodge  or  sump. 
standard1  (stan'dard),  H.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
standerd;  <  ME.  standard,  standerd,  standard, 

<  late  AS.  standard  (=  MD.  standaerd,  D.  stan- 
daard  =  N.LG.  stanthart,  LG.  standare  =  MHG. 
standert,  stanthart,  G.  standarte  (perhaps  <  It. )  = 
Sw.  standar  =  Dan.  standart),  <  OF.  estandart, 
estendard,  an  ensign,  standard,  a  point  of  rally- 
ing, F.  ttendard,  an  ensign,  standard,  flag,  = 
Pr.  estandard,  estandart  =  Sp.  estandarte  =  It. 
stendardo,  an  ensign,  standard  (cf.  OF.  estan- 
dal,  estandcille,  standale  =  It.  stendale,  an  en- 
sign); ML.  standardum,  an  ensign,  standard 
(cf.  standardus,  a  stronghold,  a  receptacle  of 
water):  (a)  either  <  OHG.  stantan  (MHG.  stan- 
den),  stand,  =  E.  stand,  etc.,  +  -art,  or  (6)  < 
ML.  *stendere  (It.  stendere=  OF.  estendre,  etc.), 

<  L.  extendere,  spread  out,  extend:  see  extend. 
The  connection  with  stand  is  certain  in  the  other 
uses:  see  standard?,  standard?.]  1.  Milit.,&dis- 
tinctive  flag;  an  ensign.    Specifically— (a)  The  prin- 
cipal ensign  of  an  army,  of  a  military  organization  such  as 
a  legion,  or  of  a  military  chieftain  of  high  rank.     In  this 
sense  it  may  be  either  a  flag  or  a  solid  object  carried  on 
a  pole,  as  the  Roman  eagle,  or  the  dragon  shown  in  the 
Bayeusr  Tapestry,  or  a  combination  of  a  flag  with  such  an 
object,    (b)  A  large  flag,  long  in  the  fly  in  proportion  to 
its  hoist,  carried  before  princes  and  nobles  of  high  rank, 
especially  when  in  military  command  or  on  occasions  of 
ceremony.    A  standard  of  Edward  III.  was  shaped  like  a 
long  pennon,  swallow-tailed,  and  bearing  the  royal  arms 
at  the  hoist>  the  rest  of  the  pennon  being  covered  with 
fleurs-de-lis  and  lions  sem<§.    A  standard  of  the  Earl  of 
Warwick,  carried  during  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  had  a  cross 
of  St.  George,  with  the  rest  of  the  flag  covered  with  small 
copies  of  the  badge  of  the  Nevilles,  a  bear  and  ragged 
staff.    At  the  present  time  the  word  is  used  loosely.    The 
so-called  royal  standard  of  Great  Britain,  though  a  stan- 
dard in  function,  is  properly  a  banner  in  form.    The  flags 
of  the  British  cavalry  regiments  are  called  standards,  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  colorsot  the  infantry  regiments. 
In  the  United  States  army  a  silk  standard  goes  to  every 
mounted  regiment;  it  bears  the  national  arms  on  a  blue 
ground,  with  the  number  and  name  of  the  regiment  under- 
neath the  eagle.    See  cut  under  labarum. 

2.  In  hot.,  same  as  banner,  5. — 3.  In  ornith.: 
(a)  Same  as  vexillum.    (b)  A  feather  suggesting 
a  standard  by  its  shape  or  position.     See  cuts 
under  Semioptera  and  standard-bearer.— 4f.  A 
standard-bearer;  an  ensign  or  ancient.  [Rare.] 
Thou  shall  be  my  lieutenant,  monster,  or  my  standard 
Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2.  18. 
To  slope  the  standard.    See  slope. 
Standard2  (stan'dard),  ».  and  a.     [<  ME.  "stan- 
dard, <  OF.  estandart,  estendard,  also  (AF.) 
estander,  ML.  (AL.)  standardum,  standard  of 
weight  and  measure;  appar.  a  particular  use 


5900 

danfl,  standard3.]  I.  «.  1.  A  weight,  measure, 
or  instrument  by  comparison  with  which  the 
accuracy  of  others  is  determined ;  especially,  an 
original  standard  or  prototype,  one  the  weight 
or  measure  of  which  is  the  definition  of  a  unit  of 
weight  or  measure,  so  that  all  standards  of  the 
same  denomination  are  copies  of  it.  The  only 
original  standard  of  the  United  States  is  a  troy 
pound.  Boo  pound,  yard,  nutcr. 

It  is  ...  necessary  to  have  recourse  to  some  visible, 
palpable,  material  standard,  by  forming  a  comparison 
with  which  all  weights  and  measures  may  be  reduced  to 
one  uniform  size.  Blackstune,  Com.,  I.  vii. 

2.  In  coinage,  the  proportion  of  weight  of  fine 
metal  and  alloy  established  by  authority.    The 
standard  of  gold  coins  in  Great  Britain  is  at  present 
22  carats  —  that  is,  22  parts  of  fine  gold  and  2  of  alloy ; 
and  the  sovereign  should  weigh  123.274  grains  troy.    The 
standard  of  silver  coins  is  11  ounces  2  pennyweights  of 
pure  silver  and  18  pennyweights  of  alloy,  making  toge- 
ther 1  pound  troy;  and  the  shilling  should  weigh  87.273 
grains.    The  gold  and  silver  coins  in  current  use  in  the 
United  States  are  all  of  the  fineness  900  parts  of  the 
precious  metal  in  1,000,  the  gold  dollar  weighing  25.8 
grains,  and  the  silver  dollar  412.5  grains. 

That  precise  weight  and  fineness,  by  law  appropriated 
to  the  pieces  of  each  denomination,  is  called  the  stan- 
dard. Locke,  Considerations  concerning  Raising 
[the  Value  of  Money. 

3.  That  which  is  set  up  as  a  unit  of  reference; 
a  form,  type,  example,  instance,  or  combina- 
tion of  conditions  accepted  as  correct  and  per- 
fect, and  hence  as  a  basis  of  comparison;  a 
criterion  established  by  custom,  public  opinion, 
or  general  consent ;  a  model. 

Let  the  judgment  of  the  judicious  be  the  standard  of 
thy  merit.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  IL  8. 

Let  the  French  and  Italians  value  themselves  on  their 
regularity ;  strength  and  elevation  are  our  standard. 

Dryden,  Epic  Poetry. 

The  degree  of  differentiation  and  specialization  of  the 
parts  in  all  organic  beings,  when  arrived  at  maturity,  is 
the  best  standard  as  yet  suggested  of  their  degree  of  per- 
fection or  highness.  Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  313. 

[The  respiratory  act)  ranging,  during  the  euccessive  pe- 
riods of  life,  from  44  respirations  per  minute  in  the  infant 
soon  after  birth,  to  the  average  standard  of  18  respiratory 
acts  in  the  adult  aged  from  thirty  to  sixty  years. 

J.  M.  Carnochan,  Operative  Surgery,  p.  126. 

Measuring  other  persons'  actions  by  the  standards  our 
own  thoughts  and  feelings  furnish  often  causes  miscon- 
struction. H.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  114. 


grees  of  attainment  according  to  which  the 
pupils  are  classified.  The  amount  of  the  parliamen- 
tary grant  to  a  school  depends  on  the  number  of  children 
who  pass  the  examination  conducted  by  government  in- 
spectors—the rate  per  pupil  differing  in  the  different 
standards. 

Every  boy  in  the  seventh  and  sixth  stanitards  would  have 
held  out  his  hand,  as  they  had  been  well  drilled  on  that 
subject.  S.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  Vm.  51. 

Average  standard,  in  copper-mining.  See  average^.— 
Double  standard,  a  monetary  standard  based  upon  both 
gold  and  silver  as  the  materials  of  the  circulating  medium, 
as  distinguished  from  a  single  standard  based  upon  either 
gold  or  silver.— Dutch  standard,  a  set  of  samples  of 
sugar  put  up  in  bottles  bearing  the  official  seal  and  label 
of  the  Dutch  government  (whence  the  name),  and  recog- 
nized as  the  standard  of  the  commercial  world  in  fixing 
the  quality  of  sugars.  The  set  comprises  16  different 
grades,  numbered,  according  to  the  different  colors  of  the 
samples,  from  5  (the  darkest  color)  to  20  (the  most  refined) 
inclusive.  The  quality  of  the  sugar  to  be  tested  is  deter- 
mined by  comparison  with  the  samples  or  the  standard, 
and  the  sugar  is  named  accordingly  as  No.  10,  18,  etc., 
Dutch  standard.  — Gold  standard,  a  monetary  standard 
based  upon  gold  as  the  material  of  the  unit  of  value. — Me- 
tallic Standard,  a  gold  or  silver  standard.— Multiple 
standard,  a  monetary  standard  representing  a  consider- 
able number  of  important  articles  in  frequent  use,  the 
fluctuations  in  their  value  neutralizing  one  another  and 
thus  causing  a  substantial  uniformity  of  value  among  them. 
—  Mural  standard,  any  standard  set  up  on  a  wall,  as, 
for  instance,  a  standard  of  measurement  for  convenience 
in  testing  rules,  tapes,  measuring-chains,  etc.— Photo- 
metric standard.  See  photometric.—  Silver  standard, 
a  monetary  standard  based  upon  silver  as  the  material  of 
the  monetary  unit— Single  standard.  See  double  stan- 
dard.—Tabular  standard.  Same  as  multiple  standard. 

II.  a.  Serving  as  a  standard  or  authority ;  re- 
garded as  a  type  or  model ;  hence,  of  the  high- 
est order ;  of  great  worth  or  excellence. 
In  comely  Rank  call  ev'ry  Merit  forth ; 
Imprint  on  every  Act  its  Standard  Worth. 

Prior,  Carmen  Seculare  for  the  Year  1700. 

The  proved  discovery  of  the  forgery  of  Ingulfs  History 
of  Crowland  Abbey  was  a  fact  that  necessitated  the  revi- 
sion of  every  standard  book  on  early  English  History. 

Sttibbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  46. 
Latlmer-Clark  standard  cell.  See  cell,  a.—  Standard 
arrow,  an  arrow  used  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  probably  the  heavier  arrow  conformed  to 
certain  regulations :  it  is  distinguished  from  the  Mght- 
arrow.—  Standard  battery,  a  battery  in  which  the  elec- 
tromotive force  is  perfectly  constant,  so  that  it  can  be  used 
as  a  standard.— Standard  compass.  See  compass.— 
Standard  pitch.  See  pitchi,  3.- standard  solution, 
a  standardized  solution  (which  see,  under  solutimi).- 
Standard  star,  a  star  whose  position  and  proper  motion 
is  particularly  well  known,  and  on  that  account  is  recom- 


standard-bearer 

mended  for  use  in  determining  the  positions  of  other 
stars,  instrumental  constants,  time,  latitude,  and  the  like. 
—  Standard  time,  the  reckoning  of  time  according  to 
the  local  mean  time  on  the  nearest  or  other  conventicmid- 
ly  adopted  meridian  just  an  even  number  of  hours  from 
the  Greenwich  Royal  Observatory.  See  Him' 
Standard2  (stau'dard),  r.  t.  [<  standard*,  n.] 
To  bring  into  conformity  with  a  standard;  regu- 
late according  to  a  standard. 

To  standard  gold  or  silver  is  to  convert  the  gross  weight 
of  either  metal,  whose  fineness  differs  from  the  standard, 
into  its  equivalent  weight  of  standard  metal. 

BitheU,  Counting-House  Diet.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

standard3  (stan'dard),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  stainln-d,  tUHUUrt;  <  ME.  "standard  (f), 
<  MD.  standaerd,  a  post,  pillar,  column,  mill- 
post,  trophy  (cf.  OF.  estandart,  a  kind  of  torch, 
<D.);  a  var.,  conformed  to  standaerd,  an  en- 
sign, etc.,  ofstander,  a  post,  mill-post,  etc. :  see 
stander.  The  E.  standard3  is  thus  a  var.  of  stand- 
er,  with  various  senses,  mostly  modern.  It  has 
been  more  or  less  confused  with  standard1  and 
standard?.]  I.  n.  1.  An  upright;  a  small  post 
or  pillar;  an  upright  stem  constituting  the  sup- 
port or  the  main  part  of  a  utensil.  Specifically  — 
(o)  The  upright  support  or  stem  of  a  lamp  or  candlestick ; 
hence,  also,  a  candlestick ;  especially,  a  candelabrum  rest- 
ing on  the  floor  in  a  church. 

Doppione,  a  great  torch  of  waxe,  which  we  call  a  stan- 
dard, or  a  quarrier.  Fiona  (ed.  1611). 


inverted  knee  placed  on  the  deck  instead  of  beneath  it 
(d)  That  part  of  a  plow  to  which  the  mold-board  is  at- 
tached, (e)  In  a  vehicle :  (1)  A  support  for  the  hammer- 
cloth,  or  a  support  for  the  footman's  board.  See  cut  under 
coach.  (2)  An  upright  rising  from  the  end  of  the  bolster 
to  hold  the  body  laterally.  E.  H.  Knight. 

alone,  without  being  attached  to  any  wall  or 
support,  as  distinguished  from  an  espalier  or  a 
cordon. 

The  espaliers  and  the  standards  all 
Are  thine ;  the  range  of  lawn  and  park. 

Tennyson,  The  Blackbird. 

(6)  A  shrub,  as  a  rose,  grafted  on  an  upright 
stem,  or  trained  to  a  single  stem  in  tree  form. 

Standards  of  little  bushes  pricked  upon  their  top,  .  .  . 
the  standards  to  be  roses,  juniper,  holly,  berberries. 

Bacon,  Gardens  (ed.  1887). 


carrying  plate,  jewels,  and  articles  of  value, 
but  sometimes  for  linen. 

Item,  the  said  Anne  shall  have  two  rtandord-chestes 
delivered  unto  her  for  the  keeping  of  the  said  diaper,  the 
one  to  keep  the  cleane  stuff,  and  th'  other  to  keep  the 
stuff  that  hath  been  occupied. 

Ordinances  and  Regulations,  p.  215.  (HattiweU.) 
The  Standard,  which  was  of  mason  work,  costly  made 
with  images  and  angels,  costly  gilt  with  gold  and  azure, 
with  other  colours,  and  divers  sorts  of  [coats  of  J  arms  cost- 
ly set  out,  shall  there  continue  and  remain ;  and  within 
the  Standard  a  vice  with  a  chime. 
Coronation  of  Queen  Anne,  Wife  of  Henry  VIII.,  in  Arber'a 

[Eng.  Garner,  II.  49. 

5.  A  standing  cup ;  a  large  drinking-cnp. 
Frolic,  my  lords ;  let  all  the  standards  walk ; 
Ply  it,  till  every  man  hath  ta'en  his  load. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 

6f.  The  chief  dish  at  a  meal. 

For  a  standard,  vensoun  rost,  kyd,  favne,  or  cony. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  166. 

7t.  A  suit;  a  set.    Compare  stand,  n.,  11. 

The  lady  had  commanded  a  standard  of  her  own  best 
apparel  to  be  brought  down.  B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  Arg. 

8t.  One  who  stands  or  continues  in  a  place ; 
one  who  is  in  permanent  residence,  member- 
ship, or  service. 

The  ncklenesse  and  fugitivenesse  of  such  servants 
justly  addeth  a  valuation  to  their  constancy  who  are  stan- 
dards in  a  family,  and  know  when  they  have  met  with  a 
good  master.  Fuller,  General  Worthies,  xi. 

Gas-Standard,  a  gas-fixture  standing  erect  and  of  con- 
siderable size,  as  one  which  stands  on  the  floor,  common 
in  the  lighting  of  churches,  public  halls,  etc. 

II.  a.  Standing;  upright;  specifically,  in 
hort.,  standing  alone;  not  trained  upon  a  wall 
or  other  support :  as,  standard  roses. 

Rich  gardens,  studded  with  standard  fruit-trees,  .  .  . 
clothe  the  glacis  to  its  topmost  edge. 

Kimjdey,  Two  Years  Ago,  xxiii. 
Standard  lamp.    See  tampi. 

Standard-bearer  (stan'dard-bar'er),  n.  1.  An 
officer  or  soldier  of  an  army,  company,  or  troop 
who  bears  a  standard :  used  loosely  and  rhetori- 
cally: as,  the  standard-bearer  of  a  political  party. 

King  James,  notwithstanding,  maintained  a  Fight  still 
with  great  Resolution,  till  Sir  Adam  Forman  his  Standard- 
bearer  was  beaten  down.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  260. 

2.  An  African  caprimulgine  bird  of  either  of 
the  genera  Macrodipteryx  and  Cosmetornis;  a 
pennant-winged  goatsucker.  M.  longipennii  has 


standard-bearer 

one  flight-feather  of  each  wing  extraordinarily  prolonged 
as  a  bare  shaft  bearing  a  racket  at  the  end.    C.  c 


Standard-bearer  {M 


has  a  lew  lengthened  lance-linear  feather,  chiefly  white, 
and  in  other  respect:  resembles  the  common  night-hawk 
of  the  United  States.  Also  called  fmtr-mngs. 

Standard-bred  (stan'dard-bred),  a.  Bred  up  to 
gome  standard  of  excellence  agreed  upon  by 
gome  association. 

standard-grass  (stan'dard-gras),  N.  Same  as 
stander-grass. 

Standardization  (stan'dar-di-za'shon),  n.  [< 
standardi:e  +  -afj'on.]  Tlie  act  of  standardiz- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  standardized.  Also 
spelled  standardisation. 

Standardize  (stan'dar-dlz),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
standardized,  ppr.  standardising.  [<  standara"- 
+  -ize.~\  To  conform  to  or  compare  with  a 
standard;  regulate  by  a  standard;  constitute 
or  recognize  as  a  standard;  specifically,  in 
chemical  analysis,  to  determine  accurately  in  or- 
der to  use  what  is  so  determined  as  a  standard 
of  comparison:  said  of  the  strength  of  a  solu- 
tion, or  the  quantity  of  a  certain  reagent  con- 
tained in  a  given  volume  of  it.  Also  spelled 
standardise. 

They  [electrical  measuring  instrument*]  will  be  useful 
(or  standardizing  the  ordinary  forms  of  voltmeter  and 
ammeter.  Science,  XI.  237. 

standardizer  (stan'dar-di-zer),  n.  [<  standard- 
ize +  -er1.]  One  who  or  that  which  standard- 
izes. Also  spelled  standardiser. 

The  absolute  Tallies  of  the  polarization  .  .  .  should  of 
course  hare  been  identical,  but  according  to  the  stan- 
dardizer  they  were  always  markedly  different. 

PkOatcvkical  Mag.,  XXVIL  8«. 

Standard-knee   (stan'dard-ne),   ».      Same   as 

standard3.  1  (c). 
standardwing  (stan'dard-wing),  n.    Wallace's 

bird  of  paradise.     See  cut  under  Semioptera. 
stand-by  (stand'bi),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

stands  by  one.    (a)  A  supporter  or  adherent  (b)  That 

upon  which  one  relies  ;  especially,  a  ready,  timely  resource. 
The  Texan  cowboys  become  very  expert  in  the  use  of  the 

revolver,  their  invariable  standby. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Th<?Century,  XXXVL  840. 

(e)  A  nautical  signal  to  be  in  readiness.    See  Hand  by  (6), 


standelt  (stan'del),  n.  [<  stand  +  -el;  equiv. 
to  slander.]  A  tree  reserved  for  growth  as 
timber:  specifically,  in  lax,  a  young  oak-tree, 
twelve  of  which  were  to  be  left  in  every  acre 
of  wood  at  the  felling  thereof. 

Standelwortt  (stan'del-wert),  H.  [<  standfl. 
equiv.  to  stander,  •+•  u-orfl.  Cf.  eqniv.  MD. 
xtandellcruyd.]  Same  as  stander-grass. 

stander  (stan'der),  n.  [=  MD.  stander,  a  post, 
mill-post,  axletree,  D.  stander,  an  axletree,  = 
OBG.stanter,  MHG.  slander,  slender,  G.  stander, 
a  tnb;  »B  stand  +  -er1.  Cf  .  standard3  and  stan- 
<fef.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  stands,  (a)  One 
woo  keeps  an  upright  position,  resting  on  the  feet. 

They  fall,  as  being  slippery  ttandtr*. 

Skat.,  T.  and  C.,  UL  3.  84. 

(&)  One  who  or  that  which  remains  in  a  specified  place, 
situation,  state,  condition,  etc.  :  specifically,  a  tree  left  for 
growth  when  other  trees  are  felled.  Compare  standct. 

They  [the  Dutch]  are  the  longest  glanders  here  by  many 
years  :  for  the  English  are  but  newly  removed  hither  from 
Bean,  where  they  resided  altogether  before. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  i.  49. 

(e)  A  supporter;  an  adherent.    [Rare.] 

Our  young  proficients  ...  do  far  outgo  the  old  stander* 
and  professors  of  the  sect.  Berkeley,  Aleiphron,  Ii,  1  7. 
(d)  A  sentinel  ;  a  picket.  I  Thieves'  slang.] 


5901 

And  so  was  faine  to  Hue  among  the  wicked,  sometimes 
a  ftander  for  the  pailtie r. 

RmHands,  Hist.  Kogues,  quoted  in  Rihton-Turner's 
[Vagrants  and  Vagrancy,  p.  5iS. 

2.  pi.  In  the  early  church,  the  highest  class  of 
penitents:  a  mistranslation  of  consistentf*  (mvi- 
ord/in-oi),  properly  'bystanders.' 

Standen,  who  might  remain  throughout  the  entire  rite, 
bat  were  not  suffered  to  communicate. 

Eneye.  Brit.,  XVIII.  4a6. 

stander-by(stan'der-bi').  w.  One  who  is  pres- 
ent; a  mere  spectator;  a  bystander. 

When  a  gentleman  is  disposed  to  swear,  it  is  not  for  any 
rtanders-by  to  curtail  his  oaths.  Shot. ,  Cymbeline,  ii.  1 . 1  i. 

Stander-grass  (stan'der-gras),  w.  The  On-hi* 
moscula  and  various  plants  of  this  and  allied 
genera.  See  cullion.  2.  Also  standard-grass, 

li'ltcort,  standertcort. 
standerwort   (stan'der-wert),   w.      Same   as 

•  trr-grass. 

Stand-far-offt  (stand'far-of').  ».  A  kind  of 
coarse  cloth.  Compare  stand-furtlier-off. 

In  my  childhood  there  was  one  [kind  of  cloth]  called 
Stand-far*!/  (the  embleme  of  Hypocrisy),  which  seemed 
pretty  at  competent  distance,  but  discovered  its  coarse- 
ness when  nearer  to  the  eye. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Norwich,  II.  4S8.    (Duties.) 

Stand-farther  (stand'fer'THt-r),  w.  A  quarrel : 
a  dissension.  Halliicell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

stand-further-offt  (stand'fer'THer-of),  ».  A 
kind  of  coarse  cloth.  Compare  stand-far-off. 

Certaine  sonnets,  in  praise  of  Mr.  Thomas  the  deceased ; 
fashioned  of  divers  stuffs,  as  mockado,  fustian,  stand-fur- 
ther^/, and  motly,  all  which  the  author  dedicates  to  the 
immortall  memory  of  the  famous  Odcombian  traveller. 

John  Taylor,  Works  (1630>    (.Vorw.) 

stand-gall  (stand'gal),  n.    Same  as  staniel. 
Standing  (stan'ding),  H.     [Verbal  n.  of  stand, 
r.  ]    1 .  The  act  of  one  who  stands,  in  any  sense. 
I  sink  in  deep  mire,  where  there  is  no  standing. 

Ps.  Ixix.  2. 
He  cursed  him  in  sitting,  in  standing,  in  lying. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  212. 

2.  The  time  at.  in,  or  during  which  one  stands, 
(at)  The  point  in  time  at  which  anything  comes  to  a  stand ; 
specifically,  of  the  sun,  the  solstice. 

Brasik  is  sowe  atte  stondyng  of  the  Sonne. 

PaUadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  8.X  p.  160. 

(*)  The  interval  during  which  one  keeps,  or  is  supposed 
to  keep,  an  upright  or  standing  position.  Compare  fit- 
ting, n. 

They  [Perch]  may  be,  at  one  standing,  all  catched  one 
after  another.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  157. 

Hence — (c)  Duration:  continuance;  practice. 

One  of  the  commendadors  of  Alcantara,  a  gentleman  of 
long  standing.  Middleton  and  Rouiey,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 

I  know  less  geography  than  a  schoolboy  of  six  weeks' 
standing.  Lamb,  Old  and  New  Schoolmaster. 

3.  A  standing-place:   a  position  or  post;  a 
stand. 

You,  sirrah,  get  a  standing  for  your  mistress, 
The  best  in  all  the  city. 

Middleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  L  3. 

4.  Relative  position ;  degree :  rank ;  considera- 
tion ;  social,  professional,  or  commercial  repu- 
tation; specifically,  high  rank:  as.  a  member 
in  full  standing  (of  a  church,  society,  club,  or 
other  organization);  a  committee  composed  of 
men  of  good  standing. 

Of  all  the  causes  which  contribute  to  form  the  character 
of  a  people,  those  by  which  power,  influence,  and  ttand- 
ing  in  the  government  are  most  certainly  and  readily  ob- 
tained are  by  far  the  most  powerful. 

Calhmtn,  Works,  I.  50. 

standing  (stan'ding),  p.  a.  1.  Having  an  erect 
position;  upright;  perpendicular;  hence,  ris- 
ing or  raised;  high. 

Look  now  yon  see  a  field  of  standing  corn,  .  .  . 

Rising  in  waves,  how  it  doth  come  and  go 

Forward  and  backward.  Dnyton,  Battle  of  Aginconrt 

Wear  standing  collars,  were  they  made  of  tin ! 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Urania. 

2.  Involving  the  attitude  or  position  of  one 
who  stands;  performed  while  standing:  as,  a 
standing  jump. 

Wide  was  spread 

That  war  and  various ;  sometimes  on  firm  ground 
A  standing  fight ;  then,  soaring  on  main  wing, 
Tormented  all  the  air.  Milton,  P.  L,  vL  243. 

3.  Remaining  at  rest;  motionless;  inactive; 
specifically,  of  water,  stagnant. 

And  thoughe  so  be  it  is  called  a  see,  in  very  dede  it  is 
but  a  stondynge  water. 

Sir  R.  Guytforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  49. 

The  Garigliano  had  converted  the  whole  country  into 
a  mere  quagmire,  or  rather  standing  pooL 

Prescotl,  Ferd.  and  Isa..  ii.  14. 

4.  Permanent;  lasting;   fixed;  not  transient, 
transitory,  or  occasional :  as,  a  standing  rule ; 
a  standing  order. 


stand-offishness 

A  standing  evidence  of  the  care  that  was  had  in  those 
times  to  prevent  the  growth  of  errours. 

.V.  Martini,  New  England  a  Memorial,  p.  155. 
Yes,  yes,  I  think  being  a  standing  jest  for  all  one's  ac- 
quaintance a  very  happy  situation. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  2. 

5.  In  [ifintinii.  remaining  for  further  use :  noting 
composed  types,  printed  or  imprinted,  which  are 

reserved  from  distribution.  —  standing  army.  See 
army'-'  —Standing  bed»,  standing  bedstead',  the  large 
or  high  bedstead,  as  distinguished  from  the  trundle-bed 
which  rolled  in  and  out  under  it. 

There 's  his  chamber,  his  house,  his  castle,  his  standing- 
bed  and  truck!  Stale.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  IT.  5.  7. 
Standing  bevel  or  beveling.  See  bml,  i.—  Standing 
blodLSee  Maori.  11.— Standing  bowl.  Sameasabmd- 
ing  cvp. 

Here,  say  we  drink  this  standittg-bovt  of  wine  to  him. 
Shot.,  Pericles,  ii.  3.  65. 

Standing  bowsprit,  committee,  cup.  galley,  matter. 
See  the  nouns. — Standing  nut,  a  cup  made  of  a  nut- 
shell mounted  in  silver  or  the  like :  examples  remain 
dating  from  the  sixteenth  century  or  earlier,  made  most 
commonly  of  cocoanut-shells.  —  Standing  orders,  (a) 
The  permanent  orders  made  by  a  legislative  or  deliberative 
assembly  respecting  the  manner  in  which  its  business  shall 
be  conducted.  (6)  In  a  military  organization,  those  orders 
which  are  always  in  force.— Standing  panel.  Seepanel. 
—Standing  part  of  a  tackle,  the  part  of  the  rope  made 
fast  to  the  strap  of  a  block  or  any  fixed  point.— Stand- 
Ing  piece*.  Same  as  standing  cup.  MS.  Annulet,  249, 
t7t».  (HoBiirttl.)— Standing  rigging  (no**.).  See  rig- 
ging?.— Standing  salt-cellar,  shield,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.—  Standing  Stone,  in  archttol.,  a  translation  of 
the  French pierrelectc,  a  menhir.  E.  B.  Tjslor.— Stand- 
ing table,  a  permanent  table,  fixed  in  its  place,  or  of  such 
size  and  solidity  that  it  cannot  easily  be  moved,  as  the 
table  for  meals  in  the  old  English  hall. 

standing-cypress  (stan'ding-si'pres),  M.  A 
common  biennial  garden-flower,  Gilia  coronopi- 
folia  (Ipomopsis  eltgans),  native  in  the  south- 
ern United  States.  In  its  tubular  scarlet  flowers  and 
finely  dissected  leaves  it  resembles  the  cypress-vine ;  but 
it  is  of  an  erect  wand-like  habit. 

standing-ground  (stan'ding-ground),  w.  Place 
or  ground  on  which  to  stand ;  especially,  that  on 
which  one  rests,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  a  basis 
of  operations  or  of  argument ;  a  fundamental 
principle.  fT.  fTilson,  The  State,  $  204. 

standing-press  (stan'ding-pres),  n.   See  press1. 

standing-room  (stan'ding-rom),  ».  Space  suf- 
ficient only  for  standing,  as  in  a  theater  where 
all  the  seats  have  been  taken. 

standing-stool  (stan'ding-stdl),  n.  A  small 
frame  or  machine  moving  on  wheels,  used  to 
support  a  child  when  learning  to  walk. 

The  elf  dares  peep  abroad,  the  pretty  foole 
Can  wag  without  a  truckling  ttanding-stoole. 

Fletcher,  Poems,  p.  130.    (UaUiwett.) 

standish  (stan'dish),  n.  [A  reduction  of  'stand- 


Standish  of  Decorated  Pottery,  i3th  century, 
i  From  "  I/Art  poor  Tons.") 

dink,  <  stand  +  dish.]  An  inkstand ;  also,  a  case 
for  writing-materials. 

In  which  agonie  tormenting  my  selfe  a  long  time,  I 
grew  by  degrees  to  a  milde  discontent ;  and,  pausing  a 
while  ouer  my  ttanduh,  I  reaolned  in  verse  to  paynt  forth 
my  passion.  Xa*he,  Pierce  Penilesse,  p.  5. 

Here  is  another  letter  of  Niccolini  that  has  lain  in  my 
rtandith  this  fortnight.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  75. 

Stand-off  (stand'of),  n.  [<  stand  off:  see  stand, 
r.]  A  holding  or  keeping  off;  a  counteraction. 
[Colloq.] 

The  preferences  of  other  clients,  perhaps  equal  in  num- 
ber and  value,  who  are  fighting  with  Fabian  tactics,  make 
a  complete  stand*/.  The  Atlantic,  LX  VI.  072. 

stand-off  (stand'of),  a.  [<  standoff:  see  stand, 
r.]  Holding  others  off;  distant;  reserved. 
[Colloq.] 

Yon  always  talk  ...  as  if  there  were  no  one  bnt  Cath- 
erine. People  generally  like  the  other  two  mnch  better. 
Catherine  is  so  stand-of. 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  Robert  Elsmere,  L  2. 

stand-offish  (stand'df 'ish),  a.  [<  stand  off  + 
-i'«A.]  Same  as  stand-off.  [Colloq.] 

If  the  "landed  gentry"  were  ttand-ofth,  and  .  .  .  did 
not  put  themselves  out  of  the  way  to  cultivate  Miss  Shal- 
don's  acquaintance,  that  young  lady  was  all  the  more 
grateful  for  their  reserve. 

P.  W.  Robinton,  Her  Face  was  her  Fortune,  v. 

stand-offishness  (stand'of'ish-nes),  n.  The 
character  of  being  repellent;  the  disposition 
or  tendency  to  hold  others  at  a  distance.  [Col- 
loq.] 


stand-offishness 

I  i<,lil  him  1  dill  not  like  this  pride  and  *t-init-i>Jli*h>iivx 
between  man  anil  man,  anil  added  that  if  a  duke  were  to 
sneak  to  me  I  should  try  to  treat  him  civilly. 

D.  C.  Murray,  Weaker  Vessel,  xxxn. 

Stand-pipe  (stanil'pip),  n.  1.  A  vertical  pipe 
erected  at  a  well  or  reservoir,  into  which  water 
is  forced  by  mechanical  means  in  order  to  ob- 
tain a  head-pressure  sufficient  lo  convey  it  to 
a  distance. — 2.  A  small  pipe  inserted  into  an 
opening  in  a  water-main. — 3.  An  upright  gas- 
pipe  connecting  the  retort  and  the  hydraulic 
main. — 4.  In  a  steam-engine,  a  boiler  supply- 
pipe  elevated  enough  to  cause  water  to  now 
into  the  boiler  in  spite  of  the  pressure  of  steam. 
— 5.  A  pipe  on  the  eduction-pipe  of  a  steam- 
pump  to  absorb  the  concussions  due  to  the  pul- 
sation and  irregularities  caused  by  the  neces- 
sary use  of  bends  and  changes  in  the  direction 
of  pipes. — 6.  An  upright  pipe,  open  at  the  top, 
used  in  connection  with  a  hot-water  heating 
system  to  allow  room  for  the  expansion  of  the 
water  when  heated;  an  expansion-pipe. — 7.  A 
portable  pipe  used  to  afford  a  higfi  head  of 
water  at  fires.  One  section  of  a  pipe  is  secured  to 
trunnions,  while  other  sections  are  kept  In  a  rack,  and 
attached  when  required.  When  the  hose  is  coupled,  the 
long  pipe  is  raised  by  means  of  a  wheel,  and  the  lower 
end  is  connected  with  the  water-supply.  Another  more  re- 
cent form  is  a  derrick,  elevated  by  two  cylinders  and  pis- 
tons analogous  in  construction  to  these  parts  in  a  steam- 
engine  ;  but  the  pistons  are  moved  by  the  pressure  of  car- 
bonic  acid  gas,  generated,  immediately  as  wanted,  from  the 
reaction  of  sulphuric  acid  upon  a  solution  of  sodium  bi- 
carbonate in  a  suitable  generator.  The  pipe  is  elevated 
above  the  derrick  by  a  wire  rope,  pulleys,  and  a  hand- 
winch.  A  movable  butt  or  nozle,  which  can  be  inclined 
to  any  desired  angle  up  or  down,  or  tunied  In  any  direction 
horizontally,  is  controlled  by  a  man  on  the  lower  platform 
of  the  derrick,  ami  a  copious  stream  can  thus  be  poured  Into 
or  upon  the  top  of  a  tall  building.  Also  called  water-tower. 

Standpoint  (stand'poiut),  n.  [Tr.  G.  stand- 
jninkt ;  as  stand  +  point1:  a  word  objected  to 
by  purists.]  The  point  at  which  one  stands ;  es- 
pecially, the  position  from  which  one's  observa- 
tions are  taken  and  one's  opinions  formed  or  de- 
livered; the  pointof  view;  the  mental  situation. 
The  attraction  of  different  speakers  from  Sunday  to  Sun- 
day stimulates  thought,  each  treating  his  theme  from  his 
own  standpoint.  A.  B.  Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  91. 

The  great  snare  of  the  psychologist  is  the  confusion  of 
his  own  standpoint  with  that  of  the  mental  fact  about 
which  he  is  making  his  report. 

»'.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  1. 198. 

stand-rest  (stand'rest),  «.  A  stool,  bracket,  or 
the  like  serving  to  support  a  person  in  an  almost 
upright  position,  as  the  miserere  in  medieval 
stalls:  applied  especially  to  a  contrivance  like 
a  high  stool,  but  with  the  top  or  seat  sloping 
instead  of  horizontal. 

standstill  (staud'stil),  ».  and  a.  [<  utand  still : 
see  stand,  v.,  and  still1,  a.]  I.  «.  A  halt;  a 
pause;  a  stop,  especially  in  consequence  of 
obstruction,  exhaustion,  or  perplexity. 

In  consequence  of  this  fancy  the  whole  business  was  at 
a  stand-still.  (jreeille,  Memoirs,  Nov.  29,  1823. 

II.  «.  Deficient  in  progress  or  advancement; 
unprogressive  :  as,  a  standstill  policy. 

stand-up  (stand'up),  a.  1.  Standing;  erect; 
upright;  high. 

He  was  a  tall  youth  now ;  .  .  .  he  wore  his  tail-coat  and 
his  stand-up  collars,  and  watched  the  down  on  hislipwith 
eager  impatience.  George  Eliot,  .Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  7. 

2.  Specifically,  in  pugilism,  noting  a  fair  box- 
ing-match, where  the  combatants  stand  man- 
fully to  each  other,  without  false  falls :  as,  a 
fair  stand-up  fight. 

His  face  marked  with  strong  manly  furrows,  records  of 
hard  thinking  and  square  stand-up  lights  with  life. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table,  i. 

stane  (stan),  ».  An  obsolete  and  dialectal 
(Scotch)  form  of  stone. 

stane-raw  (stan'ra),  n.  [Also  staniraw,  stein- 
raw,  staney-rag,  rock-liverwort,  appar.  <  stane, 
stone,  +  raw  (origin  obscure).]  A  foliaceous 
lichen,  I'armelia  satatilis,  used  in  the  Scotch 
Highlands  for  dyeing  brown;  black  crottles. 
[Orkney.] 

stang1  (stang),  n.    [<  ME.  stange  (prob.  in  part 

<  Scand.),  <  AS.  stieng,steng,  stengc,  a  pole,  rod, 

bar,  stick,  stake,  =  MD.  stanghe,  D.  stang  = 

MLG.  stange  =  OHG.  stanga,  MHG.  stange,  G. 

stange,  a  pole,  =  Icel.  stong  (stang-)  =  Sw.  stdng 

=  Dan.  stang,  a  pole,  stang  (cf .  It.  stanga,  a  bar, 

spar,  <  G.) ;  <  stingan  (pret. stang),  pierce,  sting : 

see  sting1.    Cf.  slang*.]    1.  A  wooden  bar;  a 

pole.     [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 

He  halchez  al  hole  the  haluez  to-geder, 

&  sythen  on  a  stif  stange  stoutly  hem  henges. 

Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1614. 

"Ye  strake  ower  hard,  Steenie  — I  doubt  ye  foundered 

the  chield."    "Ne'er  a  bit,"  said  Steenie,  laughing;  "he 

has  braw  broad  shouthers,  and  I  just  took  the  measure  o' 

them  wi'  the  stang."  Seott,  Antiquary,  xxvi. 


5902 

2f.  The  bar  of  a  door.  t'/orio.—  3.  A  rod,  pole, 
or  perch  used  in  the  measurement  of  land. 
Sirit't,  Gulliver's  Travels,  i.  2.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 
Riding  the  stang,  in  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England, 
a  mode  of  punishing  brutal  or  unfaithful  (or,  sometimes, 
henpecked)  husbands,  or  other  offenders,  by  carrying 
them  mounted  on  a  stang  through  the  town,  with  an 
accompaniment  of  jeers  and  rough  music.  The  culprits 
have  sometimes  suffered  by  proxy,  or,  latterly,  only  in 
effigy. 

Stang1  (stang),  r.  t.  [<  stangl,  n.]  To  cause  to 
ride  on  a  stang. 

This  Word  .Stony,  says  Ray,  is  still  used  in  some  Colleges 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  to  stang  Scholars  in  Christ- 
mass  Time  being  to  cause  them  to  ride  on  a  Colt-staff  or 
Pole,  for  missing  of  Chapel. 

Bourne's  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777X  p.  410. 

stang3  (stang).  >i.  [<  ME. stange,  a  sting;  <  sting 
(pret.  stang),  sting:  see  sting1.]  1.  A  sting. 
[Obsolete  or  Scotch.] 

Qnen  the  stanged  mugt  se 
The  nedder  on  the  tree  ther  hange, 
Thai  ware  al  warisht  of  their  staiiye. 

linlll  Jlood  (ed.  Morris),  p.  117. 
My  curse  upon  thy  venom 'd  stang, 
That  shoots  my  tortured  gums  alang. 

Burns,  Address  to  the  Toothache. 

2.  The  wee ver,  a  fish.   Alaostangster.    [Prov.] 
Stang2  (stang),  r.     [<  Icel.  stanga,  sting,  goad, 
<  stiing,  a  pole,  stake:  see  stang2,  n.,  and  cf. 
stang1.]     I.  trans.  To  sting. 

The  nedderes  that  ware  fel 
Stanged  the  folk  of  Israel. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  117. 

II.  intrant.  1.  To  throb  with  pain;  sting. 
Halliwell. — 2.  To  cause  a  sharp,  sudden  pain; 
inflict  a  sting. 

But  for  how  lang  the  flee  may  stang, 
Let  inclination  law  that. 

Bunts,  Jolly  Beggars. 

[Obsolete  or  dialectal  in  all  uses.] 
stang:!.     An  obsolete  or  dialectal  preterit  of 
stingl. 

stang4t,  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  stank*. 
Stangeria  (stan-je'ri-a),  ».  [NL.  (T.  Moore, 
1853),  named  after  Dr^Stangerot  Natal,  one  of 
the  first  to  collect  specimens  of  the  plant.]  A 
genus  of  gymuospermous  plants,  of  the  order 
Cycadacese  and  tribe  Zamiese,  made  by  some  a 


stanner 

Staniel  (stan'yel),  n.  [Also  stan  yet,  stannijel, 
also  (with  the  consonant  i  or  y  following  H 
assimilated  to  n)  stannel,  formerly  s/annell,  or 
assibilatcd  to  cli,  stanrhrl,  xtnncliil;  <  ME.  stan- 
iel. stanyel,  earlier  "staiigelle,  <  AS.  stdngi  lln, 
.ttdngilla,  a  kestrel  (erroneously  used  to  gloss 
I..  peWeanvs)  (=  G.  steingult,  a  staniel),  <  stdn, 
stone,  rock,  +  "gella,  "gi-l'ln,  <  gellan,  gi/Utn,  girl- 
laii,  yell,  scream,  a  secondary  form  related  to 
galan,  sing:  see  stone  and  yell,  gale1.  The  word 
is  thus  nearly  similar  in  its  second  element  to 
nightingale1.'  The  E.  form  stone-gall  is  partly 
from  the  AS.  with  the  long  vowel  retained,  and 
partly  (as  to  the  2d  element)  due  to  the  G.  form ; 
the  form  standgull,  with  the  same  terminal  syl- 
lable, simulates  stand,  and  the  form  staitdgalc 
(as  if  equiv.  to  icindhorer)  is  a  simulated  form, 
as  if  <  tit/nut  +  (/«/?!.]  The  kestrel  or  wind- 
hover, Fulrn  tiiiiniiii'iilna  or  Tinntinciili/s  alaudn- 
riiis.  See  cut  under  2'innnncnlnn. 

Fab.  What  a  dish  o'  poison  has  she  dressed  him ! 
Sir  To.  And  with  what  wing  the  staniel  checks  at  it! 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5.  124. 

Stanielry (stan'yel-ri), «.  [(staniel  +  -ry.]  The 
act  or  practice  of  hawking  with  staniels;  igno- 
ble falconry.  Lady  A  Union  y,  sig.  1. 4.  (Nares. ) 

stank1  (stangk),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  assibilated 
*tont'A(see  stanch?) ;  <  ME.  stank,  stane,  staunke, 
x/iing,  <  OF.  estang,  F.  etang  (Walloon  estank, 
stanlee)  =  Pr.  estanc  =  Sp.  estanquc  =  Pg.  tanque 
(ML.  stanca),  a  dam  to  hem  in  water,  <  L.  xtiig- 
nnm,  a  pool  of  stagnant  water:  see  stagnate, 
stagnant.  Cf.  stanclt^ ;  also  cf.  tank.]  1.  A  body 
of  standing  water;  a  pool;  a  pond.  [Obsolete 
or  prov.  Eng.] 

And  alle  be  it  that  men  clepen  it  a  See,  zit  is  it  nouther 
See  ne  Arm  of  the  See ;  for  it  is  but  a  Stank  of  fresche 
Watir,  that  is  in  lengthe  100  Furlonges. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  115. 

Seint  John  seith  that  avowtlers  shullen  been  in  belle 
in  a  stank  brennynge  of  fyr  and  of  brymston. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

2.  A  tank;  a  ditch.     [Prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 

stank1  (stangk),  v.  t.     [<  stank1,  n.,  or  perhaps 

an  unassibilated  form    of    the    related   verb 

stanch1,  q.  y.]    To  dam  up.    Fletcher,  Poems, 


form  caudex,  and  leaf-segments  with  a  strong  midrib  and 
numerous  unbranched  or  forking  nerves.  There  are  one  or 
two  species,  natives  of  Natal.  They  are  singular  plants  with 
the  smooth  irregular  trunk  only  about  a  foot  high  or  nearly 
subterranean,  from  which  rise  a  few  coarse  long-stalked 
pinnate  fern-like  leaves,  inflexed  in  the  bud,  the  leaflets 
straight  in  the  bud,  linear-lanceolate,  scalloped,  spiny- 
toothed  or  cleft,  and  traversed  by  parallel  forking  veins. 
The  fruit,  a  thick  downy  strobile  or  cone,  is  borne  on  a 
stalk  surrounded  by  circular  concave  woolly  bract*  over- 
lapping in  two  or  three  ranks.  The  male  plants  bear  cy- 
lindrical cones  with  numerous  stamens  on  the  under  side 
of  their  compound  scales.  &  paradoxa,  in  allusion  to 
its  thick,  round  caudex,  is  called  Hottentots-head;  small 
articles,  as  necklaces  and  snuff-boxes,  are  sometimes  made 
from  its  seeds. 

stanhope  (stan'hop),  w.  [So  called  after  a  Mr. 
Htanhupe,  for  whom  it  was  orig.  contrived.]  A 
light  two-wheeled  carriage  without  a  top. 

When  the  carriages  met  again,  he  stood  up  in  his  stan- 
hope, .  .  .  ready  to  doff  his  hat. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xix. 

Stanhopea  (stan-ho'pe-a),  n.  [NL.  (Frost, 
18l>9),  named  after  Philip  Henry,  Earl  Stanhope, 
president  of  the  London  Medico-botanical  So- 
ciety.] A  genus  of  orchids,  of  the  tribe  Vandese, 
type  of  the  subtribe  Stanhopiex.  It  is  character- 
ized  by  a  loose  raceme  of  a  few  large  flowers  with  spread- 
ing and  nearly  equal  sepals,  a  thick  fleshy  lip  which  is 
commonly  wavy  or  twisted,  a  straight  erect  or  incurved 
column  usually  prolonged  and  two-winged  above,  and 
pollinia  with  flattened  stalks  and  scale-shaped  glands.  The 
peculiar  lip  is  highly  polymoiphous  and  complex,  bearing 
lateral  lobes  which  are  often  thickened  into  a  solid  mass 
forming  a  spherical,  oblong,  or  saccate  hypochilium,  a 
middle  lobe  or  epichilium  which  is  itself  often  three-lobed 
and  attached  by  a  distinct  joint,  and  sometimes  at  its 
base  other  appendages,  lobes  or  horns— the  metachiliura. 
There  are  about  20  species,  natives  of  tropical  America 
from  Brazil  to  Mexico.  They  are  epiphytes  with  very 
short  stems  bearing  many  sheaths  and  a  single  large  pli- 
cate leaf.  The  stem  soon  thickens  into  a  fleshy  pseudo- 
bulb,  from  the  base  of  which  the  flower-stem  proceeds. 
The  flowers  are  very  remarkable  for  their  structure,  size, 
and  rich  colorings,  usually  brown-spotted,  yellow,  or  pur- 

§le ;  for  their  great  fragrance,  whence  the  recently  intro- 
uced  perfume  called  stanhopea;  and  for  their  growth 
downward,  not  upward  as  in  ordinary  plants — a  habit  first 
discovered  by  the  accidental  breaking  of  a  flower-pot  in 
which  the  blossoms  had  buried  themselves  in  the  earth. 
They  are  now  cultivated  under  glass  in  hard-wood  baskets 
with  interstices  through  which  the  flowers  protrude. 

Stanhope  lens,  press.    See  lens,  press^. 

stanhoscope  (stan'hp-skop),  n.  [<  Stanho(pe 
kns)  +  Gr.  moireiv,  view.]  A  form  of  simple 
magnifying-glass,  a  modification  of  the  Stan- 
hope lens,  in  which  the  surface  away  from  the 
eye  is  plane  instead  of  convex. 


fttanke;  <  OF.  estanc,  tired,  =  Pr.  estanc,  still, 
immovable,  =  It.  stance,  tired;  cf.  Sp.  estanco, 
=  Pg.estanqne,  water-tight,  stanch:  seesrnwc/i3. 
staunch?,  a  doublet  of  stank?.]  Exhausted: 
weary,  f'lorio;  Spenser, Shep.C&}.,  September. 
stank'3t  (stangk).  Old  preterit  of  stink. 

The  moor-hen  or  gallinule,  Gallinula  chloropus. 

[Scotch.] 
stankie  (stang 'ki),  n.  Same  as  stank-lien. 

[Scotch.] 
stannaburrow  (stan'a-bur"6),  n.  [Prop,  slan- 

nerburrow,  <  stanner  +  burrow?,  1,  2.]     See  the 

quotation  (the  etymology  there  suggested  is 

erroneous). 

Leaving  the  stream  a  little  to  the  right,  we  shall  notice 
several  small  heaps  of  stones  placed  at  intervals  along 
the  slope.  These  little  mounds,  which  are  met  with  in 
various  parts  of  Dartmoor,  are  called  by  the  moor-men 
stannaburroirs,  which  name  is  probably  derived  from  the 
same  root  as  the  word  stannary,  and  they  were  probably 
tin  bounds  set  up  by  the  miners. 

W.  Crossing,  Ancient  Crosses  of  Dartmoor,  p.  69,  quoted 
[in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  V.  46. 

stannary  (stan'a-ri),  a.  and  «.  [Also  stiin- 
iiery;  <  ML.  stdnnaria,  a  tin-mine,  <  L.  stan- 
niim,  tin:  see  stannum.]  I.  fl.  Relating  to  tin, 
tin-mines,  or  the  working  of  tin :  as,  "stannary 
courts,"  Blackstone,  Com.,  III.  vi — Stannary 
court,  a  court  instituted  at  a  very  early  period  in  English 
history  for  the  purpose  of  regulating  the  affairs  of  the 
tin-mines  and  tin-miners  of  Cornwall. 

II.  H.  ;  pi.  stannaries  (-riz).  A  region  or 
district  in  which  tin  is  mined:  the  English  form 
of  the  Latin  stannaria  (or  stammaria,  as  writ- 
ten in  a  charter  of  the  third  year  of  King  John, 
1201).  The  miners  themselves  were  called 
stannatores  or  (rarely)  stammatores. 

For  they  wrongfully  claim  all  the  County  of  Devon  to 
be  their  Stannary. 

Petition  to  Parliament.  1  Ed.  III.,  MS.  In  Rec.  Office, 
[quoted  in  De  La  Beche's  Oeol.  Rep.  on  Cornwall. 

If  by  public  laws  the  mint  were  ordained  to  be  onely 
supplied  by  our  stannaries,  how  currently  would  they  pass 
for  more  precious  than  silver  mines ! 

Bp.  Halt,  Select  Thoughts,  §  17. 

stannate  (stan'at),  H.    [<  stann(ie)  + -ate1.]   A 

salt  of  stannic  acid, 
stannel  (stan'el),  ».    See  staniel. 
stanner   (stan'er),   «.      [Origin  obscure.]     A 

small  stone:  in  the  plural,  gravel.    Jamieson. 

[Scotch.] 


stannery 
stannery1,  ".  and  «. 

Stannery-  (stan'er-i),  a.  [ME.  st<ain[e]ry ;  < 
xlanner  +-J/1.]  Gravelly;  stony.  PaUadius, 
Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  86.  '  [Obsolete  or 
Scotch.] 

Stannic  (stan'ik),  a.  [=  F.  xlimniqur;  <  I,,  xtmi- 
ii ii HI,  tin,  +  -it:']  Of  or  pertaining  to  tin;  pro- 
cured from  tin:  specifically  applied  to  those 
compounds  in  which  tin  appears  as  a  quadriv- 
alent atom:  as,  xtitniiii-  acid,  SnO(OH)o.  a  hy- 
drate obtained  from  stanuotis  oxid,whicn  unites 
with  bases  to  form  salts  called  simulates. 

stanniferous  (sta-nif'e-nw),  <i.  [<  L.  xtaiinitm, 
tin,  +  frrrc  =  E.  lear^.]  Containing  or  afford- 
ing tin. 

stannine  (stan'in),  «.  [<  L.  xtttunmn,  tin,  + 
-iiie2.]  A  brittle  steel-gray  or  iron-black  ore  of 
tin,  of  a  metallic  luster,  consisting  of  the  sul- 
phids  of  tin,  copper,  and  iron,  and  generally 
zinc,  found  in  Cornwall;  tin  pyrites.  Also 
called,  from  its  color,  bell-metal  ore. 

stannite(stan'it),».  [<L.««an»wn,tin,+  -ite?.] 

Same  tmxtiiHiiine. 

stannotype  (stau'o-fip),  H.  [<  L.  stannum,  tin, 
+  Gr.  ri'Tof,  type.]  In  pJiotog.,  a  picture  taken 
on  a  tin  plate ;  a  tin-type  or  ferrotype.  Imp. 
Diet. 

stannous  (stan'us),  a.  [<  L.  Mtaniium,  tin,  + 
-ous.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  containing  tin :  spe- 
cifically applied  to  those  compounds  in  which 
tin  appears  as  a  bivalent  atom:  as,  stannoitx 
oxid,  or  protoxid  of  tin  (SnO). 

stannum  (stan'um),  n.  [L.  stannum,  stat/iium, 
tin,  also  an  alloy  of  silver  and  lead  (>  It.  stu- 
gno  =  Sp.  estaitu  =  Pg.  cxttiulio  =  Pr.  estanli  = 
F.  etain,  tain,  tin) ;  perhaps  the  same  as  L.  stag- 
n  n  HI  ,  pool,  applied  to  a  mass  of  fluid  metal :  see 
stank'-,  stagnate.  Cf.  Bret,  stenn  =  Corn,  stettn 
=  W.  ystacn  =  Gael,  staoin  =  Manx  staiinii/, 
tin  (<  L.  f ) :  see  tin.']  Tin. 

Stannyel,  «.      See  stanicl. 

Stant1  f.  A  contracted  form  of  standeth,  third 
person  singular  present  indicative  of  stand. 

Stant2  (slant),  n.     Same  as  sten&. 

stantiont  (stan'shon),  n.  [Appar.  a  var.  otstaii- 
i-liion.]  Same  as  stemson. 

stanza  (stan'za),  ».  [Formerly  also  stanso, 
staiize  (=  Sp.  esiancia  =  G.  stance  =  F.  stance), 
in  def.  2;  <  It.  stanza,  Olt.  stantia,  prop,  an 
abode,  lodging,  chamber,  dwelling,  stance,  also 
a  stanza  (so  called  from  the  stop  or  pause  at  the 
end  of  it),  <  ML.  stantia,  an  abode:  see  stance.] 
1.  PI.  stanse  (-ze).  In  arch.,  an  apartment  or  di- 
vision in  a  building ;  a  room  or  chamber :  as,  the 
stanze  of  Kaphael  in  the  Vatican. — 2.  lu  versifi- 
cation, a  series  of  lines  arranged  in  a  fixed  or- 
der of  sequence  as  regards  their  length,  metri- 
cal form,  or  rimes,  and  constituting  a  typical 
group,  or  one  of  a  number  of  similar  groups, 
composing  a  poem  or  part  of  a  poem.  Stanza  is 
often  used  interchangeably  with  strophe  —  strophe,  how- 
ever, being  used  preferably  of  ancient  or  quantitative, 
and  stanza  of  modern  or  accentual  and  rimed  poetry.  In 
the  latter  the  stanza  often  consists  of  lines  identical  in 
form  throughout,  the  arrangement  of  rimes  alone  denn- 
ing the  group  of  lines.  Such  a  stanza  is  not  properly  a 
strophe.  A  couplet  is  not  regarded  as  a  stanza,  and  a 


Staftlt 


triplet  is  rarely  so  designated, 
viated  tt. 


Compare  umte.    Abbre- 


Horace  .  .  .  confines  himself  strictly  to  one  sort  of  verse, 
or  stanza,  in  every  Ode.  Dryden,  Misc.,  Pref. 

Stanzaed  (stan'zad),  a.  [<sto«za  + -ed2.]  Hav- 
ing stanzas;  consisting  of  stanzas:  as,  a  two- 
stanzaed  poem. 

stanzaic  (stan-za'ik),  a.  [<  stanza  +  -ic."]  Con- 
sisting of  or  relating  to  stanzas;  arranged  as  a 
stanza.  E.  C.  Stedman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  381. 

stanzic  (stan'zik),  a.  [<  stanz-a  +  -ic.]  Same 
as  stanzaic.  E.  Wadlwm,  Eng.  Versification, 
p.  92. 

stanzot  (stan'zo),  n.  An  obsolete  form  of 
stanza.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  5.  18. 

stapet,  a.     See  stapen. 

stapedial  (sta-pe'di-al),  a.  [<  NL.  stapedins  + 
-al.]  1.  Stirrup-shaped:  as,  the  stapedial bone 
of  the  ear. —  2.  Pertaining  to  the  stapes  or  its 
representative,  whatever  its  form — Stapedial 
ligament,  the  annular  ligament  of  the  stapes,  connecting 
the  foot  or  base  of  the  stirrup  with  the  margin  of  the 
fenestra  ovalis.—  Stapedial  muscle,  the  stapedius.— 
Stapedial  nerve,  a  tympanic  branch  of  the  facial  which 
innervates  the  stapedial  muscle. 

Stapedifera  (stap-e-dif'e-ra),  w.  pi.  [NL. 
(Thacher,  1877),  neut.  pi.  of  stapedifer:  see 
stapediferous.]  Those  animals  which  have  a 
stapes,  as  mammals,  birds,  reptiles,  and  am- 
phibians ;  all  vertebrates  above  fishes. 

stapediferous  (stap-e-dif'e-rus),  (t.  [<  NL. 
stapedifer,  <  ML.  stapes,  a  stirrup,  +  "L.ferre  = 


5903 
E.  ftcnrl.]    Having  a  stapes :  of  or  pertaining  to 

the  HIll/iKlifi  I'll. 

stapedius  (sta-pe'di-us),  ».  ;  pi.  nl/ijin/ii  (-i). 
|  M>..  <  ML.  tmpeg,  a  stirrup:  see  Ktiificx.]  The 
stupedial  muscle;  a  muscle  of  the  tympanum 
actuating  the  stapes  of  sumc  animals.  iu  man 
the  stapedins  arises  from  a  cavity  hollowed  out  in  tlie 
pyramid  of  the  petrosal  Iione  ;  its  tendon  pusses  out  of  a 
little  hole  In  tbe  apex  of  the  pyramid,  and  is  inserted  into 
the  neck  of  the  stapes.  Its  action  draws  the  head  of  the 
stapes  backward,  and  also  causes  the  stapes  to  rotate  a 
little  Dii  u  vertical  axis  drawn  through  its  own  center.  The 
name  is  correlated  with  infiuliim  and  inalledius.  See  cut 
under  fiyoid. 

Stapelia  (sta-pe'li-ji),  ».  [NL.  (Linnaeus,  1737), 
named  after  i.  B.  van  Stapel,  a  Dutch  physician 
and  botanist  (died  1636).]  A  genus  of  gam<>- 
petalous  plants,  of  the  onleT.4sctepiadaceir,\y]>f 
of  the  tribe  Stapeliese.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers 
with  a  wheel-shaped  or  reflexed  corolla  without  appen- 
dages between  the  five  valvate  lobes,  and  with  the  tube 
short  and  broadly 
bell-shaped  or  almost 
wanting,  and  by  a 
double  corona,  the 
outer  of  five  horizon- 
tally spreading  lobes 
alternate  with  the 
anthers,  the  inner  of 
five  scales  produced 
into  erect  or  arching 
horns.  There  are 
over  70  species,  na- 
tives of  South  Africa. 
Their  short  fleshy 
leafless  stems  are 
produced  into  four 
prominent  angles, 
which  are  coarsely 
toothed,  sometimes 
bearing  transient  rudiments  of  leaves  at  the  apex  of  the 
new  growths.  Numerous  dark  tubercles  give  the  stems  a 
grotesque  appearance.  Some  are  cultivated  under  glass 
for  their  beautiful  and  varied  flowers,  which  are  com- 
monly very  large,  some  reaching  12  inches  (S.  yiyantea 
sometimes  14  inches)  in  diameter,  of  singular  structure 
and  often  exquisitely  marbled  or  dotted.  In  other  species 
they  are  dingy  or  unattractive,  usually  coarse,  thick,  fleshy, 
and  short-lived,  and  in  most  species  exhale  transiently  u 
fetid  odor  as  of  carrion,  attracting  flies,  which  deposittheir 
eggs  upon  them  in  large  quantities.  Their  colors  are  largely 
the  livid-purple  and  lurid -red  dish,  yellow,  and  brownish 
hues  which  are  associated  with  disagreeable  odors  also  in 
Jtajftexia,  Aristolochia,  Amorphophallus,  and  others  of  the 
largest  flowers.  They  are  sometimes  called  carrion-flow- 
ers ;  S.  bufonia  is  known,  from  its  blotches,  as  toad-flower; 
and  S.  Asterias,  from  its  spreading  narrow-parted  corolla, 
as  starfish-flower. 

Stapelieae  (stap-e-li'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (End- 
licher,  1836),<<S'to;)eKa'+  -fa?.]  A  tribe  of  gamo- 
petalous  plants,  of  the  order  Asclepiadacese.  it 
is  characterized  by  valvate  and  commonly  fleshy  corolla- 
lobes,  waxy  erect  or  laterally  placed  pollen-masses  soli- 
tary in  each  anther-cell,  and  obtuse  or  retuse  unappen- 
daged  anthers,  closely  incumbent  over  the  disk  of  the 
stigma  or  partly  immersed  in  it.  The  16  genera  are  plants 
commonly  with  short,  thick,  fleshy  stems,  coarsely  angled 
or  tubercled,  without  leaves  except  in  the  East  Indian 
genus  Frerea;  one  genus,  Boucerosia,  extends  into  Eu- 
rope in  Spain  and  Sicily ;  the  others,  as  Stapelia,  the  type, 
are  mostly  South  African. 

Stapent,  stapet,  a.  Stepped;  advanced.  Chau- 
cer, Merchant's  Tale,  1.  270. 

stapes  (sta'pez),  n.  [NL.,  <  ML.  stapes,  a  stir- 
rup, <  OHG.  stapf,  staph  =  D.  stop,  etc.,  a 
step:  see  step,  and  cf.  stuffier."}  In  zool.  and 
anat.,  the  inmost  one  of  the  three  auditory  os- 
sicles of  man  and  other  mammals,  situated  in 
the  tympanum,  or  middle  ear.  The  stapes  is  con- 
nected on  the  one  hand  with  the  incus,  and  on  the  other 
with  the  fenestra  ovalis,  and  is  moved  by  a  small  muscle 
called  the  stapedius.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  close 
resemblance  in  shape  of  the  human  stapes  to  a  stirrup. 

eat 


Stapes,  three  times  natural  size. 
i.  Of  Man  (the  surface  of  its  foot  separately  shown),  a.  Of  Seal 
(Pltoca  vitulina).  3.  Of  Chick  (its  foot  separately  shown,  and  car- 
tilaginous parts  in  dotted  outline) :  m.st,  mediostapedial  part,  form- 
ing with  st  the  stapes  proper  (columella) ;  f. st,  extrastapedial  pan ; 
i.st,  infrastapedial  part ;  s.sf,  suprastapedial  part. 

In  man  the  bone  presents  a  head,  with  a  little  fossa  for 
movable  articulation  with  the  orbicular  incudal  bone ;  a 
neck  or  constricted  part;  two  branches,  legs  or  crura; 
and  an  oval  base  or  .foot.  This  bone  is  morphologically 
one  of  the  proximal  elements  of  the  hyoidean  arch.  The 
corresponding  element  in  birds  and  reptiles  is  very  dif- 
ferently shaped,  and  is  sometimes  called  stapes,  oftener 
columella.  It  is  rod-like  or  columellar,with  an  expanded 
base  fitting  the  fenestra  ovalis,  the  other  end  usually 
showing  a  cross-bar.  Parts  of  such  a  stapes  are  distin- 
guished as  mediostapedial,  the  main  shaft ;  extrastapedial, 
the  part  beyond  the  cross-bar ;  infrastapedial,  the  lower 
arm  of  the  cross-bar ;  and  suprastapedial,  the  upper  arm 


staphylinine 

of  the  cross-bar  —  the  last  being  supposed  to  represent 

tile  incus  of  mammals.  Some  ni  th.M  ]i:n  is  may  '"•  want- 
ing, 'ir  only  replvhriitcd  by  :t  liyaniflit,  or  enali  MT<!  with 
a  part  of  the  nianilibiilar  alvli.  The  stapes  or  columella 
furnishes  the  primitive  actual  «u-  virluitl  connection  of  the 
hyiiidean  arch  wittl  tile  periotie  capsule.  So-  .*/n, 
•  •i'l:nii<-Ufi,  :',  ih}.  ami  ruts  uniUT  luinnl.,  I'yl/Knii'l.'f,  ami 

lymponio.    Annular  ligament  of  the  stapes,     see 

li'initK'itt  anil  *r<tji<'<l<«l. 

Staphisagria  (staf-i-siig'ri-ii),  «.  [XL.  (Tra- 
gns.  lf)4<i).  <  ML.  ftaphisaffria,  staphugaffria, 
xlinixdiii-itt,  etc.;  prop,  two  words,  xin^iliis  injriu. 
<  (Jr.  as  i!  iiia:  <rraffl/f,  a  dried  grape. 

a  raisin,  also  (in  L.  sttipliix)  the  plant  staves- 
acre;  dj'pi'a,  fern,  of  <i;  /<»«•.  wild,  <  «jp<f,  a  field. 
the  country.  The  E.  form  of  the  name  is 
sturmiicrc,  <j.  v.]  A  former  genus  of  polypeta- 
lous  plants,  of  the  order  l!ininiifiiliii-i-;r.  It  is  now 
classed  as  a  section  of  the  genus  Delphinium,  and  as  snrh 
distinguished  by  a  short  spur,  from  three  to  five  ovaries 
forming  bladdery  few-seeded  capsules,  and  biennial  habit. 
Be  •  />'//./(/'i/"m  ami  .'•Mrrx'fr/v,  al>o  "i/ilmi-nl  ';/  xlnu'xacre 
(under  ointment). 

staphisagric  (staf-i-sag'rik),  a.  [<  StapMtagria 
+  -ic.]  Contained  in  or  derived  from  Ntaphi- 

.<ni/riii.      Kiii'i/i'.  UK  I. 

staphisagrine  (staf-i-siig'rin),  ».  [<  xtaphi- 
xai/ria  +  -i«c2.]  A  poisonous  amorphous  alka- 
loid, soluble  in  ether  and  in  water,  obtained 
from  Delphinium  StapMsagria,  or  stavesacre. 

staphyle  (staf'i-le),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ara^v'/ii,  a 
bunch  of  grapes,  also  the  uvula  when  swollen.] 
The  uvula. 

Staphylea  (staf-i-le'a),  ».  [NL.  (Linnseus, 
173* ),  abridged  trom^id/iliijlodeiidron  (Tourne- 
fort,  1700), <  L.  stajiliylodendron,  a  shrub  thought 
to  have  been  S.piiinata;  prob.  so  named  from 
its  clustered  fruit,  <  Gr.  ora^i'/r/,  a  bunch  of 
grapes,  +  iivSpov,  a  tree.]  A  genus  of  poly- 
petalous  plants,  type  of  the  order  Staphylcacesr. 
It  is  characterized  by  an  ovary  which  is  two-  or  three-part- 
ed to  the  base,  contains  numerous  biseriate  ovules,  and 
ripens  into  an  inflated  and  bladdery  membranous  capsule, 
discharging  its  few  seeds  at  the  apex  of  the  two  or  three 
lobes.  There  are  4  species,  natives  of  Europe,  the  Hima- 
layas, Japan,  and  North  America.  They  are  shrubs  with 
numerous  roundish  branches,  bearing  opposite  stipulate 
leaves,  each  composed  of  from  three  to  five  leaflets,  which 
are  involute  in  the  bud  and  are  furnished  with  stipels.  The 
white  flowers,  with  five  erect  petals,  hang  from  nodding 
panicles  or  racemes.  The  large  and  peculiar  fruit  is  the 
source  of  the  common  name  bladder-nut.  (See  cut  under 
nectary.)  S.  pfnnata,  also  called  bag-nut,  common  in 
hedgerows  and  thickets  in  Europe,  bears  hard  smooth  nuts 
sometimes  used  for  rosaries. 

Staphyleaceae  (staf'i-le-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(A.  P.  deCandolle,  18'25),  <  Staphylea  + -acex.] 
An  order  of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  cohort 
Sapindales,  long  classed  as  a  suborder  of  the 
tiapindacese,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by 
its  regular  bisexual  flowers  with  the  five  sta- 
mens inserted  outside  of  the  base  of  the  disk,  by 
albuminous  and  sometimes  arillate  seeds  with 
a  straight  embryo,  and  by  opposite  simple  or 
compound  leaves.  It  includes  16  species,  of  4  genera, 
of  which  Staphylea  is  the  type ;  of  the  others,  Turpinia  in- 
cludes a  number  of  small  trees  and  shrubs  with  roundish 
berry-like  fruit,  mostly  of  tropical  Asia  and  America,  and 
Ettscaphis  a  few  Japanese  shrubs  bearing  coriaceous  fol- 
licles. See  cut  under  bladder-nut. 

staphyline  (staf'i-lin),  a.  [<  Gr.  ara<i>r/-tvof,  of 
or  pertaining  to  a  bunch  of  grapes,  <  oTaQv/iy,  a 
bunch  of  grapes,  also  the  uvula.]  1.  Having 
the  form  of  a  bunch  of  grapes;  botryoidal. — 2. 
Pertaining  to  the  uvula  or  to  the  entire  palate. 
—  Staphyline  glands,  palatine  glands. 

staphylinid  (staf-i-lin'id),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  A 
rove-beetle,  as  a  member  of  the  Staphylinidx. 

II,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  family  Stapnij- 
linidse;  staphylinine. 

Staphylinidae'  (staf-i-lin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Leach,  1817),  <  StapliyUnus  +  -irfa?.]  A  large 
and  important  family  of  brachelytrous  clavi- 
corn beetles,  commonly  called  rare-beetles.  They 
resemble  the  Pselaphidte  in  having  short  elytra,  but  dif- 
fer in  having  the  abdomen  flexible  and  consisting  of  eight 
ventral  segments.  The  antennie  are  generally  eleven- 
jointed,  the  labial  palpi  three-jointed,  and  the  maxillary 
four-jointed.  The  short  truncate  elytra  usually  leave 
most  of  the  abdomen  exposed,  and  this,  when  the  beetles 
are  disturbed,  is  turned  up  over  the  back,  as  if  the  insects 
were  about  to  sting.  A  familiar  example  is  the  Ocypus 
olens,  known  as  the  cocHail  and  devil's  coach-horse.  (See 
Goerius,  and  cut  under  devil.)  Some  species  discharge  an 
odorous  fluid  from  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Thelarvse  re- 
semble the  adults,  and  are  found  under  bark,  in  fungi,  de- 
caying plants,  and  the  excrement  of  animals,  in  ants' nests, 
hornets'  nests,  and  the  nests  of  certain  birds.  It  is  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  wide-spread  of  the  families  of  Cole- 
optera.  About  1,000  species  are  known  in  America  north  of 
Mexico,  and  about  5,000  in  the  whole  world.  Also  Staphi- 
linides,  Staphylini,  Staphylinite,  StaphffHnida,  Staphyhnii, 
Staphylinitfg.  See  cuts  under  Homalium  and  rove-beetle. 

staphyliniform  (staf-i-lin'i-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
StapnyKiHia,  q.  v.,  +  L.  forma,  form.]  Resem- 
bling a  rove-beetle ;  related  to  the  Stapliylinidse. 

staphylinine  (staf-i-lin'in),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  StapJiylinidse. 


Staphylinus 

Staphylinus(staf-i-li'nus),  M.  [NL.  (Linnieus, 
17f>H),  <  Gtr.  arafv'/.lvoi;,  a  kind  of  insect,  <  araipiAy, 
a  bunch  of  grapes.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Sttiplii/linirlsi;  formerly  corresponding  to 
that  family  in  a  broad  sense.  Used  with  various 
limitations,  it  is  now  made  type  of  the  restricted  family, 
and  characterized  by  having  the  maxillary  palpi  with  the 
fourth  joint  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  third,  the  margi- 
nal lines  of  the  thorax  united  near  the  apex,  the  ligula 
emarginate,  the  middle  coxse  slightly  separate,  and  the  ab- 
domen narrowed  at  the  tip.  The  species  are  numerous, 
and  among  them  are  the  largest  forms  in  the  family. 
Twenty-one  are  known  in  America  north  of  Mexico,  and 
about  100  in  the  whole  world. 

Staphylion  (sta-fil'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ara$i>- 
MOV,  dim.  of  araifrv/Ji,  the  uvula:  see  staplMjle.] 
The  median  point  of  the  posterior  nasal  spine. 
Torok. 

staphylitis  (staf-i-li'tis),  re.  [<  stapJiyle,  the 
uvula,  +  -itis."}  Uvulitis. 

staphyloma  (staf-i-16'ma),  ». ;  pi.  staphylomata 
(-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  "ara$v%u/ui,  a  defect  in 
the  eye,  <  a-rafyvkii,  a  bunch  of  grapes.]  A  name 
given  to  certain  local  bulgings  of  the  eyeball. 
— Staphyloma  corneas,  a  protrusion  involving  more  or 
less  of  the  corneae,  such  as  may  result  from  preceding  ul- 
ceration.  Also  called  anterior  staphyloma. — Staphyloma 
corneae  pellucidum,  conical  cornea.  Also  called  staphy- 
loma pellucidum.—  Staphyloma  postlcum,  posterior 
staphyloma ;  sclerochoroiditis  in  the  back  part  of  the  eye, 
resulting  in  a  thinning  of  the  coats  and  consequent  bulg- 
ing and  progressive  myopia. 

staphylomatic  (staf  i-lo-mat'ik),  a.  [<  stanhy- 
loma(t-)  +  -j'e.]  Characterized  or  affected  by 
staphyloma. 

staphylomatous  (staf-i-lom'a-tus),  a.  [<  sta- 
phyloma(t-)  +  -ous.']  Pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  staphyloma. 

staphyloplasty  (staf'i-lo-plas*ti),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ara^vM/,  the  uvula,  +  irUaaeiv,  form,  shape: 
see  plastic."]  In  surg.,  an  operation  for  restor- 
ing the  soft  palate  when  it  is  defective. 

staphylorrhaphy  (staf-i-lor'a-fi), ».  [<  Gr.  ora- 
0iM,#,  the  uvula,  +  paipt/,  a  sewing.]  In  surg., 
the  plastic  operation  for  cleft  palate,  consist- 
ing in  uniting  the  mucous  membrane  across 
the  cleft.  Also  called  cionorrhaphia,  palator- 
rhaphy. 

staphylotome  (staf'i-lo-tom),  «.  [<  Gr.  arafv- 
Aor6/iov,  a  knife  for  excising  the  uvula,  <  ara^vA-ri, 
the  uvula,  +  rifiveiv,  ra^clv,  cut.]  In  sttrg.,  a 
knife  for  operating  upon  the  uvula  orthepalate. 

staphylotomy (staf-i-lot'o-mi),  n.  [<  GT.*ora<t>v- 
toTotua,  the  excision  of  the  uvula,  <  ara^v^.j/,  the 
uvula,  +  -rofjia,  <  re/iveiv,  rafielv,  cut:  see  -tomy.~\ 
In  surg. .  amputation  of  the  uvula. 

staple1  (sta'pl),  n.  [<  ME.  stapel,  stapil,  sta- 
pylle,  stapul,  <  AS.  stapel,  stapol,  stapul,  a  prop, 
post  (=  OS.  stapal  =  OFries.  stapul,  stapel  = 
MD.  stapel,  D.  stapel,  a  prop,  foot-rest,  a  seat, 
pile,  heap,  =  MLG.  LG.  stapel  (>  G.  stapel),  a 
pile,  staple,  stocks,  =  OHG.  staffal,  stapJial, 
MHG.  staffel  stapfel,  G.  staffel,  a  step,  =  Sw. 
stapel,  a  pile,  heap,  stocks,  =  Dan.  stabel,  a  pile, 
stack,  stocks  (on  which  a  ship  is  built),  hinge), 
<  stapatt,  step:  see  step.  Of.  staple^.'}  If.  A 
post ;  a  prop ;  a  support. 


5904 

king's  staple  was  established  in  certain  ports  or  towns, 
and  certain  goods  could  not  be  exported  without  being 
first  brought  to  these  ports  to  be  rated  and  charged  with 
the  duty  payable  to  the  king  or  the  public.  The  principal 
commodities  on  which  customs  were  levied  were  woo], 
skins,  and  leather,  and  these  were  originally  the  staple 
commodities. 

The  first  ordination  of  a  Staple,  or  of  one  onely  setled 
Mart  towne  for  the  vttering  of  English  woolls  &  woollen 
fells,  instituted  by  the  sayd  K.  Edward. 

llakluyt's  Vuyayes,  To  the  Reader. 

Hence  —  2.  A  general  market  or  exchange. 

Tho.  0  sir,  a  Staple  of  News !  or  the  New  Staple,  which 
you  please. 

P.  Jun.  What 's  that? 

Fash.  An  office,  sir,  a  brave  young  office  set  up.  ... 

P.  Jun.  For  what? 

Tho.  To  enter  all  the  News,  sir.  of  the  time. 

Fash.  And  vent  it  as  occasion  serves. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  i.  1. 

3.  A  commercial  monopoly  formed  by  a  com- 
bination of  merchants  acting  under  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  royal  privilege  of  fairs  and  markets. 
Foreign  staple  was  the  system  of  trade  carried  on  by  this 
monopoly  on  the  continent ;  home  staple  was  the  business 
organized  by  it  in  leading  towns  in  England. 

Their  ayme  in  this  edict  is,  if  possible,  to  draw  for  the 
loue  of  currents  the  staple  of  diuers  merchandise  to  that 
citty.  Sir  Thomas  Roe,  Negotiations  (London,  1740). 

4.  The  principal  commodity  grown  or  manu- 
factured in  a  locality,  either  for  exportation  or 
home  consumption  —that  is,  originally,  the  mer- 
chandise which  was  sold  at  a  staple  or  mart. 

The  prices  of  bread-stuffs  and  provisions,  the  staples  of 
the  North,  and  of  cotton  and  tobacco,  the  staples  of  the 
South,  were  high,  not  only  absolutely,  but  relatively. 

Taussig,  Tariff  History,  p.  19. 

5 .  The  principal  element  of  or  ingredient  in  any- 
thing; the  chief  constituent;  the  chief  item. 

He  has  two  very  great  faults,  which  are  the  staple  of  his 
bad  side.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  vi. 

Politics,  theology,  history,  education,  public  improve- 
ments, personal  matters,  are  conversational  staple*. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXX.  466. 

6.  The  material  or  substance  of  anything ;  raw 
or  unmanufactured  material. —  7.  The  fiber  of 
any  material  used  for  spinning,  used  in  a  gen- 
eral sense  and  as  expressive  of  the  character 
of  the  material:  as,  wool  of  short  staple;  cot- 
ton of  long  staple,  etc—Corrector  of  the  staplet. 
See  corrector.— Merchant  of  the  staplet.  Seem«rcAan<. 
—Ordinance  of  Staple.  Same  as  Statute  of  Staple.— Sta- 
ple of  land,  the  particular  nature  and  quality  of  land.— 
Statute  of  Staple,  or  Ordinance  of  Staple,  an  English 
statute  of  1853  (27  Edw.  III.,  st.  2),  recognizing  the  ancient 
custom  of  staple,  and  confirming  the  rights  and  privileges 
of  merchants  under  it— Statute  staple.    See  statute. 

II.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  being  a  mart  or 
staple  for  commodities :  as,  a  staple  town. 

Flanders  is  Staple,  as  men  tell  mee, 
To  all  nations  of  Christlanitle. 

HaMuyt't  Voyages,  1. 189. 

2.  Mainly  occupying  commercial  enterprise ; 
established  in  commerce:  as,  a  staple  trade. — 

3.  According  to  the  laws  of  commerce ;  mar- 
ketable; fit  to  be  sold. 

Will  take  off  their  ware  at  their  own  rates,  and  trouble 
not  themselves  to  examine  whether  it  be  staple  or  no. 


4.   Chief  ;    principal  ;    regularly  produced   or 
made  for  market  :  as,  staple  commodities. 

The  Sevyn  Sages,  201.    (HaUiweU.)  staple2  (sta'pl)',  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  stapled,  ppr. 

i    „_  „  i  ------  :_»  i  —  <-  —  j  " 


Under  ech  stapel  of  his  bed, 
That  he  niste,  four  thai  hid. 


2.  A  loop  of  metal,  or  a  bar  or  wire  bent  and 
formed  with  two  points,  to  be  driven  into  wood 
to  hold  a  hook,  pin,  or  bolt. 

Massy  staples, 
And  corresponsive  and  fulfilling  bolts. 

Shot.,  T.  and  C.,  Prol.,  1.  17. 

3.  In  founding,  a  piece  of  nail-iron  with  a  flat 
disk  riveted  to  the  head,  and  pointed  below, 
used  in  a  mold  to  hold  a  core  in  position.   E.  H. 
Knight.— 4.  Of  a  lock,  same  as  6oz2,  13.—  5.  ln 
musical  instruments  of  the  oboe  class,  the  me- 


stapling.  [<  staple^,  n."]  I.  intrans.  To  erect 
a  staple  ;  form  a  monopoly  of  production  and 
sale;  establish  a  mart  for  such  purpose. 
Hakluyfs  Voyages,  I.  437.  [Bare.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  furnish  or  provide  with  a 
staple  or  staples. 

Fleeces  stapled  with  such  wool 
As  Lemnster  cannot  yield  more  finer  stuff. 

Oreene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

2.  To  sort  or  classify  according  to  the  length 
of  the  fiber  :  as,  to  staple  wool. 


tallic  tube  to  which  the  reeds  are  fastened,  and  staple-house   (sta'pl-hous),  n.     [MD.  stapel- 

through  which  the  tone  is  conveyed  from  them  liuys;  as  staple1*  +  house1.']    A  warehouse  where 

into  the  wooden  body  of  the  instrument. —  6.  commodities  chargeable  with  export  duties  were 

In  coal-mining,  a  shallow  shaft  within  a  mine,  stored.     See  staple^,  n.,  1. 


In  their  large  staple-house  on  the  Thames  .  .  .  were 
stored  the  collections  of  raw  produce  —  wool,  tin,  and 
hides  the  chief  of  them  — which  England  sent  away  to 
foreign  countries.  F.  Martin,  Hist,  of  Lloyd's,  p.  2. 


[North .  Eng.]_  seizin  by  hasp  and  staple.  See  hasp. 
—  Staple  of  a  press,  the  frame  or  uprights  of  a  hand 
printing-press.  C.  T.  Jacobi,  Printers'  Vocab. 

Staple1  (sta'pl),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stapled,  ppr. 

stapling.  [<  staple^,  ».]  To  support,  attach,  or  staple-punch  (sta'pl-punch),  n.  A  bifurcated 
hx  by  means  of  a  staple  or  staples.  Elect.  Rev.,  punch  used  for  pricking  holes  in  blind-slats 
*v{-  §•  and  rods  for  the  reception  of  staples. 

Staple/  (sta  pi),  n.  and  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  sta-  stapler  (sta'pler),  n.    [<  staple*  +  -erl.]    If    A 
ple;<OF.estapJe,estape,F.etape(ML.stapula),     merchant  of  the  staple;    a  monopolist.     See 
a  market,  store,  store-house,  =  G.  stapel  (Sw.       '     '  "  " 
stapel,  Dan.  stabel,  in  comp.),  <  MD.  stapel  = 
MLG.  LG.  stapel,  a  market,  emporium,  appar. 
a  particular  use  of  stapel,  a  pile,  heap :  see  sta- 
ple1.']   I.  TO.  1.  A  settled  mart  or  market;  an 


emporium;  a  town  where  certain  commodities 
are  chiefly  taken  for  sale.    In  England,  formerly,  the 


staple^,  3. 
You  merchants  were  wont  to  be  merchant  staplers. 

Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  I.  3. 

2.  One  employed  in  assorting  wool  according 
to  its  staple. 
Mr.  Glegg  retired  from  active  business  as  a  vfool-stapler 
George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  12. 


star 

staple-right  (sta'pl-rit),  «.  A  right,  possessed 
by  municipalities  of  the  Netherlands,  and 
thence  introduced  into  the  New  Netherlands 
(New  York),  of  compelling  passing  vessels 
either  to  stop  and  offer  their  merchandise  for 
sale  rirst  of  all  in  the  market-place  of  the  town, 
or  to  pay  a  duty. 

Star1  (star),  n.  [(«)  <  ME.  starre,  stem,  storre, 
sti'Oi-i-c  (pi.  stums,  .tti-rn-x,  xlfiirr,*.  tttrrri'ii,  steor- 
ri-n),  <  AS.  steorra  =  OS.  sterro  =  OFries.  stem 
=  MD.  stem;  .i/nrrc,  I),  sttr,  xtitr  =  MLG.  ntcrre 
=  OHG.  sterro,  MHG.  stem;  a  star;  with  for- 
mative -ra  (perhaps  orig.  -na,  -r-na  being  as- 
similated to  -r-ra,  the  word  being  then  orig.  ult. 
identical  with  the  next),  (ft)  E.  dial,  stum, 
stern,  <  ME.  stern,  sli-riu-  (perhaps  <  Scand.)  = 
MD.  stcrne  =  ML(i.  steme,  stern,  LG.  stecni  = 
OHG.  sterna,  MHG.  sterne  (also  OHG.  MHG. 
stern),  G.  stern,  <  Icel.  stjarna  =  Sw.  stjerna  = 
Dan.  stjerne  =  Goth.  stairno,  a  star;  with  a  for- 
mative -na,  -no  (seen  also  in  the  orig.  forms  of 
sun  and  moon),  from  a  base  *ster;  cf.  L.  Stella 
(for  *stentla)  (>  It.  Stella  =  Sp.  Pg.  estrella  = 
OF.  estoile,  F.  etoile),  star,  =  Gr.  aari'/p  (aarep-), 
a  star,  lurrpov  (>  L.  astrutn),  usually  in  pi.  aarpa, 
the  stars  (with  prothe*tic  a-),  =  Corn.  Bret,  ste- 
ren  =  W.  seren  (for  'sterenj  =  Skt.  tdrd  (for 
'stara),  a  star,  star,  pi.,  the  stars.  =  Zend  star, 
star;  root  unknown.  If,  as  has  been  often  con- 
jectured, star  has  aconnectiou  with  -\fstur,  strew, 
it  must  be  rather  as  •  strown '  or '  sprinkled '  over 
the  sky  than  as  'sprinkler'  of  light.]  1.  Any 
celestial  body  which  appears  as  a  luminous 
point.  In  ordinary  modern  language  star  is  frequently 
limited  to  mean  a  fixed  star  (see  below).  In  astrology  the 
stare,  especially  the  planets,  are  supposed  to  exercise  an 
influence  upon  human  destinies. 

Hise  eyen  twynkled  In  his  heed  aryght, 
As  doon  the  sterres  in  the  frosty  nyght. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  268. 
There  shall  be  signs  in  the  sun,  and  in  the  moon,  and  in 
the  stars.  Luke  xxi.  25. 

The  fault,  dear  Brutus,  is  not  in  our  stars, 
But  in  ourselves,  that  we  are  underlings. 

Shale.,  J.  C.,  1.  2.  140. 
You  are,  thanks  to  your  stars,  in  mighty  credit 

Dekker,  Gull's  Hornbook,  p.  114. 

Hence — 2.  Destiny.     [Bare.] 

I  was  not  born  unto  riches,  neither  is  it,  I  think,  my 
star  to  be  wealthy.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  13. 

3.  Anything  which  resembles  a  star. 

His  charger  trampling  many  a  prickly  star 
Of  sprouted  thistle  on  the  broken  stones. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Specifically  —  (a)  A  star-shaped  figure  made  of  silver,  gold, 
or  both,  sometimes  set  with  jewels,  worn  usually  upon  the 
breast  as  one  of  the  insignia  of  a  higher  class  of  an  hon- 
orary order.  See  insignia,  and  cuts  under  bath,  garter, 
and  Order  of  St.  Michael  (under  order). 

While  peers,  and  dukes,  and  all  their  sweeping  train, 
And  garters,  stars,  and  coronets  appear. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  i.  85. 

(6)  The  asterisk  (*).  See  asterisk,  (c)  In  pyrotechny,  a 
small  piece  of  inflammable  composition,  which  burns  high 
in  air  with  a  colored  flame,  and  presents  the  appearance 
of  a  star,  (d)  A  group  of  cracks  or  flaws  radiating  from  a 
center. 

Three  times  slipping  from  the  outer  edge, 
I  bump'd  the  ice  into  three  several  stars. 

Tennyson,  The  Epic. 

(e)  A  spot  of  white  or  light  color  on  the  forehead  of  an 
animal. 

Onward,  caballito  mio, 

With  the  white  star  in  thy  forehead  ! 

Longfellow,  Spanish  Student,  iii.  6. 
(/)  In  zoo/. :  (1)  A  star-animal ;  a  starfish,  or  other  echino- 
denn  of  obviously  radiate  figure,  as  a  brittle-star,  feather- 
star,  lily-star,  sand-star,  or  sun-star.  See  the  compounds. 
(2)  A  stellate  sponge-spicule ;  an  aster,  (g)  In  a  copper- 
plate or  lithographic  printing-press,  the  radial  spokes  on 
the  roller,  which  serve  as  handles.  E.  H.  Knight. 

4.  Figuratively,  a  person  of  brilliant  or  attrac- 
tive qualities;  one  who  shines  preeminently; 
specifically,  the  chief  and  preeminent  actor  or 
actress  of  a  dramatic  or  operatic  company. 

Sole  star  of  all  that  place  and  time, 
I  saw  him  —  in  his  golden  prime, 
The  Good  Haroun  Alraschid. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

If  I  were  now  to  receive  a  message  from  the  planet  Mars 
offering  me  a  star  engagement,  I  could  not  be  more  aston- 
ished than  I  was  on  that  day.  J.  Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  ill. 

5.  In  her.,  s&me  as  estoile. — 6.  In  fort.,  a  small 
fort  having  five  or  more  points,  or  salient  and 
reentering  angles  flanking  one  another.     Also 
called  star-fort. — 7.  An  additional  life  bought 
by  a  player  in  the  game  of  pool.     [Eng.] 

Only  one  star  is  allowed  in  a  pool ;  and  when  there  «re 
only  two  players  left  in,  no  star  can  be  purchased. 

Encye.  Brit.,  III.  077. 

Aberration  of  a  star.  See  aberration,  5. — Apparent 
place  of  a  star.  See  apparent.— Binary  star.  See 
multiple  star.  —  Blazing  Star.  See  blazing-star  and  Ale- 
tris.  —  Circumpolar  star.  See  circumpolar.  —  Comple- 
ment of  a  star.  See  complement.— Diurnal  accelera- 


star 

tlon  of  the  fixed  stars.  See  acceleration.— Double 
star.  See  multiple  star.— Equestrian  star.  See  Uip- 
peastrum.— Evening  Star.  See  evening.— Falling  Star. 
See  falling-star.  —  Fixed  star,  a  self-luminous  body  at  so 
vast  a  distance  from  the  earth  as  to  appear  a  point  of 
light,  almost  motionless  except  for  the  diurnal  revolution 
of  the  heuvens.  To  the  naked  eye  the  brighter  stars  ap- 
pear to  have  radiating  lines  of  light ;  but  these  are  due 
to  imperfections  of  vision,  and  are  different  for  different 
observers.  All  the  fixed  stars  twinkle  (see  tiritikliny).  In  a 
good  telescope  on  a  fine  night  a  star  shows  a  minute  round 
disk  surrounded  by  concentric  rings ;  but  these  phenom- 
ena are  mere  effects  of  diffraction,  and  no  instrument  yet 
constructed  can  enable  the  eye  to  detect  a  fixed  star's  real 
breadth.  The  stars  differ  in  brilliancy,  and  in  this  respect 
are  said  to  have  different  magnitudes  (see  magnitude, 
6).  These  in  many  cases  are  changeable  (see  variable 
star).  The  number  of  stars  in  the  whole  heavens  brighter 
than  a  given  magnitude  m  may  be  approximately  calcu- 
lated by  the  formula  (3.3)>-°s  +  <".  The  stars  are  very 
irregularly  distributed  in  the  heavens,  being  greatly  con- 
centrated toward  the  Milky  Way.  This  is  particularly 
true  of  first-magnitude  stars,  and  again  of  faint  telescopic 
stars.  There  are  many  clusters  of  stars,  among  which  the 
Pleiades,  the  Hyades,  Prresepe,  Coma  Berenices,  and  the 
cluster  in  the  sword-handle  of  Perseus  are  visible  to  the 
naked  eye.  Other  stars  are  associated  in  systems  of  two, 
three,  or  more.  (See  multiple  star.)  To  most  eyes  the 
stars  appear  yellow,  but  some  are  relatively  pale,  others 
chromatic  yellow,  and  still  others  ruddy.  There  are  many 
ruddy  stars  in  the  part  of  the  Galaxy  near  Lyra.  L.  M. 
Rutherfurd  of  New  York  first  showed  that  in  reference  to 
their  spectral  lines  the  fixed  stars  fall  under  several  dis- 
tinct types.  Type  I,  according  to  the  usual  nomenclature, 
embraces  spectra  showing  strong  hydrogen-lines,  all  others 
being  very  faint.  These  belong  without  exception  to  pale 
stars,  such  as  Sirius,  Vega,  Procyon,  Altair,  Spica,  Fomal- 
haut,  Regulus,  Castor.  Type  II  embraces  spectra  show- 
ing many  strong  metallic  lines,  like  the  sun.  Almost  all 
such  stars  are  chrome,  as  Arcturus,  Capella.  Aldebarau, 
Pollux ;  but  a  few  are  pale,  as  Deneb  and  Elwaid,  and  a 
few  ruddy.  Type  III  consists  of  banded  spectra,  the  bands 
shading  away  toward  the  red.  These  stars  are  all  ruddy, 


5905 


triple,  quadruple,  quintuple,  and  sextuple. 
double  stars  are  merely  the  one  in  range  of  tile  other, 
without  having  any  physical  connection,  and  these  are 
called  optical  doubles.  The  components  of  other  double- 
stars  revolve  the  one  round  the  other,  apparently  under  the 
influence  of  gravitation,  forming  systems  known  as  binartf 
stars.  The  orbits  of  about  forty  of  these  are  known. 
Thus,  the  two  stars  of  a  Centanri,  distant  from  one  another 
by  17. "5,  revolve  in  about  80  years.  In  many  cases  the  two 
components  of  a  double  star  have  complementary  colors. 
—  Nebulous  star.  See  nebula. — North  star,  the  north 
polar  star.  See  pole-star,  1.— Order  of  the  Star  of  India 
(in  the  full  style  The  Moat  Kmlteil  Order  «/  tlie  Ntur  «/  In- 
dia), an  order  for  the  British  Possessions  in  India,  found  t-d 
in  IStfl.  The  mottols,  "  Heaven's  light  our  guide."  The 
ribbon  is  light-blue  with  white  stripes  near  the  edge. — 
Periodic  star,  a  variable  star  of  class  II,  IV,  or  V.— Po- 
lar star.  Same  as  pole-star,  1. — Shooting  star,  a  meteor 
in  a  state  of  incandescence  seen  suddenly  darting  along 
some  part  of  the  sky.  See  aerolite,  meteor,  2,  and  meteoric. 
-Standard  stars.  See  standard^.—  Star  coral,  cu- 
cumber, cut,  route.  See  coral,  cucumber,  etc.— Star- 
Jelly,  a  name  for  certain  gelatinous  algae,  as  A'ostoc  com- 


star-buzzard 

Many  of  _the  star-anise    (stiir'anls),   11.      1.    The  aromatic 

fruit  of  a  Chinese  shrub  or  small  ti long  sup- 

posi'd  to  be  the  Illiciinii  iiiiistituiH  of  Linnii'iis. 
hut  recently  determini •'  1  !<>  '"•  a  'listinct  s]ic- 
I'irs,  /.  rrrinit  Oiiitncii  by  .1.  I).  Hunker).  The 
fruit  is  a  stellate  capsule  of  commonly  eight  carpels, 
i-arh  <>f  which  contains  a  sin- 
gle brown  shining  seed.  The 
M'nls  .-ontain  four  pe-r  ce-nt.  of  a 
volatile  oil  with  the  odor  and 
flavor  of  aniseed,  or  rather  of 
fennel,  star-anise  is  used  in 
China  as  a  condiment  and  spice, 
and  in  i-oiitiiR'iital  Europe  to  fla- 
vor liquors.  Also  Chinese  anise. 
2.  The  tree  which  yields 
star-anise — Star-anise  oil, 
the  aromatic  essential  oil  of  star- 
anise  seed.  The  commercial 
anise-oil  is  chiefly  obtained  from 
the  star-anise. 


•nune:  so  called  originally  in  the  belief  that  they  are  the  star-apple    (stiir'ap*!),   H. 

remains  of  fallen  stars.— Star  of  Bethlehem,     (a)  A     The  fruit  of  the  West  In- 

pilgrim's  sign  having  the  form  of  a  star,  sometimes  like  a 

heraldic  mullet  with  six  straight  rays,  sometimes  like  an 

estoile  with  wavy  rays.  (6)  See  gtar-of<BetMehem.—  Stars 

and  bars,  the  flag  adopted  by  the  Confederate  States  of 

America,  consisting  of  two  broad  bars  of  red  separated 

by  one  of  white,  with  a  blue  union  marked  with  white 

stars  equal  in  number  to  the  Confederate  states.—  Stars 

and  stripes,  the  flag  of  the  United  States,  consisting  of 

thirteen  stripes,  equal  to  the  number  of  theoriginal  States, 


dian  duT/topkytttM  I'nini- 
to,  or  the  tree  which  pro- 
duces it.  The  fruit  is  edible 
and  pleasant,  of  the  size  of  an 
apple,  a  berry  in  structure,  hav- 
ing ten  or  eight  cells,  which, 

when  cut  across  before  maturity,  give  the  figure  of  a  star. 
Also  called  caintto. 


Star-apple  (Chrysophytlnm 


the  fruit,  transverse  sec- 
tion. 


_     spectra  having 

away  toward  the  blue  end.   These  all  belong  to  very  ruddy 
stars,  of  which  none  are  bright,  and  none  seem  to  be  vari- 
able.    Type  V  consists  of  spectra  showing  bright  lines. 
Such  stars  are  few ;  their  magnitudes  and  colors  are  vari- 
able. Upon  careful  comparison  of  the  spectra  of  stars  with 
those  of  the  chemical  elements  they  contain,  it  is  found 
that  the  lines  are  shifted  a  little  along  the  spectrum  toward 
one  end  or  the  other,  according  as  the  star  is  receding  from 
or  approaching  the  earth.  The  apparent  places  of  the  fixed 
stars  are  affected  in  recognized  ways  by  diurnal  motion, 
precession,  nutation,  aberration,  and  refraction.    In  addi- 
tion, each  star  has  a  very  slow  motion  of  its  own,  called 
its  proper  motion.    There  are  very  few  cases  in  which  this 
is  so  great  as  to  have  carried  the  star  over  the  breadth  of 
the  moon's  disk  since  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 
Many  stars  in  one  neighborhood  of  the  heavens  show,  in 
many  cases,  like  proper  motions — a  phenomenon  first  re- 
marked by  R.  A.  Proctor,  and  termed  by  him  star-drift. 
But  the  average  proper  motion  of  the  stars  is  away  from 
a  radiant  under  the  left  hand  of  Hercules,  showing  that 
the  solar  system  has  a  relative  motion  toward  that  point. 
This  is  sufficient  to  carry  a  sixth-magnitude  star  4."4  in 
a  century.    The  parallax  (that  is  to  say,  the  amount  by 
which  the  angle  at  the  earth  between  the  star  and  the  sun 
falls  short  of  90°  when  the  angle  at  the  sun  between  the 
star  and  the  earth  is  equal  to  90')  has  been  measured  only 
for  a  few  stars,  and  these  few  have  been  selected  with  a 
view  of  finding  the  largest  parallaxes.    That  of  a.  Centau- 
ri,  which  is  the  largest,  is  nearly  a  second  of  arc.    It  is 
so  difficult  to  measure  parallax  otherwise  than  relatively, 
and  to  free  its  absolute  amount  from  variations  of  lati- 
tude, diurnal  nutation,  refraction,  etc.,  that  very  little  can 
be  said  to  be  known  of  the  smaller  parallaxes.    It  ap- 
pears, however,  that  small  stars  have  nearly  as  great  par- 
allaxes as  bright  ones  where  the  proper  motions  are  not 
large.    The  various  methods  of  ascertaining  the  distances 
of  the  stars  depend  upon  three  independent  principles. 
The  first  method  is  from  the  parallax,  by  means  of  wnlch 
the  distance  of  the  star  is  calculated  by  trigonometry. 
The  second  method  depends  on  the  ascertaining  of  the 
speed  at  which  the  star  is  really  moving  by  the  shifting 
of  the  spectral  lines,  and  then  observing  its  angular  mo- 
tion.   In  the  case  of  a  double  star,  its  motion  in  the  line 
of  sight  at  elongation  can  be  measured  with  the  spectro- 
scope ;  and  from  this,  its  orbit  being  known,  its  rate  of  mo- 
tion at  conjunction  can  be  deduced.    The  third  method 
supposes  the  ratio  of  the  amount  of  light  emitted  by  the 
star  to  that  emitted  by  the  sun  to  be  known  in  some  way, 
whereupon  the  ratio  of  apparent  light  will  show  the  rela- 
tive distances.     All  these  methods  show  that  even  the 
nearest  stars  are  hundreds  of  thousands  of  times  as  re- 
mote as  the  sun.    In  order  to  reach  more  exact  results  it 
may  be  necessary  to  combine  two  methods  so  as  to  deter- 
mine and  eliminate  the  constant  of  space,  or  the  amount 
by  which  the  sum  of  the  angles  of  a  triangle  of  unit  area 
differs  from  two  right  angles.    For  the  present,  no  de- 
cisive result  has  been  reached.     The  distances  of  stars 
having  been  ascertained,  the  weights  of  double  stars  may 
be  deduced  from  their  elongations  and  periods.    These 
weights  seem  to  be  of  the  same  order  of  magnitude  as 
that  of  the  sun,  not  enormously  greater  or  smaller.  - 
French  Stars,  three  asterisks  arranged  in  this  form  *»*, 
used  as  a  mark  of  division  between  different  articles  in 
print.  -  Gloaming,  golden,  informed.lunar,  Medlcean 
Star     See  the  adjectives.— Lone  Star  State,  the  State  of 
Texas.— Meridian  altitude  of  a  star.    See  altitude.— 
Morning  star,  a  planet,  as  Jupiter  or  Venus,  when  it 
rises  after  midnight.    Compare  evening  star.  — Multiple 
star,  a  group  of  two  to  six  fixed  stars  within  a  circle  of 
15"  radius ;  in  a  few  cases,  however,  stars  distant  a  minute 
or  more  from  one  another  are  considered  to  form  a  double 
star.    Thus,  e  and  5  Lyra?,  distant  from  one  another  up- 
ward of  3',  and  separable  by  the  naked  eye,  each  of  these 
consisting  of  two  components  distant  about  3J"  from  one 
another,  with  some  other  stars  between  them,  are  some- 
times called  collectively  a  nmltipk  star.     The  multiple 
stars  are  distinguished  asdtmWe  [tr.  of  Or.  aarrip  Siir \oOsl, 
371 


alternately  red  and  white,  with  a  blue  union  marked  with  gtarbeam  (star'bem),  N  .  A  ray  of  light  emitted 
white  stars  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  States.— Star  ,  v  „- ,,, ,  m''  if— —JSM-IB 

service.  See -.Oar  route,  under  roufc.-Stone  mountain  by  a  star.  »««*,  Two  Happy  Rivals.  [»«••] 
star,  a  name  proposed  by  Meehan  for  the  composite  plant  star-bearer  (star  bar"er),  ».  bame  as  Hethle- 
Qymnolomia  Porteri,  found  only  on  Stone  Mountain  in  Itemite,  3  (a). 

Georgia.-The  seven  starst.  See  Kwn.-Tlie  wa-  star-blasting  (star'blas'ting),  H.  The  perni- 
wf^.fi8!.  i.-TolWessa8one'serstars!  See >  bless*  -To  ?ious  influence  of  the  stars.  Shak.,  Lear, 
see  stars,  to  have  a  sensation  as  of  flashes  of  light,  pro-  iii.  4.  60. 

duced  by  a  sudden  jarring  of  the  head,  as  by  a  direct  blow,  starblind  (star'blind),  a.  [<  ME.  "starblind,  < 
-Variable  star,  a  fixed  star  whose  brightness  goes  Ag  gtxrbliitd  (=  OFries.  starblind,  stareblind, 
through  changes.  These  stars  are  of  five  classes.  Class  I  'jOjLj  nin  r>  o<»^;  ;«rf  Mir  .>»/„• 

comprises  the  "new "or  temporary  stars,  about  a  dozen  in     starubhnd  =  MD.   D.  SterMind  =  MLGL  star- 
•  •  •   •  Hint  =  OHG.  starablint,  MHG.  starblint,  G.  star- 

blind  =  Icel.  "starblindr  (in  starblinda,  blind- 
ness) =  Sw.  starrblind  =  Dan.  starblind,  stser- 
blind),  <  steer  (=  MD.  stcr  =  MLG.  star  =  OHG. 
stara,  MHG.  stare,  star,  G.  staar  =  Sw.  starr  = 
Dan.  steer),  cataract  of  the  eyes,  +  blind,  blind : 
see  stare^-  and  blind.]  Seeing  obscurely,  as  from 


number,  which  have  suddenly  appeared  very  bright,  in 
several  cases  far  outshining  Sirius,  and  after  a  few  months 
have  faded  almost  entirely  away.  All  these  stars  have 
appeared  upon  the  borders  of  the  following  semicircle  of 
the  Milky  Way.  They  show  bright  lines  in  their  spectra, 
indicating  incandescent  hydrogen.  Such  was  the  star 
which  appeared  133  B.  0.  in  Scorpio,  and  led  Hipparchus 
to  the  study  of  astronomy,  thus  inaugurating  sound  physi- 
cal science ;  others  appeared  in  1572, 1604,  and  1866.  Class 
II  embraces  stars  which  go  through  a  cycle  of  changes, 


cataract:  purblind;  blinking. 


ore  or  less  regular,  in  from  four  to  eighteen  months,  starboard  (star'bord  or  -berd),  n.  and  a.   [Early 


going  very  moderate  changes.  Class  IV  embraces  stars 
which  in  a  few  days,  or  a  month  at  most,  go  through 
changes  of  one  or  two  magnitudes,  sometimes  with  two 
maxima  and  two  minima.  Class  V  embraces  stars  which 
remain  of  constant  brightness  for  some  time,  and  then 
almost  suddenly,  at  regular  intervals,  are  nearly  extin- 
guished, afterward  as  quickly  regaining  their  former  bril- 
liancy. 

Star1  (star),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  starred,  ppr.  star- 
ring. [<  star1,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  (a)  To  set  with 
stars,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Budding,  blown,  or  odour-faded  blooms, 
Which  star  the  winds  with  points  of  coloured  light. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  iii.  3. 

Fresh  green  turf,  starred  with  dandelions. 


bort,  G.  steuerbord  =  Icel.  stjornborthi  =  Sw. 
Dan.  styrbord),  <  steor,  a  rudder,  paddle,  +  bord, 
side:  see  steer1,  n.,  and  board,  n.  Hence  (< 
Teut.)  OF.  estribord,  stribord,  F.  tribord  =  Sp. 
estribord,  estribor  =  Pg.  estibordo  =  It.  stri- 
bordo,  starboard.]  I.  n.  Naut.,  that  side  of  a 
vessel  which  is  on  the  right  when  one  faces  the 
bow:  opposed  to  port  (larboard).  See  port*. 

He  tooke  his  voyage  directly  North  along  the  coast,  hau- 
ing  vpon  his  steereboord  alwayes  the  desert  land,  and  vpon 
the  leereboord  the  maine  Ocean.  HaMuyt's  Voyages,  I.  4. 


II.  a.  Naut.,  pertaining  to  the  right-hand  side, 

or  being  or  lying  on  the  right  side,  of  a  vessel. 

B.  Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  231.   starboard  (star'bord  or  -berd),  i:  t.     [<  star- 
Hence  —  (6)  To  set  with  small  bright  bodies,     board,  n.'}     To  turn  or  put  to  the  right  or  star- 
as  gems,  spangles,  or  the  like,     (c)  To  set  with 
figures  of  stars  forming  a  sowing  or  sprinkle. 
—  2.  To  transform  into  a  star  or  stars;  set  in 
a  constellation.     [Rare.] 

Or  that  ttarr'd  Ethiop  queen  that  strove 

To  set  her  beauty's  praise  above 

The  Sea-Nymphs,  and  their  powers  offended. 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1. 19.   starbowlinest  (star'b6"linz),  H.  pi. 
3.  To  affix  a  star  or  asterisk  to  (a  written  or    men  of  the  starboard  watch, 
printed  word)  for  a  distinctive  purpose,  espe-  starbright  (star'brit),  a.     Brilliant;  bright  as 
cially,  in  a  list,  to  distinguish  the  name  of  a     a  star.     Emerson,  The  Day's  Ration, 
deceased  person.     [Colloq.]— 4.  To  crack  so  star-bush  (stiir'bush),  «.    A  middle-sized  South 
•oup  of  radiating  lines To    African  evergreen,  Grewia  occidentalis. 


board  side  of  a  vessel :  as,  to  starboard  the  helm 
(when  it  is  desired  to  have  the  vessel's  head  go 
to  port). 

starboard  (star'bord  or  -berd),  adv.  [<  star- 
board, a.]  Toward  the  right-hand  or  starboard 
side.  Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii., 
The  Trophies. 

Naut.,  the 


as  to  produce  a  group 

star  a  glaze,  to  cut  out  a  pane  of  glass.   Tufts,  Glossary,  star-buzzard  (star 'buz"  ard),  n. 


1798.   [Thieves' jargon.] 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  shine  as  a  star;  be  bril- 
liant or  prominent;  shine  above  others;  spe- 
cifically (tkeat.),  to  appear  as  a  star  actor. 

Doggett  .  .  .  had  been  playing  for  a  week  [1699]  at  the 
above  [Lincoln's  Inn  Fields]  theatre  for  the  sum  of  £30. 
This  is  the  first  instance  I  know  of  the  starring  system. 
Doran,  Annals  of  the  Stage,  I.  186. 

2.  In  the  game  of  pool,  to  buy  an  additional 
life  or  lives.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  677.  [Eng.]  — 
To  Star  it  (theat.),  to  appear  as  a  star,  especially  in  a  pro- 
vincial tour. 

star2  (star),  n.  [Also  starr;  Heb.  (Chal.)  shetar, 
shtar,  a  writing,  deed,  or  contract,  <  stidtar,  cut 
in,  grave,  write.]  An  ancient  name  for  all 
deeds,  releases,  or  obligations  of  the  Jews,  and 
also  for  a  schedule  or  inventory.  See  star- 
eliamber.  Also  spelled  starr. 

Star-animal  (star'an*i-mal),  «.  A  radiate,  es- 
pecially a  starfish. 


An  Ameri- 


can buteonine 
hawk  of  the  ge- 
nus Asturinu, 
having  a  sys- 
tem of  colora- 
tion similar  to 
that  of  the  gos- 
hawks or  star- 
the 


of  the 
buzzards.  The 
star-buzzards  are  a 
small  group  of 
handsome  hawks 
peculiar  to  Ameri- 
ca. The  gray  star- 
buzzard,  Asturina 
plagiata,  is  found 
in  the  United 
States. 


Gray  St.ii-buzzard  (Asturina  ftafiata). 


star-capsicum 

star-capsicum  (star'kap"si-kum),  H.  See  <So- 
Uinum. 

Star-catalogue   (star'kafa-log),   n.     An  ex- 
tended list  of  fixed  stars,  as  complete  as  pos- 
sible  within   specified  limits   of   magnitude, 
place,  etc.,  with  their  places  and  magnitudes. 
Starch1  (starch),  a.     [<   ME.  *starche,  starch, 
assibilated  form  of  stark,  sterk,  strong,  stiff: 
see  stark1.]     If.  Strong;  hard;  tough. 
Nis  non  so  strong,  ne  sterch,  ne  kene, 
That  inai  ago  deathes  wither  blench. 

MS.  Cott.  Calii/.,  A.  ix.  f.  243.    (BalKweU.) 
2.  Rigid;  hence,  precise. 

When  tall  Susannah,  maiden  starch,  stalk'd  in. 

Crabbe,  Works,  IV.  85. 

starch2  (starch),  ».  [<  ME.  starchc  (=  MHG. 
sterke.  G.  stcirke),  starch ;  so  called  from  its  use 
in  stiffening;  <  starch1,  a.,  stiff:  see  starch1,  a.] 

1 .  A  proximate  principle  of  plants,  having  the 
formula  CgH-igOg,  or  a  multiple  of  that  formula. 
It  is  a  white  opaque  glistening  powder,  odorless,  taste- 
less, and  insoluble  in  cold  water,  alcohol,  or  ether.    Aque- 
ous solutions  containing  free  iodine  impart  to  starch  an 
intense  and  very  characteristic  blue  color.    It  is  not  crys- 
talline, but  occurs  naturally  in  fine  granules,  which  are 
always  made  up  of  flue  concentric  layers.     Whether  the 
grains  contain  a  small  quantity  of  another  chemical  body, 
allied  to  but  not  identical  with  starch,  called  starch  cel- 
lulose or  farinose,  is  a  disputed  question.    When  heated 
with  water  to  60°-70°  C.,  starch  swells  up  and  forms  a 
paste  or  jelly.     When  heated  in  the  dry  state  to  150'- 
200°  C. ,  it  is  converted  into  dextrine,  a  soluble  gum-like 
body  much  used  as  a  cheap  substitute  for  gum  arable. 
Heated  with  dilute  mineral  acids,  or  digested  with  saliva, 
pancreatic  juice,  diastase,  or  certain  other  enzyius,  starch 
dissolves,  and  is  resolved  into  a  number  of  products,  which 
are  chiefly  dextrine,  maltose,  and  dextrose  —  the  last  two 
being  fermentable  sugars.    The  malting  of  barley  by  brew- 
ITS  effects  this  change  in  the  starch  of  the  grain,  and  so 
prepares  it  for  vinous  fermentation.    Starch  is  widely  dis- 
tributed, being  formed  in  all  vegetable  cells  containing 
chlorophyl-grains  under  the  action 

of  sunlight,  and  deposited  in  all 
parts  of  the  plant  which  serve  as  a 
reserve  store  of  plant-food.  Hence 
grains  and  seeds  contain  an  abun- 
dance of  it,  also  numerous  tubers 
and  rhizomes,  as  the  potato  and  the 
arrowroot,  and  the  stem  and  pith 
of  many  plants,  as  the  sago-plant. 
The  chief  commercial  sources  of 
supply  are  wheat,  corn,  and  pota- 
toes. From  these  it  is  manufac- 
tured on  an  extensive  scale,  being 
used  in  the  arts,  for  laundry  pur- 
poses, sizing,  finishing  calicos, 
thickening  colors  and  mordants  in 
calico-printing,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. Starch  forms  the  greatest 
part  of  all  farinaceous  substances, 
particularly  of  wheatrflour. 

2.  A  preparation  of  commercial  starch  with 
boiling  (or  less  frequently  cold)  water,  used  in 
the  laundry  or  factory  for  stiffening  linen  or 
cotton  fabrics  before  ironing.   In  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries  the  starch  used  for  ruffs,  cuffs,  etc. , 
was  frequently  colored,  yellow  being  at  one  time  extremely 
fashionable.    Blue  starch  was  affected  by  the  Puritans. 

A  certaine  kinde  of  liquide  matter  which  they  call  starch, 
wherein  the  devill  hath  willed  them  to  wash  and  dive  their 
ruffes,  which,  when  they  be  dry,  will  then  stand  stiffe  and 
inflexible  about  their  necks.  Stubbes,  Anat.  of  Abuses. 

3.  A  stiff,  formal  manner;  starchedness.    [Col- 
loq.] 

This  professor  is  to  give  the  society  their  stiffening,  and 
infuse  into  their  manners  that  beautiful  political  starch 
which  may  qualify  them  for  levees,  conferences,  visits. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  305. 

The  free-born  Westerner  thinks  the  blamed  Yankee 
puts  on  a  yard  too  much  style  —  the  Boys  don't  approve  of 
style  —  and  suavely  proposes  to  take  the  starch  out  of  him. 
Great  American  Language,  Cornhill  Mag.,  Oct.,  1888,  p.  375. 
Animal  starch.  Same  as  glycogen,  i.—  Glycerite  of 
starch,  one  part  of  starch  and  nine  of  glycerin,  triturated 
into  a  smooth  mixture.— Poland  starch,  blue  starch.— 
Starch  bandage,  a  bandage  stiffened,  after  application 
with  starch.  — Starch  bath,  a  hot- water  bath  containing 
starch,  used  in  eczema. 

Starch2  (starch),  r.  t.  [<  starch*,  «.]  To  stiffen 
with  starch. 

She  made  her  wash,  she  made  her  starch. 

Queen  Eleanor's  FaU  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  296). 

Star-chamber  (star'cham"ber), «.  [Early  mod. 
E.  starre-chamber  (poetically  chamber  of  starres 
(Skelton),  late  AF.  chambre  des  estoylles),  <  late 
ME.  sterre-chambre  (Rolls  of  Parliament,  1450- 
1460,  cited  by  Oliphant,  in  "New  English,"  I. 
293),  also  sterred  chamber,  i.  e.  'starred  cham- 
ber' (ML.  camera  stellata);  so  called  because 
the  roof  was  orig.  ornamented  with  stars,  or 
for  some  other  reason  not  now  definitely  known 
(see  the  quot.  from  Minsheu) ;  <  star1  +  cham- 
ber. The  statement,  made  doubtfully  by  Black- 
stone  and  more  confidently  by  other  writers 
(as  by  J.  E.  Green,  "  Short  Hist,  of  the  Eng. 
People,"  p.  115),  that  the  chamber  was  so 
called  because  it  was  made  the  depository 
of  Jewish  bonds  called  stars  or  starrs  (<  Heb. 
shetar)  rests  on  no  ME.  evidence,  and  is  in- 


5906 

consistent  with  the  ME.  and  ML.  forms  of  the 
name;  it  is  appar.  due  to  the  tendency  of  some 
writers  to  reject  etymologies  that  are  obvious, 
on  the  unacknowledged  ground  that  being  ob- 
vious they  must  be  "popular"  and  therefore 
erroneous.]  1.  {cap.']  In  Eny,  hist.,  a  court 
of  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction  at  Westmin- 
ster, constituted  in  view  of  offenses  and  con- 
troversies most  frequent  at  the  royal  court  or 
affecting  the  interests  of  the  crown,  such  as 
maintenance,  fraud,  libel,  conspiracy,  riots  re- 
sulting from  faction  or  oppression,  but  freely 
taking  jurisdiction  of  other  crimes  and  mis- 
demeanors also,  and  administering  justice  by 
arbitrary  authority  instead  of  according  to  the 
common  law.  Such  a  jurisdiction  was  exercised  at 
least  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  the  tribunal  then 
consisting  of  the  Privy  Council.  A  statute  of  3  Henry 
VII.  authorized  a  committee  of  the  council  to  exercise 
such  a  jurisdiction,  and  this  tribunal  grew  in  power  (al- 
though successive  statutes  from  the  time  of  Edward  IV. 
were  enacted  to  restrain  it)  until  it  fell  into  disuse  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  In  31  Henry 
VIII.,  c.  8,  a  statute  declared  that  the  king's  proclamation 
should  have  the  force  of  law,  and  that  offenders  might  be 
punished  by  the  ordinary  members  of  the  council  sitting 
with  certain  bishops  and  judges  "  in  the  Sterr  Chamber  at 
Westm.  or  elsewhere."  In  1640  the  court  of  Star  Chamber 
was  abolished  by  an  act  of  16  Charles  I.,  c.  10,  reciting  that 
"the  reasons  and  motives  inducing  the  erection  and  con- 
tinuance of  that  court  [of  Star  Chamber]  do  now  cease." 
As  early  as  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  a  hall  in  the  palace 


Cells  of  Potato  (Sota- 
num  tnbtrosum)  filled 
with  starch-granules ;  a, 
a,  granules.  (All  greatly 
magnified.) 


ippear  re 

ting  in  the  Star  Chamber,  or  "  the  Council  in  the  Star 
Chamber,"  from  which  time  it  seems  to  have  been  regarded 
as  the  court  of  the  Star  Chamber.  There  is  a  difference  of 
opinion  whether  the  tribunal  sitting  under  the  act  of  3 
Henry  VII.  should  be  deemed  the  same  court  or  not. 

Starre-chamber,  Camera  stellata,  is  a  Chamber  at  the  one 
end  of  Westminster  Hall,  so  called,  as  Sir  Thomas  Smith 
coniectureth,  lib.  2.  cap.  4,  either  because  it  is  so  full  of 
windowes,  or  because  at  the  first  all  the  roofe  thereof  was 
decked  with  Images  of  guilded  starres.  The  latter  reason 
is  the  likelier,  because  Anno  26.  H[enJ.  8.  cap.  I.  it  is  writ- 
ten the  sterred  chamber.  Now  it  hath  the  signe  of  a  Starre 
ouer  the  doore,  as  you  one  way  enter  therein. 

Mimheu  (1617). 

2.  Any  tribunal  or  committee  which  proceeds 
by  secret,  arbitrary,  or  unfair  methods:  also 
used  attributively:   as.  star-chamber  proceed- 
ings ;  star-chamber  methods. 

starch-cellulose  (starch'sel"u-16s),  n.  See  cel- 
lulose'*. 

starch-cornt  (starch'kdrn),  «.     Spelt. 

starched  (starcht  or  star'ched),  p.  a.  [<  starch^ 
+  -ed?.~\  1.  Stiffened  with  starch.— 2f.  Stif- 
fened, as  with  fright ;  stiff. 

Some  with  black  terrors  his  faint  conscience  baited, 
That  wide  he  star'd,  and  starched  hair  did  stand. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  vii 

3.  Stiff;  precise;  formal. 

Look  with  a  good  starched  face,  and  ruffle  your  brow  like 
anew  boot,  B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1 . 

Starchedly  (star'ched-li),  adv.  Stiffly;  as  if 
starched.  Stormonth. 

Starchedness  (star'ched-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  starched;  stiffness  in  manners;  formal- 
ity. L.  Addison,  West  Barbary,  p.  105. 

Starcher  (star'cher), ».  [<  starc/i2  + -er1.]  One 
who  starches,  or  whose  occupation  it  is  to 
starch :  as,  a  clear-sfarefter.  Heywood,  Fair 
Maid  of  the  Exchange. 

starch-gum  (starch'gum),  n.    Same  as  dextrine. 

starch-hyacinth  (starch'hi'a-sinth),  n.  See 
hyacinth,  2. 

starchiness  (star'chi-nes),  ».  The  quality  of 
being  starchy,  or  of  abounding  in  starch. 

Starcnly  (starch'li),  adv.  [<  store*1  +  -ly'*.] 
In  a  starchy  manner ;  with  stiffness  of  manner ; 
formally. 

I  might .  .  .  talk  starchly,  and  affect  ignorance  of  what 
you  would  be  at.  Swtft,  To  Rev.  Dr.  Tisdall,  April  20, 1704. 

Starchness  (starch'nes),  n.  Stiffness  of  man- 
ner; preciseness.  Imp.  Diet. 

starchroot  (starch'rot),  n.    See  starchwort. 

starch-star  (starch'star),  n.  In  Characeee,  a 
bulblet  produced  by  certain  species  of  Chara  for 
propagative  purposes:  it  is  an  underground 
node. 

starch-sugar  (starch'shug*'ar), «.  Same  as  dex- 
trose. 

Starchwomant  (starch'wurD/an),  n.  A  woman 
who  sold  starch  for  the  stiffening  of  the  great 
ruffs  worn  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The  starch- 
woman  was  a  favorite  go-between  in  intrigues. 
See  the  quotation. 

The  honest  plain-dealing  jewel  her  husband  sent  out 
a  boy  to  call  her  (not  bawd  by  her  right  name,  but  starch- 
woman) ;  into  the  shop  she  came,  making  a  low  counter- 
feit curtsey,  of  whom  the  mistress  demanded  if  the  starch 
were  pure  gear,  and  would  be  stiff  in  her  ruff. 

Middleton,  Father  Hubbard's  Tales. 


stare 

starchwortt  (starch'wert),  ».  The  wake-robin, 
Arum  mnculatum,  whose  root  yields  a  starch 
once  used  for  fine  laundry  purposes,  later  pre- 
pared as  a  delicate  food  under  the  name  of 
English  or  Portland  arrowroot.  This  was  chiefly 
produced  in  the  Isle  of  Portland,  where  the  plant 
is  called  starchroot.  See  cuts  under  Aracese 
and  Arum. 

Starchy1  (stiir'chi), «.  [<  starch1  +  -#!.]  Stiff; 
precise;  formal  in  manner. 

Nothing  like  these  starchy  doctors  for  vanity  !  .  .  .  He 
cared  much  less  for  her  portrait  than  his  own. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xxii. 

Starchy2  (star'chi),  a.    [<  starch*  +  -j/1.]    Con- 
sisting of  starch;  resembling  starch. 
star-clerkt  (star'klerk),  n.     One  learned  in  the 
stars;  an  astronomer.     [Bare.] 

If,  at  the  leastt  Star-Clarks  be  credit  worth. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  3. 

Star-cluster  (star'klus"ter),  «.  A  compressed 
group  of  six  or  more  fixed  stars;  but  most  of 
the  collections  so  called  contain  a  hundred  stars 
or  more. 

star-connert  (star'kon"er),  «.  [<  star*  +  con- 
ner1.]  A  star-gazer.  Gafcoigne,  Fruites  of  Warre. 

Starcraft  (star'kraft),  n.  Astrology.  Tennyson, 
Lover's  Tale,  i. ;  0.  Cockayne, Leechdoms,  Wort- 
cunning,  and  Starcraft  of  Early  England  [title] . 
[Bare.] 

star-crosst  (star'kr6s),  a.  Same  as  star-crossed. 
Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  iv.  4. 

Star-crossed  (star'krdst),  a.  Born  under  a  malig- 
nant star;  ill-fated.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  Prol.,  1. 6. 

Star-diamond  (star'di"a-mond),  n.  A  diamond 
that  exhibits  asterism. " 

Star-drift  (star'drift),  n.  A  common  proper  mo- 
tion of  a  number  of  fixed  stars  in  the  same  part 
of  the  heavens.  See  fixed  star,  under  star'. 

star-dust  (star'dust),  n.  Same  as  cosmic  dust 
(which  see,  under  cosmic). 

Mud  gathers  on  the  floor  of  these  abysses  [of  the  ocean] 
...  so  slowly  that  the  very  star-dust  which  falls  from 
outer  space  forms  an  appreciable  part  of  it. 

2.  Geilcie,  Geological  Sketches,  xiii. 

stare1  (star),  t>. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stared,  ppr.  star- 
ing. [<  ME.  staren,  <  AS.  starian  =.  OHG. 
staren,  MHG.  staren,  G.  starren,  stare,  =  Icel. 
stara,  stare  (cf.  G.  stieren  =  Icel.  stira  =  Sw. 
stirra  =  Dan.  stirre,  stare);  connected  with 
starblind,  and  perhaps  with  D.  staar  =  G.  starr, 
fixed,  rigid  (cf.  G.  stier,  storr,  stiff,  fixed) ;  cf . 
Gr.  <rrepe6f,  fixed,  solid,  Skt.  sthira,  fixed,  firm.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  gaze  steadily  with  the  eyes 
wide  open;  fasten  an  earnest  and  continued 
look  on  some  object;  gaze,  as  in  admiration, 
wonder,  surprise,  stupidity,  horror,  fright,  im- 
pudence, etc. 

This  monk  bigan  upon  this  wyf  to  stare. 

Chaucer,  Shipman's  Tale,  1.  124. 
Look  not  big,  nor  stamp,  nor  stare,  nor  fret. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  Hi.  2.  230. 
To  blink  and  stare, 
Like  wild  things  of  the  wood  about  a  fire. 

Lowell,  Agasslz,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  standout  stiffly,  as  hair;  be  prominent; 
be  stiff;  stand  on  end;  bristle. 

And  her  fail  e  locks  up  stared  stiffe  on  end. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xii.  36. 

The  winter  has  commenced ;  .  .  .  even  the  coats  of  the 
hard-worked  omnibus  horses  stare,  as  the  jockeys  say. 

The  New  Mirror,  II.  255  (1843). 

3t.  To  shine;  glitter;  be  brilliant. 

A  [as?]  stremande  sternez  quen  strothe  men  slepe 
Staren  in  welkyn  in  wynter  nyjt. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  115. 
Thei  ben  y-sewed  with  whijt  silk,  .  .  . 
Y-stongen  with  stiches  that  stareth  as  siluer. 

Piers  Plowman's  Creed  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  553. 
Her  fyrie  eyes  with  furious  sparkes  did  stare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  39. 

4.  To  be  unduly  conspicuous  or  prominent,  as 
by  excess  of  color  or  by  ugliness.  Compare 
staring,  3. 

The  homeliness  of  the  sentiment  stares  through  the 
fantastic  encumbrance  of  its  flue  language,  like  a  clown 
in  one  of  the  new  uniforms  !  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  L  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Gaze,  Gape,  Stare,  Gloat.  Gaze  is  the  only  one 
of  these  words  that  may  be  used  in  an  elevated  sense. 
Gaze  represents  a  fixed  and  prolonged  look,  with  the  mind 
absorbed  in  that  which  is  looked  at.  To  gape  is  in  this 
connection  to  look  with  open  month,  and  hence  with  the 
bumpkin's  idle  curiosity,  listlessness,  or  ignorant  wonder: 
one  may  gape  at  a  single  thing,  or  only  gape  about.  Stare 
expresses  the  intent  look  of  surprise,  of  mental  weakness, 
or  of  insolence ;  it  implies  fixedness,  whether  momentary 
or  continued.  Gloat  has  now  almost  lost  the  meaning  of 
looking  with  the  natural  eye,  and  has  gone  over  into  the 
meaning  of  mental  attention ;  in  either  sense  it  means 
looking  with  ardor  or  even  rapture,  often  the  delight  of 
possession,  as  when  the  miser  gloats  over  his  wealth. 

II.  trans.  To  affect  or  influence  in  some  spe- 
cified way  by  staring;  look  earnestly  or  fixedly 


stare 

at;  hence,  to  look  at  with  either  a  bold  or  a 
vacant  expression. 

I  will  stare  him  out  of  his  wits. 

Shak.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  ii.  2.  291. 

To  stare  one  In  the  face,  figuratively,  to  be  before  one's 
eyes,  or  undeniably  evident  to  one. 

They  stare  you  still  in  the  face. 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

Stare1  (star),  n.     [<  storei,  v.~]     The  act  of  one 

who  stares  ;  a  fixed  look  with  eyes  wide  open, 

usually  suggesting  amazement,   vacancy,   or 

insolence. 

Stare'2  (star),  «.  [<  (a)  ME.  stare,  ster,  <  AS. 
stxr  =  OHG.  stara,  MHG.  star,  G.  star,  slaar, 
stalir  =  Icel.  starri,  start  =  Sw.  stare  =  Dan. 
steer;  (b)  also  AS.  stearn  =  G.  dial,  xttirn, 
starett,  storn  =  L.  sturnus  (>  It.  storno,  storo), 
dim.  sturneHus  (>  OF.  estournel,  F.  etoiirncau), 
sturninus  (>  Sp.  estornino  =  Pg.  estorninho), 
starling;  cf.  Gr.  ^dp,  NGr.  ^ap6vi,  Y-apowov,  star- 
ling.] A  starling. 
The  stare  [var.  starling)  that  the  counsel  can  bewrye. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowles,  1.  348. 

And,  as  a  falcon  frays 

A  nock  of  stares  or  caddesses,  such  fear  brought  his  assays 
Amongst  the  Trojans  and  their  friends. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xvi.  541. 

Cape  stare,  cockscomb-stare,  silk  stare.  See  Cape 
starling,  etc.,  under  starlingi.— Ceylonese  stare  See 
Trachycomus. 

Stare*  (star),  a.  [Cf.  D.  staar  =  G.  starr,  stiff: 
see  storei.]  Stiff;  weary.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Stare4  (star),  w.     [Formerly  also  starr;  origin 
obscure.]   The  marram  or  matweed,  Ammophila 
arunclinacea :  same  as  halm,  3 ;  also  applied  to 
species  of  Carex.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
stareblindt,  a.    See  starblind. 
staree  (star-e'), ».    [<  storei  +  _«.ei.]    One  who 
is  stared  at.     [Rare.] 
I  as  starer,  and  she  as  staree. 

Miss  Edgeworth,  Belinda,  ill.    (Davits.) 
Starer  (star'er),  «.    [<  storei  +  _e,.i.]    One  who 
stares  or  gazes.      Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  256. 
starft.    An  obsolete  preterit  of  starve. 
star-facet  (star'fas'et),  n.    One  of  the  small 
triangular  facets,  eight  in  number,  surround- 
ing the  table  on  a  brilliant-cut  stone.     See 
brilliant. 

Starfinch  (star'finch),  n.  The  redstart,  Ruti- 
cilla  phcenicura.  See  first  cut  under  redstart. 
Starfish  (star'fish),  n.  1.  An  echinoderm  with 
five  or  more  arms  radiating  from  a  central  disk : 
applied  to  all  the  members  of  the  Asteroidea 
and  0/thinroidea  (see  these  words).  These  belong 
to  the  phylum  Echinodermata,  which  contains  also  the 
sea-urchins,  holothurians,  crinoids,  etc.,  though  these  are 
not  usually  called  starfishes.  In  some  of  the  asteroids 
or  starfishes  proper  the  disk  is  enlarged  so  as  to  take  in 
nearly  or  quite  the  whole  length  of  the  rays,  so  that  the  re- 
sulting figure  is  a  pentagon,  or  even  a  circle ;  but  in  such 
cases  the  stellate  structure  is  evident  on  examination. 
Such  are  known  as  cushion-stars.  In  the  ophiuriansthe  re- 
verse extreme  occurs,  the  body  being  reduced  to  a  small 
circular  central  disk, 
*  with  extremely  long 

jk  slender  rays,  which  in 

K  some,    as    the    eury- 

aleans,   are   branched 
H  ^^^     into  several  thousand 

^fc^^^g^P^        ramifications.  (See  cut 
..^^^^^^^^•rfl^^  under  basket-fish.)  The 

commonest    type    of 
M?*^S*  starfish  has  five  rays; 

'  ^^^  whence  such  are  popu- 

^^^  larly  known  as  five-fin- 

^^k  gered  jack   or  fivefin- 

^%  gers.  (See  cuts  under 
Asterias  and  Echinas- 
ter.)  Those  with  more 

Brittle  starfish  (£«««.  rfa/Aro/,,).      than  five  rays  are  often 
called   sun-starfish   or 

sun-stars.  (See  Heliaster,  and  cuts  under  Brisinga  and 
Solaster.)  The  skin  of  starfishes  is  tough  and  leathery, 
and  usually  indurated  with  calcareous  plates,  tubercles, 
spines,  etc.  It  is  so  brittle  that  starfishes  readily  break 
to  pieces,  sometimes  shivering  like  glass  into  many  frag- 
ments. This  fragility  is  at  an  extreme  in  the  ophiu- 
rians,  sometimes,  on  this  account,  called  brittle-stars.  (See 
cut  under  Astrophyton.)  Lost  arms  are  readily  replaced 
by  a  new  growth,  if  the  body  of  the  starfish  is  not  broken. 
On  the  under  side  of  the  animal's  rays  may  be  observed 
rows  of  small  holes;  these  are  the  ambulacra,  through 
which  protrude  many  small  soft,  fleshy  processes  —  the 
pedicels,  tube-feet,  or  ambulacra!  feet— by  means  of  which 
the  creatures  crawl  about.  The  ambulacra  converge  to  a 
central  point  on  the  under  side,  where  is  the  oral  opening 
or  mouth.  The  animals  are  extremely  voracious,  and  do 
great  damage  to  oyster-beds.  They  abound  in  all  seas  at 
various  depths,  and  some  of  them  are  familiar  objects  on 
every  sea-coast.  Some  of  the  free  crinoids  of  stellate  figure 
are  included  under  the  name  starfishes,  though  they  are  usu- 
ally called  lily-stars  or  feather-stars.  Encrinites  are  fossil 
starfishes  of  this  kind.  (See  cuts  under  Comatididie  and 
encrinite.)  Very  different  as  are  the  appearances  superfi- 
cially presented  by  a  starfish,  a  sea-urchin,  a  holothurian, 
and  a  crinoid,  their  fundamental  unity  of  structure  may 
be  easily  shown.  If,  for  instance,  a  common  five-fingered 
jack  should  have  its  arms  bent  up  over  its  back  till  they 
came  to  a  center  opposite  the  mouth,  and  then  soldered 


5907 

together  in  that  position  by  plates  filling  the  spaces  be. 
tween  the  arms,  it  would  make  the  globular  or  oblate 
spheroid  figure  of  a  sea-urchin.  If  a  starfish  should  turn 
over  on  its  back,  and  have  a  stem  grow  from  the  center, 
and  then  have  its  arms  come  together  like  the  petals  of  a 
lily,  it  would  represent  a  crinoid.  If,  again,  the  starfish 
should  have  its  arms  reduced  to  mere  rudiments,  or  to 
tentacular  appendages  of  an  elongated  leathery  body,  it 
would  represent  a  holothurian,  sea-slug,  or  trepang.  These 
are  the  principal  types  of  echinoderms  — in  fact  less  un- 
like  one  another  than  are  the  several  stages  they  undergo 
in  development,  for  which  see  Asteroidea,  Bipinnaria, 
Brachiolaria,  echinopttdium,  and  pluteug. 
2.  The  butter-fish  or  dollar-fish.— 3.  In  her.,  a 
bearing  representing  a  five-pointed  star,  the 
rays  surrounded  by  short  waving  flames  or  the 
like,  and  having  a  small  circle  in  the  center. — 
Brittle  starfish, a  brittle-star;  any ophiurian.— Cush- 
ion starfish,  a  cushion-star,  as  Ctenodiscus  crispatus.— 
Serpent-starfish.  Same  as  serpent-liar.— Starfish- 
flower.  Hee  Stapelia. 

Star-flower  (star'flou;i'er),  n.'  A  plant  with 
bright  stellate  flowers,  (a)  Species  of  Trientalis,  es- 
pecially T.  Americana,  the  chickweed-wintergreen.  (6) 
Species  of  the  liliaceous  genus  Brodiaa,  formerly  classed 
as  TrUeleia,  of  which  B.  unifiora,  a  delicately  colored 
free-blooming  early  flower  from  Brazil,  is  the  spring  star- 
flower,  (c)  Species  of  Sternbergia.  (d)  Any  one  of  a  few 
other  plants. 

star-fort  (star'fort),  n.    Same  as  stori,  8. 

star-fruit  (star'frot), n.  A  smooth  tufted  water- 
plant,  Damasonium  stellatum,  of  southern  Eu- 
rope and  eastern  Asia :  so  called  from  the  long- 
pointed  radiating  carpels.  Another  name  is 
thrumwort. 

star-gage  (star'gaj),  ».    See  under  gage%. 

Star-gaze  (star'gaz), v.  i.  To  gaze  at  the  stars ; 
especial!  v,  to  make  astronomical  or  astrological 
observations :  used  chiefly  in  the  present  par- 
ticiple. 

Struck  dead  with  ladies'  eyes !  —  I  could  star-gaze 
For  ever  thus.  Shirley,  Maid's  Revenge,  i.  2. 

star-gazer  (star'ga'zer),  n.  1.  One  who  gazes 
at  the  stars ;  especially,  an  astrologer,  or,  hu- 
morously, an  astronomer. 

Let  now  the  astrologers,  the  stargazers,  the  monthly 
prognosticate™,  stand  up,  and  save  thee  from  these  things 
that  shall  come  upon  thee.  Isa.  xlvii.  13. 

2.  A  book-name  of  fishes  of  the  family  Urano- 
scopidse:  so  called  from  the  vertical  eyes.  The 


Naked  Star-gazer  (Astroscopus  gwttatus). 

name  originally  designated  Uranoscopus  euro- 
pseus.  Astroscopus  guttatus  is  a  common  star- 
gazer  of  the  United  States. 

star-gazing  (star'ga//zing),  a.  Given  to  the  ob- 
servation and  study  of  the  stars. 

Star-gazing  (star'ga/'zing),  n.  Attentive  obser- 
vation ana  study  of  the  stars;  astrology  or  as- 
tronomy. I'urchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  63. 

Star-gooseberry  (star'goV'ber-i),  n.  The  fruit 
of  a  moderate-sized  tree,  Phyttanthus  (Cicca) 
distichus,  native  in  Java  and  Madagascar,  and 
cultivated  throughout  India.  It  is  a  globose 
drupe,  three-  to  five-lobed,  acid,  and  eaten  raw, 
cooked,  or  pickled. 

star-grass  (star'gras),  n.  A  name  of  various 
grass-like  plants  with  starry  flowers,  or  other 
radiate  feature.  Such  are  species  of  Aletris,  Bypoxis, 
and  Rhynchaspora ;  also  Callitriche,  more  often  water- 
starwort,  so  called  from  its  stellate  tufts  of  leaves.  See 
the  genus  names,  and  cut  under  Hypoxis. 

Star-hawk t  (star'hak),  n.  A  goshawk;  a  hawk 
of  the  genus  Astur :  so  called  from  the  stellate 
markings  of  the  adult  birds.  See  goshawk,  and 
cut  under  Astur. 

star-head  (star'hed),  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Scabiosa,  section  Asterocephalus. 

star-hyacinth  (star'hl'a-sinth),  n.  A  species 
of  squill,  Scilla  amoena,  a  very  early  garden- 
flower  with  indigo-blue  petals  and  a  conspicu- 
ous yellowish-green  ovary. 

stariert,  «.  [ME.,  appar.  for  'starrier,  irreg. 
<  starre,  sterre,  a  star.]  An  astronomer. 

Without  any  maner  of  nicite  of  starieres  imaginacion. 
Testament  of  Love,  iii. 

starik  (star'ik),  n.  [<  Buss.  sfariM,  the  ful- 
mar, lit.  'an  old  man':  so  called  from  its  gray 
head.]  An  auklet  or  murrelet ;  one  of  several 
small  birds  of  the  family  Alcidse,  inhabiting  the 
North  Pacific .  The  name  was  originally  applied  to  the 
ancient  auk  or  murrelet,  Synthliborhamphus  antiguus,  and 
thence  extended  to  various  related  auklets  of  the  genus 
Simorhynchus  and  others,  as  the  crested  starik,  S.  crista- 
tettus.  See  cuts  under  auklet  and  Synthliborhatitphus. 


stark 

Staring  (star'ing),  p.  n.    1.  Standing  out  prom- 
inently and  fixedly,  or  fixed  and  wide  open,  as 
eyes;  gazing  fixedly  or  intently  ;  fixed. 
He  cast  on  me  a  staring  loke,  with  colour  pale  as  death. 
Surrrit,  Complaint  of  a  Dying  Lover. 

How  gaunt  the  Creature  is  —  how  lean 
And  sharp  his  glaring  bones  ! 

Wordsworth,  Peter  Bell. 

2.  Bristling,  as  hair ;  standing  stiffly  or  on  end ; 
harsh  or  rough,  as  pelage. — 3.  Striking  the  eye 
too  strongly;  conspicuous;  glaring;  gaudy:  as, 

xtariiii/  colors. 

Starynge  or  schynyng  as  gaye  tbyngys.    Rutilans. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  472. 

The  staring  red  was  exchanged  for  a  tone  of  colouring 
every  way  pleasing  to  the  eye. 

B.  Uall,  Travels  in  X.  A.,  I.  282. 

staringly  (star'iug-li),  n/lr.  In  a  staring  man- 
ner; with  fixed  look.  Imp.  IHct. 

Stark1  (stark),  o.  [<  ME.  stark,  stare,  sterk, 
sterc,  stearc,  <  AS.  stearc,  strong,  stiff,  =  OS. 
stark  =  OFries.  sfrrl;  sterik  =  D.  stcrk  =  MLG. 
stark,  sterk,  LG.  sterk  =  OHG.  stare,  starch, 
MHG.  store,  G.  sterA-  =  Icel.  sterkr  =  Sw.  stark 
=  Dan.  stxrk,  strong, prig,  stiff,  rigid;  cf.  OHG. 
storchanen,  become  rigid,  Icel.  storkna  =  Dan. 
storkne,  coagulate,  Goth,  ga-staurknan,  dry  up; 
Lith.  stregti,  become  rigid.  Hence  starch1, 
starch^.']  1.  Stiff;  rigid,  as  in  death. 

For  fyre  doth  aryfle  and  doth  drye  vp  a  mannes  Mode, 
and  doth  make  sterlte  the  synewes  and  ioyntes  of  man. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  244. 

Many  a  nobleman  lies  stark  and  stiff 
Under  the  hoofs  of  vaunting  enemies. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3.  42. 

2.  Stubborn;  stiff;  severe. 

She  that  helmed  was  in  starke  stoures. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  380. 
He  is  only  debonair  to  those 
That  follow  where  he  leads,  but  stark  as  death 
To  those  that  cross  him.         Tennyson,  Harold,  ii.  2. 

3.  Stout;  stalwart;  strong;  powerful. 

Me  caryinge  in  his  clawes  starke 
As  lightly  as  I  were  a  larke. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  545. 

Stark  beer,  boy,  stout  and  strong  beer ! 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  iii.  1. 
King  James  shall  mark 
If  age  has  tamed  these  sinews  stark. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  20. 
4f.  Great;  long. 

Kay  smote  Sonygrenx  so  that  he  fill  from  his  horse  that 

he  lay  a  starke  while  with-oute  sterynge  of  handeorfoote. 

Merlin  (B.  E.  T.  S.),  it  214. 

5.  Entire;  perfect;  utter;  downright;  sheer; 
pure;  mere. 

Consider,  first,  the  stark  security 
The  commonwealth  is  in  now. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 
What  e're  they  may  vnto  the  world  professe  — 
All  their  best  wisdome  is  starke  foolishnesse. 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  147. 

Ha!  ha!  ha!  a  silly  wise  rogue  would  make  one  laugh 

more  than  a  stark  fool.        Wycherley,  Country  Wife,  ii.  1. 

Stark1  (stark),  adv.  [<  ME.  stark,  used  appar. 
first  in  stark  ded,  lit.  'stiff  dead,'  'dead  and 
stiff';  being  stark1,  a.,  taken  in  a  quasi-adver- 
bial sense,  and  extended  later  to  a  few  other  ad- 
jectives describing  a  person's  condition  (rarely 
in  other  uses) :  as,  stark  blind,  stark  drunk,  stark 
mad,  etc.]  Wholly;  entirely;  absolutely:  used 
with  a  few  particular  adjectives,  as  stor/t  dead, 
stark  blind,  stark  drunk,  stark  mad,  stark  naked, 
rarely  with  other  adjectives. 

With  the  same  cours  he  smote  a-nother  that  he  fill  stark 
deed,  and  plonged  in  depe  a-monge  hem. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  514. 
In  the  euening  it  grew  starke  calme. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  True  Travels,  II.  134. 
I  drank  stark  drunk,  and,  waking,  found  myself 
Cloath'd  in  this  farmer's  suit,  as  in  the  morning. 

Tomlci8(!),  Albumazar,  v.  9. 

He  was  86  years  of  age,  stark  blind,  deafe,  and  memory 
lost,  after  having  ben  a  person  of  admirable  parts  and 
learning.  Evelyn,  Diary,  May,  1704. 

I'll  never  forgive  you  if  you  don't  come  back  stark  mad 
with  rapture  and  impatience  —  if  you  don't,  egad,  I'll  marry 
the  girl  myself.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ill.  1. 

The  captain  had  not  a  guess  of  whither  we  were  blown ; 
he  was  stark  ignorant  of  his  trade. 

n.  L.  Stevenson,  Master  of  Ballantrae,  it 

Stark1  (stark),  v.  t.  [<  stark*,  a.]  To  make 
stark,  stiff,  or  rigid,  as  in  death.  Sir  H.  Tay- 
lor, St.  Clement's  Eve,  v.  5. 

stark2  (stark),  a.  [Abbr.  of  stark-naked.]  Na- 
ked; bare. 

There  is  a  court  dress  to  be  instituted  (to  thin  the  draw- 
ing-rooms), stiff-bodied  gowns  and  bare  shoulders.  What 
dreadful  discoveries  will  be  made  both  on  fat  and  lean  !  I 
recommend  to  you  the  idea  of  Mrs.  C.  when  half-star*. 

Walpole,  Letters  (1762),  II.  346.    (Daeies.) 


stark 

The  apple  and  pear  were  still  unclothed  and  stark. 

11.  If.  Preitun,  Year  in  Eden,  i. 

starken  (star'kn),  r.  (.  [<  stark1  +  -e«l.]  To 
make  unbending  or  inflexible ;  stiffen ;  make 
obstinate.  Sir  H.  Taylor,  Edwin  the  Fair,  iv.  4. 

Starkey's  soap.    See  soap. 

Starkly  (stark'li),  adv.  In  a  stark  manner; 
stiffly;  strongly;  rigidly.  Slial:,  M.  for  M., 
iv.  '2.  70. 

stark-naked  (stiirk'na'ked),  «.  See  rtorfci, 
tide.,  and  start-nnknl. 

starkness  (stark'nes),  n.  Stiffness;  rigidity; 
strength;  grossness. 

How  should  wee  have  yeelded  to  his  heavenly  call,  had 
we  beene  taken,  as  they  were,  in  the  starknes  of  our  igno- 
rance? Milton,  On  Del.  of  Huml).  Remonst. 

Starless  (star'les),  a.  [<  star1  +  -less.'}  Hav- 
ing no  stars  visible,  or  no  starlight:  as,  a  star- 
test  night. 

Starlet  (star'let),  11.  [<  star1  +  -let.']  1.  A 
small  star. 

Nebula  may  be  comparatively  near,  though  the  starlets 
of  which  they  are  made  up  appear  extremely  minute. 

H.  Spencer. 
2.  A  kind  of  small  starfish. 

Starlight  (star'lit),  n.  and  a.  [<  star1  +  light1.] 
I.  n.  1.  The  light  proceeding  from  the  stars. 

Nor  walk  by  moon 
Or  glittering  starlight  without  thee  is  sweet. 

Milton,  P.  L,  iv.  650. 

Hence — 2.  A  faint  or  feeble  light. 

Scripture  only,  and  not  any  star-light  of  man's  reason. 
Hooker,  Ecclesr  Polity,  Hi.  11. 

II.  n.  Lighted  by  the  stars,  or  by  the  stars 

only. 

A  starlight  evening,  and  a  morning  fair. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  i.  548. 

Starlike  (star'lik),  «.  [<  star!  +  Kfo2.]  1. 
Resembling  a  star;  stellated;  radiated  like  a 
star:  as, starlike flowers. — 2.  Bright;  lustrous; 
shining;  luminous:  as,  starlike  eyes. 

Starling1  (star'ling),  n.  [<  ME.  starling,  ster- 
ling, sterlynge;  <  stare  (<  AS.  stser),  a  stare, 
starling  (see  store2),  +  -ling1.]  1.  An  oscine 
passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Sturnidse  and  genus 
Sturnus,  as  S.  vulgarly  of  Europe.  The  common 
starling  or  stare  is  one  of  the  best-known  of  British  birds. 
It  is  8J  inches  long  when  adult ;  black,  of  metallic  luster, 
iridescing  dark-green  on  some  parts,  and  steel-blue,  pur- 
plish, or  violet  on  others,  and  variegated  nearly  through- 
out with  pale-buff  or  whitish  tips  of  the  feathers.  The 


5908 

of  Brisson,  1760),  but  found  chiefly  in  India.  It  is  9 
inches  long;  the  ground-color  of  the  plumage  is  black, 
much  glossed  with  greenish  ami  bronze  tints  and  varied 
with  white  ;  the  bill  and  a  bare  space  above  the  eyes  are 
orange. —  Chinese  starling  (Edwards,  1743),  the  so-called 
crested  grackle  (Latham,  1783),  Acridotheres  cristatellus 
nt  central  and  southern  China,  and  also  the  Philippine 
island  Luzon  (where  it  is  supposed  to  have -been  intro- 
duced). It  is  10J  inches  long ;  the  bill  is  yellow  witli 
rose-colored  base ;  the  feet  and  eyes  are  orange ;  the  plu - 
iiin-r  is  glossy-black  with  various  sheen,  and  also  varied 
with  white;  and  the  head  is  crested.  —  Cockscomb-Star- 
ling or  -stare  (Latham,  1788),  a  remarkable  African  and 
Arabian  starling,  DUnphus  camncidatus,  having  in  the 
adult  male  the  head  mostly  bare,  with  two  erect  caruncles 
or  combs  on  the  crown,  and  a  pendent  wattle  on  each  side 
of  the  face  ;  the  plumage  is  chiefly  isabelline  gray,  with 
black  wings  and  tail,  the  former  varied  with  white.  —  Glos- 
sy Starlings,  various  birds,  chiefly  African,  forming  a 
subfamily  Lamprotoriiithin&  (or  Juidinee)  of  the  family 


Common  European  Starling  iSfitrntis  vnlfaris). 

wings  and  tail  are  duller-black,  the  exposed  parts  of 
the  feathers  frosted  or  silvered,  with  velvety-black  and 
butt  edgings.  The  bill  is  yellowish,  and  the  feet  are  red- 
dish. Immature,  winter,  and  female  birds  are  less  lus- 
trous, and  more  variegated  with  the  ochery-  or  tawny- 
brown,  and  have  the  bill  dark-colored.  Starlings  live  much 
about  buildings,  and  nest  in  holes  of  walls,  crannies  of 
rock,  openings  in  hollow  trees,  etc.  They  are  sociable  and 
gregarious,  sometimes  going  in  large  flocks.  They  are 
often  caged,  readily  tamed,  and  may  be  taught  to  whistle 
tunes,  and  even  to  articulate  words.  The  name  starling  is 
extended  to  all  birds  of  the  family  Sturnidse,  and  some 
others  of  the  sturnoid  series;  also,  erroneously,  to  the 
American  birds  of  the  family  Icteridse,  sometimes  known 
collectively  as  American  starlings.  The  last  belong  to  a 
different  series,  having  only  nine  primaries,  etc.  The  bird 
with  which  the  name  is  specially  connected  in  this  sense 
is  Agelseus phomiceus,  the  common  marsh-blackbird,  often 
called  red-u-inged  starling.  The  name  of  meadow-starling 
is  often  applied  to  Sturnella  magna.  See  also  cuts  under 
Agelseinx  and  meadow-lark. 
Lookii 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey  (The  Passport). 
2.  One  of  a  breed  of  domestic  pigeons  which 
in  color  resemble  the  starling.— 3.  Same  as 
rock-trout,  2 — American  starlings.  See  def.  l.— 
Black  starling,  a  melanistic  variety  of  the  common 
starling.— Cape  starling  or  stare  (Latham,  1783X  the 
black  and  white  Indian  starling  of  Edwards  (1751),  the 
contra  from  Bengal  of  Albin  (1740),  Stvrnopastor  contra  : 
so  called  as  erroneously  described  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  (as  1'etourneau  du  Cap  de  Bonne  Esperance 


Glossy  Starling  (Sfreo  bicolor). 

Sturnidse,  as  of  the  genera  Lawprotornis,  Lamprocolius, 
Spreo  (or  Xotauga).  Of  the  last-named  there  are  several 
species,  as  3.  bieolor  of  South  Africa  and  S.  pulchra  of 
West  Africa.  They  are  mainly  of  extremely  iridescent 
plumage.— Meadow-starling.  See  def.  i.— Red-wing- 
ed starling.  See  def.  i.—  Rose  or  rose-colored  star- 
ling, a  birdof  the  genus  Pastor,  as  P.  roteus,  which  used 
tone  called  rose  or  carnation  ouzel,  rose-colored  thrush, 
etc.  See  cut  under  pastor.— Silk  starling(Brown,  1776), 
or  stare  (Latham,  1783),  the  Chinese  Poliopsar  sericeut, 
8  inches  long,  the  bill  bright-red  tipped  with  white,  the  feet 
orange,  the  eyes  black,  the  plumage  ashy-gray  varied  with 
black,  white,  green,  brown,  purplish,  etc.— Talking  star- 
ling, one  of  several  different  sturnoid  birds  of  India,  etc. ; 
a  religious  grackle ;  a  mina.  See  rnina'-,  Acridotheres,  and 
cut  under  Eulabes. 

starling2  (star'ling),  «.  [Also  sterling;  cf. 
Sw.  Dan.  stiir,  a  pole,  stake,  prop;  Sw.  stora, 
prop  up  with  sticks  or  poles,  =  Dan.  steere,  put 
corn  on  poles  to  dry.]  1.  In  hydraul.  engin., 
an  inclosure  like  a  coffer-dam,  formed  of  piles 
driven  closely  together,  before  any  work  or 
structure  as  a  protection  against  the  wash  of 
the  waves.  A  supplementary  structure  of  the  same 
kind  placed  before  a  starling  to  resist  ice  is  called  a  fore- 
starling.  See  cut  under  ice-apron. 
2.  One  of  the  piles  used  in  forming  such  a 
breakwater. 

Starling3t,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  sterling?. 

starlit  (star'lit),  a.     [<  star1  +  lit.'}    Lighted 
by  stars:  as,  a  starlit  night. 

star-lizard  (star'liz'!'ard),  n.    A  lizard  of  the 
genus  Stellio;  astellion. 
See  cut  under  Stellio. 

star-map  (star'map),  «. 
A  projection  of  part  or  all 
of  the  heavens,  showing 
the  fixed  stars  as  they 
appear  from  the  earth. 

star-molding(star'm6l//- 
ding),  «.  In  arch.,  a 
Norman  molding  orna- 
mented with  rayed  or 
pointed  figures  repre- 
senting stars. 

starmongert  (star'- 
mung^ger),  n.  An  as- 
trologer: used  contemp- 
tuously. B.  Jonson,  Ev- 
ery Man  out  of  his  Hu- 
mour, iii.  2. 

star-mouthed  (star'- 
moutht),  fl.  Having  a 


Star-molding.  Romanesque.— 
Aunay  (Charente),  France. 


Looking  up,  I  saw  ...  a  starling  hung  in  a  little  cage. 
't  get  out  — I  can't  get  out,'  said  the  starling. 


stellate  or  radiate  arrangement  of  mouth-parts. 
—  Star-mouthed  worms,  the  Strongylidx. 
starn1  (starn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  dial. 
stern ;  <  ME.  stern,  sterne  =  MD.  sterne  =  MLG. 
sterne,  stern,  LG.  steern  =  OHG.  sterna,  stern, 
MHG.  sterne,  G.  stern  =  Goth,  stairno,  a  star: 
see  star1.']  A  star.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Thar  es  na  corrupcion,  but  cler  ayre 
And  the  pianettes  and  sternes  shonand. 

Hampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  995. 
A  royall  sterne  .  .  .  rose  or  day 
Before  vs  on  the  firmament. 

York  Playt,  p.  127. 


star-read 

starn-  (.starn).  //.    [<  ME.  *.•*•/•».  <  AS. 
xt/n-ii,  a  stare,  starling:  ser  sturc-.]    The  star- 
ling.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

8tarn:!  (stiirn),  ».     A  dialectal  form  of  stern-. 

Starna  (stiir'nii),  n.  [NL.  (Bonaparte,  1838), <  It. 
sttirna,  a  kind  of  partridge.]  Hame  as  Perdix. 

Starnel  (star'nel),  H.  [Also  slnriiill;  <  n/ttrn* 
+  dim.  -el.]  The  starling.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

star-netting  (stiir'nefing),  ».  A  kind  of  net- 
ting used  for  the  filling  or  background  of  a 
design :  it  produces  a  pattern  of  four-pointed 
stars  connected  by  their  points. 

Starnoenadinae(star-ne-na-di'ne),  n.pi.  [NL. 
(Cones,  1884),  <  StameOUU  (-ml-)  +  -hue.]  A 
subfamily  of  Colu»il>i<lie,  represented  by  the 
genus  Starncenas,  grading  toward  gallinaceous 
birds  in  structure,  habits,  and  general  appear- 
ance; the  quail-doves.  The  feet  are  large  and  stout, 
with  short  and  not  completely  insistent  hallux;  the  tarsi 
are  long,  entirely  naked,  and  reticulated  with  hexagonal 
scales.  There  are  c&eca,  but  no  oil-gland  nor  ambiens,  the 
reverse  of  the  case  of  Zenaidinee,  the  group  of  ground- 
doves  with  which  the  genus  Starncenas  has  usually  been 
associated. 

Starncenas  (stiir-ne'nas),  n.  [NL.  (Bonaparte, 
1838),  <  Starna  +  Gr.  oivuf,  a  wild  pigeon  of  the 
color  of  ripening  grapes,  <  oiw/,  the  vine,  olvof, 
wine.]  A  genus  of  West  Indian  and  Floridian 
quaiWoves,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Starna-nd- 
dinee.  The  bill  Is  short  and  stout;  the  frontal  feathers 

§  reject  in  a  point  on  the  culmen;  the  wings  are  short, 
road,  rounded,  and  vaulted,  with  reduced  first  primary ; 
and  the  tail  is  short,  broad,  and  nearly  even.  The  only 
species  is  S.  cyanocephalus,  the  blue-headed  quail-dove, 
of  olivaceous  and  purplish-red  or  chocolate  shades,  the 
throat  black  bordered  with  white,  the  crown  rich-blue, 
and  a  white  mark  along  the  side  of  the  head,  meeting  its 
fellow  on  the  chin.  It  is  about  11  inches  long. 

Starnose  (star'noz),  «.  The  star-nosed  mole, 
Condylura  cristata. 

Star-nosed  (star'nozd),  a.  Having  a  circlet  of 
fleshy  processes  radiating  from  the  end  of  the 
snout  in  the  form  of  a  star,  as  some  moles : 
specifically  noting  Condylura  cristata.  See  cut 
under  Condylura.  Also  button-nosed. 

star-of-Bethlehem  (star'ov-beth'le-em),  «. 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ornifhogalu'm,  partic- 
ularly O.  umbellatum :  so  'called  from  its  star- 
like  flowers,  which  are  pure-white  within.    This 
species  is  native  from  France  and  the  Netherlands  to  the 
Caucasus ;  it  is  common  in  gardens  and  often  runs  wild, 
in  some  parts  of  America  too  freely.    In  Palestine  its 
bulbs  are  cooked  and  eaten,  and  they  are  thought  by  some 
to  have  been  the  "dove's  dung"  of  2  Kings  vi.  25.    Some 
other  species  are  desirable  hardy  garden-bulbs,  as  0.  mi- 
tans  and  O.  jiarbonense  (0.  pyramidale\  the  latter  3  feet 
high  with  a  pyramidal  cluster.    O.  caudatum,  with  long 
leaves  drying  like  tails  at  the  end,  and  with  watery-looking 
bulbs,  is  a  species  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  sometimes 
called  onion-lily,  remarkably  tenacious  of  life  except  in 
cold.    It  has  a  flower-scape  2  or  3  feet  high,  and  continues 
blooming  a  long  time. 

2.  One  of  a  few  plants  of  other  genera,  as 
Stellaria  Holostea  and  ffypericum  calycimtm. 
[Prov.  Eng.]    See  also  Hypoxis  and  Gagea.    [In, 
the  name  of  all  these  plants  there  is  reference  to 
the  star  of  Mat.  ii.,  which  guided  the  wise  men 
to  Bethlehem.] 

star-of- Jerusalem^  (star'ov-je-ro'sa-lem),  n. 
The  goafs-beard,  Tragujtogon  pratensis.  Prior 
ascribes  the  name  to  the  salsify,  T.  porrifolius. 
See  cut  under  salsify. 

star-of-night  (star'ov-nif),  n.  A  large-flowered 
tree,  Clusia  rosea,  of  tropical  America.  See 
Clusia.  [West  Indies.] 

Star-of-the-earth  (star'ov-the-erth'),  n.  See 
Plantago. 

starost  (star'ost),  n.  [<  Pol.  starosta  (=  Russ. 
starosta,  a  bailiff,  steward),  lit.  elder,  senior, 
<  stary,  old,  =  Buss,  staro-,  old.]  1.  In  Poland, 
a  nobleman  possessed  of  a  castle  or  domain 
called  a  starosty. —  2,  In  Russia,  the  head  man 
of  a  mir  or  commune. 

starosty  (star'os-ti),  «.;  pi.  starosties  (-tiz). 
[<  Pol.  starostwo  (=  Russ.  starostto),  <  starosta, 
a  starost:  see  starost.~]  In  Poland,  a  name 
given  to  castles  and  domains  conferred  on  no- 
blemen for  life  by  the  crown. 

Star-pagoda  (star'pa-go'da),  n.  A  variety  of 
the  pagoda,  an  Indian  gold  coin,  so  called  from 
its  being  marked  with  a  star. 

Star-pepper  (star'pep"er),  H.     See  pepper. 

Star-pile  (star'pil),  n.  A  thermopile  whose  ele- 
ments are  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  star. 

Star-pine  (star'pin),  n.  Same  as  cluster-phi/ 
(which  see,  under  pine1). 

star-proof  (stiir'prof),  a.  Impervious  to  the 
light  of  the  stars.  Milton,  Arcades,  1.  89. 

starrt,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  stare*. 

star-readt  (star'red),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
star-rede;  <  star1  +  read1,  ».]  Knowledge  of 
the  stars;  astronomy.  [Rare.] 


star-read 

.•Kcyptian  wlsards  old, 
\vhk-h  in  Star-read  were  wont  have  best  insight. 

>    I .  (J.,  V'.,  Prol. 

starred  (stiinl),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  sterred,  stimili 
(also  Httnied  =  D.  gextariul,  geitternd  =  OHG. 
gestirnot,  MHG.  gestirnet),  starred;  as  star1  + 
-erf2.]  1.  Studded,  decorated,  or  adorned  with 
stars. —  2.  Influenced  by  the  stars:  usually  in 
composition:  as,  \\\-nt(irretl. 

My  third  comfort, 
Starr'd  most  unluckily,  is  ... 
Haled  out  to  murder.    SAa*.,  W.  T.,  ill.  2. 100. 

3.  Cracked,  with  many  rays  proceeding  from 
a  central  point :  as,  a  starred  pane  of  glass ;  a 
starred  mirror. — 4.  Marked  or  distinguished 
with  a  star  or  asterisk — Starred  corals,  the  Cary- 
ophyllidte. 

star-reed  (star'red),  «.  [Tr.  Sp.  bejuco  de  la 
estrella.']  A  plant,  Aristnlucliiii  friit/rdiitissumi, 
highly  esteemed  in  Peru  as  a  remedy  against 
dysentery,  malignant  inflammatory  fevers,  etc. 
Liitdln/. 

Starrifyt  (star'i-fi),  r.  t.  [<  star*  +  -(-/#.]  To 
mark  with  a  star.  Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's 
Weeks,  ii.,  The  Handy-Crafts.  [Rare.] 

starriness  (star'i-nes),  «.  The  state  of  being 
starry. 

star-rowel  (star'rou"el),  H.     See  rowel. 

Star-ruby  (star'ro"bi),  ».  A  ruby  exhibiting 
asterism,  like  the  more  common  star-sapphire 
or  asteria. 

starry  (star'i),  a.  [<  ME.  sterry,  sterri;  <  star1 
+  -#!.]  1.  Abounding  with  stars;  adorned 
with  stars. 

But  see !  where  Daphne  wond'ring  mounts  on  high, 
Above  the  clouds,  above  the  starry  sky ! 

Pope,  Winter,  1.  70. 

2.  Consisting  of  or  proceeding  from  stars ;  stel- 
lar; stellary:  as,  starry  light;  starry  flame. 

The  starry  influences.  Scott. 

3.  Shining  like  stars;  resembling  stars:  as 


and  polished  piece  of  the  trunk  of  a  petrified 
tree-fern.     See  Psaronins. 

Start1  (stiirt),  ?;.  [E.  dial,  also  xtrrt,  start;  < 
ME.  startfii,  xti'i-lt'ii,  stirli-n,  s/i/r/m  (prcl.  uti-i-li; 
slirti-.  sliirlr,  stmir,  Ktrrl,  later  shirt,  ]ip.  sli  rl. 
slh-t.  y-stert),  prob.  <  AS.  "ntyrtan  (not  found) 
=  MD.  D.  Ktortfii  =  MLd.  stortni  =  OHG.  sstiir- 
:ti»,  MH(i.  G.  Ktiirzen,  fall,  start,  =  Sw.  xliirtti 
(Sw.  dial,  stjarta,  run  wildly  about)  =  Dan. 
xti/rte,  cast  down,  ruin,  fall  dead;  root  unknown. 
The  explanation  given  by  Skeat,  that  the  word 
meant  orig. '  turn  tail,'  or  '  show  the  tail,'  hence 
turn  over  suddenly,  <  AS.  steort,  etc.,  a  tail  (see 
start2),  is  untenable.  Hence  Htartle.']  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  move  with  a  sudden  involuntary 
jerk  or  twitch,  as  from  a  shock  of  surprise, 
fear,  pain,  or  the  like;  give  sudden  involuntary 
expression  to  or  indication  of  surprise,  pain, 
fright,  or  any  sudden  emotion,  by  a  quick  con- 
vulsive movement  of  the  body:  as,  he  started 
at  the  sight. 

The  sesoun  priketh  every  gentil  herte, 
And  maketh  him  out  of  his  slepe  to  sterte. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  186. 

He  is  now  grown  wondrous  sad,  weeps  often  too, 
Talks  of  his  brother  to  himself,  starts  strangely. 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  v.  2. 

With  trial  fire  touch  me  his  finger-end ; 

.  .  .  but  if  he  start, 
It  is  the  flesh  of  a  corrupted  heart. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.  90. 

2.  To  make  a  sudden  or  unexpected  change  of 
place  or  position;  rise  abruptly  or  quickly; 
spring ;  leap,  dart,  or  rush  with  sudden  quick- 
ness :  as,  to  start  aside,  backward,  forward,  out, 
or  up;  to  start  from  one's  seat. 

Up  gtirte  the  pardoner  and  that  anon. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  163. 

Make  thy  two  eyes,  like  stars,  start  from  their  spheres. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  I  5.  17. 


start 

3.  To  cause  to  set  out,  f,r  to  provide  the  means 
or  take  the  steps  nei-es-ary  to  enable  (one)  to 
set  out  or  embark,  as  on  an  errand,  a  journey, 
enterprise,  ciircer,  etc.:  as.  to  start  one's  son 
in  business;  to  start  a  party  on  an  expedition. 
—  4.  To  loosen,  or  cause  to  loosen  or  lose  hold; 
cause  to  move  from  its  place:  as,  to  stnrt  a 
plank;  to  start  a  tooth;  to.s-/<i/-(  an  anchor.—  5. 
To  set  flowing,  as  liquor  from  a  cask;  pour 
out:  as,  to  stnrt  wine  into  another  cask.  —  6. 
To  alarm  ;  disturb  suddenly  ;  startle. 

You  boggle  shrewdly,  every  feather  starts  you. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  V.  3.  232. 

The  queen,  being  a  little  started  hcreat,  said,  "  A  moi 
femme  et  parler  ainsi  ?"    "To  me  a  woman  and  say  so?" 
Lord  Herbert  of  Cheroury,  Life  (ed.  Howells),  p.  162. 

To  start  a  butt.  See  im«2.  —  To  start  a  tack  or  a  sheet  , 
to  slack  it  off  a  little.—  To  start  a  vessel  from  the 
Stump,  to  begin  to  build  a  vessel  ;  build  an  entirely  new 
vessel,  as  distinguished  from  repairing  an  old  one  ;  hence, 
to  furnish  or  outfit  a  vessel  completely. 
Start1  (start),  «.  [<  ME.  gtcrt  :  <  xtarfl,  f.]  1. 
A  sudden  involuntary  spring,  jerk,  or  twitch, 
such  as  may  be  caused  by  sudden  surprise, 
fear,  pain,  or  other  emotion. 

The  fright  awaken'd  Arcite  with  a  start. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  i.  565. 

The  exaggerated  start  it  gives  us  to  have  an  Insect  un- 
expectedly pass  over  our  skin  or  a  cat  noiselessly  come 
and  sniffle  about  our  hand.  W.  James,  Mind,  XII.  189. 

2.  A  spring  or  recoil,  as  of  an  elastic  body  ; 
spring;  jerk. 

In  strings,  the  more  they  are  wound  up  and  strained, 
and  thereby  give  a  more  quick  start  back,  the  more  treble 
is  the  sound.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  1  179. 

3.  A  sudden  burst  or  gleam;  a  sally  ;  a  flash. 

To  check  the  starts  and  sallies  of  the  soul. 

Addiion,  Cato,  i.  t. 

A  certain  gravity  .  .  .  much  above  the  little  gratifica- 
tion received  from  starts  of  humour  and  fancy. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  85. 


stars. 

The  starry  Galileo,  with  his  woes. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  54. 

Were  't  not  much  trouble  to  your  starry  employments, 

I  a  poor  mortal  would  entreat  your  furtherance 

In  a  terrestrial  business.        Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar,  i.  5. 

Starry  campion,  a  species  of  catch-fly,  SUene  stellata, 
found  in  the  eastern  United  States.  It  has  a  slender  stem 
3  feet  high,  leaves  partly  in  whorls  (whence  the  name), 
and  a  loose  panicle  of  white  flowers  with  a  bell-shaped  ca- 
lyx and  fringed  petals.—  Starry  hummer,  a  humming- 


4.  A  sudden  bound  or  stroke  of  action;  a  brief, 


For  she  did  speak  in  starts  distractedly. 

Shale.,  T.  N.,  il.  2.  22. 


The  Captain  started  up  suddenly,  his  Hair  standing  at 
an  End.                                         Howell,  Letters,  I.  iv.  28. 
o.    oiliumir   iiKe   SLara;   rcscuiuuiig   ouaio.    »o,  .  .  ^»«  •»*•  o«*«v*^*i  «««..«  — -     ,  --  , 

starru  eyes— 4     Stellate  or  stelliform;  radi-    3.  To  set  out;  begin  or  enter  upon  action,     impulsive,   intermittent,  or  spasmodic  effort 
ate;  having  parts  radiately  arranged.— 5.  Per-     course,  career,  or  pursuit,  as  a  journey  or  a     or  movement;  spasm:  as,  to  work  by  fits  and 

tainine  to  or  in  some  way  associated  with  the    race.  starts. 

J  At  once  they  start,  advancing  in  aline. 

Dryden,  JSneid,  v.  183. 

All  being  ready,  we  started  in  a  caique  very  early  in 
the  morning.      R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  204. 

4f.  To  run ;  escape ;  get  away. 

Ac  thre  thynges  ther  beoth  that  doth  a  man  to  sterte 
Out  of  his  owene  hous  as  holy  writ  sheweth. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xx.  297. 

When  I  have  them, 
I'll  place  those  guards  upon  them,  that  they  start  not. 

., „__  „ B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iv.  6. 

bird  of  the  genus  Stellula,  as  S.  calliope.—  Starry  puff-      _    _    .        ,    ,  , .    ivBwflv.  RwprvR  osj,lp.  be  dis- 
balL    Same  as  earth-star.—  Starry  ray.    See  rayz.  5.  lo  lose  hold,  give  way ,  swerve  asiae,  oe  t 

star-sapphire  (star'saf'ir),  n.    Same  usasteri-    located  or  moved  from  an  intended  position  or    6    A  gtarting  Or  setting  out  in  some  co 

i  asteria.  direction ;  spring :  as,  the  ship's  timbers  started.    actlonj  enterprise,  or  the  like ;  beginning ; 

The  best  bow  may  start, 
And  the  hand  vary. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  ii.  2. 

6.  To  fall  off  or  out ;  loosen  and  come  away, 
as  the  baleen  of  a  dead  whale  through  decom- 


ated  sapphire  (see  sapphire)  and  aste 
star-saxifrage  (stiir'sak"si-fraj),  ».    A  small 
saxifrage,  Saxifraga  stellaris,  found  northward 
in  both  hemispheres,  having  white  starry  flow- 
ers. 
star-scaled  (star'skald),  a.     Having  stellate 


All  men  have  wandering  impulses,  fits  and  start*  of  gen- 
erosity. Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  236. 

5.  A  sudden  voluntary  movement;  a  dash;  a 
rush  ;  a  run. 

When  I  commend  you,  you  hug  me  for  that  truth  ;  when 
I  sneak  vour  faults,  you  make  a  start,  and  fly  the  hearing. 
Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  i.  1. 

"Shall  I  go  for  the  police?"  inquired  Miss  Jenny,  with 
a  nimble  start  toward  the  door. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv.  8. 

course, 
_^  _________  ?  ___         __  out- 

set; departure. 

You  stand  like  greyhounds  in  the  slips, 
Straining  upon  the  start.     Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1.  23. 
In  the  progress  of  social  evolution  new  starts  or  varia- 
tions occur.  MaudsUy,  Body  and  Will,  p.  150. 


at  night. 

starshine  (star'shin),  n.     The  shine  or  light 
of  stars;  starlight.     [Bare.] 
By  star-shine  and  by  moonlight.          Tennyson,  Oriana. 

star-shoot,  star-shot  (star'shot,  star'shot),  ». 
A  gelatinous  substance  often  found  in  wet 


nportance. 

The  mind  very  often  sets  itself  on  work  in  search  of 
some  hidden  idea,  .  .  .  though  sometimes  too  they  start 
up  in  our  minds  of  their  own  accord. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  x.  7. 

(6)  To  begin  operation  or  business :  as,  the  factory  will 
start  up  to-morrow.    [Colloq.] 
II.  trans.  1.  To  rouse  suddenly  into  action, 


start  in  life. 

How  much  I  had  to  do  to  calm  his  rage ! 
Now  fear  I  this  will  give  it  start  again. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7.194. 

Who  can  but  magnify  the  endeavours  of  Aristotle,  and 
the  noble  start  which  learning  had  under  him? 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  5. 


meadows,  and  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  ex-    motion,  or  flight,  as  a  beast  from  its  lair,  a    9.  A  part  that  has  started ;  a  loosened  or  broken 
tinquished  residuum  of  a  shooting-star.     It  is,     hare  or  rabbit  from  its  form,  or  a  bird  from  its 
however,  of  vegetable  origin,  being  the  com-    nest;  cause  to  come  suddenly  into  view,  action, 


mon  nostoc. 

I  have  seen  a  good  quantity  of  that  jelly  that  Is  some- 
times found  on  the  ground,  and  by  the  vulgar  called  a 
star-shoot,  as  if  it  remained  upon  the  extinction  of  a  fall- 
ing star.  Boyle,  Works,  I.  244. 

star-slough  (stiir'sluf),  re.    Same  as  star-shoot. 
Star-spangled  (star'spang"gld),  a.    Spotted  or 
spangled  with  stars :  as,  the  star-spangled  ban- 
ner, the  national  flag  of  the  United  States. 

Thou,  friendly  Night, 

That  wide  o'er  Heaven's  star-spangled  plain 
Boldest  thy  awful  reign. 
Potter,  tr.  of  .Sschylus  (ed.  1779),  II.  333.    (Jodrell.) 

The  star-spangled  banner,  0  long  may  it  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave ! 

F.  S.  Key,  The  Star-Spangled  Banner. 

Spotted  or 


play,'  flight,  or  the  like :  as,"  to  start  game ;  to 
start  the  detectives. 

Brutus  will  start  a  spirit  as  soon  as  Cffisar. 

Shak.,  J.  C.,  i.  2.  147. 

She  had  aimed  ...  at  Philip,  but  had  started  quite  other 
game.  J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  168. 

2.  To  originate;  begin;  set  in  motion;  set 
going;  give  the  first  or  a  new  impulse  to:  as, 
to  start  a  fire ;  to  start  a  newspaper,  a  school, 
or  a  new  business;  to  start  a  controversy. 

One  of  our  society  of  the  Trumpet .  .  .  started  last  night 
a  notion  which  I  thought  had  reason  in  it. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  202. 


part ;  a  break  or  opening. 

There[under  a  ship'skeel],  Instead  of  astart,  as  they  call 
an  opening  in  the  copper,  I  found  something  sticking  in 
the  hull.  St-  Nicholas,  XVII.  586. 

10f.  Distance. 
Being  a  great  start  from  Athens  to  England. 

Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  223. 

At  a  start*,  at  a  bound;  in  an  instant. 

At  a  stert  he  was  betwix  hem  two. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  847. 

To  get  or  bave  the  start,  to  be  beforehand  (with);  gain 
the  lead  or  advantage ;  get  ahead :  generally  with  of. 


star-spotted  ( star '  spot  "ed),  a. 

studded  with  stars.  !„  1790  Canning  and  his  friends  started,  as  a  weekly  pa- 

Star-stone  (star'ston),  «.     1.  Same  as  asteriated  per  the  "Anti-Jacobin,"  which  had  a  brilliant  career  of 

saWhire  (see  sapphire)  and  asteria.—  *.  A  cut  eight  months.       U.  Morley,  English  Writers,  etc.,  I.  110. 


It  doth  amaze  me 

A  man  of  such  a  feeble  temper  should 
So  get  the  start  of  the  majestic  world 

Kindly  conversation  could  not  be  sustained  between  us.  *"<»  bear  the  palm  alone.    Shak.,  J.  C.,  i  i 

because  whatever  topic  I  started  immediately  received  gtart2  (start),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  stert;  < 
from  her  a  turn  at  once  coarse  and  trite,  perverse  and  jjg  starf  stert,  stirt,  steort,  <  AS.  steort  = 
imbecile.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  ixvii.  OF^es_  J^  gt'irt  _  Mp.  steertj  D.  staart  = 

MLG.  LG.  stert,  ste/rt,  staart,  steerd  =  MHG. 
G.  stars  =  Icel.  utertr  =  Sw.  Dan.  stjert,  tail ; 


start 


5910 


root  unknown ;  some  derive  it  from  the  root  of  starting-engine  (stiir'ting-en'!'jin),  n.  A  small 
start1,  in  the  sense  'project'  or  'turn';  others  low-pressure  engine  sometimes  connected  with 
compare  Gr.  <rropW«jf,  MGr.  oro/iffy,  a  point,  tine,  a  large  marine  engine,  and  used  to  start  it. 
tag  of  hair,  etc.]  If.  A  tail ;  the  tail  of  an  ani-  Sometimes  called  starting  strum-cylinder. 
mal:  thus, redsfor Ms  literally  redtaiV. — 2.  Some-  starting-holet  (star'ting-hol),  «.  [Early  mod. 
thing  resembling  a  tail;  a  handle:  as,  a  plow-  E.stcrting-hole;  <  starting  +  hole1.]  A  loophole; 
start  (or  plow-tail). —  3.  The  sharp  point  of  a 
young  stag's  horn.  E.  Phillips  (under  broach). 
— 4.  In  mining,  the  beam  or  lever  to  which  the 
horse  is  attached  in  a  horse-whim  or  gin 


evasion;  subterfuge;  dodge;  refuge. 

Some,  which  seke  for  sterling-holes  to  mainteine  their 
vices,  will  objecte.  Sir  T.  Klyot,  The  Governour,  ii.  9. 

What  trick,  what  device,  what  starting-hole,  canst  thou 
now  find  out  to  hide  thee  from  this  open  and  apparent 
shame*  Shalt.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4.  290. 


[North.  Eng.J — 6.  In  an  overshot  water-wheel, 
one  of  the  partitions  which  determine  the  form 

of  the  bucket.     E.  H.  Knight.— 6f.  A  stalk,  as  startingly(star'ting-li),adi>.  By  fits  aud  starts ; 

of  an  apple.     Palsgrave.  impetuously ;  mtemperately.     Shale.,  Othello, 

tartail  (stiir'tal),  n.    A  sailors'  name  for  the  "'•  4.  79. 

tropic-bird.     See  cut  under  Plmelltoii.  starting-place  (star'ting-plas),  «.     A  place  at 

They  also  call  It  by  the  name  of  star-tail,  on  account  of  f hich  a  .s*art  or  beginning  is  made ;  a  place 

from  which  one  starts  or  sets  out. 


Asham'd,  when  I  have  ended  well  my  race, 
To  be  led  back  to  my  first  starting-place. 

SirJ.  Denham,  Old  Age,  i. 


the  long  projecting  tail  feathers. 

J.  G.  Wood,  Illust.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  756. 

Starter  (star'ter),  H.     [<  start1  +  -er1.]     One 
who  or  that  which   starts,    (a)  One  who  shrinks     . 
from  his  purpose;  one  who  suddenly  brings  forward  a  Starting-point  (star  ting-point),  n. 

question  or  an  objection.    (6)  One  who  takes  to  flight  or     * 

runs  away ;  a  runaway. 

Nay,  nay,  you  need  not  bolt  and  lock  so  fast ; 

She  is  no  starter. 
Heywood,  If  you  Know  not  Me  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1. 213). 


,„,  „.         ,,         The  point 

from  which  any  one  or  anything  starts ;  point 
of  departure. 

Starting-post  (star'ting-post),  ».    The  point  or 
line,  marked  out  by  a  post  or  otherwise,  from 
which  competitors  start  in  a  race  or  contest. 
fa  One  who  sets  out  on  a  Journey,  a  pursuit,  arace,  or  the  8tarting-Valve   (star'ting-valv),   ».      A   small 

We  are  early  starters  in  the  dawn,  even  when  we  have  valve    sometimes    introduced    for  moving  the 

the  luck  to  have  good  beds  to  sleep  in.  mam  valves  of  a  steam-engine  in  starting  it. 

Scott,  Rob  Hoy,  xxxv.  starting-wheel   (star'ting-hwel),  n.     A  wheel 

(d)  One  who  or  that  which  sets  persons  or  things  in  motion,  which  actuates  the  valves  that  start  an  engine, 

as  a  person  who  gives  the  signal  for  a  race,  or  for  the  start-  startish  (star'tish),  a.    [<  start1  +  -ish1.]    Apt 

ing  of  a  coach,  car,  boat,  or  other  conveyance,  or  a  lever  i                                          „ .  „„  •  j     f  u 

or  rod  for  setting  an  engine  or  a  machine  in  motion.  °  8*art '  sklttlsh  !  shy :  said  of  horses. 


iglne  or  a  machine  in  motion.  ----.,  =^.^.=u  ,  .».,,.  °<..u  v/i   ,,..,.-.-.      [Col- 

There  is  one  starter,  .      .  who,  either  by  word  or  by  pis-     i 

tol-report,  starts  each  race.  The  Century  XL  205    Startle  (star  tl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  startled,  ppr. 

startling.  [<  ME.  startlen,  stertlen,  stertyllen; 
freq.  of  start1.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  start;  mani- 
fest fear,  alarm,  surprise,  pain,  or  similar  emo- 
tion by  a  sudden  involuntary  start. 

At  first  she  startles,  then  she  stands  amaz'd  ; 
At  last  with  terror  she  from  thence  doth  fly. 

Sir  J .  Dames,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  Int. 
She  changed  colour  and  startled  at  everything  she  heard. 
Addison,  Spectator,  No.  x 
2.  To  wince  ;  shrink. 

Physic,  or  mathematics,  .  .  . 


(e)  A  dog  that  starts  game  ;  a  springer;  a  cocker.—  Bung 
starter.    See  bung-starter. 

Startful  (start'ful),  o.  [<  start1  +  -/«?.]  Apt 
to  start;  easily  startled  or  frightened  ;  skittish. 
[Rare.] 

Say,  virgin,  where  dost  thou  delight  to  dwell? 
With  maids  of  honour,  startful  virgin  ?  tell. 

Wolcot  (P.  Pindar),  Ode  to  Affectation. 


startfulness  (starffiil-nes),  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  startful,  or  easily  startled. 
[Rare.] 

Star-thistle  (star'this'l),  n.  A  low  spreading 
weed,  Centaurea  Calcitrapa,  with  small  heads  of 
purple  flowers,  the  involucral  bracts  ending  in  ened. 
stiff  spines,  the  leaves  also  spiny:  in  one  form 
called  mouse-thorn.  According  to  Prior  the  name  (by 
him  applied  to  C.  solstitialis,  a  more  erect  plant  with  yel- 
low flowers,  sometimes  named  yellow  star-thistle)  arises 


She  will  endure,  and  never  startle. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  1. 
3.  To  move  suddenly,  as  if  surprised  or  fright- 


The  Upper  Part  of  the  Stem  with  the  Heads  of  Star  thistle 

(CeHttturta  Calcitrapa). 
a,  one  of  the  involucral  scales. 

from  the  resemblance  of  the  spiny  involucre  to  the  weapon 


Sterttinff  from  hir  traunce, 
I  wil  reuenge  (quoth  she). 

Oascoigne,  Complaint  of  Philomene. 
If  a  dead  leaf  startle  behind  me, 
I  think  'tis  your  garment's  hem. 

Lowell,  The  Broken  Tryst. 

4.  To  take  to  flight,  as  in  panic  ;  stampede,  as 
cattle. 

And  the  heerd  starteled,  and  ran  hedlyng  into  the  see. 
Tyndale,  Mark  v.  13. 

5.  To  take  departure  ;  depart  ;  set  out.     [Ob- 
solete or  provincial.] 

A  gret  stertling  he  mycht  haiff  seyne 

Off  schlppys.  Harbour,  Bruce,  Hi.  170. 

Or  by  Madrid  he  takes  the  route,  .  .  . 

Or  down  Italian  vista  startles. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  start;  excite  by 
sudden  surprise,  alarm,  apprehension,  or  other 
emotion;  scare;  shock. 

I  confess  I  have  perused  them  all,  and  can  discover 
nothing  that  may  startle  a  discreet  belief. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Eeligio  Medici,  1.  21. 
Like  the  inhabitants  of  a  city  who  have  been  just 
startled  by  some  strange  and  alarming  news. 

Scott,  Kenil  worth,  d. 

2.  To  rouse  suddenly  ;  cause  to  start,  as  from 
a  place  of  concealment  or  from  a  state  of  re- 
pose or  security. 

Let  me  thy  vigils  keep 

'Mongst  boughs  pavilioned,  where  the  deer's  swift  leap 
Startles  the  wild  bee  from  the  foxglove  bell. 

Keats,  Sonnets,  iv. 


______________  r_t  ___________  m_  -M.K«u 

called  a  morning-star.  Both  of  these  plants  are'sparingly  Tn«  garrison,  startled  from  sleep,  found  the  enemy  al- 
naturalized  in  the  United  States,  the  former  on  the  east-  ready  masters  of  the  towers.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  31. 

ern  the  latter  on  the  western  coast.  The  name  is  extended  startlp  fstiir'tn  n  T<  stsirflf  n  1  A  ,11.,, 
to  the  genus,  of  which  one  species,  C.  Cyanus,  is  the  blue-  S1;arwe  (s\al  *f»  «•  ^  Startle,  V.]  A  sudden 
bottle  or  corn-flower  (the  KornMume  of  the  Germans  with  movenient  or  shock  caused  by  surprise,  alarm, 
whom  it  has  patriotic  associations),  another  is  the  blessed  or  apprehension  of  danger;  a  start. 


spangled  with  the  scales  of  the  gorget,  like 
many  other  hummers. 

Starting-bar  (star'ting-biir),  u.  A  hand-lever 
for  moving  the  valves  in  starting  a  steam- 
engine. 

starting-bolt  (star'ting-bolt),  M.  A  rod  or  bolt 
used  to  drive  out  another;  adrift-bolt.  E.  H. 


,. !r),«.  [< startle  +  -er1.']   1.  One 

who  or  that  which  starts  or  is  startled.    [Rare.  ] 
When,  dazzled  by  the  eastern  glow, 
Such  startler  cast  his  glance  below, 
And  saw  unmeasured  depth  around. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  31. 

2.  That  which  startles:  as,  that  was  a  startler. 

[Colloq.] 
startling  (start'ling),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  startle,  ».] 

1 .  That  startles  or  that  excites  sudden  surprise, 


starve 

apprehension,  fear,  or  like  emotion;  that  rouses 
or  suddenly  and  forcibly  attracts  attention :  as, 

startling  news;  a  startling  discovery. 

It  was  startling  to  hear  all  at  once  the  sound  of  voices 
singing  a  solemn  hymn. 

D.  Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  42. 
2f.  Easily  startled  or  alarmed;  skittish;  shying. 

Ther  was  also  the  lorde  of  the  white  tour,  that  was  a 
noble  knyght  and  an  hardy,  with  vij  hundred  knyghtes 
vpon  startelinge  stedes.  Merlin.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  257. 

The  Tyranny  of  Prelates  under  the  name  of  Hishops  have 
made  our  eares  tender  and  startling. 

Miltun,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

startlingly  (stiirt'ling-li),  orfc.  In  a  startling 
manner;  surprisingly. 

But  who  could  this  be,  to  whom  mere  human  sympathy 
was  so  gtartlingly  sweet?  Curtis,  Prue  and  I,  p.  155. 

Startlish  (start'lish),  a.     [<  startle  +  -ish1.] 

Apt  to  start;  skittish.     [Colloq.] 
Star-trap  (stiir'trap),  «.     A  trap-door  on  the 

stage  of  a  theater  for  the  disappearance  of 

gymnastic  characters.    It  consists  of  five  or  more 

pointed  pieces  which  part  when  pressure  is  applied  to  the 

center. 
Start-up1!  (start'up),  a.  and  n.    [<  start  tip :  see 

start1,  v.~]    I.  a.  Upstart. 

Two  junior  start-up  societies'      Swtfl,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  1. 
Whoever  weds  Isabella,  It  shall  not  be  Father  Falcona- 

ra's  start-up  son.  Walpole,  Castle  of  Otranto,  Iv. 

II.  «.  One  who  comes  suddenly  into  notice ; 
an  upstart. 

That  young  start-up  hath  all  the  glory  of  my  overthrow. 
Shak.,  Much  Ado,  1.  3.  60. 

Startup2!  (start'up),  w.  [Usually  in  pi.  start- 
ups, also  sometimes  startopes;  origin  uncer- 
tain.] A  half-boot  or  buskin,  described  in  the 
sixteenth  century  as  laced  above  the  ankle. 

Guestres  [gaiters],  startups;  high  shooes,  or  gamashes  for 
countrey  folks.  Cotgrave. 

Her  neat  fit  startups  of  green  Velvet  bee, 
Flourisht  with  silver  ;  and  beneath  the  knee, 
Moon-like,  indented  ;  butt'ned  down  the  side 
With  Orient  Pearls  as  big  as  Filberd's  pride. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  II.,  The  Decay. 

A  stupid  lout  ...  in  a  grey  jerkin,  with  his  head  bare, 

his  hose  about  his  heels,  and  huge  startups  upon  his  feet. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  rxlv. 

Starvation  (star-va'shon),  n.  [<  starve  +  -ation. 
The  word  is  noted  as  one  of  the  first  (flirtation 
being  another)  to  be  formed  directly  from  a 
native  E.  verb  with  the  L.  term,  -ation.  It  was 
first  used  or  brought  into  notice  by  Henry 
Dundas,  first  Viscount  Melville  (hence  called 
"Starvation  Dundas"),  in  a  speech  on  Ameri- 
can affairs,  in  1775.]  The  state  of  starving  or 
being  starved ;  extreme  suffering  from  cold  or 
hunger;  hence,  deprivation  of  any  element  es- 
sential to  nutrition  or  the  proper  discharge  of 
the  bodily  functions :  often  used  figuratively  of 
mental  or  spiritual  needs. 

Starvation  Dundas,  whose  pious  policy  suggested  that 
the  devil  of  rebellion  could  be  expelled  only  by  fasting. 
Walpole,  To  Rev.  W.  Mason,  April  25, 1781. 

Starvation  was  an  epithet  applied  to  Mr.  Dundas,  the 
word  being,  for  the  first  time,  introduced  into  our  lan- 
guage by  him,  In  a  speech,  in  1775,  in  an  American  debate, 
and  thenceforward  became  a  nickname :  .  .  .  "I  shall  not 
wait  for  the  advent  of  starvation  from  Edinburgh  to  settle 
my  judgment."  Mitford,  in  Walpole's  Letters  (ed.  Cun- 
[ningnam),  VIII.  30,  note. 

Whether  an  animal  be  herbivorous  or  carnivorous,  it  be- 
gins to  starve  from  the  moment  its  vital  food-stuffs  con- 
sist of  pure  amyloids,  or  fats,  or  any  mixture  of  them.  It 
suffers  from  what  may  be  called  nitrogen  starvation. 

Huxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol.,  $  170. 

Starve  (starv),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  starved,  ppr. 
starving.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sterve ;  <  ME. 
sterven,  steorven  (pret.  starf,  sterf,  pp.  stamen, 
storven,  i-storve,  y-storve),  <  AS.  steorfan  (pret. 
stearf,  pi.  sturfon,  pp.  storfen),  die,  =  OS. 
sterbhan  =  OFries.  sterva  =  D.  sterren  =  MLG. 
sterven,  LG.  starven,  sterven  =  OHG.  sterban, 
MHG.  G.  sterben,  die ;  not  found  in  Goth,  or 
Scand.,  except  as  in  the  derived  Icel.  starf, 
trouble,  labor,  toil,  work,  starfa,  toil,  work, 
stjarfi,  epilepsy  (=  AS.  steorfa,  E.  dial,  starf,  a 
plague),  which  indicate  that  the  verb  orig. 
meant  'labor,  be  in  trouble';  cf.  Gr.  ol  /ta//oVrcf, 
the  dead,  lit. '  those  who  have  labored,'  <  Kauvsiv, 
labor,  toil.]  I.  intrans.  1+.  To  die;  perish. 
She  star/  for  wo  neigh  whan  she  wente. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  1419. 

He  starf  in  grete  age  disherited,  as  the  story  witnesseth. 
Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  H.\  iii.  401. 

Specifically — 2.  To  perish  from  lack  of  food  or 
nourishment;  die  of  hunger;  also,  to  suffer  from 
lack  of  food ;  pine  with  hunger ;  famish ;  suffer 
extreme  poverty. 

Starves  in  the  midst  of  nature's  bounty  curst, 
And  in  the  loaden  vineyard  dies  for  thirst. 

Addison,  Letter  from  Italy. 


starve 

3.  To  perish  with  cold ;  die  from  cold  or  ex- 
posure; suffer  from  cold.     [Now  chiefly  Eng.] 

Starviti'j  with  cold  as  well  as  hunger. 

Irving.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

4.  To  suffer  for  lack  of  anything  that  is  need- 
ed or  much  desired ;  suffer  mental  or  spiritual 
want;  pine. 

Though  our  soules  doe  titerve 
For  want  of  knowledge,  we  doe  little  care. 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  15. 

I  ...  starve  for  a  merry  look.     Shalt.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 88. 

II.  trims.  1.  To  cause  to  perish  with  hun- 
ger; afflict  or  distress  with  hunger;  famish; 
hence,  to  kill,  subdue,  or  bring  to  terms  by 
withholding  food  or  by  the  cutting  off  of  sup- 
plies :  as,  to  starve  a  garrison  into  surrender. 

Whilst  I  have  meat  and  drink,  love  cannot  starve  me. 
Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  i.  3. 

2.  To  cause  to  perish  with  cold ;  distress  or 
affect   severely  with  cold;   benumb  utterly; 
chill.     [Now  chiefly  Eug.] 

Alle  the  mete  he  sayes  at  on  bare  worde, 
The  potage  fyrst  with  brede  y-coruyn, 
Couerya  horn  agayn  lest  they  ben  sturuyn. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  324. 
That  kiss  is  comfortless 
As  frozen  water  to  a  starved  snake. 

Shale.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1.  252. 
From  beds  of  raging  fire  to  starve  in  ice 
Their  soft  ethereal  warmth.    Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  600. 

What  a  sad  fire  we  have  got,  and  I  dare  say  you  are  both 
starved  with  cold.  Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  xxxviii. 

3.  To  cause   to  perish  through  lack  of  any 
kind;  deprive  of  life,  vigor,  or  force  through 
want;  exhaust;  stunt. 

If  the  words  be  but  becoming  and  signifying,  and  the 
sense  gentle,  there  is  juice;  but,  where  thatwanteth,  the 
language  is  thin,  flagging,  poor,  starved. 

B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

The  powers  of  their  minds  are  starved  by  disuse.    Locke. 

Starved  rat,  a  pika,  Lagamyt  princeps.    See  cony,  4,  and 
cut  under  Lagamys.    [Local,  U.  S.] 
starve-acre  (starv'a"ker),  n.     [<  starve  +  obj. 
acre.]   One  of  the  crowfoots,  Ranunculus  arven- 
sis :  so  called  as  impoverishing  the  soil  or  indi- 
cating a  poor  one.     Britten  and  Holland,  Eng. 
Plant  Names.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
starved  (starvd),  p.  a.     In  her.,  stripped  of  its 
leaves;  without  leaves  or  blossoms:  noting  a 
branch  of  a  tree  used  as  a  bearing. 
starveling  (starv'ling),  n.  and  a.     [Formerly 
also  starvling ;  <  starve  T  -ling1.']    I.  n.  A  starv- 
ing or  starved  person;  an  animal  or  a  plant 
that  is  made  thin  or  lean  and  weak  through 
want  of  nourishment. 

Such  a  meagre  troop,  such  thin-chapp'd  starvelings, 
Their  barking  stomachs  hardly  could  refrain 
From  swallowing  up  the  foe  ere  they  had  slain  him. 

Randolph,  Jealous  Lovers,  iii.  4. 

Il.t  n.  Starving  (from  hunger  or  cold) ;  hun- 
gry ;  lean ;  pining  with  want. 

Sending  beards  of  souls  starvling  to  Hell,  while  they 
feast  and  riot  upon  the  labours  of  hireling  Curats. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

starvent.  An  obsolete  past  participle  of  starve. 
Daniel  (Arber"s  Eng.  Garner,  I.  587). 

starver  (star'ver),  n.  One  who  starves  orcauses 
starvation.  J.  S.  Mill,  On  Liberty,  iii. 

starward  (star' ward),  adv.  [<  star1  +  -ward.'] 
To  or  toward  the  stars.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resar- 
tus,  ii.  6. 

starward  (star'ward),  a.  [<  starward,  adv.~\ 
Pointing  or  reaching  to  the  stars.  Blaekie, 
Lays  of  Highlands,  etc.,  p.  92.  (Encyc.  Diet.) 
[Bare.] 

star-wheel  (star'hwel),  «. 
teeth  of  which  are  V-shaped, 
with  an  angle  of  60°.  Such 
wheels  are  now  little  used,  except 
(a)  in  the  winding-mechanism  of 
the  cloth-beams  in  some  kinds  of 
looms,  where  their  teeth  are  en- 
gaged by  clicks;  (b)  for  some  other 
special  purposes,  as  in  modifica- 
tions of  the  Geneva  movement, 
etc. ;  and  (c)  in  clock-motions,  the 
teeth  of  the  star-wheel  engaging 
with  a  pin  on  the  hour-wheel,  by 
which  the  star-wheel  is  intermit- 
tently turned  along  one  tooth  for  every  revolution  of  the 
hour-wheel :  this  movement  is  used  in  repeating-clocks, 
and  also  in  registering-mechanism,  adding-machines,  etc. 
—Star-wheel  and  Jumper,  in  horol.,  an  arrangement  of 
a  star-wheel  in  relation  with  a  pin  on  the  minute-wheel, 
by  which  the  snail  is  caused  to  move  in  an  intermittent 
manner,  or  by  jumps. 

Star-worm  (star'werm),  n.  A  gephyrean  worm ; 
any  one  of  the  Gepnyrea. 

Starwort  (star'wert),  w.  [<  star1  +  wort1.]  1. 
Any  plant  of  the  genus  FStcllaria,  the  species  of 
which  have  white  starry  flowers;  chickweed. 


A  spur-wheel  the 


d 

Star- wheel. 

drop ;  b,  pawl ;  r,  disk  ; 
ii,  star-wheel. 


5911 

See  cut  under  Stellaria. — 2.  Any  species  of  the 
genus  Aster,  the  name  alluding  to  the  stellate 
rays  of  the  heads.  Specifically,  in  England,  A.  Tripn- 
lium,  the  sea-starwort,  a  salt-marsh  species.  The  Italian 
starwort  is  A.  Amelhts,  of  central  and  southern  Europe. 
3.  The  genus  Callitriche,  more  properly  icuti  r- 

xliini'ort.    Also  star-grass Drooping  starwort, 

the  blazing-star,  Cham&lirium  Carolinianum.  —  J/iea.ly 
Starwort,  the  colic-root,  Aletris  farinosa.  It  is  tonic, 
and  in  larger  doses  narcotic,  emetic,  and  cathartic.— Yel- 
low starwort,  the  elecampane. 

stasidion  (sta-sid'i-on),  w. ;  pi.  stasidia  (-a).  [< 
MGr.  araoiihov,  a  stall,  dim.  of  araotf,  a  stand- 
ing-place.] In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  stall  in  a  church, 
as  of  a  patriarch,  hegumen,  or  monk.  Origi- 
nally the  stasidia  seem  to  have  been  places  for 
standing  only  (whence  the  name). 

stasimon  (stas'i-mon),  ». ;  pi.  stasima  (-ma). 
[<  Gr.  aram/iov  (see  def.),  <  ardatf,  a  standing, 
station.]  In  anc.  Gr.  lit.,  any  song  of  the  chorus 
in  a  drama  after  the  parodos.  The  parabasis  of  a 
comedy  is  not,  however,  called  a  stasimon.  Some  authori- 
ties limit  the  use  of  the  term  to  tragedy.  The  name  is  de- 
rived not,  as  stated  by  scholiasts,  from  the  chorus's  stand- 
ing still  during  a  stasimon  (which  cannot  have  been  the 
case),  but  from  the  fact  that  it  was  sung  after  they  had 
taken  their  station  in  the  orchestra. 

Stasimorphy  (sta'si-mor-fi),  «.  [<  Gr.  araaif, 
standing,  4-  popipr/,  form.]  Deviation  of  form 
arising  from  arrest  of  growth.  Cooke,  Manual. 

Stasis  (sta'sis),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  orAatf,  a  stand- 
ing, a  stoppage/  iaravai,  mid.  and  pass,  "taraadtu, 
stand:  seestand.]  1.  In  pathol.,  a  stopping  of 
the  blood  in  some  part  of  the  circulation,  as  in 
a  part  of  an  inflamed  area. —  2.  PI.  staseis  or 
stases.  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  one  of  the  sections 
(regularly  three)  of  a  cathisma,  or  portion  of 
the  psalter.  At  the  end  of  each  stasis  Gloria  Patri  and 
Alleluia  are  said.  The  name  probably  comes  from  the 
pause  (<rrnim-)  in  the  psalmody  so  made.  A  stasis  usually 
contains  two  or  three  psalms.  See  cathisma  (a). 

stassfurtite  (stas'fert-it),  n.  [<  Stassfurt  (see 
def.)  +  -!<e2.]  A  massive  variety  of  boracite, 
found  at  Stassfurt  in  Prussia.  It  resembles  in 
appearance  a  fine-grained  white  marble. 

stat.  An  abbreviation  of  statute  or  statutes :  as, 
Rev.  Stat.  (Revised  Statutes). 

statable  (sta'ta-bl),  a.  [<  state  +  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  stated  or  expressed. 

statal  (sta'tal),  a.  [<  state  +  -al.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  of  considered  in  relation  to  a  particu- 
lar State ;  state,  as  distinguished  from  national. 
[Rare,  U.  S.]  . . 

Statant  (sta'tant),  a.  [<  heral- 
dic F.  statant,  equiv.  to  OF. 
estant,  standing,  <  L.  *stan(t-)s, 
>pr.  of  stare,  stand:  see  stand.] 
n  her.,  standing  still  with  all 
four  feet  on  the  ground — sta- 
tant affronted  See  at  gaze  (6),  under 
gaze. 

Statarian  (sta-ta'ri-an),  a.     [< 
L.  statarius,  stationary,  steady  (status,  stand- 
ing)^-an.]  Steady;  well-disciplined.  [Rare.] 

A  detachment  of  your  statarian  soldiers. 

A.  Tucker,  Light  of  Nature,  II.  U.  23. 

Statarianly  (sta-ta'ri-an-li),  adv.  [<  statarian 
+  -ly2.]  In  a  statarian  manner.  [Rare.] 

My  statarianly  disciplined  battalion. 

A.  Tucker,  Light  of  Nature,  II.  ii.  23. 

statary  (sta'ta-ri),  a.  [<  L.  statarius,  station- 
ary, steady,  <  stare,  stand.]  Stated ;  fixed ;  set- 
tled. Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  23. 

state  (stat),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  stat,  staat,  state, 
condition,  existence,  also  estat,  <  OF.  estat,  esta, 
F.  etat  =  Sp.  Pg.  estado  =  It.  stato  =  MD.  staet, 
D.  staat  =  MLG.  stat  =  G.  staat  =  Sw.  Dan. 
stat,  state,  the  state,  <  L.  status  (statu-),  man- 
ner of  standing,  attitude,  position,  carriage, 
manner,  dress,  apparel ;  also  a  position,  place ; 
situation,  condition,  circumstances,  position 
in  society,  rank;  condition  of  society,  public 
order,  public  affairs,  the  commonwealth,  the 
state,  government,  constitution,  etc.;  in  ML.  in 
numerous  other  uses ;  <  stare  (pp.  status,  used 
only  as  pp.  of  the  transitive  form  sistere),  stand : 
see  stand.  The  noun  is  in  part  (def.  15)  appar. 
from  the  verb.  Doublet  of  estate,  status.']  I.  n. 
1.  Mode  or  form  of  existence;  position;  pos- 
ture; situation;  condition:  as,  the  state  of  one's 
health;  the  state  of  the  roads;  a  state  of  un- 
certainty or  of  excitement;  the  present  unsat- 
isfactory state  of  affairs. 

Nor  shall  he  smile  at  thee  in  secret  thought, 
Nor  laugh  with  his  companions  at  thy  state. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1. 1066. 

0  see  how  fickle  is  their  state 
That  doe  on  fates  depend ! 
The  Legend  of  King  Arthur  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  64). 

Keep  the  state  of  the  question  in  your  eye.  Boyle. 


state 

The  solitude  of  such  a  iniml  is  its  state  of  highest  en- 
joyment. Iraimj,  Sketch-Book,  p.  29. 

The  present  conscious  state,  when  I  say  "I  feel  tired," 
is  not  the  direct  state  of  tire;  when  I  say  "I  feel  angry," 
it  is  not  the  direct  state  of  anger. 

»'.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  I.  190. 

2.  Political  or  social  position  or  status;  sta- 
tion ;  standing  in  the  world  or  the  community; 
rank;  condition;  quality. 

These  Italian  bookes  are  made  English,  to  bryng  mis- 
chief enough  openly  and  boldly  to  all  states,  greate  and 
meane,  yong  and  old,  euery  where. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  81. 
A  train  which  well  beseem'd  his  state, 
But  all  unarm'd,  around  him  wait. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.  7. 

3.  A  class  or  order:  same  as  estate, !). 

We  hold  that  God's  clergy  are  a  state  which  hath  been, 
and  will  be  as  long  as  there  is  a  Church  upon  earth,  ne- 
cessary by  the  plain  word  of  God  himself. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  ill.  11. 


Ep 
n 


Lion  statant  gar- 
dant. 


4.  Style  of  living;  mode  of  life;  especially, 
the  dignity  and  pomp  befitting  a  person  of  high 
degree  or  large  wealth. 

Do  you  know,  sir, 

What  state  she  carries?  what  great  obedience 
Waits  at  her  beck  continually'? 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  L  1. 

5.  Stateliness;  dignity. 

The  Abbess,  seeing  strife  was  vain. 
Assumed  her  wonted  state  again  — 
For  much  of  state  she  had. 

Scott,  Marmion,  v.  si. 

6f.  A  person  of  high  rank ;  a  noble ;  a  person- 
age of  distinction. 

The  twelve  Peeres  or  States  of  the  Kingdome  of  France. 
1660.  Hexham. 

Quoted  in  Babees  Book(E.  E.  T.  S.),  Index,  p.  120. 
First  you  shall  see  the  men  in  order  set* 
States  and  their  Fawns. 

Middleton,  Game  at  Chess,  Prol. 

7t.  A  seat  of  dignity ;  a  dais ;  a  chair  of  state, 
usually  on  a  raised  plattorm,  with  or  without  a 
canopy ;  also,  this  canopy  itself. 
The  state  .  .  .  was  placed  in  the  upper  end  of  the  hall. 
B.  Jonson,  Mask  of  Blackness. 
It  is  your  seat ;  which,  with  a  general  suffrage. 

[Offering  Timoleon  the  state. 
As  to  the  supreme  magistrate,  Sicily  tenders. 

Massinger,  Bondman,  i.  3. 

The  Queene  Consort  sat  under  a  state  on  a  black  foot- 
cloth,  to  entertain  the  circle. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  March  5, 1685. 

8f.  The  crisis,  or  culminating  point,  as  of  a  dis- 
ease; that  point  in  the  growth  or  course  of  a 
thing  at  which  decline  begins. 

Tumours  have  their  several  degrees  and  times;  as  be- 
ginning, augment,  state,  and  declination. 

Wixeman,  Surgery. 

9.  Continuance  of  existence ;  stability. 

By  a  man  of  understanding  and  knowledge  the  state 
thereof  [of  a  land]  shall  be  prolonged.  Prov.  xxviii.  2. 

10t.  Estate;  income;  possession. 

I  judge  them,  first,  to  have  their  states  confiscate. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  v.  8. 

11.  The  whole  people  of  one  body  politic ;  the 
commonwealth:  usually  with  the  definite  ar- 
ticle; in  a  particular  sense,  a  civil  and  self- 
governing  community ;  a  commonwealth. 

In  Aleppo  once, 

Where  a  malignant  and  a  turban'd  Turk 
Beat  a  Venetian  and  traduced  the  state. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2.  354. 

A  State  is  a  community  of  persons  living  within  certain 
limits  of  territory,  under  a  permanent  organization,  which 
aims  to  secure  the  prevalence  of  justice  by  self-imposed 
law.  Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  36. 

12.  The  power  wielded  by  the  government  of 
a  country;  the  civil  power,  often  as  contrasted 
with  the  ecclesiastical:  as,  the  union  of  church 
and  state. — 13.  One  of  the  commonwealths  or 
bodies  politic  which  together  make  up  a  federal 
republic,  which  stand  in  certain  specified  rela- 
tions with  the  central  or  national  government, 
and  as  regards  internal  affairs  are  more  or  less 
independent.    In  this  sense  the  word  state  is  used  chief- 
ly with  reference  to  the  several  States  (generally  cap.)  of 
the  American  Union,  the  United  States  of  America.    The 
relations  between  the  individual  states  and  the  national  or 
central  government  of  Mexico,  Brazil,  and  various  other 
republics  of  the  American  continent  are  formed  more  or 
less  closely  on  the  model  of  the  United  States.    Current 
designations  or  epithets  of  the  States  of  the  American 
Union  are  the  following:  Badger  State,  Wisconsin;  Bay 
State,  Massachusetts;  Bayou  State,  Mississippi ;  Bear  State, 
Arkansas,  California,  Kentucky  ;  Big-bend  State,  Tennes- 
see; Blue-hen  State,  Delaware  :  Blue-law  State,  Connecti- 
cut; Buckeye  State,  Ohio;  Bullion  State,  Missouri;  Cen- 
tennial State,  Colorado;  Corn-cracker  State,  Kentucky; 
Cracker  State,  Georgia ;  Creole  State,  Louisiana ;  Dark  and 
Bloody  Ground,  Kentucky;  Diamond  State,  Delaware;  Em- 
pire State,  New  York ;  Empire  State  of  the  South,  Georgia ; 
Excelsior  State,  New  York;  Freestone  State,  Connecticut; 
Garden  State,  Kansas;  Golden  State,  California;  Gopher 
State,  Minnesota;  Granite  State,  New  Hampshire;  Green 
Mountain  State,  Vermont ;  Gulf  State,  Florida ;  Hawkeye 


state 

State,  Iowa;  Hoosier  State,  Indiana;  Keystone  State, 
Pennsylvania;  Lake  State,  Michigan;  Land  of  Steady 
Habits,  Connecticut;  Little  Rhody,  Rhode  Island;  Lone- 
star  State,  Texas ;  Lumber  State,  Maine ;  Mother  of  Presi- 
dents, Virginia ;  Mother  of  States,  Virginia ;  Mudcat  State, 
Mississippi;  New  England  of  the  West,  Minnesota;  Old 
Colony,  Massachusetts ;  Old  Dominion,  Virginia;  Old-line 
State,  Maryland ;  Old  North  State,  North  Carolina ;  Pal- 
metto State,  South  Carolina ;  Pan-handle  State,  West  Vir- 
ginia; Pelican  State,  Louisiana  ;  Peninsula  State,  Florida ; 
Pine-tree  State,  Maine;  Prairie  State,  Illinois;  Sage-hen 


.-OIL' 


stateswoman 


lina ;  Web-foot  State,  Oregon ;  Wolverine  State.  Michigan ; 
Wooden  Nutmeg  State,  Connecticut. 
14.  pi.  [cap.]  The  legislative  body  in  the  island 
of  Jersey.  It  consists  of  the  bailiff,  jurats  of  the  royal 
court,  constables,  rectors  of  the  parishes,  and  fourteen 
deputies.  The  lieutenant-governor  has  the  veto  power. 
Guernsey  has  a  similar  body,  the  Deliberative  States,  and 
a  more  popular  assembly,  the  Elective  States. 
15f.  A  statement;  a  document  containing  a 
statement,  or  showing  the  state  or  condition  of 
something  at  a  given  time;  an  account  (or  the 
like)  stated. — 16.  In  engraving,  an  impression 
taken  from  an  engraved  plate  in  some  particu- 
lar stage  of  its  progress,  recognized  by  certain 
distinctive  marks  not  seen  on  previous  impres- 
sions or  on  any  made  subsequently  unless  cou- 
pled with  fresh  details.  There  may  be  seven, 
eight,  or  more  states  from  one  plate. — 17.  In 
bot.,  a  form  or  phase  of  a  particular  plant. 

Sticta  linita  .  .  .  was  recognized  as  occurring  in  the 
United  States  by  Delise,  .  .  .  and  Dr.  Nylander  (Syn.,  p. 
353)  speaks  of  a  ftate  from  Arctic  America. 

Tuckerman,  Genera  Lichenum,  p.  86. 

Border  State,  in  U.  S.  hiit.;one  of  those  slave  States  which 
bordered  upon  the  free  States.  They  were  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri. — Cap  Of  state, 
in  her.,  a  bearing  representing  the  head-dress  worn  in  the 
middle  ages  by  the  lord  mayor  of  London  on  his  installa- 
tion, like  a  short  cone  with  a  ring,  as  of  fur,  around  the 
head.— Chair  of  state.  See  chair.—  Civil  state.  See 


rection  of  a  state  and  relating  to  its  political  interests  or  statement   (stat'ment),  n.     [<  Kid  If  +  -mi,,!.] 

government.     (b)  A  newspaper  selected,  by  or  pursuant      i     rni.o 

to  law,  for  the  publication  of  official  or  legal  notices.-     *••  i*16.  act  of  Bating,  reciting,  or  presenting 

State  nriaon      in)  A  lail  for  nnlifiral  nfffiiidRra  nnlv     tKt      Verbally  Or  On  paper.  —  2.    1  hat  Which  18  Stated  ; 

a  formal  embodiment  in  language  of  facts  or 

misdemeanants^  and*  felons  awaiting  trial, or :  awaiting  el"  8i°n  °f  a  fact   or  of  an  opinion;  account;  rc- 

ecution  of  the  death  penalty,  and  from  reformatories,  etc.  port:  as,  a  verbal  Statement;  a   written  xtiilr- 

[U.  S.]— State  prisoner,  sword,  etc.    see  the  nouns.  im-nt :  a  bank  slati-tunit ;  a  doctrinal  atdti-mciit. 

State  (stat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stated,  ppr.  stat-  —  Calculus  of  equivalent  statements.    See  calculus, 

tablish;  stablish:  as,  to  state  a  day:  chiefly 
used  in  the  past  participle. 

And  you  be  stated  in  a  double  hope. 

B.  Jonton,  Volpone,  iii.  6. 

2f.  To  settle  as  a  possession  upon ;  bestow  or 
settle  upon. 

You  boast  to  me 

Of  a  great  revenue,  a  large  substance, 
Wherein  you  would  endow  and  state  my  daughter. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Fair  Quarrel,  i.  1. 

3.  To  express  the  particulars  of;  set  down  in 
detail  or  in  gross;  represent  fully  in  words; 
make  known  specifically ;  explain  particularly; 
narrate ;  recite :  as,  to  state  an  opinion ;  to  state 
the  particulars  of  a  case. 

I  pretended  not  fully  to  state,  much  less  demonstrate, 
the  truth  contained  in  the  text.  Atterbury. 

4.  In  law,  to  aver  or  allege.     Thus,  statiny  a  case 
to  be  within  the  purview  of  a  statute  is  simply  alleging 
that  it  is ;  while  showing  it  to  be  so  consists  in  a  disclosure 
of  the  facts  which  bring  it  within  the  statute.— Account 
stated.    See  account.— Case  stated.    See  cose  at/reed, 
under  easel.— To  State  itt,  to  keep  state.    See  state,  n. 

Wolsey  began  to  stale  it  at  York  as  high  as  ever. 

Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  V.  ii.  4.    (Dames.) 
=Syn.  3.  Speak,  Tell,  etc.  (see  sayi\  specify,  set  forth. 
Statet  (stat),  n.    [Irreg.  used  for  stately.]    State- 


the  State  of,  etc.  See  commissioner.—  Confederate 
States  of  America,  construct  state,  cotton  States. 
See  the  qualifying  words. — Council  of  State.  See  coun- 
cil.— Cretinoid  state,  myxedema.—  Department  of 
State.  See  department. — Doctrine  of  States'  rights,  in 
U.  S.  hist.,  the  doctrine  that  to  the  separate  States  of  the 
Union  belong  all  rights  and  privileges  not  specially  dele- 
gated by  the  Constitution  to  the  general  government ;  the 
doctrine  of  strict  construction  of  the  Constitution.  In  this 
form  the  doctrine  has  always  been  and  is  still  held  as  one 
of  the  distinctive  principles  of  the  Democratic  party.  Be- 
fore the  civil  war  the  more  radical  believers  in  the  doctrine 
of  States'  rights  held  that  the  separate  States  possessed  all 
the  powers  and  rights  of  sovereignty,  and  that  the  Union 
was  only  a  federation  from  which  each  of  the  States  had 
a  right  to  secede.— Ecclesiastical  statet,  free  States. 
See  the  adjectives.— In  a  state  of  nature.  See  nature. 
—Intermediate,  maritime  state.  See  the  adjectives. 
—Middle  States.  See  middle.— Military  state,  that 
branch  of  the  government  of  a  state  or  nation  by  which  its 
military  power  is  exercised,  including  all  who  by  reason  of 
their  service  therein  are  under  military  authority  and  reg- 
ulation.—Purse  Of  State,  in  her.  See  purse.—  Reason  Of 
state.  See  reason.— Slave  State.  Seeslaee?.— South- 
ern States,  the  States  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United 
States,  generally  regarded  as  the  same  as  the  former 
slave  States.— Sovereign  state.  See  sovereign.—  State 
Of  facts,  in  law,  a  technical  term  sometimes  used  of  a 
written  statement  of  facts  in  the  nature  of  or  a  substitute 
for  pleadings,  or  evidence,  or  both. — State  of  progress 
See  progress.- State's  evidence.  See  king's  evidence, 
under  evidence.—  States  of  the  Church,  or  Papal 
States,  the  former  temporal  dominions  of  the  Pope  They 
were  principally  in  central  Italy,  and  extended  from  about 
Ravenna  and  Ancona  on  the  Adriatic  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean, including  Rome.  Their  origin  dates  from  a  grant 
made  by  Pepin  the  Short  in  the  middle  of  the  eighth  cen- 
tury. The  territory  was  greatly  reduced  in  I860,  and  the 
remainder  was  annexed  in  1870  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy 
(with  a  few  small  exceptions,  including  the  Vatican  and 
its  dependencies).— The  States,  (a)  The  Netherlands, 
(ft)  The  United  States  of  America :  as,  he  has  sailed  from 
Liverpool  for  the  States.  [Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  ] 
-  To  keep  state,  to  assume  the  pomp,  dignity,  and  re- 
serve of  a  person  of  high  rank  or  degree ;  act  or  conduct 
one's  self  with  pompous  dignity ;  hence,  to  be  difficult  of 
access. 

Seated  in  thy  silver  chair, 
State  in  wonted  manner  keep. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

To  lie  in  State,  to  be  placed  on  view  in  some  public  place, 
surrounded  with  ceremonious  pomp  and  solemnity :  said 


ing  state  affairs;   state  management;   states- 
manship. 

stated  (sta'ted),  p.  a.  Settled ;  established ; 
regular;  occurring  at  regular  intervals;  ap- 
pointed or  given  regularly. 

It  was  his  manner  to  use  stated  hours  and  places  for  ex- 
ercises of  devotion.  Steele,  Englishman,  No.  26. 
The  stated  and  unquestionable  fee  of  his  office. 

Additvn. 

Stated  clerk,  the  principal  clerk  of  Presbyterian  church 
courts  in  the  United  States,  usually  associated  in  the 
superior  courts  with  an  official  called  a  permanent  clerk. 
The  stated  clerk  of  the  General  Assembly  is  the  custodian 
of  all  the  books,  records,  and  papers  of  the  court,  and  has 
charge  of  the  printing  and  distribution  of  the  minutes  and 
other  documents  as  ordered  by  the  Assembly, 
statedly  (sta'ted-li),  adr.  At  stated  or  settled 
times ;  regularly ;  at  certain  intervals ;  not  oc- 
casionally. Imp.  Diet. 

Statefult  (stat'ful),  a.     [<  state  +  -ful.]    Full 
of  state ;  stately. 
A  statefull  silence  in  his  presence. 

Marston  and  Webster,  Malcontent,  L  5. 


or  body  politic ;  public :  as,  state  affairs ; 
policy;  a  state  paper. 

To  send  the  state  prisoners  on  board  of  a  man  of  war 
which  lay  off  Leith.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  V.  31. 

2.  Used  on  or  intended  for  occasions  of  great 
pomp  or  ceremony:  as,  a  state  carriage. —  3. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  one  of  the  commonwealths 
which  make  up  a  federal  republic :  opposed  to 
national:  as,  state  rights;  a  state  prison;  state 
legislatures—state  banks.  See  banks,  4.-State 
carnage.  See  carriage.— State  church.  See  establix/ied 
church,  under  church.— State  criminal,  one  who  com- 
mits an  offense  against  the  state,  as  treason ;  a  political 
offender.- state  domain,  gallantry,  law.  See  the 
nouns.  — State  lands,  lands  granted  to  or  owned  by  a 
state,  for  internal  improvements,  educational  purposes 
etc.— State  paper,  (a)  A  paper  prepared  under  the  di- 


(stat'hud),  n.  [<  state  +  -liood.]  The 
condition  or  status  of  a  state. 

State-house  (stat'hous),  n.  The  public  build- 
ing in  which  the  legislature  of  a  State  holds  its 
sittings;  the  capitol  of  a  State.  [U.  S.] 

Stateless  (stat'les),  a.  [<statf  +  -less.]  With- 
out state  or  pomp. 

Statelily  (stat'li-li),  adv.  In  a  stately  manner. 
Sir  H.  Taylor,  Philip  van  Artevelde,  I.,  v.  9. 
[Rare.]  ' 

stateliness  (stat'li-nes),  n.  The  character  or 
quality  of  being  stately;  loftiness  of  mien  or 
manner;  majestic  appearance ;  dignity. 

stately  (stat'li),  a.  [<  ME.  statly,  estatlich  = 
MD.  staetelick,  D.  statelijk  =  MLG.  stateliclt, stat- 
lich  =  Dan.  statelig,  stately;  appar.  confused 
in  MLG.,  etc.,  with  MHG.  "statelicli,  G.  stattlicli, 
stately,  excellent,  important,  seeming;  cf.  the 
adv.  OHG.  statelicho,  properly  (<  stat,  opportu- 
nity, etc. ;  akin  to  E.  stead,  place :  see  stead), 
MHG.  stateliche,  statliclt,  properly,  moderately, 
magnificently,  excellently,  etc.;  as 
.,  lofty,  < 


fied ;  elevated :  applied  to  persons  or  to  things. 

These  regions  have  abundance  of  high  cedars,  and  other 

stately  trees  casting  a  shade.  Raleigh,  Hist.  World. 

The  veneration  and  respect  it  [the  picture  of  the  Duchess 

of  Ormond]  fills  me  with  .  .  .  will  make  those  who  come 

to  visit  me  think  I  am  grown  on  the  sudden  wonderful 

stately  and  reserved. 

Swift,  To  the  Duchess  of  Ormond,  Dec.  20,  1712. 
=  Syn.  August,  etc.  (tee  majestic),  imperial,  princely,  royal, 
palatial,  pompous,  ceremonious,  formal. 
Stately  (stat'li),  adr.    [<  stately,  a.]   In  a  stately 
manner. 

Ye  that  walk 
The  earth,  and  stately  tread,  or  lowly  creep. 

Million.   P.  L.,  V.  201. 


in  politics,  or  dabbles  in  state  affairs. 
Ii/i/i.  Hid. 

stater1  (sta'ter),  ii.  [<  state  +  -er1.]  One  who 
states. 

Stater'2  (sta'ter),  «.  [<  L.  stater,  <  Gr.  ararjip, 
a  standard  of  weight  or  money,  a  Persian  gold 
coin,  also  a  silver  (or  sometimes  gold)  coin  of 
certain  Greek  states,  <  wrdvat,  mid.  and  pass. 
ioraoOat,  stand.]  A  general  name  for  the  princi- 
pal or  standard  coin  of  various  cities  and  states 
of  ancient  Greece.  The  common  signification  is  a  gold 
coin  equal  in  weight  to  two  drachmae  of  Attic  standard,  or 
about  132.6  grains,  and  in  value  to  twenty  drachmae.  There 
were  also  in  various  states  staters  of  Euboic  and  Ta  ii  n-tan 
standards.  The  oldest  staters,  those  of  Lydia,  said  to  have 
been  first  coined  by  Crossus.  were  struck  in  the  pale  gold 
called  electrum.  At  the  period  of  Greek  decline  the  silver 
tetradrachm  was  called  stater.  This  coin  is  the  "  piece  of 
money  "  (equivalent  to  a  Jewish  shekel)  of  Mat.  xvii.  27.  As 
a  general  term  for  a  standard  of  weight,  the  name  stater 
was  given  to  the  Attic  mina  and  the  Sicilian  litra. 
State-room  (stat'rom),  H.  1.  A  room  or  an 
apartment  of  state  in  a  palace  or  great  house. 
—  2.  In  the  United  States  navy,  an  officer's 
sleeping-apartment  (called  cabin  in  the  British 
navy).— 3.  A  small  private  sleeping-apart- 
ment, generally  with  accommodation  for  two 
persons,  on  a  passenger-steamer.  Compare 
cabin,  3. — 4.  A  similar  apartment  in  a  sleep- 
states-general  (stats'jen'e-ral),  «.  pi.  The 
bodies  that  constitute  the  legislature  of  a  coun- 
try, in  contradistinction  to  the  assemblies  of 
provinces;  specifically  [cap.],  the  name  given 
to  the  legislative  assemblies  of  France  before 
the  revolution  of  1789,  and  to  those  of  the 
Netherlands. 

statesman  (stats'man),  ».;  pi.  statesmen  (-men). 
[=  D.  staatsman  ='G.  staatsmann  =  Sw.  stats- 
man  =  Dan.  statsmand;  as  state's,  poss.  of  state, 
+  man.]  1.  A  man  who  is  versed  in  the  art  of 
government,  and  exhibits  conspicuous  ability 
and  sagacity  in  the  direction  and  management 
of  public  affairs;  a  politician  in  the  highest 
sense  of  the  term. 

It  is  a  weakness  which  attends  high  and  low  :  the  states- 
man who  holds  the  helm,  as  well  as  the  peasant  who 
holds  the  plough.  South. 

The  Eastern  politicians  never  do  anything  without  the 
opinion  of  the  astrologers  on  the  fortunate  moment  .  .  . 
Statesmen  of  a  more  judicious  prescience  look  for  the  for- 
tunate moment  too  ;  but  they  seek  it,  not  in  the  conjunc- 
tions and  oppositions  of  planets,  but  in  the  conjunctions 
and  oppositions  of  men  and  things. 

Burke,  Letter  to  a  Member  of  the  Nat.  Assembly,  1791. 

2.  One  who  occupies  his  own  estate ;  a  small 
landholder.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

The  old  Ktutmnen  or  peasant  proprietors  of  the  valley 
had  for  the  most  part  succumbed  to  various  destructive 
influences,  some  social,  some  economical,  added  to  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  corrosion  from  within. 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  Robert  Elsmere,  I.  ii. 
=  Syn.l.  See  politician. 

statesmanlike  (stats'man-Uk),  a.  [<  statesman 
+  like.]  Having  the  manner  or  the  wisdom  of 
statesmen ;  worthy  of  or  befitting  a  statesman : 
as,  a  statesmanlike  measure. 

Statesmanly(stats'man-li),  a.  Eelatingtoor be- 
fitting a  statesman ;  statesmanlike.  De  Qitincey. 

statesmanship  (stats'man-ship),  n.  [<  states- 
man +  -sAij>.]  The  qualifications  or  employ- 
ments of  a  statesman;  political  skill,  in  trie 
higher  sense. 

The  petty  craft  so  often  mistaken  for  statesmanship  by 
minds  grown  narrow  in  habits  of  intrigue,  jobbing,  and 
official  etiquette.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

State-socialism  (stat'so'shal-izm),  n.  A  scheme 
of  government  which  favors  the  enlargement  of 
the  functions  of  the  state  as  the  best  way  to 
introduce  the  reforms  urged  by  socialists  for 
the  amelioration  of  the  poorer  classes,  as  the 
nationalization  of  land,  state  banks  where 
credit  shall  be  given  to  laboring  men,  etc. 

State-socialist  (stat'so'shal-ist),  n.  A  believer 
in  the  principles  of  state-socialism ;  one  who 
favors  the  introduction  of  socialistic  innova- 
tions through  the  agency  of  the  state. 

stateswoman  (stats'wum/'an),  n. ;  pi.  states- 
women  (-wim'eu).  [<  state's,  poss.  of  state,  + 
woman.]  A  woman  who  is  versed  in  or  meddles 
with  public  affairs,  or  who  gives  evidence  of  po- 
litical shrewdness  or  ability.  [Hare.] 


stateswoman 

How  shu  w»s  in  debt,  mill  where  she  meant 
To  raise  fresh  sums  :  shu  'a  a  great  statesumtnnu .' 

B.  Jonson, 

stathe  (stiith),  it.  [Also  gtaitli,  xtiulhi  ;  early 
mod.  E.  also  uttnjth,  stcytli ;  <  ME.  stathe  (AF. 
stathe),  <  AS.  steetli,  later  vteth,  bank,  shore, 
=  Icel.  xtfidli,  a  harbor,  roadstead,  port,  laud- 
ing; akin  to  AS.  stale,  stead:  see  att'iid.]  A 
landing-place;  a  wharf.  [Obsolete  or  prov. 
En*.] 

stathmograph  (stath'rn$-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  araU- 
/tav,  measure,  +  ypfyuv,  write.]  An  instru- 
ment for  indicating  and  registering  the  velo- 
city of  railroad-trains:  a  form  of  velocimeter. 
E.  H.  Kn it/lit. 

static  (stat'ik),  a,  [<  Gr.  arariKof,  causing  to 
stand,  pertaining  to  standing,  <  crarof,  verbal 
adj.  of  UJT&VCU,  mid.  and  pass.  laraodat,  stand :  see 
stasis,  stand.]  If.  Pertaining  to  weight  and  the 
theory  of  weight.— 2.  Same  asxfaHcn/.-stattc 
atana,  inability  to  stand  without  falling  or  excessive 
swaying,  especially  with  closed  eyes,  as  in  tabes.— Static 
gangrene,  gangrene  resulting  from  mechanical  obstruc- 
tion to  the  return  of  blood  from  a  part.— Static  refrac- 
tion. See  refraction. 

statical  (stat'i-kal),  a.  [<  static  +  -a/.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  bodies  at,  rest  or  to  forces  in  equi- 
librium.—  2.  Acting  by  mere  weight  without 
producing  motion:  as, statical  pressure. -stati- 
cal electricity.  See  electricity.- atlMcal  induction. 
See  induction,  6 —  Statical  manometer.  See  manometer. 
Statically  (stat'i-kal-i),  arfc.  In  a  statical  man- 
ner; according  to 'statics. 

Statice  (stat'i-se),  n.  [NL.  (Tournefort,  1700), 
<  Gr.  araTudi,  an  astringent  herb,  fern,  of  arari- 
xof,  causing  to  stand:  see  static.]  A  genus  of 
gamopetalous  plants, 
of  the  order  Plumba- 
f/iuese,  type  of  the  tribe 
Statieex.  It  is  character- 
ized by  its  acaulescent  or 
tufted  herbaceous  or  some- 
what shrubby  habit,  flat  al- 
ternate leaves,  inflorescence 
commonly  cymose  and  com- 
posed of  one-sided  spikes, 
stamens  but  slightly  united 
to  the  petals,  and  styles  dis- 
tinct to  the  angles  of  the 
ovary,  with  capitate,  oblong, 
or  linear  stigmas.  Over  120 
species  have  been  described, 
natives  of  the  sea-shore  and 
of  desert  sands,  mostly  of  the 
Old  World,  and  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  especially 
of  the  Mediterranean  region. 
A  smaller  number  occur  in 
America,  South  Africa,  tropi- 
cal Asia,  and  Australia.  They 
are  usually  perennials;  a 
few  are  diminutive  loosely 
branched  shrubs.  They  are 
smooth  or  covered  with  scurf 
or  dust.  The  leaves  vary  from  linear  to  obovate,  and  from 
entire  to  pinnatifld  or  dissected ;  they  form  a  rosette  at 
the  root,  or  are  crowded  or  scattered  upon  the  branches. 
The  short- pedicelled  corolla  consists  of  five  nearly  or  quite 
distinct  petals  with  long  claws,  and  Is  commonly  sur- 
rounded by  a  funnel-shaped  calyx  which  is  ten-ribbed 
below,  and  scarious,  plicate,  and  colored  above,  but  usually 
of  a  different  color  from  the  corolla,  which  is  often  white 
with  a  purple  or  lavender  calyx  and  purplish-brown  pedi- 
cel. They  are  known  in  general  as  sea-lavender.  The 
common  European  S.  Limonium  is  also  sometimes  called 
marsh-beet  from  its  purplish  root ;  it  is  the  red  behen  of  the 
old  apothecaries.  Its  American  variety,  Caroliniana,  the 
marsh-rosemary  of  the  coast  from  Newfoundland  to  Texas, 
is  also  known  as  canter-root,  from  the  use  as  an  astringent 
of  its  large  bitter  fleshy  root,  which  also  contains  tannic 
acid  (whence  its  name  ink-root).  The  very  large  roots  of 
S.  latifolia  are  used  for  tanning  in  Russia  and  Spain,  and 
those  of  S.  mucronata  as  a  nervine  in  Morocco  under  the 
name  of  mfrifa.  Other  species  also  form  valued  remedies, 
as  S.  Bratiliensis,  the  guaycura  of  Brazil  and  southward. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  their  beauty,  as  5.  ttiti- 
folia,  and  S.  arborescent,  a  shrub  from  the  Canaries.  In 
Afghanistan,  where  several  species  grow  in  desert  regions, 
they  form  a  source  of  fuel. 

Staticeae  (sta-tis'e-e),  n.  pi  [NL.  (Endlicher, 
1836),  <  Statice  +  -ex.]  A  tribe  of  plants,  of  the 
order  Pltimbaginese,  distinguished  fromthe  other 
tribe  (Plumbagex)  by  flowers  with  a  commonly 
spreading,  scarious,  and  colored  calyx-border, 
stamens  united  to  the  petals  at  the  base  or 
higher,  and  styles  distinct  to  the  middle  or  the 
base.  It  includes  6  genera,  of  which  Statice  is  the  type. 
They  are  commonly  acaulescent  plants,  very  largely  mari- 
time, and  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

Statics  (stat'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  static  (see  -ics).  Cf. 
F.  statique,  <  Gr.  arannri,  the  art  of  weighing, 
fern,  of  orariKOf,  causing  to  stand :  see  static.] 
That  branch  of  mechanics  which  treats  of  the 
relations  of  strains  and  stresses,  or  of  the  fig- 
ures of  bodies  in  equilibrium  and  of  the  magni- 
tudes and  directions  of  the  pressures Chemi- 
cal, graphical,  social  statics.  See  the  adjectives. 

Station  (sta'shpn),  n.  [<  ME.  stacion,  <  OF.  sta- 
tion, stneion,  estagon,  estaclioii,  extnixun,  etc..  F. 


station   —  Sp.  cxl/lciiui   —   IV.  (fsliic,'in  =  It.  uln- 

zioiie  =  D.  U.  Sw.  Dan.  xtntiim.  <*L.  statio(n-), 
a  standing,  place  of  standing,  station,  a  post, 
abode,  dwelling,  position,  office,  etc.,  <  atari'. 
stand:  see  state,  stand.]  I.  A  standing  still; 
a  state  of  rest  or  inactivity.  [Obsolete  or 
archaic.] 

Her  motion  and  her  utatiim  are  as  one. 

,S'/m*.,  A.  and  ('.,  iii.  3.  22. 
Man's  life  is  a  progress,  and  not  a  tfatimi. 

Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  Manner  of  standing;  attitude;  pose:  rare 
except  in  the  specific  uses. 

An  eye  like  Mars  to  threaten  and  command; 
A  station  like  the  herald  Mercury 
New-lighted  on  a  heaven-kissing  hill. 


stationer 

Ilenevcrcmirt.il  m,  i  in 

Xii'ijt,  Death  of  Dr.  Swift. 
Content  may  dwell  in  nil  xtations. 

Ot  T.  llruirne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  27. 

fiivcn  as  a  tonic,  but  not  worthy  an  officinal  */- 

DunyliHon,  Med.  Diet. 

13.  In  miniiif/,  an  enlargement  made  in  a  shaft, 
level,  or  gangway  to  receive  a  pump,  bob,  tank, 
or  machinery  of  any  kind — False  station,  in  mm: 
Sec /ate.  —  Life-saving  station,  a  station  on  a  sea-coast 
furnished  with  life-boats  and  other  apparatus  for  saving 
life  from  shipwreck.— Military  station,  a  place  where 
troops  are  regularly  kept  in  garrison.  —  Naval  station, 
a  safe  and  commodious  shelter  or  harbor  for  the  warlike 
or  commercial  ships  of  a  nation,  where  there  is  a  dock- 
yard and  everything  requisite  for  the  repair  of  ships. - 
Outside  station.  See  outside.  =  Syn.  9  </).  See  depot. 


Specifically  — (a)  In  med.,  the  steadiness  (freedom  fron 
swaying)  with  which  one  stands,  (b)  The  manner  of  stand 
ing  or  the  attitude  of  live  stock,  particularly  of  exhibition 
game  fowls ;  as,  a  duckwing  game-cock  of  standard  high 
station. 


.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  58.  Station  (sta'slmii).  r.  /.  (_<stntit»i,  n.]  To  as- 
sign a  station  or  position  to:  as,  to  sttitiini 
troops  on  the  right  or  left  of  an  army ;  to  gta- 
linii  a  sentinel  on  a  rampart;  to  Station  one's 
self  at  a  door. 


3.  The  spot  or  place  where  anything  habitually 
stands  or  exists ;  particularly,  the  place  to  which 
a  person  is  appointed  and  which  he  occupies 


Not  less  one  glance  he  caught 
Thro'  open  doors  of  Ida  tttation'd  there 
Unshaken,  clinging  to  her  purpose. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 


Howcrinff  Plant  of  Statice  Limi 

nijtm,  var.  CttroliHt'atta. 
<r,  the  flower  with  its  bracts. 


tions  of  the  officers  and  crew  of  a  ship  when  a  station. 

the  fire-signal  is  sounded.  stationariness(sta'shon-a-ri-nes),  n.     Station- 

If  that  service  ye  now  do  want,  ary  character  or  quality ;  iixity :  as,  the  station- 

Whatxtartonwillyebe?  ariness  of  the  barometer ;  the  statiotiariness  of 

Blancheflour  andJellyflorice(CtiM's  Ballads,  IV.  297).  rents.     J.  S.  Mill,  On  Liberty,  iii. 

One  oj lour companions  took  his  station  as  sentinel  upon  stationary  (sta'shon-a-ri),  a.  and  n.      [=  F. 

the  tomb  of  the  l.ttle  mosque.         O'Donovan,  Merv,  xx.  st(ltionnaire  =  Sp.  Pg.  'estacionario  =  It.  ttatio- 

4.  The  place  where  the  police  force  of  any  nario,  <  L.  stationaritts,  pertaining  to  a  post  or 

district  is  assembled  when  not  on  duty;  a  dis-  station/  statio(n-),  a  post,  station:  see  station .] 

trict  or  branch  police  office.   See  police  station,  ' 

under  police.— 5.  The  place  where  the  British 

officers  of  a  district  in  India,  or  the  officers  of 


trict  or  branch  police  office.   See  police  station,     I.  a.  1.  Having  a  particular  station  or  place ; 
T^  ^i./,«>  ™i,o,o  +1,0  n,u;=i,     remaining  in  a  certain  place ;  not  movable,  or 

not  intended  to  be  moved ;  not  moving,  or  ap- 
a  garrison,  reside ;  also,  the  aggregate  of  soci-    pearing  not  to  move ;  technically,  without  ve- 

Pt.V  1T1    SllpVl    fl.  Tlln./^O  •    act     tr\Qolrflio   atst-Hnm  +f\  Hi-n  .          innl4-*r      ,.    1 ,  . .  i  I .  .    ..     ,  1    '    .      .      > llii ;_ 1 • 


ety  in  such  a  place :  as,  to  ask  the  station  to  din- 
ner.   Yule  and  Btirnell,  Anglo-Indian  Glossary. 

The  little  bills  done  by  the  rich  bunneahs,  the  small 
and  great  pecuniary  relations  between  the  station  and  the 
bazaar.  W.  H.  Russell,  Diary  in  India,  I.  194. 

6.  The  condition  or  position  of  an  animal  or 
a  plant  in  its  habitat,  or  its  relation  to  its  en- 


locity,  whether  this  condition  is  only  instan- 
taneous, or  whether  the  body  spoken  of  re- 
mains motionless  for  an  interval  of  time.  A 
planet  is  said  to  be  stationary  at  a  turning-point  of  its 
motion,  when  its  longitude  is  neither  increasing  nor  di- 
minishing. The  sun  is  said  to  be  stationary  when  it 
reaches  one  of  the  tropics  and  begins  to  turn  toward  the 
equinoctial. 


vironment:  often .used synonymously  with  hab-  2.  Remaining  in  the  same  condition  or  state; 
itat  (but  habitat  is  simply  the  place  where  an  making  no  progress;  without  change;  with 
animal  or  plant  lives,  station  the  condition  un-  neither  increase  nor  decrease  of  symptoms,  in- 


der  which  it  lives  there). 

The  males  and  females  of  the  same  species  of  butterfly 
are  known  in  several  cases  to  inhabit  different  stations, 
the  former  commonly  basking  in  the  sunshine,  the  latter 
haunting  gloomy  forests. 

Danrin,  Descent  of  Man,  I.  391. 


tensity,  etc. :  as,  a  stationary  temperature. 

The  ancient  philosophy  disdained  to  be  useful,  and  was 
content  to  be  stationary.  Macaulay,  Bacon. 

Stationary  air,  the  amount  of  air  which  remains  con- 
stantly in  the  lungs  in  ordinary  respiration.— Station- 
ary contact,  diseases,  engine.  See  the  nouns.—  Sta- 
tionary motion,  such  a  motion  of  a  system  that  no 
particle  continually  departs  further  and  further  from  its 
original  position,  nor  does  its  velocity  continually  increase 
or  diminish.  Clausius. — Stationary  point,  on  a  curve,  a 
point  where  the  point  generating  the  curve  is  stationary 


7.  Insure.:  («)  The  place  selected  for  planting 
the  instrument  with  which  an  observation  is  to 
be  made.  (6)  A  fixed  uniform  distance  (usu- 
ally the  length  of  a  chain  of  100  feet,  or  66  feet,  , , „ „ „  „. _, 

or  half  the  length  of  a  twenty-meter  chain)  and  turns  back;  a  cusp;  a  binode  whose  two  tangents  coin- 
into  which  a  line  of  survey  is  divided.  The  S*tlffiSfiSS!»!SS**«5?M*Hi!*?*?S 
stations  are  consecutively  numbered. —  8.  A 
stock-farm.  [Australia.]— 9.  A  regular  stop- 
ping-place, (a)  One  of  the  stages  or  regular  stopping, 
places  at  which  pilgrims  to  Rome  or  other  holy  place 
were  wont  to  stop  and  rest,  as  a  church  or  the  tomb  of  a 
martyr,  (b)  One  of  the  places  at  which  ecclesiastical  proces- 
sions pause  for  the  performance  of  an  act  of  devotion,  as  a 
church,  the  tomb  of  a  martyr,  or  some  similar  sacred  spot. 
Hence  —  (c)  The  religious  procession  to  and  from  or  the 
service  of  devotion  at  these  places,  (rf)  One  of  the  rep- 
resentations of  the  successive  stages  of  Christ's  passion 
which  are  often  placed  round  the  naves  of  churches,  and 
by  the  sides  of  the  way  leading  to  sacred  edifices,  and 
which  are  visited  in  rotation,  (e)  In  the  early  church,  the 


the  moving  tangent  generating  the  curve  is  stationary  and 
turns  back ;  an  inflection.— Stationary  tangent  plane 
of  a  surface,  a  tangent  plane  which  has  stationary  contact 
with  the  surface. 

II.  ».;  pi.  stationaries  (-riz).  1.  A  person  or 
thing  which  remains  or  continues  in  the  same 
place  or  condition ;  specifically,  one  of  a  force 
of  permanent  or  stationary  troops. 

The  stationaries  are  mine  already.  So  are  the  soldiery 
all  the  way  up  the  Nile.  Kingsley,  Hypatia,  xx. 


Then  they  are  stationaries  in  their  houses,  which  be  in 
the  middle  points  of  the  latitudes,  which  they  call  eclip- 

ticks-  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  ii.  1«. 

place  appointed  at  church  for  each  class  of  worshipers,     o     On«  wlm  wiaTioa  fr,  =fo,r  .    .  ™.  ™l,o,.a  i,      • 
more  especially  for  each  grade  of  penitents;  hence  the     ^   L   '®  WUo  msh^  ">  stay  as  or  where  he  IS ; 
status,  condition,  or  class  so  indicated.  (/)  A  place  where     one  wnO  opposes  or  resists  progress;   an  ex- 
railway-trains  regularly  stop  for  the  taking  on  of  passen-     treme  conservatist. 
gers  or  freight ;  hence,  the  buildings  erected  at  such  a 
place  for  railway  business  •  a  depot.  Divided  between  the  party  of  movement  and  that  of  re- 

10.  Eccles.:  (a)  In  the  early  cTinrch,  an  assem-     Si8tance-theprogr^17!l,l"1±1r!^>''a'^«  T 
bly  of  the  faithful  in  the  church,  especially  for    ,  Hw' llavels  <trans- 1852)'  IL  129' 

the  celebration  of  the  eucharist.  (6)  The  fast  Station-bill  (sta  shou-bil),  n.  Naut.,  a  list  cou- 
and  service  on  Wednesday  and  Friday  (except  taming  the  appointed  posts  of  the  ship's  corn- 
between  Easter  and  Pentecost),  in  memory  of  _Pa°y  for  a.n  evolutions. 

the  council  which  condemned  Christ,  and  of  Station-calendar  (sta'shon-kaFen-dar),  n.    On 
his  passion.    These  are  still  maintained  by  the  Greek     a  railroad,  a  station-indicator. 
Church,  but  the  fast  of  Wednesday  in  the  Western  Church  Stationer  (sta  shon-er),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  sta- 
has  been  abrogated,    (c)  Among  Roman  Catholics,     tyoner ;  <  ME.   s'iacyonere,  <  ML.  stationariux, 
a  church  where  indulgences  are  to  be  obtained    staeionarius,  a  resident,  resident  canon,  vender 


on  certain  days. — 11.  Situation;  position. 

The  head  has  the  most  beautiful  appearance,  as  well  as 
the  highest  station,  in  a  human  figure. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  98. 

12.  Status;  rank;  standing ;  specifically,  rank 
or  standing  in  life;  social  state  or  position; 
condition  of  life ;  hence,  high  rank  or  standing. 

They  in  France  of  the  best  rank  and  station. 

Shalt.,  Hamlet,  i.  3.  73. 


of  .books,  <  L.  statio(n-),  a  station,  stall :  see 
station.]     If.  A  bookseller. 

Any  scurrile  pamphlet  is  welcome  to  our  mercenary 
stationers  in  English. 

Burton,  Auat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  23. 

Anterior  to  the  invention  of  printing,  there  flourished  a 
craft  or  trade  who  were  denominated  statvmers;  they  were 
scribes  and  limners,  and  dealers  in  manuscript  copies,  and 
in  parchment  and  paper,  and  other  literary  wares. 

/.  D'leraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  4S2. 


stationer 

2.  One  who  sells  the  materials  used  in  writing, 
as  paper,  pens,  pencils,  ink,  etc — stationers' 
Hall,  a  building  in  London  belonging  to  the  gild  called 
the  "Company  of  Stationers,"  in  which  a  book  is  kept  for 
the  registration  of  copyrights.— Stationers'  rule.  See 
ridei.— Walking,  running,  or  flying  stationer,  a  hawk- 
er of  ballads,  chap-books,  pamphlets,  and  other  kinds  of 
cheap  popular  literature.  Compare  nmning  patterer,  m\- 
derpatterer.  Tatter,  No.  4. 

stationery  (sta'slion-er-i),  n.  and  a.  [<  statiom-r 
+  -i/3  (see  -c n/).]  I.  n.  The  articles  usually  sold 
by  stationers ;  the  various  materials  employed 
in  writing,  such  as  paper,  pens,  pencils,  and  ink. 
-  Stationery  office,  an  office  in  London  which  is  the  me- 
dium through  which  all  government  offices,  both  at  home 
and  abroad,  are  supplied  with  writing  materials.  It  also 
contracts  for  the  printing  of  reports,  etc.  Imp.  Diet. 

II.  «.  Relating  to  writing,  or  consisting  of 
writing-materials:  as,  stationery  goods. 

station-house  (sta'shon-hous), ».  1.  A  police- 
station. —  2.  The  building  containing  the  office, 
waiting-rooms,  etc.,  of  a  railway-station.  Tlie 
Century,  XXXV.  89. 

Station-indicator  (sta '  shon  -  in  *  di  -  ka  -  tor),  « . 
On  a  railway:  (a)  A  bulletin-board  at  a  station 
on  which  are  exhibited  the  time  of  departure  of 
trains  and  the  stations  at  which  they  will  stop. 
(6)  A  device  in  a  car  for  exhibiting  in  succes- 
sion the  names  of  the  stations  where  stops  are 
to  be  made. 

Station-master  (sta'shon-mas'ter),  ».  The  of- 
ficial in  charge  of  a  station;  specifically,  the 
person  in  charge  of  a  railway-station. 

station-meter  (sta'shon-me"ter),  n,  A  meter 
of  large  size  used  in  gas-works  to  measure  the 
now  of  gas.  Such  meters  are  made  with  various  attach- 
ments, as  water-line,  pressure,  and  overflow  gages,  regis- 
ter-clock, and  telltale  indicators  of  the  rate  of  flow.  E. 
H.  Knight. 

Station-pointer  (sta' shon -poin'ter),  n.  In 
sure.,  an  instrument  for  expeditiously  laying 
down  on  a  chart  the  position  of  a  place  from 
which  the  angles  subtended  by  three  distant 
objects,  whose  positions  are  known,  have  been 
measured;  a  three-armed  protractor. 

station -pole,  station -staff  (sta'shon-pol, 
-staf),  n.  In  sun.,  same  as  leveling-staff,  1. 

statism  (sta'tizm),  n.  [<  state  +  -ism."\  The 
art  of  government;  hence,  in  a  depreciative 
sense,  policy.  [Rare.] 

Hence  it  is  that  the  enemies  of  God  take  occasion  to 
blaspheme,  and  call  our  religion  statism. 

South,  Sermons,  I.  Iv. 

statist  (sta'tist),  n.  [=  G.  statist  =  Sw.  statist, 
a  statesman,  politician,  =  Sp.  Pg.  estadista,  a 
statesman,  politician,  also  a  statistician,  =  It. 
statisla,  a  statesman ;  as  state  (L.  status)  +  -4st.~] 

1.  A  statesman;   a  politician;  one  skilled  in 
government.     [Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

Next  is  your  statist's  face,  a  serious,  solemn,  and  super- 
cilious face,  full  of  formal  and  square  gravity. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  il.  1. 

2.  A  statistician. 

The  keen  statist  reckons  by  tens  and  hundreds ;  the  ge- 
nial man  is  interested  in  every  slipper  that  comes  into  the 
assembly.  Emerson,  Success. 

statistic  (sta-tis'tik),  a.  and  «.  [I.  a.  =  F.  sta- 
tistique  =  Sp.  estadistico  =  Pg.  estadistico  =  It. 
statistico  (cf .  G.statistisch  =  Sw.  Dan.  statistisk), 
lit.  pertaining  to  a  statist  or  to  matters  of  the 
state ;  as  statist  +  -ic.  II.  n.  =  F.  statistique  = 
Sp.  estadistica  =  Pg.  estadistica  =  It.  statistica, 
statistics,  =  G.  statistik,  political  science,  sta- 
tistics, =  Sw.  Dan.  statistik,  statistics;  from  the 
adj.]  I.  a.  Statistical. 

II.  «.  1.  Same  as  statistics. —  2.  A  statisti- 
cal statement. —  3f.  A  statistician. 

Henley  said  you  were  the  best  statistic  in  Europe. 

SmUhey,  1804,  in  Robberd's  Mem.  of  Taylor  of  Norwich 

[I.  608. 

statistical  (sta-tis'ti-kal),  a.  [<  statistic  +  -al.~\ 
Of  or  pertaining  to  statistics;  consisting  of 
facts  and  calculations  or  such  matters :  as, 
statistical  tables;  statistical  information pri- 
mary statistical  number,  the  number  of  a  class  ascer- 
tained by  direct  counting.— Statistical  Inference.  See 
inference.—  Statistical  method,  a  scientific  method  in 
which  results  are  deduced  from  averages  as  data.  Politi- 
cal economy,  the  kinetic  theory  of  gases,  and  Darwinian 
evolutionism  persue  statistical  methods,  which  are  also 
now  applied  to  psychology.— Statistical  proposition. 
See  proposition.— Statistical  ratio,  the  number  of  one 
class  of  things  which  are  found  associated  upon  the  aver- 
age with  each  one  of  another  class  of  things :  thus,  the 
number  of  children  per  family  is  a  statistical  ratio;  so  is 
the  average  duration  of  life. 

statistically  (sta-tis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  statis- 
tical manner;  by  the  use  of  statistics;  from  a 
statistical  point  of  view. 

Statistician  (stat-is-tish'an),  «.  [=  F.  statis- 
ticien;  as  statistic  +  -ion.]  One  who  is  versed 
in  or  collects  statistics. 


5914 

Statistics  (sta-tis'tiks),  «.  [PI.  of  xtatistie  (see 
-ics).~]  1.  A'  systematic  collection  of  numbers 
relating  to  the  enumeration  of  great  classes, 
or  to  ratios  of  quantities  connected  with  such 
classes,  and  ascertained  by  direct  enumeration. 
Thus,  a  table  of  the  populations  of  the  different  States 
of  the  American  I'nion  is  called  a  table  of  statistics;  so 
is  a  table  showing  the  percentages  of  farms  in  different 


farms  by  the  total  number  of  farms. 

The  word  statistics,  as  the  name  of  a  peculiar  science, 
was  first  engrafted  into  our  language  by  Sir  John  Sinclair. 
It  comprehends,  according  to  the  practice  of  the  German 
writers,  from  whom  it  was  adopted,  all  those  topics  of  in- 
quiry which  interest  the  statesman. 
Monthly  Rev.,  17%,  App.,  p.  553  (N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI. 

[404). 

2.  The  study  of  any  subject,  especially  sociolo- 
gy, by  means  of  extensive  enumerations;  the 
science  of  human  society,  so  far  as  deduced  from 

enumerations.  —Bureau  of  Statistics.  See  bureau. 
—Vital  statistics,  a  collection  of  statistical  ratios  relat- 
ing to  the  average  course  of  life,  including  the  death- 
rates  at  different  ages,  liability  to  different  diseases,  etc. 

statistology  (sta-tis-tol'o-ji),  n.  [Irreg.  <  sta- 
tist(ics)  +  Gr.  -Xoyio,  <  teyeiv,  speak  :  see  -oloyy.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  statistics. 

Stative  (sta'tiv),  a.  [=  OF.  statif,  <  L.  stati- 
vus,  standing  still,  <  stare,  stand:  see  state.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  fixed  camp  or  military  post 
or  quarters.  —  2.  In  Heb.  gram.,  indicating  a 
physical  state,  or  mental,  intransitive,  or  re- 
flexive action  :  said  of  certain  verbs. 

statizet  (sta'tiz),  r.  i.  [<  state  +  -i;e.  Cf.  sta- 
tist.'] To  meddle  in  state  affairs.  Davies. 

Secular  .  .  .  mysteries  are  for  the  knowledge  of  statiz- 
ing  Jesuits.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Work*,  II.  168. 

Statlicht,  a.     A  Middle  English  form  of  stately. 

Statoblast  (stat'o-blast),  n.  [<  Gr.  orordf,  stand- 
ing, fixed  (see  static),  +  /JXaordf,  a  bud,  germ.] 
One  of  the  peculiar  internal  asexual  buds  de- 
veloped in  the  body-cavity  of  the  fresh-water 
or  phylactoleematous  polyzoans,  comparable  to 
the  gemmules  of  the  fresh-water  sponges,  and 
serving  for  reproduction.  These  germs  of  new  in- 
dividuals to  be  reproduced  agamogenetically  by  internal 
gemmation  are  formed  in  the  funiculus  or  mesentery  of  the 
polyzoan  ;  on  the  death  of  the  parent  organism,  they  are 
ruptured,  and  give  exit  to  a  young  animal  essentially  like 
the  parent.  The  factthatstatoblastscontainnogenninal 
vesicle,  and  never  exhibit  the  phenomena  of  segmentation 
or  yolk-cleavage,  is  conclusive  against  their  being  ova  or 
eggs  ;  and,  moreover,  an  ovary  producing  ova  occurs  else- 
where in  the  same  individual  that  produces  statoblasts. 
Also  called  irinier  bud.  See  cut  under  1'litinatella. 

statoblastic  (stat-o-blas'tik),  a.  [<  statoblast 
+  -ic.]  1.  Having  the  character  or  nature  of 
a  statoblast;  of  or  pertaining  to  statoblasts: 
as,  statoblastic  capsules;  statoblastic  reproduc- 
tion. —  2.  Giving  rise  to  statoblasts;  repro- 
duced by  means  of  statoblasts:  as,  &  stato- 
blastic polyzoan. 

statocracy  (sta-tok'ra-si),  H.  [<  state  +  -ocracy, 
after  aristocracy,  etc.]  Government  or  rule  by 
the  state  alone,  uncontrolled  by  ecclesiastical 
power. 

statoscope  (stat'o-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  ararof,  stand- 
ing, fixea  (see  static),  +  amire'iv,  view.]  A  form 
of  aneroid  barometer  for  registering  minute  va- 
riations of  atmospheric  pressure.  It  consists  of  a 
sensitive  metallic  diaphragm  exposed  on  the  outside  to 
the  changes  of  atmospheric  pressure,  and  connecting  on 
the  Inside  with  a  closed  reservoir  of  air,  of  four  or  five  liters 
capacity,  protected  from  temperature-changes  by  non-con- 
ducting  walls  filled  with  felt  and  wool.  Registration  is 
effected  by  a  long  index-needle  on  the  cylinder  of  a  chron- 
ograph. At  the  beginning  of  observation  the  index  is 
brought  to  zero  of  the  scale  by  opening  a  stop-cock  con- 
necting the  reservoir  with  the  outside  air,  and  the  abso- 
lute pressure  at  the  moment  is  observed  with  a  mercurial 
barometer.  The  stop-cock  is  then  closed,  and  the  index- 
needle  shows  variations  of  pressure  as  small  as  .01  milli- 
meter of  mercury.  The  total  limit  of  change  that  can  be 
registered  is  about  5  millimeters  ;  for  pressures  beyond 
this  the  instrument  must  be  reset 

statosphere  (stat'o-sfer),  n.  [<  Gr.  orarof, 
standing,  fixed,  +  a<jmipa,  a  globe.]  The  glo- 
bose, chitinous,  spiculiferous  envelop  of  the 
protoplasm  of  the  winter  or  resting  stage  of 


hot.,  a  motionless  or  resting  spore;  a  hypno- 
spore. 

statuat  (stat'u-8),  n.     [<  L.  statua,  an  image,  a 
statue :  see  statue.']    A  statue. 

Even  at  the  base  of  Pompey's  statua, 

Which  all  the  while  ran  blood,  great  Csesar  fell. 

Shak.,  J.  C.,  iii.  2.  192. 

Behold  the  Statuas  which  wise  Vulcan  plac'd 

Under  the  altar  of  Olympian  Jove, 

And  gave  to  them  an  artificial  life. 
Seaumont,  Masque  of  Inner  Temple  and  Gray's  Inn. 


statuminate 

Statuary  (stat'u-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  •  [=  F.  statuaire 
=  Sp.  Pg.  estatuario  =  It.  statuariu,  <  L.  stalua- 
riiis,  of  or  pertaining  to  statues  (statuaria,  sc. 
ars,  the  statuary  art),  <  statua,  a  statue:  see 
xtntiie.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  statue  or 
statuary. 

What  connoisseurs  call  statuari/  grace,  by  which  is 
meant  elegance  unconnected  with  motion. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  2. 

Statuary  marble,  tine-grained  white  marble,  especially 
sought  for  monuments,  busts,  etc. 

II.  ». ;  p\.xt/ttii<irii',t(-r\z).  1.  Onewho makes 
statues;  a  sculptor;  specifically,  one  who  makes 
statues  in  metal,  a  bronze-caster,  or  one  who 
makes  copies  of  statues  designed  by  another 
artist. 

Statuaries  could 

By  the  foot  of  Hercules  set  down  punctually 
His  whole  dimensions. 

Matrinyrr,  Emperor  of  the  East,  ii.  1. 

Burst  the  gates,  and  burn  the  palaces,  break  the  works 

of  the  statuary.      Tennyson,  Experiments,  Boadicea. 

2.  The  art  of  carving  or  making  statues  or 
figures  in  the  round  representing  persons,  ani- 
mals, etc. :  a  main  branch  of  sculpture. 

The  northern  nations  .  .  .  were  too  barbarous  to  pre- 
serve the  remains  of  learning  more  carefully  than  they  did 
those  of  statuary  or  architecture  or  civility. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  Ancient  and  Modern  Learning. 

3.  Statues  collectively. 

statue  (stat'u),  «.  [<  ME.  statue,  <  OF.  statue, 
F.  statue  =  Sp.  Pg.  estatua  =  It.  statua,  <  L. 
statua,  an  image  set  up,  a  statue,  pillar,  <  statu- 
ere,  set  up:  see  statute."]  1.  A  figure  of  a  per- 
son or  an  animal,  made  of  some  solid  substance, 
as  marble,  bronze,  iron,  or  wood,  or  of  any  sub- 
stance of  solid  appearance ;  a  sculptured,  cast, 
or  molded  figure,  properly  of  some  size  (as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  statuette  or  figurine)  and  in 
the  round  (as  distinguished  from  a  relief  or  an 
intaglio). 

This  proude  king  let  make  a  statue  of  golde 

Sixty  cubytes  long.       Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1. 169. 

Within  the  area  of  the  foundation  walls,  and  all  round 
them,  were  lying  heads  and  bodies  of  many  statues,  which 
had  once  stood  within  the  temple  on  bases  still  In  position 
in  three  parallel  rows. 

C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archeeol.,  p.  S06. 
2f.  A  picture. 

The  rede  statue  of  Mars  with  spere  and  targe 
So  shyneth  in  his  whyte  baner  large 
That  alle  the  feeldes  gliteren  up  and  doun. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  117. 

Sir  John.  Yournieces,  ere  they  put  to  sea,  crave  humbly, 
Though  absent  in  their  bodies,  they  may  take  leave 
Of  their  late  suitors'  statues. 
Luke.  There  they  hang.     Massinger,  City  Madam,  v.  8. 

Equestrian  statue,  a  statue  in  which  the  figure  is  rep- 
resented as  seated  on  horseback. — Plinth  of  a  statue. 
See  plinth. 

statue  (stat'u),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  statued,  ppr. 
stattiing.  [<  statue,  n.]  To  place  as  a  statue; 
form  a  statue  of. 

The  whole  man  becomes  as  if  statued  into  stone  and 
earth.  Feltham,  Resolves,  I.  38. 

statued  (stat'ud),  «.     [<  statue  +  -erf2.]    Fur- 
nished with  statues;   having  the   form  of  a 
statue ;  consisting  of  a  statue  or  of  statues. 
Pacing  in  sable  robes  the  statued  hall. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  Falcon  of  Federigo. 

Sometimes  he  encountered  an  imperial  column  ;  some- 
times he  came  to  an  arcadian  square  flooded  with  light, 
and  resonant  with  the  fall  of  statued  fountains. 

Disraeli,  Lothair,  Ixix. 

Statue-dress  (stat'u-dres),  «.     Theat.,  a  dress 

for  the  body  and  legs,  made  in  one  piece,  worn 

in  representations  of  statuary, 
statuesque  (stat-u-esk'),  a.  [<  statue  +  -esque.~\ 

Like  a  statue;  having  the  formal  dignity  or 

beauty  of  a  statue. 
The  statuesque  attitudes  exhibited  in  the  ballets  at  the 

opera-house.  De  Quincey,  English  Opium-Eater. 

statuesquely  (stat-u-esk'li),  adr.  In  a  statu- 
esque manner;  in  tlie  manner  of  a  statue ;  as  a 
statue.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  97. 

statuesqueness  (stat-u-esk'nes), «.  Statuesque 
character  or  appearance.  The  Academy,  No. 
904,  p.  141. 

statuette  (stat-u-ef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  statue,  a 
statue :  see  statue.]  A  small  statue ;  a  statue 
or  image  in  the  round  much  smaller  than  na- 
ture ;  a  figurine. 

Most  of  the  figures  do  not  much  exceed  life-size,  and 
many  were  small  statuettes. 

C.  T.  Xewton,  Art  and  Archeeol.,  p.  307. 

statuize   (stat'u-iz),  v.  t.     [<  statue   +  -tee.'] 
To  commemorate  by  a  statue.     [Rare.] 
James  II.  did  also  statueize  himself  in  copper. 

Misson,  Travels  In  Eng.,  p.  309.    (Daviei.) 

statuminatet  (sta-tu'mi-nat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  statu- 
m hiatus,  pp.  of  statumintire,  prop  up,  support, 


statuminate 

(-miii-),  a  prop,  stay.  <  statuere,  cause 
to  stand,  set  up,  fix  upright:  see  statue.]  To 
prop;  support. 

I  will  statuminate  and  under-prop  thee. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  ii.  2. 

Stature  (stat'ur),  n.  [<  ME.  stature,  <  OF. 
(and  F.)  stature  =  Sp.  Pg.  cstatura  =  It.  statimi, 
<  L.  statura,  heiglit  or  size  of  the  body,  stature, 
size,  growth,  <  statuere,  cause  to  stand,  set  up: 
see  statute.']  1.  The  natural  height  of  an  an- 
imal body;  bodily  tallness;  sometimes,  full 
height:  generally  used  of  the  human  body. 

The  Loud  of  Pigmaus,  where  that  the  folk  ben  of  litylle 
Stature  that  ben  but  3  Span  long. 

Mandecille,  Travels,  p.  211. 
Unto  stature  this  damsel  was  grown. 
Catalan's  Garland  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  174). 

2f.  A  statue.     [An  erroneous  use,  due  to  con- 
fusion with  statue.] 

And  then  before  her  [Diana's)  stature  straight  he  told 
Devoutly  all  his  whole  petition  there. 

Mir.  fur  Mags.,  I.  29. 

In  the  second  house  there  is  the  stature  of  a  man  of  sil- 
uer-  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  236. 

statured  (stat'urd),  o.  [<  stature  +  -ed^.]  if. 
Of  the  height  or  stature  of. 

Were  thy  dimension  but  a  stride, 
Nay,  wert  thou  statur'd  but  a  span, 

She'll  make  thee  Mimas.  Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  6. 
2.  Of  or  arrived  at  full  stature.  The  Century 
XXXIII.  48.  [Rare.]— 3f.  Conditioned;  cir- 
cumstanced. 

They  (Tusser  and  Churchyard]  being  mark'd  alike  in 
their  poeticall  parts,  living  in  the  same  time,  and  statur'd 
alike  in  their  estates.  Fuller,  Worthies,  Essex,  I.  619. 
Status  (sta'tus),  n.  [<  L.  status,  standing,  posi- 
tion, attitude,  state:  see  state.]  1.  Standing 
or  position  as  regards  rank  or  condition. — 
2.  Position  of  affairs.—  3.  In  law,  the  stand- 
ing of  a  person  before  the  law  in  the  class  of 
persons  indicated  by  his  or  her  legal  qualities; 
the  relation  fixed  by  law  in  which  a  person 
stands  toward  others  or  the  state.  Different 
writers  vary  much  in  the  extent  of  meaning  implied,  but 
in  the  best  usage  it  includes  liberty,  citizenship,  and  mar- 
riage, infancy  and  majority  and  wardship  or  tutelage,  and 
mental  capacity  or  incapacity  according  to  legal  tests.  It 
is  rarely  If  ever  used  of  any  of  those  relations  which  are 
terminable  by  consent,  such  as  partnership.— Status 
quo,  the  condition  in  which  (the  thing  or  things  were  at 
first  or  are  now).  Compare  in  statu  quo. 
statutable  (stat'u-ta-bl),  a.  [<  statute  +  -able.] 
1.  Made,  required,  orimposed  by  statute;  statu- 
tory: as,  a  statutable  punishment. —  2.  Allowed 
by  the  rules ;  standard. 

I  met  with  one  the  other  day  who  was  at  least  three 
inches  above  five  foot,  which  you  know  is  the  statutable 
measure  of  that  club.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  108. 

statutably  (stat'u-ta-bli),  adv.  In  a  manner 
agreeable  to  statute ;  as  required  or  provided 
by  statute. 

statute  (stat'ut),  n.  [<  ME.  statut,  <  OF.  statut, 
estatut,  statu,  F.  statut  =  Pr.  statut  =  Sp.  Pg. 
estatuto  =  It.  statuta,  statuto  =  D.  statuut  =  G. 
Sw.  Dan.  statut,  <  LL.  statutum,  a  statute,  prop, 
neut.  of  L.  statutus,  pp.  of  statuere,  set  up,  estab- 
lish: see  stand.]  1.  An  ordinance  or  law ;  spe- 
cifically, a  law  promulgated  in  writing  by  a  le- 
gislative body ;  an  enactment  by  a  legislature  ; 
in  the  United  States,  an  act  of  Congress  or  of  a 
State  or  Territorial  legislature  passed  and  pro- 
mulgated according  to  constitutional  require- 
ments ;  in  Great  Britain,  an  act  of  Parliament 
made  by  the  Sovereign  by  and  with  the  advice  of 
the  Lords  and  Commons.  Some  early  statutes  are  in 
the  form  of  charters  or  ordinances,  proceeding  from  the 
crown,  the  consent  of  the  Lords  and  Commons  not  being 
expressed.  Statutes  are  either  public  or  private  (in  the 
latter  case  affecting  an  individual  or  a  company) ;  but  the 
term  is  usually  restricted  to  public  acts  of  a  general  and 
permanent  character.  Strictly  speaking,  an  ordinance 
established  by  either  house  of  the  legislature,  or  by  both, 
without  the  assent  of  the  executive,  as  a  resolution,  or 
Joint  resolution,  is  not  a  statute.  The  word  has  some- 
times, however,  been  interpreted  to  include  municipal 
ordinances.  See  also  act.  article,  bill*,  by-law,  charter, 
code,  decree,  edict,  law,  ordinance,  petition,  provision. 
Ac  whiles  Hunger  was  her  maister  there  wolde  none  of 

hem  chyde, 
Ne  stryue  ajdnes  his  statut  so  sterneliche  he  loked. 

Piers  Plowman  (BX  vi.  321. 

The  statutes  of  the  Lord  are  right.  Ps.  xlx.  8. 

Girded  with  frumps  and  curtail  gibes,  by  one  who 
makes  sentences  by  the  Statute,  as  If  all  above  three  inches 
long  were  conflscat.  Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

What  are  called  in  England  constitutional  statutes,  such 
as  Magna  Charta,  the  Bill  of  Rights,  the  Act  of  Settle- 
ment, the  Acts  of  Union  with  Scotland  and  Ireland,  are 
merely  ordinary  laws,  which  could  be  repealed  by  Parlia- 
ment at  any  moment  in  exactly  the  same  way  as  it  can  re- 
peal a  highway  act  or  lower  the  duty  on  tobacco. 

J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth,  I.  237. 

2.  The  act  of  a  corporation  or  of  its  founder, 
intended  as  a  permanent  rule  or  law:  as,  the 


5915 

statutes  of  a  university. — 3.  Inforrii/ii  <m<l  riril 
law,  any  particular  municipal  law  or  usage, 
though  not  resting  for  its  authority  on  judicial 
decisions  or  the  practice  of  nations.  Jiurrill ; 
Worcester.— 4.  A  statute-fair.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 
Bloody  statute,  an  occasional  name  of  the  Act  of  the  Six 
Articles.  See  the  Six  Articles,  under  article.  -Declara- 
tory statute.  See  declaratory.— Directory  statute 
See  directory.— Enabling  Statute,  a  statute  which  con- 
fers a  power  upon  a  person  or  body  that  did  not  previously 
possess  it.— Enlarging  statute,  a  statute  which  Increases 
a  power  that  already  existed.  — Equity  of  a  statute 
See  equity.— Estate  by  statute,  more  fully  estate  by 
statute  merchant,  or  estate  fay  statute  staple,  in 
my.  law,  the  estate  or  tenancy  which  a  creditor  acquired 
in  the  lands  of  his  debtor  by  their  seizure  on  judgments 
by  confession  in  forms  now  obsolete.  See  statute  merchant 
and  statute  staple,  below.— General  statute,  a  statute 
which  relates  directly  to  the  government  or  the  general 
public  interest,  or  to  all  the  people  of  the  state  or  of  a 
particular  class,  condition,  or  district  therein.  See  lei/is, 
lation,  also  public  statute  and  local  statute.— Local  Stat- 
ute. See  local  legislation,  under  local.—  Mandatory  Stat- 
ute. Sec  mandatory.— Penal  Statutes.  See  penal.— 
Private  statutes,  (a)  See  private  acts,  under  prieate.  (b) 
Same  as  special  statute.  —Public  Statutes.  See  public  acts, 
under  public.— Remedial  statutes,  statutes  the  main 
object  of  which  appears  directly  beneficent,  by  supplying 
some  defect  in  the  law  or  removing  inconveniences,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  those  the  immediate  aspect  of  which  is  to 
impose  punishment  or  penalty,  which  are  called  penal  stat- 
utes. Some  statutes  partake  of  both  characters,  for  a  stat- 
ute which  is  penal  as  against  an  offender  may  be  remedial 
as  toward  those  whom  it  is  intended  to  protect  —Retro- 
active Statute.  See  retroactive.— Special  or  private 
Statute,  a  statute  which  the  courts  will  not  notice  unless 
pleaded  and  proved  like  any  other  fact ;  also,  a  particular 
or  peculiar  statute :  as,  there  is  a  special  statute  regulating 
chattel  mortgages  on  canal-boats.— statute  against  be- 
nevolences, an  English  statute  of  1483-4 (1  Rich.  III.,  c.  -2) 
abolishing  the  peculiar  system  of  raising  money  by  solici- 
tation, called  benevolences,  and  declaring  that  such  exac- 
tions should  not  be  taken  for  precedent.— Statute  cap 
See  capi.— Statute  de  Donis,  more  fully  Statute  de 
Donis  Conditionalibus,  an  English  statute  of  1285  (13 
Edw.  I. ,  being  the  Statute  of  Westminster,  ii.  c.  1)  intended 
to  put  an  end  to  the  common-law  doctrine  that  under  a  gift 
to  a  man  and  the  heirs  of  his  body  he  acquired  absolute  title 
by  having  issue,  even  though  none  should  survive.  The  act 
prescribed  instead  that  the  condition  stated  by  the  giver  of 
reversion  in  failure  of  issue  should  be  carried  into  effect 
Also  sometimes  called  statute  of  entail.— Statute  labor 
See  labori.—  Statute  lacet.  See  lace.—  Statute  law,  a 
law  or  rule  of  action  prescribed  or  enacted  by  the  legisla- 
tive power,  and  promulgated  and  recorded  in  writing ; 
also,  collectively,  the  enactments  of  a  legislative  assembly, 
in  contradistinction  to  common  law.  See  lawi.  —  Statute 
merchant,  in  law,  a  bond  of  record,  now  obsolete  ac- 
knowledged before  the  chief  magistrate  of  some  trading 
town,  on  which,  il  not  paid  at  the  day,  an  execution 
might  be  awarded  against  the  body,  lands,  and  goods  of 
the  obligor.  See  pocket-judymeiit. 

A  certaine  blinde  retayler,  called  the  Diuell,  vsed  to 
lend  money  vpon  pawnes  or  anie  thing,  and  would  let  one 
for  a  need  haue  a  thousand  poundes  vpon  a  statute-mer- 
chant of  his  soule.  Nashe,  Pierce  Penilesse,  p.  9. 
Statute  of  bread  and  ale.  See  breadi.—  Statute  of 
charitable  uses,  an  English  statute  of  1601  (43  Eliz.  c.  4) 
sometimes  called  the  statute  of  Elizabeth,  for  the  protec- 
tion of  property  devoted  to  charities.  It  authorized  the 
lord  chancellor  to  appoint  commissioners  to  inquire  into 
the  management  of  such  property,  with  power  to  correct 
abuses.— Statute  of  Circumspecte  Agatis,  an  English 
statute  of  1285  (13  Edw.  I.X  in  theformof  a  writ  addressed 
to  the  judges  :  so  named  from  its  first  two  words.  It  di- 
rected that  the  king's  prohibition  should  not  lie  in  spiritu- 
al matters,  and  that  the  jurisdiction  of  the  spiritual  courts 
should  be  exercised  in  cases  of  demands  by  a  parson  for 
tithes,  mortuaries,  pensions,  etc.,  notwithstanding  such 
prohibition.— Statute  of  false  pretenses,  an  English 
statute  of  1757  (30  Geo.  II. ,  c.  24)  which  defines  and  punishes 
the  crime  of  false  pretenses. —  Statute  of  fraudulent 
conveyances,  sometimes  called  the  statute  of  Elizabeth, 
(a)  An  English  statute  of  1571  (13  Eliz.,  c.  5X  reenacted  in 


statuvolic 

evaded  their  feudalducstothechifflunl  lp>  claiming  tohold 
under  the  seller  as  their  lord,  provided  that  upon  all  sales  or 
feoffmcnts  of  land  in  fee  simple  the  feoffee  should  hold, 
not  of  his  immediate  feottor,  but  of  the  next  lord  par- 
amount of  whom  the  feolfor  himself  held,  and  by  the  same 
services,  thus  putting  an  end  to  subinfeudation  lor  sev- 
eral centuries.  — Statute  Of  Rageman,  an  English  stat- 
ute of  1276  (4  Edw.  I.)  requiring  justices  to  "go  through- 
out the  land"  to  try  suits  for  trespasses.  — Statute  of 
Rutland,  Ruddlan,  or  Rothlan,  an  English  royal  ordi- 
nanci-of  1 -2*4(12  Edw.  I.X  made  at  Rutland,  which,  among 
other  things,  forbade  suits  in  the  Exchequer  except  Mich 
Ueonoorned  tin-  king  and  his  officers,  and  referred  to  the 
keeping  of  the  rolls,  etc.  Also  called  provisions  made  in 
the  Excheguer.-Sta.tnte  of  sheriffs.  Same  as  statute 
of  Lincnlii.  Statute  of  Stamford,  an  English  statute 
of  130!)(.-i  Edw.  II.)  which  confirmed  an  act  of  28  Edw.  I. 
abolishing  the  taking  of  goods,  etc.,  by  the  king  when  on 
a  journey  except  upon  payment,  and  also  abolished  cer- 
tain customs  duties.— Statute  of  Winchester  or  Win- 
ton,  an  English  statute  of  1285  (is  Edw.  I.)  containing 
Eolice  regulations  such  as  concern  lesser  crimes  and  the 
ue  and  cry,  and  prohibiting  fairs  and  markets  In  church- 
yards.—Statute  of  York,  an  English  statute  of  1318(12 
Edw.  II.)  which  relates  to  the  administration  of  justice.— 
Statutes  of  liveries,  English  statutes,  the  first  of  which 
were  in  1377  (1  Rich.  II.,  c.  7X  1392-3  (16  Rich.  II.,  c.  4), 
and  1396-7  (20  Rich.  II.,  cc.  1  and  2),  for  the  better  pres- 
ervation of  the  peace :  so  called  because  directed  against 
the  practice  of  giving  distinctive  liveries  to  retainers  and 
partizans,  whereby  confederacies  and  hostile  parties  were 
engendered.— Statutes  of  Westminster,  early  English 
statutes,  so  called  because  made  at  Westminster.  "The 
first "  (1275),  comprising  fifty-one  chapters,  relates  to  free- 
dom of  elections,  amercements,  bail,  extortion  by  officers, 
aid  taken  by  lords,  etc.  "The  second"  (1285),  Including 
fifty  chapters,  relates  to  gifts,  writs,  pleas,  court-proceed- 
ings, etc.  Also  known  as  Statute  de  Donis  (which  see 
above).  "The  third"  was  the  statute  "Quia  Emptores" 
(which  see,  aboveX—  Statute  staple,  in  lav,  a  bond  of 
record,  now  obsolete,  acknowledged  before  the  mayor  of 
the  staple  or  town  constituting  a  grand  mart,  by  virtue  of 
which  the  creditor  might  forthwith  have  execution  against 
the  body,  lands,  and  goods  of  the  debtor  on  non-payment. 
There  is  not  one  gentleman  amongst  twenty  but  his 
land  be  engaged  in  twenty  statutes  staple. 

Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  i.  3. 

The  Great  Statute,  an  English  code  of  customs  law  of 
1660  (12Car.  II.,  c.  4.)  imposing  duties  which  were  termed 
the  "old  subsidy."  (As  to  noted  statutes  on  particular 
subjects,  such  as  statute  of  distributions,  statute  of  enrol- 
ment, statute  of  fines,  statute  of  frauds,  statutes  of  jeofaU, 
statute  of  Jewry,  statute  of  limitations,  statutes  of  mort- 
main, statute  of  murders,  statute  of  non-claim,  statute  of 
preemunire,  statute  of  provisors,  statute  of  staple,  statute 
of  tillage,  statute  of  uses,  statute  of  wills,  see  the  word  char- 
acterizing the  statute.)  =  Syn.  1.  Enactment,  Ordinance, 
etc.  See  Jawl. 

Statutet  (stat'ut),  t-.  t.  [<  statute,  n.]  To  or- 
dain; enact;  decree  or  establish. 

The  king  hath  ordeined  and  statuted  that  all  and  singu- 
lar strangers  .  .  .  shall  apply  and  come  to  his  Towne  of 
Northberne.  Hakluyts  Voyages,  I.  186. 

Statute-book  (stat'ut-buk),  M.     A  register  of 
statutes,  laws,  or" legislative  acts:  a  generic 
term  commonly  used  to  comprehend  all  the  vol- 
umes in  which  the  statute  law  of  a  state  or  na- 
•  tion  is  authoritatively  promulgated. 
Statute-fair  (stat'ut-f ar) ,  «.    A  fair  held  by  reg- 
ular legal  appointment,  in  contradistinction  to 
one  authorized  only  by  use  and  wont.     See 
wop8,  4. 

Statute-roll  (stat'ut-rol),  «.  1 .  A  statute  as  en- 
rolled or  engrossed.—  2.  A  collection  of  stat- 
utes; a  statute-book. 

His  [Edward  IV. 's]  statute-roll  contains  no  acts  for  se- 
curing or  increasing  public  liberties. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist,  i  373. 

Statutory  (stat'u-to-ri),  a.  [<  statute  +  -ory.] 
Enacted,  required,  or  imposed  by  statute ;  de- 


ances  of  property  with  intent  to  delay,  hinder,  or  defraud 
creditors  to  be  void  as  against  such  creditors.  (b)  An 
English  statute  of  1585  (27  Eliz.,  c.  4)  making  void  all  con- 
veyances of  land  made  with  intent  to  deceive  purchasers 
—  Statute  of  Gloucester,  an  English  statute  of  1278  (6 
Edw.  I.X  passed  at  Gloucester,  and  relating  to  local  fran- 
chises and  judicature,  damages  to  real  property,  waste, 
trespass,  etc.— Statute  Of  laborers,  an  English  statute 


,  , 

of  1349  (23  Edw.  III.)  designed  to  compel  workmen  and 
servants  to  work  for  the  wages  commonly  paid  in  the 
year  1346 :  enacted  because  the  pestilence  had  seriously 


decreased  the  number  of  servants,  and  the  survivors  de- 
manded exorbitant  wages. — Statute  of  Lincoln  an^Eng- 
lish  statute  of  1315  - 16  (9  Edw.  II. ,  st.  2),  so  called  because 
the  Parliament  sat  at  Lincoln.  It  prescribed  the  qualifi- 
cations of  sheriffs.  Also  known  as  the  statute  of  sheriffs. — 
Statute  of  Marlborough  (Marleberge,  Marlbridge), 
an  English  statute  of  1267  (62  Hen.  III.),  so  called  because 
made  at  Marlborough,  containing  twenty-nine  chapters 
or  sections  relating  principally  to  distress  suits,  land- 
lord and  tenant,  courts,  writs,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  ear- 
liest written  laws,  after  the  Great  Charter,  and  Is  said  to 
have  been  intended  to  defeat  attempts  to  evade  feudal 
dues  on  succession  at  death  made  by  gifts  inter  vivos.— 
Statute  of  merchants  (also  known  as  the  statute  of 
Acton  Burnett,  from  the  place  of  its  enactment),  (a)  Ail 
English  statute  or  ordinance  of  1283  (11  Edw.  I.)  for  the 
collection  of  debts,  (b)  Another  of  1285  (13  Edw.  I.)  for 
the  same  purpose.— Statute  of  Merton.  Same  as  pro- 
visions of  Merton  (which  see,  under  provision).  —  Statute 
of  military  tenures.  See  military.  —  Statute  of  mo- 
nopolies. Same  as  Monopoly  Act  (which  see,  under  mo- 
nopoly).—Statute  of  Northampton,  an  English  statute 
of  1328  (2  Edw.  III.)  relating  to  felonies,  sheriffs,  etc.— 
Statute  of  Quia  Emptores,  an  English  statute  of  1289. 
1290  (18  Edw.  I.),  which,  because  purchasers  of  land  had 


tory  provision  or  remedy;  statutory  fines. 

The  first  duty  of  the  Muse  is  to  be  delightful,  and  It  is 
an  injury  done  to  all  of  us  when  we  are  put  In  the  wrong 
by  a  kind  of  statutory  affirmation  on  the  part  of  the  critics 
of  something  to  which  our  judgment  will  not  consent,  and 
from  which  our  taste  revolts. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  132. 
The  reduction  of  the  number  of  public-houses  to  a 
statutory  minimum. 

Sir  C.  W.  Dillre,  Probs.  of  Greater  Britain,  vi.  6. 
On  the  first  day  of  July,  1885,  .  .  .  the  regular  statutory 
duties  were  imposed.  Harper's  Mag. ,  LXXVI.  429. 

Statutory  foreclosure.  See  foreclosure.—  Statutory 
guardian.  See  guardian.  2.  —  Statutory  law.  Same  as 
statute  law  (which  see,  under  statute). 

Statuvolence  (sta-tu'vo-lens),  n.  [<  staturo- 
len(t)  +  -cc.]  A  peculiar  state  or  condition 
into  which  a  person  may  throw  himself  by  the 
exercise  of  the  will,  independent  of  extraneous 
conditions ;  a  kind  of  self-induced  clairvoyance. 
It  is  brought  about  by  self-mesmerization,  and  closely  re- 
sembles that  hypnotic  or  somnambulic  condition  which 
may  be  produced  by  the  will  of  another  in  suitable  sub- 
jects. W.  B.  Fahnestock.  [Recent] 

Statuvolent  (sta-tu'vo-lent),  a.  [<  L.  status, 
a  state  or  condition,  4-  volen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  velle, 
will.]  Inducing  statuvolence ;  affected  by  sta- 
tuvolence, or  being  in  that  state.  [Rare.] 

statuvolic  (stat-u-vol'ik),  a.  [<  staturol(ent)  + 
-ic.]  Pertaining  in  any  way  to  statuvolence:  as, 
the  statuvolic  state;  a  statuvolic  process.  [Rare.] 


F,  If. 


of  the  stauroscope:  as,  stauroscopic  examina-  staver-  (sta'ver),  r.  i.     [Also  staircr;  <  Dan. 
tion.     SpotHsvoode,  Polarisation,  p.  113.  stavre,  trudge,  stumble.]     To  stagger;  totter. 


He  [Carlyle]  slept  badly  from  overwork,  "gaeing  slaver- 
ing aboot  the  hoose  at  night,"  as  the  Scotch  maid  saiil. 


statuvolism  r.iiir,  stay 

StatUVOlism    (sta-tu'vo-lizm),    «.     [< 

rnl(cnt)  +  -turn.]    Siime  as  statiirnli  HIT. 

Hayes. 
Staumrel  (stam'rel),  a.     [Cf.  stammer.] 

pid ;  half-witted ;  blundering.    Sums,  Brigs  of 

Ayr.     [Scotch.] 

Staunch,  stauncher,  etc.     See  stancli,  etc. 
Staunton's  opening.    In  chess-playing.     See 

/!/><  Itiltf/,    9. 

stauracin  (sta'ra-siu),  >i.     [<  ML.  staurii<iiini.i. 

<  MGr.  *aTavpamvi)v,  neut.  of  'oTavpaxtvtif,  per- 
taining to  small  crosses,  <  oravpaiaov,  dim.  of 

Gr.  nravn&r  a  cross.]   A  silken  stuff  figured  with 

small  crosses,  in  use  at  the  Byzantine  court,     g^pofChdydria^  »'""*"'"*•    *""  "<««™W"«.  »  »    to  cure  the  stavers  or  staggers  in  horses". "  Also 

and  as  a  material  for  ecclesiastical  vestments  staurotypoilS  (sta'ro-ti-pus),  a.     [<  Gr.  aravpof,     *t"!l!H  rimrt. 

elsewhere,  in  the  early  middle  ages.  a  cross,  +  nVof,  type.]     In  mineral.,  having  Staves,  n.     A  plural  of  staff  tea/A  the  plural  of 

Stauraxonia  (sta-rak-so'ni-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <     mackles  or  spots  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

Gr.  oratipof,  a  cross,  +  iftm,  an  axis.]     In  pro-  Staurotypus   (sta-rot'i-pus),  w.     [NL.,   <   Gr. 

morphology,  stauraxonial  organic  forms,  as  pyr-    aravpuf,  a  cross,  +  nVoj,  type.]     A  genus  of 

amids.    Stauraxonia  homopola  are  figures  with  equal 

poles,  whose  stereometric  figure  is  a  double  pyramid 

(two  pyramids  base  to  base).    Stauraxonia  heteropola  are  „,„„„,„  ,^.-,,m,01    W- .     j 

,  pile, 


ion,  p.  11 

stauroscopically  (sta-ro-skop'i-kal-i),  adv.   By 
Stu-    means  of  the  stauroscope:  as,  stauroscopically 

determined  systems  of  crystallization.  Froude,  Carlyle  (Life  in  London,  I.  iii.). 

staurotide   (sta'ro-tid),    «.     [<   Gr.  cravp6f,  a  stave-rime  (stav'rim),  «.     Alliteration;  an  al- 

cross,  +  -*-  +  -ide2.]     Same  as  staurolite.  literative  word:   used   especially  in   treating 

Staurotypidae  (sta-ro-tip'i-de),  ».  pi.     [NL.,  <     of  Anglo-Saxon  and  other  ancient  Germanic 

fftaiiroti/pim   +  -idse.]     A  family  of  tropical     poetry.     The  .tradi-mi/.  Jan.  14,  1888,  p.  27. 

American  cryptodirous  tortoises,  represented  stavers   (sta'verz),    w.   pi.     [<  stored.]     The 

by  the  genera  Stnitniti/piiii  and  CMMMWI*.    They     staggers,  a  disease  of  horses.     See  stagger,  3. 

have  nine  plastral  bones,  the  carapace  with  epidermal   StaverWOrt    (sta'ver-wert),    «.     The    ragwort, 


single  pyramids  with  dissimilar,  usually  anal  and 
poles.    When  these  have  regular  bases,  they  are  Staurax- 
onia homostaura;   when   irregular,  Stauraxonia   hetero- 
staura. 

stauraxonial  (sta-rak-so'iii-al),  a.  [<  staurax- 
onia  +  -a?.]  Having  a  main  axis  and  a  defi- 
nite number  of  secondary  axes  at  right  angles 
therewith,  so  that  the  stereometric  figure  is 
fundamentally  a  pyramid :  correlated  with  cen- 
trajconial. 

Stauri,  ».     Plural  of  staurus. 

Stauria  (sta'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Edwards  and 
Haime,  1850),  <  Gr.  aravpof,  a  cross,  a  stake.] 
The  typical  genus  of  Stauriidie,  having  a  com- 
pound astrffiiform  corallum  growing  by  calicu- 
lar  gemmation,  four  cruciate  primitive  septa, 
and  no  columella. 

staurian  (sta'ri-an),  «.  [<  Stauria  +  -an.'] 
Resembling  or  related  to  the  genus  Stauria ; 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Stauriidse. 

Stauriidae  (sta-ri'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Stauria 
+  -idee."]  A  family  of  fossil  rugose  stone-cor- 
als, typified  by  the  genus  Stauria.  The  wall  is 
well  developed ;  the  septa  are  complete,  lamellar,  and 
conspicuously  tetramerous.  The  interseptal  loculi  are 
crossed  by  endothecal  dissepiments,  and  there  is  a  cen- 
tral tabulate  area.  The  genera  besides  Stauria  are  Halo- 


xlii  r  !•. 

stavesacre  (stavz'a"ker),  n.     [Early  mod.  E. 
a\so  stavesaker  ;  <  ME.  staphisagre,  <  OF.  staves- 

tortbises  with  a 'cruciform  plastron,  typical  of    ai0™>  <  ML.  staphisagria,  stapliysagrin,  xtini*- 
the  group  Stourotypina  or  family  Staurotypidse.     «</"'«,  stafisagra,  etc.,  <  Gr.  as  if  "araifiif  aypia, 
Staurus  (sta'rus),  n.;  pi.  stauri  (-ri).     [JJL.,  < 


Gr.  orot'pof,  a  stake,  pife,  pale,  cross.]  A  form 
of  sexradiate  sponge-spicule,  resulting  from  the 
suppression  of  both  the  distal  and  the  proximal 
ray.  Sollas. 

Stave  (stav),  n.  [<  ME-,  sttef,  staf,  stave,  pi. 
staves,  Steves,  <  AS.  stsef,  pi.  stafas,  a  staff:  see 
staff.  Stare  is  another  form  of  staff,  arising 
from  the  ME.  oblique  and  plural  forms.  In 


staff.  Specifically  — (a)  In  cooperage,  one  of  the  thin, 
ow  pieces  of  wood,  grooved  for  the  bottom,  the  head, 
,  which  compose  a  barrel,  cask,  tub,  or  the  like.  (6) 


stavesacre:  ara^/f,  aemi^i'f,  dried  grapes  ;  aypiu, 
fern,  of  ajptof,  wild.  Cf.  Staphisagria.'}  A  spe- 
cies of  larkspur,  Delphinium  Stapkitagria,  na- 
tive in  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor.  It  is 
an  erect  downy  herb,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  bluish 
or  purple  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Its  seeds  con- 
tain a  poisonous  principle,  delphininc,  and  are  used  in  a 
powder  or  ointment  against  vermin  on  man  and  beast,  also 
in  tincture  as  an  application  for  rheumatism.  They  were 
formerly  employed  as  a  purgative,  but  found  too  violent. 
See  ddphinim'2  and  louteu'ort,  2. 

A  drink- 
hooped  with 
the  bottom  being  general- 

]y  WOod  also.  One  preserved  in  Exeter,  England,  is  5 
lnches  high  and  4  )„„„£,  in  diameter  at  tl  e  bo"tton,  It 

staves  of  boxwood,  the  fifteenth,  of 

i8  bound  "Ith  bra88  ho°p8- 


.       beotn 

be,S  £,£&££?£  rYnTof'a  ^vewood  (stav'wud),  n.     [< 
of  a  wheel  ;  etc.  1«   See  quassia,  2.  —  2.  A  tall 


staurolite  (sta'ro-Ut), «. 

+  Atffof,  a  stone.]  A  silicate  of  aluminium  and 
iron  occurring  in  reddish-  to  yellowish-brown 
or  brownish-black  prismatic  crystals.  These 
crystals  are  often  twins,  in  the  form  of  a 
cross,  whence  it  is  called  cross-stone.  Also 
ftaurotide,  greiiatite.  -  Staurolite-slate,  a  mica-slate 
through  which  are  scattered  crystals  of  staurolite.  Rocks 
of  this  character  have  been  found  in  Scotland,  the  Pyre- 
nees, and  New  England. 

staurqlitic  (sta-ro-lit'ik),  a.  [<  stauroJite  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  characterized  by 
the  presence  of  staurolite. 

Stauromedusaa  (sta"ro-me-du'se),  n.  pi  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aravp6f,  a  cross, '+  N*L.  Medusae,  q.  v.]  In 
Haeckel's  classification,  a  subfamily  of  Scypho- 
medusee,  having  four  pairs  of  adradial  gonads 
or  four  simple  interradial  gonads  in  the  sub- 
umbral  wall,  four  large  perradial  gastral 
pouches,  and  no  special  sense-organs. 

stauromedusan  (sta"ro-me-du'san),  «.  and  «. 
[<  Staiiromediisx  +  -««.]   'I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Staiiromedusse,  or  having  their  characters. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Stauromedusse. 

Stauropus  (sta 'ro- pus),  «.  [NL.  (Germar, 
1813),  <  Gr.  aravpos,  a  cross,  +  Troi'f  =  E.  foot.'] 

1.  A  genus  of  bombycid  moths,  of  the  family 
Notodontidse,   having  the  thorax  woolly,  the 
fore  wings  rather  broad  and  sinuate  on  the 
hind  margins,   hind  wings   rounded,    tongue 
weak,  and  the  abdomen  slightly  tufted  above. 
The  larva  have  fourteen  legs,  and  are  naked,  with  humps 
on  the  middle  segments  and  two  short  anal  projections ; 
the  legs  on  the  third  and  fourth  segments  are  exceedingly 
long.    When  at  rest  they  raise  the  large  head  and  en- 
larged anal  segments,  and  it  is  from  their  extraordinary 
appearance  that  the  only  European  species,  S.  jfagi,  de- 
rives its  English  name  of  lobster-moth.    Its  larva  is  of  a 
brown  color,  and  feeds  on  oak,  birch,  beech,  and  apple. 
The  only  other  known  species  is  Asiatic. 

2.  A  genus  of  melandryid  beetles,  erected  by 
Fairmaire   and  Germain  in  1863  on  a  single 
South  American  species. 

Stauroscope  (sta'ro-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  <rravp6f,  a 
cross,  +  OKoxelv,  'view.]  An  optical  instru- 


ladder ;  the  spoke 

2.  A  stanza ;  a  verse ;  a  metrical  division. 

(if  eleuen  and  twelue  I  find  none  ordinary  staues  vsed 
in  any  vulgar  language. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  54. 
Chant  me  now  some  wicked  stave. 
Till  thy  drooping  courage  rise. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin. 

3.  Specifically,  same  as  staff,  9. 

usually  gj;aye  (stav),  t1. ;  pret.  and  pp.  staved  or  stove, 
[<  Gr.  arai'P6(,  a  cross,     PPf:,  Caving.     [<  stare,  n.,  or  directly  <  staff 


(with  the  usual  change  of  /when  medial  to  v; 
cf.  strive,  <  strife,  live,  <  life,  wire,  <  wife,  etc.). 
The  proper  pret.  and  pp.' is  staved;  stove,  like 
rove  for  reeved,  conforms  to  the  supposed  anal- 
ogy of  drove,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  break  in  a 
stave  or  staves  of;  knock  a  hole  in;  break: 
burst :  as,  the  boat  is  stove. 

They  burnt  their  wigwams,  and  all  their  matU,  and 
some  corn,  and  staved  seven  canoes,  and  departed. 


<  stave  + 

stout  tree,  Ster- 

culia  fceiida,  of  the  East  Indies,  eastern  Africa, 
and  Australia.  The  wood  is  soft,  and  thought 
to  be  of  little  value. 

staving  (sta'ving),  n.  [<  stave  +  -inu1.]  1. 
Staves  collectively,  as  those  which  form  the 
curb  about  a  turbine  water-wheel. — 2.  In  forg- 
ing, a  method  of  shortening  or  compacting  a 
heated  bar  by  striking  blows  on  its  end. 

staw1  (sta),  v.  [<  Dan.  staa  =  Sw.  st&  =  D.  staan 
=  OHG.  MHG.  stdii,  stand,  stay,  =  L.  stare  = 
Gr.  ior&vat  =  Skt.  •/  stha,  stand:  see  stand, 
where  the  relation  of  the  orig.  root  sta  to  stand 
is  explained.]  I.  itttrans.  To  stand  still;  be- 
come stalled  or  mired,  as  a  cart ;  be  fixed  or  set. 
[North.  Eng.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  put  to  a  standstill.— 2.  To 
clog;  glut;  surfeit;  disgust.  Burns,  To  a  Hag- 
gis. [Scotch.] 

[Scotch.] 


Winthrop,  Hist.'  New  England,  I.  232.   staw2  (sta).     A  preterit  of  steal. 
2.  To  cause  or  suffer  to  be  lost  by  breaking       M? fause  lover  <*"" the  «>»?.• 
the  cask ;  hence,  to  spill ;  pour  out. 


And  Mahomet  the  third  .  .  .  commanded,  on  paine  of 
death,  all  such  in  Constantinople  and  Pera  as  had  wine 
to  bring  it  out  and  utmie  it,  (except  Embassadors  onely,) 
so  that  the  streets  ranne  therewith. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  294. 

3.  To  furnish  with  staves  or  rundles. — 4.  To 
make  firm  by  compression;  shorten  or  com- 
pact, as  a  heated  rod  or  bar  by  endwise  blows, 

or  as  lead  in  the  socket-joints  of  pipes TO 

Stave  and  tail,  a  phrase  current  in  bear-baiting,  to  stave 
being  to  check  the  bear  with  a  staff,  and  to  tail  to  hold 
back  the  dog  by  the  tail ;  hence,  to  cause  a  cessation  or 
stoppage. 

So  lawyers  .  .  . 

Do  stave  and  tail  with  writs  of  error, 

Reverse  of  Judgment,  and  demurrer. 

.  S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  ii.  163. 

To  stave  It  out,  to  fight  it  out  with  staves ;  fight  till  a 

decisive  result  is  attained.    S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  88. 

—  To  Stave  Off,  to  beat  or  ward  off  with  or  as  with  a  staff ; 

keep  back ;  delay ;  prevent  the  approach  or  occurrence  of. 

Two  dogs  upon  me? 

And  the  old  bearward  will  not  succour  me, 
111  stave  'em  off  myself. 

Middfeton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  ii.  2. 
It  staved  of  the  quarrelsome  discussion  as  to  whether 
she  should  or  should  not  leave  Miss  Matty's  service. 

Mrs.  Gofkett,  Cranford,  xiv. 

II.  intrans.  To  go  or  rush  along  recklessly  or 
regardless  of  everything,  as  one  in  a  rage; 
work  energetically ;  drive.  [Colloq.] 

He  ...  went  staving  down  the  street  as  if  afraid  to  look 
behind  him.  The  Century,  XXXVIII.  41. 


3»».J        -fill     upLlUlil     111SITU-        .  .     .      . 

ment,  invented  by  Von  Kobell  of  Munich,  for  Stave-jointer  (stav  join"ter),  n. 
examining  sections  of  crystals,  and  determin- 
ing  the  position  in  them  of  the  planes  of  light- 
vibration. 

Stauroscopic  (sta-ro-skop'ik),  «.    [<  stauroscope 
+  -ic.']     Of,  pertaining  to,  or  made  by  means 


\  S  1 * 

ver),  n.  [<  stave  +  •«*.]  An  active, 
energetic  person.     [New  Eng.] 
Miss  Asphyxia's  reputation  in  the  region  was  perfectly 
t'bhed-    .She  was  spoken  of  with  applause  under 
**»"'    * 


Burns,  Ye  Banks  and  Braes. 

Stay1  (sta),  n.  [<  ME.  "stay,  <  AS.  steeg  =  D. 
G.  Icel.  Dan.  Sw.  stag,  a  stay  (innaut.  sense); 
cf.  OF.  estay,  F.  ftai  =  Sp.  estay  =  Pg.  estay,  es- 
tai  (pi.  estaes),  also  ostais,  a  stay  (<  Teut.) ;  ori- 
gin uncertain ;  by  some  supposed  to  be  named 
from  being  used  to  climb  up  by,  being  derived, 
in  this  view,  like  stair,  stile1,  stag,  etc.,  from  the 
root  of  AS.  stigan  (pret.  stdh)  =  D.  stijgen  =  G. 
steigen,  etc.,  climb,  ascend:  see  sty*-.  The  word 
has  been  confused  with  stay2,  a  prop,  etc.]  1. 
Naut.,  a  strong  rope  used  to  support  a  mast, 
and  leading  from  the  head  of  one  mast  down 
to  some  other,  or  to  some  part  of  the  vessel. 
Those  stays  which  lead  forward  are  called  fore-and-aft 
itay»,  and  those  which  lead  down  to  the  vessel's  sides  baclc- 
etays.  See  cut  under  ship. 

2.  A  rope  used  for  a  similar  purpose;  a  guy 
supporting  the  mast  of  a  derrick,  a  telegraph- 
pole,  or  the  like. —  3.  In  a  chain-cable,  the 
transverse  piece  in  a  link — in  stays,  or  hove 
in  stays  (naut.\  in  the  act  of  going  about  from  one  tack 
to  the  other.— Martingale  stays.  See  martingale.— 
Slack  in  stays.  See  slacki .  —  Spring-stay,  a  smaller  stay 
parallel  to  and  assisting  the  regular  one. —  To  heave  in 
stays.  See  heave.—  To  miss  stays.  Seemtwi.— To  put 
a  ship  in  stays,  to  bring  her  head  to  the  wind ;  heave 
her  to.  —  To  ride  do wn  a  stay.  See  ride.—  Triatic  stay 
(naut.),  an  arrangement  of  pendants  to  hook  stay-tackles 
to  for  hoisting  out  or  in  boats  or  other  heavy  weights. 
One  pendant  is  lashed  at  the  foremast-  or  foretopmast-head, 
and  one  at  the  mainmast-  or  main  topmast-head.  These 
pendants  have  a  span  at  their  lower  ends  to  keep  them  in 
place,  and  a  large  thimble  is  spliced  into  the  lower  end  of 
each,  into  which  the  stay-tackles  are  hooked. 

Stay1  (sta),  v.  [<  stay1,  ».]  I.  trans.  Naut. :  (a) 
To  incline  forward,  aft,  or  to  one  side  by  means 
of  stays:  as,  to  stay  a  mast,  (b)  To  tack;  put 
on  the  other  tack :  as,  to  stay  ship. 

II.  intrans.  Naut.,  to  change  tack ;  go  about; 
be  in  stays,  as  a  ship. 


stay 

Stay2  (sta),  «.  [<  ME.  *stai/f,  <  OF.  estate,  cstriye, 
f.,  F.  c'tei,  m.,  a  prop,  stay,  <  ML),  tttan/e,  later 
alaiji,  a  prop,  stay,  also  a  contracted  form  of 
staede,  stade,  a  prop,  stay,  help,  aid ;  of .  D.  stcile, 
stee,  a  place,  =  AS.  slede,  E.  stead,  a  place :  see 
xli'iiil,  and  cf.  stnthe.  The  word  stay*  has  been 
confused  to  some  extent  with  slay*.  The  noun 
is  by  some  derived  from  the  verb.  In  the  later 
senses  it  is  so  derived:  see  stay*,  •{>.]  1.  A 
prop ;  a  support. 

There  were  stays  on  either  side  on  the  place  of  the  seat 
(of  Solomon's  throne],  and  two  lions  stood  beside  the  stays. 

1  Kl.  x.  19. 

See  we  not  plainly  that  obedience  of  creatures  unto  the 
law  of  nature  is  the  stay  of  the  whole  world? 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  i. ;;. 

Specifically  — (a)  In  buildimj,  apiece  performing  the  of- 
Hce  of  a  brace,  to  prevent  the  swerving  or  lateral  deviation 
of  the  piece  to  which  it  is  applied.  (6)  In  steam-engines : 
(1)  A  rod,  bar,  bolt,  or  gusset  in  a  boiler,  to  hold  two  parts 
together  against  the  pressure  of  steam  :  as,  a  tube-stay ; 
a  water-space  stay.  (2)  One  of  the  sling-rods  connect- 
ing a  locomotive-boiler  to  its  frame.  (3)  A  rod,  beneath 
the  boiler,  supporting  the  inside  bearings  of  the  crank  axle 
of  a  locomotive,  (c)  In  mining,  a  piece  of  wood  used  to 
secure  the  pump  to  an  engine-shaft,  (d)  In  some  hollow 
castings,  a  spindle  which  forms  a  support  for  the  core. 
(e)  In  anat.  and  zoitl.,  technically,  a  prop  or  support :  as, 
the  bony  slay  of  the  operculum  of  a  mail-cheeked  fish,  or 
cottoid.  This  is  an  enlarged  suborbital  bone  which  crosses 
the  cheek  and  articulates  with  the  prseoperculum  in  the 
mail-cheeked  fishes.  See  Cottoidea,  Seleroparife. 
2.  }>l.  A  kind  of  waistcoat,  stiffened  with  whale- 
bone or  other  material,  now  worn  chiefly  by 
women  and  girls  to  support  and  give  shape 
to  the  body,  but  formerly  worn  also  by  men. 
(Hall,  Satires.)  Stays  were  originally,  as  at  present, 
made  in  two  pieces  laced  together :  hence  the  plural  form. 
In  composition  the  singular  is  always  used :  as,  stayl&ce, 
staymaker.  See  corset,  3. 

They  could  not  ken  her  middle  sae  jimp,  .  .  . 
The  stays  o'  gowd  were  so  well  laced. 
The  Bonny  Bows  o'  London  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  361). 

3f.  A  fastening  for  a  garment;  hence,  a  hook; 
a  clasp;  anything  to  hang  another  thing  on. 
Cotgrave. 

To  my  dear  daughter  Philippa,  queen  of  Portugal,  my 
second  best  stay  of  gold,  and  a  gold  cup  and  cover. 

Test.  Vetust.,  p.  142,  quoted  hi  Halliwell. 

4.  That  which  holds  or  restrains;    obstacle; 
check;  hindrance;  restraint. 

The  presence  of  the  Governour  is  (as  you  say)  a  great 
stay  and  bridle  unto  them  that  are  ill  disposed. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

5.  A  stop;  a  halt;  a  break  or  cessation  of  ac- 
tion,  motion,   or  progression :   as,   the  court 
granted  a  stay. 

They  make  many  stayes  by  the  way. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  427. 

They  were  able  to  read  good  authors  without  any  stay, 
if  the  book  were  not  false. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  ii.  7. 

Works  adjourn'd  have  many  stays. 
Long  demurs  breed  new  delays. 

Southwell,  Loss  in  Delay. 

6t.  A  standstill ;  a  state  of  rest ;  entire  cessa- 
tion of  motion  or  progress:  used  chiefly  in  the 
phrase  at  a  stay. 

In  bashfulness  the  spirits  do  a  little  go  and  come  —  but 

with  bold  men  upon  a  like  occasion  they  stand  at  a  stay. 

Bacon,  Boldness  (ed.  1887). 

7.  A  fixed  state ;  fixedness ;  stability ;  perma- 
nence. 

Alas!  what  stay  is  there  in  human  state?  Dryden. 

8.  Continuance  in  a  place ;  abode  for  an  indefi- 
nite time;  sojourn:  as,  you  make  a  short  stay 
in  the  city. 

Your  stay  with  him  may  not  be  long. 

Shale.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1.  256. 

9t.  A  station  or  fixed  anchorage  for  vessels. 
Sir  P.  Sidney.  (Imp.  Diet.)  — 10.  State;  fixed 
condition.  [Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

Amonge  the  Utopians,  where  all  thinges  be  sett  in  a 
good  ordre,  and  the  common  wealthe  in  a  good  staye,  it 
very  seldom  chaunceth  that  they  cheuse  a  newe  plotte  to 
buyld  an  house  vpon. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  ii.  4. 

Man  .  .  .  cometh  up  and  is  cut  down  like  a  flower ;  he 
fieeth  as  it  were  a  shadow,  and  never  continueth  in  one 
stay  [in  eodem  statu  (Sarum  dirge)]. 

Boot  of  Common  Prayer,  Burial  of  the  Dead. 

He  alone  continueth  in  one  stay. 

Lamb,  Decay  of  Beggars. 

lit.  Restraint  of  passion;  prudence;  moder- 
ation; caution;  steadiness;  sobriety. 

With  prudent  stay  he  long  deferr'd 
The  rough  contention.     Philips,  Blenheim,  1.  276. 

Axle-guard  stays,  queen-post  stay,  etc.  See  the 
qualifying  words.—  Stay  Of  proceedings,  in  law,  a  sus- 
pension of  proceedings,  as  till  some  direction  is  complied 
with  or  till  some  appeal  is  decided ;  sometimes,  In  Eng- 
land, an  entire  discontinuance  or  dismission  of  the  action. 
=Syn.  1.  See  sta/.— 5.  Pause,  etc.  See  rfopl. 


5917 

Stay2  (sta),  /•.;  prot.  and  pp.  stayed,  staid,  ppr. 
x/tiyiiii/.  [<  ME.  'K/III/I-II,  st< i/cii  (pp.  .ilniil).  < 
OF.  extayer,  F.  rtai/rr,  prop,  stay,  <  estaije,  a 
prop,  stay :  sec  X/HI/*,  >i.  By  some  derived  <  OF. 
i-Kli'ir,  I'xtfi;  fslrt;  (•'.  i'tr<;  be,  remain,  continue; 
but  this  derivation  is  on  both  phonetic  and  his- 
torical grounds  untenable.  There  is  a  connec- 
tion felt  between  stay  and  stand;  it  is,  however, 
very  remote.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  prop ;  support ; 
sustain;  holdup;  steady. 

And  Aaron  and  Hur  stayed  up  his  hands,  the  one  on  the 
one  side,  and  the  other  on  the  other  side.  Ex.  xvii.  Ii 

A  young  head,  not  so  well  stayed  as  I  would  it  were, 
.  .  .  having  many,  many  fancies  begotten  in  it,  if  it  had 
not  been  in  some  way  delivered,  would  have  grown  a 
monster.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  Ded. 

Let  that  stay  and  comfort  thy  heart. 

Winthrop,  Hist  New  England,  I.  442. 

2.  To  Stop,    (o)  To  detain;  keep  back;  delay;  hinder. 
Your  ships  are  stay'd  at  Venice. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  2.  83. 

If  I  could  stau  this  letter  an  hour,  I  should  send  you 
something  of  Savoy.  Donne,  Letters,  xlix. 

This  businesse  staide  me  In  London  almost  a  weeke. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  14,  1671. 
(0)  To  restrain  ;  withhold ;  check  ;  stop. 

If  I  can  hereby  either  prouoke  the  good  or  staye  the 
ill,  I  shall  thinke  my  writing  herein  well  imployed. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  70. 

Why  do  you  look  so  strangely,  fearfully, 
Or  stay  your  deathf ul  hand  ? 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  iv.  3. 
Its  trench  had  stayed  full  many  a  rock, 
Hurled  by  primeval  earthquake  shock. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  26. 

(c)  To  put  off ;  defer ;  postpone ;  delay ;  keep  back :  as,  to 
stay  judgment. 

The  cardinal  did  entreat  his  holiness 
To  stay  the  judgement  o'  the  divorce. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2.  33. 

We'll  stay 

The  sentence  till  another  day. 
Northern  Lord  and  Cruel  Jew  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  282). 

(d)  To  hold  the  attention  of. 

For  the  sound  of  some  sillable  stand  the  eare  a  great 
while,  and  others  slid  away  so  quickly,  as  if  they  had  not 
bene  pronounced.  Puttenhain,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  56. 

3.  To  stand ;  undergo ;  abide ;  hold  out  during. 

She  will  not  stay  the  siege  of  loving  terms, 
Nor  bide  the  encounter  of  assailing  eyes. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1.  218. 

Doubts  are  also  entertained  concerning  her  ability  to 
stay  the  course. 

Daily  Teleyraph,  Nov.  11,  1885.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

4.  To  wait  for;  await. 

Let  me  stay  the  growth  of  his  beard,  if  thou  delay  me 
not  the  knowledge  of  his  chin. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2.  221. 

His  Lord  was  gone  to  Amiens,  where  they  would  stay 
his  coming.  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  3. 

There  were  a  hundred  and  forty  people,  and  most  stayed 
supper.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  369. 

To  Stay  the  stomach,  to  appease  the  cravings  of  hun- 
ger ;  quiet  the  appetite  temporarily ;  stave  off  hunger  or 
faintness :  also  used  figuratively. 

A  piece  of  gingerbread,  to  be  merry  withal, 
And  stay  your  stomach,  lest  you  faint  with  fasting. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iii.  2. 

II.  in  traits.  1.  To  rest;  depend;  rely. 

Because  ye  despise  this  word,  and  trust  in  oppression 

and  perverseness,  and  stay  thereon.  Isa.  xxx.  12. 

I  stay  here  on  my  bond.         Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1.  242. 

2.  To  stop,    (o)  To  come  to  a  stand  or  stop. 

She  would  command  the  hasty  sun  to  stay. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  20. 

Stay,  you  come  on  too  fast ;  your  pace  is  too  impetuous. 
B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  3. 

(6)  To  come  to  an  end  :  cease. 

An 't  please  your  grace,  here  my  commission  stays. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4.  76. 

(c)  To  delay ;  linger ;  tarry ;  wait. 

Fourscore  pound:  can  you  send  for  bail,  sir?  or  what 
will  you  do?  we  cannot  stay. 

Webster  and  Dekker,  Northward  Hoe,  i.  2. 

(d)  To  make  a  stand ;  stand. 

Give  them  leave  to  fly  that  will  not  stay. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3.  50. 

3.  To  hold  out,  as  in  a  race  or  contest;  last  or 
persevere  to  the  end.     [Colloq.] 

He  won  at  Lincoln,  .  .  .  and  would  stay  better  than  Pi- 
zarro.  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  14, 1885.  (Encyc.  Diet.) 

4.  To  remain:  especially,  to  remain  in  a  place 
for  an  indefinite  time ;  abide ;  sojourn ;  dwell ; 
reside. 

I  understand,  by  some  Merchants  to-day  upon  the  Ex- 
change, that  the  King  of  Denmark  is  at  Gluckstadt,  and 
stays  there  all  this  Summer.  Hawell,  Letters,  I.  v.  41. 

They  staid  in  the  royal  court, 
And  liv'd  wi'  mirth  and  glee. 

Young  Akin  (Child's  Ballads,  1. 188). 

5.  To  wait ;  rest  in  patience  or  in  expectation. 


stay-rod 

If  I  receive  money  for  your  tobacco  before  Mr.  Randall 
go,  I  will  send  you  something  else  ;  otherwise  you  must  be 
content  to  stay  till  I  can. 

'ii,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  424. 


For  present  deliverance,  they  du  not  much  expect  it; 

for  they  stay  for  their  glory,  and  then  they  shall  nave  it, 

when  their  rrinci.-  romrs  in  his,  and  the  glory  of  the  angels. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  127. 

6.  To  wait  as  an  attendant;  give  ceremonious 

or  submissive  attrii<lini<T:   with  mi  or  II/HIH. 

I  have  a  servant  comes  with  me  along, 
That  stays  upon  me.      Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  Iv.  1.  47. 
To  Stay  put,  to  remain  where  placed;  remain  fixed.    [Col- 
loq.] =  Syn.  4.  To  rest,  lodge,  delay. 
Stay-at-home  (stii'iit-hom"),  «.    One  who  is  not 
given  to  roaming,  gadding  about,  or  traveling; 
one  who  keeps  at  noine,  either  through  choice 
or  of  necessity:   also  used   adjectively:  as,  a 
xlay-at-liitnif  man. 

"Cold!"   said  her  father;  "what  do  ye  stay-at-homes 
know  about  cold,  a  should  like  to  know." 

Mrs.  Oaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  ix. 

stay-bar  (sta'bar),  ».  1.  In  arch.,  a  horizou- 
tafiron  bar  extending  in  one  piece  from  jamb  to 
jamb  through  the  mullions  of  a  traceried  win- 
dow. See  saddle-bar.  —  2.  Same  as  stay-rod,  2. 
Its  sectional  area  should  be  three  or  four  times  that  of  a 
stay  bar.  Rankine,  Steam  Engine,  §  66. 

stay-bolt  (sta'bolt),  «.  In  much.,  a  bolt  or  rod 
binding  together  opposite  plates  to  enable  them 
to  sustain  each  other  against  internal  pressure. 

staybusk  (sta'busk),  «.    See  &««&*,  2. 

Stay-chain  (sta'chan),  «.  In  a  vehicle,  one  of 
the  chains  by  which  the  ends  of  the  double- 
tree are  attached  to  the  fore  axle.  They  serve 
to  limit  the  swing  of  the  doubletree. 

staycord  (sta'kord),  ».     Same  as  staylace. 

stayedt,  stayedlyt,  stayednesst.  Old  spell- 
ings of  ataiH,  staidly,  staidness. 

stay-end  (sta'end),  w.  In  a  carriage,  one  of 
the  ends  of  a  backstay,  bolted  or  clipped  either 
to  the  perch  or  to  the  hind  axle  —  stay-end  tie, 
in  a  vehicle,  a  rod  forming  a  connection  between  the  stay- 
end  on  the  reach  and  that  on  the  axle. 

stayer  (sta'er),  «.  [<  stay*  +  -er1.]  1.  One 
who  supports  or  upholds  ;  a  supporter;  a  backer. 

Thou,  Jupiter,  whom  we  do  call  the  Stayer 
Both  of  this  city  and  this  empire. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iv.  2. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  stops  or  restrains. 
—  3.  One  who  stays  or  remains:  as,  a  stayer 
at  home.  —  4.  One  who  has  sufficient  endur- 
ance to  hold  out  to  the  end;  a  person  or  an 
animal  of  staying  qualities,  as  in  racing  or  any 
kind  of  contest  ;  one  who  does  not  readily  give 
in  through  weakness  or  lack  of  perseverance. 
[Colloq.] 

stay-foot  (sta'fut),  w.  In  shoe-manuf.,  a  de- 
vice attached  to,  the  presser-bar  of  a  sewing- 
machine  to  guide  a  seam-stay  in  some  kinds 
of  light  work. 

stay-gage  (sta'gaj),  «.  In  a  sewing-machine, 
an  adjustable  device  screwed  to  the  cloth-plate 
to  guide  a  strip  over  the  goods  in  such  a  way  as 
to  cover  and  conceal  a  seam. 

stay-holet  (sta'hol),  «.  A  hole  in  a  staysail 
through  which  it  is  seized  to  the  hanks  of  the 
stay. 

stay-hook  (sta'huk),  11.  A  small  hook  former- 
ly worn  on  the  front  of  the  bodice  to  hang  a 
watch  upon.  Fairholt. 

staylace  (sta'las),  H.  [<  stay*  +  lace."]  A  lace 
used  to  draw  together  the  parts  of  a  woman's 
stays  in  order  to  give  them  the  form  required. 

stayless  (sta'les),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  stdilesse; 
<  stay*  +  -less.]  1.  Without  stop  or  delay; 
ceaseless.  [Rare.] 

They  made  me  muse,  to  see  how  fast  they  striu'd, 
With  stailtsse  steppes,  ech  one  his  life  to  shield. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  187. 

2.  Unsupported  by  stays  or  corsets. 
Stay-light  (sta'lit),  n.     Same  as  riding-light. 
staymaker  (sta'ma'f'ker),  H.   [<  stay*  +  maker.] 
A  maker  of  stays  or  corsets. 
Our  ladies  choose  to  be  shaped  by  the  staymaker. 

J.  Spence,  Crito. 

Stay-pile  (sta'pil),  «.  A  pile  connected  or  an- 
chored by  land-ties  with  the  main  piles  in  the 
face  of  piled  work.  See  cut  under  pilework. 

stay-plow  (sta'plou),  w.  A  European  plant: 
same  as  rest-harrow. 

Stay-rod  (sta'rod),  w.  1.  In  steam-engines:  (a) 
One  of  the  rods  supporting  the  boiler-plate 
which  forms  the  top  of  the  fire-box,  to  keep  the 
top  from  being  bulged  down  by  the  pressure  of 
steam.  (6)  Any  rod  in  a  boiler  which  supports 
plates  by  connecting  parts  exposed  to  rupture 
m  contrary  directions,  (c)  A  tension-rod  in  a 
marine  steam-engine.  —  2.  A  tie-rod  in  a  build- 


stay-rod 

ing,  etc..  which  prevents  the  spreading  asunder 
of  the  parts  connected. 

staysail  (sta'sal  or  -si),  «.  Any  sail  which 
hoists  upon  a  stay.  See  staij^,  1. 

Stay-tackle  (sta'tak"!),  n.  A  tackle  hanging 
amidships  for  hoisting  in  or  out  heavy  weights, 
and  formerly  secured  to  the  forestay  or  main- 
stay, but  now  generally  attached  to  a  pendant 
from  the  topmast-head. 

stay-wedge  (sta'wej),  n.  In  locomotives,  a 
wedge  fitted  to  the  inside  bearings  of  the  driv- 
ing-axles to  keep  them  in  their  proper  position. 

S.  T.  D.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  finrnr 
or  Saerosanctx  Theologies  Doctor,  Doctor  of  Sa- 
cred Theology. 

Stead  (sted),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  alsosterf;  <  ME. 
sted,  stid,  stud,  stedc,  stude,  <  (a)  AS.  stede  =  OS. 
stad  =  OFries.  sted,  stid,  stetlt,  steifh  =  MD. 
stede,  stad,  D.  stede,  stet  =  MHG.  stede-=  OHG. 
MHG.  stat,  G.  statt  =  Icel.  stadha  =  Sw.  stad 
=  Dan.  sted  =  Goth,  ntittlix,  place;  (6)  also,  in 
a  restricted  sense  and  now  partly  differentiated 
spelling,  MD.  stede,  stad,  D.  stad  =  MHG.  stat, 
G.  stadt  =  Sw.  Dan.  stad  (<  D.  or  G.  f ),  a  town, 
city  (esp.  common  as  the  final  element  in  names 
of  towns) ;  (c)  cf.  MD.  stade,  staede,  fit  time, 
opportunity,  =  OHG.  stata,  f.,  MHG.  state  (esp. 
in  phrase,  OHG.  zi  statu,  MHG.  ze  staten,  G. 
3u  statten),  fit  place  or  time;  (d)  AS.  stseth  = 
Icel.  stodh,  port,  harbor,  etc.  (see  stathe) — all 
these  forms,  which  have  been  more  or  less  con- 
fused with  one  another,  being  derived  from 
the  root  of  stand,  in  its  more  orig.  form  (OHG. 
MHG.  stdn,  sten,  G.  stehen,  etc.) :  see  stand,  state. 
Cf.  bedstead,  farmstead,  homestead,  roadstead, 
etc.,  instead.'  Cf.  L.  statio(n-),  a  standing, 
station  (see  station),  Gr.  ardaif,  a  placing  (see 
stasis),  from  the  same  ult.  root.  The  phrase 
in  stead,  now  written  as  one  word,  instead,  ex- 
cept when  a  qualifying  word  intervenes,  was 
in  ME.  tn  stede,  in  stide,  on  stede,  or  in  the  stede, 
etc.  The  mod.  dial.  pron.  instid,  often  apheti- 
eally  stid,  rests  on  the  ME.  variant  stid,  stide.'] 
It.  A  place ;  place  in  general. 

I  leue  the  saying  and  gyfe  stede  to  hym. 

Hampole,  Prose  Treatises  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  19. 

Every  kyndly  thing  that  is 
Hath  a  kyndly  sted  ther  he 
May  best  in  hit  conserved  be. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  731. 

Fly  therefore,  fly  this  fearefull  stead  anon. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  42. 

The  sonldier  may  not  move  from  watchful!  sted. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  in.  41. 

2.  Place  or  room  which  another  had  or  might 
have :  preceded  by  in :   as,  David  died,  and 
Solomon  reigned  in  his  stead.    Hence  instead. 
And  everyche  of  hem  bringethe  a  Braunche  of  the  Bayes 
or  of  Olyve,  in  here  Bekes,  in  gtede  of  Offryng. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  59. 

I  buried  her  like  my  own  sweet  child, 
And  put  my  child  in  her  stead. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clare. 

3f.  Space  of  time ;  while  ;  moment. 

Rest  a  little  stead.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  vii.  40. 

4.  The  frame  on  which  a  bed  is  laid:  now 
rarely  used  except  in  the  compound  bedstead. 
But  in  the  gloomy  court  was  rais'd  a  bed, 
Stufl'd  with  black  plumes,  and  on  an  ebon  stead. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  x.  293. 

5t.  A  steading. — 6f.  Position  or  situation  of 
affairs;  state;  condition;  plight. 

She  was  my  solas,  my  ioy  in  ech  stede, 
My  plesaunce,  my  comfort,  my  delite  to ! 

Ram.  ofPartenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2886. 
He  staggered  to  and  fro  in  doubtful!  sted. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  23. 

7.  Assistance ;  service  ;  use ;  benefit ;  advan- 
tage; avail:  usually  in  the  phrases  to  stand  in 
stead,  to  do  stead  (to  render  service). 

Here  our  dogs  pottage  stood  vs  in  good  strati,  for  we  had 
nothing  els.  Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  90. 

The  Duke  of  Savoy  felt  that  the  time  had  at  last  arrived 
when  an  adroit  diplomacy  might  stand  him  in  stead. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  200. 

A  devil's  advocate  may  indeed  urge  that  his  [Thiers's] 
egotism  and  almost  gasconading  temperament  stood  him 
in  stead  in  the  trying  circumstances  of  his  negotiations 
with  the  powers  and  with  Prince  Bismarck  — but  this  is 
not  really  to  his  discredit.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIII.  305. 

Stead  oft,  instead  of.  Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furni- 
vall),  p.  48.— To  do  Stead,  to  do  service;  help.  Milton, 
Comus,1.611.  [Rare.]— To  stand  In  stead,  Seestand. 
[Stead  occurs  as  the  second  element  in  many  topographi- 
cal names,  as  Hampstead,  Vfinsted.] 
Stead  (sted),  c.  [<  ME.  steden  (pp.  steded,  stedd, 
sted,  stad)  =  Icel.  stedhja,  place  (pp.  staddr. 
placed  in  a  specified  position,  circumstanced, 
etc.);  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  place; 
put;  set. 


5918 

Lordc  God !  that  all  goode  has  by-gonne, 
And  all  may  ende  both  goode  and  euyll, 
That  made  for  man  both  mone  and  sonne, 
And  stedde  yone  sterne  to  stande  stone  stille. 

York  Plays,  p.  127. 

2f.  To  place  or  put  in  a  position  of  danger, 
difficulty,  hardship,  or  the  like;  press;  bestead. 

The  bargayne  I  made  thare, 

That  rewes  me  nowe  full  sare, 
So  am  I  straytcly  sted.     York  J'lays,  p.  103. 

0  father,  we  are  cruelly  sttd  between  God's  laws  and 
man's  laws  —  What  shall  we  do  ?  —  What  can  we  do  V 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  \ix. 

3f.  With  up :  to  replace ;  fill. 

We  shall  advise  this  wronged  maid  to  stead  up  your  ap- 
pointment, go  in  your  place.  Shale.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1.  200. 

4.  To  avail;  assist;  benefit;  serve;  be  of  ser- 
vice, advantage,  or  use  to. 

We  are  ...  neither  in  skill  nor  ability  of  power  greatly 
to  stead  you.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

In  my  dealing  with  my  child,  my  Latin  and  Greek,  my 
accomplishments  and  my  money,  ftead  me  nothing ;  but 
as  much  soul  as  I  have  avails.  Emerson,  The  Over-Soul. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  stop;  stay. 
I  shalle  not  sted 
Tille  I  have  theym  theder  led. 

Toumeley  Mysteries,  p.  6. 

Steadablet  (sted'a-bl),  «.  [<  stead  +  -able.] 
Serviceable. 

1  have  succoured  and  supplied  him  with  men,  money, 
friendship,  and  counsel,  upon  any  occasion  wherein  I 
could  be  steadable  for  the  improvement  of  his  good. 

Uryuhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  28.    (Danes.) 

steadfast,  stedfast  (sted'fast),  a.  [<  ME.  sted- 
fagt,  stedefast,  stidefast,  stedevest,  studevest,  < 
AS.  stedeffest  (=  MD.  stedevast  =  Icel.  stath- 
fastr),  firm  in  its  place  (cf.  Sw.  stadfdsta  = 
Dan.  stadfseste,  confirm,  ratify),  <  stede,  place, 
stead,  +  fsest,  fast.]  1.  Finn;  firmly  fixed  or 
established  in  place  or  position. 

"  Yes,  yes,"  quod  he,  "this  is  the  case, 
Your  lee  is  euer  stedfast  in  on  place." 

OenerydetCE.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  2772. 
Ye  fleeting  streams  last  long,  outliving  many  a  day ; 
But  on  more  stedfast  things  Time  makes  the  strongest 
prey.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  IL  148. 

2.  Firm;   unyielding;  unwavering;  constant; 
resolute. 

Heavenly  grace  doth  him  uphold, 
And  stedfast  truth  acquite  him  out  of  all. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vlil.  1. 

Stedfast  in  the  faith.  1  Pet.  v  9. 

Through  all  his  I  Warren  Hastings's]  disasters  and  perils, 
his  brethren  stood  by  him  with  steadfast  loyalty. 

Macattlay,  Warren  Hastings. 

3.  Steady;  unwavering;  concentered. 

He  loked  fast  on  to  hym  in  stedefast  wise, 
And  thought  alway  his  sonne  that  he  shuld  be. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  414. 

The  homely  villain  court'sies  to  her  low ; 
And,  blushing  on  her,  with  a  steadfast  eye 
Receives  the  scroll  without  or  yea  or  no. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1339. 
=  Syn.  2.  Stanch,  stable,  unflinching. 

steadfastly,  stedfastly  (sted'fast-li),  adv.  [< 
ME.  xtedfastly,  stedefsestiice;  <  steadfast  +  -fy2.] 
In  a  steadfast  manner,  (a)  Steadily;  firmly;  confi- 
dently ;  resolutely. 

Hesiod  maketh  him  [Orion]  the  sonne  of  Neptune  and 
Euriale ;  to  whom  his  father  gaue  that  vertue,  to  walk  as 
stedfastly  vpon  the  sea  as  the  land. 

Heywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  177. 

(b)  Steadily ;  fixedly  ;  intently. 

Look  on  me  stedfastly,  and,  whatsoe'er  I  say  to  you, 
Move  not,  nor  alter  in  your  face. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chose,  iv.  2. 

(c)  Assuredly;  certainly. 

Your  woful  mooder  wende  stedfastly 
That  cruel  houndes  or  som  foul  vermyne 
Hadde  eten  yow.       Chaueer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  1038. 

steadfastness,  stedfastness  (sted'fast-nes), ». 
[<  ME.  stedfastnesse.  stedefastnesse,  stidefast- 
nesse;  <  steadfast  +  -ness.']  1.  Firmness; 
strength. 

Ryht  softe  as  the  marye  [marrow]  is,  that  is  alwey  hidd 
in  the  f  eete  al  withinne,  and  that  is  defendid  fro  withowte 
by  the  stidefantnesse  of  wode. 

t'hnnn'r,  Boethius,  ill.  prose  11. 

2.  Stability  and  firmness ;  fixedness  in  place 
or  position. 

Forward  did  the  mighty  waters  press, 
As  though  they  loved  the  green  earth's  steadfastness. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  ITS. 

3.  Stability  of  mind  or  purpose ;  resolution ; 
constancy  ;  faithfulness ;  endurance. 

What  coude  a  sturdy  housbond  more  devyse 
To  preve  hir  wyfhod  and  hir  stedfnstnesse? 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  643. 

steadier  (sted'i-er),  ».  One  who  or  that  which 
steadies:  as,  he  uses  his  cane  for  a  steadier. 

Steadily  (sted'i-li),  adv.  In  a  steady  manner; 
firmly;  fixedly;  steadfastly;  intently;  without 


steak 

wavering  or  flinching;  without  intermission, 
deviation,  or  irregularity;  uniformly. 

steadiness  (sted'i-nes),  n.  Steady  character. 
quality,  or  condition,  (a)  Firmness  in  position;  sta- 
bility: as,  the  steadiness  of  a  rock.  (6)  Freedom  from 
tottering,  swaying,  or  staggering  motion :  as,  he  walked 
with  great  steadiness;  freedom  from  jolting,  rolling, 
pitching,  or  other  irregular  motion  ;  as,  the  steadiness  of 
the  great  ocean  steamers,  (c)  Freedom  from  irregularity 
of  any  kind ;  uniformity  :  as,  prices  increased  with  great 
xti-ailiitem.  (d)  Firmness  of  mind  or  purpose ;  constancy ; 
resolution  :  as,  steadiness  in  the  pursuit  of  an  object,  (e) 
Fortitude ;  endurance ;  staying  power. 

Steading  (sted'ing),  n.  [<  stead  +  -iwi/1.]  A 
farm-house  and  offices — that  is,  barns,  stables, 
cattle-sheds,  etc.;  a  farmstead;  a  homestead. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

steady1  (sted'i).  a.  and  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
stedy,  steddy;  <  ME.  stede,  stedi.  stidig,  <  AS. 
stseththiff  (also  'stsedig,  "stedig.  Lye)  (=  Icel. 
stothugr  =  Sw.  Dan.  stadig),  steady,  stable,  < 
sixth,  stead,  bank:  see  stathe.  Cf.  MD.  steilit/// 
=  OHG.  stati,  MHG.  stxte,  stsetec(g),  G.  stdtig, 
stetig,  continual,  <  statt,  etc.,  a  place :  see  stead, 
to  which  steady  is  now  referred.]  I.  a.  1. 
Firmly  fixed  in  place  or  position ;  unmoved. 

The  knight  gan  fayrely  cguch  his  steady  speare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  16. 

And  how  the  dull  Earth's  prop-less  massie  Ball 
Stands  steddy  still,  iust  in  the  midst  of  All. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  1.  7. 

2.  Firm  or  unfaltering  in  action ;  resolute :  as, 
a  steady  stroke ;  a  steady  purpose. 

All  the  Foot  now  dis-embark't,  and  got  together  In  som 
order  on  firm  ground,  with  a  more  steddy  charge  put  the 
Britans  to  flight.  Milton,  Hist  Eng.,  ii. 

With  steady  step  he  held  his  way 
O'er  shadowy  vale  and  gleaming  height. 

Bryant,  Two  Travellers. 

In  this  sense  much  used  elliptically  in  command,  for 'keep' 
or  '  hold  steady ' :  (a)  Xnvt.,  an  order  to  the  helmsman  to 
keep  the  ship  straight  on  her  course.  (&)  In  hunting,  an 
order  to  a  dog  to  be  wary  and  careful. 

3.  Free  from  irregularity  or  unevenness,  or 
from  tendency  to  irregular  motion ;  regular ; 
constant ;  und'eviating ;  uniform :  as,  steady  mo- 
tion ;  a  steady  light ;  a  steady  course ;  a  steady 
breeze;  a  steady  gait. — 4.  Constant  in  mind, 
purpose,  or  pursuit ;  not  fickle,  changeable,  or 
wavering ;  not  easily  moved  or  persuaded  to  re- 
linquish a  purpose :  as,  to  be  steady  in  the  pur- 
suit of  an  object ;  steady  conduct. 

A  clear  sight  keeps  the  understanding  steady.      Locke. 

To  keep  us  steady  in  our  conduct,  he  hath  fortified  us 
with  natural  laws  and  principles,  which  are  preventive 
of  many  aberrations.  Kames,  Elem.  of  Crit.,  I.  x. 

Hence — 5.  Sober;  industrious;  persevering: 
as,  a  steady  workman —  steady  motion,  a  motion  of 
a  fluid  such  that  the  velocity  at  each  point  remains  con- 
stant In  magnitude  and  direction.— Steady  pin.  See 
pinl. 

H.  ».  1.  In  maeh.,  some  device  for  steady- 
ing or  holding  a  piece  of  work.  Specifically,  in 
button- manuf.,  a  hand-support  for  a  button-blank,  upon 
which,  used  in  conjunction  with  another  implement  called 
a  ffrip,  the  blank  is  held  between  the  alined  rotating  spin* 
dies  carrying  cutters  for  shaping  it  into  the  required  form. 
2.  In  stone-cutting,  a  support  for  blocking  up 
a  stone  to  be  dressed,  cut,  or  broken. — 3. 
Same  as  stadda. 

steady1  (sted'i),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  steadied,  ppr. 
steadying,  [(.steadyt.a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
steady;  hold  or  keep  from  shaking,  staggering, 
swaying,  reeling,  or  falling;  support;  make  or 
keep  firm :  as,  to  steady  the  hand. 

Thus  steadied,  it  [the  house-martin]  works  and  plasters 
the  materials  into  the  face  of  the  brick  or  stone. 
Gilbert  White,  Nat.  Hist.  Selborne,  To  D.  Barrington,  xvL 

Hence  —  2.  To  make  regular  and  persevering 
in  character  and  conduct:  as,  trouble  and  dis- 
appointment had  steadied  him. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  steady;  regain  or 
maintain  an  upright  or  stable  position  or  con- 
dition; move  steadily. 

She  steadies  with  upright  keel ! 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  iii. 

steady2  (sted'i),  ».     A  dialectal  form  of  stithy. 

Job  saith,  Stetit  cor  ejus  sicut  incus :  His  heart  stood 
as  a  steady.  Bp.  Jewell,  Works,  I.  523.  (Dames.) 

steady-going  (sted'i-go'ing),  a.  Of  steady 
habits;  consistently  uniform  and  regular  in 
action ;  that  steadily  pursues  a  reasonable  and 
consistent  way:  as,  a  steady-going  fellow. 

Sir  George  Burns  appears  to  have  been  too  steadygoing 
through  the  whole  of  his  long  life  for  it  to  be  marked  by 
any  of  the  exciting  incidents  that  make  the  charm  of 
biography.  Athenaeum,  No.  3287,  p.  545. 

steady-rest  (sted'i-rest),  «.     Same  as  back-rest. 

steak  (stak),  ii.  [<  ME.  steike,  steyke,  <  Icel. 
steik,  a  steak,  =  Sw.  stek  =  Dan.  steg,  roast 
meat,  <  Icel.  steikja  (=  Sw.  steka  =  Dan.  stege), 
roast  on  a  spit  (cf.  stikna,  be  roasted  or 


steak 

scorched),  akin  to  stika,  a  stick:  see  stick1, 
stick3.']  1.  A  slice  of  flesh,  as  beef,  pork,  veni- 
son, or  halibut,  broiled  or  fried,  or  cut  for  broil- 
ing or  frying. 

Steke  of  flesshe —  charbonnee.  Palsgrave,  p.  275. 

Fair  ladies,  number  flve, 

Who,  in  your  merry  freaks, 
With  little  Tom  contrive 
To  feast  on  ale  and  steaks. 

Swift,  Five  Ladies  at  Sot's  Hole. 

2f.  A  slash  or  panel  in  a  garment. 
Is  that  your  lackey  yonder,  in  the  steaks  of  velvet? 

Middleton,  Phoenix,  i.  5. 

Hamburg  steak,  raw  beef,  chopped  tine,  seasoned  with 
onions,  etc.,  formed  into  a  cake,  and  cooked  in  a  close 
frying-pan.— Porter-house  steak.  See  porter-house.— 
Round  steak,  a  steak  from  the  round.— Rump  steak. 
See  rump-steak.—  Tenderloin  Steak.  See  tenderloin. 

steak-crusher  (stak'krush"6r),  11.  A  kitchen 
utensil  for  pounding,  rolling,  or  otherwise 
crushing  a  steak  before  cooking,  to  make  it 
tender. 

steal1  (stel),  v. ;  pret.  stole,  pp.  stolen  (formerly 
stole),  ppr.  stealing.  [<  ME.  stelen,  steolen  (pret. 
stal,  stale,  stel,  pp.  stolen,  stoolen,  stole,  i-stolen), 
<  AS.  stelan  (pret.  stsel,  pi.  stMlon,  pp.  stolen)  = 
OS.  stelan  =  OFries.  stela  =  D.  stelen  —  MLG. 
LG.  stelen  =  OHG.  stelan,  MHG.  stein,  G.  stehlen 
=  Icel.  stela  =  Sw.  stjcila  =  Dan.  stjxle  =  Goth. 
stilan,  steal.  Connection  with  Gr.  areplaKtiv, 
arepeiv,  deprive  of,  is  doubtful.  Hence  ult. 
stale1,  stealth.  For  another  word  for  'steal,' 
with  L.  and  Gr.  connections,  see  lifts.]  J,  trans. 

1.  To  take  feloniously;  take  and  carry  off  clan- 
destinely, and  without  right  or  leave;  appro- 
priate to  one's  own  uses  dishonestly,  or  with- 
out right,  permission,  or  authority:  as  applied 
to  persons,  to  kidnap;  abduct:  as,  to  steal  some 
one's  purse ;  to  steal  cattle ;  to  steal  a  child. 

Whan  Grisandol  saugh  he  was  on  slepe,  she  and  hir  fel- 
owes  com  as  softely  as  thei  myght,  and  stale  awey  his 
staffe.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  426. 

How  then  should  we  steal  out  of  thy  lord's  house  silver 
or  gold?  Gen.  xliv.  8. 

2.  To  remove,  withdraw,  or  abstract  secretly 
.   or  stealthily. 

And  from  beneath  his  Head,  at  dawning  Day, 
With  softest  Care  have  stoln  my  Arm  away. 

Prior,  Solomon,  ii. 

3t.  To  smuggle,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Pray  Walsh  to  steal  you  in,  as  I  hope  he  will  do. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  II.  187. 

All  the  Spices  and  drugs  that  are  brought  to  Mecca  are 
stollen  from  thence  as  Contrabanda. 

Hakluyts  Voyages,  II.  223. 

4.  To  take  or  assume  without  right. 

Oh,  that  deceit  should  steal  such  gentle  shapes, 
And  with  a  virtuous  vizard  hide  foul  guile  ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  2.  27. 

5.  To  obtain  surreptitiously,  or  by  stealth  or 
surprise :  as,  to  steal  a  kiss. 

What  sought  these  lovers  then,  by  day,  by  night, 
But  stolen  moments  of  disturb'd  delight? 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  48. 

6.  To  entice  or  win  by  insidious  arts  or  secret 
means. 

How  many  a  holy  and  obsequious  tear 

Hath  dear  religious  love  stol'n  from  mine  eye  ! 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xxxi. 

Thou  hast  discovered  some  enchantment  old 
Whose  spells  have  stolen  my  spirit  as  I  slept. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  ii.  1. 

7.  To  perform,  procure,  or  effect  in  a  stealthy 
or  underhand  way ;  perform  secretly ;  conceal 
the  doing,  performance,  or  accomplishment  of. 

And  than  lough  Arthur,  and  seide  to  the  kynge  Ban  that 
this  mariage  wolde  he  haue  stole  hadde  no  Merlin  i-be. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  363. 

I  went  this  evening  to  visit  a  friend,  with  a  design  to 
rally  him  upon  a  story  I  had  heard  of  his  intending  to 
steal  a  marriage  without  the  privity  of  us  his  intimate 
friends  and  acquaintance.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  133. 

8.  To  move  furtively  and  slyly:  as,  she  stole 
her  hand  into  his. 

The  'prentice  speaks  his  disrespect  by  an  extended 
finger,  and  the  porter  by  stealing  out  his  tongue. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  354. 

0.  In  base-ball,  to  secure,  as  a  base  or  run,  with- 
out an  error  by  one's  opponents  or  a  base-hit 
by  the  batter ;  to  run  successfully  to,  as  from 
one  base  to  the  next,  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of 
one's  opponents :  as,  to  steal ^second  base :  some- 
times used  intransitively  with  to  :  as,  to  steal  to 
second  base. — 10.  In  netting,  to  take  away  (a 
mesh)  by  netting  into  two  meshes  of  the  pre- 
ceding row  at  once.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  359. — 
To  steal  a  by.  See  i>.yi.— To'steal  a  march,  to  march 
secretly ;  anticipate  or  forestall,  or  otherwise  gain  an  ad- 
vantage stealthily,  or  by  address.— To  steal  overt,  to 
smuggle. 


5919 

In  the  Flushing  and  Low  Country's  troublesome  dis- 
orders, some  few  (by  stealing  oner  of  victuals  and  other 
tilings  from  this  commonwealth)  have  made  themselves 
privately  rich.  Dr.  J.  Dee  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  II.  68). 
—  Syn.  1.  To  filch,  pilfer,  purloin,  embezzle.  See  pillage,  n. 

LL.iiitrans.  1.  To  practise  or  be  guilty  of  theft. 

Thou  shalt  not  steal.  Ex.  xx.  15. 

2.  To  move  stealthily  or  secretly ;  creep  soft- 
ly; pass,  approach,  or  withdraw  surreptitiously 
and  unperceived;  go  or  come  furtively;  slip 
or  creep  along  insidiously,  silently,  or  unper- 
ceived ;  make  insinuating  approach :  as,  to  steal 
into  the  house  at  dusk ;  the  fox  stole  away : 
sometimes  used  reflexively. 

Age  is  so  on  me  stoolen  that  y  mote  to  god  me  jilde. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  72. 

Fix'd  of  mind  ...  to  fly  all  company,  one  night  she 
stole  away.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

He  will  steal  himself  into  a  man's  favour,  and  for  a  week 
escape  a  great  deal  of  discoveries. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  6.  98. 

But  what  has  made  Sir  Peter  steal  off?  I  thought  he 
had  been  with  you.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

Ever  does  natural  beauty  steal  in  like  air,  and  envelop 
great  actions.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  25. 

steal1  (stel).  n.  [<  steal1,  v.~\  An  act  or  a  case 
of  theft :  as,  an  official  steal ;  specifically,  in  base- 
ball, a  stolen  or  furtive  run  from  one  base  to 
another:  as,  a  steal  to  third  base.  See  steal1, 
v.  t.,  9. 

steal2  (stel),  ».    Same  as  stale'^. 

Stealer  (ste'ler),  •«.     [<  steal1  +  -er1.~\     1.  One 
who  steals,  in  any  sense ;  especially,  a  thief:  as, 
a  cattle-stealer. 
The  trangression  is  in  the  stealer. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1.  233. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  ship-building,  the  foremost 
or  aftmost  plank  in  a  strake,  which  is  dropped 
short  of  the  stem  or  stern-post  and  butts  against 
a  notch  or  jog  in  another  plank.  Also  called 
stealing-strake. 

When  the  girth  of  the  ship  at  the  midship  section  is  so 
much  in  excess  of  each  or  either  of  those  at  the  extremi- 
ties as  to  cause  the  plates  to  be  very  narrow  if  the  same 
number  were  retained  right  fore  and  aft,  it  becomes  ne- 
cessary to  introduce  stealers — that  is  to  say,  to  cause  cer- 
tain plates  to  stop  somewhere  between  the  extremities  and 
midships,  and  thus  reduce  the  number  of  strakes  which 
end  on  the  stem  and  stern  post. 

Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  §  138. 

Stealing  (ste'ling),  ».     [Verbal  n.  of  steal1,  «.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  steals;  theft. 

Men  are  apt  to  condemn  whatever  they  hear  called 

stealing  as  an  ill  action,  disagreeing  with  the  rule  of  right. 

Loeke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  xxviii.  18. 

2.  That  which  is  stolen ;  stolen  property :  used 
chiefly  in  the  plural :  as,  his  stealings  amounted 
to  thousands  of  dollars. 

stealingly  (ste'ling-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  stelendlich; 

<  stealing,  ppr.,  +  -lyz.~]     By  stealing;  slyly; 
secretly.     [Bare.] 

stealing-strake  (ste'ling-strak),  n.     Same  as 
stealer,  2. 
stealth  (stelth),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  stelth; 

<  ME.  stelthe,  stalthe  (=  Icel.  stuldr  =  Sw.  stold), 
stealth,  with  abstract  formative  -th,<.  AS.  stelan, 
steal:   see  steal1.     Another  form,   from   the 
Scand.,  is  stoutli.    The  older  noun  was  stale1. 
Cf.  health,  heal1,  wealth,  weal.]     If.  The  act  of 
stealing;  theft. 

Yf  that  Licurgus  should  have  made  it  death  for  the  Lace- 
demonians to  steale,  they  being  a  people  which  naturally 
delighted  in  stealth,  .  .  .  there  should  have  bene  few  Lace- 
demonians then  left.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
2f.  A  thing  stolen. 

On  his  backe  a  heavy  load  he  bare 
Of  nightly  stelths,  and  pillage  several!. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  16. 

3.  A  secret  or  clandestine  method  or  proceed- 
ing; means  secretly  employed  to  gain  an  ob- 
ject ;  surreptitious  way  or  manner :  used  in  a 
good  or  a  bad  sense. 

Yef  it  were  oon  that  wolde  assay  hym-self  in  eny 
straunge  turnementby  stelthe  vnknowen  whan  thei  were 
disgised  that  thei  wolde  not  be  knowe  till  thei  hadde  re- 
nomee  of  grete  prowesse.         Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  502. 
Let  humble  Allen,  with  an  awkward  shame, 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  find  it  fame. 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  1.  136. 

4t.  A  secret  going;   a  stolen  or  clandestine 

visit. 

I  told  him  of  your  stealth  unto  this  wood. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2.  310. 

stealthfult  (stelth'ful),  a.     [<  stealth  +  -/«£.] 

Given  to  stealth ;  bent  on  stealing  ;  stealthy. 

Chapman,  tr.   of  Homer's  Hymn  to  Hermes, 

1.  369. 
stealthfullyt  (stelth'ful-i),  adv.    By  stealing; 

stealthily, 
stealthfiilnesst  (stelth'ful-nes),  n.     Stealthi- 


steam 

stealthily  (stel'thi-li),  fidr.  In  a  stealthy  man- 
ner; by  stealth. 

stealthiness  (stel'thi-nes),  H.  Stealthy  char- 
acter or  action. 

stealthy  (stel'thi),  n.  Acting  by  stealth ;  sly; 
secretive  in  act  or  manner;  employing  con- 
cealed methods :  as,  a  stealthy  foe  ;  character- 
ized by  concealment;  furtive:  as,  a  xtrnlflii/ 
proceeding;  a  stealthy  movement. 

Murder  .  .  .  with  his  stealthy  pace. 

Muk..  Macbeth,  ii.  1.  54. 

Footfalls  of  xti'altluf  men  he  seemed  to  hear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  321. 

See  where  the  stealthy  panther  left  his  tracks ! 

0.  W.  Uolmes,  A  Family  Record. 

Steam  t  stem),  n.  [<  ME.  steem,  xtrm,  <  AS.  steam, 
vapor,  smell,  smoke,  =  Fries,  stoante  =  D. 
stoom,  steam;  origin  unknown.]  1.  Vapor;  a 
rising  vapor;  an  exhalation. 

Fough !  what  a  steam  of  brimstone 
Is  here !  B.  Jonson,  Devil  is  an  Ass,  T.  4. 

2.  Water  in  a  gaseous  state ;  the  gas  or  vapor 
of  water,  especially  at   temperatures   above 
100°  C.     It  has  a  specific  gravity  of  .625  as  compared 
with  air  under  the  same  pressure.    It  liquefies  at  100°  C. 
(212°  F.),  under  a  pressure  of  14.7  pounds  upon  a  square 
inch,  or  the  mean  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  at  the  sea- 
level.    The  temperature  at  which  it  liquefies  diminishes 
with  the  pressure.    Steam  constantly  rises  from  the  sur- 
face of  liquid  water  when  not  obstructed  by  impervious 
inclosures  or  covered  by  another  gas  already  saturated 
with  it.    Its  total  latent  heat  of  vaporization  for  1  pound 
weight  under  a  pressure  of  76  centimeters  of  mercury 
(or  14.7  pounds  to  the  square  inch)  is  965.7  British  ther- 
mal units,  or  536.5  calories  for  each  kilogram.    Its  spe- 
cific heat  under  constant  pressure  is  .4805.    (Regnavlt.) 
It  is  decomposed  into  oxygen  and  hydrogen  at  tempera- 
tures between  1,000°  and  2,000°  C.    (Deville.)    In  addition 
to  the  surface  evaporation  of  water,  the  change  from  the 
liquid  to  the  gaseous  state  takes  place  beneath  the  sur- 
face (the  gas  escaping  with  ebullition)  whenever  the  tem- 
perature of  the  liquid  is  raised  without  a  corresponding 
increase  of  pressure  upon  it.    The  temperature  at  which 
this  occurs  under  any  particular  pressure  is  the  boiling- 
point  for  that  pressure.    The  boiling-point  of  water  under 
the  atmospheric  pressure  at  the  sea-level  is  100°  C.  or 
212°  F.  Saturated  steam  has  the  physical  properties  com- 
mon to  all  gases  whose  temperatures  are  near  those  of 
their  liquefying-points,  or  the  boiling-points  of  their  li- 
quids.   Saturated  steam  when  isolated,  and  superheated 
at  temperatures  from  100°  to  110°  C.,  and  under  constant 
pressure,  expands  with  a  given  increase  of  temperature 
about  flve  times  as  much  as  air,  and  at  186°  C.  about  twice 
as  much  as  air ;  and  it  must  be  raised  to  a  tempera- 
ture much  higher  than  this  before  it  will  expand  uni- 
formly like  air.    The  large  quantity  of  latent  heat  in 
steam,  its  great  elasticity,  and  the  ease  with  which  it  may 
be  condensed  have  rendered  its  use  in  engines  more 
practicable  than  that  of  any  other  gaseous  medium  for 
the  generation  and  application  of  mechanical  power. 

3.  Water  in  a  visible  vesicular  condition  pro- 
duced by  the  condensation  of  vapor  of  water  in 
air. — 4.  Figuratively,  force ;  energy.  [Colloq.] 
5t.  A  flame  or  blaze;  a  ray  of  light. 

Steem,  or  lowe  of  fyre.  Flamma.     Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  473. 

Absolute  steam-pressure.  Seepresmre.—  Dead  steam. 
Same  a&exhaust-steam.  —Dry  steam,  saturated  steam  with- 
out any  admixture  of  mechanically  suspended  water. — 
High-pressure  steam,  low-pressure  steam.  Seepres- 
sure. — Live  steam,  steam  which  has  performed  no  work, 
or  only  part  of  its  work,  or  which  is  or  might  be  available 
for  the  performance  of  work  in  an  engine.— Saturated 
Steam,  steam  in  contact  with  water  at  the  same  tempera- 
ture. In  this  condition  the  steam  is  always  at  its  con- 
densing-point,  which  is  also  the  boiling-point  of  the  water 
with  which  it  is  in  contact.  In  this  it  differs  from  super- 
heated steam  of  equal  tension,  which  has  a  temperature 
higher  than  its  condensing-point  at  that  tension,  and 
higher  than  the  boiling-point  of  water  under  the  same 
pressure.—  Specific  steam-volume,  in  thermodynamics, 
the  volume  which  a  unit  of  weight  of  steam  assumes  under 
specific  conditions  of  temperature  and  pressure. — Steam 
fire-engine.  See  fire-engine,  2.— Steam  jet-pump.  See 
pumpi.— Steam  vacuum-pump.  See  vacuum-pump.— 
Superheated  steam,  steam  which  at  any  stated  pressure 
has  a  higher  temperature,  and  for  any  particular  weight 
of  it  a  greater  volume,  than  saturated  steam  (which  see, 
above)  at  the  same  pressure.  Also  called  steam-gas.— To- 
tal heat  of  steam.  Same  as  steam-heat,  1.— Wet  steam, 
steam  holding  water  mechanically  suspended,  the  water 
being  in  the  form  of  spray  or  vesicles,  or  both. 
Steam  (stem),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  steem  ;  < 
ME.  stemen,  <  AS.  steman,  styman  (=  D.  stoo- 
men),  steam,  <  steam,  vapor,  steam:  see  steam, 
».]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  give  out  steam  or  vapor ; 
exhale  any  kind  of  fume  or  vapor. 

Ye  mists,  .  .  .  that  .  .  .  rise 
From  hill  or  steaming  lake. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  186. 

2.  To  rise  in  a  vaporous  form ;  pass  off  in  visi- 
ble vapor. 

When  the  last  deadly  smoke  aloft  did  steeme. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  2. 

3.  To  move  or  travel  by  the  agency  of  steam: 
as,  the  vessel  steamed  into  port. 

We  steamed  quietly  on,  past  .  .  .  the  crowds  of  yachts 
at  Ryde,  and  dropped  anchor  off  Cowes. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  i. 

4f.  To  flame  or  blaze  up. 


i; 


steam 

His  eyen  steepe  and  rollyng  in  his  heede, 
'I'liat  ftemede  us  a  forneys  of  a  leede. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  ProL  to  C.  T..  1.  202. 

Stemyn,  or  lowyn  vp.   Flammo.    Prompt.  Parv. ,  p.  473. 
Two  stemynye  eyes.  »'!/nlt,  Satires,  1.  63. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  exhale;  evaporate.  [Rare.] 

In  slouthfull  sleepe  his  molten  hart  to  nleiar. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,II.  vi.  27. 

2.  To  treat  with  steam ;  expose  to  steam ;  ap- 
ply steam  to  forany  purpose :  as,  to  steam  cloth ; 
to  steam  potatoes  instead  of  boiling  them ;  to 
Hiram  food  for  cattle;  steamed  bread. 

steamboat  (stem'bot),  «.  A  vessel  propelled 
by  steam-power. 

steamboat-bug  (stem'bot-bug),  «.  A  water- 
beetle  of  large  size,  or  otherwise  conspicuous. 
[Local,  U.  S.] 

steamboat-coal  (stem'bot-kol),  n.  Coal  broken 
small  enough  to  pass  between  bars  set  from  6 
to  8  inches  apart,  but  too  large  to  pass  between 
bars  less  than  5  inches  apart.  This  is  the  variation 
of  size  in  different  collieries  in  the  Pennsylvania  anthra- 
cite regions,  where  this  size  of  coal  is  rarely  prepared 
except  to  fill  special  orders,  and  where  alone  this  term  is 
in  use. 

Steamboating  (stem'b6"ting),  H.  1.  The  busi- 
ness of  operating  steamboats. —  2.  Undue  hur- 
rying and  slighting  of  work.  [Colloq.] — 3.  A 
method  of  cutting  many  boards  for  book-covers 
at  one  operation,  instead  of  cutting  them  singly. 

Steamboat-rolls  (stem'bot-rolz),  «.  pi.  The 
largest  rolls  used  in  breaking  coal  for  the  mar- 
ket. Also  called  crushers  and  cntsher-rolls. 
See  steamboat-coal.  [Pennsylvania  anthracite 
regions.] 

steam-boiler  (stem'boi'ler),  «.  A  receptacle 
or  vessel  in  which  water  is  heated  and  boiled 
to  generate  steam;  particularly,  a  receptacle 
or  vessel  in  which  the  water  is  confined,  or  iso- 
lated from  the  external  air,  in  order  to  gen- 
erate steam  under  a  pressure  equal  to  or  ex- 
ceeding that  of  the  atmosphere,  for  the  conver- 
sion of  its  expansive  force  into  work  in  a  steam- 
motor  or  -engine,  or  for  heating  purposes. 
The  kinds  of  steam-boilers  in  use  are  very  numerous  and 
may  he  variously  classified.  In  some  the  parts  are  rigidly 
loined  together  by  rivets,  bolts,  stays,  tubes  expanded  into 
lieads,  etc. ;  in  others  the  parts  are  easily  detachable  one 
from  the  other,  as  in  what  are  known  as  sectional  boilers. 
Another  division  may  be  made,  with  reference  to  the  treat- 
ment of  the  contained  water,  which  in  one  class  of  steam- 
boilers  is  heated  principally  in  a  single  mass  of  considera- 
ble cubic  capacity,  and  in  another  is  distributed  in  small 
spaces  connected  with  each  other  and  with  the  steam-space, 
as  in  what  are  known  as  sectional  safety-boilers.  A  third 
ground  of  classification  is  the  mode  of  applying  heat.  (See 
cylindrical  steam-batter,  return-flue  boiler,  horizontal  tubu- 
lar boiler,  fire-tube  boiler,  etc.,  below.)  Boilers  are  made 
of  wrought-iron  or  steel  plates  and  tubes,  or  of  cast-iron, 
or  partly  of  wrought-iron  or  steel  and  of  cast-iron.  Steel 
of  moderate  tensile  strength  has  lately  been  much  used 
for  boilers  in  which  high  pressures  are  maintained ;  and 
the  present  tendency  of  engineering  in  power-boilers 
is  toward  the  use  of  aa  high  pressures  as  is  compatible 
with  good  lubrication,  or  the  use  of  steam  at  as  high  a 
temperature  as  can  be  employed  without  decomposition 
of  lubricants.  Sectional  boilers  are  often  made  partly  or 
wholly  of  cast-iron,  the  sections  being  bolted  or  screwed  to- 
gether ;  and  cast-iron  is  also  very  largely  employed  for  low- 
pressure  boilers  used  for  steam-heating. —  Circulating 
Steam-boiler,  a  compound  boiler  in  which  the  connected 
parts  are  unequally  heated,  the  water  rising  in  the  more 
intensely  heated  parts,  and  descending  in  the  cooler  parts, 
to  insure  a  rapid  circulation  of  the  water  constantly  in  one 
direction.— Compound  steam-boiler,  (a)  A  battery  of 
two  or  more  single  steam-boilers  having  their  steam-  and 
water-spaces  connected,  and  acting  together  to  supply 
steam  to  a  heating-apparatus  or  a  steam-engine.  (b)  A  sin- 
gle toiler,  or  a  battery  of  boilers,  combined  with  other 
apparatus,  as  a  feed-water  heater  or  a  superheater,  for 
facilitating  the  production  or  for  the  superheating  of 
steam,  (c)  A  sectional  boiler.—  Cornish  steam-boiler, 
the  cylindrical  flue-boiler  invented  by  Smeaton.  See  re- 
turn-flue  steam-boiler. — Corrugated  furnace  steam- 
boiler,  a  boiler  in  which  the  plates  exposed  to  the  direct 
radiation  from  the  fire  and  to  the  hot  gases  in  the  furnace 
are  corrugated  to  give  increased  strength  and  to  present 
a  more  extended  heating-surface  to  the  fire.— Cylin- 
drical steam-boiler,  a  boiler  with  an  exterior  cylindri- 
cal shell,  having  flanged  heads  of  much  thicker  iron  fas- 
tened  to  the  shell  by  rivets. — Fire- tube  steam-boiler, 
a  boiler  in  which  the  heat  of  the  furnace  is  partly  or 
wholly  applied  to  the  interior  of  tubes  which  pass  through 
the  water-space  of  the  boil  er. — Flue  steam- boiler,  a  gen- 
eral name  for  all  steam-boilers  with  an  internal  flueor  flues, 
whether  vertical,  horizontal,  or  of  other  construction. — 
Horizontal  flue  steam-boiler,  a  horizontal  steam-boiler 
with  one  or  more  flues  through  its  length.  (Also  called 
return- flue  boiler.)  If  cylindrical  also,  it  is  a  horizontal  cy- 
lindrical flue  or  return- flue  boiler.— Horizontal  steam- 
boiler,  a  steam-boiler  in  which  the  flues  or  tubes  are  in  a 
horizontal  position.— Horizontal  tubular  steam-boil- 
er, a  horizontal  boiler  with  fire-tubes,  through  which  the 
gases  of  combustion  pass  in  a  manner  analogous  to  their 
passage  through  flues,  for  which  the  tubes  are  substitutes, 
presenting  a  greater  extent  of  heating-surface  than  can  be 
obtained  in  the  same  space  by  flues,  and  effectively  tying  the 
heads  of  the  boiler  together.  A  modern  form  of  this  boiler 
is  shown  in  the  cuts,  which  also  show  the  method  of  setting 
it  in  brickwork,  a  is  the  shell ;  b,  b,  saddles  for  supporting 
the  boiler  in  the  masonry  c;  d,  the  furnace-door ;  e,  ash-pit 
door ;  /,  clean-out  door  in  the  boiler-front/',  by  which  the 


tubes  are  reached  for  cleaning;  y,  ash-pit;  h,  grate;  i, 
steam-dome ;  j,  safety-valve ;  *,  steam-pipe ;  (,  bridge-wall ; 
m,  combustion-chamber ;  n,  back  connection  for  passage  of 


Horizontal  Cylindrical  Tubular  Steam-boiler. 
A,  vertical  longitudinal  section;  B,  vertical  cross-sec  lion. 

the  gases  of  combustion  into  the  rear  ends  of  the  tubes ;  o, 
Hue  in  the  masonry ;  o', uptake;  p,  flanged  head ;  ^,  tubes; 
r,  side-bars  which  support  the  masonry  ;  s,  dead-air  spaces 
in  the  masonwork  in  which  the  air  acts  as  a  heat-insulator. 
The  course  of  the  gases  of  combustion  is  indicated  by 
arrows — Locomotive  steam-boiler,  a  tubular  boiler 
which  has  a  contained  furnace  and  ash-pit,  and  in  which 
the  gases  of  combustion  pass  from  the  furnace  directly  into 
horizontal  interior  tubes  (instead  of  passing  first  under  the 
boiler,  as  in  the  horizontal  cylindrical  tubular  boiler),  and 
after  passing  through  the  tubes  are  conveyed  directly  into 
the  smoke-box  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  tubes.  The  name 
is  derived  from  the  use  of  such  boilers  on  locomotive  en- 
gines, but  it  is  typical  in  its  application  to  all  boilers  hav- 
ing the  construction  described,  and  used  for  generating 
steam  for  stationary  or  portable  engines,  as  well  as  for 
locomotives.— Marine  steam-boiler,  a  boiler  specially 
designed  and  adapted  for  supplying  steam  to  marine  en- 
gines. Compactness,  as  little  weight  as  is  consistent  with 
strength,  effective  steaming  capacity,  and  economy  in 
consumption  of  fuel  are  the  prime  requisites  of  marine 
boilers.  They  are  usually  tubular,  and  short  in  proportion 
to  their  width,  and  have  water-legs  at  the  sides  and  water- 
spaces  below  and  at  the  backs  of  their  furnaces— that  is, 
their  furnaces  are  entirely  surrounded  by  water-spaces 
except  at  the  openings  for  the  doors.  Marine  boilers  are 
now  sometimes  used  with  forced  draft— that  is,  air  is 
forced  from  the  outside  into  the  boiler-  or  fire-rooms 
(which  are  sometimes  made  air-tight)  or  immediately  into 
the  fires  by  powerful  blowers.— Return-flue  steam- 
boiler,  a  horizontal  flue-boiler  with  one  or  more  interior 
flues  through  which  the  gases  of  combustion  are  returned 
to  the  front  end  of  the  boiler  after  having  passed  to  the  rear 
from  the  furnace  over  the  bridge-wall  and  under  the  bot- 
tom of  the  shell.— Rotary  tubular  steam-boiler.  See 
rotary.—  Sectional  safety  steam-boiler,  a  sectional 
boiler  in  which  the  water  is  divided  into  numerous  small 
masses  connected  with  one  another  by  passages  large 
enough  for  free  circulation  from  one  to  the  other,  but  not 
large  enough  to  permit  so  sudden  a  release  of  pressure,  In 
case  of  rupture  of  one  of  the  sections,  as  to  cause  an  explo- 
sion.—  Tubular  Steam-boiler,  a  boiler  a  prominent  fea- 
ture of  which  Is  a  series  of  either  fire-  or  water-tubes.— 
Vertical  steam-boiler,  a  steam-boiler  in  which  the  heat- 
ing-surface of  the  tubes  or  flues  is  in  a  vertical  position. 
When  constructed  with  flre-tubes,  it  is  called  a  vertical  tu- 
bular boiler. 

steam-box  (stem'boks),  n.  A  reservoir  for 
steam  above  a  boiler ;  a  steam-chest. 

steam-brake  (stem'brak),  n.  A  brake  applied 
by  the  action  of  steam  admitted  to  a  steam- 
cylinder  the  piston  of  which  is  connected  by 
rods  to  the  levers  which  apply  the  brake-shoes. 

steam-car  (stem'kar),  n.  A  car  drawn  or  driven 
by  steam-power ;  a  railway-car.  [U.  S.] 

steam-carriage  (stem'kar'aj),  n.  A  road-car- 
riage driven  by  steam-power. 

steam-case  (stem'kas),  n.    Same  as  steam-chest. 

steam-chamber  (stem'cham;l'ber),  w.  1.  A  box 
or  chamber  in  which  articles  are  placed  to  be 
steamed. —  2.  A  steam-chest. —  3.  A  steam- 
dome. — 4.  The  steam-room  or  steam-space  in 
a  boiler  or  engine. 

steam-chest  (stem'chest),  n.  1.  The  chamber 
in  which  the  slide-valve  of  a  steam-engine 
works.  See  cuts  under  passengtr-engine,  rock- 
drill,  and  slide-valre. — 2.  In  calico-printing,  a 
metallic  vessel  or  tank  in  which  printed  cloths 
are  steamed  to  fix  their  colors. 

steam-chimney  (stem'chim'ni),  «.  An  annu- 
lar chamber  around  the  chimney  of  a  boiler- 
furnace  for  superheating  steam. 

steam-cock  (stem'kok),  n.  A  faucet  or  valve 
in  a  steam-pipe. 

Steam-coil  (stem'koil),  n.  A  coil  of  pipe,  either 
made  up  flat  with  return  bends  or  in  spiral 
form,  used  to  impart  heat  to  a  room  or  other  in- 
closed space  or  to  a  liquid,  or,  by  exposure  of 
its  exterior  surface  to  air-curre'nts  or  contact 
of  cold  water,  to  act  as  a  condenser. 

steam-colpr  (stem'kul'or),  n.  In  dyeing,  a  col- 
or which  is  developed  and  fixed  by  the  action 
of  steam  after  the  cloth  is  printed. 

steam-crane  (stem'kran),  n.  A  crane  worked 
by  steam,  frequently  carrying  the  steam-engine 
upon  the  same  frame. 

steam-cutter  (stem'kufer),  n.  A  ship's  boat, 
smaller  than  a  launch,  propelled  by  steam. 

steam-cylinder  (stem'sil*in-der),  n.  The  cyl- 
inder in  which  the  piston  of  a  steam-engine 
reciprocates.—  Starting  steam-cylinder.  Same  as 
starting-engine. 


steam-engine 

steam-dome  (stem'dom),  M.  A  chamber  con- 
nected with  the  steam-space  and  projecting 
above  the  top  of  a  steam-boiler.  From  it -the 
steam  passes  to  the  cylinder  of  a  steam-engine,  or  to  steam- 
heuting  apparatus.  See  cut  under  steam-boiler. 

Steam-dredger  (stem'drej"er),  H.  A  drcdging- 
machiue  operated  by  steam. 

Steam-engine  (stem'en"jin),  H.  An  engine  in 
which  the  mechanical  force  arising  from  the 
elasticity  and  expansive  action  of  steam,  or 
from  its  property  of  rapid  condensation,  or 
from  the  combination  of  the  two,  is  made 
available  as  a  motive  power.  The  invention  of 
the  steam-engine  has  been  ascribed  by  the  English  to  the 
Marquis  of  Worcester,  who  published  an  account  of  it 
about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  By  the 
French  the  invention  has  been  ascribed  to  Papin,  toward  the 
close  of  the  same  century.  Papin's  plan  contained  the  earli- 
est suggestion  of  a  vacuum  under  a  piston  by  the  agency  of 
steam.  The  first  actual  working  steam-engine  of  which 
there  is  any  record  was  invented  and  constructed  by 
Captain  Savery,  an  Englishman,  to  whom  a  patent  was 
granted  for  it  in  1698.  This  engine  was  employed  to 
raise  water  by  the  expansion  and  condensation  of  steam. 
The  steam-engine  received  great  improvements  from  the 
hands  of  Newcomen,  Heighten,  and  others.  Still  it  was 
imperfect  and  rude  in  its  construction,  and  was  chiefly 
applied  to  the  draining  of  mines  or  the  raising  of  wa- 
ter. Up  to  this  time  it  was  properly  an  atmospheric 
engine  (see  atmospheric),  for  the  actual  moving  power 
was  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  the  steam  only  pro- 
ducing a  vacuum  under  the  piston.  The  steam-engine 
was  brought  to  a  high  state  of  perfection  by  James  Watt 
about  the  year  1782.  The  numerous  and  vital  improve- 
ments introduced  by  him,  both  in  the  combination  of  its 
mechanism  and  in  the  economy  of  its  management,  have 
rendered  the  steam-engine  at  once  the  most  powerful, 
the  most  easily  applied  and  regulated,  and  generally 
speaking  the  least  expensive  of  all  prime  movers  for  fm- 


A3  4  6  11        12 

Steam-engine  (Corliss  Engine). 

(The  upper  figure  is  a  front  view,  the  under  a  rear  view.) 
The  steam-valve  A  and  exhaust-valve  A'  are  independent  of  each 
other,  and  have  cylindrical  bearing-surfaces.  An  oscillatory  motion  is 
given  to  them  by  rods  B,  connecting  with  an  oscillating  disk  C  (wrist- 
plate)  upon  the  side  of  the  steam-cylinder,  which  is  worked  by  an  in- 
termediate rock-lever  D,  driven  by  the  eccentric-rod  E,  connected 
with  an  eccentric  upon  the  main  shaft  The  motions  of  the  exhaust- 
valves  are  positive,  but  those  of  the  inlet-valve  are  varied  by  means  of 
spring-catches  a,  which  are  adjustable  to  determine  the  points  of  open- 
ing and  the  range  of  motion  of  the  valves,  and  are  also  controlled  in 
their  disengagement  of  the  valve-stems  by  the  governor  F,  rock-lever  G, 
connecting-rods  H.  and  rock-levers  r,  all  connected  together  in  such 
manner  that  an  extremely  small  increase  or  decrease  of  speed  in  the 
rotation  of  the  fly-wheel  shaft  causes  the  inlet-valves  to  be  released 
and  to  close  correspondingly  earlier  or  later  in  the  stroke.  The 
closing  is  performed  by  exterior  weights  suspended  from  short  levers 
on  the  valve-stems  by  the  rods  >fr,  the  motion  of  closing  being  control  led 
bydash-pots  at  rf,  only  the  covers  of  which  are  shown.  The  other 
parts  of  the  engine,  which  are  common  to  most  reciprocating  engines, 
are  r,  the  bed-plate ;  a,  cylinder  ;  3,  piston  ;  4,  piston-rod  ;  5,  stuffing- 
box  ;  6,  sliding-block  or  cross-head  ;  7,  connecting-rod  or  pitman  ;  8, 
rod-end  fittedto  o,  the  crank -wrist :  10,  fly-wheel :  ri,  crank  keyed  to 
12,  the  crank-shaft ;  13,  centrifugal  lubricating  tube  ;  14,  steam-pipe ; 
15,  lubricator  ;  16.  exhaust-pipe. 

pelling  machinery  of  every  description.  The  steam-en- 
gine is  properly  a  heat-engine,  and  the-total  work  L  is  ex- 
pressed theoretically  by  the  equation 

L  =  QG(T,  — T)/AT,, 

in  which  Q  represents  the  total  heat  converted  into  work 
per  unit  of  weight,  O  weight  of  steam,  and  A  the  thermal 
equivalent  of  a  unit  of  work,  while  T,  and  Tare  respective- 
ly the  higher  and  lower  limits  of  temperature  between 
which  the  steam  is  worked,  T ,  being  the  absolute  temper- 
ature at  which  the  steam  is  inducted  to  the  engine,  and 
T  the  absolute  temperature  at  which  it  is  exhausted  from 
it.  Inspection  of  the  equation  shows  that  the  work  per- 
formed mast  vary  directly  as  the  factor  (T,  — T)  varies  — 
that  is,  the  greater  the  difference  which  can  be  main- 
tained between  the  temperature  of  induction  and  that  of 
eduction  the  greater  is  the  amount  of  work  performed  by 
any  given  weight  of  steam.  It  is  in  accordance  with  this 
law  that  much  higher  steam -pressures  are  now  adopted 
than  were  formerly  employed.  The  factor  (T,  —  T)  is  com- 
monly called  the  temperature  range  or  .fall.  The  varieties 
of  steam-engines  are  extremely  numerous.  (For  names 
of  various  types,  with  explanations  of  their  characteristic 
features,  see  below.)  The  specific  differences  between 
steam-engines  of  the  same  type  of  construction  consist 
chiefly  in  their  valve-gear.  (See  valve-year,  governor,  6, 
regulator,  n.,  slide  valve  (with  cut),  and  piston-valve.)  Of 
the  total  steam-power  employed  in  modern  industry  on 
land,  that  supplied  by  steam-engines  of  the  horizontal 
type  far  exceeds  that  furnished  by  steam-engines  of  all 


steam-engine 

other  types  put  together.  Vertical  direct-acting 
engines  of  large  size  art-  little  used,  but  small  en- 
gines of  tliis  type  arc  much  employed.  Steain-en- 
gines  of  the  rotary  type  are  scarcely  used  except 
for  some  kinds  of  steam  hoisting-engines.  Double, 
triple,  and  quadruple  expansion  steam-engines  are 
now  largely  used  in  marine  engineering.  Many 
double  expansion  stationary  engines  are  in  use, 
and  the  erommiinal  value  of  the  compound  system 
has  been  demonstrated  lioth  theoretically  and  prac- 
tically.—Agricultural  steam-engine,  a  portable 
engine  with  a  boiler, often  specially  adapted  toburn 
light  fnel,  as  ehatf  or  straw,  either  by  itself  or  in 
connection  with  wood  or  coal. — Annular  steam- 
engine,  a  steam  engine  having  an  annular  piston 
working  in  an  annular  steam-cylinder,  and  having 
two  diametrically  placed  piston-rods  connected 
with  the  cross-head,  the  latter  also  being  connected 
by  rods  to  a  guide-block  working  in  the  hollow  cyl- 
inder forming  the  center  of  the  annular  steam-cyl- 
inder, this  guide-block  being  connected  with  the 
crank  by  a  pitman.— Atmospheric  steam-en- 
gine. See  atintiKplieric  engine,  under  atmospheric. 
—  Beam  steam-engine,  an  engine  in  which  a 
working-beam  connect*  the  connecting-rod  with 
the  crank-pitman,  and  transmits  power  from  one 
to  the  other.  See  beam-engine.—  Compound 
steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  having  two  steam- 
cylinders  of  unequal  size,  from  the  smaller  of 
which  the  steam,  after  use,  passes  into  the  larger 
cylinder,  and  completes  its  work  by  expanding 
against  the  piston  in  the  latter.— Concentric 
steam-engine.  Same  as  rotary  xteam-enffine. — 
Condensing  steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  in 
which  the  exhaust-steam  is  condensed,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  removing  the  back-pressure  of  the  atmo- 
sphere from  the  exhaust,  and  also  to  economize  fuel 
by  saving  heat  otherwise  wasted.  See  condenser, 
and  cut  under  pulswneter. — Cornish  steam-en- 
gine, a  single-acting  condensing  steam  pumping- 
engine,  lirst  used  in  the  mines  of  Cornwall.  It 
is  also  used  as  a  pumping-engine  for  supplying 
water  to  cities.  Steam-pressure  is  not  used  to 
raise  the  water,  but  to  lift  a  long  loaded  pump-rod, 
whose  weight  in  its  descent  is  the  power  employed 
to  force  up  the  water.  The  motion  is  regulated 
by  a  kind  of  hydraulic  regulator  invented  by 
Smeaton,  and  called  a  cataract.— Direct-acting 
steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  in  which  the  power 
of  the  piston  is  transmitted  to  the  crank  without  the 
intervention  of  levers,  side-beams,  or  a  working-beam.— 


5921 


ii.  high-p 
for  a  in  pos 
d,  passage  f 
e-plates  f 
' 


Double  Expansion  Marine  Stea 
ure  cylinder  ;  *,  low-pressure  cylinder  ; 


-engine. 

induction-  and  eduction- 


,  , 

position  of  exhaust  from  lower  end  and  of  induction  to  upper  end  of  cylinder  ; 
steam  from  a  to  */  «,  induction*  and  eduction-valve  for  b;  J,f, 
•'  ' 


, 

alves  of  a  and  */  f,  £•',  pistons  ;  h,h',  piston-rods 
'  ' 


,,  bal- 
; i,  i',  cross-heads  ; 


,      ,  ,,  ,    , 

_/,>',  slipper-guides  for  cross-heads;  k,  £',  connecting-rods  ;  /,/',  cranks;  m,  crank 
shaft  :  «.  shaft  which  drives  feed-pump  a  and  also  bilge-pump  (not  shown)  on  the  op- 
posite side;  /.worm  on  main  shaft  gearing  into  worm-wheel?  on  the  shaft  «,  and  actu- 
ating pump-plungers  by  crank  and  pitman  connection  ;  r,  r  ,  eccentrics  ;  s,  s  ',  eccen- 
tric-rods; t,  t',  links  connected  by  link-blocks  with  valve-stems  M.  »';  v,  crank-lever 
which  turns  a  segmental  worm-gear,  keyed  to  the  rock-shaft  w  carrying  the  rocker- 
anus  x,  x't  for  reversing  high-pressure  and  low-pressure  valves  respectively  ;  y,  bed- 
plate;  z,  columns  supporting  the  cylinders  ;  x',  tie-rods  for  stiffening  the  columns;  a', 
exhaust  from  low-pressure  cylinder  to  the  condenser  (not  shown)  ;  a",  butterfly  throt- 
tle-valve ;  b',  gear  for  operating  throttle-valve  ;  c',  relief-valves. 


steam-kettle 

the  mercury  according  to  the  amount  of  pressure. 
A  very  common  form  of  gage  is  that  known  as 
liourdon's,  which  consists  essentially  of  a  flattened 
metal  tube,  closed  at  one  end  and  bent  circularly, 
into  which  the  steam  is  admitted.  As  such  a  tube 
tends  to  straighten  itself  out  by  the  force  of  the 
n'eam,  the  amount  of  pressure  can  easily  be  ascer- 
tained by  an  attached  index-apparatus.  — Electric 
steam-gage,  an  attachment  to  a  steam-boiler  for 
indicating  at  a  distance  the  pressure  of  the  steam, 
tine  form  consists  of  a  bent  tube  filled  with  mercury, 
which,  as  it  rises  under  the  pressure,  closes  a  series 
of  electrical  circuits  after  the  manner  of  a  thermo- 
stat. Another  form  employs  the  expansion  or  move- 
ment of  an  ordinary  steam-pigc  diaphragm  as  a  cir- 
1'iiit-closer.  The  closing  of  the  circuit  in  each  case 
serves  to  sound  an  alarm. 

steam-gas  (stem'gas),  «.  Same  as  nn/i-  /  - 
lii-ntcd  nil-mil  (which  see,  under  steam). 

Steam-generator  (stem'jen'e-ra-tor),  n. 
A  steam-boiler. 

Steam-governor  (stem'guv"er-nor), «.  See 
i/uri  rinir,  C. 

steam-gun  (stem'gun),  «.  A  gun  the  pro- 
jectile force  of  which  is  derived  from  the 
expansion  of  steain  issuing  through  the 
shotted  tube. 

steam-hammer  (stem'ham"er),  n.  A  f  org- 
ing-hammer  operated  by  stciini-power.  it 
has  assumed  several  forms,  but  now  consists  of  a 
vertical  and  inverted  steam-cylinder  with  piston  and 

§iston-rod  (the  rod  passing  through  the  lower  cylin- 
er-head  and  carrying  at  the  end  a  mass  of  metal 
which  forms  the  hammer),  an  anvil  directly  beneath 
the  hammer  and  cylinder,  a  supporting  framework, 
and  suitable  valves  for  the  control  of  the  steam. 
Steam  is  used  to  raise  and  may  also  be  used  to  drive 
down  the  hammer.  By  means  of  the  valve-system, 
steam  is  admitted  below  the  piston  to  raise  the  ham- 
mer and  to  sustain  it  while  the  metal  to  be  forged  is 
placed  on  the  anvil.  To  deliver  a  blow,  the  steam  is 
exhausted  below  the  piston,  and  the  hammer  is  al- 
lowed to  fall  by  its  own  weight.  To  augment  the 
blow,  live  steam  may  be  admitted  above  the  piston 
to  assist  in  driving  it  downward.  To  deliver  a  gentle 
blow,  the  exhaust-steam  below  the  piston  may  be  re- 
tained to  act  as  a  cushion.  Blows  can  be  delivered 
at  any  point  of  the  stroke,  quickly  or  slowly,  lightly  or 


H 

^alve 


iiii-Bi-vcuiiuii  ui.  »•=•/•=•=,  oiu»-»«....^«.  .  ........B piston.  The  name  is  sometimes  given  to  reciprocating  en-     „._..,  ,. ,, -.--.^ 

Disk  steam-engine  a  form  of  rotary  engine  in  which  the  glneswhichhaveafly-wheeland  crank  shaft.  E.  II.  Knight,  with  the  full  power  of  the  combined  weight  of  the  ham- 
steam-pistons  act  successively  against  a  revolving  disk  —Rotatory  steam-engine.  Same  as  rotors/  steam-engine.  mer  and  force  of  steam-pressure;  or  the  machine  may  be 
set  at  an  angle  to  the  plane  of  rotation,  thus  imparting  a  —Semi-portable  steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  which  used  as  a  vise  or  squeezer.  All  modern  steam-hammers 
gyratory  motion  to  a  central  shaft  upon  which  the  disk  is  is  movable  with  its  foundation-plate,  as  distinguished  from  of  the  type  described  are  modifications  of  the  original 
mounted,  the  end  of  this  shaft  being  connected  with  a  an  engine  mounted  on  wheels,  and  from  one  resting  on  a 
crank  turning  in  the  plane  of  rotation.— Double-acting  fixed  foundation.— Triple  expansion  steam-engine, 
steam-engine  the  ordinary  form  of  steam-engine,  in  a  steam-engine  that  expands  its  steam  in  three  successive 
which  the  steam  acts  upon  both  sides  of  the  piston.—  stages  and  in  three  separate  and  distinct  cylinders,  one 
Double-cylinder  steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  hav-  taking  its  steam  from  the  boiler,  and  each  of  the  others 
ing  two  steam-cylinders  acting  in  combination  with  each  taking  its  steam  from  the  exhaust  of  the  cylinder  working 
other.  See  compound  steam-engine.—  Double  expansion  at  the  next  higher  pressure.  This  type  of  marine  engine 
steam-engine  (a)  A  double-cylinder  steam-engine  in  is  found  at  the  present  time  on  many  of  the  swiftest  steam- 
which  steam  is  used  expansively.  (6)  A  compound  steam-  ships,  but  may  be  in  turn  superseded  by  the  quadruple 
engine —Double  steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  having  expansion-engine.— Vertical  steam-engine,  a  steam- 
two  cylinders  in  which  the  pistons  make  either  simulta-  engine  whose  piston  reciprocates  vertically, 
neous  or  alternate  strokes  and  are  connected  with  the  steamer  (ste'mer),  n.  [<  steam  +  -er1.]  One 
same  crank-shaft.— Duplex  steam-engine.  Same  as  j  th  t  wnicb  steams,  in  any  sense.  Spe- 
double  steam-engine.—  High-pressure  steam-engine. 


Nasmyth  steam-hammer  illustrated  in  the  cut.     Steam- 

h 

& 


lent  steamer,  (f)  Especially,  a  vessel  propelled  by  steam ; 
a  steamship,  (y)  A  fire-engine  the  pumps  of  which  are 
worked  by  steam.  (A)  A  vessel  in  which  articles  are  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  steam,  as  in  washing  or  cookery. 
See  steam-chest,  2.  (1)  In  paper-making,  a  vessel  in  which 
old  paper,  fiber,  etc.,  are  treated  in  order  to  soften  them. 
(2)  An  apparatus  for  steaming  grain  preparatory  to  grind- 
ing. (0  A  locomotive  for  roads.  See  road-steamer. 
Steamer-cap  (ste'mer-kap),  ».  Same  as  /ore- 
High-speed  Steam-engine.  aild-aft,  2. 

In  general  it  may  be  said  that  steamer-duck  (ste'mer-duk),  n.  A  South  Amer- 
en'gines  of  considerable   power,  making  one  h 
turns  per  minute  and  upward,  are  high-speed  engines.—     er 


Steam-hammer  (Nasmyth's). 

a,  anvil  ;•*,  frame ;  c,  hammer-head  ;  rf,  guides;  e,  piston-rod  ; /, 
valve-chests  containing  valves  that  control  induction  of  steam  to  and 
eduction  from  the  cylinder  A;  A',  steam-pipe;  e,  rock-lever  (moved 


tVDeS    of  Valve-Ke&rs.       in   geueiu.i    u>   may    uo    oaiu    i/iiQv    WWWWAWW-.    .*.«_  ,~- 

•     onsiderable   power,  making  one  hundred     ican  duck  of  the  genus  Micropterus  (or  Tacliy- 


.„...„  r- r „     .  „,„„,;  a  race-horse.     See  Micropterus,  2.    This 

Horizontal  steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  in  w  !  duck  becomes  wnen  adult  incapable  of  flight,  but  swims  nammere  of  the  largest  class  have  been  made  with  ham- 
piston  works  horizontally.— Inclined-cylinder  steam-  T  rapidly,  with  a  movement  which  has  suggested  the  merg  wejKhing  eighty  tons.  Another  type  of  steam-ham- 
engine,  a  form  of  marine  engine  having  cylinders  inclined  action  of  a  side-wheel  steamboat  (whence  the  name).  mer  Cpnsjst8  of  two  horizontal  steam-cylinders  placed  in 
tothe  horizontal.— Inverted-cylinder  steam-engine,  a  ,*-am_excava*or  ( stem 'eks^ka-va- tor),  «.  line,  the  hammers  meeting  over  an  anvil  on  which  the 
steam-engine  in  which  the  cross-head  is  placed  forging  rests, 
cylinder.  Tl:  ••"••""•SSJSfiSSf  !S£  ._  2!__"j_' /„;=„/* im^  „  gee  foun-  steam-heat  (stem'het),  n.  l.I-aflicrmodynam- 


Same  as 
*-  steam-fountain  (stem' 


ics,  the  total  heat  required  to  produce  steam 


often  non-condensing.    See  cut  in  next  column.— Non-     Oj  wj,jch  connects  with  the  boiler,  so  that  the  steam  raises     pipes,  or  radiators. 


condensing  steam-engine,  an  engine  that  exhausts  its 
steam  without  condensation.  See  non-condensing.— Oscil- 
lating steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  whose  cylinder  os- 
cillates on  trunnions  and  has  its  piston-rod  directly  con- 
nected with  the  crank.  Double  engines  of  this  type  have 
been  considerably  used  for  marine  propulsion,  and  some 
are  still  employed.— Overhead  steam-engine.  See  over- 


it  in  four  different  open .. 

tinct  and  separate  steam  cylinders.  The  pistons  of  the  cyl- 
inders are  connected  by  piston-rods,  cross-heads,  and  con- 
necting-rods with  cranks  attached  to  a  common  shaft,  to 
which  rotary  motion  is  imparted  by  the  coacting  pistons.— 


-C 


Steam-gage  (AshcrorVs). 


Reciprocating  Steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  in  which          a  hol,ow  j^,  wbc  attad,ed  to  case  at  a',  and  receiving  condensed 
the  power  of  steam  is  applied  to  a  reciprocating  piston.—     wateror  steam  under  pressure  through;he  opening  at/^link  con- 


nectingYnd  of  tube  a  with  short  arm  of  rock-lever  c, 

upper  end  a  small  rack  intermeshing  withji  pinion  on  the  sjvmdle  ot 


Revolving-cylinder  steam-engine,  a  steam-engine  of 

whichtheivlitulerissomountedthatitiscausedtorotate  «PP?^™  jr'r^aM^i,~d";-p"ing  ;nVch"a''cts'upo'n  the  sJYadVe'of  sieaui-utfuu. 

by  the  reciprocation  of  the  piston.    Compare  rotary  steam-  J«  ££££  ^>in,er  in  a  direction  Spposed  to  the  action  of  the  rack  steam-kettle  (stem'ket'l),  n.     A  vessel  he 

engine.— Rotary  steam-engine,asteam-enginein which  andpinion:  f.diai.onwhichthenguresmdicatepressuresdnpounds)  by  steam   and  used  for  various  purposes. 


Steam-hoist  (stem' hoist),  n.  A  lift  or  elevator 
operated  by  a  steam-engine. 

steam-house  (stem'hous),  n.  In  oyster-canning, 
a  house  or  room  where  oysters  are  steamed. 

steaminess  (ste'mi-nes),  n.  Steamy  or  vapor- 
ous character  or  quality ;  mistiness. 

Steam-jacket  (stem'jak"et),  «.  An  inclosure 
adapted  for  receiving  steam,  and  applying  the 
heat  of  the  steam  to  a  kettle,  tank,  steam-cylin- 
der, etc.,  surrounded  by  such  inclosure. 

steam-jet  (stem' jet), ».  A  blast  of  steam  caused 
to  issue  from  a  nozle. 

ich iaatthe  steam-joint  (stem'joint),  «.     A  joint  that  is 
steam-tight. 


-6 


enfrinc. — Rotary  steam-engine, — . 0  — t ». 

the  piston  rotates  in  the  cylinder,  or  the  cylinder  upon  the     above  the  atmospheric  pressure. 

372 


by  steam,  and  used  for  various  purposes.    The 


steam-kettle 

steam  for  heating  is  usually  applied  by  induction  to  a 
steam-jacket  surrounding  the  sides  and  inclosing  the  bot- 
tom of  the  kettle. 

steam-kitchen  (stem'kich'en),  «.     AD  appara- 
tus for  cooking  by  steam, 
steam-launch  (Btem'ltaoh),  «.    See  launch. 
steam-motor  (stem'm6"tor), «.  A  steam-engine. 

steam-navigation  (stem"'nav-i-ga"shon),  H. 
The  art  of  applying  the  power  of  steam  to  the 
propulsion  of  boats  and  vessels ;  the  art  of  navi- 
gating steam-vessels. 

steam-nawy  (stem'nav"i),  «.  A  digging-ma- 
chine or  excavator  actuated  by  steam. 

Steam-organ  (stem'6r"gan),  n.  Same  as  cal- 
liope, 2. 

steam-oven  (stem'uv"n),  ».  An  oven  heated 
by  steam  at  high  pressure. 

steam-packet  (stem'pak"et),  n.  A  packet  pro- 
pelled oy  steam.  Compare  packet,  n.,  2. 

steam-pan  (stem'pan),  n.  A  vessel  with  a  dou- 
ble bottom  forming  a  steam-chamber.  See  vac- 
uum-pan. 

steam-pipe  (stem'pip),  «.  Any  pipe  in  which 
steam  is  conveyed.  Specifically— (o)  A  pipe  which 
leads  from  a  boiler  to  an  engine,  pan,  tank,  etc.,  or  from  the 
boiler  to  a  condenser  or  to  the  open  air.  (&)  In  a  steam- 
heating  or  -drying  apparatus  or  system,  a  name  given  to 
any  one  of  the  steam-supply  pipes,  in  contradistinction  to 
the  corresponding  return-pipe  through  which  water  of 
condensation  is  returned  to  the  boiler. 

steam-plow  (stem'plou),  n.  A  gang-plow  de- 
signed to  be  drawn  by  a  wire  rope,  and  operated 
by  steam-power.  Such  a  plow  has  usually  eight  shares 
arranged  in  a  frame,  four  pointing  in  one  direction  and 
four  in  the  other.  The  frame  is  balanced  on  a  pair  of 
wheels  in  the  center,  and  forms  an  angle  in  the  middle,  so 
that  when  one  half  the  plows  are  in  use  the  others  are 
raised  above  the  ground.  Steam-plows  are  used  with  either 
one  or  two  engines.  If  with  two  engines,  the  plow  is 
drawn  forward  and  backward  between  them,  each  en- 
gine being  advanced  the  width  of  the  furrows  after  each 
passage  of  the  plow.  If  one  engine  only  is  used,  snatch- 
blocks  and  movable  anchors  are  employed  to  hold  the 
rope,  the  anchors  being  automatically  advanced  after 
each  passage  of  the  plow.  Traction-engines  also  have  been 
used  to  drag  plows.  See  anchor,  porter^,  and  plow. 

Steam-port  (stem'port),  «.  1.  In  a  slide-valve 
steam-engine,  the  name  given  to  each  of  two 
oblong  passages  from  the  steam-chest  to  the  in- 
side of  the  cylinder,  which  afford  passage  to  the 
steam  to  and  from  the  cylinder,  and  act  alter- 
nately as  an  induction-port  and  an  eduction- 
port.  See  cut  under  slide-valve. — 2.  A  passage 
for  steam  into  or  out  of  any  inclosure. 

steam-power  (stem'pou"er),  «.  The  power  of 
steam  applied  to  move  machinery  or  produce 
any  other  result. 

Steam-press  (stem'pres),  H.  A press  actuated  by 
steam-power  acting  directly  or  intermediately; 
specifically,  a  printing-press  worked  by  steam. 

Steam-printing  (stern 'printing),  n.  Printing 
done  by  machinery  moved  by  steam,  as  opposed 
to  printing  by  hand-labor  on  hand-presses. 

Steam-propeller  (stem'pro-peFer),  H.  Same 
as  screw  propeller  (which  see,  under  screw1). 

Steam-pump  (stem'pump),  «.  See  pump1  and 
vacuum-pump. 

Steam-radiator  (stem'ra'di-a-tor),  w.  A  nest 
or  collection  of  iron  pipes  in  ranks  or  coils, 
through  which  steam  is  passed  to  heat  a  room, 
etc.  See  cuts  under  radiator. 

Steam-ram  (stem'ram),  n.     See  ram%,  2. 

Steam-regulator  (stern'reg^u-la-tor),  n.  See 
regulator,  2. 

steam-room  (stem'rom),  n.  In  a  steam-engine, 
etc.,  the  space  which  is  occupied  by  steam. 

Steamship  (stem'ship),  n.  A  ship  propelled  by 
steam. 

steam-space  (stem'spas),  w.  A  space  occupied, 
or  designed  to  be  occupied,  by  steam  only ;  par- 
ticularly, in  a  steam-boiler,  the  space  allowed 
above  the  water-line  for  holding  a  quantity  of 
steam. 

Steam-table  (stem'ta'bl),  n.  1.  A  bench  or 
table  fitted  with  shallow  steam-tight  tanks: 
used  in  restaurants,  etc.,  to  keep  cooked  dishes 
warm.—  2.  A  tabular  arrangement  of  data  re- 
lating to  steam-pressures,  temperatures,  and 
quantities  of  heat. 

Steam-tank  (stem'tangk),  «.  A  chamber  or  in- 
closed vessel  in  which  materials  of  any  kind  are 
treated  either  by  direct  contact  with  steam  or 
with  steam-heat  by  means  of  pipes  coiled  in  the 
tank  or  a  steam-jacket.  Such  tanks  are  used  in 
many  industries,  and  are  made  in  many  forms,  as  for  steam- 
ing wood,  paper-stock,  lard,  etc.  See  rendering-tat* 

steam-tight  (stem'tit),  «.  Capable  of  resisting 
the  passage  of  steam,  as  a  joint  in  a  steam- 
pipe. 

Steam-toe  (stem'to),  n.  In  a  steam-engine,  a 
projection  on  a  lifting-rod,  which  is  raised  by  it 
through  the  action  of  a  cam,  tappet,  or  wiper. 


5922 

steam-trap  (stem'trap),  n.  A  contrivance  for 
permitting  the  passage  of  water  of  condensa- 
tion out  of  pipes,  radiators,  steam-engine  cyl- 
inders, etc.,  while  preventing  that  of  steam. 

Steam-tug  (stem'tug),  «.  A  steamer  used  fol- 
lowing ships,  boats,  rafts,  fishing-nets,  oyster- 
dredges,  etc.  Such  vessels  are  furnished  with  engines 
very  powerful  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  their  hulls,  and 
usually  carry  only  sufficient  coal  for  short  trips.  —  Steam- 
tug  heart-murmur,  the  combination  of  an  aortic  re- 
gurgitant  with  an  aortic  obstructive  murmur. 

steam-valve  (stem'valv),  ».  A  valve  which 
controls  the  opening  of  a  steam-pipe  or  steam- 
port. 

steam- vessel  (stem' vessel),  n.  Same  as  steam- 
ship. 

steam-wagon (stem'wag"on), «.  Same  a,si>ttiini- 
i-urriage. 

steam-wheel  (stem'hwel),  «.  A  rotary  steam- 
engine.  See  steam-engine. 

steam-whistle  (stem'hwis'l),  n.  A  sounding 
device  connected  with  the  boiler  of  a  steam- 


Steam-whistles. 

Fig.  i  is  the  simplest  form  of  steam-whistle,  with  adjustable  lever  v, 
whicn  acts  on  the  valve  x,  its  motion  being  limited  by  a  stop-pin  at  w. 
Steam  passes  through  a  pipe  connected  at  /  when  the  valve  x  is 
opened.  The  steam  issues  through  openings  in  the  base_v,  and,  pass- 
ing over  the  lower  edge  of  the  bell  u.  causes  a  powerful  vibration 
producing  the  sound,  the  pitch  of  which  depends  upon  the  length  of 
the  bell.  Fig.  a  is  a  chime-whistle  consisting  of  three  bells,  t.J,  *, 
tuned  to  emit  the  common  chord  or  some  inversion  of  it.  It  receives 
steam  at  /,  and  by  branches  m,  n,  together  with  /,  distributes  it  to 
the  several  bases  y.  Fig.  3  is  a  piston-whistle.  Its  base  y  and  bell 
r  operate  as  described  for  the  other  whistles,  the  steam  entering  at  /. 
The  tone  of  the  whistle  is  changed  by  moving  up  and  down  the  piston 
s  by  means  of  the  stem  q . 

engine,  either  stationary,  locomotive,  or  ma- 
rine, for  the  purpose  of  announcing  hours  of 
work,  signaling,  etc. 

steam-Winch  (stem' winch), ».  A  form  of  winch 
or  hoisting-apparatus  in  which  rotatory  mo- 
tion is  imparted  to  the  winding  axle  from  the 
piston-rod  of  a  steam-engine,  directly,  or  in- 
directly by  means  of  bevel-gearing,  the  direct 
action  giving  most  rapidity,  the  indirect  most 
power. 

steam-worm  (stem'werm),  H.  A  spiral  steam- 
coil.  Such  coils  are  nsed  in  tanks  for  heating  liquids,  as 
tan-liquor  in  tanneries,  water  in  laundries,  dye-works, 
etc.,  the  liquid  being  placed  in  the  tank  enveloping  the 
coil,  while  steam  is  passed  through  the  latter.  They  are 
also  used  in  some  forms  of  calorimeter. 

steamy  (ste'mi),  a.  [<  steam  +  -y1.]  Consist- 
ing of  or  abounding  in  steam;  resembling 
steam;  vaporous;  misty. 

The  bubbling  and  loud  hissing  urn 
Throws  up  a  steamy  column.      Cowper,  Task,  iv.  39. 

I  found  an  evening  hour  in  the  steamy  heat  of  the  Ha- 
ram  equal  to  half  a  dozen  afternoons. 

B.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  272. 

steam-yacht  (stem'yot),  H.  A  yacht  propelled 
by  steam,  or  by  steam  and  sails. 

stean.    See  steen1,  steeift,  stone. 

steaning,  ».    See  steening. 

steapsin  (step'sin),  «.  A  ferment  of  the  pan- 
creatic secretion  which  to  some  extent  resolves 


fats  into  fatty  acids  and  glycerin. 

stearate  (ste'a-rat),  n.  [<  stear(ic)  +  -ate1.'] 
A  salt  of  stearic  acid.  The  neutral  stearates 
of  the  alkalis  are  soaps. 

stearic  (ste-ar'ik),  «.  [Irreg.  for  'steatic,  <  Gr. 
orfap  (oTfor-),  stiff  fat,  tallow,  suet:  see  steatite.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  suet  or  fat ;  obtained  from 
stearin  —  Stearic  add,  C18H36O2,  a  monobasic  acid, 
forming  brilliant  white  scaly  crystals.  It  is  inodorous, 
tasteless,  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether.  It  burns  like  wax,  and  is  used  for  making  candles. 
Its  compounds  with  the  alkalis,  earths,  and  metallic  oxids 
are  called  gtearates.  Stearic  acid  exists  in  combination  with 
glycerin  as  stearin,  in  beef-  and  mutton-fat,  and  in  several 
vegetable  fats,  such  as  the  butter  of  cacao.  It  is  obtained 
from  stearin  by  saponification  and  decomposition  by  an 
acid  of  the  soap  formed,  and  also  from  mutton-suet  by  a 
similar  process. 

Stearin  (ste'a-rin),  n.  [<  stear(ic)  +  -<'«2.]  1. 
An  ether  or  glyceride,  C3H5O3(C1SH35O2)3, 


Steatornithidse 

formed  by  the  combination  of  stearic  acid  and 
glyceri  u .  When  crystallized  it  forms  white  pearly  scales, 
soft  to  the  touch  but  not  greasy,  and  odorless  and  taste- 
less when  pure.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in 
hot  alcohol  and  ether.  When  treated  with  superheated 
steam  it  is  separated  into  stearic  acid  and  glycerin,  an«l 
when  boiled  with  alkalis  is  saponified  —  that  is,  the  stearic 
acid  corallines  with  the  alkali,  forming  soap,  and  glycerin 
is  separated.  When  melted  it  resembles  wax.  There  are 
three  stearins,  which  may  all  be  regarded  as  derivatives  of 
glycerin  in  which  one,  two,  or  three  OH  groups  are  replaced 
by  the  radical  stearyl.  Natural  stearin  is  the  tristearyl  de- 
rivative of  glycerin.  It  is  the  chief  Ingredient  in  suet, 
tallow,  and  the  harder  fats,  and  may  be  prepared  by  re- 
peated solution  in  ether  and  crystallization.  Candle-pitch, 
chandlers' gum,  or  residuary  gum,  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  roofing-cements,  Is  a  by-product  of  this  manufacture. 
2.  A  popular  name  for  stearic  acid  as  used  in 
making  candles — Lard-stearin,  the  residue  left  after 
the  expression  of  the  oil  from  lard. 
Stearinery  (ste'a-rin-er-i),  n.  [<  stearin  + 
-ery.]  The  process  of  making  stearin  from 
animal  or  vegetable  fats ;  the  manufacture  of 
stearin  or  stearin  products. 
stearone  (ste'a-r6n),  n.  [<  stear(ie)  +  -one.] 
A  substance  (C35H70O)  obtained  by  the  partial 
decomposition  of  stearic  acid.  It  is  a  volatile 
liquid,  and  seems  to  be  stearic  acid  deprived 
of  two  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid. 
Stearoptene  (ste-a-rop'ten),  H.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
areap,  stiff  fat,  tallow,  suet,  +  Trr^'of,  winged 
(volatile).]  The  solid  crystalline  substance 
separated  from  any  volatile  oil  on  long  stand- 
ing or  at  low  temperatures.  See  elseoptene. 
Stearyl  (ste'a-ril),  n.  [<  stear(if)  +  -yl.]  The 
radical  of  stearic  acid  (Cigf^O). 
Steatin  (ste'a-tin),  n.  Same  as  steatiinim. 
Steatinum  (s'te-a-ti'num),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arcan- 
vov,  neut.  of  orranvof,  of  or  pertaining  to  tallow 
or  suet,<  areap  (arcar-),  stiff  fat,  tallow,  suet:  see 
steatite.]  A  name  given  to  certain  pharmaceu- 
tical preparations  similar,  to  cerates,  but  con- 
taining considerable  tallow — Steatinum  iodo- 
formi.  Steatinum  composed  of  mutton-tallow  18  parts,  ex- 
pressed oil  of  nutmeg  2  parts,  powdered  iodoform  1  part. 
Steatite  (ste'a-tit),  «.  [=  F.  steatite,  <  L.  stea- 
titis,  <  Gr.  arcarirw,  used  only  as  equiv.  to 
orfdnvof,  aratrtpaf,  of  dough  made  of  flour  of 
spelt,  <  areap  (orcor-),  also  ortiap,  also  contr. 
on//}  (with  rare  gen.  arijpof,  also  arair-),  stiff  fat, 
tallow,  suet,  also  dough  made  of  flour  of  spelt, 
prob.  <  laravat  (•/  ora),  cause  to  stand,  fix :  see 
stand.]  Soapstone :  an  impure  massive  variety 
of  talc.  Also  called  potstone. 
Steatitic  (ste-a-tit'ik),  a.  [<  steatite  +  -ic.~]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  steatite  or  soapstone ;  made  of 
steatite. 

Steatogenous  (ste-a-toj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  creep 
(arear-),  fat,  +  -^n^f,  producing:  see  -genotis.] 
Tending  to  produce  steatosis  (see  steatosis,  2): 
as,  steatogenous  processes. 

Steatoma  (ste-a-to'mS),  «. ;  pi.  steatomata  (-ma- 
ta).     [<  Gr.  are aru/ia"  a  kind  of  fatty  tumor, "< 
areap  (arear-),  fat,  tallow,  suet.]    A  lipoma. 
steatomatous  (ste-a-tom'a-tus),  a.     [<  steato- 
ma(t-)  +  -ous.]    Of  the  nature  of  a  steatoma. 
steatopyga  (ste'a-to-pi'gii),  w.  [NL.,<  Gr.  areap 
(arear-),  fat,  tallow,  suet,  +  ttvji/,  the  rump.] 
An  accumulation  of  fat  on  the  buttocks  of  cer- 
tain Africans,  especially  Hottentot  women. 
SteatOpygOUS  (ste"a-to-pl'gus),  a.    [<  NL.  stea- 
topyga +  -ous.]  Affected  with  or  characterized 
by  steatopyga ;  having  enormously  fat  buttocks. 
R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  60. 
steatopygy  (ste'a-to-pi-ji),  n.     [<  steatopyg-ous 
+  -y3.]    1  lie  development  of  steatopyga,  or  the 
state  of  being  steatopygous.     Jour.  Anthron. 
Inst.,  XVIII.  17. 

Steatornis  (ste-a-tor'nis),  n.  [NL.  (Humboldt, 
1817),  <  Gr.  areap  (arear-),  fat,  tallow,  suet,  +  6p- 
vif,  a  bird.]  The  representative  genus  of  Stea- 
tornitliidee.  The  only  species  is  S.  caripensis,  the  gua- 
charo  or  oil-bird  of  South  America,  found  from  Venezuela 
to  Peru,  and  also  in  Trinidad,  of  f rugivorous  and  nocturnal 
habits.  The  bird  resembles  and  Is  usually  classed  with 
the  goatsuckers.  It  is  so  fat  that  the  natives  prepare  from 
it  a  kind  of  oil  used  for  butter.  See  cut  under  guacharo. 
steatornithic  (ste'a-tor-nith'ik),  a.  Having 
the  characters  of  Steatornis. 
Steatornithidse  (ste'a-tor-nith'i-de),  ti.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Steatornis  (-ornitli-)  +  -iilee.]  A  fam- 
ily of  picarian  birds,  represented  by  the  genus 
Steatornis.  It  is  related  to  the  Caprimtilgid«,  and  is 
often  associated  with  them,  but  differs  in  many  impor- 
tant characters,  and  in  some  respects  approaches  the  owls. 
The  sternum  has  a  single  notch  on  each  side  behind.  The 
palate  is  desmognathous,  with  united  maxillopalatines 
and  peculiarly  shaped  palatines.  There  are  basipterygoid 
processes,  and  the  rostrum  of  the  skull  is  compressed. 
The  second  pectoral  muscle  is  small,  and  the  femoro- 
caudal  is  wanting.  The  syrinx  is  entirely  bronchial,  and 
hence  paired.  The  oil-gland  is  very  large.  The  plumage 
is  not  aftershafted,  and  the  rectrices  are  ten.  There  is 
only  one  genus  and  one  species.  See  cut  under  yuacharo. 


steatornithine 

Steatornithine  (ste-a-tor'ni-thin),  a.  [<  stru- 
liirnix  (-oniilh-)  +  -iiii-.]  Sfoatornithic ;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Steatornithidse. 

steatorrhea,  steatorrhoea  (ste"a-to-re'ii),  ». 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  nrcap  (nrtar-),  (at,  suet,' tallow,  + 
pom,  a  flow,  <  pt'iv,  flow.]  1.  Seborrhea. —  2. 
The  passage  of  fatty  stools. 

Steatosis  (ste-a-to'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ariap  (are- 
riT-),  fat,  tallow,  suet,  +  -«*(».]  1.  Fatty  de- 
generation or  infiltration.—  2.  Any  disease  of 
the  sebaceous  glands.  Also  called fttoatopatUa. 

Steatozoon  (ste"a-to-zo'on),  n.  Same  as  De- 
modes. 

stedt,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  stead. 

stedfast,  stedfastly,  etc.   See  stnuifn.it,  etc. 

Steed  (sted),  «.  [<  ME.  stcde,  <  AS.  steda,  a  stud- 
horse, stallion,  war-horse  (cf.  f/ested-liors,  stud- 
horse ;  Icel.  stedda  for  "steedda,  a  mare ;  Sw.  stn, 
a  mare),  <  stod,  a  stud:  see  stud1.  Cf.  stot1, 
state,  stoat*.]  Ahorse:  now  chiefly  poetical. 
The  kyng  alijte  of  his  stede. 

Kiiuj  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  2. 

Theflend,  .  .  .  like  a  proud  steed  rein'd,  went  haughty  on 
Champing  his  iron  curb.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  858.' 

steedless  (sted'les),  a.    [<  steed  +  -less."]    Hav- 
ing no  steeds  or  horses.     Whittier,  The  Norse- 
men, 
steedyokest,  n.  pi.     Keius;  thongs.     [Rare.] 

Sorrowful  Hector  .  .  . 
Harryed  in  steedyocks  as  of  caret. 

Stanihurst,  «neid,  ii. 

Steek  (stek),  v.  [Also  steik;  obs.  or  dial.  (Sc.) 
form  of  stick1.']  I.  traits.  1.  To  pierce  with  a 
sharp-pointed  instrument ;  stitch  or  sew  with 
a  needle. — 2.  To  close  or  shut:  as,  to  steek 
one's  eyes.  Burns.  [Obsolete  or  Scotch  in 
both  uses.] 

But  doore  were  steek'il,  and  windows  bar'd, 

And  nane  wad  let  him  in. 
Willie  and  May  Margaret  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  172). 

II.  intraiis.  To  close;  shut. 

It  es  callede  cloyster  for  it  closys  and  iteskys,  and  warely 
sail  be  lokked.  IMigimus  Pieces  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  60. 

Steek  (stek),  n.  [Also  steik;  a  dial.  (Sc.)  form 
of  stitch.']  The  act  of  stitching  with  a  needle ; 
a  stitch.  [Scotch.] 

Steel1  (stel),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  steel,  stel,  stiel, 
stil,  <  AS.  "stele,  style,  earliest  forms  steli,  stseli 
=  MD.  stael,  D.  staal  =  MLG.  stdl,  LG.  staal  = 
OHG.  stalial,  stdl,  MHG.  statiel,  stachel,  stdl,  G. 
staid  =  Icel.  stdl  =  Sw.  stdl=Dtm.  staal  =  Goth. 
"stalila  =  OPi-uss.  stakla,  steel ;  root  unknown. 
The  words  gold  and  silver  also  have  no  L.  or 
Gr.  or  other  cognate  terms  outside  of  Teut. 
and  Slavic.]  I.  n.  1.  A  modified  form  of  iron, 
not  occurring  in  nature,  but  known  and  manu- 
factured from  very  early  times,  and  at  the 
present  time  of  the  highest  importance  in  its 
various  applications  to  the  wants  of  man.  For 
certain  purposes,  and  especially  for  the  manufacture  of 
tools  and  weapons,  there  is  no  metal  or  metallic  alloy 
which  could  take  the  place  of  steel.  The  most  essential 
features  of  steel  as  compared  with  iron  are  elasticity  and 
hardness,  and  these  qualities  can  be  varied  in  amount  to 
a  very  extraordinary  degree,  in  the  same  piece  of  steel,  by 
slight  changes  in  the  manipulation.  Steel  can  be  hardened 
so  as  to  cut  glass,  by  rapid  cooling  after  being  strongly 
heated,  and  it  can  be  tempered,  by  reheating  after  harden- 
ing, so  as  permanently  to  take  the  precise  degree  of  hard- 
ness best  adapted  to  the  use  to  which  it  is  to  be  applied. 
(See  temper.)  Steel  has  been  known  from  very  early  times, 
but  where  and  how  first  manufactured  is  not  known.  That 
it  has  long  been  in  use  in  India,  and  that  it  is  still  manu- 
factured in  that  country  by  methods  precisely  similar  to 
those  in  use  long  ago  are  well-known  facts.  (See  wootz.) 
It  is  thought  by  some  to  have  been  known  to  the  pyramid- 
builders  ;  but  this  has  not  yet  been  demonstrated,  and  the 
same  is  true  of  the  ancient  Semites.  The  words  translated 
'steel '  in  the  authorized  version  of  the  Old  Testament  sig- 
nify 'copper '  or  '  bronze,'  and  are  usually  rendered  'brass,' 
'brazen.1  That  steel  was  clearly  recognized  as  something 
distinct  from  iron  by  the  author  or  authors  of  the  Homeric 
poems  cannot  be  proved.  The  earliest  known  and  sim- 
plest method  of  reducing  iron  from  its  ore  —the  so-called 
"direct  process" — is  capable  also  of  furnishing  steel, 
although  a  sufficiently  homogeneous  product  cannot  be 
easily  obtained  by  this  method.  This  would  explain  how 
steel  became  known  at  an  early  period,  and  why  it  was  so 
long  before  it  became  an  article  of  general  use,  with  well- 
established  methods  of  manufacture.  Steel  is  a  form  of 
iron  in  which  the  amount  of  carbon  is  intermediate  be- 
tween that  in  wrought-  and  that  in  cast-iron,  and  this 
carbon  does  not  exist  in  the  steel  in  the  form  of  graphite, 
but  is  either  combined  with  or  dissolved  in  it ;  hut  the  sub- 
ject of  the  relation  of  carbon  to  iron  is  one  of  difficulty,  and 
is  now  undergoing  investigation  at  the  hands  of  various 
skilled  metallurgical  chemists.  Other  ingredients  besides 
carbon  are  also  present  in  steel  —  namely,  silicon,  manga- 
nese, sulphur,  and  phosphorus.  Of  these  the  two  first  men- 
tiont'd  are  probably  never  entirely  wanting,  and  they  are 
not  especially  undesirable  or  injurious,  as  is  the  case  with 
the  two  others,  of  which  only  traces  can  be  permitted  in 
the  best  quality  of  steel.  They  are  all,  however,  different 
from  carbon,  which  latter  is  regarded  as  an  essential  ele- 
ment of  steel,  while  the  others  may  be  looked  upon  as 
being  more  or  less  of  the  nature  of  impurities.  The  qual- 
ity of  steel  varies  with  the  amount  of  carbon  present,  and 


5939 

the  effect  of  this  latter  element  varies  with  the  amount 
of  impurity  (silicon,  etc.)  present  in  the  steel.   The  larger 
the  amount  of  impurity,  the  larger  is  the  quantity  of  car- 
bon  required  to  give  to  the  iron  the  character  of  steel.    In 
the  case  of  the  best  bar-iron,  a  little  over  0.3  per  cent,  of 
carbon  is  sufficient  to  give  it  a  steely  character ;  from  O.ft 
to  0.65  per  cent,  of  carbon,  according  to  the  purity  of  the 
iron,  gives  a  steel  which  can  be  hardened  so  as  to  strike 
fire  with  flint.     Iron  containing  from  1  to  1.5  per  cent,  of 
carbon  gives  steel  which,  after  tempering,  combines  tin 
maximum  hardness  with  the  maximum  tenacity.     One 
per  cent,  of  carbon  gives,  on  the  whole,  the  most  generally 
useful  steel.    With  more  than  1.5  per  cent,  of  carbon  the 
tenacity  and  weldability  of  the  steel  are  diminished,  al- 
though the  hardness  may  be  increased.    With  more  than 
1.74  per  cent,  of  carbon  the  steel  ceases  to  be  weldable,  and 
is  with  difficulty  drawn  out  under  the  hammer ;  and  from 
1.8  to  2.0  per  cent,  is  usually  considered  as  the  limit  be- 
tween steel  and  cast-iron,  the  steel  with  that  amount 
breaking  when  hammered  after  softening  by  heat.    Since 
steel  is  intermediate  between  wrought-  and  cast-iron  in  the 
amount  of  carbon  which  it  contains,  it  is  evident  that  it 
might  be  made  either  by  carburizing  the  former  or  decar- 
burizing  the  latter.  The  method  of  carburization,  or  cemen- 
tation as  it  is  generally  called,  is  one  of  the  oldest,  perhaps 
the  most  ancient,  as,  although  differing  greatly  in  the  de- 
tails, in  the  essentials  it  is  the  same  as  the  process  by  which 
the  Indian  wootz  is  manufactured.    The  cementation  pro- 
cess was  described  in  detail  by  Reaumur  in  a  work  published 
in  1722.    By  this  method  blister-steel  is  obtained^  an.l  this 
is  further  worked  up  into  spring-,  shear-,  and  double-shear 
steel  by  one  or  more  processes  of  fagoting,  welding,  and 
hammering  or  rolling,  the  object  of  this  being  to  give 
the  metal  greater  homogeneity.    A  great  addition  to  the 
value  of  this  process  was  the  invention  by  Huntsman,  in 
1740,  of  cast-steel,  the  product  of  the  fusion  in  crucibles, 
under  suitable  manipulation,  of  blister  steel,  which  process 
is  still  in  use  as  first  arranged  almost  without  change. 
By  this  method,  when  iron  of  a  sufficiently  high  grade  is 
used,  the  finest  quality  of  steel  is  produced,  and  it  is  only 
steel  manufactured  in  this  way  which  can  be  used  for  the 
best  tools,  weapons,  and  cutting  instruments  of  all  kinds. 
The  methods  of  producing  steel  by  the  decarburization  of 
pig-iron  are  numerous  and  varied.    The  Styrian  method 
of  decarburization  in  the  open-hearth  finery,  whereby  a 
material  called  raw  steel  is  produced,  was  once  of  very 
considerable  importance,  but  is  now  little  used.    The 
method  of  decarburizing  pig-iron  by  puddling,  which  is 
similar  in  principle  to  the  ordinary  puddling  process  used 
for  converting  pig-  into  wrought-iron,  is  also  somewhat 
extensively  employed,  especially  on  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, the  product  being  called  puddled  steel,  this  being 
drawn  into  bars,  which  are  cut  up  and  remelted,  as  is 
done  with  blister-steel  in  manufacturing  cast-steel.  There 
are  various  methods  for  producing  steel  by  fusing  pig-iron 
with  iron  ores,  or  with  wrought-iron,  or  with  both  together. 
The  Uchatius  process  belongs  to  this  class  of  processes, 
but  is  of  comparatively  small  importance ;  but  the  pro- 
cesses  known   as   the   "Siemens,"  the    "Martin,"  and 
the  "Siemens-Martin  "  are  extensively  employed.    The 
steel  made  by  any  of  these  processes  is  generally  called 
open-hearth  steel,  as  the  work  of  decarburiziug  the  pig  is 
done  in  the  open-hearth  regenerative  furnace.    The  dif- 
ference between  these  processes  is  simply  that  in  the  first 
named  the  pig-iron  is  treated  with  certain  iron  ores  with- 
out the  addition  of  wrought-iron  (scrap-iron) ;  in  the  sec- 
ond the  pig  is  melted  with  scrap-iron ;  and  in  the  third 
both  scrap  and  ore  are  used  together :  hence  the  names  by 
which  the  first  .two  of  these  modifications  of  what  is  es- 
sentially the  same  process  are  known — pig-and-ore,  pig- 
and-scrap  —  the  third,  or  the  "Siemens-Martin,"  being  the 
most  commonly  employed.    By  far  the  most  important  of 
all  steel-producing  processes,  if  only  the  amount  of  the 
metal  produced  is  considered,  is  the  "pneumatic"  or 
"Bessemer"  process,  invented  by  Sir  Henry  Bessemer 
about  1856,  which  consists  in  blowing  air  through  molten 
pig-iron  in  a  "converter,"  or  vessel  of  iron  lined  with 
a  refractory  material  — the  oxidation  of  the  carbon  and 
silicon  which  the  pig  contains,  together  with  a  small 
part  of  the  iron  itself,  furnishing  sufficient  heat  to  keep 
the  material  in  a  fluid  state  while  the  operation  of  decar- 
burization goes  on.     After  complete  decarburizatiou  of 
the  iron,  a  certain  amount  of  carbon  is  restored  to  the 
metal  by  the  introduction  of  spiegeleisen  or  ferromanga- 
nese ;  this  extremely  important  addition  to  the  Bessemer 
process,  without  which  it  would  hardly  have  been  a  suc- 
cess, was  contributed  by  R.  F.  Mnshet.     The  Bessemer 
process,  as  conducted  in  a  converter  lined  with  the  ordi- 
nary silicious  or  "acid  "  material,  is  suited  only  for  work- 
ing iron  which  is  practically  free  from  phosphorus  and 
sulphur,  or  such  as  is  made  from  ore  like  that  of  Lake 
Superior,  from  which  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  Bessemer  steel 
made  in  the  United  States  is  manufactured.    By  the  so- 
called  "basic"  or  "Thomas-Gilchrist"  process,  the  con- 
verter having  a  basic  (calcined  dolomite)  lining,  iron  con- 
taining a  considerable  amount  of  phosphorus  is  treated, 
and  a  fair  quality  of  steel  produced,  the  phosphorus  pass- 
ing into  the  slag  during  the  operation,  as  is  the  case  in 
puddling.    The  metal  produced  by  the  Bessemer  process 
is  generally  called  Bessemer  steel,  but  some  consider  it 
more  correct  to  call  it  ingot-iron.    It  can  be  produced 
of  various  grades  by  varying  the  amount  of  carbon  which 
it  contains,  and  is  a  material  of  the  highest  value  for 
structural  purposes  —  as  being  cheaper,  and  having  more 
durability,   than  wrought-iron   made  by  puddling  — al- 
though of  no  value  for  the  purposes  for  which  the  oldei 
higher-class  steels  are  employed.     Its  principal  use  is  for 
rails,  and  during  the  past  few  years  from  seventy  to  eighty 
per  cent,  of  the  Bessemer  steel  made  in  the  United  States 
has  been  used  for  that  purpose. 

Gold,  ne  seolver,  ne  iren,  ne  stel.    Ancren  Riwle,  p.  160. 

The  day, 

Descending,  struck  athwart  the  hall,  and  shot 
A  flying  splendour  out  of  brass  and  steel. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  vi. 

A  single  span  of  the  Forth  Bridge  is  nearly  as  long  as  two 
Eiffel  Towers  turned  horizontally  and  tied  together  in  the 
middle,  and  the  whole  forms  a  complicated  steel  structure 
weighing  15,000  tons,  erected  without  the  possibility  of 
any  intermediate  support,  the  lace-like  fabric  of  the  bridge 
soaring  as  high  as  the  top  of  St.  Paul's.  The  steel  of  which 


steel 

the  cornpressi iiemliera  of  the  strm  '  i[K>scd 

OontaJnl  "t  ( arbnn  ami  .':  ',  of  manganese.  The  parts 
-ubj< eted  to  extension  do  not  contain  more  than  J&  of 
carbon.  W.  C.  Jluberte-Aitsten,  Nature,  A  > 

2.  Something  made  of  ctci-1.  specifically  — (a)  A 
cutting  or  piercing  weapon;  especially,  a  ivora.  c»m 
pare  cvld  steel,  below. 

Shall  I  Sir  1'amlaius  of  Trov  ln-cotm'. 
And  by  mv  side  wear  -'• 

Shot,  M.  \v.  of  \v.,  i.  :;.  n, 

(b)  A  piece  of  steel  for  striking  sparks  from  flint  to  ignite 
tinder  or  match,  (ct)  A  mirror. 

We  spake  of  armour, 

she  straight  replies,  Send  in  your  steel  combs,  with 

The  gtfd  you  see.  your  faees  in. 

Cartimyht's  Lady  Errant  (1651).  (Xares.) 
((/)  A  cylindrical  or  slightly  tapering  rod  of  steel,  some- 
times having  fine  parallel  longitudinal  lines,  used  for 
sharpening  carving-knives,  etc.  (e)  A  strip  of  steel  used 
to  stiffen  a  corset,  or  to  expand  a  woman's  skirt.  —  Berard 
steel,  steel  made  by  adding  hydrogen  gas  to  the  air-blast  in 
the  Bessemer  process,  to  remove  arsenic,  sulphur,  and  phos- 
phorus.—Bessemer  steel,  steel  made  by  the  Bessemer 
process.  See  def.  1.— Blistered  Steel.  Same  as  blister- 
steel.— Carbon  steel,  ordinary  steel ;  not  "  special  steel," 
but  steel  in  which  carbon  is  clearly  the  element  which  gives 
the  iron  those  peculiar  properties  which  justify  its  designa- 
tion by  the  term  steel.— Chrome  Steel,  steel  alloyed  with  a 
small  amount  of  chromium.  Various  alloys  called  by  the 
name  of  chrome  or  chromium  steel  have  been  introduced, 
but  none  have  come  into  general  use.  They  are  said  to  be 
hard  and  malleable,  and  to  possess  great  strength,  but  to 
oxidize  on  exposure  more  readily  than  ordinary  steel.— 
Cold  Steel,  a  cutting-  and  thrusting-weapon ;  a  weapon  or 
weapons  for  close  quarters,  as  distinguished  from  firearms. 
—Compressed  steel,  steel  which  is  made  more  dense, 
tenacious,  and  free  from  blow-holes  by  being  condensed  by 
pressure  while  in  a  fluid  state.  This  pressure  is  produced 
in  various  ways,  as  by  hydraulic  machinery,  by  steam,  by 
centrifugal  force,  by  the  use  of  liquefied  carbonic  acid,  etc. 
—Crinoline-steels.  See  crinoline.— Crucible  steel. 
Same  as  cast-steel.— Damask  steel.  See  damask.— Garb 
Of  steel.  See  yarb'i.— German  steel,  steel  from  Ger- 
many. The  phrase  has  now  no  definite  meaning  other 
than  geographical.  It  formerly  meant  steel  made  in  the 
finery  from  spathic  ore.— Homogeneous  steel.  Same  as 
cast-steel.— Indian  steel.  Same  as  woote— Manganese 
steel,  a  variety  of  special  steel  made  by  the  addition  of 
manganese,  which  element  is  present  in  various  manga- 
nese steels  which  have  been  analyzed  in  quantity  ranging 
from  less  than  1  per  cent,  to  over  21  per  cent.  The  qual- 
ities vary  greatly  with  its  composition.— Mask  of  steel 
See  masks.— Mild  steel,  steel  containing  a  small  amount 
of  carbon  (Bessemer  steel  is  frequently  so  designated);  a 
metal  which  has  some  of  the  qualities  of  steel,  but  does 
not  admit  of  being  tempered,  or  only  imperfectly  so.  See 
def.  1.— Native  steel,  the  name  sometimes  given  to  small 
masses  or  buttons  of  steel,  steely  iron,  or  iron  which  has 
occasionally  been  formed  by  the  ignition  of  coal-seams 
adjacent  to  deposits  of  iron  ore.— Nickel  Steel,  a  va- 
riety of  special  steel  recently  introduced,  and  thought  by 
some  to  surpass  the  best  carbon  steel  in  certain  important 
respects.  It  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently  tried  to  justify 
a  decided  statement  as  to  its  value.  The  high  price  of 
nickel,  and  the  small  likelihood  of  any  considerable  reduc- 
tion in  the  price  of  this  metal,  would  seem  to  bear  heavily 
against  the  chances  of  the  general  introduction  of  an  alloy 
of  which  it  should  form  any  considerable  part.— Run 
steel,  a  trade-mark  name  (in  England)  of  various  small 
articles,  such  as  bridle-bits  and  stirrups,  made  of  cast-iron 
which  has  been  to  a  certain  extent  rendered  malleable  by 
partial  decarburization  by  cementation.  The  method  is 
one  which  has  been  long  known,  but  which  has  not  come 
into  extensive  use  till  comparatively  modern  times.  Also 
called  malleable  cast-iron.-  Silicon  steel,  a  variety  of 
special  steel  which  has  been  experimented  with  to  some 
extent,  but  which  has  not  yet  become  of  importance.— 
Special  steel,  steel  in  which  the  element  which  gives 
the  iron  its  peculiar  qualities,  or  what  distinguishes  it 
from  iron,  is  not  carbon,  but  some  other  substance.  The 
principal  special  steels  are  chrome,  manganese,  nickel, 
silicon,  titanium,  and  tungsten  steels,  all  of  which  have 
been  much  experimented  with  in  recent  years.  While 
some  authorities  appear  to  maintain  that  the  carbon  in 
special  steels  is  so  overpowered  by  the  special  element 
used  that  its  effects  are  entirely  neutralized,  others  be- 
lieve that  some  carbon  is  absolutely  necessary  that  iron 
may  become  converted  Into  what  can  properly  be  called 
steel.— Styrian  special  steel,  steel  from  Styria;  steel 
made  by  the  Styrian  process,  which  closely  resembles  the 
Styrian  process  of  making  malleable  iron  in  the  finery.— 
Tungsten  steel,  a  variety  of  special  steel,  now  largely 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  the  harder  grades  of  cru- 
cible steel.  "Mushet's,"  "special,"  "imperial,  'and  "cres- 
cent-hardened" are  brands  of  tungsten  steel  now  sold  in 
the  American  markets.  Steel  may  contain  a  much  larger 
proportion  of  tungsten  than  it  can  of  carbon  without  losing 
its  power  of  being  forged.  In  a  table  of  thirteen  analyses 
of  tungsten  steel  given  by  H.  M.  Howe  in  his  "  Metallurgy 
of  Steel "  (1891),  the  tungsten  ranges  from  1.94  to  11.03  per 
cent. ;  the  carbon,  from  0.38  to  2.15 ;  the  manganese,  from 
a  trace  to  2.68;  the  silicon,  from  .05  to  .82.  Tungsten 
steel  is  exceedingly  hard  and  very  brittle;  it  is  used 
chiefly  for  the  tools  of  lathes  and  planers  designed  for 
heavy  work. 

II.  a.  1.  Made  of  steel:  as,  a  steel  plate  or 
buckle. 

The  average  strength  [of  the  Bessemer  steel  used  in 
building  the  Forth  Bridge]  is  one-half  greater  than  that 
of  the  best  wrought  iron,  and  the  ductility  of  the  gteel 
plates  is  fully  three  times  that  of  corresponding  iron 
plates.  Sir  John  Fowler  and  Itenjamin  Baker,  Nine- 

teenth Century,  July,  1889,  p.  39. 

2.  Hard  as  steel ;  inflexible ;  unyielding. 
Prison  my  heart  in  thy  steel  bosom's  ward. 

Shale.,  Sonnets,  cxxxiii. 

Smart  as  a  steel  trap.  See  mwirti .—  steel  bonnet,  a 
head-piece  made  of  a  Scotch  bonnet  lined  with  steel,  as 
with  a  skeleton  cap.  Compare  secret,  9.  — Steel  bronze. 


steel 


5924 


see  bronze,!.—  Steel  hat.  Same  as  chapel-de-fer.—  Steel  steelmaster(stermas"ter),  n.    A  manufacturer 


,.  . 

rail.     Seeratfi.—  Steel  saddle,  the  saddle  of  the  man- 


The  Engineer  IJLIX   'i43 
'  '    -">ljA.IA-  " 


.  .  , 

at-arms  in  the  middle  ages,  having  the  bow  and  sometimes  ,    T,'n     ,    fl-          ->j.-  „ 

the  pommel    guarded  with    st  jel.-  Steel  toys,  among  Steel-mill    (stel  mil),    H.     A     contrivance    for 


manufacturers,  small  articles,  such  as  corkscrews,  buckles, 
button-hooks,  and  boot-hooks,  when  made  of  polished 
steel.-  Steel  trap.  See  trapi. 

Steel1  (stel),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  stelcn,  slileii,  <  AS. 
"slijlan  (=  D.  .stafc/i  =  MLG.  stn/i-ii,  altli-ii  =  G. 
stahlen  =  Ieel.stfela),  make  hard  like  steel;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  tit  with  steel,  as  by  point- 

ing,  edging,  overlaying,  electroplating,  or  the  Steel-ore  (stel  or),  „      A  name  given  to  various 
1:1?'       se'  „     e»  ]roll  oreg   au(i  esueeiallv  to  SDatlnc  iron  fside- 


giving  light,  in  use  previous  to  the  invention 
of  the  safety-lamp,  in  English  coal-mines  in- 
fested with  lire-damp.  It  consisted  of  a  disk  of  steel 
which  was  made  to  revolve  rapidly,  n  Hint  being  held 
against  it,  from  which  a  shower  of  sparks  was  given  off 
and  n  feeble  liuiii  furnished.  This  method  of  obtaining 
light  was  for  a  time  quite  popular. 


steenbok 

equiv.  early  mod.  E.  stelleere,  supposed  to  stand 
for  .ilillrr  or  *steller  (=  G.  ntcllcr,  regulator) :  see 
Htilli-ri.  The  word  seems  to  have  been  confused 
wit  \\Nteelyard1,  and  is  generally  explained,  with- 
out evidence,  as  orig.  the  balance orweight  used 
by  the  merchants  of  the  Steelyard.]  A  kind 
of  balance  with  two  unequal  arms,  consisting 
of  a  lever  in  the  form  of  a  slender  iron  bar  with 


like. 


Believe  her  not,  her  glass  diffuses 

1'alse  portraitures ;  .  .  . 

Her  crystal  's  falsely  steel'd;  it  scatters 

Deceitful  beams ;  believe  her  not,  she  Hatters. 

Quarks,  Emblems,  ii.  0. 

Give  me  my  steeled  coat.    I'll  fight  for  France. 
Away  with  these  disgraceful  wailing  robes  ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  V.I.,  i.  1.  bf>. 


iron  ores,  and  especially  to  spathic  iron  (side- 
rite),  because  that  ore  was  supposed  to  be  par- 
ticularly well  adapted  for  making  steel.  Much 
of  the  so-called  German  steel  was  in  fact  for- 
merly made  from  that  ore. 

Steel-press  (stel'pres),  n.  A  special  form  of 
press  designed  for  compressing  molten  steel  to 
form  sound  and  dense  castings. 


2.  To  iron  (clothes).  Hall/well.  [Prov.  Eng.]  Steel:saw  (stel'sa),  n.  A  disk  of  soft  iron,  re- 
-3.  To  make  hard  as  steel;  render  strong,  vo\™\8  ™th  great  rapidity,  used  for  cutting 
rigid,  inflexible,  determined,  etc.;  make  firm  or  J  /  t-i/  ~  •> 

stubborn.  Steelware  (stel'war),  «.     Articles,  collectively, 


Thy  resolution  would  steel  a  coward. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  i.  2. 

Ximenes's  heart  had  been  steeled  by  too  stern  a  disci- 
pline to  be  moved  by  the  fascinations  of  pleasure. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  fi.  5. 

4.  To  cause  to  resemble  steel  in  smoothness 
or  polish. 

Lo !  these  waters,  steeled 
By  breezeless  air  to  smoothest  polish. 


made  of  steel.     The  Engineer,  LXVIII.  642. 

steelwork  (stel'werk),  H.  Steel  articles  or 
objects,  or  such  parts  of  any  work  as  are  made 
of  steel.  The  Engineer,  LXIX.  191. 

Steel-worker  (steTwer'ker),  H.  One  who  works 
in  steel. 

steel-works  (stel'werks),  «.  pi.  or  nintj.  A  fur- 
nace or  other  establishment  where  iron  is  con- 
verted into  steel.  The  Engineer,  LXV.  38. 


Word-worth,  Sonnets  Dedicated  to  Liberty,  Ii.  5.   steely  (ste'li),  a.     [<  steen  +  -jl.]    1.  Consist- 
ing of  steel ;  made  of  steel. 

Full  ill  (we  know,  &  every  man  may  see) 
A  steely  helme  &  Cardnals  cap  agree. 

Times'  Whittle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  120. 
A  Kin-til  hammer  crushes  'em  to  pieces. 

Ford,  Perklu  Warbeck,  I.  1. 

2.  Resembling  steel  in  some  of  its  essential 
properties;  hard;  firm;  stubborn. 

When  hee  can  beat  it  [Truth]  off  with  most  .-(.•,(,/  prow, 
esse,  he  thinkes  himselfe  the  bravest  man  ;  when  in  truth 
it  is  nothing  but  exsanguine  feeble  exility  of  Spirit 

y.  Ward,  Simple  Cobler,  p.  74. 

That  eteely  heart  (of  Judas]  yet  relents  not. 

Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations,  Iv.  27. 

3.  Resembling  steel  in  color,  metallic  luster,  or 
general  appearance;  having  more  or  less  im- 
perfectly the  qualities  or  composition  of  steel : 
as,  steely  iron. 

The  beating  of  the  steely  sea. 

W.  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  Apology. 

Steely  iron,  a  mixture  of  imn  and  steel ;  imperfect  steel. 
Bloxam  and  Hmttington,  Metals,  p.  109. 


stee!2t,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  uteuft, 
steel-blue  (stel'blo),  a.  and  «.     I.  a.  Of  a  lus- 
trous dark-bluish  color,  resembling  steel  tem- 
pered blue. 

II.  ».  A  lustrous  dark-bluish  color;  a  darker 
shade  than  Berlin  blue  and  less  chromatic,  but 
nearly  of  the  same  hue.  See  blue. 
steel-bow  (stel'bou),  a.  [Origin  and  distinctive 
sense  obscure.]  See  the  phrase. —  steel-bow 
goods,  in  Scotslau;  corn,  cattle,  straw,  and  implements  of 
husbandry,  delivered  by  the  landlord  to  his  tenant,  by 
means  of  which  the  tenant  is  enabled  to  stock  and  labor 
the  farm,  and  in  consideration  of  which  he  becomes  bound 
to  return  articles  equal  in  quantity  and  quality  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  lease. 

Steelboy  (steTboi),  n.  [Prob.  <  steel1  in  the 
phrase  "hearts  of  steel,"  used  by  the  insur- 
gents in  a  remonstrance  entitled  "Petition  of 
the  Hearts  of  Steel "  (Record  Office,  London).] 
A  member  of  a  band  of  insurgents  in  Ulster, 
Ireland,  who  committed  various  agrarian  and 
other  outrages  about  1772-4.  Lecky,  Eng.  in 
18th  Cent.,  xvi. 

Steel-clad  (stel'klad),  a. 
steel. 


Steelyard. 

«.  rectangular  bar.  graduated  both  above  and  below  ;  *,  adjustable 
counterpoising  weight :  c,  hook  for  supporting  articles  to  be  weighed 
(this  can  be  turned  easily  over  the  end  of  the  bar  at  O:  rf  and  d '. 
hooks  for  support  of  the  steelyard,  according  as  one  or  other  of  the 
graduations  is  turned  to  the  upper  side  for  use  in  weighing. 

one  arm  very  short,  the  other  divided  by  equi- 
distant notches,  having  a  small  crosspiece  as 
fulcrum,  to  which  a  bearing  for  suspension  is 
attached,  usually  a  hook  at  the  short  end,  and 
a  weight  moving  upon  the  long  arm.  It  is  very 
portable,  without  liability  to  become  separated,  and  the 
process  of  weighing  is  very  expeditious.  It  is  much  used 
for  cheap  commodities,  but  owing  to  its  simple  construc- 
tion it  is  liable  to  be  so  made  as  to  give  false  indications. 
Often  used  in  the  plural.  Also  called  Jtoman  balance  or 
beam.  Compare  Danish  balance  (sometimes  called  Danish 
steelyard),  under  balance. 

Crochet,  a  small  hook.  .  .  .  A  HomaiiebeameorfrffHeerc. 
a  beame  of  yron  or  wood,  full  of  nlckes  or  notches,  along 
which  a  certaine  peize  of  lead,  &c.,  playing,  and  at  length 
setting  towards  the  one  end,  shewes  the  just  weight  of  a 
commoditie  hanging  by  a  hooke  at  the  other  end. 

Cutgram. 
A  pair  of  steelyards  and  a  wooden  sword. 

llulln-k.  Fanny. 

steemt,  »•   An  old  form  of  steam.   Prompt.  Pare. 

Steen1  (sten),  v.  t.  [Also  stean,  8c.  stein  ;  <  ME. 
stenen,  cast  stones,  <  AS.  stienan  (= OHG.  steinon 
=  Goth.  stainjan),  stone,  <stan,  stone:  seestone, 
n.  Cf.  stone,  v.,  of  which  steen1  is  a  doublet.] 
1.  To  stone;  pelt  with  stones. 

Te  stones  thet  me  [men]  stcnede  him  mide. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  122. 


!         ,         _    .  ,         111". "i  in   iillii    1 1  nnllll'Jlull,   AleullB,   p.    L\nf, 

Clothed  m  armor  of  Steelyard1   (stel' yard,  colloq.   stil'yard),   n. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  Stilyurd,  Stilliard,  Steeliard, 
Steelent,  a      [<  ME.  stelcn,  <  AS.  stylen  (=  D.     steleard,  Styliard,  and  as  two  words  Steel  yard, 
stalen,  stolen),  <  style,  "stek,  steel:  seesteefl  and     stele  yarde  (also  Steel  house.  Stele  house);  ex- 
-0,2.]    of  steel;  made  of  steel.  plained  as  orig.  "the  yard  in  London  where 

The  gtelene  brond.  Layamon,  1.  7634.     steel  was  sold  by  German  merchants,"  as  if  < 

steel-engraving  (steTen-gra"ving),  n.  1.  The  steefi  +  yard2;  but  in  fact  an  imperfect  transla- 
art  of  engraving  on  steel  plates  for  the  purpose  tion  of  the  MD.  staelhof,  later  staalhof,  =  MLG. 
"*  producing  prints  or  impressions  in  ink  stalltof,  an  office  or  hall  where  cloth  was  marked 


of 

on  paper  and  other  substances. —  2.  The  de- 
sign engraved  on  the  steel  plate. —  3.  An  im- 
pression or  print  taken  from  the  engraved 
steel  plate. 

Steel-finch  (stel'finch),  n.  A  book-name  of  the 
small  fiuch-like  birds  of  the  genus  Hypochsera. 

steelhead  (stel'hed),  n.  .  1.  The  ruddy  duck, 
Erismatura  rubida:  so  called  from  the  steel- 
blue  of  the  head,  or  perhaps  for  the  same  rea- 
son that  it  is  called  hardhead,  hickory-head,  and 
toughhead.  See  cut  under  Erismatura.  [Mary- 
land.]—2.  The  rainbow-trout,  Salmo  irideus. 
See  cut  under  rainbow-trout.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

Steel-headt  (stel'hed),  a.  Tipped  with  steel. 
Hfienser.  F.  Q.,  III.  ix.  16. 

steelification  (ste''li-fi-ka'shon),  H.  The  process 
of  converting  iron  into  steel.  Jour.  Franklin 
Inst.,  CXXV.  304. 

Steelify  (ste'li-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  steelified, 
ppr.  stoelifyinp.  [<  steen  +  -i-fy.~\  To  convert 
into  steel.  Jour.  Franklin  Imt.,  CXXV.  304. 

steeliness  (ste'li-nes),  n.  The  state  or  charac- 
ter of  being  steely. 

Steeling  (ste'ling),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  steeft,  ».] 


with  a  leaden  seal  as  being  properly  dyed,  < 
MD.  stael,  a  specimen,  sample,  test  of  dyeing, 

D.  staal,  a  sample,  =  MLG.  stale,  LG.  stal,  >  G. 
dial,  stahl,  a  sample,  pattern  (hence  JAD.staelen 
=  MLG.  stalen,  mark  cloth  with  a  leaden  seal 
as  being  properly  dyed)  (connected  with  MD. 
staelen,  stallen  =  MLG.  stallen  (OF.  estaler,  sta- 
ler}, expose  for  sale  on  a  stall,  display  or  show 
on  a  stall,  <  MD.  stal,  etc.,  a  stall:  see  stalll), 
+  hof,  yard,  court:  see  hove*-.    The  notion  that 
the  MD.  staelhof  is  a  contraction  of  "stapelliof 
(which,  moreover, does  not  occur;  ct.stapelhuys, 

E.  staple-house)  is  untenable.]    A  place  in  Lon- 
don, comprising  great  warehouses  called  before 
the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  Gildhalla  Teutonico- 
rum,  'Gildhall  of  the  Germans,'  where,  until 
expelled  in  1597,  the  merchants  of  the  Hanse- 
atic  League  had  their  English  headquarters; 
also,  the  company  of  merchants  themselves. 
The  merchants  of  the  Steelyard  were  bound  by  almost 
monastic  gild-rules,  under  a  separate  jurisdiction  from 
the  rest  of  London,  were  exempt  from  many  exactions  and 
restrictions,  and  for  centuries  controlled  most  of  the  for- 
eign trade  of  England. 

This  yere  corn  was  verie  dere,  &  had  ben  dearer  if  mar- 


2.  To  fit  with  stones;  mend,  line,  pave,  etc., 
with  stones.  Hatliu-etl.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch 
in  both  senses.] 

Steen1  (sten),  ».  [Also  stean;  a  dial.  var.  of 
stone ,  due  to  the  verb  steen1.']  A  stone.  [Prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

steen2 (st en ),n.  [Alsostean, stein;  <ME.steene, 
stene,  a  stone  jar,  <  AS.  stxna  (=  OHG.  steinna), 
a  stone  crock  (cf.  steenen,  of  stone:  see  stonen), 
<  stan,  stone :  see  s/oiie.]  1.  A  kind  of  jar  or 
urn  of  baked  clay  or  of  stone,  of  the  general 
type  of  the  sepulchral  urns  of  the  Romans. 
Jour.  Brit.  Archxol.  Ass.,  XXXV.  105. 

Neuerthelatre  ther  weren  not  maad  of  the  same  mouee 
the  itenye  [hydrise,  Vulgate]  of  the  temple  of  the  Lord. 

Wydtf,  4  Kl.  [2  Kl.)  xii.  IS. 

Upon  an  huge  great  Earth-pot  steane  he  stood. 

Spenter,  V.  Q.,  VII.  vit  42. 

2.  A  large  box  of  stones  used  for  pressing 
cheese  in  making  it.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
steenbok  (stan'-  or  sten'bok),  n.  [<  D.  steenbok 
=  G.  steinbock,  the  wild  goat,  <  D.  steen,  =  G. 
stein  =  E.  stone,  +  D.  bok  =  G.  bock  =  E.  buck- 
see  stone  and  fi.icfc1.]  One  of  several  small  Afri- 


1.   The  process  of  welding  a  piece  of  steel  on     chuntes  of  ystyliarde  had  not  been  &  Dutche  shi 
that  part  of  a  cutting-instrument  which  is  to     S.t.rlned'  *  an  "bstinauce  of  warre  betwene  Eng 
receive  the  edge.— 2.  The  process  of  deposit- 
ing  a  film  of  iron  on  engraved  copperplates. 
The  plates  are  placed  in  a  bath  of  sulphate  of  iron  and 
ammonium  chlorid,  a  plate  of  iron  submerged  in  the  so- 


shippes  re- 
Ingiande  & 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  an.  1528- 9.  v 

From  him  come  I,  to  entreat  you  ...  to  meet  him  this 
afternoon  at  the  Rhenish  wine-house  i'  the  Stilliard. 

Webster,  Westward  Ho,  II.  1. 


id  the  engraved  copperplate  to  the  zinc      le  "jro"   steelyardli  (stel'yard  or  stil'yard),  n.     [Early 
ich  steeled  plates  from  5,000  to  15,000  impression's  can°be     mod'  E.  shVyard,  stiliard,  stil'liard;  appar.  lit. 
iken.    The  same  method  has  been  successfully  applied       a  ro°-  °*  steel,'  <  steel1  +  yard1;  but  prob.  an  al- 
tered form,  due  to  popular  etymology,  of  the 


takei 

to  stereotype  plates. 


Steenbok  (Nattotrayus  trapulus'i. 

can  antelopes  of  the  genus  Nanotragus,  fond  of 
rocky  places  (whence  the  name).  The  common 
steenbok  is  N.  traondw,  generally  distributed  in  South 
Africa,  about  .s  feet  long  and  20  inches  tall,  with  straight 
horns  about  4  inches  long  in  the  male,  none  in  the  female, 


steenbok 

large  ears,  and  no  false  hoofs.  It  is  of  a  general  reddish- 
brown  color,  white  below.  The  gray  steenbok  is  A',  me- 
lanotis.  !f.  oreotraijus  is  the  klip-springer  (which  see, 
with  cut).  Also  steenbock,  sleinbock.  Compare  slriiibock 
and  stonettuck. 

steening  (ste'ning), «.  [Also  steaning;  verbal  n. 
of  steeifl-,  v.]  1 .  Any  kind  of  path  or  road  paved 
with  small  round  stones.  Halliirell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] — 2.  In  arch.,  the  brick  or  stone  wall  or 
lining  of  a  well  or  cesspool,  the  use  of  which 
is  to  prevent  the  irruption  of  the  surrounding 
soil.  Also  stfiiihif/. 

steenkirk  (sten'kerk),  «.  [Also,  less  prop.,  xt<  -in- 
/.•//•/.•;  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  battle  fought 
in  1692  oetaSteenkerke.F.  Steinkerque  (lit. 'stone 


5925 

Is  this  a  time  to  steep 
Thy  brains  in  wasteful  slumbers? 

IJuarlen,  Emblems,  i.  7. 

Thou  art  so  steep'd  in  misery, 
Surely  'twere  better  not  to  be. 

Tennyson,  The  Two  Voices. 

The  habitual  criminal,  steeped  tnvice  and  used  to  igno- 
" 


steeply 

hedges,  and  other  obstacles  must  be  jumped 
us  they  come  in  the  way.  The  name  is  sup] 
tu  br  originally  due  to  any  conspicuous  object,  such  as  a 
rlnuvli  steeple,  having  been  chosen  as  a  goal,  toward 
which  those  taking  part  in  the  nice  were  allowed  to  take 
any  course  they  chose.  The  limits  of  the  steeplechase- 
course  are  now  marked  out  by  flags. 


me  IiauilUHl  criminal,  mer/n-u  ill  ni;u  turn  uocu  lu  iguv  ,  , 

mlny,  cares  very  little  for  disgrace,  and  accepts  punish,   steeplechaser  (ste'pl-cha"siT),  n.     1.  One  who 


rides  in  steeplechases.—  2.  A  horse  running 
or  trained  to  run  in  a  steeplechase. 


"If  you  do  not  like  hunting,  you  are  to  affect  to,"  says 
Mamma.  "  You  mustlisten  toCnptain  lireakneck's  stories 
at  dinner,  laugh  in  the  right  places,  and  ask  intelligent 
questions  about  his  steeplechasers." 

Nineteenth  Century,  XXVI.  780. 


ment  as  an  Incident  in  his  i-ircrr. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XLVII.  594. 

II.  intrans.   To  be  bathed  in  a  liquid ;  soak. 

And  now  the  midnight  draught  of  sleep, 
Where  wine  and  spices  richly  steep, 
In  massive  bowl  of  silver  deep, 
The  page  presents  on  knee. 

M  Ai^r^t,  8teep2  (stgp),  „.  c<  Steep2>  ,,*?.  %?££  4£ASr  BKSSS&5  r&SK 

of  steeping;  the  state  of  being  steeped,  soaked, 
or  permeated:  used  chiefly  in  the  phrase  in 
steep. 

Strait  to  each  house  she  hasted,  and  sweet  sleepe 

Pour'd  on  each  wooer ;  which  so  laid  in  steepe 


into  fashion,  after  the  battle  of  Steenkirk,  for 
several  articles,  especially  of  dress,  as  wigs, 
buckles,  large  neckties,  and  powder;  especial- 
ly, a  cravat  of  fine  lace,  loosely  and  negligently 
knotted,  with  long  hanging  ends,  one  of  which 
was  often  passed  through  a  buttonhole. 

Mrs.  Calico.  I  hope  your  Lordship  is  pleased  with  your 
Steenkirk. 

Lord  F.  In  love  with  it,  stiip  my  vitals !  Bring  your  Bill ; 
you  shall  be  paid  to-marrow.  Varibntgh,  The  Relapse,  i.  3. 

I  had  yielded  up  my  cravat  (a  smart  Steinkirk,  by  the 
way,  and  richly  laced).  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxxi. 

Ladies  also  wore  them  [neckcloths],  as  in  "The  Careless 
Husband  "  Lady  Easy  takes  her  Steinkirk  from  her  Neck 
and  lays  it  gently  over  his  Head. 

Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  148. 

Steenstrupine  (sten'strup-in),  n.  [Named  after 
K.  J.  V.  Steenstrup,  a  Danish  naturalist.]  A  rare 
mineral  occurring  in  massive  forms  and  rhom- 
bohedral  crystals  of  a  brown  color  in  the  sodal- 
ite  syenite  of  Greenland.  It  is  a  silicate  of  the 
rare  metals  of  the  cerium  group,  also  thorium, 
and  other  elements. 

steep1  (step),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  stepe,  step,  stay, 
steap,  <  AS.  stedp,  steep,  high,  =  OFries.  stdp, 
steep;  cf.  Icel.  steyptlir,  steep,  lofty;  Norw. 
stup,  a  steep  cliff ;  akin  to  stoop :  see  stoop1,  and 
cf.  steep*,  steeple.]  I.  a.  1 .  Having  an  almost 
perpendicular  slope  ;  precipitous;  sheer.  _t 

Two  of  these  Hands  are  steepe  and  vpright  as  any  wall,   Steepen  (ste  pn),  V.  I. 
that  it  is  not  possible  to  climbe  them. 

Pvrchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  748. 

Thus  far  our  ascent  was  easy ;  but  now  it  began  to  grow 
more  steep,  and  difficult. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  119. 

2t.  Elevated;  high;  lofty. 


steeplechase. 
Steeple-crownt  (ste'pl-kroun),  n. 
crowned  hat. 


A  steeple- 


And  on  their  heads  old  steeple-cromu. 
Uudibrai  Kedivimw  (1700). 


(ffares.) 

;.  578.  steeple-crowned  (ste'pl-kround),  a.  Having  a 
high  peaked  crown  resembling  a  steeple :  not- 
ing various  articles  of  head-gear. 

The  women  wearing  the  old  country  steeple-crowned  hat 
and  simply  made  gowns. 

Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  II.  138. 

Steepled  (ste'pld),  a.     [<  steeple  +  -ed%.]     1. 
Furnished  or  adorned  with  a  steeple  or  steeples. 


As  we  neared  the  provincial  city  [Worcester],  we  saw  the 
steepled  mass  of  the  cathedral,  long  and  high,  rise  far  into 
thecloud-freckled  blue.  H.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  44. 


Whilst  the  barley  is  in  steep  it  is  gauged  by  the  excise 
officers,  to  prevent  fraud.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  2«7. 

2.  That  ill  which  anything  is  steeped ;  specifi- 
cally, a  fertilizing  liquid  in  which  seeds  are 
soaked  to  quicken  germination. 

When  taken  from  the  white  bath,  the  skins,  after  wash- 
ing in  water,  are  allowed  to  ferment  in  a  bran  steep  for 
some  time  in  order  to  extract  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
alum  and  salt.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  665. 

3.  Rennet:  so_called_from  being  steeped  before 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  steeple;  peaked;  tow- 
ering. 

Steepled  hattes. 
Wright,  Passions  of  the  Mind  (ed.  1621),  p.  330.  (HaUiicell.) 

A  tteepled  turbant  on  her  head  she  wore.  Fairfax. 

Having  a  sheer  8teeple-engine  (ste'pl-en'jin),  ».  1.  A  form 
of  marine  steam-engine  used  on  side-wheel 
boats,  in  which  the  working-beam  is  the  high- 
est part,  and  the  connecting-rod  is  above  the 
crank-shaft. —  2.  A  direct-acting  engine  in 


it  is  used.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —Rot's  steep,  in  bleach- 
ing cotton  goods,  the  process  of  thoroughly  saturating  the 
cloth.  The  name  is  due  to  the  former  practice  of  allow- 
ing the  flour  or  size  with  which  the  goods  were  impreg- 
nated to  ferment  and  putrefy.  Also  called  wetting-ovt 
steep. 

Steep-down  (step'doun),   a 
descent ;  precipitous. 

Wash  me  in  step-down  gulfs  of  liquid  fire  ! 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2.  280. 


You  see  Him  till  into  the  steep-down  West 

He  throws  his  course.  J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  iii.  14. 

[<  steep1  +  -en1.]     To 
become  steep. 

As  the  way  steepened, ...  I  could  detect  in  the  hollow 
of  the  hill  some  traces  of  the  old  path. 

(Imp.  Diet.) 


which  the  crank-shaft  is  located  between  the 
cylinder  and  the  sliding-block  or  cross-head, 
the  piston-rod  is  connected  with  the  latter  by 
two  branches  or  limbs  which  straddle  the 
crank-shaft  and  crank,  and  the  connecting- 


gel)  vat>  or  cistern  in  which  things  are  steeped  ; 


donkey-engines,  being  very  compact  in  form. 


-,  . 

'  (Imp  Diet.)    specifically,  a  vat  in  which  the  indigo-plant  is  Bteeple-fairt,  «.    [Supposed  to  be  a  corruption, 
'  steeped  to  macerate  lt  before  it  1S  soaked  in  the     sim*lating  6^pfc  (asTf  'a  church-fair  'or  <ker- 

.  ' 


Steep  and  of  e 

3.  Excessive;  difficult;  forbidding:  as,  a  steep     beating-vat, 
undertaking;  a  steep  price.     [Colloq.]  steepfult  (st'ep'ful),  a.   [< steep1 

Perhaps  if  we  should  meet  Shakspeare  we  should  not  be     precipitous, 
conscious  of  any  steep  inferiority. 


•-fid.]  Steep; 


Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  302. 
Neither  priest  nor  squire  was  able  to  establish  any  steep 
difference  In  outward  advantages  between  himself  and  the 
commons  among  whom  he  lived.   Froude,  Sketches,  p.  164. 
4f.  Bright;  glittering;  fiery. 

His  eyen  steepe  and  rollynge  in  his  heede. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  201. 
His  Ene  [eyes]  leuenaund  with  light  as  a  low  fyn, 
With  stremys  [gleams)  full  stithe  in  his  stepe  loke. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7724. 

II.  n.  A  steep  or  precipitous  place ;  an  abrupt 
ascent  or  descent ;  a  precipice. 

Suddenly  a  splendor  like  the  morn 
JPervaded  all  the  beetling  gloomy  steeps. 

Keats,  Hyperion,  H. 

Yet  up  the  radiant  steeps  that  I  survey 

Death  never  climbed.  Bryant,  To  the  Apennines. 

steep2  (step),  v.  [<  ME.  stepen,  <  Icel.  stei/pa, 
cast  down,  overturn,  pour  out,  cast  (metals), 
refl.  tumble  down,  =  Sw.  stopa  =  Dan.  stobc, 
cast  (metals),  steep  (corn) ;  causal  of  Icel.  stupa 
=  Sw.  stupa,  fall,  stoop:  see  stoop1,  and  cf. 
steep1.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  tilt  (a  barrel).  Satti- 
well.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  To  soak  in  a  liquid ; 
macerate :  as,  to  steep  barley ;  to  steep  herbs. 

A  day  afore  her  [almonds']  setting,  hem  to  stepe 

In  meeth  is  goode. 

Pattadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  54. 

The  Gordons  good,  in  English  blood 
They  steep'd  their  hose  and  shoon. 
Battle  of  Otterbourne  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  24). 
The  prudent  Sibyl  had  before  prepared 
A  sop  in  honey  steeped  to  charm  the  guard. 

Dryden,  KneiA,  vi.  567. 

3.  To  bathe  with  a  liquid ;  wet;  moisten. 
Then  she  with  liquors  strong  his  eies  did  steepe, 
That  nothing  should  him  hastily  awake. 

Spenser,  P.  Q.,  II.  vi.  18. 

His  coursers,  steep'd  in  sweat  and  stain'd  with  gore, 
The  Greeks'  preserver,  great  Machaon,  bore. 


Anon  he  stalks  about  a  steepfidl  Rock, 

Where  som,  to  shun  Death's  (never  shunned)  stroak, 

Had  clambred  vp. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Vocation. 


mess'),  of  'staple-fair,  <  stapte'2,  market, 
A  common  fair  or  mart. 

These  youths,  in  art,  purse,  and  attire  most  bare, 
Give  their  attendance  at  each  steeple  faire ; 
Being  once  hir'd  he'l  not  displease  his  lord. 

Taylor,  Works  (1630).    (Nares.) 


steep-grass  (step'gi-as),  n. 

Pinguicula  vulgaris :  so  called  because  used  like 

rennet.    Also  steepweed,  steepioort.    Britten  and 

Holland,  Eng.  Plant  Names, 
steepiness  (ste'pi-nes),  n.     The  state  or  quality 

of  being  steepy  or  steep ;  steepness.      [Rare.] 

The  cragginess  and  steepiness  of  places  up  and  down  .  .  . 
makes  them  inaccessible.  Howell,  Vorreine  Travel),  p.  132. 

steeple  (ste'pl),  n.  [<  ME.  steple,  stepel,  stepylle, 
stepul,  <  AS.  stepel,  stypel,  a  steeple,  <  stedp, 
steep,  high:  see  steep1.]  1.  A  typically  lofty 
structure  attached  to  a  church,  town-house,  or 
other  public  edifice,  and  generally  intended  to 
contain  the  bells  of  such  edifice,  steeple  is  a 
general  term  applied  to  every  secondary  structure  of  this 
description,  whether  in  the  form  of  a  simple  tower,  or, 
as  is  usual,  of  a  tower  surmounted  by  a  spire. 


The  butterwort,  ^Pie-hat  (s 


A  steeple-crowned 


An  old  doublet  and  a  steeple  hat.  Browning,  Stafford. 
steeple-houset  (ste'pl-hous),  n.  A  church  edi- 
fice :  so  called  by  the  early  members  of  the 
Society  of  Friends,  who  maintained  that  the 
word  church  applies  properly  only  to  the  body 
of  believers. 

The  reason  why  I  would  not  go  Into  their  steeple-house 
was  because  I  was  to  bear  my  testimony  against  i',  and  to 
bring  all  off  from  such  places  to  the  Spirit  of  God,  that 
they  might  know  their  bodies  to  be  Ihe  temples  of  the 
Holy  Ghost.  George  Fox,  Journal  (1  hila.),  p.  167. 

There  are  steeple  hmises  on  every  hand, 

And  pulpits  that  bless  and  ban ; 
And  the  Lord  will  not  grudge  the  single  church 

That  is  set  apart  for  man. 

Whittier,  The  Old  South. 


Ydeleblisse  is  the  grete  wynd  that  thrauth  doun  the  Steeple-hunting  (ste'pl-hun'ting),  «.    Same  as 

greate  tours  and  the  heje  steples  and  the  greate  beches  steeplvcluisin g.     Carlyle,  Sterling,  v. 

ine  wodes  thrauth  to  grounde.  steeple-jack  (ste'pl-jak),  B.   A  man  who  climbs 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23.  gteep]es  an(j  tan  chimneys  to  make  repairs,  or 

Lod.  What  does  he  ith  middle  looke  like?  -  •  " 

Asto.  Troth,  like  a  spire  steeple  in  a  Country  Village  ouer- 
peering  so  many  thatcht  houses. 


. 
Dekker  and  Middleton,  Honest  Whore,  ii.  1. 

At  Paris  all  steeples  are  clangouring  not  for  sermon.         steepletop  (ste'pl  -top),  n. 
Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  4. 

2.  A  lofty  head-dress  worn  by  women  in  the 
fourteenth  century.     See  liennin. 

Some  of  the  more  popular  of  these  strange  varieties  of 
head-gear  have  been  distinguished  as  the  "horned,  "the 
"mitre,"  the  "steeple  "—  in  Prance  known  as  the  "hennin  " 
—  and  the  "  butterfly.  "  Encyc.  Brit.  ,  VI.  469. 

3.  A  pyramidal  pile  or  stack  of  fish  set  to  dry. 
Also  called  pack.     See  the  quotation  under 


to  erect  scaffolding. 

A  steeple-jack  of  Sheffield  .  .  .  met  with  a  shocking  ac- 
cident   St.  James's  Gazette,  May  11,  lbi>7.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

The  bowhead.  or 

great  polar  whale  (Balsena  mysticetits):  so  called 
from  the  spout-holes  terminating  in  a  sort  of 
cone:  a  whalers' name.     C.  M.  Scammon. 
Steeplewise  (ste'pl-wiz),  adv.    In  the  manner 
of  a  steeple ;  like  a  steeple. 

Thin  his  haire. 

Besides,  disordered  and  rnkemhd.  his  crowne 
Picked,  made  steeple-ioise ;  ...  bald  he  was  beside. 
Heywood,  Dialogues  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  VI.  120). 

steeply  (step'li),  adv.    In  a  steep  manner;  with 

r,4-nn».m->nin  •         ii>i4-V>       <ni*a/lirtlf  J111C       rlo/lll  VI  i  V   '.         fl.S_       ft. 


....  _____  pack1,  10  (6).  ----  ,.-„  v---r    -,,                         .   , 

Pope,  Iliad,  xl.  728.  steeplebush  (ste'pl-bush),  n.    The  hardback;  steepness;   with  precipitous  declivity:   as,  a 

4.  To  imbue  or  impregnate  as  with  a  specified  also,  Kpirsea  salieifolia.     See  Spirsea.  height  rising  steeply. 

influence;  cause  to  become  permeated  or  per-  steeplechase  (ste'pl  -chas),  n.     A  horse-race 

vaded(with):  followed  by  in.  across  a  tract  of  country  in  which  ditches. 


At  this  point  it  [the  highway]  steeply  overtops  the  fields 
on  one  side.  HoweUs,  Indian  summer,  «. 


steepness 

steepness  (step'nes),  ».  The  state  of  being 
steep,  in  any  sense ;  precipitousness :  as,  the 
xteepiiexx  of  a  hill  or  a  roof. 

steep-to  (sti-p'tii),  ii.  Abruptly  steep:  noting 
a  bold  shore  having  navigable  water  close  in 
to  land.  [Colloq.] 

The  pans  (pan-ice]  rise  over  all  the  low  lying  parts  of 
the  Islands,  grinding  and  polishing  exposed  shores,  and 
rasping  those  that  are  rtttp-to.  Amer.  Nat. ,  XXII.  230. 

steep-tub  (step'tub),  n.    A  tub  in  which  salt 
beef  and  salt  pork  are  soaked  before  cooking, 
steep-up  (istep'up),  ti.    Ascending  steeply. 
Her  stand  she  takes  upon  a  steep-up  hill. 

Shale.,  Passionate  Pilgrim,  1.  121. 

Steep-water  (step'wa"ter),  n.  Water  used  as 
a  steep,  or  suitable  for  steeping;  specifically, 
a  steep  for  flax. 

The  most  celebrated  steep-water  in  the  world  is  the  river 
Lys,  which  rises  in  the  north  of  France,  and  flows  through 
the  west  of  Belgium.  Urt,  Diet.,  II.  409. 

steepweed,  steepwort  (step 'wed,  -wert),  «. 
Same  as  steep-grans. 

steepy  (ste'pi),  a.  [<  stecpl  +  -yi.]  Steep; 
precipitous. 

Ever  to  rear  his  tumbling  Btone  upright 
Upon  the  steepy  mountain's  lofty  height. 

Marston,  Satires,  v.  78. 

Steer1  (ster),  v.  [<  ME.  steeren,  steren,  stiren, 
sturen,  stcoren,  <  AS.  steoran,  stieran,  styran  = 
OFries.  stiura,  stiora  =  MD.  stuyren,  stiieren, 
stieren,  D.  st/iren,  stieren  =  MLG.  sturen,  LG. 
stieren  =  OHG.  stiuran,  stinrran,  MHG.  stiuren, 
stiuireru,  direct,  control,  support,  G.  steuern, 
control,  steer,  pilot,  =  Icel.  styra  =  Dan.  styre 
=  Sw.  styra,  steer;  cf.  Goth,  stiurjan,  establish, 
confinn  ;  partly  from  the  noun,  AS.  steor,  etc., 
a  rudder  (see  steer1,  n.),  but  in  part,  as  more 


5926 

He  relieved  her  of  her  burden,  ami  steered  along  the 
street  by  her  side,  carrying  her  bilked  mutton  and  pota- 
toes safely  home.  )lrt.  (jaskell,  franford,  ii. 
To  steer  clear  of,  to  keep  away  from ;  avoid. 

It  requires  great  skill,  and  ;i  particular  felicity,  to  steer 
clear  <ifScylla  and  Charybdis. 

Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  vi.,  Expl. 
To  steer  roomer.  See  roomi,  ado.—  To  steer  small, 
to  steer  with  little  movement  of  the  helm,  and  conse-  hence,  a  place  of  government  or  control 

nllAnMv  with  hnt  allo-Hf  ilAwlaCInn  nt  tha  attfn'a  hujl   * r  &     »V»«*M*W»»   \ji   wuwvi. 


steersman 

He  bore  his  steerage  true  in  every  part, 
Led  by  the  compass  of  a  noble  heart. 

Webster  and  Itmrley,  Cure  for  a  Cuckold,  iv.  2. 
Let  our  Governors  beware  in  time,  lest  .  .  .  they  ship 
wrin-k  tin  mselves,  as  others  have  don  before  them  in  the 
cours  wherin  (!od  was  dirrecting  the  Steerage  to  a  Free 
(  'iMiimonwealth.  Milton,  Free  Commonwealth. 

5.  A  rudder;  a  helm;  apparatus  for  steering  ; 


,  - 

quently with  but  slight  deviation  of  the  ship's  head  from 
tin'  intoned  course. —To  steer  with  a  small  helm, 
to  keep  the  course  accurately,  with  but  slight  shifting  of 
the  helm  in  either  direction. 


This  day  the  William  was  hald  a  ground,  because  she 
was  somewhat  leake,  and  to  mend  her  xteerage. 

IlaMuyt's  Voyage*,  I.  446. 
While  they  who  ;it  the  xteerage  stood 
And  reap'd  the  profit  sought  his  blood. 

Swift,  Death  of  Dr.  Swift. 


Steer1  (ster),  n.     [<  ME.  stern;  xtn-i;  xter.  . 

<  AS.  steor  =  MD.  stuer,  stier,  D.  stuur  =  MLG. 
utiir,  stttre,  LG.  stftr  =  OHG.  stiura,  f.  ,  MHG.  sti- 
iire,  stiuwer,  G.  steitrr,  n.,  =  !<•<•!.  x/ijri  =  Sw. 
Dan.  styr,  a  rudder,  a  steering-oar,  prob.  orig.  a 
pole  (applied  to  a  steering-oar);  cf.  Icel.  utaiiri: 
a  post,  stake,  =  Or.  aravp6f,  a  pole,  stake,  cross 
(seestanru.i):  seestreri,  r.,andcf.  steer"*.  Hence  7.  In  passenger-ships,  the  part  of  the  ship  al- 
ult.  stern2.']  If.  A  rudder;  a  helm.  lotted  to  the  passengers  who  travel  at  the 

With  a  wawe  [wave]  brosten  was  his  stere.  cheapest  rate,  hence  called  steerage  passengers  : 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2416.     generally,  except  in  the  newest  type  of  passen- 


6f.  The  part  of  a  ship  where  the  tiller  traverses ; 
the  stern. 

I  was  much  surprized,  and  ran  into  the  steeridge  to  look 
on  the  compass.  Damjiitr,  Voyages,  an.  1688. 


2f.  A  helmsman;  a  pilot. 

He  that  is  lord  of  fortune  be  thy  stere 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  350. 

3f.  A  guide;  a  director;  a  governor;  a  ruler. 

My  lady  dere, 

Syn  God  hath  wroght  me  for  I  shal  yow  serve, 
As  thus  I  mene  ye  wol  yet  be  my  stere 
To  do  me  lyve,  if  that  yow  list,  or  sterve. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1291. 
Commodity  is  the  steer  of  all  their  actions. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  198. 


ger-steamers,  not  in  the  stern,  as  might  be 
supposed,  but  in  the  bow;  in  a  man-of-war,  the 
part  of  the  berth-deck  just  forward  of  the  ward- 
room: it  is  generally  divided  into  two  apart- 
ments, one  on  each  side,  called  the  starboard 
and  port  steerages,  which  are  assigned  to  mid- 
shipmen, clerks,  and  others. 

It  being  necessary  for  me  to  observe  strict  economy  I 
took  my  passage  in  the  steerage. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit.  xvii. 
Steerage  country  (naut.).    See  country. 


4f.  Guidance;  direction;  government;  control.  Steerageway  (ster'aj-wa),  n.     A'aut.,  that  de- 
For  whanne  I  my  lady  here,  8?*e  of  forward  movement  or  headway  of  a 


My  wit  with  that  hath  Yoste  his  stere.  ship  which  renders  her  subject  to  the  helm. 

particularly  appears  in  the  Gotli.,   prob.   an  Gouvr,  Conf.  Amant.,  1.  steerer  (ster'er),  n.     [<«(eerl  + -erl.]     1.  One 

orig.  verb,  'establish '  (hence  'direct,' '  steer'),     To  ?ive  one  a  steer,  to  give  one  a  useful  hint;  give  one     who  or  that  which  steers;  a  steersman. 

n/,T,r>Qnfori  ,.,:*!,  riTin    „<;,._:    „» i -,      a  point  or  tip.    [Slang,  I1  "' 

(ster),  n.     [< 


vug.  »o»*/,     omvi/u     i     \ucijut;    uuvoi)       Hlccr  ), 

connected  witli  OHG.  stiuri,  strong,  large ;  cf. 
Goth,  usstiuriba,  unbridled,  Skt.  sthaeara,  fixed, 


t 
steer,  ster,  steor,  <  AS. 


iirect  and  govern,  as  a  ship  on  her  course. 
The  two  brether  were  abidyng  bothe  in  a  shippe 
That  was  itird  with  the  storme  streght  out  of  warde ; 
Rut  on  a  Rocke,  rof  all  to  peces. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  3709. 
You  yourself  shall  steer  the  happy  helm. 

Shot.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3.  103. 


:--'  And  I  will  be  the  steerer  o  't, 

To  row  you  o'er  the  sea. 

Young  JJelcif  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  IS). 
2.  In  a  tricycle,  the  rod  and  small  wheel  by 
which  the  machine  is  turned  about  and  guided: 
called  front  steerer  or  back  steerer  according 
to  its  place  on  the  machine. —  3.  In  bunko 

B,,0,         -,      w   ,•  -—  •-•  —     swindling,  one  who  steers  or  leads  his  victim  to 

Russ.  turu  =  W.  tarw  =  Ir.  Gael,  tarbh,  a  bull,     the  rendezvous;  a  bunko-steerer.     [Slang  1- 
HG.  stun,  stiuri,  strong,     Boat-steerer,  in  whaling,  the  second  man  in  rank  in  a 


=  Sw.  tjur  =  Dan.  tyr,  a  steer;  cf.  L.  taunts  (> 
It.  Sp.  torn  =  Pg.  totiro  =  F.  dim.  taureau),  < 
Gr.  ravpof  =  OBulg.  titru  =  Bohem.  Pol.  tur  = 


No  merchant  wittingly 
Has  steered  his  keel  unto  this  luckless  sea. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  399. 

2.  To  pursue  in  a  specified  direction  ;  direct  : 
as,  to  steer  one's  way  or  course. 

Then  with  expanded  wings  he  steers  his  flight 
Aloft,  incumbent  on  the  dusky  air. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  225. 

3.  To  guide;  manage;  control;  govern. 

Fyr  so  wood,  it  mighte  nat  be  stered, 
In  al  the  noble  tour  of  Ilioun. 

Chaiuxr,  Good  Women,  I.  936. 
I  have  a  soul 

Is  full  of  grateful  duty,  nor  will  suffer  me 
Further  dispute  your  precept  ;  you  have  power 
To  steer  me  as  you  please. 

Shirley,  Bird  in  a  Cage,  i.  1. 
4f.  To  plan  ;  contrive. 

Trewely,  myn  owene  lady  deere 
Tho  sleighte,  yit  that  I  have  herd  yow  steere, 
Ful  shapely  ben  to  faylen  alle  yfeere. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii  1451  Steer-5  (ster),  r.  and  H. 
6.  To  lead;  conduct;  draw:  as,  a  bunko-man 
steers  his  victim  to  a  bunko-joint.  See  bunko- 
steerer.  -  steering  balloon.  See  ballooni  .  —  Steering 
Committee,  a  small  body  of  men,  generally  members  of 
a  legislative  body,  engaged  in  directing  the  course  of  legis- 


steer*,  ult.  from  the  same  root;  cf.  also  stirk, 

and  Taurus.]     A  young  male  of  the  ox  kind; 

a  bullock,  especially  one  which  has  been  cas-     . 

trated  and  is  raised  for  beef.     In  the  United  Steering-compass  (ster'ing-kum'pas),  w. 

States  the  term  is  extended  to  male  beef-cattle    ™mPasg 

of  any  age. 


officer.  The  duties  of  the  boat  steerer,  or  harpooner  or 
slewer  as  he  is  also  called,  are  the  most  important  in- 
trusted to  the  crew. 

See 


Steering-gear   (ster 'ing- ger),   n.     Nmtl.,  the 

Juvencusisayongeoxewhanheisnoleugeracalf.and     S""*™"?  bv  which  .the  ">dder  is  managed, 
he  is  then  callyd  a  steere  whan  he  begynneth  to  be  help- 
full  unto  the  profit  of  man  in  eringe  the  erth. 


Dialogues  of  Creatures  Moralysed,  p.  228.    (Hattiwett.) 
Laocoon  .  . 
With  solemn  pomp  then  sacrificed  a  steer. 


In  large  ships  steam-power  has  come  Into  very  general  use 
for  this  purpose  —  a  wheel,  turned  by  the  helmsman  in  the 
same  manner  as  when  steering  by  hand,  by  its  action  ad- 
mitting steam  to  the  engines  which  move  the  helm. 
Steering-sail  (ster'ing-sal),  «.     Same  as  stud- 

Steer2  (ster),  ».  t.     [<  steer*,  ».]*"'  To^'make2^  steering-wheel  (ster'ing-hwel),  w. 
steer  of;  castrate  (a  young  bull  or  bull-calf). 
[Hare.] 
The  male  calves  are  steered  and  converted  to  beef 

Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  18,  1888.     (Encyc.  Diet.) 


Varlant 


An  obsolete  or  dialectal 


What's  a'  the  steer,  kimmer? 

What's  a'  the  steer' 
Charlie  he  is  landed, 

An,  haith,  he'll  soon  be  here. 


-- - 0-._™.  steerable  (ster'a-bl),  «.     [< 

II.  tntrans.  1.  To  direct  and  govern  a  vessel     Capable  of  being  steered:  as.  a  steerable  bal- 
m  its  course.  loon. 

Jason  ...  the  bote  tok, 
Stird  ouer  the  streame  streght  to  the  lond 

Dettruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  957. 

Some  of  their  men  were  starued,  the  rest  all  so  weake 

that  onely  one  could  lie  along  vpon  the  Helm  and  stem. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  745. 

2  To  direct  one's  course  at  sea ;  sail  in  a  spe- 
cified direction:  as,  the  ship  steers  southward- 
he  steered  for  Liverpool. 

The  Ottomites,  .  .  . 

Steering  .  .  .  towards  the  isle  of  Rhodes 

Have  there  injointed  them  with  an  after  fleet. 

Shale.,  Othello,  i.  3.  34. 

3  To  answer  the  helm :  as,  the  vessel  steers 
with  ease.— 4.  Figuratively,  to  take  or  pursue 
a  course  or  way ;  hence,  to  direct  one's  conduct ; 
conduct  one's  self. 


_ ,  „ ,  ...    The  wheel 

by  which  the  rudder  of  a  ship  is  shifted  and  the 
ship  steered. 

Steer least  (ster'les),  a.  [<  ME.  sieretes,  <  AS. 
stedrleas,  having  no  rudder,  <  steor,  a  rudder, 
+  -leas,  E.  -less;  <  steer1-,  n.,  +  -less.]  Having 
no  rudder. 

Al  stereless  withinue  a  boot  am  I. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  416. 

Like  to  the  steerless  boat  that  swerves  with  every  wind. 

Surrey,  Eccl.  iii. 

Jacobite  song.  Steerling  (ster'ling),  H.     [<  steer*  +  -ling*.]    A 
+   -able.]     young  steer. 

To  get  thy  steerling,  once  again 
I'le  play  such  another  strain. 
Herriclr,  A  Beucolick,  or  Discourse  of  Neatherds. 


Steerage  (ster'aj),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  steer-  :olick>  or  Disc°l 

idge,  stirrage;  <  steer*  +  -age.]     1.  The  act,  Steermant  (ster'man), «.  [<  ME.  sterman,  steor- 


Well-born,  and  wealthy,  wanting  no  support 
You  steer  betwixt  the  country  and  the  court 

Dryden,  To  his  kinsman,  John  Dryden,  ] 


128. 


practice,  or  method  of  steering;  guidance;  di- 
rection ;  control ;  specifically,  the  direction  or 
control  of  a  ship  in  her  course. 

By  reason  of  the  euil  stirrage  of  the  other  ship  we  had 
almost  boorded  each  other.        UaUuut's  Voyages,  II.  no. 
But  He  that  hath  the  steerage  of  my  course 
Direct  my  sail !  Shak.,  R,  and  J.,  i.  4.  112. 

2.  That  by  which  a  course  is  steered  or  di- 
rected.    [Rare.] 

Inscribed  to  Phoebus,  here  he  hung  on  high 
The  steerage  [remigium]  of  his  wings. 

Dryden,  Xneid,  vi.  24. 

3.  Nant.,  the  effect  of  the  helm  on  a  ship;  the 
manner  in  which  the  ship  is  affected  by  the 
helm:  as,  she  was  going  nine  knots,  with  easy 
steerage.— 4.  A  course  steered :  a  pat' 

a  course  of  conduct,  or  a  way  of  life. 


man,  <  AS.  steorman  (=  D.  stuurman  =  MLG. 
sturman,  stureman  =  MHG.stiurman,G.steuer- 
mann,  steersman,  =  Icel.  styrimathr,  stjornar- 
mathr  =  Sw.  styrman  =  ~Da.n.styrmand,  a  mate), 

<  stedr,  rudder,  +  man,  man:  see  steer1  and 
man.]     Same  as  steersman. 

Their  Star  the  Bible  ;  Steer-man  th'  Holy-Ghost. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  liartas's  Weeks,  i.  1. 

steersman  (sterz'man),  H.  ;  pi.  steersmen  (-men). 
[<  ME.  steresntan,  <  AS.  steoresman ,  steersman, 

<  ste6res,  gen.  of  stedr,  a  rudder,  +  man,  man.] 
One  who  steers,    (o)  The  steerer  of  a  boat ;  a  helms- 
man ;  a  pilot. 

How  the  tempest  al  began, 
And  how  he  lost  his  gteresman. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  I.  436. 
Through  it  the  Joyful  steersman  clears  his  way, 
And  conies  to  anchor  in  his  inmost  bay.         Dryden. 


steersman 

(ot)  A  governor  ;  a  ruler. 

lie  of  the  .v.  x'ovx.Hifrt 

Vndcr  hem  welden  in  sterc  tgen  [ten]. 

(IfimhaMl  Bxodut(&.  K.  T.  H.)F  1-  3417- 

steersmanship  (stt'v/.'nian-ship),  «.  [<  xti-fi-x- 
ii/aii  +  -.<7i/;>.]  The  office  or  art  of  a  steers- 
man ;  skill  in  steering. 

They  praised  my  tteerttnanxliiii. 

J.  Burrottghs,  Pepacton,  p.  19. 

steersmate  (stSrz'mit),  «.  [<  steer's,  poss.  of 
x/rrri.  +  mate1."]  A  mate  or  assistant  in  steer- 
ing. [Rare.  ] 

What  pilot  so  expert  but  needs  must  wreck, 
Imbark'd  with  such  a  steers-mate  at  the  helm? 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1045. 

steer-stafft,  ».  [ME.  steerstaf;  <  steerl  +  staff.] 
Same  as  steer-tree,  ll'i/elif,  Prov.  xxiii.  34. 

Steer-treet  (ster'tre),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
steretre,  utertree,  stertrc;  <  ME.  steretre;  <  steer* 
+  tree.']  1.  A  rudder. 

Wife,  tent  the  slsre-tre,  and  1  shalle  asay 
The  depnes  of  the  see  that  we  here,  if  I  may. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  31.    (Hattuivll.) 

2.  The  handle  of  a  plow.     Cath.  Ang.,  p.  361, 
note. 


6927  stele 

see  stujnnoplitliulmniimx.]     The  covered-eyed  Stegocephala   (steg-o-sef'a-lii),   ».  /'/.     l^L., 

acalephs,  a  division  containing  those   jelly-  ti«A.pLot*iiiegoeephiitu»:  eee  ttegoeepluuoti».] 

fishes  whose   sensory  tentaculicysts  arc  cov-  Same  as  Liiliyriiitlioiliiiiliti.    Ateo  Stegocephatl. 
ered   witli 
proceedinj 


of  the  dis' 


flaps  or  lappets 
from  the  margin 
:  contrasted  with 


Oymnophthalmata,  This  divi- 
sion contains  some  of  the  common- 
est jellytishes,  as  Attrelia  aurita ; 
it  corresponds  to  Discophora  In  a 
usual  sense,  more  exactly  to  Dix- 
cophitrfe  phaiierocarptf,  or  Scypko- 
medwt&.  Also  called  Stcyanoph- 
thalmia.  See  also  cut  under  Aurelia. 

steganophthalmate  (steg'a- 
noi-tharmat),  a.  and  n.  [< 
NL.  *stcti<inoplitlitilm<itits,  < 
Or.  ore  yavAi; ,  covered,  +  txjiffa'/.- 
p6s,  eye.]  I.  a.  Covered- 
eyed  or  hidden-eyed,  as  a  hy- 
dromedusan;  not  gymnoph- 
thalmate.  Also  steganoplt- 
thalmatous,  steganophthalmic, 
s  tcqanoph  tli  ahnoii  s . 

ll.   n.  A  member  of  the 
Steganophthalmata. 


Under  view  of  a  seg- 
ment of  the  diskof-rfwrf - 
lift  aurita  :  m,  a  litho- 
cyst  with  its  protective 
hood,  a  usual  character 
of  Steeanofihthal, 


stegocephalian  (steg"o-se-ffi'li-an),  a.  and  «. 
[<  titfi/oi't-iilKiin  +  -inn'.}   I.  ii.  Btegoeephalow 

II.  'n.  A  member  of  the  Steffocepkala. 
stegocephalous  (stcK-o-sci';i-lus),  «.    [< 

'xtt'ijKi'i illinium. <.  Or.  nrtytiv,  cover,  +  nt^aJJi,  the 
head.]  Having  the  head  mailed,  loricate,  or 
cataphract,  as  a  labyrinthodont;  having  the 
characters  of,  or  pertaining  to,  tlie  >S7n/« 
cephiiln. 

Stegodon  (steg'o-don),  n.  [NL.  (Falconer, 
1857),  <  Gr.  arfyci'v,  cover,  +  odoi'f  (odovr-)  =  E. 
tooth.]  1.  A  genus  of  fossil  elephants  of  the 
Tertiaries  of  India,  intermediate  in  their  den- 
tal characters  between  the  existing  elephantc 
and  the  mastodons.  They  are,  however,  most  nearly 
related  to  the  former,  belonging  to  the  same  subfamily, 
Elephantina.  S.  insiynis  is  an  example. 
2.  [1.  ('.]  An  elephant  of  this  genus. 


ing  the  Bulimulidse. 


steery  (ster'i),  «. 
bustle;  a  tumult. 


[<  steer9  +  -y 
[Scotch.] 


A  stir;  a 


steganophthalmatOUS    (steg"a-nof-tharma-  Stegopterat(ste-gop'te-rii),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  neut. 


vwv^www^««>vi   \w»-~    o    XT       ••      77/7  i  X      »  a 

pi.  of  "stegopterus :  see  stegopterous.]  An  order 
of  neuropterous  insects;  the  roof-winged  in- 


a.    [<  NL.  'steganoplithalnuitus :  see  stega- 
HOphthalmate.']     Same  as  steganophthalmate. 

"Whure'stheyoungerwomankindr'saidtheAntiquary.    Steganophthalmia    (steg^a-nof-thal'mi-a),    «.     sects.    It  included  the  Panorpidee  or  scorpion- flies,  the 
"  Indeed,  brother,  amang  a'  the  tteery,  Maria  wadna  be      »;       FNL     <  Gr.  artyav6f,  covered,  +  od^a/tuo'f ,      Rhaphidiidte  or 
guided  by  me-she  set  away  to  the  Halket-craig.head."       L       -^-  g          as  Steganophthalmata. 

ocoa,  Antiquary,  ix.      .*      J         ,  .-     *      .     ,   .       u          ^  ^i.    i/     -i  \          r/ 

steganophthalmic  (steg 'a-nof-thalmik),  a.  \_<. 
>if"f  ""''•""  vnr  '" •••' -  -* +  -JC.J    Same  as  steganoph- 


steganophthalmous  (steg^a-nof-thal'mus),  n. 
[<  Gr.  areyav6f,  covered,  +  60&afy<if,  eye.]  Same 
as  steganophthalmate. 


Stiff;  firm;  unbending  or  unyielding. 

A  fllly  buirdly,  steeve,  an'  swank, 
An'  set  weel  down  a  shapely  shank 

As  e'er  tread  yird. 
Burns,  Auld  Farmer's  Salutation  to  his  Auld  Mare. 

Steeve1  (stev),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  steered,  ppr. 

steeving.     [Also  stieve;  a  var.  of  stire\  r.     Cf.     /oo(.]'   I.  „'.  In"orni«».,  having  all  four  toes 

steere^,  a.]     To  stiffen:  as,  to  be  steered  with    webbed;  totipalmate. 

cold.     Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.]  II%  „    A  member  of  the  Steganopodes. 

Steeve2  (stev),  «.;   pret.  and  pp.  steered,  ppr.  steganopodat  (steg-a-nop'o-da),  n.  pi.     [NL. : 

steeving.     [Appar.  ong.  'be  stiff'  (a  steeving    gee  sfej,a,iOporf.]     An  Aristotelian   group   of 

bowsprit  "being  fixed  stiff  or  nrmly  and  im-    bird     approximately  equivalent  to  the  Lin- 

movably  in  the  vessel,  a  horizontal  one  being    nean  ^nseres,  or  web-footed  birds  collectively. 

movable"):  see  sleeve'*.    Cf.  Dm.  stiver,  a  prop,  gteganopodan  (steg-a-nop'o-dan),  a.    [<  stega- 

stay,  stivebjaslke,  a  beam  to  prop  with.]    I.  in-    nopoa  £  .aHi    in  oriiitt.,  totipalmate ;  stega- 

trans.  Naut.,  to  project  from  the  bows  at  an     n(^pod 

angle  instead  of  horizontally:  said  of  a  bow-  Steganopodes(steg-a-nop'o-dez),  n.pl.     [NL. : 

sprit 


e snake  flies,  the  MantispidK  or  mantis- 
flies  the  Myrmeleontidee  orant-lions,  the  Hemeromidse  or 
lacewings,  the  Sialidie  or  May-flies,  and  the  Phryganeida 
or  caddis-flies.  The  order  is  now  broken  up. 

i.  "ste- 
wing, 

=  E.  feather.'}    In  e'nto'm.,  roof-winged ;  holding 
the  wings  deflexed  when  at  rest;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Stegoptera. 
..  o        _._.,_  .J^r    ,  -*,_,  «%  „  ..,      rNL.,  <Gr. 

An  order 

represented  by  the 

families  Stegosauridt?  and  Scelidosaitridte. 
stegosaurian  (steg-o-sa'ri-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  Ste- 
gosatiria  +  -an.'}    'I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Stcgosaitria,  or  having  their  characters. 

II.  n.  A  dinosaur  of  the  order  Slegosauria. 

Stegosauridae  (steg-o-sa'ri-de),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Stegosaurus  +  -idee."]    A  family  of  herbivorous 

dinosaurs,  typified  by  the  genus  Stegosaurus, 

with  biconcave  vertebrae,  ischia  retrorse  and 


The  bowsprit  is  said  to  steeve  more  or  less,  as  the  outer 
end  is  raised  or  drooped.  Totten,  Naval  Diet.,  p.  417. 

II.  trans.  Naut.,  to  give  a  certain  angle  of 
elevation  to:  as,  to  sleeve  a  bowsprit. 
Steeve2   (stev),  n.     [<  stceve'*,  v.}    Naut.,  the 
angle  of  elevation  which  the  bowsprit  makes 
with  the  horizon. 

Steeve3  (stev),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  sleeved,  ppr. 

OF. 


were  Jurassic  reptile3  of  great  size. 

sa'roid)     n.    and   a.      [< 
Same  a's  ^saurian,  L 


[Also  steve;  a  var.  of  stive2, 


B    "    --  f      .        -        '  *     .      ,    t  .      -, 

see  jtMOWp  An  order  of  natatorial  birds, 

consisting  of  those  which  have  all  four  toes 
webbed  fnd  a  more  or  less  developed  gular 

pouch;  the  Totipalmatse.    It  is  now  usually  divided  atpffosaurns  (stee-6-sa'rus)   n      PNL.  (Marsh, 
into  six  families,  SWida,  Pelecanida,  Phalacrocaracida,  ""JA"  °",  "J,       v-ve7i»  '  cover    +  fjoiobc   a  lizard.! 
PlMdai,  Tmhypetidie,  and  Phaethontidx,  respectively  rep-     1»'  O,  v  wr.  <rrt}'  E(K,  cov  er,  T         uoy  a  iiiai 
resented  by  the  gannets,  pelicans,  cormorants,  darters,     1.  The  typical  genus  of  Stegosaurtdse. 
frigates,  and  tropic-birds.    Dysporonurrphee,  Pinnipedes,     tained  species  some  30  feet  long,  mailed  with 
and  Piscatores  are  synonyms.    See  cuts  under  anhinga,     enormous  bucklers  and  spines.—  2.   [I.  c.]  A 
cormorant,  frigate  bird,  gannet,  pelican,  PhaeOum,  rough-     «    "  of  this  eenus 

tolled,  and  totipalmate.  ls  genus- 

"  *     *         [<  stega-  steik,  i'.  *.     See  steek. 

steillt,  »•    An  obsolete  Scotch  spelling  of  stale*. 
(Vieil-  steint,  ('•  and  n.     An  obsolete  Scotch  spelling  of 

' 


cargo 

means  of  a  steeve  or  a  jack-screw.  R.  S.  Dana, 
Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  306. 

Steeve3  (stev),  n.  [<  steeve^,  v.~\  A  long  der- 
rick or  spar,  with  a  block  at  one  end,  used  in 
stowing  cargo.  Hamersly,  Naval  Encyc.,  p.  777. 

Steevely  (steVli),  adv.  [<  steeve^  +  -fy2.]  Firm- 
ly; stoutly.  Jamieson.  Also  stiev ely.  [Scotch.] 

Steeving1  (ste'ving),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  steeve^, 
v.~]  Naut. ,  the  angle  of  elevation  which  a  ship's 
bowsprit  makes  with  the  horizon ;  a  steeve. 

Steeving2  (ste'ving),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  sleeve*,  v.~\ 
The  operation  of  stowing  certain  kinds  of  car- 
go, as  cotton,  wool,  or  hides,  in  a  vessel's  hold 
with  a  steeve  or  a  jack-screw.  See  steew3, 
v.  t.,  2. 

Steg  (steg),  n.  Same  as  stag  (in  various  senses). 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

steganographistt  (steg-a-nog'ra-fist),  n.  [< 
steganograph-y  +  -ist.]  One  who  practises  the 
art  of  writing  in  cipher.  Bailey,  1727. 

Steganographyt    (steg-a-nog'ra-fi),  n.     [=  F. 


, 

mebrane,  ad  the  bill  very  long  and  slender. 


tin'ber-ger),  n.     A  white  wine 


Wilson's  Phalarope  (Steganopus  iviisoni). 


Steinberger  ranks  in  estimation  second  only  to  the  Johan- 
nisberger,  and  in  some  years  is  considered  better  by  con- 
noisseurs. 

Steinbock  (stin'bok),  n.  [G.:  see  steenbok.] 
1.  The  ibex.  —  2.  Same  as  iteenbok. 

Steinerian  (sti-ne'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [Named  by 
Cremona  from  Steiner  (see  def.).]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  discoveries  of  the  German  geome- 
ter Jacob  Steiner  (1796-  1863)._steinerian  poly- 
gon. See  polygon. 

II.  «.  In  math.,  the  locus  of  points  whose 
first  polars  with  respect  to  a  given  curve  have 
double  points. 

Steiner's  surface.    See  surface. 

steing,  «.     Same  as  sting2. 

steinheilite  (stin'hi-lit),  n.    A  variety  of  iolite. 

Steining  (sti'ning),  n.     Same  as  steening,  2. 

Steinitz  gambit.    See  gambit. 


steinkirk"  (stin'kerk),  n.     See  steenkirk. 

It  includes  Wilson 's  phalarope.  S.  wUsoni,  a  North  Amerl-  gteinmannite  (stin'man-it),  «.     [Named  after 

--.--.-.      ,  .    SK  ^t^'J^t^^SS^fJrSt^t    Ste°m^7  a  German  ••mineralogist.]     A  vari- 

cover),   +  ypaQeiv,  write,   mark.J      1  he  art  '"1?..,  f,.on',  the  term  Stegammdes,  to  be  named  from  it.     ety  of  galena  containing  some  arsenic  and  an- 

writing  in  cipher,  or  in  characters  which  are     ^P.  ,      [NL. :  see    timony.     It  commo;  ' 

not  intelligible  except  to  the  persons  who  cor-  Stegocarp    (steg  o  ^pi^  JjJPJJL^  ^^  ^ 

™= A  ™«,  »o^  ^l,^.  orvnr,ncrr«,r,hv.    j  ?n%°S  the  capsule  opens  in  the  upper  part  stcirk,  «.     See  stirk. 

by  a  deciduous  lid  or  opereulum.    It  embraces  steive,  v. 


It  commonly   occurs  in  octahedral 


respond  with  each  other;  cryptography.    Bur 
ton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  498. 
The  Art  of  Stenographic,  .  .  .  wherevnto  is  annexed  a 


very  eas 
printed 

Title,  quoted  i 

Steganophthalmata   (steg"a-nof-thal'ma-ta), 
it.  pi.     LNL.,  neut.  pi.  of  steganophtnalmatus : 


A  variant  atttM*. 
An  obsolete  form 


In  bot.,  of  or  belonging  to  the  Stegt 
ing  an  operculate  capsule. 


hav- 


stele2t, 


n  old  spelling 
An  obsolete  form  of  stale*. 


stele 

Stele3  (ste'le,  sometimes  stel),  n. ;  pi.  stelse  or 
stelai.  [=  F.  stele,  <  L.  stela,  <  Gr.  nrrfl^ri,  an 
upright  slab  or  pillar,  <  iaravai,  stand,  set:  see 
stand  and  stool.]  In  archeeol. :  (a)  An  upright 
slab  or  pillar,  often  crowned  with  a  rich  an- 
themion,  and  sometimes  bearing  more  or  less 


5928 


Stelmatopoda 


England  and  about  20  in  North  America,  of  which  7afe  stelleridan  (ste-ler'i-dnn),  (i.  and  ».      f<  Xtilli  r- 
natlves  of  the  northeastern  United  States.    Theyarecom-     ,>/«.  +  -««.]     J    „.  Ot  'or  pertaining  to  the  Stel- 

Icriita. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Stcllerida,  as  a  star- 
fish or  brittle-star. 
Stelleridean  (stel-e-rid'o-an),  n.     Same  as  stcl- 


5 Yvv.fr  A>  AVfA1  <IC*    > 

METOF.PITEUANAr' .JOAFXUNTOS 


Great  Chickweed  (Sfrt/arin  pubtra), 

monly  diffuse  herbs,  with  weak,  smooth,  or  hairy  stems, 
loosely  ascending  or  growing  in  matted  tufts.  Their 
flowers  are  usually  white,  and  form  terminal  panicled 
cymes,  sometimes  mixed  with  leaves.  Several  species  are 
known  as  chiclcweed,  and  several  others  as  startcort  or  stitch- 
mirt,  especially  S.  llulustea  (seestitchwort\  a  common  Eng- 
lish species,  bearing  such  local  names  as  aUbone,  break- 
bones,  shirt-buttons,  snap-jack.  S.  lon<r(folia,  the  long-leafed 
stitchwort,  frequent  in  the  Northern  Atlantic  States,  forms 


Sculptured  Stele.— Monument  of  the  Knight  Dexileos  (who  fell  before 
Corinth  304  B.  C.),  on  the  Sacred  Way,  Athens. 

elaborate  sculpture  or  a  painted  scene,  com- 
monly used  among  the  ancient  Greeks  as  a 
gravestone,  (ft)  A  similar  slab  or  pillar  serv- 
ing as  a  milestone,  to  bear  an  inscription  in 
some  public  place,  or  for  a  like  purpose. 

StelecMte  (stel'e-kit),  H.  [=  F.  StelecMte,  <  Gr. 
ort'/le^of,  the  crown  of  the  root  of  a  tree,  stump, 
block,  log,  the  trunk,  +  -ite2.]  A  fine  kind  of 
storax,  in  larger  pieces  than  the  calamite.  Also, 
erroneously,  stelochite. 

Stelgidopteryx  (stel-ji-dop'te-riks),  «.  [NL. 
(S.  F.  Baird,  1858),  <  Gr.  oretyif  (<rre).yit-),  a 
scraper,  +  Trrt/juf,  a  wing.]  A  genus  of  Hirun- 
dinidee,  having  the  outer  web  of  the  first  primary 
serrate  by  conversion  of  the  barbs  into  a  series 
of  recurved  hooks ;  the  rough-winged  swallows. 
5.  serripennis  is  the  common  rough-winged  swallow  of  the 
United  States,  of  plain  brownish  coloration,  greatly  resem- 
bling the  bank-swallow.  Several  others  inhabit  Central 
and  South  America.  See  cut  under  rough-winged. 

Stell  (stel),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  stellen,  <  AS.  stcllan  (= 
MD.  D.  MLG.  LG.  OHG.  MHG.  G.  stellen),  set 
up,  place,  fix,  <  steal!  (=  MD.  D.  stal  =  MLG. 
stal,  LG.  stall  =  OHG.  MHG.  stal,  G.  stall),  a 
place,  stall:  see  stall1.]  To  set;  place;  fix. 
[Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

Mine  eye  hath  play'd  the  painter,  and  hath  sltll'd 
Thy  beauty's  form  in  table  of  my  heart. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  niv. 

Stell  (stel),  n.     [A  var.  of  stain,  after  stell,  v.] 
It.  A  place;  a  station. 
The  said  stell  of  PleSsis. 

Danet's  Comines,  sig.  V  6.  (If ares.) 
2.  A  stall;  a  fold  for  cattle.  Halliwell;  Jamie- 
son.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Stella  (stel'a),  w. ;  pi.  Stella  (-§).  [NL.,  <  L. 
stella,  a  star:  see  .s-toi-i.]  A  stellate  sponge- 
spicule;  an  aster;  a  stellate. 

stellar  (stel'ar),  «.  [=  F.  stellaire  =  Sp.  estrel- 
lar  =  It.  stellare,  <  LL.  utellaris,  pertaining  to  a 
star,  starry,  <  L.  stella,  a  star:  see  Stella.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  stars;  astral:  as,  stellar  worlds; 
stellar  space ;  stellar  regions. 

These  soft  fires 

Not  only  enlighten,  but .  .  .  shed  down 
Their  stellar  virtue  on  all  kinds  that  grow. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  671. 

Stellaria  (ste-la'ri-a),>i.  [NL.  (Linnanis,  1753), 
name  transferred,  on  account  of  the  star-like 
blossoms,  from  a  Corispermum  so  named  by 
Dillenius  (1719);  <  L.  stella,  a  star.]  A  genus 
of  polypetalpus  plants,  of  the  order  Caryopliyl- 
lacea;  and  tribe  Alsinex.  It  is  characterized  by  the 
absence  of  stipules,  by  flowers  usually  with  five  deeply 


two-cleft  or  completely  parted  valves.  There  are  about 
85  species,  scattered  throughout  the  world ;  in  the  tropics 
they  occur  only  on  mountains.  Seven  species  occur  in 


weed  or  starwort,  the  most  showy  Atlantic  species,  forms 
conspicuous  dark-green  tufts  along  shaded  banks  in  ear- 
liest spring,  from  Pennsylvania  southward.  See  also  cut 
under  ovary. 

stellary  (stel'a-ri),  a.    Same  as  stellar. 

stellate  (stel'at),  a.  and  ».  [<  L.  stellatus,  pp. 
of  stellare,  set  or  cover  with  stars,  <  stella,  star: 
see  stella.]  I.  a.  Star-like  in  form ;  star-shaped; 
arranged  in  the  form  of  a  conventional  star; 
radiating  from  a  common  center  like  the  rays 
or  points  of  a  star:  as,  stellate  leaves;  thestellate 

groups  of  natrolite  crystals Stellate  bristle  or 

hair,  a  bristle  or  hair  which  branches  at  the  end  in  a  star- 
shaped  manner.  See  cut  under  hair,  4.— Stellate  frac- 
ture, a  fracture,  occurring  usually  in  a  flat  bone,  in  which 
several  fissures  radiate  from  the  central  point  of  injury. — 
Stellate  leaves,  leaves,  more  than  two  in  number,  sur- 
rounding the  stem  in  a  whorl,  or  radiating  like  the  spokes 
of  a  wheel  or  the  points  of  a  star.  Also  called  verticillate 
leaves.  See  cut  under  pipsissewa.—  Stellate  ligament, 
a costovertebral  ligament;  the  anterior costocentrai  liga- 
ment uniting  the  head  of  a  rib  with  the  body  of  a  verte- 
bra :  so  called  from  the  radiated  figure  in  man.  —  Stellate 
splcule,  an  aster ;  a  stellate.  —  Stellate  veins,  very  mi- 
nute venous  radicles  situated  just  under  the  capsule  of 
the  kidney,  arranged  in  a  radiating  or  stellate  manner. 

II.  n.  A  stellate  microsclere,  or  flesh-spicule 
in  the  form  of  a  star.    Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  417. 

stellated  (stel'a-ted),  a.  [<  stellate  +  -ed%.] 
Same  as  stellate.—  stellated  polygon,  polyhedron, 
etc.  See  the  nouns. 

stellately  (stel'at-li),  adr.  Badiately;  like  a 
star ;  in  a  stellate  manner. 

stellate-pilose (stel'at-pl'los), a.  In  lui/..  pilose 
with  stellate  hairs. 

Stellationt  (ste-la'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  stellatio(n-) 
(f),  <  L.  stella,  a  star:  see  stellate.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  becoming  a  star  or  a  constel- 
lation. 

The  skaly  Scorpion  's  flirt  amongst  the  rest,  .  .  . 
The  cause  of  it's  steUation  to  enquire, 
And  why  so  beautify'd  with  heauenly  flre, 
Comes  next  in  course. 

Heywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  138. 

2.  Same  as  constellation. 
Stars,  and  stellations  of  the  heavens. 

Ret.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  4. 

stellature  (stel'a-tur),  n.  [<  ML.  'stellatura, 
irreg.  taken  as  equiv.  to  stellionatus:  see  stel- 
lionate.] Same  as  stellionate. 

Extortion  and  cozenage  is  proverbially  called  crimen 
stellionatus,  the  sin  of  stellature. 

Ret.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  79. 

Stelledt  (steld),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  stell :  see  stell,  and 
cf.  sttilled,  pp.  of  stall.]  Fixed. 

The  sea,  with  such  a  storm  as  his  bare  head 

In  hell-black  night  endured,  would  have  buoy'd  up, 

And  quench 'd  the  stelled  fires.      Shalr.,  Lear,  iii.  7.  01. 

[Some  commentators  define  the  word  as  'stellated,' 
'starry.'] 

Stelleert,  Stelleeret, «.  [See  steelyard?.]  Same 
as  steelyard2.  Cotgrare. 

Stelleria  (ste-le'ri-ft),  w,  [NL.,  named  after 
G.  W.  Steller:  see  stellerine.]  In  ornith.,  a  ge- 
nus of  sea-ducks,  the  type  of  which  is  Steller's 
eider,  S.  dispar,  usually  called  Polysticta  stellen. 
Bonaparte,  1838. 

Stellerida  (ste-ler'i-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  prop.  Stel- 
larida,  <  stellaris,  starry,  +  -ida.]  A  class  or 
other  large  group  of  echinoderms  of  obviously 
radiate  figure;  the  starfishes  and  brittle-stars': 
synonymous  with  Asteroidea,  2. 


stellerine  (stel'e-rin),  ».  [Named  after  G.  W. 
Steller,  the  traveler  (1709-45).]  The  arctic  or 
Steller's  sea-cow.  Jf/ii/tiii/i  xlt-ili-ri.  Sec  m;-<wr. 
2,  and  cut  under  Rlii/timi. 

Steller's  eider.    Sn-  r<il</xti<-ta,  1,  smU  Stelleria. 

Steller's  jay.  A  jay  of  northwestern  North 
America,  Cyanocitta  xtrllrri,  crested  like  the 
common  blue  jay,  but  chiefly  of  a  blackish 
color,  shading  into  dull  blue  on  some  parts. 

Steller's  sea-COW.  See  sea-con;  2,  and  cut  un- 
der llln/tina. 

Steller's  sea-lion.  The  northern  sea-lion.  See 
/,'«»/< /oyims-  (with  cut). 

stellett,  a.  An  obsolete  form  of  stylet,  1. 
liiili/cll,  Frag,  of  Scottish  History. 

stelliferous  (ste-lif' e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  stellifer, 
starry,  <  stella,  a  star,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.] 
Having  or  abounding  with  stars. 

Stelliform  (stel'i-fonn),  a.  [<  L.  Stella,  a  star, 
+  forma,  form.]  Star-like  in  shape ;  stellate 
inform;  asteroid;  radiated. 

stellifyt  (stel'i-fi),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  stcllifyen,  <  OF. 
stfl/i_titr,  <  ML.  stellijicare,  place  among  the 
stars,  convert  into  a  constellation,  <  L.  stella, 
a  star,  +  facere,  make,  do  (see  -fy).]  To  turn 
into  or  cause  to  resemble  a  star;  convert  into 
a  constellation ;  make  glorious ;  glorify. 

.    No  wonder  is  thogh  Jove  her  steUiJye. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  525. 

Some  thinke  this  timid  to  be  Nilus,  which  is  also  Gyon ; 
and  therefore  stellified,  because  it  dlrecteth  his  course  from 
the  Meridian.  It  consisteth  of  many  stars,  and  lieth  lust 
beneath  the  star  called  Canopus,  or  Ptolom»a. 

Ueywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  176. 

Stellio  (stel'i-6),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  stellio(n-),  a 
lizard:  see  stellion.]  1.  A  genus  of  agamoid 
lizards,  giving  name  to  the  Stelliomdte.  They 
have  acrodont  dentition,  naked  tympanum,  no  pores,  and 


Common  Stellion  {Srellto 


the  scales  of  the  tail  disposed  in  whorls  or  verticils.  There 
are  several  species,  ranging  from  countries  bordering  the 
Mediterranean  to  India.  The  common  stellion  or  star- 
Hzard,  the  hardim  of  the  Arabs,  >'  vulyaris,  is  abundant 
in  ruins.  S.  tuberculalus  is  an  Indian  species. 


lizard  marked  with  star-like  spots,  also  a  crafty, 
knavish  person  (cf.  stellionate),  <  stella,  a  star: 
see  stella.]  An  agamoid  lizard  of  the  genus 
Stellio  or  family  Stellionidse  ;  a  star-lizard. 

When  the  stfllion  hath  cast  his  skin,  he  greedily  de- 
vours it  again.  Sei:  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  79. 

Stellionate  (stel'yon-at),  n.  [<  LL.  stellionatus, 
cozenage,  trickery,  <  L.  stellio(n-),  a  crafty, 
knavish  person,  lit.  a  newt,  lizard:  see  stellion.] 
In  Scots  and  civil  law,  a  word  used  to  denote  all 
such  crimes  in  which  fraud  is  an  ingredient  as 
have  no  special  names  to  distinguish  them,  and 
are  not  defined  by  any  written  law. 


dont  agamoid  lizards,  named  from  the  genus 
Stellio,  properly  merged  in  Agamirlx;  the  stel- 
lions  or  star-lizards.  See  cut  under  Stellio. 

Stellular  (stel'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  stellula,  a  little 
star,  dim.  of  stella,  a  star:  see  stella.]  Finely 
or  numerously  stellated,  as  if  spangled  with 
little  stars;  stelliferous,  as  the  surface  of  a 
coral;  shaped  like  a  little  star;  resembling  lit- 
tle stars ;  small  and  stelliform  in  figure  or  ap- 
pearance. Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  370. 

Stellulate  (stel''u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  stellula,  a  little 
star  (see  stellular),  +  -ate1.]  Resembling  little 
stars  or  a  little  star;  stellular. 

Stellwag's  symptom.     See  symptom. 

Stelmatopoda  (stel-ma-top'o-dS),  «.  pi.  Adi- 
vision  of  Polyzoa  or  Bryozoa,  corresponding  to 
the  Gymnolitniata :  contrasted  with  Lophopoda. 


stelochite  r,c.»29 

Stelochite  (stel'o-kit),  „      Setsteleehite.  stem*  (stem),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  stemmed,  ppr. 

stelography(ste-]og  ra-fi),  ».    [<  LGr.rm^ojpn-  ntnuming.     [<  sfc»,l,  ,,.]     To  remove  the  stem 

*ia,  an  inscription  on  a  stele  or  upright  slab,  <  of;  separate  from  the  stem: 

Gr.  arff/.r/,  a  stele  (see  steleS),  +  -;p«^/«,<  ;p<i<p«i',  as,  to  sti-m  tobacco. 

write.]     The  practice  of  writing  or  inscribing  stem'-*   (stem),   n.       [<   ME. 


on  steles  or  pillars. 

Jacob's  pillar  .  .  .  thus  engraved  .  .  .  gave  probably 
the  origin  to  the  invention  of  tfdoffmplu/. 

Stack/muse.,  Hist.  Bible,  p.  323. 

Stem1  (stem),  M.  [<  ME.  xtem,  stum,  <  AS.  strum, 
stefn,  stiefn,  also  stofn  (>  E.  dial,  xtoriu),  stem, 
trunk  (of  a  tree),  =  D.  xtaiu,  stem,  trunk,  stock 
(of  a  tree  or  family  ),  =  MLG. «/«;//,. *ta  mini-,  stem, 
stock,  =  OHG.  MHG.  stam  (tttamm-),  G.  stimuli. 
stem  (of  atree),  trunk,  tree,  stock,  race,  =  led. 
stofn,  stonin,  stem,  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  Sw.  slum 


stem,  stam,  <  AS.  ~*xtcn>u, 
xti-fii,  "xtiffn,  also  stft'iia, 
xl/i'fiiii,  the  prow  of  a  «Up 
(stedrstefn,  the  poop,  lit. 
'steer-stem'),  =  OS.  slinini 
=  D.  stem,  =  MLG.  LG. 
xti-i-i-n,  prow  of  a  ship  (>  G. 
Steven,  stem  (vordcr-xtfrrn, 
'fore  stem,'  prow,  hintrr- 
steven,  'hind  stem,'  stem- 
post)),  =  Icel.  sto/n,  staniH, 


=  Dan.  stoK/we  (m  comp.  stom-),  stem,  trunk,     also  *te/«i,  stemni'siera.  of  a 
stock  (of  a  tree),  stock,  race,  family  (also  with     ship  (prow  or  stern )  =  Dan 
some  variation  of  form  in  a  particular  sense,     stevn,  stam  =  Sw.  xta'f  prow 
'the  prow  of  a  vessel':  seetttem't);  =OIr.  tamon, 
Ir.  tamluln  (for  *xtamou),  stem,  trunk;  cf.  Gr. 
arafivof,  an  earthen  jar;  with  formative  -mn-, 
<  -\/  sta,  stand :  see  stand.    Not  related  to  staff, 
except  remotely.]     1.    The   body  of  a  tree, 
shrub,  or  plant ;  the  firm  part  which  supports 


the  branches;  the  stock;  the  stalk  ;  technically, 
the  ascending  axis,  which  ordinarily  grows  in 
an  opposite  direction  to  the  root  or  descending 
axis.  The  stem  ia  composed  of  fibrous,  spiral,  and  cel- 
lular tissues,  arranged  in  various  ways  ;  it  typically  as- 
sumes a  cylindrical  form  and  a  perpendicular  position,  and 
bears  upon  it  the  remaining  aerial  parts  of  the  plant.  Its 
form  and  direction,  however,  are  subject  to  much  variation 
in  particular  cases.  In  regard  to  internal  structure,  there 
are  three  principal  modifications  of  stems  characteristic 
of  three  of  the  great  natural  classes  into  which  the  vegeta- 
ble kingdom  is  divided  —  namely,  exogens.  endogens,  and 
acrogens.  Stems  are  herbaceous  or  woody,  solid  or  hol- 
low, jointed  or  unjointed,  branched  or  simple.  Sometimes 
they  are  so  weak  as  to  be  procumbent,  although  more  gen- 
erally firm  and  erect  ;  sometimes  weak  stems  are  upheld 
by  twining  or  by  other  methods  of  climbing.  In  some 

Slants  the  stem  is  so  short  as  to  seem  to  be  wanting,  the 
saves  and  flower-stalks  appearing  to  spring  from  the  top 
of  the  root.  There  are  also  stems,  such  as  the  rhizome  and 
tuber,  which,  being  subterranean,  have  been  mistaken  for 
roots.  See  cuts  under  baobab,  esparto,  internode,  pipsis- 
sewa,  sna/ceroot,  rhizome,  and  tuber. 

2.  The  stalk  which  supports  the  flower  or  the 
fruit  of  a  plant  ;  the  peduncle  of  the  fructifica- 
tion, or  the  pedicel  of  a  flower;  the  petiole  or 
leaf-stem.     See  cuts  under  pedicel,  peduncle, 
and  petiole. 

Two  lovely  berries  moulded  on  one  stem. 

Shale.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2.  211. 
For  I  maun  crush  amang  the  stoure 
Thy  slender  stem. 

Burns,  To  a  Mountain  Daisy. 

3.  The  stock  of  a  family  ;  a  race  ;  ancestry. 

Ye  may  all,  that  are  of  noble  stem 
Approach,  and  kiss  her  sacred  vesture's  hem. 

Milton,  Arcades,  I.  82. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  family  ;  an  offshoot. 

Richard  Plantagenet,  .  .  . 
Sweet  stem  from  York's  great  stock. 

Shale.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5.  41. 

5.  Anything  resembling  the  stem  of  a  plant. 
Specifically  —  (a)  The  handle  of  a  tool.    HalKwell.    [Prov. 
Eng.]   (6)  That  part  of  a  vase,  cup,  or  goblet  which  unites 
the  body  to  the  foot  or  base,  in  examples  where  the  body 
is  not  immediately  set  upon  the  latter. 

Wine-glasses  or  goblets  are  classified  by  the  nature  of 
their  stems,  or  by  the  nature  of  their  feet. 

//.  J.  Powett,  Glass-Making,  p.  61. 

(c)  In  type-founding,  the  thick  stroke  or  body-mark  of  a 
roman  or  italic  letter.  See  cut  under  type,  (a)  In  a  vehi- 
cle, a  bar  to  which  the  bow  of  a  falling  hood  is  hinged. 
(e)  The  projecting  rod  of  a  reciprocating  valve,  serving 
to  guide  it  in  its  action.  See  cut  under  slide-valve.  (/)  In 
zool.  and  anat.,  any  slender,  especially  axial,  part  like  the 
stem  of  a  plant  ;  a  stalk,  stipe,  rachis,  footstalk,  etc.  (g)  In 
ornith.,  the  whole  shaft  of  a  feather.  (A)  In  entom.,  the 
base  of  a  clavate  antenna,  including  all  the  joints  except 
the  enlarged  outer  ones  :  used  especially  in  descriptions 
of  the  Lepidoptera. 

6.  In  musical  notation,  a  vertical  line  added  to 
the  head  of  certain  kinds  of  notes.    Of  the  kinds 
of  note  now  in  use,  all  but  two,  the  breve  and  the  semi- 
breve,  have  stems.    It  may  be  directed  either  upward  or 


(fraiu-stam,  'fore  stem.' 
prow,  bakxtHm,  'back  stem,' 
stem);  a  particular  use,  with 
variations  of  form,  of  AS. 
stemn,  stffn,  E.  stem1,  etc., 
stem,  trunk,  post :  see  slt-m ' . 


The  n.-i  lit .  use  in  E.  is  prob. 
in  part  of  Scand.  origin.]  1 . 
A  curved  piece  of  timber  or 
metal  to  which  the  two  sides 
of  a  ship  are  united  at  the 
foremost  end.  The  lower  end 
of  it  is  scarfed  or  riveted  to  the 
keel,  and  the  bowsprit,  when  pres- 
ent, rests  on  its  upper  end.  In 
wooden  ships  it  is  frequently  called 
the  main  stein,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  false  stem,  or  cutwater. 


Stein  and  allied  parts. 
S,  stem;  K,  keel;  A, 
apron ;  D,  deadwood ; 
ss,  stemson;  DH,  deck- 
hooks;  BH,  breast-hooks; 
si',  stem-piece,  or  inde- 
pendent piece ;  Ml1, 
main  piece,  or  lace- 
piece;  BP,  bobstay-piece ; 
BWS.  bowsprit ;  G.Kripe  ; 
F,  false  keel.  (The  dot- 
ted lines  show  bolts.) 


Stemodia 

He  sat  down  to  his  milk-porridge,  which  it  was  his  old 
frugal  habit  to  item  lii»  moi  uing  hunger  with. 

Geunje  mint.  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  12. 

2.  To  tamp;  make  tight,  as  a  joint,  with  a  lute 
or  cement. 

Stenr*t,  "•  and  r.     An  old  spelling  of  sti-nm. 

stemapod  (stem'a-pod),  n.  [<  Gr.  arii/ia,  fila- 
ment (see  stamen1),  +  irorf  (irot-)  =  E.  foot.'] 
One  of  the  caudal  filaments  of  the  caterpillars 
of  certain  moths,  as  t'iriiiii  and  JJctfrocuiu/i/i, 
whose  last  pair  of  legs  are  thus  modified  into 
deterrent  or  repugnatorial  organs.  A.  S.  1'ack- 
uril. 

stem-character  (stem'kar"ak-ter),  n.  In  f/rnm., 
same  as  characteristic  letter  (which  see,  under 
characteristic), 

Stem-clasping  (stem'klas//ping),  a.  Embracing 
the  stem  with  its  base ;  amplexicaul,  as  a  leaf 
or  petiole. 

stem-climber  (stem'kli'mer),  11.  In  bot.,  see 
climber^ ,  L>. 

Stemet,  «••  t.     A  Middle  English  form  of  sttam. 

stem-eelworm  (stem'eFwerm),  n.  A  minute 
nematoid,  'J'i/lcnclinx  ilt'raxtiilrif,  which  causes 
stem-sickness  in  certain  plants.  See  Tylen- 

cltHK. 

stem-end  (stem'end),  M.  That  part  or  point  in 
a  fruit  which  is  attached  to  the  stem:  opposed 
to  the  blossom-end,  which  frequently  bears  the 
remains  of  the  calyx,  as  in  a  pear  or  an  apple. 
The  stem-end  is  usually  inferior  to  the  blossom- 
end  in  sweetness  and  flavor. 

stem-head  (stem'hed),  ».  In  ship-building,  the 
top  of  the  stem,  or  continuation  of  the  forward 
extreme  of  the  keel. 


stem-knee  (stem'ne),  n.  In  ship-building,  a  knee 

The  outside  of  the  stem  is  usually  marked  with  a  scale     uniting  the  stem  with  the  keel 
showing  the  perpendicular  height  from  the  keel,  for  indi-  cfpm  leaf  Cstpiri'lAfl    11       A    loof  rnwunno-  tmm 
eating  the  draft  of  water  forward.    See  also  cut  under  "Hf^*         (stem  let),  n.     A  leaf  growing  from 

<ne  stem  ;  a  caulme  leaf. 
Pretious  Jewells  fecht  from  far  stemless  (stem'les),  a.    [<  steml  +  -less."]    Hav- 


.forecastle. 


2.  The  forward  part  of  a  vessel  ;  the  bow. 

Turnynge  thertore  the  stemmes  of  his  shyppes  towarde  Stemlet  (stem'let),  n.     [<  stew.1  +  -let.]     A  lit- 

the  Easte,  he  affyrmed  that  he  had  founde  the  Ilande  of  tie  stem  or  stalk  ;  a  young  stem. 

Ophir.                Peter  Martyr  (it.  in  Eden's  First  Books  on  _. 

[America,  ed.  Arber,  p.  Bfrt.  Gives  insertion  to  two  multiarticulate  ttemlett. 


False  stem,  a  stem  fitted  closely  to  the  forward  side  of 


English  Cyc.,  Nat.  Hist.  Division  (1885),  III.  87. 


end  of  the  ship  to  the  other,  or  through  the  whole  length. 

They  skip 
From  stem  to  stern;  the  boatswain  whistles. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1.  64. 

Stem2  (stem),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stemmed,  ppr. 
stemming.  [<  stem2,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  dash 
against  with  the  stem  (of  a  vessel). 

They  stood  off  again,  and,  returning  with  a  good  gale, 
they  stemmed  her  upon  the  quarter,  and  almost  overset 
her.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  J.  226. 

2f.  To  keep  (a  vessel)  on  its  course ;  steer. 

He  is  the  master  of  true  courage  that  all  the  time  se- 
dately stems  the  ship. 

Cornelius  Nepos  in  English  (1723),  Ded.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 


downward,  thus, 


When  two  voice-parts  are  writ. 


the  main  stem,  generally  sharp,  and  introduced  for  the  stemma   (stem'a),  n.;  pi.  stemmata  (-a-ta).     [< 

her^peed^  ^cutwater'1—  Ftom  stem^o  stera  T^^'"8     L'  s,te"""a>  <   ^r.  art/ipa,   a   wreath,  "garland, 

'  <  arfyeiv,  put  around,  encircle,  wreathe,  crown.] 
1.  A  family  tree,  or  pedigree ;  specifically,  such 
a  pedigree  made  more  or  less  decorative  with 
heraldic  or  other  ornaments;  also,  pedigree  in 
general ;  order  of  descent ;  family :  as,  a  man 
of  the  stemma  of  the  Cecils. — 2.  The  simple 
as  distinguished  from  the  compound  eye  of  an 
invertebrate;  an  ocellus:  always  sessile  and 
immovable. —  3.  One  of  the  facets  or  corneules 
of  a  compound  eye. —  4.  In  entom.,  thetubercle 
from  which  an  antenna  arises — Spurious  stem- 
ma,  a  small  ffat  space,  covered  with  semi-transparent 
membrane,  above  the  bases  of  the  antenna;  of  certain  Or- 
thoptera :  it  has  been  supposed  to  represent  a  stemma,  or 
simple  eye,  in  a  rudimentary  form. 

[NL., 
.,  a  fern.] 

A  genus  of  fossil  plants,  established  by  Corda, 
under  which  various  stems  or  trunks  of  tree- 
ferns  have  been  grouped,  but  little  being  known 
in  regard  to  them,  except  the  form  of  the  scars 
or  impressions  marking  the  points  of  attach- 
ment of  the  petioles.  Lesquereux  describes  remains 
of  this  kind  under  the  names  of  Stemmatopteris,  Caulop- 
teris, Megaphyton,  and  Psaronius ;  but,  as  he  remarks, 
they  could  all  have  been  described  without  inconvenience 
under  the  name  of  Caulopteris.  These  fossil  remains  are 
common  in  the  coal-measures.  See  Caulopteris. 

stemmatous  (stem'a-tus),  a.     [<  stemma(t-)  + 
-OH*.]     Pertaining  to  a  stemma,  or  having  its 

„,„.„„,.„„.„    „„.  MV...BI,«l,»u    lcc     character;  ocellar. 

to'thrs^uthwarToTrhrnneTthVwTndTee^dmostE^st"  Stemmed  (stemd),  a.     [<  stem1  +  -ed?.]     Fur- 
erly,  and  then  we  stemmed  S.  W.  by  S.  nished  with  or  bearing  a  stem :  used  chiefly  in 

Dumpier,  Voyages,  I.  79.     composition  :  as,  a  straight-stewwied  plant. 


3.  To  make  headway  against  by  sailing  or  CT 

swimming,  as  a  tide  or  current;  hence,  in  gen-  StemmatopteriS  (stem-a-top  te-ris),  n 

eral,  to  make  headway  against  (opposition  of    '   *L*I*K£ji  a,'w_rieath'  +  -7r7p',f', 


headway  against  (opposition  < 
any  kind). 

The  breathless  Muse  awhile  her  wearied  wings  shall  ease, 
To  get  her  strength  to  stem  the  rough  Sabrinian  seas. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iii.  434. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  headway  (as  a  ship); 
especially,  to  make  progress  in  opposition  to 
some  obstruction,  as  a  current  of  water  or  the 
wind. 

They  on  the  trading  flood, 
Through  the  wide  Ethiopian  to  the  Cape, 


2.  To  head ;  advance  head  on. 
At  first  we  could  scarce  lie  S.  W.,  but,  being  got  a  degree 


ten  on  the  same  staff,  the  stems  of  the  notes  belonging  to  Stem3  (stem),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stemmed,  ppr.   stemmer  (stem'er),  n.     [<  stem*  + 
the  upper  part  are  often  directed  upward,  and  those  of     -*" 
the  lower  part  downward,  particularly 
when  the  parts  cross,  or  both  use  the 
same  note  (see  figure).    The  latter  note 
is  said  to  have  a  double  stem.    See  nofel 
13.    Also  called  tail. 

7.  Inpliilol.,  a  derivative  from  a  root,  having 
itself  inflected  forms,  whether  of  declension  or 
of  conjugation,  made  from  it ;  the  unchanged 
part  in  a  series  of  inflectional  forms,  from  which 
the  forms  are  viewed  as  made  by  additions; 
base;  crude  form — Aerial  stem,  the  above-ground 
axis  of  a  plant,  as  opposed  to  the  rootstock  or  other  subter- 
ranean form  of  thestem.— Anclpital,  compound,  erect, 
herbaceous,  pituitary,  secondary,  etc.,  stem.  See 
the  adjectives. 


stemming.     [<  ME.  stemmen ;  <  Icel.  stemma  =     Same  as  blasting-needle.     [Eng.]  — 2.  An  im- 

Sw.  stamma  =  Dan.  stemme,  stem,  =  OHG.     plement  used  in  making  joints  tight  by  means 

MHG.  stemmen,  stemen,  G.  stemmen,  stdmmen,    of  cement. 

stop,  stem,  dam;  <  •/  stam  in  stanft,  stammer,  stemmery  (stem'er-i),  n.;  pi.  stemmeries  (-iz). 

etc.:  see  stammer.    Not  connected  with  stem1     [<  stem1  +  -cry.'}     A  factory  where  tobacco  is 

or  stow2.]     1.  To  stop;  check;  dam  up,  as  a     stripped  from  the  stem.   New  York  Herald,  July 

stream.  17,  1884.     [Local,  U.  S.] 

And  loke  je  stemme  no  stepe  [step],  bot  strechez  on  faste,  stemming  (stem'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  stem^ 

Cil  3e  reche  to  areset  [stopping^place],  rest  3e  neuer.  t,.]     !_   The  operation    of   tamping.— 2.   The 

material  used  in  tamping.    [Eng.  in  both  uses.] 
Stemodia    (ste-mo'di-a),  n.      [NL.  (Linn»us, 

1763),  shortened  from  Stemodiacra  (P.  Browne, 

1756),  so  called  from  the  two-forked  stamens ; 

<  Gr.  arfifiuv,  taken  for  'stamen'  (see  stamen1), 


Alliterative  Poems  led.  Morris),  ii.  905. 
The  best  way  is,  ever,  not  to  attempt  to  stem  a  torrent, 
but  to  divert  it.      . 

A.  Hamilton,  To  Washington  (Works,  I.  345). 
He  who  stems  a  stream  with  sand. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L,  iii.  28. 


Stemodia 

+  A'r,  Si-,  two-,  +  (iKfiav,  a  point,  tip.]  A  genus 
of  gamopetalpus  plants,  of  the  order  Serojiltiiln- 
liiii'c'e  and  tribe  tlrntiolar,  type  of  a  subtribe 
Hlcmodii'ie.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  five 
nearly  equal  calyx-lobes,  and  four  perfect  didynaraous  sta- 
mens included  within  the  corolla-tube,  and  by  a  capsule 
splitting  partly  or  completely  into  four  valves,  the  two 
placenta-  separating  or  remaining  united  in  a  column. 
There  are  about  30  species,  mostly  tropical,  occurring;  in 
all  continents  except  Europe.  They  are  glandular-hairy 
or  downy  herbs,  sometimes  shrubby  and  often  aromatic. 
They  bear  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  solitary  or 
spiked  and  crowded,  usually  bluish  flowers,  sometimes 
with  bracted  pedicels.  S.  maritima  is  known  in  Jamaica 
as  bastard  or  seaside  germander,  and  S.  durantifolia  as 
goatweed ;  the  latter,  a  low  clammy  plant  with  purplish 
spiked  flowers,  extends  also  from  southern  Arizona  to 
Brazil. 

Stemona  (ste'mo-na),  «.  [NL.  (Loureiro, 
1790),  so  called  from  the  peculiar  stamens;  < 
Gr.  ari//wv,  taken  for  'stamen.']  A  genus  of 
monocotyledonous  plants,  type  of  the  order 
Stemonacese.  It  is  distinguished  by  erect  ovules  and 
seeds,  and  stamens  with  very  short  filaments  more  or  less 
united  into  a  ring,  having  linear  erect  anthers  with  a 
thickened  connective,  continued  above  into  an  erect  ap- 
pendage. There  are  4  or  5  species,  natives  of  India,  Ma- 
laysia, and  tropical  Australia.  They  are  smooth,  lofty- 
climbing  twiners,  growing  from  a  fusiform  tuberous  root, 
and  bearing  shining  alternate  leaves  which  are  cordate, 
ovate,  or  narrower,  with  three  or  more  nerves  and  numer- 
ous cross-veinlets.  The  flowers  form  racemes,  or  are  few 
or  solitary  in  the  axils ;  the  perianth-segments  are  rather 
large,  distinct,  and  erect,  marked  by  many  nerves.  For- 
merly called  Rozburyhia. 

Stemonacese  (ste-mo-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Durand,  1888),  <  Stemona  +  -acex.]  A  small 
order  of  monocotyledonous  plants,  of  the  series 
Coronariese,  by  many  formerly  called  Rox- 
burghiacese.  It  is  characterized  by  regular  bisexual 
flowers  with  a  four-parted  perianth  of  two  rows,  with  four 
stamens  and  a  one-celled  ovary  which  contains  two  or  more 
ovules  and  ripens  into  a  two-valved  capsule.  It  includes 
8  species,  belonging  to  3  genera,  of  which  Stichonturon 
and  Steinona  (the  type)  are  largely  Indian ;  the  other  ge- 
nus, Croomia,  includes  one  species  in  Japan,  and  another, 
C.  pattcijlara,  in  Florida  and  adjacent  States. 

Stemonitaceae  (ste"m6-ni-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Stemonitis  +  -acese.]  A  family  of  myxomy- 
cetous  fungi,  belonging,  according  to  the  clas- 
sification of  Rostafinski,  to  the  order  Aniau- 
rochsetese,  which  has  a  single  sporangium  or 
sethalium,  without  the  peculiar  deposits  of  lime 
carbonate  that  characterize  the  fructification 
of  other  orders,  and  the  spores,  capillitium,  and 
columella  usually  uniformly  black,  or  rarely 
brownish-violet. 

Stemonitis  (ste-mo-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.  (Gle- 
ditsch),  <  Gr.  arij/ujv,  taken  for  'stamen.']  A 
genus  of  myxomycetous  fungi,  giving  name  to 
the  family  Stemonitacex. 

stem-pessary  (stem'pes;!'a-ri),  «.  A  pessary 
with  a  rod  or  stem  which  is  passed  into  the  cer- 
vix uteri. 

stem-piece  (stem'pes),  ».  In  ship-building,  a 
piece  between  the  stem  and  the  chocks,  also 
called  independent  piece.  See  cut  under  stem2. 

stemple  (stem'pl),  «.  [Cf.  D.  stempel  =  MHG. 
stempfel,  G.  stempel  (<  D.),  a  mark,  stamp: 
see  stamp,]  In  mining,  a  small  timber  used  to 
support  the  ground  by  being  laid  across  the 
stulls,  or  in  other  ways :  in  some  mining  dis- 
tricts of  England  nearly  the  same  as  lacing 
or  lagging. 

stem-Sickness  (stem'sik"nes),  n.  A  disease  of 
clover  in  England.  It  is  caused  by  a  nematoid  worm, 
Tylenchits  devastatrix,  known  as  the  glein-eefaann,  and 
brings  about  first  a  stunted  condition  and  finally  the  death 
of  the  plant. 

stemson  (stem'son),  «.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of 
stanchion,  confused  with  stem2.  Cf.  keelson, 
sternson.]  In  ship-building,  a  piece  of  curved 
timber  fixed  on  the  after  part  of  the  apron  in- 
side. The  lower  end  is  scarfed  into  the  keelson,  and  re- 
ceives the  scarf  of  the  stem,  through  which  it  is  bolted. 

stem-Stitch  (stem'sticn),  n.  In  pillow-lace  mak- 
ing, a  stitch  by  which  a  thick  braid-like  stripe 
is  produced:  used  for  the  stems  of  flowers  and 
sprigs,  tendrils,  etc. 

Stem-winder  (stem'win"der),  n.  A  watch  which 
is  wound  up  or  regulated  by  means  of  a  con- 
trivance connected  with  the  stem,  and  not  by 
a  key. 

sten,  v.  and  n.     See  stead. 

Stench1  (stench),  n.  [<  ME.  stench,  stunch,<AS. 
stenc  (=  OHG.  stanc,  stanch,  MHG.  stanc,  stenke, 
G.  stank  =  Sw.  Dan.  stank),  a  smell,  odor  (pleas- 
ant or  unpleasant),  <  stincan,  smell:  see  stink, 
v.,  and  cf.  stink,  n.  Cf.  Icel.  steekja,  a  stench.] 
An  ill  smell ;  an  offensive  odor. 

In  our  way  to  Tivoli  I  saw  the  rivulet  of  Salforata,  for- 
merly called  Albula,  and  smelt  the  stench  that  arises  from 
its  waters  some  time  before  I  saw  them. 

Addison,  Remarks  on  Italy  (Bohn),  I.  482. 
=  Syn.  Stink,  etc.    See  emell. 


5930 

stench1!  (stench),  r.  t.    [<  stencli1,  n]    To  cause 
to  emit  a  stench  :  cause  to  stink. 
Dead  bards  stench  every  coast. 

Youmj,  Resignation,  i.  24. 

stench2!  (stench),  r.  t.  An  obsolete  variant  of 
xtitiK'li^,  Harrei/, 

stenchfult  (stench'ful),  o.  [<  stench^  +  -fill.] 
Full  of  bad  odors.  See.  T.  Adams,  Works,  ll.  56. 

stenchil  (sten'chil),  w.  A  Scotch  form  of  stan- 
ched for  stanchion. 

Stench-pipe  (stench'plp).  «.  In  plnmbinij,  an 
extension  of  a  soil-pipe  through  and  above  the 
roof  of  a  house,  to  allow  foul  gases  to  escape. 

Stench-trap  (stench'trap),  n.  In  a  drain,  a  de- 
pression or  hollow  in  which  water  lies,  intro- 
duced to  prevent  the  reflex  passage  of  foul  air 
or  gas. 

Sterichy  (sten'chi),  a.  [<  stench1  +  -y1.]  Hav- 
ing a  stench  or  offensive  smell.  Dyer,  The 
Fleece,  i. 

stencil1  (sten'sil),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  »te>irilcil. 
stencilled,  ppr.  stenciling,  stencilling.  [Origin 
uncertain  :  (a)  According  to  Skeat,  prob.  <  OF. 
estinceller  (for  *escinteller),  cover  with  stars, 
powder  (used  in  heraldry),  lit.  -'sparkle,'  F. 
i-tiiiceler,  sparkle,  <  L.  seintillarc,  sparkle:  see 
scintillate.  Cf.  tinsel,  (b)  In  anotherview,  orig. 
as  a  noun,  identical  with  stencil2,  a  dial.  var. 
of  stanched,  var.  of  stanchion,  ult.  <  OF.  entinn'r, 
a  support:  see  stance  and  stanchion.]  To  mark 
out  or  paint  by  means  of  a  stencil. 

stencil1  (sten  sil),  n.  [See  stencil^,  v.]  1.  A 
thin  plate  or  sheet  of  any  substance  in  which  a 
figure,  letter,  or  pattern  is  formed  by  cutting 
through  the  plate.  If  the  plate  thus  cut  is  placed 
upon  a  surface  and  rubbed  with  color  or  ink,  the  pattern 
or  figure  will  be  marked  on  the  underlying  substance. 
For  many  purposes,  the  letters,  etc.,  are  cut  through  com- 


Sletely  ;  for  transferring  a  pattern,  as  in  embroidery,  the 
nes  of  the  pattern  are  often  indicated  by  small  holes.    In 
wall-decoration,  etc.,  both  these  plans  are  employed.    Dif- 


f the  pattern  are  often  indicated  by  small  holes.  In 
-ecoration,  etc.,  both  these  plans  are  employed.  Dif- 
ferent stencils  are  often  used  In  the  same  design,  each  for 
a  different  color. 

2.  The  coloring  matter  used  in  marking  with  a 
stencil-plate.  C.  T.  Davis,  Bricks  and  Tiles,  p. 
90.  —  3.  In  ceratn.,  a  preparation  laid  upon  the 
biscuit  to  keep  the  oil  used  in  transfer-printing 
or  enameling  from  adhering  to  the  surface; 
hence,  the  pattern  traced  by  this  preparation, 
reserving  a  panel  or  medallion  of  the  unaltered 
color  of  the  biscuit. 

stencil11  (sten'sil),  n.  [A  var.  of  stanchel1]  A 
door-post;  a  stanchion.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.1 

stenciler,  stenciller  (sten'sil-er),  n.  [<  stencil* 
+  -er1.]  One  who  works  with  a  stencil,  espe- 
cially a  decorative  painter  who  applies  patterns 
with  a  stencil. 

Stencil-pen  (sten'sil-pen),  n.  A  pricking-ma- 
chine for  perforating  paper  to  form  a  stencil. 
It  consists  of  a  hollow  stylus  carrying  a  needle 
having  a  reciprocating  motion.  See  electricpen, 
under  pen2. 

Stencil-plate  (steu'sil-plat),  «.    A  stencil. 

stend  (stend),  v.  i.  [<  OF.  estendre,  F.  etendre  = 
It.  stendere,  <  L.  extendere,  stretch  forth,  extend  : 
see  extend.]  1.  To  extend.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2. 
To  walk  with  long  steps.  —  3.  To  leap;  bound; 
rear;  spring.  Alsosten.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Stend  (stend),  n.  [(.stend,  r.]  A  leap;  a  spring; 
a  long  step  or  stride.  Also  sten.  Burns,  Tarn 
Glen.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Stenelytra  (ste-nel'i-trii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  "stenelytrus:  see  sieiielytrous.  ]  In  entom., 
in  Latreille's  system,  the  third  family  of  hete- 
romerpus  Coleoptera,  divided  into  5  tribes,  corre- 
sponding to  the  old  genera  Helops,  Cistela,  Dir- 
cxa,  (Edemera,  and  Mycterus. 

Stenelytrous  (ste-nel'i-trns),  a.  [<  NL.  *ste- 
nelytros,  <  Gr.  arev6f,  narrow,  strait,  +  l^vrpov, 
a  cover:  see  elytrum]  Having  narrow  elytra  ; 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Stenelytra. 

Stenobothms  (sten-o-both'rus),  n.  [NL. 
(Fischer,  1853),  <  Gr'.  arevfa,  narrow,  strait, 


I  C 

Sttnobotkrus  ntacttlipennis. 
a,  mature  insect;  *,  pupa  ;  c,  larva.    (AH  natural  size.) 


close,  +  ftfApof,  a  hole.]    A  notable  genus  of 
grasshoppers,  of  the  family  Amdiidse,  contain- 


stenographical 

ingsuch  species  ;is  .*>'.  nwoulipeHnit,  Thisisaconi- 
mon  grasshopper  in  most  parts  of  the  United  States,  and 
resembles  the  hateful  grasshopper  or  Rocky  Mountain 
locust  (Mctanoplus  spretus)  so  closely  that  it  has  often  been 
mistaken  for  the  latter. 

stenocardia  (sten-o-kiir'di-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
<rm6t,  narrow,  +  KapSia,  the  heart.]  Angina 
pectoris. 

Stenocarpus  (sten-o-kur'pus),  H.  [NL.  (R. 
Brown,  1810),  so  called  from  the  usually  narrow 
fruit;  <  Gr.  arevii^,  narrow,  +  /ca/nrdf,  fruit.]  A 
genus  of  apetalous  trees,  of  the  order  Proteacea 
and  tribe  Enibotltriex.  It  is  characterized  by  um- 
bellate flowers,  and  numerous  ovules  downwardly  imbri- 
cated and  ripening  into  seeds  which  are  winged  below. 
There  are  14  species,  11  of  which  are  natives  of  New  Cale- 
donia and  3  of  Australia.  They  are  trees  with  alternate 
or  scattered  leaves,  which  are  entire  or  deeply  divided  into 
a  few  pinnate  segments,  and  mostly  yellow  or  red  flowers 
with  a  somewhat  irregular  perianth-tube  and  a  nearly 
globular  recurved  and  at  length  divided  border,  disposed 
in  terminal  or  axillary  umbels  which  are  solitary  or  clus- 
tered in  a  short  raceme  or  a  compound  umbel,  and  are 
followed  by  coriaceous  stalked  follicles.  5.  sinuatua  is 
known  ill  ijnecnsland  as  tulip-tree  and  fire-tree.  S.  snlig- 
/.'"••  native  of  the  same  regions,  is  known  as  beefu'ood,  silky 
oak,  and  meleyn. 

stenocephalous  (steu-9-sef'a-lus),  «.  [<  Gr.  OTt- 
v6f,  narrow,  +  utijm'/.t/,  he*d.^)  Narrow-headed. 

stenochromy  (sten'o-kro-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  artv6(, 
narrow,  +  xi'"fa,  color.]  The  art  of  printing 
several  colors  at  one  impression.  This  is  accom- 
plished by  various  methods:  (1)  by  dividing  the  ink-foun- 
tain of  a  printing-press  into  compartments,  one  for  each 
color,  and  allowing  the  rollers  to  blend  the  inks  on  the  dis- 
tributing-table;  (2)  by  cutting  or  trimming  the  rollers  of 
a  printing-press  in  such  a  way  that  only  the  desired  parts 
may  take  and  distribute  ink  — a  different  color  for  each 
roller  or  set  of  rollers ;  (3)  by  lithographic  methods. 

Stenocoronine  (sten'o-ko-ro'nin),  a.  [<  Gr. 
arev6f,  narrow,  +  Kopavt/,  a  crow,  also  a  crown.] 
Having  narrow-crowned  molars:  noting  the 
hippopotamine  type  of  dentition,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  eurycoronine  or  diiiotherian. 
Falconer. 

stenoderm  (steu'o-derm),  n.  [<  Stenoderma.] 
A  bat  of  the  genus  Stenodenna  ;  a  stenodermine. 
—  Spectacled  atenoderm,  Stenoderma  perspicillatum,  a 
tropical  American  bat  marked  about  the  eyes  as  if  wear- 
ing spectacles.  Also  called  spectacled  vampire. 

Stenoderma  (sten-o-der'ma),  «.  [NL.  (Geof- 
frey), <  Gr.  arei'df,  narrow,  •(-  6eppa,  skin,  hide.] 
A  genus  of  American  phyllostomine  bats,  of 
the  subfamily  I'liyllostomatiwe,  having  a  short, 
broad,  obtuse  muzzle,  short  but  distinct  nose- 
leaf,  no  tail,  and  the  interfemoral  membrane 
concave  behind.  S.  achradophiium  of  the  West  Indies 
is  BO  called  from  its  fondness  for  the  berries  of  Achras  sa- 
pota,  the  naseberry. 

Stenodermata  (sten-o-der'ma-ta),  ».  pi.  [NL.: 
see  Stenoderma.]  A  section  of  phyllostomine 
bats,  of  which  the  genera  Stenoderma,  Artibeus, 
and  Centurio  are  leading  forms.  It  includes 
about  20  species,  of  9  genera,  of  Neotropical 
bats.  See  cut  under  Centurio. 

stenodermatous  (sten-o-der'ma-tus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Stenodermata,  or  having  their 
charactersj  resembling  a  stenoderm. 

stenodermine  (sten-o-3er'min),  «.  and  n.     [< 
Stenoderma  +  -ine1.]     I.  a.  Having  a  contract- 
ed wing-membrane,  as  a  bat ;  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Stenodermata. 
II.  « .  A  stenodermine  bat ;  a  stenoderm . 

StenoduS  (sten'o-dus),  n.  [NL.  (Richardson, 
1836),  <  Gr.  OTev6f,  narrow,  +  odovf  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  salmonoid  fishes,  related  both  to 
Salmo  and  to  Coregonus,  having  an  elongate 
body,  projecting  lower  jaw,  and  weak  teeth. 
The  inconnu,  or  Mackenzie  river  salmon,  is  5.  maclienzii, 
attaining  a  weight  of  20  pounds  or  more,  esteemed  as  a 
food-fish.  See  cut  under  inconnu. 

Stenograph  (sten'o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  orevoe,  nar- 
row, +  ypafatv,  write.]  1.  A  character  used 
in  stenography ;  a  writing,  especially  any  note 
or  memorandum,  in  shorthand. 

I  saw  the  reporters'  room,  in  which  they  redact  their 
hasty  stenographi.  Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  265. 

2.  A  stenographic  machine;  a  form  of  type- 
writer in  which  signs  and  marks  of  various 
kinds  —  dots,  dashes,  etc. —  are  used  in  place 
of  ordinary  letters.  A  number  of  different  machines 
have  been  made,  essentially  type-writers  operated  by 
means  of  a  keyboard. 

stenograph  (sten'o-graf),  ».  i.  [<  stenograph,  n.] 
To  write  or  represent  by  stenography.  HI. 
London  Xews.  [Rare.] 

stenographer  (ste-nog'ra-fer),  n.  [<  stenogra- 
ph (j r)  +  -eri]  One  who  writes  shorthand. 

stenographic  (sten-o-graf'ik),  a.  [=  F.  steno- 
graphique;  as  stenograph-y  +  -ic.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  stenography;  shorthand.—  Steno- 
graphic machine.  Same  as  stenograph,  2. 

stenographical  (sten-o-graf 'i-kal),  «.  [<  sten- 
ographic +  -al]  Same  as  stenographic. 


adv. 


stenographically 
stenographically  (sten-o-gruf 'i-kal-i ). 

shorthand;  by  means  of  stenography. 
Stenographist  (ste-nog'ra-fist),   H.     [<  xti-niii/- 
•ru)>li-tj  +  -int.]     A 'stenographer;  a  shorthaud- 
writer. 

stenography  (ste-nog'ra-ii),  «.     [=  F.  xii'-mi- 

i/i'i/liliic,  <  Gr.  arev6f,  narrow,  close,  +  -ypafyia, 
<  •ypdfetv,  write.]  The  art  of  writing  by  mea  us 
of  brief  signs  which  represent  single  sounds, 
groups  of  sounds,  whole  words,  or  groups  of 
words;  shorthand;  brachygraphy :  a  generic 
term  embracing  all  systems  of  shorthand,  or 
brief  writing. 

The  cradle  age 

Did  throng  the  Seates,  the  Boxes,  and  the  Stage 
So  much  that  some  by  Stenography  drew 
The  plot :  put  it  in  print. 

Heyimod,  If  you  Know  not  .Me  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1. 191). 
Sure  'tis  Stetwijraphie,  everie  Character  a  word,  and  here 
and  there  one  fur  a  whole  sentence. 

Brome,  Northern  Lass,  iii.  ± 

Stenonian  duct.    See  Stenson's  <l in-/. 

stenopaic,  stenopaeic  (sten-o-pa'ik,  -pe'ik),  a. 
[<  Gr.  oTcvdf,  narrow,  +  6-?/,  an  opening,  +  -ic.] 
Having  a  small  or  narrow  opening — Stenopaic 


eurystomatous.  Also  x 
Steriotaphrum  (sten-o-tat''runi),  ».  [NL.  (Tri- 
ni\is,  IML'O).  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  alter- 
nate notches  of  the  rachis,  in  which  the  (lowers 
are  embedded ;  <  Gr.  areric,  narrow.  +  Tii<t>pof, 
a  ditch  or  trench.]  A  genus  of  grasses,  of  the 
tribe  Puniccee.  It  is  characterized  by  Bowers  with  only 
three  glumes  or  with  a  fourth  smaller  one,  the  spikelets 
acute,  borne  in  small  fascicles  sessile  or  half-immersed  in 
excavations  along  a  flattened  or  angled  rachis.  There  are 
.'{  or  4  species,  very  widely  dispersed  along  sea-shores  of 
tropical  regions,  and  most  frequeut  on  the  islands  of  the 
Indian  and  South  Pacific  Oceans.  They  are  creeping 
grasses  sending  up  short  ascending  and  often  compressed 
branches  with  spreading,  Hat,  or  convolute  leaves,  and  a 
terminal  spike  of  flowers.  _  S.  Atnerieanum,  locally  known 
as  buffalo-grass,  is  valued  as  a  means  of  covering  shifting 
sands  with  a  firm  turf,  and  has  proved  useful  as  a  fodder- 
plant,  especially  on  Ascension  Island.  See  St.  Auguttine 
irrans  (under  sainf  1),  and  cut  under  petiole. 

stenotelegraphy  (steu"o-te-leg'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
o-raxif,  narrow,  -t-  E.  telegraphy.']  A  rapid  tele- 
graphic transmission  of  words  and  sentences 
by  a  system  of  shorthand. 


5931  step 

In  stenostomatOUS  (sten-o-stom'a-tus),  er.  [NL.,<  stenton  (sten'ton),  ».  A  short  heading  at  right 
Gr.  arn-nc.  narrow,  +  oVo//n(T-)',  mouth.]  Hav-  angles  to  a  cross-cut.  [North  of  England  coal- 
ing a  small,  narrow,  or  contracted  inouth;  not  fields.] 

stentor  (rten'tor). ».  [<  L.  simim:  <  Gr.  2rti<- 
-up,  a  Greek  herald  in  the  Trojan  war,  who,  ac- 
cording in  Homer,  had  a  vniee  a>  Imid  as  that 
of  fifty  dtlicr  iiientDgcther.  ]  1.  A  person  hav- 
ing a  very  powerful  voice. 

Brutish  noises 

(r'or  gain,  lust,  honour,  in  litigious  prose), 
Are  bellow'd  out,  and  cracke  the  barljarous  voices 
Of  Turkish  slentorn. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  To  the  Reader,  1.  222. 

2.  In  mammal.:   (a)  The  ursine  howler,  My- 
i-rti-x  iD-xiiniK.  a   platyrrhine  monkey  of  South 
America;  an  alouate;  any  species  of  Mycetes. 
Sec  cut  uii. lev  linirli-r.    (b)  [cap.]  The  genus  of 
howlers:  same  as  Mycch-nl.     Geoffroy,  1812. — 

3.  In  Protozoa:  (a)  A  trumpet-animalcule,  in- 
so-called  funnel-like  polyp.    (6) 

[cap.]  The  typical  genus  of 
xtt  n  tin-ill ;e.  of  elongate,  trumpet- 
like,  or  infundibuliform  figure, 
with  rounded  peristqme.  They 
are  of  large  size,  often  brilliant  color, 
social  habits,  and  wide  distribution, 
among  the  longest-  and  best-known  of 
infusorians.  They  were  formerly  mis- 
taken for  or  classed  with  polyps.  S.  poly- 
morphuB  is  a  leading  species ;  S.  niger 
is  another.  See  also  cut  under  Infuso- 
ria. 


Slit,  a  narrow  slit  in  an  opaque  lamina,  placed  befofe  an  "7£T!^  iv  f 

eye  to  test  the  degree  of  its  astigmatism  by  determining  StenoterOUS  (ste-not  e-rus),  a.      [<  br.  arevuTf- 

the  difference  of  its  refraction  in  different  meridians.—     pof,  compar.  of  orevtif,   narrow,   strait,    close.] 

Stenopaic  spectacles,  spectacles  having  an  oval  metal     ~ 

plate  with  a  small  central  aperture. 


Becoming  more  and  more  contracted  from  the 
center  to  the  circumference,  relatively  to  the 
radii  represented — stenoterous  map-projection. 

See  projection. 


Stenopelmatus  (sten-o-pel'ma-tus),  «.     [NL. 

(Burmeister,  1838), <  Gr.  arev6( ,'narrow,  +  irehfta,  aeepro}emon 

the  sole  of  the  foot.]    A  curious  genus  of  Locus-  gtenotic  (st'e-not'ik),  a.  [<  stenosis  (-ot-)  +  -ic.~\  Stentorian  (sten-to  ri-an),  a.     [< 

as  known  in  the  western  PHrtniTiinir  to  or  of  the,  nature  of  stenosis.             stentor  +  -l-an.    Ct.  LL.  BteMore- 


Stentor  foly- 
morptiHs,  twenty 
times  natural  size. 


tides,  containing  forms 
United  States  as  sand-crickets. 


Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  stenosis. 


They  are  fierce-  StenotomUS  (ste-not '  o-mus),  w. 
looking  insects  with  large  head  and  jaws,  and  live  under 
stones  or  in  burrows  in  the  sand.    They  are  carnivorous, 
and  in  New  Mexico  are  commonly  but  erroneously  reputed          „ 

to  be  poisonous.  Several  species  are  known  in  the  western     dus,  having  the  incisor  teeth  very  narrow  and 

entire.    The  type  is  S.  argyriops,  the  common 
scup,  scuppaug,  or  porgy.    See  cut  under  scup. 
Stenotype  (sten'6-tip),  ».  [<  Gr.  orevof,  narrow, 
+  TVKOf,  type.]  An  ordinary  type-letter — capi- 
tal,  lower-case,  or  italic — used  to  denote  a 
shorthand  character  or  outline.    J.  E.  Munsoii, 
Diet,  of  Phonography,  Int. 
cttenotypic  (sten-o-tip'" 

Sand-cricket  (Stcnopclmatus  fascia  fits),  about  half  natural  size. 


IS  (ste-nofo-mus),  n.     [NL.  (Gill,     «*,  Stentorian.]     1.  Resembling  the  voice  of 
.  oWf, narrow,  +  r6m,  a  cut,  slice.]     Stentor   (see   stentor,   etymology);   extremely 
.aroid  fishes,  or  a  section  of  Diplo-    loud  or  powerful  in  sound. 


They  echo  forth  in  stentorian  clamours. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  826. 

He  had  a  stentorian  voice,  and  thundered  it  out. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (Ralph  Kettle). 

2.  Able  to  utter  a  very  loud  sound :  as,  sten- 
torian lungs. 

Stentoridse  (sten-tor'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Stentor  +  -idx.]  The  trumpet-animalcules  or 
funnel-like  infusorians,  a  family  of  heterotri- 


Stenotypic(sten-o-tip'ik),a.  [< Stenotype  +  -ic.]     funnel-like  infusorians,  a  family  ot  nete 
Of  or  pertaining  to  stenotypy;  printed  accord-    chous  Infusoria,  typified  by  the  genus  Stentor. 
ing  to  the  rules  of  stenotypy.  stentorin  (sten'to-rin),  n.     [<  Stentor  +  -»';•] 

United  States,  of  which  S.  foidalius  is  the  commonest,  stenotypy  (steu'6-ti-pi),  n.  [<  Stenotype  +  -ys.]  The  blue  pigment  or  coloring  matter  of  mfu- 
The  genus  is  also  represented  in  Mexico,  South  America,  A  meth^d  of  representing  or  describing  short-  sorians  of  the  genus  Stentor.  E.  K.  Lankester, 
and  Australia.  ^  ^Ainimr  *-\mo_  1ft73. 


Stenopetalous  (steu-o-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
amvof,  narrow,  +  Trira^ov,  a  leaf  (petal) :  see 
petal.]  In  bot.,  having  narrow  petals ;  narrow- 
petaled. 

stenophyllous  (sten-o-fil'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  orcwtyDA- 
tof,  narrow-leaved,  \  arevoc.,  narrow,  close,  + 
<f>i>'AAov,  a  leaf.]  In  bot..  having  narrow  leaves. 

Stenopsis  (ste-nop'sis),  n.  [NL.  (JohnCassin, 
1851),  <  Gr.  arevAf,  narrow,  +  oi/«f,  look,  appear- 
ance.] A  genus  of  South  American  setirostral 


hand  characters  and  outlines  by  ordinary  type-     1873. 
letters.    It  is  used  for  illustrating  phonographic  text-  stentorine  (sten'to-rm),  a.     [<  Stentor  +  -me1.} 
books  and  literature,  and  also  as  a  system  of  shorthand  for     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sten  tonax. 
typewriters.    Capital  letters  are  used  to  represent  stems;  gtentorioUSt  (sten-to'ri-us),  a.     [<  stentor  + 
smaller  lower-case  letters  stand  for  adjuncts;  and  an  in-       ;  „..,      ff    T     fttentmeits   <  Gr    ^TevrAoetoc   per- 
verted period  shows  where  a  vowel-sound  or  -sign  comes  in. 
Stenson's  duct.     1.  The  duct  of  the  parotid 
gland  (see  parotid) :  so  named  from  Nil  Sten- 


w      ] 


wp,Stentor (see  stentor),  +  ^uw/,  voice.]  Speak- 
ding  very  loud.   S.  Jiutler,  Hudibras, 


TAvar  of^urf  ult  of  ex    stent-roll  (stent'rol),  n.  The  cess-roll.  [Scotch.] 

,1$  1     1    To  stretch  -  Stenus  (ste'nus),  n.     [NL.  (Latreille,  1796),  < 

SL1'  ScftcMnal,     Or- ^f,  «--^«t.]     A  large  and  cos- 


son 
(1638-86). 

»u^.  j     ~  zv^  ^ ~  ~ -.     2.  See  ducts  or  canals  of  Stenson,  under  duct. 

goatsuckers,  of  the  family  Caprimulgidae,  con-  stent1  (stent),  v.  and  n.     An  obsolete  ordialec-     '"K  " *  "J 

tainiug  numerous  species,  as  S.  cayennensis.         tal  variant  of  stint. 
Stenorhynchinae   (sten"o-ring-ki'ne),  n.  pi.  stent2  (stent),  v.  t. 

[NL.,  <  Stenorhynchus  +'  -inx.]    A  subfamily     tend,  after  the  noun 

of  Phocidx,  or  seals,  typified  by  the  genus  Steno-    2.  To  straiten.-3.  Toconfine.     L^^^^.,.     mopolitan  genus  of  coleopterous  iisects,  typi- 

rhynchns(orOnmorhinus);  the  sterrmcks.  These     senses.]  cnl  of  the  old  familv  Stenirfa  which  is  now  m- 

Beals  exclusively  inhabit  southern  seas,  for  Monaehus,  stent2  (stent),  n.      [A  var.  of  stend,  in  def.  2  of     gl£l£       o  vtfnl, ,,ti,  t 

sometimes  considered  stenorhynchine.  does  not  belong     extent ;  see  stend,  n.,  stentf,  v.,  and  extent.]     1.  7i  „*! 

SSLJS^S^^^SotTswS^^    A  stretcher;,  a  stenter  (which  see).-  2    Ex-     S^^^ST^^X 

Ommatophom.    As  explained  uncler  sea-leopard,  the  cur-     tent;  limit;  in  some  English  mining  districts,  step  (Btep),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  stepped  or  stept, 

rent  name  is  untenable.    See  cut  under  sea-leopard.  the  limits  of  a  pitch  or  bargain.  ppr.  stepping.  [<  (a)  ME.  sttppen,  stappen,  <  AS. 

Stenorhynchine  (sten-o-ring'kin),  a.     [<  Steno-  stent3  (stent),  w.    [Sc.  also«to«t;  <  ME.  stente,     steppan,  stxppan  =  OFries.  steppa  =  MD.  stej>- 

rhynchus  +   -ine1.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the     estent,  taxation,  valuation,  <  ML.  extenta,  valua- 

Stenorhynchinse.  tion:  see  extent.]     In  Scots  law,  a  valuation  of 

Stenorhynchous  (sten-o-ring'kus),  a.     [<  Gr.     property  in  order  to  taxation ;  a  taxation ;  a  tax. 

arev6f,  narrow,  +  t>vyx°S,  snout.]     In  ornith.,  stent3  (stent),  v.  t.     [<  stenft,  n.]    In  Scots  law, 

narrow-billed ;  having  a  compressed  beak.  to  assess ;  tax  at  a  certain  rate. 

Stenorhynchus  (sten-o-ring'kus),  n.     [NL.,  <  stent  't  (stent),  n.     [ME.  stent,  stopping-place. 

Gr.  (TrewSf,  narrow,  +  p'lryx°i',  snout.]    In  zool. :    cf.  Dan.  stente,  a  stile;  ult.  <  stand,  v.]    A  stop- 

(a)  A  genus  of  crabs,  containing  the  British    ping-place. 

spider-crab,  S.  phalangium:   same  as  Macro-  stent"  (stent),  ».    [Origin obscure.]    Inmining, 

podia.     Latreille,  1819.     (b)  A  genus  of  seals.     same  as  attle*.     [Rare,  Eng.] 

A  stenter  (sten'ter),».  [<  *ten<2  + -CT-I.]  A  ma- 
chine or  apparatus  for  stretching  or  stentering 
muslins  and  other  thin  fabrics.  Also  called 
stenter-hoolc. 

Stenter  (sten'ter),  v.  t.  [<  stenter,  n.]  To  oper- 
ate upon  (thin  cotton  fabrics,  as  book-mus- 
lins, etc.)  in  a  manner  to  impart  to  them  a 
so-called  elastic  finish.  This  work  as  originally  per- 
formed by  hand  was  executed  by  holding  the  fabric  edge- 


pen,  stippen,  stappen,  D.  stappen  =  MLG.  stap- 
pen =  OHG.  stephan,  Stephen,  steffen,  stepfen, 
MHG.  stepfen,  also  OHG.  staplton,  MHG.  sta- 
phen,stayen,stapfen,  go,  step;  secondary  forms 
(in  part  from  the  noun)  of  (6)  ME.  stapen,  <  AS. 
"stapan  (not  found  in  the  inf.,  for  which  appears 
the  form  steppan  or  stxppan,  above,  which  has 
the  same  pret.  stop,  pp.  stapen)  =  OS.  stapan 
=  OFries.  stapa  =  MLG.  stapen,  go,  advance; 


See  Stenorhi/nchinx.     F.  Curier,  1826.     (c) 

name  of  other  genera,  of  birds,  reptiles,  and 

insects  respectively. 
Steno's  duct.    See  Stenson's  duct. 
stenosed  (ste-nosf),  a.      [<  stenosis  +  -ed*.] 

Characterized  by  stenosis;  morbidly  narrowed. 
Stenosis  (ste-no''sis),  w.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  arevaois, 

a  straitening,  <  orevovv,  make  narrow,  straiten, 

<  arev6(,  narrow,  strait,  close.]     The  pathologi- 
cal narrowing  of  a  passage. 

Stenostomata  (sten-o-sto'ma-ta),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  rn-fvof,  narrow,  +  ar6fia(r-),  mouth.]     A 
suborder  of  ctenophorans,  containing  the  sac 


wise  by  the  selvages,  and  pulling  it  backward  and  forward 
while  it  was  subjected  to  the  ac  ' 


.ction  of  heated  air.  The  vari- 
ous modern  machines  and  frames  now  employed  are  de- 
signed to  produce  the  same  effect  upon  the  goods  by  an  an- 

alogousmovementandtreatmentinacurrentof  heatedair. 

comb-jellies,  collec-  stenting  (sten'ting),  ».     Same  as  stenton.  =   ;  _   _ 

tively  contrasted  with  the  Eurystomata  (which  stent-master  (stenfmas'ter),  w.    A  person  ap-    distance:  as,  to  step  to  a  neighbor's  house, 
seel      Most  of  the  comb-bearers  belong  to  this     pointed  to  allocate  the  stent  or  tax  on  the  per-        He  myghte  nother  utappe  ne  stonde  tyl  he  a  staf  hadde. 
division."  sons  liable.     [Scotch.]  Pi*r*  Plmnnan  (C),  viL  40S. 


Teut.  V  gtap,  appearing  nasalized  in  stamp, 
q.  v. ;  cf .  Buss,  stopa,  footstep,  sole  of  the  foot ; 
Skt.  V  stambh,  prop,  make  firm ;  ult.  <  •/  *'"T 
stand:  seestenrf.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  move  the 
legs  and  feet  as  in  walking ;  advance  or  recede 
by  a  movement  of  the  foot  or  feet:  as,  to  step 
forward;  to  step  backward ;  to  step  up  or  down. 

Alayn,  for  Goddes  banes, 
Stepe  on  thy  feet ;  com  out,  man,  al  at  anes. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  154. 

He  pavs  you  as  surely  as  your  feet  hit  the  ground  they 
etep  on.  Stink.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4.  306. 

'Tis  done  —  he  steps  into  the  welcome  chaise. 

Cowper,  Retirement,  1.  391. 

2.  To  go ;  walk ;  march;  especially,  to  go  a  short 


step 

Pray  you,  let 's  step  in,  and  see  a  friend  of  mine. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  6. 

O,  if  you  please,  miss,  would  you  step  and  speak  to  Mr. 
JarndyceY  IHckens,  Bleak  House,  xlv. 

3.  To  advance  as  if  by  chance  or  suddenly: 
come  (in). 

By  whose  death  he 's  stepp'd 

Into  a  great  estate.  Shot.,  T.  of  A.,  ii.  2.  232. 

The  old  poets  step  in  to  the  assistance  of  the  medalist. 

Addison,  Ancient  Medals,  i. 

4.  To  walk  slowly,  gravely,  or  with  dignity. 

The  meteor  of  a  splendid  season,  she  .  .  . 
Stept  thro'  the  stately  minuet  of  those  days. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

5.  To  go  in  imagination;  advance  or  recede 
mentally :  as,  to  step  back  to  the  England  of 
Elizabeth. 

They  are  stepping  almost  three  thousand  years  backward 
into  the  remotest  antiquity.  Pope,  Iliad,  Pref. 

To  Step  aside,    (a)  To  walk  to  a  little  distance ;  retire 
for  the  occasion,    (b)  To  deviate  from  the  right  path ;  err. 

To  step  aside  is  human.  Burns,  To  the  Unco  Guid. 

To  step  awry.    See  awn/.—  To  step  out,  to  increase  the 
length  of  the  step  and  the  rapidity  of  motion. 

Jack  or  Donald  marches  away,  .  .  .  stepping  out  briskly 
to  the  tune  of  "The  Girl  I  left  behind  me." 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxx. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  set;  plant,  as  in  stepping: 
as,  step  your  foot  on  this  thwart;  he  has  never 
stepped  foot  in  the  city.  [Familiar.]  — 2.  To 
measure  by  stepping:  as,  to  step  off  the  dis- 
tance.— 3.  To  perform  by  stepping,  as  a  dance: 
as,  he  stepped  a  stately  galliard.— 4.  To  place 
or  set  (two  or  more  cutting-tools)  in  a  tool-post 
or  -rest  in  such  manner  that  they  simultane- 
ously make  successive  cuts  each  respectively 
deeper  than  the  preceding  one,  so  that  these 
cuts  present  the  appearance  of  a  series  of  ledges 
or  steps. — 5.  Naut.,  to  fix  the  foot  of  (a  mast) 
in  its  step,  as  in  readiness  for  setting  sail. 
Step  (stop),  n.  [<  ME.  steppe,  <  AS.  steepe,  a  step, 
footstep,  =  MD.  stappe,  steppe,  stap,  step,  D.  stop 
=  OHG.  stapfo,  staffu,  MHG.  G.  stapfe  ( >  It.  staf- 
fa,  a  stirrup,  >  ult.  E.  stuffier),  a  footstep,  foot- 
print; from  the  verb.]  1.  A  pace;  a  com- 
pleted movement  made  in  raising  the  foot  and 
setting  it  down  again,  as  in  walking,  running, 
or  dancing. 

I'll  .  .  .  turn  two  mincing  steps 
Into  a  manly  stride.      Sltak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  4.  67. 
An  Inadvertent  step  may  crush  the  snail. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  604. 

Hence  —  2.  In  the  plural ,  walk ;  passage ;  course 
or  direction  in  which  one  goes  by  walking. 
Conduct  my  steps  to  find  the  fatal  tree 
In  this  deep  forest.  Dryden,  Mneid,  vi.  276. 

But  not  by  thee  my  steps  shall  be, 
For  ever  and  for  ever. 

Tennyson,  A  Farewell. 

3.  A  support  for  the  foot  in  ascending  or  de- 
scending: as,  steps  cut  in  a  glacier;  a  structure 
or  an  appliance  used  to  facilitate  mounting 
from  one  level  to  another,  whether  alone  or 
as  one  of  a  series:  as,  a  stone  step  (a  block 
of  stone  having  a  horizontal  surface  for  the 
foot);  a  step  of  a  staircase  (one  of  the  gradi- 
ents composed  of  the  tread  and  riser  taken  to- 
gether) ;  the  step  of  a  ladder  (one  of  the  rungs 
or  rounds,  or  one  of  the  treads  or  foot-pieces  in 
a  step-ladder). 

The  breadth  of  every  single  step  or  stair  [should]  be  never 
less  than  one  foot.  Sir  H.  Wotton,  Reliquiaj,  p.  36. 

An  hundred  winding  steps  convey 
That  conclave  to  the  upper  day. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.  33. 

On  the  step  of  the  altar,  in  front  of  the  railing,  were 
kneeling  a  band  of  the  Fratres  Penitential 

C.  E.  Xorton,  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy,  p.  6. 
Specifically- (a)  pi.  A  step-ladder.  Also  called  pair  of 
steps  and  set  of  steps,  (b)  A  foot-piece  for  entering  or 
alighting  from  a  vehicle. 

4.  The  space  passed  over  or  measured  by  one 
movement  of  the  foot,  as  in  walking;  the  dis- 
tance between  the  feet  in  walking  when  both 
teet  are  on  the  ground ;  a  half -pace. 

If  you  move  a  step 
Beyond  this  ground  you  tread  on,  you  are  lost. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  3. 

The  gradus,  a  Roman  measure,  may  be  translated  a  step 
or  the  half  of  a  passus  or  pace.  Artmlhnot. 

5.  An  inconsiderable  space;  a  short  distance  • 
a  distance  easily  walked. 

'Tis  but  a  step,  sir,  just  at  the  street's  end. 

Cowper,  To  Joseph  Hill,  Esq 

It  is  but  a  step  from  here  to  the  Wells,  and  we  can  walk 
Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xxxv. 

6.  Gradation;  degree. 

The  Turkes  .  .  .  stndie  their  prophane  Diuinitie  and 
™£'  ."hi  wT  ™°9"«  "">'»  nine  seuerall  steps  or  degrees 
vnto  the  highest  dignitie.  Pvrchas,  Pilgrimage,  p  313 


5932 

7.  Degree  in  progress  or  advance ;  particular- 
ly, a  forward  move;  gain  or  advantage;  pro- 
motion; rise;  a  grade,  as  of  rank. 

Every  age  makes  a  step  unto  the  end  of  all  things. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  To  a  Friend. 
To  earn  a  garter  or  a  step  in  the  peerage. 

Murtinlay,  Hist.  Eng.,xxii. 

"General  Tufto  .  .  .  and  I  were  both  shot  in  the  same 

leg  at  Talavera."    "  Where  you  got  your  */<•/<,"  said  George 

[punning).  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxviii. 

The  Silver  Bill  of  1890  .  .  .  was  declared  to  be  a  long 

step  toward  the  goal  of  free  coinage  of  silver. 

New  York  Times,  Jan.  16,  1891. 

8.  Print  or  impression  of  the  foot;  footprint; 
footstep;  track. 

And  zit  apperen  the  Steppes  of  the  Asses  feet  in  3  places 
of  the  Degrees,  that  ben  of  fulle  harde  Ston. 

Mandenlle,  Travels,  p.  81. 
He  seigh  the  steppes  brode  of  a  leoun. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  829. 

9.  Gait ;  manner  of  walking ;  sound  of  the  step ; 
foot ;  footfall :  as,  to  hear  a  step  at  the  door. 

A  foot  more  light,  a  step  more  true, 

Ne'er  from  the  heath-flower  dash'd  the  dew. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  18. 

10.  A  proceeding,  or  one  of  a  series  of  proceed- 
ings; measure;  action:  as,  a  rash  step ;  to  take 
prompt  steps  to  prevent  something. 

It  is  no  vicious  blot,  murder,  or  foulness, 
.  No  unchaste  action,  or  dishonour'd  step, 
That  hath  deprived  me  of  your  grace  and  favour. 

Shot.,  Lear,  i.  1.  231. 

Beware  of  desp'rate  steps.    The  darkest  day, 
Live  till  to-morrow,  will  have  pass  d  away. 

Camper,  The  Needless  Alarm. 

1 1 .  Naut. ,  a  socket  of  wood  or  metal,  or,  in  large 
ships,  a  solid  platform  on  the  keelson,  support- 
ing the  heel  of  a  mast.— 12.   In  eurp.,  any 


Steps  in  Timber-work. 


piece  of  timber  having  the  foot  of  another  fixed 
upright  in  it— 13.  In  mack.:  (a)  The  lower 
brass  of  a  journal-box  or  pillow-block.     (6)  A 
socket  or  bearing  for  the  lower  pivot  of  a  spin- 
dle or  vertical  shaft.— 14.  In  music:  (a)  Same 
as  degree,  whether  of  the  scale  or  of  the  staff. 
(b)  The  interval  between  two  successive  de- 
grees of  the  scale,  degrees  of  the  staff,  or  keys 
of  the  keyboard.    In  the  scale,  a  whole  step  is  a  major 
second,  or  tone,  and  a  half-step  a  minor  second,  or  semi- 
tone ;  and  the  same  nomenclature  is  transferred  to  the 
staff  and  the  keyboard.    The  successive  steps  between  the 
normal  tones  of  a  scale,  whether  whole  or  half,  are  collec- 
tively called  diatonic ;  while  intervals  involving  other  tones 
are  called  chromatic.— Out  Of  step,  not  keeping  step  — 
Pair  of  Steps,  set  of  steps,  a  step-ladder,  especially  one 
for  indoor  use.— Step  by  step,    (a)  By  gradual  and  reg- 
ular process.    Locke,  Human  Understanding,  ii.  9.    (6) 
With  equal  pace ;  at  the  same  rate  of  progress.    Shak 
Tempest,  iii.  3.  78.  —  To  break  step.    See  break.— To 
keep  step,  to  walk  or  march  in  unison ;  put  the  right  and 
left  foot  forward  alternately  at  the  same  moment  with  the 
corresponding  foot  of  another  person  :  often  followed  by 
with.—  To  keep  step  to,  to  walk,  march,  or  dance  in  time 
to :  as,  to  keep  step  to  the  music.— To  take  a  step,  or  to 
take  Steps,  to  make  a  movement  in  a  certain  direction 
either  actually  or  as  beginning  any  business;  take  initia- 
tory measures ;  institute  proceedings. 
step-  (step).     [<  ME.  step-,  <  AS.  stedp-,  as  in 
steop-bearn,  stepchild  (-bairn),  stcdp-cild,  step- 
oh\\(\,stedp-fieder,  stepfather,  stedp-modor,  step- 
mother, etc.,  =  OFries.  stiap-,  stiep-  =  D.  stief- 
=  MLG.  stef-,  LG.  steef-  =  OHG.  stiuf-,  stiof-, 
MHG.  G.  stief-  =  Icel.  stjiip-  =  Sw.  stjitf-,  stijf- 
=  Dan.  stif-,  stiv-,  sted-:  prob.  lit.  'orphaned,' 
as  in  AS.  stedpcild,  stedpbearn,  stepchild,  stedp- 
sitnit,  stepson,  etc.,  which  are  prob.  the  oldest 
compounds,  the  correlative  compounds,  stedp- 
f aider,  stepfather,  etc. ,  being  formed  later, when 
the  prefix  stedp-  was  taken  appar.  in  some  such 
sense  as  'subsequent,'  'nominal,'  or  'in  law'; 
<  'stedpan,  found  only  as  in  comp.,  and  in  the 
secondary  weak  form,  in  comp.  *d-stypan,  *dste- 
pati.in  pp.  pi.  dstedpte,  dstepte,  orphaned,  = 
OHG.  sthtfan,  ar-stiufan,  bi-stiufan,  deprive  of 
parents,  orphan.]     A  prefix  used  in  composi- 
tion be f ore/a ther,  mother, son,  daughter,  brother, 
sister,  child,  etc.,  to  indicate  that  the  person 
spoken  of  is  a  connection  only  by  the  marriage 
of  a  parent. 

step-back    (step'bak),   a.       [Irreg.  <   step-  + 
back1.']     Noting  the   relationship  a  deceased 
person  bears  to  his  widow's  child  by  a  second 
marriage.     [Rare.] 
Richard  is  Henry's  step-back  father. 

The  Nation,  Aug.  23,  1888,  p  153. 


Stephanie 

stepbairn  (stop'barn),  «.  [<  ME.  steopbern,  < 
AS.  steopbearn  (=  Icel.  stjupliarn  =  Sw.  x/i,l- 
Imni  =  Dan.  .itijbarn),<.  stedp-,  step-,  +  Im'r/i. 
child:  see  */e;*-and  barn2,  Ixiirn.]  A  stepchild. 
[Obsolete  or  Scotch.] 

step-bit  (stcji'bit),  H.  A  notched  key-bit, 
step-box  (step'boks),  ».  A  box  or  casing  to 
inclose  the  base  of  an  upright  spindle  or  shaft- 
step,  to  retain  the  .shaft  in  place  and  furnish  a 
bearing,  and  to  hold  the  lubricant, 
stepbrother  (step'bruTH"er),  n.  [<  ME.  stm- 
brotlia;  gttpbrooer.  <  AS.  *stedpbrothor  (=  D. 
stiefbroeder  =  MHG.  xtirt'hrundrr,  G.  xfirfbru- 
dcr  =  Sw.  strfbroder  =  Dan.  «tij'broiter),<  stedj)-, 
step-,  +  brothoi;  brother:  sec  .-.ii'/i-  ami  brother.] 
One's  stepfather's  or  stepmother's  son  by  a 
former  marriage. 

Stepchild  (step'child),  «.  [<  ME.  stepchild,  < 
AS.  stedpcild  (=  OFries.  sti-iflciiid  =  D.  stief- 
1,'iiul  =  OHG.  stiufchint,  MHG!  stiffkiiit.  (',.  stiff- 
I.-/ ml).  <  xtfd/>-,  step-,  +  did,  child:  see  step-  and 
child.]  The  child  of  one's  husband  or  wife  by 
a  former  marriage. 

step-country  (step'kun"tri;,  ».   A  country  that 
rears  or  receives  and  protects  one  born  in  an- 
other country.     The  speaker  in  the  following 
quotation  is  an  Italian  brought  up  in  Sweden : 
Farewell,  my  father  — farewell,  my  step  country. 

Disraeli,  Contarini  Fleming,  H.  4. 
step-cover  (step'kuv"er),  w.    On  a  vehicle,  a 
lid  or  protecting  cover  over  a  step,    it  is  usually 
so  fitted  that  the  opening  of  the  door  moves  the  cover  to 
one  side  and  uncovers  the  step,  or  causes  it,  by  a  hinge  or 
other  device,  to  turn  back  out  of  the  way. 
Step-cut  (step'kut),  n.    Same  as  trap-cut  (which 
see,  under  cut). 

Stepdame  (step'dam),  n.  [Formerly  also  step- 
dam;  <  step-  +  dame.]  A  stepmother. 

Phryxus  .  .  .  with  his  sister  llelle  fled  from  their  cruell 
itepdam  Ino.  Purcha*,  Pilgrimage,  p.  841. 

Step-dance  (step'dans),  «.  A  dance  marked  by 
originality,  variety,  or  difficulty  in  the  steps; 
a  dance  in  which  the  steps  are  more  important 
than  the  figure,  as  a  hornpipe  or  a  clog-dance : 
usually  a  pas  seul. 

Orth'ris  began  rowlin'  his  eyes  an'  crackin'  his  fingers 
an  dancin'  a  step  dance  for  to  Impress  the  Headman. 

Kudyard  Kipling,  The  Taking  of  Lungtungpen. 

stepdaughter  (step'da"ter),  n.  [<  ME.  step- 
daughter, stepdoghter,  gtcpdougter,  stepdou-ter, 
<  AS.  stedpdohtor  (=  D.  stiefdochter  =  MLG. 
stefdochter  =  MHG.  stiuftochter,  G.  stieftochter 
=  Icel.  stjiipdottir  =  Sw.  styfdotter  =  Dan.  stif- 
datter),  <  stedp-,  step-,  +  d'ohtor,  daughter:  see 
step-  and  daughter.]  A  daughter  of  one's  hus- 
band or  wife  by  a  former  marriage. 

After  hir  com  the  stepdaughter  of  Cleod.ilis,  that  hight 
also  Gonnore.  Merlin  (P..  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  453. 

stepet,  a.  A  Middle  English  form  of  steep1. 
Stepfather  (step'f a'THer),  n.  [<  ME.  stepfader, 
xtepfadi/r,  corruptly  stifadre,  <  AS.  steopfirder 
(=  OFries.  stiapfeder,  stiepfader  =  D.  stiefrader 
=  MLG.  stffradere  =  OHG.  stivffater,  stioffater, 
MHG.  G. stiefvater  =  Icel.  sljupfadir  =  Sw.  styf- 
fader  =  Dan.  stiffader),  <  stedp-,  step-,  +  feeder, 
father:  see  stej>-  and  father.]  A  man  who  is 
the  husband  of  one's  mother,  but  is  not  one's 
father. 

I  schel  the  telle  altogadre, 
Beten  Ichaue  me  styadre. 

Betes  of  Hamtoun,  1.  464. 

"  He  was  delighted  at  his  mother's  marriage."  "Odd,  for 
he  knew  already  what  a  stepfather  was." 

Jean  Ingelow,  Off  the  Skelligs,  xvll. 
Step-fault  (step'falt),  ».    One  of  a  series  of 
small,  nearly  parallel  faults  by  which  strata 
have  been  dislocated  so  as  to  occupy  a  position 
resembling  a  series  of  steps  or  stairs, 
step-gage  (step'giij),  n.    A  gage,  arranged  in 
the  form  of  steps,  for  testing  and  correcting 
fixed  caliper-gages.  etc.    See  cut  under  gage%. 
Step-grate  (step'grat),  n.     See  qrate*. 
stephane  (stef'a-ne),  n.     [<  Gr.  are^nn,  the 
brim  of  a  helmet,  a  stephane  (see  def.),  crown. 
Of.  orfyorot,  a  wreath,   garland,   crown :  see 
Stephanos.]     In  Gr.  archeeol.,  a  head-dress  or 
ornament  consisting  of  a  band  or  coronet  typi- 
cally high  in  the  middle,  over  the  brow,  and 
diminishing  toward  either  side  of  the  head.   It 
is  characteristic  of  the  goddess  Hera,  though  often  repre- 
sented as  worn  by  other  goddesses,  as  well  as  by  mortals, 
and  is  frequently  ornamented  with  an  anthemion,  as  in 
the  example  figured  on  the  following  page, 
stephanial  (ste-fa'ni-al),  n.     [<  stephanion  + 
-al.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  stephanion:  as,  a 
stephanial  point. 

Stephanie  (ste-fan'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  orfyavof,  a 
wreath,  crown :  see  Stephanos.]  Same  as  steiilui- 
nial. 


Stephanie 


5933 


stercoraemia 


jmUei/.— Stepped  gable,  gage,  gearing,  ^ec  the  nouns. 
—  Stepped  pyramid,  n  form  of  pyramid  of  which  the 
faces,  instead  of  continuing  In  unu  slope  from  bane  to  apex, 


were  sometimes  of  natural  leaves,  as  of  the  olive,  laurel, 
oak,  parsley,  or  pine,  am)  sotm-tinit.'s  of  b-nvt-s  of  metal, 
as  gold,  and  their  award  was  a  very  usual  distinction 
anionc  the  <!  reeks.  Ill  this  sense  very  commonly  ex- 
pi.sscd  by  the  translators  as  'crown,'  as  In  the  famous 
oration  "On  the  Crown  "  of  Demosthenes.  (/>)  A  head- 
ornameiit  or  crown  akin  to  the  stephane,  from 
which  it  differs  in  that  it  preserves  the  satin- 
height  all  round,  instead  of  diminishing  toward 
the  sides.  See  cut  in  preceding  column. 
Stephanotis  (stef-a-uo'tis),  «.  [NL.  (Thouars, 
lM«i),  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  corona  of  five 
flattish  petaloid  bodies  or  auricles ;  <  Gr.  OT><JHI- 
cof,  a  crown,  +  oi'f  (UT-),  ear.]  1.  A  "runs  of 
asclepiadaceous  plants, of  thetrilie  Murmlmii-n . 
distinguislied  from  Miirxili-nin  by  itslarge  white 
salver-shaped  or  funnelform  corolla.  There  an- 
about  14  species,  of  which  5  are  natives  of  Madagascar,  .1 
of  the  Malay  archipelago  and  southern  China,  3  of  Cuba, 

and  1  of  Peru.     They  are  smooth  shrub],,  -twiners,  often  Stepper  (step'er),  n.  . 

high-climbing,  bearing  opposite  deep-green  fleshy  or     or  that  which  steps  (with  a  certain  gait  or  car- 


Steppe'l  Pyramid.  Sakkarah,  Egypt- 
are  formed  in  a  more  ur  Irshrvt-n  series  of  enormous  steps. 
Some  of  the  oldest  of  the  Egyptian  pyramids  present  this 
form. 

One  who 


Hera  Ludovisi,  wearing  Stephane. 

The  arch  of  the  top  of  the  cranium  Is  markedly  flat,  giv- 


lobes.  The  fruit  consists  of  two  thick  horizontal  follicles, 
with  numerous  comose  seeds.  S.  Jtoribuiida  is  a  favorite 
evergreen  greenhouse  climber,  commonly  known  by  its 
generic  name  stephanotix,  also  as  waxjltncer,  and  some- 
times, from  its  native  country,  as  Madagascar  jasmine  or 
ckaplet-Jlou-er. 

_r__ j=__      2.   [/.  <•.]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 

ing  the  Stephanie  region  a  somewhat  angular  appearance,   step-ladder  (step'lad"er),  «.     A  ladder  having 

a.  O.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  262.     flat  stepg,  or  treads,  in  place  of  rungs,  and  usu-     lectiveTy"  a" s'eries "of  step-like  bearings,  as  the 
Stephanion  (ste-fa'ni-on),  «.;  pi.  stephania(-&).     ally  provided  with  an  adjustable   supporting    bearings  for  the  spindles  of  a  spinning-frame 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  artibaviov,  dim.  of  erf&avof,  a  wreath :     frame.  or  spooling-inachine,  or  of  a  ball-winding  ma- 

see  Stephanos.]     In  craniom.,  the  point  where  Stepmother  (step'muTH"er),  «.       <  ME.jitep-    cv,ine. 


The  mare's  a  strimer,  and  Phil  King  knows  how  to  han- 
dle the  ribbons.  The  Centura,  XXXVIII.  377. 

Stepping  (step 'ing),  H.  1.  Collectively,  the 
steps  ofa  joint  in  which  the  parts  at  their  junc- 
tion form  a  series  of  reentrant  angles,  thus  re- 
sembling a  flight  of  steps,  as  in  the  fitting  of 
the  doors  to  the  front  frames  of  safes. — 2.  Col- 


the  coronal  suture  crosses  the  temporal  ridge. 
An  upper  Stephanion  and  a  lower  are  distinguished,  cor- 
responding to  the  upper  and  lower  temporal  ridges.    See 
cut  under  craniometry. 
stephanite  (stef'an-it),  «.     [Named  after  Stc- 


j>li<tn,  Archduke  of  Austria.]     A  native  sulphid     ther'.]    1.  A  woman  who  is  the  wife  of  one's 
of  silver  and  antimony,  a  mineral  of  iron-black    father,  but  is  not  one's  mother. 


of 

color  and  metallic  luster.  It  crystallizes  in  the 
orthorhombic  system,  and  Ms  often  pseudohexagonal 
through  twinning.  Also  called  Mac*  silver  or  brittle  sil- 
ver ore. 

stephanome  (stef'a-nom),  n.  [For  "stephano- 
nome,  <  Gr.  orf^ovof,  crown  (corona),  +  ve/ietv, 
take,  vo>of ,  law.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 


moilrr,  uttpiitodt/r,  <  AS.  steopmodor  (=  OFries.  stepping-point  (step'iug-point),  «.  Same  as 
stiepmoder  =  D.  ttiefmoeder  =  MLG.  stef/noder  heardiiin,  1. 

=  OHG.  stiiifmuoter,  MHG.  stiefmuoter,  G.  stiff-  gtepping-stone  (step'iug-ston),  >,.  1.  A  raised 
mutter  =  Icel.  stjupmodhir  =  Sw.  styj'moder  =  stone  in  a  stream  or  in  a  swampy  place  designed 
Dan.  stifmoder),  <  ste6p-,  step-,  +  modor,  mo-  to  save  the  feet  in  walking.— 2.  A  horse-block. 

Halliwell.      [Prov.  Eng.]  — 3.  An  aid  or  means 
by  which  an  end  may  be  accomplished  or  an 
object  gained ;  an  assistance  to  progress, 
stepsister  (step'sis'ter),  n.     [<  ME.  stepsystijr 


No,  be  assured  you  shall  not  find  me,  daughter, 
After  the  slander  of  most  stepmothers, 

Evil-eyed  unto  you.            Shak.,  Cymbeline,  1.  1.  71.  -(^' DT7«e>fW?er  =  MHG.  G:  stiefsch tester  = 

2.  A  horny  filament  shooting  up  by  the  side  of  gw.  styfsyster  =  Dan.  stifsoster);  <  step-  +  sis- 

the  nail.     Halliwell.      [Prov.   Eng.]  — 3.   The  ter.~\    One's  stepfather's  or  stepmother's  daugh- 

„<,«.„,  „„,.„.„  «.,,.j    ™,~M „     pansy.  Britten  and  Holland,  Eng.  Plant  Names,  ter  by  a  former  marriage. 

the  angular  dimensions  of  fog-bows— for  ex-     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  stepmother's  blessing,  a  hangnail,  stepson  (step'sun),  n.  [<ME.  stepsone,  stepsime. 

ample,  as  observed  at  mountain  observatories.     Halliwell [Prov  Eng.]  <  AS.  xtt6psunu  (=D.  stiefioon  =  MLG.  stefsone 

See  the  quotation.                                                    stepmotherly  (step'muTH"er-li),   a.     [<   step-  =  OHG  gtiufstln  MHG.  stiefsun,  G.  stiefsohn  = 

mother  +  -^l.j     Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a  Icel    gWJmtff*  =  Sw.  styfson  =  Dan.  stifson),  < 

This  instrument,  "a™™  ^''ij  "j,'"'"''^  "js'S'.^^  j  JJ  n,i  in     stepmother;  hence,  figuratively,  harsh  or  neg-  s(gOp.  step-,  +  sunu,  son.]    A  son  of  one's  hus- 

whic'hsHd'es  a  crostbarcarrying  certain  projections,  with     lectful:  in  allusion  to  the  behavior  popularly  ban(j  'or  wjf'e  bya  former  marriage, 

its  aid  faint  objects,  for  which  a  sextant  would  be  useless,     attributed  to  stepmothers.  step-Stone  (step'ston),  n.      Same  as  stepping- 
may  be  measured  to  withinj.  minutes.^          v,-,,.           step-parent  (step'par'ent),  n.     A  stepfather  or 

stepmother. 


Phil.  Mag.,  5th  ser.,  XXIX.  454. 


[Rare.] 


. 
Step-vein  (step'van),  n.     In  mining,  a  vein  fill- 


Stephanophorus   (stef-a-nof'o-rus),   n.     [NL.  steppe  (step),  w.    [=  F.  D.  G.  Dan.  steppe  =  Sw.  "„?  a  fissure,  consisting  altematefy  of  flats,  or 
(Strickland,  1841),  <  Gr.  oTefyavotyuptx;,  <  ortyavof,     stepp,  <  Russ.  stept,  a  waste,  heathy  steppe.]     •      • 


crown,  +  ibepeiv  =  E.  ftear1.]     1.  In  orntth.,  a    A  more  or  less  level  tract  devoid  of  trees:  a 

J  a      ,  1  ..  J»        171  .  3 


horizontal,   and  steeply  inclined  or  vertical 
parts,  resembling  in  form  a  flight  of  steps. 


monotypic  Neotropical  genus  of  tanagers,  hav-    name  given  to  certain  parts  of  European  and  _gter~'  [<  ME.  -ster,  -stre,  -estre,  -estere^<  AS. 
,   turgid,   almost  pyrrhuline  bill.     Asiatic  Russia,  of  which  the  most  characteris-      ( 


S.  leucocephalus  is  bluish-black,  wltfi^the  lesser  wing 
coverts  blue,  the  vertical  crest  crimson,  the  hindhead 


fjc  feature  is  the  absence  of  forests.    The  word 


tur" — awork  widely  circulated,  and  translated  into  all  the 
most  important  European  languages  — there  is  a  chapter 
entitled  "Steppen  und  Wusten"  (Steppes  and  Deserts). 
The  steppe  region  in  Europe  begins  on  the  borders  of  Hol- 
land and  extends  through  northern  Germany— where  such 
lands  are  called  Heiden  (heaths)— into  Russia  in  Eu- 
rope, and  beyond  the  Ural  Mountains  almost  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  for  a  distance  of  about  4,500  miles.  Although  the 
steppes  are  in  general  charactei  ized  by  the  lack  of  an 
arboreal  and  the  presence  of  a  grassy  vegetation,  and  by 
a  pretty  uniformly  level  surface,  there  are  many  breaks  in 
this  botanical  and  topographical  monotony,  in  the  form  of 
forests  extending  along  the  streanis,  large  patches  of  dense 
and  sometimes  tall  sb: 


SttphanopHonis 

silky-white,  the  forehead,  lores,  and  chin^  black, 
length  is 
Bra?"    ~ 
Arg 
2. 

Cliev, 

Stephanos  (stef'a-nos),  n. ; 
pi.  stephanoi  (-noi).  [<  Gr. 
oTf^afOf,  a  wreath,  crown, 
<  artyetv,  put  around,  en- 
circle, wreathe,  crown.  Cf. 
stemma.]  In  Gr.  arcliseol.: 
(a)  A  wreath  awarded  as 
a  prize  to  the  victor  in  a 
public  contest,  or  as  a 
token  of  honor,  especially 
in  recognition  of  some 
public  service.  Such  wreaths 


jubbery,  lakes  (both  fresh  and  sa- 

lineX  rolling  hills,  ridges,  barren  sands,  and  patches  cov- 
ered with  saline  efflorescence.  The  general  character  of 
the  region  is  pastoral,  and  the  population  (especially  of 
the  Asiatic  steppes)  nomadic :  but  all  this  has  been  to  a 

considerable  extent  interfered  with  by  the  spread  of  Rus-      n  CTO._._  __..17_._. , 

sian  civilization  and  the  domination  of  Russian  authority.   s^er      ^n  abbreviation  of  sterling2. 

Lhseerts8ofacen?rdaf  As^^nTthwSTt^heUindra're1:  Steraclet,   "•      [Early    mod.   E.,    also 
gion  of  the  extreme  north.    Humboldt,  in  the  work  named     sterakcl ;  <.  ME.  steracle;   origin 


estre,  used  fern,  of  -ere,  as  in  webbestre,  a  female 
weaver  (E.  Webster),  fithelstre,  a  female  fiddler, 
tcitegestre,  a  female  prophet,  etc. ;  =  D.  -ster,  as 
in  spinster,  a  female  spinner  (=  E.  spinster), 
etc.,  =  LL.  -ster,  as  \npoetaster  (see  -aster,  poet- 
aster, criticaster,  etc.),  also  in  oleaster;  Clndo- 
Eur.  -as-  +  -tor.]  A  termination  denoting  occu- 
pation, as  in  maltster,  gamester,  spinster,  song- 
ster, etc.  In  the  earliest  times,  and  up  to  about  the  end 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  it  was  generally  the  sign  of  the 
feminine  gender,  corresponding  to  the  masculine  -ere  or 
-er.  In  the  fourteenth  century  it  began  to  give  place  as  a 
feminine  termination  to  the  Norman  -ess,  with  which  it 
was  later  often  combined,  as  in  seamstress,  sempstress,  song- 
stress, or,  if  it  survived,  was  used  chiefly  as  masculine,  and 
took  on  new  meanings  of  contempt  or  depreciation,  as  in 
trickster,  gamester,  punster,  etc.,  or  indicated  simple  agency 
or  existence,  as  in  deemster,  doomster,  huckster,  tapster,  team- 
ster, upholster,  roadster,  .ynumjster.  etc.  Some  of  the  older 
nouns  with  this  suffix  survive  as  surnames,  as  Baxter, 
Webster,  Samjster,  Dempster,  etc. 


A 


except  as  to  places  where  Russian  is  the  dominating  lan- 
guage, stercobilin  (ster'ko-bil-in),  w. 
Some  of  the  Asiatic  Steppes  are  grassy  plains  Bothers     (stercor-),   dung,  +    bills,   bile, 


[<  L.  stercug 
+  -iw2.]     The 


ster- 

Pertaining  to, 

Humboldt,  Aspects  of  Nature  (trans.),     composed  of,  or  in  any  way  resembling  dung, 

ordure,  or  feces;  excrementitious ;  fecal. —  2. 
In  entom.,  frequenting  or  feeding  on  dung,  as 

many  beetles,  flies,  etc — stercoraceous  vomit- 
Head  'of  "HM!  o"n  silver     Supported,  a"s  a  vertical  shaft,  by  a  step,  step-     Ing,  in  pathol.,  vomiting  of  fecal  matter, 
staterof  BUS;  5*  century    lik   bearing,  or  shoe.-steppedcone.  Same  as  cone-  stercorsmia,  w.    see  stercoremta. 


Stephanos 


Steppe  murrain,  rinderpest. 

stepped  (stept),  a.    [<  step  +  -ed*.}    1.  Formed 

in  or  forming  a  step  or  a  series  of  steps. — 2. 


stercoral 

Stercoral  (ster'ko-ral),  a.  and  n.     [<  L. 
(-or-),  dung,  +  -«/.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
feces ;  stercoraceous. 
II. t  n.  Dung;  excrement. 

Stercoranism  (ster'ko-ran-izm),  w.  [<  .sv/r- 
rormi-ist  +  -(«/«.]  In  eccles.  liist.,  the  doctrine 
or  belief  of  the  Stercoranists.  Also  Stercorinii- 
•isin,  Stercorariaiiinm. 

Stercoranist  (ster'ko-ran-ist),  n.  [=  F.  sier- 
coraniste,<  ML.  Stereord'nistie,  <  L.  stercus  (-or-), 
dung.]  A  name  applied  by  opponents  to  vari- 
ous persons  in  the  church  who  were  said  to  hold 
a  grossly  materialistic  conception  of  the  Lord's 
Supper.  They  were  alleged  to  believe  that  the  Lord's 
body  was,  like  other  food  consumed,  digested  and  evacu- 
ated. The  word  was  first  used  by  Cardinal  Humbert  in 
1054.  Also  Stercorianist,  Stercorarian. 

stercorareous  (ster-ko-ra're-us),  a.  Same  as 
stercoraceous. 

Stercorarian  (ster-ko-ra'ri-an),  n.  [<  L.  ster- 
corarius,  pertaining  to  dung  (<  stercus  (-or-), 
dung),  +  -an.]  Same  as  Stercoranist. 

Stercorarianism  (ster-ko-ra'ri-an-izm),  n.  [< 
Stercorarian  +  -ism.]  Same  as  Stercoranism. 

Stercorariinae  (ster-ko-ra-ri-I'ne), n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Stercorarius  +  -inee.]  The  dung-hunters,  a 
subfamily  of  Laridee,  typified  by  the  genus  Ster- 
corarius :  same  as  Lestridinse.  See  cuts  under 
skua  and  Stercorarius. 

Stercorarius  (ster-ko-ra'ri-us),  n.  [NL.  (Bris- 
son,  1760),<  L.  Stercorarius,  pertaining  to  dung: 
see  stercorary.]  The  dung-hunters,  skuas,  or 
jagers,  a  genus  of  Laridee,  typical  of  the  sub- 
family Stercorariinse.  Also  called  Lestris.  The 
name  is  used  (a)  for  all  the  species  of  the  subfamily ;  (6) 
for  the  larger  species,  as  S.  skua,  the  smaller  being  called 
Lestris  (see  cut  under  skua) ;  (c)  for  the  smaller  species,  S. 


5934 

named,  <  xtemix  (xtn-rtir-),  excrement.]  1.  A 
genus  of  plants,  type  of  the  order  Sterculiacese 
and  of  the  tribe  Sterculiese.  It  is  characterized  by  a 
stamen-column  usually  with  fifteen  anthers  crowded  with- 
out regular  order,  n  five-celled  ovary  with  two  or  more 


stereographic 

/uifl-),  a  worm.]  The  parenchymatous  endo- 
parasitic  worms,  having  no  intestinal  canal. 
They  formed  one  of  two  main  divisions,  the  other  being 
Ccelelmintha,  into  whiuh  the  Entozna  were  divided  by 
Owen  in  1843,  corresponding  to  the  parenchymatous  intes- 
tinal worms  or  vern  int?Hii/t"  //.c  parcnchymataitx  of  Cuvier. 
They  are  such  as  the  cestoid  and  trematoid  worms,  or  tapes 
;uul  flukes. 

sterelminthic  (ster-el-min'thik),  a.  [<  Sterel- 
miiitlia  +  -if.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sterel- 
t>i  i»  lint. 

sterelminthous  (ster-el-min  'thus ),  «.  Same  as 
sterelminthic. 

Stereo-  (ster'e-6,  also,  especially  in  trade  use, 
ste're-o).  An  element  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing'solid.' 

stereo  (ster'e-6),  «.  and  a.  [Short  for  stereo- 
type.] Same  as  stereotype :  as,  a  stereo  plate ; 
stereo  apparatus. 

stereobate  (ster'e-6-bat),  n.  [=  F.  stereobate, 
<  Gr.  irrfperff,  solid, 
firm,  +  /JaroV,  verbal 
adj.  of  paivetv,  go, 
step:  see  base2.]  In 
arcli.,  the  substruc- 
ture, foundation,  or 
solid  platform  upon 
which  a  building  is 
erected.  In  columnar 


Parasitic  Jager  (Stercerarius  farasitfcus). 

pomatorhinus,  S.  parasiticus,  and  others,  the  larger  being 
called  Buphagus  or  Megalestris. 

stercorary  (ster'ko-ra-ri),  a. 'and  n.  [<  L.  Ster- 
corarius, pertaining  to  dung  (ML.  neut.  *ster- 
corarium.a,  place  for  dung),  <  stercus  (stercor-), 
dung.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  dung  or 
manure;  consisting  of  dung.  D.  G.  MitcMI, 
Wet  Days,  p.  17. 

II.  ». ;  pi.  stercoraries  (-riz).  A  place,  prop- 
erly secured  from  the  weather,  for  containing 
dung. 

stercorate  (ster'ko-rat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
stercorated,  ppr.  stercorating.  [<  L.  stercoratus, 
pp.  of  stercorare,  dung,  manure,  <  stercus  (-or-), 
dung.]  To  manure  or  dung.  Scott,  Pirate,  iv. 

stercoratet  (ster'ko-rat),  n.  [<  stercorate,  v.] 
Dung;  excrement.  Imp.  Diet. 

Stercorationt  (ster-ko-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ster- 
coratio(n-),  a  dunging  or  manuring,  <  stercorare, 
pp.  stercoratus,  dung,  manure,  <  stercus  (-or-), 
dung.]  The  act  of  manuring  with  dung.  Eve- 
lyn, To  Mr.  Wotton. 

stercoremia,  stercoraemia  (ster-ko-re'mi-a), «. 
[NL.  stercorsemia,<  L.  stercus  (-or-)',  dung,-^  G-r. 
<ztyi<z,  blood.]  Contamination  of  the  blood  from 
retained  feces. 

Stercorianism,  Stercorianist  (ster-ko'ri-an- 
izm,  -ist).  Same  as  Stercoranism,  Stercoranist. 

stercoricolous  (ster-ko-rik'6-lus),  a.  [<  L.  ster- 
cus (-or-),  dung,  +  colere,  inhabit.]  Inhabiting 
excrement;  dwelling  in  dung.  Encuc.  Brit., 
XIX.  842. 

Stercorist  (ster'ko-rist),  n.  [<  L.  stercus  (-or-), 
dung,  +  -ist.]  A  Stercoranist. 

Stercorite  (ster'ko-rit),  n.  [<  L.  stercus  (-or-), 
dung,  +  -ite2.]  A  hydrous  phosphate  of  am- 
monium and  sodium,  found  in  guano  on  the 
island  Ichaboe,  off  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 

stercoryt  (ster'ko-ri),  n.  [<  L.  stercus  (-or-), 
dung.]  Excrement;  dung.  Mir.  for  Mags., 

Sterculia  (ster-ku'li-a),  n.  [NL.  (Linnseus, 
1753),  so  called  from  the  fetid  flowers  or  fruit 
of  certain  species;  <  L.  Sterculius,  a  deity  so 


Flowering  Branch  of  Sterculia  platanifolia. 

a.  a  male  flower  ;  />,  the  same  before  anthesis ;  c,  the  stamens ; 

rf,  the  fruit. 

ovules  in  each  cell,  and  a  fruit  of  distinct  spreading  dehis- 
cent carpels.  There  are  about  85  species,  natives  of  warm 
climates,  especially  of  tropical  Asia.  They  are  most  com- 
monly large  trees,  with  simple  feather-veined  leaves,  and 
unisexual  flowers  in  dropping  panicles,  with  a  colored  bell- 
shaped  calyx,  and  a  fruit  of  five  radiating  woody  follicles 
opening  on  the  upper  edge ;  but  none  of  these  characters  is 
universal.  Their  inner  bark  is  composed  of  a  tough  fiber 
which  is  not  affected  by  moisture,  and  is  in  many  species  a 
valuable  material  for  cordage,  mats,  bags,  paper,  or  tow  for 
upholstering.  Their  seeds  are  filled  with  an  oil  which  may 
be  used  for  lamps,  and  are  slightly  acrid  but  often  edible. 
They  are  mucilaginous,  and  often  exude  an  abundance  of 
gum  resembling  gum  tragacanth,  swelling  into  a  jelly  in 
cold  water  without  dissolving.  S.  urens,  and  perhaps  other 
species,  furnish  a  share  of  the  Indian  tragacanth,  or  kuteera 
gum ;  S.  Tragacantha  of  western  Africa  yields  the  African 
or  Senegal  tragacanth.  S.  acerifolia  of  New  South  Wales,  a 
large  tree  sometimes  80  feet  high  and  8  feet  in  girth,  with 
large  lobed  leaves  and  racemes  of  showy  red  flowers,  is 
known  as  flame-tree,  and  also  as  lacebark  from  its  beautiful 
lace-like  inner  bark,  which  becomes  2  inches  thick  and  is 
valued  for  many  uses.  S.  diverstfolia,  the  Victorian  bottle- 
tree,  or  currijong,  is  a  stout  tree  with  coarser  fiber :  for 
the  similar  S.  rupestris,  see  bottle-tree,  and  for  S.  vUlosa,  see 
oadal.  S.  lurida,  the  sycamore  of  New  South  Wales,  also 
yields  a  fiber,  there  made  into  fancy  articles.  S.  quadri- 
fida,  the  calool  of  eastern  and  northern  Australia,  pro- 
duces clusters  of  brilliant  scarlet  fruits,  each  with  ten  or 
eleven  black  seeds  resembling  filberts  in  taste,  and  eaten 
as  a  substitute  for  them.  S.  Carthaginensis  (S.  Chicha), 
the  chicha  or  panama,  yields  seeds  eaten  as  nuts  in  Brazil 
and  northward ;  it  is  a  handsome  tree  with  yellowish  pur- 
ple-spotted flowers.  S.  feetida  (see  stavewood)  is  the  source 
of  some  native  remedies  in  Java.  S.  alata  has  been  called 
Buddha's  cocoanut;  S.  platanifolia  of  Japan  and  China, 
sultan's  parasol.  See  mahoe  and  cassoumba. 
2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Laporte,  1835. 

Sterculiaceae  (ster-ku-li-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Ventenat,  1799),  <  Sterculia  +  -acese.]  An 
order  of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  cohort 
Malvales,  intermediate  between  the  two  orders 
Malvaceae  and  Tiliacex,  resembling  the  former 
in  its  variety  of  habit  and  foliage  and  its  fre- 
quently monadelphous  stamens,  and  the  latter 
in  its  two-celled  anthers.  It  includes  about  730 
species,  belonging  to  49  genera,  classed  in  8  tribes,  natives 
mostly  of  the  tropics,  or  occurring  further  to  the  south 
in  Africa  and  Australia. 

sterculiaceous  (ster-ku-li-a'shius),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  plant-order  Sterculiaceee. 

Sterculiad  (ster-ku'li-ad),  n.  A  plant  of  the 
order  Sterculiacese.  Lindlcy. 

Sterculieae  (ster-ku-K'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (A.  P. 
de  Candolle,  1824),  <  Sterculia  +  -ex.]  A  tribe  of 
plants,  of  the  order  Sterculiacese.  it  is  character- 
ized by  unisexual  or  polygamous  flowers  without  petals, 
commonly  with  a  colored  calyx,  and  five  to  fifteen  anthers 
adnate  at  the  summit  of  a  long  or  short  column  of  united 
filaments,  and  either  crowded  or  arranged  in  a  definite  ae- 
ries or  a  ring.  It  includes  8  genera,  of  which  Sterculia  is 
the  type.  They  are  natives  mostly  of  tropical  Asia  and 
Africa,  extending  into  Australia  and  Java.  See  Sterculia. 

Stere1!.  A  Middle  English  form  of  steer*,  steer2, 
stirl,  stoor2. 

Store2  (star),  n.  [=  F.  stere,  <  Gr.  orepeof,  solid, 
cubic ;  prob.  <  \/  sta  as  in  lardvai,  stand.]  A 
cubic  meter :  the  French  unit  for  solid  measure, 
equal  to  35.31  cubic  feet.  The  word  stere  is  but 
little  used,  except  with  reference  to  cordwood,  cubic  meter 
being  the  expression  in  universal  use  for  the  solid  unit. 

Sterelminthat  (ster-el-min'tha),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
irreg.  <  Gr.  orepcof,  stiff,  hard,  solid,  +  e/lutvf  (j/l- 


Stereobate  of  the  Parthenon,  east  front  (illustrating  the  convex 
curvature  of  the  best  Greek  Doric  temple-foundations). 

buildings  it  includes  the  stylobate,  which  is  the  uppermost 
step  or  platform  of  the  foundation  upon  which  the  columns 
stand. 

stereobatic  (ster*e-o-bat'ik),  a.  [<  stereobate 
+  -ic.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  a  ster- 
eobate ;  of  the  character  of  a  stereobate.  En- 
eye.  Brit.,  II.  408. 

Stereoblastula  (ster'e-o-blas'tu-la),  ». ;  p\.ster- 
eoblastulee  (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arepeAf,  solid,  + 
/P-arrroc,  a  germ.]  A  solid  blastula;  a  blastula 
in  which  there  is  no  cavity.  J.  A.  Ryder. 

stereochrome  (ster'e-o-krom),  n.  [<  Gr.  CTTE- 
ncoc,  solid,  +  XP"Ca,' color.]  A  stereoehromic 
picture.  See  stereochromy. 

stereoehromic  (ster*e-o-kr6'mik),  a.  [<  stereo- 
chrom-y  +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  stereo- 
chromy; produced  by  stereochromy stereo- 
chromic  process,  the  method  of  painting  by  stereo- 
chromy. 

Stereochromy  (ster'e-6-kro-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  OTE- 
pc6f ,  solid,  +  xp<->f*a,  color.]  A  method  of  paint- 
ing in  which  water-glass  serves  as  the  connect- 
ing medium  between  the  color  and  its  substra- 
tum. 

Stereo-clumps  (ster'e-o-klumps),  n.  pi.  [<  ste- 
reo +  clump.]  Sectional  blocks  of  type-metal 
or  wood,  usually  three  fourths  of  an  inch  high, 
made  of  different  sizes  so  that  they  can  be  com- 
bined to  fit  and  uphold  any  size  of  stereotype 
plate.  When  clamps  are  added,  they  keep  the 
plate  secure  in  the  process  of  printing.  [Eng.] 

stereo-electric  (ster'e-d-f-lek'trik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
ortpeof ,  solid,  +  E.  electric.]  Noting  the  electric 
current  which  ensues  when  two  solids,  especial- 
ly two  metals,  as  bismuth  and  antimony,  are 
brought  together  at  different  temperatures. 

stereogastrula  (ster'e-o-gas'tro-la),  n. ;  pi.  ster- 
eogastrulss  (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oTt'pe6c,  solid,  + 
NL.  gcxtmla,  q.  v.]  A  solid  gastrula;  a  form 
of  gastrula  in  which  no  cleavage-cavity  is  de- 
veloped. J.  A.  Ryder. 

Stereognathus  (ster-e-og'na-thus),  n.  [NL. 
(Charlesworth,  1854),  {  Gr.  arepc6(,  solid,  +  yva- 
6of,  jaw.]  A  genus  of  fossil  mammals  of  prob- 
lematical character  from  the  Lower  Oolite  of 
Oxfordshire,  England,  later  identified  with  Mi- 
crolestes.  The  original  fossil  was  named  S. 
oiiliticus. 

Stereogram  (ster'e-o-gram),  «.  [<  Gr.  crre/woc, 
solid,  +  -j-pdufia,  a  'writing,  <  -ypa^eiv,  write :  see 
gram2.']  A  diagram  or  picture  which  repre- 
sents objects  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  the  im- 
pression of  relief  or  solidity;  specifically,  a 
double  photographic  picture  or  a  pair  of  pic- 
tures mounted  together  for  the  stereoscope ;  a 
stereoscopic  picture. 

stereograph  (ster'e-o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  arcpe6f, 
solid,  +  ypdfaiv,  write.]  Same  as  Stereogram. 

stereographic  (ster"e-o-graf'ik),  «..  [=  F.  ste- 
reograpliique ;  as  stereograph-ij  +  -ic.]  Show- 
ing the  whole  of  a  sphere  on  the  whole  of  an 


stereographic 

infinite  plane,  while  preserving  the  angles  — 
Stereograpnic  map-projection.    See  projection 

stereographical  (ster"e-o-graf  i-kal),  a.  [<  stcr- 
eographic  +  -«/.]  Same  as  stereograph ic 

stereographically  (ster"e-o-graf'i-kal-i),  <„/,•. 
In  a  stwreographfe  manner;  by  delineation  oii 
a  plane. 

Stereography  (ster-e-og'ra-fi),  ».  [=  F.  stereo- 
grapMe,  <  Gr.  arrpeAe,  solid,  +  -ypa^ia,  <  yp&Qtiv, 
write.]  The  art  of  delineating  the  forms  of 
solid  bodies  on  a  plane;  a  branch  of  solid  ge- 
ometry which  demonstrates  the  properties  and 
shows  the  construction  of  all  solids  which  are 
regularly  defined. 

Stereole'pis  (ster-e-ol'e-pis),  M.  [NL.  (Ayres 
1859),  <  Gr.  orepeoV,  solid,  -f  fairif,  a  scale.]  1. 
A  genus  of  serranoid  fishes  of  enormous  size  iii 
comparison  with  related  forms,  s.  gigas,  the  jew- 
flsh  or  black  sea-bass  of  the  California!!  coast,  reaches  a 


Jew-fish  {Stereolepis gtgas). 


length  of  5  feet.    It  is  brownish-  or  greenish-black  with 
large  black  blotches,  most  evident  in  the  young. 
2.   [7.  c.]  A  fish  of  this  genus. 

Stereome  (ster'e-6m),  n.  [<  Gr.  arepcu/ja,  a  solid 
body,  <  crepes,  solid.]  In  bot.,  a  name  pro- 
posed by  Schwendener  for  those  elements 
which  impart  strength  to  a  fibrovascular  bun- 
dle. Compare  mcstome. 

Stereometer  (ster-e-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  arepeui:, 
solid,  +  nfrpov,  a  measure.]  1.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  solid  capacity  of  a  ves- 
sel.—2.  An  instrument  for  determining  the 
specific  gravity  of  liquids,  porous  bodies,  etc. 

stereometric  (ster"e-o-met'rik),  a.  [<  stere- 
ometr-y  +  -/<•.]  Pertaining  to  or  performed 
by  stereometry. -stereometric  function.  See/unc- 

tion. 

Stereometrical  (ster*e-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  [< 
stereometric  +  -al.]  Same  as  stereometric. 
StereometricallyCster'e-o-met'ri-kal-i),  a.  By 
or  with  reference  to  stereometry. 
Stereometry  (ster-e-om'e-tri),  n.  [=  F.  stere- 
ometric, <  Gr.  arepeof,  solid,  cubic,  +  -^erpia,  < 
ftirpov,  measure.]  1.  The  art  of  measuring 
volumes. — 2.  The  metrical  geometry  of  solids. 
— 3.  The  art  or  process  of  determining  the  spe- 
cific gravity  of  liquids,  porous  bodies,  powders, 
etc. 

Stereo-mold  (ster'e-6-mold),  «.  [<  stereo  + 
mold3.]  A  mold  used  in  stereotyping, 
stereomonoscope  (ster'e-o-mon'o-skop),  n.  [< 
Gr.  arepetf,  solid,  +  /Itvof,  single,  alone,  + 
aKoxeiv,  view.]  An  instrument  with  two  lenses 
for  exhibiting  on  a  screen  of  ground  glass  a 
single  picture  so  as  to  give  it  all  the  effect  of 
solidity. 

Stereoneural(ster"e-o-nu'ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  arepe6f, 
solid,  +  vevpov,  a  nerve.]  Having  the  nervous 
center,  if  any,  solid. 

stereoplasm  (ster'e-o-plazm),  n.  [<  NL.  stereo- 
plasma,  <  Gr.  arepcfa  solid,  +  w'Xaafta,  anything 
molded  or  formed:  see  plasm.'}  1.  In  corals,  a 
delicate  endothecal  structure  occupying  differ- 
ent positions  in  the  oorallite,  often  forming  ver- 
tical processes  in  the  interseptal  loculi  or  encir- 
cling septa,  or  acting  as  true  endotheca.  This  sub- 
stance, which  connects  septa  (environing  their  free  edges 
in  some  paleozoic  corals),  stretches  across  interseptal  lo- 
culi irregularly,  and  sometimes  fills  up  the  lower  part  of 
the  inside  of  the  corallum,  constituting  a  solid  mass  there. 
It  is  to  be  distinguished  from  the  true  endotheca. 
2.  In  bot.,  same  as  stereoplasma. 
Stereoplasma  (ster'e-o-plas'ma),  M.  [NL.:  see 
stereoplasm.]  1.  Same  &s  stereoplasm,  \.  Lind- 
stro'ni. — 2.  In  bot.,  a  term  proposed  byNaegeli 
for  the  solid  part  of  protoplasm.  Compare  hy- 
groplasma. 

Stereoplasmie  (ster*e-o-plaz'mik),  a.  [< stereo- 
plasm  +  -ic.]  Of  ttie  'nature  of  or  formed  by 
stereoplasm ;  consisting  of  that  substance. 
Stereopticon  (ster-e-op'ti-kon),  n.  [<  Gr.  orc- 
peoY,  solid,  +  oTTTocof,  pertaining  to  seeing  or 
sight :  see  optic.]  An  improved  form  of  magic 
lantern,  consisting  essentially  of  two  complete 
lanterns  matched  and  connected.  The  object  of 
the  reduplication  is  to  permit  the  pictures  shown  to  pass 
from  one  to  the  next  by  a  sort  of  dissolving  effect  which 
is  secured  by  alternate  use  of  the  two  lenses,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  avoid  the  delay  or  the  unpleasant  sliding  of 
the  pictures  across  the  fleld  in  view  of  the  audience,  but 
imperfectly  avoidable  when  the  simple  magic  lantern  is 
used.  The  two  lanterns  may  be  either  superposed  or 


Double-tier  Stereopticon. 

r'r-'-A \.tu^.5'Ico';t?ltai'iK  objectives:  B.  B',  covers  for  condensers; 
<-,  C  .  collapsible-bellows  fronts  of  the  lanterns,  which  are  mounted  one 
above  the  other  and  hinged  together  at  the  rear  standards  (as  shown 
at  D)  to  provide  for  the  elevation  or  depression  necessary  lo  brine  ihe 
views  on  the  screen  into  exact  superposition  :  E.  E'.  lime  light  bS»es 
one  of  the  lime.cyhnders  F  and  oxyhydrogen  Jets  G  being  shown  in 
the  upper  box.  a  part  of  which  is  removed;  11,  oxyeen'ioWer'  I 
hydrogenjiolderl  J.  J'.  flexible  tubes  for  separately  conveying  these 
gases  to  the  burners  and  mixing  them  only  as  they  are  nee.fed  to  sup 
ply  light .  L.  set-screw  for  elevation  or  depression  ;  M,  milled  heads 
ol  shaft  operating  gear  for  extending  or  shortening  the  lens  tubes  A 
A  in  adjustment  of  the  focus ;  N,  openings  for  insertion  of  slides,  with 
inclined  bottoms  for  insuring  exact  position. 

placed  side  by  side.  Some  forms  of  Stereopticon  are 
made  with  three  lanterns.  See  triplexicon. 
Stereoscope (ster'e-o-skop),  n.  [=  F.  stereoscope, 
<  Gr.  arepeoV,  solid,  +  onoim'tv,  view.]  An  optical 
instrument  illustrating  the  phenomena  of  binoc- 
ular vision,andservingtoproducefromtwonear- 
ly  similar  pictures  of  an  object  the  effect  of  a  sin- 
gle picture  with  the  appearance  of  relief  and  so- 
lidity belonging  to  ordinary  vision,  itdepends  upon 
the  fact  that  in  ordinary  vision,  while  the  respective  images 
of  an  object  formed  upon  the  retinas  of  the  two  eyes  clitf  er 
slightly  because  of  the  divergence  of  the  rays  from  each 
point  of  the  object,  yet  the  effect  upon  the  brain  is  that  of 
a  single  object  seen  in  perspective  relief  which  the  monoc- 
ular image  lacks.  The  slide  of  the  stereoscope  shows 
two  pictures  side  by  side  taken  under  a  small  difference  of 
angular  view,  each  eye  looking  upon  one  picture  only; 
thus,  as  in  ordinary  vision,  two  images  are  conveyed  to  the 
brain  which  unite  into  one,  exhibiting  the  objects  repre- 
sented under  a  high  degree  of  relief.  A  reflecting  form 
of  stereoscope  was  invented  by  Sir  Charles  Wheatstone  in 
1838.  Subsequently  Sir  David  Brewster  invented  the  len- 
ticular or  refracting  stereoscope,  based  on  the  refractive 
properties  of  semi-double-convex  lenses.  This  is  the  one 
now  in  general  use.  There  are  many  forms  of  it,  one  of 
which  is  shown  in  the  figure.  The  action  is  illustrated  by 


stereotyper 
stereotomic  (sin-  c-o-tom'ik),  «.     [<  riwwf. 

om-tj  +  -ic.}  Pertaining  to  or  pcrl'ormi'd  by 
stereotomy. 

stereotomical  (sti-r'e-o-tom'i-kal),  a.  [<*•/<  /•/  0- 
limiic  +  -al.]  Same'as  stereotniiiir. 

stereotomy  (ster-e-ot'o-mi),  H.  [==  K.  stereoto- 
mie,  <  Gr.  crepe  of,  'solid,  +  -rofiia,  <  re/wen;  -<:- 
Itelv,  cut.]  The  science  or  art  of  cutting  solids 
into  certain  figures  or  sections. 

Stereotrope  isti-r'n-o-trop),  «.  [<  Gr.  arepc6f, 
solid,  +  rpmri/,  a  turning,  <  Tprmtv,  turn.]  An 
instrument  by  which  an  object  is  perceived  as 
if  in  motion  and  with  an  appearance  of  solidit  y 
orrelicf  as  in  nature.  It  consistsof  aserlesof  stereo- 
scopic pictures,  generally  eight,  of  an  object  in  the  suc- 
cessive positions  it  assumes  in  completing  any  motion, 
affixed  to  an  octagonal  drum  revolving  nmU-i  an  ordinary 
lenticular  stereoscope,  and  viewed  through  a  solid  cylin- 
der pierced  in  its  entire  length  by  two  apertures,  which 
makes  four  revolutions  for  one  of  the  picture-drum.  The 
observer  thus  sees  the  object  constantly  in  one  place,  but 
with  its  parts  apparently  in  motion  and  in  solid  and  natu- 
ral relief. 

stereotype  (ster'e-o-tlp),  •«.  and  a.  [=  F. 
stereotype,  <  Gr.  <rrcpc6(,  fixed,  +  Tvirof,  impres- 
sion, type:  see  type.]  I.  «.  1.  The  duplicate, 
m  one  piece  of  type-metal,  of  the  face  of  a 
collection  of  types  composed  forprinting.  Three 
processes  are  used,  (a)  The  plaster  process,  in  which 
a  mold  taken  from  the  composed  types  in  fluid  plaster 
of  Paris  Is  baked  until  dry,  and  is  then  submerged  in 
melted  type-metal.  The  cast  taken  In  this  mold,  when 
cooled,  is  shaved  to  proper  thickness,  making  the  stereo- 
type  plate.  (6)  The  clay  process,  in  which  the  mold 
taken  by  a  press  on  a  prepared  surface  of  stiff  clay,  is 


Stereoscope. 


the  diagram  beneath.  The  light-rays  from  corresponding 
points  of  the  two  pictures  P  and  P'  are  refracted  in  pass- 
ing through  the  lenses  L,  L',  and  their  directions  changed 
so  that  they  now  seem  to  the  eyes  E,  E'  to  diverge  from  a 
common  point  A  beyond  the  plane  of  the  card.  By  spe- 
cial effort  a  skilled  observer  can  combine  stereoscopic 
pictures  into  one  without  the  use  of  the  instrument, 
each  eye  being  directed  to  one  picture  only  and  (to  pro- 
duce the  normal  stereoscopic  effect)  the  one  on  its  own 
side ;  the  process  may  be  facilitated  by  interposing  a  card 
screen  between  the  pictures  so  that,  for  example  the  left 
picture  is  entirely  cut  off  from  the  right  eye,  etc.  If  the 
eyes  are  crossed  so  that  the  right  eye  sees  the  left  picture 
and  the  left  eye  the  right  only,  and  the  images  combined 
by  special  effort,  the  usual  stereoscopic  effect  is  reversed  — 
a  convex  surface  becomes  concave,  etc.  A  similar  pseudo- 
scopic  result  is  obtained  with  the  ordinary  stereoscope  if 
the  positions  of  the  two  pictures  are  exchanged. 

Stereoscopic  (ster"e-o-skop'ik),  a.  [=  F.  stereo- 
scopique;  as  stereoscope  +  -ic.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling  the  stereoscope ;  adapted  to 
the  stereoscope ;  having  the  form  in  relief,  or 
proper  perspective,  as  of  an  object  seen  in 
the  stereoscope :  as,  stereoscopic  pictures ;  ster- 
eoscopic views—  stereoscopic  camera,  diagrams, 
projection.  See  the  nouns. 

stereoscopical  (ster'e-o-skop'i-kal),  n.  [<  stere- 
oscopic +  -al.]  Same  as  stereoscopic. 

stereoscopically  (ster"e-o-skop'i-kal-i),  mil-. 
By  or  as  by  a  stereoscope. 

stereoscopist  (ster'e-o-sko-pist),  «.  [<  stereo- 
scope +  -ist.  ]  One  versed  in  the  use  or  manu- 
facture of  stereoscopes. 

stereoscopy  (ster'e-o-sko-pi),  n.  [=  F.  stereo- 
scopic, <  Gr.  arepe6f,  solid,  +  -O-KOTTMJ,  <  amireiv, 
view.]  The  use  or  construction  of  stereo- 
scopes. 


A  Stereotype  Founding  Apparatus.    B,  Stereot 
Mold,    a,  furnace  by  which  the  water-jacketed  mold  />  is  uniformly 


,       reotype  Plates  from  the 

,  a,  urnace  by  which  the  water-jacketed  mold  />  is  uniformly 
heated.  The  mold  is  supported  on  the  frame  d  and  on  the  rollers  /• 
the  parts  of  the  mold  are  held  together  by  a  claiupiner-screw  c  • 
the  water  is  supplied  to  the  water-jacket  through  the  funnel  f.  In 
pouring  the  metal,  the  mold  is  placed  in  position  shown  in  dotted 
outline. 

baked  until  dry,  and  filled  by  pouring  into  it  fluid  metal 
(c)  The  papier-mache'  process,  in  which  the  mold  is 
made  by  covering  the  type  with  a  preparation  of  paper- 
pulp  and  clay,  which  is  beaten  into  the  interstices  of  the 
type-surface  by  a  stiff  brush.  This  mold  when  baked  by 
steam-heat  is  put  in  a  casting-box,  which  is  filled  with 
melted  metal.  This  is  the  rudest  but  quickest  process. 
Stereotypes  for  daily  newspapers  are  usually  made  in  fif- 
teen minutes.  For  newspaper-work  the  plates  for  rotary 

Sresses  are  molded  and  cast  with  a  curved  surface  that 
ts  them  to  the  impression-cylinder.  The  practice  of  ster- 
eotyping is  now  confined  to  newspapers  and  the  cheaper 
forms  of  printed  work.  Plates  of  books,  woodcuts,  and  the 
finer  forms  of  printing  are  now  made  by  the  electrotype  pro- 
cess. (See  electrotype.)  Stereotype  plates  were  first  made, 
but  imperfectly,  by  William  Oed,  at  Edinburgh,  in  1726. 
The  plaster  process,  which  was  the  first  to  become  popu- 
lar, was  invented  by  Wildon  and  Lord  Stanhope  in  1810. 
2.  Loosely,  an  electrotype.—  3.  The  art  of 
making  plates  of  fixed  metallic  types  ;  the  pro- 
cess of  producing  printed  work  by  means  of 
such  plates. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  stereotype,  or  ster- 
eotyping, or  stereotype  printing:  as,  stereotype 
work  ;  stereotype  plates. 

stereotype  (ster'e-o-tip),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
stereotyped,  ppr.  stereotyping.  [<  stereotype,  n.] 
1.  To  cast  a  stereotype  plate  from  :  as,  to  stereo- 
type a  page  or  a  form.—  2.  To  prepare  for  print- 
ing by  means  of  stereotype  plates  :  as,  to  stereo- 
type the  New  Testament.—  3.  To  fix  or  estab- 
lish firmly  or  unchangeably. 
If  men  cannot  yet  entirely  obey  the  law,  .  .  .  it  does  not 


,  .  .  . 

follow  that  we  ought  therefore  to  stereotype  their  incompe- 
tcncy,  by  specifying  how  much  is  possible  to  them  and  how 
much  is  not.  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  608. 

stereotype-block  (ster'e-o-tip-blok),  «.  A 
block  of  iron  or  of  hard  wood,  bound  with  brass, 
about  three  fourths  of  an  inch  high,  on  which 
a  stereotype  plate  is  fixed  for  use. 

stereotyped  (ster'e-o-tipt),  p.  a.  1.  Made  or 
printed  from  stereotype  plates.—  2.  Formed  in 
an  unchangeable  manner  ;  fixed;  set:  as,  ster- 
eotyped opinions. 

The  entablatures  show  considerable  progress,  but  the 
capitals  were  so  stereotyped  that  it  is  evident,  if  any  Greek 
or  Roman  artists  had  designed  capitals  in  Oandhara  dur- 
ing the  period  just  alluded  to,  we  could  predicate  exactly 
what  they  would  have  been. 

J.  Fergusson,  Hist.  Indian  Arch.,  p.  178. 

stereotype-metal  (ster's-o-tip-met''!),!),  «.  An 
alloy  for  stereotype  plates;  type-metal. 

Stereotyper  (ster'e-o-tl-per),  n.  [<  stereotype 
+  -er1?]  One  who  stereotypes,  or  who  makes 
stereotype  plates. 


stereotypery 

stereotypery(ster'e-o-ti'pev-i),  ».  [(stereotype 
+  -ery.]  1 .  The  art  or  work  of  making  stereo- 
type plates. — 2.  P\.»tereotyperies(-iz).  A  place 
where  stereotype  plates  are  made ;  a  stereo- 
type foundry. 

stereotypic  (ster"e-o-tip'ik),  11.  [<  xtereoty/tf 
+  -ic.]  Of  or  relating  to  stereotype  or  stereo- 
type plates. 

Stereotyping  (ster'e-o-ti-pin«).  ii.  The  art, 
act,  or  process  of  making  stereotypes — Paper 
process  of  stereotyping.  See  paper. 
stereotypist  (ster'e-o-ti-pist),  11.  [<  utrri-ii- 
type  +  -ist.]  One  who  makes  stereotype  plates; 
a  stereotype!'. 

stereotyp'ographer  (ster'e-o-ti-pog'ra-fer),  «. 
[<  stereiiti/iM>griiph-y  +  wci.]  A  stereotype- 
printer. 

stereotypography  (ster"e-o-ti-pog'ra-fi).  ». 
[<  Gr.  orcpe6(,  fixed,  +  E.  tyjtograjihy.]  The 
art  or  practice  of  printing  from  stereotype. 
fn/p.  Tlii-t. 

Stereotypy  (ster'e-6-ti-pi),  H.  [=  F.  sterMupie  : 
as  stereotype  +  -#*.]  The  art  or  business  of 
making  stereotype  plates. 

Sterhydraulic  (ster-hi-dra'lik),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
oTepeof,  solid,  +  E.  hydraulic.]  Pertaining  to 
or  having  an  action  resembling  that  of  a  Ster- 
hydraulic press.  See  the  phrase.— Sterhydraulic 
press,  a  peculiar  form  of  hydraulic  press  in  which  pressure 
is  generated  in  a  hydraulic  cylinder  by  the  displacement 
of  a  part  of  the  contained  liquid  through  the  entrance  into 
its  mass  of  a  rod  working  through  a  stuffing-box,  a  screw 
working  in  a  packed  nut,  or  in  some  cases  a  rope  wound 
upon  a  barrel  in  the  inclosure  and  pulled  into  it  through 
a  packed  hole,  the  shaft  of  the  winding-barrel  or  -drum 
also  extending  through  a  stuffing-box  in  the  side  of  the 
cylinder,  and  fitted  on  the  exterior  with  a  winch  or  a 
driving-wheel.  Of  these  forms  that  using  a  screw  is  the 
simplest  and  best. 

8terigma(ste-rig'ma),«.;  pl.steriginata  (-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  arr/piyua,  a  prop,  support,  <  OTtplfetv, 
prop.]  In  bot.,  a  stalk  or  support  of  some  kind: 
a  term  of  varying  application,  (a)  Same  as  basiit- 
turn,  (b)  The  stalk-like  branch  of  a  basidium  which  bears 
a  spore,  (c)  The  footstalk  of  a  spore,  especially  of  a  spore 
of  minute  size,  (d)  The  cell  from  which  a  spermatium  is 
cut  off.  (ct)  A  ridge  or  foliaceous  appendage  proceeding 
down  the  stem  below  the  attachment  of  a  decurrent  leaf. 
Sterigmatic  (ster-ig-mat'ik),  rt.  [<  sterigma(t-) 
+  -ic.~\  In  bot.,  resembling,  belonging  to,  or  of 
the  nature  of  a  sterigma. 
sterilt,  a.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  sterile. 
Sterile  (ster'il),  rt.  [Formerly  also  steril;  <  F. 
sterile  =  St>.  Pg.  esteril  =  It.  sterile,  <  L.  steri- 
lis,  unfruitful,  barren ;  cf.  Gr.eTepeuf,  stiff,  hard, 
solid,  arfpujw;,  hard,  unfruitful,  barren.]  1. 
Unfruitful;  unproductive;  not  fertile. 

Indeed  it  goes  so  heavily  with  my  disposition  that  this 
goodly  frame,  the  earth,  seems  to  me  a  sterile  promon- 
tory. Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  310. 

It  is  certaine  that  in  sterile  years  corne  sowne  will 
growe  to  an  other  kinde.  Bacon,  Nat  Hist.,  §  525. 

2.  Barren ;  not  reproducing  its  kind. 

She  is  grown  sterile  and  barren,  and  her  births  of  ani- 
mals are  now  very  inconsiderable. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Antidote  against  Atheism. 

3.  In  bot.,  of  a  flower,  producing  only  stamens 
— that  is,  statninate  or  male  (compare  neutral); 
of  a  stamen,  having  no  anther,  or  a  functionless 
one ;  of  an  anther,  without  pollen ;  of  an  ovary, 
without  perfect  seeds;  of  a  seed,  without  an  em- 
bryo ;  of  a  frond,  without  sori.    See  cuts  under 
Onoclea,Ophioglos8um,sassafras,  a,n<H  smoke-tree. 
—  4.  Free  from  living  germs. 

I  at  first  suspected  that  the  biologically  sterile  tube 
might  not  be  chemically  clean.  Medical  News,  XLIX.  400. 

5.  Leading  to  no  results ;  fruitless;  profitless; 
useless. 

I  will  endeavour  that  the  favour  conferred  on  me  rest 
not  sterile.  Abbi  Mann,  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  431. 

6.  Lacking  richness  of  thought  or  expression ; 
bald ;  bare :  as,  a  sterile  style ;  sterile  verse. — 
Sterile  wood  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  Coprosma  fcetidis- 
siina,  of  the  Rubiacete,  found  'in  New  Zealand,    it  is  ex- 
tremely fetid  when  drying,  though  inodorous  when  alive 
and  growing. 

sterilisation,  sterilise,  etc.  See  sterilization, 
etc. 

Sterility  (ste-ril'i-ti),  M.  [<  F.  sterilite  =  Sp. 
esterilidad  =  Pg.  esterilidade  =  It.  sierilita,  < 
L.  sterilila(t-)s,  unfruitfulness,  barrenness,  < 
stcrilis,  barren,  sterile:  see  sterile."]  The  state 
or  character  of  being  sterile,  (a)  Lack  of  fertility ; 
unproductiveness  ;  unfruitfulness,  as  of  land,  labor,  etc. 

For  the  Soil  of  Spain,  the  Fruitfulness  of  their  Vallies 
recompences  the  Sterility  of  their  Hills. 

HmceU,  Letters,  I.  iii.  32. 

(b)  Lack  of  fecundity;  barrenness:  said  of  animals  or 
plants. 

Suspend  thy  purpose,  if  thou  didst  intend 
To  make  this  creature  fruitful ! 
Into  her  womb  convey  sterility! 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4.  300. 


5936 

(c)  Fruitlessness ;  profltlessness. 

The  trueness  of  this  formula  is  only  equalled  by  its  ste- 
rility for  psychological  purposes. 

W.  James,  I'rin.  of  Psychol.,  I.  651. 

(d)  Deficiency  in  ideas,  sentiments,  or  expression  ;  lack  of 
richness  or  luxuriance,  as  in  literary  style  ;  poverty;  bald- 
ness; meagerness. 

He  had  more  frequent  occasion  for  repetition  than  any 
poet ;  yet  one  cannot  ascribe  this  to  any  sterility  of  ex- 
pression, but  to  the  genius  of  his  times,  which  delighted 
in  these  reiterated  verses.  Pope,  Essay  on  Homer. . 

Sterilization  (ster"il-i-za'shon),  H.  [<  stci'ili,:/ 
+  -ation."]  The  act  or  operation  of  making  ster- 
ile; specifically,  the  process  of  freeing  from 
living  germs.  Also  spelled  stfrili.iation. 

Sterilization  of  cow's  milk  must  and  will  be  a  most  valua- 
ble preventive  of  summer  diarrhea. 

M.ilical  Sews,  LIU.  12. 

sterilize  (ster'il-iz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  xti-ril- 
i~i'il,  ppr.  stcriliziHij.  [=  F.  steriliser  =  Sp.  Pg. 
esterilizar;  as  sterile  +  -icp.]  To  render  sterile 
or  unproductive  in  any  way;  specifically,  in 
bacteriology,  to  render  free  from  living  germs,  .-i  s 
by  heating  or  otherwise.  Also  spelled  sterilim . 

No,  no  —  such  wars  do  thou,  Ambition,  wage  ! 
60  sterilize  the  fertile  with  thy  rage ! 
Whole  nations  to  depopulate  is  thine. 

Savage,  Public  Spirit. 

Prof.  Tyndall  found  that  he  could  not  sterilize  an  infu 
sion  of  old  hay  .  .  .  without  boiling  it  continuously  for 
several  hours.  IF.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  SOU. 

sterilizer  (ster'il-i-zer),  H.     [<  sterilize  +  -cri.] 
One  who  or  that  which  sterilizes ;  especially, 
any  apparatus  for  rendering  substances  free 
from  living  germs,  as  by  means  of  heat.     Also  m 
spelled  steriliser. 

sterkt.     An  old  spelling  of  stark1,  stirk. 

Sterlet  (ster'let),  ».  [<  F.  sterlet  =  Dan.  sir ,1,1 
=  Sw.  sterlett,  <  G.  sterlet,  (.  Russ.  sterlyadi,  a 
sterlet.]  A  species  of  sturgeon,  Acipenser 
ruthemiu.  It  is  of  small  size  and  slender  form,  with  a 
long  sharp  snout  and  fringed  barbels,  and  from  sixty  to 
seventy  lateral  shields.  It  rarely  reaches  a  length  of  two 


feet,  and  is  generally  not  more  than  a  foot  long.  It  In- 
habits the  Black  Sea,  Sea  of  Azof,  Caspian  Sea,  and  the 
rivers  of  Asiatic  Russia,  as  well  as  certain  rivers  of  Sibe- 
ria. It  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  flavor,  and  its  roe  makes 
a  superior 'caviar.  Compare  also  cuts  under  Acipenter. 

Sterletus  (ster'le-tus),  H.  [NL.  (Rafinesque, 
1820),  <  F.  sterlet,  <  Russ.  sterlyadi,  sterlet :  see 
sterlet."]  A  genus  of  sturgeons,  the  type  of 
which  is  the  sterlet,  having  the  spines  of  the 
dorsal  shield  posterior,  no  stellate  plates,  and 
the  lip  emarginate. 

sterling^,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  starling*. 

Sterling2  (ster'ling),  w.  and  a.  [<  ME.  ster- 
ling, sterlinge,  sterlynge,  starling,  the  coin  so 
called;  cf.  D.  sterling  =  Sw.  Dan.  sterling,  ster- 
ling (as  in  mod.  E.  use),  =  Icel.  sterlingr,  a  ster- 
ling (the  English  coin  so  called),  =  MHG.  ster- 
linc,  stesrlinc  (-ling),  a  coin  so  called,  G.  sterling 
(as  in  mod.  E.  use) ;  =  OF.  esterlin,  a  sterling 
(the  English  coin  so  called),  sterlin,  esterlin,  es- 
tellin,  estelin,  a  weight  of  twenty-eight  grains  (of 
gold),  the  twentieth  part  of  an  ounce,  =  Sp.  Pg. 
esterlino,  in  libra  esterlina,  a  pound  sterling,  = 
It.  sterlino,  in  lira  sterlina,  a  pound  sterling, 
also  as  a  noun,  sterlino,  sterling  coin,  standard 
rate  (of  coin) ;  ML.  sterlingus,  sterlingum,  ster- 
linus,  stellinus,  stelligus,  sterlingeus,  sterilingus, 
esterlingus,  estrilingus,  a  sterling  (the  English 
coin  so  called),  also  a  weight  of  twenty-eight 
grains,  the  twentieth  part  of  an  ounce ;  all  < 
E.,  unless,  as  Kluge  asserts,  the  E.  itself  (and 
so  in  part  the  OF.  and  ML.)  is  <  MHG.  sterlinc, 
staerlinc  (-ling),  which  is  then  <  sterl-  or  ster-, 
origin  unknown,  +  -ing&  or  -ling*  as  in  shilling, 
farthing  (AS.  f earthing,  feorthling),  penny  (AS. 
pening,  etc.).  In  this  view  the  word  must  have 
been  introduced  into  ME.  use  by  the  Hanse 
merchants  in  London,  who,  according  to  the 
story,  first  stamped  the  coin  in  England.  The 
accepted  statement  is  that  these  merchants 
were  called  Easterlings  as  coming  from  "the 
east  parts  of  Germany"  (Camden),  and  that 
the  coin  received  its  name  from  them ;  but  the 
similarity  appears  to  be  accidental,  and  the 
statement,  besides  other  deficiencies,  fails  to 
explain  the  MHG.  name,  which  could  not  have 
meant  '  Easterling.'  It  seems  more  probable 
that  the  MHG.  word  is,  like  the  rest,  derived 
from  the  ME.  word,  which  must  then  be  due, 
in  spite  of  unexplained  difficulties,  to  Easter- 


stem 

ling,  or  else  is  derived.  :is  assorted  in  a  state- 
ment quoted  hy  Minsheu  from  Linwood,  from 
the  figure  of  a  starling  (ME.  sterling)  at  one 
time  engraved  on  one  quarter  of  the  coin  so 
called:  lee  f terifoj?1.  Historical  evidence  of  the 
truth  of  this  assertion  is  as  yet  lacking.]  I.  it. 
If.  A  silver  coin  struck  by  English  (and  Scot- 
tish) kings  from  the  time  of  Richard  I.  (1190). 

Faste  conien  out  of  halle 
And  shwken  nobles  and  sterlinijfK. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1315. 

The  oldest  pieces  [of  the  coinage  of  Scotland]  are  silver 
pennies  or  sterlings,  resembling  the  contemporary  English 
money,  of  the  beginning  of  the  12tli  century. 

Kncyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  656. 
2.  English  money.     [Rare.] 
And  Roman  wealth  in  English  sterling  view.   Arbuthnot. 
II.  a.  1.  Of  fixed  or  standard  national  value; 
conforming  to  the  national  standard  of  value  ; 
said  of  English  money,  and,  by  extension,  of  the 
precious  metals:  as,  a  pound  sterling;  a  shilling 
sterling.     Abbreviated  ster..  xlg. 

In  the  Canon  Law  mention  is  made  of  r»  shillings  ster- 
ling, and  a  merke  sterling,  cap.  3.  de  Arbitris,  &  c.  con- 
stitut.  12.  de  procurator.  Miiuheu,  1617. 

When  a  given  weight  of  gold  or  silver  is  of  a  given  fine- 
ness, it  is  then  of  the  true  standard,  and  called  esterlinc 
or  sterling  metal.  blackntone,  Com.,  I.  vli. 

I  lost  between  seven  and  eight  thousand  pounds  sterling 
of  your  English  money.  J.  S.  Le  Fanu,  Dragon  Volant,  v. 

2.  Of  acknowledged  worth  or  influence;   au- 
thoritative. 

If  my  word  be  sterling  yet  in  England, 
,  Let  it  command  a  mirror  hither  straight, 

That  it  may  show  me  what  a  face  I  have. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  Iv.  1.  264. 

3.  Genuine;  true;  pure;  hence,  of  great  value 
or  excellence. 

His  sterling  worth,  which  words  cannot  express, 
Lives  with  his  friends,  their  pride  and  their  distress. 

Crabbe,  Works,  II.  27. 

I  might  recall  other  evidence  of  the  sterling  and  unusual 
qualities  of  his  public  virtue. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  321. 

sterling8  (ster'ling),  H.     See  starling^. 

Sterling's  formula.    See  formula. 

stern1  (stern),  «.  [<  ME.  stern,  sterin,  sterne, 
sturne,  <  AS.  styrne,  severe,  austere,  stern  (also 
in  comp.  styrn-mod,  stern-minded);  akin  to 
OHG.  stornen,  be  astonished,  sturni,  stupor; 
perhaps  related  to  OHG.  storren,  MHG.  storren, 
stand  out,  project,  =  Goth,  'stanrran,  in  comp. 
and-staurran,  murmur  against,  also  to  D. 
stuiirsch,  stern,  =  Sw.  stursk,  refractory,  and 
to  Icel.  stura,  gloom,  despair,  stura,  mope,  fret.] 

1.  Severe  in  disposition  or  conduct;  austere; 
harsh;  rigorous;  hard. 

No  Man  was  more  gentle  where  there  was  Submission ; 
where  Opposition,  no  Man  more  stern. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  132. 

And  sterner  hearts  alone  may  feel 
The  wound  that  time  can  never  heal. 

Byron,  The  Oiaour. 

2.  Characterized  by  severity  or  rigor ;  especial- 
ly, resulting  from  or  expressive  of  harshness : 
as,  a  stern  reply ;  a  stern  glance ;  a  stern  rebuke. 

He  herd  thair  strakes,  that  war  ful  sterin. 

Ywaine  ana  Gawin,  I.  3219.    (Hallimll.) 

If  wolves  had  at  thy  gate  howl'd  that  stern  time, 
Thou  shoutdst  have  said,  "Good  porter,  turn  the  key." 
Shak.,  Lear,  lit  7.  63. 
Gods  and  men 
Fear'd  her  stern  frown.     Milton,  ComuB,  1.  446. 

3.  Grim  or  forbidding  in  aspect;  gloomy;  re- 
pelling. 

In  passing  through  these  stern  and  lofty  mountains, 
their  path  was  often  along  the  bottom  of  a  barauco,  or 
deep  rocky  valley.  Ining,  Granada,  p.  88. 

4.  Rough;  violent;  tumultuous;  fierce. 

The  werre  wox  in  that  won  wonderly  stern. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  337. 

Those  stern  waves,  which  like  huge  mountains  roll. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  i.  435. 

5.  Rigid;  stringent;  strict. 

Subjected  to  stern  discipline  by  the  rigid  enforcement 
of  uniform  motives.  Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  8. 

6f.  Stout;  strong;  heavy. 

The  hamnr  bothe  Sterne  and  gret 

That  drof  the  nayles  thorow  hond  and  fete. 

Holy  Hood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  184. 
Of  bak  A  of  brest  al  were  his  bodi  sturne. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  143. 

7.  Firm;  unyielding;  inflexible;  hard. 

When  that  the  poor  have  cried.  Ctcsar  hath  wept : 
Ambition  should  be  made  of  sterner  stuff. 

Shak.,  3.  C.,  iii.  2.  97. 

The  sterner  sex.  See  »«xi . = Syn.  1.  Severe.  Harsh,  Strict, 
etc.  See  austere. — 1  and  2.  Unrelenting,  uncompromis- 
ing, inflexible. 


stern 

stern-  stern,,  ».  [<  ME.  stcnii,  strumi;  xtcorm 
(not  found  in  AS.,  where  only  xtcdr,  a  rudder, 
Appears:  see  steer1,  n. )  =  OFries.  xtinnn;  uliiirin-. 
•A  rudder,  =  Icel.  stjorn,  a  steering,  Ktecrn^c, 
rudder ;  with  formative  -«,  from  the  root  of  AS. 
xli-iir,  K.  xtrrr,  etc.,  a  rudder:  see  steer'1,  ».  and 
r.]  If.  The  rudder  or  helm  of  a  vessel. 

gif  he  ne  rise  tlie  rather  and  rauhte  to  the  uteonie, 
The  wynt  wolde  with  the  water  the  liot  ouer-throwe. 

Pien  Plouinan  (A),  ix.  30. 
But  to  preserve  the  people  and  the  land, 
Which  now  remain  as  shippe  without  a  tterne. 

Norton  and  Sackeille,  Ferreit  and  Porrex,  v.  2. 

2f.  Hence,  figuratively,  any  instrument  of  man- 
agement or  direction ;  a  guiding  agent  or  agency ; 
also,  a  post  of  direction  or  control. 

The  father  held  the  sterne  of  his  whole  obedience. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  48. 

Not  a  few  of  them  [the  eunuchs]  have  come  to  sit  at  the 
stern  of  State.  Sandys,  Travalles,  p.  55. 

3.  The  hinder  part  of  a  ship  or  boat,  where  the 
rudder  is  placed;  the  part  furthest  removed 


such  as  8.  minuta  of  Europe  and  .S'.  antillarwn.  of  Amer- 
ica, are  called  leant  term,  and  all  have  a  white  frontal 
crescent  in  the  black  cap  :  these  represent  a  aubgc-nns 


Lower  part  of  Ship's  Stern. 

i",  stem-post ;  KS,  keelson  ;  K,  keel ;  DT,  dovetail-plates ;  /.  inner 
stern-post ;  n,  deadwood  ;  DK,  deadwood-knee  ;  55,  stemson  ;  T, 
deck -transom  ;  /•',  false  keel.  (The  dotted  lines  show  bolts.) 

from  the  stem  or  prow.  See  also  cut  under 
poop. 

So,  when  the  flrst  bold  vessel  dared  the  seas, 
High  on  the  stern  the  Thracian  raised  his  strain. 

Pope,  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1.  39. 

4.  The  hinder  parts,  backside,  buttocks,  or 
rump;  the  tail  of  an  animal. 

He  [the  dragon]  .  .  .  gan  his  sturdy  sterne  about  to  weld, 
And  him  so  strongly  stroke  that  to  the  ground  him  feld. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  28. 

We  don't  want  to  deceive  ourselves  about  them,  or  fancy 
them  cherubs  without  sterns. 

Booke  of  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  8.,  extra  ser.),  Forewords, 

[p.  xxiil. 

By  the  stern.  See  byl.  —  False  Stem,  an  addition  made 
to  the  stern  of  a  vessel  for  strength  or  protection.— From 
stem  to  stern.  See  items.— Square  stern,  a  stern  less 
rounded  or  elliptical  than  is  usual. — Stern  foremost, 
backside  foremost ;  with  the  stern  advanced.— Stern  on, 
the  position  of  a  vessel  when  her  stern  is  presented  to- 
ward the  observer.— TO  make  a  stern  board.  See 
board.— To  moor  head  and  stern.  See  moor?. 
stern2  (stern),  v.  [(stenft, «.]  I.  (TOM.  If.  To 
steer;  guide. 

Hulke  tower  ...  is  a  notable  inarke  for  pilots,  in  di- 
recting them  which  waie  to  gterne  their  ships,  and  to 
eschew  the  danger  of  the  craggie  rocks. 

Stanihttrst,  Descrip.  of  Ireland,  iii.    (Holinshed.) 

2.  To  back  (a  boat)  with  the  oars;  backwater; 
row  backward — stern  all!  stern  hard!  orders  to 
back  water  given  by  the  officer  of  a  boat  to  the  crew. 
Also  simply  stern ! 

II.  intrans.  To  draw  back;  backwater:  said 
of  a  boat  or  its  crew. 

Meantime  Mr.  Norton,  the  mate,  having  struck  the  fast 
whale,  he  and  the  second  mate  sterned  off  to  wait  for  the 
whale  to  get  quiet.  Fisheries  of  U.  S.,  V.  ii.  273. 

Stern3  (stern),  ».     Same  as  starn1. 

stern4  (stern),  11.  [A  var.  of  tern  :  see  tern,  and 
cf.  Sterna.']  A  tern. 

Sterna(ster'na),x.  [NL.(Linnasus,1758),appar. 
based  on  E.  tern.]  A  Linnean  genus  of  Laridse, 
typical  of  the  subfamily  Sterninae,  and  contain- 
ing all  the  terns  or  sea-swallows,  or  variously  re- 
stricted. It  is  now  commonly  confined  to  species  of  mod- 
erate and  large  size,  white  with  usually  a  pearly-blue  man  tie 
and  black  cap,  and  having  a  long  deeply-forked  tail,  whose 
outer  feathers  are  more  or  less  narrowly  linear  for  much  of 
their  length.  The  species  are  numerous,  and  are  found  all 
over  the  world,  as  S.  hirundo,  the  common  tern  of  Europe 
and  America ;  S.  arctica,  the  arctic  tern  of  the  northern 
hemisphere ;  S.  paradisea  or  dougaUi,  the  roseate  tern 
(see  cut  under  roseate),  very  widely  distributed ;  and  S.  for- 
uteri  and  S.  trudeaui  of  America.  Among  the  large  species, 
representing  a  subgenus  Thalasseus,  are  S.  tschegrava  or 
caspia,  the  Caspian  tern  of  Asia,  Europe,  and  America ;  S. 
maxima,  the  royal  tern  (smaller  than  the  last,  in  spite  of 
its  name)  of  America ;  S.  elegans,  the  ducal  tern  of  Amer- 
ica. (See  cut  under  Thalasseus.)  A  groupof  small  species, 
373 


(Sterna  hiruniio). 


titfrmda.  (See  cut  under  Stemula.)  Some  middle-sized 
terns  with  dark  upper  parts,  widely  distributed  in  tropi- 
cal  and  warm  temperate  regions,  are  the  subgenua  Hali- 
ptana,  as  the  common  sooty  and  bridled  terns,  S.fuKgi- 
nosa,  and  S.  anaesthetica.  (See  cut  under  sooty.)  Gull- 
billed  terns  form  a  section  Oelochelidon  (see  cut  there). 
The  wholly  white  terns,  the  black  terns,  and  the  noddies 
belong  to  other  genera.  See  Stentinee  and  tern. 

sternadiform  (ster'na-di-form),  a.  [<  NL.  ster- 
num, the  breast-bone,  +  L.  ad,  to,  +  forma, 
form.]  In  ichth.,  characterized  by  a  tendency 
to  expansion  or  extension  of  the  thoracic  or 
sternal  region,  as  exemplified  in  the  John-dory 
and  the  Serranidx.  Gill. 

sternage(ster'naj),  ».  [<  stern"*  +  -age.]  Steer- 
age ;  direction ;  course,  as  of  a  ship  or  fleet. 

Follow,  follow  : 

Grapple  your  minds  to  sternage  of  this  navy. 
And  leave  your  England,  as  dead  midnight  still. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  Prol.,  1.  18. 

sternal  (ster'nal),  a.  [=  P.  sternal,  <  NL.  ster- 
nalis, <  sternum,  the  breast-bone :  see  sternum.'} 
1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sternum,  especially 
the  breast-bone  of  vertebrates:  as,  the  sternal 
end  of  the  clavicle ;  the  sternal  keel  of  a  bird's 
breast-bone ;  sternal  articulation ;  a  sternal 
segment. —  2.  In  Invertebrnta,  of  or  pertaining 
to  a  sternite;  sternitic. —  3.  Ventral;  hemal; 
on  the  ventral  surface  or  aspect,  where  the 
sternum  is  situated ;  on  the  same  side  with  the 
sternum;  in  man,  anterior;  in  other  animals, 
inferior:  opposed  to  dorsal,  tergal,  or  neural. 
—  Sternal  band,  in  embryol.,  of  insects,  a  longitudinal 
thickening  of  the  ovum,  which  gives  rise  to  the  sternal 
region  of  the  body.— Sternal  canal,  in  Crustacea,  ame- 
dian  passage  between  each  pair  of  endosternites,  arched 
over  by  the  meeting  of  the  mesophragmal  apophyses  of 
the  apodemes  of  opposite  sides.  The  sternal  canal  con- 
veys the  chain  of  nervous  ganglia  and  the  sternal  artery. 
See  cut  under  Astacidfs. —  Sternal  glands,  a  chain  of  six 
to  ten  small  lymphatic  glands,  situated  along  the  course  of 
the  internal  mammary  blood-vessels. —  Sternal  line,  the 
vertical  line  on  the  front  of  the  chest  lying  over  the  edge  of 
the  sternum.— Sternal  region,  the  region  of  the  front  of 
the  chest  lying  between  the  sternal  lines.  It  is  divided  into 
a  superior  and  an  inferior  sternal  region  by  a  line  passing 
through  the  uppermost  points  of  the  junctions  of  the  third 
costal  cartilages  with  the  sternum. —  Sternal  rib.  (a)  A 
true  or  fixed  rib ;  one  that  joins  the  sternum  by  its  hema- 
pophysis,  or  costal  cartilage,  as  distinguished  from  a  false 
rib.  See  cut  under  endosketeton.  (b)  The  hemapophysis 
of  a  rib,  as  distinguished  from  the  pleurapophysis ;  that 
part  of  a  bony  jointed  rib  answering  to  the  costal  carti- 
lage of  a  mammalian  rib,  reaching  from  the  end  of  the 
pleurapophysis  to  the  sternum  or  toward  it,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  vertebral  rib,  which  is  the  pleurapophy- 
sis alone.  See  cuts  under  epipteura  and  interclamae. 

Stemalgia  (ster-nal'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  arep- 
vav,  the  breast-bone,  +  a/.yof,  pain.]  1.  Pain 
about  the  sternum  or  breast-bone. — 2.  Specif- 
ically, angina  pectoris.  See  angina. 

sternalgic  (ster-nal' jik),  a.  [<  sternalgia  +  -ie.] 
Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  sternalgia ;  es- 
pecially, affected  with  angina  pectoris. 

sternalis  (ster-na'lis),  n. ;  pi.  sternales  (-lez). 
[NL.,  sc.  muscuhis,  muscle:  see  sternal."]  A 
sternal  or  presternal  muscle;  specifically,  the 
rectus  sternalis  of  various  animals,  more  ex- 
pressly called  sternalis  bmtorum  and  rectus 
thoracicus  superficialis.  It  is  not  infrequently 
present  in  man. 

Sternaspida  (ster-nas'pi-da),  n.pl.  [NL.,  irreg. 
<  Sternaspis  (-aspid-)  +  -idd.  ]  An  order  of  gephy- 
reans,  represented  by  the  genus  Sternaspis :  dis- 
tinguished from  an  order  Echiurina,  both  being 
referred  to  a  subclass  Echiuromorpha  of  the 
class  Gephyrea.  Compare  Echiuroidea. 

Sternbergi'a  (stern-ber'ji-a),  w.  [NL.  (Wald- 
stein  and  Kitaibel,  1805),  named  after  Count 
Kaspar  Maria  von  Sternberg,  1761-1838,  author 
of  various  botanical  and  paleontological  works.] 
A  genus  of  monocotyledon  ous  plants,  of  the  or- 
der Amaryllidacex  and  tribe  Amaryllex.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  a  commonly  solitary  funnel-shaped  perianth 
without  a  corona  and  with  somewhat  spreading  lobes,  and 
by  a  fleshy  nearly  indehiscent  fruit  with  roundish  and 


Sterninae 

often  strophiolate  seeds.  About  12  species  have  been 
described,  now  by  *ome  redneed  to  5,  all  native  of  Europe 
and  the  M  editerntnt-an  region.  They  produce  a  short  flow- 
IT  --tnlk  from  ;i  co;ite<i  liulli,  with  leaves  at  the  same  time 
or  earlier,  .s'.  tuti'ti  :iM'l  sf\'T:i]  other  dwarf  species  with 
handsome  yellow  (lowers  are  cultivated  under  the  name 
of  ttar-Jltnver.  S.  lutea  is  also  known  as  winter  daffodil, 
and  S.  j-Ktiietisitt  as  M<>"/tl  I'.liui  lily  ;  these  are  often  sold 
tinder  the  name  of  amaryllis. 

sternbergite  (steni'berk'-it).  ».  [Xamed  after 
Count  K.  M.  von  Sli  mli,  r/j .-  see  X/irnlirri/ia.] 
An  ore  of  silver,  a  sulphid  of  silver  and  iron, 
having  a  pinchbeck-brown  color  and  metallic 
luster.  It  occurs  foliated,  the  laminte  being 
soft  and  flexible.  It  leaves  a  mark  on  paper 
like  that  of  graphite. 

stern-board  (stern'bord),  n.  Naut.,  a  back- 
ward motion  of  a  vessel.  See  to  make  a  xti-m 
luiiiril,  under  hnnnl. 

stem-cap  (stern 'kap),  ii.  An  iron  cap  to  pro- 
tect the  stern  of  a  boat. 

stern-chase  (stern'chas),  «.  A  chase  in  which 
two  vessels  sail  on  one  and  the  same  course, 
one  following  in  the  wake  of  the  other:  as,  a 
stern-chase  is  a  long  chase. 

Stern-chaser  (stern'cha'ser),  ».  A  cannon 
placed  in  a  ship's  stern,  pointing  backward, 
and  intended  to  annoy  a  ship  that  is  in  pursuit. 

Sterneae  (st6r'ne-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sterna  + 
-ess.]  A  subdivision  of  Sternin/e,  containing  all 
the  sea-swallows  with  forked  tails  and  emargi- 
nate  webs,  as  distinguished  from  the  Anoete  or 
noddies;  the  typical  terns.  Coues,  1862. 

Sterneber  (ster'ne-ber),  n.  [<  NL.  sternebra,  < 
sternum  +  (vert)ebra.]  One  of  the  pieces  of 
which  the  breast-bone  of  a  vertebrate  usually 
consists;  a  bony  segment  of  the  sternum;  a 
sternite,  or  sternebral  element.  The  sternum  is  a 
serially  segmented  bone,  made  up  of  pieces,  primitively 
separate  bones,  corresponding  to  pairs  of  ribs,  every  one  of 
which  is  a  sterneber.  Thus,  in  man  the  manubrium  sterni 
and  the  xiphoid  or  ensiform  cartilage  are  each  a  sterne- 
ber;  andthegladiolus,  the  middle  part  of  the  breast-bone, 
is  composed  of  four  other  Bternebers. 

sternebral  (ster'ne-bral),  a.  [<  sterneber  + 
-al.]  Entering  into  the  composition  of  the 
breast-bone ;  of  or  pertaining  to  a  sterneber. 

Sterned1  (sternd),  a.  [<  stern2  +  -e<fA]  Hav- 
ing a  stern  (of  a  specified  character).  Chap- 
man, Iliad,  xi. 

Sterned2!  (sternd),  a.  [ME.,  <  stern»  +  -erf2.] 
Starred ;  starry.  Hampole,  Prick  of  Conscience. 

sternert  (ster  ner),  ».  [<  stern2  +  -er1.]  A 
steersman  ;  a  guide  or  director.  [Rare.] 

He  that  is  "  regens  sldera,"  the  sterner  of  the  stars. 

Dr.  Clarke,  Sermons  (1637),  p.  15.    (Latham.) 

Stern-fast  (stern'f  ast),  n.   A  rope  or  chain  used 

to  confine  the  stern  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel  to 

a  wharf  or  quay. 
stern-frame  (stern'fram),  M.  The  several  pieces 

of  timber  or  iron  which  form  the  stern  of  a  ship 

— the  stern-post,  transoms,  and  fashion-pieces, 
sternfullyt  (stern'ful-i),  adv.     [<  *sternful  (ir- 

reg.  <gtern  +  -ful)  + -ly2.]    Sternly.  Stanihurst, 

Conceites.     [Bare.] 
stern-gallery  (stern'gal"e-ri),   «.     Naut.    See 

gallery,  9. 
Stern-hook  (stern'huk),  «.     In  ship-building,  a 

curved  timber  built  into  the  stern  of  a  ship  to 

support  the  stem-frame. 
Sternidae  (ster'ni-de),  n.pl.     [NL.,  <  Sterna  + 

-Ma?.]     The  Sternina  rated  as  a  family  apart 

from  Laridse. 
Sternidius  (ster-nid'i-us),  «. 

1873).]     A  genus  of  longi- 

corn  beetles,  of  the  family 

Cerambycidx,  equivalent  to 

Liopits  (Leiopus  of  Serville, 

1835).    5.  acvliferus  is  a  com- 
mon North  American  species  now 

placed  in  Leplastylus.     Its  larva 

burrows  under  the  bark  of  various 

trees. 

sterniform  (ster'ui-f6rm), 
a.  [<  NL.  sternum,  the  breast-bone.  +  Ii.forma, 
form.]  In  entom.,  having  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  a  thoracic  sternum — Sterniform  pro- 
cess or  horn,  an  anterior  projection  of  the  .first  ventral 
segment  of  the  abdomen,  between  the  bases  of  the  pos- 
terior legs:  it  Is  more  commonly  called  the  intercoxal 
process. 

Sterninae  (ster-ni'ne),  ».  /)/.  [NL.,  <  Sterna  + 
-inee.}  A  subfamily  of  Laridfe,  typified  by  the 
genus  Sterna,  containing  all  the  terns  or  sea- 
swallows.  It  differs  from  Lariiue  in  the  average  smaller 
size,  slenderer  form,  relatively  longer  wings  and  tail,  the 
forking  of  the  tail,  the  small  feet,  and  the  slender  sharp 
bill.  The  bill  is  paragnathous  (not  epignathous  as  Is  usual 
In  Larinee),  with  continuous  horny  covering,  usually  long 
and  slender,  very  sharp,  with  straight  commissure  or  near- 
ly so,  gently  curved  culmen,  long  gonys,  and  slight  syru- 
physeal  eminence.  The  wings  are  extremely  long,  narrow, 


[NL.  (Le  Conte, 


Sternutius  afultjtnts. 


Sterninae 

and  pointed,  with  the  first  primary  nnu-h  the  longest,  and 
the  secondaries  M  short.  The  tail  is  usually  lonj,',  and 
forked  or  forflcate,  with  attenuated  outer  feathers.  The 
feet  are  small,  and  scarcely  amlmlatorial.  There  are  ISO 
or  more  species,  of  all  parts  of  the  world.  They  :«•<•  di- 
vided into  two  groups,  the  Stenieee  or  terns  proper,  includ- 
ing nearly  all  of  the  Hterninir,  anil  the  noddies  or  Aiwrir. 
Most  of  the  species  fall  Into  the  single  genus  Sterna.  Other 
genera  are  lli/ilriirln'liil'in.  Phaitlmta,  l'fm-'Merna,Gngis, 
Inca,  and  Anoits.  >See  Sterna,  and  cuts  there  noted. 

Sternine  (ster'nin),  a.  [<  NL.  xti'miimx,  <  H/i'f- 
na,  tern.]  Kesembling  or  related  to  a  tern;  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  StcrniHS. 

Sternite(ster'nit),M.  [<NL.. *?<•)•«»«(.  the  breast- 
bone. +  -itr-.]  1.  In  .Ir/l/nipix/it,  us  an  insect 
or  a  crustacean,  one  of  the  median  ventral  scle- 
rites  of  the  crust  or  body-wall ;  the  median  ven- 
tral piece  of  any  segment,  somite,  ormetamere. 
whether  a  distinct  piece  or  only  that  undistin- 
guished ventral  part  or  region  which  lies  be- 
tween the  insertions  of  any  pair  of  legs  or  other 
appendages.  The  sternites  are  primitively  and  typi- 
cally all  alike,  hut  may  be  variously  modified  in  different 
regions  of  the  body,  or  coalesced  with  one  another  or 
with  other  pieces  of  the  exoskeleton,  or  suppressed.  See 
cut  under  cephalotharax. 

2.  In  eiitom.,  specifically,  the  under  or  ventral 
sclerite  of  an  abdominal  segment.    [Bare.] — 

3.  One  of  the  pieces  of  the  sternum  or  breast- 
bone of  a  vertebrate;  a  steraeber.    [Rare.] — 
Antennary  sternlte.    Same  as  epistoma  (&). 

sternitic  (ster-nit'ik),  fl.  [(.stcrnite  +  -ic.]  Of 
orpertainingtoasternite;  sternal,  as  a  sclerite 
of  an  arthropod. 

stern-knee  (stern'ne),  «.  The  continuation  of 
a  vessel's  keelson,  to  which  the  stern-post  is 
secured  by  bolts.  Also  called  sternson  and  stern- 
son-knee. 

Stern-lightt,  «.    [<  *tern*  +  liglitl.]    Starlight. 
It  was  mirk  mirk  night,  and  there  was  nae  stern  light. 
Thomas  the  Rhymer  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  112). 

sternly  (stern 'li),  adr.  [<  ME.  sternelicli,  strrnr- 
liche,  sturneUclie,  <  AS.  styrnlice,  <  stymc,  stern : 
see  item1  and  -ty2.]  In  a  stern  manner;  with 
severity,  harshness,  austerity,  or  rigor. 

sternmost  (stern'most),  a.  super!.  [<  stern?  + 
-most.]  Furthest  in  the  rear;  furthest  astern: 
as,  the  sternmost  ship  in  a  convoy. 

sternness  (stern'nes),  ii.  [<  ME.  sternnesse. 
steernnesse;  <  stern  +  -ness.]  The  quality  or 
character  of  being  stern. 

With  gteernneMC  30  comanndide  to  hem,  and  with  power. 
WycliJ,  Ezek.  xxxiv.  4. 
=  Syn.  See«(fr«J,  a. 

sternochondroscapularis   (ster -  no  - kou  -  dro  - 

skap-vi-la'ris),  n. ;  pi.  uternocliondroscapulareft 
(-rez).  [NL.  (sc.  musculus,  muscle),  <  Gr.  orip- 
vov,  the  breast-bone,  4-  ^fodpof,  cartilage,  + 
NL.  scapularis,  q.  v.]  A  muscle  of  some  mam- 
mals, not  infrequent  in  man,  arising  from  the 
first  costal  cartilage  and  the  sternum,  and  in- 
serted into  the  superior  border  of  the  scapula. 
Also  called  chondroscapularis,  scapulocostalis 
minor,  costoscapularis,  subclanus posticus. 

sternoclavicular  (ster"n6-kla-vik'u-lar),  a. 
[<  Nli.sternoclariciilaris,  (.  Gr.  orepmv,  the  breast- 
bone, +  NL.  clarieula :  see  clavicular.]  Per- 
taining to  the  stemum  and  the  clavicle.  Also 
sternoclidal,  and  sometimes  clidosti'rnal.—  stei- 
noclavicular  flbrocartilage.  HeeflbrocartHage.— Ster- 
noplavicular  ligament,  a  hand  of  ligamentous  fibers 
uniting  the  sternum  and  the  clavicle :  an  anterior  and  a 
posterior  are  distinguished  in  man. 

Sternoclavicularis  (ster"n6-kla-vik-u-la'ris). 
«. ;  pi.  sternoclavicularcs  (-rez).  [NL. :  see 
sternoclavicular.]  One  of  two  anomalous  mus- 
cles in  man,  anterior  and  posterior,  extending 
over  the  sternoclavicular  articulation. 

Sternoclidal  (ster-no-kH'dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  orfpiw, 
the  breast-bone,  +  KUI^  (iiteii-),  key  (clavicle), 
+  -til.]  Same  as  sternoclavicular. 

sternoclidomastoid  (ster-no-kll-do-mas'toid), 
a.  and  ».  [<  NL.  sternoclidomastoideiis,  <  ster- 
nu»i,q.v.,  +  cli(lomastoid'eus,q.v.~\  I. a.  In  anat., 
of  or  belonging  to  the  sternum,  the  clavicle,  and 
the  mastoid  process.  The  sternoclidomastoid  muscle 
arises  from  the  summit  of  the  sternum  and  the  inner  sec- 
tion of  the  clavicle,  and  is  inserted  into  the  mastoid  process 
of  the  temporal  bone.  It  is  also  called  sternmnastoid,  nut»- 
toideus  cMi,  and  nutator  capitis.  See  cut  under  mwscfel. 
II.  «.  The  sternoclidomastoid  muscle. 

sternoclidomastoideus  (ster'n6-kli"dd-mas- 
toi'de-us),  n. ;  pi.  sternoclidomastoidei  (-J). 
[NL. :  see  sternoclidomastoid.'}  The  sternocli- 
domastoid muscle. 

sternocoracoid  (ster-no-kor'a-koid),  o.  and  ». 
[<  NL.  sternocoracoMeus,  <  'sternum,  q.  v.,  + 
coracoideus,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  sternum  and  the  coracoid:  as,  the  sterno- 
coracoid articulation  of  birds  and  reptiles ;  a 
stemoeoracotd  muscle. 
II.  n.  The  sternoeoracoideus. 


Sternocoracoideus(ster-n6-kor-a-koi'de-us),  M.; 
pi.  xli'fHOCoriicuidci  (-5).  [NL. :  sue  xti •ritornrii- 
fniil.]  The  sternocoraeoid  muscle  of  various 
iinimals,  arising  from  the  sternum  and  inserted 
in  the  coracoid.  It  is  represented  in  man  by 
the  pectoralis  minor. 

sternocostal  (ster-no-kos'tal),  n.  [<  NL.  xtt-r- 
itumxtalix,  <  xtenittm,  q.  v.,  +  L.  coxta,  rib:  see 
mxtitl.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sternum  ami 
the  ribs  or  costal  cartilages;  eostosternal. 

sternocostalis  (ster"n6-kos-ta'lis),  «.;  pi.  xtt-r- 
itocoittales  (-lez).  [NL. :  see  ftemoeostal.]  A 
thin  median  fan-shaped  muscle  within  the  tho- 
rax, behind  the  costal  cartilages  and  breast- 
bone, arising  from  the  lower  part  of  the  ster- 
num. Also  called  transversux  thann-ix,  and 
usually  triani/iilnrix  xti-rni. 

sternocoxal  (ster-no-kok'sal),  «.  [<  NL.  sterno- 
cujcalis,  <  Ktcriium,  q.  v.,  +  L.  coxa,  the  hip:  see 
coral.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  stemites  and 
coxa)  of  an  arthropod. 

sternofacial  (ster-no-fa'shal),  ii.  and  n.  [< 
NL.  sternofacialis,  <.  xti-riiiim,  <{.  v..  +  L. /<«•"•*. 
face:  see  'facial.']  I.  ".  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  sternum  and  the  face:  as,  a  xtrriitifacial 
muscle. 
II.  M.  The  sternofacialis. 

sternofacialis  (ster-no-fa-shi-a'lis),  n. ;  pi.  ster- 
nofaciales  (-lez).  [NL. :  see  sternofacial.']  A 
muscle  of  the  hedgehog,  arising  over  the  fore 
part  of  the  sternum  and  passing  to  the  side 
of  the  lower  jaw  and  integument  of  the  face : 
it  assists  the  action  of  the  orbicularig  pan- 
niculi. 

sternoglossal  (ster-no-glos'al),  n.  and  «.  [< 
NL.  sternnglossalw,  <  Gr.  aript'ov,  breast-bone, 
+  -j?Maaa,  tongue.]  I.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  sternum  and  the  tongue :  as,  a  xternoylnssal 
muscle. 
II.  ».  The  sternoglossus. 

sternoglossus  (ster-no-glos'us),  n. ;  pi.  xtertio- 
i/lossi  (-i).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  artavav,  the  breast- 
bone, +  j/dxro-a,  the  tongue.]  1.  A  long  re- 
tractor muscle  of  the  tongue,  as  of  the  great 
ant-eater,  Myrmecopltttija  jubatti,  attached  be- 
hind to  the  sternum,  and  antagonizing  the  ac- 
tion of  the  protractor  muscles,  the  genioglossus 
and  stylohyoideus. —  2.  [cap.]  In  entom.,  a  ge- 
nus of  coleopterous  insects. 

sternohyoid  (ster-no-hi'oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
sternoltyoideux,  <  sternum,  q.  v.,  +  Iii/oides:  see 
liyoid.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sternum 
and  the  hyoid  bone — sternohyoid  muscle,  a  rib- 
bon-like muscle  arising  from  the  manubrium  sterni  and 
inner  extremity  of  the  clavicle,  and  Inserted  into  the  body 
of  the  hyoid  l>one.  It  is  innervated  from  the  au-a  hypo- 
glossi,  and  its  action  draws  down  or  back  the  byoid  bone 
and  larynx.  See  cut  under  mnm-Jci. 
II.  M.  The  sternohyoid  muscle. 

sternohyqidean  (ster'no-hi-oi'de-an),  a.  [< 
sternohyoid  +  -f-tin.]  Same  as  sternohyoid. 

sternohyoideus  (ster*n6-hi-oi'de-us),  «.;  pi. 
stei'nohyoidei(-i).  [NL.:  seesternohyoid.]  The 
sternohyoid. 

sternomastoid  (ster-no-mas'toid),  a.  and  n. 
[<  NL.  sternomastoideus,  <  sternum,  q.  v.,  +  mtis- 
toideus,  q.  v.]  I.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
sternum  and  the  mastoid  process  of  the  tem- 
poral bone — Sternomastoid  artery,  (o)  A  superfi- 
cial descending  branch  of  the  superior  thyroid  artery, 
which  is  distributed  to  the  sternomastoid,  platysma,  and 
the  muscles  attached  to  the  thyroid  cartilage,  (o)  A  small 
muscular  branch  of  the  occipital  artery  which  supplies 
the  sternoclidomastoid.—  Sternomastoid  muscle,  (a) 
That  portion  of  the  stemoclidomastoid  which  arises  from 
the  sternum.  (6)  The  entire  sternoclidomastoid,  without 
distinction. 
II.  «.  The  sternomastoid  muscle. 

sternomastoideus  (ster'no-mas-toi'de-us),  ti. ; 
pi.  sternomastoidei  (-5).  [NL. :  see  sternomas- 
toid.] The  sternomastoid  muscle. 

sternomaxillaris  (ster-no-mak-si-la'ris),  n. ; 
pi.  stenwniarillares  (-rez).  [NL. :  see  sterno- 
maxillary.]  The  sternomaxillary  muscle. 

sternomaxillary  (ster-no-mak'si-la-ri),  a.  [< 
NL.  sternomaxillaris,  (.sternum,  q.  v.,  +  L.  max- 
illa, jaw:  see  maxillary.]  Pertaining  to  the 
sternum  and  the  mandible :  applied  to  the  ster- 
nomastoid muscle  when,  as  in  the  horse,  its  an- 
terior end  is  fixed  to  the  mandible. 

sternon  (ster'non),  n.  [NL. :  see  sternum.] 
Same  as  stern  urn.  Wiseman,  Surgery.  [Rare.] 

sternopagus  (ster-nop'a-gus),  n. ;  pi.  sternopagi 
(-ji).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aripvov,  breast,  chest,+  ntiyos, 
that  which  is  firmly  set.]  In  teratol.,  a  double 
monster  with  union  at  the  sternum. 

Sternoptychida  (ster-nop-tik'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Steriioptyx  (-ptyeh-)  +  -idse.]  A  family 
of  iniomous  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Hter- 


sternoxian 

nti/>ti/jr.  (a)  In  Oiinther's  system  it  includes  the  typi- 
cal llternofituckida  and  other  faniiliesi.  (6)  In  (Jill's  eys- 
teni,  a  family  of  iniomous  fishes  with  a  compressed  ven- 
tradifonn  Iiody.  raiinatnl  i  untniu,  dcrjily  and  obliquely 
cleft,  or  snbvertii-al  month  wlidse  upprr  margin  is  consti- 
tuted by  the  supramaxillaries  as  well  as  intermaxillaries, 
liranchiostegal  arch  near  and  parallel  with  lower  jaw,  scap- 
ular arch  with  an  inferior  projection,  and  one  or  more  of 
the  neural  spines  abnormally  developed  and  projecting 
atiuvt.1  tile  back  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  fin.  There  art' 
:;  ui-iicui  ami  alxult  7  species,  small  deejj-sea  lislu-s  of 
remarkable  appearance  and  organization,  representing  2 
subfamilies,  Stemoptycftinje  and  Aryyropelecinfe.  Also 
Sternoptii'ifx.  .v,  >-iu>tii<li,  ami  Stornoptygoutei. 

sternoptychoid   (stcr-nop'ti-koid),   «.   and   ». 
[<  Stemoptyx  (-jtti/di-)  +  -oid.]     I.  n.  Of,  or 
having  characteristics  of,  the  Stenoftyekidm. 
II.  n.  A  tish  of  the  family  StemtytycUdie. 

Sternoptyx  (ster-noji'tiks), ».  [NL.  (Hermann, 

1781),  <  Gr.  arepvov,  breast,  chest,  +  trr/'i",  a 
fold.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  so  named  from  the 
transverse  folds  on  the  pectoral  or  sternal  re- 
gion, typical  of  the  Sterttoptyckidte. 

sternorhabdite  (ster-no-rab;dit),  «.  In  <•»/»»/.. 
one  of  the  loweiTnost  or  sternal  pair  of  rhab- 
dites. 

sternOSCapular  (stcr-no-skai/u-liir),  a.  and  n. 
[<  NL.  sternoiicapuliiri*,  <  xti-rnum,  i|.  v.,  +  L. 
xciipids-,  shoulder-blades :  see  scapular.]  I.  it. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sternum  and  the  scapu- 
la: as,  a  steritiixciijinlar  muscle. 
II.  «.  The  sternoscapularis. 

Sternoscapularis  (ster-no-skap-u-la'ris),  «. ;  pi. 
Kternoscinmliires  (-rez).  [NL.:  see  stemox<-ni>- 
ular.]  A  muscle  of  many  animals,  connecting 
the  sternum  and  the  scapula,  and  forming  with 
the  serratus  magnus  and  the  levator  anguli 
scapulfe  a  sling  in  which  the  fore  part  of  the 
body  is  supported  upon  the  anterior  extremi- 
ties. 

Sternothaeridae  (ster-no-the'ri-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Sternotheenis  +  -idse.]  A  family  of  pleuro- 
dirpus  tortoises,  typified  by  the  genus  Ster- 
notheerus,  to  which  different  limits  have  been 
assigned.  As  generally  understood,  they  have  eleven 


plastral  bones,  mesoplastrals  being  distinct,  and  the  skull 
has  no  bony  temporal  ro 
Africa  and  Madagascar. 


>  bony  temporal  roof.    The  species  are  confined  to 


Sternothaerus  (ster-no-the'rus),  ».  [NL.  (Bell. 
1825),  <  Gr.  artpvov,  breast,  chest,  +  8aip6f,  the 
hinge  of  a  door  or  gate.]  A  genus  of  tortoises, 
having  a  hinged  plastron  (whence  the  name). 

sternothere  (ster'no-ther),  n.  [<  NL.  Sterno- 
thierui,  q.  v.]  An  African  turtle  of  the  genus 
SternotJiieriiK.  /'.  L.  Sclater. 

sternothyroid  (ster-no-thi'roid),  «.  and  n.  [< 
NL.  sternotliyroideiis,  <  sternum,  q.  v.,  +  thyroi- 
dcus.]  I.  a.  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
sternum  and  the  thyroid  cartilage Sternothy- 
roid muscle,  a  small  muscle  beneath  the  sternohyoid 
on  either  side,  arising  from  the  manubrium  stemi,  and 
inserted  into  the  oblique  line  on  the  outer  side  of  the 
thyroid  cartilage :  it  is  innervated  from  the  ansa  hypo- 
glossi. 
II.  11.  The  sternothyroid  muscle. 

Sternothyroideus  (ster"no-thi-roi'de-us),  «. : 
pi.  sternothyroidei  (-5).  [NL.:  see  stcmotliy- 
roid.]  The  sternothyroid  muscle. 

sternotracheal  (ster-no-tra'ke-al),  a.  and  n. 
[<  NL.  sternotrachealis.  <  sternwn,  q.  v.,  +  tra- 
chea :  see  traciieal.]  I.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  sternum  and  the  trachea;  connecting  the 
breast-bone  and  the  windpipe,  as  a  muscle. 
II.  n.  The  sternotrachealis. 

Sternotrachealis  (ster-no-tra-ke-a'lis),  ». ;  pi. 
sternotracheales  (-lez).  [NL. : '  see  sternotra- 
cheal.'] A  muscle  which  in  birds  passes  from 
the  sternum  to  the  trachea  or  windpipe;  one 
of  a  pair,  or  one  pair  of  two  pairs,  of  long  slen- 
der muscular  slips  attaching  the  trachea  to 
the  sternum  or  the  clavicle,  or  both. 

sternotribe  (ster'no-trib),  a.  [<  Gr.  arepvov, 
the  breast,  +  rpifieiv,  rub.]  In  bot.,  touching 
the  breast,  as  of  an  insect :  noting  those  zygo- 
morphous  flowers,  especially  adapted  for  cross- 
fertilization  by  external  aid,  in  which  the  sta- 
mens and  styles  are  so  arranged  as  to  strike 
the  visiting  insect  on  the  breast.  Compare 
iiototribe,  pletirotribe. 

Sternoxi  (ster-nok'si),  n.pl.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 
artpvov,  breast,  +  ofi'f,  sharp.]  In  entom.,  in 
Latreille's  system,  a  section  of  Serricornes,  con- 
taining two  tribes,  the  buprestids  and  elate- 
rids,  having  the  prosternum  produced  in  front 
and  pointed  behind :  distinguished  among  the 
serricorn  beetles  from  Mak'codermi  and  Xylo- 
tr/ii/i.  It  corresponds  to  the  modern  families  Bvprestidas 
and  Elateridx  in  a  broad  sense.  See  cuts  under  AgrUvx, 
Buprestis.  click-beetle,  Pyrophoritg,  and  irireteorm.  Also 
Stemoxia. 

sternoxian  (ster-nok'si-an),  o.  and  «.  [<  Ster- 
iinri  +  -fin.]  Same  as  s'iern<vcine. 


sternozine 

Sternoxine   (ster-nok'sin).   ii.  an<l  ».     [<  Ktei-- 
„„.!•/  +  . ini-l.]     I., i.  Pertaining  to  the  Htn;,,,,, 
or  having  their  characters. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Stentojci. 

Stern-port  (stern'pprt),  n.  A  port  or  opening 
in  the  stern  of  a  ship. 

Stern-post  (stern'post),  H.  The  principal  piece 
oi  timber  or  iron  in  a  vessel's  stern-frame 
Its  lower  end  is  tenoned  into  or  riveted  to  the  keel  ami 
to  it  the  rudder  is  hung  and  tile  transoms  are  bolted  See 
cuts  under  rudder  and  stcrlt2.  -  Stern-post  knee  a  large 
knee  which  unites  the  stern-post  and  the  keel  See  cut 
under  stern-. 

Stern-Sheets  (stern'shets),  n.  pi.  The  space  in 
a  boat  abaft  the  thwarts  on  which  the  rowers 
sit. 

sternsmant  (Bternz'man),  n.    [<  xtmi'x,  poss. 
ot  stern-,  +  man.'}    A  "steersman;  a  pilot. 
Off  from  the  sterne  the  sterneiman  diuing  fell 
And  from  his  sinews  flew  his  soulc  to  hell. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xii.  582. 

Sternson  (steru'son),  n.  [Appar.  <  stern?  + 
-non  as  in  keelson.]  Same  as  stirn-knee 

Sternula  (ster'nu-la),  H.  [NL.  (Boie,  1822)  < 
Sterna  +  dim.  -ula.}  The  least  terns,  a  genus 
of  Stamina  containing  species  of  the  small- 
est size,  with  moderately  forked  tail,  a  white 
frontal  crescent  in  the  black  cap,  and  the  bill 
yellow  tipped  with  black:  of  cosmopolitan  dis- 
tribution .  s.  minuta  inhabits  Europe,  Asia,  etc. ;  S.  ba- 
Isenarum  is  South  African  ;  S.  nereis,  S.  placens,  and  S  me- 
lanauchen  are  Asiatic,  East  Indian,  Australian,  and  Poly- 
nesian;  S.  iupercUiartt  is  South  American.  The  common 
bird  of  the  United  States  and  middle  America  is  5  antil- 


American  Least  Tem  (Sternula  antillarutn). 

larum,  which  is  very  abundant  along;  the  Atlantic  coast 
It  is  9  inches  long  and  20  in  extent  of  wings,  white  with 
pearly-blue  mantle  over  all  the  upper  parts,  a  black  cap 
and  the  usual  white  lunule. 

sternule  (ster'nul),  «.    A  sea-swallow  of  the 
genus  Sternula. 

Sternum  (ster'num),  n.;  pi.  sterna  (-nil)  or  ster- 
uums  (-numz).      [NL.,  also  sternon,  <'Gr.  crrlp- 
vov,  the  breast-bone.]     1.  The  breast-bone  of 
man  and  many  other  vertebrates;  a  bone  or 
longitudinal  series  of  bones  in  the  middle  line 
of  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  body,  chiefly  in  its 
thoracic  section,  completing  the  thoracic  wall 
by  articulation  with  more  or  fewer  ribs,  or  ele- 
ments of  the  scapular  arch,  or  both  :  theoreti- 
cally, in  Owen's  system,  the  hemal  spines  of  a 
series  of  vertebrae,    (a)  In  man  and  most  mammals 
the  sternum  consists  of  an  anterior  piece,  the  "  handle," 
manubrium,  or  presternum  ;  of  several  (in  man  four)  seg- 
ments or  sternebers  constituting  the  body  of  the  sternum, 
gladiolus,  or  mesosternum  ;  and  of  a  terminal  piece,  the 
xiphoid  or  ensiform  cartilage,  or  xiphisternum.    It  articu- 
lates in  man  with  the  clavicles  and  with  seven  costal  car- 
tilages.   The  sternebers 
of  a  mammalian  ster- 
num may  remain  per- 
fectly distinct,  or  be  an- 
kylosedinone.  (See  cut 
under  mesosternum.)  In 
cetaceans  and  sirenians 
the  sternum  is  much  re- 
duced, and  may  be  a  sin- 
gle bone  or  quite  rudi- 
mentary.   In  the  mono- 
trematous  mammals  a 
small      median      bone 
called  proosteon  is  de- 
veloped in  front  of  the 


ecr     ,  — r- 
mcr  cr 

Shoulder-girdfe,  or  Pectoral  Arch,  and  Sternum  of  a  Lizard  fffruana 
tittentuatet):  upper  figure,  under  view;  lower  figure,  side  view,  sc, 
scapula;  ssc,  suprascapula ;  msc,  mcsoscapula ;  cr,  coracoid;  per, 
precoracoicl ;  mcr,  mesocoracoid  ;  ecr,  epicoracoid  ;  cl,  clavicle  :  ict. 
interclavicle  ;  gl,  (flenoid  ;  yt.  sternum  ;  xst,  xiphisternum. 


puesternmn.    The  parts  called  e|,isienmm,  omostermim. 

is  r  ,'r        '       •     ,L'  """"""'Is  J""  "H-Mti.MR-d,  or  1,1  vari- 
i  reptiles  urn,  hat™  l,u.,s,  b,  I,,,,K  mil,,.,  t,,  the  shoul- 
lei-gmlle.     1  here  is  no  sternum  in  s,,,,,e  reptiles,  as  ser- 
pents.   See  cuts  under  CatarrMna,  Klephantiua.  ink-ret,,,-. 
«fe,  «.««*«•«««,,  and. ./.,/,/„„     ,;„  I,,  l,,nls  the  .(,•, 
a  large  single  bone  without  true,-  .if  its  original  compo^ 
t  on  of  several  parts,  highly  specialized  in  form  and  fiinc- 
•  ion  in  relation  to  the  muscular  appiiratusof  the  wings  ar- 
ticulating with  several  ribs,  with  the  eoracoids,  and  some- 
times aiikylosed  with  the  clavicle:  it  appears  under  two 
principal  modifications,  known  as  the  cannate  and  ratite 
(See  these  words.)    The  carinate  sternum  normally  devel- 
ops from  Hve  ossiflc  centers,  having  consequently  as  many 
separate  pieces  in  early  life.    The  single  median  ossifica- 
tion which  includes  the  keel,  is  the  lophostcon  •  the  ante- 
rior lateral  pieces,  a  pair,  are  the  plelirostea,  which  become 
le  costal  or  costiferons  processes;  the  posterior  pair  are 
the  metostea.    In  some  birds  are  additional  pieces  a  pair 
of  coracostea  anil  a  urosteon.    The  ratite  sternum  has  no 
median  ossification,  or  lophosteon.     The  passerine  ster- 
num normally  develops  a  prominent  forked  manubrium 
In  a  few  birds,  as  cranes  and  swans,  the  sternum  is  hol- 
lowed out  to  receive  convolutions  of  the  windpipe.    See 
cuts  under  cannate,  Dinarnis,  and  epipleura.    (c)  In  Che- 
loma,  the  plastron  of  a  turtle,  consisting  of  several  bones 
normally  nine,  one  median,  and  four  lateral  in  pairs   These 
bones  have  no  homology  with  the  sternum  of  other  verte- 
brates.   See  cuts  under  carapace,  plastron,  and  Cheionia. 
<1.  In  arthropods,  as  insects  and  crustaceans, 
a  median  sternal  or  ventral  sclerite  of  any  so- 
mite of  the  cephalothorax,  thorax,  or  abdomen ; 
a  sternite:  the  opposite  of  a  tergite  or  notum.   in 
such  cases,  sternum  and  sternite  are  used  Interchangeably 
sternum  being  seldom  used  of  the  series  of  sternites  as  a 
whole.     (See  cut  under  cephalothorax.)    In  insects  the 
three  thoracic  sterna  arc  specified  as  prosterimm,  meso- 
eternum,  and  metasterimm.    In  IKptera,  sternum  generally 
means  the  mesostenmm,  as  the  other  thoracic  rings  do  not 
show  a  sternal  piece.    In  Caleoptera,  sternum  is  sometimes 
extended  to  include  the  episterna  and  eplmera,  or  whole 
lower  surface  of  a  thoracic  segment.    See  episterrmm,  3. 
—  Antennary  sternum.    See  antennar;/.—  Cephalic 
sternum,  in  arachnology,  the  lower  part  of  the  head  or 
gula;  the  central  plate  on  the  lower  part  of  the  cephalo- 
thorax of  a  spider,  between  the  bases  of  the  legs  —Ster- 
num collare,  in  entom.,  the  sternal  prominence  of  the 
prothorax.— Sternum  pectorale,  in  entom.,  the  sternal 
prominence  of  the  metathorax. 

Sternutation  (ster-nu-ta'shpn),  n.  [<  LL.  ster- 
nutatio(n-),  a  sneezing.  <  L.' 'sternutare,  freq.  of 
sternuere,  sneeze.]  The  act  of  sneezing.  De 
Quincey,  Opium  Eater,  p.  135. 
Sternutative  (ster-nu'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  sternu- 
tare, sneeze,  +  -ive.]  'Same  as  sternutatory. 
Bailey,  1731. 

Sternutativeness  (ster-nu'tii-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
character  of  being  sternutative.  Bailey,  1727. 
sternutatory  (ster-nu'ta-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [= 
F.  sternutatoire,  <  L.  sternutare,  sneeze:  see  ster- 
nutation.] I.  a.  Causing  or  tending  to  cause 
sneezing.  Ret:  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  476. 

II.    H.  ;   pi.   sternutatories  (-riz).     Anything 
which  causes  sneezing,  as  snuff;  an  errh'ine. 
sternutory  (ster'nu-to-ri),  «.    An  erroneous 
form  of  sternutatory.    'Dunglison. 
sternward,  sternwards  (stern'ward,  -wiirdz), 
a.  and  adv.     [<  stern2  +  -ward,  -waras.'f   To- 
ward the  stem. 

sternway  (steru'wa),  «.  The  movement  of  a 
ship  backward,  or  with  her  stern  foremost.— 
To  fetch  sternway.  see/efcfti. 
Stern-wheeler  (stern'hwe"ler),  H.  A  steam- 
vessel  propelled  by  one  wheel,  similar  to  a  side- 
wheel,  mounted  astern:  used  for  navigating 
shallow  or  narrow  waters. 

Steropus  (ster'o-pus),  n.  [NL.  (Megerle,  1821), 
appar.  <  Gr.  orrpeof,  solid,  +  TTOI'Y  =  K.foot.]  A 
genus  of  beetles  of  the  family  Carabida?,  con- 
taining about  100  species,  widely  distributed 
throughout  Europe,  northern  Africa,  Asia,  Aus- 
tralia, and  both  Americas. 
Sterquilinoust  (st6r-kwi-ll'nus),  a.  [<  L.  ster- 
quilinmm,  sterciilinium,  stercilinium,  sterquili- 
num,  a  dunghill  or  dung-pit,  <  stercus,  dung.] 
Pertaining  to  a  dunghill;  hence,  mean;  dirty; 
paltry.  Howcll,  Letters,  ii.  48. 
sterraster  (ste-ras'ter),  «.  [<  Gr.  arcppix;,  var.  of 
orepfof,  solid,  +  iiari/p,  star.]  A  form  of  spouge- 
spicule  characteristic  of  the  family  Geodinidee. 
It  is  of  the  polyaxon  type,  having  many  rays  coalesced  for 
the  greater  part  of  their  lengths,  but  ending  in  separate 
booklets. 

Sterrastrosa  (ster-as-tro'sii),  ii.pl.  [NL. :  see 
sterraster.']  In  Sollas's  classification,  a  group 
of  choristidan  tetractinellid  sponges,  in  which 
sterrasters  are  present,  usually  in  addition  to 
simple  asters,  as  in  the  families  Geodinidse  and 
I'lacospongidx :  distinguished  from  Spirastrosa 
and  Euastrosa. 

Sterrastrose  (ste-ras'tros),  a.     [<  NL.  sterras- 
trosus,  <  sterraster,  q.  v.]     Provided  with  ster- 
rasters, as  a  sponge;  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Sterrastrosa :  distinguished  from  spirastrose. 
sterret,  «.     A  Middle  English  foi-m  of  star*. 
sterrinck  (ster'ingk),  w.    A  seal  of  the  genus 
W( -niirli yiirliiix  (Oi/iHurliiiinx)  or  of  the  subfamily 


stethoscope 

.,  liinir:  as,  the  saw-toothed  or 
Bating  xterrincl-.  /.nlmiloii  I'lin-inn/ilini/ug. 
sterro-metal  (ster'6-met"al),  «.  An  alloy  of 
about  three  parts  of  copper  with  two  of  zinc,  to 
which  :i  small  amount  of  iron  and  tin  is  added. 
This  alloy  is  not  in  general  use,  but  is  said  to  be  Biipi-nur 
to  gun-metal  in  tenacity,  while  at  the  same  time  less  ex- 
pensive. It  has  been  used  in  Austria  for  the  pumps  of 
hydraulic  presses. 

Stert1  (stert),  V.     A  dialectal  spelling  of  *(*«,•/ 1. 
Stert'-'t,  ii.     A  Middle  English  form  of  start*. 
Stertet.     [Inf.  ntertt(n),  pret.  stertr,  pp.  xtert.] 
An  obsolete  preterit  of  star/I. 
Stertor  (ster'tor),  «.     [<  NL.  stertor,  <  L.'«tt-i- 
tiri',  snore.]     A  heavy  snoring  sound  which 
accompanies  inspiration  in  certain  diseases. 
Compare  st<-rt<>nn<.-<. 
Stertorious(sttr-t6'ri-us),a.  [<stertor  +  *i-ous.'] 

Same  as  xli-rlnroiis.     1'ot,  Prose  Tales,  I.  125. 
stertoriousness  (ster-to'ri-us-nes),  n.   Same  as 
xtertorousness.    Pot,  Prose  Tales,  1. 125. 
Stertorous  (ster'to-ms),  a.     [<  xtertor  +  -ous.] 
Characterized  by  a  deep  snoring  sound,  such 
as  characterizes  the  laborious  breathing  which 
frequently  accompanies  certain  diseases,  as 
apoplexy. 

stertorously  (ster'to-rus-li),  adv.     In  a  sterto- 
rous manner. 

Stertorousness  (ster'to-rus-nes),  ».  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  stertorous, 
steryet,  ''.  A  Middle  English  form  of  starve. 
Stesichorean  (ste-sik-o-re'an),  a.  [<  LL.  Stt- 
sichoreus,  Stcsichorius,'  <  Gr.  2Trioix6peior;,  Ste- 
sichorean, <  ZTt/aixopoc,  Stesichorus  (see  def.).] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Greek  lyric  poet  Ste- 
sichorus (Tisias)  of  Himera  (about  632-550 
B.  c.),  inventor  of  epodic  composition;  specifi- 
cally, in  anc.  pros.,  noting  (a)  a  trochaic  trim- 
eter of  the  form  —  ~ |  —  w |  _^ •  (j) 

an  encomiplogic  verse;  (c)  a  line  consisting  of 
two  dactylic  tetrapodies,the  last  foot  a  spondee, 
stet  (stet).  [L.,  3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  subj.  act.  of  • 
stare,  stand :  see  stand.]  Let  it  (that  is,  the 
original)  stand:  a  proof-reader's  order  to  can- 
cel an  alteration  previously  made  by  him.  it  is 
indicated  by  putting  a  line  of  dots  under  what  is  crossed 
out,  and  writing  "stet"  in  the  margin.  Abbreviated  st. 
Stet  (stet),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stetted,  ppr.  stet- 
ting.  To  mark  with  the  word  "  stet " ;  direct  or 
cause  to  remain,  after  deletion,  as  printed ;  for- 
bear to  delete.  [Colloq.] 

Stetch  (stech),  n.    A  ridge  between  two  furrows, 
as  in  plowed  land.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Stetch  (stech),  v.  t.     [<  stetch,  n.]     To  form 
into  ridges  with  a  plow :  followed  by  up.    Hal- 
liicell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

stethiaeum  (steth-i-e'um),  ». ;  pi.  steihitea  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  rjTtfliatoc,  of  the  breast,  <  tirj^of,  the 
breast.]     In  ornith.,  the  entire  anterior  half  of 
a  bird:  opposed  to  ursenm.     [Rare.] 
stethidium  (ste-thid'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  stethidia  (-a). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  Gr.  or^of,  the  breast.]   In  enton'i 
the  thorax,    llliger. 

Stethograph  (steth'o-graf),  «.  [<  Gr.  o-n^of, 
the  breast,  +  ypd$uv,  write.]  An  instrument 
for  recording  the  respiratory  movements  of  the 
thorax.  Also  called  imeumograph. 
Stethographic  (steth-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  stetho- 
graph +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  obtained 
by  means  of,  the  stethograph.  Nature,  XLII. 
581. 

Stethometer  (ste-thom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  arijfioc, 
the  breast,  +  fdi-pov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  respiratory  movements 
of  the  walls  of  the  chest.  In  one  form  a  cord  or  band 
is  extended  round  the  chest,  and  its  extension,  as  the 
thorax  is  expanded,  is  shown  by  an  index  on  a  dial-plate. 

Stethoscope  (steth'o-skop),  w.  [==  F.  stetho- 
scope, <  Gr.  tnfi- 
0of,thebreast,+ 
anomlv,  view.] 
An  instrument 
used  in  auscul- 
tation to  con- 
vey the  sounds 
from  the  chest 
or  other  part  of 
the  patient  to 
the  ear  of  the 
observer.  —  Bin- 


Stethoscopes, 
't,  binaural  stethoscope. 


aural  stethoscope,  a  stethoscope  in  which  the  sound  is 
conducted  to  both  ears.- Differential  stethoscope,  a 
double  stethoscope  having  elastic  tubular  branches  and 
bells  which  can  be  applied  to  different  parts  of  the  thorax 
so  as  to  compare  the  indications  at  various  points. 
Stethoscope  (steth'o-skop),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
stethoscoped,  ppr.  stethoscoping.  [<  stethoscope, 
M.J  To  examine  by  means  of  a  stethoscope. 
Lancet,  1890,  ]I.  1267. 


stethoscopic 


5010 


Stethoscopic  (steth-o-skop'ik), «.    [<8t6tko8eme  Stevia  (ste'vi-a),  «.     [NL.  (C'avanilles,  1797), 


+  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  stethoscopy  or  the 
stethoscope;  obtained  by  means  of  the  stetho- 
scope. 

stethoscopical  (steth-o-skop'i-kal),  it.  [<  strtli- 
oxftiiiii-  +  -nl.~\  Same  as  steikoscopic, 

stethoSCOpically  (stoth-o-skop'i-kal-i),  iiflr.  Iii 
a  etethoBCOpio  manner;  by  means  of  the  steth- 
oscope. 

StetUOSCOpist  (steth'o-sko-pist),  w.  [<  xtrtlm- 
xcop-y  +  -j'gfc]  One  who  is  versed  in  the  use 
of  the  stethoscope. 

Stethoscopy  (steth'o-sko-pi),  ii.  [<  Or.  arf/ffof, 
the  breast,  +  -aiumia,  (.  aiumeiv,  view.]  1.  The 
examination  of  the  chest. — 2.  Auscultation 
with  a  stethoscope. 

Stet  processus  (stet  pro-ses'us).  [LawL.:  L. 
stet,  3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  subj.  act.  of  glare,  stand ; 
processus,  process.]  In  old  Eng.  law :  (a)  The 


named  after  Kgtme,  a  Spauisli  scientist.]  1. 
A  genus  of  composite  plants,  of  the  tribe  EIIJUI- 
toriaeess  and  subtribe  Aflerateie.  It  is  character- 
ized by  crowded  corymbose  or  loosely  panicled  heads  with 
five  or  Bix  nearly  equal  involucral  bracts,  five  flowers,  ap- 
pendaged  anthers,  and  a  variable  pappus  of  several  scales 
or  awns  or  of  both  mingled  in  the  same  head.  Over  one 
hundred  species  have  been  described,  natives  of  the  wann- 
er parts  of  America  from  Buenos  Ayres  to  Mexico,  and  es 
pccially  numerous  westward ;  absent  in  tropical  Brazil  and 
nearly  so  in  Guiana.  They  are  herbs  or  shrubs,  often  some- 
what rigid,  or  rarely  diffuse.  Their  leaves  are  usually  oppo- 
site, three-nerved,  and  sen-ate,  sometimes  entire  or  three- 
parted.  The  flowers  are  white  or  purplish,  forming  deader 
heads.  Several  species  are  cultivated  as  border-plants  in 
Europe.  In  the  t'nited  States  S.  compacta  and  S.  serrata, 
bearing  a  profusion  of  small  white  fragrant  flowers,  the  lat- 
ter flowering  later,  are  grown  nndt  r  ulass  in  great  quanti- 
ties for  cutting  and  for  winter  use  in  houses.  S.  serrata 
and  five  other  species  extend  within  the  t'nited  States 
into  Arizona  or  Texas. 
2.  [I.  c.]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 


as  expressing  that  order. 

Steve,  r.  t.     See  sleeve*. 

stevedore  (ste've-dor),  n.     [<  Sp.  estiuador,  a 
wool-packer,  hence  a  stower  of  wool  for  expor- 
tation, and  gen.  one  who  stows  a  cargo  (cf.  Sp. 
estiru  =  It.  stiva  =  OF.  estive,  stowage,  ballast), 
<  estivar  =  Pg.  estirar  =  It.  stirare,  press  close, 
stow  (a  cargo),  <  L.  stipare,  press  together:  see    „„,.„  „  , 
*W»e2.]     One  whose  occupation  is  the  stowage    a  stove 
of  goods,  packages,  etc.,  in  a  ship's  hold;  one 
who  loads  or  unloads  vessels. 

Steven  (stev'en),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  steav- 
en;  <  ME.  steren,  stevene,  stecyii,  stevyne,  stefne, 
stemne,  <  AS.  stefii,  stemn  =  OS.  stemna,  stem- 
nia  =  OFries.  stemma  =  MD.  stemme,  D.  stem 
=  MLG.  stempne,  stemme,  LG.  stemme  =  OHG. 
stimiui,  stimma,  MHG.  G.  stimme,  voice,  =  Icel. 
stefna,  stemna,  direction,  summons,  =  Sw.  stam- 
ma  =  Dan.  stemme  =  Goth,  stibna,  voice ;  root 
and  connections  unknown.  Cf.  Gr.  ar6/m, 
mouth.]  If.  Voice;  the  voice. 

When  Little  John  heard  his  master  speake, 
Well  knew  he  it  was  his  dm- it. 

RMn  Hood  and  Guy  of  Gisborne.    (Halliwell.) 
2f.  Speech;  speaking;  crying  out. 

Mamie,  stynte  of  thy  steuen  and  be  stille. 

York  Plays,  p.  366. 

3t.  That  which  is  uttered:  a  speech  or  cry; 
prayer. 

To  thee,  lady,  y  make  my  moone ;  I  praie  thee  heere  my 
steuen.  Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  6. 

4+.   Word;  bidding;  command;  direction. 

Thre  semely  sonnes  and  a  worthy  wiffe 

I  haue  euer  at  my  steoen  to  stande. 

Fort  Plays,  p.  45. 

5.  One's  word  or  promise;  an  agreement;  an 
appointment;  hence,  anything  fixed  by  appoint- 
ment. 


Pg.  estufa  =  It.  stufa,  stove,  hothouse,  <  OHG. 
stubd,  stupa,  MHG.  stube ,  a  heated  room,  a  bath- 
room, G.  stube,  a  room  or  chamber  in  general, 
=  MLG.  stove  =  MD.  stove  =  AS.  stofa,  a  hot- 
house, bath-room:  see  store1,  the  same  word  in 
a  more  orig.  form.  In  defs.  8  and  9  the  noun  is 
from  the  verb.]  1.  A  heated  room,  especially 
such  a  room  for  bathing  purposes ;  a  hothouse ; 


Stephen  kept  his  xteamn,  and  to  the  time  he  gave 
Came  to  demand  what  penance  he  should  have. 


It  fr-i'scibc  more  strongly  in  tho  Contrees  than  on  this 
half;  and  therfore  hathe  every  man  Stewes  in  his  Hous, 
and  in  tho  Steves  the!  eten  and  don  here  Occupations, 
alle  that  the!  may.  Mandemlle,  Travels,  p.  131. 

Whan  he  came  out  of  his  stewe  or  bayne,  he  axyd  drynke, 
by  the  force  whereof  he  was  poysoned. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  cxxv. 

It  [a  small  artificially  wanned  room]  is  used  for  drying 
various  substances,  as  plants,  extracts,  conserves,  &c.,  or 
for  taking  vapor  baths.  In  this  case  the  stew  or  stove  Is 
said  to  be  wet  or  humid  ;  in  the  opposite  case  it  is  said  to 
Iw  dry.  Dunglison,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  987. 

2.  Specifically,  a  hatters'  drying-room.     Halli- 
well.—  3t.  A  room;  a  chamber;  a  closet. 

Troylus,  that  stood  and  myghte  it  se 
Thorghout  a  litel  wyndowe  In  a  stewe, 
Ther  he  bishet,  sen  mydnyght,  was  on  mewe. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  B01. 

4.  A  brothel;  a  bagnio:  of  ten  used  in  the  plural, 
sometimes  witli  the  force  of  a  singular  noun. 
Sleuthe  .   .   .   wedded  on  Wanhope,  a  wenche  of   the 
stewes.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxlii.  159. 

Wommen  of  the  styves.          Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  34. 

Shall  we  every  decency  confound  ? 
Through  taverns,  stem,  and  bagnios  take  our  round  V 

Pope,  Imlt.  of  Horace,  I.  vi.  120. 
5f.  A  lock  hospital.     See  hospital. 

In  the  borough  of  Southwark,  prior  to  the  time  some- 
times fixed  upon  for  the  origin  of  syphilis,  there  were 
places  called  stews,  where  prostitutes  were  confined  and 
received  the  benefits  of  surgical  assistance. 

S.  Cooper,  Practice  of  Surgery  (6th  ed.),  p.  832. 
[(Encyc.  Diet.) 


Ellis,  Spec,  of  Anc.  Poetry,  III.  121.    (Nares.)    6f.  A  prostitute :  sometimes  in  the  plural  form 


At  unset  Steven* ,  at  a  time  or  place  not  previously  spe- 
cified ;  without  definite  appointment. 

It  is  ful  fair  a  man  to  bere  hym  evene, 
For  al  day  meeteth  men  at  unset  steixne. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  666. 

To  set  a  Steven,  to  make  an  agreement ;  fix  an  appointed 
time.    [Prov.  Eng.  I 

Hit  HI,  on  a  tyde, 
That  by  her  bothe  assent  was  set  a  steoen. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  of  Mars,  1.  52. 

Steven  (stev'en),  r.  [<  ME.  sterenen,  <  AS.  stef- 
iiiati,  call,  summon  (=  Icel.  slcfna,  stemna,  cite, 
summon),  <  stefn,  sterna,  voice:  see  steren,  «.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  speak ;  utter  ;  tell  of ;  name. 

In  Rome  Y  shalle  sou  steuene 
And  [an]  honyred  kyrkes  fowrty  and  seuen. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  FurnivallX  p.  113. 
2f.  To  call ;  summon ;  command  ;  appoint. 

Lord  God  !  I  loue  the  lastandly 
And  highly,  botht  with  harte  and  hande 
That  me,  thy  poure  prophett  Hely 
Haue  steuened  me  in  this  stede  to  stande. 

York  Plays,  p.  187. 
3.  To  bespeak.     Hallhcell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Il.t  intrant.  To  talk;  call  out ;  shout;  make 
a  noise. 


with  a  singular  meaning. 

And  shall  Cassandra  now  be  termed,  in  common  speeche, 

a  stewes'         O.  Whetttone,  Promos  and  Cass.,  I.,  iv.  3. 

It  was  so  plotted  betwixt  her  husband  and  Bristol!  that 

instead  of  that  beauty  he  had  a  notorious  stew  sent  to  him. 

Sir  A.  Weldon,  Court  of  K.  James,  p.  146. 

7f.  A  close  vessel  in  which  something  is  cooked 

or  stewed ;  a  stew-pot  or  stew-pan. 

I  have  seen  corruption  boil  and  bubble 
Till  it  o'er-run  the  stew. 

Shot.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1.  321. 

8.  Food  cooked  by  stewing;  especially,  meat 
or  fish  prepared  by  slow  cooking  in  a  liquid. 

The  contents  of  the  kettle  — a  stew  of  meat  and  pota- 
toes —  ...  had  been  taken  off  the  fire  and  turned  out 
into  a  yellow  platter. 

Oeorye  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Flo*,  t  11. 

9.  A  state  of  agitation  or  ferment;  mental  dis- 
turbance; worry;  fuss.     [Colloq.] 

And  he,  though  naturally  bold  and  stout, 
In  short,  was  in  a  most  tremendous  stew. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  104. 
Box-Stew,  an  oyster-stew  made  of  box-oysters  —  that  is 
of  large  select  oysters.— Irish  stew,  a  dish  made  of  mut- 
ton, onions,  and  potatoes,  and  sometimes  other  vegetables, 
stewed  in  water  mixed  with  flour,  and  seasoned  with  salt 
and  pepper. 

Stew1  (stu),  v.     [<  ME.  'stewen,  stuen,  stutceii,  < 
OF.  esturer  ("estuwer),  bathe,  stew,  F.  etuver, 


Ye  rebaldis  that  regnys  in  this  rowte, 
3e  stynte  of  youre  steuenyng  so  stowte. 

_4...__..-.,.  j,           r,  .   A                                     «y«,  p.  J07.  „... .  vuv«tvf    ^  voi/ww/wy,   uuLiiG,  Btew,  r .  eiuver, 

stevenedt, «.    [<  late  ME.  stei-ynyd,  stevend,  ster-  stew,  =  Sp.  estufar,  estofar,  estobar  =  Pg.  estu- 

I/IKI,  also  and  appar.  orig.  steyned,  steynyd,  ste-  far  =  It.  stufare,  stew  (cf.  D.  MLG.  LG.  storen 

tea,  lit.    stained,'  pp.  of  steynen,  steinen,  stain :  ( >  G.  stoven)  =  Sw.  stufva  =  Dan.  stuve,  stew) ; 

seestojw.]     Party-colored.     Catli.  Aug.,  p.  363.  from  the  noun:  see  stew1,  n.    Cf .  stiveS,  a  doub- 

Item,  a  utevynyd  clothe,  a  crucifix,  .  .  .  xxd.  let  of  stew1.']     I.  trans.   If.   To  bathe,  as  in  a 

Paston  Utters,  III.  408.  liquid  or  a  vapor-bath. 


steward 

Ktuwtfn  or  hathyn,  or  ittuyn  in  a  stw.     Kjtliif... 

ri-ntupt.  1'tnr. 

2t.   Figuratively,  lo  strop. 

The  Stockes  were  fitter  for  him  ;  the  most  corrupted 

fellow  about  tin-  Suburbs,  his  conscience  isstewd  in  llribes. 

lirinne.,  Sparagus  Garden,  v.  IS. 

3.  To  cook  (food)  by  simmering  or  slowly  boil- 
ing; prepare  by  cooking  in  a  liquid  kept  at  Hie 
simmering-point:  as,  to  *•/»•«•  meat  or  fruit :  to 
ste tr  oysters. 

Ktmeijn  or  xttti/n  mete.    Stupho.  I'mnijil.  run: 

sti-,r,l  shrimps  and  Afric  cockles  shall  excite 
A  jaded  drinker's  languid  appetite. 

Francis,  tr.  of  Horace's  Satires,  ii.  4. 
Stewed  Quaker.    See  v«</«. ,-. 

II.  inli-diin.  To  be  cooked  by  slowly  simmer- 
ing—  TO  stew  in  one's  own  grease.  See  yrease. 
Stew2  (stu),  w.  [<  ME.  gtcii-i;  stilt;  .•.•/inn;  ulirr 
=  MLG.  stouice,  stouic,  stou,  stoic,  a  dam,  weir, 
fish-pond;  connected  with  stouwen,  dam,  hem 
in,  =  G.  sttiiicn,  dam,  =  MD.  stouwen,  heap  up, 
collect.  Cf.  stow1.']  1.  A  pond,  usually  arti- 
ficial, used  for  domestic  purposes ;  especially,  a 
pool  or  tank  in  which  fish  are  kept  until  needed 
for  the  table;  avivafium;  a  stew-pond. 
Many  a  breem  and  many  a  luce  in  gtntre. 

Chaucer,  (Jen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  860. 
At  the  Priory,  a  low  and  moist  situation,  there  were 
ponds  and  stews  for  their  fish. 

tf ilbert  White,  Antiq.  of  Sclborne,  Letter  xxvi. 

We  find  vivarium  sometimes  rendered  as  "vivary"  and 

at  other  times  as  "stew."        Atheiueum,  No.  3234,  p.  624. 

2.  A  breeding-place  for  tame  pheasants.  Kn- 
cyc.  Diet.—  3.  An  artificial  bed  of  oysters: 
used  of  the  old  Roman  and  also  of  the  modern 
methods  of  fattening. 

stew3  (stu),  n.  [<  ME.  stew (Sc.  pi.  stovys),  mist ; 
cf.  Dan.  stim,  dust,  D.  stof,  dust  (stofregeit, 
drizzling  rain),  G.  staub,  dust.]  Dust;  a  cloud 
of  dust,  smoke,  or  vapor.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

stew*t,  «'•     A  Middle  English  variant  of  stow1. 

Steward  (stu'ard),  n.  [<  ME.  steward,  stewarde, 
stewerd,  steweirde,  stuward,  stuard  (also  Stewart, 
stuart,  as  in  the  surname  Stewart,  Stuart;  AF. 
estuard),  earlier  stiward,  styward,  <  AS.  stig- 
iceard,  later  stiweard  (>  Icel.  stivardhr),  a  stew- 
ard, <  stigu,  stif/o,  a  sty,  pen  for  cattle,  +  weard, 
award:  see  sty'*  and  ward.  Cf.AS.stigwita.sti- 
wita,  a  steward,  <  stigu,  stigo,  a  sty,  +  wita,  an 
officer,  adviser.]  1.  One  who  has  charge  of 
the  household  or  estate  of  another;  a  majordo- 
mo ;  especially,  a  person  employed  in  a  court, 
household,  or  important  domestic  establishment 
of  any  kind  to  superintend  financial  affairs,  as 
by  keeping  accounts,  collecting  rents  or  other 
revenue,  or  disbursing  money  for  household 
expenses. 

This  lessoun  loke  thow  nogt  for- jet c  : 
The  stuard,  countroller,  and  tresurere, 
Sittand  at  de  deshe,  thou  haylse  in  fere. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E,  T.  S.).  p.  299. 
The  first  of  them,  that  eldest  was  and  best, 
Of  all  the  house  had  charge  and  governement, 
As  Guardian  and  Steward  of  the  rest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  87. 
Protector,  steward,  substitute 
Or  lowly  factor  for  another's  gain. 

Shale.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7.  133. 
The  hedge  broke  in,  the  banner  blew, 
The  butler  drank,  the  steward  scrawl'd. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Aii  officer  or  retainer  appointed  to  perform 
duties  similar  to  those  mentioned  above;  espe- 
cially, a  person  appointed  to  provide  and  dis- 
tribute food  and  all  the  requisites  of  the  table ; 
a  purveyor,    (o)  In  some  British  colleges,  one  who  has 
charge  of  the  commons.  (6)  One  of  a  ship's  company  whose 
duty  it  is  to  distribute  provisions  to  the  officers  and  crew. 
In  passenger-ships  he  has  charge  of  the  table,  servants, 
staterooms,  etc.,  and  is  called  distinctively  chief  steward, 
the  title  gteirard  being  also  extended  to  his  male  helpers — 
those  who  wait  at  table  and  attend  to  the  staterooms.    In 
a  man-of-war  the  paymaster's  steward  is  now  styled  pay- 
master's yeoman  (see  yeouian) ;  the  cabin-steward,  ward- 
room steward,  steeraye -steward,  and  warrant-ojicen'  stew- 
ard are  petty  officers  charged  with  providing  for  their 
several  messes  and  keeping  the  apartments  in  order. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  manager ;  especially,  one  who 
controls  expenditure  ;  a  disburser. 

A  man  is  but  a  steward  of  his  owne  goods;  wherof  God 
one  day  will  demaund  an  account. 

Babees  Boole  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  251. 

And  what  not  rare?    Luxury  being  the  steward,  and  the 
treasure  unexhaustible.  Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  25. 

4.  Formerly,  in  the  English  gilds,  one  of  the 
officers  in  charge  of  the  finances  of  the  society ; 
also,  a  corresponding  functionary  in  municipal 
affairs.    The  title  is  still  given  in  English  towns  to  ma- 
gistrates varying  in  functions,  authority,  rank,   etc.    In 
this  latter  case  it  is  usually  qualified  by  some  limiting 
word :  as,  the  city  steward  of  York  ;  the  land  steward  of 


steward 

Norwich ;  the  town  steward  of  Northampton  ;  the  lord 
high  steward  of  Gloucester. 

That  the  stewards  of  euerycrafte  that  hen  contributory 
shullen  l>e  called  to  the  accompte  to  knowe  the  charge. 
Enylish  Uilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  38f>. 

5.  Ill  the  early  church,  same  as  econinni:  or  wco- 
nomus. — 6.  A  fiscal  agent  of  certain  bodies; 
specifically,  in  the  Methodist  Church,  an  offi- 
cer having  charge  of  the  finances  and  certain 
other  material  interests  of  the  church Hospi- 
tal steward.  See  hospital.— Lord  high  steward  of 
England,  one  of  the  former  great  officers  of  state :  his 
chief  functions  were  at  an  early  date  assumed  by  the  justi- 
ciar.  This  office  was  the  inheritance  of  the  Earls  of  Leices- 
ter, till  forfeited  by  Simon  de  Montfort  to  Henry  III.,  at 
the  close  of  whose  reign  it  was  abolished  as  a  permanent 
dignity.  A  lord  high  steward  is  now  created  only  for  par- 
ticular occasions— namely,  a  coronation  or  the  trial  of  a 
peer — the  office  to  cease  when  the  business  requiring  it  is 
ended.  In  the  former  case  the  lord  high  steward  is  com- 
missioned to  settle  matters  of  precedence,  etc.;  in  the 
latter,  to  preside  in  the  House  of  Lords. —Lord  steward 
Of  the  household,  in  England,  one  of  the  chief  officers  of 
the  royal  household.  He  is  the  head  of  the  court  called 
the  Board  of  Green  Cloth,  which  has  the  supervision  of  the 
household  expenses  and  accounts  and  their  payment,  the 
purveyance  of  provisions,  etc. ;  but  his  duties  are  practi- 
cally performed  by  a  permanent  official  called  the  master 
of  the  household.  The  lord  steward  is  a  peer  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  ministry.— Steward,  or  high  steward  Of 
Scotland,  an  ancient  officer  of  the  crown  of  the  highest 
dignity  and  trust.  He  had  not  only  the  administration 
of  the  crown  revenues,  but  the  chief  oversight  of  all 
the  affairs  of  the  household,  and  the  privilege  of  the  first 
place  in  the  army,  next  to  the  king,  in  battle.— Steward 
of  the  Chiltern  Hundreds.  See  Chiltern  Hundreds, 
under  hundred. 

steward  (stu'Srd),  v.  t.  [<  steward,  n.]  To 
manage  as  a  steward. 

Did  he  thus  requite  his  mother's  care  In  stewarding  the 
estate?  Fidler,  Holy  War,  p.  85. 

stewardess  (stu'ar-des),  ».  [<  steward  +  -ess.] 
A  female  steward ;  specifically,  a  woman  who 
waits  upon  women  in  passenger-vessels,  etc. 

My  new  attendant  .  .  .  told  me  she  had  formerly  been 
the  stewardess  of  a  passenger  vessel  at  the  same  time  that 
her  husband  was  steward. 

Jean  Inyelow,  Off  the  Skelligs,  vi. 

Stewardly  (stu'ard-li),  adv.  With  or  as  with 
the  care  of  a  steward ;  prudently;  providently. 
[Bare.] 

It  is  with  a  provident  deliberation,  not  a  rash  and  prodi- 
gal hand,  to  he  dealt ;  and  to  be  Stewardly  dispensed,  not 
wastefully  spent. 
Tooker,  Fabrick  of  the  Church  (1604),  p.  48.     (Latham.) 

Stewardly  (stu'ard-li),  a.  Managing;  careful; 
provident.  Hafliwell. 

stewardry  (stu'ard-ri),  n.    [Also  stewartry,  q.  v. ; 
<  steward  +  -ry^]     Stewardship. 
Stewardship  (stu'ard-ship),  n.    [<  ME.  stiward- 
shepe;  <  steward  -r-  -ship.']     The  office  or  func- 
tions of  a  steward. 

He  hym  gaue,  withynne  a  litill  space, 
Of  all  his  lande  the  Stiwar[d]shepe  to  holde, 
And  full  power  to  rewle  it  as  he  wold. 

ffenerydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 1058. 

Give  an  account  of  thy  stewardship,  for  thou  mayest  be 
no  longer  steward.  Luke  xvi.  2. 

stewartt,  >*•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  steward. 
stewartry  (stu'art-ri),  ».     [Sc.  var.  of  stew- 
ardry."]    If.  Same  as  stewardry. 

As  an  human  stewartry,  or  trust, 
Of  which  account  is  to  be  giv'n,  and  fust. 

Byrom,  Poetical  Version  of  a  Letter. 

2.  In  Scotland,  a  jurisdiction  over  a  certain  ex- 
tent of  territory,  very  similar  to  that  of  a  re- 
gality ;  also,  the  territory  over  which  this  ju- 
risdicti  on  extends.  Most  stewartries  consisted  of  small 
parcels  of  land  which  were  only  parts  of  a  county ;  hut 
the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright  (often  called  distinctively 
"  The  Stewartry  "),  and  that  of  Orkney  and  Shetland,  make 
counties  by  themselves. 

stewedt  (stud),  «.  [<  stew1  +  -erf2.]  Lodged 
in  or  belonging  to  the  stews. 

O  Aristippus,  thou  art  a  greate  medler  with  this  woman, 
beyng  a  stewed  strumpette. 

Udatt,  tr.  of  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus.    (Dames.) 

stewerdti  «•   An  old  spelling  of  steward. 
stewisht  (stu'ish),  a.     [<  stewl  +  -ish1.]     Per- 
taining to  or  befitting  the  stews. 

Rhymed  in  rules  of  steieish  ribaldry. 

Up.  Hall,  Satires,  I.  ix.  9. 

stew-pan  (stu'pan),  ».    A  utensil  in  which  any- 
thing is  stewed. 
stew-pond  (stu'pond),  »?.     Same  as  stew2. 

There  is  a  dovecote,  some  delightful  stew-ponds,  and  a 
very  pretty  canal. 

Jane  Austen,  Sense  and  Sensibility,  xxx. 

stew-pot  (stu'pot),  11.  1.  A  pot  with  a  cover 
for  making  stews,  soups,  etc. —  2.  A  covered 
pan  used  for  heating  rooms  with  charcoal. 
[Prtfv.  Eng.] 

steyt,  Steyet,  *'.  and  ».     Same  as  sty1. 

Steyeret,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  xtair. 

Stg.     An  abbreviation  of  sterling. 


594] 

Sthenia   (sthf-ni'ii),    «.      [NL.,  <   Gr. 
strength.]      In   /iitthol.,    strength;     excessive 
force:  opposed  to  iixlln-iiin  or  debility. 

sthenic  (sthen'ik),  ti.  [<  Gr.  afievof,  strength, 
might,  +  -ic.]  1.  Strong;  robust;  character- 
i/cil  by  power  of  organization  or  energy  of  func- 
tion, as  a  part  or  organ  of  an  animal.  Sec  HH  - 
Uiixthciiic.  uiicnistlit'iiif. —  2.  Inpatliol.,  attended 
with  a  morbid  increase  of  vital  (especially  car- 
diac) action.  Ntliciiic  tlixc<i.*i-s  are  opposed  to 
diseases  of  debility,  or  axthciiic  ilixcuxcx. —  3. 
Exciting;  inspiring:  said  of  feeling.  [A  use 
introduced  by  Kant.] 

sthcnochire  (sthen'o-kir),  ».  [<  Gr.  adhof, 
strength,  +  xelf<  hand.]  An  apparatus  for  ex- 
ercising and  strengthening  the  hands  for  piano- 
forte- or  organ-playing. 

stiacciato  (stia-cha'to),  «.  [It.,  crushed,  flat- 
tened (cf.  stiacciato,  n.,  a  cake),  pp.  of  stiuc- 
cinri;  crush,  press.]  In  decorative  art,  in  very 
low  relief,  as  if  a  bas-relief  had  been  pressed 
flatter. 

stiant,  ».    A  variant  of  styan  for  sty3. 

stib  (stib),  H.  [Origin  obscure.]  The  American 
dunlin,  purre,  or  ox-bird :  a  gunners'  name.  See 
cut  under  dunlin.  F.  C.  Krowne,  1876.  [Massa- 
chusetts.] 

stibble  (stib'l),  «.  A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form 
of  stubble. 

Stibbler  (stib'ler),  ».  [<  stibble  +  -eri.]  1. 
One  who  goes  from  ridge  to  ridge  on  the  har- 
vest-field, and  cuts  and  gathers  the  handfuls 
left  by  the  reapers.  Jamieson.  Hence  —  2. 
One  who  has  no  settled  charge,  but  goes  from 
place  to  place:  often  applied  humorously  to 
a  clerical  probationer.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering, 
xlvi.  [Scotch  in  both  senses.] 

stibbornet,  «•  A  Middle  English  spelling  of 
stubborn. 

Stibial  (stib'i-al),  a.  [<  NL.  stibium  +  -al] 
Like  or  having  the  qualities  of  antimony;  an- 
timonial. 

stibialism  (stib'i-al-izm),  «.  [<  stibial  +  -ism.] 
Antimonial  intoxication  or  poisoning.  Dun- 
glison. 

Stibiated  (stib'i-a-ted),  a.  [<  NL.  stibium  + 
-ate1  +  -ecft.']  Impregnated  with  antimony. 

Stibic  (stib'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  stibium  +  -ic.~\  Same 
as  antimonic. 

stibiconite  (stib'i-kpn-it),  n.  A  hydrous  oxid 
of  antimony,  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  sometimes 
massive  and  compact,  and  also  in  powder  as  an 
incrustation.  Also  stiblite. 

stibiOUS  (stib'i-us),  a.  [<  NL.  stibium  +  -ous.] 
Same  as  antimonious. 

stibium  (stib'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  stibium,  also 
stibi,  stintmi,  <  Gr.  ari/ii,  ori/ipi,  a  sulphuret  of 
antimony.  Cf.  antimony.]  Antimony. 

Stiblite  (stib'lit),  ».     Same  as  stibiconite. 

Stibnite  (stib'nit),  n.  [<  NL.  stibium  +  -n-  (?) 
+  -ite2.]  Native  antimony  trisulphid  (Sb2Ss), 
a  mineral  usually  occurring  in  orthorhombic 
crystals,  sometimes  of  great  size,  often  acicular, 
and  also  massive.  See  cut  under  acicular.  The 
color  is  lead-gray.  Stibnite  is  sometimes  blackish  and 
dull  externally,  and  with  an  iridescent  tarnish,  but  when 
fresh  It  has  a  very  brilliant  metallic  luster,  especially  on 
the  surface  of  perfect  cleavage.  It  is  very  soft,  yielding  to 
the  pressure  of  the  nail.  This  ore  is  the  source  of  most 
of  the  antimony  of  commerce.  Also  called  antimonite  and 
antimony-glance. 

stibogram  (stib'o-gram),  «.  [<  Gr.  orijiof,  a 
footstep,  +  y/mufia,  a  writing.]  A  graphic  rec- 
ord of  footprints. 

Stibornt,  stibournt,  «•  Middle  English  forms 
of  stubborn. 

stich  (stik),  H.  [<  Gr.  arixoc,  a  row,  order,  line, 
<  oreixeiv,  go  in  line  or  order:  see  sty1.  The 
word  occurs  in  acrostic1  (for  acrosticli),  distich, 
etc.]  1.  A  verse,  of  whatever  measure  or  num- 
ber of  feet. — 2.  A  line  in  the  Scriptures. — 3. 
A  row  or  rank,  as  of  trees. 

sticharion  (sti-ka'ri-on),  n. ;  pi.  sticMria  (-a). 
[<  LGr.  artxaptov.]  In  the  Gr.  Clt.,0.  vestment 
corresponding  to  the  alb  of  the  Western  Church. 
Like  the  alb,  it  is  a  long  robe  with  close  sleeves,  and  for- 
merly was  of  white  linen.  At  the  present  day,  however, 
It  is  often  of  silk  or  other  rich  material,  and  may  be  pur- 
ple in  color.  It  is  worn  by  subdeacons,  deacons,  priests, 
and  bishops. 

stichel  (stich 'el),  n.  [Also  stichall,  ststchil; 
origin  obscure.]  A  term  of  reproach,  applied 
especially  by  parents  to  children.  Halliwell. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

Barren,  stichel !  that  shall  not  serve  thy  turn. 

Lady  Alimony,  I.  4  b. 

Sticher  (stich'er),  v.  i.  [Assibilated  freq.  of 
xtir};1.]  To  catch  eels  in  a  particular  way.  See 
((notation  under  .iticlierer. 


stick 

"Slithering,"  a  Hampshire  method  (of  catching  eels],  i> 
perhaps  one  of  the  most  amusing. 

Pop.  Sci.  JUo.,  XXIX.  2.10. 

sticherer  (stich 'or-er),  H.  [<  xticlirr  +  -eyl.J 
One  who  sticliers. 

In  the  wide,  deep  drains  ustd  for  irrigation  eels  abound, 
and  the  object  nf  the  xliclierrr  Is  to  thrust  the  sickle  un- 
iler  the  eel's  body,  iiml,  with  a  sudden  hoist,  to  land  him 
on  the  bank,  from  which  be  is  transferred  to  the  ba^. 

/•.,,,.  Set  -i/...,  xxix.  *-,!». 

sticheron  (Hti-ke'ron),  ». ;  pi.. ifichcrti  (-ra).  [< 
.\Kil-.  nnxiifiin'  (sc.  r/wTfi/woi1),  liclit.  of  iT7i.iv//J'".. 
pertaining  to  a  vcrsicle,  <  Gr.imfof,  a  verse, ver- 
sicle.]  In  tin-  fir.  ('It.,  a  troparion,  or  one  of 
several  troparia,  following  the  psalms  and  in- 
termingled with  stichoi.  See  stichnx. 

stichic  (stik'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  anxut&s,  of  lines  or 
verses,  <  or/fof,  a  row,  line:  see  stick.]  Per- 
taining to  a  verse  or  line;  consisting  of  verses 
or  lines;  linear;  specifically,  in  anc.  jiros.,  com- 
posed of  lines  of  the  same  metrical  form  through- 
out: opposed  to  xyx 


The  stickic  portions  of  the  cantlca  of  Terence  are  di- 
vided into  strophes.  Amer.  Jour.  I'hilol.,  VII.  399. 

Stichid  (stik'id),  n.  [<  siicliidiiiiii,  q.  v.]  In 
hot.,  same  as  stirhidiinu. 

Stichidium  (sti-kid'i-umt,  >/.;  pi.  xtichidia  (-a). 
[NL.,«ir.  o-ri^of,  a  row,  line,  +  dim.  -«W.]  In 
hot.,  a  peculiarly  modified  branch  of  the  thal- 
lus  in  gome  alga;,  which  serves  as  a  receptacle 
for  the  tetraspores.  See  cut  under  Alaif.  Far- 
low,  Marine  Algae,  p.  165. 

stichomancy  (stik'o-man-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  arixof, 
a  row,  line,  +  fiavreia,  divination.]  Divination 
by  lines  or  passages  in  books  taken  at  hazard ; 
bibliomancy. 

stichometrlc  (stik-o-met'rik),  a.  [<  stichom- 
etr-y  +  -ic.]  Same  as  stichometrical.  J.R.Har- 
ris, Jour,  of  Philol.,  No.  15,  p.  310. 

stichometrical  (stik-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  sticli- 
ometric  +  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  stichom- 
etry;  characterized  by  measurement  by  stichs 
or  lines;  stating  the  number  of  lines. 

Quite  lately  Mommsen  has  published  .  .  .  a  previously 
unknown  stichometrical  catalogue  of  the  books  of  the  Bible, 
and  also  of  the  writings  of  Cyprian. 

Salmon,  Int.  to  the  New  Testament,  p.  559,  note. 

stichometry  (sti-kom'e-tri),  «.  [<  Gr.  ern'^of, 
arow,  line,  verse,+  -/jeT/Ha,<//£rpoi'tanieasure.] 
In  paleog. ,  measurement  of  manuscripts  by  lines 
of  fixed  or  average  length ;  also,  an  edition  or  a 
list  containing  or  stating  such  measurement. 

It  ["The  Assumption  of  Moses"]  is  included  in  the  sti- 
chametry  of  Nicephorus,  who  assigns  it  the  same  length 
...  as  the  Apocalypse  of  St.  John. 

Salmon,  Int.  to  the  New  Testament,  p.  52fl. 

Stichomythia  (stik-o-mith'i-S),  n.  [<  Gr.  ari- 
XOfiMa,  dialogue  in  alternate  lines,  <  arixoftv- 
Otiv,  answer  one  another  line  by  line:  see  xlicli 
and  myth.]  In  anc.  Gr.  drama  and  bucolic  poetry, 
dialogue  in  alternate  lines,  or  pairs  or  groups  of 
lines;  also,  arrangement  of  lines  in  this  manner. 
Usually  in  such  dialogue  one  speaker  opposes  or  corrects 
the  other,  often  with  partial  repetition  or  imitation  of  his 
words.  Also  stichomythy. 

The  speeches  of  this  play  are  of  inordinate  length, 
though  Stichomythia  in  the  Greek  antithetical  manner  is 
also  introduced.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  1. 118. 

Stichos  (stik' os),  H.;  pi.  xtichoi  (-oi).  [<  Gr. 
atix°S,  a  row,  line,  verse.]  1.  In  paleog.,  a 
line  of  average  length  assumed  in  measuring 
the  length  of  a  manuscript.  See  epos,  3,  and 
stichometry. —  2.  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  averse  or  ver- 
sicle,  as  in  the  psalter  or  the  odes;  especially, 
a  verse  or  part  of  a  verse  from  a  psalm,  used 
as  a  versicle. 

Stichwortt,  ».     See  stitcliwort. 

stick1  (stik),  c. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stuck,  ppr.  stick- 
ing. [A  verb  confused  in  form  and  meanings 
with  stielft,  stick1  being  more  prop,  sleek  (as  in 
dial,  uses)  or  "steak  (after  the  analogy  of  break, 
speak,  etc.) ;  E.  dial,  steek,  Sc.  steik,  etc. ;  <  ME. 
stiken,  prop,  steken  (pret.  stak,  pp.  steken,  i-stek- 
en,  y-steke,  stiken,  xtoken;  also,  by  conformity 
with stick'^,  pret.  stiked,  stikede,  pp.  stiked),<.  AS. 
"stecan  (pret.  "steer,  pp.  "stecen),  pierce,  stab,  = 
OS.  stekan  (pret.  stak)  =  OFries.  steka  =  MD. 
D.  steken  =  MLG.  LG.  steken  =  OHG.  stechan, 
stehhan,  MHG.  G.  stechen  (pret.  stacli,  pp.  gesto- 
chen),  pierce ;  not  found  in  Scand.  or  Goth,  (the 
Goth,  form  would  be  "stikan  ;  cf.  Goth,  staks,  a 
mark,  stigma,  stiks,  a  point,  a  moment  of  time) ; 
Teut.  V  stik  =  L.  yf  stig  (in  instigate,  prick,  in- 
stigate, "stinguere  (in  comp.  distinguere,  distin- 
guish, exstingucre,  extinguish),  stim  ulus,  a  prick, 
goad,  stilus,  a  point,  style,  etc.)  =  Gr.  y  or<) 
(in  <TTi'f«i>,  prick,  ari-,fia,  a  prick,  mark,  spot)  = 
Skt.  •/  tij  for  "stij,  be  sharp.  From  this  root 
are  ult.  E.  >•'/<•/,'-',  xti<i;:i,  xtitrli.  xti'it/:.  xtimj.  etc., 


stick 

and,  through  OF.,  ticket,  etiquette  (from  a  col- 
lateral Teut.  root,  stake*,  stock*,  stain/*,  stoke2, 
stoker,  etc.) ;  from  the  L.  root  are  ult.  E.  style*, 
distinguish,  eftinguisJi,  distinct,  c.rtii/ct,  instinct, 
stimulate,  stimulus,  instigate, prestige,  etc.  The 
verb  stick*,  pierce,  has  been  confused,  partly  in 
ME.  and  completely  in  mod.  E.,  with  its  deriva- 
tive stick2.  The  reg.  mod.  pret.  of  stick*  would 
be  "stack  or  "stake  (as  in  ME.),  but  the  pret.  has 
yielded  to  the  influence  of  the  pp.,  and,  becom- 
ing "stoke,  appears  in  mod.  E.  with  shortened 
vowel  stuck,  as  also  in  the  pp.  (cf.  break,  pret. 
brake,  now  liroke,  pp.  broken;  speak,  pret.  spake. 
now  spoke,  pp.  spoken  —  verbs  phonetically  par- 
allel to  stick*).]  I.  traits.  1.  To  pierce  or  punc- 
ture with  a  pointed  instrument,  as  a  dagger, 
sword,  or  pin ;  pierce ;  stab. 

The  sowdan  and  the  Cristen  everichone 
Ben  al  tohewe  [hewed]  and  stiked  at  the  bord. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  332. 

He  drew  his  shining  blade, 
Thinking  to  stick  her  where  she  stood. 
Clerk  Cdilill;  or,  The  Mermaid  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  194). 

A  villain  fitter  to  stick  swine 
Than  ride  abroad  redressing  women's  wrong. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynelte. 

2.  To  push,  thrust,  or  drive  the  point  or  end  of, 
as  into  something  which  one  seeks  to  pierce, 
or  into  a  socket  or  other  receptacle ;  place  and 
fix  by  thrusting  into  something. 

A  broche  golde  and  asure, 
In  whiche  a  ruby  set  waslik  an  herte, 
Cryseyde  hym  gaf,  and  stak  it  on  his  sherte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1372. 

The  Israelites.  .  .  neither  prayed  to  him.  neither  kissed 
his  bones,  nor  offered,  nor  sticked  up  candles  before  him. 
Tyndale,  Ans.  to  Sir  T.  More,  etc.  (Parker  Soc.,  1850),  p.  123. 
I  would  not  see  ...  thy  fierce  sister 
In  his  anointed  flesh  slick  bearish  fangs. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7.  68. 

3.  To  thrust;  cause  to  penetrate  or  enter  in 
any  way ;  loosely,  to  thrust  or  put  (something) 
where  it  will  remain,  without  any  idea  of  pene- 
tration. 

Byndez  byhynde,  at  his  bak,  bothe  two  his  handez   . 
Stik  hym  stifly  in  stokez. 

Alliteratine  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  157. 
A  lean  old  gentleman  .  .  .  stuck  his  head  out  of  the 
window.  J.  S.  Le  Fanu,  Dragon  Volant,  i. 

Behind  the  said  ear  was  stuck  a  fresh  rose. 

Kingsley,  Westward  Ho,  ii. 

4.  To  insert  in   something  punctured:  as,  to 
stick  card-teeth ;  hence,  to  set  with  something 
pointed  or  with  what  is  stuck  in :  as,  to  stick  a 
cushion  full  of  pins. 

Tho  chambur  dore  stekes  tho  vssher  thenne 
With  preket  [candles]  and  tortes  [torches]  that  conne 
brenne.  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  315. 

Biron.  A  lemon. 

Long.  Stuck  with  cloves.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  654. 

5.  To  thrust  or  fix  upon  something  pointed: 
as,  to  stick  a  potato  on  a  fork. 

Their  heads  were  stuck  upon  spears. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

6.  In  carp.,  to  run  or  strike  (a  molding)  with  a 
molding-plane.  — 7t.  To  close;  shut;  shut  up. 
See  steek. 

When  the  kyng  had  consayuit  Cassandra  noise 
He  comaundet  hir  be  caght,  &  closit  full  hard  • 
In  a  stithe  house  of  ston  stake  hir  vp  fast. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7191. 
Stick  a  pin  there,  make  a  note  of  that ;  take  heed  of 
that.  [Colloq.]  — To  stick  offt,  to  set  off  ;  adorn.  Com- 
pare the  phrase  and  quotation  under  II. 

The  humble  variety  whereof  [of  the  Torch-bearers'  hab- 
its] stucke  o/ the  more  amplie  the  maskers  high  beauties 
shining  in  the  habits  of  themselues. 

Chapman,  Masque  of  the  Middle  Temple. 
To  Stick  out,  to  cause  to  project ;  protrude.-To  stick 
pigs,  to  hunt  wild  hogs  with  the  spear,  the  hunter  being 
mounted,  especially  in  British  India.  [Colloq.] 

II.  intrans.  1.   To  be  fastened  or  fixed  by  or 
as  by  piercing  or  by  insertion ;  remain  where 
thrust  m:  as,  the  arrow  sticks  in  the  target. 
Therein  stiked  a  lily  flour.     Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  196. 
Lucretia's  glove,  wherein  her  needle  sticks. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  317. 

2.  To  be  thrust;  extend  or  protrude  in  anv  di- 
rection. 

She  espied  his  cloven  foot, 
From  his  gay  robes  sticking  thro'. 

The  Damon  Lover  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  303). 
To  Stick  offt,  to  appear  to  advantage ;  show  off ;  make  a 

I'll  be  your  foil,  Laertes  ;  in  mine  ignorance 
Your  skill  shall,  like  a  star  i'  the  darkest  night 
Sttck  fiery  o/indeed.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  268. 

To  Stick  out,  to  project;  be  prominent. 

One  hair  a  little  here  slicks  out,  forsooth. 

jB.  Jonson,  Volpone,  Iii.  2. 

To  Stick  up,  to  stand  up ;  be  erect.    [Colloq.]  -  To  Stick 
up  for,  to  espouse  or  maintain  the  cause  of ;  speak  or  act 


5942 

in  defense  of ;  defend  :  as,  to  stick  up  for  an  absent  friend  ; 
to  stick  up  for  the  truth  or  one's  rights.     [Colloq.] 

Heard  him  abuse  you  to  Ringwood.    Ringwood  stuck 

up  for  yon  and  for  your  poor  governor  — spoke  up  like  a 

man  —  like  a  man  who  Ktickv  up  for  a  fellow  who  is  down. 

Thackeraii,  Philip,  xl. 

To  stick  up  to.    Same  as  In  stand  upto  (which  see, under 
stand).    [C'olloq.] 

\o  matter  how  excellent  may  be  the  original  disposition 
of  the  head  boy,  if  there  is  no  one  who  dare  stick  up  to  him, 
he  soon  becomes  intolerable. 

Contemporary  ]!ei\,  LV.  173. 

Stick1  (stik).  it.  \_<  stick*,  i'."]  A  thrust  with  a 
pointed  instrument  which  pierces,  oris  intended 
to  pierce. 

stick-  (stik),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stuck  (formerly 
sticked),  ppr.  sticking.  [<  ME.  xticken,  stikl.rii, 
stykken,  stikrn.  xt:/ken.  sicken,  x/ikicii,  sti/kim, 
stekicn  (pret.  stikede,  etc.;  also,  by  conformity 
with  stick*,  pret.  stak,  pp.  gtalten,  xtuki-n),  be 
fastened,  adhere,  also  fasten/  AS.  sticiii n  (pret. 
sticode)  (=  MLG.  sttken),  pierce,  stab,  intr. 
cleave,  adhere,  stick;  a  weak  form,  parallel 
with  an  unrecorded  form  to  be  assumed  as  the 
cognate  of  the  LG.,  etc.,  weak  verb,  namely 
AS.  *steccan  =  MD.  sleeken  =  MLG.  LG.  stecken 
=  OHG.  stecchen,  MHG.  G.  stecken  (pret.  steckte; 
also,  by  conformity  with  steclien,  pret.  stack), 
stick,  set,  stick  fast,  remain,  =  Sw.  stieka  = 
Dan.  stikke,  stab,  sting  (these  appar.  due  in 
part  to  the  LG.  forms  cognate  with  stick*) ;  not 
found  in  Goth.,  where  the  form  would  be  "stak- 
jan,  standing  for  "staikjan  =  AS.  as  if  "stxcan, 
etc.,  a  secondary  form  from  the  root  "stik,  or 
else  directly  from  the  root  "stak,  a  collateral 
form  of  the  root  "stik :  see  stick*  ,  and  cf .  stick'*. 
The  forms  and  senses  of  the  primitive  and  de- 
rivative verbs  become  confused,  and  cannot 
now  be  wholly  separated;  in  most  dictionaries 
the  two  verbs  are  completely  merged.  Under 
stick2  are  put  all  uses  of  the  verb  so  spelled 
not  clearly  belonging  originally  to  stick*  or 
sticks.  The  proper  pret.  of  stick2  is  sticked; 
this  has  been  superseded  by  stuck,  or  dial,  stack 
(ME.  stak),  which  prop,  belongs  only  to  stick*.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  pierce;  stab.  See  stick*.— 2. 
To  fasten  or  attach  by  causing  to  adhere:  as, 
to  stick  a  postage-stamp  on  a  letter. 

Twenty  ballads  stuck  about  the  wall. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  05. 

You  should  be  on  the  look-out  when  Debarry's  side  have 
stuck  up  fresh  bills,  and  go  and  paste  yours  over  them. 

Uearye  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xxviii. 
3.  To  cause  to  come  to  a  stand ;  puzzle ;  pose. 
[Slang.] — 4.  To  impose  upon ;  cheat;  chouse. 
[Slang.] 

The  pawnbrokers  have  been  so  often  stuck  .  .  .  with 
inferior  instruments  that  it  is  difficult  to  pledge  even  a 
really  good  violin. 

Mayheu;  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  18. 

The  second  purchaser  found  a  customer  willing  to  give 
ten  francs  for  it,  but  the  latter's  family  so  ridiculed  him 
for  having  been  stuck  on  the  canvas  that  he  put  it  away 
out  of  sight  in  his  garret.  The  American,  XIII.  14. 

5.  To  beat,  as  at  a  game  of  cards:  with  for  be- 
fore the  penalty  or  stake :  as,  to  stick  one  for  the 
drinks  at  poker.  [Slang.]- TO  be  stuck  on,  to 
be  greatly  taken  with ;  be  enamored  of.  [Slang,  I'.  SLJ— 
To  be  stuck  up,  to  be  proud  or  conceited.  [Colloq.]  — 
To  stick  one's  self  up,  to  exalt  or  display  one's  self  • 
assert  one's  self.  [Colloq.]  — To  Stick  up, to  plunder; 
waylay  and  rob :  as,  to  stick  up  a  mail-coach ;  to  stick  up  a 
bank.  [Bush-rangers'  slang,  Australia.) 

Having  attacked,  or,  in  Australian  phrase,  stuck  up  the 
station,  and  made  prisoners  of  all  the  inmates. 

Leisure  Uour,  March,  1885,  p.  192.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  cleave  as  by  attraction  or 
adhesion ;  adhere  closely  or  tenaciously. 
She  nadde  on  but  a  streit  olde  sak, 
And  many  a  cloute  on  it  ther  stak. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  45t-. 
The  gray  hairs  yet  stack  to  the  heft. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 
And  on  thy  ribs  the  limpet  sticks. 

Tennyson,  The  Sailor-Boy. 

2.  To  remain  where  placed;  holdfast:  adhere; 
cling;  abide. 

A  born  devil,  on  whose  nature 
Nurture  can  never  stick.    Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  189. 
Sow  began  an  ill  name  to  stick  upon  the  Bishops  of 
Rome  and  Alexandria.       Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 
But  finding  that  they  [doubts]  still  stuck  with  his  follow- 
ers,  he  took  the  last  and  best  way  of  satisfying  them. 

Bp.  Atterbury,  Sermons,  II.  ii. 

"  We  may  teach  you  to  ride  by-and-by,  I  see  ;  I  thought 

not  to  see  you  stick  on  so  long—  '     "I  should  have 

ttuck  on  much  longer,  sir,  if  her  sides  had  not  been  wet.' 

./?.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  xi. 

3.  To  hold  or  cling  in  friendship  and  affection. 
There  is  a  friend  that  eticketh  closer  than  a  brother. 

Prov.  xviii.  24. 


stick 

Like  true,  inseparable,  faithful  loves, 
Sticking  together  in  calamity. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  4.  07. 

4.  To  be  hindered  fi-om  proceeding  or  advan- 
cing; be  restrained  from  moving  onward  or 
from  acting;  be  arrested  in  a  course,  career, 
or  progress;  be  checked  or  arrested;  stop. 

And  jit  in  my  synne  y  stondc  and  sticke, 
Yuel  custiim  ys  fill  hard  to  blynne. 

Political  J'uem.-s,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall;,  p.  197. 
I  had  most  need  of  blessing,  and  "Amen" 
Stuck  in  my  throat.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2.  S3. 

We  ttuck  upon  a  sand  bank  so  fast  that  it  was  after  sun- 
set before  we  could  get  off. 

tlrtice,  Source  of  the  Nile,  I.  03. 

5.  To  be  embarrassed  or  puzzled;  be  brought 
to  a  standstill,  as  by  being  unable  to  interpret 
or  remember  the  words  one  is  attempting  to 
read  or  recite. 

They  will  stick  a  long  time  at  a  part  of  a  demonstration, 
not  for  want  of  will  and  application,  but  really  for  want 
of  perceiving  the  connection  of  two  ideas. 

Locke,  Conduct  of  the  Understanding,  §  6. 
Some  of  the  young  chaps  stick  in  their  parts.    They  get 
the  stace-fevcr  and  knocking  in  the  knees. 

Mayhcw,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  III.  142. 

6.  To  scruple;  hesitate:  with  at. 

I  ...  desired  his  opini«n  of  it,  and  in  particular  touch- 
ing the  paucity  of  Auditors,  whereat  I  formerly  sticked, 
as  you  may  remember. 

Thomas  Adams,  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  148. 
To  serve  him  I  should,  I  think,  stick  at  nothing. 

Pepus,  Diary,  IV.  141. 

To  stick  at  it,  to  persevere.  [Colloq.]  — To  stick  by 
(o)  To  adhere  closely  to ;  be  constant  or  faithful  to. 

For,  of  so  many  thousands  that  were  vnder  mine  empire 
you  only  haue  folowed  and  sticked  by  me. 

J.  Brenae,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  v. 
(6)  To  remain  with;  abide  in  the  memory  or  possession 
of :  as,  ill-gotten  gains  never  stick  by  a  man. 
Nothing  Ktickes  faster  by  vs,  as  appeares, 
Then  that  which  we  learne  in  our  tender  yeares. 

I'uttcnham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  197. 
To  stick  in  one's  gizzard.  See  gizzard.—  To  stick  in 
or  to  one's  fingers,  to  remain  unlawfully  in  one's  hands. 
He  was  — if  half  Leicester's  accusations  are  to  be  be- 
lieved—a most  infamous  peculator.  One  third  of  the 
money  sent  by  the  Queen  for  the  soldiers  stuck  in  his  fin- 
»«•«•  Motley,  Hist.  United  Netherlands,  II.  87. 

To  Stick  out,  to  refuse  to  comply  or  come  to  terms ;  hold 
out  or  hold  back:  as,  to  slick  out  for  a  better  price  —To 
stick  to,  to  abide  firmly  and  faithfully  by ;  hold  fast  to : 
as,  to  stick  to  a  resolution. 

Stick2  (stik),  ».  [<  sticker.]  1.  An  adhesion, 
as  by  attraction  or  viscosity. 

A  magnetic  stick  between  the  wheels  and  the  rails  which 
largely  augments  the  amount  of  traction. 

Elect.  Rev.  (Amer.),  XVII.  194. 

2.  Hesitation;  demur;  a  stop;  a  standstill. 
When  he  came  to-the  Hill  Difficulty,  he  made  no  stick 

at  that,  nor  did  he  much  fear  the  lions. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  Sixth  Stage. 

3.  A    strike    among    workmen.      Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

stick3  (stik),  «.  [<  ME.  sticke.  stikke,  <  AS. 
sticca,  a  stick,  peg,  nail,  =  MD.  stick,  steek, 
MLG.  sticke,  LG.  stikke  =  OHG.  sticcho,  stecciio, 
steclio  (>  It.  stecco,  thorn,  stccca,  staff,  F.  Eti- 
quette, ticket,  etc.),  MHG.  stecke,  stecJie,  G. 
stecken,  a  stick;  cf.  Icel.  stika,  stick  (for  fuel), 
a  stick  (yard-measure):  so  called  as  having 
orig.  a  sharp  point ;  from  the  root  of  stick*  (AS. 
'stecan,  etc.):  see  stick*,  stick'*,  and  cf.  stake, 
steak,  stitch,  stickle*,  etiquette,  ticket,  etc. ;  also 
stock*,  etc.]  1.  A  piece  of  wood,  generally 
rather  long  and  slender;  a  branch  of  a  tree  or 
shrub  cut  or  broken  off ;  also,  a  piece  of  wood 
chopped  or  cut  for  burning  or  other  use  :  often 
used  figuratively. 

Of  all  townes,  castels,  fortes,  bridges,  and  habitations, 
they  left  not  any  stick  standing. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
Wither'd  sticks  to  gather,  which  might  serve 
Against  a  winter's  day.  Milton,  P.  R.,  I.  316. 

Come,  hostess,  lay  a  few  more  sticks  on  the  fire.  And 
now,  sing  when  you  will. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  174. 

2.  A  cudgel;   a  rod;    a   wand;   especially,  a 
walking-stick  or  cane. 

Al-though  thow  stryke  me  with  thi  staffe,  with  stikke  or 
with  jerde.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xii.  14. 

Your  old  friend  Mr.  Burchell,  walking  .  .  .  witli  the 
great  stick  for  which  we  used  so  much  to  ridicule  him  ! 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxx. 

Stick  is  a  large  genus,  running  up  from  switch  to  cud- 
gel, from  rod  to  bludgeon.  De  (Juincey,  Homer,  ii. 

3.  Anything  in  the  form  of  a  stick,  or  some- 
what long  and  slender:  as,  a  stick  of  candy;  a 
stick  of  sealing-wax ;  one  of  the  sticks  of  a  fan, 
whether  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  material. 

A  painted  Landskip  Fann,  cutt.  gilded  Sticks. 
Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 

[I.  170. 


stick 

4.  Specifically —  (a)  The  wand  or  baton  with 
which  a  musical  conductor  directs  a  chorus  or 
orchestra,  (h)  The  wooden  rod  or  back  of  a 
bow  for  playing  on  a  musical  instrument  of  the 
viol  class,  (c)  The  wooden  roil  or  wand,  with 
a  rounded  or  padded  head,  with  which  a  drum 
or  similar  musical  instrument  is  beaten  and 
sounded;  a  drumstick.  —  5.  In  /irii/lini/:  (n)  A 
composing-stick,  (h)  A  piece  of  furniture  used 
to  lock  up  a  form  iu  a  chase  or  galley.  It  is 
called,  according  to  the  place  it  occupies,  licnd- 
stick,  font-ntick,  .tide-stick,  or  gutter-stick. —  6. 
The  rod  which  is  carried  by  t  he  head  of  a  rocket, 
and  serves  to  direct  its  flight. 

Anil  the  Until  event  to  himself  [Mr.  Burke]  has  been 
that,  as  he  rose  like  a  rocket,  he  fell  tike  the  stick 

T.  1'nine,  Letter  to  the  Addressers. 

7.  A  timber-tree.     Hullhrrll.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 

8.  Xaiit.,  a  mast:  as,  the  gale  was  enough  to 
blow  the  sticks  out  of  her.     [Humorous.] — 9. 
That  which  is  strung  on  a  stick;  a  string:  as, 
a  stick  of  herring. —  10.  The  number  of  twenty- 
five  eels,  or  the  tenth  part  of  a  biud,  according 
to  the  old  statute  de  ponderibiis.    Also  called 
strike. — 11.  A  stick-insect.     See  stick-bug  and 
vaUcing-stiek. — 12.  A  person  who  is  stiff  and 
awkward  in  bearing;  hence,  a  stupid,  incapa- 
ble, or  incompetent  person.     [Colloq.j 

I  was  surprised  to  see  Sir  Henry  such  a  stick.    Luckily 
the  strength  of  the  pieee  did  not  depend  upon  him. 

Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  xiii. 
About  the  poorest  stick  for  a  legislator  ever  elected. 

New  York  Tribune,  Sept.  4, 1855. 

As  cross  as  two  sticks.  See  ernwi.— Devil  on  two 
sticks.  See  devil.— In  a  cleft  stick.  See  cleft?.— Long 
Stick.  In  measuring  British  muslins,  long  stickis  the  yard- 
measure  of  30  inches  and  a  thumb,  equivalent  to  37  inches. 
It  is  used  to  measure  goods  for  the  home  market.  Goods 
for  the  foreign  market  are  measured  by  sliort  stick,  in  which 
the  yard  consists  of  35  inches  and  a  thumb,  or  about  36 
inches.  —  Middle  stick,  a  measure  containing  35J  inches 
and  a  thumb  to  the  yard,  or  about  3BJ  inches.— Stick  and 
Stone,  the  whole;  everything:  as,  to  leave  neither  stick 
nor  stone  standing.  Compare  stuck  and  block,  under  stocki. 

And  this  it  was  she  swore,  never  to  many 

But  such  a  one  whose  mighty  arm  could  carry  .  .  . 

Her  bodily  away  through  stick  and  stone. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  ii.  1. 

To  beat  all  to  sticks,  to  outdo  completely.   [Colloq., 

Eng.] 

Many  ladies  in  Strasburg  were  beautiful,  still 
They  were  beat  all  to  sticks  by  the  lovely  Odille. 

Barhain,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  239. 

To  cut  one's  stick.  See  nit.  —  To  go  to  sticks  and 
staves,  to  go  to  pieces  ;  fall  into  ruin  :  in  allusion  to  a 
tub  with  broken  hoops. 

She  married  a  Highland  drover  or  tacksman,  I  can't  tell 
which,  and  they  went  all  to  sticks  and  staves. 

Miss  Ferrier,  Inheritance,  I.  95.    (Jamieson.) 

=  Syn.  2.  Seesta/. 

Stick3  (stik),  v.t.  [<  sticks,  «.]  1.  To  furnish 
or  set  with  sticks,  as  for  climbing  upon :  said 
of  peas. 

But  I  ...  must  .  .  .  go  stick  some  rows  of  peas  which 
are  already  flourishing  in  our  new  garden. 

Carlyle,  in  Froude,  First  Forty  Years,  xxiv. 
I  was  stickinff  peas  in  my  own  garden. 

Jean  Ingelow,  Fated  to  be  Free,  vi. 

2.  In  printing,  to  arrange  in  a  composing-stick; 
compose :  as,  to  stick  type. 

stickadoret,  stickadovet  (stik'a-dor,  -duv),  n. 
[Also  stickadoiie,  sticadoue,  stickado,  steckado, 
sticados;  <  P.  stechados(Cotgvave),  for  corrupt 
forms  of  NL.  stoechados,  Jlos  stcechados,  flower 
of  Stcechas :  stcechados,  gen.  of  Stoechas,  q.  v.] 
A  species  of  lavender,  Lavandula  Steechas,  used 
officinally.  See  lavender'*. 

Stick-bait  (stik'  bat),  ».  Insects  or  worms  f ound 
sticking  to  the  under  surface  of  stones,  and 
used  as  bait.  [North  Carolina.] 


1.  Any  orthopterous 


Stick-bug  (stik'bug), 
insect  of  the  family 
Phasmidee:  particularly 
applied  to  Diapheromeru 
femorata,  the  common- 
est insect  of  this  kind  in 
the  United  States,  where 
it  is  also  called  wood- 
horse,  stick-insect,  tieig- 
bitfi,  tirig-inxcct,  walking- 
ttcig,  n'(i!kini/-stick,  prai- 
rie-alligator, specter,  and 
deril's  horse.  See  cut 
under  Phasma.  [Local, 
U.S.] — 2.  A  predaceous 
reduvioid  bug  of  the 
United  States,  Emesa 
longipes,  with  a  long 
slender  brown  body  and 
long  spider-like  legs,  the  front  pair  of  which 
are  raptorial ;  the  spider-bug.  When  lodged  on  a 


Stick-bug  (Emesa  longipts  >. 


5948 

twig,  it  swings  its  body  back  anil  forth  Ilk,  >  ,mr  of  the 
daddy-long-legs.  This  insect  resembles  some  .  it  the  1'lut* 
midx,  which  receive  the  same  name,  but  belongs  to  a  dif- 
ferent order. 

Stick-CUlture  (stik'kul  tiir),  n.  A  bacterial 
culture  made  by  thrusting  a  platinum  needle 
(sterilized  and  then  dipped  into  a  growth  of  the 
microbe  or  other  material  to  be  examined)  into 
the  culture-medium,  as  a  tube  of  gelatin. 

Stickedt.    An  obsolete  past  participle  uf  stick". 

Sticker1  (stik'er),  H.  [<  stick*  +  -<•;•!.]  1.  ( )ne 
who  or  that  which  sticks  or  stabs;  especially. 
one  who  kills  swine  or  other  animals  by  stick- 
ing or  stabbing. 

Master  Burdell  the  pig-butcher,  and  his  foreman,  or,  as 
he  was  more  commonly  called,  Sam  the  Sficto  t\ 

Hood,  Sketches  on  the  Road,  The  Sudden  Death. 

2.  An  anglers'  gaff.  [Slang.] — 3.  A  sharp  re- 
mark or  an  embarrassing  question,  intended  or 
adapted  to  silence  or  pose  a  person.  Thackerai/. 
Sticker2  (stik'er),  n.  [<  stick?  +  -er1.]  1.  One 
who  adheres,  clings,  or  sticks  to  anything. 

Although  culture  makes  us  tondstickers  to  no  machinery, 
not  even  our  own.  M.  Arnold,  Culture  and  Anarchy,  Pref. 

2.  One  who  sticks,  or  causes  to  adhere,  as  by 
pasting. 

The  bill-sticker,  whose  large  flat  basket,  stutfed  with 
placards,  leaned  near  him  against  the  settle. 

George  Kliot,  Felix  Holt,  xxvlii. 

3.  Same  as  paster,  '2. —  4.  An  article  of  mer- 
chandise which  sticks  by  the  dealer  and  does 
not  meet  with  a  ready  sale.     [U.  S.]  —  5.  In 
organ-building,  a  wooden  rod  serving  to  trans- 
mit motion  between  the  ends  of  two  recipro- 
cating levers.    Stickers  are  usually  held  in  place  by 
pins  in  their  ends,  which  work  freely  in  holes  or  slots  in 
the  lever-ends.    See  cut  under  organ. 

6.  pi.  The  arms  of  a  crank-axis  employed  to 
change  the  plane  and  direction  of  a  reciprocat- 
ing motion.  For  distinction  the  arms  are  thus  named 
when  they  act  by  compression,  and  are  called  trackers 
when  they  act  by  tension.  The  axis  is  termed  a  roller. 

Stickful  (stik'ful),  «.  [<  sticks  +  ./„/.]  iu 
printing,  as  much  composed  type  as  can  be  con- 
tained in  a  composing-stick. 

stick-handle  (stik'han'dl),  ».  The  handle  of 
a  walking-stick.  See  cane1. 

Stick-helmet  (stik'hel"met),  w.  A  mask  with 
additional  guards  for  the  forehead  and  head, 
used  in  cudgel-play. 

stickiness  (stik'i-nes),  n.  The  property  of  being 
sticky,  adhesive,  or  tenacious;  viscousness; 
glutinousness. 

sticking1  (stik'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  stick1,  «.] 
The  act  of  stabbing  or  piercing,  (a)  The  act  of 
thrusting  a  knife  or  spear  into  the  neck  or  body  of  a  beast. 
Hence  — (6)  pi.  The  part  of  a  beast's  neck  where  it  is 
stabbed  by  the  butcher ;  a  coarse  and  cheap  cut  of  beef 
or  pork. 

The  meat  is  bought  in  "pieces,"  of  the  same  part  as 
the  sausage-makers  purchase  —  the  stickings  —  at  about 
"i/.  the  pound. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  1. 190. 
(c)  Stitching ;  needlework.    [Scotch,  iu  the  form  steekiny.  ] 
The  cloth  of  it  was  satin  flue, 

And  the  steeking  silken  wark. 
The  Jolly  Goshawk  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  281)). 

sticking"  (stik'ing),  «.    [Verbal  n.  of  stick2,  ».] 
1.  The  act  of  coming  to  a  stop.    Compare  stick- 
ing-place. 
All  stickings  and  hesitations  seem  stupid  and  stony. 

Donne,  Letters,  iv. 

Specifically  —  2.  pi.  The  last  of  a  cow's  milk; 
shippings.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Sticking-place  (stik'ing-plas),  «.  The  point 
where  anything  sticks,  stays,  or  stops ;  a  place 
of  stay. 

Which  flower  out  of  my  hand  shall  never  passe, 
But  in  my  heart  shall  have  a  sticking-place. 
Gorgeous  Gallery  of  Gallant  Inventions  (1578),  quoted  in 
[Furness's  Variorum  Shakespeare,  Macbeth. 

But  screw  your  courage  to  the  sticking-place, 

And  we'll  not  fail.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7.  00. 

sticking-plaster  (stik' ing -plas'ter),  n.  1. 
Same  as  resin  plaster  (which  see,  under  plas- 
ter).—  2.  Court-plaster. 

In  the  reign  of  Charles  I suns,  moons,  stars,  and 

even  coaches  and  four  were  cut  of  sticking  plaister,  and 
stuck  on  the  face. 

J.  Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  169. 

sticking-point  (stik 'ing -point),  H.  Same  as 
sticking-place. 

One  sight  of  thee  would  nerve  me  to  the  sticking-point. 
Disraeli,  Alroy,  1.  2. 

stick-insect  (stik'in"sekt),  «.  Same  as  stick- 
bug,  1.  See  walking-stick. 

stick-in-the-mud  (stik'in-the-mud'),  n.   An  old 
fogy;  a  slow  or  insignificant  person.    [Colloq.] 
This  rusty  colored  one  [a  pin]  is  that  respectable  old 
stick-in-thf-mud,  JJicias. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  I.  x. 


stickleback 

Stickit(stik'it  ),/<.».  [Sc.  form  of  «'»•/.•<•</.  pp.  of 
stick-  (and  stick1 ).]  Stuck.  |  Scotch. ]  — stlckit 
minister,  in  Scotland,  n  student  »f  theiilnjtv  who  fails  !<. 
obtain  lici.-n.sL',  ->r  a  lieentiatc  \*ho  fails  tu  obtain  a  pas- 
toral charge. 

He  became  totally  inrapable  of  pjoceedintr  in  his  in- 
tended discoinsc  .  .  .  sbllt  tile  1'ibie  —  stumbled  du«  n 
the  pill  pit  stalls,  1 1  am  [lit  nt:  up' in  t  lie  i  ild  women  who  ifen- 
erally  take  their  stai  inn  tltei  ••  :nnl  u  ;i~  .  \  er  alter  desig- 
nated as  a  .~tif!,,t  nnniHlt'T.  >'<'<>lt.  tiny  MannciiiiK,  ii. 

Stick-lac  (stik'lak).  ii.      See  /«<•-.  1. 

Stickle1  (stik'l),  n.  [<  ME.  'xtikil,  "xti/ki/l  (in 
comp. ).  <  AS.  stii'il  'also,  with  diff.  format  i\e. 
slicclx),  ,-i  prickle,  stiii^'.  =  Ml>.  .ttil.el,  later 
xlic/.-i't,  1).  .tlikcl  =  \A1.  .tlikkil  (in  comp.),  dflO 
slikkc  =  OIK!,  .tticliil.  MIKJ.  sliclicl,  <!.  dial. 
sticki  I,  a  prickle,  sting,  =  I  eel.  stikill,  the  pointed 
end  of  a  horn,  =  Norw.  stikcl,  a  prickle  (cf. 
^[D.8taekel,OnQ.ittac)mUa.  .ttacciinila..ttaciii/in, 
stacliila,  MUG.  G.  stachel,  a  thorn,  prickle, 
sting);  akin  to  sticca,  etc..  a,  (pointed)  stick 
(see  stick'*),  <  "stecan,  pierce,  prick,  stick:  see 
sticki.']  A  sharp  point;  a  prickle;  a  spine. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  stickleback,  xtick/i -\tu\red, 
slickly,  and  the  local  name  Pike  o'  Stickle,  one 
of  the  two  Pikes  of  Langdale  in  England.] 

stickle2  (stik'l),  n.  and  «.  [Early  mod.  E.also 
stikle;  <  ME.  stikcl,  <  AS.  sticol,  sticel,  steep, 
high, inaccessible,  <*.vtew(»,  pierce,  prick,  slick: 
seeirWct1.]  I.  a.  1.  Steep;  high;  inaccessible. 
—  2.  High,  as  the  water  of  a  river;  swollen; 
sweeping;  rapid. 

When  they  came  thither,  the  riuerof  the  Shenln,  which 

inuironeth  and  runneth  round  about  the  citfe,  they  found 

the  same  to  be  so  deepe  and  stikle  that  they  could  not  passe 

oner  the  same.        Giraldus  Cambrenfix,  Conq.  of  Ireland, 

[p.  37  (Holinshed's  I'hron.,  I  ). 

II.  «.  1.  A  shallow  iii  a  river  where  the  wa- 
ter, being  confined,  runs  with  violence. 
Patient  anglers  standing  all  the  day 
Neare  to  some  shallow  stickle  or  deepe  bay. 

W.  Browne,  Britannia  s  Pastorals,  Ii.  4. 

2.  A  current  below  a  waterfall. 

The  water  runs  down  with  a  strong,  sharp  stickle,  and 
then  has  a  sudden  ellKiw  in  it,  where  the  small  brook 
trickles  in.  R.  D.  Blaekmore,  Lorna  Doone,  vii. 

[Prov.  Eng.  in  all  uses.] 

Stickle3  (stik'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stickled,  ppr. 
stickling.  [A  mod.  var.  of  stiyh  tie,  which  also 
appears  (with  a  reg.  change  of  the  orig.  gut- 
tural gh  to/)  as  stifflc:  see  stightlc.  In  defs. 
II.,  2,  3,  the  sense  has  been  influenced  by  asso- 
ciation with  sticks.]  I.|  trans.  To  interpose  in 
and  put  a  stop  to ;  mediate  between ;  pacify. 

They  ran  unto  him,  and  pulling  him  back,  then  too  fee- 
ble for  them,  by  force  stickled  that  unnatural  fray. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  interpose  between  com- 
batants and  separate  them  ;  mediate;  arbitrate. 

There  had  been  blood  shed  if  I  had  not  stickled. 
W.  Cartwriaht,  The  Ordinary  (Hazlitt's  Dodsley,  XII.  276). 

2.  To  take  part  with  one  side  or  the  other; 
uphold  one  party  to  a  dispute. 

Fortune  (as  she 's  wont)  turn'd  tickle, 
And  for  the  foe  began  to  xtickle. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  61B. 

You,  Bellmour,  are  bound  in  Gratitude  to  stickle  for  him ; 
you  with  Pleasure  reap  that  Fruit  which  he  takes  pains 
to  sow.  Conyreve,  Old  Batchelor,  1.  4. 

3.  To  contest  or  contend  pertinaciously  on  in- 
sufficient grounds  ;  insist  upon  some  trifle. 

I  hear  no  news  about  your  bishops,  farther  than  that 
the  lord  lieutenant  stickles  to  have  them  of  Ireland. 

Swift,  Letter,  May  13,  1727. 

4.  To  hesitate. 

Some  .  .  .  stickle  not  to  aver  that  you  are  cater-cousin 
with  Beelzebub  himself. 

Barhant,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  12*2. 

5.  To  play  fast  and  loose ;  waver  from  one  side 
to  the  other;  trim. 

stickleback  (stik'1-bak),  n.  [Also  corruptly 
xticklebarj,  and  metamorphosed  tittlebat;  <  ME. 
"stikelbak,  stykylbak;  <  stickle1-  +  back*-.  Cf. 
thorxbacJc,  and  see  stickling. ]  Any  fish  of  the 
family  Gasteroxtcidse :  so  called  from  the  sharp 


Two-spiiied  Stickleback  {C.asttrestrui  acultatust. 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

spines  of  the  back.  They  are  small  flshes,  a  few  Inches 
long,  of  5  genera,  Qastenstetis,  Pi/ffosteus,  Eitcalia,  Aftltes, 
and  Spinachia.  but  very  pugnacious  and  rapacious, 
being  especially  destructive  to  the  spawn  and  fry  of 
many  larger  flshes.  They  inhabit  fresh  waters  and 
sea-arms  of  northern  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America 


stickleback 


5944 


toJJiejiumber^ofjiearlyJO  species^  The  common  two.  or  Sticta  (stik'ta),  11.  [NL.  (Schreber,  1774),  < 

Gr.  aTiK~6(,  spotted,  dappled,  punctuated,  ver- 
bal adj.  <  or/Cnr,  mark  with  a  pointed  instru- 
ment, prick:  see  stigma.']  A  large,  mostly  trop- 
ical, genus  of  parmeliaceous  lichens,  of  the 
family  Peltif/erci.  The  thallus  is  frondose-foliaceous. 
variously  lobed,  but  for  the  most  part  wide-lobed,  and  co- 
riaceous or  cartilaginous  In  texture.  The  apothecia  are 
scutelliform,  submargin.il,  elevated,  and  blackened ;  the 
spores  are  fusiform  and  acicular,  two-  to  four-celled,  usu- 
ally colorless.  There  arc  about  20  North  American  species. 
Some  of  the  exotic  species,  as  S.  argyracea,  are  rich  in  col- 
oring matter.  See  crotUesV,  hazel-crotties,  lungwort,  3,  oak- 
lungs,  TOi/i,  3,  and  cut  under  apnthecium. 

Sticteine  (stik'te-in),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Sticta  +  -inc.] 
In  hot.,  relating  or  belonging  to  the  germaStirtii. 
E.  Tuckerman,  N.  A.  Lichens,  I.  83. 

stictiform  (stik'ti-form),  «.  [<  NL.  Sticta  + 
L.  forma,  form.]  In  hot.,  having  the  form  or 
characters  of  the  genus  Sticta. 

Stidt,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  stead 

Stiddy1  (stid'i),  w.     A  dialectal  form  of  stithy. 

James  Yorke,  a  blacksmith  of  Lincoln,  ...  is  a  servant 
as  well  of  Apollo  as  Vulcan,  turning  his  stiddy  into  a  study. 
Flitter,  Worthies,  Lincoln,  II.  296. 


three-spined  stickleback,  banstickle,  burnstickle,  or  tit 
tlebat,  is  O.  aculeatus,  4  inches  long.  Another  is  the  nine- 
or  ten-spined,  Pyfjosteus  pungitius.  The  fifteen-spined 
stickleback,  or 
sea-stickleback,  is 
Spinachia  vulgaris, 
of  the  northerly 
coasts  of  Europe, 
a  marine  species, 
from  5  to  7  inches 
long,  of  very  slen- 
der elongate  form, 
with  a  tubular 
snout.  They  arc 
among  the  most 
characteris  tic 
fishes  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere  in 
the  colder  re- 
gions. Except  in 
the  breeding-sea- 
son, they  live  In 
shoals,  and  are 
sometimes  numer- 
ous enough  to  be- 
come of  commer- 


Nest of  Stickleback. 


cial  value  for  their  oil  or  for  manure.  They  are  noted  for 

the  construction  of  elaborate  nests  which  the  male  builds 

for  the  eggs,  in  which  several  females  often  or  generally 

deposit  their  burden.    The  eggs  are  comparatively  few,  Stiddy2,  a.     A  dialectal  form  of  steady1. 

and  while  being  hatched  are  assiduously  guarded  by  the  stiet      See  sii/1    stu%    ?tu3 

male.     The  local  or  popular  synonyms  of  the  sticklebacks   Rtiebel's  canal       See  ea'nnll 

are  numerous,  among  them  pnckleback,  spricMeliack,  xtick-   *"'."' OB1  s  J-anai.     . 

ling,  and  sharpling.  Stieve,  StieVCly.     bee  Steeve1,  steet'ely. 

sticklebag    (stik'1-bag),   ».     A  corruption  of  Stife1  (stif),  a.     A  dialectal  variant  of  stiff. 

stickleback.    I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i.  5.     stife2  (stif),  ».     [Cf.  stifle,  s«r«2.]     Suffocating 
Stickle-hairedt    (stik'l-hard),   a.      Having  a     vapor.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

A  large  open-mouthed  chimney  or  stack,  about  45  feet 
high  (one  for  each  set),  which  serves  to  carry  off  the  smoke 
from  the  flres,  the  fumes  from  the  metal,  and  the  stife 
from  the  grease. 


rough  or  shaggy  coat;  rough-haired. 

Those  [dogs]  that  serve  for  that  purpose  are  stieklt  haired, 
and  not  unlike  the  Irish  grayhounds. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  60. 
Stickler  (stik'ler),  n.  [An  altered  form  of 
stiteler,*stightler,  after  stickle  for  stightle:  see 
stickle^,  stightle.]  If.  An  attendant  on  or  a 
judge  of  a  contest,  as  a  duel ;  a  second;  hence, 
an  arbitrator;  a  peacemaker. 

The  dragon  wing  of  night  o'erspreads  the  earth, 
And,  stickler-like,  the  armies  separates. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C. ,  v.  8. 18. 

Buriasso,  a  stickler  or  iudge  of  any  combatants,  such  a 
one  as  brings  into  the  listes  such  as  shall  right  a  combat, 
or  run  at  tilt.  Florin,  1598. 

Hee  is  a  great  stickler  in  the  tumults  of  double  lugges, 
and  venters  his  head  by  his  Place,  which  is  broke  many 
times  to  keep  whole  the  peace. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Constable. 

2.  An  obstinate  contender  about  anything,  of- 
ten about  a  thing  of  little  consequence:  as,  a 
stickler  for  ceremony;  an  advocate;  apartizan. 
He  was  one  of  the  delegates  (together  with  Dr.  Dale, 
Ac.)  for  the  Tryall  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and  was  a 
great  stickler  for  the  saving  of  her  life. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (William  Aubrey). 

Stickling  (stik'ling),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
styckelymj;  <  ME.  stikeling,  stykeli/nge,  steke- 
lyng;  <  stickle^  +  -itigS.  Cf.  sttcMebaek.]  A 
fish :  same  as  stickleback. 

Stickly(stik'li),  a.  [<  sttdMfi  + -01.]  Prickly; 
rough.  Haiti  iccll.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Stick-play  (stik'pla),  ».     Same  as 
or  single-stick. 

Stick-pot  (stik'pot),  «.  A  lath-pot  for  taking 
lobsters:  the  common  form  of  lobster-trap, 
semicylindrical  or  rectangular  in  shape,  and 
constructed  of  laths  or  of  any  narrow  strips  of 
wood. 

Other  names  by  which  they  are  known  to  the  fishermen 
are  "box-traps,"  "house-pots,"  "stick-pots."  and  "lath- 
CO°P8-"  Fisheries  of  If.  S.,  V.  ii.  666. 

stickseed  (stik'sed),  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Eehinospermitm,  of  the  borage  family.  Thegenns 
consists  of  rather  slender  rough  weeds  whose  seeds  bear 
on  the  margin  from  one  to  three  rows  of  barbed  prickles 
by  which  they  adhere  to  clothing,  etc.  E.  Virginimm  the 
beggar's-lice,  is  a  leading  American  species. 

sticktail  (stik'tal),  •».  The  ruddy  duck,  Eris- 
ntatura  rnbina.  See  cut  under  Erismatura.  J. 
P.  Giraud,  1844.  [Long  Island.] 

sticktight  (stik'tit),  «.  A  composite  weed, 
Bidens  frondosa,  whose  flat  achenia  bear  two 
barbed  awns ;  also,  one  of  the  seeds.  The  name 
is  doubtless  applied  to  other  plants  with  adhe- 
sive seeds.  Compare  beggar1 's-ticks,  beggar's- 


W.  B.  Wahl,  Galvanoplastlc  Manipulations,  Ixv.  517. 
and  w.      [Also  dial,  stife,  stive 


(with  diphthong  after  orig.  long  vowel) ;  <  ME. 


stiffen 

Yet  oft  they  quit 

The  dunk,  and,  rising  on  xtiff  pennons  tower 
The  mild  aereal  sky.  M,/t,,,,,  p.  L.,  vii.  441. 

somtytne  I  was  an  archere  good. 

A  styffe  and  eke  a  stronge, 
I  was  committed  the  best  archere 

That  was  in  mery  Englomle 
Lytell  Gesle  ofRobyn  Hode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  120). 

9.  Strong:  said  of  an  alcoholic  drink,  or  mixed 
drink  of  which  spirit  forms  a  part. 

But,  tho'  the  port  surpasses  praise, 
My  nerves  have  dealt  with  Mfftr. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 

10.  Firm  in  resistance  or  persistence;  obsti- 
nate; stubborn;  pertinacious. 

A  grene  hors  gret  &  thikke, 
A  stede  ful  sttfto  strayne  [guide]. 
Sir  Gaicai/nr  ami  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  173. 
Ther  the  batayle  was  stiffest  and  of  more  strengthe. 

Joseph  of  Arimathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  18. 
The  boy  remained  stiff  in  his  denial,  and  seemed  not  af- 
fected with  the  apprehension  of  death. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  II.  58. 

11.  Hard  to  receive  or  accept;  hard  to  bear. 

Labienus  — 

This  is  stiff  news  —  hath  with  his  Parthian  force 
Extended  Asia  from  Euphrates. 

fShak.,  A.  and  C.,  i.  2.  104. 

12.  Hard  to  master  or  overcome  ;  very  difficult: 
as,  a  stiff  examination  in  mathematics. 

We  now  left  the  carriages,  and  began  a  stiff  ^  climb  to  the 
top  of  the  hill.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXX  VI.  447. 

13.  Naut.,  bearing  a  press  of  canvas  or  of 
wind  without  careening  much  ;  tending  to  keep 
upright  :  as,  a  stiff  vessel  ;  a  stiff  keel  :  opposed 
to  crank. 

It  continued  a  growing  storm  all  the  day,  and  towards 
night  so  much  wind  as  we  bore  no  more  sail  but  so  much 
as  should  keep  the  ship  ft  iff. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  17. 

14.  High;  steep:  as,  a  stiff  price.     [Slang.]  — 

15.  Unyielding;  firm:  said  of  prices,  markets, 
etc.:  as,  the  wheat  -market  is  stiff.     [Commer- 
cial slang.]  —  16.  Rigid  as  in  death;  dead. 
[Slang.]_A  stiff  neck.    See  rwwJ-.-To  keep  a  stiff 
upper  lip.    See  lip.  =  Syn.  1.  Unbending,  unyielding.—  6. 
Priin,  punctilious.—  10.  Inflexible,  uncompromising. 

II.  n.  1.  A  dead  body;  a  corpse.     [Slang.] 
They  piled  the  stiffs  outside  the  door  — 
They  made,  I  reckon,  a  cord  or  more. 

John  Hay,  Mystery  of  Gilgal. 
2.  In  hatting,  a  stiffener.—  3.  Negotiable  pa- 


= MHG.  stif  (appar.  <  MLG.),  G.  steif=  Dan. 
stiv  =  Sw.  styf  =  Norw.  stiv  (Icel.  "stifr  (Web- 
ster), not  found,  styfr  (Haldorsen),  prob.,  like 
the  other  Scand.  forms,  of  LG.  origin) ;  Teut. 
•/  stif,  stif;  akin  to  Lith.  stipnis,  strong,  gtipti, 
be  stiff,  L.  stipes,  a  stem  (see  stipe).  Cf.  stifle^.] 
I.  a.  1.  Rigid ;  not  easily  bent ;  not  flexible  or 
pliant ;  not  flaccid :  as,  stiff  paper;  a  cravat  stiff 
with  starch. 
Arttfspere.  King  Alisaunder,  1.  2745.  Per-  [Commercial  slang.]—  4.  Forged  paper. 

[Thieves'  slang.]- To  do  a  bit  of  stiff,  to  accept 
»,  „„.«. .  .  v,,,     [siang.] 


Oh  God,  my  heart !  she  is  cold,  cold,  and  stiff  too, 
fltiffm  a  stake;  she's  dead  ! 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  2. 
Hark .'  that  rustle  of  a  dress, 
Stiff  with  lavish  costliness! 

Lowell,  The  Ghost-Seer. 

2.  Not  fluid;  thick  and  tenacious;  neither  soft  lS™L(!l?2j* 
nor  hard:  as,  a  stiff  batter;  stiff  cUy. 

I  grow  stiff,  as  cooling  metals  do. 

Dryden,  Indian  Emperor,  v.  2. 

3.  Drawn  tight;  tense:  as,  a  stiff  cord. 

Then  the  two  men  which  did  hold  the  end  of  the  line 
still  standing  there,  began  to  draw,  &  drew  til  they  had 
drawn  the  ends  of  the  line  sliffe,  &  together. 

Pnnhtu,  Pilgrimage,  p.  433. 
Keep  a  stiff  rein,  and  move  but  gently  on ; 
The  coursers  of  themselves  will  run  too  fast. 

Addison,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  II. 

4.  Not  easily  bent ;  not  to  be  moved  without 
great  friction  or  exertion ;  not  working  smoothly 
or  easily. 


As  he  [Rip  Van  Winkle]  rose  to  walk,  he  found  himself 
stiff  In  the  joints.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  5B. 

The  plugs  were  stiff,  and  water  could  not  be  got. 

Mrs.  Qaskell,  Mary  Barton,  v. 

5.  Not  natural  and  easy  in  movement;  not  flow- 
ing or  graceful;  cramped;  constrained:  as,  a 
Stiff  style  of  writing  or  speaking. 

And  his  address,  if  not  quite  French  In  ease 
Not  English  stiff,  but  frank,  and  forni'd  to  please. 

Cowper,  Tirocinium,  L  671. 
Our  hard,  (ft/ lines  of  life  with  her 
Are  flowing  curves  of  beauty. 

Whittier,  Among  the  Hills. 

6.  Rigidly  ceremonious;  formal  in  manner;  con- 


strained; affected;  unbending;  starched:  as,  a 
Sticky1  (stik'i),  o.    [<  sticks  +  -yl.]    1.  Having    stiff  deportment, 
the  property  of  adhering  to  a  surface ;  inclining 
to  stick;  adhesive;  viscous;  viscid;  glutinous; 
tenacious.— 2.  Humid;  producing  stickiness; 
muggy :  as,  a  disagreeable,  sticky  day.  [Collon  1     ?•   Strong  and  steady  in  motion  :   as.  a  stiff 

•H/»lr*T^    fo*-iL.';\     „        r/    ,,j.-~7.o     ,         i  -,-..,   ^  J       rnv>*»7*i 


This  kind  of  good  manners  was  perhaps  carried  to  an 
excess,  so  as  to  make  conversation  too  stiff,  formal  and 
precise.  Addism,  Spectator,  No.  119. 


sticky2  (stik'i),  «.. 
stick;  stiff. 


[<  sticks  +  -,/l.]     Like  a 

But  herbs  draw  a  weak  juyce,  and  have  a  soft  stalk- 
d  therefore  those  amongst  them  which  last  longest  are 
rbs  of  strong  smell,  and  with  a  sticky  stalk. 


and  th 
herbs 


. 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist  ,  8  583. 


breeze. 

And,  like  a  field  of  standing  corn  that 's  mov'd 
With  a  stiff  gale,  their  heads  how  all  one  way. 

Bfou.  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  Hi.  1. 

8.  Strong;  lusty;  stanch,  both  physically  and 
mentally.     [Now  provincial  only.]' 


or  discount  a  bill. 

How  are  the  Three  per  Cents,  you  little  beggar?  I  wish 
you  d  do  me  o  bit  of  stiff;  and  just  tell  your  father,  if  I 
may  overdraw  my  account,  I'll  vote  with  him. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  vi. 
i.  [<  ME.  stiffen,  stiffen,  a  later 
form  ofstiren,  early  ME.  'stifien,  <  AS.  stifian  or 
stifian,  be  stiff,  <  stif,  stif,  stiff:  see  stiff,  a.,  and 
cf.  stive1,  the  older  form  of  the  verb.]  To  be- 
come or  grow  stiff.  (0)  To  become  upright  or  strong. 
As  sone  as  they  [chicks]  styffe  and  that  they  steppe  knnne. 
Than  cometh  and  crieth  her  owen  kynde  dame. 

Richard  the  Redelesi,  ill.  54. 

(b)  To  become  obstinate  or  stubborn. 

But  Dido  affrighted  sttft  also  in  her  obstinat  onset. 

Stanihiirst,   !  :u.  M  |v. 

stiff-borne  (stif'born),  a.    Carried  on  with  un- 
yielding constancy  or  perseverance. 

The  stiff-borne  action.  />'/«/*-.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1.  177. 

stiffen  (stif  'n),  v.    [=  Sw.  styf»a  =  Dan.  stime; 
as  stiff  +  -e»i.]     I.  intranx.   To  become  stiff. 
(o)  To  become  less  flexible  or  pliant  ;  become  rigid. 
With  chatt'ring  teeth  he  stands,  and  stiff  "ning  hair 
And  looks  a  bloodless  image  of  despair  f 

Pope,  Iliad,  xiii.  364. 

In  this  neighbourhood  I  have  frequently  heard  it  said 
that  If  a  corpse  does  not  stiffen  within  a  reasonable  time 
it  is  a  sign  of  another  death  in  the  family. 

X.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  X.  114. 

(ft)  To  become  less  soft  or  fluid  ;  grow  thicker  or  harder  ; 
become  inspissated  :  as,  jellies  stiffen  as  they  cool. 
The  tender  soil  then  stifning  by  degrees.          Dryden. 

(c)  To  become  steady  and  strong  :  as,  a  stiffening  breeze. 

(d)  To  become  unyielding  ;  grow  rigid,  obstinate,  or  for- 
mal. 

Sir  Aylmer  Aylmer  slowly  stiffening  spoke: 
"The  girl  and  boy,  Sir,  know  their  differences  !" 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

(e)  To  become  higher  in  price  ;  become  firmer  or  more  un- 
yielding :  as,  the  market  stiffens.    [Commercial  slang.) 

II.  trim*.  To  make  stiff,  (a)  To  make  less  pliant 
or  flexible. 

From  his  saddle  heavily  down-leapt, 
Stiffened,  as  one  who  not  for  long  has  slept. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  259. 
(ft)  To  make  rigid,  constrained,  formal,  or  habitual. 
I  pity  kings,  whom  Worship  waits  upon,  .  . 
Whom  Education  stiffens  into  state. 

Coirper,  Table  Talk.  1.  126. 


stiffen 

(c)  To  make  more  thick  or  viscous;  inspissate:  ;is,  to 
stiffen  paste,    (d)  To  make  stubborn  or  obstinate. 

The  man  .  .  .  who  is  settled  and  stiffened  in  vice. 

Borrow,  Nermons,  III.  xvi.     (Kuci/i-.  Met.) 

stiffener  (stif  ner),  »,  [<  stiffen,  +  -<•>•*.]  One 
who  or  that  which  stiffens,  (a)  Formerly  used  spe- 
cifically for  a  piece  of  stilt  material  worn  inside  a  stock  or 
neckcloth,  and  also  for  a  similar  device  worn  in  leg-of-mut- 
ton sleeves,  (b)  In  bookbinding,  a  thick  paper  or  thin  mill- 
iHiard  used  by  bookbinders  as  an  inner  lining  to  book- 
covers  to  give  them  the  needed  stiffness. 

stiffening  (stif'ning),  ».  [Verbal  n.  o(ntiff<-n,  c.] 
1.  Something  that  is  used  to  make  a  substance 
stiff  or  less  soft,  as  starch. —  2.  Something  in- 
serted to  make  a  garment,  or  part  of  a  garment . 
stiff  and  capable  of  keeping  its  shape.  See 
buckram,  crinoline. 

stiffening-machine  (stif 'ning-ma-shen"),  «.  In 
l/(it-m<i  l:i  in/,  an  apparatus  for  applying  th  e  heated 
composition  used  to  harden  and  stiffen  the  felt 
of  hats.  It  consists  of  a  vat  filled  with  melted  shellac, 
and  a  pair  of  rollers  for  removing  the  superfluous  stiffen- 
ing material  after  the  hat  has  been  dipped  in  the  vat. 

Stiffening-order  (stifning-orMer),  n.  A  cus- 
tom-house warrant  by  which  ballast  or  heavy 
goods  may  be  taken  on  board  before  the  whole 
inward  cargo  is  discharged,  to  prevent  the  ves- 
sel from  getting  too  light.  Imp.  Diet. 

stiff-hearted  (stif  'hiir'ted), «.  Obstinate ;  stub- 
born; contumacious. 
They  are  impudent  children  and  stif  hearted. 

Ezek.  ii.  4. 

A  dialectal  form  of  xtigtitlc, 


stiffle1  (stif  1),  n. 
stickles. 

stiffle'2!,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  stifle2. 
stiffler  (stifler),  «.     [Also  stifler;  <  late  ME. 
xtyffeler,  a  var.  of  *stightler,  whence  also  stick- 
ler: see  stickler, stickle,  stiffle, stigli tie.  ]  If.  Same 
as  stickler. 

The  king  intendeth,  in  eschewing  all  inconvenients,  to 

be  as  big  as  they  both,  and  to  be  a  styffeler  atween  them. 

Pastan  Letters,  III.  98,  quoted  in  J.  Gairdner's  Richard 

[III.  i. 

The  drift  was,  as  I  judged,  for  Dethick  to  continue  such 
stifflers  in  the  College  of  his  pupils,  to  win  him  in  time  by 
hook  or  crook  the  master's  room. 

Abp.  Parker,  p.  252.    (Davies.) 

2.    A    busybody.     Halliwett    (spelled    stifler). 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

stiffly  (stirli),  adv.  [<  ME.  stifliclte,  stufly,  stifli 
(=  MD.  stijflick);  <  stiff  +  -7#2.]  In  a  stiff 
manner,  in  any  sense  of  the  word  stiff. 

And  you,  my  sinews,  grow  not  instant  old, 
But  bear  me  stiffly  up.  ShaJc.,  Hamlet,  i.  5.  95. 

Pistorius  and  others  stiffly  maintain  the  use  of  charms, 
words,  characters,  &c.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  271. 

stiff-neck  (stif 'nek),  M.  Cervical  myalgia ;  some- 
times, true  torticollis. 

Stiff-necked  (stif'nekt  or  -nek"ed),  a.  Stub- 
born ;  inflexibly  obstinate ;  contumacious :  as, 
a  stiff-necked  people. 

stiff-heckedness  (stif 'nekt-nes  or  -nek"ed-nes), 
n.  The  property  or  character  of  being  stiff- 
necked  ;  stubbornness. 

stiffness  (stif'nes),  H.  [<  ME.  styfnesse,  sti/f- 
nes;  <  stiff  +  -ness.'}  The  state  or  character  of 
being  stiff,  in  any  sense. 

stifftail  (stif'tal),  n.  The  ruddy  duck,  Erix- 
matura  rubida.  See  cut  under  Erittmatura. 
[Local,  U.  S.] 

Stiff-tailed  (stif 'tald),  a.  Having  rigid  rectrices 
or  tail-feathers  denuded  to  the  base ;  erismatu- 
riue:  specifically  noting  ducks  of  the  genus 
Erismutura. 

stifle1  (sti'fl),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stifled,  ppr.  sti- 
fling. [Early  mod.  E.  also  stifil;  <  Icel.  stifla 
=  Norw.  stivla,  dam  up,  choke,  stop,  perhaps 
(like  Norw.  stivra,  stiffen)  freq.  of  Norw.  stira 
=  Sw.  styfca  =  Dan.  stive  =  ME.  stiven,  stiffen  : 
see  ttfoe*,  stiff,  r.  The  word  was  prob.  con- 
fused with  EV  stive2,  <  OF.  estivcr,  pack  tight, 
stive:  see  sieve."]  I.  tranx.  If.  To  choke  up; 
dam  up ;  close. 

Make  fast  the  chamber  door,  stifle  the  keyhole  and  the 
crannies.  Shirley,  Traitor,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  kill  by  impeding  respiration,  as  by  cov- 
ering the  mouth  and  nose,  by  introducing  an 
irrespirable  substance  into  the  lungs,  or  by 
other  means ;  suffocate  or  greatly  oppress  by 
foul  air  or  otherwise;  smother. 

Sure,  If  I  had  not  pinch'd  you  'till  you  wak'd,  you  had 
utifleil,  me  with  Kisses.  Cmujreee,  Old  Batchelor,  ii.  3. 

I  took  my  leave,  being  half  stifled  with  the  closeness  of 
the  room.  Sur(ft,  Account  of  Partridge's  Death. 

3.  To  stop  the  passage  of ;  arrest  the  free  ac- 
tion of;  extinguish;   deaden;  quench:   as,  to 
stifle  flame ;  to  xtifle  sound. 

They  (colored  bodies]  stop  and  stifle  in  themselves  the 
rays,  which  they  do  not  reflect  or  transmit. 

Newton,  Opticks,  I.  ii.  x. 


she  whlsper'd.  with  a  stifled  moan. 

Tennymm,  Mariana  in  the  South. 

4.  To  suppress;  keep  from  active  manifesta- 
tion; keep  from  public  notice;  conceal;  re- 
press; destroy:  as,  to  stifle  inquiry;  to  .-,lijlf  -,\ 
report;  tnslijlf  passion;  to  xtifle  convictions. 

A  record  surreptitiously  or  erroneously  made  up,  to 
etifle  or  pervert  the  truth.  Blackstone,  Com.,  III.  xxv. 
=  Syn.  2.  Nutl'iH-nii;  xii-angle,  etc.  See  smotlter.— 4.  To 
huslK  muffle,  mtlz/le,  gag. 

II.  iiitnnis.  To  sulTociilr  ;  perish  by  asphyxia. 

You  shall  stifle  in  your  own  report, 
And  smell  of  calumny.        Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  4.  1.1!?. 

Stifle'-'  (sti'fl),  n.  [Formerly  also  stifle;  appar. 
<  stiff,  dial,  stiff:  see  stiff.]  1.  The  stifle-joint. 

If  the  horse  bee  but  hurt  in  the  stifle  with  some  stripe 
or  straine. 

Topsell,  Four-Footed  Beasts (1607),  p.  405.    (Ualliwell.) 

2.  Disease  or  other  affection  of  the  stifle-bone 

or  stifle-joint,  as  dislocation  or  fracture  of  the 

patella. 
Stifle-bone  (sti'fl-bon),  n.     The  patella  of  the 

horse;  the  kneepan,  kneecap,  or  bone  of  the 

stifle-joint. 
Stifled  (sti'fld),  a.  [Formerly  also  gtifflcd;  <  stiflfP 

+  -e<J2.]     Affected  with  stifle.     See  stifle*,  2. 

The  horse  is  said  to  be  stiffled  when  the  stiffling  bone  is 
removed  from  the  place. 

Topsell,  Four-Footed  Beasts  (1607),  p.  405.    (Ualliwell.) 

Stifle-joint  (sti'fl-joint),  n.  The  stifle  or  knee- 
joint  of  the  horse;  the  joint  of  the  hind  leg  be- 
tween the  hip  and  the  hock,  whose  convexity 
points  forward,  which  is  close  to  the  belly,  and 
which  corresponds  to  the  human  knee.  See 
cut  under  EquMte. 

Stifler  (sti'fler),  n.  [<  stifle*,  r.,  +  -er^  Milit. 
See  camouflet. 

stifle-shoe  (sti'fl-sho),  «.  A  form  of  horseshoe 
exposing  a  curved  surface  to  the  ground :  used 
in  treating  a  stifled  horse.  It  is  fixed  on  the  sound 
foot,  with  the  effect  of  forcing  the  animal  to  throw  its 
weight  on  the  weak  joint,  and  thus  strengthen  it  by  exer- 
cise. 

stifling  (sti'fling),^.  a.  Close;  oppressive;  suf- 
focating: as,  a  stifling  atmosphere. 

E'en  in  the  stifling  bosom  of  the  town. 

Camper,  Task,  iv.  753. 

stifling-bonet,  »•     Same  as  stifle-bone. 

stightt,  v.  [ME.  stigten,  <  AS.  stilitan,  stihtian 
(for  "stiftan),  order,  rule,  govern,  =  MD.  D. 
stichten,  found,  build,  impose  a  law,  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  stiffen  =  Icel.  stiptd,  stifta,  stigta  = 
Sw.  stifta,  stikta  =  Dan.  stifte,  found,  institute ; 
cf.  Icel.  stett,  foundation,  pavement,  stepping- 
stone,  foot-piece.  Hence  stigJitle.~\  To  found  ; 
establish;  set. 

The  ston  that  theron  was  stiff  was  of  so  stif  vertu 
That  neuer  man  vpon  mold  migt  it  him  on  haue. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4425. 

stightlet,  »'•  [<  ME.  stiglitlen,  xtyghtlen,  stighte- 
ten,  stigtlen,  stygtlen,  order,  arrange,  direct, 
freq.  of  stighte'n,  AS.  stilitan,  order,  rule,  gov- 
ern: see  stight.  Hence  mod.  E.  stickle3,  stiffle2, 
q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  order;  arrange;  dis- 
pose of;  take  order  concerning;  govern;  di- 
rect. 

That  other  was  his  stiward  that  stif  tied  al  his  meyne. 
William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1199. 

II.  intraiis.  To  make  arrangements ;  treat; 
direct;  mediate;  stickle. 

When  thay  com  to  the  courte  keppte  wern  thay  fayre, 
Styxtted  with  the  stewarde,  stad  in  the  halle. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  90. 

stigma1  (stig'ma),  M.;  E.  pi.  stigmas  (stig'maz), 
used  chiefly  in  senses  1,  2,  and  6;  L.  pi.  stig- 
mata (stig'ma-ta),  used  more  or  less  in  all  the 
senses.  [=  F.  stigma  te  =  Sp.  Pg.  estigma  =  It. 
stimate,  stigma  =  G.  stigma,  <  NL.  stigma,  <  L. 
stigma,  <  Gr.  arty/ia,  pi.  ari-yfiara,  a  mark,  esp. 
of  a  pointed  instrument,  a  spot,  brand,  <  ari&iv, 
mark  (with  a  point),  prick,  brand :  see  stick*.] 

1.  A  mark  made  with  a  red-hot  iron,  formerly 
in  many  countries  upon  criminals  as  a  badge 
of  infamy;  a  brand  impressed  on  slaves  and 
others. 

The  Devil,  however,  does  not  imprint  any  stiffma  upon 

his  new  vassal,  as  in  the  later  stories  of  witch-compacts. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  95. 

2.  Any  mark  of  infamy,  slur,  or  disgrace  which 
attaches  to  a  person  on  account  of  evil  conduct. 

Happy  is  it  for  him  that  the  blackest  stigma  that  can  be 
fastened  upon  him  is  that  his  robes  were  whiter  than  his 
brethren's.  Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  Pref. 

3.  In  anat.  and  goal.,  a  mark;  a  marked  point 
or  place :  variously  applied  to  marks  of  color, 
as  a  spot,  and  to  many  different  pores  or  small 
holes.   Specifically— (a)  A  birth-mark;  a  luevus.  (6)  The 
point  or  place  on  the  surface  of  an  ovary  where  a  ma- 


Stigmaria 

ture  llraatlan  follicle  rnptmvw.     (c)  In  nrnith.,  the  place 

whfir  Ilir  rnlyx  in'  uvisnr  oi  the  n\  :iry  ruptures  to  dis- 
charge an  ovum  into  tin'  ovidnrt.  Si  •>•  raliix,  :i  (';).  (il)l>\ 
'nl"i/i.  :  (1)  The  exterior  oritl<-e  of  a  trachea;  a  spiracle. 
Sr<>  cuts  llmlrr  putniinia  /-ff,  //.Wi -/'//,  >/"<  i>-l*nt ,  :nnl  .!••"  /'/•/'/. 
(2)  A  chit  hums  sjiut  IT  lunik  on  thr  ;uitriiiir  mat  Kin  of  the 

[orewtBgiotmuqrliueet^formedb]  aipeotalenlirgemBnt 

of  a  vein;  a  pterostigma.  (f)  In  nouma,  a  spot  of  pig- 
ini'lit  ;  tin:  no-called  eye  "f  :m  Infusorial!.  (/)  In  Aiim-H- 
da,  one  of  tin-  pores  or  openings  of  the  segniental  organs. 
(y)  In  lliiilniziM,  the  pore  by  which  a  pin  uniaio,  \st  oprn- 
to  the  exterior.  Sr<-  rut  under  Hiiitrozntt.  (h)  In  I'haryn- 
V"/<//<'f>M,  ;iH  an  ascidian,  one  of  the  ciliated  openings  by 
which  the  cavity  of  the  pharynx  is  placed  in  c-onimunica- 
tion  witli  that  of  the  atria!  canal.  .See  cuts  under  Appen- 
dicularia  and  Tunicata. 

4.  A  place  or  point  on  tin-  skin  which  bleeds 
periodically  or  at  irregular  intervals  during 
some  mental  states.  The  spontaneous  appear- 
ance of  stigmata  was  formerly  regarded  super- 
stitiously. —  5.  /)/.  In  the  Itoui.  t'atli.  Cli.,  marks 
said  to  have  been  supernaturally  impressed 
upon  the  bodies  of  certain  persons  in  imitation 
of  the  wounds  on  the  crucified  body  of  Christ. 

In  the  life  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi  we  have  the  first  ex- 
ample of  the  alleged  miraculous  infliction  of  stigmata. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  549. 

6.  In  hot.,  a  modified  part  of  the  style  or,  when 
that  is  wanting,  of  the  surface  of  the  ovary, 
which  in  impregnation  receives  the  pollen.  In 


Stigmas.  J 

I.  Of  Cynodon  Dactylon.  2.  Of  Vitis  Labrus ca.  3.  Of  Papavtr 
Argemont.  4.  Of  (iordenia  fvbescens.  5.  Of  Tilia  Americana. 
6.  Of  Silent  Pennsylvania.  •}.  Of  Tribulus  cistoides.  B.  Of  Ditman 
muscipula.  o.  Otl.innm  Virginianum.  10.  f  >f  Farietaria  offici- 
nalis.  n.  OtKnmex  ot>tusffolins. 

the  latter  case  the  stigma  is  said  to  be  sessile,  as  in  the 
poppy  and  the  tulip.  When  the  style  is  present,  the  stig- 
ma may  be  terminal,  occupying  its  summit,  as  in  the  plum 
and  cherry,  or  lateral,  running  down  its  face  in  one  or 
two  lines,  as  in  llanutuulvs.  Its  form  and  appearance  are 
very  various.  In  many  plants  there  is  only  one  stigma, 
while  in  others  there  are  two,  three,  five,  or  many,  ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  styles  or  style-branches.  The 
stigma  is  composed  of  delicate  cellular  tissue ;  its  sur- 
face is  destitute  of  true  epidermis,  and  is  usually  moist 
See  pistil  (with  cut)  and  pollen-tube. 

stigma'2  (stig'ma),  «.  [Gr.  ariy/ja,  the  ligature 
r,  an  altered  form,  to  bring  in  or,  of  ofy/ia  or 
oly/ui,  the  letter  a,  f.  sigma:  see  sigmn.  The 
ligature  was  also  called  <m.]  In  Gr.  gram,  and 
paleog.,  a  ligature  (r)  still  sometimes  used  for 
err  (st),  and  also  used  as  a  numeral  (6). 

stigma-disk  (stig' ma-disk),  w.  In  bot.,  a  disk 
forming  the  seat  of  a  stigma,  sometimes  pro- 
duced by  the  fusion  of  two  or  more  style-apices, 
as  in  Asclepias. 

stigmal  (stig'mal),  a.  [<  stigma*  +  -«/.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  stigma ;  stigmatic.  Specifically 
applied  in  entomology  to  a  vein  of  the  wings  of  some  in- 
sects, whose  modification  makes  a  stigma  (pterostigma). 

Stigmaria  (stig-ma'ri-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  stig- 
ma, a  mark  (see  stigma*),  +  -aria.']  A  former 
genus  of  fossil  plants,  very  abundant  in  many 
regions  in  the  coal-measures,  and  especially 
in  the  under-clay,  or  clayey  material  (often 
mixed  with  more  or  less  sand)  by  which  most 
seams  of  coal  are  underlain;  also  [I.  c.],  a 
plant  of  this  genus.  These  plants  are  cylindrical 
root-like  bodies,  usually  starting  from  a  center  in  four 
main  branches,  and  afterward  Wfurcating  irregularly, 
and  extending  sometimes  to  great  distances.  The  bod- 
ies are  covered  with  small  round  depressions  or  scars 
arranged  in  lozenge-shaped  patterns,  and  each  the  point 
of  attachment  of  a  ribbon-shaped  filament  or  rootlet  In 
some  cases  the  stigmarias  have  been  found  attached  to 
trunks  of  Kiffillaria,  in  such  a  position  as  would  naturally 
be  occupied  by  the  roots  with  reference  to  the  stem  of  the 
plant  or  tree;  hence  they  have  been  admitted  by  most 
paleobotanists  to  he  In  fact  the  roots  of  the  widely  illstriti- 


Stigmaria 


594IJ 


3.  To  produce  red  points,  sometimes  bleeding, 
in  or  011 :  as,  a  person  or  tin-  skin  stigmatised 
by  hypnotic  suggestion.     [Recent.] 
Also  spelled  xtigntatitte. 


it  thick  beds  of  under  clay  are  frequently  stigmatized   (stlg'tna-tizd),   n.   a.      1.   Marked 
t  entirely  made  up  of  remains  of  stigmarias,         ft]         »H<rim  •  hrqnrlpri  •  Rnocificnllv 
en  a  fragment  of  Siyillaria  can  be  found  in     w![  gma,   manned,  specincally, 


uted  coal-plant  called  Siuillaria.   Some  who  maintain  this, 

however,  admit  that  the  relation  of  the  stigmarias  to  the 

plant  it>ell  was  pi ruliar ;  \\liile  others  believe  that  they 

were  floating  stems,  able  under  favorable  conditions  to 

play  the  part  of  roots.     This  opinion  has  for  its  support 

the  fact  that   " 

found  almost  . 

while  not  even  a  fragment  of  Sii/illa,,™  V.K.  •-.„  juu»u  •„ 

the  vicinity.  with  the  stigmata  ot  the  passion. —  2.   Resem- 

Stiginarian  (stig-ma'ri-an).  (i.     [<  Migmariii  +     bling  stigmata:  as,  the  xtitjmati:c(l  dots  on  the 

-an.]     Relating  to,  containing,  or  consisting     skin  in  measles. 

of  Stigiiinria.     <;>•<>!.  .!/«;/.,  No.  267,  p.  407.  _  Also  spelled  xtigitnitisrtl. 

Stigmarioid   (stig-ma'ri-oid),  a.     [<  Ktigmaria  stigmatpse  (stig'ma-tos),  a.     [<  NL.  *.itiiiiH<itu- 

+  -iiirl.]     In  lint.,  resembling  Migiuariit.  *''•-•.<  "tigiini*,  a  stigma:  xee  stigma*.]   1.  l\\ln,t., 

Stigmata.  «.     Latin  plural  of  stigma*.  same  as  xti</iinit!c.—  2.  Affected  with  stigmata; 

Stigmata!  (stig'ma-tal),  n.     [<  Stigmata  +  -al.]     stigmatized. 

In eufofn.,  pertaining" to,  near,  or  containing  tlie  stigme  (stig 'me),  n.      [<  Gr.  arif/ii/,  a  prick. 

stigmata  or  breathing-pores :  stigmatic :  as.  the     point.]    1 .  In  0  r.  paloOff, ,  a  dot  used  as  a  punc- 


stignuital  line  of  a  caterpillar. 
Stigmatic  (stig-mat'ik,  formerly  also  stig'ma- 
tik),  a.  and  n.     [<  ML.  utigmaticus,  <  L.  stigma, 
<  Gr.  ori-y/M,  a  mark,  brand:  see  stigma1.]    I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  stigma,  in  any  sense 

of  that  word.    Specifically— (a)  Having  the  character  Stigmonema  (stig-mo-ne'ma),  «. 
of  a  brand;  ignominious.  ariyfia,  a  mark,  +  vi/fia,  a  thread.] 

Print  in  my  face 

The  most  stiffmaticke  title  of  a  villaine. 

Heywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness  (Works,  II.  110).  „'?'.'•''"" 

(6)  Marked  with  or  as  with  a  stigma  or  brand  ;  repulsive ;  Stlgmonemeae  (stig-mo-ne  me-e),  n.  pi. 
abhorrent. 


tuation-mark;  especially,  a  dot  placed  at  the 
top  of  the  line,  like  the  later  Greek  colon,  and 
having  the  value  of  a  period. — 2.  In  Hi:  iin>«.. 
a  dot  placed  over  a  time  or  syllable  to  mark 
the  ictus. 

[XL.,  <  Gr. 

A  genus  of 
eyanophycous  alga?,  giving  name  to  the  family 


— „ ,   •    •     r,  j      — -      — ,      -,,-.,-  [NL., 

<  Stiij  moni-mii  +  -ex.]  A  family  of  cyanophy- 
cous  algie,  embraced,  according  to  late  system- 
atists,  in  the  order  Scytonemaceee. 

'Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  1. 19.  StigmUS  (stig'mus),  n.  [NL.  (Jurine,  1807),  < 
Gr.  arlyita,  a  mark:  see  stigma*.]  In  en  torn.,  a 
genus  of  fossorial  wasps,  of  the  family  Pemphre- 
il'»iidx,  having  a  large  stigma  to  the  fore  wing 
and  a  petiolate  abdomen,  s.  troglodytes  of  Europe 
makes  its  cells  in  the  hollow  straws  of  thatched  roofs,  and 
provisions  them  with  masses  of  immature  Thrifts. 


So  the  world  is  become  ill  favoured  and  shrewd-pated, 
as  politic  in  brain  as  it  is  Mi/tnatic  in  limbs. 


(c)  In  nat.  hint.,  belonging  to  or  having  the  character  of  a 
stigma ;  stigmal.     Huxley,  A  nat.  Invert.,  p.  374.    (d)  In 

?  the  style  which 


lot.,  receptive  of  pollen  :  said  of  parts  of  the  style  wl 

have  the  function  without  the  form  of  a  stigma,  as  the 

"silk"  of  maize.    «•)  Bearing  the  stigmata;  stigmatized. 

See  stiymal,  5.— Stigmatic  cells,  in  bol.,  same  as  lid- 

celts. 
II.  n.  1.  A  person  who  is  marked  with  stig-  Stilar,  «.     See  stylar. 

mata,  in  the  ecclesiastical  or  the  pathological  Stilbese  (stil'be-e),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  ari^civ, 

sense;  a  stigmatist. —  2.  A  criminal  who  has    glitter,  shine,  +  -eee.]     A  division  of  hyphomy- 

cetous  fungi,  characterized  by  the  cohering  of 
the  spore-bearing  hyphre  into  a  dense  and  slen- 
der stipe. 

stilbite  (stil'bit),  w.  [<  Gr.  mi^eiv,  glitter, 
shine,  +  -i'te2.]  1.  A  common  zeolitic  mineral, 
usually  occurring  in  radiated  or  sheaf -like  tufts 
of  crystals  having  a  pearly  luster  on  the  sur- 
face of  cleavage.  It  varies  in  color  from  white  to 
brown  or  red.  It  is  essentially  a  hydrous  silicate  of  alu- 
minium audcalcium.  Also  called  desmine.  See  eut  under 


been  branded;  one  who  bears  upon  his  per- 
son the  marks  of  infamy  or  punishment;  a  no- 
torious profligate. 

Convaide  him  to  a  justice,  where  one  swore 

He  had  been  branded  stiginatic  before. 

7>Atfo»H*/Mie(ltil6).    (Nares.) 

3.  One  on  whom  nature  has  set  a  mark  of  de- 
formity. 

But  like  a  foul,  mis  shapen  stvjmatic, 
Mark'd  by  the  destinies  to  be  avoided. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2.  136.       lv  ™, 
. .         . .     .    .  ..  2.  The  mineral  heulandite. 

Stlgmatical   (s tig-mat  i-kal),   „      [<  sttgmat,c  stilel  (stil),  „.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  style;  <  ME. 
+ -al.]     Same  as  stigmatic.     Uliak.,  C.  of  E.,      ••*- 
iv.  2.  22. 

Stigmatically  (stig  -  mat'  i  -  kal  -  i),  adv.     With 
stigmata ;  with  a  mark  of  infamy  or  deformity. 


stile,  style,  stigcle,  <  AS.  stigel  (=  OHG.  stigila,     \ 
Ktiagil,  MHG.  stiegel,  stigele,  a  step,  G.  dial,  ste-  .  *• 


still 

Mile  =  OS.  Ktilli  =  OFries.  «tillr  =  AID.  .«/,!/,• 
Ktil.  D.  stil  =  MLCi.  Ktilli;  LU.  still  =  OHG 
xtilli,  MHG.  atille,  G.  still  =  Icel.  utill tr  =  Dan. 
xtilli-  =  S\v.  utilla,  quiet,  still;  with  adj.  forma- 
tive, from  the  root  (sti'l)  of  AS.  steall,  ete..  I 
place,  stall:  see   stall'1,  stcll.]     I.    a.   1.  Re- 
maining  in  place;  remaining  at  rest ;  motion- 
less; quiet:  as,  to  stand,  sit,  or  lie  still. 
Foot  &.  bond  thou  kepe  fulle  sti/lle 
Fro  clawyng  or  tryppyng,  hit  ys  skylle. 

Jialtees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  13. 

2.  Calm;  tranquil;  peaceful;  undisturbed  or 
unruffled:  as,  still  waters  run  deep;  a  utill  night. 

In  the  calmest  and  most  stUlexl  night. 

Shak.,  t  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1.  2S. 
A  Poet  in  still  musings  bound. 

Witrdnrurth,  Sonnets,  iii.  11. 

3.  Silent;  quiet;  calm;  noiseless;  hushed. 

A  man  that  sayth  little  shall  perceiue  by  the  speeche  of 

another ; 

Be  thou  stil  and  see,  the  more  shall  thou  pereeyue  in  an- 
other, liabees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  S5. 
The  trumpet's  silver  sound  is  still, 
The  warder  silent  on  the  hill ! 

Scott,  Marmion,  i.,  Int. 

4.  Soft ;  low ;  subdued :  as,  a  still  small  voice. 

The  gentle  blasts 'of  western  winds  shall  move 
The  trembling  leaves,  and  through  then-  close  boughs 

breathe 

Ktill  nuisick,  whilst  we  rest  ourselves  beneath 
Their  dancing  shade.    .    Carew,  Poems,  p.  70.    (Latham.) 

5.  Not  sparkling  or  effervescing:  said  of  wine, 
mineral  water,  and  other  beverages:  contrasted 
with  spark-ling;  by  extension,  having  but  little 
effervescence.    Thus,  still  champagne  is  not  the  non- 
effervescent  natural  wine,  but  champagne  which  is  only 
moderately  sparkling. 

6f.  Continual;  constant. 

But  I  of  these  will  wrest  an  alphabet, 

And  by  still  practice  learn  to  know  thy  meaning 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  2.  46. 

Still  alarm,  an  alarm  of  fire  given  by  a  person  calling  at 
a  station,  and  not  by  the  regular  system  of  fire-signals.— 
Still  days.  See  dayl.-Stin  bunt.  See  Aunt.— Still 
life,  inanimate  objects,  such  as  furniture,  fruits,  or  dead 
animals,  represented  by  the  painter's  art. 

The  same  dull  sights  in  the  same  landscape  mixt, 
Scenes  of  still  life,  and  points  for  ever  fixed, 
A  tedious  pleasure  on  the  mind  bestow. 

Addison,  Epil.  to  British  Enchanters. 

II.  «.  1.  Calm;  silence;  freedom  from  noise. 

He  [Henry  VIII.  |  had  never  any  .  .  .  jealousy  with  the 
King  his  father  which  might  give  any  occasion  of  altering 
court  or  counsel  upon  the  change;  but  all  things  passed 
i»  a  still.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VIII. 

A  still  alarm. 


If  you  spye  any  man  that  has  a  looke, 
Stigmatically  drawne,  like  to  a  furies, 
(Able  to  fright)  to  such  I'le  give  large  pay. 

Dekker,  Wonder  of  a  Kingdom,  iii.  L 

stigmatiferous  (stig-ma-tif'e-rus),  a.    [<  NL. 

stigma(t-),  a  stigma,   +  L.  ferre  =  E.  bear*.] 

In  oot.,  stigma-bearing, 
stigmatiform  (stig'ma-ti-f6rm),  a.      [<  NL. 

gtigma(t-),  stigma,  +  L.  forma,  form.]     In  eii- 

tom.,  having  the  structure  or  appearance  of  a 


gel,  a  step),  a  stile,  <  stigan  (pp.  stigen),  climb, 
ascend.    Cf.  styl,  n.,  and  stair.]     1.  A  series 


stigma,  spiracle,  or  breathing-pore;  spiraculi-  stile'-'t   ». 

Stigmatisation,  Stigmatise,  etc.     See  stigma-  stileSf,  w'.     A  former  spelling  of  style? 

'"'*'•  !*/%•   ,       ..  „  stiletH(sti-let'),«.    A  former  and  more  correct 

stigmatist  (stig  ma-tist),  «     [<  Gr.  OT^/UI(T-),  a    form  Of  xtilrtto.    Scott,  Monasterv. 

mark  a  brand  (see  stigma*) ,+  -ist]     One  on  stilet^  (sti'let),  «.     In  zool.,  a  small  style:  a 

whom  the  stigmata,  ormarks  ot  Christ's  wounds,     stylet 

are  said  to  be  siipernaturally  impressed.  stilettet  (sti-lef),  «•     Same  as  stylet. 

Stlgmatization  (stig"nia-ti-za  shon),  n.  [<*•//,/-  8tiletto  (sti-let'o),  «.     [<  It.  stiletto,  a  dagger, 

matize  +  -afion.]     1.  the  act  of  stigmatizing,     dim.  of  Mlo  a  dagger,  <  L.  stitux,  a  stake,  a 

or  the  condition  of  being  stigmatized;  specifi-    pointed  instrumentl  see  stile*,  stale*,  and  cf. 

&$?.  Sffi822L"S^Sf^.  ^^!S?.n.  ?J    "'*'««•]    1  •  A  ^gger  having  a  blade  slender  and 

narrow,  and  thick  in  proportion  to  its  width  — 
that  is,  triangular,  square,  etc.,  in  section,  in- 
stead of  flat. — 2.  A  small  sharp-pointed  im- 
plement used  for  making  eyelet-holes  and  for 
similar  purposes.  Stilettos  are  of  ivory,  bone, 


[Colloq.] 

Many  alarms  were  what  the  firemen  called  stills,  where 
Jngle  engine  went  out  to  light  the  flre. 

of  steps,  or  a  frame  of  bars  and'  steps,  for  as-  *'*"*  *"•  <Amer->.  "•  »v-  «• 

cending  and  descending  in  getting  over  a  fence  Still1  (stil),  r.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  stille,  stylle; 

or  wall.  <  ME.  gtillen,  <  AS.  stillan  =  OS.  stillian,  stillon 

Jog  on,  jog  on,  the  foot-path  way,  =  MD.  D.  stttlfw  =  MLG.  LG.  stillen  =  OHG. 
Aiid  merrily  hent  the  stile  a. 

Skat.,  W.  T.,iv.  3.  133. 

2.  In  carp.,  a  vertical  part  of  a  piece  of  fram- 
ing, into  which  the  ends  of  the  rails  are  fixed 
by  mortises  and  tenons.  See  cut  of  panel-door, 
under  door. 

A  former  and  more  correct  spelling 


Mtillan,  stillen,  MHG.  G.  stillen  =  Icel.  8w.  stilla 
=  Dan.  slille,  make  or  become  still;  from  the 
»<lj-]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  still ;  cause  to  be 
at  rest ;  render  calm,  quiet,  unruffled,  or  undis- 
turbed; check  or  restrain;  make  peaceful  or 
tranquil;  quiet. 


the  marks  of  Christ's  wounds  ou  the  bodies  of 
certain  persons. — 2.  The  act,  process,  or  re- 
sult of  producing,  as  by  hypnotic  suggestion, 
on  the  surface  of  the  body  points  or  lines  which 
bleed.  [Recent.] 
Also  spelled  stigmatisation. 


stigmatize  (stig'ma-tiz),  v.  t.;   pret.  and  pp. 
stigmatised,  ppr.  stigmatizing.    [<  F.  stigmatiser 


metal,  and  other  materials. —  3f.  A  beard  trim- 
med into  a  sharp-pointed  form. 


The  stiletto  beard, 
O,  it  makes  me  afeard, 
It  is  so  sharp  beneath. 

Acad.  ofCmnpl.    (Jiares.) 


The  very  quack  of  fashion,  the  very  he  that 
Wears  a  stiletto  on  his  chin?       Ford,  Fancies,  iii.  1. 


=  Sp.  esti</mati:are  =  Pg.  esligmatisar  =  It.  sti- 
matizzare,  <  ML.  stiijmati'are,  <  Gr.  aTiyftari^fiv, 
mark,  brand,  <  ariy^r-),  a  mark,  brand:  see 
stigma*.]  1.  To  mark  with  a  stigma  or  brand. 
They  had  more  need  some  of  them  ...  to  have  their 
cheeks  stigitiatised  with  a  hot  iron.  ...  . 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  474.  Stiletto  (sti-let  o),  r.  t.    [<  stiletto,  n.]    To  strike 

2.  To  set  a  mark  of  disgrace  on ;  disgrace  with    °f  £ound  ™th  a  stiletto ;  hence>  ln  general,  to 
some  mark  or  term  of  reproach  or  infamy. 

^WJK*A^»EttB:  £n"     '  ^KSSJ*8551* 

mated  under  his  real  name.  Still1  (stil),  a.  and  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  also  stil, 

Goldsmith,  Essay,  Origin  of  Poetry,     stille,  styll,  stylle;    <   " 


Lord,  still  the  seas,  and  shield  my  ship  from  harm. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  iii.  11. 

2.  To  calm;  appease;  quiet  or  allay,  as  com- 
motion, tumult,  agitation,  or  excitement. 

A  turn  or  two  I'll  walk, 
Tottai  my  beating  mind. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  163. 

3.  To  silence  ;  quiet. 

With  his  name  the  mothers  still  their  babes. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3.  17. 
<>  still  my  bairn,  nourice ; 
U  si  ill  him  wi'  the  pap ! 

Lamtdn  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  n7). 

=Syn.  1  and  2.  To  lull,  pacify,  tranquilize,  smooth.— 3 
To  hush. 

II.    intraiis.    To  become  calm  or  tranquil ; 
grow  quiet;  be  still.     [Rare.] 

Heruppon  the  people  peacyd,  and  stilled  unto  the  tyme 
the  shire  was  doon.  Paston  Letters,  I.  180. 

Still1  (stil),  adi:  [Early  mod.  E.  also  stil,  stille, 
xti/ll,  stylle;  <  ME.  stille,  <  AS.  stille  =  OS.  stillo 
=  D.  stil  =  OHG.  stitto,  MHG.  stille,  G.  still  = 
Sw.  stilla  =  Dan.  stille,  quietly ;  from  the  adj.] 
If.  Quietly;  silently;  softly;  peacefully. 

Thei  criede  mercy  with  good  wille, 
Somme  lowde  &  somme  *Hllr. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  96. 

2.   Constantly;    continually;   habitually;   al- 
ways ;  ever. 

Thou  still  hast  been  the  father  of  good  news. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  42. 


still 

O  flrst  of  friends !    (Pelides  tlm  ,  i .  i 
Still  at  my  heart,  and  ever  at  my  ski 

Popt,  Iliad,  xi.  7-13. 

3.  Now  as  in  the  past;  till  now;  to  this  time; 
now  as  then  or  as  before;  yet:  as,  he  is  still 
here. 

At  after  noone,  with  an  easy  wynde,  and  salyd  ttyll  in 
alto  pulago,  lellynge  Grece  on  ye  lefte  hande  and  Barbary 
on  the  ryght  hande.  Sir  Jt.  Guylforde,  f  ylgrymagc,  p.  12. 

Poor  Wat,  far  off  upon  a  hill, 
Stands  on  his  hinder  legs  with  listening  ear, 
To  hearken  if  his  foes  pursue  him  still. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  699. 
Apart  she  lived,  and  still  she  lies  alone. 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  us. 

4.  Ill  an  increased  or  increasing  degree;  beyond 
this  (or  that);  even  yet;  in  excess:  used  with 
comparatives  or  to  form  a  comparative:  as, 
."lilt  greater  things  were  expected;  still  more 
numerous. 

What  rich  service ! 

What  mines  of  treasure !  richer  still ! 

Fletcher  (and  another),  False  One,  iii.  4. 
The  matter  of  his  treatise  is  extraordinary ;  the  manner 
more  extraordinary  still. 

ilacaulay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 

5.  For  all  that;  all  the  same;  nevertheless; 
notwithstanding  this  (or  that). 

Though  thou  repent,  yet  I  have  still  the  loss. 

Shale.,  Sonnets,  xxxiv. 

The  Hey,  with  all  his  good  sense  and  understanding,  was 
still  a  Mamaluke,  and  had  the  principles  of  a  slave. 

Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  I.  30. 

Loud  and  (or  or)stillt.  See  loud.—  Still  and  anont,  at 
intervals  and  repeatedly ;  continually. 

And.  like  the  watchful  minutes  of  the  hour, 
Still  and  anon  cheer  d  up  the  heavy  time. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1.  47. 

Still2  (stil),  v.  [<  ME.  'stillcn,  styllen,  in  part 
an  abbr.  of  distil,  in  part  <  L.  stillare,  drop,  fall 
in  drops,  also  let  or  cause  to  fall  in  drops,  < 
stilla,  a  drop ;  cf .  stiria,  a  frozen  drop,  an  icicle. 
Cf.  distil,  instil.~\  I.t  iittrans.  To  drop;  fall  in 
drops.  See  distil. 

From  her  faire  eyes  wiping  the  deawy  wet 
Which  softly  stild.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vii.  35. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  drop,  or  cause  to  fall  in  drops. 

Her  father  Myrrha  sought, 
And  loved,  but  loved  not  as  a  daughter  ought. 
Now  from  a  tree  she  stills  her  odorous  tears, 
Which  yet  the  name  of  her  who  sheds  them  bears. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  L 

2.  To  expel,  as  spirit  from  liquor,  by  heat  and 
condense  in  a  refrigerator;  distil.    See  distil. 

In  Burgos,  Anno  21.,  Doctor  Sotto  cured  me  of  a  certeine 
wandering  fcuer,  made  me  eat  so  much  Apium,  take  BO 
much  Barley  water,  &  drink  so  much  stilled  Endiue. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  275. 

still-  (stil),  n.  [<  still2,  T.  The  older  noun  was 
stillatory.j  1.  An  apparatus  for  separating,  by 
means  of  heat,  volatile  matters  from  substances 


Still. 

a,  alembic ;  t>,  hot-water  jacket ;  c,  head  ;  4,  rostrum  or  beak  ,  e  • . 
worm  ;  f,  refrigerator ;  g,  funnel-tube  for  supplying  cold  water  to  the 
refrigerator ;  h,h' ,  tubes  for  conveying  away  the  warm  upper  stratum 
of  water,  which  is  heated  by  the  condensation  of  vapor  in  the  worm. 

containing  them,  and  recondensing  them  into 
the  liquid  form.  It  assumes  many  forms,  according  to 
the  purposes  for  which  it  is  used ;  but  it  consists  essen- 
tially of  two  parts,  a  vessel  in  which  the  substance  to  be 
distilled  is  heated,  and  one  in  which  the  vapor  is  cooled 
and  condensed.  The  most  important  use  of  stills  is  for 
the  distillation  of  spirituous  liquors.  See  distillation,  and 
cut  under  petroleum-still. 

2.  A  house  or  works  in  which  liquors  are  dis- 
tilled ;  a  distillery.    S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  15. — 

3.  In  bleaching,  a  rectangular  vessel  made  of 
slabs  of  freestone  or  flagstone  with  rabbeted 
and  stemmed  joints  held  together  by  long  bolts, 
and  provided  with    a  steam-chamber  below, 
and  with  a  manhole  for  introducing  the  ma- 
terials for  making  chlorid  of  manganese  solu- 
tion, called  still-liquor. 

stallage  (stil'aj),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  A 
stout  support,  in  the  nature  of  a  stool,  for  keep- 
ing something  from  coming  in  contact  with  the 
floor  of  a  shop,  factory,  bleachery,  etc.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  In  bleaching,  a  stout  low  stool  or  bench  to  keep 
textiles  or  yarns  from  the  floor,  and  to  p'.rmit  the  moisture 
to  drain  out  of  them,  (b)  In  the  packing  of  cloths  and 
other  goods  for  shipment,  etc.,  a  stool  or  bench  for  sup- 
porting the  goods  taken  out  of  a  stock  to  be  packed.  Some 


5947 

stllhiKes  an-  made  so  that  they  can  he  tilted,  and  allow 
articles  placed  on  them  to  slide  olf  into  packing-lxixi  ,. 
ete. 

StillatitioUS  (stil-a-tish'ns),  n.  [<  L.  stillnti- 
I'nin,  dropping, dripping,  <  xiuiarc,  pp.  xtillntiix, 
drop,  trickle:  SIT  slill-,  r.)  Falling  in  drops; 
drawn  l>y  a  still.  [Rare.]  JIHJI.  Iticl. 

Stillatory(stil'a-to-ri).  n.;  pi.  xtillti/orif-xf-ri/.). 
[<  SHC.  ,itiiiitti>rii'.;\  diatiliiag-vefisel  (ef .  OF.  F. 
ntilliilniri;  a.),  <  .ML.  xlillii/nriiim,  iieut.  of  "xtil- 
IntHrinx,  adj.,  <  L.  stillttrr,  pp.  sti/ltttus,  fall  in 
drops:  SIT  still-,  r.  ]  1.  A  still;  a  vessel  for 
distillation;  an  alembic. 

His  forheed  dropped  as  a  stUlatorie 
Were  ful  of  plantayne  and  of  paritorie. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  27. 
In  stillatories  where  the  vapour  is  turned  back  upon  It- 
self by  the  encounter  of  the  sides  of  the  stittatory. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §27. 

2.  A  laboratory;  a  place  or  room  in  which  dis- 
tillation is  performed ;  a  still-room. 

Marius,  Armanus,  as  you  are  noble  friends, 
Go  to  the  privy  garden,  and  in  the  walk 
Next  to  the  stillatnrtj  stay  for  me. 

Beau,  and  Fl.  (?),  Faithful  Friends,  iv.  3. 

still-birth,  (stil'berth),  «.  The  birth  of  a  life- 
less thing;  also,  a  still-born  child. 

Still-born  (stil'bdrn),  a.  Dead  at  birth;  bora 
lifeless :  as,  a  still-born  child. 

Still-burn  (stil'bern),  v.  t.  To  burn  in  the  pro- 
cess of  distillation :  as,  to  still-burn  brandy. 

Stiller1  (stil'er),  ».  [<  stiin  +  -ei-l.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  stills  or  quiets. — 2.  A 
wooden  disk  laid  on  the  liquid  in  a  full  pail  to 
prevent  splashing.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Stiller2  (stil'er),  n.  A  distiller.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo., 
XXX.  830. 

Still-fish  <  stil'fish),  v.  i.  [<  stiin  +  Jisltl,  after 
still-hunt.]  To  fish  from  a  boat  at  anchor. 

Still-fisher  (stil'flsh*er),  n.  An  angler  engaged 
in  still-fishing.  . 

Still-fishing  (stil'ush"ing),  n.  Fishing  from  a 
boat  at  anchor,  or  from  the  bank  of  a  stream. 

Still-house  (stil'hous),  «.  A  distillery,  or  that 
part  of  it  which  contains  the  still. 

Still-hunt  (stil'hunt),  v.  [<  still  hunt:  see  under 
hunt.']  I.  trans.  To  hunt  stealthily ;  stalk;  lie 
in  ambush  for. 

The  only  way  to  get  one  [a  grizzly]  is  to  put  on  mocca- 
sins and  still-hunt  it  in  its  own  haunts. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  327. 
The  best  time  to  still-hunt  deer  is  just  before  sunset, 
when  they  come  down  from  the  hills  to  drink. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  81. 

II.  intrans.  To  hunt  without  making  a  noise ; 
pursue  game  stealthily  or  under  cover. 

The  best  way  to  kill  white-tail  is  to  etiU-hunt  carefully 
through  their  haunts  at  dusk. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  118. 
An  inferior  sort  of  still-hunting,  as  practised,  for  instance, 
on  Norwegian  islands  for  the  large  red-deer. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLI.  394. 

Still-hunter  (stil'liun'ter), «.  One  who  pursues 
game  stealthily  and  without  noise;  one  who 
hunts  from  ambush  or  under  cover;  a  stalker. 
W.  T.  Hornaday,  Smithsonian  Report,  1887, 
ii.  430. 

Stilliard1t,  «.    See  Steelyard^. 

stilliard'2t,  «•    An  old  spelling  of  steelyard^. 

stillicide  (stil'i-sid),  n.  [<  F.  stillicide,  <  L. 
Htillicidium,  stiUcidium,  a  falling  of  drops,  drip- 
ping, falling  rain,  <  stilla,  a  drop  (see  still'*),  + 
cudere,  fall.]  If.  A  continual  falling  or  succes- 
sion of  drops. 

The  stillicides  of  water,  ...  if  there  be  water  enough  to 
follow,  will  draw  themselves  into  a  small  thread,  because 
they  will  not  discontinue ;  but  if  there  be  no  remedy,  then 
they  cast  themselves  into  round  drops. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  24. 

2.  Ill  Rom.  law :  (a)  The  right  to  have  the  rain 
from  one's  roof  drop  on  another's  land  or  roof. 
(6)  The  right  to  refuse  to  allow  the  rain  from 
another's  roof  to  drop  on  one's  own  land  or  roof. 

stillicidlOUS  (stil-i-sid'i-us),  a.  [<  stillicide  + 
-/-«««.]  Falling  in  drops,  air  T.  Browne,  Vulg. 
Err.,  ii.  1. 

stillicidium  (stil-i-sid'i-um),  )i.  [L. :  see  stilli- 

cinfe.]  A  morbid  dropping  or  trickling stilli- 

cidlum  lacrymarum,  the  trickling  of  tears  down  over 
the  lower  lids  from  obstruction  of  the  lacrymal  passages. 
—  Stillicidium  urinse,  a  discharge  of  urine  in  drops. 

stilliform  (stil'i-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  stilla,  a  drop, 
+  forma,  form.]  Drop-shaped. 

stilling  (stil'ing),  «.  [Also  stillion;  appar.  a 
variant  of  E.  dial,  stelling,  a  shed  for  cattle 
(=  LG.  stelling  =  G.  stellung,  a  stand,  scaffold; 
cf.  Icel.  stilling,  management),  <  stell  +  -ing.] 
1.  A  stand  for  casks. —  2.  In  a  brewery,  a  stand 
on  which  the  rounds  or  cleansing-vats  are  placed 
in  a  trough,  which  serves  to  carry  off  the  over- 


stilpnomelane 

Mowing  yeast.—  3.  A  stand  on  which  pottery  i> 
plitiTil  in  the  drying-kiln  preparatory  ti>  living. 

Stillingia(sti-li>'i'.)i-ai,«.  [NL.  (Linn  wus.  1767), 

iiHinril  iil'trr  1  ienjamin  Ulillini/Jli'i  I,  an  Knglish 
botanist  ulio  published  l.otanieal  papers  in 
17">!).]  1.  A  d  mis  of  api'lnloiis  plants,  of  the 
i  irdrr/-.'«/j/«//Vy/i/(T,  v.  I  ri  lie  I'rulniii  •«'.  and  subtribe 
Hit>pOmaite&.  It  i*i  liaiarh  rued  l>j  monicclous  flowers 
iii  terminal  bracted  spikes,  earh  bract  hearing  two  -.daml-i 
—  the  inah'  lln\\  ei  s  lia\  inf;  :i  small  calyx  with  two  or  three 
broad  shallow  lobes,  and  two  or  rarely  three  free  exserted 
stamens,  and  the  female  tlou  ers  hearing  an  ovary  of  two  or 
three  cells,  which  terminate  in  undivided  styles  united  at 
the  base,  and  ripen  into  two-vah  ed  e;upcK  whieh  on  fall- 
ing leave  tii  :  iin  1  1  \\  it!  i  three  haul  spreading 

homs.  There  :tie  :U»mit  l:>  species,  unlives  of  North  ami 
South  America,  the  \lascumie  Islands,  and  the  islands  of 
the  Pacific.  They  are  mostly  smooth  shrlllis,  usually  with 
altirmite  short  peiioled  leaves  and  a  few  small  female 
flowers  solitary  under  the  lower  bracts  of  the  dense  ster- 
ile spike,  which  bears  usually  three  male  flowers  under 
each  of  the  short  and  broad  upper  liracts.  One  species, 
S.  siiliMtica,  occurs  from  Virginia  southward,  for  which 
sec  qite?n'*.'l''!/;//it  and  frilver-leaf. 

2.  \l,c.]  A  plant  of  the  above  genus,  especially 
the  oftieinal  >s'.  si/lrntii'ii. 

stillion  (stil'yon),  ii.  Same  as  stilling.  G. 
Scamcll,  Hreweries  and  Slaltiugs,  p.  92. 

Stillitoryt,  ».  An  erroneous  spelling  of  stilla- 
toru. 

Still-life,  ».     See  still  life,  under  stil  ft. 

Still-liquor  (stil'lik'or),  n.  Bleaching-liquor 
prepared  by  the  reaction  of  hydrochloric  acid 
upon  manganese  binoxid  in  large  stone  cham- 
bers called  stills  (whence  the  name)._  It  is  a 
solution  of  manganese  chlorid. 

stillness  (stil'nes),  «.  [<  ME.  stilnesse,  <  AS. 
stilnes,  stillnes  (=  OFries.  stilnese,  stilmsse  = 
MLG.  stilmsse  =  OHG.  stihiissi,  stilnessi,  MHG. 
stilnisse,  stilnesse),  <  stille,  still:  see  still1  and 
-ness.']  The  state  or  character  of  being  still. 
(a)  Rest  ;  motionlessness  ;  calmness  :  as,  the  stillness  of  the 
air  or  of  the  sea.  (b)  Noiselessness  ;  quiet  ;  silence.:  as, 
the  stillness  of  the  night,  (c)  Freedom  from  agitation  or 
excitement  :  as.  the  stillness  of  the  passions,  (d)  Habitual 
silence  ;  taciturnity. 

Still-peeringt  (stirper'ing),  «.  Appearing  still. 

0  you  leaden  messengers, 
That  ride  upon  the  violent  speed  of  fire, 
Fly  with  false  aim  ;  move  the  still-peering  air, 
That  sings  with  piercing. 

Shat,  All's  Well,  ill.  2.  113. 
(A  doubtful  word,  by  some  read  still-piercing.] 

still-room  (stil'roin),  ».  1.  An  apartment  for 
distilling;  a  domestic  laboratory.  —  2.  A  room 
connected  with  the  kitchen,  where  coffee,  tea, 
and  the  like  are  made,  and  the  finer  articles 
supplied  to  the  table  are  made,  stored,  and 
prepared  for  use.  [Eng.] 

Still-Stand  (stil'  stand),  «.  A  standstill;  a 
halt;  a  stop.  [Rare.] 


, 
That  makes  a  still-stand,  running  neither  way. 

.,  ii.  3.  64. 


The  tide  swell'd  up  unto  his  height, 
running  neither 
Shalt.,  2  Hen.  IV. 

Still-watcher  (stil'woch"er),  «.  In  distilling, 
a  reservoir  in  which  the  density  of  the  liquid 
given  over  is  tested  by  a  hydrometer  in  order 
to  follow  the  progress  of  the  distillation. 
stilly  (stil'i),  a.  [<  ME.  stillich,  <  AS.  stillle 
(=  MLG.  stillicli,  xtillil,-);  as  stilft  +  -tyi.] 
Still;  quiet. 

Oft  in  the  stilly  night, 

Ere  Slumber's  chain  has  bound  me, 
Fond  Memory  brings  the  light 
Of  other  days  around  me. 

Moore,  Irish  Melodies. 

Stilly  (stil'li),  adi:  [<  ME.  stilliche,  <  AS.  stil- 
lice  (=  MD.  stillick,  also  stillekens  =  MLG.  stil- 
liken,  stilken);  as  stilft  +  -ty2.]  1.  Silently; 
without  uproar. 

And  he  a-roos  as  stilliche  as  he  myght. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S,),  ii.  180. 
The  hum  of  either  army  stilly  sounds. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.,  Prol.,  1.  6. 

2.  Calmly;  quietly;  without  agitation. 
He  takes  his  own.  and  stilly  goes  his  way. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Cupid's  Conflict,  st.  47. 

stilogonidium  (sti"lo-go-nid'i-um),  n.  ;  pi.  stilo- 
yonidia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  "L.  stilus,  a  pointed  in- 
strument,"-!- NL.  gomdium,  q.  v.]  In  hot.,  a 
gonidium  cut  off  or  separated  from  the  end  of 
a  sterigma. 

Stilp  (stilp),  v.  i.  [With  variation  of  vowel,  < 
stwp,  a  prop:  see  stitl}>.~\  1.  To  stalk;  take 
long,  high  steps  in  walking.  —  2.  To  go  on  stilts 
or  crutches.  [Scotch.] 

stilpers  (stil'perz),  n.  pi.  [<  stilp  +  -«•!.] 
Stilts;  crutches.  [Scotch.] 

stilpnomelane  (stilp-nom'e-lan),  n.  [<  Gr. 
OTf/jrfof,  glittering  (<  oTtt/ietv,  glitter,  glisten), 
+  nk?a$  (uefav-),  black,  dark.]  A  black,  green- 
ish-bla,ck,  or  bronze-colored  mineral  occurring 
in  foliated  plates  or  thin  scales  sometimes 


stilpnomelane 

forming  a  velvety  coating  (the  variety  chalco- 
dite),  also  in  fibrous  forms.  It  is  essentially  a 
hydrous  silicate  of  iron. 

stilpnosiderite  (stilp-no-sid'e-rit),  ».  [<  Gr. 
ori>,iri>of,  glittering.  +  ft.  xiil/ ri/i-.]  Same  as 
limoitite. 

Stilt  (stilt),  ii.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  xtijlte ;  < 
ME.  stiltc,  stylte,  <  Sw.  *ti/lt<t,  a  prop,  stilt,  = 
Dan.  stylte  (ef.  Norw.  styltra),  a  stilt,  =  D.  stelt, 
a  stilt,  wooden  leg,  =  MLG.  LG.  stelte  =  OHG. 
*tcl:ti,  MUG.  G.  stelze,  a  prop,  crutch;  perhaps 
akin  to  stale-,  xlii II.--.]  If.  A  prop  used  in  walk- 
ing; a  crutch. 

Verely  she  was  heled,  and  left  her  stylles  there, 
Anil  on  her  fete  went  home  resonably  well. 

Joseph  of  Arimathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  47. 
I  have  laughed  a-good  to  see  the  cripples 
Go  limping  home  to  Christendom  on  state. 

Marlowe,  Jew  of  Malta,  ii.  3.  215. 

2.  One  of  two  props  or  poles,  each  having  a 
step  or  stirrup  at  some  distance  from  the  lower 
end,  by  means  of  which  one  may  walk  with  the 
feet  raised  from  the  ground,  and  with  a  long- 
er stride:  used  for  crossing  sandy  or  marshy 
places,  streams,  etc.,  and  by  children  for  amuse- 
ment.    Stilts  were  sometimes  merely  props  fastened 
under  the  feet,  as  if  very  high-heeled  shoes.    Those  used 
by  children  are  slender  poles  about  6  feet  long,  with  steps 
or  stirrups  12  inches  or  more  from  one  end ;  the  longer 
end  of  the  pole  can  be  held  by  the  hand  or  passed  behind 
the  arm.    In  a  modified  form  the  upper  end  of  the  pole  is 
much  shorter,  and  is  fitted  with  a  cross-handle  which  can 
be  grasped  by  the  hand,  or  is  strapped  to  the  leg  below 
the  knee.    Stilts  are  used  by  the  shepherds  of  the  marshy 
Landes  in  southwestern  France. 

The  doubtful  fords  and  passages  to  try 
With  stats  and  lope-staves. 

Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  1.  4S. 

3.  In  hydraul.  engin.,  one  of  a  set  of  piles  form- 
ing the  back  for  the  sheet-piling  of  a  starling. 
E.  H.  Knight. — 4.  The  handle  of  a  plow.    Scott, 
Kenilwprth,  xv. — 5.  In  ceram.,  a  support,  gener- 
ally of  iron,  used  to  hold  a  piece  of  pottery  in 
the  kiln,  to  allow  the  fire  free  access  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  piece.   Also  called  cockspur  and  spur 
(which  see).— 6.  [  Abbr.  of  stilt-bird.'}  Inornith., 
any  bird  of  the  genus  Himantopus :  so  called  from 
the  extremely  long,  slender  legs.    The  bill  is  like- 
wise very  slender,  straight,  and  sharp.    The  body  is  slen- 
der, the  neck  long,  the  wings  are  long  and  pointed,  and  the 
tail  is  short.  The  stilts  are  wading-birds  living  in  marshes. 
They  are  white  below,  with  most  of  the  upper  parts  glossy- 
black,  the  bill  is  black,  and  the  legs  are  of  some  bright  tint. 
They  are  very  generally  distributed  over  the  world,  nest 
on  the  ground,  and  lay  four  dark-colored,  heavily  spotted 
eggs.    Their  food  consists  of  small  soft  animals  found  in 
the  mud  and  water,  which  they  explore  with  their  probe- 
like  bills.    The  common  stilt  of  the  Old  World  is  H.  can- 
iliilm  or  melanopterus ;  that  of  the  United  States  is  H. 
mexicaum,  a  rare  bird  in  the  eastern  regions  of  the  coun- 


5948 

bombastic :  said  especially  of  language :  as,  a 
x/ilti'd  mode  of  expression  ;  a  stilted  style. 
His  earliest  verses  have  a  stilted,  academic  flavor. 

.-*  </i/mn,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  39. 

Stilted  arch,  an  arch  which  does  not  spring  immediately 
from  the  apparent  or  ft'ijnied  imposts,  as  from  the  capitals 
of  the  supporting  pillars,  but  from  horizontal  courses  of 
masonry  resting  on  these  false  imposts,  as  if  the  arch  were 


Stilted  Arch.—  Mihrab  in  the  Mosque  of  Sultan  Hassan,  Cairo. 


raised  on  stilts.  Such  arches  occur  frequently  in  all  me- 
dieval styles,  especially  as  a  means  of  maintaining  a  uni- 
form  height  when  spans  of  different  widths  are  used  in  the 
same  range.  Compare  arc*i. 

stiltedness  (stil'ted-nes), n.  Stilted  character ; 
pompous  stiffness.  Atheneeum,  No.  3195,  p.  94. 

stiltify  (stil'ti-fi),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stiltified, 
ppr.  stiltifying.  [<  stilt  +  -«-/•/.]  To  raise  as  on 
stilts;  elevate  or  prop  up,  as  with  stilts.  [Bare.] 
Skinny  dwarfs  ye  are,  cushioned  and  stiltified  into  great 
fat  giants.  C.  Iteade,  Cloister  and  Hearth,  Ixv. 

Stilton  cheese.    See  cheese1. 

Stilt-petrel  (stilt'pet'rel),  n.  A  stormy  petrel 
of  the  genus  Freyetta:  so  called  from  the  length 
of  the  legs.  F.  grallaria  is  an  example. 

Stilt-plover  (stilt'pluv'er),  n.  The  stilt  or  stilt- 
bird  :  so  called  because  it  has  only  three  toes 
on  each  foot,  like  a  plover. 

Stilt-sandpiper  (stilt'sand'pi-per),  n.  A  long- 
legged  sandpiper  of  America,  Micropalama  hi- 
mantopus.  The  adult  in  summer  Is  blackish  above,  with 
each  feather  edged  and  tipped  with  white,  or  tawny  and  bay; 
the  under  parts  are  mixed  reddish,  whitish,  and  black  in 
streaks  on  the  throat*  elsewhere  in  bars ;  the  ear-coverts 
are  chestnut,  the  upper  tail-coverts  white  with  dusky  bars, 


stimulus 

The  stimulant  used  to  attract  at  first  must  be  not  only 
continued,  but  heightened  to  keep  up  the  attraction. 

Mrs.  tl.  More,  Ccelebs,  xxv. 

2.  In  ithyttiol.,  an  agent  which  temporarily 
quickens  some  functional  or  trophic  process. 
It  may  act  directly  on  the  tissue  concerned,  or  may  excite 
the  nerves  which  effect  the  process  or  paralyze  the  nerves 
which  inhibit  it.  Stimulants  comprise  certain  medicinal 
substances,  as  ammonia,  alcohol,  ethylic  ether,  as  well  as 
physical  conditions,  such  as  warmth,  cold,  light,  or  elec- 
tricity, esthetic  effects,  as  music  and  other  products  of  art, 
and  emotions  of  various  kinds,  as  joy,  hope,  etc.  stimu- 
lants have  been  divided  into  yeneral  and  topical,  accord 
ing  as  they  affect  directly  or  indirectly  the  whole  system 
or  only  a  particularpart.— Diffusible  stimulants,  those 
stimulants,  as  ether  or  ammonia,  which  have  a  speedy  and 
quickly  transient  effect. 

Stimulate  (stim'u-lat),  »>. ;  pret.  and  pp.  K/iinu- 
lateti,  ppr.  stiniiiltiliiuj.  [<  L.  stimulatus.  pp.  of 
stimulare  (>  It.  stimolnrf  =  Sp.  Pg.  estimulnr  = 
F.  stimuler),  prick,  urge,  stimulate,  <  stimuli!.*, 
a  goad:  see  stimulus.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  prick; 
goad ;  excite,  rouse,  or  animate  to  action  or  more 
vigorous  exertion  by  some  effective  motive  or 
by  persuasion ;  spur  on ;  incite. 

The  general  must  stimulate  the  mind  of  his  soldiers  to 
the  perception  that  they  are  men,  and  the  enemy  Is  no 
more.  Emerson,  Courage. 

Mystery  In  nature  stimulates  inquiry;  why  should  it 
not  do  so  in  religion?  J.  F.  Clarice,  Self-Culture,  p.  149. 
2.  Inphysiol.,  to  quicken  temporarily  some  func- 
tional or  trophic  process  in.— 3.  Specifically, 
to  affect  by  the  use  of  intoxicating  drinks. 

We  were  all  slightly  stimulated  [with  arrack]  before  a 
move  was  made  toward  the  dinner  table. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  xi. 

Stimulating  bath,  a  bath  containing  aromatic  astringent 
or  tonic  ingredients.  =Syn.  1.  To  encourage,  impel,  urge, 
instigate,  provoke,  whet,  foment,  kindle,  stir  up. 
II.  intrans.  To  act  as  a  stimulus. 
Urg'd  by  the  stimulating  goad, 
I  drag  the  cumbrous  waggon's  load. 

Oay,  To  a  Poor  Man,  I.  87. 

stimulation  (stim-u-la'shpn),  n.  [=  F.  stimu- 
lation =  Sp.  estitniilamon  =  Pg.  estimulaq&o  = 
It.  stimolazione,  <  L.  stimulatio(n-),  a  pricking, 
incitement,  <  stimulare,  prick,  goad,  stimulate: 
see  stimulate.]  1.  The  act  of  stimulating,  or 
the  state  of  being  stimulated;  urging;  en- 
couragement; incitement;  increased  or  quick- 
ened action  or  activity. 

The  providential  stimulations  and  excitations  of  the  con- 
science.       Bp.  Ward,  Sermon,  Jan.  30,  1674.     (Latham.) 
A  certain  length  of  stimulation  seems  demanded  by  the 
inertia  of  the  nerve-substance. 

W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  I.  648. 
2.  In  med.,  the  act  or  method  of  stimulating; 
the  condition  of  being  stimulated ;  the  effect  of 
the  use  of  stimulants. 

The  latent  morbid  predisposition  [to  delirium  tremens] 
engendered  in  the  nervous  system  by  prolonged  and  abnor- 
mal stimulation  is  evoked  or  brought  into  activity  by  the 
depressing  influence  of  the  shock  [of  a  corporeal  injury]. 
J.  M.  Carnochan,  Operative  Surgery,  p.  153. 


nub,  bin  iij>|i<  i  uui-uoveiui  wime  wiui  uusKy  oars,      =oyll,  1    See  utitinuatf 

S4^^S«SS!i2!f£,SL«.ia  stimulative  (stim'fi-^tiv),  «._and  „.  _[=  It. 


in  ll 
sides  are  suffused  with  ashy,  and  streaked  with  dusk 


,    n     sreae    w         us 

The  bird  inhabits  North  America,  breeding  in  high  la- 
tudes, and  migrating  in  the  fall  to  Central  and  South  Amer- 
ica.   See  cut  under  Micropalama. 
Stilt-walker  (stilt'wa'ker),  H.      1.    One  who 


-LJ..    if.     xuctu    nMBm     DuiujuiaLcn  •     Limt     WHICH 

rouses  into  more  vigorous  action ;  a  stimulant 
or  incentive. 

Then  there  are  so  many  stimulatieeH  to  such  a  spirit  as 
mine  in  this  affair,  besides  love : 

Richardson,  Clarissa Harlowe,  I.  225.    (Dames.) 


•  t  u>«**w«        \um  *      tt^jl    I.        II.  i.         V^UC         »    Mil  n-    V . 

walks  on  stilts.     Amer.  Nat.,  Nov., 1889,  p.  943.  Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  I.  225.    (Danes.) 

—  2.  A  grallatorial  bird;  a  stilt-bird.  stimulator  (stim'u-la-tor),  «.     [=  F.  stimula- 

itilty   (stil'ti),  a.     [<  stilt  +   -i/l.]     Inflated;  teur  =  It.  stimolatore,  <  LL.  stimulator,  an  insti- 

pompous;  stilted.     Owtrttrlu Bei\  gator,  <  L.  stimulare,  prick,  goad:  see  xtiiiin- 

,4-.'l..n  C1 -J..1.      _  Irtil,    T  f\r.r.     ,.     I...  ..     I    1     ...       ..     1      !        I        ~AI 1  —  4.  . 


Black-necked  Stilt  (ItitnantopHs  mexicanns). 

try,  but  abundant  in  some  parts  of  the  west.  It  is  about 
15  inches  long,  and  30  in  extent  of  wings ;  the  bill  2§  inches- 
the  legs,  from  the  feathers  to  the  toes,  7j  Inches  There 
are  only  three  toes,  which  are  semipalmated.  This  species 
is  locally  called  lonijshattks  and  lawyer.  The  South  Amer- 
ican stilt  is  H.  nigricollw;  the  Australian,  H.  leucocepha- 
lti».  A  related  bird  of  Australia  to  which  the  name  ex- 
tends is  Cladorhynchw  pectoralis,  having  the  toes  webbed 
like  those  of  the  avoset.-gtllt  prolegs,  in  entom.,  the 
prolegs  of  a  caterpillar  when  they  are  unusually  long,  so 
that  the  body  over  them  is  much  raised  above  the  sur- 
face on  which  the  insect  walks 

Stilt  (stilt),  v.  t.  [<  stilt,  M.]  To  raise  above 
the  ordinary  or  normal  position  or  surface,  as 
if  by  the  use  of  stilts. 

The  fluted  columns  [of  San  Moise]  are  stilted  upon  ped- 
estals, and  their  lines  are  broken  by  the  bands  which  en- 
circle them  like  broad  barrel-hoops. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xviii. 

stilt-bird  (stilt'berd),  «.  1.  The  stilt  or  stilt- 
plover.—  2|.  pi.  Wading  birds  collectively;  the 
grallatorial  birds,  constituting  the  old  order 
Grails'  or  GraUatoroe.  Also  called  stilt-walker*. 

Stilted  (stil'ted),  p.  a.  Elevated,  as  if  on  stilts ; 
hence,  pompous;  inflated;  formal;  stiff  and 


stilty  . 

pompous;  stilted.     Quarterly  Her. 
stilus,  n.    See  stylus. 
Stilwell  act.    See  act. 
stime  (stim),  ».     [Also  styme;  <  ME.  stime;  a 

yar.  of  steem,  stem,  a  ray  of  light  (see  steam).    It 


late.]  One  who  or  that  which  stimulates. 
Stimulatress  (stim'u-la-tres),  ».  [=  F.  stiuiu- 
latrice  =  It.  stimolairice,  <  L.  stimulatrix,  fern, 
of  (LL.)  stimulator:  see  stimulator.]  A  woman 
who  stimulates  or  animates. 


PMP)  •'•i'  n',  tli  lety  Ul  111(111   (  StrtJ  tflCU'ftl  ).       11  ""  *J       •"•   »»«ii**HI 

is  otherwise  explained  as  perhaps  a  var.,  due  to  "!no  stimulates  or  animates, 
some  interference,  of  shim,  <  AS.  seima,  a  light,  Stimulose  (stim'u-los),  a.  [<  F.  stimuleux  = 
brightness,  a  gleam  of  light  (see  shiml,  shime).]  !*•.  ftimoloso,  .  <  L.  stimitlosus,  abounding  with 
A  ray  of  light;  a  glimmer;  a  glimpse:  not  now  prickles,  <  stimulus,  a  prick,  goad,  prickle :  see 
used  except  in  negative  expressions.  [Now  stimulus.]  In  bot.,  covered  with  stings  or 
only  Scotch.]  stimuli. 

Ne  he  iwis  might  se  a  stime.  stimulus  (stim'u-lus),  rt. ;  pi.  stimuli  (-Ii).      [= 

Cursor  Mundi,  1 19652.    (Stratmann.)     F.  stimulus,  stimule  =  Sp.  estimulo  =  Pg.  estimuh 
Wherewith  he  blinded  them  so  close  =  It.   stimolo,  stimulo,   (  L,  stimulus,  a  goad, 

A  stime :  they  could  not  see.  a  pointed  stake,  fig.  a  sting,  pang,  an  incite- 

A*.  Hood  and  the.  Beggar  (CMW*  Ballads,  V.  201).  ^  8pur)  stimulu%  <  J^K.  *!„$„  instit)are 
Stimulant  (stim'u-lant),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  stimu-  set  on,  incite,  urge,  =  Gr.  arifetv,  pierce,  prick, 
lant  =  bp.  Pg.  estimxlante  =  It.  stimolante,  <  =  AS.  'stecan, pierce:  seesticki.]  1.  Literally, 
L.  stimulan (t-)s,  ppr.  of  stimulare,  prick,  urge,  a  goad.— 2.  In  bot.,  a  sting:  as,  the  nettle  is 
stimulate:  see  stimulate.]  I.  a.  Stimulating;  furnished  with  stimuli.— 3.  The  point  at  the 
servine  to  stimulate.  in«ir,«.  nr  nmvnVo  •  «TW>-  end  of  «,  crozier,  pastoral  staff,  precentor's  staff, 

or  the  like.    In  the  staves  of  ecclesiastical  authority  the 
stimulus  or  point  is  regarded  as  the  emblem  of  judgment 
or  punishment. 
4.  Something  that  excites  or  rouses  the  mind 


serving  to  stimulate,  incite,  or  provoke;  spe- 
cifically, in  physiol.,  temporarily   quickening 

some  functional  or  trophic  process Stimulant 

balsam,  a  mixture  of  oil  of  turpentine  8  parts  and  flour 

mustard  1  part.  ^.  ouiueLiiing  mat  exciies  or  rouses  me  mind 

II.  ».  1.    That  which  stimulates,  provokes,     or  spirits;  something  that  incites  to  action  or 
n  stimulus  :  n  sum-  ov^»H-i.-i»i  •  on  \i...\t .,,.,....,  ... 


or  incites;  a  stimulus;  a  spin-. 


exertion;  an  incitement  or  incentive. 


stimulus 

We  went  to  dine  last  Thursday  with  Mr.  ,  a  neigh- 

boring clergyman,  a  haunch  of'  venison  being  the  tli  1,111- 
IIIK  to  the  invitation.  N,i-t,,,-i/  H,,,;HI,  in  Laily  Holland,  vi. 

The  infinitely  complex  organizations  of  commerce  have 
grown  up  under  the  *ti,niiliix  of  certain  desires  existing 
In  each  of  us.  //.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  28. 

5.  Iii  }>lii/.iii>l..  some-thing  which  evokes  some 
functional  or  trophic  reaction  in  the  tissues  on 
which  it  acts. 

Light  does  not  act  as  a  xthnitlu*  to  the  nervous  sub- 
stance, either  fibres  or  cells,  unless  it  have  an  intensity 
which  is  nearly  deadly  to  that  substance. 

O.  T.  Ladtl,  Physiol.  Psychology,  p.  170. 
Absolute  stimulus  difference,  In  pnyehophymet,  the  ac- 
tual difference  in  strength  between  two  stimuli.—  Rela- 


stween  two  stimuli  to  their  menu.— I, 
ulus  receptivity,  m  ptyehovhyiia.  the  power  of  appre- 
ciating stimuli,  measured  by  the  least  intensity  of  stimulus 
living  the  greatest  conscious  effect.— stimulus  scope, 
in  piythophytios,  the  difference  between  the  measure  of 
stimulus  receptivity  and  the  stimulus  threshold.  — Stim- 
ulus susceptibility,  in  peyeAopAytto,  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving a  stimulus,  so  that  the  greater  the  stimulus  sus- 
ceptibility the  lower  the  stimulus  threshold.  — Stimulus 
threshold,  in  ptyohophysia,  the  minimum  amount  of 
stimulus  required  to  produce  a  conscious  effect. 
stincht,  <'•  '.  [A  var.  of  stanch^.]  To  stanch. 

First,  the  Mood  must  bee  stinched,  and  howe  was  that 
done?  Breton,  Miseries  of  Mauillia,  p.  39.    (Dames.) 

stine  (still),  ».  A  dialectal  form  of  styan. 
Sting1  (sting),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stung  (pret.  for- 
merly stang),  ppr.  stinging.  [<  ME.  stingen 
(pret.  stang,  stong,  stonge,  pp.  stuitgen,  stongen, 
y-stnugen,  y-stonge),  <  AS.  stingan  (pret.  stang, 
pp.  stungen)  =  Icel.  stinga  =  Sw.  stinga  =  Dan. 
stinge;  cf.  Goth,  us-stiggan,  push,  push  out,  = 
L.  'stinguere,  quench:  see  stick*,  v.]  I.  trans. 
It.  To  pierce;  prick;  puncture. 

To  the  hert  with  a  sharpe  spere  ye  hym  stonge, 

&  with  .iii.  navies  made  hym  shede  his  giltles  Mode. 

Joseph  of  Arimathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  38. 
Thei  ben  y-sewed  with  whijt  silk,  .  .  . 
\-stongen  with  stiches. 

Piers  Plowman's  Crede  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  553. 
2f.  To  impale. 

He  stingeth  him  upon  his  speres  orde. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  645. 
3.  To  prick  severely;  give  acute  pain  to  by 


cuts  under  rhclin-ni  anil  Kilr.  (.-)  The  curved  or  claw-like 
telson  of  the  tail  of  a  scorpion,  inflicting  a  serious  poisoned 
wound.  See  cuts  under  xrwyunn  anil  .SVv/ry»«;iiVa.  (/"June 
of  the  feet  or  claws  of  centlpeds,  which,  in  the  case  o'f  some 
of  the  larger  Mnd^attroplmlcoantrlat  intlict  painful  ami 
dangerous  wounds,  (g)  The  poison-fang  or  venom-tooth  of 
a  nocuous  serpent  :  also,  in  popular  misapprehension,  the 
harmless  soft  forked  tongue  of  any  serpent.  See  cuts  under 
CrofaltM  and  snake,  (k)  A  tin-spine  of  some  fishes,  capable 
of  wounding.  In  a  few  cases  such  spines  are  connected 
with  a  venom-gland  whence  poison  is  injected ;  in  others, 
as  the  tail  spines  of  sting-rays,  the  large  bony  sting,  sev- 
eral inches  long  and  sometimes  jagged,  is  smeared  with  a 
substance  which  may  cause  a  wound  to  fester.  See  cuts 
under  siune-mi,  .*tin:/ ray.  (i)  An  urticating  organ,  or  such 
organs  collectively,  of  the  jellyflshes,  sea-nettles,  or  other 
coclenterates.  Sec  cut  under  j 


stingy 

The  rtitujitvj  lash  of  wit. 
II.  If.  //.,/„,,>•.  Opening  of  Fifth  Ave.  Theatre,  N.  V.,  |s7:i. 

Stinging  ant,  an  ant  of  the  family  Miirmiriil/r.  —  Sting- 
ing Dug,  the  blood-sucking  com -m.-,  <-  *,in- 
•itnxwiiix,  a  ennmion  bug  of  the  family  /•'- '/'"  '"'.'/,  wliirb 
sucks  tin1  lilo<xl  i.f  man  ami  'timn'stir  animals,  and  in- 
flicts a  painful  wound.  See  cut  under  Cm 
Stinging  caterpillar,  the  larva  of  any  one  of  certain 
Iiombyem  moths  in  the  I  nile.l  states,  as  S<it<n'n''t 
rui  in,  l;',n],,:  f,r<  . :li, ,>"'>' 


r ^ted  with  a  gland  which  se- 
cretes an  acrid  or  poisonous  fluid,  which,  when 
introduced  under  the  skin,  produces  a  sting- 
ing pain.  For  plants  armed  with  such  stings, 
see  cowlmgc,  nettle*-  (with  cut),  nt-ttle-trre,  2, 
and  tread-softly.— 3.  The  fine  taper  of  a  dog's 
tail.  Sportsman's  Gazetteer. — 4.  The  operation 
or  effect  of  a  sting;  the  act  of  stinging;  the 
usually  poisoned  punctured  wound  made  by  a 
sting;  also,  the  pain  or  smart  of  such  a  wound. 
Their  softest  touch  as  smart  as  lizards'  stings! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2.  S25. 

5.  Anything,  or  that  in  anything,  which  gives 
acute  pain,  or  constitutes  the  principal  pain; 
also,  anything  which  goads  to  action :  as,  the 
• :  the  stings  of  remorse ;  the  stings 


The  sting  of  death  is  sin.  i  Cor.  XT.  56. 

Slander, 
Whose  sting  is  sharper  than  the  sword's. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  8.  86. 
A  bitter  jest  leaves  a  sting  behind  it. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  77. 

6.  Mental  pain  inflicted,  as  by  a  biting  or  cut- 
ting remark  or  sarcasm ;  hence,  the  point  of  an 
epigram. 

There  is  nothing  harder  to  forgive  than  the  sting  of  an 
epigram.  0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Atlantic,  LXVI.  667. 

7.  A  stimulus,  irritation,  or  incitement;  a  net- 
tling or  goading;  an  impulse. 

The  wanton  stintis  and 


Stinging  Caterpillar,  or  StuK-caterpillar.  and  Moth  o 
operc Hlaris,  both  natural  size. 

Limacodes  scapha,  and  Lagoa  opereularis,  which  are  pro- 
vided with  stinging  spines. — Stinging  hair.  See  Aatri 
and  stinging  spine.  —  Stinging  nettle.  See  nettle^,  1.— 
Stinging  spine,  in  entom.,  one  of  the  modified  bristles 
of  any  stinging  caterpillar,  which  are  sharp  and  have  an 
urticating  effect.  See  cuts  under  hag-moth  and  saddleback. 
—Stinging  tree.  Same  as  nettle-tree,  2. 
stinging-bush  (sting'ing-biish),  N.  Same  as 


(sting'ing-sel),  M.  The  thread- 
cell  or  lasso-cell  with  which  any  coslenterate, 
as  a  sea-nettle,  urticates.  See  nematophore,  and 
cuts  under  cnida  and  nematocyst. 

stingingly  (sting'ing-li),  adv.  With  stinging 
effect. 

stingless  (sting'les),  a.  [<  sting*-  +  -less.]  Hav- 
ing no  sting,  as  an  insect.  Shak.,  J.  C.,  v.  1.  35. 

-sa    - 


pon  supplied  with  acrid  or  poisonous  fluid,  as  a 
fang  or  sting,  with  which  certain  animals  and 
plants  are  furnished;  bite;  urticate:  as,  to  be 
stung  by  a  bee,  a  scorpion,  or  a  nettle,  or  by  a 
serpent  or  a  sea-nettle. 
What,  wouldst  thou  have  a  serpent  sting  thee  twice? 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1.  69. 
I  often  have  been  stung  too  with  curst  bees. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  2. 

4.  To  pain  acutely,  as  if  with  a  sting;  goad: 
as,  a  conscience  stung  with  remorse. 

Unhappy  Psyche,  stung  by  these  reproaches, 
Profoundly  feels  the  wound  dive  in  her  heart. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  14. 

5.  To  stimulate;  goad. 

She  was  trying  to  task  herself  up  to  her  duty.  At  last 
she  stung  herself  into  its  performance  by  a  suspicion. 

Mrs.  Oaskell,  North  and  South,  xxxviii. 

II.  iutrans.  1.  To  have  a  sting;  be  capable 
of  wounding  with  a  sting;  use  the  sting:  liter- 
ally or  figuratively:  as,  hoi-nets  sting  ;  epigrams 
often  sting  ;  a  stinging  blow. 

At  the  last  it  biteth  like  a  serpent,  and  stingeth  like  an 
adder.  Prov.  xxiii.  32. 

2.  To  give  pain  or  smart;  be  sharply  painful; 
smart :  as,  the  wound  stung  for  an  hour. 

Under  the  dust,  beneath  the  grass, 

Deep  in  dim  death,  where  no  thought  stings. 

A.  C.  Swinburne,  Felise. 

sting1  (sting),  H.  [=Icel.  stingi,  a  pin,  a  stitch 
in  the  side,  =  Sw.  sting,  a  sting  (in  sense  4),  = 
Dan.  sting,  stitch ;  from  the  verb.]  1.  A  sharp- 
pointed  organ  of  certain  insects  and  other  ani- 
mals, capable  of  inflicting  by  puncture  a  pain- 
ful wound. 

I  bring  no  tales  nor  flatteries ;  in  my  tongue,  sir, 
I  carry  no  fork'd  stings.  Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  ii.  1. 
In  zoril.,  specifically  —  (a)  The  modified  ovipositor  of  the 
females  of  certain  insects,  as  bees,  wasps,  hornets,  and 
many  other  Hymenoptera;  an  aculeus;  a  terebra.  This 
weapon  is  generally  so  constructed  as  to  inflict  a  poisoned 
as  well  as  punctured  wound,  which  may  become  inflamed 
and  very  painful  or  even  dangerous ;  an  irritating  fluid  is 
injected  through  the  tubular  sting  when  the  thrust  is 
given.  See  cut  under  Hymenoptfm.  (6)  The  mouth-parts 
of  various  insects  which  are  formed  for  piercing  and  suck- 
ing, as  in  the  mosquito  and  other  gnats  or  midges,  gad- 
flies, fleas,  bedbugs,  etc.  In  these  cases  the  wound  is  often 
poisoned.  See  cuts  under  gnat  and  mosquito,  (c)  A  sting- 
ing hair  or  spine  of  the  larvse  of  various  moths,  or  such 
organs  collectively.  See  cuts  under  hag-moth,  saddleback, 
and  stinging,  (d)  The  falces  of  spiders,  with  which  these 
creatures  bite  — in  some  cases,  as  of  the  katipo  or  malmi- 
gnatte,  inflicting  a  very  serious  or  even  fatal  wound.  See 


Exserted  sting.    See  exserted. 

sting2  (sting),  n.  [Alsosteing;  a  var.  of  slang*.'] 
If.  A  pole. —  2f.  A  pike;  a  spear. —  3.  An  in- 
strument for  thatching. —  4.  The  mast  of  a 
vessel.  [Prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch  in  all  uses.] 

sting-and-ling    (sting'and-ling'),    adv.      [Lit. 
pole  and  line;  <  sting2  +  and  +  ling,  So.  var. 
of  line2.}     Entirely;  completely;  with  every- 
thing;  hence,  by  force.     [Scotch.] 
Unless  he  had  been  brought  there  sting  and  ling. 

Scott,  Antiquary,  xliv. 

Stingaree  (sting'ga-re),  ii.  [A  corrupt  form  of 
sting-ray. "]  See  sting-ray. 

sting-bull  (sting'bul),  «.  The  greater  weever, 
or  sting-fish,  TracMnns  draco.  See  Trachinus 
and  weever.  Also  called  otter-fish. 
stinger  (sting'er),  n.  [<  sting*  +  -cr1.]  One 
who  or  that  which  stings,  vexes,  or  gives  acute 
pain. 

That  malice 

Wears  no  dead  flesh  about  it,  'tis  a  stinger. 
Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  Besides  Women,  iii.  2. 
(a)  An  animal  or  a  plant  that  stings. 

The  Mutilla  being  a  well-armed  insect,  and  a  severe 
stinger.  E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  212. 

(6)  The  sting  of  an  insect,  (c)  A  biting  or  cutting  remark. 
[Colloq.]  (d)  A  smart,  telling  blow.  [Colloq.J 

Rooke,    .  .  .  rushing  at  him  incautiously,  received  a 

stinger  that  staggered  him  and  nearly  closed  his  right  eye. 

C.  Reade,  Hard  Cash,  xliii. 

Sting-fish  (sting'fish),  n.  1.  Same  as  sting-bull. 
See  cut  under  Trachinus. — 2.  The  sea-scorpion, 
CottHx  scorjiiits,  a  fish  of  the  family  Cottidee. 

stingily  (stin'ji-li),  adr.  In  a  stingy  manner ; 
with  mean  niggardliness  ;  in  a  niggardly  man- 
ner. 

Stinginess  (stin'ji-nes),  ».  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  stingy;  extreme  avarice;  niggardli- 
ness; miserliness. 

Stinging  (sting'ing),  p.  a.  1.  That  uses  a  sting; 
furnished  with  a  sting  or  stinging  organs  of  any 
sort;  urticating:  as,  a  stinging  insect  or  sea- 
nettle. —  2.  In  hot.,  noting  a  plant  furnished 
with  stinging  hairs.  See  sting*,  2. — 3.  That 
pierces  or  wounds  as  with  a  sting;  that  causes 
acute  pain,  irritation,  or  the  like;  keen;  sharp; 
pungent;  telling:  as,  a  stinging  tongue ;  suiting- 
ing  rebuke  or  remark. 

He  wrapped  her  warm  in  his  seaman's  coat, 
Against  the  stinging  blast. 

Longfellow,  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus. 


Sting-moth  (sting'moth),  w.  The  Australian 
Doratifera  vulnerans,  whose  larva  is  capable  of 
inflicting  a  stinging  wound, 
stingo  (sting' go),  n.  [With  a  simulated  It. 
or  bp.  or  L.  termination,  <  sting*:  in  allusion 
to  its  sharp  taste.]  Strong  malt  liquor.  [Col- 
loq.] 

Come,  let 's  in  and  drink  a  cup  of  stingo. 

Randolph,  Hey  for  Honesty,  II.  6. 

Sting-ray  (sting'ra),  w.  [Also,  corruptly,  stii/i/n- 
ree,  stingoree  ;  <  sting*  +  ray2.  ]  A  batoid  fish  of 
the  family  Trygonidse,  as  Trygon  (or  Dasybatis) 
pastinaca,  having  a 
long,  smooth,  flexi- 
ble, lash-like  tail 
armed  near  the  base 
with  a  bony  spine 
several  inches  long, 
sharp  at  the  point, 
and  serrated  along 
the  sides.  It  is  capa- 
ble of  Inflicting  a  severe 
and  very  painful  wound, 
which  appears  to  be  poi- 
soned by  the  slime  with 
which  the  sting  is  cov- 
ered. There  are  many 
species  of  sting-rays,  in 
some  of  which  there  are 
two  or  three  spines  bun- 
dled together.  The  Brit- 
ish species  above  named 
is  locally  known  as  fire- 
Jlare  or  fiery-flare.  The 
commonest  sting-ray  of 
the  North  Atlantic  coast 
of  the  United  States  is  T. 
centrura,  locally  known 
as  clam  cracker,  and  cor- 
ruptly called  stingaree. 
T.  sabina  is  a  similar  southern  species.  The  name  ex- 
tends to  any  ray  with  a  tail-spine.  See  Myliobatida  (a). 

Stingtail  (sting'tal),  n.     A  sting-ray. 

Sting-Winkle  (sting'wing'kl),  H.  The  hedge- 
hog-murex,  Murex  erinticeus  or  enropspus  .*  HO 
called  by  fishermen  because  it  bores  holes  in 
other  shell-fish,  as  if  stinging  them. 

stingy1  (sting'i),  a.  [<  sting*  +  -y*.]  Sting- 
ing; piercing,  as  the  wind;  sharp,  as  a  criti- 
cism. [Colloq.  or  prov.  Eng.] 

Stingy'- (stin'ji),  a.  [A  dialectal  (assibilated) 
form  and  deflected  use  of  stingy*.]  1.  Ill-tem- 
pered. HaHhci'll.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  Meanly 
avaricious ;  extremely  close-fisted  and  covet- 
ous; niggardly:  as,  a  stingy  fellow. 


Southern  Sting-ray  ( I'rygcn  sittii- 
ia).     (From   Report  of  U.  s.  Fish 


stingy 

The  griping  and  stingy  humour  of  the  covetous. 

Stitliiinfltvl,  Sermons,  II.  vii. 

3.  Scanty:  not  full  or  plentiful. 

When  your  teams 
Drag  home  the  *tiuy>/  harvest. 
L<>ti:'f>'tluw,  Wayside  Inn,  Birds  of  Killingworth. 
=  Syn.  2.  Parsimonious,  Jlixerly,  etc.  (see  penurious),  il- 
liberal, ungenerous,  saving,  chary. 
stink  (stiiifik),  r.  •  prot.  and  pp.  xtinik  (pret. 
formerly  stunk),  ppr.  xtiiikiHy.  [<  ME.  stiiikru. 
xti/itkrn  (prct.  stank,  stonk,  pp.  Ktiinl.Tii).  <  AS. 
xtinran  (pret.  static,,  pp.  xtuniTn).  smell,  have 
an  odor,  rise  as  vapor,  =  MD.  D.  xtiiikm  = 
MLG.  LG.  stinken  =  OHG.  stiucltan,  smell,  have 
an  odor,  MHG.  G.  stinken  =  S\v.  atinkn  =  Dan. 
tttiiikr,  have  a  bad  smell,  stink;  of.  Or.  rdyyof, 
rancid.  Perhaps  connected  with  Icel.  stiikkrn, 
spring,  leap,  sprinkle,  but  not  with  Goth,  stiggk- 
wan,  smite,  thrust,  strike ;  cf .  L.  tangere,  touch 
(see  tact,  tangent).  Hence  ult.  stench1.]  I.  in- 
trans.  To  emit  a  strong  offensive  smell ;  send 
out  a  disgusting  odor:  hence,  to  be  in  bad 
odor ;  have  a  bad  reputation ;  be  regarded  with 
disfavor. 

And  therwithal  he  stank  so  horribel. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  627. 

Fall  Fate  upon  us. 
Our  memories  shall  never  stink  behind  us. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iii.  7. 

Stinking  badger,  the  stinkard  or  teledu.— Stinking 
bunt!  Same  as  stinking  smut.— Stinking  camomile. 
Same  as  mayweed.— Stinking  cedar,  a  coniferous  tree  of 
the  genus  Torreya:  so  named  from  the  strong  peculiar 
odor  of  the  wood  and  foliage,  especially  when  bruised 
or  burnt.  -Most  properly  so  called  is  T.  taxtfolia,  an  ex- 
tremely local  tree  of  western  Florida,  an  evergreen  of 
moderate  size,  with  bright-yellow  (or  in  old  trees  red- 
dish) wood  susceptible  of  a  flue  polish,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil,  and,  where  found,  largely  used  for 
fence-posts.  Also  called  savin.  See  cut  under  Torreya. 
The  similar  T.  Cal(foriiica  is  the  California  nutmeg  (see 
nutmeg).  T.  grandis  of  China,  called  kaya,  affords  a  good 
timber.  T.  nuc\fera,  a  smaller  Japanese  species,  yields 
a  wood  valued  by  coopers  and  turners,  and  a  food-oil  is 
expressed  from  its  nuts.  Also  Mutiny  yew.— at.1n1ring 
crane's-bill.  Same  as  htrb-robert.— Stinking  goose- 
foot.  Same  as  notchu'eed.— Stinking  hellebore,  hoar- 
hound.  See  the  nouns.— Stinking  mayweed,  the  com- 
mon mayweed. — Stinking  nightshade,  same  as  hen- 
bane.— Stinking  nutmeg,  the  California  nutmeg,  one 
of  the  stinking  cedars.  See  nutmeg  —  Stinking  smut. 
See  smut,  3. —  Stinking  vervain,  the  guinea-hen  weed. 
See  PeKoeria.— Stinking  yew.  Same  as  stinting  cedar. 
II.  trans.  To  annoy  with  an  offensive  smell; 
affect  in  any  way  by  an  offensive  odor.  Imp. 
Diet. 

stink  (stingk),  n.  [<  ME.  stinke,  stynk,  stynke ; 
from  the  verb.  Cf.  stench1.]  1.  A  strong  of- 
fensive smell;  a  disgusting  odor;  a  stench. 

And  fro  him  comethe  out  Smoke  and  Stynk  and  Fuyr, 
and  so  moche  Abhomynacioun  that  nnethe  no  man  may 
there  endure.  Mandeeille,  Travels,  p.  282. 

In  Koln,  a  town  of  monks  and  bones, 
And  pavements  tanged  with  murderous  stones, 
And  rags,  and  hags,  »nd  hideous  wenches  — 
I  counted  two  and  seventy  stenches, 
All  well-defined  and  several  stink* ! 

Coleridge,  Cologne. 

2f.  Hell,  regarded  as  a  region  of  sulphurous 
smells  (or  of  infamy  ?). 

So  have  I  doon  in  erthe,  alias  the  while  1 
That  certes,  but  if  thou  my  socour  be, 
To  stynk  eterne  he  wol  my  gost  exile. 

Chaucer,  A.  B.  C.,  1.  56. 

3.  A  disagreeable  exposure.     [Slang.] 

The  newspapers  of  the  district  where  he  was  then  located 
had  raised  before  the  eye  and  mind  of  the  public  what 
the  "  patterers  "  of  his  class  (genteel  beggars]  proverbially 
call  a  stink — that  is.  had  opened  the  eyes  of  the  unwary 
to  the  movements  of  '•  Chelsea  George. 

Mayheic,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  250. 
Fire  stink,  in  coal-mining,  a  smell  indicating  the  spon- 
taneous combustion  of  the  coal  or  goaf  somewhere  in  the 
mine.  =  Syn.  1.  Stench,  etc.    See  smell. 
Stink-alive  (stingk'a-llv"),  «.    The  bib  or  pout, 
Gadus  luseim:  so  called  because  it  speedily  pu- 
trefies after  death.     J.  G.  Wood. 
Stinkard  (sting'kjird),  «..    [<  stink  +  -ard.~[    If. 
One  who  stinks ;  hence,  a  mean,  paltry  fellow. 
Your  stinkard  has  the  self-same  liberty  to  be  there  in 
his  tobacco-fumes  which  your  sweet  courtier  hath. 

Dekker,  Gull's  Hornbook,  p.  133. 
That  foolish  knave,  that  hose  and  doublet  stinkard. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  v.  1. 
2.  The  stinking  badger  of  Java,  Mi/dans  meli- 
ceps;  the  teledu.    See  cut  under  tele'dn. —  3.  In 
iehfh.,  a  shark  of  the  genus  Mtistelus. 
stinkardlyt  (sting'kjird-li),  a.     [<  stinkard  + 
-fy1.]     Stinking;  mean. 
You  notorious  stinkardly  bearward. 

B.  Janson,  Epicome,  iv.  1. 

Stink-ball  (stingk'bal),  ji.  A  preparation  of 
pitch,  resin,  niter,  gunpowder,  colophony,  asa- 
fetida,  and  other  offensive  and  suffocating  in- 
gredients, placed  in  earthen  jars,  formerly  used 


5950 

for  throwing  upon  an  enemy's  decks  at  close 
quarters,  and  still  in  use  among  Kiistcru  pi- 
rates. 

Stink-bird  (stingk'berd),  n.  The  Imact/dn. 
11/iixtliiiriiinn.i  criftlntiix. 

stink-bug  (stingk'bug),  n.  Any  one  of  several 
malodorous  bugs,  particularly  the  common 
squash-bug,  Ana.ta  trislin,  of  the  r.,/v/>/,r.  See 
cut  under  *qit/ixli-hiiij. 

Stinker  (sting'ker),  n.  [<  slink  +  -rr1.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  stinks;  a  .stinkard  :  a  stink- 
pot. 

The  air  may  be  purified  ...  by  burning  of  stink-pots 
or  stinkers  in  contagious  lanes.      Harvey,  Consumptions. 

2.  One  of  several  large  petrels,  as  the  giant 
fulmar,  Ot<xifra;in  i/if/antea,  which  acquire  an 
offensive  odor  from  feeding  on  blubber  or  car- 
rion. 

stinkhorn  (stingk'horn),  n.  [<  xtink  +  litim.] 
In  hot.,  a  common  name  for  certain  ill-smelling 
fungi  of  the  genus  Phallus.  The  most  common 
species  is  P.  •imjiudicus.  See  Phallus,  3. 

stinkingly  (sting'king-li),  arir.  In  a  stinking 
manner;  disgustingly;  with  an  offensive  smell. 

Stinking-weed  (sting'king-wed),  n.  1.  A  spe- 
cies of  Casxia,  C.  occideiitalis,  found  distributed 
throughout  the  tropics :  so  called  from  its  fetid 
leaves.  Also  stinking-wood. —  2.  The  ragwort, 
Senecio  Jacobeea.  [Local,  Scotland.] 

stinking-WOOd  (sting'king-wud),  «.  1.  Same 
as  stin  kini/-ireed,  1.  —  2.  A  leguminous  shrub, 
Aiiagyrisj'ictidd,  of  southern  Europe. 

stinkpot  (stiugk'pot),  ».  1.  A  pot  or  jar  of 
stinking  materials;  a  chamber-pot.  Smollett. 
—  2f.  A  receptacle  containing  a  disinfectant. 
See  the  quotation  under  stinker. — 3.  A  stink- 
ball.— 4.  The  musk-turtle,  Cinosternum  odora- 
tum  or  Arontoehelys  odorata,  a  stinking  kind 


Stinkpot  (CiriesfernHm  ixieratHm  or  Aromothely 


of  turtle  common  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States.  It  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  the  eastern  and 
central  streams  of  the  country,  and  is  very  troublesome 
to  fishermen  by  swallowing  their  bait.  It  is  useful  as  a 
scavenger. 

stink-rat  (stiugk'  rat  ),«.  The  musk-turtle.  See 
stinkpot,  4.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

stink-shad  (stingk'shad),  ».  Same  as  mud- 
shad. 

stinkstone  (stingk'ston),  n.  A  variety  of  lime- 
stone which  gives  off  a  fetid  odor  when  quar- 
ried or  struck  by  a  hammer.  This  odor  comes  from 
the  escape  of  sulphureted  hydrogen,  and  in  most  cases  it 
seems  to  be  caused  by  the  decomposition  of  embedded  or- 
ganic matter.  In  some  quarries  in  the  Carboniferous  lime- 
stone of  Ireland  the  smell  has  been  found  so  overpowering 
that  the  men  were  sickened  by  it,  and  had  to  leave  off  work 
foratime.  (Jukes.)  Alsocalled/eKdlimeston^,  andnn'ne- 
stone. 

Stink-trap  (stingk'trap),  n.  A  contrivance  to 
prevent  the  escape  of  effluvia  from  the  open- 
ings of  drains  ;  a  stench-trap. 

Stink-turtle  (stingk'ter"tl),  n.  The  musk-tur- 
tle. See  stinkpot,  4. 

Stinkweed  (stingk'wed),  n.  1.  An  ill-smelling 
cruciferous  plant,  Diplotaxis  muralis,  of  south- 
ern Europe.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  The  jimson- 
weed. 

stinkwqod  (stiugk'wud),  ».  One  of  several 
trees  with  fetid  wood,  (a)  In  South  Africa,  Ocotea 
bullgta  (see  Ocotea)  and  Celtis  Kraussiana,  the  latter  a  tree 
20  feet  high  and  2  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  tough  yellowish- 
white  wood  used  for  planks,  cooperage,  etc.  (o)  In  Tas- 
mania, a  shrub  or  tree,  Zieria  Smithii,  also  found  in  Aus- 
tralia, and  sometimes  called  sand-fly  bush,  (c)  In  the 
Mascarene  Islands,  Faetidia  ilaitritiana  of  the  Myrtaeese, 
a  tree  from  20  to  40  feet  high,  whose  wood  is  used  for 
foundations,  not  being  attacked  by  white  ants. 

stint  (stint),  v.  [Also  obs.  or  dial,  steal;  < 
ME.  stinten,  stynten,  stenttn,  <  AS.  styntttii, 
make  dull,  blunt,  orig.  make  short  (also  in 
comp.forstyntan,  ge-stentan,  warn,  restrain)  (= 
Icel.  stytta  (for  *sty»ta),  shorten,  =  Sw.  dial. 
stynta,  shorten,  =  Norw.  stytta,  stutta,  short- 
en, tuck  up  the  clothes),  <  stunt,  dull,  obtuse, 
stupid,  =  Icel.  stuttr  =  OSw.  stunt  =  Norw.  stutt, 
short:  see  stunt.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to 


stint 

cease;  put  an  rnd  to:   stay:   stop.     [Obsolete 
or  archaic.] 

Sey,  "ill  fuiyeven,"  ami  xtiit/t  is  al  this  fart-  [disturbance]. 
f'lmiin-r.  Trnilus,  iii.  1107. 
Mak<:  uar  luvnl  peace,  make  peaee  *tint  uar. 

Slink.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  4.  xs. 
si int  thy  babbling  tnngiif! 

/>'.  Ji'/itKii,  Cynthia's  Kevcls.  i.  1. 

The  thin  jackals  waiting  for  the  feast 
fl  their  hungry  howls  as  he  passed  by. 

\Y illiniH  Morris,  Earthly  Taradise,  I.  172. 

2f.   To  l>riii<j  to  a  stand:  stay;  put  a  stop  to. 

The  kynges  were  stunted  at  the  entre  of  the  forest  by  a 
river,  and  tin  r  a*.srmblt;d  alk-  her  jiujjle  that  thei  myght 
haue.  Mi-riiit  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  ir,4. 

3.  To  forbear;  cease. 

Art  thou  a  seruing  nianV  then  seme  againe, 
And  flint  to  steale  as  common  souldiotirs  do. 

Gascoiyne,  Steele  Glas  (ed.  Arber),  p.  67. 
S]«ro  not  to  spur,  nor  stint  to  ride, 
t'ntil  thou  come  to  fair  Tweedside. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  L  22. 

4.  To  limit;  restrain;  restrict;  hence,  to  limit 
or  confine  to  a  scanty  allowance :  as,  to  stint 
one's  self  in  food;  to  stint  service  or  help. 

[He]  trauels  halfe  a  day  without  any  refreshment  then 

water,  whereof  wisely  and  temperately  he  stinted  himselfe. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  135. 

Was  the  infinite  One  to  be  confined  to  this  narrow  space? 
Could  His  love  be  stinted  to  the  few  to  whom  He  had  es- 
pecially revealed  His  Will  ?  Channiny,  Perfect  Life,  p.  61. 

5.  To  assign  a  definite  task  to ;  prescribe  a  spe- 
cified amount  of  labor  for:  as,  to  stint  a  pupil 
or  a  servant.     See  stint,  n.,  2. — 6.  To  cover  or 
serve  (a  mare)  successfully ;  get  with  foal.    See 
the  quotation  under  stinted,  2. 

II.  intrinis.  1.  To  cease ;  desist ;  stay ;  stop ; 
hold. 

Of  this  cry  they  wolde  nevere  stenten. 

Chaucer,  Knight  s  Tale,  1.  4.. 
He  styntid  not,  nor  neuer  wold  he  sese, 
And  with  his  swerd  where  that  his  stroke  glynt, 
Owt  of  ther  sadill  full  redely  they  went. 

Oenerydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  2420. 

And  swears  shell  never  stint.  Shalt.,  Pericles,  iv.  4.  42. 
2.  To  be  saving  or  careful  in  expenditure. 

It 's  in  things  for  show  they  cut  short ;  while  for  such  as 
me,  It 's  in  things  for  life  we  ve  to  stint. 

Mrs.  GaskeU,  Mary  Barton,  vxxvii. 

Stint  (stint),  n.  [Alsoobs.  or  dial,  stent;  (.stint. 
c.]  1.  Limit;  bound;  limitation;  restriction; 
restraint:  as,  common  without  stint  (that  is, 
without  limitation  or  restriction  as  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  pasturage,  the  number  of  cattle  to 
be  pastured,  or  the  period  of  the  year). 

If  the  summe  which  the  debter  oweth  be  above  the 
stint,  he  shall  not  be  released.  Coryat,  Crudities,  L  167. 

I  know  not  how,  Diuine  Prouidence  seemeth  to  haue  set 
those  Scythian  .-//'///-•  to  the  Persian  proceedings. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  352. 

By  rallying  round  the  throne  the  whole  strength  of  the 
Royalists  and  High-Churchmen,  and  by  using  without 
stint  all  the  resources  of  corruption,  he  [Danbyj  flattered 
himself  that  he  could  manage  the  Parliament. 

tlacaulay,  Sir  W.  Temple. 

2.  Fixed  amount  or  quantity ;  allowance;  pre- 
scribed or  allotted  task  or  performance :  as,  a 
certain  stint  of  work. 

Put  me  to  a  certain  stint,  sir ;  allow  me  but  a  red  her- 
ring a-day.  Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Core,  ii.  1. 

In  the  divided  or  social  state,  these  functions  are  par- 
celled out  to  individuals,  each  of  whom  aims  to  do  his 
stint  of  the  joint  work.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  72. 

Margaret  had  a  new  stint  at  quilling. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  2. 

If  you  are  sick  or  weak,  and  can't  finish  your  stent,  you 
are  given  twenty  blows  with  the  cat. 

The  Century,  XXXVII.  36. 

3.  One  of  several  small  species  of  sandpiper, 
especially  of  the  genus  Actodnmias  ;  asandpeep. 
The  common  stint  is  the  dunlin,  purre,  or  ox-bird,  Pelidna 
alpina.    (See  dunlin.)    This  is  an  early,  if  not  the  first,  ap- 
plication of  the  name,  as  by  Ray,  who  called  this  bird  also 


American  Least  Stint  (Actodromis  minuttlla). 


stint 

oxeye  and  least  snipe,.  This  little  stint  is  Actodramas  minu- 
ta;  the  least  stint  is  A.  minulilla,  which  abounds  in  North 
America,  and  is  also  known  as  Wil<iou'»  miulpijier  Tern- 
ininck's  stint  is  A.  teminiiuiki;  the  red-necked,  A.  rujimllis 
There  are  several  others  of  the  same  genus.  The  broad- 
billed  sandpiper,  Limicula  fiatyrhyneha,  is  a  kind  of  stint. 
and  the  spimn-billed,  BwyHarkyncfau  iHffniH'nx,  is  an- 
other. Extension  of  the  name  to  the  Banderllng  and  tu 
phalaropes  is  unusual. 

stintancet  (stin'taus),  «.  [<  stint  +  -ance.] 
Stint;  limit;  restriction;  restraint.  London 
Prodigal,  p.  7.  (Haiti  ircll.)  [Rare.] 

Stinted  (stiu'ted),  />.  a.  1.  Limited;  scanty; 
scrimped. 

Oh !  trifle  not  with  wants  you  cannot  feel, 
Nor  mock  the  misery  of  a  stinted  meal. 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  0. 

2.  In  foal.    SeoxtVwf, «.  t. ,6.    Halliwell.    fProv. 

Eng.] 

Stinted,  Mn  foal.'  The  word  was  printed,  in  this  sense, 
in  a  catalogue  of  live-stock  for  sale  at  Nashville  a  year  or 
two  ago  [1880].  Halliwell  and  Wright  give  it  as  an  adjec- 
tive, meaning  in  foal,  used  in  the  West  of  England. 

Trans.  Amer.  PhUol.  Ass.,  XVII.  44. 

stintedness  (stin'ted-nes),  ».    The  character  or 

condition  of  being  stinted, 
stinter(stin'ter),  «.     H stint  +  -er*.]    One  who 

or  that  which  stints,  checks,  or  puts  a  stop  to : 

as,  a,  stin  ter  of  strife. 

Let  us  now  see  whether  a  set  form,  or  this  extemporary 
way,  be  the  greater  hinderer  and  stinter  of  it. 

South,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 

Stintingly  (stin'ting-li),  adv.  Restrictedly ;  re- 
strainedly;  grudgingly.  George  Eliot,  Janet's 
Repentance,  viii. 

stintless  (stint'les),  a.     [<  stint  +  -less.]     If. 
Ceaseless. 
His  life  was  nothing  els  but  stintlesse  passion. 

Rowland,  Betraying  of  Christ  (1598).    (HattiweU.) 

2.  Without  stint;  unstinted;  generous. 
He  gets  glimpses  of  the  same  stintless  hospitality. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  201. 

stinty  (stiu'ti),  «.  [<  stint  +  -#i.]  Restricted; 
grudging;  illiberal.  [Rare.] 

Those  endowments  which  our  Anglo-Saxon  forefathers 
made  to  win  for  themselves  and  kindred  such  ghostly  aids 
in  another  world  were  neither  few  nor  stinty. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  327. 


5951 


ipx 
In 


*~ .  o  i^ 

a.  Longitudinal  section  of  the  flower  of  Gynanttropsis  pfHtaphytla 
•omg  the  calyx,  two  of  the  petals,  two  of  the  stamens,  and  the  slip- 
State  ovary.  *,  Frond  of  Asplenium  Trifhontants.  f  AparifMs 
campfstris.  (s.  Stipe  in  a,  b,  and  c. ) 

2.  In  anat.,  a  stem :  applied  to  two  branches, 
anterior  and  posterior,  of  the  zygal  or  paroc- 
cipital  fissure  of  the  brain.  S.  G.  Wilder. —  3. 
In  -ooV.,  a  stipes. 

Stipel  (sti'pel),  n.  [<  NL.  'stipella,  for  *xli/,i- 
tclln,  dim.  of  L.  stipes,  a  post:  see  stipe?.]  In 
bot.,  a  secondary  stipule  situated  at  the  base  of 
the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf.  Unlike  stipules, 
there  is  only  a  single  one  to  each  leaflet,  with  the  exception 
of  the  terminal  leaflet,  which  has  a  pair. 

stipellate  (stl'pel-at),  «.  [<  NL.  *stipellatns,  < 
"stipella,  a  stipel:  see  stipel.]  In  l>ot.,  bearing 
or  having  stipels. 

stipend  (sti'pend),  n.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  estipendio  = 
It.  stipendio,  <  L.  stipendium,  a  tax,  impost,  trib- 
ute ;  in  military  use,  pay,  salary ;  contr.  for  "sti- 
pipendiiim,  <  stips,  a  gift,  donation,  alms  (given 
in  small  coin),  +  pendere,  weigh  out:  see  pen- 
dent.] A  fixed  periodical  allowance  or  pay- 
ment; settled  or  fixed  pay;  salary;  pay;  spe- 
cifically, in  Scotland,  the  salary  paid  to  a 
clergyman;  the  income  of  an  ecclesiastical 
living. 

Americus  Vesputius,  .  .  .  vnder  the  stipende  of  the  Por- 
tugales,  hadde  sayled  t4iwarde  the  south  pole  many  degrees 
beyond  the  Equinoctial!. 

Peter  Martyr  (tr.  in  Eden's  First  Books  on  America, 

[ed.  Arber,  p.  134). 

'Twas  a  wonder  with  how  small  a  stipend  from  his  father 
Tom  Tusher  contrived  to  make  a  good  figure. 

Thackeray,  Henry  Esmond,  x. 
=  SyTL  Pay,  etc.    See  salary^. 


a+iriit.a  tp  (stin'i  \n  t  ^    fl        IY  NT,    " 
»'iJPl«a« .1  S"P  »-«";,  fl.       \\KLi. 

ttlMt  (xtinit-),   a   StOfk.  tTUllk  I    8C6 
•      •          ^-f     ••-'    -          • 


stiony,  w.    See  styany. 

Stipa  (sti'pa),  n.     [NL.  (LinnKus,  1753),  named 

from  the  flaxen  appearance  of  the  feathery  awns 

of  S.  pennata;  <  L.  stipa,  stupa,  stuppa,  the 

^S^S^^^^^fSffSsitSiStgSfft. 

*&•&!!?•-&  WP??&***L  one-flowered  pani-     ^^  receive  pay,  serve  for  piy,  <  stipen- 

dium,  pay:  see  stipend,  n.]  To  pay  by  settled 
stipend  or  wages;  put  upon  or  provide  with 
a  stipend.  Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  xlvii. 
(Latliam.)  [Rare.] 

Stipendlarian  (sti-pen-di-a'ri-an),  a.  [<  sti- 
pendiary +  -an.]  Acting  from  mercenary  con- 
siderations; hired;  stipendiary.  Imp.  Diet. 

stipendiary  (stl-pen'di-a-ri),  «.  and  n.  [<  F. 
stipendiaire  =  Sp.  Pg.  estipendiario  =  It.  stipen- 
diario,  <  L.  stipcndiariiis,  pertaining  to  tribute, 
contribution,  or  pay,  <  stipendium,  tribute,  pay: 
see  stipend.]  I.  a.  Receiving  wages  or  salary; 
performing  services  for  a  stated  price  or  com- 
pensation; paid. —  stipendiary  curate.  Seecwratei. 
—  Stipendiary  estate,  in  law,  a  feud  or  estate  granted 
in  return  for  services,  generally  of  a  military  kind. — Sti- 
pendiary magistrate,  in  Great  Britain,  a  police  justice 
sitting  in  large  cities  and  towns,  under  appointment  by  the 
Home  Secretary  on  behalf  of  the  crown. 

II.  n.;  pi.  stipendiaries  (-riz).  1.  One  who 
performs  services  for  a  settled  payment,  salary, 
or  stipend. —  2.  A  stipendiary  .magistrate.  See 
under  I. — 3.  In  law,  a  feudatory  owing  services 
to  his  lord. 

stipendiatet  (sti-pen'di-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  stipen- 
diatiis,  pp.  of  stipendiari,  receive  pay,  serve  for 
pay,  <  stipendium,  tribute,  salary:  see  stipend,  v.] 
To  endow  with  a  stipend  or  salary. 

Besides  y  exercise  of  the  horse,  armes,  dauncing,  &c., 
all  the  sciences  are  taught  in  the  vulgar  French  by  pro- 
fessors stipendiated  by  the  greate  Cardinal. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  14, 1644. 

Stiper  Stone  group.  [<  Stiper  Stones  (see  del ).] 
In  geitl.,  a  subgroup,  the  equivalent  of  the  Are- 
nig  series  in  Carnarvonshire :  so  called  from  the 
name  Stiper  Stones  given  to  a  prominent  ridge 
of  quartzose  rocks  rising  above  the  moorland  in 
Shropshire,  and  extending  for  about  ten  miles 
in  length.  The  Arenig  or  Stiper  Stone  group,  accord- 
ing to  Murchison's  original  classification  (1833-4),  formed 
the  base  of  the  Silurian  system.  It  is  now  considered  to 
be  the  base  of  Lapworth's  Ordovician,  of  the  Cambro-Silu- 
rian  of  Jukes,  and  of  the  Middle  Cambrian  of  other  Eng- 
lish geologists. 

stipes (sti'pez),w.  [NL./L. stipes,stips  (stipit-), 
n  stock,  trunk:  see  stipe-.]  1.  In  Imt.,  same  as 


- 

cled  spikelets,  with  their  pedicels  not  continued  beyond 
the  flower,  which  contains  three  or  perhaps  sometimes 
only  two  lodicules  and  a  narrow  acuminate  flowering 
glume  indurated  closely  around  the  grain  and  prolonged, 
usually  by  a  joint,  into  a  long  and  commonly  conspicuous- 
ly twisted  or  bent  awn.  There  are  nearly  100  species,  wide- 
ly dispersed  through  both  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 
They  are  tufted  grasses,  usually  tall,  with  convolute  leaves 
and  a  slender,  sparingly  branched  panicle  of  rather  long 
scattered  spikelets,  with  awns  sometimes  extremely  atten- 
uated. A  general  name  of  the  species  is  feather-grots, 
applying  particularly  to  the  highly  ornamental  S.  pen- 
nata of  Europe.  The  only  common  species  of  the  eastern 
United  States  is  5.  avenacea,  the  black  oat-grass ;  westward 
the  species  are  numerous — several,  known  as  bunch-, 
beard-,  or  feather-grass,  being  somewhat  valuable  wild 
forage-plants  of  the  mountains  and  great  plains.  •  Among 
these  are  S.  comata  (sttk-yrass)  and  5.  spartea  (porcupine- 
grass),  the  latter  remarkable  for  its  hygrometric  awns, 
which  are  coiled  when  dry,  but  uncoil  under  moisture  and, 
when  resisted,  tend  to  push  the  seed  into  the  ground.  S. 
mridula,  var.  robunta,  of  Mexico,  JJew  Mexico,  etc.,  is  re- 
ported to  have  a  narcotic  effect  upon  horses,  and  is  called 
sleepy-grans.  S.  aristiylumis  of  Australia  is  a  valuable  fod- 
der-plant, of  remarkably  rapid  growth ;  S.  mierantha  of 
Queensland  borrows  the  name  of  bamboo.  S.  tenadssima 
and  &  arenaria,  on  account  of  their  large  membranous 
spikelets  and  two-cleft  flowering  glume,  are  sometimes 
separated  as  a  genus,  Macrochloa  (Kunth,  1H35).  See  es- 
parto, alfa,  and  atocha-gra&s. 

stipate  (sti'pat),  a.  [<  L.  stipatus,  pp.  of  sti- 
pare,  crowd,  press  together.  Cf.  constipuit-.] 
In  bot.,  crowded. 

stipe1  (stip),  n.  [A  dial.  var.  of  steep1.  Cf.  Stiper 
Stone  group.']  A  steep  ascent.  Halliirell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

stipe2  (stip),  n.  [<  F.  stipe,  a  stipe,  =  Sp.  esti- 
pite,  a  door-post,  =  It.  stipite,  a  stock,  trunk, 
post,  door-post,  <  L.  stipes  (stipit-),  a  stock, 
trunk,  post,  poet,  a  tree,  a  branch  of  a  tree; 
perhaps  cognate  with  E.  stiff.]  1.  In  bot.,  a 
stalk  or  support  of  some  sort,  the  word  being 
variously  employed,  (a)  In  flowering  plants,  the 
stalk  formed  by  the  receptacle  or  some  part  of  it,  or  by  a 
carpel.  To  distinguish  further  this  kind  of  stipe,  various 
other  terms  are  employed,  as  thecaphore,  gynophore,  gono- 
phore,  anthophore,  yynobase,  and  carpophore.  See  cut  un- 
der Arachis.  (b)  The  stalk  or  petiole  of  a  frond,  espe- 
cially of  a  fern  or  seaweed.  See  cut  under  seaweed,  (c) 
In  fungi,  especially  of  the  genus  Agaricus,  the  stalk  or 
stem  which  supports  the  pileus  or  cap.  (d)  The  caudex 
of  a  tree-fern.  Also  stipes.  See  cut  in  next  column. 


stipular 

I'*. — 2.  In  zniil.,  a  stalk  m-  Mi-m,  as  an  eye- 

stnlk  4ir  a  fiMilstalk:  a  stipr.  spe,  ilieally  -(a)  In 
•  'lit*  •,/!.,  tin  tin  it  stalk  iif  the.  maxilla  uf  an  insect,  the  outer 
or  main  division  of  that  myaii;  the  second  joint  of  the 
maxilla,  linnic  up. in  the  ranln,  ami  thl,ill'_'h  tile  palpifur 
anil  Miliu.ilra  In  ariim  tin-  palpus,  ^'alea,  ami  laeinia,  when 
these  nif-iiLs  i-xist.  Als4>  calleil  shaft.  See  ents  under 
!fr/l>'it  ami  Iiixecta.  (b)  In  Miu /'ij,,,,/<i :  (1)  'Ihe  proximal 
or  median  one  of  two  pieces  of  wliic:h  the  protomala,  or 
so-called  mandible,  consists,  the  other  heiiiK  the  cnrdu. 
See  pn>t»n>«l(i,  ami  ti^'iire  nmlei  >'/,iful>i-u i/f.  (•>)  line  of 
two  sets,  an  inner  ami  an  imtir,  ut  limad  plates  intowhich 
the  dentomala,  or  second  pair  ol  imnith-appendajres,  of  a 
m.uiapiiil  is  divided,  s.i  ,1.  ui,,,,, ,il,i.  A.  S.  I'ackara, 
Proc.  Amer.  i'hilns.  Soc.,  June,  1883,  pp.  198,  uoo. 

Stipiform  (sti'pi-form),   (i.     [<   L.  stipes,  s 
(xli/iit-),  a  stock,  trunk,  4-  forum,  form.] 
linl.  aiul  ;<>ol.,  having  the  form  or  appearance 
of  a  stipe  or  stipes.     See  stipe2,  i 

L. 
In 

bot.  ami  -DO/.,  having  or  supported  by  a  stipe 
or  stipes;  elevated  on  a  stipe. 

stipitiform  (stip'i-ti-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  stipes 
(nii)iit-),  a  stock,  trunk  (see  stipe%),  +  forum. 
form.]  In  601".  and  goal.,  having  the  form  or 
character  of  a  stipe  or  stipes;  stipiform;  stalk- 
like. 

stipiture  (stip'i-tur),  w.  A  bird  of  the  genus 
.^/i/ii/iin/n;  an  emu-wren. 

Stipiturus  (stip-i-tu'rus),  »i.  [NL.  (Lesson, 
1831),  <  L.  stipes  (stipit-),  a  stock,  trunk,  +  Gr. 
oiipa,  tail.]  An  Australian  genus  of  warbler-like 
birds,  assigned  to  the  Malurinie  or  placed  else- 
where, having  the  tail  curiously  formed  of  ten 
feathers  with  stiffened  shafts  and 
loose  decomposed  barbs  (whence 
the  name);  the  emu-wrens. 

5.  mala- 
curiis  is  a 
small  brownish 
bird  streaked 
with  black,  and 
with  a  blue 
throat,  described 
by  Latham  in 
1801  as  the  soft- 
tailed  flycatcher. 
The  immediate 
affinities  of  the 
genus  are  with 
such  forms  as 
Sphenaeacus  and 
Sphenura  (see 
these  words),  and 
the  true  position  of  all  these  forms  seems  to  be  among  or 
near  the  reed-  or  grass-warblers,  especially  such  as  have 
but  ten  tail-feathers.  See  icarbler. 
stipple  (stip'l),  «.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stippled,  ppr. 
stippling.  [<  D.  stippeleii,  speckle,  dot  over  (cf. 
stippel,  a  speckle,  dim.  of  stip,  a  point),  freq.  of 
stippen  (>  G.  stippen),  prick,  dot,  speckle,  <  stip, 
MD.  stip,  stup,  a  point,  dot.]  To  produce  gra- 
dation in  color  or  shade  in  (any  material)  by 
means  of  dots  or  small  spots.  See  stippling. 

The  interlaying  of  small  pieces  can  not  altogether  avoid 
a  broken,  stippled,  spotty  effect. 

Mi/mini,  Latin  Christianity,  xiv.  10. 

Stipple  (stip'l),  n.  [<  stipple,  v.]  1.  In  the/wr 
arts,  same  as  stippling. —  2.  In  decorative  art,  an 
intermediate  tone  or  color,  or  combination  of 
tones,  used  to  make  gradual  the  passage  from 
one  color  to  another  in  a  design — Stipple-en- 
graving process,  the  process  of  making  an  engraved 
plate  by  stippling.  The  first  step  is  to  lay  an  etching- 
ground  on  a  copperplate;  the  next,  after  the  subject  has 
been  transferred  as  in  etching,  is  to  dot  in  the  outline: 
after  which  the  darker  parts  are  marked  with  dots,  which 
are  laiil  in  larger  and  more  closely  in  the  deeper  shades. 
The  plate  is  then  bitten  in,  the  ground  is  removed,  and 
the  lighter  parts  are  laid  in  with  dry-point  or  the  stipple- 
graver. 

stippled  (stip'ld),  p.  a.  Spotted;  shaded  or 
modeled  by  means  of  minute  dots  applied  with 
the  point  of  the  brush  or  in  a  similar  way. 

Stipple-graver  (stip'1-gra/ver),  ».  An  engrav- 
ers^ tool  of  which  the  point  is  bent  downward 
so  as  to  facilitate  the  making  of  small  dots  or 
indentations  in  the  surface  of  a  copperplate. 

stippler  (stip'ler),  «.  [<  stipple  +  -cr1.]  1. 
One  who  stipples. —  2.  A  brush  or  tool  used  for 
stippling:  as,  a  stippler  made  of  hog's  hair. 

stippling  (stip'ling),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  stipple, 
v.]  In  the  fine  arts,  dotted  work  of  any  kind, 
whether  executed  with  the  brush-point,  the 
pencil,  or  the  stipple-graver. 

Stiptict, «.  and  w.     See  styptic. 

stipula  (stip'u-ltt),  n.;  pi.  sti/nilse  (-le).  [NL., 
<  L.  stipula,  a  stalk:  see  stipule.]  In  ornitli., 
same  as  stipule. 

stipulaceous  (stip-u-la'shius),  a.  [<  stipula  + 
-aceous.]  In  tot.,  same  as  stipular. 

stipular  (stip'u-lar),  a.  [<  NL.  utipiila  +  -ar'3.] 
In  hot.,  of,  belonging  to.  or  standing  in  the 


Kmu-wren  (Stipittirtts  malacurus). 


stipular 


place  of  stipules;  growing  on  stipules,  or  dose 
to  them :  as,  *rYpw(V( /'glands.— Stipular  buds, buds 
which  are  enveloped  by  the  stipules,  as  In  the  tulip-tree. 
Stipulary  (stip'u-la-ri),  rt.  [<  NL.  xt!jii<l<t  + 
-art/.]  In  hot.,  relating  to  stipules;  stipular. 
Stipulate1  (stip'u-lat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  utijm- 
lutiti,  ppr.  Htipiildlimj.  [<  L.  xtipiilitliix,  pp.  of 
xtipulurc  (>  It.  sttpmOfe  =  Sp.  Pg.  estijtular  = 
F.  stipuler),  exact,  bargain  for ;  origin  doubtful : 
by  some  referred  to  OL.'stipulus,  firm ;  by  others 
to  L.  st.i/»<l(t,  a  straw.]  To  arrange  or  settle 
definitely,  or  by  special  mention  and  agree- 
ment, or  as  a  special  condition:  as,  it  is  stipu- 
lated that  A  shall  pay  5  per  cent. 

Henry  the  Fourth  and  the  king  my  master  had  stipu- 
lated with  each  other  that,  whensoever  any  one  of  them 
died,  the  survivor  should  take  care  of  the  other's  child. 
Lord  Herbert  of  Chertmry,  Life  (ed.  Howells),  p.  129. 

Those  Articles  which  were  stipulated  in  their  Favour. 
HoweU,  Letters,  I.  iii.  20. 

It  is  stipulated  also  that  every  man  shall  be  bound  to 
obey  his  own  lord  "convenienter,"  or  so  far  as  is  fitting 
and  right.  Kncyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  782. 

Stipulated  damages,  (a)  In  a  general  sense,  a  sum 
named  in  a  contract  or  obligation  as  the  damages  to  be 
paid  in  case  of  non-performance.  (6)  As  commonly  used 
in  law,  damages  liquidated  by  a  stipulation  — that  is,  a 
sum  fixed  by  a  contract  or  obligation  in  such  manner  as  to 
be  the  sum  payable  in  case  of  breach,  without  any  further 
question  as  to  the  amount  of  the  actual  damages. 

stipulate2  (stip'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  *stipulatus,  < 
L.  stipula,  a  stalk,  stipule :  see  stipule.]  In  hot., 
having  stipules :  as,  a  stipulate  stalk  or  leaf. 

Stipulates  (stip-u-la'te-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (J.  von 
Sachs),  <  *stij)u!attis,  stalked  (see  stipulate"2),  + 
-ex.]  Sachs's  name  for  the  eusporangiate  ferns, 
a  division  which  embraces  the  Ophiot/lossacese 
and  Marattiaceee.  The  name  is  now  abandoned,  as  it 
is  known  that  there  are  no  stipules  in  the  Ophioyloxsacete, 
and  that  they  are  sometimes  wanting  in  the  Marattiacea. 

stipulation1  (stip-u-la'shpn),  «.  [X  F.  stipula- 
tion =  Sp.  estipulacion  =  Pg.  estipulaySo  =  It. 
stipulazione,  (.  L.  stipulatio(n-),  a  promise,  bar- 
gain, covenant,  <  stipulari,  demand  a  formal 
promise,  bargain,  covenant,  stipulate:  see  stip- 
ulate.] 1.  The  act  of  stipulating,  agreeing, 
or  covenanting;  a  contracting  or  bargaining. 
—  2.  That  which  is  stipulated  or  agreed  upon ; 
a  contract  or  bargain,  or  a  particular  article  or 
item  in  a  contract :  as,  the  stipulations  of  the 
allied  powers  to  furnish  each  his  contingent  of 
troops ;  a  contract  containing  so  many  stipula- 
tions,— 3.  In  law,  specifically — (a)  An  agree- 
ment between  counsel  or  attorneys  in  a  cause, 
affecting  its  conduct.  (6)  An  undertaking  in 
the  nature  of  bail  taken  in  the  admiralty  courts. 
(c)  In  Roman  law,  a  contract  in  which  the  form 
consisted  in  a  question  and  answer,  formalities 
which  in  course  of  time  came  to  He  recognized 
as  making  a  valid  contract  whichmightdispense 
with  the  ceremonials  requiredby  the  earlier  law. 

stipulation'2  (stip-u-la'shon),  ».  [<  L.  stipula, 
a  stalk:  see  stipule.]  In  hot.,  the  situation  and 
structure  of  the  stipules. 

Stipulator  (stip'u-la-tpr),  11.  [<  L.  stipulator, 
one  who  stipulates,  <  stipulari,  demand  a  for- 
mal promise,  bargain,  stipulate :  see  stipulate.] 
One  who  stipulates,  contracts,  or  covenants;  in 
Rom.  law,  one  to  whom  a  stipulation  or  prom- 
ise was  given  in  the  form  of  contract  known  as 
stipulatio.  See  stipulation1,  3  (c). 

stipule  (stip'ul),  ».  [=  P.  stipule  =  It.  stijiula, 
<  L.  stipula,  a  stalk,  stem,  blade,  dim.  of  stipes, 
stock,  trunk:  see  stipe2.]  1.  In  lot. :  (a)  One  of 
a  pair  of  lateral  appendages  found  at  the  base 
of  the  petiole  of  many  leaves,  stipules  are  nor- 
mally flat  organs,  leaf-like  in  appearance  and  use,  or  color- 
less and  scale-like,  and  without  function  —  sometimes, 


Stipules  (Sf). 

i.  Of  Robinia  Pstitdacacia.    i.  Of  Rosa  canfna.     3.  Of  Pisum  or 
Tense.    4.  Of  Lathyrus  Afhaca.    5.  Of  Smilax  bona-nox. 


5952 

however,  as  in  the  magnolia,  fig,  iincl  heeeh,  serving  asbiul- 
scales  and  falling  when  the  leaves  expand.  Stipules  may 
be  free  from  the  petiole,  or  adnate  by  one  edge,  then  pass- 
ing by  grades  into  mere  wing-like  expansions  of  its  base  ; 
they  may  be  free  from  one  another,  or  variously  united, 
sometimes  so  as  to  clasp  the  stem,  sometimes  between  it 
and  the  leafstalk  (then  intrapetiolar),  sometimes  sheath- 
ing the  stem,  as  in  I'ulygonum,  then  forming  ocrea;  (see 
ocrea).  The  adjacent  members  of  two  opposite  pairs  may 
become  connate  around  the  stem,  as  in  many  Rubiacese. 
Stipules  are  sometimes  reduced  to  mere  bristles,  or  take 
the  form  of  spines,  as  in  the  common  locust ;  in  Smilax 
they  appear  to  be  converted  into  tendrils.  They  are  often 
wholly  wanting,  but  where  present  they  generally  char- 
acterize whole  families,  as  they  do  the  Malvaceie,  Legu- 
minosa,  and  Rosacea:.  (ft)  In  the  Characese,  one  of 
certain  unicellular  tubes,  of  greater  or  less 
length,  on  the  inner  and  outer  sides  of  the  so- 
called  leaf,  (c)  Same  as  puriipliyllum  (b). — 2. 
In  ornith.,  a  newly  sprouted  feather;  a  pin- 
feather.  Also  stipula. 

Stipuled  (stip'uld),  a.  [<  stipule  +  -ed2.]  In 
hot.,  furnished  with  stipules,  or  lateral  leafy  ap- 
pendages. 

stipuliform  (stip'u-li-form),  «.  [<  L.  stipula,  a 
stalk,  +  forma,  form.]  In  hot.,  having  the 
form  of  a  stipule. 

Stir1  (ster),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stirred,  ppr.  stir- 
rina.  [Also  dial,  steer  (and  stoor) ;  early  mod. 
E.  also  stirr,  stirre,  stire,  stere;  <  ME.  stiren, 
steren,  eturen,  styren,  <  AS.  styrian,  move,  stir, 
=  North  Fries,  stiaren  =  MD.  stooren,  D.  storen. 
disturb,  vex,  =  MLG.  storen,  disturb,  hinder, 
=OHG.  storen,  storren,  scatter,  destroy,  disturb, 
MHG.  stceren,  G.  storen,  disturb,  interrupt,  hin- 
der, =  Sw.  stora,  disturb;  cf.  Icel.  styrr,  a  stir, 
Dan.for-styrre,  disturb;  not  connected  with  L. 
sternere,  scatter,  or  E.  strew :  see  strew.  Cf. 
stoor2.  Hence  ult.  storm  and  sturgeon.  The 
ME.  forms  are  in  some  uses  confused  with  sim- 
ilar forms  of  steerl ,  'direct,'  'guide.']  I.  trans. 

1 .  To  move ;  change  the  position  or  situation 
of:  as,  to  stir  hand  or  foot. 

Stonde  he  neuere  so  styfliche  thorgh  sterynge  of  the  bote 
He  bendeth  and  boweth  the  body  is  vnstable. 

Fieri  Plouman  (C),  xi.  3«. 
He  pulls  you  not  a  hair,  nor  pares  a  nail,    • 
Nor  stirs  a  foot,  without  due  figuring 
The  horoscope.        T.  Tomtit  (7),  Albumazar,  I.  3. 

2.  To  set  in  motion ;  agitate;  disturb. 

There  Is  everemore  gret  Wynd  In  that  Fosse,  that  ster- 
ethe  everemore  the  Gravelle,  and  makethe  it  trouble. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  32. 
My  mind  is  troubled,  like  a  fountain  stirr'd. 

Shale.,  T.  and  C.,  lit.  3.  811. 
Airs  that  gently  Mr 
The  vernal  leaves.         Wordsieorth,  Ruth. 

3.  To  move  briskly;  bestir. 

Now  stureth  hym  self  Arthour, 
Thenkyng  on  hys  labour, 
And  gaderyth  to  hym  strenghth  aboute, 
Hys  kynges  &  Erles  on  a  rowte. 

Arthur  (ed.  Furnivall),  1.  295. 
Come,  you  must  stir  your  Stumps,  you  must  Dance. 

Steele,  Tender  Husband,  v.  1. 

4.  To  cause  the  particles  or  parts  of  to  change 
place  in  relation  to  each  other  by  agitating  with 
the  hand  or  an  implement:  as,  to  stir  the  fire 
with  a  poker;  to  stir  one's  coffee  with  a  spoon. 

He  ttireth  the  coles. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  267. 

Mr. ,  one  of  the  fellowes  (in  Mr.  Fr.  Potter's  time), 

was  wont  to  say  that  Dr.  Kettle's  braine  was  like  a  hasty- 
pudding,  where  there  was  memorie,  judgement,  and 
phancy  all  stirred  together.  A  ubrey,  Lives  (Ralph  Kettle). 

5+.  To  brandish ;  flourish. 
Now  hatz  Arthure  his  axe,  &  the  haltne  grypez, 
<fe  sturnely  sturez  hit  aboute,  that  stryke  wyth  hit  thojt. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  1.  331. 

6.  To  bring  into  notice  or  discussion ;  agitate ; 
debate;  moot.  « 

Stir  not  questions  of  jurisdiction.     Bacon,  Great  Place. 

7.  To  rouse,  as  from  sleep  or  inaction ;  awaken. 

Nay,  then,  'tis  time  to  Mr  him  from  his  trance. 

Shale.,  T.  of  the  a,  i.  1.182. 
Thy  dear  heart  is  stirred 
From  out  its  wonted  quiet 

William  Morrii,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  344. 

8.  To  move ;  excite ;  rouse. 

His  steed  was  bloody  red,  and  fomed  yre, 
When  with  the  malstring  spur  he  did  him  roughly  stire. 
•  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  2. 

The  music  must  be  shrill  and  all  confus'd 
That  stirs  my  blood. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  1.  1. 

9.  To  incite;  instigate;  set  on. 

Feendls  threten  faste  to  take  me, 
And  steren  helle  houndis  to  bite  me. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S-X  p.  70. 
With  him  along  is  come  the  mother-queen, 
An  Ate,  stirring  him  to  blood  and  strife. 

Shale.,  K.  John,  ii.  1.  63. 

To  stir  coals1.  See  coal.— To  stir  up.  (a)  To  insti- 
gate ;  incite :  as,  to  Mr  up  a  nation  to  rebellion. 


stir 

To  these  undertakings  these  great  l/irds  of  the  World 
have  been  stirred  up  rather  by  the  desire  of  fame  .  .  . 
than  by  the  affection  of  bearing  rule. 

Raleiyh  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  B54). 
There's  that  Will  Maskery,  sir,  as  is  the  rampageousest 
\lethodis'  as  can  be,  an'  I  make  no  doubt  it  was  him  as 
xtirrptl  up  th'  young  woman  to  preach  last  night. 

George  Eliot,  Adam  Bede,  v. 

(*)  To  excite;  provoke;  foment ;  bring  about:  as,  to  stir 
up  a  mutiny  ;  to  stir  up  contention. 

They  gan  with  fowle  reproch 
To  stirre  up  strife,  and  troublous  contecke  broch. 

Spenter,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  64. 

To  be  more  just,  religious,  wise,  or  magnanimous  then 
the  common  sort  slirrs  tip  in  a  Tyrant  both  fcare  and 
envy.  Miltmi,  Eikonoklastes,  xv. 

(c)  To  rouse  to  action ;  stimulate ;  quicken:  as,  to  stir  up 
the  mind. 

[They]  are  also  perpetually  stirred  up  to  fresh  industry 
and  new  discoveries.       Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  ii.,  Expl. 
The  man  who  stirs  up  a  reposing  community  .  .  .  can 
scarcely  be  destitute  of  some  moral  qualities  which  ex- 
tort even  from  enemies  a  reluctant  admiration. 

Macatilav,  Sir  William  Temple. 
II.  tntrans.  1.  To  pass  from  rest  or  inaction 
to  motion  or  action;  move;   budge:   as,  they 
dare  not  stir;  to  stir  abroad. 

"  Master,"  said  he,  "be  rul'd  by  me, 
From  the  Green-'wood  we'll  not  stir." 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Golden  Arrow  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  384). 
No  disaffected  or  rebellious  person  can  stir  without  be- 
ing presently  known  ;  and  this  renders  the  King  very  safe 
in  his  Government.  Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  i.  74. 

During  the  time  I  remained  in  the  convent,  the  superior 
thought  it  proper  I  should  not  stir  out. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  n.  I.  4. 

2.  To  be  in  motion ;  be  in  a  state  of  activity; 
be  on  the  move  or  go ;  be  active :  as,  to  be  con- 
tinually stirriiii/. 

If  ye  will  nedys  know  at  short  and  longe, 
It  Is  evyn  a  womans  tounge, 
For  that  is  ever  sterynge. 

Interlude  of  the  Four  Elements.    (Ualliwell,  under  short.) 

If  the  gentlewoman  that  attends  the  general's  wife  be 

stirring,  tell  her  there 's  one  Cassio  entreats  of  her  a  little 

favour  of  speech.  Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  1.  27. 

She  will  brook 
No  tarrying ;  where  she  comes  the  winds  must  stir. 

Wordsworth,  Sonnets,  i.  32. 

3.  To  be  in  circulation ;  be  current;  be  on  foot. 
No  111  luck  stirring  but  what  lights  on  my  shoulders. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1.  99. 

Ther  dyed  such  multituds  weekly  of  y  plague,  as  all 
trade  was  dead,  and  little  money  stirring. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  204. 
There  Is  no  News  at  all  stirring  here  now. 

HoweU,  Letters,  II.  18. 

4.  To  use  an  instrument  or  the  hand  for  mak- 
ing a  disturbing  or  agitating  motion,  as  in  a 
liquid. 

The  more  you  ftir  In  it  the  more  It  stinks.  Buiwer. 
6.  To  be  roused;  be  excited;  disturb  or  agi- 
tate one's  self. 

You  show  too  much  of  that 
For  which  the  people  stir.        Shak.,  Cor.,  Iii.  1.  63. 

Stir1  (ster),  n.     [Early  mod.   E.  also  stirre;  < 
stir1,  v.]     If.  Movement;  action. 

The  sounding  of  our  wordes  |is]  not  alwayes  egall ;  for 
some  aske  longer,  some  shorter  time  to  be  vttered  in,  & 
so,  by  the  Philosophers  definition,  stirre  is  the  true  mea- 
sure of  time.  Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  66. 

2.  A  state  of  motion,  activity,  briskness,  bus- 
tle, or  the  like;  the  confusion  and  tumult  of 
many  persons  in  action. 

Why  all  these  words,  this  clamour,  and  this  stir? 

Sir  J.  Denham,  Prudence,  1.  112. 

The  house  had  that  pleasant  aspect  of  life  which  is  like 
the  cheery  expression  of  comfortable  activity  in  the  hu- 
man countenance.  You  could  see  at  once  that  there 
was  the  stir  of  a  large  family  within  it 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xiii. 

It  is  well  to  turn  aside  from  the  fretful  stir  of  the  pres- 
ent Huxley,  Animal  Automatism. 

3.  Commotion;  excitement;  tumult:  as,  his  ap- 
pearance on  the  scene  created  quite  a  stir. 

Men  may  thinke  it  strange  there  should  be  such  a  stirre 
for  a  little  come ;  but  had  it  beene  gold,  with  more  ease 
wee  might  haue  got  it ;  and  had  it  wanted,  the  whole  Col- 
ony had  starued. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  219. 
When  Portsey,  weighing  well  the  ill  to  her  might  grow, 
In  that  their  mighty  stirs  might  be  her  overthrow. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  ii.  448. 

An  Impost  was  leuied  of  the  subjects,  to  sat istle  the  pay 
due  to  the  souldiours  for  the  Persian  warre,  which  raised 
these  stirres.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  287. 

4.  Motion;  impulse;  emotion;  feeling. 

He  did  keep 

The  deck,  with  glove,  or  hat,  or  handkerchief, 
Still  waving,  as  the  fits  and  stirs  of 's  mind 
Could  best  express  how  slow  his  soul  sall'd  on. 

Shot.,  Cymbeline,  i.  3.  12. 

5.  A  poke;  a  jog. 

"Eh,  Arthur?"  said  Tom,  giving  him  a  stir  with  his 
foot.  T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Kugby,  ii.  8. 


Stiretrus  anchorage. 

(Hair-line  shows  natural 

size.) 


stir 

6.  A  house  of  correction ;  a  lockup ;  a  prison. 
[Thieves'  slang.] 

I  was  in  Brummagem,  and  was  seven  days  in  the  new 
stir,  and  nearly  broke  my  neck. 

Mayheio,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  469. 

Stir2  (stir),  n.  [A  corruption  of  sir.]  Sir. 
[Scottish  vulgarism.] 

I'm  seeking  for  service,  stir.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  viii. 
Stirabout  (ster'a-bout"),  «.  [<  stir*  +  about.] 

1.  Oatmeal  or  other  porridge. 

The  fifth  book  is  of  pease-porridge,  under  which  are 
included  frumetary,  water-gruel,  milk-porridge,  rice-milk, 
tlumary,  stir-about,  and  the  like. 

IT.  King,  Art  of  Cookery,  Letter  Ix. 

2.  Oatmeal  and  dripping  or  bacon-fat  mixed 
together  and  stirred  about  in  a   frying-pan. 
Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Stiretrus  (sti-re'trus),  n.    [ML.  (Laporte,  1833), 

<  Gr.  areipoz,  barren,  +  Tfrpnv,  the  abdomen.] 
A   notable    genus    of    true 

bugs,  of  the  family  Penta- 

tnmiilx,  comprising  about  25 

species  peculiar  to  America, 

most  of  them  tropical.    One 

species,  S.  anchorago,  is  found  in 

the  southern  United  States,  and  is 

a  common  enemy  of  the  chinch- 
bug,   Colorado    potato-beetle,  and 

cotton-worm. 
Stiriated  (stir'i-a-ted),  o.     [< 

"stiriate  (<  L.  stiria,  a  frozen 

drop,  an  icicle;  cf.  still2)  + 

-ed'*.]  Adorned  with  pendants 

like  icicles. 
StiriOUSt  (stir'i-us),  a.     [<  L.  stiria,  a  frozen 

drop,  an  icicle,  +  -ous.]    Consisting  of  or  re- 
sembling icicles. 
Crystal  is  found  sometimes  in  rocks,  and  in  some  places 

not  much  unlike  thestirious  or  stillicidious  dependencies 

of  ice.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  il.  1. 

Stirk  (sterk),  n.    [Also  sterk,  sturk  ;  <  ME.  stirk, 

styrk,  sterk,  stirke,  styrke,  <  AS.  stirc,  a  young 

cow,  heifer,  styre,  styric,  a  young  steer,  =  MD. 

stierick  =  MLG.  sterke,  >  G.  starve,  starke,  a 

young  cow,  heifer,  G.  dial,  sterk,  a  young  steer ; 

usually  explained  as  derived,  with  dim.  suffix  -ic, 

<  AS.  steor,  etc.,  a  steer;  but  prob.  connected, 
as  orijg.  'a  young  cow  that  has  not  yet  calved,' 
with  OHG.  stero,  MHG.  xter,  a  ram,  Goth,  staira, 
barren,  L.  sterilis,  barren,  Gr.  arclpof,  artptijMs, 
barren,  Skt.  start,  barren,  sterile:  see  sterile."] 
An  animal  of  the  ox  or  cow  kind  from  one  to 
two  years  old.     [Prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 

Stirless  (ster'les),  a.  [<  stir*  +  -less.]  Still; 
motionless;  inactive;  very  quiet.  [Bare.] 

She  kept  her  hollow,  stirless  eyes  on  his.  There  was  an 
absence  of  movement  about  her  almost  oppressive.  She 
seemed  not  even  to  breathe.  Harper's  May.,  LXXVI.  228. 

stirn  (stern),  n.    Same  as  stern5. 
stiropt,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  stirrup. 
stirpt  (sterp),  n.     [<  ME.  stirpe,  <  L.  stirps,  a 
stock,  root,  race.]     Stock;  race;  family. 

So  is  she  spronge  of  noble  stirp  and  high. 

Court  of  Love,  1.  16. 

Democracies  ...  are  commonly  more  quiet,  and  less 

subject  to  sedition,  than  where  there  are  stirps  of  nobles. 

Bacon,  Nobility  (ed.  1887). 

Stirpicultural  (ster-pi-kul'tur-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  stirpiculture.  The  Sanitarian,  XXIV.  514. 

stirpiculture  (ster'pi-kul-tur),  n.  [<  L.  stirps, 
a  stock,  race,  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  breed- 
ing of  special  stocks  or  strains. 

Sentimental  objections  in  the  way  of  the  higher  stirpi- 
culture. The  Nation,  Aug.  10, 1876,  p.  92. 

stirps  (sterps),  n. ;  pi. stirpes  (ster'pez).  [L.:  see 
stirp.]  1.  Race;  lineage;  family;  in  law,  the 
person  from  whom  a  family  is  descended.  See 
per  stirpes,  under  per. —  2.  Imool.,  a  classifi- 
catory  group  of  uncertain  rank  and  no  fixed  po- 
sition, by  MacLeay  made  intermediate  between 
a  family  and  a  tribe ;  a  superfamily.  Compare 
group*,  section,  cohort,  andphalanx. — 3.  In  hot., 
a  race  or  permanent  variety. 

stirrageH  (ster'aj),  n.    [<  stir*  +  -age.]     The 
act  of  stirring ;  agitation;  commotion;  stir. 
Every  small  stirrage  waketh  them. 

Granger,  On  Eccles.  (1621),  p.  320. 

stirrage2t,  »•    Same  as  steerage. 
Stirrer  (ster'er), «.  [<  stir1  +  -er*.]  1.  One  who 
stirs ;  especially,  one  who  is  active  or  bustling. 

Come  on,  .  .  .  give  me  your  hand,  sir;  an  early  stirrer. 
Shale.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ill.  2.  3. 
Bris.  Good  day  to  you. 
Cam.  You  are  an  early  stirrer. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  i.  1. 

2.  One  who  stirs  or  agitates  anything,  as  a 
liquid,  with  the  hand  or  an  implement  for  stir- 
ring.— 3.  An  implement  or  a  machine  used  for 
stirring  a  liquid  or  the  like. 
3/4 


5953 

The  liquid  being  taken  out  on  a  pointed  glass  rod  or 
'tirri-r.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  207. 

4.  One  who  incites  or  instigates ;  an  instiga- 
tor: often  with  up:  as,  a  stirrer  up  of  conten- 
tion. 

We  must  give,  I  say, 
Unto  the  motives,  and  the  stirrers  up 
Of  humours  in  the  blood. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iii.  1. 
Stirrers  of  sedition,  without  any  zeal  for  freedom. 

lUacaulay,  Sir  W.  Temple. 

Stirring  (ster'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  steringe,  styrymji; 
stcriinge  ;  verbal  n.  of  stir*, ».]  1 .  'Movement ; 
motion;  activity;  effort;  the  act  of  moving  or 
setting  in  motion. 

Eche  abouten  other  goynge, 
Causeth  of  othres  ttteringe. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  L  800. 

The  emotions  voiced  in  his  song  are  stirrings  of  the  spirit 
rather  than  thrills  of  the  senses. 

The  Atlantic,  LXV.,  p.  4  of  adv'ts. 
2f.  Temptation. 

jif  any  sterynge  on  me  stele, 
Out  of  the  clos  of  thi  clennesse 
Wysse  me,  lord,  in  wo  <t  wele, 
And  kepe  me  fram  vnkyndnesse. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  251. 

3.  In  agri.,  the  second  tilth  or  fallow.  Florio, 
p.  273.  (Halliwell.)  —  4f.  Riot;  commotion. 

I'll  lie  about  Charing-cross,  for,  if  there  be  any  stirrings, 
there  we  shall  have  'em. 

Webster  and  Dekker,  Northward  Ho,  i.  2. 

stirring  (ster'ing), p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  stir*,  v.]     1. 

Being  m  active  motion ;  characterized  by  stir 

or  activity;  active;  bustling;  lively;  vivacious; 

brisk:  as,  a  stirring  lif e ;  stirring  times. 

Such  a  merry,  nimble,  stirring  spirit. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  16. 

Those  who  appear  the  most  stirring  in  the  scene  may 
possibly  not  be  the  real  movers.      Burke,  Bev.  in  France. 

2.  Animating;  rousing;  awakening;  stimulat- 
ing; exciting;  inspiriting:  as,  a  stirring  ora- 
tion ;  a  stirring  march. 

Often  the  ring  of  his  verse  is  sonorous,  and  overcomes 
the  jagged  consonantal  diction  with  stirring  lyrical  effect. 
Stedman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  302. 
3f.  Fickle. 

A  stythe  man  of  his  stature,  stirond  of  wille, 
Menyt  hym  to  mony  thinges,  &  of  mynde  gode. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  3833. 

Stirrup  (stir'-  or  ster'up),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  stirrop,  stirop,  sterope;  X  ME.  stirop,  styrop, 
styrope,  sterepe,  <  AS.  stirap,  stigrdp,  stigerap 
(=  MD.  stegerep,  steeghreej),  also  stegelreep  = 
OHG.  stegareif,  MHG.  G.  stegreif  =  Icel.  stig- 
reip),  lit.  'mounting-rope,'  <  stigan,  mount,  + 
rap,  rope:  see  sty*  and  rope*.  Cf.  D.  stijg-beu- 
gel  =  G.  steig-biigel  =  Sw.  stig-bygel  =  Dan. 
stig-bojle,  a  stirrup,  lit.  a  ring  or  loop  for  mount- 
ing (see  bail*).]  1.  A  support  for  the  foot  of 
a  person  mounted 
on  a  horse,  usual- 
ly a  metal  loop 
with  the  bottom 
part  flat  and  cor- 
rugated or  finish- 
ed with  points  to 
give  a  hold  to  the 
sole  of  the  boot 
and  to  aid  in 
mounting.  The 
metal  loop  is  sus- 

§  ended  from  the  sad- 
le  by  a  strap  or 
thong,  which  in  mod- 
ern saddles  is  adjust- 
able in  length.  The 
stirrup  of  Arab  or 
other  Eastern  horse- 
men has  a  very  broad 
rest  for  the  foot ;  this 
projects  sometimes 
beyond  the  heel,  and 
the  sharp  edge  of  it 
serves  instead  of  a 
spur.  The  stirrups  of 
some  modern  military 
saddles  have  a  strong 

front  piece  of  leather  or  other  material  which  prevents 
the  foot  from  passing  too  far  into  the  loop  and  protects 
the  front  of  the  leg.  See  also  cut  under  saddle. 

Our  hoste  upon  his  stiropes  stood  anon. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Shipman's  Tale,  1.  1. 

Ill  hold  your  stirrup  when  you  do  alight. 
And  without  grudging  wait  till  you  return. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  iv.  1. 

2.  Naut. ,  a  rope  with  an  eye  at  its  end,  through 
which  a  foot -rope  is  rove,  and  by  which  it  is 
supported.    The  ends  of  stirrups  are  securely  fastened 
to  the  yard,  and  they  steady  the  men  when  reefing  or 
furling  sails. 

3.  In  mach.,  any  piece  resembling  in  shape 
and  functions  the  stirrup  of  a  saddle,  as  the 
iron  loop  by  which  a  mill-saw  hangs  from  the 


i,  Stirrup  for  poulaine ;  2,  modern 
stirrup ;  3,  Mexican  wooden  stirrup  ;  4, 
Mexican  wooden  stirrup  with  taps. 


stitch 

muley-head  or  in  the  sash. —  4.  In  carp.,  <  •!.  .. 
an  iron  loop-strap  or  other  device  for  securing 
a  rafter-post  or  -strut  to  a  tie,  or  for  support- 
ing a  beam,  etc.  —  5.  A  hold  for  the  foot  at  the 
end  of  the  stock  of  a  large  crossbow,  lo  keep 
it  firm  while  the  bow  is  bent  and  the  string 
drawn  to  the  notch.  See  cut  under  tirlmtixtci-. 
—  6.  In  aunt.,  the  stapes  or  stirrup-bone. 

Stirrup-bar  (stir'up-biir),  n.  The  spring-bar 
or  other  device  on  a  riding-saddle  to  which  the 
upper  end  of  the  stirrup-strap  is  fastened. 

stirrup-bone  (stir'up-bon),  n.  The  stapes  of  a 
mammal :  so  called  from  its  shape. 

stirrup-cup  (stir'up-kup),  ?/.  A  cup  of  wine  or 
other  liquor  presented  to  a  rider  when  mounted 
and  about  to  take  his  departure ;  a  parting-cup. 

Stirrup-hose  (stir'up-ho/.),  n.  pi.  Heavy  stock- 
ings worn  over  the  other  garments  for  the  legs 
by  men  traveling  on  horseback  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  probably  earlier.  They  are 
described  as  made  very  large  at  the  top,  and  secured  by 
points  to  the  girdle  or  the  bag-breeches. 

Stirrup-iron  (stir'up-I»6ra),  n.  The  stirrup 
proper  —  that  is,  the  metal  loop  in  which  the 
foot  is  placed,  as  distinguished  from  the  leather 
strap  which  suspends  it. 

Stirrup-lantern  (stir'up-lan"tern),  n.  A  small 
lantern  with  an  iron  frame  fastened  below  the 
stirrup  to  light  the  road  at  night  and  also  to 
warm  the  rider's  feet:  a  contrivance  used  in  the 
fifteenth  century  and  later. 

Stirrup-leather  (stir'up-leTH"er),  ».  The 
leather  strap  by  which  a  stirrup  hangs  from  the 
saddle. 

Stirrup-muscle  (stir'up-mus'l),  n.  The  stape- 
dius. 

Stirrup-oil  (stir'up-oil),  n.  A  sound  beating; 
a  drubbing.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

stirrup-piece  (stir'up-pes),  n.  In  carp.,  mach., 
etc.,  anything  which  performs  the  office  of  a 
stirrup,  in  hanging  from  a  fixed  point  of  support 
and  supporting  anything  else  which  lies  in  its 
loop  or  hollow. 

stirtet,  stirtt.  Obsolete  forms  of  the  preterit 
and  past  participle  of  start*. 

Stitch  (stich),  n.  [<  ME.  stiche,  styche,  <  AS. 
stice,  a  pricking  sensation  (also  in  comp.  in- 
stice,  an  inward  stitch,  fxr-stice,  a  sudden  stitch 
or  twinge,  stic-adl,  stic-wxrc,  stitch  in  the  side), 
not  found  in  lit.  sense  '  pricking,'  '  piercing,' 
=  OFries.  steke,  stek  =  OHG.  stih,  MHG.  G. 
stich,  a  pricking,  prick,  sting,  stab,  stitch,  = 
Goth,  stiks,  a  point  of  time ;  from  the  verb,  AS. 
"stecan,  etc.,  prick,  sting,  stick:  see  stick*, 
stick%.]  1.  An  acute  sudden  pain  like  that 
produced  by  the  thrust  of  a  needle ;  a  sharp 
spasmodic  pain,  especially  in  the  intercostal 
muscles :  as,  a  stitch  in  the  side.  Such  pains 
in  the  side  may  be  myalgic,  neuralgic,  pleuritic, 
or  due  to  muscular  cramp. 

'Twas  but  a  stitch  into  my  side, 

And  sair  it  troubles  me. 
The  Queen's  Marie  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  117). 
Corporal  sickness  is  a  perpetual  monitor  to  the  con- 
science, every  pang  a  reproof,  and  every  stitch  reads  a 
lesson  of  mortality.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  441. 

2f.  A  contortion;  a  grimace;   a  twist  of  the 

face. 

If  you  talk, 

Or  pull  your  face  into  a  stitch  again, 

As  I  love  truth,  I  shall  be  very  angry. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  2. 

3.  In  sewing :  (a)  One  movement  of  a  threaded 
needle,  passing  in  and  out  of  the  fabric,  and 
uniting  two  parts  by  the  thread,  which  is  drawn 
tight  after  each  insertion,    (b)  The  part  of  the 
thread  left  in  the  fabric  by  this  movement. — 

4.  In  knitting,  netting,  crochet,  embroidery,  lace- 
making,  etc. :  (a)  One  whole  movement  of  the 
implement  or  implements  used,  as  knitting- 
needles,  bobbins,  hook,  etc.    (6)  The  result  of 
this  movement,  shown  in  the  work  itself. — 5. 
The  kind  or  style  of  work  produced  by  stitch- 
ing: as,  buttonhole-s£tfc/( ;  CTOSS-stitch  ;  pillow- 
lace  stitch  ;  by  extension,  a  kind  or  style  of  work 
with  the  loom.    For  stitches  in  lace,  see  point*. 
See  also  whip-stitch. —  6t.  Distance  passed  over 
at  one  time ;  stretch ;  distance ;  way. 

How  far  have  ye  come  to-day  ?  So  they  said,  From  the 
house  of  Gaius  our  friend.  I  promise  you.  said  he,  you 
have  gone  a  good  stitch ;  you  may  well  be  aweary ;  sit 
down.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  314. 

7.  In  agri.,  a  space  between  two  double  fur- 
rows in  plowed  ground ;  a  furrow  or  ridge. 
And  many  men  at  plough  he  made,  that  dravc  earth  here 

and  there, 
And  turn'd  up  stitches  orderly.   Chapman,  Iliad,  xviii.  495. 

8.  A  bit  of  clothing ;  a  rag :   as,  he  had  not 
a  dry  stitch  on.     [Colloq.] — 9.    In  bookbinti- 


stitch 

in;/,  a  connection  of  leaves  or  pieces  of  paper, 
through  perforations  an  inch  or  so  apart,  with 
thread  or  wire.  A  single  stitch  is  made  with  two  per- 
forations only,  the  thread  being  tied  near  the  entering 
place  of  the  stitching-needle.  A  double  stitch  has  three 
and  sometimes  four  perforations,  the  thread  being  reversed 
in  and  out  on  the  upper  and  under  side  at  each  perforation. 
A  saddle-back  xtitch  lias  its  perforations  in  the  center  of  the 
creased  folded  double  leaves.  A  side-stitch  has  perfora- 
tions through  the  sides  of  the  leaves,  about  one  eighth  of  an 
inch  from  the  back  fold.  A  French  stitch  has  two  perfora- 
tions only  in  each  section  of  the  pamphlet,  the  second  per- 
foration of  the  first  section  ending  where  the  flrst  perfora- 
tion of  the  second  section  begins,  in  which  diagonal  line 
the  stitching-needle  is  put  through  each  succeeding  sec- 
tion, and  is  then  reversed  and  locked  at  the  end.  A  ma- 
chine-stitch is  a  succession  of  ordinary  locked  stitches 
made  by  the  sewing-machine.  A  wire  stitch  has  short 
staples  of  turned  wire,  which  are  forced  through  the 
leaves  and  clamped  by  one  operation  of  the  wire-stitching 
machine.  See  kettle-stitch.— Blind  stitch.  See  Wt'nrfi. — 
Damask  stitch.  See  damask.— Dotted  stitch.  Same 
as  dot-stitch. — False  stitch,  in  pillow-lace  making,  same 
as  false  pinhole  (which  see,  under  pinhole). —  Fancy, 
Flemish,  German,  glovers',  gobelin,  herring-bone, 
honeycomb,  Idiot,  Irish,  overcast  stitch.  See  the 
qualifying  words. — Outline-stitch.  See  outline. — Plait- 
ed stitch.  See  plotted.— Raised  stitch.  See  rowel.— 
Royal  stitch.  See  royal.— Russian  stitch,  A  kind  of 
ribbed  stitch  in  crochet.  Diet,  of  Needlework. — Short 
Stitch,  a  kind  of  needlework  used  In  embroidery  of  the 
simplest  kind,  where  the  ground  is  partly  covered  by 
single  stitches  of  a  thread  usually  of  different  color,  the 
ground  not  so  covered  generally  forming  the  pattern.— 
Slanting  stitch.  See  slant.— to  go  through  stitch 
Wltht,  to  prosecute  to  the  end ;  complete. 

And  In  regard  of  the  main  point,  that  they  should  never 
be  able  to  go  through  stitch  mth  that  war. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  Gargantua,  i.  47. 
(See  also  backstitch,  chain-stitch,  crewel-stitch,  cross-stitch, 
feather-stitch,  hemstitch,  lock-stitch,  rope-stitch,  spider-stitch, 
stem-stitch,  streak-stitch,  etc.) 

stitch  (stich),  v.  [<  ME.  sticchen  (pret.  stigte, 
stigt),  prick,  stitch,  =  MD.  sticken,  D.  stikJcen  = 
OHG.  sticchan,  MHG.  G.  sticken,  embroider, 
stitch ;  from  the  noun.  Cf .  stick1,  v.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  unite  by  stitches;  sew. —  2.  To  orna- 
ment with  stitches. —  3.  In  agri.,  to  form  into 
ridges — To  stitch  up.  (a)  To  form  or  put  together  by 
sewing. 


5954 

United  States  S.  longi^folia,  a  plant  of  similar  habit,  is 
named  long-leaved  stitchwort.  The  name  is  sometimes  ex- 
tended, in  books,  to  the  whole  genus. 
itithH  (stith),  a.  [Also  stithe  ;  <  ME.  stith,  stithe, 
<  AS.  stith  =  OFries.  stithj  strong,  hard,  harsh ; 
of.  Icel.  stirdlir,  stiff,  rigid,  harsh,  severe.] 
Strong;  hard. 

Telamocus  he  toke,  his  tru  sone, 

Stake  hym  in  a  stith  house,  &  stuerne  men  to  kepe, 

Wallit  lull  wele,  with  water  aboute. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 13844. 

Stith2t  (stith),  n.  [<  ME.  stith,  stithe,  <  Icel. 
stetlii  =  Sw.  stad,  an  anvil:  so  called  from  its 
firmness;  cf.  Icel.  stathr,  a  fixed  place,  AS. 
stede,  a  place,  stead:  see  stead.  Doublet  of 
utitliy.']  An  anvil;  a  stithy. 

The  smyth 
That  forgeth  sharpe  swerdes  on  his  stith. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1188. 

Stithlyt  (stith'li),  adv.  [ME.,  <  AS.  stithlice, 
strongly,  <  stith,  strong:  see  stith1  and  -ly2.] 
Strongly;  stiffly;  greatly;  sore. 

Stithly  with  stonys  [they]  steynyt  hlr  to  dethe. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (£.  E.  T.  8.),  L  12157. 

stithy  (stith'i),  ». ;  pi.  stithies  (-iz).  [Also  dial. 
stiddy,  steddy,  steady;  an  extension  of  stith2 
(prob.  due  to  confusion  with  smithy  as  related 
tosroi*):  see  stith2.']  1.  An  anvil. 

"  Let  me  sleep  on  that  hard  point,  "said  Varney  ;  "I  can- 
not else  perfect  the  device  I  have  on  the  stithy." 

Scott,  Kenilworth. 

2.  A  smithy;  a  smith's  shop;  a  forge. 
And  my  Imaginations  are  as  foul 
As  Vulcan's  stithy.      Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii  2.  89. 

stithy  (stith'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stithied,  ppr. 

stithying.     [<  stithy, n.]    To  forge  on  an  anvil. 

The  forge  that  tKthied  Mars  his  helm. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iv.  5.  265. 
stithy-mant  (stith'i-man),  n.    A  smith. 
The  subtle  stithy-man  that  lived  whilere. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  II.  i.  44.    (Dames.) 

Stive}  (stiv),  a.    Same  as  steeve1  for  stiff. 


stoccade 

Hence  —  2.  Any  very  small  coin,  or  coin  of  lit- 
tle value. 

Entre  nous,  mon  cher,  I  care  not  a  stirer  for  popularity. 
Bultt'er,  My  Novel,  ix.  s. 

"There's  fourteen  foot  and  over,"  says  the  driver, 
"  Worth  twenty  dollars,  ef  it 's  worth  a  stiver." 

Lowell,  Fitz  Adam's  Story. 

stiver2!  (sti'ver),  n.  [<  stive^  +  -cr1.]  An  in- 
habitant of  the  stews ;  a  harlot.  Beau,  and  Fl., 
Scornful  Lady,  ii.  1. 

stiwardt,  « .  A  Middle  English  form  of  steward 
Stizostedion  (sti-zo-ste'di-on),  n.  [NL.  (Rafi- 
nesque,  1820),  also'Stizostcdium,  Stizotethidium. 
and  prop.  "Stizostethium,  <  Gr.  ari&iv,  prick,  + 
im/mov,  dim.  of  oTiyflof,  breast.]  In  ichth.,  a  genus 
of  pike-perches,  including  two  marked  species 
of  Europe  and  North  America.  They  are  of  large 
size,  are  carnivorous,  and  inhabit  fresh  waters.  S.  vitre- 
wn  is  the  wall-eyed,  goggle-eyed,  glass-eyed,  yellow,  or  blue 
pike,  dory,  or  jack-salmon,  and  S.  canadense  the  gray  pike 
sand-pike,  sauger,  or  hornflsh.  See  cut  under  pike-perch. 
Stoa  (sto'a),  n.  [<  Gr.  orod,  sometimes  orota,  a 
porch,  colonnade.]  In  Gr.  arch.,  a  portico,  usu- 
ally a  detached  portico,  often  of  considerable 


ately.  Steele,  Grief  A-la-Mode,  v.  1. 

(6)  To  mend  or  unite  with  a  needle  and  thread :  as,  to 
stitch  up  a  rent ;  to  stitch  up  an  artery. 
II.  intrans.  To  sew ;  make  stitches. 

Stitch !  stitch!  stitch! 
In  poverty,  hunger,  and  dirt. 

Hood,  Song  of  the  Shirt. 

stitchel  (stich'el),  ii.    A  kind  of  hairy  wool. 

[Local.]    Imp.  Diet. 

Stitcher  (stich'er),  ».  [<  stitch  +  -er1.]  One 
who  stitches ;  also,  a  tool  or  machine  used  in 
stitching. 

All  alike  are  rich  and  richer, 
King  with  crown,  and  cross-legged  stitcher, 
When  the  grave  hides  all. 

K.  W.  Gilder,  Drinking  Song. 

stitchery  (stich'er-i),  H.  [<  stitch  +  -ery.] 
Needlework;  in  modern  times,  the  labor  or 
drudgery  of  sewing. 

Come,  lay  aside  your  stitchery;  I  must  have  you  play 
the  idle  huswife  with  me  this  afternoon. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  3.  75. 

Stitchfallen  (stich'fa'ln),  a.  [<  stitch  +  fallen, 
pp.  of  fall1.]  Fallen,  as  a  stitch  in  knitting. 
[Rare.] 

A  stitch-fal'it  cheek,  that  hangs  below  the  jaw. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  x.  309. 

stitching  (stich'ing),  n.   [Verbal  n.  of  stitch,  c.] 

Stitches  collectively;   especially,  ornamental 

stitches  designed  to  show  on  the  surface  of 

the  work—Middle  stitching  (naut.).  Same  as  monk's 
seam,  1. 

Stitching-horse  (stich'ing-hdrs),  n.  A  harness- 
makers'  clamp  or  work-holder  mounted  on  a 
wooden  frame  or  horse.  The  jaw  of  the  clamp 
is  kept  in  position  by  means  of  a  foot-lever, 
bee  cut  under  sewing-clamp. 

stitch-wheel  (stich'hwel),  n.  In  harness-mak- 
ing, a  small  notched  wheel  mounted  in  a  han- 
dle, used  to  mark  the  places  for  the  stitches 
in  hand-sewed  work ;  a  pricking-wheel 

stitch-work  (stich'werk),«.  Embroidery.  B 
Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  41 5. 

stitchwort  (stich' wert),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
stichwort;  <  ME.  stichwurt,  <  AS.  sticwyrt,<  stice, 
stitch,  +  wyrt,  plant:  see  stitch  and  wort1  1 
One  of  several  plants  of  the  chickweed  or  star- 
wort  genus,  Stellaria.  The  proper  stitchwort  is  S. 
h  j?h?'  greater  stitchwort,  locally  called  allbone 

Wf^fSiStAgSAS^JEffS 

.eS'.n7  K  "a.me  a.1]udes  *°  its  reP«ted  virtue  for  the 

stitch  in  the  side,  or,  according  to  one  old  work,  to 

its  use  for  curing  the  sting  of  venomous  reptiles  (Prior). 

S.  gramine-a  is  in  England  the  lesser  stitchwort     In  the 


s.  stiva,  steva  =  MD.  D.  stijven  =  G.  steifen 
=  Sw.  styfaa  =  Dan.  stive),  grow  stiff,  <  «/»/ or 
stif,  stiff :  see  stiff.']   I.  intratis.  To  become  stiff ; 
stiffen. 
II.  trans.  To  stiffen. 

The  note  sunne  hade  so  hard  the  hides  stiued. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3038. 
stive2  (stiv),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stived,  ppr.  stir- 
ing.  [<  OF.  estiver  =  Sp.  Pg.  estivar  =  It.  sti~ 
rare,  <  L.  stipare,  compress,  crowd  together.  Cf . 
steeveS,  stew.]  To  stuff ;  cram;  stow;  crowd. 
[Obsolete  or  provincial.  ] 

You  would  think  It  strange  that  so  small  a  shell  should 
contain  such  a  quantity,  but  admire,  If  you  saw  them  ttivc 
it  in  their  ships.  Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  12. 

"Things  are  a  good  deal  stined  up,"  answered  the  Dea- 
con. "People's  minds  are  sour,  and  I  don't  know  Molly 
what  we  can  do. "  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  ii.  8. 

8tive3t  (stiv),  v.  [<  ME.  stiven,  a  var.  of  stuven, 
stuwen,  <  OF.  estuver,  stew,  bathe:  see  stew1.] 
I.  trans.  To  stew,  as  meat. 

II.  intrans.  To  stew,  as  in  a  close  atmosphere; 
be  stifled.  [Provincial.] 


Diagram  of  the  construction  of  a  Greek  Stoa.  as  excavated  and  re- 
stored by  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  at  Assos,  1882. 

extent,  generally  near  a  public  place  to  afford 
opportunity  for  walking  or  conversation  un- 
der shelter.  The  Greek  stoa  was  often  richly 
adorned  with  sculpture  and  painting.  Many 

examples  had  two  stories The  Stoa     Same  as 

the  Porch.    See  porch,  Stoic. 

stoat  (stot),  n.     [Also  state;  a  var.  of  slot1.] 
The  ermine,  Putorius  erminea,  and  other  mem- 


Stoat  or  Knnine  (Putoritts  erminea 


n  summer  pelage. 


., One  can  get  rid  of  a  few 

hours  every  day  in  that  way,  instead  of  sKving  in  a  dam- 
nable hotel.  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  liv. 

Stive3t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  stew. 

stive4  (stiv),  n.  [Also  dial,  stew;  appar.  <  MD. 
stuyi-e,  dust,  =  G.  staub  =  Dan.  stov,  dust.] 
Dust ;  the  dust  floating  in  flour-mills  during  the 
operation  of  grinding.  Simmonds. 

stiver1  (sti'ver),  «.  [=  Sw.  styfver  =  Dan.  sty- 
ver,  <  MD.  stuyver,  D.  stuicer  =  G.  stuber,  a  sti- 
ver; origin  unknown.]  1.  A  small  coin  for- 
merly current  in  Holland  and  in  the  Dutch 
colonies :  in  Dutch  called  stuiver.  (a)  A  small  sil- 
ver coin  formerly  current  in  Holland,  the  twentieth  part 
of  the  Dutch  gulden. 

Set  him  free, 

And  you  shall  have  your  money  to  a  stiver, 
And  present  payment    Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  i.  3. 
(6)  A  copper  coin  formerly  current  in  the  Dutch  colonies. 


Stiver — British  Museum.     (Size  of  the  original.) 


bers  of  that  genus  when  not  specified  by  distinc- 
tive names.  See  ermine1,  weasel,  mink,  fitchew, 
polecat,  ferret1.  Stoat  more  particularly  designates  the 
animal  in  ordinary  summer  pelage,  when  it  is  dull  ma- 
hogany-brown above,  and  pale  sulphur-yellow  below,  witli 
the  tail  black-tipped  as  in  winter. 

Stob  (stob),  n.  [A  var.  of  stub.]  1.  A  small 
post.— 2.  A  thorn;  spine.  Halliwell.—  S.  A 
long  steel  wedge  used  for  bringing  down  coal 
after  holing.  Gresley.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  all  uses.] 

stoblet,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  stubble. 

Stocaht  (sto'ka),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  sto- 
kagite;  <  Ir.  Gael,  stocaeh,  an  idler  in  the  kit- 
chen.] An  attendant;  a  hanger-on:  an  old 
Irish  term. 

The  strength  of  all  that  nation  is  the  Kearne,  Gallo- 
glasse,  Stokaghe,  Horsemen,  and  Horseboyes. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

stoccadet(sto-kad'),  n.  [AlBostockado,stoccado, 
and  stoccata,  after  Sp.  or  It.;  <  OF.  estoccade, 
estocade  =  Sp.  Pg.  estocada,  a  thrust,  pass,  <  It. 
stoccata,  a  thrust  with  a  weapon,  <  "stoccare,  < 
stocco,  a  truncheon,  short  sword,  <  G.  stock,  a 
stick,  staff,  stock,  =  MD.  stock,  a  stock-rapier, 
ete.:  see  stock1.  Cf.  stockade.]  1.  A  thrust 
with,  a  sword,  one  of  the  movements  taught  by 
the  early  fencing-masters,  as  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries. 

Your  punto,  your  reverse,  your  stoccata,  your  imbrocata 
your  passada,  your  montanto. 

.          B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iv.  5. 
2.  See  stockade. 


stoccade 

Stoccadet,  ''.  t.     See  stockndr. 

stoccadot,  Stoccatat,  ».     Same  as  stoccade. 

stocco  (stok'o),  a.    lift.:  see  «foefci,rto60acfo.]   A 

long  straight  sword  for  thrusting,  similar  to  the 
tuck.     See  titc/c't  and  entm: 
stochastict  (sto-kas'tik),  «.     [<  Qr.  en- 
able to  hit  or  to  guess,  conjecturing,  <  „,  u/f, „,,-„. 
Sat,  aim  at,  endeavor  after,  <  ar6Xoc,  aim,  shot, 
guess.  ]    Conjectural ;  given  to  or  partaking  of 
conjecture. 

•  T.ho??h  h,1  [Sir  ,T;  Brow"el  were  no  prophet,  .  ,  .  yet 
in  that  faculty  which  comes  nearest  to  it  he  excelled  i  e 
the  Stochaxtick,  wherein  he  was  seldom  mistaken  as  to  fu- 
ture events,  as  well  publick  as  private 

Whitefoot,  quoted  in  .Sir  T.  Browne's  Works,  I.  xlvii. 
Stock1  (stok),  n. and  a.  [<  ME.stockc, stokkc. stok 
state,  stoc  (pi.  stokkes,  the  stocks),  <  AS  stoe 
stocc  (stocc-),  a  post,  trunk,  stock,  =  OFries 
stok  =  MD.  stock,  D.  stok  =  MLG.  stok,  LG.  stock 
=  OHG.  stoc,  stoch,  MHG.  stoc  (>  It.  stocco,  a  ra- 
pier), G.  stock  =  Icel.  stolckr  =  Dan.  stok  =  Sw 
stock  (not  recorded  in  Goth.),  a  post,  stock 
(hence,  from  Teut.,  OF.  estoc,  a  stock,  trunk  of 
a  tree,  race,  etc.,  =  It.  stocco,  a  stock,  trunk  of 
a  tree,  rapier,  etc. :  see  stocco,  stoccade,  stock* 
tH,:k* ,  etc. ) ;  generally  supposed  to  be  connected 
with  the  similar  words,  of  similar  sense,  stick* 

,1   — j \th  stack    ' 

)ar.  Ass 

—  -.  original,  a  connection  may  ^ 
surmised  with  Skt.  -/fry  (orig.  "stugl),  thrust. 
The  senses  of  this  noun  are  numerous  and  com- 
plicated; the  ME.  senses  are  in  part  due  to  the 
)F.  estoc.]  I.  n.l.  A  wooden  post ;  a  stake ;  a 
stump. 

The  Cros  of  oure  Lord  was  made  of  4  manere  of  Trees 
...  and  the  Stock,  that  stode  within  the  Erthe 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  10. 

Ley  this  ronde  plate  upon  an  evene  grond  or  on  an  evene 
ston  or  on  an  evene  stok  fix  in  the  gronde. 

Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  11.  38. 

They  all  went  downward,  fleetly  and  gaily  downward 
and  only  he,  it  seemed,  remained  behind,  like  ustock  upon 
the  wayside.  Jt.  L.  Stevenson,  Will  o'  the  Mill. 

2.  A  wooden  block;  a  block;  a  log;  hence, 
something  lifeless  and  senseless. 

He  swore  hire  yis,  by  stokkes  and  by  stones 
And  by  the  goddes  that  in  hevene  dwelle. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  689. 

There  was  an  exe,  and  a  stoke,  and  oon  of  the  lewdeste 
°J!  if  '"'PP6  badde  hym  ley  down  his  hedde,  and  he 
should  be  fair  ferd  wyth,  and  dye  on  a  swerd. 

Paston  Letters,  1. 125. 
More  than  dead  stocks  would  startle  at  such  beauty 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar  of  Alexandria. 
And  those  made  thee  forsake  thy  God 
And  worship  stocks  and  stones. 
Wanton  Wife  of  Bath  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  155). 

3.  A  person  who  is  as  dull  and  senseless  as  a 
block  or  a  log. 

Let 's  be  no  stoics  nor  no  stocks.    Shak. ,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  1. 31. 

Such  a  stock  of  a  child,  such  a  statue  !  Why,  he  has  no 
kind  of  feeling  either  of  body  or  mind. 

Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  Iii. 

What  a  phlegmatic  sot  it  is  !  Why,  sirrah,  you  'r  an  an- 
chorite !  —  a  vile  insensible  stock.  Sheridan,  Rivals,  iii.  1. 

4.  A  dull  object  or  recipient  of  action  or  notice, 
as  of  wonder,  scorn,  or  laughter ;  a  butt :  gen- 
erally the  second  element  in  a  compound:  as,  a 
gazing-stock  ;  a  laughing-stocit. 

Howsoever  we  are  all  accounted  dull,  and  common  Jest- 
ing stocks  for  your  gallants,  there  are  some  of  us  do  not 
deserve  it.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  iii.  8. 

Thou  art  the  stock  of  men,  and  I  admire  thee. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iii.  0. 
I  know,  and  may  presume  her  such, 
As,  out  of  humour,  will  return  no  love ; 
And  therefore  might  indifferently  be  made 
The  courting-sfoc*  for  all  to  practise  on. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  i.  1. 

5.  The  stalk,  stem,  or  trunk  of  a  tree  or  other 
plant ;  the  main  body,  or  fixed  and  firm  part. 

Though  the  root  thereof  wax  old  in  the  earth,  and  the 
stock  thereof  die  in  the  ground.  Job  xiv.  8. 

There,  in  the  stocks  of  trees,  white  faies  do  dwell. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  2. 
You  know  him  — old,  but  full 
Of  force  and  choler,  and  firm  upon  his  feet, 
And  like  an  oaken  stock  in  winter  woods. 

Tennyson,  Golden  Year. 

6.  A  stem  in  which  a  graft  is  inserted,  and 
which  is  its  support ;  also,  a  stem,  tree,  or  plant 
that  furnishes  slips  or  cuttings. 

You  see,  sweet  maid,  we  marry 
A  gentler  scion  to  the  wildest  stock. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  93. 
The  scion  ever  over-ruleth  the  stock. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  Ink  to  |  477. 
Hence  —  7.  The  original  progenitor  of  a  family 
or  race ;  the  person  from  whom  any  given  line 
of  descent  or  inheritance  is  derived.  See  stock 
of  descent,  below. 


5955 

This  flrste  stok  was  fill  of  rightwisnesse, 
Irewe  of  his  word,  sobre,  pitous,  and  fn-f. 

Chaucer,  Oentilnesse,  1.  8. 
Brave  soldier,  yield,  thou  stock  of  amis  and  Imnmir. 

l''l>'lt-h<'i-,  litttnluca,  v.  5. 

8.  Direct  line  of  descent ;  race;  lineage;  lain 
ily:  as,  children  of  the  stock  of  Abraham. 

What  things  are  these!    I  shall  marry  into  a  flue  stock! 
Drome,  Northern  Lass,  Ii.  2. 

In  his  actions  and  sentiments  he  belied  not  the  stock  t., 
which  he  pretended.  /,„,„/,,  TWO  Races  of  Men. 

They  sprang  from  different  docks.    They  spoke  differ 
ent  languages.  Macaulay,  Hist.  EnK.,  vi. 

9  The  principal  supporting  or  holding  part : 
the  part  in  which  other  parts  are  inserted,  or 
to  which  they  are  attached  in  order  to  furnish  :i 
firm  support  or  hold.  Specincally-(a)  The  wooden 
support  to  which  the  barrel  and  lock  of  a  rifle  or  likH, " 
arm  are  attached,  or  upon  which  the  bow  of  the  crossbow  is 
gated.  See  cuts  under  nun  and  gun-carriage,  (b)  The 
handle  by  which  a  borlng-blt  is  held  and  turned  •  a  bit- 
;  J. brace.  See  cut  under  brace,  (c)  The  block  of 
wood  which  constitutes  the  body  of  a  plane,  and  in  which 
the  cutting  iron  is  fitted.  See  cuts  under  plane,  rountlinn- 
plane,  and  router,  (d)  The  support  of  the  block  on  which 
an  anvil  is  fitted,  or  of  the  anvil  itself,  (e)  The  crosspieci- 
of  an  anchor,  perpendicular  to  the  shank,  formerly  of  wood 
when  the  shank  was  passed  through  a  hole  cut  in  the 
stock,  or  the  latter  was  made  in  two  parts  joggled  to  re- 
ceivc  the  shank  :  now  usually  of  iron,  in  which  case  the 
stock  slips  through  a  hole  made  in  the  shank.  See  cut  un- 
deranchor.  (/)  An  adjustable  wrench  for  holding  screw- 
cutting  dies,  (g)  That  part  of  a  plow  to  which  the  handles, 
irons,  etc  are  attached.  (A)  A  beater,  as  used  in  a  fulling- 
mill,  in  the  manufacture  of  chamois-leather,  etc.  («)  An 

f-TSrhi  h  «Vel tagf  °r Sf  a  8quare'    W)  The  wooden  frame 
which  the  wheel  and  post  of  a  spinning-wheel  are  sup- 
ported. 

10.  A  stiff  band 
of  horsehair, 
leather,  or  the 
like,  covered 
with  black  sat- 
in, cambric,  or 
similar  materi- 
al, and  made  to 
imitate  and  re- 
place the  cravat 
or  neckband : 
formerly  worn 
by  men  general- 
ly, and,  in  some 
forms,  still  in 
military  use.  It 
was  sometimes 
fastened  behind 

with  a  buckle,  which  was  often  an  ornamental 
object. 

A  shining  stock  of  black  leather  supporting  his  chin. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  321. 

He  wore  a  magnificent  stock,  with  a  liberal  kind  of  knot 
in  the  front ;  in  this  he  stuck  a  great  pin. 

W.  Besant,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  98. 

11.  The  front  part,  especially  the  front  side- 
piece,  of  a  bed.     [Scotch.] 

I  wiuna  lie  in  your  bed, 
Either  at  stock  or  wa'. 
Capt.  Wedderburn's  Courtship  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  12). 

12.  pi.  An  apparatus  for  the  confinement  of 
vagrants  and  petty  offenders,  formerly  in  -use 
in  different  parts  of  Europe,  and  retained  until 
recently  in  country  villages  in  England,    itcon- 
sisted  of  two  heavy  timbers,  one  of  which  could  be  raised, 


Military  Stock,  igth  century. 


/       t 


and  when  lowered  was  held  in  place  by  a  padlock  or  the 
like ;  notches  in  these  timbers,  forming  round  holes  when 
the  upper  timber  was  shut  down  in  place,  held  firmly  the 
legs  of  those  upon  whom  this  punishment  was  inflicted ; 
in  some  cases  a  second  row  of  openings  could  be  used  to  re- 
tain the  hands,  and  even  the  neck,  also.  Compare  pillory. 

This  yere  was  ordeyned  in  euery  warde  [of  London]  a 
peyr  stoclcis.  Arnold's  Chronicle,  p.  xxxvi. 

Mars  got  drunk  in  the  town,  and  broke  his  landlord's 
head,  for  which  he  sat  in  the  stocks  the  whole  evening. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  4. 

13.  The  frame  or  timbers  on  which  a  ship  rests 
while  building ;  hence,  generally,  on  the  stocks, 


stock 

in  course  of  construction  or  preparation. — 
14f.  That  part  of  the-  tally  which  the  creditor 
took  away  as  evidence  of  the  king's  debt,  the 
part  retained  in  the  Exchequer  being  calh',1 
the  miuitcrtitiM-k.  See  liilli/. 

It  u:is  the  custom  when  money  was  borrowed  for  state 
purposes  to  record  the  transaction  by  means  of  notches  UN 
n  stick  (commonly  ha/L-1),  and  then  to  split  the  stick 
through  the  notches.  The  lender  took  one  half  as  n  IMM,  ,i 
of  his  claim  against  the  Exchequer,  and  it  was  callnt  hi- 
.*«•*.  The  Exchequer  kept  the  other  half,  which  was 
called  the  counterstock,  and  which  answered  the  same 
purpose  a»  was  served  in  •ftGr-ttniM  liy  the  counterfoil 

Bithell,  Counting-House  Diet.,  p.  290. 
15.  Injiiiuitcc:  («)  The  money  represented  by 
this  tally;  money  lent  to  a  government,  in-  a 
fund  consisting  of  a  capital  debt  due  by  a 
government  to  individual  holders  who  receive 
a  fixed  rate  of  interest.  In  modern  usage  especially 
in  Great  Britain,  the  name  is  applied  to  a  capital  of  which 
payment  cannot  be  claimed,  but  on  which  interest  is  paid 
in  perpetuity  at  a  given  rate ;  hence,  to  buy  stock  is  simply 
to  buy  the  right  to  this  interest  on  a  certain  amount  of 
this  capital  debt  — a  right  which  may  be  sold  again.  The 
various  kinds  of  stocks  are  called  the  public  funds.  See 
fund\,  n.,  2. 

I  have  known  a  Captain  rise  to  a  Colonel  in  two  days 
by  the  fall  of  xtuckx. 

Steele,  quoted  in  Ashton's  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  II.  206. 
The  term  Stock  was  originally  applied  to  the  material 
sign  and  proof  of  money  lent.  But  as  the  thing  signified 
was  of  greater  importance  to  both  parties  than  the  sign, 
it  was  at  length  transferred  to  the  money  itself  or  rather 
to  the  right  to  claim  it.  In  this  way  Stock  came  to  be 
understood  as  money  lent  to  the  government,  and  eventu- 
ally to  any  public  body  whatever. 

Bithell,  Connting-House  Diet.,  p.  290. 
(6)  The  share  capital  of  a  corporation  or  com- 
mercial company;  the  fund  employed  in  the 
carrying  on  of  some  business  or  enterprise,  di- 
vided into  shares  of  equal  amount,  and  owned 
by  individuals  who  jointly  form  a  corporation ; 
in  the  plural,  shares:  as,  bank  stock;  railway 
stock;  stocks  and  bonds. — 16.  The  property 
which  a  merchant,  a  tradesman,  or  a  company 
has  invested  in  any  business,  including  mer- 
chandise, money,  and  credits;  more  particu- 
larly, the  goods  which  a  merchant  or  a  com- 
mercial house  keeps  on  hand  for  the  supply  of 
customers. 

Who  trades  without  a  stock  has  naught  to  fear.    Cibber. 
"We  must  renew  our  stock,  Cousin  Hepzibah '"  cried 
the  little  saleswoman.    "The  gingerbread  figures  are  all 
gone,  and  so  are  those  Dutch  wooden  milkmaids    and 
most  of  our  other  playthings. " 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  v. 

17.  Fund;  sum  of  money. 

Mr.  lohn  Whitson  being  Maior,  with  his  brethren  the 
Aldermen,  and  most  of  the  Merchantsof  the  L'itie  of  Bris- 
tow,  raised  a  stocke  of  1000J.  to  furnish  out  two  Barkes 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  108. 

It 's  proverbial  He  gave  them  an  alms- penny,  for  which 
reason  Judas  carried  the  bag  that  had  a  common  stock  in 
it  for  the  poor.  Barnard,  Heylin,  1 104. 

The  money  is  raised  out  of  the  interest  of  a  stock  for- 
merly made  up  by  the  nobility  and  gentry. 

Butcher,  quoted  in  Strutt's  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  103. 

18.  Hoard  or  accumulation;    store;   supply; 
fund  which  may  be  drawn  upon  as  occasion 
demands:  as,  to  lay  in  a  stock  of  provisions;  a 
stock  of  information. 

Though  all  my  stock  of  tears  were  spent  already 
Upon  Pisano's  loss.  Shirley,  Traitor,  v.  1. 

He  set  up  as  a  Surgeon  upon  his  bare  natural  stock  of 
knowledge,  and  his  experience  in  Kibes.  But  then  he 
had  a  very  great  stock  of  confidence  withal,  to  help  out 
the  other.  Dumpier,  Voyages,  L  388. 

A  great  slock  of  parliamentary  knowledge. 

Miiniiilnti.  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
19t.  Share;  portion. 

Whilst  we,  like  younger  Brothers,  get' at  best 
But  a  small  stock,  and  must  work  out  the  rest. 

Coidey,  To  Lord  Falkland. 

Therefore  nothing  would  satisfle  him  [a young  prodigal] 
unless  he  were  intrusted  with  theStock  which  was  intended 
for  him,  that  he  might  shew  the  difference  between  his 
Father's  Conduct  and  his  own. 

StiUingfleet,  Sermons,  III.  i. 
20f.  Ground;  reason;  evidence;  proof. 

He  pities  our  infirmities,  and  strikes  off  much  of  the 
account  upon  that  stock. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  914. 

21.  The  part  of  a  pack  of  cards  which  iu  cer- 
tain games  is  not  dealt  out,  but  left  on  the 
table,  to  be  drawn  from  as  occasion  requires. 

Nay,  then,  I  must  buy  the  stock, :  send  me  good  carding  ! 
I  hope  the  prince's  hand  be  not  in  this  sport. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iv.  1. 

22.  In  agri. :  (a)  The  horses,  cattle,  sheep, 
and  other  useful  animals  raised  or  kept  on  a 
farm  or  ranch:    distinctively  known  as  Wee 
stock :  as,  a  farmer's  land  and  stock.    The  term 
is  extended  to  any  animals,  as  fish  or  oysters, 
artificially  propagated. 


stock 

Brandy  was  produced,  pipes  lighted,  and  conversation 
returned  to  the  grand  staple  Australian  subject  —  sloe*. 
A.  C.  Grant,  Bush  Life  in  Queensland,  I.  141. 

(6)  The  implements  of  husbandry  stored  for  use. 
Also  called  dead  stock.  —  23.  The  raw  material 
from  which  anything  is  made;  stuff;  material: 
as,  paper-stocfc  (rags,  fiber,  wood-pulp,  etc.); 


In  its  natural  state,  fat  of  animals  is  always  associated 
with  cellular  tissue  and  other  foreign  matters,  which  must 
be  separated  before  it  can  be  used  as  candle  stock. 

Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  360. 

24.  The  liquor  or  broth  prepared  by  boiling 
meat,  with  or  without  vegetables,  etc.,  so  as 
to  extract  the  nutritious  properties,  and  used 
as  a  foundation  for  different  kinds  of  soup. 
Also  called  soup-stock.  —  25.  A  good  kind  of 
red  and  gray  brick,  used  for  the  exterior  of 
walls  and  the  front  of  buildings.  —  26.  A  name 
of  several  cruciferous  garden-flowers,  (a)  One 
of  several  species  of  Matthiofa,  or  sometimes  the  species 
in  general:  originally  stock-ifillyjlower.  (6)  By  extension, 
the  somewhat  similar  Malcolmia  marilima,  the  Mahon 
stock,  a  low  diffuse  annual,  in  England  called  Virginia, 
or  virgin  stock,  though  from  the  shores  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean. The  name  has  been  applied  also  to  the  genus 
HeliophUa. 

27t.  A  covering  for  the  leg;  a  stocking.  Com- 
pare nether-stocks. 

A  linen  stock  on  one  leg,  and  a  kersey  'boot-hose  on  the 
other.  Shale.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2.  67. 

28.  In  her.,  the  stump  of  a  tree  used  as  a  bear- 
ing :  represen  ted  as  cut  square  on  top  and  eradi- 
cated —  that  is,  torn  up  by  the  roots  —  with  at 
least  the  main  roots  indicated.  —  29.  (a)  The 
pillar  or  post  on  which  the  holy-water  vessel 
was  fixed.  E.  Peacock.  Hence  —  (6)  A  holy- 
water  vessel,  or  aspersorium. 

Item,  oone  hollywater  stocke  of  glasse  with  a  bayle. 

Inventory  34,  Henry  VIII. 

30.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  catch  of  a 
fishing-trip;  the  net  value  of  a  cargo  of  fish. 
[NewEng.]  —  31.  pi.  Aframe  inwhicha  horse 
or  other  animal  can  be  secured  or  slung  for 
shoeing  or  for  a  veterinary  operation.  —  32.  In 
mining,  sometimes  used  as  the  equivalent  of 
the  German  stock  (plural  stocke),  especially  in 
translating  from  that  language.  A  "stock  "is  a 
mass  of  ore  of  irregular  form,  but  usually  thick  in  pro- 
portion to  its  other  dimensions,  and  not  having  the  char- 
acters of  a  true  vein,  but  belonging  more  properly  to 
the  class  of  segregated  veins  or  masses.  Some  "stocke" 
resemble  very  nearly  the  "carbonas"  of  the  Cornish 
miner  ;  others  are  akin  to  the  "  flats  "  of  the  north  of 
England. 

33.  In  early  forms  of  feudalism,  commenda- 
tion. See  to  accept  stock,  below.  —  34.  In  zool., 
a  compound,  colonial,  or  aggregate  organism; 
an  aggregate  of  persons  forming  one  organic 
whole,  which  may  grow  by  budding  or  cast 
off  parts  to  start  a  new  set  of  persons:  as, 
a  polyp-stocfc.  A  polypidom,  a  polyzoary,  a  chain  of 
snips  or  doliolids,  etc.,  are  examples.  Haeckel  extends 
stock  in  this  sense  to  the  broader  biological  conception 
which  includes  those  plants  that  propagate  by  buds  or 
shoots.  See  tectology.—  Dead  stock.  See  def.  22.—  Drop 
of  stock.  See  drop.—  Fancy  stocks.  See  fancy.—  Holy- 
water  stock,  a  vessel  for  holy  water  ;  a  holy-water  stoup. 
See  water.—  Live  Stock.  See  def.  22.  —  Lock,  stock, 
and  barrel.  See  Zoc*i.—  Long  of  stock.  See  long*.— 
Net  stock.  See  net*.—  On  or  upon  the  stocks.  See 
def.  13.—  Preference  or  preferred  stock.  See  prefer- 
ence.— Rolling  stock.  See  rolling-stock.—  StOCk-and- 
bill  tackle.  Same  as  stock-tackle.—  Stock  and  block*, 
everything  ;  both  capital  and  interest. 

Before  1  came  home  I  lost  all,  stock  and  Mock. 

Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  p.  236. 

Stock  and  die,  a  screw-cutting  die  in  its  holder.—  Stock 
certificate,  (a)  In  the  law  of  corporations,  a  certificate 
issued  by  a  corporation  or  joint-stock  company  to  a  share- 
holder, as  evidence  of  his  title  to  a  specified  number  of 
shares  of  the  capital  stock.  (6)  In  Eng.  finance,  a  cer- 
tificate issued  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  government,  pursuant 
to  the  National  Debt  Act,  33  and  34  Viet.,  c.  71,  to  a  holder 
of  consols  or  of  some  other  public  indebtedness  or  an- 
nuities, as  evidence  of  his  title  to  such  stock,  with  coupons 
annexed,  entitling  the  bearer  of  the  coupon  to  the  cor- 
responding dividend.  A  stock  certificate  is  evidence  of 
title  to  the  stock,  as  distinguished  from  the  stock  it- 
self, which  is  considered  as  an  intangible  right.—  Stock 
company,  (a)  A  commercial  or  other  company  or  cor- 
poration whose  capital  is  divided  into  shares,  which  are 
held  or  owned  by  individuals,  generally  with  limited 
liability,  as  distinguished  from  a  partnership  :  as,  a  stock 
company  for  the  manufacture  of  window-glass.  (6)  A  com- 
pany of  actors  and  actresses  employed  more  or  less  per- 
manently under  the  same  management,  and  usually  con- 
nected with  a  central  or  home  theater.—  Stock  divi- 
dend. See  dividend.  —  Stock  indicator.  See  indica- 
tor.— Stock  in  trade,  the  goods  kept  for  sale  by  a  shop- 
keeper ;  hence,  a  person's  mental  equipmentor  resources 
considered  as  qualifying  him  for  a  special  service  or  busi- 
ness.— Stock  of  descent,  in  the  law  of  inheritances,  the 
person  with  whose  ownership  any  given  succession  of  in- 
heritance is  considered  as  commencing.  At  common  law, 
in  order  to  determine  who  was  entitled  to  succeed  as  heir, 
the  inquiry  was  for  the  heir  of  the  person  last  actually 
seized.  This  rule  has  been  superseded  by  modern  legisla- 
tion.— To  accept  stock,  in  early  feudal  customs,  the  act 
of  a  lord  in  receiving  another  person  as  his  vassal.—  To 


5956 

give  stock,  the  act  of  a  person  in  becoming  the  vassal  of 
a  lord. — To  liave  on  the  stocks,  to  have  in  hand  ;  be  at 
work  upon.  —  To  take  stock,  (a)  Same  as  to  accept  stock, 
(b)  In  com.,  to  make  an  inventory  of  stock  or  goods  on 
hand  ;  hence,  with  of,  to  make  an  estimate  of ;  set  a  value 
upon ;  investigate  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  opinion ; 
loosely,  to  notice. 

In  taking  stock  of  his  familiarly  worn  .  .  .  nautical 
clothes,  piece  by  piece,  she  took  stock  of  a  formidable  knife 
in  a  sheath  at  his  waist,  .  .  .  and  of  a  whistle  hanging 
round  his  neck,  and  of  a  short  jagged  knotted  club. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  tTiend,  ii.  12. 

To  take  Stock  in.  (<' )  To  take  a  share  or  shares  in ;  take  or 
have  an  interest  in.  Hence  — (6)  To  repose  confidence  in ; 
believe  in  :  as,  to  take  little  stockin one's  stories.  [Colloq.j 

Captain  Polly  gives  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  to  two 
boys  in  whom  nobody  else  is  willing  to  take  stock,  and  her 
faith  in  them  saves  them. 

Harper's  Mag.,  Oct.,  1889,  Literary  Notes. 
To  water  stocks.    See  water,  t>.  t. 

II.  a.  Kept  in  stock ;  ready  for  service  at  all 
times;  habitually  produced  or  used;  standing; 
as,  a  stock  play ;  a  stock  anecdote  ;  a  stock  ser- 
mon. 

The  old  «(oat-oaths,  I  am  confident,  do  not  amount  to 
above  forty-five,  or  fifty  at  most. 

Sir^ft,  Polite  Conversation,  Int. 

The  master  of  the  house,  who  was  burning  to  tell  one  of 
his  seven  stock  stories.  Dickens,  Sketches,  Tales,  x.  2. 

stock1  (stok),  v.  [<  ME.  stocken,  stokken  =  MD. 
MHG.  stocken,  G.  stocken,  put  in  the  stocks; 
from  the  noun:  see  stock1,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
provide  with  a  stock,  handle,  or  the  like :  as,  to 
stock  a  gun  or  an  anchor. 

They  can  mend  and    new  stock  their  pieces,  as  well, 
almost,  as  an  Englishman. 
Got.  Bradford,  in  App.  to  New  England's  -Memorial,  p.  456. 

2.  To  fasten,  bolt,  or  bar,  as  a  door  or  window. 
[Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Oftyn  tymes  the  dure  is  stokked,  and  we  parsons  &  vicars 
cannot  get  brede,  wyne,  nor  water. 
Fabric  Rolls  of  York  Minster  (1519),  p.  268.  (E.  Peacock.) 

3.  To  put  in  the  stocks  as  a  punishment ;  hence, 
to  confine ;  imprison . 

Rather  deye  I  wolde  and  determine, 
As  thynketh  me  now,  stokked  in  prisone, 
In  wrechednesse,  in  fllthe  and  in  vermyne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  380. 

They  suffered  great  hardships  for  this  their  love  and 
good-will,  being  often  stocked,  stoned,  beaten,  whipped, 
and  imprisoned.  Peiin,  Rise  and  Progress  of  Quakers,  v. 

4.  To  lay  up  in  store ;  accumulate  for  future 
use:  as,  to  stock  goods.    Scott,  Quentin  Dur- 
ward,  xviii. — 8.   To  provide  or  supply  with 
stock,    (a)  To  supply  with  a  stock  of  goods ;  store  with 
commodities;  store  with  anything:  as,  to  stock  a  ware- 
house. 

Our  Author,  to  divert  his  Friends  to  Day, 
Stocks  with  Variety  of  Fools  his  Play. 

Steele,  Tender  Husband,  Prol. 

The  bazaars  were  crowded  with  people,  and  stocked  with 
all  manner  of  eastern  delicacies. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  419. 

(b)  To  supply  with  cattle,  sheep,  etc.,  or,  in  some  uses,  to 
supply  with  domestic  animals,  implements,  etc.:  as,  to 
stock  a  farm. 

He  has  bought  the  great  farm,  .  .  . 
And  stock'd  it  like  an  emperor. 

Fletcher  (and  another1!),  Prophetess,  v.  2. 

(c)  To  furnish  with  a  permanent  growth,  especially  with 
grass  :  as,  to  stock  a  pasture. 

6.  To  suffer  to  retain  milk  for  many  hours,  as 
cows  before  selling. —  7t.  To  dig  up;  root  out; 
extirpate  by  grubbing :  sometimes  with  up. 
This  tyme  is  to  be  stocked  every  tree 
Away  with  herbes  brode,  eke  root  and  bough. 

Pattadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  182. 

The  wild  boar  not  only  spoils  her  branches,  but  stocks  up 
her  roots.  Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

8.  Same  as  stack1,  2. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  branch  out  into  shoots 
immediately  above  ground ;  tiller :  applied  to 
grasses,  grain,  or  flowers. 

About  two  months  ago  broad  blanks  were  to  be  seen  on 
many  oatflelds,  and,  though  they  were  stocked  a  little,  the 
crop  is  yet  far  too  thin.  The  Scotsman. 

2.  To  send  out  sprouts,  as  from  a  stem  which 
has  been  cut  over:  said  of  a  tree  or  plant. — 

3.  To  make  a  certain  profit  on  stock.      See 
stock1,  n.,  30.     [New  Eng.] 

stock2t  (stok),  n.  [<  OF.  estoc  =  It.  stocco,  a 
rapier:  see  stock1,  and  of.  estoc,  tuck2.']  1.  Same 
as  estoc;  also,  a  thrusting-sword  used  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  supersed- 
ing the  cut-and-thrust  sword  of  earlier  times. 
—  2.  Same  as  stoccade,  1. 
stock2t  (stok),  v.  t.  [<  stock2,  n."}  To  hit  with 
a  rapier  or  stock. 

Oh,  the  brave  age  is  gone  !  in  my  young  days 
A  chevalier  would  stock  a  needle's  point 
Three  times  together. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  iii.  4. 

stock-account  (stok'a-kount*),  n.  In  com.,  an 
account  in  a  ledger  showing  on  one  side  the 


stocker 

amount  of  the  original  stock  with  accumula- 
tions, and  on  the  other  the  amount  of  what  has 
been  disposed  of. 

Stockade  (sto-kad'),  «•  [Formerly  also  stocka- 
do,  stoccade;  <  stock2  +  -ade1,  in  imitation  of 
stoccade,  <  F.  estocadc,  a  thrust  in  fencing  (and 
of  palisade  1):  see  stoccade.]  1.  In  fort.,  a  fence 
or  barrier  constructed  by  plantingupright  in  the 
ground  timber,  piles,  or  trunks  of  trees,  so  as 
to  inclose  an  area  which  is  to  be  defended,  in 
Oriental  warfare  such  stockades  are  often  of  formidable 
strength  and  great  extent,  as  the  stockades  of  Rangoon. 
2.  An  inclosure  or  pen  made  with  posts  and 
stakes. —  3.  In  hydraul.  engin.,  a  row  of  piles 
serving  as  a  breakwater,  or  to  protect  an  em- 
bankment. 

stockade  (sto-kad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stock- 
aded, ppr.  stockading.  [Formerly  also  stockado, 
stoccade;  (stockade,  n.]  To  encompass  or  for- 
tify with  posts  or  piles  fixed  in  the  ground. 

On  the  back  of  the  Hill,  the  Land  being  naturally  low, 
there  is  a  very  large  Moat  cut  from  the  Sea  to  the  River, 
which  makes  the  whole  an  Island  ;  and  that  back  part  is 
stockadoed  round  with  great  Trees,  set  up  an  end. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  i.  160. 

stockadot  (sto-ka'do), «.    1.  Same  as  stoccade. 
Robrus,  who,  addict  to  nimble  fence. 
Still  greets  me  with  stockado's  violence. 

Marston,  Satires,  i.  132. 
2.  Same  as  stockade. 

Stockadoes,  Palizadoes,  stop  their  waters. 

Heywood,  Four  Prentises  (Works,  ed.  1874,  II.  242). 

stockadot,  v.  t.    See  stockade. 

stock-beer  (stok'ber),   «.     Lager-beer.     See 

beer1.     [Rare.] 
stock-blind  (stok'btind),  a.    Blind  as  a  stock 

or  block ;  stone-blind. 

True  lovers  are  blind,  ttoeklilind. 

Wycherley,  Country  Wife,  ii.  1. 

Stock-board  (stok'bord),  «.  1.  In  brickmak- 
ing,  a  board  over  which  the  mold  is  passed,  and 
which  forms  the  bottom  of  the  mold  in  molding. 
—  2.  In  organ-building,  the  upper  board  of  a 
wind-chest. 

Stock-book  (stok'buk),  n.  In  com.,  a  book  in 
which  a  detailed  account  is  kept  of  the  stock  of 
goods  on  hand. 

stock-bow  (stok 'bo),  n.  Acrossbow  of  any  kind ; 
a  bow  mounted  on  a  stock. 

stock-breeder  (stok'bre'der),  «.  One  whose 
occupation  is  the  breeding  of  live  stock;  a 
stock-farmer ;  a  stock-raiser. 

stock-broker  (stok'bro'ker),  n.  [<  stock1  + 
broker.]  A  broker  who,  for  a  commission,  at- 
tends to  the  purchase  and  sale  of  stocks  or 
shares,  and  of  government  and  other  securities, 
in  behalf  and  for  the  account  of  clients.  On  the 
London  stock-exchange  brokers  cannot  deal  directly  with 
brokers,  but  must  treat  with  a  class  of  operators  called 
jobbers.  See  jobber?,  4. 

stock-broking  (stok'bro'king),  n.  The  business 
of  a  stock-broker. 

stock-brush  (stok'brush),  n.  A  brush  in  which 
the  tufts  are  arranged  on  a  flat  wooden  stock 
with  a  handle.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  403. 

stock-buckle  (stok'buk"!),  n.  A  buckle  used 
to  fasten  the  stock  (see  stock1,  n.,  10),  usually 
at  the  back  of  the  neck.  These  buckles  were 
frequently  of  gold,  and  sometimes  jeweled. 

stock-car  (stok'kar),  «.  On  a  railroad,  a  car 
used  to  transport  live  stock,  as  horses,  cattle, 
pigs,  and  sheep ;  a  cattle-car,  it  is  usually  a  long 
covered  car,  with  sides  and  ends  formed  with  slats  for 
ventilation,  and  is  sometimes  fitted  with  conveniences 
for  feeding  and  watering  the  stock. 

stock-dove  (stok'duv),  «.  [<  ME.  stok-douve, 
stokke-dowe  =  MD.  stock-dttyve ;  as  stock1  + 

.dove1 :  so  called,  according  to  some  writers,  be 
cause  it  was  at  one  time  believed  to  be  the 
stock  of  the  many  varieties  of  the  domestic 
pigeon ;  according  to  others,  from  its  breeding 
in  the  stocks  of  trees.]  The  wild  pigeon  of 
Europe,  Columba  cenas.  It  is  closely  related  to  the 
rock-dove,  C.  licia,  with  which  it  has  often  been  confound- 
ed, but  is  smaller  and  darker-colored,  without  white  on 
the  neck  or  wings.  Also  rarely  called  hole-dove.  Compare 
rock-dove,  ring  dove. 

stock-duck  (stok'duk),  n.  The  common  mal- 
lard, Anas  boscas. 

stock-eikle  (stok'I'kl),  n.  Same  as  hickmill. 
[Worcestershire,  Eng.] 

stocker  (stok'er),  n.  [<  stock1  +  -er1.]  1.  A 
workman  who  makes  or  fits  gun-stocks. 

The  stocker  upon  receiving  the  stock  first  roughs  it  into 
shape,  or,  as  it  is  called,  trims  it  out,  with  a  mallet,  chisel, 
and  draw-knife.  W.  W.  Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  249. 

2.  One  who  is  employed  in  the  felling  and 
grubbing  up  of  trees.  [Prov.  Eng.]—  stockers' 
saw,  a  small  saw  designed  especially  for  the  use  of  the 
gun-stocker  or  armorer. 


stock-exchange 

stock-exchange  (stok'eks-chanj"),  H.  1.  A 
building,  place,  or  mart  where  stocks  or  shares 
are  bought  and  sold.-3  An  association  of 


5957 

feet  in  his  stockings  (that  is,  with  his  shoes  off).  —  Lisle- 
thread  stocking.    See  thread.-  Silk  stockings.    See 

£SStWSS^Tf<  Z*)^,  ,,]     To 
' 


stog 

Now  and  afterwards  I  found  out  that  he  was  a  native  of 
the  colony,  a  very  great  stuck  rider,  and  was  principal  <>vi  i  - 
seer  to  Mr.  clunks  Morton. 

//.  Kiivjdry,  Hillyars  and  Burtons,  xlvlil. 


uicipal  authority,  or  by  corporations  concerned  stockinger  (stok'ing-er),  n. 
in  the  business  connected  with  the  carrying  on     {    One  who  knits  or  weav. 


of  railways,  mines,  manufactures,  banks,  or 
other  commercial  or  industrial  pursuits. 

stock-farm  (stok'l'iirm),  H,  A  farm  devoted  to 
stock-breeding. 

stock-farmer  (stok'far"nier),  n.  A  farmer  who 
chiefly  engaged  in  the  breeding  and  rearing 


[<  stocking  +  • 
weaves  stockings. 


(stok'rom),  «.     A  room  in  which  is 

kept  a  reserved  stock  of  material!  or  goods 
ready  for  use  or  stile. 

StOCkS  (stoks),   II.  III.       Sec  all  irk*,  12. 


2.  One  who  deals  in  stockings  and  other  small 

articles  of  apparel. 

is  chiefly  engaged  in  tne  breeding  ami  rearing  stockillget  (Jtok-ing-ef),  n.   Same  as  stockist. 
of  different  kinds  of  live  stock.     Also  called  stocking-frame  (stok'ing-fram),  «.    A  special 

form  of  knitting-machine ;  also,  a  general  term 

for  the  knitting-machine. 


store-farmer. 

stock-fathert  (stok'fa/THer),  n.    A  progenitor. 
Stock-feeder  (stok'fe"der),  «.     1.  One  who  is 

chiefly  engaged  in  the  feeding  or  fattening  of 


live  stock;  a  stock-farmer.-2.  An  attachment  stocking-machine  (stok'ing-ma-shen*),  n. 
to  a  manger  tor  the  automatic  supply  of  a  cer-     rtSSg^gSS  or  knitting-machine. 

A  bot- 

:  trans- 


-     stockill_ 

tain  quantity  of  ]feed  to  stock  at  hxed  intervals.  stocking- 
Stock-fishl  (stokTish),  »      [<  ME.  stokefysclte,     tl    tit  *A 


stokfysche  =  D.  MLG.  stokvisch  =  MHG.  stoc- 
visch,  G.  stockftsch  =  Sw.  stockfisk  =  Dan.  stok- 
fisk;  as  stock*,  n.,  +fislt*.  The  exact  sense  in 


The  robust  rural  Saion  degenerates  in  the  mills  to  the  stock-saddle  (stok'sad"!),  «.     A  saddle  used  in 
Leicester stockint/er,  to  the  imbecile  Manchester  spinner.     (iie  western  United  Sluti-s,  mi  improvement  of 
Emerson,  English  Traits,  K.     tue  ol(j  Spanisi,  aud  Mexican  saddle.    Its  pecu- 
liarity  is  its  heavy  tree  and  iron  born,  made  to  withstand 
ii  strong  strain  from  a  rope  or  reata. 

For  a  long  spell  of  such  work  a  stock-saddle  is  far  less 
tiring  than  the  ordinary  Eastern  or  English  one,  and  in 
every  way  superior  to  it. 

T.  Roosevelt,  The  Century,  XXXV.  863. 

stocking    Stock-station  (stok'sta"shon),  n.    A  ranch  or 
g      stock-farm.     [Australia.] 

stock-still  (stok'stil'),  a.    Still  as  a  stock  or 
fixed  post;  perfectly  still. 

If  he  begins  a  digression,  from  that  moment,  I  observe, 
tie-tit,  'Acredula  caudata',  or  A.  rosea  :  trans-     hu  whole  work  Bta"ds  "oc*^^_  Wstnm  shandy,  L  22. 

the  long  woven   nest,' likened  to'  a  stocking,  stock-stone  (stok'ston),  ». 
Swainson. 


aim- 


;-loom  (stok'ing-18m),  n.    A 


(stok'ing-ma'ker),  w. 
caudata,  or  A.  rosea 


which  stocfeia  here  used  is  uncertain;  various    tokig^   (stok'ing-yarn),    n.       Loosely    before  currying, 
views  are  reflected  m  the  quotations.]    Certain  t,f  *  ,       Aj    e      *ianv  f '    8      -  • 


A  scouring-stone 
used  in  the  stretching  and  smoothing  of  leather 


gadoid  fish  which  are  cured  by  splitting  and 
drying  hard  without  salt,  as  cod,  ling,  hake, 
haddock,  torsk,  or  cusk.  Codfish  are  thus  hard-dried 


spuu  thread,  made  especially  for  stockings. 


indurate  and  dryed  with  coulde.  and  beaten  with  clubbes 
or  stockes,  by  reason  whereof  the  (iermayns  caule  them 
stockeftjsshe. 

R.  Eden,  tr.  of  Jacobus  Ziglerus  (First  Books  on  America, 

[ed.  Arber,  p.  303). 

Cogan  says  of  stockfish,  "Concerning  which  fish  I  will 
say  no  more  than  Erasmus  hath  written  in  his  Colloquio. 
There  is  a  kind  of  tishe  which  is  called  in  English  Stock- 
fish:  it  nourisheth  no  more-than  a  stock."  .  .  .  Stockfish 
whilst  it  is  unbeaten  is  called  fiuckhorne,  because  it  is  so 
tough ;  when  it  is  beaten  upon  the  stock,  it  is  termed  stock- 
fish. Quoted  in  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  155,  note. 


I've  seen  you  with  St.  John  —  O  stockishness ! 
Wear  such  a  run ,  and  never  call  to  mind 
St.  John's  head  in  a  charger? 

Browning,  Stratford,  iii.  3. 


stock-jobber  (stok'job"er),  «. 


stock-fish2  (stok'fisb),  ».    [<  stock*,  n.,  22,  + 


ulates  iu  stocks  for  gain;  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  purchase  and  sale  of  stocks  or  shares. 

Publick  Knaves  and  Stock-jobbers  pass  for  Wits  at  her 
end  of  the  Town,  as  common  Cheats  and  Gamesters  do  at 
yours.  Steele,  Tender  Husband,  ii.  1. 

stock-jobbery  (stok'job"er-i),  re.    The  practice 

—      ,  ••-.-.  or  business  of  dealing  in  stocks  or  shares. 

fish*.}     In  fish-culture,  fish  adapted  or  used  for  stock-jobbing  (stok'  joV'ing),  re.     The  business 
stocking  rivers,  ponds,  lakes,  etc.  of  dealing  iu  stocks  or  shares ;  the  purchase  and 

stock-gang  (stok'gang),  71.     In  a  saw-mill,  a    saie  of  stocks,  bonds,  etc.,  as  carried  on  by  job- 
group  or  gang  of  saws  arranged  in  a  frame  and    bers  wno  operate  on  their  own  account, 
used  for  reducing  a  log  or  balk  to  boards,  etc.,  stockless  (stok'les),  a.    Without  a  stock:  as, 
at  one  passage  through  the  machine.     A  saw    stoc]fiess  anchors;  stockless  guns, 
used  in  such  a  stock-gang  is  called  a  stock-saw,  stock-list  (stok'list),  n.    A  list,  published  daily 

Stock-gillyflower  (stok'jil"i-flou-6r),n.  A  plant  or  periodically  in  connection  with  a  stock-ex- 
of  the  genus  Matthiola,  chiefly  M .  incana :  so  changej  enumerating  the  leading  stocks  dealt 
called  as  having  a  woody  stem,  to  distinguish  ^  tne  prices  current,  the  actual  transactions, 
it  from  the  clove-gillyflower  or  carnation.  ejc_ 

stock-hawk  (stok'hak),  re.    The  peregrine  fal-  St0ckman  (stok'man),  n.;  pi.  stockmen  (-men).    &ntt." 
n.nn.    Falco  nfirenrintts.      See   cut   under  duck-     i      A    ,          ,,  i,.,  \*n'a  ,.1,.,, >,,-,.  ^f  *>ia  oi-n/ilr  in  on 


con,  Falco  peregrinus.     See  cut  under  duck 
hawk.     [Shetland.] 

Stock-holder  (stok'hoFder),  w.  One  who  is  a 
proprietor  of  stock  in  the  public  funds,  or  who 
holds  some  of  the  shares  of  a  bank  or  other  com- 
pany. 

Stock-horse  (stok'hfirs),  «.  A  horse  used  on  an 
Australian  station  in  driving,  mustering,  cut- 
ting out,  and  similar  work. 

He  was  an  aged  stockhorse,  which  I  had  bought  very 
cheap,  as  being  a  secure  animal  to  begin  with. 

"   •" y,  Hillyars  and  Burtons,  1. 


A  man  who  has  charge  of  the  stock  in  an 
establishment  of  any  kind. —  2.  A  stock-farmer 
or  rancher. — 3.  A  man  employed  by  a  stock- 
farmer  as  a  herdsman  or  the  like.  [U.  S.  and 
Australia.] 

1.  A  market 


stock-tackle  (stok'tak"!),  n.  A  tackle  used  in 
handling  an  anchor  and  rousing  it  up  to  secure 
it  for  sea:  usually  called  a  stock-and-lill  tackle. 

stock-taking  (stok 'talking),  n.    See  to  take 

A  train  of  cars  car- 
[U.  S.] 

The  curlew,  Nu- 
menivs  arquata :  the  whaup. 
Stockwork  (stok'werk),  «.  [<  stock*  +  icork;  tr. 
G.  stochcerk.]     In  mining,  that  kind  of  ore-de- 
posit in  which  the  ore  is  pretty  generally  or  uni- 
One  who  spec-    formiy  distributed  through  a  large  mass  of  rock, 
"*""">  •"">"««-    so  that  tne  excavations  are  not  limited  to  a  cer- 
tain narrow  zone,  as  they  are  in  the  case  of  an 
ordinary  fissure-vein.    This  mode  cf  occurrence  is 
almost  exclusively  limited  to,  and  very  characteristic  of, 
stanniferous  deposits,  and  the  word  is  used  especially  in 
describing  those  of  the  Erzgebirge.    Also  called  stockuerk 
(the  German  name). 

The  name  of  interlaced  masses,  or  slockvnrks,  is  given 
to  masses  of  igneous  rock  penetrated  by  a  great  number 
of  little  veins  of  metallic  ores  whic  h  cross  in  various  ways. 
Cation,  Mining  (tr.  by  be  Neve  Foster  and  Galloway),  L  47. 
The  stockwerk  consists  of  a  series  of  small  veins,  inter- 
lacing with  each  other  and  ramifying  through  a  certain 
portion  of  the  rock, 

J.  D.  Whitney,  Met.  Wealth  of  the  U.  S.,  p.  39. 

Stocky  (stok'i),  a.     [<  stock*  +  -y*.    Cf.  stogy.] 

1.  Short  and  stout ;  stumpy;  stock-like. 

They  had  no  titles  of  honour  among  them  but  such  as 
denoted  some  bodily  strength  or  perfection :  as,  such  a 
one  "the  tall,"  such  a  one  "the  stocky." such  a  one  "the 
Addison,  Spectator,  No.  483. 

2.  In  zool.,  of  stout  or  thick-set  form ;  stout- 
bodied. — 3.  In  bot., having  a  strong,  stout  stem, 
not  spindling. 

Stocky  plants,  vigorous,  and  growing  rapidly,  are  better 
than  simply  early  plants.  Science,  XIV.  364. 


change.-2.  The  purchase  and  sale  of  stocks 
orshares:  as  theStocfc-7»arfc«iwasdull.-3.  A 
cattle-market. 


Stockily  (stok'i-li),  «to.     In  a  stocky  manner  ; 
short  and  stout:  as,  a  stocUly  built  person. 

n. 


n 
^     ,  « 

4 


The  great  eagle-owl 
of  Europe,  'Bubo  ignavus. 

Stock-indicator  (8tok'in"di-ka-tor),  n.     See  stock-pot  (stok'pot),  re.     A  pot  in  which  soup- 
indicator,  stock  is  prepared  and  kept  ready  for  use. 

Stockinet  (stok-i-net'),«.   [Adapted  from  stock-  stock-printer  (stok'prin'tfir),  re.  An  instrument 
inget,  <  stocking  +  -et.}     An  elastic  knitted  tex-    for    automatically  printing  stock    quotations 
tile  fabric,  of  which  undergarments,  etc.,  are    transmitted  by  telegraph;  a  stock-indicator, 
made.  Also  spelled  stockinget  or  stockingette,  and  stock-pump  (stok'pump),  n.     A  pump  which, 
also  called  jersey,  jersey  cloth,  and  elastic  cloth,      by  means  of  levers,  is  operated  by  the  weight 

stocking  (stok'ing),  re.     [<  stock*  +  dim.  -ing.}     of  an  animal  as  it  walks  on  the  platform  of  the 

1 .  A  close-fitting  covering  for  the  foot  and  low-    pump,  seeking  water.  Tne  D0) 
erleg.  stockings  were  originally  made  of  cloth  or  milled  stock-punished  (stok'pun"isht),  a.     Punished     j^^^off, 
stuff,  sewed  together,  but  they  are  now  usually  knitted  by     by  being  confined  in  the  stocks.     Shak.,  Lear,  „. 

the  hand  or  woven  in  a  frame,  the  material  being  wool,  cot-     ..<    ,    ,Pn  o.    Wet, „ 

ton,  or  silk.  '"• •*•  "£•     rstok-Dersx  ,,     A  f^  used  for  stoechiology,  stcechiometrical,  etc 

Their  legges  were  adorn'd  with  close  long  white  silke  8JrX    ~P                               s  of  'ariv  association  or     stoicheiology,  etc. 

stockings,  curiously  embroidered  with  golde  to  the  Midde-  the  common   purposes  ot   any  a 

legge.  gathering  of  persons. 

Chapman,  Masque  of  Middle  Temple  and  Lincoln's  Inn.  stock-raiser  (stok'ra/zer),  n.     One  who  raises 

2.  Something  like  or  suggesting  such  a  covering,  cattle  and  horses ;  a  stock-farmer, 
(o)  The  lower  part  of  the  leg  of  a  quadruped  when  of  a  dtt-  stock-ranch   (stok    rancn),   re. 
ferent  color  from  the  rest:  as,  a  horse  or  cow  with  white  [Western  U.  S.] 


,  M.    An  inciosure  con- 
a  railroad,  or  a  slaughter-house,  or 

;    itc.,  for  the  distribution,  sorting, 

sale,  or  temporary  keeping  of  cattle,  swine, 
sheep,  and  horses.    Such  yards  are  often  of 
J  -•"•  pens, 
g,  etc. 
form  of 
ult.  o"f  stock 
[Colloq., : 

"Maggie  "  said  Tom,  .  .  .  "you  don't  know  what  I've 
got  in  my  pockets. ".  .  .  "No,"  said  Maggie.  "Eowstodgy 
they  look,  Tom  !  Is  it  marls  or  cobnuts?" 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  1.  5. 

2.  Crammed  together  roughly;  lumpy;  crude 
and  indigestible.     [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

The  book  has  too  much  the  character  of  a  stodgy  sum- 

Saturday  Rev. 

HaWicell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

—  i    .i.     Same  as 


3.  Wet;  miry. 


sct 


A  stocK-iarm. 


in  the  treatment  of  varicose  veins. — In  one's  stockings 
or  stocking-feet,  without  shoes  or  slippers :  used  m 
statements  of  stature-measurements:  as,  he  stands  six 


as  a  herdsman  on  an  unfenced  station  in  Aus- 
tralia. 


yioiciivwiuyy,  etc. 

tog  (stog),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stogged,  ppr. 
ging.  [<  stog,  re. ;  ult.  a  var.  of  stock*,  v. 
stodge,  v.}  I.  trans.  1.  To  plunge  a  stick  down 
through  (the  soil),  in  order  to  ascertain  its 
depth;  probe  (a  pool  or  marsh)  with  a  pole. 
[Scotch.]  — 2.  To  plunge  and  fix  iu  mire;  stall 
in  mud ;  mire.  [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

It  was  among  the  ways  of  good  Queen  Bess, 
Who  ruled  as  well  as  mortal  ever  can,  sir. 
When  she  was  stogg'd,  and  the  country  in  a  mess, 

She  was  wont  to  send  for  a  Devon  man,  sir. 
West  Country  song,  quoted  in  Kingsley's  Westward  Ho,  t 


stog 

II.  inti'tnix.  To  plant  the  feet  slowly  and  can-  /u-rpor,  a  measure :  see  meterl.]     The  science  of 

tiotisly  in  walking.     Jumicson.     [Scotch.]  calculating  the  quantities  of  chemical  elements 

stogy  (sto'gi),  a.jnid  n.     [<  xtoij  +  -(/i.     Cf.  involved  in  chemical  reactions  or  processes. 


(sto'gi).  «.  and  n.     [<  xtog  +  -y1.     Cf. 
stocky.']    I.  a.  Rough;  coarse;  heavy:  Stoiciant, 


as,  stogy  shoes;  a  stogy  cigar. 

One  of  his  legs,  ending  in  a  stogtt  boot,  was  braced  out  in 
front  of  him.  The  Century,  XXXVI.  88. 

II.  a.',  pi.  ytoyies  (-giz).   1.  A  rough,  heavy 
shoe. — 2.  A  long,  coarse  cigar. 

[Colloq.  in  all  uses.] 

stoic  (sto'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  also  stoick; 
=  F.  stoique  =  Sp.  estdico  =  Pg.  estoico  =  It. 
stnico,  <  L.  stoicus,  <  Gr.  aruiK.ii/;,  pertaining  to  a 
porch  or  portico,  specifically  pertaining  to  that 
called  2roa  lioudTin,  '  the  Painted  Porch '  in  the 
Agora  at  Athens,  and  to  the  school  of  philos- 


A  Stoic. 


[ME.  utoicii'ii ;  as  Stoic  +  -iaii.~] 
Chaucer,  Boethius,  v.  meter  4. 
n.      [=  F. 


Stolephorus 

bud,  resemble  those  of  the  China  aster,  and  are  grown  in 
large  quantities  for  the  London  market,  under  the  nann- 
of  Stokes's  aster. 

stola  (sto'la),  «. ;  fl.stolee(-le).  [L. :  see*<o?c2.] 
An  ample  outer  tunic  or  dress  worn  by  Roman 
women  over  the  under-tunic  or  chemise :  it  fell 


ims  of  the  Stoics;  also,  the  conduct  recommend- 
ed by  the  Stoics. —  2.  A  real  or  pretended  indif- 
ference to  pleasure  or  pain ;  the  bearing  of  pain 
without  betraying  feeling;  calm  fortitude. 

He  [Nuncomar]  had  Just  parted  from  those  who  were 
most  nearly  connected  with  him.    Their  cries  and  contor-  stole2  (st 61)   n. 

tions  had  appalled  the  European  ministers  of  justice,  but     v   ;,tn>,. 6'     ' 

had  not  produced  the  smallest  effect  on  the  iron  stoicism  ?"' 

of  the  prisoner.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

=  Syn.  2.  Insensibility,  Impassibility,  etc.    See  apathy. 


in  around  the  waist  by  a  girdle.  It  was  a  charac- 
teristic  garment  of  the  Roman  matrons,  as  the  toga  was 
of  the  men.  and  divorced  women  and  courtezans  were  not 
permitted  to  wear  it  See  cut  in  preceding  column. 
stole1  (stol).  Preterit  and  obsolete  past  parti- 
ciple of  steal1. 

'.E.  stole,  stoole,  <  OF.  estok; 

itola  =  It.  stola,  <  L.  xtolo, 
a  stola,  robe,  stole,  <  Gr.  oro/i?,  a  long  robe: 
orig.,  in  a  gen.  sense,  dress,  equipment,  sacer- 
dotal vestment  or  vestments;  <  are'Afaiv,  set, 
array,  despatch :  seeste//.]  1.  A  stola,  or  any 
garment  of  similar  nature. 

Forsoth  the  fadir  seyde  to  his  seruauntis,  Soone  brynee 
je  forth  the  first  stoole,  and  clothe  30  him. 

Wyclif,  Luku  xv.  H. 
Behind,  four  priests,  in  sable  stole, 
Sung  requiem  for  the  warrior's  soul 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  v.  30. 

iivuiuMuie  iieucssity    uj    wiuuii    mi    Limits  lire  Kuvurneu.       .     *_  Q      Jn    thp    T?nTTinn    rMtlmlio     Otnmifol     «T»/1     A« 

The  Stoics  are  proverbially  known  for  the  sternness  and  StokeH,  t>.  t.  and  t.  [<  ME.  stoke>i,<  OF.  estoquer  Ji*  lie,  Oriental,  and  An- 
austerity  of  their  ethical  doctrines,  and  for  the  influence  (=  It.  ^stoccare),  stab,  thrust,  <  estoc,  a  rapier  g.  .  «™«««i  »n  ecclesiastical  vestment,  con- 
whlch  their  tenets  exercised  over  some  of  the  noblest  stock-  see  stock*  stocradf  1  To  nifirpp-  stiplt  •  818tlng  °f  a  narrow  stnp  oi  silk  or  other  mate- 
spirits  of  antiquity,  especially  among  the  Romans.  Their  t^*:  8  BK '  rial,  worn  over  the  shoulders  (by  deacons  over 


ophy  founded  by  Zeno,  who  frequented  this  stoicityt  (sto-is'i-ti),  n.  [<  *to»c  +  -ity.~]  Stoi- 
porch.]  I.  a.  [cap.]  Pertaining  to  the  Stoics,  cabaess;  stoical  indifference.  B.  Jonson,  Epi- 
or  to  their  teaching:  as,  a  Stoic  philosopher;  ccene,  i.  1. 

the  Stoic  doctrine;  hence,  manifesting  indiffer-  stoit  (stoit),  v.  i.  [A  dial.  var.  of  stot2."]  1. 
ence  to  pleasure  or  pain  (compare  stoical).  To  walk  in  a  staggering  way;  totter;  stumble 

II.  M.  1.  [cap.]    A  disciple  of  the  philoso-    onanyobject.    [Scotch.]  —  2.  To  leap  from  the 
pher  Zeno,  who  founded  a  sect  about  308  B.  c.    water,  as  certain  fish.    Day.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
He  taught  that  men  should  be  free  from  passion,  unmoved  stoitei  (stoi'ter),  e.  i.     [A  dial.  var.  of  stotter.'] 
by  Joy  or  grief,  and  submit  without  complaint  to  the  un-     a,,™,,  oa  „<,>,•* 
avoidable  necessity  by  which  all  things  are  governed.      ?a,In*  *B  *"'"• 


system  appears  to  have  been  an  attempt  to  reconcile  a 
theological  pantheism  and  a  materialist  psychology  with 
a  logic  which  seeks  the  foundations  of  knowledge  in  the 


Ne  short  swerd  for  to  stolce  with  point  bytynge. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1. 1988. 


representations  or  perceptions  of  the  senses,  and  a  moral-  ut,nVo2  i«rnl.-1    «  •  ™-ot    •,,,,!  ,.,.    */,,;•,.,/  ™ 
ity  which  claims  as  its  first  principle  the  absolute  freedom  8  ~*e  rV  ,SJ'*Pt  P&  '  ?¥.'  f    1" 

of  the  human  will.  The  Stoics  teach  that  whatever  is  real  is     tn9-     l<  stoker,  taken  as  an  E.  noun,  <  "stoke  + 

-f1,  but  appar.  <  D.  stoker,  <  stoken,  kindle  a 
fire,  incite,  instigate,  <  MD.  stock,   D.  stok    a 

stick     stock    Tanifir-    BBB   atnrl-l      Ct    ,inlJl  ~\ 
y    ,    '    "2?*;   ™PleI:    see  Mocki.     tf.   MM^.] 

?•  traHS-  -1  0  poke,  stir  up,  and  maintain  the  fire 
in  (a  furnace,  especially  one  used  with  a  boiler 


material ;  matter  and  force  are  the  two  ultimate  principles; 
matter  is  of  itself  motionless  and  unformed,  though  capa- 
ble of  receiving  all  motions  and  all  forms.  Force  is  the 
active,  moving,  and  molding  principle,  and  is  inseparably 
Joined  with  matter ;  the  working  force  in  the  universe  is 
God,  whose  existence  as  a  wise  thinking  being  is  proved 
by  the  beauty  and  adaptation  of  the  world.  The  supreme 
end  of  life,  or  the  highest  good,  is  virtue  — that  is,  a  life 
conformed  to  nature,  the  agreement  of  human  conduct 
with  the  all-controlling  law  of  nature,  or  of  the  human 
with  the  divine  will ;  not  contemplation,  but  action,  is 
the  supreme  problem  for  man ;  virtue  is  sufficient  for 
happiness,  but  happiness  or  pleasure  should  never  be 
made  the  end  of  human  endeavor.  The  wise  man  alone 
attains  to  the  complete  performance  of  his  duty :  he  is 
without  passion,  although  not  without  feeling ;  he  is  not 
indulgent,  but  just  toward  himself  and  others ;  he  alone 
is  free ;  he  is  king  and  lord,  and  is  inferior  in  Inner  worth 
to  no  other  rational  being,  not  even  to  Zeus  himself. 


Much  skill  is  needed  to  stake  the  furnace  of  a  steam- 
boiler  successfully ;  and  one  stoker  will  often  be  able  to 
keep  the  steam  well  up  when  another  of  equal  strength 
and  diligence  will  fail  altogether. 

Brandt  and  Cox,  Diet  Set,  Lit,  and  Art. 
Cold  Stoking,  in  alast-manu/.,  the  process  of  lowering 
the  temperature  of  the  oven  until  the  glass  attains  the 
tough  fluid  consistency  necessary  for  blowing. 

n.  in  trans.  To  attend  to  and  supply  a  furnace 


Certain  philosophers  of  the  Epicureans  and  of  the  Sto- 
icks  encountered  him.  Acts  xvll.  18. 


i  (by  i 

one  shoulder)  and  hanging  down  in  front  to  the 
knees  or  below  them.  It  is  widened  and  fringed  at 
the  ends,  and  usually  has  a  cross  embroidered  on  it  at  the 
middle  and  at  each  extremity.  Stoles  are  worn  of  differ- 
ent colors,  according  to  the  ecclesiastical  season.  When 
celebrating  the  eucharist  a  priest  wears  his  stole  crossed 
upon  the  breast  and  secured:  by  the  girdle,  at  other  times 
simply  pendent  from  the  shoulders.  A  bishop,  on  account 
of  his  pectoral  cross,  wears  it  pendent  even  when  cele- 
brating. A  deacon  wears  It  over  the  left  shoulder  and 
tied  on  the  right  side.  In  the  Greek  Church  the  stole  has 
been  worn  since  early  times  in  two  different  forms,  the 

nally  the  stole  was  of  linen,  and  probably  was  a  napkin  or 
cloth  indicative  of  ministering  at  the  altar  and  at  agapw 
The  pall  or  omophorion  Is  »f  entirely  distinct  origin.  See 
oranum. 

Forth  oomth  the  preest  with  stole  aboute  his  nekke, 
And  bad  hire  be  lyke  to  Sarra  and  Rebekke 
In  wysdom  and  in  trouthe  of  mariage. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  459. 

3.  A  chorister's  surplice  or  cotta :  an  occasional 
erroneous  use. 


»nv 

(stok  hoi),  w.     The  compartment  of 


Hence — 2.  A  person  not  easily  excited;  one  who 
appears  or  professes  to  be  indifferent  to  plea- 
sure or  pain:  one  who  exhibits  calm  fortitude. 
Flint-hearted  Stoics,  you,  whose  marble  eyes 
Contemn  a  wrinkle,  and  whose  souls  despise 
To  follow  nature's  too  affected  fashion. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  4. 
School  Of  the  Stoics,  the  Porch.    See  porch. 

stoical  (sto'i-kal),  a.    r/  ••'-•'-  -•-   ~'"1 
taining  to,   or  chai 

hence,  manifesting  or  maintaining  indifference 
to  pleasure  or  pain ;  exhibiting  or  proceeding 
from  calm  fortitude  :  as,  stoical  indifference. 


. ,  ,  one  who  kin- 

dles or  sets  on  fire,  \  stoken,  kindle  a  fire,  stir 
a  fire,  <  stok,  a  stock,  stick  (hence  a  poker  for  a 
fire):  see  stock*-,  and  cf.  stoke1*.]  I.  One  who 
attends  to  and  maintains  suitable  combustion 
in  a  furnace,  especially  a  furnace  used  in  gen- 


Six  little  Singing-boys  —  dear  little  souls  — 
In  nice  clean  faces,  and  nice  white  stulel. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  210. 
4.  In  her.,  usually,  a  bearing  representing  a 
scarf  with  straight  and  parallel  sides,  fringed 
at  each  end.-Oroom  of  the  stole,  the  first  lord  of  the 
bed-chamber  in  the  household  of  an  English  king.— Or- 
der Of  the  Golden  Stole,  a  Venetian  order,  the  badge 
of  which  was  a  stole  of  cloth  of  gold  worn  over  the  robes. 
It  disappeared  with  the  independence  of  the  republic  of 
Venice.— Stole-fee,  a  fee  paid  to  a  priest  for  religious  or 
lesiastical  service,  as  for  marriages,  christenings,  and 
era!  s. 

1  (stol),  n.    Same  as  stolon. 
stole*t,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  stool. 

"  (stold),  a.     [<  stole?  +  -ed2.]    Wearing 

It  is  a  common  imputation  to  Seneca  that  though  he     ere>  attributing  the  coal  to  the" grate  in  definite ^quantity     a  stole.      G.  Fletcher,  Christ's  Triumph  After 
declaimed  with  so  much  strength  of  reason,  and  a  stoical     **  neede<t,  while  shaking  grates,  revolving  grate-bars,  and     Death. 

contempt  of  riches  and  power,  he  was  at  the  same  time     8P«cial  bars  called  picker-Ian,  with  teeth  working  in  the  stolen  (sto'lu)    V  a      FPo   of  stean  1    Obtained 
one  of  the  nchest  and  most  powert^  men^Rom^  ^      J££»«J  $*»*«+  •»>  «•!*»«>  ««  ««•  discharge  of  ^SSrf  SfSS^SttSffSi  'Lul ,  ±,1 

Stoical  ethics.    See  Stoic,  n.,  l.    "  '  Stokesia  (sto-ke'si-a),   n. 

stoically  (sto'i-kal-i),  adr.    In  the  manner  of 

the  Stoics,  or  of  a "i"1-  — 

ing  or  sensibility; 

or  j>ain;  with  calm  fortitude.  tribe     "  Euvernonieee, 

stoicalness  (sto'i-kal-nes),  n.    The  state  of  be-    and  series  Stilpnopap- 

mg  stoical ;  indifference  to  pleasure  or  pain ;    pete,    it  is  characterized 


I),  a.     [<  stoic  +  -al.~\    Of,  per-  erating  steam, as  on  a  locomotive  or  steamship;     ecclesi 

characteristic  of   the   Stoics;  a  fireman. — 2.  A  poker.     [Bare.]  — Mechanical    'unera 

ing  or  maintaining  indifference  Stoker,  an  automatic  device  for  feeding  fuel  to  a  furnace,  stole3 

>ain;  exhibiting  or  proceeding  £wffl&Mttttl^E±^r.  st°,let 


[NL.   (L'Heritier, 


nirod  hv  stnalth    r  thft  • 
or  acq'ure"  by  stealth  or  theft  :  as,  stolen  goods. 

Stolen  waters  are  sweet.  'Prov.  ix.  17. 


calm  fortitude. 
stoicheiology  (stoi-ki-ol'o-ji),  n.    [Also  stoicM- 
ology,  and  more  prop,  sicechiology ;  <  Gr.  oro<- 
'—,  a  small  post,  also  a  first  principle  (dim.  of 


l>y  large  stalked  heads  of 
blue  flowers,  with  smooth 
three-  or  four-angled 
achenes  and  a  pappus  of 
four  or  five  long  bristles. 


The  conditions  of  mere  thinking  are  given  in  certain  ele- 


the  nature  of  the  different  kinds  of  objects  that     andsomewhatligulate,  and 
science  deals  with,  but  not  of  the  manner  in    toward  the  outside  of  the 

head,  by  then?  increased 
size  and  deeply  five- parted 
border,  they  suggest  the 
tribe  Cichoriacea.  The  only 
species,  S.  cyanea,  is  a  na- 
tive of  the  southern  United 

.  .  .  — „.„„  .TOM,™*™™/,,  "i  mis  uoc-     States  near   the  Gulf   of 

trine  conversant  about  the  elementary  requisites  of  mere     Mexico,  a  rare   plant   of 

thought.  .  .  .  In  its  stoicheiology,  or  doctrine  of  elements      wet  pine-barrens.    It  is  an 

logic  considers  the  conditions  of  possible  thought  erect   shrub,   clad    above 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  iv    xxiv      wlth  Ioose  w°o1  and  alter' 

Stoicheiometrical  (stoi'kl-o-met'ri-kal),  a.     bearin^petMedTa^s^ 

LAlaostu:chiomeMcal;<stoictieio»ietr-y+-ic-al.']     low,  which  are  entire  or 

Pertaining  to  stoicheiometry.  spiny-fringed.    The  hand- 

stoicheiometry(stoi-ki-om'e-tri),  w.  TAlsosto-    f°me  bl?e  fl.ow,ers  Jor™ 

I'liinnift,',,  •  /  ft,.  Z    ''       .L"."  large       terminal      beads 

iftiy,   <  Gr.  aro,Xtwi>,  a  first  principle,  +     which  are  purplish  in  the 


Roman  Woman  Clad  in  the  Stola 
tover  which  ib  dmpeil  the  palla). 


the  anchovies.  The  body  is  oblong  or  elongate ;  the 
snout  is  produced  forward ;  the  mouth  is  very  large  and 
inferior;  the  maxillaries  are  very  narrow,  and  project 
backward ;  the  dorsal  tin  is  submedian  and  short ;  the  anal 
fin  is  rather  long ;  the  pectorals  are  normal ;  and  the  ven- 
trals  are  abdominal,  but  further  advanced  than  usual,  and 
of  moderate  size.  There  is  no  lateral  line,  but  along  the 
sides  is  generally  developed  a  broad  silvery  band,  to  which 
the  typical  genus  owes  its  name.  The  species  are  mostly 
of  small  size,  rarely  exceeding  6  inches,  and  often  less. 
About  70  are  known,  some  inhabiting  almost  all  tropical 
and  temperate  seas.  Enyrnvliilitlie  is  a  synonym. 

stolephoroid  (sto-lef'o-roid),  «.  and  a.  [<  Sto- 
lephorvs  +  -oid.']  I.' n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
StolepJioridee. 

II.  a.  Of,  or  having  characters  of,  the  Stole- 
pJioridse. 

Stolephorus  (sto-lef 'o-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Lacepede, 
1803),  <  Gr.  croA.fl,  a  stole,  4-  <f>epeiv  =  E.  fteor1.] 
A  genus  of  fishes,  related  to  the  herrings,  but 
with  a  produced  snout,  and  a  broad  silvery  band 
which  has  been  compared  to  the  white  stole  or 
band  worn  by  priests,  typical  of  the  family  Stole- 
nhoridse  (or  Engraulididie).  The  common  anchovy 
Is  S.  encrasicholus.  There  are  several  others,  as  S.  brownt, 
from  Cape  Cod  to  Brazil,  abounding  southward ;  S.  ringem, 
from  Vancouver  Island  to  Peru,  a  large  anchovy;  5.  deli- 
catissimus  and  S.  compressus,  of  the  Californian  and  Mexi- 
can coasts,  the  latter  locally  known  as  sprat  (see  «prot2, 


Stolephorus 

2(c)).    This  genus  has  been  oftener  called  Knijraulif.    See 
cut  under  anchovy. 

stolid  (stol'id),  a.  [=  Sp.  cstulido  =  Pg.  estolido 
=  It.  stolido,  <  L.  stplidits,  unmovable,  slow, 
dull,  stupid;  prob.  akin  to  Gr.  a-reptof .]  Heavy ; 
dull ;  stupid  ;  not  easily  moved ;  lacking  in  or 
destitute  of  susceptibility;  denoting  dullness 
or  impassiveness :  as,  a  stolid  person ;  a  utoliil 
appearance. 

But  the  stolid  calm  of  the  Indian  alone 
Remains  where  the  trace  of  emotion  has  been. 

n'liittier,  Hogg  Megone.  i. 
=  Syn.  Doltish,  wooden. 

Stolidity  (sto-lid'i-ti),  n.  [=  It.  stoliditn,  <  LL. 
stoliditu(t-)s,  dullness,  stupidity,  <  L.  stolidit*. 
dull,  stupid:  see  stolid.']  The  state  or  charac- 
ter of  being  stolid;  dullness;  stupidity. 

These  certainly  are  the  fools  in  the  text,  Indocile,  in- 
tractible  fools,  whose  stolidity  can  baffle  all  arguments, 
and  be  proof  against  demonstration  itself. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  i. 
=  Syn.    See  stolid. 

Stolidly  (stol'id-li),  adv.  In  a  stolid  manner: 
as,  to  gaze  stolidly  at  one.  Bailey. 

stolidness  (stol'id-nes),  n.    Stolidity. 

stolo  (sto'16),  «. ;  pi. stolones  (sto-lo'nez).  [L.: 
see  stolon.']  In  zool.,  a  stolon. — stolo  prollfer, 
the  proliferating  stolon  of  some  animals,  as  certain  ascid- 
ians ;  a  germ-stock.  See  stolon,  2  (e). 

stolon  (sto'lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  stolo(n-),  a  shoot, 
branch,  sucker.]  1.  In  bot. :  (a)  In  phane- 
rogams, a  reclined  or  prostrate  branch  which 
strikes  root  at  the  tip,  developing  a  new  plant. 


Longitudinal  Section 
uf  .1  S[uma  t.iken  from 
the  leaf  of  ' 


5959 

a  lymphatic  vessel ;  a  lymphatic  pore  or  orifice,  as  an  in- 
terstice between  the  cells  of  a  serous  membrane.  (6)  The 
outer  opening  of  a  trachea  or  air-tube  of  an  insect ;  a  spir- 
acle or  breathing-hole,  (c)  A  branchial  pore  of  an  ascid- 
ian or  acranial  vertebrate. 

2.  In  hot.,  a  minute  orifice  or  slit  in  the  epider- 
mis of  leaves,  etc.,  which 
opens  directly  into  air-cavi- 
ties or  intercellular  spaces 
that  pervade  the  interior, 
and  through  which  free  in- 
Gff"""'  (Magni'  gress  and  egress  of  air  take 
place;  a  breathing-pore.  The 
apparatus  of  the  stoma  consists  usually  of  a  pair  of  cells 
(there  are  several  in  the  Equisetacett,  Hepaticese,  etc.), 
HUM  guard-cells  or  yuardian-ceUs,  between  the  opposed 
concave  sides  of  which  lies  the  slit  or  opening,  which  ex- 
tends through  the  whole  height  of  the  epidermis  and  per- 
mits free  communication  between  the  intercellular  spaces 
and  the  external  air.  According  to  Van  Tieghem,  the  sto- 
mata  are  always  open  in  sunlight  and  closed  in  darkness. 
These  cells  are 
strongly  thick- 
ened on  the  up- 
per and  under 
walls  of  their 
opposed  faces, 
while  else- 
where their 
walls  are  rela- 


. Strobll* 
vartgf, 


°thts  Sabinianus.     2.  CtxtiKti 
m.    3.   Limnocharis   PlHmitrz. 
(Magnified.) 


Carex  vttlgaris,  var.  stolonifera,  showing  the  stolons. 

A  very  slender  naked  stolon  with  a  bud  at  the  end  con- 
stitutes a  runner,  as  of  the  strawberry.  See  also  cut  under 
Solidayo.  (fe)  In  mosses,  a  shoot  running  along 
or  under  the  ground,  and  eventually  rising  into 
the  air  and  producing  fully  leafed  shoots. 
Goebel. —  2.  In  gool.,  some  proliferated  part  or 
structure,  likened  to  the  stolon  of  a  plant,  con- 
necting different  parts  or  persons  of  a  com- 
pound or  complex  organism,  and  usually  giving 
rise  to  new  zooids  by  the  process  of  budding. 
See  cuts  under  Campanularia  and  Willsia.  (a) 
A  process  of  protoplasm  between  the  different  compart- 
ments of  a  multilocular  foraminifer.  (&)  The  procum- 
bent, adherent,  or  creeping  basal  section  of  the  stock  of 
some  social  infusorians.  (c)  One  of  the  prolongations  of 
the  ccenosarc  of  some  actinozoans.  (rf)  The  second  stage 
of  the  embryo  of  some  hydrozoans.  (e)  The  germ-stock  or 
prolongation  of  the  tunic  of  some  compound  ascidians,  as 
a  salp ;  a  stolo  prolifer.  See  cuts  under  Salpa  and  cyatho- 
ZOOM. 

Also  stole. 

stolonate  (sto'lon-at),  a.  [<  stolon  +  -ate1.] 
In  zool.,  giving  rise  to  or  provided  with  a  sto- 
lon or  stolons;  originating  in  a  stolon;  stolo- 
niferous. 

stoloniferous  (sto-ld-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  sto- 
lo(n-),  a  shoot,  sucker,  -r-  ferre,  bear,  carry: 
see  -feroHS.]  Producing  or  bearing  stolons; 
proliferating,  as  an  ascidian  or  a  hydroid;  sto- 
lonate. 

stolzite  (stol'zit),  re.  [Named  after  Dr.  Stols  of 
Teplitz  in  Bohemia.]  Native  lead  tungstate,  a 
mineral  occurring  in  tetragonal  crystals  of  a 
green,  brown,  or  red  color,  and  resinous  or  sub- 
adamantine  luster.  Sometimes  called  scheeli- 
tine. 

stoma  (sto'ma),  n. ;  pi.  stomata  (-ma-ta).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  nr6fia  (oro/wcr-),  pi.  oro/mra,  tne  mouth,  a 
mouth,  opening,  entrance  or  outlet,  a  chasm, 
cleft,  etc.,  the  face,  front,  fore  part,  etc. ;  = 
Zend  staman,  mouth.  Cf.  stomach,  from  the 
same  source.]  1.  In  2007.,  a  mouth  or  inges- 
tive  opening;  an  oral  orifice;  an  ostium  or  os- 
tiole :  chiefly  used  of  small  or  simple  apertures, 
as  a  cytostotne ;  hence,  also,  a  small  opening  of 
any  kind  through  which  something  may  pass 
in  or  out;  a  pore.  Specifically— (a)  An  opening  of 


lively  thin.  The 
opening  and 
closing  of  a  sto-  stomat'i 
ma  depend  upon 
the  diif  erence  in  thickness  of  the  parts  of  the  walls.  When 
the  turgescence  of  the  guard-cells  increases,  they  curve 
more  strongly,  and  consequently  the  cleft  widens;  but 
with  decreased  turgescence  the  cleft  becomes  narrower. 
See  also  cut  under  Iris. 

3.  In  Swedenborg's  philosophy,  a  cubical  fig- 
ure with  hollowed  surfaces,  being  the  figure  of 
the  interstices  of  spheres  arranged  in  what  S  we- 
denbprg  calls  the  fixed  quadrilateral  pyramidal 
position,  supposed  to  be  that  natural  to  the 
spherical  particles  of  water. 

stomacace  (sto-mak'a-se),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  sto- 
maeacc,  <  Gr.  OTo/tandKri,  a  disease  of  the  mouth, 
scurvy  of  the  gums,  <  ar6/ut,  mouth,  +  KOKJI,  bad- 
ness, <  KOKOC,  bad.]  Ulcerous  stomatitis.  See 
stomatitis. 

stomach  (stum'ak),  ».  [Now  conformed  ter- 
minally to  the  L.  spelling,  but  pron.  accord- 
ing to  its  ME.  origin ;  early  mod.  E.  stom- 
ack,  stomacke,  stomak,  stomake;  <  ME.  stomak, 
stomake,  stomoke,  <  OF.  estomac,  estomach,  F. 
estomae  =  Pr.  estomach  =  Sp.  estomago  =  Pg. 
estomago  =  It.  stomaco,  the  stomach,  <  L.  sto- 
machus,  the  throat,  gullet,  also  the  stomach,  fig. 
taste,  liking,  also  distaste,  dislike,  irritation, 
chagrin,  <  Gr.  ar6/taxof,  the  throat,  gullet,  the 
orifice  of  the  stomach,  hence  also  the  stomach, 
lit.  (as  shown  also  in  other  uses,  the  neck  of 
the  bladder  or  of  the  uterus,  etc.)  a  mouth  or 
opening,  <  oro/ia,  mouth,  opening:  see  stoma.'] 
If.  The  throat;  the  gullet;  the  mouth. 

Spiteful  tongues  in  cankered  stomachs  placed. 

Raleigh.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

2.  A  more  or  less  sac-like  part  of  the  body 
where  food  is  digested.  In  the  lowest  animals  any 
part  of  the  sarcode  or  protoplasmic  substance  of  the  body 
is  capable  of  digesting  food,  and  forms  during  the  process 
a  temporary  stomach,  as  in  an  amoeba.  In  many  infu- 
sorial animalcules  special  vacuoles  containing  food  are 
formed.  These  are  inconstant  both  in  number  and  in  po- 
sition, whence  Ehrenberg's  name,  Polygastrica,  for  these 
organisms.  In  the  highest  protozoans,  which  have  a  defi- 
nite oral  or  Ingestlve  area,  there  is  likewise  a  more  or  less 
fixed  digestive  tract,  constituting  a  stomach,  A  few  of 
the  metazoans  have  no  true  digestion,  and  consequently 
no  stomach ;  such  are  the  parenchymatous  or  anenterous 
worms,  which  imbibe  or  soak  in  nutriment  already  elab- 
orated in  the  tissues  of  the  host  of  which  they  are  para- 
sites. But  the  vast  majority  of  animals  above  the  proto- 
zoans have  an  intestinal  digestive  tract  the  whole  or  a  part 
of  which  may  properly  be  called  a  stomach.  In  most  of 
these,  again,  a  definite  stomach  exists  as  a  specialized,  usu- 
ally dilated,  part  of  the  alimentary  canal,  in  which  food  is 
subjected  to  a  certain  degree  of  digestion  subsequent  to 
mastication  and  insalivation  and  prior  to  further  diges- 
tive changes  which  go  on  in  the  intestine.  Among  ver- 
tebrates more  than  one  section  of  the  alimentary  canal 
is  called  a  stomach,  and  many  vertebrates  have  more  than 
one.  Thus,  in  birds  there  are  a  true  glandular  stomach, 
the  proventriculus,  in  which  the  esophagus  ends,  and  a 
muscular  or  grinding  stomach,  the  gizzard  or  gigcrium. 
In  mammals  the  stomach  always  extends  from  the  end  of 
the  gullet  to  the  beginning  of  the  gut.  It  is  of  extremely 
variable  size  and  shape.  Kinds  of  mammalian  stomachs 
sometimes  distinguished  are  the  simple,  as  in  man,  the 
carnivores,  etc. ;  the  complex  or  plurilocular  stomach,  as 
In  various  marsupials,  rodents,  some  monkeys,  etc. ;  and 
the  compound  or  pluripartite.  The  last  is  confined  to 
the  ruminants.  (See  Ituminantia.)  In  man  the  stomach  is 
the  most  dilated  and  most  distensible  part  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal.  It  occupies  parts  of  the  left  hypochondriac 
and  epigastric  regions  of  the  abdomen,  immediately  within 
the  abdominal  walls,  below  the  diaphragm  and  partly  un- 
der the  liver,  to  the  right  of  the  spleen,  and  above  the 
transverse  colon.  In  form  It  is  irregularly  conoidal,  and 
curved  upon  itself.  When  moderately  distended,  it  Is 
about  12  inches  long  and  4  wide ;  it  weighs  3  or  4  ounces. 
But  the  size,  shape,  and  hence  the  anatomical  relations, 


stomach 

vary  greatly  in  different  individuals  anil  in  «litfemit  stau-s 

of  detention.     It  lit-gins  vvlu-re  the  gullet  ends,  at  the 

esophageal      or      car- 

diac orifice,  ami  ''11(1- 

at  the  pyloric  orifice, 

where  the  duodenum 

begins,    from  the  car- 

diac  oritlce  the  stom- 

ach bulges  to  the  left 

in  a  great  cul-de-sac, 

the  imnliiH  cardiacus, 

or  cardiac  end,  in  con- 

tact with  the  spleen, 

and  from  this  greatest 

caliber  the  organ  less- 

ens in  diameter  with  a 

sweep    to    the    right. 


stomach,  between  the    ,ie(!)  dittatn  of  stomach:    . 

cardiac  and  pyloric  on-  curvature  of  stomach,  opposite  which  is 

flees,  is  uppermost,  and  the  (unlettered)  greater  curvature  ;  rf, 

is  connected  with  the  t^^&S?3£![%SSS&. 

liver  by  the  lesser  or  der.  whose  duct.  the  cystic  duct,  forms 

gaetrohepatic      omen*  with  the  hepatic  duct  the  duct  us  com- 

turn.    Theirreater  cur-  munis  choledochus,  or  common  bile- 

™t«re  or  long  border  Sftf,  W3£S* 

of  the  Stomach  is  oppo-    Of  t\K  small  intestine. 

site  the  other,  between 
the  same  two  points,  and  gives  attachment  to  the  great 
or  gastrocolic  omentum.  These  two  curvatures  separate 
the  anterior  and  posterior  surfaces.  The  stomach  is  held 
in  place  by  folds  of  peritoneum,  the  gastrocolic,  gastro- 
hepatic,  gastrosplenic,  and  gastrophrenic  omenta,  the  last 
of  which  gives  it  most  fixity.  The  arteries  of  the  stomach 
are  the  gastric  (a  branch  from  the  celiac  axis),  the  pyloric 
and  right  gastro-epiploic  branches  of  the  hepatic,  the  left 
gastro-epiploic,  and  short  branches  from  the  splenic  artery. 
The  veins  end  in  the  splenic,  superior  mesenterlc,  and  por- 
tal veins.  The  numerous  lymphatics  consist  of  a  deep  set 
and  a  superficial  set.  The  nerves  are  the  terminal  branches 
of  both  pneumogastrlcs  and  many  branches  from  the  sym- 
pathetic system.  The  coats  of  the  stomach  are  four—  se- 
rous, muscular,  submucous,  and  mucous.  The  serous  lay- 
er is  the  peritoneum,  which  covers  the  whole  organ  on  both 
its  surfaces,  and  is  reflected  away  from  it  along  each  of 
its  curvatures.  The  muscular  coat  includes  three  sets 
of  fibers  —  longitudinal,  circular,  and  oblique,  the  last 
chiefly  limited  to  the  cardia.  The  submucous  coat  is  sim- 
ply the  connective  tissue  between  the  muscular  layer  and 
the  mucous  membrane  lining  the  stomach.  This  mucous 
membrane  is  the  so-called  "coat"  of  the  stomach.  It  is 
thick,  pinkish,  reddish,  or  brownish,  with  a  soft  velvety 
surface,  thrown  into  longitudinal  folds  or  rugae  when  the 
organ  is  contracted.  Studding  the  surface  of  the  mucous 
membrane  are  numberless  depressions  or  alveoli  of  polyg- 
onal tending  to  hexagonal  form,  „>,„  to  ,  ,',„  of  an  inch  in 
diameter;  these  are  the  enlarged  mouths  of  the  tubular 
gastric  glands,  which  secrete  the  gastric  juice  by  the  action 
of  which  gastric  digestion  is  effected.  Two  kinds  of  these 
follicles  are  distinguished  by  their  microscopic  structure 
—  the  pyloric  and  the  cardiac.  The  former  are  found  chief- 
ly at  and  near  the  pyloric  end,  the  latter  most  typical  at 
the  cardiac,  and  there  are  intermediate  forms  in  interme- 
diate regions.  The  epithelium  lining  the  mucous  mem- 
brane and  its  alveoli  is  of  the  kind  called  columnar.  Be- 
sides the  four  coats  above  described,  a  fifth,  a  layer  of  in- 
voluntary muscular  fibers  between  the  mucous  membrane 
and  the  submucous  layer,  is  distinguished  as  the  imtscit- 
laris  mmoix.  The  digestive  activity  of  the  stomach  is 
intermittent,  and  depends  upon  the  stimulus  which  the 
presence  of  food  occasions.  The  muscular  arrangement 
is  such  that  food  is  continually  rolled  about,  so  that  every 
part  of  the  mass  is  submitted  to  the  action  of  the  gastric 
juice.  In  the  stomach  the  proteids  are  converted  into  al- 
bumins and  peptones  by  the  pepsin,  milk  is  curdled  by 
the  rennet-ferment,  the  gelatin  if  erous  tissues  are  dis- 
solved, and  other  less  important  changes  are  effected.  See 
also  cuts  under  alimentary,  Asteroviea,  Appendicularia, 
Dibranchiata,  Doliolida,  intestine,  peritoneum,  Plumatel- 
la,  pluteus,  Protula,  Pulmonata,  Pycnogonida,  Ruminan- 
tia,  Salpa,  Tragulus,  and  Tunicata. 
3.  The  digestive  person  or  alimentary  zooid  of 
a  compound  polyp.  See  gasterozooid.  —  4.  In 
most  insects  of  the  orders  Lepidoptera,  Diptera, 
and  some  Hymenoptera,  a  bladder-like  expan- 
sion of  the  esophagus,  which  can  be  dilated  at 
the  will  of  the  insect  ;  the  sucking-stomach,  by 
means  of  which  the  nectar  of  flowers  or  other 
liquid  is  sucked  up,  as  water  is  drawn  into  a 
syringe.  In  mandibulate  insects  the  ingluvies  or  crop 
takes  the  place  of  the  sucking-stomach,  and  nearly  all  in- 
sects have  two  true  stomachs,  called  proventricului  and 
ventriculut. 

5.  Appetite;  desire  or  relish  for  food:  as,  to 
have  a  good  stomach  for  one's  meals. 

The  body  is  ay  so  redy  and  penyble 
To  wake,  that  my  stomak  is  destroyed. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  139. 

Pray,  seat  you,  lords  ;  we'll  bear  you  company, 
But  with  small  stomach  to  taste  any  food. 

Beau,  and  Ft.  (1),  Faithful  Friends,  111.  2. 

Ill  make  as  bold  with  your  meat  ;  for  the  trot  has  got 

me  a  good  stomach.         Cotton,  in  Walton's  Angler,  ii.  234. 

In  some  countries,  where  men  and  women  have  good 

travelling  stomachs,  they  begin  with  porridge,  then  they 

fall  to  capon,  or  so  forth,  but  if  capon  come  short  of  filling 

their  bellies,  to  their  porridge  again,  'tis  their  only  course. 

Webster  and  Dekker,  Northward  Hoe,  I.  1. 

Hence  —  6.  Relish;  taste;  inclination;  liking: 
as,  to  have  no  stomach  for  controversy. 

He  also  bathe  tolde  me  moche  off  hys  stomake  and  ten- 
dre  faver  that  he  owythe  to  yow.    Potion  Letters,  III.  160. 

Finding  that  the  citizens  had  apparently  no  stomach  for 


the  fight,  he  removed  his  trophies,  and  took  his  departure. 
Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  6«. 


stomach 

7.   Disposition,    (a)  Spirit;  temper;  heart 

Though  I  bee  not  worthie  to  receive  any  favor  at  the 
handes  of  your  nmistership,  yet  is  your  excellente  herte 
and  noble  stumake  worthie  to  shewe  favour. 

Ifdall,  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  4. 

This  was  no  small  Magnanimity  in  the  King,  that  he  was 
able  to  pull  down  the  high  Stomachs  of  the  Prelates  in 
that  time.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  60. 

(6t)  Compassion ;  pity. 

Nere  ruyn  extorcioun  I  myghte  nat  lyven, 
Nor  of  swiche  japes  wol  I  nat  be  shryven, 
Stomak  ne  conscience  ne  knowe  I  noon. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  143. 
(c)  Courage ;  spirit. 

For  in  them,  as  men  of  stowter  stomackes,  bolder  spirites, 
and  manlyer  courages  then  hamlycrnftus  men  and  plowe- 
men  be,  doth  consiste  the  whole  powre,  strength,  and 
puissaunce  of  oure  army,  when  we  muste  fight  in  battayle. 
Sir  T.  More,  Utopia,  tr.  by  Kobinson,  p.  39. 
(it)  Pride;  haughtiness;  conceit. 

He  was  a  man 

Of  an  unbounded  stomach,  ever  ranking 
Himself  with  princes. 

Shak., Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2.  34. 

(et)  Spleen ;  anger ;  choler ;  resentment ;  sullenness. 

From  that  time  King  Richard,  mooued  in  stomacke 
against  King  Philip,  neuer  shewed  any  gentle  countenance 
of  peace  &  amitie.  Hakluyfe  Voyages,  II.  23. 

Many  learned  men  haue  written,  with  moch  diuersitie 
for  the  matter,  and  therfore  with  great  contrarietie  and 
some  stomacke  amongest  them  selues. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  123. 

Which  might  teach  these  times  not  suddenly  to  con- 
demn all  things  that  are  sharply  spoken,  or  vehemently 
written,  as  proceeding  out  of  stomach,  virulence,  and  ill 
nature.  Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.,  Int. 

Circulating  stomach,  one  of  the  temporary  food-vacu- 
oles  of  an  infusorial)  or  other  protozoan,  which  moves 
about  with  a  kind  of  cyclosis.  See  Polygastrica. — Frigid- 
ity Of  the  Stomach,  a  state  of  gastric  debility  formerly 
considered  to  depend  on  sexual  excesses.— Fullness  of 
the  stomach,  a  feeling  of  weight  or  distention  in  the 
epigastric  region.— Glandular  stomach.  Seepronentric- 
ulus.— Hypogenesia  of  the  stomach,  unnatural  small- 
ness  of  the  stomach,  seen  in  some  children. — Mastica- 
tory stomach.  See  masticatory.— Muscular  stomach. 
See  muscular  and  gizzard.  —  Pit  of  the  stomach,  the  de- 
pression just  below  the  sternum :  same  as  epigastrium,  1. 
Also  called  infrasternal  fossa,  scrobicidus  corrfw,  and  anti- 
cardium. — Proud  stomach,  a  haughty  disposition.  Com- 
pare def.  7. 

Truths  whilk  are  as  unwelcome  to  a  proud  stomach  as 
wet  clover  to  a  cow's.  Scoff,  Pirate,  xviil. 

Rugae  Of  the  stomach,  folds  of  the  mucous  membrane, 
present  when  the  organ  is  contracted,  and  extending  for 
the  most  part  in  a  longitudinal  direction.  See  cut  in  def. 
2. — Sour  stomach,  that  condition  of  the  stomach  which 
causesacid  eructations.  — Sucking-Stomach.  See  def.  4. 
—  To  stay  the  stomach.  See  stay'*. 
Stomach  (stum'ak),  v.  [=  OF.  cstomaqucr  = 
Sp.  Pg.  fstomagar  =  It.  stomacare,  disgust,  refl. 
feel  disgust,  <  L.  stomacltari,  feel  disgust,  be 
angry,  <  stomachus,  distaste,  dislike,  stomach : 
see  stomach,  n.]  I,  trans,  If.  To  encourage ; 
hearten. 

When  he  had  stomached  them  by  the  Holy  Ghost  to 
shoot  forth  his  word  without  fear,  he  went  forward  with 
them  by  his  grace,  conquering  in  them  the  prince  of  this 
world.  Bp.  Bale,  Select  Works  (Parker  Soc.X  p.  313. 

2f.  To  hate;  resent;  remember  or  regard  with 
anger  or  resentment. 

If  that  any  stomach  this  my  deed, 
Alphonsus  can  revenge  thy  wrong  with  speed. 

Greene,  Alphonsus,  ill. 

A  plague  on  them  all  for  me !  ...  0, 1  do  stomach  them 
hugely.  B.  Jonson,  livery  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

3.  To  put  up  with ;  bear  without  open  resent- 
ment or  opposition :  as,  to  stomach  an  affront. 

"The  priests  talk,"  said  he,  "of  absolution  in  such 
terms  that  laymen -can  not  stomach  it." 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  76. 

4.  To  turn  the  stomach  of ;  disgust.    [Rare.] 
It  is  not  because  the  restaurants  are  very  dirty  —  if  you 

wipe  your  plate  and  glass  carefully  before  using  them, 
they  need  not  stomach  you.  Howetts,  Venetian  Life,  vi. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be  or  become  angry. 
What  one  among  them  commonly  doth  not  stomach  at 
such  contradiction?  Hooker. 

stomachal  (stum'ak-al),  a.  and  «.  [=  F.  stoma- 
cal  =  Sp.  Pg.  egtomdcal  =  It.  stomacale,  <  NL. 
"stomachalis,  <  L.  stomachus,  stomach:  see 
stomach.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
stomach;  gastric:  as,  stomachal  tubes. 
The  body-wall,  which  encloses  the  stomachal  cavity. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.X  p.  92. 

2.  Relating  to  the  stomach,  or  to  a  region  of 
the  body  which  contains  the  stomach;  gastric ; 
epigastric ;  abdominal ;  ventral :  as,  the  stom- 
achal part  of  a  crab's  carapace. —  3.  Remedial 
of  a  disordered  stomach;  peptic  or  digestive; 
cordial;  stomachic ._  Stomachal  teeth,  sharp,  horny 
processes  of  the  lining  of  the  proventriculus,  and  some- 
times of  other  parts  of  the  alimentary  canal,  found  in 
many  insects  and  crustaceans,  and  serving  for  the  com- 
minution of  food. 
II.  «.  A  stomachic. 


5960 

stomach-animalst  (stum'ak-an"i-malz),  ».  i>l. 

The  lufumiriit.     See  Piilyijastrii'ti.     <>/,•<  n. 
stomach-brush  (stum'ak-brush),  «.     A  brush 

designed  to  be  introduced  into  the  stomach,  by 

way  of  the  esophagus,  to  stimulate  secretion. 
stomach-COUgh  (stum'ak-kof),  H.     A  form  of 

reflex  cough  excited  by  irritation  of  the  stomach 

or  small  intestine. 
stomacher  (stum'ak-er),  n.    [<  stomach,  v.,  + 

-erl.]     1.  One  who  stomachs,  in  any  sense  of 

the  word. —  2f.  A  stomachic;  an  appetizer. 

In  Sir  Kenelm  Digby's  "Choice  and  Experimentel  Re- 
ceipts in  Physick  and  Chirurgery"  (London.  1675)  I  find  a 
preparation  of  herbs  for  external  application  with  this 
heading:  "To  strengthen  the  stomach  use  the  following 
stomacher."  JV.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  IV.  173. 

3.  A  part  of  the  dress  covering  the  front  of  the 
body,  generally  forming  the  lower  part  of  the 
bodice  in  front  and  usually  projecting  down 
into  the  skirt  or  lapping  over  it — the  name  be- 
ing given  to  the  whole  front  piece  covering  the 
pit  of  the  stomach  and  the  breast,   in  some  fash- 
ions the  stomacher  was  richly  embroidered,  and  ornament- 
ed with  jewels,  as  in  Europe  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Less  fashionable  ladies,  between  1615  and  1625,  discard- 
ed the  tight  and  pointed  stomacher  and  farthingale,  and 
wore,  over  an  easy  jerkin  and  ample  petticoat,  a  loose 
gown  open  in  front,  made  high  to  meet  the  ruff. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  473. 

4.  A  plaque  or  brooch,  usually  large,  the  name 
being  derived  from  that  part  of  the  dress  upon 
which  the  brooch  was  worn.     J.  B.  Atkinson, 
Art  Jour.  (1867),  p.  203. 

stomachfult  (stum'ak-ful),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  stomackfull;  <  stomach  +  -ful.]  Full  of 
stomach  or  wilfulness ;  proud ;  spirited ;  wilful ; 
perverse  ;  stubborn ;  sturdy. 

From  all  those  Tartars  he  hath  had  an  Army  of  an  hun- 
dred and  twenty  thousand  excellent,  swift,  stomack.fvU 
Tartarian  horse.  Copt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  39. 

Nay,  if  I  had  but  any  body  to  stand  by  me,  I  am  as  stam- 
achful  as  another.  Wycherley,  Plain  Dealer,  iii.  1. 

stomachfullyt  (stum'ak-ful-i),  adv.    In  a  stom- 
achful,  or  perverse  or  wilful,  manner;  stub- 
bornly; perversely.  Bp.  Hall,  The  Golden  Calf . 
stomachfulnesst  (stum'ak-ful-nes),  n.    Stub- 
bornness; perverseness ;  wilfulness. 
Pride,  stomachfulness,  headiness  —  avail  but  little. 

Granger,  On  Eccles.  (1621),  p.  248. 

stomach-grief  (stum'ak-gref),  H.    Anger. 

Stomacke  grief  Is  when  we  wil  take  the  matter  as  hot  as 
a  toste.  We  neede  no  examples  for  this  matter,  hot  men 
have  to  many.  Sir  T.  Wilson,  Art  of  Rhetoric. 

stomachic  (sto-mak'ik),  a.  and  «.  [=  F.  sto- 
maehique  =  Sp.  estomdtico  =  Pg.  estomachico  = 
It.  stomachico,  <  L.  stomachicus,  <  Gr.  oro/ia^ocof , 
pertaining  to  the  stomach,  <  oro/ia^of,  the  stom- 
ach: see  stomach.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  stomach,  (a)  Stomachal ;  gastric :  as,  stomachic 
vessels  or  nerves.  (6)  Specifically,  sharpening  the  api 


tite,  and  stimulating  gastric  digestion.    See  stomachal,  3. 

He  [Boswell]  was  .  .  .  gluttonously  fond  of  whatever 

would  yield  him  a  little  solacement,  were  it  only  of  a 

stomachic  character.  Carl/ile,  Boswell's  Johnson. 

Stomachic  balsam,  a  mixture  of  balsam  of  Peru  with 
oil  of  nutmeg  and  other  volatile  oils,  as  those  of  worm- 
wood, cloves,  mace,  peppermint,  orange-peel,  and  amber, 
made  up  in  different  proportions.— Stomachic  calcu- 
lus, a  concretion,  usually  containing  hair,  found  in  the 
stomach,  particularly  of  lower  animals.  See  bezoar.  —  Sto- 
machic fever,  gastric  fever.  See/ewrl. 

II.  «.  A  medicine  which  sharpens  the  appe- 
tite, and  is  supposed  to  stimulate  digestion,  as 
the  bitter  tonics ;  a  stomachal. 

stomachical  (sto-mak'i-kal),  a.  [<  stomachic 
+  -al.]  Same  as  stomachic.  Wiseman,  Sur- 
gery, i.  18. 

Stomaching!  (stum'ak-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
stomach,  v.]  Resentment.  Shak.,  A.  and  C., 
ii.  2.  9. 

stomachless  (stum'ak-les),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
stomacklesse;  <  stomach  +  -less.]  Lacking  stom- 
ach; having  no  appetite.  Bp.  Hall,  Balm  of 
Gilead,  ii.  §  6. 

stomachoust  (stum'ak-us),  a.  [<  L.  stomacJio- 
sus,  angry,  choleric,  <  stomachus,  distaste,  dis- 
like: see  stomach.]  Resentful;  sullen;  obsti- 
nate. 

Young  blood  is  hot;  youth  hasty;  ingenuity  open; 
abuse  impatient ;  choler  stomachous. 

O.  Harvey,  Four  Letters. 

stomach-piece  (stum'ak-pes),  «.  In  ship-carp., 
same  as  apron,  3. 

Stomach-plaster  (stum'ak-plis'ter),  n.  See 
plaster. 

Stomach-pump  (stum'ak-pump),  n.  A  small 
pump  or  syringe  used  in  medical  practice  for 
the  purpose  of  emptying  the  stomach  or  of  in- 
troducing liquids  into  it.  It  resembles  the  common 
syringe,  except  that  it  has  two  apertures  near  the  end,  in- 
stead of  one,  In  which  the  valves  open  different  ways,  so  as 


stomatitis 

to  constitute  a  sucking  and  a  forcing  passage.  When  the 
object  is  to  empty  the  stomach,  the  pump  is  worked  while 
its  sucking  orifice  is  in  connection  with  a  flexible  tube 
passed  into  the  stomach ;  and  the  extracted  matter  es- 
capes by  the  forcing  orifice.  When,  on  the  contrary,  the 
object  is  to  force  a  liquid  into  the  stomach,  the  tube  is 
connected  with  the  forcing  orifice,  by  which  the  action  of 
the  pump  is  reversed.  It  is  now  not  much  used,  the  stom- 
ach being  emptied,  when  necessary,  by  the  stomach-tube 
working  as  a  siphon. 

Stomach-qualmed  (stum'ak-kwamd)?  a.  Same 
as  stomiu'li-x/ck.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  4.  193. 

Stomach-sick  (stum'ak-s'ik),  (i.  Nauseated; 
qualmish;  hence,  having  an  aversion. 

Receiuing  some  hurt  in  his  stomack  by  drinking  those 

cold  waters,  he  proued  stomach-Kick  to  his  expedition  also. 

1'urchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  289. 

stomach-staggers  (stum'ak-stag"erz),  n.  A 
disease  in  horses,  depending  on  a  paralytic  af- 
fection of  the  stomach.  The  animal  so  affected 
dozes  in  the  stable,  resting  his  head  in  the  manger;  on 
awaking,  or  being  aroused,  he  falls  to  eating,  and  contin- 
ues to  eat  voraciously,  death  from  apoplexy  or  repletion 
often  resulting. 

stomach-sweetbread  (stum'ak-swet'bred),  «. 
The  pancreas  of  the  calf,  as  used  for  food :  dis- 
tinguished from  the  throat-siveetbread,  or  thy- 
mus  gland  of  the  sanfe  animal. 

stomach-timber  (stum'ak-tiin"ber),  n.  Same 
as  belly-timber.  [Slang.  J 

As  Prior  tells,  a  clever  poet,  .  .  . 
The  main  strength  of  ev'ry  member 
Depends  upon  the  stomach  timber. 

Combe,  Dr.  Syntax's  Tours,  xxxiii. 

stomach-tooth  (stum'ak-toth),  «.  A  lower  ca- 
nine milk-tooth  of  infants:  so  called  because 
there  is  often  gastric  disturbance  at  the  time 
of  its  appearance. 

Stomach-tube  (stum'ak-tub),  «.  A  long  flexi- 
ble tube  to  be  introduced  into  the  stomach, 
through  the  gullet,  as  for  washing  out  the  stom- 
ach. 

stomach-worm  (sturo'ak-werm),  n.  Acommon 
intestinal  roundworm",  Ascaris  lumbricoides, 
sometimes  found  in  the  human  stomach. 

stomachy  (stum'ak-i),  a.  [<  stomach  +  -yl.] 
Proud;  haughty;  irascible;  easily  offended. 
Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

stomackt,  stomakt,  stomaket,  n.  Obsolete 
spellings  of  stomach. 

Stomapod  (sto'ma-pod),  a.  and  n.  Same  as  sto- 
matopod. 

Stomapoda  (sto-map'o-da),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
or<fy/a,  mouth,  +  jrotlf  (TOO-)  =  E.  foot.]  Same 
as  Stomatopoda.  Latreille,  1817. 

stoniapodiform  (sto-ma-pod'i-fdrm),  o.  [<  NL. 
Stomapoda  +  L.  forma,  form.]  Resembling  or 
shaped  like  a  stomatopod,  especially  of  the  ge- 
nus Squilla.  Applied  in  entomology  to  certain  elon- 
gate, somewhat  flattened  larva;  which  have  the  abdomen 
wider  than  the  thorax,  long  antennae,  and  si:  legs,  the 
anterior  pair  being  large  and  raptorial.  In  aquatic  species 
the  body  is  furnished  with  lateral  false  gills.  The larvee  of 
Ephemera  are  examples  of  this  form. 

stomapodoUS  (sto-map'o-dus),  a.  [<  stomapod 
+  -ous.]  Same  as  stomatopod. 

stomata.  n.    Plural  of  stoma. 

stomatal  (sto'ma-tal),  a.  [<  NL.  stomakt-)  + 
-al.]  In  bot.  a.uSzoo'1.,  relating  or  belonging  to 
stomata. 

stomate  (sto'mat),  a.  and  ti.     [<  NL.  *stomatus 
foT*stomatatus,  <  stoma  (stomat-),  a  stoma:  see 
stoma.]    I.  a.  Having  a  stoma  or  stomata;  sto- 
matous. 
II.  »».  A  stoma. 

stomatia,  n.    Plural  of  stomatium. 

stomatic  (sto-mat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  It.  stomati- 
co,  <  Gr.  arofiaTiKov,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  mouth, 
<  or6[ta(T-),  mouth:  see  stoma.]  I.  a.  In  zool. 
and  bot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  a  stoma  or  sto- 
mata; oral. 
II.  n.  A  medicine  for  diseases  of  the  mouth. 

stomatiferous  (sto-ma-tif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  s*o- 
ma(t-)  +  L.  ferre,  bear,  carry:  see  -ferous.] 
Bearing  or  provided  with  stomata ;  stomatoph- 
orous. 

stomatitis  (sto-ma-ti'tis),  B.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oro- 
/JO(T-),  mouth,  +  -itis.]  Inflammation  of  the 
interior  of  the  mouth,  including  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  lips,  gums,  tongue,  cheeks, 
and  palate — Aphthous  stomatitis,  inflammation  of 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth-cavity,  consisting  in 
the  formation  of  small  superficial  ulcers.  Also  called  opA- 
thfe,  canker  sore  mouth,  follicular  or  vesicidar  stomatitis. — 
Catarrhal  stomatitis,  a  simple  local  or  general  inflam- 
mation of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth-cavity. 
Alsocalled  oral  catarrh,  erifthema  of  the  mouth,  anderythem- 
atous,  simple,  and  superficial  stomatitis.  —  Gangrenous 
stomatitis.  See  noma.— Mercurial  stomatitis,  an  in- 
flammation of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth,  with 
ulceration,  caused  by  mercurial  poisoning. — Parasitic 
stomatitis,  inflammation  of  the  mouth  due  to  or  compli- 
cated with  the  growth  on  the  mucous  membrane  of  Oidium 
albicans.  Also  called  thrush,  pseudomembranous  stomatitis. 


stomatitis  5961 

—Ulcerous  stomatitis,  inflammation  of  the  mucous  Rtr>Tnotnnn<i«   i*n  /- 

membrane  of  the  mouth-cavity,  usually  unilateral  result  a"MnatppOOa  (t,to-ma-top  o-da),  ».  /,/.      [NL., 

ing  in  the  formation  of  multiple  ulcers.     Also  called/eftd  neut.  pi.  OI  itomatojMtt  (-pod-):  see  xjoiiitit/>]iod.~] 

st<,,iiatUis,pkle<jiiw>u>us_ittoinatttis,  and  putrid  sore  mouth.  An    order   of   malacostraeous    podophthiilmie 

Stomatium  (sto-nia'shi-um),  n.  ;   pi.  stomut'm  <'rustaceaus,  to  which  various  limits  have  been 

(-a).  [NL.,  dun.  otstuma:  see  stoma.]  Astoma.  assigned,  (at)  As  constituted  by  i.atreille  in  1817  in  tl 


Stomatoda  (sto-ma-to'da),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
<rr6(ia(T-),  mouth,  '4-  «Hbf,  form.]     Dujardin's 


,         e 

form  Stomapoda,  the  second  order  of  Crustacea,  the  so- 
called  sea-mantes,  or  nastrurans,.liv  ided  hit,  j(  we,  families, 


u  j  VIM*  I  <  ~  /«     lUUUblli      T^     c  t»t)i  ,    1UI  III  L/lllftrtlin  B         FT in         *«0"*  «i«no,  u«*iuvu  UIMJ  iwu  i.uiumrn. 

ss^^fesfis&^SSiS  8&is3»nt'aM»s 


him  as  the  only  animalcules  with  distinct  sto- 
mata,  or  oral  apertures:  distinguished  from 
Automata,  or  the  supposed  mouthless  flagel- 
late infusorians. 


, 

properly  stomatopodous,  the  other  being  the  so-calle 
glass-crabs  (Phyllosoma),  or  larval  forms  of  other  crusta- 
ceans. Hence  —  (6t)  An  artificial  order  of  the  higher  cms- 
taceans,  under  which  arc  included  not  only  the  SquilKdir 
or  Stomatapoda  proper,  but  also  the  Mysiila  or  opossum- 
shrimps,  and  related  forms,  the  Lucijeriilir,  etc.  (c)  Re- 


Stomatodeeum (Sto"ma-t6-de'um),  M.  ;  pi.  stowo-     stricte'd'by  Huxley  to  the'famiiy  SjuOlid'x"'  See'cuts  un 
torf««  (-a).     [NL. :  see  stoawdxitm.']     Same  as     der  mantis-shrimp  and  SquiUidtt. 
stomodeeiim.     "" 


[Rare.] 


The  ttomatadavm :  a  sac-like  involution  of  the  epider-       ?r  so  w.ldel,y  a."d  '"  !uch  imP°rt»nt  structural  peel 
Is  abutting  against  the  mesenteron,  spacious,  and  well       V,8' .',      °}.y  from  the  Podophthalmia  proper,  but 


Squilla,  Gonodactylus,  and  C'oronis  appear  to  me  to  dif- 
fer so  widely  and  in  such  important  structural  peculiari- 


from 


all  other  Crustacea,  as  to  require  arrangement  in  a  sep- 
arate group,  for  which  the  title  of  Stamatopoda  may  well 
be  retained.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  317. 


mis  abutting  against  the  mesenteron,  spacious,  ai 
marked  on  account  of  its  dense  pigmentation. 

Huxley  and  Martin,  Elementary  Biology,  p.  171. 
stomatode  (sto'ma-tod),  «.  and  n.      [<  Gr.  oro-  _i 
^o(r-),  mouth,  +  'cldof,  form.]    I   a    Havine  a  s*olnatopodous  (sto-ma-top'o-dus),  a.  [<sto»m- 
stoma  or  cytostome,  as  an  infusorian:  stoma-  suK          >MS-]  ,  i-™  &\ si°matvpod. 
tophorous;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Stomatoda.    %™**??5S,  (sto-ma-top  o-ra) ,    n       [NL. 

As  regards  the  classification  of  the  Protosoa,  a  rough     pore    see  S]     Samtal'tto^'  "*' 

and  useful  division  is  into  mouth-bearing  or  "stmnatode"  „  -B  pore    j        ame  as  Aulopora. 

Protozoa,  in  which  there  is  a  distinct  mouth,  and  mouth-  Stomatoporoid  (sto-ma-top'o-roid),  a.     [<  ^to- 
less  or  "astomatous"  Protozoa,  a.  A.  Nicholson,     matopora  +  -oid.~]     Pertaining  to  or  character- 
II.  H.  A  member  of  the  Stomatoda  istic  of  a  coral  of  tb?  genus  Stomatopora.    Geo- 
Stomatodendron  (sto'ma-to-den'dron),  ».;  pi.     togicalJour.,  XLV.  iii.  566. 
stomatodcndra   (-dra).     ("NL.,  <  Gr    orouaCr-l    Stomatopteropnora  (sto-ma-top-te-rof'6-ra), 

n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  or6pa{r.\,  moutn',  +  nrepov, 
feather,  +  tjiepew  =  E.  fteori.]    In  J.  E.  Gray's 
classification ( 1821), the  fourthclassofmollusks, 
TNL    <     divided  into  two  orders,  Pterobranchia  and  Dac- 
Pain'in     tyliobranehia ;  the  Pteropoda  or  pteropods. 

stomatorrhagia  (sto'ma-to-ra'ji-ii), ».    [NL.,  < 


mouth,  +  SevSpov,  a  tree.]   One  of  the  dendritic 

branches  of  the  Bhizostomidse,  ending  in  minute 

polypites.     Encyc.  Diet. 
Stomatpdynia  (st6*ma-to-din'i-a),  n. 

Gr.  ar6ua(T-),  mouth,"+'o<5wJ7,  pain.] 

the  mouth. 
Stomatogastric  (sto'ma-to-gas'trik),  a.    [<  Gr. 


,    .  ., 

Gr.  ord>a(r-),  mouth,  +  -pay/a,  <  pr/yvvvai,  break, 


ar6ua(r-),  mouth,  +  ><aoT<7/>,~8tomaeh :  see  gas-  j>urst-1    Hemorrhage  from  the  mouth. 
trie.']   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  mouth  and  stom-  Stomatoscope  (sto'ma-to-skpp),  «.     [<  Gr.  ord- 
ach :    applied  _,  y"a(T-)>  mouth,  +  OKonelv,  view.]     Any  instru- 

ment for  keeping  the  mouth  open  so  as  to  per- 
mit the  parts  within  to  be  inspected.     Dungli- 


appl: 

to  the  set  or 
system  of  vis- 
ceral nerves 
which  ramify 
upon  the  ali- 
mentary ca- 
nal of  many 
invertebrates. 
See  figure  and 
description. 

The  Crayfish 
possesses  a  re- 
markably well- 
developed  sys- 
tem of  visceral 
or  stomatoyastric 
nerves. 
Huxley,  Anat. 

[Invert.,  p.  286. 


Stomatotheca  (st6"ma-to-the'ka),  n. ;  pl.stoma- 
tothecss  (-se).  [NL.,'<;  (Jr.  ar6ua(T-),  mouth,  + 
MIKTI,  box,  chest.]  In  entom.,  the  mouth-case,  or 
that  part  of  the  integument  of  a  pupa  which 
covers  the  mouth. 

StomatOUS  (sto'ma-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  <m>/m(r-), 
mouth,  +  -OMS.]  Provided  with  stomata;  sto- 
matophorous;  stomate. 

Of,  esophagus,  around  which  is  the  esophageal    StOmiaS    (sto'mi-as),    M.        [NL.    (Cuvier,   1817), 

Jci&SlStiinl  *!'™m,Sr°fi  'ne^oj    <  Gr-  Crr6^a>  mouth.]   A  genus  of  deep-sea  fishes, 

left  side,  in  place ;   »',  commissural  nerve  of      typical     Of    the     family    Stomiatidx,     having    a 
right  side,  cut  away  and  turned  down  (these      iX«™  „„„,„..„„„„.]  k_»_'«UV.  J.uTTT:   j..,:  j.._.._ 

longitudinal  commissures  being  completed  in 
the  esophageal  ring  by  c,  postesophageal  trans- 
verse commissures) ;  d,  d,  a,  azygous  nerve,  with 
h,  a  ganglion  ;  f,  lateral  branch,  uniting  with  g, 
a  posterolateral  nerve;  e,f,  anterolateral  and 


rw 

Stomatogastric  and  other  Visceral  Nerves  of 


,, 
mediolateral  nerves ;  k,  hepatic  nerve. 


long  compressed  body  with  delicate  deciduous 
scales,  a  row  of  phosphorescent  or  luminous 
spots  along  each  side,  and  a  rayed  dorsal  oppo- 
site the  anal  fin:  so  called  from  the  large  and 
deep  mouth,  armed  with  a  formidable  array  of 
teeth.  S.  ferox  is  found  from  Greenland  to  Cape  Cod. 
Specimens  are  taken  at  various  depths  from  450  to  1,800 
fathoms. 

Stomiatidas  (sto-mi-at'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Sto- 
mias  (see  stomiatoid)  +  -4dx.]  A  family  of 
physostomous  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Sto- 


presence  or  absence  of  an  adipose  fin. 


stomatologi- 

cal  (st6"ma-to-lpj'i-kal),  a.    [<  stomatolog-y  + 
-ic-al.~\    Pertaining  to  stomatology. 

stomatologist  (sto-ma-tol'o-jist),  ».  [<  stoma- 
tolog-y +  -ist.']  One  versed  in  stomatology. 

Stomatology  (sto-ma-tol'o-ji),  ».  [<  Gr.  ar6- 
fia(r-),  mouth,  +  -\oyia,  <  'Atyeiv,  speak:  see  -olo- 
gij.']  The  sum  of  scientific  knowledge  concern- 
ing the  mouth. 

Stomatomorphous  (st6*ma-to-m6r'fus),  a.  [<  stomiatoid  (sto"'mi-a-foid),a"."and».  [<  Stomiax 
Gr.  oT^a(r-),  mouth,  +  pop<t>r/,  form.]  In  lot.,  (assumed  stem  Stomiat-).~]  I.  a.  Resembling 
mouth-shaped.  a  fish  of  the  genus  Stomias;  of  or  pertaining  to 

Stomatonecrosis   (sto'ma-to-nek-ro'sis),  n.    the  Stomiatidx. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  o~r<V«z(r-),  mouth,  +  vticpuoif,  dead-        H.  n.  Any  fish  of  the  family  Stomiatidx. 
ness :  see  necrosis.'}     Gangrenous  stomatitis,  stomodaeal  (sto-mo-de'al),  a.    Same  as  stomo- 
See  stomatitis  and  noma.  deal. 

Stomatophora  (sto-ma-tof'o-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  stomodseum  (sto-mo-de'um),  n. ;  pi.  stomodxa 
neut.pl.  of  stomatophorus:  see  stomatophorous.']  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ar6ua,  mouth,  +  odaZof,  by 


Protozoa  which  are  provided  with  a  mouth  or 
its  equivalent:  a  higher  series  of  protozoans: 
same  as  Infusoria,  2:  opposed  to  Lipostomata. 

Stomatophorous  (sto-ma-tof'o-rus),  o.  [<  NL. 
stomatophorus,  <  Gr.  ar6(ia(T-),  mouth,  +  <$peiv  = 
E.  fteari.]  Having  a  mouth  or  stoma  ;  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Stomatophora;  not  lipostomatous. 

Stomatoplastic  (st6"ma-to-plas'tik),  a.    [<  sto- 
matoplast-y   +   -ic.] 
plasty. 


the  way,  <  6rf<if,  way.]  An  anterior  part  of  the 
alimentary  canal  or  digestive  tract,  being  so 
much  of  the  whole  enteric  tube  as  is  formed  at 
the  oral  end  by  an  ingrowth  of  the  ectoderm : 
correlated  with  proctodeeum,  which  is  derived 
from  the  ectoderm  at  the  aboral  end,  both  be- 
ing distinguished  from  enteron  proper,  which 

.  ^_  ,,         ...  is  of  endodermal  origin. 

Pertaining  to  stomato-  stomodeal  (sto-mo-de'al),  a.  [<  stomodeeiim  + 
-al.']  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  character  of 


stomatoplasty  (sto'ma-to-plas-ti),  n.     [<  Gr.  a  stomodasum.    Also  spelled  stomodxal. 

OT6[ta(T-),  mouth,  +  Tr/lacrrof,  verbal  adj.  of  Trader-  StomoxyidsB  (sto-mok-si'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

aetv,  form,  mold.]  Plastic  surgery  of  the  mouth.  Stomoxys  -f-  -idse.~]    A  family  of  brachycerous 

stomatopod  (sto'ma-to-pod),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL.  dipterous  insects,  typified  by  the  genus  Sto- 

stomatopus  (-pod-),  (  Gr.  076/10(7-),  mouth,  +  iroi'if  moxys,  often  merged  in  the  Muscidse.   It  contains 

(TTOO-)  =  E.  foot.~\     I.  a.  Having  some  of  the  such  genera  as  Stamoxyt,  Hxmatobia,  and  Glossiim,  and 

Iflua  r>lnco  hv  rVia  mrnitri    no  a  TnnnHs  Kririmn-  includes  some  well  known  biting  flies,  as  the  horn-By, 

le/s  cl°                                                                     lm,P'  stable-fly,  and  tsetse-fly.     Also  S&moxidx  (Meigen,  1824) 

of  or  pertaining  to  the  Stomatopoda.     Also  sto-  and  stomoxidea  (Westwood,  1840X  and,  as  a  subfamily  of 

matopudous,  stomapodous.  MwtMa,  Stanunyina  or  Stomoxina. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Stomatopoda,  in  any  Stomoxys    (sto-mok'sis),  .«.     [NL.  (Geoffrey, 

sense.  1764),  <  Gr.  <n-<ty/a,  mouth,  +"  6ft>c,  sharp.]   Anpt- 

Also  stomapod.  able  genus  of  biting  flies,  typical  of  the  family 


stone 

Stomort/iilir,  nr  mcrgccl  \\ilh  tlir  Miixi'itl;i'.  They 
are  gray,  of  medium  *!/.•,  and  resemble  the  common 
house-fly  in  appearance.  'I  he  m"iith-parts  are  devel'iix-il 
into  a  horny  prob, iscia.  S.  calcitrant,  common  to  Kuio]" 
and  North  America,  is  a  familial  rvimnlr.  .see  xtiiwr- 

f.y,i. 

Stomp1  (stomp),  H,  A  dialectal  form  of  st(i>ni>  : 
specifically,  in  rinil-n/iniH<i,  one  of  the  plugs  of 
wood  driven  into  the  roof  of  the  level,  to  which 
are  fastened  the  "lines"  serving  to  direct  the 
miner  in  his  proper  course ;  they  may  also  be 
used  as  bench-marks.  Hn-.ili-ii.  [Midland  coal- 
field,  Eng.] 

stomp2*,  ».  and  r.     An  obsolete  form  of  stum/*. 

stpmpers  (stom'perz),  n.  pi.  A  dialectal  form 
of  stampers.  See  stamper,  3. 

Stonaget  (sto'naj),  n.  [<  *t<nt<'  +  -ttye.J  A 
collection  or  heap  of  stones.  Halliwell. 

Would  not  everybody  say  to  him,  We  know  the  stimaije 
atGUgalV  LtAic.    (Sara.) 

Stond  (stond),  v.  and  w.  An  obsolete  or  dialec- 
tal form  of  stand. 

stondent     An  obsolete  past  participle  of  stand. 

Stone  (ston),  n.  and  a.  [Also  E.  dial,  stean, 
steen,  Sc.  statie,  stain;  <  ME.  stoon,  ston,  stan, 
<  AS.  stan  =  OS.  sten  =  OFries.  sten  =  D.  steen 
=  MLG.  sten,  LG.  steen  =  OHG.  MHG.  G.  stein 
=  Icel.  steinn  =  Sw.  Dan.  sten  =  Goth,  stains, 
a  stone ;  prob.  akin  to  OBulg.  stiena  =  Buss. 
stiena,  a  wall,  and  to  Gr.  aria,  oriav,  a  stone. 
Hence  steen1,  steeifi.]  I.  n.  1.  A  piece  of 
rock  of  small  or  moderate  size.  The  name  roc*  Is 
given  to  the  aggregation  of  mineral  matter  of  which  the 
earth's  crust  is  made  up.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  of 
this  rock  is  generally  called  a  stone,  and  to  this  a  quali- 
fying term  is  frequently  added :  as,  cobble-rtcne  or  gravel- 
stone.  See  roc*i. 

Lo,  heere  be  stoonys  hard  y-wrougte, 
Make  hereof  breed. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  &.),  p.  43. 

Are  there  no  stones  in  heaven 
But  what  serve  for  the  thunder? 

Shot.,  Othello,  v.  2.  234. 
He  is  not  a  man,  but  a  block,  a  very  stone. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  450. 

2.  The  hard  material  of  which  rock  consists: 
in  contradistinction  to  metal,  wood,  etc. 

Al  hem  to-dry ven  ase  ston  doth  the  glas. 

Flemish  Insurrection  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  270). 
He  made  a  harp  of  her  breast-bone,  .  .  . 
Whose  sounds  would  melt  a  heart  of  stone. 

The  Cruel  Sister  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  236). 
That  we  might  see  our  own  work  out,  and  watch 
The  sandy  footprint  harden  into  stone. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

3.  A  piece  of  rock  of  a  determined  size,  shape, 
or  quality,  or  used  for  a  defined  purpose :  as, 
a  grindstone;   a  hearthstone;   an   altar-stone. 
Specifically  —  (at)  A  gun  flint. 

About  seauen  of  the  clocke  marched  forward  the  light 
peeces  of  ordinance,  with  stone  and  powder. 

HMnshed,  Chron.,  HI.  947. 
(6)  A  gravestone ;  a  monument  or  memorial  tablet. 

You  shall  shine  more  bright  in  these  contents 
Than  unswept  stone  besmear'd  with  sluttish  time. 

Shot.,  Sonnets,  Iv. 

<c)  A  millstone,  (d)  In  printing,  an  imposing-stone,  (f) 
In  glass-manuf.,  a  Battening-stone. 

4.  A  precious  stone ;  a  gem.     See  precious. 

Wedges  of  gold,  great  anchors,  heaps  of  pearl, 
Inestimable  stones,  unvalued  jewels. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  4.  27. 

5.  A  small,  hard,  rounded  object  resembling 
a  stone  or  pebble :  as,  a  hail-»towe;  a  gall-stone; 
an  ear-stone.     Specifically  —  (a)  A  calculous  concre- 
tion in  the  kidney  or  urinary  bladder  or  gall-bladder,  etc. ; 
hence,  the  disease  arising  from  a  calculus.    (6)  A  testicle : 
generally  in  the  pluraL    (Vulgar.  ]    (c)  The  nut  of  a  drupe 
or  stone-fruit,  or  the  hard  covering  inclosing  the  kernel, 
and  itself  inclosed  by  the  pulpy  pericarp,  as  in  the  peach, 
cherry,  or  plum.     See  drupe  and  endocarp  (with  cuts), 
(dt)  A  hard,  compact  mass ;  a  lump  or  nugget. 

Marvellous  great  stones  of  yron. 

Berners,  tr.  of  Froissart's  Chron.,  I.  498. 

6f.  The  glass  of  a  mirror;  a  mirror  of  crystal. 

Lend  me  a  looking-glass ; 
If  that  her  breath  will  mist  or  stain  the  stone, 
Why,  then  she  lives.  Shot.,  Lear,  v.  8.  262. 

7.  A  common  measure  of  weight  in  use  through- 
out the  northwest  and  central  countries  of  Eu- 
rope, but  varying  much  in  different  countries. 
The  English  imperial  standard  stone  is  14  pounds  avoir- 
dupois, and  is  commonly  used  in  England  in  giving  the 
weight  of  a  man,  but  other  values  are  in  common  use,  vary- 
ing with  the  article  weighed :  thus,  the  stone  of  butchers' 
meat  or  fish  is  8  pounds,  of  cheese  16  pounds,  of  glass  5 
pounds,  of  alum  l:U  pounds,  of  hemp  usually  32  pounds, 
though  a  statute  of  George  II.  made  ft  16  pounds,  and  one 
of  Henry  VIII.  20  pounds;  of  lead  12  pounds,  though  the 
statute  de  pondfribus  makes  it  15  pounds  of  25  "shillings  " 
each,  equal  to  14i  pounds  avoirdupois.  There  were  in  the 
early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  many  local  stones  in 
use  in  England,  but  in  the  United  States  this  unit  is  un- 
known. The  stone  of  14  pounds  is  not  recognized  in  the 
statute  de  ponderibus,  and  first  appears  as  a  weight  for 
wool.  The  old  arithmetics  call  14  pounds  half  a  quarter, 


stone 

and  either  do  not  mention  the  stone,  or  define  it  as  8  pounds. 
The  only  legal  stone  in  Great  Britain  now  Is  that  of  14 
pounds. 

And  sende  ye  me  word  how  mech  more  yn  value  yn  a 
stoon  shall  I  syle  my  wolle.  Pagton  Letters,  1. 155. 

He  was  not  a  ghost,  my  visitor,  but  solid  flesh  and  bone; 
He  wore  a  Palo  Alto  hat,  his  weight  was  twenty  stone. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Nux  Postccenatica. 

Alencon  stone,  pure  rock-crystal  cut  in  rose  or  bril- 
liantform.—  Amazonian  or  Amazon  stone.  See  Ama- 
zonian'^.— Arkansas  stone,  a  fine-grain  whetstone  found 
in  Arkansas,  and  used  to  sharpen  surgical  and  dental  in- 
struments.—  Armenian  stone.  Hee  Armenian. —  Arti- 
ficial stone,  a  material  prepared  for  decorative  and  build- 
ing purposes  by  consolidating  sand  with  the  aid  of  some 
chemical.  The  best-known  and  most  extensively  used 
artificial  stone  is  Rausouie's,  which  ia  made  by  mixing  sand 
with  silicate  of  soda  in  a  pug-mill,  so  as  to  form  a  plastic 
substance,  which  is  then  rolled  or  pressed  into  any  de- 
sired form.  The  articles  as  thus  prepared  are  then  im- 
mersed in  a  solution  of  calcium  chlorid,  when  double  de- 
composition takes  place,  a  calcium  silicate  being  formed 
which  firmly  cements  the  particles  of  sand  together,  while 
the  sodium  chlorid,  the  other  product  of  the  decompo- 
sition, is  afterward  removed  by  washing.  This  material 
has  been  somewhat  extensively  used  in  England  and  else- 
where. Other  processes  akin  to  this,  but  in  which  differ- 
ent chemicals  were  used,  have  also  been  patented  in  the 
United  States,  but  the  materials  thus  produced  have  not 
met  with  any  extensive  sale.  Beton  or  concrete  has  also 
been  employed  as  a  building  material,  to  take  the  place  of 
stone  or  brick,  especially  the  "  beton-Coignet, "  which  is  ex- 
tensively used  in  and  near  Paris  and  elsewhere.  Beton  and 
concrete,  which  are  mixtures  of  sand,  gravel,  stone  chip- 
pings,  fragments  of  brick,  etc.,  with  common  or  hydraulic 
mortar  or  cement,  are  also  frequently,  but  not  correctly, 
designated  artiiirtal  stone.— Ayr  stone,  a  stone  used  for 
polishing  marble  and  surfacing  metals.  The  harder  va- 
rieties are  used  as  whetstones.  Also  called  water  of  Ayr, 
Scotch  stone,  and  smoke-stone. — Bath  stone,  a  rock  used 
extensively  for  building  purposes  in  England,  and  espe- 
cially near  Bath  (whence  its  name).  It  is  a  limestone,  hav- 
ing an  oolitic  structure,  and  belonging  to  the  Inferior 
Oolite,  which  lies  directly  upon  the  Lias,  the  lowest  division 
of  the  Jurassic  of  Continental  and  American  geologists. 
Also  called  Bath  oolite.— 'Beer  stone,  a  hard  sandy  chalk 
stratum  of  small  thickness,  occurring  westward  of  Sea- 
ton  in  Devonshire,  England.  It  forms  a  part  of  the  Lower 
Chalk,  and  contains  Inoceramus  mytiloides.  This  series  of 
beds,  not  having  a  thickness  of  more  than  10  feet,  is  only  of 
local  importance,  but  it  has  been  quarried  as  a  building- 
stone  for  many  hundred  years,  and  parts  of  Exeter  Cathe- 
dral are  built  of  it.— Bologna  stone,  or  Bolognian  stone, 
a  variety  of  barite,  or  barium  sulphate,  found  In  round- 
ish masses,  composed  of  radiating  libers,  first  discovered 
near  Bologna.  Itis  phosphorescent  in  the  dark  after  being 
heated  to  ignition,  powdered,  and  exposed  to  the  sun's  light 
for  some  time.  — Bristol  stone,  rock-crystal,  or  Bristol 
diamond,  small  round  crystals  of  quartz,  found  in  the  Clif- 
ton limestone,  near  the  city  of  Bristol  in  England.— Caen 
stone,  the  French  equivalent  of  the  English  Bath  oolite. 
It  is  a  cream-colored  building-stone,  of  excellent  quality, 
got  near  Caen  in  Normandy.  Although  soft  in  the  quarry, 
it  is  of  fine  texture  and  hardens  by  exposure,  so  as  to  be- 
come extremely  durable.  Winchester  and  Canterbury  ca- 
thedrals, Henry  VII. 's  chapel  at  Westminster,  and  many 
churches  are  built  of  it.  It  is  still  frequently  used  in 
England.— Cambay  stones.  See  carnelian.— CentUlial 
Stones.  See  centurial.— Ceylon  stone,  a  dark-green, 
brown,  or  black  spinel  from  Ceylon,  also  called  ceylonite : 
the  name  is  also  given  to  other  minerals  or  gems  from 
Ceylon.— Channel-stone.  See  channel!.— Charnwood 
Forest  stone,  an  oilstone  found  only  in  Charnwood  For- 
est in  Leicestershire,  England.  It  is  one  of  the  best  sub- 
stitutes for  the  Turkey  oilstone,  and  is  much  used  to  give 
a  fine  edge  to  knives  and  other  tools.— Cornish  Stone. 
Same  as  china-stone,  2. 

Cornish  stone  is  used  for  almost  all  English  wares,  both 
in  the  body  and  the  glaze.  Spont'  Encyc.  Mamif.,  p.  1660. 
Crab's  stones.  Same  as  crab's  eyes  (which  see,  under 
crodl).  See  also  cmbstone.  —  Crape  Stone,  a  trade-name 
foronyxofwhichthe  surface  is  cut  in  imitation  of  crape  and 
colored  a  lusterless  black.  A  similar  article  is  made  from 
artificial  silicious  compounds  cast  in  molds.—  Cut  Stone, 
hewn  stone,  or  work  in  hewn  stone ;  ashler.— Deaf  as  a 
stone.  See  deaf.— Dimension  stone,  ashler.— Drafted 
stone,  ashler  stone  having  a  chisel-draft  around  the  face 
the  part  inside  the  draft  being  left  rough.— Heracleau 
stone.  See  //erocfani.— Hewn  stone,  blocks  of  stone  with 
faces  dressed  to  shape  by  the  hammer.— Holy  Stone,  a 
stone  used  in  magical  rites,  whether  as  a  magic  mirror  or 
show-stone,  or  as  a  sort  of  amulet.— Infernal  ledger 
lithographic.Lydian  stone.  See  the  adjectives.— Mal- 
tese stone,  a  limestone  of  a  delicate  brown  cream-color 
very  compact,  and  almost  as  soft  as  chalk.  The  natives  of 
the  islandof  Malta  turn  and  carve  it  into  various  ornamental 
objects.— Memorial,  meteoric,  Moabite  stone.  See  the 
adjectives.— Mocha  stone  [formerly  also  M oca  stone  ;  also 


598'J 

tablet  of  black  basalt,  found  in  1799  near  Kosetta,  a  town 
of  Egypt,  on  the  delta  of  the  Nile,  by  M.  Boussard,  a  French 
officer  of  engineers.  This  stone  bears  a  trilingual  Inscrip- 
tion, a  decree  of  Ptolemy  V.  (Epiphanes)  in  Greek  and 
Egyptian  hieroglyphic  and  demotic.  The  inscription  was 
deciphered  chiefly  by  L'hampollion,  and  afforded  the  key- 
to  the  interpretation  of  Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  The 
monument  is  now  in  the  British  Museum.— Rough- 
pointed  stone.  See  roughi.—  Rubbed  stone,  stone- 
work of  which  the  surface  is  cut  straight  with  the  stone- 
saw,  and  afterward  smoothed  by  rubbing  with  grit  or  sand- 
stone.— Samiau  stone.  See  Samian.— Saracen's  or 
Sarsen's  stone.  See  Saracen.—  Scotch  stone.  Same 
as  Ayr  stone.  —  Shipman'B  stonel.  See  shipman.— So- 
norous stone.  See  sonorous.— Standing  stone.  See 
standing.— Stick  and  stone.  See  sticks.— Stone  can- 
cer. Same  as  scirrhous  cancer  (which  see,  under  stir- 
rhous).— stone  of  the  second  class.  See  elixir,  i.— 
Stones  of  sulphur.  See  sulphur. — To  leave  no  stone 
unturned,  to  do  everything  that  can  be  done ;  use  all 
practicable  means  to  effect  an  object ;  spare  no  exertions. 
New  crimes  invented,  left  unturn'd  no  stone 
To  make  my  guilt  appear,  and  hide  his  own. 

Dryden,  .Kneid,  ii.  133. 

To  mark  With  a  White  Stone,  to  mark  as  particularly 
fortunate,  favored,  or  esteemed.  The  phrase  arose  from 
the  custom  among  the  Romans  of  marking  their  lucky  days 
on  the  calendar  with  a  white  stone  (as  a  piece  of  chalk), 
while  unlucky  days  were  marked  with  charcoal.  Bmeer. 
=  Svn.  1  and  2.  See  roc*l. 

II.  a.  1.  Made  of  stone:  as,  &  stone  house; 
a  stone  wall. 

The  lion  on  your  old  stone  gates 
Is  not  more  cold  to  you  than  I. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

2.  Made  of  stoneware :  as,  a  stone  jar ;  a  stone 
mug. 

Now  mistress  Gilpln  (careful  soul !) 

Had  two  stone  bottles  found, 

To  hold  the  liquor  that  she  loved, 

And  keep  It  safe  and  sound. 

Cowper,  John  Qllpin. 

Stone  age.  See  archaological  ages,  under  age.—  Stone 
ax,  an  ax-head  or  hatchet-head  made  of  hard  stone.  Such 
axes  are  found,  belonging  to  prehistoric  epochs,  and  have 
also  been  in  use  down  to  the  present  time  among  savage 
tribes  in  different  parts  of  the  world.  Compare  stone-ax.— 
Stone  brick.  See  bricW.— Stone  jug.  Seejngi,  2-— 
Stone  ocher.  See  ocher. 

stone  (ston),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stoned,  ppr.  ston- 
ing. [<  ME.  stonen,  stanen  (in  earlier  use  stenen, 
whence  mod.  E.  dial,  steen1),  <  AS.  stxnan  = 
OHG.  steinon,  MHG.  steinen  =  Sw.  stena  =  Dan. 
stene  =  Goth,  stainjan  (cf.  D.  steenigen  =  G. 
steinigen),  pelt  with  stones,  stone;  from  the 
noun.]  1.  To  throw  stones  at;  pelt  with 
stones. 

With  stones  men  shulde  hir  stryke  and  stone  hir  to  deth. 
Piert  Plowman  (B),  xii.  77. 
Francis  himself  was  stoned  to  death. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xv. 

2.  To  make  like  stone ;  harden.     [Rare.] 

O  perjur'd  woman  !  thou  dost  stone  my  heart. 

Shat.,  Othello,  v.  2.  63. 

3.  To  free  from  stones,  as  fruit. 

She  picked  from  Polly's  very  hand  the  raisins  which  the 
good  woman  was  stoning  for  the  most  awfully  sacred  elec- 
tion cake.  U.  B.  SUnce,  Oldtown,  p.  270. 

4.  To  provide  or  fit  with  stones,  as  by  lining, 
walling,  or  facing:  as,  to  stone  a  well  or  a  road. 
—  5.  In  leather-manuf.,  to  work  (the  leather) 
with  a  stock-stone  to  reduce  it  to  uniform  thick- 
ness, stretch  it,  and  make  it  smooth-grained. 

stone-ax  (stpn'aks),  n.  [<  ME.  "stonax,  <  AS. 
stansex,  <  stdn,  stone,  +  eex,  ax.]  An  ax  or  a 
hammer  with  two  somewhat  obtuse  edges,  used 
in  hewing  stone. 

stone-basil  (ston'baz'il), «.  Same a,sbasil-weed. 

stone-bass  (ston'bas),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Serranidse,  Polyprion  cernium,  or  another  of  the 
same  genus.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  development  of 
a  strong  longitudinal  bony  ridge  on  the  operculum,  and  the 


stone-cast 

stone-blind  (ston 'blind'),  «.  [=  Icel.  <,„„,. 
blind)-  =  Sw.  Dan.  slot-blind;  as  stone  +  bliiitl.} 
Blind  as  a  stone ;  wholly  blind,  either  literally 
or  figuratively. 

I  thought  I  saw  everything,  and  was  stone-blind  all  the 
while.  George  Eliot,  Mr.  UUfll,  xviii. 

stone-blue  (ston'blu),  >i.  A  compound  of  indigo 
and  starch  or  whiting. 

Stone-boat  (stou'bot),  «.  A  drag  or  sled  with- 
out runners,  used  for  moving  stones ;  also,  a 
wagon-platform  hung  below  the  axles,  used  for 
the  same  purpose.  [U.  S.] 

stonebock  (ston'bok),  H.     Same  as  steenbok. 

Stone-boilers  (ston'boi'lerz),  «.  />?.  A  tribe  or 
race  of  men  who  practise  stone-boiling. 

The  Australians,  at  least  in  modern  times,  must  be 
counted  as  stone-boilers. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Early  Hist.  Mankind,  ix. 

stone-boiling  (stou'boi'ling),  «.  The  act  or 
process  of  making  water  boil  by  putting  hot 
stones  in  it. 

The  art  of  boiling,  as  commonly  known  to  us,  may  have 
been  developed  through  this  intermediate  process,  which 
I  propose  to  call  gtone-boiling. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Early  Hist.  Mankind,  ix. 

Stone-borer  (ston'b6#'er),  «.    A  mollusk  that 
bores  stones ;  a  lithodomous,  lithophagous,  or 
saxicavous  bivalve.     See  cuts  under  accessory, 
date-shell,  Glycymeris,  and  piddock. 
Stone-bow  (ston'bo),  «.     [<  ME.  stonbotce;  < 
stone  +  boie't.~\  A  weapon  somewhat  resembling 
a  crossbow,  for  shooting  stones;  a  catapult; 
also,  a  sort  of  toy. 
0,  for  a  stone-bmc,  to  hit  him  In  the  eye ! 

Shot.,  T.  N.,  II.  5.  51. 
Item,  six  stone  bowes  that  shoot  lead  pellets. 

Haklvyt't  Voyages,  I.  S63. 
Children  will  shortly  take  him  for  a  wall, 
And  set  their  stone-bows  in  his  forehead. 

H'-IIH.  and  n..  King  and  No  King,  v.  1. 

Stone-bramble  (ston'bram'bl),  ».  Same  as 
roebuck-berry. 

stone-brash  (ston'brash),  n.  In  agri.,  a  sub- 
soil composed  of  shattered  rock  or  stone. 

stonebreak  (ston'brak),  n.  The  meadow-saxi- 
frage, Saxifraga  granulata:  so  called  from  the 
virtue,  according  to  the  doctrine  of  signatures, 
of  its  pebble-like  bulbs  against  calculus.  The 
name  is  also  a  general  equivalent  of  saxifrage. 

Stone-breaker  (ston'bra'ker),  «.  One  who  or 
that  which  breaks  stones ;  specifically,  a  ma- 


Stone-breaker. 


a,  stationary  jaw:  a',  oscillating  Jaw  ;  *,  hopper;  c,  fly-wheel;  d, 
ort  pitman  connecting  crank-wrist  with  toggles;  t.  t,  toggles;  /, 
frame,  strengthened  at  f  ,  where  the  thrust  of  the  toggles  is  received  ; 


to  the  presence  of  metallic  oxids,  as  of  mangan  esc  and  iron ; 
moss-agate.— Philosopher's  stone.  Seeeimr,  1.— Port- 
land stone,  in  England,  a  rock  belonging  to  the  Portlan- 
dian  series :  so  named  from  the  Isle  of  Portland,  where  it 
is  typically  developed.  The  Portlandian  is  a  part  of  the 
Jurassic  series,  and  lies  between  the  Purbeckian,  the  high- 
est member  of  that  series,  and  the  Kimmeridgian  The 
Portland  group,  or  Portlandian,  consists  of  two  divisions, 
the  Portland  stone  and  the  Portland  sand ;  the  former 
has  several  subdivisions,  to  which  local  names  are  at- 
tached, such  as  curf,  base-bee,  and  whit-bee.  The  Port- 
land stone,  which  is  a  nearly  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  is  an 
important  building-stone  in  England,  and  was  extensively 
used  by  Inigo  Jones  and  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  in  impor- 
tant public  buildings,  especially  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.— 
Precious  stone.  See  precious.— Protean  stone  See 
Protean.— Quarry-faced  stone,  cut  stone  of  which  the 
face  is  left  rough  as  it  comes  from  the  quarry,  as  distin- 
guished from  tooled,  hammer-faced,  pitch-faced  stone  etc 
—Rocking stone.  Seen**-'.— Rosetta stone, a steleor 


Stone-bass  {Polypriott  cernium). 


serration  of  the  spines  of  the  anal  and  ventral  tins.  It  in- 
habits moderately  deep  water  in  the  Mediterranean  and 
neighboring  Atlantic.  (Also  called  wreck-fish  and  cernier.) 
The  corresponding  stone-bass  of  Pacific  waters  is  a  very 
similar  though  distinct  species,  P.  oxygeniwi  (originally 
oxygeneios).  See  Polyprion. 

stone-bird  (ston'berd),  H.  1.  The  vinous  gros- 
beak, or  moro.— 2.  The  stone-snipe,  orgreater 
yellowlegs.  See  cut  under  yellowlegs. 

Stone-biter  (ston'bi'ter),  n .  The  common  wolf- 
fish.  See  cut  under  Anarrhichas. 


,  , 

H,  base  of  machine  ;  f,  rubber  spring  which  withdraws  the  lower  end 
of  the  jaw  a'. 

chine  for  pounding  or  crushing  stone  ;  an  ore- 
mill  ;  a  stone-crusher. 

stone-bruise  (ston'broz),  «.  A  bruise  caused 
by  a  stone  ;  especially,  a  painful  and  persistent 
bruise  on  the  sole  of  the  foot,  commonly  in  the 
middle  of  the  ball  of  the  foot,  due  to  walking 
barefooted;  also,  a  bruise  produced  on  thehand, 
as  by  ball-playing.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

stonebuck  (ston'buk),  «.  [<  ME.  "stonbvkke,  < 
AS.  stdnbucca,  the  ibex,  <  stdn,  stone,  rock,  + 
bucca,  buck.  In  mod.  use,  tr.  D.  steeiibok,  G. 
steinbock  :  see  steenbok.]  The  steenbok. 

Stone-butter  (ston'bnt'er),  n.     A  sort  of  alum. 

stone-canal  (ston'ka-nal*),  n.  In  echinoderms, 
the  duet  leading  from  the  madreporic  plate  to 
the  circular  canal  :  so  called  because  it  ordi- 
narily has  calcareous  substances  in  its  walls. 
Also  sand-canal.  Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat. 
(trans.),  p.  220. 

Stone-cast  (ston'k&st),  ».  The  distance  which 
a  stone  may  be  thrown  by  the  hand;  a  stone's 
cast;  a  stone's  throw. 

About  a  stone-cast  from  the  wall 

A  sluice  with  blacken'd  waters  slept 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 


stonecat 

stonecat  ^ston'kat),  M.  A  catfish  of  the  genus 
Xoturiiti,  as  .V.  fliirus,  common  in  many  parts 
(if  (he  United  States.  X.jlamisits  oneof  the  largest. 
soiiH'thnes  exceeding  :\  font  in  length.  ,V.  //i*/(//i/x  is  ;ui- 


596S 


stoneman 


Stonecat  (\ottirns 


other,  nearly  as  large,  found  In  the  Middle  ami  Southern 
States.  There  are  several  more,  a  few  inches  long,  all  ot 
fresh  waters  of  the  same  country. 

stone-centiped  (stou'sen"ti-ped).  «.    A  centi- 
ped  of  the  family  Lithobiidse. 
stonechacker  (stou  'chak"er),  n.   Same  as  stonc- 

t-hnt. 

stonechat  (ston'chat),  ».  One  of  several  dif- 
ferent Old  World  chats,  belonging  to  the  genera 
Saxieola  and  (especially)  Pratincola;  a  kind  of 
bushchat  :  applied  to  three  different  English 
birds,  and  extended,  as  a  book-name,  to  sev- 
eral others  of  the  above  genera,  (a)  Improperly, 
the  wheatear,  Saxieola  oenanthe,  and  some  other  species 
of  the  restricted  genus  Saxieola.  See  cut  under  wheatear. 
[In  this  sense  chiefly  Scotch  and  American,  the  wheatear 
being  the  only  bird  of  the  kind  which  straggles  to  Amer- 
ica.] (b)  Improperly,  the  whin-bushchat  or  whinchat, 
Pratincola  ntbetra.  [Eng.]  (c)  The  black-headed  bushchat, 
Pratincola  rubicola,  a  common  bird  of  Great  Britain  and 


main. — 3.   A  large,  stout,  edible  crab  of  stone-dumb  (ston'dum').  n.     Perfectly  diimli. 
Atlantic  eoast of  the  United  States,  .!/(•»//;/«      Tin-  t'i  n/nri/,  XXXV.  liui!.     [Knre.] 

Stone-eater  (ston'e'ter),  ".   Same  as  .'-•'"/('--/'""  r. 

stone-engraving  (stou'eu-gni  ving),   &    The 

art  of  engraving  on   stone.      See  lithography, 

i'lrllill/1.  i/>  iii-i-lii/i'ili'iiii/. 
stone-falcon  (ston'fa'kn),  n.     See  falcon,  and 

cut  under  inn  tin. 
Stone-fern   (>t<m'feni),  ».     A   European   fern. 

.li-li/i  niiiiii  l'i  /inii'/i :  so  called  from  its  habit  of 

growing  on  rocks  and  stone  walls, 
stone-fish  (stoii'fish),  «.    The  shanny.    Purm-n. 

[Local,  Scotch.] 
stone-fly  (ston'fli),  «.     A  pseudoneuropterous 

insect  of  the  family  l'i  rli<l,T :  so  called  because 

the  larval  forms  abound  under  the  stones  of 

streams.    (See  cut  under  J'erla.)    I',  liii'iinilnln. 

whose  larva   is  much  used  by  anglers,  is  an 

example, 
mmite.  Stone-fruit  (ston'frot),  ».     [=  D.  strenrrurltt  = 

G.  steinfrucht  =  Sw.  ttonfnuet  =  Dan.  stenfrugt; 

as  ston'c  +  fruit.'}  In  bot.,  a  drupe ;  a  fruit  whose 

seeds  are  covered  with  a  hard  shell  enveloped 

in  a  pulp,  as  the  peach,  cherry,  and  plum.   See 

drupe. 

Bring  with  you  the  kernels  of  peares  and  apples,  and 
the  stones  of  such  stone/mitt  as  you  shall  find  there. 

Uakluyt't  Voyages,  I.  439. 


Stunecr.lb  (Mfntfft  nifrcenarin 


merceiiaria. —  4.  The  dobson  or  hell 
See  cut  under  sprawler.     [Local,  U.  S.] 

stone-crawfish  (ston'kra'fish),  n.  A  crawfish 
of  Europe,  specified  as  Astacus  torrcntiiim,  in 
distinction  from  the  common  crawfish  of  that 
country,  A.  flur'uitilj*. 

Stone-cray  (ston'kra),  n.  A  distemper  in  hawks. 
Imp.  Diet. 

stone-cricket   (ston'krik"et),  M.     One  of  the 


Stonechat  {Pratincola  rubicola),  in  a  usual  plumage. 

other  parts  of  Europe.  The  true  stonechat  is  about  5  inches 
long,  the  wing  2J,  the  tail  scarcely  2.  The  male  in  full  plu- 
mage has  the  head  and  most  of  the  back  black,  the  feathers 
of  the  back  mostly  edged  with  sandy  brown ;  the  upper  tail- 
coverts  white,  varied  with  black  and  brown ;  the  wings  and 
tail  blackish-brown,  the  former  with  a  large  white  area  on 
the  coverts  and  inner  secondaries ;  the  sides  of  the  neck  and 
breast  white ;  the  rest  of  the  under  parts  rufous-brown ;  the 
bill  and  feet  black ;  and  the  eyes  brown.  It  nests  on  the 
ground,  and  lays  four  to  six  bluish-green  eggs  clouded  and 
spotted  with  reddish-brown.  Also  called  chickstone,  stone- 
chacker, 8tonechattert  stoneclink,  stonesmich,  stonesmitch,  or 
stotiestnickle,  and  stonesmilh. 

The  Stonechat  closely  resembles  the  Whinchat,  ...  a 
circumstance  which  has  caused  much  confusion ;  .  .  .  for 
in  almost  all  parts  of  England  the  Whinchat,  by  far  the 
commonest  species,  popularly  does  duty  for  the  Stonechat, 
and  in  many  parts  of  Scotland  the  Wheatear  is  universally 
known  by  that  name.  Seebohm,  Hist.  Brit.  Birds,  I.  317. 

Stonechatter  (ston'ohafer).  n.  Same  as  stone- 
chat. 

StQne-climber  (ston'kl5"mer),  n.  The  dobson 
or  hellgrammite.  See  cut  under  sprawler. 
[Local,  U.  S.] 

stoneclink  (stou'klingk),  n.  Same  as  stnne- 
cliat. 

stone-clover  (ston'klo'ver),  ».  The  rabbit- 
foot  or  hare's-foot  clover,  Trifolium  arcense,  a 
low  slender  branching  species  with  very  silky 
heads,  thence  also  called  puss-clover.  It  is  an 
Old  World  plant  naturalized  in  America. 

stone-coal  (ston'kol),  n.  [=  G.  steinkolile;  as 
stone  +  coal."}  Mineral  coal,  or  coal  dug  from 
the  earth,  as  distinguished  from  charcoal:  gen- 
erally applied  in  England  to  any  particularly 
hard  variety  of  coal,  and  especially  to  that 
called  in  the  United  States  anthracite.  See  coal. 

stone-cold  (ston'kold'),  a.  Cold  as  a  stone. 
Fletcher  aw)  Shirley,  Night-Walker,  iv.  4. 

Stone-color  (ston'kul'or), ».  The  color  of  stone ; 
a  grayish  color. 

Stone-colored  (st6n'kul//ord),  a.  Of  the  usual 
color  of  a  large  mass  of  stone,  a  cold  bluish  gray. 

stone-coral  (ston'kor'al),  n.  Massive  coral,  as 
distinguished  from  branching  coral,  or  tree- 
coral;  hard,  sclerodermatous  or  lithocoralline 
coral,  as  distinguished  from  sclerobasic  coral. 
Most  corals  are  of  this  character,  and  are  hexacoralline 
(not,  however,  the  red  coral  of  commerce,  which  is  related 
to  the  sea-fans  and  other  octocorallines). 

stonecrab  (ston'krab),  «.  1.  Any  crab  of  the 
family  Ifiimolidse. —  2.  A  European  crab,  Li- 


wingless  forms  of  the  orthopterous  family  Lo-  Stonegale  (ston  gal),  n.     Same  as  stamel. 
custidx,  living  under  or  among  stones  and  in  Stone-galll  (ston'gal),  «.     [<  stone  +  </«?P.]    A 
dark  places,  and  popularly  confounded  with    roundish  mass  of  clay  otten  occurring  in  vane- 
true  crickets  (which  belong  to  the  orthopterous    fated  sandstone. 

family  Gri/llidx  or  Achetidx).    There  are  many  spe-  Stone-gall2  (ston  gal  ,  «.     Same  as  staniel. 
cies,  of  various  parts  of  the  world,  some  simply  called  Stone-gatherer  (ston'gaTH"er-er),  n.     A  horse- 
crickets,  and  others  cave-crickets.    The  commonest  Ameri-     machine  for  picking  up  loose  stones  from  the 
can  stone-crickets  belong  to  the  genus  Ceuthophilus,  as  C.     ornnnd      Tt  ,.,  ,i,«i«u  ni  *  rwrivini?  hr,i  with  a  toothed 
rnaculatu*.  etc.  Seec^-mcW,  -ad  out  under  Uadencecu*.     ggJSSd  a' tAvellng  a^ron^  a  fo?k  with  c^edTe^ 

Stonecrop  (ston  krop),  n.   [<  ME.  stoncrop,<.  AS.     and  a  lever  for  emptying  it  into  the  box  when  loaded. 
stdncrop,  stonecrop,<  Stan,  stone,  +  crop,  the  top  stone-gray  (ston'gra),   ».     A  dark  somewhat 
or  head  of  a  plant,  a  sprout,  a  bunch  or  cluster    brownish-gray  color. 

of  flowers:  see  stone  and  crop.]  The  wall-pepper,  stone-grig  (ston'grig),  n.    The  pride  or  mud- 
Sedttm  acre:  so  called  as  frequently  growing    lamprey,  Ammocates  brancliialis. 
upon  walls  and  rocks.    It  is  native  throughput  Eu-  stone-hammer   (ston'ham'er),  n.     A  hammer 
rope  and  Asiatic  Russia  and  somewhat  employed  in  orna-     for  breaking  or  rough-dressing  stones, 
mental  gardening;  in  America  called  moss,  mossy  stone-     ,  .  -    <i,!;X.j\    .,      i     TT«»H  .,    ..  ^i, .-,.,.- 

crop,  etc ,  from  its  creeping  and  matting  stems  beset  with  Stone-hard  (ston  hard),  a.  1.  Hard  as  a  stone , 
small  sessile  leaves.  The  flowers  are  bright-yellow  in  unfeeling.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  IV.  4.  iil. —  2f. 
small  terminal  cymes.  The  name  is  also  extended  to  other  Finn  :  fast. 

species  of  similar  habit,  especially  S.  tematum.  and  not  t.  ^.m  i.^.j^  „  ,.,i.  ^.,iu-,1T.n.  HOW 

seldom  to  the  whole  genus. -  Dltch-stonecrop,  a  plant  stcken  the  8ttte8  jf,^"±  SSjSTtotott  884 
of  the  genus  Penthorum,  chiefly  the  American  P.sedoides, 

aweed-like  plant  with  yellowish-green  flowers,  common  stone-harmoniCOH  (ston 'hiir-mon'i-kon),  n. 
in  ditches  and  wet .places. -Great  stonecrop,  an  old     Same  as  iapiacon  and  rock-liarmonicon. 
designation  of  the  kidneywort,  Cotyledon  Umbilicus,  also     .          v    .    /    ,   ,-    /,       ,  \    „       rpv.«  ..;,.,,  ^i^iro^ 
of  SSum  a(6,,m.-Mossy  stonecrop.    See  def.  stone-hatch  (ston  hach),  n.     The  nng-plover, 

Stone-crush  (ston'krush),  «.    A  sore  on  the  foot    ^giahtes  limticula:  so  called  from  nesting  on 
caused  by  a  bruise  from  a  stone.     [Local.]          S^S^.     See  cut  under  JfefeMn.     Tarrell. 

Stone-crusher  (ston'krush"6r),  n.     A  mill  or     L^ov.  i-ng. J 

machine  for  crushing  or  grinding  stone  or  ores  Stone-hawk  (ston'hak),  n.     Same  as  stone-fal- 
for  use  on  roads,  etc. ;  an  ore-crusher;  an  ore-    *<"'• 
mill;  a  stone-breaker  (which  see).  stone-head  (ston'hed),  «.     The  bed-rock;  the 

Stone-curlew  (st6n'ker"lu),  «.     1.  The  stone-     solid  rock  underlying  the  superficial  detntus. 


plover  or  thick-knee,  (Edicnemus  crepitans.    See     fEng.] 
cut  under  (Edicneimts.-Z.  The  whimbrel,  Nu-  stone-hearted  (ston  har*ted),«.  Sameas*to»#- 
luenius  nlneopus. —  3.  In  the  southern  United     hearted. 

States,  the  willet,  Symphemia  semipalmata:  a        Weepe,  ye  stone-carted  men !    Oh,  read  andpittie! 
misnomer.    Audition.  owne,Br 

Stone-cutter  (ston'kut'fer),  «.     1.  One  whose  stone-horet  (ston'hor),  n.     The  common  stone- 
occupation  it  is  to  hew  or  cut  stones  for  build-    crop,  Sedum  acre;  also,  S.  reflexum.   Britten  and 
ing,  ornamental,  or  other  purposes. —  2.  A  ma-     Holland. 
chine  for  shaping  or  facing  stones.  stone-horse  (ston'hdrs),  n. 

Stone-cutting  (ston'kut'ing),  «.  The  business 
of  cutting  or  hewing  stones  for  walls,  monu- 
ments, etc. 

Stoned  (stond),  a.  [<  stone  +  -e<P.]  Having  or 
containing  stones,  in  any  sense.  stone-leek  (ston'lek),  n.  Same  as  cilol,  2. 

Of  toned  fruits  I  have  met  with  three  good  sorts :  viz.,  Stone-lichen  (ston'li'ken),  «.  A  lichen  grow- 
ing upon  stones  or  rocks,  as  species  of  Par- 
melia,  Umbilicaria,  etc.  See  lichi'ii. 
stone-lily  (st6n'lil'*i),  «.  A  fossil  crinoid;  a 
crinite  or  encrinite,  of  a  form  suggesting  a 
lily  on  its  stem.  Also  called  lily-encrinite.  A. 


A  stallion.     [Ob- 
solete or  provincial.] 

My  grandfathers  great  stone-hors,  flinging  up  his  head, 
and  jerking  out  his  left  legge. 

jfargfon,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  II.,  i.  3. 


Cherries,  plums,  and  persimmons. 

Beverley,  Hist.  Virginia,  iv.  1 12. 

The  way 
Sharpe  stan'd  and  thorny,  where  he  pass'd  of  late. 

W.  Broibne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  ii.  3 


Stone-dead  (ston'ded'),  a.     [<  ME.  standeed,     Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  i. 
standed(=  Sw.  Dan.  stendod);  <  stone  +  dead.]  stone-liverwortt  (ston'liv'er-wert),  ».     The 
Dead  as  a  stone;  lifeless.  plant  Marchantia  polymorpha. 

Stone-lobster  (ston'lob'ster),  «.     See  lobster. 

[Local,  U.  S.] 
Stone-lugger  (ston'lug'er),  n.     1. 


The  Oeant  was  by  Gaffray  don  bore, 
So  discomfite,  standede,  and  all  cold. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  8121. 


He  cannot  be  so  stupid,  or  stone-dead. 

B.  Jonwn,  Volpone,  i.  1. 

stone-deaf  (ston 'def'),  «.  Deaf  as  a  stone; 
totally  deaf. 

Stone-devil  (ston'dev'l),  n.  The  dobson  or  hell- 
grammite. See  cut  under  sprawler.  [Virginia.] 

stone-dresser  (ston'dres"er),  «.  1.  One  who 
tools,  smooths,  and  shapes  stone  for  building 
Simmonds.—Z.  One  of  a  variety  of 


ugger  (ston'lug'er),  M.  1.  A  catosto- 
moid  fish  of  the  United  States,  Catostomus  or 
Hypenteliuiit  mgricans;  the  hog-sucker  or  hog- 
molly.  Also  called  stone-roller  and  stone-toter. 
—  2.  A  cyprinoid  fish  of  the  United  States, 
Campostoma  anomalum,  or  some  other  member 
of  that  genus.  It  is  6  or  8  inches  long ;  in  the  males 
in  spring  some  of  the  parts  become  nery-red,  and  the 
head  and  often  the  whole  body  is  studded  with  large 
rounded  tubercles.  It  is  herbivorous,  and  abounds  in 
deep  still  places  in  streams  from  New  York  to  Mexico. 
Also  stone-roller.  See  cut  under  Campostoma. 


purposes. 

power-machines  for  dressing,  polishing,  and 

finishing  marbles,  slates,  and  other  building-  stoneman  (ston'man),  ».     [<  stone  +  dial.  man. 

stones  a  neaP  of  stones,  <  W.  mam,  a  stone.     Cf.  dol- 


stoneman 

men.]  A  pile  of  rocks  roughly  laid  together,  usu- 
ally on  a  prominent  mountain-peak  or  -ridge, 
and  intended  to  serve  either  as  a  landmark  or 
as  a  record  of  a  visit ;  a  cairn. 

Stone-marten  (ston'mar'ten),  «.  Same  as 
beech-marten. 

stone-mason  (ston'ma"sn),  ».  One  who  dresses 
stones  for  building,  or  builds  with  them;  a 
builder  in  stone. 

Stone-merchant  (st6n'mer<'chant),  n.  A  dealer 
in  stones,  especially  building-  or  paving-stones. 

stone-mill  (ston'mil),  n.  1.  A  machine  for 
breaking  or  crushing  stone ;  a  stone-breaker; 
an  ore-crusher.  See  cut  under  stone-breaker. 
—  2.  A  stone-dresser.  See  stone-dresser,  2. 

stone-mint  (ston'mint),  n.  The  American  dit- 
tany. See  Cunila. 

Stone-mortar  (ston'mpr'tar),  n.  A  form  of 
mortar  used  for  throwing  projectiles  of  irregu- 
lar and  varying  form,  such  as  stones. 

stonen  (sto'nen),  a.  [<  ME.  stonen,  also  ste- 
nen,  <  AS.  steenen,  of  stone,  <  stan,  stone :  see 
stone  and  -««2.]  Consisting  or  made  of  stone. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

He  forsothe  areride  a  stonen  signe  of  worship. 

Wyclijf,  Gen.  xxxv.  14. 

Stone-oak  (ston'ok),  n.  An  oak,  Quercus  Ja- 
vensis,  found  in  Java  and  other  islands:  so 
named  from  its  thick  osseous  nut,  which  is  pe- 
culiar among  acorns  in  being  ridged,  with  the 
cupule  fitting  into  the  furrows. 

stone-oil  (ston'oil),  n.     Bock-oil  or  petroleum. 

Stone-owl  (ston'oul),  w.  The  Acadian  or  saw- 
whet  owl,  Nyetala  acadica,  which  sometimes 
hides  in  quarries  or  piles  of  rock.  See  cut  un- 
der Nyetala.  [Pennsylvania.] 

stone-parsley  (st6n'pars"li),  ».  The  plant 
Sison  Amomum;  also,  Seseli  Libanotis  and  other 
species  of  the  genus  Seseli.  See  Seseli. 

Stonepecker  (ston'pek'fir),  re.  1.  The  turn- 
stone,  Strepsilas  interpres.  See  cut  under  turn- 
stone.  [Local,  Great  Britain.]— 2.  The  purple 
sandpiper,  Trinaa  maritima,  a  bird  of  similar 
resorts  and  habits.  [Shetland  Islands.] 

stone-pine  (ston'pin),  n.  See  pinei,  also  oil- 
tree,  5,  and  pignon,  1. 

stone-pit  (ston'pit),  n.  A  pit  or  quarry  where 
stones  are  dug. 

stone-pitch  (ston'pich),  ».  Hard  inspissated 
pitch. 

Stone-plover  (ston'pluv'er),  ».  1.  The  stone- 
curlew,  thick-kneed  plover,  or  thick-knee,  a 


charadripmorphic  or  plover-like  wading  bird  of 
the  family  CEdicnemidie,  (Ediciiemus  crepitans, 
a  common  bird  of  Europe.  See  cut  under  (Edic- 
nemus. —  2.  Hence,  one  of  various  limicoline 
birds  of  the  plover  and  snipe  families,  (a)  The 
Swiss,  gray,  or  bullhead  plover,  Squatarola  helvetica.  See 
cut  under  Swatarola.  (b)  The  ring-plover,  .'Eijialilet  hiati- 
cula,  or  the  dotterel,  Eudromias  morinellus  •  a  stone-run- 
ner. See  cuts  under  JSgialttes  and  dotterel,  (c)  A  shore- 
plover  of  the  genus  Esacus,  as  B.  recunirostrw.  (d)  The 
bar-tailed  godwit,  Limosa  lapponirn.  See  cut  under  Li- 
mom,  (e)  The  whimbrel,  Numenius  phaopw. 

Stone-pock  (ston'pok),  «.  A  hard  pimple  which 
suppurates;  acne. 

stone-priestt  (ston'prest),  n.  A  lascivious 
priest.  Grim  the  Collier.  (Davies.) 

stoner  (sto'ner),  n.  [<  stone  +  -eri.]  One  who 
or  that  which  stones,  in  any  sense  of  that 
word. 

Stone-rag  (ston'rag),  n.  A  lichen,  Parmelia 
saxa  tilts. 

Stone-raw  (ston'ra),  «.  1.  Same  as  stone-rag. 
—2.  The  turnstone,  Strepsilas  interpres.  [Ar- 
magh, Ireland.] 

stonernt  (sto'nern),  a.    [Var.  of  stonen.'}    Con- 

.  sisting  or  made  of  stone.     [Scotch.] 

The  West  Port  is  of  stonern  work,  and  mair  decorated 
with  architecture  and  the  policy  of  bigging. 

Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel,  ii. 

Stone-roller  (ston'ro'ler), ».  Same  as  stpne-luq- 
f/er. 

stone-root  (ston'rot),  n.  See  horse-balm  and 
heal-all. 

Stone-rue  (ston're),  n.  The  fern  Aspknium 
Ruta-muraria.  [Eng.] 

Stone-runner  (ston'run'l'er),  n.  Same  as  stone- 
plover.  2  (b).  [Prov.  Eng.] 

stone-saw  (ston'sa),  n.  A  tool  or  a  sawing- 
machine  for  cutting  marble,  millstones,  and 
building-stones  into  slabs,  disks,  columns  and 
blocks,  either  from  the  live  rock  in  the  quarry 

?r  "«  ?  SSEtTS4  The  most  simple  form  of  machine 
is  a  flat  blade  of  iron  strained  tight  in  a  saw-frame  and 
reciprocated  by  means  of  suitable  mechanism.  The  cut- 
ting  is  done  by  particles  of  sand  continually  supplied  to 
the  saw  by  means  of  a  stream  of  water.  Stone-saw^  of  this 
type  are  usually  arranged  in  gangs,  the  frame  supporting 


5964 

a  number  of  saws,  and  being  suspended  liy  chains  over  the 
block  to  be  cut,  the  spaces  between  the  blades  regulating 
the  thickness  of  the  slabs.  Circular  saws  have  also  been 
used  to  cut  thin  slabs  of  stone  into  narrow  pieces  by  the 
agency  of  wet  sand.  An  improvement  on  this  method  is 
the  use  of  circular  saws  armed  with  black  diamond! or  car- 
bon-points. The  saw  is  placed  in  a  frame  resembling  an 
iron-planer,  the  saw-arbor  having  a  vertical  motion ;  and 
the  block  of  stone,  dogged  to  a  traversing  table,  is  fed  to 
the  saw  as  the  cut  is  made.  Diamond  stone-cutting  ma- 
chines have  also  been  made  in  the  form  of  reciprocat- 
ing saws.  In  one  new  stone  sawing  machine,  called  a 
channeKng-mMchine,  used  to  cut  out  large  blocks  and  col- 
umns in  a  quarry,  a  circular  saw  having  carbon-points  is 
employed,  the  power  being  applied  by  means  of  gearing  to 
the  edge  of  the  saw  instead  of  at  the  arbor.  Another  form 
of  quarrying  stone-saw  consists  of  an  endless  band  of  twist- 
ed wire  rope  passing  in  a  horizontal  direction  over  large 
pulleys,  like  a  band-saw,  and  employing  wet  sand  as  the 
cutting-material. 

stone's-cast  (stonz'kast),  n.  Same  as  stone-cast. 
stoneseed  (ston'sed),  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Lithospermum,  particularly  the  gromwell,  L. 
offlcinale  and  L.  arvense.  The  name,  as  also 
that  of  the  genus,  refers  to  the  hardness  of  the 
seeds. 

Stonesfield  slate.    See  slate?. 
Stone-shot  (ston'shot),  ».   The  distance  a  stone 
can  be  thrown,  either  from  a  cannon  or  from  a 
sling. 

He  show'd  a  tent 
A  stone-shot  off.  Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

stone-shower  (ston'shou'er),  ».  A  fall  of  aero- 
lites; a  meteoric  shower. 

stonesmickle  (ston'smik'l),  ».  Same  as  stone- 
chat  (e).  Also  stonesmich,  stonesmitch,  stone- 
smith. 

stone-snipe  (ston'snip),  w.  1.  The  greater  tell- 
tale, greater  yellowsnanks,  or  long-legged  tat- 
tler, Totanus  melanoleucus,  a  common  North 
American  bird  of  the  family  Scolopacidse.  The 
length  is  from  13  to  14  inches,  the  extent  24  ;  the  bill  is  2 
or  more  inches  long,  the  tarsus  2j.  The  legs  are  chrome- 
yellow;  the  bill  is  greenish-black.  The  upper  parts  are 
dusky,  speckled  with  whitish ;  the  under  parts  are  white 
streaked  on  the  jugulum,  marked  on  the  sides,  flanks,  and 
axillars  with  dusky  bars  and  arrow-heads.  The  tail  is 
barred  with  blackish  and  white.  The  stone-snipe  inhabits 
North  America  at  large,  breeding  in  high  latitudes,  and  is 
chiefly  seen  In  the  United  States  during  the  migrations  and 
in  winter.  It  is  a  noisy  and  restless  denizen  of  marshes, 
bays,  and  estuaries.  See  cut  under  yeUtnclegs. 
2.  Same  as  stone-plover,  1.  Encyc.  Diet. 

stone-sponge  (ston'spunj),  n.  A  lithistidan 
sponge:  so  called  from  the  hardness.  See 
Lithistida. 

Stone-squarer  (ston'skwar'er),   ».     One  who 
forms  stones  into  square  shapes ;  a  stone-cutter. 
And  Solomon's  builders  and  Hiram's  builders  did  hew 
them,  and  the  stonesquarers  (the  Gebalites,  E.  V.J, 

1  Ki.  v.  18. 

stone-Still  (ston'stil'),  a.  [<  ME.  ston-stille;  < 
stone  +  stilfl.]  Still  as  a  stone;  absolutely 
motionless,  silent,  etc.  Sir  Gawayne  and  the 


stood 

stonework.  See  ramje,  n.—  Crandalled  stonework. 
See  crandull.— Random,  range,  etc.,  stonework.  See 
the  qualifying  words. 

Stone-Works  (ston'werks),  ii.  sing,  and  /;/.  1. 
A  stone-cutting  establishment.— 2.  An  estab- 
lishment for  the  making  of  stoneware.  Jt-icitt. 

stonewort(ston'wert),  11.   [<  stone  +u-»rfl.]    1 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Charn :  so  called  from  the 
calcareous  deposits  which  frequently  occur  on 
the  stems.— 2.  Sometimes,  the  stone-parsley, 

N/.WH    AlllOmUHI. 

Stone-yard  (ston'yard),  n.    A  yard  or  inclosure 
in  which  stone-cutters  are  employed, 
stong  (stong),  «.     [A  var.  of  stawffl.]     An  in- 
strument with  which  eels  are  commonly  taken. 
Richardson.     [Lincolnshire,  Eng.] 
Stonifyt  (sto'ni-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stonified, 
ppr.  stultifying.     [<  stone  +  -i-fy.]     To  make 
stony;  petrify.     [Bare.] 
Wilkes  of  stone,  a  shell-flsh  stonified. 

Holland's  Catnden,  p.  365,  margin.    (Dames.) 
Stonily  (sto'ni-H),«(ft'.   In  a  stony  manner;  stiff- 
ly; harshly;  frigidly. 

Stoniness  (sto'ni-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
stony :  as,  the  stoniness  of  ground  or  of  fruit ; 
stoutness  of  heart.  • 

Stonish1t(st6'nish),a.  [<  stone  +  -j«/ji.]   Stony. 
Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Bobinson),  ii.  7. 
Stonish2t  (ston'ish),  v.  t.     [An  aphetic  form  of 
astonish.  Cf.  stoKy?.]    Same  as  astonish.   Shak., 
Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  825. 

Stonishmentt  (ston'ish-ment),  n.     Same  as  as- 
tonishment.    Spenser,  F.  Q'.,  III.  iv.  19. 
Stontt.    A  Middle  English  form  of  slant,  stent, 
contraction  otstandeth,  present  indicative  third 
person  singular  of  stand. 

Stony1  (sto'ni),  a.  [<  ME.  stoin/,  stony,  <  AS. 
stxniy  (=  OHG.  MHG.  steinag,  G.  stein'ig  =  Sw. 
stenig),  stony,  <  stdn,  stone:  see  stone.  Cf.  AS. 
staniht  =  G.  steinicht  =  Dan.  stenet,  stony.]  1. 
Containing  stones;  abounding  in  stone. —  2. 
Made  of  stone;  consisting  of  stone ;  rocky. 

And  some  fell  on  stony  [the  rocky,  R.  V.)  ground  where 
it  had  not  much  earth ;  and  immediately  it  sprang  up 
because  it  had  no  depth  of  earth.  Mark  iv.  6. 

With  love's  light  wings  did  I  o'er-perch  these  walls  • 
For  stony  limits  cannot  hold  love  out. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2.  67. 

3.  Hard  like  stone,  but  not  made  of  stone; 
stone-like. 

The  cocoa-nut  with  its  stony  shell. 

Whittier,  The  Paun-Tree. 

Specifically,  in  anat.  and  zoof.,  very  hard,  like  a  stone  • 
hard  as  a  rock,  (a)  Sclerodermic  or  madreporarian,  as 
corals,  (fc)  Lithistidan,  as  sponges,  (c)  Especially  thick 
and  hard,  aa  some  opercula  of  shells.  See  sea-bean  3.  Id) 
Petrous  or  petrosal,  as  bone,  (e)  Otolithic,  as  concretions 
in  the  ear.  See  ear-bone,  ear  stone,  ototith.  (/)  Turned  to 
stone ;  petrified,  as  a  fossil. 

4.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  stone:  as, 


sturgeon. 

Stone-SUCker  (ston'suk'er),  w.  The  lamprey ; 
a  petromyzont.  [Local,  Eng.] 

stone-thrush  (ston'thrush),  n.  The  mistle- 
thrush.  [Prov.  Bug.] 

stone-toter  (ston'to'ter),  ».    1.  Same  as  stone- 
lugger,  1.    Also  toter.—  2.  A  cyprinoid  fish, 
Exoglossum   maxillingua:   a  cut-lips.     [Local 
U.  S.,  in  both  senses.] 

Stone-walling  (ston'wa"ling),  n.  1.  The  pro- 
cess of  walling  with  stone ;  hence,  walls  built  of 
stone.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  x.  388.—  2.  Parliamen- 
tary obstruction  by  talking  against  time,  rais- 
ing technical  objections,  etc.  [Australia.] 

He  is  great  at  stone-walling  tactics,  and  can  talk  against 
time  by  the  hour. 

Mrs.  Campbell  Praed,  The  Head  Station,  p.  35. 

stoneware  (ston'war),  ».  Potters'  ware  made 
from  clay  of  very  silicious  nature,  or  a  compo- 
sition of  clay  and  flint.  The  clay  is  beaten  in  water 
and  punfled,  and  the  flint  is  calcined,  ground,  and  suspend- 
ed in  water,  and  then  mixed  (in  various  proportions  for 
various  wares)  with  the  clay.  The  mixture  is  then  dried 
in  a  kiln  untU  it  is  sufficiently  solid  to  be  kneaded  and  is 
then  beaten  and  tempered  before  being  molded  into  shape 
When  fired  it  is  not  porous,  like  common  pottery,  but  vit- 
rified through  its  whole  substance  In  consequence  of  the 
great  amount  of  silex  contained  in  the  prepared  clay.  Ves- 
sels of  stoneware  are  generally  glazed  by  means  of  common 
salt.  Ihesalt,  being  thrown  into  the  furnace,  is  volatilized 
by  heat,  becomes  attached  to  the  surface  of  the  ware,  and 
is  decomposed,  the  muriatic  acid  flying  off  and  leaving  the 
soda  behind  it  to  form  a  flne  thin  glaze  on  the  ware,  which 
resists  ordinary  acids.  The  old  German  stoneware  had  of- 
ten a  vitreous  glaze.  See  grei  de  Flandres,  under  mes,  and 
Cologne  ware,  under  ware?. 

stoneweed  (ston'wed),  n.  1.  Same  as  stone- 
seed.—  2.  The  doorweed,  Polygonum  aviculare. 
Britten  and  Holland.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Stonework  (ston'werk),  «.  Work  consisting  of 
stone;  masons'  work  of  stone.- Broken-range 


Of  shale  and  hornblende,  rag  and  trap  and  tuff. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

5.  Bigid;  fixed;  hard,  especially  in  a  moral 
sense;  hardened;  obdurate. 

Thou  knowest  that  all  these  things  do  little  or  nothing 
move  my  mind  — my  heart.  O  Lord,  is  so  stony. 

•   J.  Bradford,  Works  (Parker  Soc.,  1868),  II.  267. 

6.  Painfully  hard  and  cold;  chilling;  frigid; 
freezing. 

The  stony  feare 
Ran  to  his  hart,  and  all  his  sence  dismayd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  46. 
Out  of  my  stony  griefs 

Bethel  111  raise. 
Sarah  F.  Adams,  Nearer,  my  God,  to  Thee. 

He  ... 

Gorgonised  me  from  head  to  foot 
With  a  stony  British  stare. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xiii. 

Stony  cataract,  a  cataract  with  great  hardening  of  the 
lens. 

Stony 2t,  ''.  [<  ME.  stonyen,  stonien;  cf.  astony, 
stunl,  stouiuP,  and  aston..']  I.  trans.  1.  To 
stun. 

He  was  stonyed  of  the  stroke  that  he  myght  not  stonde 
on  his  feet  ne  meve  no  membre  that  he  hadde. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  266. 
2.  To  astonish ;  confound. 

Sothely  thise  wordes  when  I  here  thaym  or  redis  tham 
stanyes  me.    Hampole,  Prose  Treatises  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  43. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  stunned  or  as- 
tounded. 

By  land  and  sea,  so  well  he  him  acquitte, 
To  speake  of  him  I  stony  in  my  witte. 

Batluyt's  Voyages,  I.  296. 

Stony-hearted  (sto'ni-har'ted),  a.  Hard- 
hearted; unfeeling;  obdurate.  Shak..  1  Hen. 
IV.,  ii.  2.  28. 

Stood  (stud).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
stand. 


stock 

Stock  (stuk),  H.  [Also  dial,  stoitk;  prob.  <  MLG. 
xtfikf,  LG.  xtitke,  a  heap  or  bundle,  as  of  flax  or 
turf.  =  G.  stauclic,  a  bundle,  as  of  flax ;  of.  MD. 
xtyek;  a  chest,  hamper.]  A  shock  of  corn,  con- 
sisting, when  of  full  size,  of  twelve  sheaves. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

But  stooks  are  cowpet  wi'  the  blast. 

Burns,  Third  Epistle  to  J.  Lapraik. 

Stool:,  twelve  sheaves  of  corn  stuck  upright,  their  upper 

ends  inclining  towards  each  other  like  a  high  pitched 

roof.    Myrcs  Instructinnsfor  Parish  Priests  (E.  E.  T.  S.), 

[Notes,  p.  79. 

stook  (stuk),  v.  [<  stool;  «.]  I.  trans.  To  set 
up,  as  sheaves  of  grain,  in  stocks  or  shocks. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Still  shearing,  and  clearing, 

The  tither  stocked  raw  |row]. 
Bum*,  To  the  Ouidwife  of  Wauchope  House. 
II.  intrans.  To  set  up  grain  in  stocks.- 
Those  that  binde  and  stooke  nre  likewise  to  have  8d.  a 
day,  for  bindinge  and  xtookinge  of  winter  corne  is  a  man's 
labor.       Best's  Farming  Book  (1641),  p.  43.    (E.  Peacock.) 

Stooker  (stuk'er),  H.  [<  stook  +  -er1.]  One 
who  sets  up  sheaves  in  stooks  or  shocks  in  the 
harvest-field.  J.  Wilson. 

Stool  (stol),  re.  [<  ME.  stool,  stole,  stol,  <  AS. 
stol  =  OS.  stol  =  OFries.  stol  =  D.  stoel  =  MLG. 
stol,  LG.  sM  =  OHG.  stuol,  stual,  stol,  MHG. 
stuol,  G.  xtuM  =  Icel.  stall  =  Sw.  Dan.  stol  = 
Goth,  stols,  a  seat,  chair;  cf.  OBulg.  stolii  = 
Buss,  stolii  =  Lith.  stalas,  a  table,  =  Gr.  cTifljri, 
an  upright  slab  (see  stele9) ;  from  the  root  of 
stall,  stcll,  ult.  from  the  root  of  stand :  gee  stall1, 
stell,  stand."]  1.  A  seat  or  chair;  now,  in  par- 
ticular, a  seat,  whether  high  or  low,  consisting 
of  a  piece  of  wood  mounted  usually  on  three  or 
four  legs,  and  without  a  back,  intended  for  one 
person;  also,  any  support  of  like  construction 
used  as  a  rest  for  the  feet,  or  for  the  knees  when 
kneeling. 

I  may  noujte  stonde  ne  stoupe  ne  with-oute  a  stole  knele. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  394. 

By  sitting  on  the  stage,  you  may  .  .  .  have  a  good  stool 
for  sixpence.  Dekker,  Gull's  Hornbook,  p.  141. 

Oh !  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk, 
Perch'd  like  a  crow  upon  a  three-legg'd  stool? 

Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 
2f.  The  seat  of  a  bishop ;  a  see. 

This  bispryche  [Salisbury]  wes  hwylen  two  bispriche ; 
theo  other  stol  wes  at  Remmesbury,  .  .  .  the  other  at 
Schireburne.  Old  Eng.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  145. 

3.  Same  as  ducking-stool. 

I'll  speed  me  to  the  pond,  where  the  high  stool 
On  the  long  plank  Imngs  o'er  the  muddy  pool, 
That  stool,  the  dread  of  every  scolding  quean, 
Yet  sure,  a  lover  should  not  die  so  mean. 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Wednesday,  I.  107. 

4.  The  seat  used  in  easing  the  bowels ;  hence, 
a  fecal  evacuation ;  a  discharge  from  the  bow- 
els.—  5t.  A  frame  for  tapestry-work. 

This  woful  lady  lerned  had  in  youthe 
So  that  she  werken  and  enbrouden  couthe, 
And  weven  in  hir  stole  the  radevore 
As  hit  of  women  hath  be  woned  yore. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2352. 

6.  The  root  or  stump  of  a  timber-tree,  or  of  a 
bush,  cane,  grass,  etc.,  which  throws  up  shoots ; 
also,  the  cluster  of  shoots  thus  produced. 

What  is  become  of  the  remains  of  these  ancient  vine- 
yards, as  vines  shoot  strongly  from  the  stoul,  and  are  not 
easily  eradicated  ?  Archseologia,  III.  91.  (Dames.) 

The  male  prisoners,  who  were  besom-makers,  had  been 
seen  cutting  sticks  in  Sweethope  Dene  ...  a  few  days  be- 
fore, and  these  sticks,  having  been  compared  with  some 
stools  in  that  secluded  wood  from  which  cuttings  had  been 
made,  were  found  to  correspond. 

North-Country  Lore  and  Legend,  II.  254. 

7.  The  mother  plant  from  which  young  plants 
are  propagated  by  the   process  of  layering. 
Lindley. — 8.  Naut. :  (a)  A  small  channel  in  the 
side  of  a  vessel  for  the  deadeyes  of  the  back- 
stays.    (6f)  An  ornamental  block  placed  over 
the  stem  to  support  a  poop-lantern. — 9.  A  mov- 
able pole  or  perch  to  which  a  pigeon  is  fastened 
as  a  lure  or  decoy  for  wild  birds.     See  the 
extract  under  stool-pigeon,  1.     Hence  — 10.  A 
stool-pigeon;  also,  a  decoy-duck. 

The  decoys,  or  stools,  as  they  are  called,  are  always  set  to 
windward  of  the  blind.  .  .  .  The  stools  should  be  set  in  a 
crescent-shaped  circle  [about  fifty  of  them]  with  the  heads 
of  the  decoys  pointing  to  the  wind.  Shore  Birds,  p.  44. 

11.  Material  spread  on  the  bottom  for  oygter- 
spat  to  cling  to ;  set,  either  natural  or  artificial. 
See  cultch, — Back-stool,  a  kind  of  low  easy-chair. — 
Folding  stool.  See /oWk— Office  stool,  a  high  stool 
made  for  use  by  persons  writing  at  a  high  desk,  such  as  are 
used  by  bookkeepers  and  clerks.  — Stool  of  a  window, 
or  window-stool,  in  arch.,  the  flat  piece  on  which  the 
sash  shuts  down,  corresponding  to  the  sill  of  a  door. — 
Stool  of  repentance,  in  Scotland,  an  elevated  seat  in  a 
church  on  which  persons  were  formerly  made  to  sit  to 
receive  public  rebuke  as  a  punishment  for  fornication  or 
adultery.  Compare  cutty-stool. 


5965 


What !  d'ye  think  the  lads  wi'  the  kilts  will  care  for  yer 
synods,  and  yer  presbyteries,  and  yer  Imttock-mail,  and 
yer  stool  o'  repentance!  Scott,  Waverlcy,  xxx. 

To  fall  between  two  stools,  to  lose,  or  be  disappointed 
in,  both  of  two  things  between  which  one  is  hesitating. 

No  one  would  have  thought  that  .  .  .  Lily  was  aware 
.  .  .  that  she  was  like  to  /all  to  the  ground  between  tico 
stools  — having  two  lovers,  neither  of  whom  could  serve 
her  turn.  TroUope,  Ust  Chronicle  of  Barset,  xxxv. 

(See  also  camp-start,  footstool,  night-stool,  piano-stool.) 
stool  (stol),  r.     [<  xtwl,  «.]     I.  intrnim.  1.  To 
throw  up  shoots  from  the  root,  as  a  grass  or  a 
grain-plant;  form  a  stool.     See  stool,  n.,  6. 

I  worked  very  hard  in  the  copse  of  young  ash  with  my 
bill-hook  and  a  shearing  knife,  cutting  out  the  saplings 
where  they  stooled  too  close  together 

It.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  xxxviii. 

2.  To  decoy  duck  or  other  fowl  by  meann  of 
stools.     [U.  S.] 

For  wet  stooling,  the  wooden  ones  [decoys]  are  prefer- 
able, as  the  tin  ones  soon  rust  and  become  worthless. 

Shore  Birds,  p.  45. 

3.  To  be  decoyed ;  respond  to  a  decoy.    [U.S.] 
They  [widgeons]  stool  well  to  any  shoal-water  duck  de- 
coys, and  answer  their  call.    Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  200. 

4.  To  evacuate  the  bowels. 

II.  trans.  To  plow ;  cultivate.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—To  stool  turfs,  to  set  turfs  two  and  two,  one  against 
the  other,  to  be  dried  by  the  wind.  Halliuell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Stool-ball  (stol'bal),  «.  An  outdoor  game  of 
the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  gen- 
erally played  by  women  alone,  but  sometimes 
in  company  with  men.  See  second  quota- 
tion. 

Daugh.  Will  you  go  with  me  7 

Wooer.  What  shall  we  do  there,  wench  ? 

Daugh.  Why,  play  at  stool-ball. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  2. 

Stool-Ball.  Thisgame,  so  often  mentioned  in  old  writers, 
is  still  played  in  almost  every  village  in  Sussex,  and  is 
for  ladies  and  girls  exactly  what  cricket  is  to  men.  Two 
pieces  of  board  18  inches  by  12  are  fixed  to  two  sticks 
from  3  to  4  feet  high,  according  to  the  age  of  the  players. 
These  sticks  are  stuck  in  the  ground  sloping  a  little  back* 
wards,  and  from  10  to  15  yards  apart.  The  players  take 
sides,  generally  eight  to  ten  each.  .  .  .  The  bowler  pitches 
the  ball  at  the  board,  which  in  fact  is  the  wicket  If  he 
hits  it  the  player  is  out.  The  same  is  the  case  if  the  ball 
is  caught ;  and  the  running  out,  stumping,  &c.,  are  ex- 
actly like  cricket.  N.  and  Q.,  3d  ser.,  XI.  457. 

Stool-end  (stol'end),  n.  In  mining,  a  part  of 
rock  left  unworked  for  the  purpose  of  support- 
ing the  rest. 

stool-pigeon  (stol'pij'on),  n.  1.  A  pigeon  fast- 
ened to  a  stool,  and  used  as  a  decoy. 

The  Stool-Pigeon,  also,  as  familiar  to  English  ears  as  to 
ours,  exists  here  —  and  even  in  the  Eastern  States  —  still 
in  both  its  primary  signification  and  its  figurative  exten- 
sion. In  the  former  it  means  the  pigeon,  with  its  eyes 
stitched  up,  fastened  on  a  stool,  which  can  be  moved  up 
and  down  by  the  hidden  fowler,  an  action  which  causes 
the  bird  to  flutter  anxiously.  This  attracts  the  passing 
flocks  of  wild  pigeons,  which  alight  and  are  caugnt  by  a 
net,  which  may  be  sprung  over  them. 

De  Vere,  Americanisms,  p.  210. 

Hence — 2.  A  person  employed  as  a  decoy:  as, 
a  stool-pigeon  for  a  gambling-house:  such  a 
fellow  is  generally  a  "rook"  who  pretends  to 
be  a  "pigeon."  See  pigeon,  2,  and  rook1,  3. 

Stoom  (stom),  n.  and  v.     Same  as  stum. 

stoop1  (stop),  v.  [Formerly  and  still  dial. 
stoup;  <  ME.  stoupen,  stowpen,  stupen,  <  AS.  stu- 
pian  =  MD.  stuypen  =  Icel.  stupa  (very  rare), 
stoop,  =  Norw.  stupa,  fall,  drop,  =  Sw.  stupa, 
dial,  stjupa,  fall,  drop,  tr.  lower,  incline,  tilt; 
akin  to  steep1 :  see  steep1,  and  cf .  steep2.  The 
reg.  mod.  form  from  AS.  stupian  is  stoup  (pron. 
stoup),  as  in  dialectal  use.  The  retention  of 
or  reversion  to  the  orig.  AS.  vowel-sound  b 
occurs  also  in  room  ((.  AS.  rum)  (and  in  wound 
(as  pron.  wond),  <  AS.  wand).]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
bend;  bow;  incline;  especially,  of  persons,  to 
lower  the  body  by  bending  forward  and  down- 
ward. 

He  hit  on  his  helme  with  a  heuy  sword, 

That  greuit  hym  full  gretly,  gert  hym  to  stoupe. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7256. 

The  grass  stoops  not,  she  treads  on  it  so  light 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1028. 

How  sweetly  does  this  fellow  take  his  dowst ! 
Stoops  like  a  camel ! 

Fletcher  (and  another1!),  Nice  Valour,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  be  bent  or  inclined  from  the  perpendicu- 
lar; specifically,  to  carry  the  head  and  shoul- 
ders habitually  bowed  forward  from  the  up- 
right line  of  the  rest  of  the  body. 

A  good  leg  will  fall ;  a  straight  back  will  stoop;  a  black 
beard  will  turn  white.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2.  168. 

Tall  trees  stooping  or  soaring  in  the  most  picturesque 
variety.  George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xxiii. 

3.  To  come  down;  descend. 


stoop 

The  cloud  may  xloop  from  heaven  and  take  the  shitji-  . 
With  fold  to  fold,  of  mountain  or  of  cape. 

Tennyson,  Prinocu,  vi.  (song). 

4.  Specifically,  to  swoop  upon   pn-.v  or  .|uarry. 
as  a  hawk;  pomn-<>. 

As  I  am  a  gentleman, 

I  '11  meet  next  corking,  :ind  hrin^  a  hazard  with  nit* 
That  xtiMtps  as  free  as  lightning. 

Tn ink-is  {:),  Alhuniazar,  ill.  5. 
Here  stands  my  dove  ;  *lft«p  at  her  if  you  dare. 

/;.  Jfin*m,  Alchemist,  v.  :i. 

5.  To  condescend ;  deign:  especially  express- 
ing a  lowering  of  the  moral  self,  and  generally 
followed  by  an  infinitive  or  the  preposition  to. 

Is  Religion  a  beggarly  and  contemptible  thing,  that  it 
doth  not  become  the  greatness  of  >our  mimls  in  xfttnp  to 
take  any  notice  of  it?  Sltlliiiyiln'f,  Sermons,  1.  v. 

Frederic,  indeed,  stooped  for  a  time  even  to  use  the 
language  of  adulation.  Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

6.  To  yield;  submit;  succumb. 

Thus  hath  the  Field  and  the  Church  stouped  to  Mahomet. 
Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  242. 
1  will  make  thee  stoop,  thou  abject. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  3. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  bend  downward ;  bow. 
Myself  .  .  . 
Have  stoop'd  my  neck  under  your  injuries. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  1.  19. 
She  stooped  her  by  the  runnel's  side. 

Scott,  Mai  in  ion.  vi.  30. 

2.  To  incline;  tilt:  as,  to  stoop  a  cask.  Halli- 
well.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  To  bring  or  take  down ; 
lower,  as  a  flag  or  a  sail. 

Nor,  with  that  Consul  join'd,  Vespasian  could  prevail 
In  thirty  several  fights,  nor  make  them  stoop  their  sail. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vili.  212. 

4.  To  put  down ;  abase  ;  submit ;  subject. 

I  will  stoop  and  humble  my  intents 
To  your  well-practised  wise  directions. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  2.  120. 

5.  To  cast  down ;  prostrate  ;  overthrow ;  over- 
come. 

You  have  found  my  spirit ;  try  it  now,  and  teach  me 
To  stoop  whole  kingdoms. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 

6t.  To  swoop  or  pounce  down  upon. 

The  hawk  that  first  stooped  my  pheasant  is  killed  by  the 
spaniel  that  first  sprang  all  of  our  side. 

Webster  and  Dekker,  Northward  Hoe,  v.  1. 

7.  To  steep ;  macerate.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
stoop1  (stop),  n.     [<  stoop1,  ».]     1.  The  act  of 

stooping  or  bending  down ;  hence,  a  habitual 
bend  of  the  back  or  shoulders:  as,  to  walk  with 
a  stoop. 

Now  observe  the  stoops, 
The  bondings,  and  the  falls. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  i.  1. 

His  clumsy  figure,  which  a  great  stoop  In  his  shoulders, 
and  a  ludicrous  habit  he  had  of  thrusting  his  head  for- 
ward, by  no  means  redeemed. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  11. 

2.  The  darting  down  of  a  bird  on  its  prey;  a 
swoop ;  a  pounce. 

Once  a  kite,  hovering  over  the  garden,  made  a  stoop  at 
me.  Surtft,  Gulliver's  Travels,  H.  5. 

Hence  —  3f.  That  which  stoops  or  swoops;  a 
hawk.  [Rare.] 

You  glorious  martyrs,  you  illustrious  stoops, 
That  once  were  cloister'd  in  your  fleshly  coops. 

Quartet,  Emblems,  T.  10. 

4.  A  descent  from  superiority,  dignity,  or 
power;  a  condescension,  concession,  or  sub- 
mission :  as,  a  politic  stoop. 

Can  any  loyal  subject  see 
With  patience  such  a  stoop  from  sovereignty? 

Dry  den. 

To  give  the  stoop) ,  to  stoop ;  submit;  yield. 
0  that  a  king  should  give  the  stoop  to  such  as  these. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Abp.  Williams,  it  188.    (Dames.) 

stoop2,  Stoup2  (stop,  stoup),  n.  [<  ME.  stop, 
stope,  appar.  a  var.  (due  to  confusion  with  the 
related  ME.  stoppe,  <  AS.  stoppa :  see  stop2)  of 
'stepe,  "steap,  <  AS.  stedp,  a  cup,  =  MD.  stoop, 
a  cup,  vessel,  D.  stoop,  a  measure  of  about  two 
quarts,  =  MLG.  stop,  a  cup,  vessel,  also  a  mea- 
sure, LG.  stoop,  a  measure,  =  OHG.  stouf,  stouph, 
MHG.  stouf,  G.  stauf,  a  cup,  =  Icel.  staup,  a  cup, 
=  Sw.  stop  (<  D.  or  LG.),  a  measure  of  about 
three  pints;  also  in  dim.  form,  MHG.  stubechin, 
G.  stiibchen,  a  gallon,  measure ;  prob.  ult.  iden- 
tical with  Icel.  staup,  a  lump  (orig.  meaning 
something  cast),  hence  a  vessel  of  metal,  etc., 
from  the  verb  represented  by  Icel.  steypa  = 
Sw.  stopa  =  Dan.  stobe,  cast  (metals),  pour  out 
(liquids),  E.  steep :  see  steep2.  The  spelling 
stoup  is  partly  Sc.,  and  in  tne  Sc.  pron.  stoup 
is  prob.  of  Icel.  origin.]  1 .  A  drinking-vessel ; 
a  beaker;  a  flagon;  a  tankard;  a  pitcher. 
Fetch  me  a  stoupe  of  liquor. 

Shak.  (folio  1023),  Hamlet  v.  1.  68. 


stoop 

Hence — 2.  Liquor  for  drinking,  especially  wine, 
considered  as  the  contents  of  a  stoop:  as,  lie 
tossed  off  liis  tttonj). 
He  took  his  rouse  with 
xtotipg  of  Rhenish  whir. 
Marlowe,  Doctor  Faustus, 
[iii.  4. 

3.  A  basin  for  holy 
water,  usuallyplaced 
in  a  niche  or  against 
the  wall  or  a  pil- 
lar at  the  entrance 
of  Roman  Catholic 
churches:  also  used 
in  private  houses. 
In  the  Greek  Church  it 
is  called  a  colymbion  or 
hayiastnateron.  In  this 
sense  usually  written 
stoup.  Sometimes  also 
called  by  the  French 
name  btnitier,  and  for- 
merly holy-water  stock, 
holy-water  stone. 
StOOp3  (Stop),  H. 

[Derived    from    D.    Ho       tcr  stoup._church  * 
usage  in  New  York;  Mini. .to,  Florence. 

<  D.  stoep,  a  stoop 
(een  hooae  stoep,  a  high  stoop),  MD.  stoepe,  a 
stoop,  a  bench  at  the  door,  =  OS.  stopo  =  OHG. 
stuofa,  MHG.  stuofe,  G.  stufc,  a  step,  guide;  a 
doublet  of  stope,  lit.  a  step,  and  from  the  root 
of  step  (AS.  stapan,  steppan,  pret.  stop):  see 
step.]  An  uncovered  platform  before  the  en- 


r.966 

Stooper  (stfi'per).  ».     [<  n 
who  or  that  which  stoops. 


+  -r;'l.]     One 


stoop. —  Van  Kensselaer  House,  at  Greeubiish,  Ne 


trance  of  a  house,  raised,  and  approached  by 
means  of  steps.  Sometimes  incorrectly  used 
for  porch  or  reranda.  [U.  S. ;  originally  New 
York.] 

Nearly  all  the  houses  [in  Albany]  were  built  with  their 
gables  to  the  street,  and  each  had  heavy  wooden  Dutch 
stoops  with  seats  at  its  door.  J.  F.  Cooper,  Satanstoe,  xi. 

They  found  him  [Stuyvesant],  according  to  custom, 
smoking  his  afternoon  pipe  on  the  stoop,  or  bench  at  the 
porch  of  hia  house.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  287. 

stoop*  (stop),  «.  [Also  stoup ;  a  var.  of  stulp."] 
If.  The  stock  or  stem,  as  of  a  tree ;  the  stump. 

It  may  be  known,  hard  by  an  ancient  stoop, 
Where  grew  an  oak  in  elder  days,  decay'd. 

Tancred  and  Gismunda,  iv.  2. 

2.  A  post  or  pillar;  specifically,  an  upright 
post  used  to  mark  distance,  etc.,  on  a  race- 
course. 

Stoulpe,  before  a  doore,  souche.  Palsgrave. 

Carts  or  wainea  are  debarred  and  letted  [by  coaches] : 
the  milk-maid's  ware  is  often  spilt  in  the  dirt,  .  .  .  being 
crowded  and  shrowded  up  against  stalls  and  stoopes. 

John  Taylor,  Works,  ii.  242.    (Bartlett.) 

And  'twere  well  to  have  a  flag  at  the  ending  stoup  of 
each  heat  to  be  let  down  as  soon  as  the  first  horse  is  past 
the  stmtp.  Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VI.  421. 

3.  An  upright  support ;  a  prop  or  column ;  spe- 
cifically, in  coal-mining,  a  pillar  of  coal  left  to 
support  the  roof  .—4.  Figuratively,  a  sustainer ; 
a  patron. 

Dalhousie,  of  an  auld  descent, 
My  chief,  my  stoup,  and  ornament. 

Ramsay,  Poems,  II.  867.  (Jamieton.) 
[Prov.  Eug.  and  Scotch  in  all  uses.] 
Stoop  and  room,  a  method  of  mining  coal  in  use  in 
Scotland,  differing  but  little  from  the  pillar  and  breaat 
method.  See  pillar.—  Stoop  and  roop.  [Also  stoup  and 
roup;  a  riming  formula,  of  which  the  literal  or  original 
meaning  is  not  obvious;  explained  by  Jamieson  as  for 
stump  and  rump.]  The  whole  of  everything ;  every  jot : 
often  used  adverbially. 

"  But  the  stocking,  Hobble? "  said  John  Elliot ;  "  we're 
utterly  ruined.  .  .  .  We  are  ruined  stoop  and  roop." 

Scott,  Black  Dwarf,  x. 

Stoop  and  thirl.  Same  as  stoop  and  room.  N.  and  Q., 
7th  ser.,  VI.  264. 

stooped  (sto'ped  or  stopt),  a.  [<  stoopi  +  -e<f2.] 
Having  a  stoop  in  posture  or  carriage;  round- 
shouldered;  bent. 

The  college  witticism  that  " and "(another 

highly  esteemed  university  dignitary)  "are  the  stoopedest 
men  in  New  Haven."  The  Atlantic,  LXIV.  557. 


Stooping  (BtB'ping),  J>.  O.  1.  Leaning;  bending 
forward  and  downward;  hence,  bent;  bowed: 
as,  stoopiny  shoulders;  a  stiiopiiin  figure.  —  2f. 
Yielding;  submissive. 

A  stooping  kinil  of  disposition,  clean  opposite  to  con- 
tempt. Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  vii.  ii. 

3.  In  her.,  swooping  or  flying  downward  as  if 
about  to  strike  its  prey  :  noting  a  hawk  used  as 
a  bearing.     Also  spelled  stovpimj. 
stoopingly  (sto'ping-li),   adv.     In  a  stooping 
manner  or  position  ;  with  a  bending  of  the  body 
forward.     Sir  ff.  H'o/ton,  Reliquiae,  p.  260. 
Stoop-Shouldered  (stop'shol"derd),  a.    Having 
a  habitual  stoop  in  the  shoulders  and  back. 
Stoor1  (stor),  «.     [Also  stour;  early  mod.  E. 
alsostoore;  Sc.  stour,  stoure,  sture,  (.  ME.  stoor, 
stnre,  stor,  <  AS.  stor  =  OFries.  stor  =  Icel. 
storr  =  Dan.  Sw.  stor,  great,  large.]    1.  Great  ; 
large  ;  strong;  mighty. 

He  was  store  man  of  strenght,  stoutest  in  armes. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  3743. 
On  a  grene  hille  he  sawe  a  tre, 
The  savoure  of  hit  was  stronge  &  store. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  101. 

2.  Stiff;  hard;  harsh. 

Stoure,  rude  as  course  clothe  is,  gros.  Palsgrave. 

Now,  to  look  on  the  feathers  of  all  manner  of  birds,  you 

shall  see  some  so  low,  weak,  and  short,  some  so  coarse, 

stoore,  and  hard,  and  the  ribs  BO  brickie,  thin,  and  narrow, 

that  it  can  neither  be  drawn,  pared,  nor  yet  will  set  on. 

Ascham,  Toxophilua  (ed.  1864),  p.  123. 

3.  Austere  ;  harsh  ;  severe  ;  violent  ;  turbulent  : 
said  of  persons  or  their  words  or  actions. 

O  stronge  lady  stoore,  what  dost  thow? 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  1123. 
Thenne  ho  get  hym  god-day,  &  wyth  a  glent  laged, 
&  as  ho  stod,  ho  Btonyed  hym  wyth  ful  stor  wordez. 
Sir  Oatmyne  and  the  Green  Kniyht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1291. 
Stowre  of  conversacyon,  estourdy.  Palsgrave. 

4.  Harsh;  deep-toned.     Halliitell. 
[Obsolete  or  provincial  in  all  uses.] 

stoor2  (stor),  ».     [Also  stour;  <  ME.  storen,  < 
AS.  as  if  *storian,  a  var.  of  styrian  =  MLG.  sto- 
ren, etc.,  move,  stir:  see  stir1  and  steer3,  dou- 
blets of  stoor2.]    I.  intrans.  1.  To  move;  stir. 
Halliwell.     [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 
Loke  ye  store  not  of  that  stedd, 
Whedur  y  be  quyck  or  dedd. 

MS.  Cantab.  Vt.  II.  38,  1.  191.    (II  all,  mil., 

2.  To  move  actively;  keep  stirring.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  3.  To  rise  up  in  clouds,  as  smoke,  dust, 
etc.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  stir  up,  as  liquor.  [Prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  Hence  —  2.  To  pour;  especially, 
to  pour  leisurely  out  of  any  vessel  held  high. 
[Scotch.]  —  3.  To  sprinkle.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
stoor2  (stor),  «.  [Also  stour;  <  stoor2,  r.  Cf. 
stir1,  ti.  In  some  senses  confused  in  the  spelling 
stour  with  stour3.']  1.  Stir;  bustle;  agitation; 
contention.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

An  infinite  cockneydom  of  stoor  and  din. 

Carlyle,  in  Fronde,  i.  181. 

2.  Dust  in  motion;  hence,  also,  dust  at  rest. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Our  ancient  crown  'a  fa'n  in  the  dust  — 
De'il  blin'  them  wi'  the  stoure  o  't. 

Burns,  Awa',  Whigs,  Awa'. 

3.  A  gush  of  water.  Jamieson;  Ha  llitccll  (under 
stour,  stowre).   [Scotch.]  —  4.  Spray.   [Scotch.] 
—  5.  A  sufficient  quantity  of  yeast  for  brewing. 
Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Stoor3t,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  store3. 
stoorey  (sto'ri),  ».     [Cf.  stoor2,  «.,  5.]    A  mix- 

ture of  warm  beer  and  oatmeal  stirred  up  with 

sugar.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
stoornesst  (stor'nes),  «.   [Alsosto«rn«as;  <ME. 

stowrnes,  stowrencs  ;  <  stoor1  +  -ness.  ]  Strength  ; 

power. 

And  Troiell,  the  tru  knight,  trayturly  he  slogh, 

Noght  thurgh  etourenes  of  strokes,  ne  with  strenght  one. 
Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  10345. 

stoory  (sto'ri),  a.  [Also  stoury,  stowry;  <  stoor-, 
n.,  2,  +  -yl.]  Dusty.  [Scotch.] 

An  aye  she  took  the  tither  souk, 
To  drouk  the  stowrie  tow. 
Burns,  I  Bought  my  Wife  a  Stane  of  Lint. 

stooth  (stoth),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  stothe;  prob.  < 
Icel.  stoth  =  Sw.  stod,  a  post  ;  cf  .  AS.  studu,  >  ME. 
stode,  E.  stud,  a  post,  etc.  :  see  stud1."]  A  stud  ; 
a  post;  a  batten.  [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

For  settinge  in  ij.  stothes  and  mendyng  the  wall  of  the 
receiver's  chalmer  over  the  stare. 

Bowden  Roll  (1552),  in  Fabric  Rolls  of  York  Minster, 
[p.  355.    (E.  Peacock.) 

StOOth  (stoth),  ».  t.  [<  stooth,  ».]  To  lath  and 
plaster.  Halliwell;  Jamieson.  [Prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 


Stop 

StOOthing  (stii'thing),  H.  [<  *'»»/*  +  -iiig'i,  or 
a  var.  of  studding,  accom.  to  atootli.'}  Studding; 
battening. 

Stop1  (stop),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  xlii)i)icil,  ppr.  stop- 
liini/.  [<  ME.  stopprtt,  xtnppien,  <  AS.  xtoji/iidii 
(in  comp.  for-etoppian),  stop  up,  =  OS.  stup- 
poit  =  MD.  I),  stoppen  =  MLG.  LG.  stoy)/»«. 
stuff,  cram,  =  OHG.  stoffmi,  stoppon,  MHG. 
G.  slopfcii,  stoppi'n  =  Icel.  Sw.  stoppa  =  Dan. 
••itn/i/ie,  stop.  («)  According  to  the  usual  view, 
=  OF.  estoupcr,  F.  etnupcr  =  OSp.  estopar  = 
It.  stoppare,  stop  up  with  tow,  <  LL.  stupare, 
xtuppare,  stop  up  with  tow,  cram,  stop,  <  L.stupu, 
xtn/>i>a  =  Gr.  cri-ii,  ari'TTTrr/,  coarse  part  of  flax, 
hards,  oakum,  tow:  see  stxpa,  stupe1,  (b)  But 
this  explanation,  which  suits  phonetically,  is  on 
grounds  of  meaning  somewhat  doubtful ;  it  does 
not  appear  from  the  early  instances  of  the  verb 
that  the  sense  'stop  with  tow,'  'stuff,'  is  the 
original.  The  similarity  with  the  L.  and  Rom. 
forms  may  be  accidental,  and  the  Teut.  verb 
may  be  different  (though  mingled  with  the 
other),  and  connected  with  OHG.  gtophon, 
MHG.  stupfen,  stiipfen,  pierce,  and  so  ult.  with 
E.  stump.  Cf.  stuff,  v.,  derived,  through  the  F., 
from  the  same  Teut.  source.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
close  up,  as  a  hole,  passage,  or  cavity,  by  fill- 
ing, stuffing,  plugging,  or  otherwise  obstruct- 
ing ;  block  up ;  choke :  as,  to  stop  a  vent  or  a 
channel. 

Ther  is  an  eddre  thet  is  y-hote  ine  latin  aspis,  thet  is  of 
/.iiiclii-  kende  thet  hi  etoppeth  thet  on  eare  mid  erthe,  and 
thet  other  mid  hare  tayle.  thet  hi  ne  yhere  thane  channere. 
Auenbite  of  Jnwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  257. 
Imperious  Cjesar,  dead,  and  turn'd  to  clay, 
Might  stop  a  hole  to  keep  the  wind  away. 

Shalt.,  Hamlet,  v.  1.  237. 
Mountains  of  ice,  that  stop  the  imagined  way, 
Beyond  Petsora  eastward,  to  the  rich 
Cathaian  coast.  Milton,  \:  \...  \.  291. 

2.  To  make  close  or  tight ;  close  with  or  as  with 
a  compressible  substance,  or  a  lid  or  stopper: 
as,  to  stop  a  bottle  with  a  cork;  hence,  to  stanch. 

The  eldest  and  wysest  at  Geball  were  they  that  mended 
and  stopped  thy  shippes.         Bible  of  1551,  Ezek.  xxvii.  9. 

Have  by  some  surgeon,  Shylock.  on  your  charge, 
To  stop  his  wounds,  lest  he  do  bleed  to  death. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1.  258. 

Children  yet 
Unborn  will  stop  their  ears  when  thou  art  nam'd. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 
This  place  [a  Maronlte  convent]  is  famous  for  excellent 
wine,  which  they  preserve,  as  they  do  in  all  these  parts, 
in  large  earthen  jars,  close  stopped  down  with  clay. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  103. 

3.  To  shut  up ;  inclose ;  confine. 

Forth!  yf  combes  ronke  of  hony  weep, 

Three  dayes  stopped  up  atte  home  hem  [bees]  keep. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  138. 
Whatever  spirit  .  .  .  leaves  the  fair  at  large 
Shall  feel  sharp  vengeance  soon  o'ertake  bis  sins, 
Be  stopp'd  in  vials,  or  traiistix'd  with  pins. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  ii.  126. 

4.  To  hinder  from  progress  or  procedure;  cause 
to  cease  moving,  going,  acting,  working,  or  the 
like;  impede;  check;  head  off;  arrest:  as,  to 
stop  a  car;  to  stop  a  ball;  to  stop  a  clock;  to 
stop  a  thief. 

"How  dare  you  stop  my  errand?"  he  says; 
"My  orders  you  must  obey." 

Child  Nory/x  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  41). 
Did  they  exert  themselves  to  help  onward  the  great 
movement  of  the  human  race,  or  to  stop  it? 

Macaulay,  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

5.  To  hold  back,  as  from  a  specified  course, 
purpose,  end,  or  the  like;  restrain;  hinder:  fol- 
lowed by  from  (obsolete  or  dialectal  of). 

No  man  shall  stop  me  of  this  boasting.         2  Cor.  xi.  10. 

Thus  does  he  poison,  kill,  and  slay,  .  .  . 
Yet  stops  me  o'  my  lawfu'  prey. 

Burns,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

6.  To  prevent  the  continuance  of;  suppress; 
extinguish ;  bring  to  an  end :  as,  to  stop  a  leak. 

Thei  putten  here  hondes  upon  his  mouthe,  and  stoppen 
his  Brethe,  and  so  the!  sleeii  him. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  201. 
If  there  be  any  love  to  my  deservings 
Borne  by  her  virtuous  self,  I  cannot  stop  it. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  i.  1. 

7.  To  check  or  arrest  by  anticipation. 


The  grief  . 


that  etiips  his  answer. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1664. 


Every  bold  sinner,  when  about  to  engage  in  the  commis- 
sion of  any  known  sin,  shonld  .  .  .  flop  the  execution  of 
his  purpose  with  this  question  :  Do  I  believe  that  God  has 
denounced  death  to  such  a  practice,  or  do  I  not? 

South.    (Johnson.) 
8.  To  keep  back;  withhold. 

Do  you  mean  to  stop  any  of  William's  wages,  about  the 
sack  he  lost  the  other  day  at  Hinckley  fair? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1.  24. 


stop 

Nor  stops,  for  one  bad  cork,  his  butler's  pay. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i>  fi3. 

9.  To  cease  from ;  discontinue ;  bring  to  a  stop. 

When  the  crickets  slapped  their  cry, 

When  the  owls  forbore  a  term, 
You  heard  music ;  that  was  I. 

Browning,  Serenade  at  the  Villa. 

10.  Ill  musical  instruments:  (a)  Of  the  lute  and 
viol  classes,  to  press  (a  string)  with  the  finger 
so  as  to  shorten  its  vibrating  length,  and  thus 
raise  the  pitch  of  the  tone  produced  from  it. 
(6)  Of  the  wind  group  generally,  to  close  (a  fin- 
ger-hole in  the  tube)  so  as  to  change  the  nodes 
of  the  vibrating  column  of  air,  and  thus  alter 
the  pitch  of  the  tone,    (c)  Of  wind-instruments 
of  the  trumpet  class,  to  insert  the  hand  into  (the 
bell)  so  as  to  shorten  the  length  of  the  vibrating 
column  of  air,  and  thus  to  raise  the  pilch  of 
the  tone. — 11.  Naut.,  to  make  fast  with  a  small 
line:  as,  to  stop  a  line  to  a  harpoon-staff. — 12. 
To  put  the  stops,  or  marks  of  punctuation,  in ; 
point,  as  a  written  composition;  punctuate. 

If  his  sentences  were  properly  stopped. 

Landor.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

13.  In  masonry,  plastering,  etc.,  to  point  or 
dress  over  (an  imperfect  or  damaged  place  in  a 
wall)  by  covering  it  with  cement  or  plaster. — 

14.  In  hort.,  same  as  top. 

After  the  end  of  July  it  is  not  advisable  to  continue  the 
topping  —  technically  stopping— of  the  young  shoots. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  264. 

15.  To  ward  off;  parry.    [Pugilistic  slang.]  — 
A  stoppingoystert.  See  oyster.— Stopping  the  glass. 
See  glass.—  To  Stop  a  gap.    See  gap.— To  Stop  a  line. 
See  lineZ.—  To  stop  down  a  lens,  in  photog.,  etc.,  to  re- 
duce the  amount  of  light  admitted  through  a  lens  by  using 
stops  or  diaphragms.    Sees(opl,«.,12.— To  Stop  off.    (a) 
In  founding,  to  fill  in  (a  part  of  a  mold)  with  sand  to  pre- 
vent metal  from  running  into  that  part  when  the  casting 
is  made.    The  form  of  the  casting  can  frequently  be  thus 
changed  without  the  expense  of  altering  a  pattern  or  mak- 
ing a  new  pattern.    (6)  In  galvanoplastic  operations,  to 
apply  a  varnish  to  (parts  of  a  plate  or  objectX  to  prevent 
the  deposit  of  metal  upon  the  varnished  parts  during  im- 
mersion in  the  gilding  or  electroplating  solution.— To 
stop  one's  mouth,  to  silence  one ;  especially,  to  silence 
one  by  a  sop  or  bribe. 

Let  repentance  slop  your  mouth ; 
Learn  to  redeem  your  fault. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  1. 

If  you  would  have  her  silent,  stop  her  mouth  with  that 
ring.  W ycherley,  Gentleman  Dancing-Master,  v.  1. 

To  stop  out.  (a)  In  the  arts,  to  protect  (a  surface,  etc.) 
from  chemical  or  other  action  by  covering  with  a  coating  : 
as,  in  photography,  to  cover  with  paint,  paper,  etc., as  parts 
of  a  negative  which  are  not  to  be  printed ;  in  electrotyping, 
to  cover  with  wax.  as  parts  of  the  black-leaded  mold,  to 
prevent  the  deposit  of  copper  on  those  parts  ;  in  etching, 
to  cover  with  a  varnish  or  other  resisting  composition,  as 
parts  of  a  plate  which  are  not  to  be  bitten  by  the  acid. 
(6)  Theat.,  to  cover  (some  of  the  teeth)  with  black  wax, 
so  as  to  make  them  invisible.  =Syn.  1  and  4.  To  interrupt, 
block,  blockade,  barricade,  intercept,  end.— 9.  To  sus- 
pend, intermit. 

II.  intrant.  1.  To  check  one's  self;  leave 
off;  desist;  stay;  halt;  come  to  a  stand  or 
stop,  as  in  walking,  speaking,  or  any  other  ac- 
tion or  procedure. 

Why  stops  my  lord  ?  shall  I  not  hear  my  task  ? 

SAai.,3Hen.  VI.,iii.  2.  52. 

Terence  .  .  .  always  judiciously  stops  short  before  he 
comes  to  the  downright  pathetic. 

Goldsmith,  Sentimental  Comedy. 

No  rattling  wheels  stop  short  before  these  gates. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  144. 

2.  To  discontinue;  come  to  an  end;  cease  to 
be:  as,  the  noise  stopped;  an  annuity  stops.— 

3.  To  make  a  halt  or  a  stay  of  longer  or  shorter 
duration;  tarry;  remain. 

We  .  .  .  went  about  half  a  mile  to  the  east  of  Tortura, 
not  designing  to  stop  there. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  60. 

Mr.  Bronte  and  old  Tabby  went  to  bed.  .  .  .  But  Char- 
lotte .  .  .  stopped  up  ...  till  her  weak  eyes  failed  to 
read  or  to  sew.  Mrs.  Gaskett,  Charlotte  Bronte,  II.  121. 

"I  would  rather  sfwabed,"  said  I;  "what  have  I  to  do 
with  fighting?"  S.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  Ixiv. 

I've  been  up  country  some  weeks,  stopping  with  my 
mother.  £  0.  Jewett,  Deephaven,  p.  17. 

4.  To  intercept,  ward  off,  or  parry  a  blow.    [Pu- 
gilistic slang.] 

Don't  stop  with  your  head  too  frequently. 

A.  L.  Gordon,  In  Utrumque  Paratus. 

To  stop  Off  or  over,  to  make  a  brief  or  incidental  stay 
at  some  point  in  the  course  of  a  journey ;  lie  off  or  over : 
also  used  as  a  noun  or  an  adjective :  as,  a  stop-over  check ; 
the  ticket  allows  a  stop  -of  in  Chicago.  [Colloq.]— To  stop 
out,  to  stay  out  all  night,  as  in  the  streets,  or  away  from 
one's  proper  lodging-place. 

Mr.  Hall,  at  Bow-street,  only  says,  "Poor  boy,  let  him 
go. "  But  it 's  only  when  we've  done  nothiuk  but  stop  out 
that  he  says  that. 

Mayhem,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  563. 

stpp1  (stop),  Ji.  [<stop,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  stop- 
ping, in  any  sense,  (a)  A  filling  or  closing  up. 


5967 

A  breach  that  craves  a  quick  expedient  stop ! 

Shak.,  2  Hon.  VI.,  iii.  1.  288. 
(6)  An  impeding  or  hindering ;  obstruction ;  stoppage. 

What 's  he?    One  sent, 
I  feare,  from  ray  dead  mother,  to  make  stop 
Of  our  intended  voyage.        Brome,  Antipodes,  i.  7. 
(c)  A  pause  ;  a  stand ;  a  halt. 

When  he  took  leave  now,  he  made  a  hundred  stops, 
Desir'd  an  hour,  but  half  an  hour,  a  minute. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iii.  1. 

Mrs.  Crummies  advancing  with  that  stage  walk  which 
consists  of  a  stride  and  a  stop  alternately. 

Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby,  \\ v 
('')  Termination ;  ending. 

How  kingdoms  sprung,  and  how  they  made  their  stop, 
I  well  observed.  J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  49. 

(c)  A  stay ;  a  tarrying. 

Coming  to  the  Corner  above  Bethlehem  Gate,  [we]  made 
a  stop  there,  in  order  to  expect  the  return  of  our  Messen- 
ger. Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  67. 

2f.  A  state  of  hesitation  or  uncertainty;  a  stand- 

At  which  sudden  question,  Martius  was  a  little  at  a  stop. 

Bacon,  Holy  War. 

3.  That  which  stops  or  hinders ;  especially,  an 
obstacle  or  impediment ;  specifically,  a  weir. 

He  that  is  used  to  go  forward,  and  flndeth  a  stop,  falleth 
out  of  his  own  favour.  Bacon,  Empire  (ed.  1887). 

What  they  called  stops  .  .  .  were  in  effect  wears  or 
kidels. 
Sir  J.  Hawkins,  in  Walton's  Complete  Angler,  p.  274,  note. 

4.  In  musical  instruments:  (a)  Of  the  lute  and 
viol  classes,  a  pressure  on  a  string  so  as  to  short- 
en its  vibrating  length,  and  raise  the  pitch  of 
its  tone.     (6)  Of  wind-instruments,  the  closing 
of  a  finger-hole  in  the  tube  so  as  to  alter  the 
pitch  of  its  tone,     (c)  Of  wind-instruments  of 
the  trumpet  class,  the  inserting  of  the  hand  into 
the  bell  so  as  to  raise  the  pitch  of  the  tone. — 

5.  Any  lever  or  similar  device  for  thus  stopping 
a  string  or  finger-hole. 

His  jesting  spirit,  which  is  now  crept  into  a  lute-string 
and  now  governed  by  stops.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ill.  2.  62. 

In  every  instrument  are  all  tunes  to  him  that  has  the 
skill  to  find  out  the  stops.  Brome,  Sparagus  Garden,  iii.  4. 

6.  In  an  organ,  a  graduated  set  of  pipes  of 
the  same  kind,  and  giving  tones  of  the  same 
quality.     A  complete  stop  has  at  least  one  pipe  for  each 
digital  of  the  keyboard  to  which  it  belongs ;  if  a  stop  has 
less,  it  is  called  a  partial  stop;  if  more,  it  is  called  a  com- 
pound stop  or  mixture-stop.    The  number  of  pipes  consti- 
tuting a  stop  varies  according  to  the  compass  of  the  key- 
board to  which  It  belongs,  the  usual  number  being  now 
sixty-one  for  manual  keyboards,  and  either  twenty-seven 
or  thirty  for  pedal  keyboards,  while  mixture-stops  have 
between  twice  and  five  times  as  many.    Stops  are  various- 
ly classified,  as  follows :  (a)  As  to  general  quality  of  tone, 
the  principal  qualities  recognized  being  the  or^an-tone 
(as  in  the  open  diapason,  the  octave,  the  fifteenth,  etc.), 
the  flute-tone  (as in  the  bourdon,  the  stopped  diapason,  the 
melodia,  the  flute,  etc.),  the  string-tone  (as  in  tne  viol  da 
gamba,  the  viollna,  the  dulciana,  etc.),  and  the  reed-tone 
(as  in  the  oboe,  the  clarinet,  the  trumpet,  etc.).    The  first 
three  groups  are  also  called  flue-stops,  and  the  last  reed- 
stops,  from  the  construction  of  their  pipes  (see  pipe*,  2).  (6) 
As  to  the  pitch  of  the  tones  relative  to  the  digitals  used, 
the  two  classes  being  foundation-  and  mutation-stops,  of 
which  the  former  give  tones  exactly  corresponding  to  the 
normal  pitch  of  the  digitals,  while  the  latter  give  tones 
distant  from  that  pitch  by  some  fixed  interval,  like  one, 
two,  or  three  octaves,  or  even  a  twelfth.  Foundation-stops 
are  usually  called  eight-feet  stops,  because  the  length  of 
an  open  pipe  sounding  the  second  C  below  middle  C  is 
approximately  eight  feet ;  while  for  an  analogous  reason 
mutation-stops  sounding  an  octave  below  the  normal  pitch 
of  the  digitals  are  called  sixteen-feet  stops;  those  sounding 
the  octave  above,  four-feet  stops;  those  sounding  the 
second  octave  above,  two-feet  stops,  etc.     The  specific 
names  of  stops  are  not  only  numerous,  but  often  vary 
without  sufficient  reason.    Some  names  have  a  merely 
technical  significance,  as  diapason,  principal,  etc. ;  some 
indicate  the  instrument  which  they  are  intended  to  imi- 
tate, as  flute,  trumpet,  violoncello,  etc. ;  while  others  mark 
the  extent  of  the  mutation  produced,  as  octave,  twelfth, 
quint,  etc.    Each  partial  organ  has  its  own  stops,  which 
can  be  sounded  only  by  means  of  the  digitals  of  Its  own 
keyboard.    The  pipes  of  a  stop  are  usually  arranged  in  a 
transverse  row  on  the  wind-chest,  the  order  of  disposition, 
or  plantation,  varying  somewhat.    Under  them,  and  be- 
tween the  upper  and  middle  boards  of  the  chest,  is  a  mov- 
able strip  of  wood  called  a  slider,  which  (together  with 
both  these  boards)  is  perforated  with  holes  corresponding 
to  the  plantation  of  tlie  pipes.    The  position  of  the  slider 
la  controlled  through  a  system  of  levers  by  a  handle  near 
the  keyboard  called  a  register,  stop-knob,  or  stop.    When 
this  handle  is  pulled  out  or  drawn,  the  holes  of  the  slider 
are  coincident  with  those  of  the  two  boards,  so  that  the  air 
can  pass  freely  from  the  pallets  Into  the  pipes ;  when  the 
handle  is  pushed  in,  the  holes  of  the  slider  are  not  coin- 
cident with  those  of  the  two  boards,  and  communication 
between  the  pallets  and  the  pipes  is  cut  off.    In  the  one 
case  the  stop  is  said  to  be  "on,"  in  the  other  "off."    When 
the  slider  controlling  the  use  of  the  upper  pipes  of  a  stop 
is  separated  from  that  controlling  the  lower,  the  stop  is 
called  divided.    Since  the  handles  controlling  the  use  of 
the  pipes  or  stops  proper  are  made  of  the  same  general 
shape  as  those  controlling  various  mechanical  appliances, 
like  couplers,  the  former  are  also  called  sounding  or  speak- 
ing stops,  in  distinction  from  the  latter,  or  mechanical  stop*. 
Stops  whose  quality  or  power  of  tone  is  decidedly  Individ- 
ual,  so  as  to  fit  them  for  the  performance  of  solo  melodies, 
are  called  solo  stops.    See  organ,  reed-organ,  pipe,  etc. 


stop-collar 

The  pathetic  stop  of  Petrarch's  IHH -tical  nrgan  was  one 
he  could  pull  out  at  pleasm  > . 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  SIT.,  i> 

7.  Same  its  xl<>i>-l,-it<il>. — 8.  )>l.  In  the  harpsi- 
chord, handles  controlling  levers  by  which  the 
position  of  the  jacks  could  be  vaned  so  as  t<> 
alter  the  force  or  quality  of  the  tunes  produced. 
—  9.  A  mark  to  indicate  a  stop  or  pause  in 
reading;  a  mark  of  punctuation. 
I  can  write  fast  and  fair. 

Most  true  orthography,  and  observe  my  stops. 

Midilli  Idei  W'.iiM-n.  iii.  -j 

Who  walked  so  slowly,  talked  in  such  a  hurry. 
And  with  such  wild  contempt  for  stop*  and  I.inilK-y  Mur- 
ray !  C.  S.  Calverley,  Isabel. 
10.  Iii  j»iiirri/,  one  of  the  pieces  of  wood  nailed 
on  the  frame  of  a  door  to  form  the  recess  or 
rebate  into  which  the  door  shuts. —  1 1 .  Xim  t. : 
(H)  A  projection  at  the  head  of  a  lower  mast, 
supporting  the  trestletrees.  (6)  A  bit  of  small 
line  used  to  lash  or  fasten  anything  temporarily : 
as,  hammock  x^w,  awning-ffop*. — 12.  In  «/'- 
tics,  a  perforated  diaphragm  inserted  between 
the  two  combinations  of  a  double  lens,  or  placed 
in  front  of  a  single  lens,  to  intercept  the  ex- 
treme rays  that  disturb  the  perfection  of  the 
image.  The  practical  effect  of  the  stop  is  to  increase 
the  depth  of  the  focus  and  sharpness  of  definition,  but  to 
diminish  the  illumination  in  the  exact  ratio  of  the  diame- 
ter of  the  stop  to  that  of  the  lens,  and  hence,  in  photogra- 
phy, to  increase  correspondingly  the  necessary  time  of  ex- 
posure. 

Microscopes,  in  which,  whatever  be  the  size  of  the  lens 
itself,  the  greater  portion  of  its  surface  is  rendered  inop- 
erative by  a  stop.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  10. 

13.  In  bookbinding,  a  small  circular  finishing- 
tool  used  by  bookbinders  to  stop  a  line  or  fillet 
at  its  intersection  with  another  line. — 14.  In 
lace-manuf.  (in  the  application  of  the  Jacquard 
attachment  described  under  loom,  2,  to  a  lace- 
frame),  a  point  at  which  the  different  sets  of 
warp-threads  are  concentrated  or  brought  to  a 
sort  of  focus,  and  which  in  the  design  of  a  pat- 
tern is  taken  as  a  basis  for  measurement  in  de- 
termining the  distances  the  respective  threads 
in  the  set  must  be  moved  to  form  the  desired 
pattern.  The  movements  of  the  mechanism 
are  adjusted  in  accordance  with  these  measure- 
ments.— 15.  In  phonetics,  an  alphabetic  sound 
involving  a  complete  closure  of  the  mouth-or- 
gans; a  mute;  a  check.— 16.  The  concavity 
of  the  profile  of  a  dog's  face,  specially  marked 
in  the  bulldog  and  pug. — 17.  In  fencing,  the  ac- 
tion whereby  a  fencer,  instead  of  parrying  a 
blow  and  then  thrusting,  allows  a  careless  op- 
ponent to  run  on  his  sword-point.  He  may  hasten 
the  stop  by  extending  the  sword-arm.  (See  stop-thrust.) 
The  stop  is  discouraged  in  fencing  as  a  game,  since  much 
use  of  it  shortens  the  passages,  and  destroys  combinations 
of  feints,  disengagements,  coupes,  etc.—  Double  stop. 
See  single  stop.— Full  stop,  (a)  A  period,  (b)  In  lute- 
playing:  (1)  A  chord  followed  by  a  pause.  (2)  A  chord  In 
producing  which  all  the  strings  are  stopped  by  the  fingers. 
—Geneva  stop.  See  Geneva  movement,  under  movement. 

—  Half -Stop,  in  an  organ,  a  stop  which  contains  half,  or 
about  half,  the  full  number  of  stops.— Harmonic  stop. 
See  harmonic.— Incomplete  or  imperfect  stop.     See 
incomplete. —  Open  stop,  in  organ-building,  a  stop  whose 
pipes  are  open  at  the  upper  end. — Pedal  stop.  Seepeda/. 

—  Service  Stop,  in  railroading,  a  stop  made  ny  a  railway- 
train,  in  the  regular  way  and  at  stations  designated  by  the 
regulation  schedule,  as  distinguished  from  an  emergency 
stop.— Single  stop,  in  ship-building,  the  scoring  down  of 
the  carlines  between  the  beams,  by  which  means  a  carline 
is  prevented  from  sinking  any  lower  than  its  intended 
position.    The  double  stop  is  generally  used  for  deeper 
carlines  than  the  single  stop.— To  bunt  upon  the  stop*. 
to  hunt  with  or  like  a  stop-hound  — that  is,  slowly  and 
with  frequent  pauses;  hence,  to  be  lukewarm. 

If  any  [Christian]  step  a  little  forward,  do  not  the  rest 
hunt  upon  the  stop  f  Rev.  S.  Ward,  Sermons,  p.  91. 

To  put  a  Stop  to,  to  cause  to  stop,  temporarily  or  per- 
manently; break  off;  end.  =Syn.  1.  Stop,  Cessation,  Stay, 
Suspension,  Intermission,  Pause,  Rest.  These  words  may 
denote  the  failure  or  interruption  of  forward  motion  or  of 
activity.  Stop  is  an  energetic  word,  but  the  most  general : 
it  is  opposed  to  going  forward  or  going  on;  cessation  may 
be  temporary  or  final,  and  is  opposed  to  continuance;  a 
stay  is  a  stop  viewed  as  a  lingering  or  delay :  as,  a  short 
stay  in  the  place;  or,  as  a  legal  term,  simply  a  stop:  as,  a 
stay  of  proceedings;  suspension  is  a  complete  but  pre- 
sumably temporary  stop :  as,  a  suspension  of  work  or  pay ; 
intermission  is  a  strictly  temporary  stop;  pause  is  a  brief 
stop,  in  full  expectation  of  going  on ;  rest  is  a  stop  for  re- 
freshment from  weariness. 

stop2  (stop),  n.  [<  ME.  stoppe,  <  AS.  stoppa,  a 
bucket  or  pail :  see  stoop2.]  A  bucket ;  a  pail ; 
a  small  well-bucket;  a  milk-pail.  HalliweV. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

StOp3t,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  stoop2. 

stop-cock  (stop'kok),  M.  A  faucet  with  a  valve 
of  some  form,  operated  by  a  handle :  used  to 
open  or  close  a  pipe  or  passage  for  water,  gas, 
etc.  Such  cocks  are  sometimes  made  self-clos- 
ing, to  prevent  waste. 

stop-collar  (stop'kol'ar),  «.  In  niach.,  an  ad- 
justable collar  which  can  be  placed  and  held 


stop-collar 


5968 


by  a  set-screw  on  a  shaft  or  rod  as  a  stop  or 
gage  to  limit  the  motion  of  a  movable  part 
sliding  on  the  rod  or  shaft,  as  a  fitting  on  the 
main  shaft  on  which  the  carriage  of  a  type- 
writer slides,  and  adjustments  in  many  other 
machines. 

Stop-Cylinder  (stop'sil"in-der),  n.     In  printing. 
See  cylinder-press  and  printing-machine. 


stop-rod 


chines  the  usual  method  is  the  shifting  of  the  belt  that     3    Kmit    tn  xpr-m-p  with  a  stnn», 

J&fSs=plS= 

case  of  a  break-down  the  use  of  a  push-button  releases  a  StOpper-DOlt  (Stop  er-bolt),  n.     Aaift.,  a  large 

ring-bolt  driven  into  the  deck  before  the  mam 


weight  that  by  suitable  mechanism  shuts  off  steam  from 

the  engine.— Fork-and-grid  stop-motion,  in  a  power-  hatch,  etc.,  for  securing  the  stoppers 
loom,  a  stop-motion  in  which  a  ({rid  on  the  batten  acts  in  stoDt>pr-hnlp  fston'^r  linll  j  Tn&na 
connection  with  a  fork,  which  when  the  weft-thread  breaks  aTO,PP.eI.  n,°.le  ""-n  oy,  n.  in  tfOn- 

...  ,          J  .,  -.  causes  a  lever  to  drop  and  stops  the  loom.  a  hole  m  the  door  of  the  furnace  through  which 

stop-drill  (stop'dril),  fl.     A  form  of  drill  made  stop-net  (stop'net),  n.    An  addition  to  the  main     tne  ™etal  is  stirred.     See  cut  under  piuldling- 
with  a  solid  shoulder,  or  admitting  of  the  at-    net  in  seine-fishing.    Encye.  Brit.,  IX.  254.  Juruaee. 

tachment  of  a  collar  by  a  side-screw,  to  limit  stop-order  (stop'or'der),  n.     In  stock-broking,  Stopper-knot  (stop'er-not),  w. 
the  depth  of  penetration  of  the  tool.  an  order  given  by  a  person  to  his  broker  to  sell 

stope1  (stop),  n.     [<  ME.  "slope  =  MD.  stoepe,    or  buy  a  specified  stock  when  the  price  reaches 
etc.,  a  step;  or  a  var.  of  stape,  ship,  a  step  (cf.     a  specified  figure. 

stopen,  stope,  stapen,  pp.  of  steppen):  see  step,  stop-over  (stop'o'ver),  n.  and  a.    See  to  stop 
and  cf.  stoop3.']  An  excavation  made  in  a  mine    off  or  oi-er,  under  stop1,  v.  i. 
to  remove  the  ore  which  has  been  rendered  ac-  stoppage  (stop's^),  n.    [<  stopl  -I-  -age.']     1. 


.  A  knot  in  the 

end  of  a  rope-stopper  made  by  double-walling 
the  strands. 


cessible  by  the  shafts  and  drifts.  These  are,  to  a 
certain  extent,  permanent  constructions,  being  carefully 
supported  by  the  necessary  timbering  and  left  open  for 
passage,  while  the  stopes  are  only  supported  so  far  as  may 
be  necessary  for  the  safety  of  the  mine,  and  are  more  or 
less  completely  filled  up  with  the  attle  or  refuse  rock  left 
behind  after  the  ore  has  been  picked  out  and  sent  to  the 
surface. 

stope1  (stop),  v.  t.  and  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  sloped, 
ppr.  sloping.  [<  stope*,  ».]  In  mining,  to  re- 
move the  contents  of  a  vein.  The  sloping  is  done 
after  a  vein  or  lode  has  been  laid  open  by  means  of  the 
necessary  shafts  and  drifts.  See  sloping. 

StOpe2t  (stop),  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  stoop1*. 

Stope3t,  stopent.  Middle  English  forms  of  sta- 
pen, past  participle  of  step. 


The  act  of  stopping,  in  any  sense,  or  the  state 
of  being  stopped ;  especially,  a  stopping  of  mo- 
tion or  procedure. 

His  majesty, .  .  .  finding  unexpected  stoppage,  tells  you 
he  now  looks  for  a  present  proceed  in  his  affairs. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  I.  344. 

2.  A  deduction  made  from  pay  or  allowances 
to  repay  advances,  etc — stoppage  In  transit  or 
in  transitu,  in  law,  the  act  of  a  seller  of  goods  who  has 
sent  them  on  their  way  to  the  buyer,  in  reclaiming  them 
before  they  have  come  into  the  actual  possession  or  control 
of  the  buyer,  and  terminating  or  suspending  performance 
of  the  sale :  a  right  allowed  in  case  of  discovering  the 
buyer  to  be  insolvent. 

stoppet,  »•     [ME.,  <  AS.  stoppa,  a  vessel:  see 
stoop?.]  __A  pail  or  bucket.     Prompt.  Pare., 


Stopping  (stop'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  stopi,  t).] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  stops,  in 
any   sense.     Specifically—  (a)  The  process  of  filling 
cracks  or  fissures,  as  in  an  oil  painting,  with  a  composi- 
tion preparatory  to  restoring  ;  also,  the  material  used  in 
the  process. 

The  stopping,  as  this  mixture  [of  size  and  whiting]  is 
called,  is  pressed  into  the  cracks  by  means  of  a  palette- 
knife.  Workshop  Keceipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  127. 

(6)  In  etching.  See  to  stop  out  (a),  under  etopl,  v.  t.  (e) 
The  act  or  process  of  altering  the  pitch  of  the  tones  of  a 
musical  instrument  in  any  of  the  ways  described  under 
stopi,  v.  t.,  10. 

2.  Something  that  stpps.    Specifically—  (a)  In  min- 
ing, any  solid  wall  or  brattice  built  across  a  passage  In  a 
mine,  to  shut  out  the  air  from  the  goaves,  or  to  limit  it 
to  certain  passages,  or  to  keep  the  gas  confined,  or  for  any 
other  purpose.    (6)  In  dental  surg.,  material  for  tilling 
cavities  in  teeth,    (c)  In  farriery,  a  ball  or  pad  for  stuff- 
ing the  space  in  a  horse's  foot  within  the  inner  edge  of 
the  shoe.—  Double  stopping,  in  viol-playing,  the  act  or 
process  of  producing  tones  simultaneously  from  two  stop- 


stop-finger  (stop'fing'ger),  n.    Same  as  falter-    stoop*.]     A  pail 
wire,  2.  P-  477;  Halliwell. 

Stop-gap  (stop'gap),  n.  and  a.     [<  stonl,  „     +  Stopped  (stopt),  j 

obj.  <7<y>.]  I.  n.  That  which  fills  a  gap  or  hia-  instruments,  noting  the  effect  produced  by  maktnn,  a  brush  used  to  sprinkle  boiling  wate 
tus,  or,  figuratively,  that  which  serves  as  an  stopping  in  any  of  the  senses  described  under  uP?n  the  napping  and  the  hat-body  to  assist  ii 
expedient  in  an  emergency.  stop*,  v.  t.,  10.— 2.  In  an  organ,  having  the  umt"ig  them.— 2.  In  etching,  a  camel's-hai 

upper  end  plugged:  said  of  a  pipe:  opposed  to    brush  used  in  stopping  out  parts  of  etched 


_         _____  ped  strings. 

Stopped  (stopt),  p.  a.     1.  In  playing  musical  Stopping-brush  (stop'ing-brush),  n.     1.  In  hat- 
:  —  *  ------  x_    _-^_-    it.-    _«._  ^  ,    ,       making,  a  brush  used  to  i  sprinkle  boiling  water 


in 

•hair 


I  declare  off ;  you  shall  not  make  a  stop-gap  of  me. 

Foote,  The  Cozeners,  i.  1. 

A  good  deal  of  conversation  which  Is  ...  introduced 
as  a  stopgap.    Proc.  Eng.  Soc.  Psych.  Research,  XVII.  460. 

II,  a.  Filling  a  gap  or  pause,  as  in  the  course 
of  talk. 

The  "wellVand  "ah's,"  "don't-you-know's,"  and  other 
stop-gap  interjections. 

Proc.  Amer.  Soc.  Psych.  Research,  I.  312. 


open.    The  tone  produced  by  a  stopped  pipe  Is  an  octave     , 

lower  than  that  produced  by  an  open  pipe  of  the  same  Stopping-Cpat   (stop  ing-kot),   n. 


The    COver- 


stoppel. 
Abatements,  stoppels,  inhibitions. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanic,  vii.  87. 


that  part  from  such  action. 
Stopping-knife  (stop'ing-nif),  n.     A  knife  used 
in  stopping,  as  a  glaziers'  putty-knife. 


stop-gate  (stop'gat),  n.    A  gate  used  to  divide  Stopper  (stop'er),  n.     [<  stop!  +  -erl.]    1.  One  stop-plank  (stop'plangk),  n.  One  of  the  planks 

a  canal  into  sections,  so  that  in  case  of  a  break    who  or  tnat  which  stops  or  plugs,    (a)  One  who  employed  to  form  a  sort  of  dam  in  some  hy- 

in  an  embankment  in  one  section  the  water    '  U8UP  holes  or  openings,  drmilia  wnrVn    T>,..,.....,,..,  ,,M,.  ............... ._ti—i 

can  be  shut  off  from  flowing  into  it  from  other 
sections. 


nal. 


"the 


works.    They  generally  occupy  vertical  grooves 

The  ancients  of  Gebal  and  the  wise  men  thereof  were     In  the  wing  wales  of  a  lock  or  weir,  to  hold  back  water  in 
in  thee  thy  calkers  [margin :  stoppers  of  chinks).  case  of  temporary  disorder  of  the  lock-gates. 

Ezek.  xxvil.  9.  stop-plate  (stop'plat),  «.    An  end-bearing  for 
(6)  That  which  closes  or  fills  up  (an  opening,  etc.),  as  a     the  axle  in  a  railroad  ' 
Big-     plug,  a  bung,  or  a  cork ;  especially,  such  an  article  for  the 

Dames  (under  stop).  mouth  of  a  fruit- jar,  decanter,  or  vial,  when  made  of  the 

Sir  Roger,  being  at  present  too  old  for  fox-hunting,  to     8ame  material  as  the  vessel  Itself,  and  having  no  special 
keep  himself  in  action,  has  disposed  of  his  beagles  and     name.  *s  cork,  bung,  etc. ;  a  stopple ;  specifically,  a  device 
got  a  pack  of  stop-hounds.       Budgell,  Spectator,  No.  110.     j£r  ?       ng  bottle8  for  aerated  water.  See  cut  under  siphon. 
Stoping  (sto'ping),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  stopel,  v.]     or  the  Hie,  formerly  used^compres^o^^ck'sonleuSe 
In  mining,  the  act  of  excavating  mineral  ground     or  flocculent  substance  into  smallcompass. 
to  remove  the  ore  after  this  has  been  rendered       I  sold  little  bone  •' tobacco-stopper*  "—they're  seldom 
accessible  by  the  necessary  preliminary  excava-    "sked  for  now ;  stoppers  is  quite  out  of  fashion, 
tipns — namely,  sinking  one  or  more  shafts  or  Mayhem,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  490. 

winzes  and  running  drifts Overhand  stoDine     <d'  One  wno  or  that  wnlch  brings  to  a  stop  or  stand; 

a  method  of  working  out  the  contents  of  a  vein  by  ad'     8P5*incally,  o"e  of  the  players  in  tennis,  foot-ball,  and 

other  games,  who  stops  the  balls.    Halliwell.    (e)  Naut 
a  piece  of  rope  secured  at  one  end  to  a  bolt  or  the  like, 
used  to  check  the  motion  of  another  rope  or  of  a  cable. 
Stoppers  for  cables  are  of  various  construction,  such  as  an 
iron  clamp  with  a  lever  or  screw,  a  claw  of  iron  with  a  rope 


vancing  from  below  upward,  the  miner  being  thus  always 
helped  by  gravity.  It  is  the  method  most  commonly  em- 
ployed. That  part  of  the  material  thrown  down  which 
is  worth  saving  is  raised  to  the  surface,  and  the  refuse  rock 
(attle  or  deads)  resting  on  the  stulls  remains  in  the  exca- 
vation, helping  to  support  the  walls  of  the  mine  and  giv- 
ing the  miner  a  place  on  which  to  stand.— Underhand 
Stoping,  excavating  the  ore  by  working  from  above 
downward.  In  underhand  Stoping  everything  loosened 
by  blasting  has  to  be  lifted  up  to  be  got  out  of  the  way 
The  advantage  of  this  method  is  that  in  case  the  ore  is  very 
valuable,  less  of  it  need  be  lost  by  its  getting  so  mixed  with 
the  attle  that  it  cannot  be  picked  out. 

Stop-knob  (stop'npb),  n.  In  organ-building, 
the  handle  by  which  the  player  controls  the 
position  of  the  slider  belonging  to  a  particular 
stop,  or  set  of  pipes.  When  the  knob  is  drawn  out, 
the  pipes  are  ready  to  be  sounded  by  the  keys.  The  name 
of  the  stop  is  commonly  written  on  the  knob.  Also  called 
register  and  stop.  See  cut  under  reed-organ 

Stopless  (stop'les),  a.  [<  stopi  +  -less]  Not  to 
be  stopped  or  checked.  [Rare.] 

Making  a  civil  and  staid  senate  rude 
And  etopless  as  a  running  multitude 
Sir  W.  Davenant,  On  King  Charles  the  Second's  Return. 


resist  end-play  of  the  i 
stopple1  (stop'l),  n.  [<  ME.  stoppel,  stoppell, 
stopell;  <  stop  +  -el,  now  -le,  a  noun-formative 
indicating  the  instrument  (as  also  in  whittle, 
swingle,  etc.).]  1.  That  which  stops  or  closes 
the  mouth  of  a  vessel ;  a  stopper :  as,  a  glass 
stopple;  a  cork  stopple. 

Item,  J.  litill  botell,  with  j.  cheyneand  J.  itapett,  welyng 
xxxviij.  unces.  Paston  Letters,  I.  472. 

Who  knows,  when  he  openeth  the  stopple,  what  may  be 
in  the  bottle?  B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  it  1. 

2.  A  plug  sometimes  inserted  in  certain  finger- 
holes  of  a  flute  or  flageolet  to  accommodate  its 
scale  to  some  unusual  series. 


i.u..  biaiuf,  mvu  a  ICTCI  vi  encn,  atiaw  ui  null  wim  u  rope       .  i     i     /    ,         /-.* 

attached,  etc.    (/)  In  an  organ,  a  wooden  plug  inserted  StOpplO1  (stop  1),  V.  t.;   pret.  and  pp.  stoppled, 

"" 


in  the  tops  of  certain  kinds  of  pipes,  as  in  those  of  the 
stopped  diapason,  flute,  bourdon,  etc.,  whence  they  are 
called  stopped  pipes.  Such  pipes  are  tuned  by  means 
of  the  stopper,  (g)  In  a  vehicle,  a  bar  of  wood  with  iron 
points  pivoted  to  the  body,  and  allowed  to  trail  on  the 
ground  behind  to  serve  as  a  stop  or  brake  in  ascending 
steep  grades.  Such  a  device  is  used,  for  instance,  on  ice- 
carts  plying  on  hilly  streets,  where  stoppages  are  fre- 
quent 

2.  The  upper  pad  or  principal  callosity  of  the 
sole  of  a  dog's  foot. 


ppr.  stoppling.    [<  stopple1,  n .] 
with  a  stopple. 


To  stop  or  close 


His  hours  of  study  clos'd  at  last, 
And  flnish'd  his  concise  repast, 
Stoppled  his  cruise,  replac'd  his  book 
Within  its  customary  nook. 

Cowper,  Moralizer  Corrected. 


-----  ,  *  ,!  "•  [<  ME.  stopyll,  stouple;  a 
more  orig.  form  of  stubble :  see  stubble.]  Stub- 
ble. [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

And  thoru  haubert  andys  coler,  that  nere  nothyng  souple, 
He  smot  of  ys  heved  as  lyjtlyche  as  yt  were  a  lute  stouple. 
Robert  of  Gloucester,  p.  223. 


Stop-motion  (stop'm6"shon),  n.    In  mech.,  a  de- 


The  leg,  or  bones  below  the  knee  [of  the  greyhound], 
should  be  of  good  size,  the  stopper  (or  upper  pad)  well 
united  to  it,  and  firm  in  texture. 

Dogs  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  45. 

3.  A  small  tree  of  one  of  four  species  of  the  Stop-ridge  (stop'rij),  «.    A  band  slightly  ele- 

genus  Eugenia  occurring  in  Florida.    Of  the  spe-  vated  uP<>n  the  surface  of  a  blade  or  a  similar 

cies  E.  Inixtfolia  is  the  gurgeon  or  Spanish  stopper,  E.  part  of  an  implement,  intended  to  stop  and  hold 

monticola  iV the  white  stopper,  and  E.  procera  is  the  red  it  in  the  proper  place,  as  in  the  handle.     In 

.bup-uiuuiuiiisioTj i  mo-snon;,  n.     in  mech.,  a  de-     heavyTlurd,  strong'*  an?e^os&gr^nednwoodd  of'VlTgnt  stone  celts  tn.e  presence  of  such  a  stop-ridge 

vice  for  automatically  arresting  the  motion  of     yellowish-brown  color,  likely  to  be  valuable  for  cabinet-  marks  a  certain  class  or  category. 

it  is  necessary  to  stop  s 

per.  See  cat-head.— Spanish  stopper.  *See  defa"8l^ee  an(^  which  raises  a  catch  that,  if  not  raised, 
also  fighting-stopper.)  engages  mechanism  which  immediately  stops 
Stopper  (stop'er),  v.  t.     [<  stopper,  n.]     1.   To  the  loom.    Every  time  the  shuttle  enters  the  shuttle- 
close  or  secure  with  a  stopple :   as,  stoppered  D°x  fairly  it  acts  upon  a  stop-finger  to  cause  the  stop-rod 
bottles.— 2.   To  fit  with  a  stopple  or  stopples  12 llft  the  9atch ;  but' if  tne  shuttle  is  stopped  in  its  course 
-_            «,,,•,  through  the  shed,  the  catch  is  not  raised,  the  loom  is 
The  mouth  of  the  vessel  to  be  stoppered  is  ground  by  an  stopped,  and  the  warp,  which  would  otherwise  be  broken 
iron  cone  fixed  to  a  lathe.  by  the  impact  of  the  reed  against  the  shuttle  while  in  the 
//.  J.  Powell,  Glass-making,  p.  73.  shed,  is  thus  saved. 


mechanisms  are  applied  to  looms,  spinning-,  roving-,  and 
drawing-machines,    winding-machines,    elevators,   kn" 


breakage  of  the  thread  causes  the  arm  to  fall ;  and  those 
actuated  by  electricity,  in  which  the  fall  of  an  arm  closes 
a  circuit,  and  by  means  of  a  magnet  sets  In  motion  some 
mechanical  device  for  arresting  the  motion.  In  most  ma- 


stop-ship 

stop-shipt(stop'ship),  w.  [<*to/>i,r.,  +  obj.sWp; 
a  translation  of  the  Gr.  f,v"''/".'>  the  veraora: 
see  K<-ln  iii-it.  .-did  ef.  »<«;•«,  jr»mra.]  The  fish 
remors. 

O  Slop-ship,  .  .  .  tell  vs  where  thoti  doo'st  thine  Anchors 

hide . 
Whence  tholl  resistest  Sayls,  Owere,  Wind,  and  Tide. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  5. 

stop-thrust '  (stop'thrust),  H.  In  fencing,  a 
slight  thrust  at  one's  opponent,  instead  of  a 
parry,  made  after  he  has  begun  to  lunge  for- 
ward in  ;ui  attack.  The  stop-thrust  goes  over  by 
delicate  gradations  into  the  time-thrust,  but  is  not  con- 
sidered by  fencers  a  tine  blow  like  the  time-thrust. 

stop-valve  (stop'valv),  ».  1.  In  hi/draul.,  a 
valve  which  closes  a  pipe  against  the  passage 
of  fluid.  It  is  usually  a  disk  which  occupies  a  chamber 
above  the  pipe  when  the  passageway  through  the  latter 
is  open,  and  is  driven  down  by  a  screw  to  stop  the  aper- 
ture. 

2.  In  steam-engines,  a  valve  fitted  to  the  steam- 
pipes,  where  they  leave  the  several  boilers,  in 
such  a  way  that  any  boiler  may  be  shut  off  from 
the  others  and  from  the  engines. 

stop-watch  (stop'woch),  n.  A  watch  which  re- 
cords small  fractions  of  a  second,  and  in  which 
the  hands  can  be  stopped  at  any  instant,  so  as 
to  mark  the  exact  time  at  which  some  event 
occurs :  chiefly  used  in  timing  races. 

He  suspended  his  voice  in  the  epilogue  a  dozen  times, 
three  seconds  and  three  fifths  by  a  stopwatch,  my  lord, 
each  time.  Sterile,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  12. 


59(i9 


storehouse 

Hence  —  2.  A  great  quantity  :  a  large  number ; 
abundance:  plenty:  used  with,  or  archaically 
without,  the  indefinite  iirtidr. 

That  olde  man  of  pleasing  wordes  had  store. 

,  F.  <J.,  I.I.  35. 


Branch  with  Flowers  of  Storax  (Stj/rax  Call/arnica), 
a,  a  leaf,  showing  nervation. 

of  the  sweet  gum,  Liquidambar  styraciflua,  in  the  hotter 
parts  of  its  habitat.  It  is  better  known  in  Europe  than 
in  the  United  States,  where  it  is  perhaps  most  used  for 
making  chewing-gum. 

Storax  linuida  [cometh]  from  Rhodes. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  277. 

Storax  ointment.    See  ointment. 


stop-water  (stop'wa"ter),  n.     [<  stojA,  t\,  + 

obj.  water.']     1.  Naut.,  a  drag.—  2.  A  plug  of 

soft  wood  driven  tightly  into  a  hole   at  the  Storax-tree  (sto'raks-tre),  n.   Same  as  storax,  2. 

joint  of  a  scarf,  the  expansion  of  which,  when  Store1!,  a.     A  Middle  English  form  of  stoor1. 

immersed,  prevents  water   from  working  up  store2t,  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  stoorl. 

through  the  scarf  and  behind  the  bottom  plank-  Store3  (stor),  t).  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  stored,  ppr. 

ing.  in  building  iron  ships  a  piece  of  canvas  soaked  In  storing.  [<  ME.  store,,,  also  astoren,  astwien,  < 

OF.  estorer,  esturer,  estaurer,  make,  build,  es- 
tablish, provide,  furnish,  store,  <  L.  instaware, 
renew,  repair,  make,  ML.  also  provide,  store,  < 
in,  in,  to,  +  'staurare,  set  up,  place  (found  also 


-iig.    In  building  iron  ships  a  pie 
red  lead  is  used  to  make  water-tight  joints  where  calking 
is  difficult. 

Stop-wheel  (stop'hwel),  ».     See  Geneva  move- 
ment, under  movement. 


Stop-work  (stop'werk),  n.    A  device  attached    in  restaurare,  restore),  <  "staurvs,  fixed,  =  Gr. 

to  the  barrel  of  a  watch,  musical  box,  etc.,  to 

prevent  overwinding. 

storH,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  stoor1. 
Stor2t,  »•    [ME.,  <  AS.  stor,  incense,  storax  (= 


,  n.,  an  upright  pole,  a  stake,  cross,  = 
Skt.  sthdvara,  fixed,  =  AS.  steor,  a  rudder,  etc.; 
from  the  root  of  stand:  see  stand.  Cf.  restore, 
instauration,  etc.  Hence  stores,  n.,  storage, 


W.  ystor,  resin,  rosin),  <  L.  storax,  storax:  see    story2,  etc.]     1.  To  provide;  furnish;  supply; 


storax.']     Incense. 


equip;  outfit. 


Thet  Stor  signefled  Gode  werkes,  for  ase  se  smech  of         u0  Cytee  of  the  World  is  so  wel  stored  of  Schippes  as  is 
the  store  wanne  hit  is  i-do  into  the  ueree  and  goth  upward     that.  Mandemlle,  Travels,  p.  207. 

to  the  heuene  and  to  Gode  warde  Swo  amuntel  si  gode 
biddinge  to  gode  of  tho  herte  of  tho  gode  cristenemnnne. 
Old  Eny.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  28. 

storable   (stor'a-bl),   a.      [<  store»   +   -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  stored.      B.  S.  Ball,  Exper. 


Mechanics,  p.  262. 


—  Storage  magazine.    Same  as  magazine,  1  (a). —  Stor- 
age warehouse.     See  warehouse. 
Storage-bellows  (stor'aj -bel'oz),  n.    See  or- 
«««l,  6. 


Her  M(nd  wlU|  thousand  virtues  stor'd. 
Prior,  Ode  to  the  King  after  the  Queen's  Death,  st.  35. 
I  believe  for  Greek  &  Latin  there  come  very  few  lads  so 
well  stored  to  the  University. 

William  Lloyd,  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  188. 

2.  To  stock  with  provisions;  provision;  re- 


storage (stor'aj), ».    [<  store^  +  -age.-]    1.  The      ienish- 
act  of  storing,  in  any  sense ;   specifically,  the     ' 
keeping  of  goods  in  a  store,  warehouse,  or  other 
place  of  deposit. — 2.  The  price  charged  or  paid 
for  keeping  goods  in  a  storehouse — Cold  stor- 
age, storage  in  refrigerating  chambers  or  other  places 

sta^&sss^ffig  ^±^^±rT^±rforpres- 


Alle  thine  castles  ich  habbe  wel  istored. 

Layamon,  1.  13412. 

Backe  to  the  yle  of  Alango,  where  some  of  vs  went  a 
londe  ...  to  store  vs  of  newe  vytaylles. 

Sir  R.  Ouylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  59. 


ervation  or  safe-keeping ;  warehouse. 

Now  was  stored 

In  the  sweet-smelling  granaries  all  the  hoard 
Of  golden  corn. 

storax  (sto'raks),  n.     [=  F.  storax,  styrax,  <  L.  William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise  I.  3ft 

storax,  styrax,  <  Gr.  ortpof,  a  sweet-smelling  4.  To  lay  up  in  reserve;  accumulate;  hoard: 

resin  so  called,  also  a  tree  producing  it.]     1.  often  with  up. 

A  solid  resin  resembling  benzoin,  with  the  fra-  According  to  Sir  W.  Thomson  a  single  Faure  cell  of  the 
grance  of  vanilla,  formerly  obtained  from  a  spiral  form,  weighing  166  Ibs.,  can  store  2,000,000  foot- 
small  tree,  Styrax  officinalis,  of  Asia  Minor  and  ponn^rfjMg*^  Enmgy  ^  Nature  (lgt  ^  p  m 
Syria.    It  was  in  use  from  ancient  times  down  to  the 
close  of  the  last  century,  but  has  disappeared  from  the 
market,  the  trees  having  been  mostly  reduced  to  bushes 
by  excessive  lopping. 

This,  that,  and  ev'ry  thicket  doth  transpire 

More  sweet  than  storax  from  the  hallowed  fire. 

Herrick,  Apparition  of  his  Mistresse.  gtore3  (St6r),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  stor,  store,  stoor 
2.  The  tree  yielding  storax,  or  some  other  tree  (cf.  w.  ystdr  =  Gael,  stor,  <  E.),  <  OF.  estore, 
or  shrub  of  the  same  genus.  Among  the  American  estoire,  estorie,  provisions,  store,  a  fleet,  navy, 
species.Sfj/razCWtfontteaisahandsomeCalifornianshrub.  armv  <  ML.  staurum  (also,  after  OF.,  storium), 
See  cut  in  next  column. -Liquid  storax,  a  balsam  known  *'  jnsta,irum,  store,  <  L.  instaware,  re- 
from  ancient  times  with  the  true  storax,  obtained  by  boil-  '  »,T  '  ,,irlo  f,,m  Jr.ro- 
ing  and  pressing  from  the  inner  bark  of  the  Oriental  sweet-  new,  restore,  ML.  also  provide,  furnish,  store . 
gum  tree,  Lvjuidambar  orientals,  itself  also  called  liquid-  gee  store3,  V.~]  I.  n.  1 .  That  which  IS  provided 
ambar.  It  is  a  semi  fluid  adhesive  substance  with  the  or  furnishe(i  for  use  as  needed ;  a  stock  accu- 
properties  of  a  stimulant  expectorant,  but  now  scarcely  ,,,n(._j  __  «„_  *„*„-«  „<,«•  a  annnlv  a  hoard- 
used  in  Western  practice  except  as  a  constituent  in  the  mulated  as  for  future  use  ,  a  supply ,  a  nc  arc ., 
compound  tincture  of  benzoin  (resembling  friars'  balsam :  specifically,  m  the  plural,  articles,  particularly 
see  benzoin),  and  as  an  application  for  itch.  It  has  long  of  food,  accumulated  for  a  specific  object ;  sup- 
been  used  in  making  incense  and  fumigating  preparations,  pjjeg  ag  of  food  ammunition,  arms,  or  cloth- 

Su^^^Ab^^MiSffirS  ^g='a8'  milita.ry or  naval  stores;  the  winter 

Burma,  from  Altini/ia  excelsa,  known  (together  with  the     stores  of  a  family. 


5f.  To  restore. 

Keppit  the  fro  combraunse  &  fro  cold  deth, 
Storet  thee  to  strenght  &  thi  stythe  londes, 
And  dawly  Mr  distitur  of  hir  fader. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  726. 


,  , 

last)  in  East  Indian  commerce  as  rose-maloes,  rasamala, 
etc.  In  Formosa  and  southern  China  a  dry  terebinthinous 
resin  of  the  same  character  is  derived  from  Liyuidambar 
Formosana  (a  species  recently  identified).  An  American 
tlquidambar,  or  liquid  storax,  or  a  substitute  for  it,  is  pro- 
cured as  natural  exudation  or  by  incision  from  the  bark 

375 


He     .  .  kepte  hir  to  his  usage  and  his  store. 

Chaucer,  flood  Women,  1.  2337. 

500  pounds  of  hard  bread,  sleeping-bags,  and  assorted 
subsistence  stores  were  landed  from  the  floe. 

Sehley  and  Soley,  Rescue  of  Greely,  p.  77. 


With  store  at  ladies,  whose  bright  eyes 
Rain  influence,  and  judge  the  pi  i?> 

.W //(.in,  I.' Allegro,  1.  121. 

3.  A  place  where  supplies,  as  provisions,  am- 
munition, arms,  clothing,  or  goods  of  any  kind, 
are  kept  for  future  use  or  distribution ;  a  store- 
house; a  warehouse;  a  magazine. 

Sulphurous  and  nitrous  foam,  .  .  . 
Concocted  and  adjusted,  they  le.lii. .  .1 
To  blackest  grain,  and  \n\ustore  eonvey'd. 

Milt:,,,,  \'.  L.,  vi.  615. 

Hence — 4.  A  place  where  goods  are  kept  for 
sale  by  either  wholesale  or  retail ;  a  shop :  as, 
a  book-store;  a  dry-goods  store.  See  note  un- 
der shop1,  2.  [U.  S.  and  British  colonies.] 

Stores,  as  the  shops  are  called. 

Capt.  B.  Hall,  Travels  in  N.  A.,  I.  8. 

Bill  of  stores.  See  MP.— Bonded  store.  See  bonded. 
—  Cooperative  store.  See  cooperative.—  Fancy  store. 
See /OIK-;/.— General-order  store,  a  customs  warehouse 
in  which  goods  are  stored  temporarily,  as  unclaimed,  or 
arriving  in  advance  of  invoice  or  transportation  papers, 
or  through  other  like  cause  of  detention.  Such  goods  are 
obtainable  only  on  a  general  order. — General  store,  a 
store  or  shop  where  goods  of  all  ordinary  kinds  are  kept 
for  sale ;  especially,  such  a  store  in  a  country  village  or  at 
cross-roads.— In  store,  laid  up;  on  hand;  ready  to  be 
produced :  as,  we  know  not  what  the  future  has  in  store 
for  us. 

I  have  an  hour's  talk  in  store  for  you. 

Shalt.,  J.  C.,  ii.  2.  121. 

Marine,  ordnance,  public  stores.  See  the  qualifying 
words.  —  Sea-stores, provisions  and  supplies  on  shipboard 
for  use  at  sea.  Compare  ship-stores.  —  Ship-stores,  pro- 
visions and  supplies  for  use  on  board  ships  at  sea  or  in 
port:  such  supplies  are  sealed,  as  non-dutiable,  by  the 
customs  officers.— Small  stores,  in  a  man-of-war,  a  gen- 
eral term  embracing  tinware,  tobacco,  soap,  razors,  brush- 
es, thread,  needles,  etc.,  issued  and  charged  to  the  men 
by  the  paymaster.-  Subsistence  stores.  See  subsistence. 
— To  set  store  by.  See  teti,  v.  t .,  18.— To  tell  no  store 
Oft,  to  make  no  account  of ;  set  no  store  by. 
I  ne  telle  of  laxatyves  no  store, 

For  they  ben  venymous,  I  woot  it  weel ; 

I  hem  diffye,  I  love  hem  never  a  deel. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  334. 

II.  a.  If.  Hoarded;  laid  up:  as,  store  linen ; 
store  fruit. 

Of  this  treasure  .  .  .  the  gold  was  accumulate,  and  store 
treasure ;  .  .  .  but  the  silver  is  still  growing. 

Bacon,  Holy  War. 

2.  Containing  stores;  set  apart  for  receiving 
stores  or  supplies.  Compare  store-city. — 3.  Ob- 
tained at  a  store  or  shop;  purchased  or  pur- 
chasable at  a  shop  or  store :  as,  store  clothes ; 
store  teeth  (humorously  used  for  false  teeth). 
This  word  in  rural  or  frontier  use  is  commonly  opposed 
to  home-made,  and  implies  preference ;  as,  stylish  stare 
curtains ;  in  town  use  it  is  usually  opposed  to  made  to 
order,  and  implies  disparagement :  as,  clumsy  store  boots. 
[Colloq.,  U.  S.]  — Store  casemate.  Same  as  barrack  ease- 
mate  (which  see,  under  barrack).— Store  cattle,  lean  cat- 
tle bought  for  fattening  by  squatters  who  find  that  they 
have  more  grass  than  the  natural  increase  of  their  herd 
requires.  [Australia,] 

Oh,  we  are  not  fit  for  anything  but  store  cattle :  we  are 
all  blady  grass.  Mrs.  Campbell  Praed,  Head  Station,  p.  74. 

Store  pay,  payment  for  country  produce,  labor,  etc., 
by  goods  from  a  store,  in  lieu  of  cash ;  barter.  [Rural, 
U.S.] 

See,  a  girl  has  just  arrived  with  a  pot  of  butter  to  trade 
off  for  store  pay.  She  wants  in  exchange  a  yard  of  calico, 
a  quarter  of  tea,  .  .  .  and  a  bottle  of  rum. 

Capt.  Priest's  Adventures,  p.  54.    (Bartlett.) 

Store4t,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  stour*. 

store5  (stor),  ».  [<  F.  store,  a  window-shade, 
spring-blind,  roller-blind,  <  L.  storea,  a  mat.] 
A  window-shade:  the  French  term  used  in 
English  for  such  a  shade  when  of  decorative 
character,  especially  when  of  French  manufac- 
ture. 

store-City  (stor'sit'i),  n.  In  the  Old  Testament, 
a  city  provided  with  stores  of  provisions  for 
troops. 

He  [Solomon]  built  Tadmor  in  the  wilderness,  and  all 
the  store  cities,  which  he  built  in  Hamath. 

.2  Chron.  vlii.  4. 

store-farm  (stor' farm),  ».  A  stock-farm;  a 
cattle-farm;  a  sheep-farm.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- 
Lothian,  xlii.  [Scotch.] 

store-farmer  (stor'far'mer),  n.  Same  as  stock- 
farmer.  [Scotch.] 

storehouse  (st6r'hous),w.  1.  A  house  in  which 
things  are  stored;  a  building  for  the  storing 
of  grain,  food-stuffs,  or  goods  of  any  kind;  a 
magazine ;  a  repository ;  a  warehouse ;  a  store. 
They  ne'er  cared  for  us  yet :  suffer  us  to  famish,  and 
their  store-houses  crammed  with  grain. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  1. 1.  83. 

2f.  A  store ;  a  plentiful  supply. 


storehouse 

And  greatly  joyed  merry  tales  to  faine, 
Of  which  a  stonhmae  did  with  her  remain. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  vi.  8. 

storekeeper  (stor'ke'ptr),  n.  1.  One  who  has 
the  care  or  charge  of  a  store  or  stores,  (a)  A 
shopkeeper.  [U.S.]  (6)  An  officer  in  a  dockyard  in  charge 
of  stores  and  storehouses;  the  superintendent  of  a  store- 
house in  n  navy. yard,  (c)  Milit.,  a  commissioned  officer 
in  the  United  States  army  who  has  charge  of  the  mili- 
tary stores  at  depots  and  arsenals.  A  military  storekeeper 
is  an  officer  of  the  quartermaster's  department;  an  ord- 
nance storekeeper,  of  the  ordnance  department ;  a  medi- 
cal ttorekeeper,  of  the  medical  department.  These  officers 
have  the  rank  and  pay  of  mounted  captains  in  the  army, 
hut  arc  not  in  the  line  of  promotion. 
2.  Figuratively,  an  article  in  a  stock  of  goods 
that  remains  so  long  on  hand  as  to  be  unsalable. 
[Slang,  U.  S.] 

storekeeping  (stor'ke"ping),  n.  The  act  of  tak- 
ing charge  of  stores  or  a  store. 

storeman  (stor'raan).  n. ;  pi.  sloremen  (-men). 

1 .  A  man  in  charge  of  stores  or  supplies :  as, 
the  storeman's  stock  of  bolts  and  screws. —  2. 
A  man  employed  in  a  storehouse  for  the  work 
of  storing  goods. 

The  question  of  wages  of  shifters  and  store-men  has  been 
referred  to  arbitration. 

WeeMyEcho,  Sept.  5,  1885.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

store-master  (st6r'mas'('ter),  ii.  The  tenant  of 
a  store-farm.  [Scotch.] 

Storer  (stor'er),  n.  [<  store3  +  -er1.]  One  who 
lays  up  or  accumulates  a  store. 

Storeria  (sto-re'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  (Baird  and  Gi- 
rard,  1853), 'named'  after  Dr.  D.  H.  Storer,  an 
American  naturalist.]  A  genus  of  harmless 
colubriform  serpents  of  North  America,  of  the 
family  Colubridse.  Two  common  species  of  the 
United  States  are  S.  dekayi,  and  S.  occipitoma- 
mlata,  the  spotted-neck  snake. 

Store-room  (stor'rom),  n.  A  room  set  apart  for 
stores  or  supplies,  especially  table  and  house- 
hold supplies. 

Miss  .Tenkyna  asked  me  if  I  would  come  and  help  her  to 
tie  up  the  preserves  in  the  store-room. 

Mrs.  Gatkell,  Cranford,  ii. 

store-ship  (stor'ship),  «.  A  government  vessel 
detailed  to  carry  stores  for  the  use  of  a  fleet  or 
garrison,  or  to  store  them  in  foreign  ports. 

Storey,  ».     See  story2. 

storge  (stor'ge),  M.  [<  Gr.  oroprf,  natural  love 
or  affection,  <  artpyciv,  love,  as  parents  their 
children.]  The  strong  instinctive  affection  of 
animals  for  their  young ;  hence,  the  attachment 
of  parents  for  children,  or  of  children  for  pa- 
rents ;  parental  or  filial  love.  [Rare  and  tech- 
nical.] 

In  the  storge,  or  natural  affections  of  divers  animals  to 
their  young  ones,  .  .  .  there  appears  in  the  parent  mani- 
fest tokens  of  solicitousness,  skill,  and  in  some  cases  cour- 
age too.  Boyle,  Christian  Virtuoso,  pt.  II.  aph.  viii. 
The  innocence  of  infancy  ...  is  the  cause  of  the  love 
called  storge.  Swedenborg,  Conjugial  Love  (trans.),  §  395. 

storialt  (sto'ri-al),  a.  [ME.  storial,  an  aphetic 
form  of  historial.]  1.  Historical. 

This  is  stoiiaJ  sooth,  it  is  no  fable. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  702. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  story. 

He  shal  fynde  ynowe,  grate  and  smale, 
Of  storial  thyng  that  toucheth  gentillesse, 
And  eek  moralitee  and  hcolynesse. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Miller  s  Tale,  1.  71. 

storiated  (sto'ri-a-ted),  a.  [Cf.  historiated.'J 
Decorated  with  elaborate  ornamental  and  illus- 
trative designs,  as  title-pages  of  books  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  in  which 
the  ornamentation  often  covered  the  entire 
page. 

The  mania  for  the  acquisition  of  donated  title-pages  has 

led  to  the  cruel  spoliation  of  thousands  of  rare  old  books. 

London  Art  Jour.,  No.  51,  p.  91. 

Storied1    (sto'rid),  «.     [<  story*  +  -ed2.]     1. 
Celebrated  or  recorded  in  story  or  history;  as- 
sociated with  stories,  tales,  or  legends. 
To-morrow  hurry  through  the  fields 
Of  Flanders  to  the  storied  Rhine ! 

M.  Arnold,  Calais  Sands. 

2.  Adorned  with  scenes  from  a  story,  or  from 
history,  executed  by  means  of  sculpture,  paint- 
ing, weaving,  needlework,  or  other  art :  as,  sto- 
ried tapestries. 

Storied  windows,  richly  dight, 
Casting  a  dim  religious  light. 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1. 159. 
Can  storied  urn,  or  animated  bust, 
Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath? 

Gray,  Elegy. 

Storied2  (sto'rid),  a.  [Formerly  also  storeyed; 
<  story2  +  -ed2.']  Having  stories  or  stages :  as, 
a  four-storied  building. 

storier  (sto'ri-er),  «.  [<  story*  +  -<•»•!.]  A  re- 
later  of  stories;  a  story-teller;  a  historian. 


5970 

The  honeyed  rhythm  of  this  melodious  storier. 
J.  Rogers  llees,  Poetry  of  the  Period  (Bookworm,  p.  65). 

storifyH  (sto'ri-fi),  c.  t.  [<  storyl  +  L./oeere, 
make,  do:  see  -fy.]  To  make  or  tell  stories 
about. 

storify2  (sto'ri-fi),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  storijinl, 
ppr.  storifying.  [<  story2  +  L.  facerc,  make,  do : 
see  -fy.]  To  range,  as  beehives  over  and  un- 
der one  another,  in  the  form  of  stories.  J'liiii. 
Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  67.  [Rare.] 

storiologist  (sto-ri-ol'o-jist),  «.  [<  storiolog-y  + 
-ist.]  A  student  or  expounder  of  popular  tales 
.•mil  legends;  one  who  is  versed  in  folk-lore. 
[Recent.] 

The  resuscitation  of  the  roe  from  its  bones  will  recall  to 
storiologists  similar  incidents  in  European  and  especially 
.Scandinavian  and  Icelandic  folk-lore. 

.V.  nnrl  Q.,  7th  ser.,  I.  484,  note. 

storiology  (sto-ri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  E.  storyl  + 
Gr.  -Xoyia,  <  Myetv,  speak :  see  -ology.]  The 
science  of  folk-lore ;  the  study  of  popular  tales 
and  legends.  [Recent.] 

1'or  Chaucer's  direct  source,  it  might  be  well  worth 
while  for  students  of  comparative  storiology  who  have 
leisure  ...  to  examine  these  and  similar  monkish  col- 
lections of  exempla  [of  the  thirteenth  century]. 

JV.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  I.  485. 

stork  (stork),  H.  [<  ME.  stork,  <  AS.  store  = 
D.  MLG.  LG.  stork  =  OHG.  storah,  MHG.  G. 
starch  (also  OHG.  store,  MHG.  G.  dial,  stork) 
=  Icel.  storkr  =  8w.  Dan.  stork,  a  stork;  cf. 
OBulg.  struku,  Bulg.  striik,  shtriik  =  Serv.  shtrk 
=  ORuss.  sterkii,  Russ.  sterkhA  =  Lith.  starkiis 
=  Lett,  starts  =  Hung,  eszterag  =  Albanian 
sterkjok,  a  stork.  The  relation  of  the  Teut.  to 
the  Slav,  and  other  forms  is  undetermined.  Cf. 
Gr.  r6pyof,  a  vulture,  ropyof  vypoQoirtf,  a  swan.] 
A  large  altricial  grallatorial  bird,  of  the  fam- 
ily Ciconiidx  and  especially  of  the  subfamily 
Ciconiinse  (which  see  for  technical  characters). 
The  stork  is  related  to  the  herons,  spoonbills,  and  ibises, 
but  not  very  closely  to  the  cranes.  There  are  several 
species,  found  in  nearly  all  temperate  and  tropical  re- 
gions. They  are  tall  and  stately  birds,  equaling  the  cranes 
and  larger  herons  in  stature,  but  are  readily  distinguished 
by  many  technical  characters.  Storks  are  wading  birds, 
frequenting  the  vicinity  of  water ;  but  some  of  them  be- 
come semi-domesticated,  and  often  nest  on  buildings. 
Their  fidelity  and  amiability  are  traditional.  They  feed 
chiefly  on  reptiles  (as  snakes  and  lizards),  amphibians  (as 
frogs),  fishes,  mollusks,  and  worms,  but  also  sometimes 
capture  small  quadrupeds  and  birds.  The  best-known 
species  is  the  common  white  stork  of  Europe,  Ciconia 
alba;  when  adult,  It  is  pure-white  with  black-tipped 
wings  and  reddish  bill  and  feet;  it  Is  about  SI  feet  long, 
and  stands  4  feet  high.  The  black  stork  of"  the  same 
country  is  C.  niyra,  a  rarer  species.  Various  birds  of  dif- 
ferent countries,  technically  storks,  are  known  by  other 
names,  as  adjutant,  marabou,  maguari,  jaJbiru,  shell-ibif, 
and  wood-ibis.  See  these  words,  and  cuts  under  adjutant- 
bird,  Ciconiidfe,  Grallee,_iabint,  opcnbill,  Pelargomorpha, 
simbil,  and  Tantalus. — Black-necked  stork,  Xenorhyn- 
chus  australis,  of  India  and  Australia,  related  to  the  Amer- 
ican jabiru  and  African  saddle-billed  stork,  the  three  being 
often  placed  in  the  genus  Mycteria. — Black  stork.  See 
def.— Episcopal  stork,  Dissoura  episcopus.  See  cut 
under  Pelargomorpha.—  Giant  Stork,  the  adjutant-bird. 
—  Hair-crested  Stork,  LeptoptOus  (Cranopelanjus)  ja- 
vanicus,  a  small  and  quite  distinct  species  of  marabou,  re- 
lated to  the  adjutant,  found  in  parts  of  India,  Java,  Su- 
matra, etc.— Maguari  Stork,  Euxemira  maguari.  See 
maguari.—  Marabou  Stork.  See  marabou,  and  cut  un- 
der adjutant-bird.— Pouched  stork.  Same  as  adjutant- 
bird.  —  Saddle-billed  stork,  Ephippiorhynchus  senega- 
lensis.  See  the  generic  name. — Wnite-bellied  stork, 
Sphenorhynchus  abdimi.  See  cut  under  simbil.— White 
stork.  See  def. 

stork-billed  (stprk'bild),  <?.  Having  a  bill  like 
a  stork's,  as  a  kingfisher  of  the  genus  Pelargoji- 
sis.  See  cut  under  Pelargopsis. 

Stork's-bill  (stdrks'bil),  n.  1.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Erodium,  particularly  the  heron's-bill,  E.  ei- 
cutarium  (also 
called  hemlock 
stork's-bill),  s. 
low  bushy  herb 
with  pinnate 
leaves,  a  most- 
ly Old  World 
plant,  abun- 
dantly natural- 
ized in  many 
parts  of  the 
United  States, 
perhaps  indi- 
genous in  the 
west.  See  «/- 
filerilla.  —  2. 
A  plant  of  the 
related  ge- 
nus Pelargo- 
nium, which  in- 
cludes the  ge- 
raniums, etc., 

-  Flowering  Plant  of  Stork's-bill  (Erodiu 

OI  garaens.  rteu/ariumi.   a.  one  of  the  carpels. 


storm 

storm  (storm),  >i.  [<  ME.  storm.  <  AS.  storm, 
storm,  =  OS.  MD.  D.  MLG.  LG.  storm  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  sturm  =  Icel.  stormr  =  Sw.  Dan.  storm 
(not  in  Goth. ;  cf.  It.  stormo,  a  fight,  It.  dial. 
sturm  =  Pr.  estorn  =  OF.  estour,  estor,  eatur  (> 
E.  stour3,  a  tumult,  stir)  =  Ir.  Gael,  stoirm  = 
Bret.ftottrm,  a  storm,  all<  Teut.);  perhaps, with 
formative  -m,  from  the  root  of  stir1  (•/  slur. 
•\/  star)  or  of  L.  stcrnere,  strew :  see  stir1,  strew.] 

1.  A  disturbance  of  the  normal  condition  of  the 
atmosphere,  manifesting  itself  by  winds  of  un- 
usual direction  or  force,  or  by  rain  (often  with 
lightning  and  thunder),  snow,  or  hail,  or  by  sev- 
eral of  these  phenomena  in  combination ;  a  tem- 
pest :  also  used  with  reference  to  precipitation 
only,  as  in  hftil-gtorm,    thunder-storm,   snow- 
storm.     A  storm  is  usually  associated  with  an  areaof  low 
pressure,  and  its  intensity  or  violence  depends  upon  the 
steepness  of  the  density-gradients  which  produce  it.    The 
terms  area  of  loiv  pressure,  cyclone,  cyclonic  storm,  and 
storm  are  often  used  interchangeably.     In  area,  of  low 
pressure  the  primary  reference  is  to  the  state  of  the  ba- 
rometer, in  cyclone  it  is  to  the  gyratory  character  of  the 
atmospheric  circulation,  and  in  storm  to  the  disturbance 
of  the  weather :  but  each  term  is  extended  to  include  the 
whole  of  the  attendant  phenomena. 

And  there  arose  a  great  st<fnn  of  wind.         Mark  iv.  37. 

Poor  naked  wretches,  wheresoe'er  you  are, 
That  bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4.  29. 

2.  Specifically  —  (a)  Technically,  in  nautical 
use,  a  wind  of  force  11  on  the  Beaufort  scale, 
being  that  in  which  a  man-of-war  could  carry 
only  storm-staysails. 

The  wind  suddenly  shifted  in  a  heavy  rain  squall  from 
SSE.  to  W. ,  and  Increased  to  a  storm ;  at  12  noon  the  barom- 
eter read  lowest,  and  the  wind  was  blowing  a  storm. 

Monthly  Weather  Review  (1887X  p.  40. 

(6)  A  fall  of  snow,  (c)  A  prolonged  frost.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  Hence,  figuratively — 3.  A  tempestuous 
flight  or  descent  of  objects  fiercely  hurled :  as, 
a  storm  of  missiles. 

No  drizzling  shower, 
But  rattling  storm  of  arrows  barb'd  with  flre. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  54«. 

4.  A  violent  disturbance  or  agitation  of  human 
society ;  a  civil,  political,  or  domestic  commo- 
tion ;  a  tumult ;  a  clamor. 

I  will  stir  up  in  England  some  black  storm 
Shall  blow  ten  thousand  souls  to  heaven  or  hell. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  1.  349. 

5.  A  destructive  or  overwhelming  calamity; 
extremity  of  adversity  or  disaster. 

Having  passed  many  bitter  brunts  and  blastes  of  ven- 
geaunce,  they  dread  no  stormes  of  Fortune. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  February,  Embleme. 

An  old  man,  broken  with  the  storms  of  state. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2.  21. 

6.  A  vehement  or  passionate  outbreak,  as  of 
some  emotion,  or  of  the  expression  of  such 
emotion:  as,  a  storm  of  indignation;  a  storm 
of  applause;  a  storm  of  hisses. 

Mark'd  you  not  how  her  sister 
Began  to  scold  and  raise  up  such  a  storm? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  1.  177. 

Her  bosom  shaken  with  a  sudden  storm  of  sighs. 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

7.  Milit.,  a  violent  assault  on  a  fortified  place 
or  strong  position  ;  a  dashing  attempt  by  troops 
to  capture  a  fortified  place,  as  by  scaling  the 
walls  or  forcing  the  gates. 

How  by  storm  the  walls  were  won, 
Or  how  the  victor  sacked  and  burnt  the  town. 

Dryden. 

Cyclonic  storm,  one  that  accompanies  or  is  caused  by  a 
cyclone. —Electric  storm.  See  electric.  —Eye  of  a  storm, 
the  culm  region  at  the  center  of  a  violent  cyclonic  storm, 
where  the  clouds  clear  away  and  blue  sky  appears  — occur- 
ring mostly  in  the  tropics,  but  also  experienced  more  or 
less  perfectly  in  higher  latitudes.  This  phenomenon  is 
due  to  the  circumstance  that  the  winds  immediately  bor- 
dering the  central  area  blow  circularly  around  it,  leaving  a 
region  of  calm.  The  centrifugal  force  of  the  wind  inten- 
sifies the  diminution  of  pressure,  and  develops  a  tendency 
toward  a  gently  descending  current  from  above,  and  a  con- 
sequent clearing  of  the  sky.—  High -area  storm,  a  storm 
associated  with  an  area  of  high  pressure.— Low-area 
storm.  Same  as  cydonte  storm. —  Magnetic,  revolving, 
etc.,  storm.  See  the  adjectives.— Storm  and  stress  [a 
translation  of  the  German  Sturm  und  Drang,  alluding  to 
a  drama  by  Klinger,  "  Sturm  und  Drang  "],  a  name  given 
to  a  period  in  German  literary  history  (about  1770  to  1790) 
influenced  by  a  group  of  younger  writers  whose  works  were 
characterized  by  passion  and  reaction  from  the  old  meth- 
ods ;  hence,  a  proverbial  phrase  for  unrest  or  agitation.— 
To  take  by  storm,  (a)  HIM.,  to  carry  by  assault.  See 
def.  7. 

The  recollection  of  the  victory  of  Eoanoke  imparted  to 

the  Federals  that  assurance  which  is  a  great  element  of 

success ;  they  knew  that  a  battery  could  be  taken  by  storm. 

Comte  de  Parts,  Civil  War  In  America  (trans.),  I.  687. 

(6)  To  captivate  or  carry  away  by  surprising  or  delight- 
ing: as,  the  new  singer  has  taken  the  town  by  storm.- 
Wind-storm,  a  storm  with  heavy  wind,  without  precipi 
tation.  =Syn.  1.  Tempest,  etc.  See  wintW. 


storm 

storm  (storm),  c.  [<  ME.  xtnrmeii,  xturmen  < 
AS.  styrman  =  D.  MLG.  LCi.  xtornu-H  =  OHG 
sturman,  MHO.  G.  stiirmi'ii  =  In-],  sfi/rma  = 
Sw.  stor  ma  =  Dan.  stor  me,  storm;  cf.  It.  nlor- 
mire,  make  a  noise,  stnrmcr/i/iun;  ring  the 
storm-bell,  throng  together;  'from  the  noun.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  blow  with  great  force ;  also, 
to  rain,  hail,   snow,  or  sleet,  especially  with 
violence:  used  impersonally:  as,  it  storms.— 

2.  To  fume ;  scold ;  rage ;  be  in  a  violent  agi- 
tation or  passion ;  raise  a  tempest. 

The  Dolphin  then,  discrying  Land  (at  last), 
Stormeg  with  himselfe  for  hauing  made  such  haste 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  5. 
When  ...  I  see  a  gentleman  lose  his  money  with  se- 
renity, I  recognise  in  him  all  the  great  qualities  of  a  phi- 
losopher.  If  he '.stonns  and  invokes  the  gods,  I  lament  that 
he  is  not  placed  at  the  head  of  a  regiment. 

Steele,  Guardian,  No.  174. 

3.  To  move  with  violence ;  rush  angrily  or  im- 
petuously: as,  he  stormed  about  the  room. 

Bobby  Wick  stormed  through  the  tents  of  his  Company. 
R.  Kipling,  Only  a  Subaltern. 
II.  trans.  To  attack  and  attempt  to  take  pos- 
session of,  as  by  scaling  walls  or  forcing  gates 
or  breaches;  assault:  as,  to  storm  a  fortified 
town :  often  used  figuratively. 
With  eager  warmth  they  fight,  ambitious  all 
Who  tlrst  shall  storm  thf  breach,  or  mount  the  wall. 

Addison,  To  the  King. 

storm-area  (storm'a"re-a),  it.  The  area  cov- 
ered by  a  storm ;  the  region  within  the  closed 
isobars  surrounding  a  center  of  low  pressure. 


5971 

storm-COCk  (storm'kok),  H.  1.  The  fleldfan< 
Turduapilarlt;  also,  the  mistlethrush,  T.  vitei- 
rorus. 

Its  song  ...  it  [the  missel]  begins  .  .  .  very  early  in 
the  spring,  often  with  the  new  year,  in  blowing  showery 
weather,  which  makes  the  inhabitants  of  Hampshire  call 
t  the  storm-cock.  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.  (ed.  177C),  I.  802. 
2  The  green  woodpecker.  <;,n,n<s  riridis. 
[Prov.  Eng.  in  all  uses.] 

storm-compass  (storm'kum"pan),  n.  Same  as 
xtortn-rtn'd, 

Storm-COne  (storm'kon),  H.  A  cone  consisting 
of  tarred  canvas  extended  on  a  frame  3  feet 
high  and  3  feet  wide  at  the  base,  used  either 

i-signal. 


produced  by  the  force  of  the  wind 
I"  «  sto.rm-    Su.ch •»  current  frequently  outruns  its  gen- 


._  current  or  by  changing  its  set. 

Storm-door  (storm'dor),  n.  An  outer  or  addi- 
tional door  for  protection  against  inclement 
weather:  in  general  used  temporarily,  for  the 
winter  only. 

Storm-drum  (st&rm'drum),  ».  A  cylinder  of 
tarred  canvas  extended  on  a  hoop  3  feet  high 
and  3  feet  wide,  hoisted  in  conjunction  with  the 
cone  as  a  storm-signal.  See  storm-signal.  [Eng.] 

Stormer  (st6r'mer),  n.     [<  storm  +  -erl.]    One 


English  Storm-signal,  indicat- 
"B  dangerous  winds  from  the 


ho  sto  -'«'  „ 

ucally  (mt 

ulting  party. 


t.),  a  member  of 


north  60°  east.    Over  the  ocean  storm-areas  are  generally 
nearly  circular. 

storm-beat,  storm-beaten  (storm'bet,  -be'tn), 
a.  Beaten  or  damaged  by  storms. 

Storm-belt  (storm'belt),  n.  A  belt  of  maximum 
storm-frequency.  On  charts  containing  a  large  num- 
ber of  storm-tracks  the  paths  are  found  to  be  mostly  di- 
vided into  several  well-defined  groups  whose  loci  form 
natural  storm-belts.  In  the  United  States  three  storm- 
belts  are  distinguished :  (1)  that  of  storms  which  appear 
in  the  northwest  British  provinces,  advance  eastward  to 
the  lake  region,  and  thence  down  the  St.  Lawrence  valley ; 

(2)  that  of  storms  which  originate  in  the  southwest  near 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  move  northeastward  to  the  lakes ; 

(3)  that  of  the  West  India  hurricanes,  which  first  move 
westerly,  and  then  northeastward  along  the  Atlantic  coast 
Over  Europe  three  storm-belts  may  be  distinguished :  one 
lying  across  the  northern  Mediterranean,  one  across  the 
North  Sea  and  the  Baltic,  and  one  northeast  and  south- 
west off  the  coast  of  Norway  and  the  British  Isles.     Also 
called  storm-zone. 

storm-bird  (storm'berd),  n.  1.  A  petrel;  one 
of  the  birds  of  the  family  Procellariidse,  includ- 
ing the  albatrosses,  fulmars,  etc.,  as  well  as 

monly  applied ;  specifically,  the  stormy  petrel. 


stomfulgf&mf  \r- 
4°J  r  (sto.™  tul)-  «• 
Abounding  with  storms. 


r  "f,  i 
+    -ful.] 


They  know  what  spirit  brews  the  stormfttl  day. 
Collins,  Ode  on  the  Popular  Superstitions  of  the  Highlands. 

stormfulness  (st6rm'ful-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  stormful ;  stormy  character  or  condition. 
Coleridge. 

storm-glass  (stdrm'glas),  n.  A  hermetically 
sealed  tube  containing  an  alcoholic  solution  of 
camphor,  together  with  crystals  of  nitrate  of  pot- 
ash and  ammonium  chlorid :  so  named  because 
an  increase  in  the  amount  of  the  precipitate  was 
supposed  to  indicate  the  approach  of  stormy 
weather.  The  changes  in  the  amount  of  the  precipitate 
are  due  solely  to  variations  of  temperature,  and  the  instru- 
ment is  simply  a  chemical  thermoscope. 

Storm-house  (st6rm'hous),  «.  A  temporary- 
shelter  for  men  employed  in  constructing  or 
guarding  railroads,  or  other  works  in  exposed 
situations. 

adv.    In  a  stormy  man- 


stornello 

storm-signal  (st6rm'sig"nal),  ;i.  A  signal  dis- 
played on  sea-coasts  and  lake-shore*  for  indi- 
cating the  expected  prevalence  of  high  winds 
or  storms.  For  this  pur- 
pose fla«s  uinl  lanterni  are 
iHni  iuthi'l  mtolstates,and 
a  cone  and  drum  in  m.-it 
Britain.  In  the  prarijrr  <.t 
the  Tiiiteil  States  Wmthi'i 
Damn  a  red  (lag  with  black 
center  is  displayed  by  day 
when  a  violent  storm  is  ex- 
pected, and  an  additional 
pennant  indiratt-s  the  quad- 
rant of  the  probable  wind  di- 
rection, as  follows :  red  pen- 
n.-Mii  .-iln.ve  llaj.',  northeaster- 
ly winds;  red  pennant  below 
flag,  southeasterly  uimls; 
white  pennant  abovt-  flatr, 
northwesterly  winda;  whjti: 
pennant  below  flag,  south- 
westerly winds.  By  night,  a 
red  light  indicates  easterly 
winds,  and  a  white  light 
above  a  red  light  indicates 
westerly  winds.  In  the  Brit- 
ish system  the  Inverted  cone 
indicates  a  south  gale,  the 
upright  cone  a  north  gale, 

while  the  addition  of  the  drum  indicates  that  the  winds  are 
expected  to  be  of  marked  violence.    See  weather-siynal. 
storm-stay  (storm'sta),  n.    A  stay  on  which  a 
storm-sail  is  set. 

storm-stayed  (stdrm'stad),  a.  Prevented  from 
proceeding  on,  or  interrupted  in  the  course  of, 
a  journey  or  voyage  by  storms  or  stress  of 
weather. 

storm-stone  (storm'ston),  n.  Same  as  thunder' 
bolt. 

storm-tossed  (storm'tost),  a.  Tossed  about  by 
storm  or  tempest:  as,  a  storm-tossed  bark; 
hence,  agitated  by  conflicting  passions  or  emo- 
tions: as,  his  storm-tossed  spirit  is  at  rest, 
storm-track  (stdrm'trak),  n.  The  path  trav- 
ersed by  the  center  of  a  cyclonic  storm.  North 
of  the  parallel  of  80°  storm-tracks  almost  invariably  pur- 
sue an  easterly  course,  having  generally  a  northerly  in- 
clination. Within  the  tropics  storm-tracks  almost  inva- 
riably tend  westerly,  generally  with  an  inclination  toward 
the  pole ;  they  have  rarely,  if  ever,  been  traced  nearer  to 
the  equator  than  6°.  Continuous  storm-tracks  are  some- 
times traced  across  North  America,  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
and  Europe ;  but  in  general  less  than  12  per  cent,  of  the 
storms  leaving  America  reach  the  European  coast. 
Storm-wind  (storm'wind),  n.  The  wind  or 
blast  of  a  storm  or  tempest;  a  hurricane ;  also, 
a  wind  that  brings  a  storm. 

Then  comes,  with  an  awful  roar, 

Gathering  and  sounding  on, 
The  storm-icind  from  Labrador, 

The  wind  Euroclydon, 
The  storm-mnd  ! 


as  a  storm-cock.    Compare  rain- 
bird. 

storm-bound  (storm'bound),   a.    Confined  or 
delayed  by  storms;  relating  to  hindrance  by 
storms:  as,  we  were  storm-bound  in  port. 
Weeks  of  storm-bound  inactivity. 

Carlyle,  To  John  Carlyle,  Feb.  11,  1830. 
Storm-card  (stdrm'kard),  n.  A  transparent 
card  containing  lines  to  represent  the  wind- 
directions  in  all  quarters  of  a  cyclonic  storm : 
devised  by  Eeid  as  an  aid  to  seamen  in  avoid- 
ing dangerous  storms.  When  the  card  is  drawn  to 


-nes  ,  ».    The  state  of  being 
°!  being  agitated  or  visited 

tempestuou8ness; 


in'do),  n.    1.  An  outer 
to  protect  the  inner.  from  inclemency 

A  *Aow  ra8ed  frora  «" 


wind-direction  on  the  card  are  brought  into  coincidence, 
the  bearing  of  the  center  of  the  card  from  the  point  of 
observation  indicates  the  direction  of  the  center  of  the 
storm.  Knowing  the  direction  of  the  storm-center,  its 
probable  path  can  be  laid  down  with  considerable  pre- 
cision, and  the  best  course  for  the  vessel  may  then  be  de- 
termined. It  is  now  known  that  a  storm-card  cannot  uni- 
versally be  used  to  discover  the  bearing  of  a  storm-center, 
for  the  angle  between  the  wind  and  the  radius  varies  in 
different  latitudes,  and  is  different  at  different  distances 
from  the  center.  Also  called  storm-circle,  storm-compass. 

Storm-center  (st6rm'sen"ter),  n.  The  position 
of  lowest  pressure  in  a  cyclonic  storm,  in  the 
typical  case  the  wind  throughout  the  storm-area  blows 
spirally  inward  toward  the  storm-center,  changing  from 
a  radial  to  an  approximately  circular  path,  and  increasing 
in  force  as  the  center  is  approached.  The  center  itself 
is  an  area  of  comparative  calm,  accompanied  by  a  partial 
or  complete  clearing  away  of  the  clouds,  and  a  mild  tem- 
perature. (See  eye  of  a  storm,  under  storm.)  Violent  ocean 
storms  frequently  exemplify  this  typical  description ;  but 
in  land  storms,  which  present  Irregularities  of  all  kinds, 
these  conditions  are  In  general  only  partially  realized. 

Storm-circle  (st6rm'ser"kl),  n.  Same  as  storm- 
card. 

Storm-cloud  (stdrm'kloud),  ».  A  cloud  that 
brings  or  threatens  storm. 


Storming-party  (stor'ming-par'ti).  n.  Milit., 
the  party  to  whom  is  assigned  the  duty  of  mak- 
ing the  first  assault  in  storming  an  enemy's 
works. 

Storm-kite  (storm'kit),  n.  A  device,  on  the 
principle  of  a  kite,  for  carrying  a  rope  from  a 
ship  to  the  shore  in  a  storm. 

stormless  (storm'les),  a.  [<  storm  +  -less.] 
Free  from  storms;  without  storm. 

Our  waking  thoughts 
Suffer  a  stormless  shipwreck  in  the  pools 
Of  sullen  slumber.  Tennyson,  Harold,  v.  1. 

Storm-pane  (storm'pan),  u.  An  extra  square 
of  glass  fitted  in  a  frame  provided  with  clamps, 
used  to  fit  over  a  window  in  an  exposed  build- 
ing, as  a  lighthouse,  in  case  of  breakage. 

storm-path  (storm'path),  ii.  Same  as  storm- 
track. 

storm-pavement  (st6rm'pav"meut),  w.  In  hy- 
draul.  engin.,  a  sloping  stone  pavement  lining 
the  sea-face  of  a  pier  or  breakwater.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

Storm-petrel  (st6rm'pet'/rel),  ».  A  small  black- 
ish petrel,  belonging  to  the  genus  Procellaria 
as  now  restricted,  or  to  one  of  a  few  closely 
related  genera,  as  Occanites,  Cymochorea,  and 
Halocyptena.  The  three  best-known  storm-petrels  are 
ProceUaria  pelagica,  Cymochorea  leucorrhoa,  and  Oceanites 
oceanicus.  All  are  also  called  Mother  Carey's  chickens. 
See  cut  under  petrel.  The  form  stormy  petrel  is  also  com- 
mon. 

storm-proof  (storm'prOf),  «.  Proof  against 
storms  or  stress  of  weather. 

storm-sail  (stdrm'sal),  «.  A  sail  made  of  very 
stout  canvas,  of  smaller  size  than  the  corre- 
sponding sail  in  ordinary  use,  set  in  squally 
or  heavy  weather. 


mig  (=  1).  Sw.  stormig  =  MHG.  sturmic,  G.  stiir- 
mig),  <  storm,  storm:  see  storm.]     1.  Charac- 
terized by  storm  or  tempest,  or  by  high  winds ; 
tempestuous;  boisterous:  as,  a  stormy  season. 
No  cloudy  show  of  stormy  blustering  weather 
Doth  yet  in  his  fair  welkin  once  appear. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  I.  115. 

His  trumpet  has  often  been  heard  by  the  neighbors,  of 
a  stormy  night,  mingling  with  the  howling  of  the  blast. 
Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  448. 

2.  Characterized  by  violent  disturbances  or 
contentions;  agitated;  turbulent. 

For  love  is  yet  the  moste  stormy  lyf , 
Right  of  hymself,  that  ever  was  begonne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  778. 

His  [Warren  Hastings's]  administration,  so  eventful  and 
stormy,  closed  In  almost  perfect  quiet. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

3.  Violent;  passionate;  easily  roused  to  anger 
or  strife. 

The  lives  of  all  your  loving  complices 
Lean  on  your  health ;  the  which,  if  you  give  o'er 
To  stormy  passion,  must  perforce  decay. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  I.  i.  166. 
The  stormy  chiefs  of  a  desert  but  extensive  domain. 

Scott. 

4.  Associated  with  storms,  as  seen  in  them  or 
supposed  to  presage  them :  specifically,  in  or- 
nithology, noting  certain  petrels — Stormy  pet- 
rel. Same  as  storm-petrel.  =  Syn.  1.  Windy,  gusty,  squally, 
blustering.    See  wind?. 

Storm-zone  (stdrm'zon),  «.   Same  as  storm-belt. 

The  regions  between  40°  and  70°  latitude  are  the  great 
storm  zones  of  the  world. 

R.  Hinman,  Eclectic  Physical  Geography,  p.  94. 

Stornello(st6r-neri6), «.;  pl.storne/7«(-li).  [It.] 
A  form  of  Italian  folk-song,  usually  improvised 
and  either  sentimental  or  satirical. 


stornello  5972  stound 

2f.  A  historian ;  a  chronicler. 

,..-  „.  ...„  „,„,„.,  a,.  ,,.„,  „.   lr.  „  o          Rathumus  the utoryimter,  and  Semellius  the  scribe, .    . 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  272.  Blind  Story,  a  pointless  tale.-To  be  in  aor  one  Story*  •B**»*rf"»-  lEsd.il.  17. 

to  be  In  the  same  storyt,  to  agree  in  testimony ;  give  Stosh  (stosh),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  Fish-offal  • 
the  same  account.  gurry ;  especially,  a  thick  paste  made  by  grind- 

uur  *i]i\-«t>u  in   o    Vioif .  mill     mi.l    ,,     ...I    ,.      ,      II    !.„:*. 


The  Tuscan  and  Umbrian  xtornello  is  much  shorter  [than 
the  rispettol,  consisting,  indeed,  of  a  hemistich  naming 
some  natural  object  which  suggests  the  motive  of  the 
little  poem.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  27i!. 

Storthing  (stor'ting),  ii.  [<  Dan.  Norw.  stor- 
thing (=  Icel.  storthing),  great  or  high  court, 
parliament,  <  star  (=  Sw.  star  =  Icel.  storr  = 
AS.  stor,  >  E.  stoor),  great,  +  thing  =  Sw.  tiiitj 
=  Icel.  t/iini/,  assembly,  meeting,  =  AS.  thing: 
see  thing".]  The  national  parliament  of  Nor- 
way. It  is  composed  of  114  members,  who  are  chosen  by 
indirect  election.  The  Storthing  is  convened  every  year, 
and  divides  itself  into  an  upper  house  (Lagthing)  and  a 
lower  house  (Odelsthing).  The  former  is  composed  of  one 
fourth,  and  the  latter  of  three  fourths  of  the  members. 
See  Laijthimj  and  Oiielsthing. 

storvent.     Preterit  plural  and  past  participle 
of  Middle  English  xterccn,  die.    See  starve. 
Story1  (sto'ri),  n.;  pi.  stories  (-riz).     [<  ME. 
storie,  storye  (cf.   It.  storia,  <  LL.  storia),  an 
aphetic  form  of  istoric,  historic,  history :  see  his- 
torif.]     1.  A  connected  account  or  narration, 
oral  or  written,  of  events  of  the  past ;  history. 
The  prime  vertue  of  Story  Is  verity. 

Hovxll,  Vocall  Forrest,  Pref. 

She  was  well  versed  in  the  Greek  and  Roman  story,  and 
was  not  unskilled  in  that  of  France  and  England. 

*'"' 1 1  Death  of  Stella. 
There 's  themes  enough  in  Caledonian  story 
Would  show  the  tragic  muse  in  a'  her  glory. 

Burns,  Prologue  for  Mr.  Sutherland's  Benefit 


1  and  nePw'nte<1  ^  ^  "" 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W    iv.  5  8 


So  I  flud  they  are  all  in  a  story. 

Shendan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  3. 


,  - 

ing  slivers  in  a  bait-mill,  and  used  as  toll-bait  : 
,  ,    .    .     ehuni  .  pomace. 

=  Syn.  1.  Relation,  Jfarration.  etc.  (see  account);  record,   atoll    (8tot)    n       [Early  mod     E    nko   otnttf  •  < 
chronicle,  annals.—       Analu  -  S-J       L  5    „      ,      ' 


chronicle,  annals.— 2.  Anecdote,  Story.  See  anecdote.— 
3.  Tale,  fiction,  fable,  tradition,  legend.— 4.  Memoir,  life, 
biography. 

Story1  (sto'ri),  ». ;  pret.  and  pp.  storied,  ppr. 
xtoryiiif/.  [<  story'-,  n.  Cf.  hixtory,  n.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  tell  or  describe  in  historical  rela- 
tion ;  make  the  subject  of  a  narrative,  tale,  or 
legend;  relate. 

Pigmies  (those  diminutive  people,  or  sort  of  apes  or 
satyrs,  so  much  resembling  the  little  men  storied  under 
that  name).  Erelyn,  True  Religion,  I.  261. 

What  the  sage  poets,  taught  by  the  heavenly  Muse, 
Storied  of  old  in  high  immortal  verse, 
Of  dire  chimeras,  and  enchanted  isles. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  516. 

2.  To  ornament  with  sculptured  or  painted 
scenes  from  history  or  legend.  Compare  sta- 


ll, intrans.  To  relate;  narrate. 

Cupid,  if  storying  Legends  lull  aright, 
Once  framed  a  rich  Elixir  of  Delight 

Coleridge,  Composition  of  a  Kiss. 


aunts,  Prologue  for  Mr.  Sutherland's  Benefit  <nuye,  tomposi  a  juss. 

2.  An  account  of  an  event  or  incident:  arela-  Story2   (sto'ri),  n.      [Sometimes  storey,  early 
tion;  a  recital:  as,  stories  of  bravery.  !nS.  E'  stor"''  *!"">'"'>'  <  ME-  story,  P™b.  < 


OF.  "estoree,  a  building,  a  thing  built,  '<  estoree, 

fern.  pp.  of  estorer,  build,  <  L.  instaurare,  erect, 

build,  etc.:  see  store*,  »•.]     If.  A  building;  an 

edifice. 

HII  [they]  bygonne  her  heye  tonnes  strengthy  [strengthen) 

vaste  aboute, 
Her  castles  &  storys,  that  hii  my,, lit.-  be  ynne  in  doute 

[danger].  Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  181. 


MK.  stot,  xtott,  stotte,  a  horse,  a  bullock;  cf. 
Icel.  stvtr,  a  bull,  the  butt-end  of  a  horn,  a 
stumpy  thing,  =  Sw.  xtut,  a  bullock,  also  a  blow, 
bang,  dial,  a  young  ox,  a  young  man,  =  Norw. 
still,  a  bullock,  also  an  ox-horn,  =  Dan.  stud,  a 
bullock ;  prob.  lit. '  pusher,'  from  the  root  of  D. 
xtiiiiii'ii  =  (',.  sliissfii.  push,  thrust,  strike,  =  Icel. 
stitiitn,  strike,  bent,  stutter,  =  Sw.  sliita  =  Dan. 
xtiiili;  strike,  push,  thrust,  =  Goth,  staiilitii, 
strike.  Cf.  stoat,  stotel.]  If.  Ahorse;  a  stal- 
lion. 

This  reve  sat  npon  a  ful  good  stot, 

That  was  al  pomely  grey  and  highte  Scot. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  L  615. 
2.  A  young  ox ;  a  steer. 

And  Grace  gauc  Piercs  of  his  goodnesse  foure  stottis, 

Al  that  his  oxen  eryed  they  to  harwe  after. 

•  Piers  Plouinan  (B),  xix.  262. 

To  procure  restitution  in  Integrant  of  every  stirk  and 
stot  that  the  chief  .  .  .  and  his  clan  had  stolen  since  the 
days  of  Malcolm  Canmore.  Scott,  Waverlcy,  xv. 

The  woman  would  work  —  ay,  and  get  up  at  any  hour ; 
and  the  strength  of  a  stot  she  had. 


tion ;  a  recital :  as,  stories  of  bravery 
A  lered  man,  to  lere  the  [teach  thee) 

...  of  gode  Friday  the  storye. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xili.  447. 
And  tell  sad  stories  of  the  death  of  kings ; 
How  some  have  been  deposed,  some  slain  in  war. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ill.  2. 166.  ._„  . ,  ......... 

To  make  short  of  a  long  story,  ...  I  have  been  bred  up     Her  castles  &  storys,  that  hii  myshte  be  ynne  in  doute  "  Nay,  olde  stot,  that  is  not  myn  entente," 

from  childhood  with  great  expectations.  [danger].  Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  181.  Quod  this  somonour,  "for  torepente  me." 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  vL     g.  A  stage  or  floor  of  a  building;  hence,  a  sub-  Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1. 

3.  In  lit.,  a  narrative,  either  true  or  fictitious,     division  of  the  height  of  a  house ;  a  set  of  rooms  stot2  (stot),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  staffed,  ppr. 
in  prose  or  verse;  a  tale,  written  in  a  more  or    on  the  same  level  or  floor.    A  story  comprehends    ting.    [Formerly  state;  <  ME.  stoten;  =  D.  stoo- 
less  imaginative  style,  of  that  which  has  hap-     the  distance  from  one  floor  to  another:  as,  a  (rfory of  nine,     ten,  push,  etc. :  see  stotl,  and  cf.  stotter,  sttit, 
pened  or  is  supposed  to  have  happened:  spe-     twelve,  or  sixteen  feet  elevation.  stutter*.]     1.    To  stumble;   walk  irregularly; 

p.ifipn.llv     n.   firttifinna    tola     ^  i,. ,,.(.,,.    O«H    i.....        They  founde  the  kyng  in  his  pallalce  sittynge  vppon  a     bounce   in   walking.     Compare   stoit      TProv 

floure  or  stoune  made  of  the  leaues  of  date  trees  wrought     Ene  1 
after  a  curious  diuise  lyke  a  certeyne  kynde  of  mattes. 
It.  Eden,  tr.  of  Antonio  Plgafetta  (First  Books  on  America,         Tney  <*<>««*  along  side  by  side. 

[ed.  Arber,  p.  257).  •*««  f'errier,  Inheritance,  il.  367. 

2.  To  rebound,  as  a  ball.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
itotayt,  0.  i.  [ME.  stotayen,  stotaien,  <  OF.  es- 
toteier,  estotier,  estoutoier,  etc.,  be  thrown  into 
disorder,  tr.  throw  into  disorder,  maltreat  (<  es- 
tout,  estot,  etc.,  rash,  bold,  stout:  see  stoufl), 
butjn  sense  confused  with  stoten,  stumble:  see 
To  stumble ;  stagger. 


cifically,  a  fictitious  tale,  shorter  and  less 
elaborate  than  a  novel;  a  short  romance;  a 
folk-tale. 

Call  up  him  that  left  half-told 
The  story  of  Cambuscan  bold, 
Of  Camball  and  of  Algarsife, 
And  who  had  Canace  to  wife. 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1.  110. 

Voltaire  has  a  curious  essay  to  show  that  most  of  our 
best  modern  stories  and  plots  originally  belonged  to  the 
eastern  nations.  /.  D'Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit,  I.  174 


Upon  the  ground  storey  a  fair  gallery,  open,  upon  pil- 
lars  ;  and  upon  the  third  storey  likewise  an  open  gallery 
upon  pillars,  to  take  the  prospect  and  freshness  of  the 
garden.  Bacon,  Building  (ed.  1887). 

Attic  story.  See  attici,  l.— Mezzanine  story  Same 
as  entresol.-The  upper  story,  the  brain;  the  wits. 
[Familiar  and  ludicrous.) 

He 's  a  good  sort  o'  man,  fur  all  he 's  not  overburthen'd 
i'  (A1  tipper  storey.  George  Eliot,  Amos  Barton,  i. 


W.  Black,  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  889. 
3.  A  weasel;  a  stoat.     See  cut  under  stoat. 
Lamb,  wolf,  fox,  leopard,  minx,  stot,  miniver. 

Middleton,  Triumphs  of  Love  and  Antiquity. 

(The  name  was  formerly  applied  In  contempt  to  a  human 
being. 


332.) 
Stot- 
StOO- 


4.  The  facts  or  events  in  a  given  case  consid- 
ered in  their  sequence,  whether  related  or  not;  •  —  ~«~.  ^-.v».                ^^ 

the  experience  or  career  of  an  individual :  as,  story-book  (sto'ri-buk),  n.    A  book  containing 

the  story  of  a  foundling;  his  is  a  sad  story.  one  or  more  stories  or  tales;  a  printed  collec- 

Weep  with  me,  all  you  that  read  tion  of  short  tales 

This  little  storv.  »,  .  „, 

,   r,.,-t...  i,       a  i  *KI  i  i>  _  "  vou  want  to  make  presents  of  ston/-books  to  children, 

lathlel  Pavy.  hia  |Richter'sl  are  the  best  you  can  now  get 


in  he  stotays  for  made,  and  alle  his  straight  faylez, 
;es  upe  to  the  lyfte,  and  alle  his  lyre  chaunges! 


Than 

Lokes  "Pe  . 

Downne  he  swey8  fuUeJ.w*vthJi,rd  '"  ft  !,W°U2«  ' 

"^ Arthure  <K  E- T- s-* L  4272- 


See  stoat. 
See  stot''  and  stuft. 


as  not  a  grove  in  the  church-yard  but  had  its  Ruskin,  Elements  of  Drawing,  App.   Stotert,  ».  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  stotter. 

well.  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  206.  gtory.post  (sto'ri-post),  n.    In  building,  an  up-  Stoteyet,  ».     [ME.,  <  OF.  estotie,  egtoutie,  estu- 
.ecdote :   as,  a  speech  abounding  in     right  post  supporting  a  beam  on  which  rests  a     tie>   boldness,   rashness,  <  estout,   estot,   bold, 

floor  or  a  wall,  as  when  the  whole  front  of  a     stout:  see  stoufl.]    Cunning;  stratagem. 
o  yet  further,  and  affirm  that  the  success  nf  A     "-round  floor  ia  ,rl-i  v..,l  TTuHp  h.>  h-i.i  hia  ™t  i»«  w^i/i  rha»»i  «  ««I/IA  **,„-. 


H»de  he  had  his  ost  lie  wold  [haue]  a-saide  there 
Tb  haue  ,«h          'ng.htoutli  hire  wonne 


There  was  not  a  grove  in  the  church-yard  but  had  its 

5.  An  anecdote: 
good  stories 

I  will  go  yet  further,  and  affirm  that  the  success  of  a  ground  floor  is'glazed. 

fo™aVtion  onLdf?a?uresUorhitmewhokrel'ftl8ltb0dy'  ""d  S*0ry-rod  (sto'ri-rod),  n.     A  wooden  strip  used 

Steel,,  Guardian,  So.  42.  jn  fitting  up  a  staircase.     It  is  equal  in  height                               lru  amo'  f™?™        =•  T-  8->' L  ***• 

Sometimes  I  recorded  a  storu  a  jest  or  a  nun  for  con  *°  the  staircase,  and  is  divided  according  to  the  BH>«er  (stot  er),  v.     [<  MK  stoteren;  freq.  of 

sideration.           0.  W.  Holmes,' The  Atlantic;  LXVI.  666.  number  of  stairs.                                                            ••»*•     Cf.  stutter*.]     I.   intrans.  To  stumble. 

6.  A  report;  an  account;  a  statement;  any-  Story-teller  (sto'ri-tel'er),  n.    1.  One  who  tells 
thing  told:  often  used  slightingly:  as  accord-  st°.n.es»  true  or  fictitious,  whether  orally  or  in 
; — *„!,:,...,, i.-  j-j  _  writing.    Specifically  —  (a)  One  whose  calling  is  the  reci- 
tation of  tales  in  public :  as,  the  story-tetters  of  Arabia. 


ing  to  his  story,  he  did  wonders. 

Fal.  You  confess,  then,  you  picked  my  pocket? 
Prince.  It  appears  so  by  the  story. 

Shalc.,'l  Hen.  IV.,  ill.  3.  191. 
All  for  a  slanderous  story,  that  cost  me  many  a  tear. 

Tennyson,  The  Grandmother. 

7.  A  falsehood;   a  lie;   a  fib.      [Colloq.  and 
euphemistic.] 

I  wrote  the  lines;  .  .  .  owned  them;  he  told  stories. 
(Signed)  Thomas  Ingoldsby. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  116,  note. 

8.  The  plot  or  intrigue  of  a  novel  or  drama : 
as,  many  persons  read  a  novel,  or  are  interested 
in  a  play,  only  for  the  story. 


(e)  One  who  tells  falsehoods;  a  fibber.    [Colloq.  and  eu- 
phemistic.) 

Becky  gave  her  brother-in-law  a  bottle  of  white  wine, 
some  that  Rawdon  had  brought  with  him  from  France 
.  .  .  the  little  story-teller  said. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xliv. 

It  is  thought  clever  to  write  a  novel  with  no  stoni  at  all  Story-telling  (sto'ri-tel'ing),  n.     1 .   The  act  or 

or  at  least  with  a  very  dull  one.                                       '  art  of  relating  stories,  true  or  fictitious. 

ft.  L.  Stevenson,  A  Gossip  on  Romance.  Story-telling  ...  is  not  perfect  without  proper  gesticu- 

9f.  A  scene  from  history,  legend   or  romance  Iati°ns  of  the  body,  which  naturally  attend  such  merry 

depicted  by  means  of  painting,  sculpture  nee-  emotions  of  the  mind-                •s*«fe.  Guardian,  -No.  42. 

die  work,  or  other  art  of  design.  2.  The  telling  of  fibs;  lying.     [Colloq.  and 

The  walles  also  of  all  the  body  of  the  Chirche,  from  the  euphemistic.] 

pyllers  to  the  Rooff,  be  poyntyd  with  storys  from  the  be-  Story-wnter  (sto'n-ri'ter),  n.     1.  A  writer  of 

gynnyng  of  the  world.  stories 

To  erect  greate  cSs"'  ^  "^  -""T"'  "'  ^        Pe  fSKP*"  and  P>Twri""''8  <""'«"  is  »>«  ««W 

JmSeliKnam^s.18'  '  '  '  '°  ^  <alr"*>™.  <™>     ^IftV^t  sSiT^8  ""'^  mnd  "'^  A  **  What  * 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  341.  0.  w'.  Holmes,  Atlantic  Monthly,  LXVI.  664. 


II.  trans.  To  affect  with  staggers. 

He'd  tell  what  bullock's  fate  was  traglck 
So  right,  some  thought  he  dealt  in  magick ; 

"  Master,"  said  he  [AchmetL  "  I  know  many  stories,  such  4nhd  f*  we"  ktn,ew/  by  W,,i8dom,  °itward' 

astheseorj/.teU^relateinthecotfee-houseiofCaui."  What  ox  must  fall  or  sheep  be  ^wd. 

B.  Taylor,  Journey  to  Central  Africa,  xix.  °  Vrje«,  Colin  s  Walk,  i.    (Danes.) 

(b)  One  given  to  relating  anecdotes:  as,  a  good  story-teller  StOUk,  n.     An  obsolete   or  dialectal  form   of 
at  a  dinner-table.  stook. 

Good  company  will  be  no  longer  pestered  with  dull,  dry,  StOtUldH  (stound),  n.      [<  ME.  stounde,  stund, 
tedious  storytellers.  Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  Int.     stunt,  stunde,  <  AS.  stund,  a  time,  space  of  time, 

season,  =  OS.  stunda  =  OFries.  stunde,  stonde 
=  MD.  stonde,  a  time,  while,  moment,  D.  sbmd, 
a  moment,  =  MLG.  stunde,  stunt,  LG.  stunde  = 
OHG.  stunta,  stunt,  MHG.  stunde,  a  time,  while, 
hour,  G.  stunde,  an  hour,  =  Icel.  Sw.  Dan.  stund, 


a  time,  while,  hour,  moment;  perhaps  orig.  'a 
point  of  resting  or  standing,'  and  akin  to 
stand.]  A  time;  a  short  time;  a  while;  a  mo- 
ment; an  instant. 

Now  lat  us  stynte  of  Troylus  a  stounde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  1086. 
Soe  death  is  heer  &  yonder  in  one  stound. 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  129. 
Upon  a  Stound,  in  a  moment. 

Stound2  (stound),  i\  i.  [Also  stoun;  =  Icel. 
stynja  =  Dan.  stonne  =  D.  stenen  =  LG.  stenen, 
stiinen,  ~>G.stiihnen,  groan.  Cf.  stound?,  n.]  1. 
To  ache;  smart.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  To  long; 


pine :  as,  the 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
stound'^t,  n.     [ME.: 
grief;  longing. 


stound 

xtiniiitl  for  grass. 

stound^,  r.~\ 


5973 

Halliwell.     estot,  rstut,  F.  dial,  stout,  proud,  =  Pr.  rxtout, 

stout,  bold,  valiant,  rash,  impetuous,  viulem, 

borrow;     <  Ml),  stolt,  D.  stout,  stout,  bold,  rash,  also  stu- 


stove 

roiitli.  plenty:  see  )•»««(».]    Plenty;  abundance. 

[Scotch.] 


To  putte  awey  the  stoundes  stronge, 
Which  in  me  lasten  alle  to  longe. 


astound  of  (intuit,  astoii :  see  stun1, 


1.  2639. 


pul  (influenced  by  It.  stolto,  silly,  <  L.  .... 
see  stultify),  =  AS.  stolt  =  OFries.  sttilt  =  M 1  .<  i . 
LG.  *to/«  =  OHG.  MHG.  (i.  stole,  proud  (MIKi 
also  foolish,  tn 


»,/-,««<  o  «*/«„,  ngto/i:  see  *•«««!,  sfc,,,/.!,  «.,^«,  akin  to  *<Jtt.  Hence  ult.  «  OF.)  MK  rtotoy 
Mhm  etc.]  1.  lost  unas  with  strokes;  beat  stoteye.]  I.  a.  1.  Bold;  valiant  ;  brave  ;  dar- 
heavily  :  as,  to  sto<»rf  the  ears  with  the  strokes  ing 


heavi] 

ofabe'll.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To  astound;  amaze" 

Your  wrath,  weak  boy  ?   Tremble  at  mine  unless 
Retraction  follow  close  upon  the  heels 
Of  that  late  stoundina  insult. 

Keats,  Otho  the  Great,  iv.  2.  95. 

stpund3  (stound),  n.     [<  stound^,  r.]    1.  A  stun- 
ning blow  or  stroke ;  the  force  of  a  blow. 

Like  to  a  mazed  steare, 
That  yet  of  mortall  stroke  the  stound  doth  beare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  37. 
2.  Astonishment;  amazement;  bewilderment. 

Thus  we  stood  as  in  a  stound, 
And  wet  with  tears,  like  dew,  the  ground. 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Prol.,  1.  23. 

stound4t  (stound).    An  obsolete  past  participle 

of  stun1.     Spenser. 
stound5  (stound),  n.     [A  dial.  var.  of  stand, 

stand:  see  stand,  n.]   A  vessel  to  contain  small 

beer.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


ing. 

So  sterne  he  was  &  stoute  &  swiche  st|r]okes  lent  • 
Was  non  so  stif  stclen  wede  that  with-stod  his  wepen. 

William  nf  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3535. 
Verily  Christian  did  here  play  the  man,  and  showed 
himself  as  stout  as  Hercules  could,  had  he  been  here. 

Banyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  286. 
Have  you  a  stout  heart?    Nerves  fit  for  sliding  panels 
and  tapestry  1  Jane  A  usten,  Northanger  Abbey,  xx. 

2f.  Proud;  haughty. 

I  was  hij  of  herte  and  statute, 
And  in  my  clothing  wondre  gay. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  36. 
As  stout  and  proud  as  he  were  lord  of  all. 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  I.  1.  187. 
3.  Firm;  resolute;  persistent;  stubborn. 

He  was  a  great  Becketist— viz,  a  stout  opposer  of  Regal 
Power  over  Spiritual  Persons. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Wilts,  II.  467. 

Shakespeare  was  Article  XL.  of  stout  old  Doctor  Port- 
man's  creed.  Thackeray,  Pendennis,  ix. 


Stoundmealt(stound'mel),  adv._  [<ME.  stound-  4-  Hardy;  vigorous;  lusty;  sturdy. 
•mele,  stoundemele,  <  AS.  stundmalum,  at  times,  <  The  people  of  this  part  of  Candia  are  stout  men,  and 
stund,  time,  space  of  time  (see  stound1),  +  mie-  drive  a  great  co<»ting  trade  round  the  island  in  small 
lum,  dat.  pi.  of  inset,  a  time  :  see  meaft,  and  ef.  arrying  wood,  corn,  and  other  merchandizes. 

dropmeal,  flock-meal,  piecemeal,  thousandmeal, 
etc.]  At  times ;  at  intervals ;  from  moment  to 
moment :  also  used  adjectively. 

The  lyf  of  love  is  fulle  contrarie, 
Which  stoundemele  can  ofte  varie. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  2304. 
This  wynde  that  moore  and  moore 
Thus  stoundemele  encresseth  in  my  face. 

With  blithe  air  of  open  fellowship, 
Brought  from  the  cupboard  wine  and  stouter  cheer. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  ii. 
7.  Bulky  in  figure ;  thick-set ;  corpulent. 
Mrs.  Reed  was  rather  a  stout  woman ;  but  .  .  .  she  ran 


Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  241. 
Seven  braw  fellows,  stout  and  able 
To  serve  their  king  and  country  weel. 

Burnt,  Dedication  to  G.  Hamilton. 
5.  Firm;  sound;  stanch;  strong. 

The  sl.nutc.st  vessel  to  the  storm  gave  way. 

Dryden,  Maeiil,  i.  170. 
Solid;  substantial. 


6. 


Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  674. 
stoup.    See  stoop1,  stoopV,  stoop*. 
stour1,  «.    See  stoor1. 
stour2,  v.  and  n.    See  stoor2. 
Stour3  (stour  or  stor),  re.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 


nimbly  up  the  stair. 


Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  iv. 


.  also  sture  ;  <  ME.  stour,  store,  stor,      =Syn.  L  valorous,  manful,  gallant-4  and  5  Stalwart 
star,  <  OF.  estor,  estour  (also  rarely  estorme,  also     Sturdy,  etc.    See  robust. 


It's  easy  for  your  honour  anil  the  like  o'  you  gentle 
folks  to  say  MU-,  thiit  liiii-  sliiiilh-iiiul  rmilli,  iinil  tile-  ami 
fending,  and  meat  and  claith,  and  sit  dry  anil  canny  by 
the  Unhide.  Scott,  Antiquary,  XL 

« n   ,  ,  — MW  ..wiiou,  iiut?  LW  me  inu  uuiiee  t.n  i  ne  i  i.  word  i    stout-iiGeirteci   (Stout  liar  ted),  a.     Having  a 

Stound-5   (stound),    v.    t.      [A  var.  of  stun1,  as     =  Icel.  stoltr  =  Sw.  Dan.  gtolt,  proud  •   perhaps     stout  or  brave  heart ;  also,  obstinate. 

llXllltl  lilt  nt   tlxlllll      //C//1H   -    Oaa    0/>Jlll       ntr.*,,.*).      »*.4 ~1_!_      A-       -1-1.  rr  ....     !~*L~    .       -_--' 

The  utmithcarted  are  spoiled ;  they  have  slept  their  sleep. 

Ps.  Ixxvi.  5. 

StOUt-heartedneSS  (stout'hiir'ted-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  stout-hearted;  courage;  espe- 
cially, moral  courage. 

If  any  one  wants  to  see  what  German  stout-heartedness, 
rectitude,  and  hard  work  could  do  for  Syria,  he  had  liet- 
ter  go  and  live  for  a  while  In  the  German  colony  at  Ha  fa. 
Contemporary  Rev,  LIV.  S8«. 

Stouthrief  (stouth'rof),  «.  [Also  corruptly 
stoutlirie ;  <  stouth  +  reaf,  Be.  rii-i',  n-if,  rob- 
bery: see  reaf.]  In  Scots  law,  theft  accom- 
panied by  violence;  robbery;  burglary.  The 
term  is  usually  applied  in  cases  in  which  rob- 
bery is  committed  within  a  dwelling-house. 
Stoutly  (stout'li),  adr.  [<  ME.  stoutly;  <  stout 
+  -ly".]  In  a  stout  or  sturdy  manner;  with 
boldness,  stanchness,  or  resolution. 
Stoutness (stout'nes), «.  [<  ME.«to«<«e*,-  <stout 
+  -ness.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  stout, 
in  any  sense. 

Stove*  (stov),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  stoore, 
rarely  stouph ;  not  found  in  ME.  and  rare  in  AS. 
(see  below);  <  MD.  stove,  a  heated  room,  bath- 
room, also  (with  dim.  stofken)  a  foot-stove  used 
by  women,  later  D.  stoof,  a  stove,  furnace,  = 
MLG.  stove,  a  heated  room,  bath-room,  in  gen. 
a  room,  LG.  stove,  usually  stove,  a  bath-room,  in 
gen.  a  room,  =  OHG.  stubd,  stupa,  MHG.  stube, 
a  heated  room,  a  bath-room,  G.  stube ,  a  room  (cf . 
OF.  estme,  F.  etuve  =  Pr.  estuba  =  Sp.  Pg.  estiifa 
=  It.  stufa,  a  bath-room,  hothouse,  <  OHG.),  = 
AS.  stofa,  a  bath-room  (glossing  L.  balneum),  — 
Icel.  stofa,  stufa,  a  bath-room  with  a  stove,  = 
Sw.  stuga  =  Dan.  stue,  a  room;  cf.  OBulg.  istu- 
l>a,  izba,  a  tent,  Bulg.  a  hut,  cellar,  =  Sloven. 
izba,  jezba,  a  room,  =  Serv.  izba,  a  room,  = 
Bohem.  izba,  jizba  =  Pol.  izba,  a  bath-room,  = 
Buss,  istlba,  izba,  a  hut,  dial,  kitchen,  =  Alba- 
nian isbe,  a  cellar,  =  Rum.  izbe,  a  stove,  =  Turk. 
izbe,  a  cellar,  =  OPruss.  stubo  =  Liith.  s'tuba  = 
Lett,  istaba  =  Finn,  tupa  =  Hung,  szoba,  a  bath- 
room ;  all  prob.  <  OHG.  or  G.  The  orig.  sense 
appears  to  have  been  'a  heated  room.'  The 
application  of  the  name  to  a  means  of  heating 
is  comparatively  recent.  From  the  Teut., 
through  OF.,  are  derived  E.  stew1  and  stive!*, 
which  are  thus  doublets  of  store1.]  1.  A 
room,  chamber,  or  house  artificially  warmed. 
[Obsolete  except  in  the  specific  uses  (o),  (6), 
below.] 

When  a  certain  Frenchman  came  to  visit  Melanchthon 
he  found  him  in  his  stove,  with  one  hand  dandling  his 
child  in  the  swaddling  clouts  and  the  other  holding  a  book 
and  reading  it.  Fuller. 

When  you  have  taken  Care  of  your  Horse,  you  come 
whole  into  the  Stove,  Boots,  Baggage,  Dirt  and  all,  for  that 
is  a  common  Room  for  all  Comers. 

N.  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  I.  288. 

Specifically— (a)  In  hort.,  a  glazed  and  artificially  heated 
building  for  the  culture  of  tender  plants :  the  same  as  a 
greenhouse  or  hothouse,  except  that  the  stove  maintains 
a  higher  temperature— not  lower  than  60"  F.  See  green- 
house, hothouse,  and  dry-stove.  [Eng.  ]  (6)  A  drying-cham- 
ber, as  for  plants,  extracts,  conserves,  etc. ;  also,  a  highly 
heated  drying-room,  used  in  various  manufactures. 

They  are  sumtimes  inforced  to  rype  and  dry  them  [grain] 
in  theyr  ttooues  and  hottes  houses. 

R.  Eden,  tr.  of  Sebastian  Munster  (First  Books  on  America, 

[ed.  Arber,  p.  292). 

2f.  A  place  for  taking  either  liquid  or  vapor 
baths ;  a  bath-house  or  bath-room. 

In  that  village  there  was  a  Stoue,  into  which  the  cap- 
taine  went  in  the  morning,  requesting  M.  Garrard  to  go 
also  to  the  same  to  wash  himselfe. 

BaUuyt's  Voyages,  I.  423. 

There  are  in  Fez  a  hundred  buth-stoues  well  built,  with 
foure  Hals  in  each,  and  certaine  Galleries  without,  in 
which  they  put  off  their  clothes. 

Punkas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  617. 

3.  A  closed  or  partly  closed  vessel  or  receiver 
in  which  fuel  is  burned,  the  radiated  heat  be- 
ing utilized  for  warming  a  room  or  for  cooking. 
Stoves  are  made  of  cast-iron  and  sheet-iron,  and  also  of 
earthenware  in  the  form  of  tiles  cemented  together,  of 
plaster  held  together  by  a  frame  of  wire,  or  the  like,  and 
of  masonry  solidly  put  together.  The  stoves  of  tiles,  ma- 
sonry, etc.,  radiate  less  heat  than  iron  stoves,  but  when 
heated  remain  hotforalongtime.  Stoves  are  divided  Into 
the  two  main  classes  of  cooking-stoves  and  warming-stoves, 
and  are  also  classified  according  to  the  fuel  used,  as  wood- 
stoves,  gas-stoves,  etc.  There  are  many  varieties,  named 
according  to  their  use,  as  the  car-stove,  camp-stove,  foot- 
stove,  tinmen's  stove,  etc.,  or  according  to  some  attach- 
ment, as  a  water-back  stove.  Warming-stoves  range  from 


estormie,estour»iie,esturmie),  a,  tumuli,  conflict, 
assault,  shock,  battle,  =  Pr.  estor  =  It.  stormo, 
dial.  Sturm,  tumult,  noise,  bustle,  throng,  troop, 
band,  <  OHG.  Sturm,  storm,  battle,  =  E.  storm  : 
see  storm.  For  the  loss  of  the  final  m  in  OF.  ,  cf  . 
OF.  tour,  turn,  jour,  day,  etc.,  with  loss  of  final  n, 


II.  re.  Strong  ale  or  beer  of  any  sort ;  hence, 
since  the  introduction  of  porter,  porter  of  extra 
strength :  as,  Dublin  stout. 

The  waiter's  hands,  that  reach 
To  each  his  perfect  pint  of  stout. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 


, 
(see  turn,  four*).]     1.  Tumult;  conflict;  a  war-  Stout1  (stout),  v.     [<  ME.  stouten;  <  stout1,  a.] 


like  encounter;  shock  of  arms;  battle. 

Men  sen  al  day  and  reden  ek  in  storyes 
That  after  sharpe  stoureg  ben  oft  victories. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1066. 
His  horsemen  they  raid  sturdily, 
And  stude  about  him  in  the  stoure. 
Raid  of  the  Reidswire  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  135). 
2f.  A  fit  ^  a  paroxysm. 

Which  suddein  fltt,  and  halfe  extatick  stoure, 
When  the  two  fearefull  wemen  saw,  they  grew 
Greatly  confused  in  behaveoure. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  50. 

3f.  Encounter;  time  or  place  of  meeting. 

Maidens  blush  when  they  kiss  men  ; 
So  did  Phillis  at  that  stourre  ; 
Her  face  was  like  the  rose  flower. 

Greene,  The  Shepherd's  Ode  (trans.). 

stour4  (stour),  n.     [Also  slower;  <  ME.  stoure, 

stourre,  <  Icel.  staurr,  a  stake,  pale  ;  perhaps 

akin  to  Gr.  oravp6f,  a  stake,  cross:  see  steer1 

and  staurus.]    1.  A  stake. 


1.  intrans.  If.  To  be  bold  or  defiant. 

Lewed  man,  thou  shalt  cursyng  doute, 
And  to  thy  prest  thou  shalt  nat  stoute. 

MS.  Hart.  1701,  f.  72.    (Halliwell.) 

2.  To  persist;  endure:  with  an  impersonal  it. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

We  stntiii-tl  it  out  and  lived. 

.liuiiilj  of  Phila.  and  Penn.,  I.  385. 
II. t  trans.  To  dare ;  defy ;  resist. 
For  no  man  ful  comunly 
Besecheth  a  wyfe  of  foly, 
But  there  the  wyfe  ys  aboute 
The  gode  man  for  to  stoute. 

MS.  Hart.  1701,  f.  20.    (Ualliwell.) 

Stout2  (stout),  re.  [Also  stut;  <  ME.  stout,  stut, 
<  AS.  stut,  a  gnat.]  1.  A  gnat. — 2.  A  gadfly. 
[Prov.  Eng.  in  both  uses.]  — 3f.  A  firefly  or 
miller. 

Pirausta,  a  flre-flye ;  .  .  .  some  call  it  a  candle-Hie,  a 
stout,  a  miller-fowle,  or  bishop.  Florio. 

stout-dart  (stout/dart),  ».  A  British  noctuid 
moth,  Aqrotis  ravida. 

-en1.]     To 


And  if  he  wille  no  te  do  soo,  I  salle  late  hym  witt  that 

Sesallesendeagretepowere  tohiscitee,  andbryneitup  stouten  (stout'n),  V.  t.     [<  stout1  + 

stikkeand^rr^^^^^^^        ^^  make  stout;  strengthen.     [Rare.] 

2.    _        jfijj            a      A                 •      ii.  Tne  pronounced  realist  is  a  useful  fellow-creature,  but 

.A  round  ot  a  ladder.— 3.  A  stave  m  the  so  also  the  pronounced  idealist-rtoutai  his  work  though 

side  of  a  wagon.     HattiweU.  —  4.   A  long  pole  you  well  may  with  a  tincture  of  modem  reality, 

by   which   barges    are    propelled   against   the  •"•  w-  Gilder,  New  Princeton  Rev.,  IV.  12. 

stream.     Also  called  pay.     [Prov.  Eng.  in  all  stouth  (stouth),  «.     [<  ME.  stoutk,  stealth,  < 

uses.]    _  Icel.  stuldr  =  Sw.  stold,  stealth:  see  stealth.] 

Stourbridge   clay.     A   refractory  clay   from  Theft;   stealth;    also,  a  clandestine  transac- 

Stourbridge,  in  Worcestershire,  England,  occur-  tion.    Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 


ring  in  the  coal-measures,  extensively  worked 
for  the  manufacture  of  fire-brick  and  crucibles. 
Stoured  (stourd),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  stowered; 
<  stour*  +  -cd2.]     Staked.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Standyng  together  at  a  comon  wateryng  place  ther 
called  Hedgedyke,  lately  stowered  for  catall  to  drynke  at. 

Archsfologia,  XXIII.  23.    (Halliwell.)    meaning:  prob.  orig.  as  if  'plunderaud  plenty,' 
Stournesst,  Stoury.     Same  as  stoorness,  stoorij.     i.  e.  much  property  acquired  and  inherited: 


Sum  rownys  till  his  fallow  thaym  betwene, 
Hys  mery  stouth  and  pastyme  lait  jistrene. 

Gavin  Douglas,  JSneid,  xii.,  Prol.,  1.  212. 

stouth-and-routh  (stouth'and-routh'),  n.  [A 
Sc.  riming  formula,  in  which  one  of  the  words 
appears  to  be  wrenched,  as  usual,  from  its  lit. 


Stout1  (stout),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  stout,  stowtc, 
sometimes  stought;  <  OF.  stout,  cstout,  estolt, 


stouth,  theft,  stealth   (cf.  stouthrief,    robbery 
with     violence,    also    provision,    furuiture); 


g 
it 


stove 

the  open  fireplace  or  Franklin  stove  t«  magazine  and  base- 
burning  fireplaces  and  heaters  for  wanning  more  than  one 
room,  which  are  more  properly  furnaces.  The  word  was 
first  used  in  English  in  this  sense  as  applied  to  foot-stoves. 
See  foot-stove,  oil-stove,  gas-stove. 

The  sempstress  speeds  to  Change  with  red-tipt  nose  ; 

The  Belgian  store  beneath  her  footstool  glows. 

Gay,  Trivia,  ii.  338. 

4.  Iii  eeraiH.,  a  pottery-kiln.—  5.  In  a  furnace, 
the  oven  in  which  the  blast  is  heated.  —  6.  In 
bookbinding,  an  apparatus  with  which  the  fin- 
isher heats  his  tools,  formerly  made  to  burn 
charcoal,  but  latterly  gas  —  Air-tight  stove.  See 
air-tiyht.  —  Bark-stove.  Smne  as  bark-bed.  —  Base-burn- 
ing Stove.  See  base-burmivi.  —  Camp-stove,  a  small 
sheet-iron  stove,  light  and  portable,  used  for  both  cooking 
and  heating,  as  in  a  tent.—  Cooking-Stove,  a  stove  ar- 
ranged especially  for  cooking,  having  ovens,  and  often  a 
water-back,  exposed  to  the  heat  of  the  fire,  and  pot-holes 
above  the  fire.—  Franklin  stove,  a  form  of  open  stove 
invented  by  Benjamin  Franklin  in  the  early  part  of  his 
life,  and  called  by  him  "  the  Pennsylvania  fireplace."  The 
name  is  now  given  (a)  to  any  open  stove  with  or  without 
doors  that  open  widely,  and  with  andirons  or  a  grate  simi- 
lar to  those  of  an  ordinary  fireplace  ;  (6)  to  a  kind  of  fire- 
place with  back  and  sides  of  ironwork  and  some  arrange- 
ment for  heating  the  air  in  chambers  which  communi- 
cate with  the  room.—  Norwegian  stove,  a  chamber  the 
walls  of  which  are  made  as  perfect  non-conductors  of  heat 
as  possible,  used  for  cooking  by  enabling  a  pot  or  saucepan 
full  of  boiling  water,  placed  in  it,  to  retain  its  heat  for  a 
reat  length  of  time,  thus  stewing  the  meat,  etc.,  which 
it  may  contain.  The  same  chamber  may  be  used  as  a  re- 
frigerator, as  it  keeps  ice  unmelted  for  a  long  time.  — 
Rotary  stove.  See  rotary  oven,  under  oven. 
Stove1  (stov),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  staved,  ppr. 
staving.  [<  stove1,  n.  Cf.  stew1,  v.,  tt»e°,  v.] 
1.  To  heat  in  a  stove  or  heated  room;  expose 
to  moderate  heat  in  a  vessel.  Specifically—  (o)  To 
keep  warm  in  a  house  or  room  by  artificial  heat  :  as,  to 
stove  orange-trees. 

For  December  and  January,  and  the  latter  part  of  No- 
vember, you  must  take  such  things  as  are  green  all  win- 
ter ;  ...  lemon-trees,  and  myrtles,  if  they  be  staved. 

Bacon,  Gardens  (ed.  1887). 

(b)  To  heat  in  or  as  in  a  stove  :  as,  to  atone  feathers  ;  to 
stove  printed  fabrics  (to  fix  the  color);  to  stove  ropes  (to 
make  them  pliable)  ;  to  stove  timber. 

Light  upon  some  Dutchmen,  with  whom  we  had  good 
discourse  touching  stocetng.  and  making  of  cables. 

Pepys,  Diary,  II.  210. 

And  in  1726,  when  the  ship  was  surveyed  by  the  Master 
Shipwrights  of  Portsmouth  and  Deptford,  with  the  view 
to  her  being  rebuilt,  it  was  found  that  the  stoned  planks 
were  fresher  and  tougher,  and  appeared  to  have  fewer  de- 
fects, than  those  which  had  been  charred,  many  of  the  lat- 
ter being  found  rotten.  Fincham,  Ship-building,  iii.  32. 
(e)  In  vinegar-manvf.  .  to  expose  (malt-wash,  etc.)  in  casks 
to  artificial  heat  in  a  close  room,  in  order  to  induce  acetous 
fermentation,  (d)  In  ceram.,  to  expose  to  a  low  heat. 
See  pottery,  porcelain,  and  kiln.  (e)  To  cook  in  a  close  ves- 
sel; stew.  [Scotch  or  prov.  Eng.) 

The  supper  was  simple  enough.  There  were  oatcakes 
and  cheese  on  the  table,  a  large  dish  of  slaved  potatoes 
steaming  and  savory,  and  a  jug  of  milk. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Joyce,  v. 

2f.  To  shut  up,  as  iii  a  stove  ;  inclose;  confine. 
A  naked  or  stov'd  fire,  pent  up  within  the  house  without 
any  exit  or  succession  of  external  fresh  and  unexhausted 
vital  air,  must  needs  be  noxious  and  pernicious. 

Evelyn,  Advertisement  to  Quintenye.    (Richardson.) 
Fighting  cocks  .  .  .  must  then  be  staved,  which  meant 
putting  them  in  deep  baskets  filled  with  straw,  covering 
them  with  straw,  and  shutting  down  the  lids. 

J.  Athlon,  Social  Life  in  Keign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  302. 

Stove2  (stov).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
stave. 

Stove-coal  (stov'kol),  ».  Coal  of  either  of  two 
sizes:  (a)  large  stove,  or  No.  3,  which  passes 
through  a  2i-  to  2-inch  mesh,  and  over  a  1J-  to 
1^-inch  mesh,  and  (6)  small  stove,  known  as 
No.  4,  which  passes  through  a  1|-  to  If-inch 
mesh,  and  over  a  1£-  to  1-inch  mesh.  Penn. 
Sure.  Gloss. 

Stove-drum  (stov'drum),  H.  A  chamber  over 
a  stove  in  which  the  heated  gases  are  received 
before  being  discharged  into  the  chimney,  in 
order  that  their  heat  may  be  utilized. 

stove-glass  (stov'glas),  n.    See  glass. 

Stove-hearth  (stov'harth),  n.  The  horizontal 
shelf  or  ledge  which  in  some  stoves  lies  outside 
and  in  front  of  the  grate  containing  the  fuel. 
[New  Eng.] 

stove-house  (stov'hous),  ».  Same  as  store1,  1. 
(a)  Same  as  stovel,  1  (a).  (6)  In  the  preparation  of  furs,  a 
house  or  chamber  in  which  the  skins  are  dried. 

The  stove-house  is  full  of  iron  racks  upon  which  are 
placed  iron  rods,  which  receive  the  skins. 

Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  380. 

stove-jack  (stov'jak),  ».  Same  as  smoke- 
jack,  2. 

stovepipe  (stov'pip),  «.  1.  A  metal  pipe  for 
conducting  smoke,  gases,  etc.,  from  a  stove 
to  a  chimney-flue.  —  2.  Same  as  stovepipe  hat. 
[Colloq.,  U.  S.]—  stovepipe  hat.  Same  as  chimney- 
pot hat  (which  see,  under  hati).  [Colloq.,  U.  8.] 

He  bore  himself  like  an  ancient  prophet,  and  would 
have  looked  like  one  only  for  his  black  face  and  a  rusty 
stone-pipe  hat.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXX.  391. 


5 '.174 

Stovepiping  (stov'pi'ping),  n.      [X 
-iiif/.J     Tubing  for  a  stovepipe. 
A  piece  of  dove-piping  about  18  in.  long. 

Workshop  Keceipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  102. 

stove-plant  (stov'plant),  «.  A  plant  cultivated 
in  a  stove.  See  store1,  1  (a). 

Stove-plate  (stov'plat),  w.  1.  One  of  the  plates 
or  lids  serving  to  cover  the  apertures  in  the  top 
of  a  cooking-stove;  a  griddle. —  2.  Same  as 
xtin-f-lii'iirlli.  Trim.*.  .\in<r.  /'Itilol.  Ass.,  XVII., 
App.,  p.  xii.  [Pennsylvania.] 

stove-polish  (st6v'pol''ish),  «.     See  polish1. 

stover'  (sto'ver),  a.  [<  ME.  storcr,  <  OF.  <x- 
tnrrr,  rxluroir.  necessaries.  <  c:<tnn  r,  etilnnir, 
mtoroir,  i-xtnrair,  I'xtrrtiir.  ustiiroir,  istoroir,  en- 
tovoir,  stovoir,  used  impers.,  it  is  necessary; 
origin  unknown.]  Fodder  and  provision  of  all 
sorts  for  cattle.  [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

Where  live  nibbling  sheep, 
And  flat  meads  thatch'd  with  stover,  them  to  keep. 

Shale.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  63. 

stoyer2t  (sto'ver),  v.  i.  [Origin  obscure.]  To 
bristle  up;  stiffen.  [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

Heard,  be  confln'd  to  neatness,  that  no  hair 
May  stover  up  to  prick  my  mistress'  lip. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  1. 

Stove-truck  (stov'truk),  «.  1.  In  a  cannon- 
foundry,  a  truck  on  which  ordnance  is  moved. 
—  2.  A  truck  for  moving  heavy  stoves.  It  is 
run  under  the  stove,  when,  by  means  of  a  lever,  Its  plat- 
form is  raised,  and  lifts  the  stove.  The  lever  serves  as  a 
handle  for  guiding  the  truck.  E.  H.  Knight. 

stow1  (sto),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  stotcen,  stouten,  steicen, 
<  AS.  stowigan,  stow,  =  MD.  stouwen,  stuwen, 
D.  stuwen  =  MLG.  stouwen,  stowen,  LG.  stanen, 
bring  to  a  stand,  hinder,  =  OHG.  stvwan,  stouw- 
an,  stiiiciiii,  utiian,  xtiien,  stuoican,  MHG. stouwen, 
G.  stauen,  bring  to  a  halt,  hem  in,  stow,  pack,  = 
Sw.  stufva  =  Dan.  stuve,  stow,  pack  (<  LG.  f ) ; 
lit.  'place,'  'put  in  place,'  <  stow,  a  place,  = 
OFries.  sto,  a  place,  =  Icel.  *sto,  in  eld-sto,  a  fire- 
place, =  Lith.  stotca,  a  place  where  one  stands; 
prob.  from  the  root  of  stand  (•/  sta) :  see  stand, 
state.  But  the  continental  forms  (to  which  is 
due  stoic'2')  may  not  be  connected  with  the  AS. 
verb,  which  is  rare.  Cf .  bestow.  See  also  steic?.] 

1.  To  put  in  a  suitable  or  convenient  place  or 
position;  put  in  a  place  aside  or  out  of  the 
way ;  lay  up ;  put  up ;  pack ;  especially,  to  pack 
in  a  convenient  form:  as,  to  stow  bags,  bales, 
or  casks  in  a  ship's  hold ;  to  stow  sheaves. 

He  radde  religion  here  ruele  to  holde, 
"  Leste  the  kyng  and  tins  consail  soure  comunes  a-peyre, 
And  be  stywardes  of  ,;<mre  stedes  til  xe  be  stewed  betere." 
Piers  Pluwman  (C),  vi.  146. 
Foul  thief,  where  hast  thou  stow'il  my  daughter? 

Shot.,  Othello,  1.  2.  62. 

We  pointed  to  the  white  rolls  of  stowed  hammocks  in 
the  nettings. 

J.  W.  Palmer,  Up  and  Down  the  Irrawaddi,  p.  219. 

2.  To  accumulate  or  compactly  arrange  any- 
thing in;  fill  by  packing  closely:  as,  to  stoic  a 
box  or  the  hold  of  a  ship. 

The  tythe  o'  what  ye  waste  at  cartes 
Wad  stow'd  his  pantry ! 

Burns,  To  W.  Simpson. 

3.  To  contain ;  hold. 

Shall  thy  black  bark  those  guilty  spirits  stow 
That  kill  themselves  for  love? 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iv.  1. 

There  was  an  English  ship  then  in  the  roads,  whereof 
one  Mr.  Mariot  was  master;  he  entertained  as  many  as 
his  ship  could  stow.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  II.  293. 

4.  To  furl  or  roll  up,  as  a  sail. —  5.  In  mining, 
to  fill  up  (vacant  spaces)  with  stowing.   A  mine  is 
worked  by  the  method  of  stowing  when  all  the  valuable 
substance  —  ore,  or  coal,  or  whatever  it  may  be  —  is  taken 
out,  and  the  vacant  space  packed  full  of  deads  or  refuse, 
either  that  famished  by  the  workings  themselves,  or  stuff 
brought  from  the  surface,  or  both  together. 

6f.  To  bestow ;  give ;  grant. 

If  thou  dost  flow 

In  thy  frank  guiftes,  &  thy  golde  freely  stow, 
The  principal!  will  make  thy  pennance  ebbe. 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  81. 

7t.  To  intrust ;  commit ;  give  in  charge. 

Stowyne  or  waryne,  or  besettyne,  as  men  done  moneye 
or  chaffer.  Commute.  Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  478. 

To  Stow  down,  (a)  To  put  In  the  hold  of  a  vessel ;  stow 
away ;  specifically,  to  run  (oil)  into  the  casks  of  a  whaler. 
( '*)  To  furnish  as  the  stowdown :  as,  the  whale  stowed  down 
75  barrels  of  oil. 

Stow2  (sto),  v.      [ME.  stoiren :  see  stoic1.]     I. 
trans.  If.  To  resist;  hinder;  stop, 
giff  any  man  stow  me  this  nyth, 
I  xal  hym  geve  a  dedly  wownde. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  217.    (Halliwell.) 

2.  To  put  out  of  sight  or  hearing;  be  silent 
about.  [Slang.] 

Now  if  you'll  stow  all  that  gammon  and  speak  common- 
sense  for  three  minutes,  111  tell  you  my  mind  right  away. 
Whyte  Mehille,  White  Rose,  II.  xx. 


strabismus 

II. t  iiitriiii*.  To  niiikc  resistance;  resist. 
Thay  stekede  stedys  in  stourc  with  stelene  wapynes, 
And  alle  stowede  wyth  strenghe  that  stode  theme  agaynes ! 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1489. 

Stow:i  (stou),  /-.  t.  [Cf.  LG.  stuce,  stuf,  a  rem- 
nant, stuf,  blunt,  stumpy.]  To  cut  off;  crop; 
lop.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

If  ever  any  body  should  affront  his  kinsman,  ...  he 
would  stow  his  lugs  out  of  his  head,  were  he  the  best  man 
in  Glasgow.  Scott,  Hob  Roy,  xxxvi. 

stow4  (sto),  11.  [A  dial.  var.  of  .store1.]  In  tin- 
lilitli'  iiiiiiiiif.,  the  structure  which  contains  the 
furnace  and  the  series  of  five  pots.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Stow4  (sto).  r.t.  [A  dial. var.  of  store1.]  Todry 
in  an  oven.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Stowage  (sto'aj),  ».  [<  stow1  +  -age.]  I.  The 
act  or  operation  of  stowing. 

Coasting  vessels,  in  the  frequent  hurry  and  bustle  at- 
tendant upon  taking  in  or  discharging  cargo,  are  the  most 
liable  to  mishap  from  the  want  of  a  proper  attention  to 
stowage.  Poe,  Narrative  of  A.  Gordon  Pym,  vi. 

2.  The  state  of  being  stowed  ;  also,  a  place  in 
which  something  is  or  may  be  stowed;   room 
for  stowing. 

I  am  something  curious,  being  strange, 
To  have  them  [Jewels,  etc.]  in  safe  stowage. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  6.  192. 

They  may  as  well  sue  for  Nunneries,  that  they  may  have 
some  convenient  stowage  for  their  wither'd  daughters. 

Hilton,  On  Uef.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

In  every  vessel  there  is  stowage  for  immense  treasures. 

Addison.    (Johnson.) 

3.  Money  paid  for  stowing  goods. — 4.  That 
which  is  stowed. 

We  ha'  ne'er  better  luck 
When  we  ha'  such  stowage  as  these  trinkets  with  us. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Sea  Voyage,  i.  1. 

stowaway  (sto'a-wa*),  w.  [<  stow1  +  away.] 
One  who,  in  order  to  secure  a  free  passage, 
conceals  himself  aboard  an  outward-bound 
vessel,  with  the  hope  of  remaining  undiscov- 
ered until  too  late  to  be  sent  ashore. 

stowdown  (sto'doun),  «.  The  act  of  stowing 
down,  also  that  which  is  stowed  down,  in  the 
hold  of  a  vessel. 

stower1  (sto'er),  •».  [<  stow1  +  -er1.]  One  who 
stows;  specifically,  a  workman  who  assists  in 
stowing  away  the  cargo  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel. 

stower-,  stoweredt.    See  stour*,  stoured. 

Stowing  (sto'ing),  H.  In  mining,  rubbish,  or 
material  of  any  kind,  taken  from  near  at  hand, 
or  brought  from  the  surface,  and  used  to  fill 
up  places  from  which  ore,  coal,  or  other  valua- 
ble substance  has  been  removed. 

stowlins  (sto'linz),  adr.  [Contracted  from 
'stolenlings,  <  stolen  +  -ling2.]  Stealthily. 

Rab,  stowlins,  prie'd  her  bonnie  mou'  .  .  . 

Unseen  that  night.         Burns,  Halloween. 

stown  (stoun).     A  Scotch  past  participle  of 
steal. 
My  mither  she  fell  sick,  and  the  cow  was  stown  awa. 

Avid  Robin  Gray. 

stowret.    Same  as  stoor1,  stoor2. 

stow-wood  (sto'wud),  n.  2faut.,  billets  of  wood 
used  for  steadying  casks  in  a  vessel's  hold. 

S.  T.  P.  An  abbreviation  of  Saerse  or  Sacro- 
sanctie  Theologiee  Professor,  Professor  of  Sa- 
cred Theology. 

strat,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  straw1. 

strabism  (stra'bizm),  n.  [<  NL.  strabismus.] 
Same  as  strabismus. 

strabismal  (stra-biz'mal),  a.  [<  strabism  + 
-al.]  Same  as  strabisniic. 

strabismic  (stra-biz'mik),  a.  [<  strabism  + 
-ic.]  Pertaining  to,  affected  by,  or  involving 
strabismus;  squinting;  distorted. 

Strabismical  (stra-biz'mi-kal),  a.  [<  strabis- 
niic +  -al.]  Same  as  strabisniic.  Science,  XIII. 
364. 

strabismometer  (strab-is-mom'e-ter),  «.  [< 
NL.  strabismus,  q.  v.,  +  Gr.  fitrpov,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  strabismus;  a 
strabometer. 

Strabismus  (stra-bis'mus), »!.  [=  F.  strabisme, 
<  NL.  strabismus,  <  Gr.  oT/xz/3«T/idf,  a  squint- 
ing, <  arpafiof,  crooked,  distorted,  <  orptyeiv, 
twist,  turn  about.]  Squint;  a  failure  of  one 
of  the  visual  axes  to  pass  through  the  fixation- 
point  (the  point  which  is  looked  at).  The  eye 
whose  visual  axis  passes  through  the  fixation-point  is 
called  the  working  eye,  the  other  the  squinting  eye.— 
Absolute  strabismus,  strabismus  occurring  for  all 
distances  of  the  fixation-point.— Concomitant  stra- 
bismus, strabismus  which  remains  about  the  same  in 
amount  for  all  positions  of  the  fixation-point. —  Conver- 
gent strabismus,  strabismus  in  which  the  visual  axes 
cross  between  the  fixation-point  and  the  eyes.  Diplopia 
from  this  cause  is  said  to  be  hornonymvus. —  Divergent 
strabismus,  divergent  squint,  in  which  the  visual  axes 


strabismus 

diverge,  or  at  least  cross  beyond  the  fixation-point.  Di- 
plopia  from  this  cause  is  said  to  be  crossed. — Latent 
strabismus,  strabismus  existing  only  when  one  eye  i^ 
occluded.— Manifest  strabismus,  strabismus  occurring 
when  both  eyes  arc  open.- Monolateral  strabismus, 
strabismus  in  wlm-h  it  is  always  the  visual  axis  of  the 
same  eye  which  fails  to  pass  through  the  fixation-point. 
—  Relative  strabismus,  strabismus  occurring  for  some 
and  not  for  other  distances  of  the  fixation-point. — Stra- 
bismus deorsum  vergens,  downward  squint,  in  which 
the  visual  axis  of  the  squinting  eye  passes  lower  than  the 
fixation-point.— Strabismus  sursum  vergens,  upward 
squint,  in  which  the  visual  axis  of  the  squinting  eye  passes 
higher  than  the  fixation-point. 

Strabometer  (stra-bom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  arpa- 
fioc,  crooked,  +  fiirpov,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  strabismus;  a  strabis- 
mometer. 

Strabotomy  (stra-bot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  orpa/Jor, 
crooked,  distorted  (<  arpiyeiv,  twist,  turn  about), 
+  -rouia,  <  Ttftvetv,  Tapc'tv,  cut.]  In  surg.,  the 
operation  for  the  cure  of  squinting  by  cutting 
the  attachment  of  a  muscle  or  muscles  to  the 
eyeball. 

strachyt,  ».  A  word  of  doubtful  form  and  mean- 
ing, occurring  only  in  the  following  passage, 
where  in  the  earlier  editions  it  is  italicized  as 
a  title  or  proper  name. 

There  is  example  for 't ;  the  lady  of  the  Strachy  married 
the  yeoman  of  the  wardrobe.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5.  45. 

strackent.  An  obsolete  past  participle  of  strike. 

Chaucer. 
Stract  (strakt),  a.     [Aphetic  form  of  distract.] 

Distracted.     [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

So  I  did,  but  he  came  afterwards  as  one  stract  and  be- 
sides himselfe.  Terence  in  English  (1614).  (Nares.) 

Strad  (strad),  n.     [Origin  obscure.]     A  kind  of 

leather  gaiter  worn   as  a  protection  against 

thorns.     Halliwell. 
straddle  (strad'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  straddled, 

ppr.  straddling.   [A  var.  of  stridle,  striddle,  freq. 

of  stride:  see  striddle,  stride. "]     I.  intrans.  1. 

To  stand  or  walk  with  the  legs  wide  apart ;  sit 

or  stand  astride. 

At  length  (as  Fortune  serude)  I  lighted  vppon  an  old, 
straddling  usurer.  Nashe,  Pierce  Penilesse,  p.  11. 

Then  Apollyon  straddled  quite  over  the  whole  breadth 
of  the  way,  and  said,  I  am  void  of  fear  in  this  matter. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

2.  To  include  or  favor  two  apparently  opposite 
or  different  things ;  occupy  or  take  up  an  equiv- 
ocal position  in  regard  to  something:  as,  to 
straddle  on  the  tariff  question.  [Colloq.] 

II.  trans.  1 .  To  place  one  leg  on  one  side  and 
the  other  on  the  other  side  of;  stand  or  sit 
astride  of:  as,  to  straddle  a  fence  or  a  horse. — 

2.  To  occupy  or  take  up  an  equivocal  position 
in  regard  to;  appear  to  favor  both  sides  of:  as, 
to  straddle  a  political  question.     [Colloq.] 

The  platform  [of  the  Ohio  Democrats]  contains  the  well- 
known  plank  straddling  the  tariff  question,  which  has  ap- 
peared in  previous  Democratic  platforms  of  that  and  other 
States.  The  Nation,  July  3, 1864,  p.  4. 

3.  To  double  (the  blind)  in  poker. 
straddle  (strad'l),  n.  [(straddle,  v.]  1.  The  act 

of  standing  or  sitting  with  the  legs  far  apart. — 
2.  The  distance  between  the  feet  or  legs  of  one 
who  straddles. —  3.  In  speculative  dealings  on 
'change,  a  "privilege"  or  speculative  contract 
covering  both  a  "put"  and  a  "call" — that  is, 
giving  the  holder  the  right  at  his  option  (1)  of 
calling,  within  a  specified  number  of  days,  for 
a  certain  stock  or  commodity  at  a  price  named 
in  the  contract,  or  (2)  of  delivering  to  the 
person  to  whom  the  consideration  had  been 
paid  a  certain  stock  or  commodity  upon  terms 
similarly  stated.  See  call1,  n.,  15,  privilege,  n., 
5,  and  nut1,  n.,  5.  Also  called  spread  eagle. 
[Slang.] — 4.  In  the  game  of  poker,  a  dou- 
bling of  the  blind  by  one  of  the  players. —  5. 
An  attempt  to  take  an  equivocal  or  non-com- 
mittal position :  as,  a  straddle  in  a  party  plat- 
form. [Colloq.] — 6.  In  mining,  one  of  the  ver- 
tical timbers  by  which  the  different  sets  are 
supported  at  a  fixed  distance  from  each  other 
in  the  shaft;  a  vertical  post  used  in  various 
ways  in  timbering  a  mine,  as  in  supporting  the 
framework  of  a  shaft  at  a  hanging-on  place. 

straddle  (strad'l),  adv.  [Short  for  astraddle.] 
Astride ;  with  straddled  legs :  as,  to  ride  strad- 
dle. 

straddle-bug  (strad'1-bug),  «.  A  sort  of  tum- 
ble-bug ;  a  scarabeeid  beetle  with  long  legs,  of 
the  genus  Canthoti,  as  C.  leevis.  See  cut  under 
tumble-bug.  [U.  S.] 

Out  in  the  woods  for  a  good  time.  Cloth  spread  on  the 
green-sward,  crickets  and  straddle  bugs  hopping  and  crawl- 
ing over  sandwiches  and  everything  else. 

St.  Nicholas,  XVII.  12,  adrt. 


straight 

straddle-legged  (strad'1-legd),  «.     Having  the  straggling  (strag'ling),)).     [Verbal  n.  ( 
legs  wide  apart;  with  the  legs  astride  of  an     yle,  r.]     A   mode  <.t  dressing  the  surfaces  of 
object.     II.  //.  Itit.wll.  grindstom-s. 

straddle-pipe  (strad'1-pip),  H.  In  yas-nnnnif..  stragglingly  (stnig'ling-H),  rtrfr.  In  a  strag- 
a  bridge-pipe  connecting  the  retort  with  the  gling  manner;  one  here  and  one  there,  or  one 
hydraulic  main.  E.  U.  Knight.  now  and  one  again  :  as,  to  come  in  Ktrngglingly. 

Straddle-plow  (strad'1-plou),  «.     A  plow  with  straggling-money(*ti'at,''liii!_'-niun''i),  ».   Inthe 
two  triangular  parallel  shares  set  a  short  dis-     British  navy:   (a)  Money  given  to  those  who 
tance  apart,  used  to  cover  a  row  of  corn,  etc., 
by  running  it  so  that  the  line  of  seed  come- 
between  the  shares.     E.  H.  Knit/lit. 

stradiott  (strad'i-ot),  ».     [<  OF.  stradiot,  estra- 


di»t:  see  estradiot.]     Same  as  estradiot. 

Strae  (stra),  ».     A  Scotch  form  of  straw1. 

straget,  «.     [<  L.  strages,  slaughter.]     Slaugh- 
ter; destruction. 
He  presaged  the  great  strage  and  messacre  which  after 


apprehend  deserters  <>r  others  who  have  strag- 
gled or  overstayed  their  leave  of  absence.  (Ii) 
Money  ded  net  ed  from  the  wages  of  a  man  absent 
from  duty  without  leave. 

Straggly  (strag'li),a.  [<*//•«</<//<  +-1/1.]  Strag- 
gling; lone  and  spread  out  irregularly:  as,  a 
straggly  scrawl ;  a  straggly  village.  [Colloq.] 

Stragular  (strag'u-lar),«.  In  oriiith.,  pertaining 
to  the  stragulum  or  mantle;  pallial. 


hapned  In  Sicilia.  Heywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  230.  Stragulum  (strag'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  xtrfigula  (-1S). 
straggle  (strag'l),  «.  t. ;  pret,  and  pp.  straggled*  '<  *•>•  Ktragiiliim,  a'cover,  coverlet:  see  Strait,] 
ppr.  straggling.  [Formerly  also  stragle;  a  var.  I»  "ruilli.,  the.mantle;  the  pallium;  the  back 
of  *strac'k'le,  freq.  of  strnke  (perhaps  due  in  part  !"id  folded  wings  taken  together,  in  any  way 
to  the  influence  of  draggle,  but  cf.  stagger  for  distinguished  from  other  parts,  as  by  color  on 
Stacker1):  K6 Stroke1.  Straggle  is  not  connected  a  gull  or  tern.  [Bare.] 

with  stray.]  1.  To  roam  or  wander  away,  or  Strahlite  (stra'lit),  ti.  [<  G.  StraM,  a  ray,  beam, 
become  separated,  as  from  one's  companions  or  arrow  (see  strait),  +  -»>-.]  Same  as  actinolite. 
the  direct  course  or  way ;  stray.  Straight1  (strat),  a.  and  u.  [Formerly  also 

streight,  stntugkt,  Se.  xtriiiii/ht,  stravcht,  and, 
with  the  omission  of  the  silent  guttural,  strait 
(prob.  by  confusion  with  the  diff.  word  strait^. 
narrow,  strict,  which  was  also,  on  the  other 
hand,  formerly  spelled  straight) ;  <  ME.  streight, 
streght,  streigt,  rarely  streit,  straight,  lit.  'stretch- 
ed,' <  AS.  streht,  pp.  of  streccan,  stretch:  see 
stretch.  Cf.  ME.  strek,  strik,  <  AS.  stree,  strsec, 
streae  =  MLG.  LG.  strak  =  OHG.  strach,  MHG. 
strac,  G.  strack,  extended,  stretched,  straight, 
=  Dan.  (obs.)  strag,  straight,  erect,  tight;  from 
the  same  ult.  root.  Cf.  the  equiv.  right,  lit. 
'stretched.']  I.  a.  If.  Stretched ;  drawn  out. 


In  the  plain  beyond  us,  for  we  durst  not  straggle  from 
the  shore,  we  beheld  where  once  stood  Ilium  by  him  [Ilus] 
founded. .  Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  18. 

I  found  my  self  four  or  five  Mile  to  the  West  of  the 
Place  where  I  stragled  from  my  Companions. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  II.  84. 

2.  To  roam  or  wander  at  random,  or  without 
any  certain  direction  or  object ;  ramble. 

Master  George  How,  one  of  the  Councell,  stragling 
abroad,  was  slaine  by  the  Salvages. 

Quoted  in  Ca.pt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  100. 

3.  To  escape  or  stretch  out  ramblingly  or  be- 
yond proper  limits ;  spread  widely  apart ;  shoot 
too  far  in  growth. 

Trim  off  the  small  superfluous  branches  on  each  side  of 
the  hedge,  that  straggle  too  far  out. 

Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

How  these  tall 
Naked  geraniums  straggle ! 

Browning,  Pippa  Passes,  i. 

4.  To  be  dispersed ;  be  apart  from  any  main 
body;  standalone;  be  isolated;  occur  at  inter- 
vals or  apart  from  one  another;  occur  here  and 
there :  as,  the  houses  straggle  all  over  the  dis- 
trict. 

straggler  (strag'ler),  n.     [<  straggle  +  -er^.] 

1.  One  who  straggles  or  strays  away,  as  from 
his  fellows  or  from  the  direct  or  proper  course ; 
one  who  lags  behind  or  becomes  separated  in 
any  way  from  his  companions,  as  from  a  body 
of  troops  on  the  march. 

This  maner  of  speech  is  termed  the  figure  of  digression 
by  the  Latines,  following  the  Oreeke  original! ;  we  also  call 
him  the  straggler,  by  allusion  to  the  souldier  that  marches 
out  of  his  array.  Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  195. 

The  first  stragglers  of  a  battalion  of  rocks,  guarding  a 
sort  of  pass,  beyond  which  the  beck  rushed  down  a  water- 
fall. Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xxxiv. 

2.  Specifically,  in  ornith.,  a  stray,  or  strayed 
bird,  out  of  its  usual  range,  or  off  its  regular 
migration.    The  stragglers  are  the  casual  or  accidental 
visitants  in  any  avifauna.    In  the  nature  of  the  case  they 
are  never  numerous  as  regards  individuals ;  but  the  list 
of  what  are  technically  called  stragglers  in  any  region  or 
locality  usually  becomes,  in  the  course  of  time,  a  long  one, 
so  far  as  species  are  concerned.    Thus,  in  the  avifauna  of 
the  District  of  Columbia,  the  stragglers  are  about  as  many 
species  as  the  regular  visitants  of  either  summer  or  winter, 
or  the  permanent  residents  of  the  year  round,  though  few- 
er than  the  spring  and  autumn  migrants. 


siilir  tlii  flelsch,  lord,  was  fnrst  perceyued 
And,  for  oure  sake,  laid  xtreigt  in  stalle. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  252. 


Pirrus  with  his  streite  swerd. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1 


537. 


2.  Without   bend  or  deviation,  like  a  string 
tightly  stretched;  not  crooked  or  curved ;  right; 
in  geom.,  lying,  as  a  line,  evenly  between  its 
points.    This  is  Euclid's  definition.    The  principal  char- 
acteristic of  a  straight  line  is  that  it  is  completely  deter- 
mined, if  unlimited,  by  any  two  points  taken  upon  it,  or,  If 
limited,  by  its  two  extremities.   The  idea  of  measurement 
does  not  enter  into  the  idea  of  a  straight  line,  and  it  is  un- 
necessary to  introduce  that  idea  into  the  definition,  as  is 
done  when  it  is  said  (after  Legendre)  to  be  the  shortest  dis- 
tance between  two  points. 

He  that  knoweth  what  is  straight  doth  even  thereby  dis- 
cern what  is  crooked,  because  the  absence  of  stralghtness 
in  bodies  capable  thereof  is  crookedness. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  i.  8. 

There  is  no  moe  such  Ceesars ;  other  of  them  may  have 
crook 'd  noses,  but  to  owe  such  straight  arms,  none. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  1.  38. 

Be  pleased  to  let  thy  Holy  Spirit  lead  me  in  the  straight 
paths  of  sanctity,  without  cleflections  to  either  hand. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1885),  I.  86. 

3.  Without  interruption  or  break ;  direct. 

Forth-with  declarid  to  hys  peple  all, 
And  to  thys  cite  his  peple  gan  cal, 
Wher-vnto  thai  had  an  euyn  streight  way. 

Rom.  o/Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  a).  1.  1308. 

With  straight  air  — that  is,  with  the  pressure  from  the 
main  reservoir,  or  the  air-pump,  going  directly  to  the 
brake  cylinder— the  engineer  can  apply  the  brakes  to  all 
the  wheels  of  his  train  simultaneously. 

Sawncr's  Mag.,  VI.  333. 

4.  Direct ;  authoritative ;  sure ;  reliable :  as,  a 


er  than  the  spring  and  autumn  mgrants.  .       re , 

3.  One  who  roams  or  wanders  about  at  random,     straigh  t  tip.    [Slang.]  —  5.  Upright ;  marked  by 


or  without  settled  direction  or  object;  a  wan- 
derer; a  vagabond;  especially,  a  wandering, 
shiftless  fellow ;  a  tramp. 

Let's  whip  these  stragglers  o'er  the  seas  again. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,v.  3.  327. 

Bottles  missing  are  supposed  to  be  half  stolen  by  strag- 
filers  and  other  servants. 

Swift,  Advice  to  Servants  (Butler). 

4.  Something  that  shoots  beyond  the  rest  or 
too  far;  an  exuberant  growth. 

Let  thy  hand  supply  the  pruning-knif  e, 
And  crop  luxuriant  ttragglers. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  ii.  603. 

5.  Something  that  stands  apart  from  others;  a 
solitary  or  isolated  individual. 

I  in  a  manner  alone  of  that  tyme  lef  t  a  standing  straggler, 
peradventur,  though  my  frute  be  very  smaul,  yet,  bicanse 
the  grownd  from  whens  it  sprang  was  so  good,  I  may  yet 
be  thought  somwhat  fltt  for  seede,  whan  all  yow  the  rest 
ar  taken  up  for  better  store. 

Aictutin.  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  14. 


adherence  to  truth  and  fairness;  fair;  honor- 
able: as,  a  man  straight  in  all  his  dealings. 
[Colloq.]  — 6.  Proceeding  or  acting  with  direct- 
ness; keeping  true  to  the  course.  [Colloq.] 

He  shows  himself  to  be  a  man  of  wide  reading,  a  pretty 
straight  thinker,  and  a  lively  and  independent  critic. 

The  Nation,  Dec.  Ii,  1888,  p.  458. 

7.  Free  from  disorder  or  irregularity ;  in  order : 
as,  his  accounts  are  not  quite  straight. 

Finally,  being  belted,  curled,  and  set  straight,  he  de- 
scended upon  the  drawing-room. 

Thackeray,  Pendennls,  vii. 

He  told  her  that  she  needn't  mind  the  place  being  not 
quite  straight,  he  had  only  come  up  for  a  few  hours— he 
should  be  busy  in  the  studio. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  The  Century,  XXXVI.  218. 

8.  Unqualified;  unreserved;  out-and-out:  as, 
a  straight  Democrat  (that  is,  one  who  supports 
the  entire  platform  and  policy  of  his  party). — 

9.  Unmixed;  undiluted;  neat.     [Slang.] 

whisky 


Dissipating  their  rare  and  precious  cash  on 

Straggle-tooth  (strag'1-toth),  n.     An  irregular     «/roi^At"  in  the  ever-recurring  bar-rooms, 
or  misshapen  tooth ;  a  snaggle-tooth ;  a  snag.  Fortnightly  Ken.,  N.  s,,  xxxix.  78. 


straight 


5976 


10.  East  and  west;  along  an  east  and  west  line:  straightforward  (strat'for'wiird),  adv.     [Also 


used  of  the  position  of  the  body  in  Christian 
burial. 


First  Clo.    Is  she  to  be  buried  in  Christian  burial  that     right  ahead. 


straightfoneards.  formerly  also  straitforward; 
<  strti/i/lift  +    forward1."]     Directly  forward; 


wilfully  seeks  her  own  salvation? 

Sec.  Clo.  I  tell  thee  she  is ;  and  therefore  make  her 
grave  straight;  the  crowner  hath  sat  on  her,  and  finds  it 
Christian  burial.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1.  4. 


11.  In  poker,  consisting  of  a  sequence;  form- 
ing a  straight:  as,  a  straight  hand;  a  straight 
flush — A  straight  face,  an  unsmiling  face;  a  sober, 
unamused  expression :  as,  he  could  with  difficulty  keep  a 
straight  face.  [Colloq.]— Long  straight^.  See  longi.— 
Straight  accents,  the  long  marks  over  the  vowels,  as 
a, e,i,o,u,y.— Straight  angle.  See angle'J.l.— Straight 
arch,  in  arch.,  a  form  of  arch  spanning  an  aperture  in 
which  the  intrados  is  represented  by  straight  lines 
which  meet  in  a  point  at  the  top  and  comprise  two  sides 
of  a  triangle.— Straight  ends  and  walls,  a  system  of 
working  coal,  somewhat  similar  to  ''board  and  pillar." 
[North  Wales.]— Straight  flush.  See  flush*.—  Straight- 
intestine,  bowel,  or  gut,  the  rectum.  See  cuts  under 
alimentary,  intestine,  and  peritoneum.*-  Straight  sheer. 
See  sheer-',  1.— Straight  sinus,  ticket,  tubule,  etc.  See 
the  nouns. 

II.  n.  1.  The  condition  of  being  straight,  or  Straightforwardly  (strat'f6r'ward-li),  adr.  In 
free  from  curvature  or  crookedness  of  any  a  straightforward  manner.  Athen&um,No.3258, 
kind:  as,  to  be  out  of  the  straight.  [Colloq.]  P-  451. 

—  2.  A  straight  part  or  direction:  as,  the  Straightforwardness  (straff or' ward-nes),  «. 
straight  of  a  piece  of  timber.— 3.  In  poker,  a  Straightforward  character  or  conduct;  unde- 
sequence  of  cards,  generally  five  in  number,  viating  rectitude:  as,  a  man  of  remarkable 
or  a  hand  containing  such  a  sequence.  straightforwardness. 

straight1  (strat),  adv.   [<  ME.  streight,  streyght,  straight-hearted,  a.     See  strait-hearted, 
streyghte,  etc. ;  <  straight,  a.]    1.  In  a  straight  straight-horn  (strat'horn),  n.    A  fossil  cepha- 
line;  without  swerving  or  deviating  from  the    toppd  of  the  family  Orthoceratidie,  some  of 


Look  not  on  this  side  or  that  side,  or  behind  you  as  Lot's 
wife  did,  but  straightforward/*  on  the  end. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1863),  II.  211. 

straightforward  (strat'f6r'n-iir<l),ri.  l<slrnif/lit- 
/«n/'«rrf,  «</!•.]  1.  Direct;  leading  directly  for- 
ward or  onward. 

Midway  upon  the  journey  of  our  life 
I  found  myself  within  a  forest  dark, 
For  the  straightforward  pathway  had  been  lost. 

Longfellow,  tr.  of  Dante's  Inferno,  i.  3. 

2.  Characterized  by  uprightness,  honesty,  or 
frankness  ;  honest ;  frank ;  open ;  without  de- 
viation or  prevarication:  as,  a  straightforward 
course;  a  straight tforward  person,  character,  or 
answer. 

In  prose  he  wrote  as  he  conversed  and  as  he  preached, 
using  the  plain  straightforward  language  of  common  life. 

Bunyan,  p.  40. 


direct  course ;  directly. 


which  were  12  or  15  feet  long;  an  orthocera- 

Streight  aforn  hym  a  fair  feld  gan  behold.  *ite:     *-.p:  Carpenter. 

Bom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4861.  Straight-joint  (strat'jomt),  a.     Noting  a  floor 

Floating  straight,  obedient  to  the  stream.  tne  boards  of  which  are  so  laid  that  the  joints 

Shot.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  l.  87.  form  a  continuous  line  throughout  the  length. 

2.  At  once;  immediately;  directly;  straight-  straightly1  (strat'li),  ode.    [<  '/traighfl  +  -ly*."] 

way  In  a  straight  line;  not  crookedly  ;  directly:  as, 

.    .                                                                        ,  to  run  straightlu  on.     Imn.  Diet. 

And  went  streyghte  into  the  Hospytall,  and  refresshed  .       .   ...    .,/      *,            .     J    ,      ,    .             ...         ^m 

s  with  mete  anldrynke,  and  rested  vs  there  an  houre  or  Straightly^t,    adv.       An    obsolete    spelling   of 


The  property  or 


straight;  straighten.     [Rare.] 

The  old  gypsy,  in  the  mean  time,  set  about  arranging 
the  dead  body,  composing  its  limbs,  and  straighting  the 


.ij.  bycause  of  our  watche  the  nyght  byfore.  straitty. 

Sir  K.  Guylfordt,  Pylgrymage,  p.  28.  StraightneSS  (strat'nes),  n. 

Shew  him  an  enemy,  his  pain 's  forgot  straight.  state  of  being  straight. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1.  straight-out  (strat'out),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Out- 
Straight1  (strat),  v.  t.   [<  straight*,  a.]   To  make  and-out ;  straight :  as,  straight-out  Republicans. 
•""---  "•  II.  n.  In  U.S. politics,  one  who  votes  a  straight 
or  strictly  party  ticket;  a  thorough  partizan. 

Other  sinniiiit-iiiits.  as  they  call  themselves,  .  .  .  can- 
arms  by  its  side. 

Straight2t,  a.  and  n. 

strait1, 
straightaway  (strat'a-wa/),  a. 

ward,  without  turn  or  curve :  as,  a  straightaway 

course  in  a  yacht-  or  horse-race. 
At  the  Ascot,  where  I  was  last  Thursday,  the  course  is 

a  straightaway  one.     T.  C.  Crawford,  English  Life,  p.  28.     palms,  etc. 
straight-hilled  (strat'bild),  a.    Having  the  bill  Straightway  (strat'wa),  adv.     [<  ME.  streight- 

straight,  as  a  bird ;  rectirostral.  wey ;<. straight1  +  way^."]    Immediately;  forth- 


, 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering, 

An  obsolete  spelling  of 


not  take  Grant  and  the  Republicans. 

The  Nation,  Aug.  22, 1872,  p.  113 

straight-pightt  (strat'pit),  a.    [<  straight1  + 
Straight  for-    piffM.]    Straight-fixed;  erect. 

Straiffht-piyht  Minerva.         Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5.  164. 
Straight-ribbed  (strat'ribd),  a.     In  dot.,  having 
the  lateral  ribs  straight,  as  leaves  of  Castanea, 


straight-cut  (strat'kut),  a.    Cut  in  a  straight    with;  without  loss  of  time ;  without  delay. 

The!  hilde  her  streiyht-wey  toward  north  wales  to  a  Citee 
that  longed  to  the  kynge  Tradily-uaunte. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  &.),  ill.  558. 
And  straightway  the  damsel  arose  and  walked. 

Mark  v.  4-2. 


manner:  applied  to  fine  grades  of  cut  smoking 
tobacco.    The  leaves  are  flattened  out,  packed  com- 
pactly, and  cut  lengthwise,  long  fibers  being  thus  obtained 
that  present  a  beautiful  silky  appearance. 
straight-edge  (strat'ej),  ».     A  bar  having  one 
edge,  at  least,  as  straight  as  possible,  to  be  straightwayst  (strat'waz),  adr.   [<  straightway 
used  as  a  fiducial  line  in  drawing  and  testing     +  adv.  gen.  -s.]     Straightway, 
straight  lines.    Such  instruments  when  of  the  greatest         None  of  the  three  could  win  a  palm  of  ground  but  the 
accuracy  are  somewhat  costly.    Common  straight-edges     other  two  would  straightways  balance  it. 
for  ruling  ordinary  lines,  testing  the  surface  of  mill-  Bacon,  Empire  (ed.  1887) 

stones,  brickwork  and  stonework,  etc.,  are  made  of  wood,  •   i_j.      •         a   /  i  -n    •      j\ 

and  range  from  a  slip  of  wood  one  foot  long  to  planks  cut  Straight-Winged  (strat  wingd),  a.     In  entom., 
in  the  form  of  a  truss  and  ten  or  more  feet  in  length.  See     having  straight  wings ;  orthopterous. 
cut  under  plumb-rule.  straik1,  n.     A  Scotch  spelling  of  stroke*. 

Straighten1  (stra'tn),  v.     [<  straight^  +  -en1.]  gtraik2,t'.  t.  A  Scotch  form  of  stroke?. 
I.  trans.  To  make  straight,  in  any  sense ;  spe-  strailt,  «•   [<  ME.  stroyfc,  <  AS.  streofl/,  *str*0<tf, 
cifically,  to  reduce  from  a  crooked  to  a  straight    contr.  strjisl,  a  bed-cover,  carpet,  rug,  =  OF. 

stragule,  a  mantle,  coverlet,  s  L.  utragulum,  a 
spread,  covering,  coverlet,  blanket,  carpet,  rug, 
also  stragula,  a  covering, blanket ;  neut.  and  fern, 
respectively  of  stragulus,  serving  for  spreading 
or  covering,  <  sternere,  pp.  stratus,  spread, 
strew:  see  stratum.']  A  covering;  a  coverlet. 
Prompt.  Parr.,  p.  478. 

Strain1  (stran),  v.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  strayne; 
<  ME.  straynen,  streinen,  streynen,  straynyen,  < 


form. 

A  crooked  stick  is  not  straightened  unless  it  be  bent  as 
far  on  the  clean  contrary  side. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  iv.  8. 
To  straighten  the  sheer.    See  sheer3. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  straight;  assume  a 
straight  form. 

straighten2,  v.  t.    See  straiten. 
Straightener  (strat'ner),  ».     [<  straighten*  + 
-er1.]     One  who  or  that  which  straightens. 
straightening-block  (strat'ning-blok),  n.    An 
anvil  used  in  straightening  buckled  saws.    E. 
H.  Knight. 
straightening-machine(strat'ning-ma-shen'), 


OF.  streindre,  estraindre,  straindre,  F.  itreindre 
=  Pr.  estrenher,  estreigner  =  It.  strignere,  stre- 
gnere,  stringere,  <  L.  stringers,  pp.  strictus,  draw 
tight ;  akin  to  Gr.  arpayyof,  twisted,  orpa-yyi&iv, 
press  out,  Lith.  stregti,  become  stiff,  freeze,  AS. 


,     ?—  .  -    .  ..  .     "         plCOO  UUt,  .Ulbu.  ot/  cr/lt,    UCUUllit;  »L1U,  llCCZit^,  ^lf 

n.     I*  metal-work,  any  machine  for  removing    ltreecan  'stretch,  etc.:    see  stretch,  straight 
a  twist,  bend,  buckle,  or  kmk  from  rails,  rods,     ~  •  •   - 

plates,  straps,  tubes,  or  wire, 
straightfortht  (strat 'forth'),  adv.   [Earlymod. 
E.  streight  foorth;  <  straight  +  /ort/i1.]     Di- 
rectly; straightway. 


She  smote  the  ground,  the  which  streight  foorth  did  yield 
A  fruitfull  Olyve  tree.  Spenser,  Muiopotmos,  1.  325. 


From  L.  stringere  are  also  ult.  E.  constrain,  dis- 
train, restrain,  stringent,  straifl,  strict,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  draw  out;  stretch;  extend,  espe- 
cially with  effort  or  care. 

And  if  thi  vynes  footes  IV  ascende, 

Thenne  armes  IV  is  goode  forth  forto  streyne. 

Palladia*,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  70. 


strain 

All  their  actions,  voyces,  and  gestures,  both  in  chai-jrinK 
and  retiring,  were  so  strained  to  the  height  of  their  qnnlit  !<• 
and  nature  that  the  strangenesse  thereof  made  it  srcmr 
very  delightful!.  Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  I.  13ti. 

2f.  To  draw  tight ;  tighten ;  make  taut. 
To  tht-  pyller,  lorde,  also, 
With  a  rope  men  liowml  th'-  too, 
Hard  druwe  and  stretjnyd  faste. 

Uuly  Huod  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  181. 

Sir  Mungo,  who  watched  his  victim  with  the  delighted 
yet  wary  eye  of  an  experienced  angler,  became  now  aware 
that,  if  he  strained  the  line  on  him  too  tightly,  there  was 
every  risk  of  his  breaking  hold. 

Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel,  xv. 

3f.  To  confine ;  restrain ;  imprison. 

There  the  steede  in  stoode  strayned  in  bondes. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  L  1157. 

4.  To  stretch  to  the  utmost  tension ;  put  to  the 
stretch  ;  exert:  as,  to  strain  every  nerve  to  ac- 
complish something. 

He  sweats, 

Straint  his  young  nerves,  and  puts  himself  in  posture 
That  acts  my  words.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  3.  94. 

6.  To  stretch  beyond  measure ;  push  beyond 
the  proper  extent  or  limit;  carry  too  far. " 

He  strained  the  Constitution,  but  he  conquered  the 
Lords.  •  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  693. 

6.  To  impair,  weaken,  or  injure  by  stretching 
or  overtasking;  harm  by  subjection  to  too  great 
stress  or  exertion ;  hence,  to  sprain. 

Hold,  sir,  hold,  pray  use  this  whistle  for  me, 
I  dare  not  straiite  my  selfe  to  winde  it  I, 
The  Doctors  tell  me  it  will  spend  my  spirits, 

Brome,  Sparagus  Garden,  iv.  7. 

Prudes  decay'd  about  may  tack, 

Strain  their  necks  with  looking  back.        Swift. 

7.  To  force ;  constrain. 

Whether  that  Goddes  worthy  forwetyng 
Streyneth  me  nedely  for  to  don  a  thing. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  422. 
The  quality  of  mercy  is  not  strain'd. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1.  184. 
His  mirth 

Is  forc'd  and  strain'd. 
Sir  J.  Denham,  The  Sophy.    (Latham.) 
.8.  To  urge ;  press. 

Note  if  your  lady  strain  his  entertainment 
With  any  strong  or  vehement  importunity. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  250. 

9.  To  press ;    squeeze ;    hence,  to  hug ;   em- 
brace. 

He  that  nyght  in  armes  wold  hire  streyne 
Harder  than  ever  Paris  did  Eleyne. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  509. 
I  would  have  strain'd  him  with  a  strict  embrace. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  x.  407. 

10.  To  press  through  a  filter  or  colander ;  sepa- 
rate extraneous  or  coarser  matters  from  (a  li- 
quid) by  causing  it  to  pass  through  a  filter  or 
colander ;  purify  from  extraneous  matter  by  fil- 
tration; filter:  as,  to  strain  milk. — 11.  To  sepa- 
rate or  remove  by  the  use  of  a  filter  or  colander : 
with  out.     See  phrase  under  v.  i.,  below. 

Ye  blind  guides,  which  strain  out  the  gnat,  and  swallow 
the  camel.  Mat  xxiii.  24  [K.  V.]. 

12f.  To  force  out  by  straining. 

I  at  each  sad  strain  will  strain  a  tear. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1131. 

13.  To  deform,  as  a  solid  body  or  structure. — 
To  strain  a  point.  See  point*.— To  strain  courtesy, 
to  use  ceremony ;  stand  too  much  upon  form  or  ceremony ; 
insist  on  the  precedence  of  others ;  hang  back  through  ex- 
cess of  courtesy  or  civility. 

My  business  was  great;  and  in  such  a  case  as  mine  a 
man  may  strain  courtesy.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4.  55. 

Strain  not  courtesies  with  a  noble  enemy. 

Lamb,  Two  Races  of  Men. 
=  Syn.  10.  Bolt,  Screen,  etc.    See  sift. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  exert  one's  self ;  make  vio- 
lent efforts;  strive. 

To  build  his  fortune  I  will  strain  a  little. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1.  143. 
What 

Has  made  thy  life  so  vile  that  thon  shonldst  strain 
To  forfeit  it  to  me?  J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  IK. 

2.  To  urge ;  press. 

Nay,  Sir,  indeed  the  fault  is  yours  most  extreamlie  now. 
Pray,  sir,  forbear  to  strain  beyond  a  wonmns  patience. 

Brome,  Northern  Lass,  iii.  3. 

3.  To  stretch  strugglingly  ;  stretch  with  effort. 

This  parlor  looked  out  on  the  dark  courtyard,  in  which 
there  grew  two  or  three  poplars,  straining  upward  to  the 
light.  Mrs.  Gaskett,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  iii. 

No  sound,  no  sight  as  far  as  eye  could  strain. 

Brotcning,  Childe  Roland. 

4.  To  undergo  distortions  under  force,  as  a 
ship  in  a  high  sea. 

A  ship  is  said  to  strain  if  in  launching,  or  when  working 
in  a  heavy  sea,  the  different  parts  of  it  experience  relative 
motions.  Sir  W.  Thomson,  in  Phil.  Trans.,  CXLVI.  4S1. 

The  ship  ran 

Straining,  heeled  o'er,  through  seas  all  changed  and  wan. 
William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  10. 


strain 

5.  To  drip;  ooze;  filter;  drain;  flow;  issue:  as, 
water  x/niiiiini/  through  sund  becomes  pure. 
Then,  in  the  Deserts  dry  and  barren  sand, 
From  flinty  Rocks  doth  plentious  Rivers  .-.-train. 
.syivirfcr,  tr.  of  Du  liartas's  Triumph  of  faith,  iii.  18. 
To  strain  at,  to  strive  after ;  endeavor  to  reach  or  ob- 
tain. 

I  do  not  strain  at  the  position. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iii.  3.  112. 

To  strain  at  a  gnat,  a  typographical  error  found  in  the 
authorized  version  (Miit.  xxiii.  24)  for  strain  out  a  ynat, 
the  phrase  found  in  Tyndale's  and  C'overdale's  and  other 
versions.  See  def.  11,  above,  and  quotation  there. 
Strain1  (stran),  ».  [<  strain^,  r.  In  some  uses 
(def.  7),  cf.  strain2.']  If.  Stretch;  extent; 
pitch. 

If  it  did  infect  my  blood  with  joy, 
Or  swell  my  thoughts  to  any  strain  of  pride. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  5. 171. 
May  our  Minerva 
Answer  your  hopes,  unto  their  largest  strain ! 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  Ind. 

2.  Stretching  or  deforming  force  or  pressure; 
violence.     [This  use  of  the  word,  while  permissible 
in   literature,   is   incorrect  in  mechanics.      The   strain 
is  not  the  force,  but  the  deformation  produced  by  the 
force.] 

A  difference  of  taste  in  jokes  is  a  great  strain  on  the  af- 
fections. Oeorye  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  XT. 

3.  Tense  or  constrained  state  or  condition; 
tension ;  great  effort. 

A  dismal  wedding !  every  ear  at  strain 
Some  sign  of  things  that  were  to  be  to  gain. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  814. 

Whether  any  poet  .  .  .  has  exerted  a  greater  variety  of 

powers  with  less  strain  and  less  ostentation.         Landor. 

4.  In  mech.,  a  definite  change  in  the  shape  or 
size  of  a  solid  body  setting  up  an  elastic  re- 
sistance, or  stress,  or  exceeding  the  limit  of 
elasticity .    The  deformation  of  a  fluid  is  not  commonly 
called  a  strain.     The  word,  which  had  previously  been  ill- 
deflned,  was  made  a  scientific  and  precise  term  in  this 
sense  by  Rankine  in  1850.    Thomson  and  Tait,  in  their 
"Treatise  on  Natural  Philosophy,"  extend  the  term  to  de- 
formationsof  liquid  masses,  and  even  of  groupsof  points; 
and  Tait  subsequently  extends  it  to  any  geometrical  fig- 
ure, so  that  it  becomes  a  synonym  of  deformation. 

Fresnel  made  the  very  striking  discovery  that  glass  and 
other  simply  refracting  bodies  are  rendered  doubly  re- 
fracting when  in  a  state  of  strain.  To  this  Brewster  added 
the  observation  that  the  requisite  strain  might  be  pro- 
duced by  unequal  heating  instead  of  by  mechanical  stress. 

Tait,  Light,  §  292. 

In  this  paper  the  word  strain  will  be  used  to  denote 
the  change  of  volume  and  figure  constituting  the  devia- 
tion of  a  molecule  of  a  solid  from  that  condition  which  it 
preserves  when  free  from  the  action  of  external  forces. 

Rankine,  Axes  of  Elasticity  (1855). 

A  strain  is  any  definite  alteration  of  form  or  dimensions 
experienced  by  a  solid.  ...  If  a  stone,  a  beam,  or  a  mass 
of  metal  in  a  building,  or  in  a  piece  of  framework,  becomes 
condensed  or  dilated  in  any  direction,  or  bent,  or  twisted, 
or  distorted  in  any  way,  it  is  said  to  experience  a  strain. 
W.  Thomson,  Mathematical  Theory  of  Elasticity  (ia>6). 

5.  A  stretching  of  the  muscles  or  tendons,  giv- 
ing rise   to    subsequent   pain   and   stiffness ; 
sprain;  wrench;  twist. —  6.  A  permanent  de- 
formation or  injury  of  a  solid  structure. — 7. 
Stretch  ;  flight  or  burst,  as  of  imagination,  elo- 
quence, or  song.    Specifically  — (a)  A  poem  ;  a  song ; 
a  lay. 

All  unworthy  of  thy  nobler  strain. 

Scott,  L.  of  theL.,  I.,  Int. 
(6)  Tune  ;  melody. 

I  was  all  ear, 

And  took  in  strains  that  might  create  a  soul 
Under  the  ribs  of  death.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  561. 

In  sweet  Italian  Strains  our  Shepherds  sing. 

Congreve,  Opening  of  the  Queen's  Theatre,  Epil. 

(c)  In  a  stricter  sense,  in  music,  a  section  of  a  piece  which 
is  more  or  less  complete  in  itself.    In  written  music  the 
strains  are  often  marked  by  double  bars. 

An  Cynthia  had  but  seen  me  dance  a  strain,  or  do  but 
one  trick,  I  had  been  kept  in  court. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 

(d)  Tone ;  key ;  style  or  manner  of  speech  or  conduct. 
The  third  [sort]  is  of  such  as  take  too  high  a  strain  at 

the  first.  Bacon,  Youth  and  Age  (ed.  1887). 

That  sermon  is  in  a  strain  which  I  believe  has  not  been 

heard  in  this  kingdom.  Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

(e)  Mood  ;  disposition. 

Henry  .  .  .  said,  "  I  am  come,  young  ladies,  in  a  very 
moralizing  strain,  to  observe  that  our  pleasures  in  this 
world  are  always  to  be  paid  for." 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  xxvi. 

Axes  of  a  homogeneous  strain,  three  straight  lines  of 
particles  perpendicular  to  one  another  both  before  and 
after  the  strain.  —  Composition  Of  strains.  See  compo- 
sition of  displacements,  under  composition. — Concurrent 
stress  and  strain.  See  concurrent.—  Homogeneous  or 
uniform  strain,  a  strain  which  leaves  every  straight  line 
of  particles  straight,  and  every  pair  of  parallel  lines  paral- 
lel. — Longitudinal  strain.  See  longitudinal. — Normal 
plane  of  a  homogeneous  strain,  one  of  three  planes 
each  containing  two  of  the  three  axes.  There  is  gener- 
ally only  one  such  system  of  planes  through  each  point  of 
the  body.  -  Orthogonal  strain,  (a)  Relatively  to  a  stress, 
a  strain  which  neither  does  nor  uses  work  by  virtue  of  that 
stress,  (b)  Relatively  to  another  strain,  a  strain  orthogo- 
nal to  a  stress  perfectly  concurrent  to  the  other  strain.— 


5077 

Principal  Strain.  Samv  as  prinrijml  tttrain-tifj)e  (which 
see,  under  strain-type).  -  Pure  strain,  a  homogeneous 
strain  which  lines  not  rotate  any  axis  of  the  strain.— Sim- 
ple Strain,  any  one  of  a  number  of  strains  i-um-i-ived  as 
inili-priuli'iit  ruMipoiK-nts  uf  other  strains  which  they  are 
ciiiplnyi-d  In  define.  The  phrase  siinjjle  strain  has  no 
ill-Unite  meaning,  but  simple  JonffitwnnaJt  ^i-uin.  *iti<jiif 
tangential  strtttn,  siiujtlc  tthcariny  strain,  etc.,  mean  .-iirh 
strains  existing  nut  as  cimiponrnts  im-rel),  lint  as  resul- 
tants. Thus,  if  a  li.-n  is  elongated  without  any  transverse 
ciintniclion  or  expansion,  there  is  a  X//H/V.  l»n  titudinal 
^truni  In  tin-  duration  of  the  elongation.  A  siwjile  tan- 
!K'nli(fl  strain  is  a  himm^iMiKills  shain  in  which  ;ill  the 
particles  are  displaced  parallel  to  one  plane.— Strain- 
ellipsoid.  See  ellipsoid.  —  To  heave  a  Strain.  See  heave. 
—  Type  of  a  strain.  See  (>//»•. 

strain-  (stran),  ii.  [An  altered  form,  due  appar. 
to  confusion  with  strain! ,  it  of  what  would  be 
reg.  utreen;  <  ME.  streen,  strene,  xtren,  earlier 
streoii.  istrron,  race,  stock,  generation,  <  AS. 
gestriiin.  <i<  xlrion,  gain,  wealth  (=  OS.  i/ixlriniii. 
=  OHG.  gixtrittiii,  gain,  property,  wealth,  busi- 
ness) ;  appar.  confused  in  ME.  with  the  related 
noun,  ME.  strend,  gtrynd,  strand,  <  AS.  strynel, 
race,  stock ;  <  strednan,  strynan  =  OHG.  striit- 
nan,  beget,  gestrednan, get,  acquire.]  1.  Race; 
stock;  generation;  descent;  hence,  family 
blood;  quality  or  line  as  regards  breeding; 
breed ;  a  race  or  breed ;  a  variety,  especially  an 
artificial  variety,  of  a  domestic  animal,  strain 
indicates  the  least  recognizable  variation  from  a  given 
stock,  or  the  ultimate  modification  to  which  an  animal 
has  been  subjected.  But  since. such  variation  usually 
proceeds  by  insensible  degrees,  the  significance  of  strain 
grades  into  that  of  breed,  race,  or  variety. 

Bountce  comth  al  of  God,  nat  of  the  streen 
Of  which  they  been  engendred  and  ybore. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  101. 
O,  if  thou  wert  the  noblest  of  thy  strain, 
Young  man,  thou  couldst  not  die  more  honourable. 

Shak.,  J.  C.,  v.  1.  59. 

The  ears  of  a  cat  vary  in  shape,  and  certain  strains,  in 
England,  inherit  a  pencil  like  tuft  of  hairs,  above  aquarter 
of  an  inch  in  length,  on  the  tips  of  then*  ears. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  i. 

2.  Hereditary  or  natural  disposition;   turn; 
tendency;  character. 

Sir,  you  have  shown  to-day  your  valiant  strain. 

Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3.  40. 

And  here  I  shall  not  restrain  righteousness  to  the  par- 
ticular virtue  of  justice,  but  enlarge  it  according  to  the 
genius  and  strain  of  the  book  of  the  Proverbs.  Tittoteon. 

3.  Sort;  kind;  style. 

Let  man  learn  a  prudence  of  a  higher  strain. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  214. 

4.  Trace;  streak. 

With  all  his  merit  there  was  a  strain  of  weakness  in  his 
character.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const,  II.  6. 

5.  The  shoot  of  a  tree.  Halliwell  (under  strene). 
[Prov.  Eng.]  — 6f.  The  track  of  a  deer. 

When  they  haue  shot  a  Deere  by  land,  they  follow  him 
like  blond-hounds  by  the  bloud,  and  straine,  and  often- 
times so  take  them.  Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  I.  134. 

strain3!  (stran),  v.  t.  [An  aphetic  form  of  dis- 
train.'] To  distrain. 

When  my  lord  refused  to  pay  the  two  shillings,  Mr. 
Knightly  charged  the  constable  to  strain  two  shillings' 
worth  of  goods.  Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  I.  58. 

strainable  (stra'na-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
streinable,  streynable;  <  strain^  +  -able.~\  If. 
Constraining;  compelling;  violent. 

This  yere  the  Duke  of  Burgon,  .  .  .  with  his  xii.  M. 
men,  was  dryuen  in  to  Englond,  with  a  ferse  streynable 
wynde,  in  ther  selynge  towarde  Spayn. 

Arnold's  Chron.  (1502),  p.  xliii. 

2.  Capable  of  being  strained, 
strainablyt  (stra'na-bli),  adv.     [Early  mod.  E. 
streinablie ;  <  strainable  +  -fy2.]     Violently; 
fiercely. 

The  wind  .  .  .  droue  the  game  so  streiiutblie  amongest 
the  tents  and  cabins  of  the  Saxons,  that  the  fire  ...  in- 
creased the  feare  amongst  the  soulddiors  wonderf.ullie. 
HoKnshed,  Hist.  Scotland,  p.  95. 

Strained1  (strand),  p.  a.  [<  strain!  +  -ed1.] 
Forced;  carried  beyond  proper  limits:  as,  a 
strained  interpretation  of  a  law. 

strained2  (strand),  a.  [<  strain?  +  -erf2.]  Of 
this  or  that  strain  or  breed,  as  an  animal. 

Strainer  (stra'ner),  n.  [<  ME.  streynour,  stren- 
youre;  <  strain^-  +  -er1.]  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  strains. — 2.  A  stretcher  or  tightener:  as, 
a  strainer  for  wire  fences. — 3.  Any  utensil  for 
separating  small  solid  particles  from  the  liquid 
that  contains  them,  either  to  preserve  the  solid 
objects  or  to  clarify  the  liquid,  or  for  both  pur- 
poses. 

Item,  j.  dressyng  knyfe,  j.  fyre  schowle,  ij.  treys,  j. 
streynour.  Paston  Letters,  I.  490. 

4.  In  carriage-building :  (a)  A  reinforcing  strip 
or  button  at  the  back  of  a  panel.  (6)  Canvas 
glued  to  the  back  of  a  panel  to  prevent  warp- 
ing or  cracking.  Also  called  stretcher —  Strainer 
of  Hippocrates.  Same  as  Hippocrates  s  sleeve  (which 
see,  under  sleevel). 


strait 

Strainer-vine  (stra'ner-vin),  ».  The  sponge- 
gourd,  l.iiffn  111  •iilinii/iilii.  Mini  otlirr  species:  so 
railed  from  the  use  of  the  fibrous  network  con- 
tained in  its  fruit  for  straining  palm-wine. 

Straining  (stra'niug),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  strain^, 
r.]    In  snililli  i •(/,  leather,  canvas,  orother  fabric 
drawn  over  a  saddle  to  form  a  base  for  the  seat- 
ing. It  is  put  on  the  saddle  with  a  tool  called  artri/" 
Jiirk,  tin:  fabric  b;i\iu^  tlrist  been  stretchi-il  un  a  inaclihir 
Milled    il   tlrninnii-f-l        Also   calli-il   flriiiia'ii:i-li-iilli:  r. 
Cross- straining,  canvas  or  webbing  drawn  transversely 
over  the  first  straining. 

straining-beam  (stra'ning-bem),  n.  In  aqueen- 
post  roof,  a  horizontal  beam  uniting  the  tops  of 
the  two  queen-posts,  and  act  int.'  as  a  tie-rod  to 
resist  the  thrust  of  the  roof :  a  straining-piece. 
If  a  similar  beam  is  placed  on  the  main  tie-roil,  between 
the  bases  of  the  posts,  it  is  called  a  straining  sill. 

straining-leather  (stra'ning-leTH'er),  n.    In 

xiiilil/i-i-i/,  same  as  xlriiiinmi. 
Straining-piece   (stra'ning-pes),  ».     Same  as 

Xtl'flil<in<f-l>l  ft  HI  . 

straining-sill  (stra'ning-sil),  n.  See  straiiiiny- 
lii'iim. 

Strain-normal  (strau'uor'mal),  «.  A  normal 
of  a  homogeneous  strain. 

strain-sheet  (stran'shet),  ».  In  bridge-l>i/ihl- 
iiif/,  a  skeleton  drawing  of  a  truss  or  other  part 
of  a  bridge,  with  the  calculated  or  computed 
greatest  strain  to  which  it  will  be  subjected  an- 
notated at  the  side  of  each  member,  in  making 
the  actual  working-drawings,  the  respective  members  are 
drawn  to  a  size  sufficient  to  sustain  the  stresses  so  marked 
on  the  sheet  multiplied  by  a  certain  predetermined  "fac- 
tor of  safety."  Also  called  stress-sheet. 

Straintt  (strant),  H.  [<  OF.  estrainte,  estreinte, 
fern,  of  estraint,  F.  etrcint,  pp.  of  OF.  estraindre, 
F.  e'treindre,  strain :  see  strain1,  v.,  and  cf .  re- 
straint, constraint.']  A  violent  stretching  or  ten- 
sion; a  strain;  pressure;  constraint. 

Uppon  his  iron  coller  griped  fast, 

That  with  the  strain!  his  wesand  nigh  he  brast. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  ii.  1*. 

strain-type  (stran'tip),  n.  The  type  of  a  strain. 
—  Principal  strain-type,  one  of  six  strain-types  such 
that,  when  the  homogeneous  elastic  solid  to  which  they 
belong  is  homogeneously  strained  in  any  way,  the  poten- 
tial energy  of  the  elasticity  is  expressed  by  the  sum  of  the 
products  of  the  squares  of  the  components  of  the  strain 
expressed  in  terms  of  these  strain-types,  each  multiplied 
by  a  determinate  coefficient. 

Strait1  (strat),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
straight,  streight,  streit,  etc. ;  <  ME.  strait,  strayt, 
straite,  strayte,  streit,  streyt,  streite,  also  some- 
times strait/lit,  <  OF.  estreit,  estrait  (F.  Strait), 
narrow,  strict  (as  a  noun,  a  narrow  passage  of 
water),  =  Pr.  estreit  =  Sp.  estrecho  =  Pg.  es- 
treito  =  It.  strctto,  narrow,  strict,  <  L.  strictus, 
pp.  of  stringere,  draw  tight :  see  strain1,  strin- 
gent. Cf.  strict,  which  is  a  doublet  of  strait, 
the  one  being  directly  from  the  L.,  the  other 
through  OF.  and  ME.  The  word  strait1,  former- 
ly also  spelled  straight,  has  been  more  or  less 
confused  with  the  diff.  word  straight1,  which 
was  sometimes  spelled  strait.']  I.  a.  1.  Nar- 
row ;  having  little  breadth  or  width. 

Egypt  is  a  long  Contree ;  but  it  is  strei/t,  that  Is  to  seye 
narow ;  for  the!  may  not  enlargen  it  toward  the  Desert, 
for  defaute  of  Watre.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  45. 

Strait  is  the  gate  and  narrow  is  the  way  which  leadeth 
unto  life,  and  few  there  be  that  find  it.  Mat.  vii.  14. 

Britons  seen,  all  flying 
Through  a  strait  lane.    Shalt.,  Cymbeline,  v.  8.  7. 

2.   Confined;  restricted;  limited  in  space  or 
accommodation;  close. 

Ther  was  swich  congregacionn 
Of  peple,  and  eek  so  streit  of  herbergage, 
That  they  ne  founde  as  much  as  o  cotage 
In  which  they  hothe  myghte  ylogged  be. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  169. 

And  the  sons  of  the  prophets  said  unto  Elisha,  Behold 
now.  the  place  where  we  dwell  with  thee  is  too  strait  for 
us.  2  Ki.  vi.  1. 

3f.  Of  time,  short ;  scant. 

If  thi  nede  be  greet  &  thi  tyme  streite, 
Than  go  thi  silf  therto  &  worche  an  houswijfes  brayde. 
Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  41. 
4f.  Tight. 

You  rode,  like  a  kern  of  Ireland,  your  French  hose  off, 
and  in  your  strait  strossers.  Shale.,  Hen.  V.,  111.  7.  57. 

He  [man]  might  see  that  a  strait  glove  will  come  more 
easily  on  with  use. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  II.  295. 

I  denounce  against  all  strait  Lacing,  squeezing  for  a 
Shape.  Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iv.  5. 

5f.   Close,     (a)  Near;  intimate;  familiar. 

He,  forgetting  all  former  injuries,  had  received  that 
naughty  Plexirtus  into  a  strai'i/ht  degree  of  favour,  his 
goodness  being  as  apt  to  be  deceived  as  the  other's  craft 
was  to  deceive.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  11.  (LaUtam.) 

(6)  Strict ;  careful. 


strait 

Much  strait  watching  of  master  hailitts  is  about  us,  that 
there  be  no  privy  conference  amongst  us. 
Bp.  Ridley,  in  Bradford's  Letters  (Parker  Sou.,  isr.8).  II.  »4. 
(c)  Ckwe-nsted ;  stingy  ;  avaricious. 

I  do  not  ask  you  mileli ; 
I  beg  cold  comfort ;  and  you  are  so  strait 
And  so  ingrateful,  you  deny  me  that. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  7.  42. 

6.  Strict;  rigorous;  exacting. 

It  was  old  and  som  del  streit. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  174. 
After  the  most  strutted  sect  of  our  religion  I  lived  a 
Pharisee.  Acts  xxvi.  5. 

Whom  I  believe  to  be  most  strait  in  virtue. 

Shak.,  M.forM.,  ii.  1.9. 

Led  a  streight  life  in  continencie  and  austerity,  and  was 
therefore  admired  as  a  Prophet,  and  resorted  to  out  of  all 
parts.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  37!*. 

Bound  them  by  BO  strait  vows. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

7f.  Sore  ;  great ;  difficult ;  distressing. 

At  a  gtrayte  neede  they  can  wele  stanche  bloode. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Funiivall),  p.  17. 

8f.  Hard-pressed;  straitened;  hampered. 

Mother,  I  kindly  thank  you  for  your  Orange  pills  you 
sent  me.  If  you  are  not  too  straight  of  money,  send  me 
some  such  thing  by  the  woman,  and  a  pound  or  two  of 
Almonds  and  Raisons. 

Strype,  In  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  178. 

To  make  your  strait  circumstances  yet  straiter. 

Seeker,  Sermons,  II.  ri. 

II.  w.  1.  A  narrow  pass  or  passage. 

Thei  rode  forth  the  softe  pas  straite  and  clos  till  they 
come  to  the  straite  be-twene  the  wode  and  the  river,  as 
the  kynge  loot  hadde  hem  taught. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  160. 

The  barbarous  people  lay  in  waite  for  him  in  his  way, 
in  the  straight  of  Thermopyles. 

North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  394. 
Honour  travels  in  a  strait  so  narrow, 
Where  one  but  goes  abreast. 

Shale.,  T.  and  C.,  iii.  3.  154. 

2.  Specifically,  a  narrow  passage  of  water  con- 
necting two  bodies  of  water:  often  used  in  the 
plural:  as,  the  Strait  or  Straits  of  Gibraltar; 
the  Straits  of  Magellan ;  the  Straits  of  Dover. 
Abbreviated  St. — 3.  A  strip  of  land  between 
two  bodies  of  water;  an  isthmus. 

A  broken  chancel  with  a  broken  cross, 

That  stood  on  a  dark  strait  of  barren  land  : 

On  one  side  lay  the  Ocean,  and  on  one 

Lay  a  great  water.     Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

4+.  A  narrow  alley  in  London. 

Look  into  any  angle  of  the  town,  the  Streights,  or  the 
Bermudas,  where  the  quarrelling  lesson  is  read,  and  how 
do  they  entertain  the  time,  but  with  bottle-ale  and  to- 
bacco? B.  Jottson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  ii.  6. 

Cant  names  then  given  to  the  places  frequented  by 
bullies,  knights  of  the  post,  and  fencing  masters.  .  .  . 
These  Streights  consisted  of  a  nest  of  obscure  courts,  alleys, 
and  avenues,  running  between  the  bottom  of  St.  Martin's 
Lane,  Half-Moon,  and  Chandos  Street. 

Gi/ord's  Note  at  "Bermudas"  in  the  above  passage. 

5.  A  tight  or  narrow  place;  difficulty;  distress; 
need ;  case  of  necessity :  often  in  the  plural. 

rinding  himself  out  of  straits,  he  will  revert  to  his  cus- 
toms. Bacon,  Expense  (ed.  1887). 

The  straits  and  needs  of  Catiline  being  such 
As  he  must  fight  with  one  of  the  two  armies. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  v.  6. 
Take  me ;  I'll  serve  you  better  in  a  strait. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

6f.  pi.  Cloth  of  single  width,  as  opposed  to 
broad  cloth:  a  term  in  use  in  the  sixteenth 
century  and  later.-Between  the  Straits,  through 
and  beyond  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  :  used  by  American 
sailors  with  reference  to  a  voyage  to  Mediterranean  ports : 
as,  he  has  made  two  voyages  between  the  Straits. — Peri- 
nea! strait.  See  perineal.— Straits  Of  the  pelvis,  in 
obstet.,  the  openings  of  the  pelvic  canal,  distinguished  as 
the  superior  and  inferior  straits.  See  pelvis. — Straits  oil 
See  oft. 

StraitH  (strat),  v.  t.  [Also  straight;  <  strait1, 
a.]  1.  To  make  strait  or  narrow;  narrow; 
straiten ;  contract. 

He  [Crassus]  set  his  ranks  wide,  casting  his  souldiers 
into  a  square  battell.  .  .  .  Yet  afterward  he  changed  his 
mind  againe,  and  straighted  the  battell  [formation]  of  his 
footmen,  fashioning  it  like  a  brick,  more  long  than  broad, 
making  a  front  and  shewing  their  faces  every  way. 

North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  477. 

2.  To  stretch;  draw  tight;  tighten. 

This  weighty  Scott  sail  strait  a  rope, 
And  hanged  he  shall  be. 
Lang  Johnny  Jtoir  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  273). 

3.  To  press  hard;  put  to  difficulties ;  distress; 
puzzle;  perplex. 

If  your  lass 

Interpretation  should  abuse,  and  call  this 
Your  lack  of  love  or  bounty,  you  were  strutted 
For  a  reply.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  366. 

Strait1!  (strat),  adv.  [<  ME.  streite,  streyte;  < 
strait1,  a.]  Narrowly ;  tightly ;  closely ;  strict- 
ly; rigorously;  strenuously;  hard. 


5978 

Hi]-  hosen  weren  of  fyn  scarlet  reed 
Kul  xti-t'ili'.  yteyd. 

Chaucer,  <len.  1'rol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  4.r>7. 

Worceter  sayd  at  Castre  it  scliuld  be  nessessary  for  jo\v 

to  have  good  witnesse,  as  he  saythe  it  scluild  go  streythe 

with  gow  wytheowt  gowr  witnesse  were  rythe  sofycyent. 

Paston  letters,  I.  518. 

strait'-'t,  ".  and  dilr.  Anoldspellingof  .vf/vt/r/AM. 
Straiten  (stra'tn),  r.  t.    [Formerly  itlso.v//v'i'<//i/- 
eii ;  <  tttrait1  +  -fill.]     1 .  To  make  strait  or  nar- 
row; narrow;  contract;  diminish. 

Let  not  young  beginners  in  religion  .  .  .  straiten  their 
liberty  by  vows  of  long  continuance. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  iv.  7. 

2.  To  confine;  hem  in. 

Feed  high  henceforth,  man.  and  no  more  be  utraitfn'il 
Within  the  limits  of  an  empty  patience. 

ford,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  draw  tight ;  tighten. 

My  horses  here  detain, 
Fix'd  to  the  chariot  by  the  strailen'd  rein. 

Pope,  Iliad,  v.  325. 

4.  To  hamper;  inconvenience;  restrict. 

An  other  time  having  straightiied  [var.  straighted]  his 
enemies  with  scarcity  of  victuals. 

North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  49S. 

Newtown  men.  being  straitened  for  ground,  sent  some 
to  Merimack  to  find  a  fit  place  to  transplant  themselves. 
Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  159. 

The  shackles  of  an  old  love  straiten'd  him. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

5.  To  press  hard,  as  with  want  or  difficulties  of 
any  kind;  distress;  afflict  with  pecuniary  diffi- 
culties: as,  to  be  straitened  in  money  matters. 

So  straitened  was  he  at  times  by  these  warlike  expenses 
that  when  his  daughter  married  Boabdil,  her  bridal  dress 
and  jewels  had  to  be  borrowed.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  68. 

straitforwardt,  iidr.  An  old  spelling  of  stniii/lit- 
forieard. 

strait-handedt  (strat'han'ded),  a.  Parsimoni- 
ous; niggardly;  close-fisted. 

In  the  distribution  of  our  time  God  seems  to  be  strait- 
handed,  and  gives  it  to  us,  not  as  nature  gives  us  rivers, 
enough  to  drown  us,  but  drop  by  drop. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Dying,  ii.  1. 

strait-handednesst  (strat' ban 'ded-nes),  w. 
Niggardliness ;  parsimony. 

The  Romish  doctrine  makes  their  strait-handednes*  so 
much  more  injurious  as  the  cause  of  separation  is  more 
just.  Bp.  Hall,  Cages  of  Conscience,  iv.  3. 

strait-hearted  (strat'har'ted),  a.  Narrow;  sel- 
fish; stingy.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  17. 

strait-jacket  (strat'jak'et), ».  Same  as  strait- 
iraistfoat. 

strait-laced  (strat '  last),  a.  1.  Made  close 
and  tight  by  lacing,  as  stays  or  a  bodice. —  2. 
Wearing  tightly  laced  stays,  bodice,  etc. 

We  have  few  well-shaped  that  are  strait-laced. 

Locke,  Education,  {  11. 

Hence  —  3.  Strict  in  manners  or  morals;  rigid 
in  opinion. 

And  doubt 'st  thou  me  1  suspect  you  I  will  tell 
The  hidden  mysteries  of  your  Paphlan  cell 
To  the  strait-lac'd  Diana? 

Randolph,  Complaint  against  Cupid. 

Why  are  you  so  strait-lac'd,  sir  knight,  to  cast  a  lady 

off  so  coy?  Peele,  Sir  Clyomon  and  Sir  Clamydes. 

One  so  strait-laced 
In  her  temper,  her  taste,  and  her  morals  and  waist. 

Ba.rha.rn,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  118. 

straitly  (strat'li),  adv.  [Formerly  also straigiit- 
ly;  <  ME.  straitly,  streytly,  straitliche,  streitliche; 
<  strait1  +  -fy2.]  In  a  strait  manner,  (a)  Nar- 
rowly ;  closely. 

If  men  look  straitly  to  It,  they  will  find  that,  unless 
their  lives  are  domestic,  those  of  the  women  will  not  be. 
Margaret  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  36. 
(6)  Tightly ;  tight. 

Other  bynde  it  straitly  with  sum  bonnde. 

Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  74. 

"  Spare  me  not,"  he  said  to  Christie;  for  even  that  ruffian 
hesitated  to  draw  the  cord  straitly.  Scott,  Monastery,  xxxi. 

(c)  Strictly ;  rigorously. 

Streytly  for-bede  30  that  no  wyfe  [woman]  be  at  joure 
mete.  Babeei  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  329. 

His  majesty  hath  straitly  given  in  charge 
That  no  man  shall  have  private  conference, 
Of  what  degree  soever,  with  his  brother. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  L  I.  86. 

(d)  Closely;  intimately,    (e)  Hardly;  grievously;  sorely. 

I  hear  how  that  you  are  something  straitly  handled  for 
reading  books,  speaking  with  good  men,  yea,  praying  to 
God,  as  you  would  do. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  II.  203. 

straitness  (strat'nes),  ».  [Formerly  also 
straightness ;  <  ME.  streitnes,  streytnesse  ;  < 
strait1  +  -ness."]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
strait,  (a)  Narrowness ;  smallness ;  confined  or  restrict- 
ed character. 

For  the  streitnei  of  thin  astrelabie,  than  Is  every  smal 
devysioun  in  a  signe  departed  by  two  degrees  &  two. 

Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  i.  17. 


stramash 

By  reason  nl  the  xlraitnex*  of  all  the  places. 

•I  Mac.  xii.  21. 
(d)  Strictness;  rigor. 

If  his  own  life  answer  the  straitrtess  of  his  proceeding, 
it  shall  become  him  well.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ill.  2.  269. 
(c)  Distress;  difficulty;  pressure  from  narrowness  of  cir- 
cumstances or  necessity  of  any  kind,  particularly  from 
poverty ;  want ;  scarcity. 

But  be  seyd  ther  shal  no  thyng  hurt  hym  but  youre 
ttreytnesse  of  mony  to  hym.  Paston  Letters,  II.  38. 

I  received  your  loving  letter,  but  straightness  of  time 
forbids  me.  Winthrop,  In  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  191. 

He  was  never  employed  in  public  affairs,  .  .      tliestrait- 
neits  of  his  circumstances  keeping  him  close  to  his  trade. 
Everett,  Orations,  II.  13. 

strait-waistcoat  (strat'wast"kOt),  ».  A.  gar- 
ment for  the  body  made  of  canvas  or  similar 
.st  rung  textile  material,  and  so  shaped  as  to  lace 
up  behind  and  fit  closely.  It  has  sleeves  much 
longer  than  the  arms,  and  usually  sewed  up  at  the  ends, 
so  that  the  hands  cannot  be  used  to  do  injury.  The  sleeves 
can  also  be  tied  together  so  as  to  restrain  the  wearer.  It 
is  used  for  the  control  or  discipline  of  dangerous  maniacs 
and  other  violent  persons.  Also  called  strait-jacket. 

strake1  (strak),  r. »'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stroked,  ppr. 
.  [<  ME.  straken  ;  a  collateral  form  of 
.-i  n.  striki-it.  a  secondary  form  of  striken,  < 
AS.  strican  (pret.  strat),  go,  pass  swiftly  over: 
sefstmik1,  xtrike,  and  stroke1.  Hence  ult.  stray- 
<tle.~\  To  move ;  go ;  proceed.  [Old  and  prov. 
Bag.] 

And  with  that  worde  right  anoon 
They  gan  to  strake  forth. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1811. 

strake'2  (strak),  n.  [So.  also  straik;  <  ME. 
strake;  in  part  a  var.  of  streke,  mod.  E.  streak2, 
and  in  part  of  strok,  mod.  E.  stroke :  see  stroke1, 
xtrrak*,  stroke1."]  If.  A  streak ;  a  stripe. 

Summe  lowe  places  therof  by  the  water  syde  looke  like 
redd*  cltlfes  with  white  strokes  like  wayes  a  cable  length 
a  piece. 

R.  Eden,  First  Books  on  America  (ed.  Arber,  p.  381). 

2f.  A  strip;  a  narrow  tract. 

This  Morrea  is  a  plentyous  countrey,  and  almoste  inuy- 
rounde  with  the  see,  excepteonertrafe  of  a  .vj.  mylebrode, 
whiche  yeueth  entre  into  Grecia,  that  ye  Turke  bathe. 

Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  12. 
3t.  A  reef  in  a  sail. 

Ffor  ne  ban  the!  striked  a  stroke  and  sterid  hem  the  better, 
And  abated  a  nonet  or  the  blast  come, 
They  had  be  throwe  ouere  the  borde  backewarde  ichonne. 
Richard  the  fadeless,  iv.  80. 

4 .  A  rut  in  a  road.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  5.  A  crack 
in  afloor.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 6.  A breadth  of  plank 
or  planking;  specifically,  a  continuous  line  of 
planking  or  plates  on  a  vessel's  side,  reaching 
from  stem  to  stern.  Also  streak  and  shutter-in. 
See  cut  under  clincher-built. —  7.  The  iron  band 
used  to  bind  the  fellies  of  a  wheel ;  the  hoop  or 
tire  of  a  wheel. — 8.  A  piece  of  board  or  metal 
used  for  scraping  off  the  skimpings  in  hand- 
jigging  or  tozing. — 9.  Same  as  lye3. — 10.  A 
bushel:  more  commonly  strike  (which  see). 
[Obsolete  or  colloq.  J 

Come,  Ruose,  Ruose !  I  sold  fifty  strake  o'  barley  to-day 
In  half  this  time.  Farqtihar,  Recruiting  Officer,  Iii.  1. 

11.  In  hunting,  a  particular  signal  with  a  horn. 

A>  bookes  report,  of  sir  Tristram  came  all  the  good 
termes  of  venery  and  of  hunting,  and  the  sises  and  mea- 
sures of  blowing  of  an  home.  And  of  him  wee  had  .  .  . 
all  the  blasts  that  long  to  all  manner  of  games.  First  to 
the  uncoupeling,  to  the  seeking,  to  the  rechace,  to  the 
flight,  to  the  death,  and  to  strak,  and  many  other  blasts 
and  termes.  Sir  T.  Mallory,  Morte  d'Arthur,  II.  cxxxvii. 
Binding-stroke.  See  binding. 

strakefy  (strak).     An  obsolete  preterit  of  strike. 

strake4  (strak),  r.  t.  A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form 
of  stroke^. 

stralet  (stral),  n.    See  streal. 

Stram  (stram),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  strammed,  ppr. 
strumming.  [Cf.  Dan.  gtramme  =  Sw.  strani- 
ma,  be  too  tight,  tighten,  stretch,  straiten,  < 
Dan.  stram  =  Sw.  stram  =  G.  stramm,  tight, 
stiff,  stretched;  cf.  D.  straf,  G.  straff,  severe, 
strict,  stern.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  spring  or  recoil 
with  violence.  Hallmell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2. 
To  spread  out  the  limbs ;  walk  with  long  un- 
graceful strides.  [Colloq.] 

II.  tram.  To  dash  down  violently;  beat. 
Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

stram  (stram),  n.    A  hard,  long  walk.  [Colloq.] 
I  hed  sech  a  stram  this  inornin'. 

B.  B.  Stoiee,  Oldtown,  p.  568. 

stramaget,  n.  [ME.,  <  OF.  "stramage  (ML. 
stramagium),  scattered  straw,  <  L.  stramen, 
straw,  litter,  <  sternere,  pp.  stratus,  scatter, 
strew:  see  stratum.  Cf.  stramineous,  stram- 
mel.]  Straw ;  litter.  Prompt.  Pan.,  pp.  478, 
480. 

stramash  (stra-mash'),  v.  t.  [Developed  from 
stramazoun,  pronounced  later  something  like 
"strain  ash  in.  and  so  taken  {oT*stramashing,  the 


stramash 

verbal  n.  of  a  supposed  verb  "xtriiuitixh.  Other- 
wise a  made  verb,  on  the  basis  of  stnimii-ouii ; 
cf .  squabaak,  n  word  of  similar  type.]  To  strike. 
beat,  or  Ijang ;  break ;  destroy.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch] 

Stramash  (stra-mash'),  «.  [See  utrtniiiisli,  i\  } 
A  tumult;  fray;  light;  struggle;  row;  distur- 
bance. [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Seaforth  profited  by  the  confusion  to  take  the  delinquent 
who  had  caused  this  stramash  by  the  arm. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  35. 

stramazonet,  stramazount,  ».  [<  OF.  estra- 
iiitiron,  a  cut  \vitli  a  sword,  a  do\vnright  blow, 
bang,  <  It.  xti-diiKi-^oiie,  a  exit  with  a  sword,  a 
blow  iu  fencing,  <  stramasso,  a  knock-down 
blow.]  In  old  fencing,  a  cut  delivered  from 
the  wrist  with  the  extreme  edge  of  the  sword 
near  the  point.  Egerton  Castle,  Schools  and 
Masters  of  Fence. 

I,  being  loth  to  take  the  deadly  advantage  that  lay  before 
me  of  his  left  side,  made  a  kind  of  rtramazmm,  ran  him  up 
to  the  hilts  through  the  doublet,  through  the  shirt,  and  yet 
missed  the  skin. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 

stramineous  (stra-min'e-us),  «.  [<  L.  strami- 
III'HS,  made  of  straw,  <  'stramen,  straw,  litter: 
sec  xfnt  mage.]  1 .  Consisting  of  straw ;  strawy. 
—  2.  Like  straw ;  light. 

His  sole  study  is  for  words  ...  to  set  out  a  stramine- 
ous subject.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  223. 

3.  Straw-colored;  pale-yellowish, 
strammel  (stram'el),   n.      [<  OF.  estramier, 
straw,  <  estraim,  estrain,  strati  =  It.  stramc, 
straw,  litter,  <   L.  stramen,  straw:  see  stram- 
age.~\     Straw;  litter.     [Cant.] 
Sleep  on  the  strammel  in  his  barn. 

Scott,  Guy  Manneriug,  xxvtii. 

stramonium  (stra-mo'ni-um),  n.  [F.  stramoni- 
um =  Sp.  Pg.  estramonio  =  It.  stramonia,  < 
NL.  stramonium  (stramonium  spinosum),  stramo- 
nia, strammonia,  stramonium;  origin  obscure.] 

1.  The  thorn-apple,  Datura  Stramonium:  so 
called  particularly  as  a  drug-plant,    it  is  a  stout 
ill-scented  poisonous  weed  with  green  stem  and  pure- 
white  flowers,  widely  diffused,  in  America  often  called 
Jamestown  weed  or  jimson-weed.    D.  Tatula,  a  similar,  but 
commonly  taller,  species  with  purple  stem  and  pale-violet 
corolla  (purple  stramonium),  has  the  same  properties. 
It  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  United  States. 

2.  An  officinal  drug  consisting  of  the  seeds  or 
leaves  of  stramonium,  the  seeds  being  more 
powerful.    Its  properties  are  the  same  as  those 
of  belladonna.     See  belladonna  and  Datura. — 
Stramonium  ointment.  See  ointment. — Stramonium 
plaster.    See  plaster. 

stramony  (stram'o-ni),  n.  [<  NL.  stramonium.'] 
Stramonium. 

Strand1  (strand),  ».  [<  ME.  strand,  strand,  < 
AS.  strand  =  MB.  strande,  D.  strand  =  late 
MHG.  strant,  G.  strand  =  Icel.  strand  (strand-) 
=  Sw.  Dan.  strand,  border,  edge,  coast,  shore, 
strand ;  root  unknown.]  1 .  The  shore  or  beach 
of  the  sea  or  ocean,  or  (in  former  use)  of  a  lake 
or  river;  shore;  beach. 

He  fond  bi  the  stronde, 
Ariued  on  his  londe, 
Schipes  flftene. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  35. 

The  strand 
Uf  precious  India  no  such  Treasure  shows. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ill.  24. 

2.  A  small  brook  or  rivulet.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] — 3.  A  passage  for  water:  a  gutter. 
B.  Jonson,  Epig.  of  Inigo  Jones.  [Prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch  (Scotch  alsosfraww)']— Strand  mole- 
rat,  the  Cape  mole-rat  of  South  Africa,  Bathyergus  mariti- 
mus.  See  mole-rat,  and  cut  under  Bathyergus. 
strand1  (strand),  v.  [=  D.  MLG.  G.  strandeii  = 
Icel.  Sw.  stranda  =  Dan.  strande;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  trans.  To  drive  or  run  aground  on 
the  sea-shore :  as,  the  ship  was  stranded  in  the 
fog:  often  used  figuratively. 

II.   intrans.    1.    To  drift  or   be  driven  on 
shore ;  run  aground,  as  a  ship. 
Stranding  on  an  isle  at  morn.    Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

2.  To  be  checked  or  stopped;  come  to  a  stand- 
still. 

strand2  (strand),  ».  [With  excrescent  d,  for 
*stran  (Sc.  strawn),  <  D.  streen,  a  skein,  hank  of 
thread,  =  OHG.  streno,  MHG.  strene,  siren,  G. 
xtrahne,  a  skein,  hank;  root  unknown.]  1.  A 
number  of  yarns  or  wires  twisted  together  to 
form  one  of  the  parts  of  which  a  rope  is  twisted  ; 
hence,  one  of  a  number  of  flexible  things,  as 
grasses,  strips  of  bark,  or  hiiir,  twisted  or  wo- 
ven together.  Three  or  more  strands  twisted 
together  form  a  rope.  See  cut  under  crown, 
9,  t.,9. 


6979 

Wampum  beads  anil  birchen  ulrandu 
Dropping  from  her  <-ai vl,>,  hands. 

tt'liittirr,  Truce  of  1'iscataqua. 

2.  A  single  thread;  a  filament;  a  fiber. 

The  continuous  communication  of  the  gray  matter  of 
the  spinal  cord  with  the  motor  anil  MMIMH-J  firaniln. 

J.  J/.  Carnochan,  Operative  Surgery,  p.  97. 

3.  A  string.     [Scotch,  in  the  form  xtmtcn.]  — 
Mycelial  strand.    Same  taffirwu  mucrlimn  (which  see, 
under  mycelium). 

Strand2  (strand),  r.  t.  [<  strand?,  n.]  1.  To 
break  one  or  more  of  the  strands  of  (a  rope).— 
2.  In  repe-maUng,  to  form  by  the  union  in- 
twisting  of  strands.- stranded 'wire,  a  wire  rope. 
[Eng.] 

strand-hird  (strand'berd),  n.    Any  limicoline 
wading  bird  which  is  found  on  the  strand  or 
beach,  as  a  beach-bird,  sanderling,  sandpiper, 
sand-snipe,    bay-snipe.      See   the    distinctive 
names,  and  shore-bird,  bay-birds. 
stranding-machine  (stran'ding-ma-shen"),  «. 
A  machine  for  twisting  strands  into  ropes, 
strand-mycele,  strand-mycelium  (strand'ml- 
sel",  -mi-se"li-um),  n.  Same  a,sjil>n>nx  iiii/i-r/nun 
(which  see,  under  mycelium). 
Strand-plover  (strand'pluv'er),  n.    The  Swiss, 
gray,  bull-head,  or  black-bellied  plover,  AY/«</- 
tarola  helvetica.     See  cut  under  Squataroln. 
strand-rat  (strand'rat),  n.     The  strand  mole- 
rat  (which  see,  under  strandl). 
Strand-wolf  (strand'  wulf),  n.  The  brown  hyena, 
Hyeena  villosa,  found  in  South  Africa, 
strang  (strang),  a.    A  dialectal  form  of  strong^. 

[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

strange  (stranj),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  straunge; 
<  ME.  strange,  straunge,  estrange,  <  OF.  estrange, 
estrenge,  estraigne,  estreigne,  etc.,  F.  etrange  = 
It.  strano,  strange,  foreign,  <  L.  extraneus,  that 
is  without,  external,  <  extra,  without,  on  the 
outside:  see  extraneous,  extra-.]  1.  Foreign; 
alien;  of  or  belonging  to  some  other  country. 
[Archaic.] 

I  have  been  an  alien  In  a  strange  land.          Ex.  xviii.  3. 
She  hadde  passed  many  a  straunge  strem. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T. ,  1.  484. 
Also  asmuche  as  may  be,  eschew  straunge  words. 
Gascoigne,  Notes  on  Eng.  Verse  (Steele  Glas,  etc.,  ed. 

[Arber). 
One  of  the  strange  queen's  lords. 

5/id*.,  L.  L.  I_,  Iv.  2.  134. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  another  or  others;  alien; 
belonging  to  others,  or  to  some  other  place  or 
neighborhood ;  not  lawfully  belonging  to  one : 
intrusive. 

The  mouth  of  strange  women  is  a  deep  pit. 

Prov.  xxii.  14. 
Strange  fowl  light  upon  neighbouring  ponds. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  4.  97. 

Call  me  not 

Mother ;  for  if  I  brought  thee  forth,  it  was 
As  foolish  hens  at  times  hatch  vipers,  by 
Sitting  upon  strange  eggs. 

Byron,  Deformed  Transformed,  i.  1. 

3.  Not  before  known,  heard,  or  seen ;  unfamil- 
iar; unknown;  new:  as,  the  custom  was  strange 
to  them. 

To  knowe  the  verrey  degree  of  any  maner  sterre  straunge 
orunstraunge  after  his  longitude,  thow  he  be  indeterminat 
in  their  astrelabie.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  ii.  17. 

Our  strange  garments  cleave  not  to  their  mould 
But  with  the  aid  of  use.        Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3.  145. 

Then  a  soldier, 
Full  of  strange  oaths,  .  .  . 
Jealous  in  honour,  sudden  and  quick  in  quarrel. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7.  150. 

Sat  'neath  strange  trees,  on  new  flowers  growing  there, 
Of  scent  unlike  to  those  we  knew  of  old. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  1.  44. 

4.  Outlandish;  queer;  odd. 

This  power  that  some  of  them  hare  is  disguised  gear  and 
strange  fashions.  Lalimer,  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

They  were  enforced  for  feare  of  quarell  &  blame  to  dis- 
guise their  players  with  strange  apparell,  and  by  colour- 
ing their  faces  and  carying  hatts  &  capps  of  diuerse  fash- 
ions to  make  them  selues  lesse  knowen. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  25. 

5.  Unusual;  singular;  wonderful;  surprising; 
remarkable;  of  a  kind  to  excite  curiosity;  not 
easily  explained  or  explainable :  as,  a  strange 
story,  if  true ;  a  strange  hallucination. 

This  Is  above  strange, 
That  you  should  be  so  reckless ! 

B.  Jonson,  Devil  is  an  Ass,  111.  3. 

Losing,  by  a  strange  after-game  of  Folly,  all  the  battels 
we  have  won.  Milton,  Free  Commonwealth. 

You  will  see  an  odd  country,  and  sights  that  will  seem 
strange  to  you.  Cotton,  in  Walton's  Angler,  II.  228. 

6.  Like  a  stranger;    reserved;    distant;    es- 
tranged ;  not  familiar. 


stranger 

And  Joseph  saw  liis  brethren,  and  he  know  tlii-in,  lull 
ln;nlr  blmteU  *//•"/«/-•  ilriTu  tln-m,  ;ui«l  sjinkr  roughly  unto 
""•»'•  \lii.  7. 

I.itlr  and  litlc  he  (Ca-sar]  withdrewe  from  men  his  ac- 
dutomed  gentflnewe,  IM-C •nniyng  more  .  .  .  strange  in 
countenance  than  euer  before. 

.-vY  '/'.  Kltiij.  The  (iovernour,  ii.  5. 
Let  n-  ,.|  well  bred. 

"•,  U  ay  of  the  World,  iv.  5. 

7.  Unacquainted;  inexperienced;  unversed. 

I  know  thee  well ; 

But  in  thy  fortunes  am  unlearn'd  and  slrange. 
Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv 

8t.  Unfavorable;  averse  to  one's  suit. 
Thow  that  his  lady  evere  more  be  slrin 
Vit  lat  hyni  serve  hire  til  that  he  lie  ili'd.' 

C/,inir,',-.  1'ailiament  of  Fowls,  1.  5b4. 

A  strange  fish,  see  a  cW  //«*,  under  /«*'.— Strange 
sail  (itaut.),  an  unknown  vessel. — To  make  a  thing 
strange*,  to  make  it  a  matter  of  difficulty,  or  of  surprise 
or  astonishment. 

Stramuje  lie  marie  it  of  hir  mariage  ; 
His  purpos  was  for  to  bLstowe  hire  hye 
Into  some  worthy  blood  of  auncetry. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  60. 

She  ninlcrs  it  strange ;  but  she  would  be  best  pleased 
To  be  so  anger'd  with  another  letter. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  1.  2.  102. 

To  make  strange*,  to  seem  to  be  surprised  or  shocked ; 
look  astonished  ;  express  astonishment. 

Lyford  denied,  and  made  strange  of  sundry  things  laid 
to  his  charge. 

ff.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  116. 
=  Syn.  4.  Singular,  Odd,  etc.  See  eccentric.— 6.  Surpris- 
ing, Curious,  etc.  See  wonderful. 
Stranget  (stranj),  r.  [<  ME.  stravngen;  < 
strange,  a.;  in  part  byapheresis  from  estrange, 
q.  v.]  I.  trans.  To  alienate;  estrange. 

And  these  preseidents  consedred  wolde  discorage  any 
man  to  a  bide  but  a  litel  amonges  hem  that  so  straungeil 
hem  self  from  me  and  mistrusted  me. 

Paston  Letteri,  I.  508. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  wonder;  be  astonished. 
Whereat  I  should  strange  more,  but  that  I  find  .  .  . 

Fuller,  Holy  War,  p.  169.    (Latham.) 
2.  To  be  estranged  or  alienated. 
Strange  (stranj),  adr.   [<  strange,  a.]   Strangely. 
She  will  speak  most  bitterly  and  strange. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1.  86. 

Strangefult  (stranj'ful),  a.     [<  strange  +  -ful] 
Strange;  wonderful.     [Bare.] 

0  Frantick  France !  why  dost  not  Thou  make  vse 
Of  strangefull  Signes,  whereby  the  Eeav'ns  induce 
Thee  to  repentance? 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  L  2. 
Strangely  (stranj'li),  adr.     In  a  strange  man- 
ner, in  any  sense  of  the  word  strange. 
strangeness  (stranj'nes),  n.   The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  strange,  in  any  sense  of  that 
word. 

stranger  (stran'jer),  n.  [<  ME.  stranger,  straun- 
gcr,  estraungcr,  <  OF.  estranger,  F.  Stranger  (= 
It.  straniere),  a  stranger,  foreigner,  <  estrange, 
strange:  see  strange.]  1.  One  who  comes  from 
another  country  or  region ;  a  foreigner. 
There  shall  no  stranger  eat  of  the  holy  thing. 

Lev.  MiL  10. 

And  there  ben  nouther  Thefes  ne  Eobboures  in  that 
Contree ;  and  every  man  worschipethe  other ;  but  no  man 
there  dothe  no  reverence  to  no  Straungeres,  but  zif  thei 
ben  grete  Princes.  MandemUe,  Travels,  p.  260. 

I  am  a  most  poor  woman,  and  a  stranger, 
Born  out  of  your  dominions. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  IL  4.  15. 

2.  A  person  with  whom  one  is  not  acquainted ; 
one  whose  name  and  character  are  unknown. 

I  do  desire  we  may  be  better  strangers. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2.  275. 
"  As  I  hope  to  be  sav'd,"  the  stranger  said, 
"One  foot  1  will  not  flee." 

J?oWn  Hood  and  the  Stranger  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  406X 
The  name  of  envy  is  a  stranger  here. 

Fletcher  (and  another  ?X  Nice  Valour,  v.  2. 

3.  One  who  is  ignorant  (of)  or  unacquainted 
(with):  with  to. 

I  am  no  stranger  to  such  easy  calms 
As  sit  in  tender  bosoms. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  111.  4. 

Unspeak  mine  own  detraction,  here  abjure 
The  taints  and  blames  I  laid  upon  myself, 
For  strangers  to  my  nature. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3.  125. 
They  say  she 't  quite  a  stranger  to  all  his  gallantries. 

Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

4.  One  not  belonging  to  the  house;  a  guest;  a 
visitor. 

A  messlnger  passed  forth  tho  by, 

Wher  GarTray  with  gret  toth  was  in  his  manere 

At  ioyous  disport  ryght  full  merily 

At  Luslgnen  Castell  with  strangers  many. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6017. 
Fit  to  honour  and  receive 
Our  heavenly  stranger.      Milton,  P.  L. ,  v.  S16. 


6980 


5. 
6. 


stranger 

In  Into,  one  not  privy  or  party  to  an  act. —  constricted  ;  much  narrowed :  especially  not- 
Something  popularly  supposed  or  humor-  ing  the  thorax  or  abdomen  when  constricted 
ously  said  to  betoken  the  approach  of  a  stran-  in  one  or  more  places,  as  in  many  ants Stran- 
ger or  guest,  as  guttering  in  a  candle  or  a  tea-  gulated  hernia.  See  def.  i  and  hernia. 
stalk  in  a  cup  of  tea.— 7.  Specifically,  in  en-  strangulation  (strang-gu-la'shon),  w.  [<  F. 
finii..  the  noctuid  moth  Hadcnti  peregrina:  an  xtrtiiujidatton  =  Sp.  f«traiigulacii>ii='Pg.  extra n- 

English  collectors'  name Strangers'  Court. 

court. — Strangers'  fever.   See  feveri . 

strangert  (stran'jer),  c.  t.    [<  */!•« «</<•/•,  «.] 
estrange;  alienate. 
Dower'd  with  our  curse,  and  stranger'd  with  our  oath. 


See 
To 


Shot.,  Lear,  i.  1.  207. 


ally,  and  binding  them  together  by  twine  in- 
serted through  the  pierced  holes. 


[<  F.  strangiirie  = 
3p.  estangnrria  =  Pg.  estran- 


grows  upright  in  mud.  Also  called 
stuck-up,  stick-up,  coon-heel,  shanghai,  razor- 
blade,  rabbitear,  etc.  [New  Jersey.] 


strap-work 

Weel  I  wot  it's  a  crime,  baith  by  the  law  of  God  and 
man,  and  mony  a  pretty  man  has  been  strapped  for  it 
[murder].  Smlt,  St.  Ronan's  Well.  xiv. 

To  be  or  become  strapped,  to  lose  one's  money ;  be 
bankrupt  or  out  of  money.     [Slang.]— To  Strap  a  dead- 
eye,  to  fasten  a  strap  of  rope  or  iron  round  a  block,  dead- 
_  eye,  or  bull's-eye. 

=  It,  xtranijolazionc,  <   L.  strangttla-  strap-bolt  (strap'bolt),  n.     Same  as  lug-bolt. 
&>(«-),  a  choking,  a  suffocating,  <  strangulare,  strap-game  (strap'gam),  «.     A  swindling  trick 
pp.  strangiilii/iix, choke, suffocate:  seestntiigle.]     otherwise  kjiown  as  prirk  tin-  garter,  prick  at 
1.  The  act  or  state  of  strangling;  a  sudden  and     the  loop,  andfa.it  and  loose  (which  see,  under 
violent  compression  of  the  windpipe,  constric-     fast1,  «.). 

tion  being  applied  directly  to  the  neck,  either  strap-head  (strap'hed),  n.     In  much.,  a  journal- 
strangle  (strang'gl),.  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  stran-    around  it  or  in  the  fore  part,  or  from  within  the     box  formed  at  the  end  of  a  connecting-rod. 
gled,  ppr.  strangling.     [<  ME.  slrnngclen,  <  OF.     esophagus,  so  as  to  prevent  the  passage  of  air,  strap-hinge  (strap'hinj),  «.     See  hinge. 
estrangler,  F.  etrangler  =  Sp.  Pg.  eslrangular  =     and  thereby  suspend  respiration  and,  if  the  con-  strap-joint  (strap'joint),  n.     In  macli.,  a  con- 
It,  straiigolare,  strangulare,  <  L.  strangulare,  <     striction  is  prolonged,  destroy  life. — 2.  In  pa-    nection  formed  by  a  strap,  key,  and  gib,  as  on 
Gr.  arpayyaAav,  aTpayyahifriv,  strangle,  <  arpay-     thai.,  the  state  of  a  part  too  closely  constricted,     the  end  of  a  pitman.     E.  H.  Knight. 
ya\r/,  a  halter,  cf.  orpayj-of,  twisted,  <  "arp&yyciv,     as  the  intestine  in  strangulated  hernia. —  3.  Ex-  strap-laid  (strap'lad),  a.     Noting  a  flat  rope 
draw   tight,   squeeze;   cf.   L.  stringene,  draw     cessive  or  abnormal  constriction  of  any  kind.       made  by  placing  two  or  more  strands  of  haw- 
tight:  see  strain^,  stringent."]     I.  trans.   1.  To        At  the  point  where  the  strangulation  takes  place  the     ser-laid  rope  side  by  side,  piercing  them  later- 
choke  by  compression  of  the  windpipe ;  kill  by     glacier  lies  in  a  kind  of  basin,  of  which  the  lower  lip  pre-     -"—   ~-J  v:_jj —  A x n i — *_-• 

chokincr-  thrnttlfi  sents  proofs  of  the  most  intense  erosion. 

tle-  A.  Oeilde,  Cieol.  Sketches,  vi. 

And  yet  I'll  have  it  done ;  this  child  shall  strangle  thee. 
Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  ii.  2. 

2.  To  suppress;  keep  from  emergence  or  ap- 
pearance; stifle. 

Strangle  such  thoughts  as  these  with  any  thing 

That  you  behold  the  while.      Shak.   W  T.,  iv.  4.  47.   strangury  (strang~'gu-ri),  «. 
3f.  To  suffocate  by  drowning.     Defoe.  =syn.l.    QSp.  estrangurria, 
Choke,  SliJU,  etc.    See  smother. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  choked  or  strangled. 
Strangle  (strang'gl),  ».  [<  ME.  strangle;  < 
strangle,  r.]  If.  Strangulation.  Chaucer. — 
2.  pi.  An  infectious  catarrh  of  the  upper  air- 
passages,  especially  the  nasal  cavity,  of  the 
horse,  ass,  and  rmile,  associated  with  suppura- 
tion of  the  submaxillary  and  other  lymphatic 
§  lands.  The  disease  usually  attacks  young  animals, 
nfeebled  health,  exposure,  and  neglect  are  predisposing 
causes.  It  may  appear  as  an  epizootic  in  large  stables. 
The  mortality  is  from  2  to  3  per  cent.  The  disease  begins 
with  fever  and  a  serous  discharge  from  the  nose,  which 
later  becomes  viscid.  At  the  same  time  a  swelling  ap- 
pears under  the  jaws,  Indicating  inflammation  and  sup- 
puration of  the  submaxillary  glands.  The  disease  ordi- 
narily lasts  several  weeks.  Complications  may,  however, 
appear.  The  throat  and  neighboring  lymphatics  may  be- 
come involved  and  the  infection  extend  to  various  parts 
of  the  system,  giving  rise  to  pyemia.  Specific  bacteria 
(streptococci}  have  been  found  in  the  suppurating  glands. 
Strangleable  (strang'gl-a-bl),  a.  [<  strangle  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  strangled.  [Bare.] 

I  own,  I  am  glad  that  the  capital  strangler  should  in 
his  turn  be  stranyleoMe,  and  now  and  then  strangled. 

Chesterfield. 

Strangler  (strang'gI6r),  n.  [<  OF.  estrangleur, 
F.  etrangleur  =  It.  strangolatore,  <  ML.  strangu- 
lator,  <  L.  strangulare,  strangle :  see  strangle.'] 
One  who  or  that  which  strangles  or  destroys. 

The  band  that  seems  to  tie  their  friendship  together 
will  be  the  very  strangler  of  their  amity. 

Shot.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  6.  130. 

Strangle-tare  (strang'gl-tar),  n.  The  broom- 
rape,  Orobanche:  so  named  from  its  parasitism 
upon  tares  or  other  plants ;  also,  species  of  Vicia 
and  Latliyrus,  as  tares  which  strangle  other 
plants  by  their  climbing;  also,  the  twining  par- 
asite Cuscuta  Europxa,  European  dodder.  See 
cuts  under  Cuscuta  and  Orobanche.  [Old  or 
prov.  Eng.] 

Strangleweed  (strang'gl-wed),  «.  The  dodder, 
Cuscuta,  and,  in  books,  the  broom-rape,  Oro- 
banche. Compare  strangle-tare.  Britten  and 
Holland,  Eng.  Plant  Names.  [Old  or  prov. 
Eng.] 

stranguaryt,  «.  Same  as  strangury.  Sterne, 
Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  5. 

Strangulate  (strang'gu-lat),  a.  [<  L.  strangu- 
latus,  pp.  of  strangulare,  strangle :  see  strangle.'] 
Same  as  strangulated. 

Strangulate  (strang'gu-lat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
strangulated, ppr. strangulating.  [<  Li.strangula- 
tu#,  pp.  of  strangulare,  strangle  :  see  strangle.'] 
To  strangle ;  in  pathol.,  to  compress  so  as  to 
suppress  the  function  of  a  part,  as  a  loop  of  in- 
testine, a  vessel,  or  a  nerve.  See  strangulated. 


TA  •       s  -r        A  t  K  mvm  wv*tnn  ttci /  ,    t?tv«        I  1.1  cw   »j  t  I  str V.  I 

gur,a  =  It. stranguria, <  L. strangury, <  Gr.  erpay-  strappado  (stra-pa'do),  H.  [Formerly  also  stra- 
yovpta,  retention  of  urine,  <  orpajf  (arpayy-),  a 
drop,  that  which  is  squeezed  out  (<  "arpdyyetv, 
draw  or  bind  tight,  squeeze :  see  strangle),  + 
avpciv,  urinate,  <  oiipov,  urine.]  1.  Scanty  mic- 
turition with  painful  sense  of  spasm. 

He,  growing  ancient,  became  sick  of  the  stone,  or  stran- 
gury, whereof,  after  his  suffering  of  much  dolorous  pain, 
he  fell  asleep  in  the  Lord. 

N.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  262. 

2.  In  hort.,  a  disease  in  plants  produced  by  tight 
ligatures. 

strap  (strap),  n.     [Also,  more  orig.,  strop,  dial. 
strope  (the  form  strop  being  also  in  reg.  E.  use 
some  senses) ;  <  ME.  stropp,  strope,  <  AS. 


Jo;  <  OF.  slrapade,  F.  estrapade  =  Sp.  extrti- 
pada  =  It. strappata,  <  strappare,  pull.]  A  pun- 
ishment or  torture  which  consisted  in  raising 
the  victim  to  a  certain  height  by  a  rope  and 
letting  him  fall  suddenly,  the  rope  being  se- 
cured to  his  person  in  such  a  way  that  the  jerk 
in  falling  would  inflict  violent  pain.  For  exam- 
ple, the  hands  being  tied  together,  the  rope  would  be  se- 
cured to  the  wriste ;  the  punishment  was  more  severe  when 
the  arms  had  previously  been  brought  behind  the  back. 

We  presently  determined  rather  to  seeke  our  liberties 
then  to  bee  in  danger  foreiier  to  be  slaues  in  the  country, 
for  it  was  told  vs  we  should  haue  y«  strapado. 

Uakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  253. 


They  vse  also  the  Strappado,  noising  them  vp  and  downe 
by  the  annes  with  a  cord.       Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  441. 


in 

stropp  =  MD.  stroll,  stroon,  I),  stron  =  MLG. 

strop  =   MHG.  strupfe,    strupfe,   6.  struppe,  ™""l°"^-»  ''""'""•  ±nlgllmage-  +  441 

striippe,  strippe  =  Sw.  stropp  =  Dan.  strop,  a  Strappado  (stra-pa  do),  v.  t.     [<  strappado,  n. 

strap,  =  OF.estrope,  F.  etrope=  Sp.  Pg.  estrm-o,  ~  -*~-». ^« 

an  oar-thong,  <  L.  stroppus,  struppus,  a  thong, 

strap,  fillet,  akin  to  Gr.  arpdfor,  a  twisted  band, 

(oTpfyetv,  twist:  seestrophe.  Doublet  of  xirop1.] 

1.  A  narrow  strip  of  leather  or  other  flexible 


To  torture  by  the  strappado. 

Oh,  to  redeeme  my  honour, 

I  would  haue  this  hand  cut  off,  these  my  brests  sear'd, 
Be  rack  d,  strappado'd,  put  to  any  torment. 
lleyu-ood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness  (Works,  ed.  1874, 

[II.  141). 


material,  generally  used  for  some  mechanical  strapper  (strap'er),  w.     [<  strap  +  -erl.]     1. 

" 


purpose,  as  to  surround  and  hold  together,  or 
to  retain  in  place.  In  ordinary  use  straps  are  most 
frequently  of  leather,  and  are  often  used  with  one  or  more 
buckles,  or  a  buckle  and  slide,  allowing  of  a  more  or  less 
close  adjustment  of  the  strap.  See  cut  under  shot-pouch. 
Specifically  —  (a)  Naut.  :  (1)  A  piece  of  rope  with  the  ends 
spliced  together,  used  for  attaching  a  tackle  to  anything 
or  for  slinging  any  weight  to  be  lifted.  (2)  A  ring  of  rope 
or  band  of  iron  put  round  a  block  ordeadeye,  suspending 
it  or  holding  it  in  place.  Sometimes  spelled  strop.  (6)  A 
razor-strop.  See  razor-strop  and  strops,  (c)  An  ornament 
like  a  strap  ;  a  shoulder-strap.  See  fhoulder-strap,  2. 
2.  A  long  and  narrow  piece  of  thin  iron  or 
other  metal  used  to  hold  different  parts  to- 
gether, as  of  a  frame  or  the  sides  of  a  box  ;  a 
leaf  of  a  hinge;  in  carp.,  an  iron  plate  for  con- 
necting two  or  more  timbers,  to  which  it  is 
bolted  or  screwed.  —  3.  In  hot.,  the  ligule  in 
florets  of  Composite  (see  ligule)  ;  also,  in  some 
grasses,  the  leaf  exclusive  of  its  sheath.  —  4.  A 
string.  [Scotch.] 

They  winna  string  the  like  o'  him  up  as  they  do  the 
puir  whig  bodies  that  they  catch  in  the  mnirs,  like  straps 
o'  onions.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  x. 

5.  Credit;  originally,  credit  for  drink.  [Slang.] 
—  6.  In  a  vehicle:  (a)  A  plate  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  tongue  and  resting  upon  the  double- 
tree, to  aid  in  holding  the  wagon-hammer,  (b) 
A  clip,  such  as  that  which  holds  a  spring  to  the 
spring-bar  or  to  the  axle,  (c)  The  stirrup- 
shaped  piece  of  a  clevis.  E.  H.  Knight.  —  7. 
A  strap-oyster. 


Creepers  of  literature,  who  suck  their  food  like  the  ivy'  Strap  (strap)  J.J. ;  pre| ;.  and  pp.  strapped,  ppr    Strapplet  (strap'l),  P.  *.     [Freq.   of  st, 
from  what  they  strangulate  and  kill  strapping.     [<  strap,  M.]     1.  To  fasten  or  bind     To  bind  with  a  strap;  strap;  entangle. 


One  who  has  to  do  with  straps ;  specifically,  one 
who  has  charge  of  the  harnessing  of  horses. 

Men  who,  though  nothing  but  strappers,  call  themselves 
grooms.  Eticyc.  Brit.,  XII.  196. 

2.  Anything  bulky;  a  large,  tall  person.    [Col- 
loq.] 

A  strapper  — »  real  strapper,  Jane;  big,  brown,  and 
buxom;  with  hair  just  such  as  the  ladies  of  Carthage 
must  have  had.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xx. 

Strapping1  (strap'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  strap, 
i>.]  1.  The  act  of  fastening  with  a  strap. — 2. 
A  beating;  a  whipping.  [Colloq.] 

He  will  not  say  a  word  to  any  one,  ...  for  fear  of  a  strap- 
ping- W.  Black,  In  Far  Lochaber,  xvi. 

3.  Material  for  straps,  or  straps  in  general. 
Securing  the  loose  flaps  of  the  lip  with  pieces  of  strap- 
ping. Lancet,  1890, 1.  183. 

Strapping2  (strap'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  strap,  v., 
used,  like  thumping,  whacking,  whopping,  boun- 
cing, and  other  participial  adjectives  express- 
ing violent  action,  to  denote  something  of  im- 
pressively large  size.]  Tall;  lusty;  robust. 
[Colloq.] 

Then  that  t'other  great  strapping  Lady- 1  can't  hit  off 
her  Name.  Congreve,  Double-Dealer,  Hi.  10. 

Strapping-plate  (strap'ing-plat).  w.  In  mining, 
one  of  the  wrought-iron  plates  by  which  the 
spears  of  a  pump-rod  are  bolted  together.  Also 
called  spear-plate. 

[Freq.  of  strap,  r.] 


Southey,  Doctor,  Interchapter  vii.    (Dames.) 
A  strong  double  ligature  was  passed  through  this  part 

if  tho  ..II....L-    ,i-;ti,  *»,.,  j—4 A, _•   _..  ,    P.          .      *"-. 


His  ruin  startled  th'  other  i 

the  reins 
Strappled  his  fellows. 


iteeds,  the  gears  crack'd,  and 

or  doifn.  Strappled  his  fellows.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xvi.  438. 

e  carries  white  thread  gloves,  sports  a  cane,  has  his  Strap-shaped(strap'shapt),o.  Ligulate;  shaped 


with  a  strap:  especially  in  the  sense  of  com- 

-     „__, „..„ „  „„.,  pressing  and  holding  very  closely:  often  with 

of  the  cheek,  with  the  intention  of  strangulating  the  pro-  up  < 

jectiou  [a  tubercle  or  tumor]  at  its  base.  H 

atra    „,!.*  ^f"  Ca"loc/Aan' °Pera'ive  Sur^ry,  P.  47.  trousers  tightly  strapped.  like'a  strap:  used'especially  of  the  rayVof 'the 

Strangulated  (strang'gu-la-ted),  p.  a.     1 .  In  W.  Besant,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  49.  tubuliflorous  and  the  corollas  of  the  liguliflorous 

pathol.,  compressed  so  as  to  suppress  the  func-  2.  To  beat  or  chastise  with  a  strap.     [Colloq.]  Compoxitsr. 

»,?7«/^a  !       -f  ?S>  a          m  1S  Td  to  be  stran~  ~ 3-  To  sharPen  with  a  strap;  strop,  as  arazor.  strap-skein  (strap'skan),  M.     In  carriage-build- 

fhp                         s  so  compressed  as  to  obstruct  "I  shouldn't  wonder  if  we  had  a  snow-storm  before  it's  /«•/,  a  flat  strip  tf  iron  let  into  the  wood  of  an 

.uiation  in  the  part  and  cause  danger-  over,  Molly,"  said  Pluck,  strapping  his  knife  on  the  edge  axle-arm  to  protect  it  from  wear 

ous  symptoms. -2.  In  bot.,  contracted  and  ex-  of  the  kit                                   £  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  17.  strap-work  (strap'werk)   H      Architectural  or- 

panded  m  an  irregular  manner.- 3.  In  enton,.,  4.  To  hang.     [Scotch.]  nameni  consisting  of  a  narrow ^fillet  or  band 


strap-work 

represented  as  folded  and  crossed,  and  occa- 
sionally interlaced  with  another. 

Strap-worm  (strap'werm),  n.  A  cestoid  worm 
of  the  family  Ligulidts. 

strapwort  (strap'wert),  ».  A  sea-coast  plant 
of  the  Mediterranean  region  and  western  Eu- 
rope, Corrigiola  littoralis,  of  the  Illeeebratw. 
It  is  an  herb  witli  numerous  slender  trailing  stems,  sug- 
gesting the  name,  and  small  white  flowers  in  little  heads 
or  cymes,  the  sepals  petal-like  on  the  margin. 

Strasburg  finch,  pate,  ware,  etc.    See  finch*. 

etc. 

strass  (stras),  n.  [So  called  from  the  name  of 
the  German  inventor,  Josef  Sinister. ]  1.  Same 
a.a  paste  1,  3.— 2.  The  refuse  of  silk  left  in  mak- 
ing up  skeins.  E.  H.  Ktiiglit. 

Strata,  «.     Plural  of  stratum. 

stratagem  (strat'a-jem),  n.  [Formerly  also 
xtrategem;  early  mod.  E.  stratagems;  <  OF. 
stratagenw,  F.  stratagem  =  Sp.  estratrigema  = 
Pg.  estratagema,  strutagema  =  It.  stratagemma 
(in  Bom.  erroneously  spelled  with  a  in  the  sec- 
ond orig.  syllable),  <  L.  stratege.ina,  <  Gr.  arpaT/t- 
•ytlfia,  the  act  of  a  general,  a  piece  of  general- 
ship, <  aT/tan/yelv,  be  a  general,  command  an 
army,  <  aTpan/yoc,  a  general,  the  leader  or  com- 
mander of  an  army:  see  strategy.]  1.  An  arti- 
fice in  war;  a  plan  or  scheme  for  deceiving  an 
enemy. 

The  man  that  hath  no  music  in  himself, 

Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds, 

Is  tit  for  treasons,  stratagems,  and  spoils. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 85. 

He  [Henry  V.]  never  fought  Battel,  nor  won  Town, 
wherein  he  prevailed  not  as  much  by  Stratagem  as  by 
Force.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  179. 

2.  Any  artifice;  a  trick  by  which  some  advan- 
tage is  intended  to  be  obtained. 

Ambition  is  full  of  distractions ;  it  teems  with  strata- 
gems, and  is  swelled  with  expectations  as  with  a  tympany. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

It  is  an  honest  stratagem  to  take  advantage  of  ourselves. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  ii.  13. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Artifice,  Maneeuver,  Trick,  etc.    See  orti- 
Jtce. —  2.  Deception,  plot,  trap,  device,  snare,  dodge,  con- 
trivance. 

stratagematic  (strat'a-je-mat'ik),  a.  [<  OF. 
stratagematique,  <  NL.  * strategematicus,  <  Gr. 
<rrpa7-#yj7/ia(r-),astratagem:  see  stratagem.']  Us- 
ing stratagem ;  skilled  in  strategy.  Puttenham, 
Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie  (ed.  Arber),  p.  35.  [Bare.] 

stratagematically  (strat"a-je-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 
By  stratagem  or  artifice.  G .  Harvey,  Four  Let- 
ters. 

stratagemic  (strat-a-jem'ik),  a.  [<  stratagem 
+  -ic.J  Containing  or  characterized  by  strata- 
gem or  artifice.  [Bare.] 

stratagemical  (strat-a-jem'i-kal),  a.  [<  strata- 
gemic + -al.~\  Same  as  stratagemic.  Cotgrave; 
Swift  (?),  Tripos,  iii. 

stratarithmetry  (strat-a-rith'me-tri),  n.  [Irreg. 
<  Gr.  arparof,  an  army,  4-  apiO/j6f,  a  number  (see 
arithmetic),  +  -peTpia,  <  /icrpov,  measure.]  Milit., 
the  art  of  drawing  up  an  army  or  body  of  men 
in  a  geometrical  figure,  or  of  estimating  or  ex- 
pressing the  number  of  men  in  such  a  figure. 
Imp.  Diet. 

strategetic  (strat-e-jet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aTparriyrrn- 
n6f,  pertaining  to  the  command  of  an  army,  < 
arparriyew,  be  a  general,  command  an  army : "see 
stratagem.]  Same  as  strategic. 

strategetical  (strat-e-jet'i-kal),  a.  [<  strate- 
getic T  -al.]  Same  as  strategical. 

strategetically  (strat-e-jet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
strategetical  manner. 

strategetics  (strat-e-jet'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  strate- 
getic (see  -teg).]  Same  as  strategy. 

strategi,  n.    Plural  of  strategic,  1. 

Strategic  (stra-tej'ik),  a.  [=  F.  strategiqtie,  < 
LL.  *strategictts  (in  neut.  pi.  strategica,  the 
deeds  of  a  general),  <  Gr.  cTparnymor,  of  or  per- 
taining to  a  general.  <  oTpaTrryof,  a  general:  see 
stratagem,  and  cf.  strategy.]  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  of  the  nature  of  strategy ;  demanded  by,  used 
in,  or  characterized  by  strategy:  as,  strategic 
movements—strategic  battle.  See  battlei,  l. 

strategical  (stra-tej'i-kal),  a.  [<  strategic  + 
-til.]  Same  as  strategic" 

strategically  (stra-tej'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  stra- 
tegic manner;  as  regards  strategy. 

Strategics  (stra-tej'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  strategic  (see 
-ic*).]  Same  as  strategy. 

strategist  (strat'e-jist),  n.  [=  F.  strategiste; 
as  strateg-y  +  -ist.]  One  skilled  in  strategy. 

He  [Milton]  was  a  strategist  rather  than  a  drill-sergeant 
in  verse,  capable,  beyond  any  other  English  poet,  of  put- 
ting great  masses  through  the  most  complicated  evolutions 
without  clash  or  confusion,  but  he  was  not  curious  that 
every  foot  should  be  at  the  same  angle. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  SIT,  p.  286. 


5981 

Strategus  (stra-te'gus),  «.  [<  I,,  strategus,  <  Gr. 
arpartf) df ,  the  commander  of  an  army,  a  gen- 
eral:  see  *?m/<y/_i/.]  1.  PL  ttratoffi (•$).  A  mili- 
tary commander  in  ancient  Greece:  as,  Dm-us 
vitiKstriilri/Hxot'  the Achean  league.  —  2.  [my;.] 
[NL.  (Hope,  1837).]  In  ,-i,toin..  a  genus  of  large 
American  searabaiid  beetles,  whose  males  usu- 
ally have  three  prothoracie  horns.  They  are 
mainly  tropical  and  subtropical,  but  .s. 
extends  north  to  Massachusetts.— 3. 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  mollusks. 

Strategy  (strat'e-ji),  H,  [<  OF.  strategic,  F. 
strategic  =  Sp.  estrategia  =  It.  stratci/iii,  strat- 
egy (cf.  L.  xtratci/iii,  a  government,  province), 

<  Gr.  frpanryia,  the  office  or  dignity  of  a  com- 
mander, generalship,  a  pretorship,  government, 
province,  <  arparri-juf,  the  leader  or  commander 
of  an  army,  a  general,  a  governor, pretor,  consul, 

<  arpardf,  an  army,  host,  soldiery  (prop,  an  en- 
camped army,  lit. '  scattered,  spread '  (=  L.  xtru- 
tits,  scattered,  spread),  <  aropcwvvai  =  L.  ster- 
nere  (pp.  stratus),  scatter,  spread,  strew:  see 
stratum),  +  ayetv,  lead  (see  agent).]    1.  The  sci- 
ence of  combining  and  employing  the  means 
which  the  different  branches  of  the  art  of  war 
afford,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  projects  of 
operations  and  of  directing  great  military  move- 
ments ;  the  art  of  moving  troops  so  as  to  be  ena- 
bled either  to  dispense  with  a  battle  orto  deliver 
one  with  the  greatest  advantage  and  with  the 
most  decisive  results;  generalship,    in  strategy 
three  things  demand  especial  consideration  :  (1)  the  base 
of  operations,  or  line  from  which  an  army  commences  its 
advance  upon  an  enemy ;  (2)  the  objective,  or  objective  point, 
the  point  which  it  aims  to  possess,  or  the  object  which  it 
strives  to  attain  ;  (3)  the  line  of  operations,  or  that  line 
which  an  army  must  pass  over  to  attain  Its  objective  point. 
When  an  army  assumes  a  strictly  defensive  attitude,  the 
base  of  operations  becomes  the  line  of  defense,  and  in  a 
retrograde  movement  the  line  of  operations  becgmes  the 
line  of  retreat.    Strategical  points  are  the  points  of  opera- 
tions of  an  army  —  namely,  points  whose  occupation  secures 
an  undoubted  advantage  to  the  army  holding  them  for 
offensive  and  defensive  purposes,  and  points  which  it  'is 
the  chief  object  of  an  army  to  attain.    The  tJteater  of  op- 
erations comprises  the  territory  to  be  invaded  or  defended 
by  an  army.    It  includes  the  base  of  operations,  the  objec- 
tive point,  the  front  of  operations,  the  lines  of  operation, 
the  lines  of  communication  which  connect  the  several  lines 
of  operations,  obstacles,  natural  or  artificial,  lines  of  retreat, 
and  places  of  refuge.    The  front  of  operations  is  the  length 
of  the  line  in  advance  of  the  base  of  operations  covered 
or  occupied  by  an  army. 

2.  The  use  of  artifice,  finesse,  or  stratagem  for 
the  carrying  out  of  any  project. 

Strath  (strath),  n.  [<  Gael,  srath  =  Ir.  srath, 
sratha  =  Vf.  ystrad,  a  valley;  perhaps  connect- 
ed with  street,  ult.  <  L.  strata :  see  street.]  In 
Scotland,  a  valley  of  considerable  size,  often 
having  a  river  running  through  it  and  giving  it 
its  distinctive  appellation:  as,  Strathspey  (the 
valley  of  the  Spey),  Stratheam  (the  valley  of 
the  Earn),  and  Strathmoie  (the  great  valley). 

Strathspey  (strath-spa'),  «•  [So  called  from 
Strathspey  in  Scotland.]  1.  A  Scotch  dance, 
invented  early  in  the  eighteenth  century,  re- 
sembling the  reel,  but  slower,  and  marked  by 
numerous  sudden  jerks. 

While  youths  and  maids  the  light  strathspey 
So  nimbly  danced,  with  Highland  glee ! 

Scott,  Glenflnlas. 

2.  Music  for  such  a  dance  or  in  its  rhythm, 
which  is  duple,  moderately  rapid,  and  abound- 
ing in  the  rhythmic  or  metric  figure  called  the 
Scotch  snap  or  catch  (which  see,  under  Scotch1), 
or  its  converse. 

Straticulate  (stra-tik'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  "strati- 
culatus,  <  "straticulum,  dim.  of  stratum,  a  layer: 
see  stratum.]  Arranged  in  thin  layers,  as  a 
banded  agate. 

Stratification  (strat'i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [=  F. 
stratification  =  Sp.  estratificacion  =  It.  stratifi- 
cazione;  as  stratify  +  -ation.]  1.  The  act  of 
stratifying,  or  the  state  of  being  stratified; 
formation  or  arrangement  in  layers. 

It  was  formerly  the  practice  in  England,  as  it  still  is  on 
the  Continent,  to  tan  by  the  process  of  stratification,  for 
which  purpose  a  bed  of  bark  is  made  upon  the  bottom  of 
the  pit ;  upon  this  is  laid  the  hide,  then  bark,  then  a  hide, 
and  so  on  until  the  pit  is  full.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  386. 

2.  Specifically,  in  geol.,  deposition  in  beds  or 
strata ;  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  those  rocks 
which  harce  been  laid  down  or  spread  over  the 
surface  by  water.  The  most  important  indication  and 
result  of  stratification  is  that  the  rock  separates  more  or 
less  easily  along  the  planes  separating  the  beds  or  strata. 
Each  stratification-plane  marks  a  change  in  the  character 
of  the  deposit,  or  a  shorter  or  longer  period  during  which 
deposition  was  suspended.  Often  one  stratum  is  succeeded 
by  another  of  quite  different  character,  showing  a  change 
in  the  existing  conditions.  Sometimes,  however,  a  rock  is 
distinctly  stratified,  but  each  stratum  separates  easily  into 
much  thinner  layers,  closely  resembling  one  another  in  pet- 
rography; character :  this  is  generally  called  lamination. 


Stratiotes 

In  some  cases  the  apparent  stratification  seems  to  bo  of 
the  nature  of  an  imperfect  cleavage,  there  having  been  a 
certain  amount  of  reftmngement  of  tin-  partii  let*  of  the 
rock  p:irallel  to  the  planet  of  deposition.  s< •>•  cuts  muter 
Arteximi  :ttnl  rruxi'.n 

3.  Iii  /tlii/>ii<il.,  the  thickening  of  a  cell-wall  by 
the   deposition   of    successive    thin    layers   of 
formed  material;  also,  the  arrangement  of  the 
layers  so  deposited. 

It  is  now  known  that  xtnttifiratifm  is  due  to  a  subsequent 
change  in  the  amount  of  water  of  organization  [in-sent  in 
particular  parts  of  the  |eell  Jwall.  Betsey,  Botany. 

4.  In  elect.,  the  appearance  presented  by  an 
electric   discharge,  or  a  series  of  rapid  dis- 
charges, in  a  rarefied  gas,  light  and  dark  bauds 
or  striie  licino;  produced. 

Stratified  (strat'i-l'id),  i>.  a.  Arranged  or  dis- 
posed in  layers  or  strata:  as.  xtrutijii-tl  rocks. 
See  cut  under  erosion — Stratified  cartilage,  ordi- 
nary white  flbrocartilage.  —  Stratified  epithelium.  See 
tfUheHum.  Stratified  thallus,  in  lichens,  a  thallus  in 
whieh  the  gonidia,  or  algal  cells,  are  disposed  in  one  or 
more  layers,  thus  producing  stratification.  See  heterom- 
erous,  (c)  (2). 

Stratiform  (strat'i-fdrm),  a.  [<  NL.  stratum,  a 
layer,  +  forma,  form.]  Forming  or  formed  into 
a  layer  or  lamella ;  embedded  as  a  stratum  or 
layer;  stratified:  specifically  used  in  the  anato- 
my of  a  form  of  cartilage — stratiform  cartilage 
or  fibrocartllage,  a  layer  of  cartilage  embedded  in  a 
groove  of  bone  along  which  the  tendon  of  a  muscle  plays : 
referring  not  to  a  special  kind  of  cartilage,  but  to  the  par- 
ticular form  in  which  it  is  arranged.  The  cartilage  lining 
the  bicipital  groove  of  the  hnmerus,  on  which  the  tendon 
of  the  long  head  of  the  biceps  glides,  is  an  example. 

stratify  (strat'i-fi),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stratified, 
ppr.  stratifying.  [=  F.  strattfier  =  It.  stratifi- 
care,  <  NL.  stratum,  a  layer,  +  li.facere,  make, 
do.]  To  form  into  a  layer  or  layers,  as  sub- 
stances in  the  earth  ;  lay  or  arrange  in  strata. 

Stratigrapher  (stra-tig'ra-fer),  n.  [<  stratig- 
raph-y  +  -er1.]  One  who  devotes  himself  to 
the  study  of  stratigraphical  geology.  Nature, 

Stratigraphic  (straU-graf'ik),  a.  [<  stratig- 
raph-y  +  -ic.]  Having  to  do  with  the  order  of 
succession,  mode  of  occurrence,  and  general 
geological  character  of  the  series  of  stratified 
rocks  of  which  the  earth's  crust  is  largely 
composed. 

Stratigraphical  (strat-i-graf  'i-kal),  a.  [<  strati- 
grapliic  +  -al.]  Same  as  Stratigraphic. 

stratigraphically  (strat-i-graf'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  Stratigraphic  manner;  as  regards  stratigra- 
phy, or  the  disposition  of  strata. 

stratigraphist  (stra-tig'ra-fist),  M.  [<  stratig- 
raph-i/  +  -ist.]  One  who  studies  stratigraphy ; 
a  Stratigrapher.  Nature,  XXXVIII.  506. 

Stratigraphy  (stra-tig'ra-fi),  n.  [<  NL.  stratum, 
a  layer,  +  Gr.  -jMifo,  <  ypaipeiv,  write.]  In 
geol. ,  order  and  position  of  the  stratified  groups ; 
all  that  part  of  geological  science  which  is  not 
specially  theoretical  or  paleontological ;  gen- 
eral descriptive  geology. 

Stratiomyia  (strat»i-o-ml'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Mac- 
quart,  1838),  orig.  Stratiomys  (Geoffrey,  1764), 
also  Stratiomua  (Schiner,  1868),  Stratyomis 
(Schelling,  1803),  Stratyomys  ( J.  E.  Gray,  1832) ; 
irreg.  <  Gr.  arpaTt^n/f,  a  soldier,  +  fima,  a 
fly.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Stra- 
tiomyidse.  They  are  medium-sized  or  rather  large  flies 
of  dark  color  with  light  spots  or  stripes.  The  larvue  live 
in  mud  or  damp  sand,  and  the  flies  are  found  upon  um- 
belliferous and  other  flowers  growing  near  water.  About 
40  species  are  known  In  North  America,  and  about  20  In 
Europe.  They  are  sometimes  called  chameleon-flies,  from 
the  name  of  one  species,  5.  chamteleon. 

Stratiomyidae  (strat"i-o-mi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Leach,  1819,  as  Stratiomydee),  <  Stratiomyia  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  true  flies,  belonging  to  the 
brachycerous  Diptera  and  to  the  section  ynta- 
cantha.  It  is  a  large  and  wide-spread  family;  about  200 
species  occur  in  North  America.  They  vary  much  in  size 
and  color,  and  have  a  large  hemispherical  head,  flattened 
or  convex  abdomen,  and  tibiae  usually  without  spurs. 
They  are  mostly  flower-flies,  and  are  often  found  upon 
vegetation  in  damp  places. 

Stratioteae  (strat-i-6'te-e),  n.pl.  [NL.  (Link, 
1829),  <  Stratiotes  +  -e&.]  A  tribe  of  monocoty- 
ledonotis  plants,  of  the  order  Hydroeharidese 
and  series  Glycydrx.  It  is  characterized  by  a  very 
short  stem  bearing  crowded  sessile  submerged  leaves  and 
usually  also  long-petioled  floating  leaves,  by  peduncled 
spathes,  and  by  one-celled  ovaries  spuriously  six-celled 
by  intrusion  of  the  lobed  placentro.  It  includes  five  gen- 
era, of  which  Stratintes  is  the  type.  (See  also  llydrocharit.) 
The  others  are  mostly  tropical  plants  of  fresh  water,  with 
ovate-oblong  or  broadly  cordate  floating  leaves  and  ribbed 
or  winged  spathes. 

Stratiotes  (strat-i-6'tez),  «.  [NL.  (in  def.  1 
(  Linmeus,  1737)  so  called  from  the  sword-like 
leaves),<  Gr.  arpaTi&n/f,  sc.  Korafitof,  an  Egyptian 
water-plant,  by  some  said  to  have  been  the 
water-lettuce,  Pistia  Stratiotes;  lit.  'river-sol- 


Stratiotes 

dier,'  <  oTpanurrif,  a  soldier,  <  arparid,  an  army, 
<  orparoY,  an  army:  see  strategy.  Cf.  xtradiot, 
estradiot]  1.  A  genus  of  water-plants,  of  the 
order  Hydrocharidex,  type  of  the  tribe  Sti-atio- 
tex.  It  is  without  floating  leaves,  unlike  the  rest  of 
its  tribe,  and  is  characterized  by  spathes  of  two  leaves 
which  in  the  male  inclose  the  base  of  a  long  pedicel  bear- 
ing two  or  more  flowers  with  from  11  to  15  stamens  each. 
The  female  flowers  are  solitary  and  short-pedicelled,  with 
numerous  linear  staminodes,  0  slender  two-cleft  styles, 
and  a  beaked  ovary  becoming  in  fruit  ovoid  and  acumi- 
nate, externally  fleshy,  and  exserted  from  its  spathe  on  a 
recurved  pedicel.  The  only  species,  S.  aloides,  the  water- 
soldier,  is  a  native  of  Europe  and  Siberia,  and  resembles  a 
small  aloe.  It  isa  perennial  submerged  aquatic,  with  some- 
what fleshy  crowded  sword-shaped  leaves,  which  are  acute. 
sessile,  and  sharply  serrate.  The  flowers  are  borne  above 
the  surface  of  the  water ;  each  perianth  consists  of  three 
calyx-like  segments  and  three  much  larger  wavy  crisped 
white  petals.  Old  names  are  Icnightxwort,  crab's-claw,  and 
water-sengreen. 

2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  South  American  cara- 
bid  beetles.  Putzeys,  1846. 

strato-cirrus  (stra-to-sir'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  stratus 
+  cirrus]  A  cloud  very  like  cirro-stratus,  but 
more  compact  in  structure,  and  formed  at  a 
lower  altitude.  Abercromby. 

Stratocracy  (stra-tok'ra-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  orparoi;, 
an  army,  +  -Kparia,  <  Kparetv,  rule.]  A  military 
government;  government  by  force  of  arms. 

Enough  exists  to  show  that  the  form  of  polity  [according 
to  Plato's  system]  would  be  a  martial  aristocracy,  a  quali- 
fied stratocracy.  De  Quincey,  Plato. 

StratO-CUmulus  (stra-to-ku'mu-lus),  «.  [NL.,  < 
stratus  +  cumulus]  A  stratum  of  low  cloud 
consisting  of  separate  irregular  masses;  a  cloud 
of  the  layer  type,  but  not  sufficiently  unif  orm  to 
be  pure  stratus.  Also  called  eumulo-stratus. 

Stratographic  (strat-p-graf'ik),  a.  [<  stratog- 
rapn-y  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  stratography. 

Stratographical  (strat-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  [<  strat- 
ographic +  -al]  Same  as  stratographic. 

stratographically  (strat-^-graf 'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  stratographic  manner. 

Stratography  (stra-tog'ra-fi),  «.  [<  Gr.  arparof, 
an  army,  +  -ypafyia,  <  ypaif>uv,  write.]  Descrip- 
tion of  armies  or  what  belongs  to  an  army. 

A  great  commander  by  land  and  by  sea,  he  [Raleigh] 
was  critical  in  all  the  arts  of  stratography,  and  delights  to 
illustrate  them  on  every  occasion. 

/.  D'liraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  278. 

Stratonic  (stra-ton'ik),  a.  Same  as  Stratonical. 

Stratonical  (stra-ton'i-kal),  «.  [<  Strata  (see 
def.)  +  -ic-al]  Pertaining  to  Strato  or  Straton 
of  Lampsacus,  called  "the  physicist,"  the  third 
head  of  the  Peripatetic  school  of  philosophy, 
over  which  he  presided  from  288  to  270  B.  c.  He 
was  a  thorough  materialist,  and  held  that  every  particle 
of  matter  has  a  plastic  and  seminal  power,  and  that  the 
world  is  formed  by  natural  development.— Stratonical 
atheism  t,  a  form  of  evolutionism  which  replaces  the  ab- 
solute chance  of  the  Epicureans  by  a  sort  of  life  which  Is 
regarded  as  an  intrinsic  attribute  of  matter. 

There  is,  indeed,  another  form  of  atheism,  ...  we  for 
distinction  sake  shall  call  Stratonical,  such  as,  being  too 
modest  and  shamefaced  to  fetch  all  things  from  the  for- 
tuitous motion  of  atoms,  would  therefore  allow  to  the 
several  parts  of  matter  a  certain  kind  of  natural  (though 
not  animal)  perception,  such  as  is  devoid  of  reflexive  con- 
sciousness, together  with  a  plastic  power  whereby  they 
may  be  able  artificially  and  methodically  to  form  and 
frame  themselves  to  the  best  advantage  of  their  respective 
capabilities  — something  like  to  Aristotle's  Nature,  but 
that  it  hath  no  dependence  at  all  upon  any  higher  mind 
or  deity.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  ii.  §  3. 

stratopeite  (stra-to'pe-it),  n.  [<  NL.  stratum. 
a  layer;  second  element  uncertain.]  A  hydrous 
silicate  of  manganese,  of  uncertain  composi- 
tion, derived  from  the  alteration  of  rhodonite. 

stratose  (stra'tos),  o.  [<  NL.  "stratosus,  <  stra- 
tum, a  layer:  see  stratum]  In  lot.,  stratified; 
arranged  in  more  or  less  clearly  defined  layers. 
Farlow,  Marine  Algas,  p.  51. 

Stratotic  (stra-tot'ik),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  crr/xzroY, 
an  army,  +  -i-ic;  or  erroneously  for  "stratiotic, 

<  Gr.  OTpaTiaririf,  of  or  pertaining  to  a  soldier, 

<  trrpanoriK,  a  soldier:  see  Stratiotes]  Warlike; 
military.     [Kare.]     Imp.  Diet. 

Stratum  (stra'tum),  H.;  pi.  strata  (-ta).  [NL.,  < 
L.  stratum,  a  spread  for  a  bed,  a  coverlet,  quilt, 
blanket,  a  pillow,  bolster,  a  bed,  also  pavement, 
prop.  neut.  of  stratus  (=  Gr.  or/jaro?,  an  army), 
pp.  of  sternere,  =  Gr.  aropevvmai,  spread,  extend. 
Cf.  strew]  A  layer  of  material,  formed  either 
naturally  or  artificially.  Specifically- (o)  In  geol., 
same  as  bed.  See  fcedl ,  6  (c),  and  stratification,  also  cut  un- 
der Artesian,  (b)  In  Hoot,  and  anat.,  a  layer  of  tissue,  as 
a  membrane,  etc. ;  a  lamina  or  lamella ;  especially,  one  of 
several  similar  or  superposed  layers  specified  by  a  quali- 
fying word :  used  with  either  English  or  Latin  context. 
— Oonidial  stratum.  See^ontrfioJ.— Rise  of  strata  in 
geol.  See  dip,  n.,  4  (o).  -  Secondary  strata,  in  geol. ,  the 
Mesozoic  strata.  — Stratum  bacilloaum.  Same  as  rod- 
ana-cone  layer  of  the  retina  (which  see,  under  retina).— 
Stratum  cinereum,  a  layer  of  gray  matter  in  the  nates, 
lying  Just  beneath  the  stratum  zonale,  with  few  and  small 


.-,982 

ganglion-cells.— Stratum  corneum,  the  outer  layer  of 
the  epidermis,  above  the  stratum  granulosum.  See  cut 
under  «W».— Stratum  cylindrorum.  Same  as  stratum 
bacillosum.— Stratum  gelatmosum,  a  layer  of  gray 
matter  of  the  olfactory  bulb,  consisting  of  fusiform  or 
pyramidal  gray  nerve-cells  in  a  flue  mesh  of  white  nerve 
fiber.—  Stratum  glomerulosum,  a  layer  of  gray  mat- 
ter of  the  olfactory  bulb,  consisting  of  nodulated  masses 
containing  small  nuclear  cells,  among  which  is  a  con- 
voluted olfactory  nerve-fiber.  —  Stratum  granulosum, 
the  thin  stratum  next  above  the  stratum  spinosum  of  the 
epidermis,  consisting  of  cells  rendered  granular  by  minute 
globules  of  ceratohyalin.  It  is  wanting  over  the  lips  and 
under  the  nails,  and  gives  the  white  color  to  the  skin. 
See  cut  under  skin.—  Stratum  lacunosum,  a  layer  of 
the  hippocampus  major,  next  above  the  stratum  radiatum, 
characterized  by  the  open  reticulated  nature  of  the  neu- 
roglia.  — Stratum  lucidum,  the  lowest  layer  of  the  stra- 
tum corneum  of  the  epidermis.  See  cut  under  skin.— 
Stratum  opticum,  the  layer  in  the  upper  quadrigemi- 
nal  body  which  lies  below  the  stratum  cinereum,  com- 
posed of  longitudinal  white  fibers  interspersed  with  gan- 
glion-cells.—Stratum  radiatum,  a  layer  of  the  hippo- 
campus major,  striated  at  right  angles  to  its  surfaces  by 
the  processes  of  the  large  pyramidal  cells  which  lie  along 
its  inner  border.— Stratum  spinosum,  the  lowest  layer 
of  the  epidermis,  next  to  the  corium,  formed  of  prickle- 
cells,  ana  limited  above  by  the  stratum  granulosum.  Also 
called  rete  mucosum,  rete  Malpighii  or  Malpighi,  and  stra- 
tum Malpinhii  or  ilalpiyhi.  See  cut  under  *Kn.— Stra- 
tum zonale,  a  superficial  stratum  of  white  nerve-fibers. 

Stratus  (stra'tus),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  stratus,  a 
spread  for  a  bed,  a  coverlet,  <  sternere,  pp. 
stratus,  spread,  extend :  see  stratum.]  A  con- 
tinuous horizontal  sheet  of  cloud,  generally  of 
uniform  thickness.  It  is  essentially  a  fine-weather 
cloud,  and  is  characteristic  of  areas  of  high  pressure.  In 
the  evening  and  morning  of  fine  days  it  frequently  appears 
as  a  low  foggy  canopy  overspreading  the  whole  or  a  part 
of  the  sky,  and  disappears  as  the  heat  of  the  day  increases. 
All  low  detached  clouds  which  look  like  lifted  fog  and  are 
not  consolidated  into  definite  form  are  stratus.  It  is  the 
lowest  of  the  clouds.  Abbreviated  «.  See  cut  under  cloud. 
All  cloud  which  lies  as  a  thin  flat  sheet  must  either  be 
pure  stratus  or  contain  the  word  strata  in  combination. 

Abercromby,  Weather,  p.  71. 

Straucht,  straught1  (stracht),  «.  and  r.  Obso- 
lete or  dialectal  (Scotch)  forms  of  straight^. 

Straught2t  (strat),  a.  [By  apheresis  from  dis- 
traught. Cf.  struct]  Distraught. 

So  as  being  now  straught  of  minae,  desperate,  and  a 
verie  foole,  he  goeth,  etc. 

R.  Scot,  Witchcraft,  L  8  b.    (Kara.) 

straughtet,  Straught3t.  Obsolete  forms  of  the 
preterit  and  past  participle  of  stretch. 

stravagantt,  a.  [=  It.  stravagante;  an  aphetic 
form  of  extravagant]  Extravagant ;  profuse. 

Stravaig  (stra-vag'),  r.  i.  [Alsostravaige;  prop. 
"ittravague,  <  OF.  estravaguer  =  Olt.  stravagare, 
<  ML.  extravagari,  wander  out  or  beyond :  see 
extravagant.  Cf.  straragant]  To  stroll ;  wan- 
der;  go  about  idly.  [Scotch  and  Irish.] 

What  did  ye  come  here  for?  To  go  prancing  down  to 
the  shore  and  back  from  the  shore  — and  stravayging 
about  the  place?  W.  Black,  In  Far  Lochaber,  vii. 

stravaiger  (stra-va'ger),  n.  [<stravaig  +  -er'i] 
One  who  wanders  about  idly;  a  stroller;  a 
wanderer.  [Scotch  and  Irish.] 

straw1  (stra),  ».  and  a.  [=  Sc.  strae;  <  ME. 
straw,  strau,  stra,  stre,  stree,  <  AS.  "stream, 
"sired,  "stredw  (found  independently  only  in  the 
form  strewn  (appar.  pi.),  in  two  glosses,  other- 
wise only  in  comp.  streawberie,  etc.:  see  straw- 
berry) =  OS.  stro  =  OFries.  stre  =  MD.  stroo, 
stray,  D.  stroo  =  MLG.  stro,  LG.  stro  =  OHG. 
stro,  MHG.  strou,  stro  (straw-,  strouu--,  strow-), 
G.  stroll  =  Icel.  stra  =  Sw.  strA  =  Dan.  straa, 
straw;  appar.  'that  which  is  scattered  about' 
(if  so,  it  must  have  been  orig.  applied  to  the 
broken  stalks  of  grain  after  threshing,  the 
simple  sense  'stalk' being  then  later),  from  the 
root  of  strew  (dial,  straw) :  see  strew,  straw? ; 
cf.  L.  stramen,  straw,  <  sternere,  pp.  stratus, 
strew  (see  strand3,  stramage,  strammel,  stra- 
tum)] I.  n.  1.  The  stalk  or  stem  of  certain 
species  of  grain,  pulse,  etc.,  chiefly  of  wheat, 
rye,  oats,  barley,  buckwheat,  and  pease,  cut  or 
broken  off  (and  usually  dry) ;  also,  a  piece  of 
such  a  stem. 

When  shepherds  pipe  on  oaten  straics. 

Shalt.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  913. 

2.  Such  stalks  collectively,   especially  after 
drying  and  threshing :  as,  a  load  of  straw.    In 
this  sense  a  collective  without  plural. 

Ne  how  the  fyr  was  couched  first  with  stree, 
And  thanne  with  drye  stokkes  cloven  a  three. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  2075. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  proverbially  worth- 
less ;  the  least  possible  thing. 

For  thy  sword  and  thy  bow  I  care  not  a  straw, 
Nor  all  thine  arrows  to  boot. 

Robin  Hood  and  the  Tanner  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  226). 
I  jive,  like  despair,  catches  at  straws. 

Scott,  i  .'in-lit  in  Durward,  xxxv. 

4.  [In  allusion  to  the  proverb,  "A  straw  shows 
which  way  the  wind  blows."]     A  slight  fact, 


strawberry 

taken  as  an  instance  in  proof  of  a  tendency. — 
5 .  A  clay  pipe,  especially  a  long  one.  [Colloti.  ] 
— 6.  Same  as  alrau--needle.—  7.  In  entom.,  a 
Ktick-insect ;  a  walking-stick—  Dunstable  straw, 
wheat-straw  used  for  bonnet-plaits.  The  middle  part  of 
the  straw  above  the  last  joint  is  selected.  It  is  cut  into 
lengths  of  about  10  inches,  which  are  then  split  by  a  ma- 
chine into  slips  of  the  requisite  width.  Whole  Dunstable 
signifies  a  plait  that  is  formed  of  seven  entire  straws,  while 
n  patent  Dunstable  consists  of  fourteen  split  straws.  Sim- 
monds.—  Face  Of  Straw,  a  sham  ;  a  mere  effigy. 

Off  drops  the  Vizor,  and  a  Face  of  Straw  appears. 

Roger  North,  Examen,  III.  viii.  §  6. 
In  the  straw,  lying-in,  as  a  mother ;  in  childbed. 

Our  English  plain  Proverb  de  Puerperis,  "  they  are  in 
i/ir  .itraif,"  shows  Feather-Beds  to  be  of  no  ancient  use 
among  the  common  sort  of  our  nation. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Lincolnshire,  II.  263.  (Davies.) 
Jack  of  straw.  Same  mjadntrav,  i.—  Leghorn  straw. 
See  let/horn.— Man  of  straw.  .See  man.—  Pad  In  the 
strawt.  See  pad?.—  To  break  a  strawt,  to  quarrel. 
UdaU,  tr.  of  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus,  p.  68.— To  draw 
straws,  to  give  indications  of  sleepiness. 

Lady  Anew.  I'm  sure  'tis  time  for  honest  folks  to  lie 
a-bed. 
Miss.  Indeed  my  eyes  draw  straws. 

Swtft,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

To  lay  a  Btrawt,  to  pause  and  make  a  note.  Holland,  tr. 
of  Camden,  p.  141.  • 

II.  «.  1.  Made  or  composed  of  straw:  as,  a 
straw  hat. —  2.  Sham;  fictitious;  useless:  as,  a 
straw  bid.  Compare  straw  bail,  under  bail2, 5. — 
Straw  bond.  See  hmdi.— Straw  bonnet,  a  bonnet 
made  of  woven  or  plaited  straw.  See  straw  hat,  Dun- 
stable  straw  (above),  and  leghorn.— Straw  hat,  a  hat  made 
of  straw  either  woven  together  in  one  piece  or,  as  is  more 
common,  plaited  into  a  narrow  braid  which  is  wound 
spirally,  the  separate  turns  being  sewed  together  where 
the  edges  touch.  Hats  for  men  and  bonnets  for  women 
are  included  under  the  general  term.— Straw  mosaic, 
rope,  etc.  See  the  nouns —  Straw  vote,  a  vote  taken 
without  previous  notice,  in  a  casual  gathering  or  other- 
wise. See  I.,  4. 

straw1  (stra),  r.  t.  [<  strawi,  «.]  To  furnish  or 
bind  with  straw ;  apply  straw  to — stra  wed  seal 
a  seal  containing  a  straw,  a  blade  of  grass,  or  a  rush,  or 
several  of  these,  embedded  in  the  wax,  often  around  it  as 
a  border,  or  tied  in  fastening  the  seal  to  the  document. 
Such  additions  to  the  ordinary  seal  were  often  made  in 
the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries ;  but  whether  the 
purpose  was  to  strengthen  or  protect  the  wax  or  to  pre- 
serve a  fragment  of  the  clod  delivered  in  making  livery 
of  seizin  seems  to  be  matter  of  conjecture. 

straw'2  (stra),  v.  t.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  strew.  Ex.  xxxii.  20. 

She  strawed  the  roses  on  the  ground, 
Threw  her  mantle  on  the  brier. 

Lord  John  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  136). 
strawberry  (stra'ber*i),  n. ;  pi.  strawberries 
(-iz).  [<  ME.  strawbery,  strauberi,  strabery,  stra- 
beri,  strebery,  slreberi,  strebere,  also  (in  comp.) 
strawbyry,  strobery,  <  AS.  streawberie,  stredw- 
berige,  also  contracted  stredberie,  stredberige, 
streaberge,  also stredtcberge,  streuberie,  late  AS. 
strxberie  (in  comp.),  strawberry  (also  called 
eorthberie, G.  erdbeere, ' earth-berry'),  <  "stredw, 
straw,  +  berie,  berry:  see  straw"  and  berry1. 
The  first  element,  lit.  '  straw,'  is  very  rare  in 
AS.  use,  and  its  exact  application  here  is  un- 
certain. It  may  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  'a 
long  stem,'  referring  to  the  runners  of  the 
plant,  or  it  may  allude  to  an  old  habit  of  string- 
ing the  berries  on  a  straw.  The  word  is  often 
erroneously  explained  as  a  corruption  of  a  sup- 
posed "strayberry,  or  even  as  referring  to  the 
common  use  of  straw  or  hay  about  the  plants 
to  keep  the  earth  from  soiling  the  berries.  No 
corresponding  name  appears  in  the  other  lan- 
guages. Cf.  strawberry-wise]  The  fruit  of  any 
of  the  species  of  the  genus  Fragaria,  or  the 
plant  itself.  The  plants  are  stemless,  propagating  by 
slender  runners  (whence  they  are  often  called  strawberry- 
nines),  with  trifoliate  leaves,  and  scapes  a  few  inches  high, 
bearing  mostly  white-petaled  flowers  in  small  cymes,  fol- 
lowed by  the  "  berry,"  which  consists  of  an  enlarged  fleshy 
receptacle,  colored  scarlet  or  other  shade  of  red,  bearing 
the  achenes  on  its  exterior.  About  six  natural  species  are 
recognized,  though  these  are  so  variable  as  to  make  it  pos- 
sible that  they  all  belong  to  one  multiform  species.  F. 
vesca  is  common  throughout  the  northern  Old  World  and 
northward  in  North  America.  It  includes  the  alpine  straw- 
berry,  hautboy,  and  wood-strawberry  (see  belowX  was  prob- 
ably the  first  cultivated,  and  is  the  source  of  many  artifi- 
cial varieties,  including  the  perpetuals.  The  Virginian  or 
scarlet  strawberry,  F.  Virginuma,  Is  common  eastward 
in  North  America,  and  in  the  more  robust  variety  jllinoen- 
sit  extends  perhaps  to  Oregon.  The  achenes,  which  in  f. 
vesca  are  superficial,  are  in  this  species  sunk  in  pits.  It  was 
the  source  of  the  famous  Hovey's  seedling,  produced  near 
Boston  about  1840,  and  later  of  Wilson's  Albany  (or  sim- 
ply Wilson's),  whose  production  marked  an  epoch  in 
American  strawberry-culture.  In  Chili  and  along  the 
Pacific  coast  from  San  Francisco  to  Alaska  grows  the  Chili 
strawberry,  F.  Ctiilensis,  a  low  stout  densely  hairy  plant 
with  thick  leaves  and  large  flowers,  which  has  been  the 
source  of  valuable  hybrids  in  France  and  England.  The 
Indian  strawberry,  F.  Indica,  peculiar  in  its  yellow  petals 
and  tasteless  fruit,  is  only  of  ornamental  value.  The 
strawberry  was  not  cultivated  by  the  ancients ;  its  culture 
in  Europe  began  probably  in  the  fifteenth  or  sixteenth 
century.  It  is  now  grown  in  great  quantities  in  Europe 


strawberry 

and  North  America  for  its  delicious  subacid  fruit,  which 
is  used  fresh  for  dessert,  and  also  canned  or  made  into  jam, 
and  affords  a  syrup  for  flavoring  drinks,  ices,  creams,  etc. 
The  varieties,  which  are  mainly  or  wholly  from  the  tlrst      oblinita. 
three  species  above  named,  are  numerous  and  constantly  strawberry-pear 
changing.    See  cuts  under  flaijettuin  and  Frayaria.  (stra '  ber-i  -par),    H. 

The  fruit  of  a  cacta- 
ceous plant,  (Vrr"x 
tri/i/ii/iilinin,  of  the 
West  Indies,  etc.,  or 
the  plant  itself.  This 

plant    has    three-angled 

berry,  xtnaeeapine-slraicberry.— Barren  strawberry,  branches  which  climb  by 
in  England,  Potentilla  Fragariastrum^  resembling  the  rooting.  The  fruit  is  sub- 
striiwberry  in  its  trifoliate  leaves  and  white  flowers;  in  acid,  pleasant,  and  cool- 
America,  tfVfMsfrt/tia/rfli/arioid'e*,  having  the  leaves  three-  ing,  and  is  said  to  be  the 
parted,  but  the  flowers  yellow.  Neither  has  fleshy  fruit,  best-flavored  afforded  by 

'    .f  the  order. 

•perch 

jiighttofiaVecomcfromCarolina.-Chllistrawberry.     J£,1'"*  ""-'-Perch)>  "• 
See  def.  and  pint-strawberry.— Crushed  strawberry,      inegras     >as_s. 


The  strawberry  grows  underneath  the  nettle. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1.  60. 

Dr.  Boteler  said,  of  strawberries,  "  Doubtless  God  could 

have  made  a  better  berry,  but  doubtless  God  never  did." 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler  (ed.  Bohn),  p.  158. 

Alpine  strawberry,  a  European  form  of  Frayaria  vcuca, 

sometimes  distinguished  as  F.  enUina.  —  Ananas  straw- 


5983  stray 

(f)  <  mi-  of  three  geometries,  Petrophoratrutuata,  Xematii-  gtraw-fiddle  (stra'nd"!),  II.  A  variety  of  xylo- 
campajilametttaria,  and  Angerone  crocataria,  whose  larva:  ,,)lcmf.  ilt  which  the  wooden  bars  are  laid  on 
teed  on  the  foliage,  (d)  The  smeared  dagger,  Acronycta  ^  Q{  straw  A|M]  gigMra  and  ,.,,,<•«*>. 

Straw-forkt  (stra 'fork),  ii.     A  pitchfork. 

Flail,  strawj'ork,  and  rake,  with  a  fan  that  is  strong. 

Tusser,  si-ptt-mi'cr's  Husbandry. 

Straw-house  (stiii'hous),  ».  A  house  for  hold- 
ing straw  after  the  grain  has  been  thrashed  out. 

Strawing  (stni'ing).  «.  The  occupation  of  sell- 
ing straws  in  the  street  and  giving  with  them 
something  which  is  forbidden  lobe  sold,  as  in- 
decent papers,  political  songs,  and  the  like. 
Mayhew,  London  Labour  anil  London  Poor,  I. 
229.  [Cant.] 

Straw-necked  (stra'nekt),  «.  Having  husky  or 
straw-like  feathers  on  the  neck:  as,  the  gtraw- 

tlrrl.'t  it  ibis.  '  '(It'jillill/x  tjii/iicitllix. 

Straw-needle  (stra'ne"dl),  «.  A  long  thin 
needle  used  for  sewing  together  straw  braid, 
as  in  the  manufacture  of  hats.  Also  called 
ftraw. 

Straw-ride  (stra'rid),  w.  A  pleasure-ride  in  the 
country,  taken  in  a  long  wagon  or  sleigh  filled 
with  straw,  upon  which  the  party  sit.  [Colloq., 


Strawberry-pear   (Certus 
larfs). 


Hautboy  strawberry.    See  hautboy,  2.—  pine-straw-    2.    Same    as 
berry,  a  variety  of  the  Chili  strawberry  (see  def.  aboveX     bcrrif-sJirub. 

so  called  from  its  pineapple  flavor.    Also  Ananas  straw-  Strawberry-roan(stra'ber-i-r6n).  a.  See  »w<w'. 
berry.   See  Carolina  strawberry.     Eng.  —Scarlet  straw-  Qtr  a -nrViorrv  chriih  fetrfi'hor  \  sVir-iih  The      U.  S.J 

berry,  specifically,  the  Virginian  strawberry.     [Eng.]-  Strawberry-Shrub  (stra  ber-i-sl   nib),  ».         it    strawsmau  (gtra'smal),  M.     The  whitethroat, 
Strawberry-crown  borer, a curculionid beetle, Tyloder-     sweet   shrub,    Caiymntlius  Jlortdns  and   other  • 
,  species.    See  Calycanthus. 

strawberry-tomato  (stra'ber-i-to-ma"t6),  ». 
The  winter-cherry,  Physalis  Alkekenqi.  The  ber- 
ry, inclosed  within  an  inflated  calyx,  resembles  a  cherry 

Also  called  hu»k- 


,  . 


Strawberry-crown  borer  (Tylmterma/raffari*). 

a,  latva,  full-grown  ;  b,  adult  beetle,  from  side  ;  f,  same,  from  above. 

(Hair-lines  show  natural  sizes.) 


or  a  very  small  tomato  in  appearance. 
tomato. 

strawberry-tree  (stra'ber-i-tre),  «. 
strawbery-tre  ;  <.  strawberry  +  tree.'] 
strawberry-plant.      See  the  quotation  under 
strawberry-wise.  —  2.    A  handsome    evergreen 
shrub  or  bushy  tree,  Arbutus  Unedo,  native  in 
southern  Europe.    The  scarlet  granulated  fruit  at  a 


distance  resembles  a  strawberry,  but  is  dry  and  lacking 
in  flavor,  though  sometimes  eaten.    In  Spain  a  sugar  and 


so  called  from  the  straw  used  in 

ir),  n.     1.  Same  as  gtraw- 

',. — 2.  The  garden-warbler,  SyMa  hortensi*. 
— 3.  The  willow-warbler,  Phylloscopus  trocM- 
lus.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  all  senses.] 

[<  ME.  straw-Stem  (stra'stem),  M.     I.  In  glass-makiny, 
If.  The    the  stem  of  a  wine-glass  pulled  out  of  the  sub- 
stance of  the  bowl.     Hence — 2.  A  wine-glass 
having  a  stem  of  the  above  character. 

A  party  of  young  men  ...  let  fall  Uiat  superb  cut-glass 
Claret  and  shivered  it,  with  a  dozen  of  the  delicately-en- 
graved straw-stems  that  stood  upon  the  waiter. 

O.  W.  Curtis,  Potiphar  Papers,  ii. 


ma  fragarise,  which  lays  its  eggs  at  the  crown  of  the  straw- 
berry-plant in  the  United  States,  and  whose  larva  often 


a  spirit  are  extracted  from  it.    The  flowers  appear  in  au-  . 

tumn,  when  also  the  fruit,  which  ripens  only  the  second  straw-Stone  (stra'ston),  n.    Same  as  carphohte. 

season,  is  present.  The  name  is  extended  to  the  other  stra W-Underwing  (stra  mrder-wing),  ».  A 

„  , species  of  the  genus.  See  cut  under  Arbutus,  3.  British  noctuid  moth,  Ccrigo  cytherea,  having 

SSJ^feiyS^^  S^berry-Tine  (st™'^™-™)'  «•  See  st™"-  straw-colored  underwings,  with  a  broad,  smoky 

*5Zttt£5ttl^ttJlS&  Strawberry-Wiset,  «.     [<  ME.  strawbery  wyse  stow- wine^Sra' win),  *.     Wine  made  from 

berry- plant  in  the  United  States;  also,  one  of  several  other     stratcbyry  vyse,  strobery    wyse,   streberiicise,    <  grapes  which  have  been  dried  or  partly  dried 

moths  whose  larva;  have  this  habit.    See  cut  under  leaf-     AS.  streaivberie-wise,  stredberie-wise,  later  strx-  by  exposure  to  the  sun :  so  called  from  the  bed 

beriewise,  strawberry  -plant,  <  stredwberie,  straw-  of  8traw  upon  which  they  have  been  laid.    Such 

berry,  -f-  wise,  here  appar.  a  particular  use  of  wjne  jg  generally  sweet  and  rich. 

wise,  way,  manner,  wise:   see  strawberry  and 

wise'*.~]     The  strawberry-plant. 
Strawbery  wyse  (strawberytre,  K.  strawbe[ry]  wyse,  H. 

strawbyry  vyse,  S).    Fragus.  Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  478. 


rotter.  —  Strawberry  -leaves,  a  dukedom  :  from  the  eight 
strawberry-leaves  on  a  ducal  coronet.  —  Strawberry 
root-borer,  a  moth,  Anarsia  lineatella,  whose  larva  bur- 
rows in  the  roots  of  this  plant,  and  often  does  great  dam- 
age.— Strawberry  run.  See  runi.—  Strawberry  saw- 
fly,  a  small  black  saw-fly,  Kmphytus  maculatus,  whose 
larva  is  a  strawberry-worm.  See  cut  under  Emphytus. 
—  Strawberry  spinach.  Same  as  strawberry-blite.— 


Strawberry  tongue,  in  med.,  a  red  papillated  tongue,  as  strawberry-worm  (stra'ber-i-werm),  n.     The 


seen  in  scarlatina.— Wild  strawberry,  any  native  straw- 
berry ;  also,  sometimes,  species  of  Potentilla,  from  their  re- 
semblance to  the  true  strawberry-— Wood-strawberry, 
the  typical  form  of  Fragaria  msca.  [Eng.] 


worm   grub,  or  caterpillar  of  any  insect  which 

:.:.'„  ti.B  Li,,,.  WV,BITV  •  psnpciBllv  thp  larva  of 
injures  tne  gti  a  W  Derry  ,  any,  in 


We  may  presume  that  oseye  was  a  luscious-sweet,  or 
ttmw-mw,  similar  to  that  which  is  still  made  in  that  prov- 
ince [Alsace].  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  206,  note. 

straw-worm  (stra'werm),  n.  The  larva  of  a 
trichopterous  neuropterous  insect;  a  caddis- 
worm  :  so  called  from  the  bits  of  straw  of  which 
it  builds  its  case.  See  cut  under  caddis-worm. 


B  •_  ft  A  -i        i  i  it     PJU11U.B    1LD    V^OiDO.          kJCC    viiu    v»iiv*v.i    iyi*i*M.nj-M/ vt  •• 

the   strawberry  saw-fly,  EmpJtytus  maculatm,  strawy  (stra'i), «,  [<  strait  +  -)/!.]  Pertaining 

*«/^»>o     flllllr     rtolldrl      0Cm«ll7uM*W     f/nlMLMUHHUa  SsPA          .         »"tf    V  ",,,       *•     ,  '-A' _  J.    _i.. 


Strawberry-bass  (stra'ber-i-bas),  M.     Same  as  more  fully  called  strawberry  false-worm, 

grass-bass.  cut  under  Emphytus.     [U.  S.] 

Strawberry-blite  (stra'ber-i-blit),  ».     A  spe-  strawboard  (stra'bord),  w.     A  thick  and  coarse 

cies  of  goosefoot,  Chenopodium  (Blitum)  capita-  hard-rolled  fabric  of  yellow  paper  or  cardboard 

turn,  also  C.  (S.)  virgatum,  whose  flower-heads  made  of   straw:   largely  used   by  makers   of 

ripen  into  a  bright-red  juicy  compound  fruit,  cheap  paper  boxes.  straw  varrt  (stra'viirdl 

They  are  Old  World  plants  found  in  gardens,  and  the  fruit,  straw-buff  (stra'buf),  TO.     Straw-color  of  very  B' 

though  insipid,  is_  said  to  _have  been  formerly  used  in  [ow  cni.oma,  as  in  Manila  paper. 


r),  „    One 

of  several  different  insects  whose  larva  mine 
bore,  or  burrow  m  the  crown,  leaf,  or  root  of 

See  the  8pecifie  ph 


strawberry-bush  (stra'ber-i-bush),.  n.  A  low 
upright  or  straggling  American  shrub,  Euony- 
musAmericana  :  so  named  from  its  crimson  and 
scarlet  fruit. 

strawberry-clover  (stra'ber-i-klo"ver),  11.     A 


The  pampas-cat. 

Same  as  paillasse,  2. 
ar),   a.   and    n.    I.  a. 
Straw-colored ;  stramineous. 
Your  straw-colour  beard.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  2.  95. 

II.  n.  An  extremely  luminous,  very  cool  yel- 
low color,  of  somewhat  reduced  chroma,  re- 
calling the  color  of  yellow  straw,  but  cooler  in 


to,  made  of,  or  like  straw  ;  consisting  of  straw  ; 

resembling  straw. 

There  the  strawy  Greeks,  ripe  for  his  edge, 
Fall  down  before  him,  like  the  mower's  swath. 

SAo*.,T.  andC.,v.  5.  24. 

See  the  quotation. 

They  [trampers]  come  back  to  Ixindon  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  shelter  of  the  night  asylums  or  refuges  for 
the  destitute  (usually  called  straw-yards  by  the  poor). 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  138. 

straw-yellow  (stra'yeFo),  n.  A  chromatic 
variety  of  straw-color,  or  a  yellow  verging  upon 
straw-color. 

stray1  (stra),  <>.  [<  ME.  strayeii,  straien,  <  OF. 
estraier,  estraycr,  estraer,  estraer,  wander  about, 
stray  (said  of  an  animal,  esp.  of  a  horse,  going 
about  without  its  master),  also  of  a  person,  wan- 
der, ramble,  prob.  lit.  '  go  about  the  streets  or 


species  of  clover,  Trifoliumfragifermn,  of  Eu-    hue.   There  is  a  wide  range  of  chroma  in  colors    highways'  (=  It.  stradare,  put  on  the  way,  show 

L  _        1    _  •  _  _.  ,  ,,. i  11,1,1     \\-rr    tlii^.     ii-iim.  +-Vni  mn-wr\    f ftf     Olri'l'tlift*1    f>a1-Y-/tH0V    AXT'l  TlH  P1»TTI  ft  ft  llOll  t" 


rope  and  temperate  Asia.  It  resembles  the  com-  called  by  this  name, 
mon  white  clover,  T.  repens,  but  has  the  fruiting  heads  straw-colored  (stra'kul'prd),  «.  Pale  light- 
involucrate,  and  very  dense  from  the  inflation  of  the  yellow,  like  dry  straw ;  corn-colored ;  stramine- 
calyxes^which  are  also  somewhat  colored,  thus  suggest-  £U8.  ^  the  gtraw^soiorea  bat,  Natalns  albiven- 

SSFy"C°mb  (stra/bei"i-k6m)'  "'  Seesteaw-C0tton(stra'kot*n),,.  A  cotton  thread 
strawberry-crab  (stra'ber-i-krab),».  A  small  made  for  the  manufacture  of  hats  and  other 
maioid  or  spider-crab  of,  European  waters,^-  ^^^ter  ^tra'kut'er),  n.  In  agri.,  any 

machine  for  cutting  straw  and  hay  into  short 


-r  ,       -  ,  „      .     . 

rynomeaspera:  so  called  from  the  reddish  tu-  straw:CUtter  (stra'kut^er), 


bercles  with  which  the  carapace  is  studded. 

•  Same 


A  drain  filled  with 


strawberry-geranium  ( stra '  ber  -  i  -  je  -  ra  *  ni- 
um),  H.  See  geranium  and  saxifrage. 

Strawberry-mark (stra'ber-i-mark),  w.  A  kind 
of  birth-mark;  a  vascular  neevus,  of  reddish 
color  and  soft  consistency,  like  a  strawberry. 

strawberry-moth  (stra'ber-i-m6th),  M.  Any 
moth  whose  larva  injures  the  strawberry,  (a) 
A  strawberry  root-borer,  (b)  A  strawberry  leaf-roller. 


the  way)  (cf  .  estraier,  estruyer,  wandering  about, 
straying,  stray,  =  Pr.  fstradier,  one  who  wan- 
ders about  the  streets,  <  ML.  as  if  *stratariits  ; 
cf.  also  It.  stradiotto,  a  wanderer,  traveler,  gad- 
der, a  particular  use  of  stradiotto,  a  soldier,  free- 
booter (see  stradiot,  estradiot),  associated  with 
strada,  street),  <  estree,  stree,  strae,  also  (after 
Pr.)  estrade,  a  street,  road,  highway,  =  Pr.  ex- 
trada  =  It.  strada,  a  street,  road,  highway,  <  L. 
strata,  a  street,  road:  see  estre2  and  street.  Ac- 
cording to  some  etymologists  the  OF.  estraier 
is  prob.  =  Pr.  estragnar,  <  ML.  extravagari,  wan- 
der, <  L.  extra,  without,  +  vagari,  wander:  see 
extravagant,  extravagate.  Cf.  astray,  estray,  v., 
doublets  of  ttray1.']  I.  intratis.  1.  To  wander, 


straw. 
straw-embroidery  (strft'em-broi'der-i),  ». 

Fancy  work  done  upon  net,  usually  black  silk     .__    _. 

net,  by  means  of  yellow  straw,  which  forms     as  from  a  direct  course ;  deviate  or  go  out  of  the 

the  flowers  and  principal  parts  of  the  pattern,     Way  or  from  the  proper  limits;  go  astray. 

and  silk  of  the  same  color.  A  gheep  doth  very  often  ,,nyt 

Strawent  (stra'en), «.    [<  sti-atc*  +  -e«l .]    Made  Al,  if  the  shepherd  be  a  while  away. 

of  straw.     .Stoic.  $*«*•,  T.  o.  of  V.,  i.  l.  74. 


stray 

2.  To  wander  from  the  path  of  truth,  duty,  or 
rectitude ;   turn  from  the  accustomed  or  pre- 
scribed course ;  deviate. 

We  have  erred,  and  strayed  from  thy  ways  like  lost 
sheep.  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  General  Confession. 

Tom  Tushor  never  permitted  his  mind  to  stray  out  of 
the  prescribed  University  path. 

Thackeray,  Henry  Esmond,  x. 

3.  To  move  about  without  or  as  without  settled 
purpose  or  direction. 

My  eye,  descending  from  the  hill,  surveys 
Where  Thames  among  the  wanton  valleys  strays. 

SirJ.  Denham,  Cooper's  Hill,  1.  im. 

The  Cardinal  de  Cabasolle  strayed  with  Petrarch  about 
his  valley  in  many  a  wandering  discourse. 

/.  D'Israeli,  Lit  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  147. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  straggle.— 1  and  3.  Wander,  none,  etc.  See 
ramble,  v. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  stray;  mislead;  se- 
duce. [Rare.] 

Hath  not  else  his  eye 
Stray'd  his  affection  in  unlawful  love? 

Shale.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1.  51. 

Stray1  (stra),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
straye,  straic;  by  apheresis  from  estray,  n.,  as 
well  as  astray,  orig.  pp.,  <  F.  estratt,  estrayi', 
strayed,  astray,  pp.  of  estraier,  estrayer,  stray: 
see  stray1,  v.  Cf.  estray,  n.  In  defs.  II.,  3  and  4, 
directly  from  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Having  gone 
astray;  strayed;  wandering;  straggling;  inci- 
dental. 

Stray  beest,  that  goethe  a-stray.    Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  478. 

That  little  apothecary  who  sold  a  gtray  customer  a 
pennyworth  of  salts.  Thackeray,  Pendennls,  ii. 

II.  n.  1.  Any  domestic  animal  that  has  left 
an  inclosure  or  its  proper  place  and  company, 
and  wanders  at  large  or  is  lost;  an  estray. 

Impounded  as  a  stray 
The  King  of  Scots.        Shalt.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2.  100. 

Hence  —  2.    A  person  or  persons  astray;    a 
straggler ;  a  truant. 

Strike  up  our  drums,  pursue  the  scatter'd  stray. 

Sha*.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2.  120. 
There  is  also  a  school  for  strays  and  truants. 

Harper's  May.,  LXXVIII.  645. 

3.  The  act  of  wandering.     [Bare.] 

I  would  not  from  your  love  make  such  a  stray, 

To  match  you  where  I  hate.       Shale.,  Lear,  i.  1.  212. 

4.  A  pasturage  for  cattle.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

The  eight  hundred  acres,  more  or  less,  in  six  different 
strays  without  the  walls,  belonging  to  the  four  ancient 
wards,  and  on  which  freemen  have  exclusive  right  to  de- 
pasture their  cattle.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXIX.  843. 
On  the  stray t,  upon  stray t,  deserting;  straggling;  scat- 
tering; wandering. 

Lokis  well  to  the  listis,  that  no  lede  passe  ! 
If  any  stert  upon  stray,  strike  hym  to  dethe ! 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  6258. 

Right  of  stray,  the  right  of  pasturing  cattle  on  com- 
mons. Halliwell. 

Stray2!  (stra),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  "strayvc, 
streare;  <  ME.  strayve,  streyvi;  appar.  for  *strayre, 
streyre,  <  OF.  estraiere,  estrayere,  estraihcre, 
estrahiere,  estraliere,  {.,  estraier,  estrayer,  m. 
(ML.  reflex  estraieria,  estraeria),  usually  in  pi. 
estraieres,  etc.,  goods  left  by  an  alien  or  bastard 
intestate,  and  escheated  to  the  king  as  unowned 
or  'stray,'  <  estraier,  estrayer,  adj.,  straying, 
stray.  The  word  was  confused  with  the  re- 
lated noun  stray1,  prop,  a  straying  animal,  and 
as  a  more  technical  term  suffered  some  varia- 
tion in  use.]  Property  left  behind  by  an  alien 
at  his  death,  and  escheated  to  the  king  in  de- 
fault of  heirs. 

Somme  seruen  the  kynge,  .  .  .  chalengynge  hus  dettes, 
Of  wardes  and  of  wardemotes,  wayues  and  strayuei. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  i.  92. 

Strayed  (strad), p.  a.  Wandering;  astray:  as, 
strayed  cattle  ;  a  strayed  reveler. 

Strayer  (stra'er),  n.  '  [<  strayl  +  -eri.]  One 
who  or  that  which  strays  ;  a  wanderer. 

stray-line  (stra'lin),  «.  1.  In  whaling,  that  part 
of  the  towline  which  is  in  the  water  when  fast 
to  a  whale. — 2.  The  unmarked  part  of  a  log- 
line,  next  to  the  chip,  which  is  allowed  to  run 
off  before  beginning  to  count,  in  order  to  clear 
the  chip  from  eddies  at  the  stern.  The  limit  of 
the  stray-line  is  indicated  by  a  rag  called  the 
stray-marl,'. 

Strayling  (stra'ling),  «.  [<  strayl  +  -Jingi.]  A 
little  waif  or  stray.  [Rare.] 

Hardy  Asiatic  straylinffs,  whose  seeds  have  followed  the 
grains.  Grant  Allen,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  p.  182. 

stret,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  straw1. 

Streak1  (strek),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  streken,  a  var.  of 
striken,  a  secondary  form  of  striken  (pret.  pi. 
and  pp.  striken),  go:  see  strike,  v.,  and  cf. 
stroke},  v.  Cf.  sneak,  ult.  <  AS.  siiican.  As 
used  in  the  United  States,  this  verb  is  com- 


5984 

monly  associated  with. sVrvflfr-,  M.]  To  run  swift- 
ly. [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.  and  IT.  S.] 

O'er  hill  and  dale  with  fury  she  did  dreel ; 
A'  roads  to  her  were  good  and  bad  alike, 
Nane  o'  't  she  wyl'd,  but  forward  on  diil  xtreek. 

Jlvgs,  Helenore,  p.  f>G.     (Jinun'xnt,.) 

They  jest  streaked  it  out  through  the  buttery-door  ! 

H.  B.  Stouv,  Oldtown,  p.  172. 

Streak2  (strek),  «.  [<  ME.  xtrekc,  strike,  <  AS. 
strh'd.  a  line,  stroke  (=  MD.  streke,  D.  stn-rk 
=  MLG.  streke,  LG.  street  =  OHO.  MHG.  G. 
xt ri rli,  a  stroke,  line,  G.  stretch,  a  stroke,  blow, 
etc.,  =  Icel.  stryk,  strykr,  a  streak,  stroke,  =  Sw. 
stn-i-k  =  Dan.  nreg,  a  streak,  line,  =  Goth,  strik.i, 
a  stroke  of  a  pen ),  <  slrinin  (pp.  xtriren),  go :  see 
strike,  and  cf.  stroke,  strake~.  The  L.  striija,  a 
swath,  furrow,  is  of  diff.  origin.]  1.  A  line, 
band,  or  stripe  of  somewhat  irregular  shape. 
While  the  fantastic  Tulip  strives  to  break 
In  two-fold  Beauty,  and  a  parted  Streak. 

Prim,  Solomon,  i. 
In  dazzling  streaks  the  vivid  lightnings  play. 

Cowper,  Heroism,  1.  18. 

2.  In  mineral.,  the  line  or  mark  of  fine  pow- 
der produced  when  a  mineral  is  scratched,  or 
when  it  is  rubbed  upon  a  hard,  rough  surface, 
as  that  of  unglazed  porcelain.    The  color  of  the 
streak  Is  often  an  important  character,  particularly  in  the 
case  of  minerals  having  a  metallic  luster.    For  example, 
certain  massive  forms  of  the  iron  ores  hematite  and  mag- 
netite resemble  each  other  closely,  but  are  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  fact  that  the  former  has  a  red  and  the 
latter  a  black  streak. 

3.  In  2007.,  a  color-mark  of  considerable  length 
for  its  width,  and  generally  less  firm  and  regu- 
lar than  a  stripe.     See  streaked,  streaky,  and 
compare  stripe,  1.— 4.    Figuratively,  a  trait; 
a  vein;  a  turn  of  character  or  disposition;  a 
whim. 

Some  Streaks  too  of  Divinity  ran, 
Partly  of  Monk,  and  partly  Puritan. 

Coidey,  The  Mistress,  Wisdom. 

Mrs.  Urit t< MI  had  been  churning,  and  the  butter  "  took 
a  contrary  etreak,"  as  she  expressed  It,  and  refused  to 
come.  E.  Eggletton,  The  Graysons,  xviil. 

5.  Naut.,  same  as  strake2,  6. — 6f.  A  rung  of  a 
ladder. 

You  are  not  a  little  beholden  to  the  poor  dear  soul 
that 's  dead,  for  putting  a  streak  in  your  ladder,  when  you 
was  on  the  last  step  of  it.  Cumberland,  Natural  Son,  ill. 

7.  A  short  piece  of  iron,  six  of  which  form  the 
wheel-tire  of  a  wooden  artillery-carriage Ger- 
minal Streak,  primitive  streak.  Same  as  primitive 
groove  (which  see,  under  primitive). —  Streak  of  luck,  for- 
tunate chance;  run  of  luek.  [Colloq.,  U.  8.]— Streak  of 
the  spear.  See  speari,  6.— To  go  like  a  streak  (so.  of 
lightning),  to  go  very  rapidly;  rush.  (Colloq.,  U.  s.] 

streak2  (strek),  v.  t.  [<  streak^,  n.]  To  put 
a  streak  upon  or  in ;  break  up  the  surface  of 
by  one  or  more  streaks. 

Eche  a  strete  was  striked  &  strewed  with  flonres. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1817. 
The  last  faint  gleams  of  the  sun's  low  beams 
Had  streak'd  the  gray  with  red. 

Scott,  The  Gray  Brother. 

streak3  (strek),  r.  [Also  streek,  streik;  an  un- 
assibilated  form  of  stretch:  see  stretcli.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  stretch;  extend.  [Obsolete  or 
dialectal.] 

As  the  lion  lies  before  his  den, 

Guarding  his  whelps,  and  streaks  his  careless  limbs. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  v.  1. 

2.  To  lay  out,  as  a  dead  body.  [Prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

The  streikit  corpse,  till  still  midnight, 
They  waked,  but  naething  hear. 

Young  llcnjie  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  302). 

II.  intrans.  To  stretch  out ;  shoot,  as  a  rocket 
or  a  shooting-star. 

Fore-god,  my  lord,  haue  you  beheld  the  like  [a  blazing 

star]? 

Look  how  it  streaks!  what  do  you  think  of  it? 
Ueywood,  If  you  Know  not  Me  (Works,  ed.  1874, 1.  292). 

Streaked  (strekt  or  stre'ked),  a.  1.  Striped; 
striate ;  having  streaks  or  stripes ;  especially, 
having  lengthwise  streaks,  as  distinguished 
from  crosswise  bands,  bars,  or  fascise. —  2. 
Confused;  ashamed;  agitated;  alarmed.  [Low, 
U.  S.] 

But  wen  it  comes  to  bein'  kUled  —  I  tell  ye  I  felt  streaked 

The  fust  time 't  ever  I  found  out  wy  baggonets  wuz  peaked. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser.,  ii. 

Streaked  falcon.  See  falcon.—  Streaked  gurnard,  a 
flsh,  Trigla  lineata.— Streaked  sandpiper*.  See  santt- 
piper. 

streakfield  (strek'feld),  n.  The  scuttler,  or 
six-striped  lizard,  Cnemidophorus  sexli neatux  : 
so  called  from  the  swiftness  with  which  it  scut- 
tles or  streaks  across  fields. 

streakiness  (stre'ki-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  streaked  or  streaky. 


stream 


Streaking  (stre'kinf;).  ». 
streak;  a  stripe. 


[<  xfmilfl  +  -ing.']    A 


She  .  .  .  striped  its  pure,  celestial  white 
With  xtri-akini/x  <if  the  murning  light. 

J.  R.  l>rake,  The  American  Flag. 

Streak-stitch  (strek'stich),  n.  A  stitch  in  nee- 
dle-made lace  by  means  of  which  an  open  line 
is  left  in  the  mat  or  toiled 

Streaky  (stre'ki),  a.   [<  streak'-'  +  -1/1.]  1.  Hav- 
ing streaks;    marked  with   streaks;   streaked. 
It  differs  from  striped  in  that  the  lines  are  not  accurately 
p-imllcl,  nor  straight  and  uniform. 
When  streaky  sunset  faded  softly  into  dusk. 

It.  D.  Blackmore,  Kit  and  Kitty,  xiv. 
Hence — 2.  Uneven  in  quality;  variable  in 
character  or  excellence:  as,  his  poetry  is  de- 
cidedly streaky.  [Colloq.] 

streal  (strel),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  strale;  < 
ME.  'xtri'l,  xti-al,  <  AS.  striel,  an  arrow,  missile, 
=  OS.  strain  =  MD.  strode,  D.  straal  =  MLG. 
strale  =  OHG.  strain,  MHG.  stn'tlr  (>  It.  strale), 
G.  strahl,  an  arrow,  beam  of  light,  =  Icel. 
strjat,  an  arrow,  =  Sw.  str&le  =  Dan.  straale,  a 
beam  of  light,  jet  of  water,  flash  of  lightning, 
=  OBulg.  striela  =  Russ.  striela,  an  arrow ;  cf. 
fines,  strielite,  an  archer  .(see  gtrclite).']  1.  An 
arrow.  Wright  (spelled  streale).  [Prov.  Eng.] — 
2t.  The  pupil  of  the  eye. 
The  si  nil,'  of  the  eye.  pupilla. 

Withals,  Diet.  (ed.  1608X  p.  278.  (Narei.) 
stream  (strem),  «.  [<  ME.  strecm,  strem,  <  AS. 
stream  =  OS.  strom  =OFries.  strain  =  D.  stroom 
=  MLG.  strom  =  OHG.  stroum,  strom,  MHG. 
stroum,  strum,  strain,  G.  strom  =  Icel.  straiinir 
=  Sw.  j)an. strom  (Goth. not  recorded), a  stream; 
with  initial  sir-  for  orig.  sr-,  akin  to  Olr.  sruth, 
Ir.  srotli,  a  stream,  srnaim,  a  stream,  Buss. 
strum,  Lith.  srowe,  a  stream,  Gr.  pivif,  a  flowing, 
pevfia,  a  flowing,  a  stream,  river,  etc.  (see 
rhc wrol),  pv0p6c;  a  flowing,  rhythm  (see  rhythm) ; 
<  \/ snt  =  Gr.  peciv  (for  "ape Few),  =  Skt.  •j/  sni, 
flow.]  1.  A  course  of  running  water;  a  river, 
rivulet,  or  brook. 
He  stod  bl  the  nodes  strem. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  209«. 
He  brought  streams  also  out  of  the  rock,  and  caused 
waters  to  run  down  like  rivers.  Ps.  Ixxviii.  16. 

As  streams  their  channels  deeper  wear. 

Burns,  To  Mary  In  Heaven. 

2.  A  steady  current  in  a  river  or  in  the  sea ; 
especially,  the  middle  or  most  rapid  part  of  a 
current  or  tide:  as,  to  row  against  the  stream; 
the  Gulf  Stream. 

My  boat  sails  freely,  both  with  wind  and  stream. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3.  65. 
Row,  brothers,  row  !  the  stream  runs  fast, 
The  rapids  are  near,  and  the  daylight 's  past ! 

Moore,  Canadian  Boat-Song. 

3.  A  flow;  a  flowing;  that  which  flows  in  or 
out,  as  a  liquid  or  a  fluid,  air  or  light. 

Bright  was  the  day,  and  blew  the  firmament : 
Phebus  hath  of  gold  hise  tttreines  doun  ysent 
To  gladen  every  flour  with  his  warmness. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  976. 
Forth  gusht  a  stream  of  gore  blood  thick. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  I  39. 
A  wandering  stream  of  wind, 

Breathed  from  the  west,  has  caught  the  expanded  sail. 

Shelley,  Alastor. 

4.  Anything  issuing  from  a  source  and  moving 
or  flowing  continuously :  as,  a  stream  of  words ; 
a  stream  of  sand ;  a  stream  of  people. 

With  never  an  end  to  the  stream  of  passing  feet. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xxviL  1. 

5.  A  continued  course  or  current ;  the  course 
or  current  of  affairs  or  events ;  current ;  drift. 

Such  was  the  stream  of  those  times  that  all  men  gave 
place  unto  it,  which  we  cannot  but  impute  partly  to  their 
own  oversight.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  42. 

For  science,  God  is  simply  the  stream  of  tendency  by 
which  all  things  fulfil  the  law  of  their  being. 

M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  i. 

6.  A  rift :  so  called  by  English  anglers.    Aom'x. 
—Gulf  Stream.    See  gulf.—  Stream-function  of  the 
motion  of  an  incompressible  fluid  in  two  dimen- 
sions, such  a  function  that  the  total  instantaneous  flow 
across  any  curve,  referred  to  the  unit  of  time,  is  equal  to 
the  difference  of  the  values  of  the  stream-function  at  the 

extremities  of  the  curve Stream   of  thought,  the 

train  of  ideas  which  pass  successively  into  present  con- 
sciousness, regarded  as  analogous  to  a  current  flowing 
past  a  point  upon  the  bank.—  The  Stream,  the  Gulf 
Stream.  =Syn.  land 2.  Stream,  Current,  Eddy.   All  rivers 
and  brooks  are  streams,  and  have  currents.    An  eddy  is  a 
counter-current,  a  current  contrary  to  the  main  direction. 

stream  (strem),  v.  [<  ME.  stremeti  =  D.  stroo- 
men  =  Gr.  stromen  =  Icel.  streyma  =  Sw.  stromma 
=  Dan.  stromme;  from  the  noun.]  I.  intrant. 
1.  To  move  or  run  in  a  continuous  current; 
flow  continuously.  See  streaming,  n.,  2. 

Within  those  banks,  where  rivers  now 
Stream,  and  perpetual  draw  their  humid  train. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  306. 


stream 


5985 


On  all  sides  round  stream-gold(strem'g61d),  n.  Seethe  quotation. 

Stream,  the  black  blood.      Pope,  Odyssey,  111.  581.         The  goW   of  a,hlvial  AMrtett>  calle<1  ^.eam.?rfd  or 
2.   To  move  or  proceed  continuously  and  uni-     placer-gold,  occurs,  as  well  as  alluvial  tin,  among  the  dc- 

bris  of  the  more  ancient  rocks.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  298. 

stream-ice  (strem'is),  »i.     Pieces  of  drift  or  bay 
ice  forming  a  ridge  and  following  the  line  of 


. 

formly,  or  in  unbroken  succession. 

And  to  imperial  Love,  that  god  most  high, 
Do  roy  sighs  stream.       Shall.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3.  82. 
Streaming  flies  of  wild  ducks  began  to  make  their  ap- 

pearance high  in  the  all-.         Ining,  Sketch  Book,  p.  437. 


current. 
At  4  A.  M.  a  seemingly  close  pack  was  seen  to  the  east- 


3    To  pour  out  a  stream;  also,  to  throw  off  a     ward,butlateritdeve'io"pedintos(ream-tceof  smallextent. 
stream  from  the  surface:  as,  streaming  eyes  ;  A-  w-  «"<*''  Arctic  Service,  p.  «7. 

a  streaming  umbrella. 


Then  grateful  Greece  with  streaming  eyes  wou'd  raise 
Historic  marbles,  to  record  his  praise. 

Ftntan,  in  Pope's  Odyssey,  I.  305. 
Blasts  that  blow  the  poplar  white, 
And  lash  with  storm  the  stre\ 
Tennyson, 


streaminess  (stre'mi-nes),  n.     The  quality  or 
state  of  being  streamy. 

I  give  the  case  of  a  star-group  which  is  certainly  not 
the  most  remarkable  for  streaminess. 

R.  A.  Proctor,  Universe  of  Stars  (2d  ed.,  1878),  p.  22. 


..  streaming  (stre'ming),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  sire  am, 
am,  ixxu.  (.  -|  j  in  tin-mining,  the  washing  of  tin  ore  from 
the  detritus  with  which  it  is  associated.  The  now 
almost  entirely  exhausted  deposits  of  detrital  tin  ore  in 
Cornwall  and  Devon  were  called  streams,  because  they 
occur  chiefly  in  or  near  the  bottoms  of  the  valleys  and 


4.  To  move  swiftly  and  continuously,  as  a  ray 
of  light ;  streak. 

I  looked  up  just  in  time  to  see  a  superb  shooting  star 

stream  across  the  heavens.                     Mature,  XXX.  455.  occur  chiefly  in  or  near  the  bottoms  of  the  valleys  and 

adjacent  to  the  present  streams,  or  in  the  manner  of  de- 

5.  To   stretch  out  in  a  line;  hang  or  float   at  posits  formed  by  streams,  analogous  to  the  channels  of 
full  length :  as,  streaming  hair.  the  Californian  and  the  gutters  of  the  Australian  miners; 

,  ,     „  ,t    ,            -_j  ,.„  the  miners  were  themselves  called  streamers;  the  local!- 

Standards  and  gonfalons  twixt  van  and I  i  ear  t,         fa        streaming  Wa8  carried  On,  stream-work, ;  and 

Stream  in  the  air.                       Muton,  P.  L.,  v.  590.  gjare obt£eS,*««m4fcl. 

Ribands  streaming  gay.                 Cowper,  Task,  iv.  541.  Q    In  6«o/.,  the  peculiar  flowing  motion  of  the 

II,  trans.  1.  To  discharge  in  a  stream ;  cause  particles  of  protoplasm  in  an  amoeba  or  other 

to  flow;  pour  out.  rhizopod,  by  which  the  form  of  the  animalcule 

Had  I  as  many  eyes  as  thou  hast  wounds,  changes  or  pseudopods  are  protruded;    also, 

Weeping  as  fast  as  they  stream  forth  thy  blood.  the  similar  circulation  or  rotation  of  the  proto- 

Shak.,  J.  C.,  iii.  l.  201.  plasm  of  some  plant-cells.    See  protoplasm,  and 


usi,  ana  lou.uan  »e,  streaming  (stre'ming),  p.  a.     In  her.,  issuing, 

hony,  wine,  and  oyle.  Purchat,  Pilgrimage,  p.  45  .   8*f*a™f  light.  a  »*£„  sfreaming  from  the 

dexter  chief. 

streamless  (strem'les),  a.  [<  stream  +  -less."] 
Not  traversed  by  streams ;  unwatered.  Encyc. 
Brit.,  XXTV.  758. 

streamlet  (strem'let),  n.  [<  stream  +  -let.']  A 
small  stream;  a  rivulet;  a  rill. 

Unnumber'd  glittering  streamlets  play'd, 
4    fa)  In  mining,  to  wash,  as  the  superficial  de-  And  hurled  every  where  their  waters  sheen, 

tritus,  especially  that  accumulated  in  the  beds  Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  3. 

of  rivers,  for  the  purpose  of  separating  any  stream-line  (strem'lin),  n.    See  line%,  and  line 
valuable  ore  which  it  may  contain.  See  placer*,     of  flow  (under  flow1) — Stream-line  surface.   See 


2.  To  cause  to  float  out ;  wave. 

Many  a  time  hath  banish'd  Norfolk  fought,  .  .  . 
Streaming  the  ensign  of  the  Christian  cross 
Against  black  pagans,  Turks,  and  Saracens. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1.  94. 

3f.  To  stripe  or  ray.   See  streaming,  a.  [Rare.] 
The  herald's  mantle  is  streamed  with  gold.  Bacon. 


surface. 

.  ,  - .     Streamling  (strem'ling),  ».   [<  stream  +  -lingi.] 

eral  use  in  any  mining  regions  except  those  in  which  the     game  as  streamlet. 
ore  of  tin  is  mined,    (ft)  In  dyeing,  to  wash  in  run- 
ning water,  as  silk,  before  putting  in  the  dye. 
Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  40 — TO  stream  a 
buoy.    See  buoy. 

stream-anchor  (strem'ang/i'kgr),  n.  Naul., an  an- 
chor of  a  size  intermediate  between  the  bower- 


A  thousand  Streamlings  that  n'er  saw  the  Sun, 
With  tribute  silver  to  his  service  run. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Captaines. 

Stream-tin  (strem'tin),  n.    In  mining,  tin  ore, 
or  oxid  of  tin,  obtained  in  streaming  (which 

see). 


street-car 

apetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Crticacem  and 
tribe  .Voiwc.  type  of  the  subtribr  It  Is 

characterized  by"  usually  dioecious  flowers,  the  roali-  in 
clustered  two-bracted  headi,  the  female  solitary  on  the 
peduncle,  the  pfri.inlh  rnnsistiiiK  nf  lour  widely  overlap- 
ping segment*  which  closely  in\  lied  "vaiy. 
As  In  most  of  the  subtribe,  its  cotyledons  are  very  un- 
equal, and  the  larger,  which  is  very  lie  -In.  Inclom  the 
smaller.  The  only  species,  S.  « 
the  tonkhoi  or  paper-tiee  of  tliu  Mam.  s. •.  «lm  jn 

rl  kinds  of  paper  from  its  bark,  including  a  heavy 
and  a  thin  white  paper,  and  a  black  paper  for  use  like  a 
slate,  much  employed  In  tile  native  law-courts.  It  Is  a 
small  tree,  reaching  about  thirty  feet  in  height,  bearing 
dark-green  oval  coriaceous  two-ranked  leaves,  and  occur- 
ring from  China  and  Manila  to  the  Andaman  Islands. 

Strecchet,  ''•     An  old  spelling  of  sln-trli. 

street,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  straw^. 

streel  (strel),  f.  i.  [Cf.  xt  refit.]  To  trail;  stream. 

A  yellow  satin  train  that  streeled  after  her  like  the  tall 
of  a  comet.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xx. 

streent,  «.    A  Middle  English  foim  of  strain*. 

streept,  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  strip1. 

Street  (stret),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  streat, 
streate;  <  ME.  streete,  strete,  stret,  sti-ate,  <  AS. 
strait =OS.  strata =OFries.  strete  =  MD.  straete, 
D.  straat  =  MLG.  strdte,  LG.  strate  =  OHG. 
strdza,  MHG.  strtize,  G.  strasse  =  Ice],  strati  = 
Sw.  str&t  =  Dan.  strade  (=  It.  strada  =  Sp.  Pg. 
Pr.  estrada  =  OF.  estree,  stree,  strae,  F.  etrec  = 
W.  ystrad,  ystrid  =  Olr.  srath  =  Ir.  Gael,  sraid 
=  NGr.  orpara),  <  LL.  strata,  a  street,  road, 
highway,  orig.  via  strata,  a  paved  way,  <  L. 
strata,  fern,  of  stratus,  pp.  of  sternere,  strew, 
scatter,  spread,  cover,  pave :  see  stra  turn.  Street 
is  one  of  the  very  few  words  regarded  as  re- 
ceived in  England  from  the  Roman  invaders, 
others  being  Chester  (Chester),  port,  wall,  and 
-coin  in  Lincoln.  Cf.  stray1,  stray2.]  If.  A 
paved  road;  a  highway. 
This  grand-child,  great  as  he  [Mulmutius],  those  four 

proud  Streets  begun 

That  each  way  cross  this  Isle,  and  bounds  did  them 

allow.  Vraytm,  Polyolbion,  vili.  74. 

There  were  at  that  time  (fifth  year  after  the  Conquest] 

to  England  four  great  roads,   ...  of  which  two  ran 

lengthways  through  the  Island,  and  two  crossed  It,  ... 

Watllnge-s(re(«,  Fosse,  Uikenilde-strete,  and  Erming-gfrete. 

Guest,  Origines  Celtics',  II.  218. 

2.  A  public  way  or  road,  whether  payed  or  un- . 
paved,  in  a  village,  town,  or  city,  ordinarily  in- 
cluding a  sidewalk  or  sidewalks  and  a  roadway, 
and  having  houses  or  town  lots  on  one  or  both 
sides ;  a  main  way,  in  distinction  from  a  lane  or 
alley :  as,  a  fashionable  street;  a  street  of  shops. 
Abbreviated  St.,  St.  Compare  road,  3.  strictly, 
the  word  excludes  the  houses,  which  are  on  the  street; 


like  purposes.  In  the  United  States  navy  stream-anchors 
weigh  from  400  to  1,500  pounds,  and  are  about  one  fourth 
the  weight  of  bower-ancnors. 

stream-cable  (strem'ka"bl),  ».  The  cable  or 
hawser  of  the  stream-anchor. 

stream-clock  (strem'klok),  n.  [Tr.  G.  strom- 
uhr.]  A  physiological  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  velocity  of  blood  in  a  vessel. 

Stream-current  (strem'kur"ent),  n.  See  the 
quotation,  and  also  drift-current. 

A  current  whose  onward  movement  is  sustained  by  the 
vis  a  tergo  of  a  drift-current  is  called  a  stream-current. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  19. 

streamer  (stre'mer), ».   [ME.  stremer,  stremere; 
<  stream  +  -eri.]    1.  That  which  streams  out, 
or  hangs  or  floats  at  full  length:  applied  to 
anything  long  and  narrow,  as  a  ribbon. 
All  twinkling  with  the  dewdrops'  sheen, 
The  brier-rose  fell  in  streamers  green. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  1.  11. 

(a)  A  long  narrow  flag;  a  pennon  extended  or  flowing  in 
the  wind :  same  as  pennant,  1  (o). 

His  brave  fleet 
With  silken  streamers  the  young  Phoebus  fanning. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.,  Prol.,  1.  6. 

(f>)  A  stream  or  column  of  light  shooting  upward  or  out- 
ward, as  in  some  forms  of  the  aurora  borealls. 

He  knew,  by  the  streamers  that  shot  so  bright, 
That  spirits  were  riding  the  northern  light. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  ii.  8. 

(c)  A  long  flowing  strip  of  ribbon,  or  feather,  or  some- 
thing similar,  used  in  decoration,  especially  in  dress. 

A  most  airy  sort  of  blue  and  silver  turban,  with  a 
streamer  of  plumage  on  one  side. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  xx. 

(d)  A  long-exserted  feather  which  streams  away  from  the 
rest  of  the  plumage  of  some  birds ;  a  pennant  or  standard. 
See  cuts  under  Semioptera  and  standard-bearer. 

2.  In  mining,  a  person  who  washes  for  stream- 
tin.  See  streaming.— 3.  The  geometrid  moth 
Anticlea  derivata :  an  English  collectors'  name. 
Streamful  (strem'ful),  a.  [<  stream  +  -ful.] 
Full  of  streams  or  currents. 

like  a  ship  despoiled  of  her  sails, 
Shov'd  by  the  wind  against  the  Streamful  tide. 

Drayton,  Legend  of  Pierce  Oaveston,  st.  105. 
376 


,  or  current- wheel. 

stream-works  (strem'werks),  n.  sing,  and  pi. 
In  mining,  a  locality  where  the  detrital  deposits 
are  washed  in  order  to  procure  the  valuable 
metal  or  ore  which  they  may  contain ;  alluvial 
washings,  or  surface  mining.  The  words  stream- 
works  and  stream  (v.  t.)  are  rarely,  If  r— 


Streamwort  (strem'wert),  «.    A  plant  of  Lind- 
ley's  order  Haloragacese.    [Rare.] 
Streamy  (stre'mi),  a.      [Early  mod.  E.   also 
strcmy;  <  stream  +  -y1.]     1.  Abounding  in 
streams,    (a)  Full  of  running  water  or  of  springs. 

Arcadia 

(However  streamy),  now  adust  and  dry, 
Deny'd  the  Goddess  Water. 

Prior,  First  Hymn  of  Callimachus. 


In  streamy  sparkles,  kindling  all  the  skies, 
From  pole  to  pole  the  trail  of  glory  flies. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xlii.  321. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  beam  or  stream  of 
light. 

streatt,  ><.    An  obsolete  form  of  street. 

Streatfield's  operation.    See  operation. 

streberyt,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  strawberry. 

Strebla  (streb'la),  n.  [NL.  (Wiedemann,  1824), 
<  Gr.  arpejiMc."  twisted,  crooked,  <  orptjetv, 
twist.]  A  peculiar  genus  of  pupiparous  dip- 
terous insects,  of  the  family  Nycteribiidse,  in- 
cluding certain  so-called  bat-lice  or  bat-ticks. 
S.  vesper tilionis  is  a  common  bat-parasite  oc- 
curring in  South  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

streblosis  (streb-16'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  cTpc/3- 
/.<if,  twisted:  see  Strebla.']  The  angle  through 
which  it  is  necessary  to  rotate  an  element  of  a 
figure  to  bring  it  into  coincidence  with  the  cor- 
responding element  of  a  given  conformable 
figure. 

Streblus  (streb'lus),  «.  [NL.  (Loureiro,  1790), 
so  called  in  allusion  to  its  branches,  which 
form  a  dense  mass  of  rigid  straggling  twigs ;  < 
Gr.  or/Df/SAdc,  twisted:  see  Strebla.]  A  genus  of 


In  law,  street  sometimes  includes  as  much  of  the  surface, 
and  as  much  of  the  space  above  and  of  the  soil  or  depth 
beneath,  as  may  be  needed  for  the  ordinary  works  which 
the  local  authorities  may  decide  to  execute  on  or  in  a  street, 
including  sidewalks. 
UD  Fish  Street !  down  Saint  Magnus'  Corner ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8.  1. 

3.  The  way  for  vehicles,  between  the  curbs,  as 
distinguished  from  the  sidewalks :  as,  to  walk 
in  the  street.— 4.  Hence,  a  path  or  passageway 
inclosed  between  continuous  lines  of  objects ; 
a  track ;  a  lane. 

It  seemed  to  bee,  as  it  were,  a  continued  street  of 
shippes.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  485. 

I  was  ushered  through  an  actual  street  of  servitors. 

Disraeli,  Vivian  Grey,  ill.  8. 
5t.  A  path ;  a  way. 

Than  makest  thou  his  pees  with  his  sovereyn, 
And  bringest  him  out  of  the  croked  streete. 

Chaucer,  A.  B.  C.,  L  70. 

While  I  ran  by  the  most  secret  streets. 
Eschewing  still  the  common  haunted  track. 

Surrey,  Maeid,  11.  975. 

6  The  inhabitants  of  a  street  collectively. 
[Colloq.] 

All  the  whole  street  will  hate  us,  and  the  world 

Point  me  out  cruel.  Midaleton,  Chaste  Maid,  v.  2. 

Grub  Street  See  Grub-street.— Lombard  Street.  See 
Lombard?,  1.— Queer  Street.  See  queer\.— Street  Arab. 
See  Arab,  2.— Street  broker.  See  broker.-  The  street, 
a  street  (as  Wall  Street  in  New  York)  or  locality  where 
merchants  or  stock-brokers  congregate  for  business;  the 
commercial  exchange :  as,  it  Is  rumored  on  the  street. 

Common  places  whyther  marcbauntes  resort  as  to  the 
burse  or  streate.     Peter  Martyr  (tr.  In  Eden's  First  Books 
[on  America,  ed.  Arber,  p.  186). 

To  have  the  key  of  the  street  See  kcyi.-1o  spin 
street-yarn.  See  spin.  =8yn.  2.  Road,  etc.  See  t*W- 

streetage  (stre'taj),  n.  [<  street  +  -one.]  A 
charge  made  for  the  use  of  a  street.  [Rare.] 

street-car  (stret'kar),  n.  A  passenger-car  for 
local  or  city  travel,  drawn  on  the  surface  of 
the  public  streets  by  horses,  by  a  locomotive 
engine,  or  by  an  endless  cable,  or  propelled  by 
electricity.  [U.  S.] 


street-car 

The  street-cars  rattled  In  the  foreground,  changing 
horses  and  absorbing  and  emitting  passengers. 

11.  James,  Jr.,  The  Bostonians,  xxxiv. 

Street-door  (stret'dor),  «.  The  door  of  a  house 
or  other  building  which  opens  upon  a  street. 

When  you  step  but  a  few  doors  off  ...  to  see  a  brother- 
footman  going  to  be  hanged,  leave  the  street  door  open. 
Sw^ft,  Advice  to  Servants  (Footman). 

streeted  (stre'ted),  a.    Provided  with  streets. 

There  are  few  Places  this  Side  the  Alps  better  built,  and 
so  well  streeted  as  this  [Antwerp]. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  I.  12. 

Street-locomotive  (stret'16"ko-mo-tiv), «.  See 
locomotive. 

street-orderly  (stret'6r"der-li),  n.  A  person  em- 
ployed to  keep  the  streets  clean  by  the  prompt 
removal  of  rubbish,  dung,  or  dirt  of  any  kind  by 
means  of  a  hand-brush  and  bag. 

By  the  street-orderly  method  of  scavaging,  the  thorough- 
fares are  continually  being  cleansed,  and  so  never  allowed 
to  become  dirty ;  whereas,  by  the  ordinary  method,  they 
are  not  cleansed  until  they  are  dirty. 

Hayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  257. 

street-railroad  (stret'ral'rod),  n.  A  railroad 
constructed  upon  the  surface  of  a  public  street 
in  towns  and  cities;  a  tramway.  Cars  on  such  rail- 
roads are  variously  propelled,  and  the  railroads  take  spe- 
cific names  from  the  system  of  propulsion,  as  cable-rail- 
road,  hearse-railroad,  electric  railroad.  [U.  S-] 

street-sweeper  (stret'swe"per),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  sweeps  the  streets;  specifically,  a 
machine  provided  with  brushes  and  scrapers 
for  removing  dust,  mud,  etc.,  from  the  streets. 

street- walker  (stret'wa'ker),  »».  1.  One  who 
walks  the  streets ;  a  pedestrian. 

All  street-walkers  and  shop-keepers  bear  an  equal  ihare 
in  its  hourly  vexation  [the  nuisance  of  beggars]. 

Swift,  Proposal  for  giving  Badges  to  Beggars. 

2.  A  common  prostitute  who  walks  the  streets 
at  night. 

Streetward1  (stref  ward),  n.  [<  street  +  ward.] 
Formerly,  an  officer  who  had  the  care  of  the 
streets. 

streetward2  (stret'wfird),  adr.  and  «.  [<  street 
+ -ward.]  Next  the  street ;  looking  out  on  the 
street.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

streetway(stret'wa),M.  [<  street  +  way.]  The 
open  space  of  a  street;  the  roadway. 

straight1!.     An  old  spelling  of  straight1. 

streight'2t,  streightent.  Old  spellings  of  strait1, 
straiten.  Drayton. 

streikt,  v.    See  streak3. 

streinet,  streinablet.  Old  spellings  of  strain1, 
sti'ainable.  Bolinshed. 

streitt,  streitet,  a.    Old  spellings  of  straift. 

streket.  A  Middle  English  form  of  streak1, 
streak'^,  and  strike. 

strelitz  (strel'its),  w.  [<  Q.  strelitze,  <  Buss. 
strieletxu,  an  archer,  shooter,  <  strielyati,  shoot, 
striela,  an  arrow;  prob.  <  OHG.  strain,  G.  strahl 
=  AS.  striel,  arrow:  see  streal.]  A  soldier  of 
the  ancient  Muscovite  guards,  abolished  by 
Peter  the  Great. 

Strelitzia  (stre-lit'si-a),  w.  [NL.  (Aiton,  1789), 
named  after  Queen  Charlotte,  wife  of  George  III. 
of  England,  and  descended  from  the  German 
house  of  Mecklenburg-.StreWj.]  1.  A  genus  of 
monocotyledonous  plants,  of  the  order  Mwacese, 
distinguished  by  its  flowers  with  three  free 
sepals  and  three  very  dissimilar  and  peculiar 
petals,  of  which  the  outer  is  short,  broad,  and 
concave  or  hooded,  the  two  lateral  long,  narrow, 
more  or  less  united,  and  continued  into  a  long 
petaloid  appendage.  There  are  4  or  5  species,  na- 
tives of  South  Africa.  They  are  singular  plants,  produ- 
cing an  erect  or  subterranean  woody  rootstock,  ana  large 
leaves  which  resemble  those  of  a  small  banana-tree,  or 
are  reduced  mainly  or  completely  to  tall  erect  cylindrical 
petioles.  The  large  handsome  flowers  are  borne  few  to- 
gether far  exserted  from  a  spathe,  which  consists  of  one 
or  two  large  boat-shaped  bracts  on  a  terminal  or  axillary 
scape.  S.  Regime,  known  as  queen-plant,  bird's -tongue  flow- 
er, or  bird-of -paradise  flower,  produces  large  brilliant  flow- 
ers, highly  prized  for  the  oddity  of  their  shape  and  coloring 
showing  the  unusual  combination  of  orange  and  blue  S 
augusla,  a  larger  species  with  small  white  flowers  and  pur- 
ple bracts,  has  a  palm-like  stem  reaching  20  feet  in  height 
and  is  cultivated  under  the  name  grand  Strelitzia.  S.  jun- 
cea  and  other  species  are  also  cultivated  under  glass. 
2.  II.  c.]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 

streinet, ».  and  v.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  stream. 

strent,  strenet,  n.  Middle  English  forms  of 
strain". 

Strengert,  strengestt,  a.  Earlier  comparative 
and  superlative  of  strong^. 

strengite  (streng'it),  n.  [Named  after  A.  Streng, 
of  Giessen,  Germany.]  A  hydrous  phosphate  of 
iron,  occurring  in  reddish  orthorhombic  crys- 
tals: it  is  isomorphous  with  scorodite. 

Strength  (strength),  n.  [<  ME.  strengtlie, 
strencthe,  strenkyth,  also  strenthe,  streinthe,  < 


5986 

AS.  streiigthtt  (=  OHG.  strengida),  strength,  < 
strang,  strong :  seestronyi.     (')'.  length,  <  long.] 
1.  The  property  of  being  strong ;  force;  power. 
Specifically — (a)  In  animals,  that  attribute  of  an  animal 
body  by  which  it  is  enabled  to  move  itself  or  uther  bodies. 
The  strength  of  animals  is  the  muscular  force  or  energy 
which  they  are  capable  of  exerting.    See  horse-power. 
Vlixes  also,  with  angarely  mony 
Of  tlllkis  [knights]  of  Traci.  tor  men  of  strenkyth. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  6894. 
The  external  indications  of  strength  are  the  abundance 
and  firmness  of  the  muscular  fibres. 

Bentham,  Introd.  to  Morals  and  Legislation,  vi.  9. 
[Used  in  plural  with  same  sense  as  singular. 

Alle  his  [Samson's]  strengthen  in  his  heres  were. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  68.) 

(&)  In  inanimate  things,  the  property  by  which  they  sustain 
the  application  of  force  without  breaking  or  yielding: 
as,  the  strength  of  a  bone ;  the  strength  of  a  beam ;  the 
strength  of  a  wall ;  the  strength  of  a  rope. 

Our  castle's  strength 
Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn. 

Shalt.,  Macbeth,  v.  6.  2. 

The  citty  Is  of  no  great*  strength,  having  a  trifling  wall 
about  it.  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  21,  1645. 

Hence — 2.  Power  or  vigor  of  any  kind ;  ability; 
capacity  for  work  or  effective  action,  whether 
physical,  intellectual,  or  moral:  as,  strength  of 
grasp  or  stroke;  strength  of  mind,  memory,  or 
judgment;  strength  of  feeling  (that  is,  not  in- 
tensity but  effectiveness  of  emotion). 
If,  rather  than  to  marry  County  Paris, 
Thou  hast  the  strength  of  will  to  slay  thyself. 

Shalt.,  R.  and  J.,  Iv.  1.  72. 
The  belief 

He  has  of  his  own  great  and  catholic  strengths 
In  arguing  and  discourse. 

11.  Jonson,  Devil  is  an  Ass,  I.  2. 

In  the  world  of  morals,  as  in  the  world  of  physics, 
strength  is  nearly  allied  to  hardness. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  354. 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  is  regarded  as  an  em- 
bodiment of  force  or  strength ;  that  on  which 
confidence  or  reliance  is  firmly  set;  stay;  sup- 
port; security. 

God  is  our  refuge  and  strength.  Ps.  xlvi.  1. 

Thy  counsel,  in  this  uttermost  distress, 
M>  only  strength  and  stay.      Milton,  P.  I..,  x.  921. 
Hitherto,  Davenant  observes,  in  taxing  the  people  we 
had  gone  chiefly  on  land  and  trade,  which  is  about  one- 
third  of  the  strength  of  England. 

S.  Itowell,  Taxes  in  England,  II.  66. 

4.  Force;  violence;  vehemence;  intensity. 
Zee  schulle  undrestonde,  that  the  Soudan  is  Lord  of  5 

Kyngdomes,  that  he  bathe  conquered  and  apropred  to  him 
be  Strenythe.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  35. 

And  al  men  speken  of  hunting, 
How  they  wolde  slee  the  hert  with  strength*. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  351. 
If  you  did  know  to  whom  I  gave  the  ring,  .  .  . 
You  would  abate  the  strength  of  your  displeasure. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1.  198. 

5.  Degree  of  the  distinguishing  or  essential 
element  or  constituent ;  the  power  to  produce 
sensible  effects  on  other  bodies ;  potency:  said 
of  liquors  and  the  like :  as,  the  strength  of  an 
acid ;  the  strength  of  wine  or  spirits;  the  strength 
of  a  potion  or  a  poison. —  6.  Force  as  measured 
or  stated  in  figures ;  amount  or  numbers  of  any 
collective  body,  as  of  an  army  or  a  fleet:  as,  a 
play  adapted  to  the  whole  strength  of  the  com- 
pany; the  full  strength  of  a  regiment. 

Demand  of  him  of  what  strength  they  are  a-foot. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3.  181. 

Half  a  dozen  gentlemen,  furnished  with  a  good  strength 
of  water-spaniels. 
Gilbert  White,  Nat.  Hist  Selborne,  To  T.  Pennant,  Mil. 

7.  Available  force  or  backing,  as  of  a  candi- 
date :  as,  his  strength  is  greatest  in  the  cities. 
[Political  cant.]  —  8.  Force  proceeding  from 
motion  and  proportioned  to  it;  vehemence; 
impetuosity :  as,  the  strength  of  a  current  of  air 
or  water;  the  strength  of  a  charge  of  cavalry. — 

9.  A  stronghold. 

Syne  they  hae  left  him,  hail  and  felr, 
Within  his  strength  of  stane. 

Avid  Haitian*  (Child's  Ballads,  VL  222). 

"  No  to  say  It 's  our  best  dwelling,"  he  added,  turning  to 

Bucklaw,  "but  just  a  strength  lor  the  Lord  of  Ravenswood 

to  flee  until."  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  vii. 

10.  In  colors,  the  relative  property  possessed 
by  a  pigment  of  imparting  a  color  to  and  modi- 
fying the  shade  of  any  other  pigment  to  which 
it  is  added .    Thus,  one  pound  of  lampblack  added  to  100 
pounds  of  white  lead  produces  a  dark-gray  shade,  but  one 
pound  of  ivory-black  added  in  the  same  way  would  have 
little  effect  on  the  white. 

11.  In  the  fine  arts,  boldness  of  conception  or 
treatment. 

Carracci'*  strength,  Correggio's  softer  line. 

Pope,  Epistle  to  Jervas,  1. 37. 

12.  In  soap-making.    See  the  quotation. 


strenuity 

A  peculiar  phenomenon  may  be  remarked  in  the  cooling 
[of  a  little  of  the  soap  placed  on  a  glass  plate],  which  af- 
fords a  good  criterion  of  the  quality  of  the  soap.  When 
there  is  formed  around  the  little  patcli  an  opaque  zone,  a 
fraction  of  an  inch  liroail,  this  is  supposed  to  indicate  com- 
plete saponincation,  ami  is  called  the  xtrcnyth;  when  it  is 
aliM-'iit,  the  soap  is  said  to  want  its  strength.  When  this 
zone  Boon  vanishes  after  being  distinctly  seen,  the  soap  is 
said  to  have  false  strength.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  852. 

On  the  Strength  (milit.  and  natal),  on  the  muster-rolls. 
[Colloq.] 

The  colonel  had  put  the  widow  woman  on  the  strength ; 
she  was  no  longer  an  unrecognized  waif,  but  had  her  regi- 
mental position. 

Arch.  Forbes,  in  Eng.  Illust.  Mag.,  VI.  525. 

On  or  upon  the  strength  Of,  in  reliance  upon  the  value 
of ;  on  the  faith  of :  as,  to  do  something  on  the  strength  of 
another's  promise. 

My  father  set  out  upon  thf  strength  of  these  two  follow- 
ing axioms.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  19. 

Proof  strength.  See  proof,  a.— Strength  of  a  current, 
in  elect.,  the  quantity  of  electricity  which  passes  in  a  unit 
of  time ;  the  measure  of  electrical  energy.  See  Ohm's  law, 
under  lawi.  —  Strength  of  materials.  See  material.— 
Strength  of  pole.  See  pole".—  Strength  of  the  source. 
See  the  quotation. 

The  time  rate  of  supply  of  liquid  through  the  source  is 
called  the  strength  of  the  source. 

JftncWn,.!.  nlplanar  Kinematics,  vi. 

To  measure  strength.  Seemeoawrc.  =  Syn.l.  Force,  etc. 
See  poweri. 

Strength!  (strength),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  strengllirii. 
sstrenthen;  <  strength,  n.]  To  strengthen. 

Take  this  for  a  general  reule,  that  every  counsel!  that  is 
affermed  or  strengthed  so  strongly  that  it  may  not  be 
chaunged  for  no  condlcioun  that  may  bitide  —  I  say  that 
thilke  counseil  is  wikked. 

Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus  (Harleian  MS.). 

The  helpe  of  Gods  grace  in  that  tribulation  to  strength 
him. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  foL  16. 

His  armes  and  leggys[were]  well  lengthed  and  strengthed. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  clvt 

strengthen  (streng'thn),r.  [(strength  +  -f«i.] 
I.  trans.  To  make  strong  or  stronger;  add 
strength  to,  either  physical,  legal,  or  moral ; 
confirm;  establish:  as,  to  strengthen  a  limb; 
to  strengthen  an  obligation;  to  strengthen  a 
claim ;  to  strengthen  authority. 

Charge  Joshua,  and  encourage  him,  and  strengthen  him. 

Deut.  lit  28. 

Let  noble  Warwick,  Cobham,  and  the  rest  .  .  . 
With  powerful  policy  strengthen  themselves. 

Shak.,  a  Hen.  VI.,  L  2. 68. 

For  the  more  strenthening  the  Acts  of  this  Parliament, 
the  King  purchased  the  Pope's  Bulls,  containing  grievous 
Censures  and  Curses  to  them  that  should  break  them. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  149. 

Strengthening  plaster.    Seej>ta<«r.=Syn.  To  invigo- 
rate,  fortify,  brace,  nerve,  steel,  corroborate,  support, 
heighten. 
II.  intrans.  To  grow  strong  or  stronger. 

The  young  disease,  that  must  subdue  at  length, 
Grows  with  his  growth,  and  stretigthens  with  his  strength. 
Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  136. 

strengthener  (strength'ner),  w.  [Formerly  also 
strengthner;  <  strengthen  + -er1.]  One  who  or 
that  which  makes  strong  or  stronger;  one  who 
or  that  which  increases  strength,  physical  or 
moral. 
Whose  plays  are  strentjtheners  of  virtue. 

Mary  Lamb,  Tales  from  Shakspere,  Pref. 

strengthful  (strength'ful),  a.  [<  strength  + 
-ful.]  Abounding  in  strength  ;  strong.  Mars- 
ton. 

Strengthfulness  (strength'ful-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  strengthful  or  strong ; 
fullness  of  strength. 

strengthing  (streng'thing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
strength,  r.]  A  strengthening.  Palsgrave,  (ffal- 
tiiccli.) 

Strengthless  (strength'les),  a.  _  [<  strength  + 
-less.]  Destitute  of  strength,  in  any  sense  of 
the  word.  Shak.;  Boyle. 

strengthnert  (strength'ner),  n.  Same  as 
strengthener. 

strengthy  (streng'thi),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
strenthie;  <  strength  +  -yl.  Cf.  lengthy.]  Hav- 
ing strength ;  strong. 

The  simple  and  strenthie  defence  of  ane  lust  caus. 

J.  Tyrie,  Refutation,  Pref.  2.    (Jamieson.) 

strenkle  (streng'kl),  r.  t.  An  obsolete  or  Scotch 
form  of  strinkle. 

strenkle  (streng'kl),  n.  [<  ME.  strenkyll;  < 
strenkle,  v.  Cf.  sprinkle,  n.]  A  sprinkler.  [Ob- 
solete or  Scotch.] 

StrenlryU  to  cast  holy  water,  vimpilon. 

Palsgrave.    (Halliwell.) 

strentht,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  strength. 

strenuityt  (stre-nu'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  stre>mita(t-)s, 
nimbleness,  friskness,  <  strenuus,  quick,  active, 
vigorous:  see  strennons.]  Strenuousness. 


strenuity 


5987 


About  In  Hi 
No  Prince  was  of  better  *ln'tniitee. 

Uakliujf*  Vinjauex,  I.  200. 

StrenuOSity  (strcn-u-os'i-ti),  ».  [<  strt'itimiis 
+  -ity.]  1.  The  state  or  character  of  bein"; 
strenuous;  strenuousness. —  2.  A  strained  ef- 
fect, or  a  straining  for  effect,  as  in  a  literary 
composition. 


StrepitOUS(strep'i-ttis),  a.   [<L.  ntrrpili<x,\\<nxi: 
<  x/ri'/nn:  make  a  noise:  sec  str<-)>i-nt.~\    Noisy. 

strepsicere  (strcp'si-sei-).  //.     [<  x/n v«<v. r».-;.  ] 

Aii  antelope  with  twisted  liorns;  a  strepsiceros. 

strepsiceros  (strep-da'e-roi),  ».     [NL.,  <  L. 
xli-i'/ixii-ci-ax,  <  <!r.  'orpeyiinput,  an  animal  witli 
twisted  horns,  culled  by  the  Africans  mldiir.  \ 
If.  Some  antelope  with  twisted  horns,  as  the 
atrmtUHOv  in  style  is  not  quite  the  same  thii.it  as     koodoo;    originally,  perhaps,   the   addax.— 2. 
The  Acadein,,,  Jan.  30,  Una,  p.  7».     r^,.]    [NL.  (Hamilton  Smith.  1827).]     A  Ke- 
niis  of  antelopes  with  twisted  or  spiral  horns. 
The  only  species  now  left  in  the  genus  is  ,<•'. 
kudu,  the  koodoo.     See  cut  under  l:<mtloo. 


Strenuous  (stren'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  x/n'iitnix.  quick, 
active,  brisk,  vigorous;  cf.  Gr.  orepeof,  linn, 
hard,  OTpiflrfc,  strong.]  1.  Strong;  vigorous; 
active;  pushing. 

Him  whose  strenuous  tongue 
Can  burst  Joy's  grape  against  his  palate  fine. 

Keats,  Melancholy. 

2.  Eagerly   pressing    or   urgent;    energetic; 
zealous;   ardent;  bold;  earnest;   valiant;  in- 
trepid. 

To  strenuous  minds  there  is  an  inquietude  in  overquict- 
ness.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  1.  33. 

This  scheme  encountered  strenuous  opposition  in  the 
council.  Maanday,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

3.  Necessitating  vigor  or  energy ;  accompanied 
by  labor  or  exertion. 

What  more  oft,  in  nations  grown  corrupt,  .  , 
Than  to  love  bondage  more  than  liberty, 
Bondage  with  ease  than  strenuous  liberty? 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  271. 
Worldlings  revelling  in  the  fields 
Of  strenuous  Idleness.  Wordsworth,  Memory. 

=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Energetic,  resolute. 
strenuously  (stren'u-us-li),  adv.    In  a  strenu- 
ous manner;  with  eager  and  pressing  zeal;  ar- 
dently; boldly;  vigorously;  actively, 
strenuousness  (stren'u-us-nes),  n.    The  state 
or  character  of  being  strenuous ;   eagerness ; 
earnestness ;  active  zeal, 
strepet,  v.     An  old  spelling  of  strip"1. 
strepent  (strep'ent),  a.     [<  L.  s1repen(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  strepere,  make  a  noise,  rumble,  murmur.] 
Noisy ;  loud.     [Bare.] 

Peace  to  the  strepent  horn  ! 

Shtnstone,  Rural  Elegance. 

Strepera  (strep'e-rji),  «.  [NL.  (Lesson,  1831), 
<  L.  strepere,  make  a  noise.]  An  Australian 
genus  of  corvine  passerine  birds,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Strepmna,  having  long  wings  and 
naked  nostrils.  Also  called  Coroniea  (Gould, 
1837).  There  are  7  species,  commonly  called  croiv-shrikes, 
of  a  black,  blackish-brown,  or  gray  color,  more  or  less 


Strepsilasfstrep'si-his),  n.  [NL.  (Illiger,  1811), 
<  Gr.  orpiiliir,  a  turning  round,  <  orpeQetv  (nor. 

'       ' 


Crow-shrike  (Slreptra  grat  iittna). 

varied  with  white  or  rufous.  The  type  is  Corcus  trraculi- 
nus  of  White,  the  noisy  roller  of  Latham,  Coradat  or 
Gracula  or  Barita  strepera  of  various  authors,  now  Stre- 
pera gramlina.  It  is  glossy-black,  with  the  baae  of  the 
tail  and  an  alar  speculum  white,  the  iris  yellow.  The 
length  is  18J  inches.  S.  crismlis,  arguta,  intermedia,  cu- 
neicauda  (or  anaphonensis :  see  squeaker),  melanoptera, 
and  fuliyinosa  are  the  other  species. 

streperine  (strep'e-rin),  a.  [<  Strepera  +  -4ne1.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  birds  of  the  genus  Strepcra. 

streperous  (strep'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  strepere,  make 
a  noise,  rumble,  murmur,  +  -ous.  Cf.  obstrepe- 
rous.'] Noisy;  loud;  boisterous.  [Rare.] 

In  a  strepcrous  eruption  it  (the  bay  or  laurel]  riseth 
against  flre.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  il.  6. 

Strephotome  (stref'o-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  arptyu, 
twist,  turn,  +  -ro/«>f,  <  TC/JVEIV,  ra/jeiv,  cut.]  A 
corkscrew-like  needle  used  in  an  operation  for 
the  radical  cure  of  inguinal  hernia. 

Strepitores  (strep-i-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
'atrepitor,  <  L.  strepere,  make  a  noise :  see  strep- 
ent.'] A  group  of  insessorial  birds,  established 
by  Blyth  in  1849  for  those  Cuvierian  Passerinx 
which  are  non -passerine,  and  primarily  divided 
into  Syndacti/li,  Zygodactyli,  and  Heterodactyli. 
See  these  words. 

strepitOSO  (strep-i-to'so),  (tdr.  [It.,  <  strcpito. 
noise,  <  L.  strcpitus,  noise :  see  strepitous.]  In 
mimic,  in  an  impetuous,  boisterous,  noisy  man- 
ner. 


),  twist,  turn,  +  '/nr,  '/nart  astone.]  The 
typical  genus  of  a  subfamily  Ktirpxilaiitie;  the 
turnstones.  The  bil)  Is  short,  constricted  at  the  base, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  with  ascending  gonys  longer 
than  the  niandibular  ran.i,  short  and  broad  nasal  fossffi. 
and  short  shallow  grooves  in  the  under  mandible.  The 
legs  are  short  and  stout,  with  the  tarsus  scutellate  in  front 
and  reticulate  on  the  sides  and  back,  and  four  toes,  cleft 
to  the  base.  There  are  2  species  —  S.  intrrpres,  the  com- 
mon turnstone,  and  S.  melanocephalus  of  the  North  Pa- 
cific, the  black-headed  turnstone,  perhaps  only  a  variety 
of  the  other.  The  genus  was  also  called  Cinclus,  Arena- 
ria,  and  MarineUa.  See  cuts  under  Preseirostres  and  turn- 
stone. 

Strepsipter  (strep-sip'ter),  «.  [<  NL.  Strep- 
.liptera.]  A  member  of  the  Strepsiptera. 

Strepsiptera  (strep-sip'te-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  "strepsipterus  :"  see  strepsipterous.'] 
1  .  An  order  of  insects,  named  by  Kirby  in  1833 
from  the  twisted  wings,  synonymous  with  1th  i- 
piptera  of  Latreille,  and  corresponding  to  the 
family  Stylopidse.  The  fore  wings  are  mere  twisted 
filaments  or  pseudelytra  ;  the  hind  wings  are  expansive 
and  fan-shaped  ;  the  females  are  wingless.  The  strepsip- 
tere  are  parasitic  on  hymenopterous  insects,  especially 
bees  and  wasps.  They  are  now  regarded  as  anomalous 
Coteoptera  degraded  by  parasitism.  See  cut  under  Stylops. 
2f.  In  Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification,  a 
family  of  neuropterous  insects,  forming  with 
Phryganida  the  suborder  Triclioptera  . 

strepsipteral  (strep-sip'te-ral),  a.  [<  strepsip- 
ter-ous  +  -a/.]  Same  as  strepsipterous. 

strepsipteran  (strep-sip'te-ran),  n.  and  a.    [< 
NL.  Strepsiptera  +  -an.']    I"  n.  A  strepsipter. 
II.  a.  Same  as  strepsipterous. 

Strepsipterous  (strep-sip'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
"gtrepsipterus,  <  Gr.  oTpttyeiv  (aor.  arpeipai),  twist, 
turn,  +  nrepov,  a  wing.]  Having  twisted  front 
wings,  as  a  stylops;  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Strepsiptera;  rhipipterous.  Also  strepsipteran, 
strepsipteral.  See  cut  under  Stylops. 

strepsirrhinal,  strepsirhinal  (strep  -si-  ri'- 
nal),  «.  [<  strepsirrltine  +  -al.]  Same  as  &?rep- 
sirrliine. 

strepsirrhine,  strepsirhine  (strep'si-rin),  a. 
and  n.  [<  NL.  *strepsirrhiims,<.  Gr.  arpfyetv  (aor. 
arpfipai),  turn,  twist,  +  pl(  (}>iv-),  nose.]  I.  n. 
Having  twisted  or  curved  nostrils,  as  a  lemur; 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Strepsirrliini  ;  neither 
catarrliine  nor  platyrrhine,  as  a  primate.  Also 
strcpsorhine. 

II.  n.  Any  lemur  or  prosimian;  a  member 
of  the  Strepsirrliini. 

Strepsirrhini,  Strepsirhini  (strep-si-ri'm),  ». 
pi.  [NL.  (Geoffrey):  see  strepsirrliine.J  The 
lemuroid  mammals,  or  lemurs  :  so  called  from 
the  twisted  nostrils,  in  distinction  from  Catnr- 
rliini  and  Platyrrhini.  In  these  animals  the  nostrils 
are  at  the  corners  of  the  snout,  and  somewhat  comma- 
shaped,  as  is  usual  in  mammals,  instead  of  having  the  more 
human  character  of  those  of  the  higher  Primates.  The 
term  is  exactly  synonymous  with  Prosimise  or  Lemuroidea, 
excepting  that  in  early  usages  of  all  three  of  these  names 
of  lemurs  the  so  called  flying-lemurs  (Galeopithecidee) 
were  wrongly  included,  these  being  insectivorous  and 
not  primatial  mammals,  now  always  excluded  from  the 
strepsirrhines.  Also  Strepsirhina,  Slrtjmrrhina,  and 
Strepsorhiua. 

Streptanthus  (strep-tan'thus),  n.  [NL.  (Nut- 
tall,  1825),  so  called  from  the  greatly  twisted 
claws  of  the  petals;  <  Gr.  orpcn-rof,  twisted  (< 
arptfyuv,  twist,  turn),  +  ai>6w;,  flower.]  A  genus 
of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Crucifcree 
and  tribe  Arabideee,  distinguished  from  the  type- 
genus  Arabis  by  a  calyx  commonly  of  large 
size,  longer  and  sometimes  connate  stamens, 
and  petals  usually  borne  on  a  twisted  claw. 
There  are  about  16  species,  natives  of  North  America,  and 
chiefly  of  the  western  United  States.  They  are  smooth  an- 
nuals or  perennials,  with  entire  or  lyrate  leaves  and  com- 
monly bractless  flowers,  which  are  purple  or  sometimes 
white  or  yellow,  and  in  some  species  pendulous.  S.  06- 
tugtfoliuK,  a  pink-flowered  species,  has  been  called  ArJran- 
sa»  cabbage. 

streptobacteria  (strep"to-bak-te'ri-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  arpeirrdf,  twisted,  +  NL.  bacterium.'] 
A  supposed  bacterium,  consisting  of  a  chain  of 
short  rod-formed  bacteria  linked  together,  /.ii'ij- 
ler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  i.  185. 


Streptostylica 

StreptOCarpUS  (slrep-to-kiu-'pns).  ,i.  [XL. 
(Lindley,  IS^M.  s<>  culled  t'n.m  the  spirally 
twisted  I'ruit  ;  <  (!r.  nT/i^-na.  t  u  isieil,  +  napir6f, 
1'rnit.  |  A  genus  of  ganmpctaloiis  plants,  i.f  the 
order  (i<-xiin'iiri-;i:  tribe  >'i/rl,ni  <lr<  ;i.  :i.id  suli- 
trilii-  ltiili/iiiiiriirpi;i'.  u  isch:ir:u-ti-ii/cd  by  (lowers 
with  an  elongated  coiuila-iulir  whidi  is  niuclt  ftilarged 
above,  am!  c-u nlains  two  perfect  stamens  and  a  lin.ar 
ovary  imperfectly  ftmr-eclk'it  by  the  protrusion  <it  lubcd 
placentic  densely  cuvcred  on  tlicir  iiiarcins  with  ovules, 
and  becominjt  a  spirally  twisted  capsule  which  is  linear 
and  terete  and  splits  Intu  valves  cnlicrcnt  at  the  base  and 
apex.  There  are  about  10  species,  natives  of  South  Africa 
ami  of  Madagascar.  They  are  woolly  or  downy  hcrlis, 
chiefly  with  spreading  radical  leaves  or  with  a  single,  leaf 
(a  persistent  cotyletlnti),  HjmrtiuH -s  \\jth  a  stem  h< 
opposite  leaves.  '1  he  handsome  flowers  are  mostly  pale 

Eurple  or  blue  ;  they  form  a  many-flowered  cyme,  or  are 
orne  few  or  singly  upon  their  peduncle.  .S'  DumtU,  a 
remarkable  species  from  the  Transvaal  mountains,  Is  cul- 
tivated for  its  peculiar  solitary  grayish  green  leaf,  pros- 
trate on  the  ground  and  over  ;i  feet  long,  with  thick 
fleshy  veins  and  clothed  beneath  with  close  reddish  down, 
and  for  its  bright-red  tubular  decurved  flowers,  of  which 
there  are  sometimes  over  one  hundred  un  a  scape  at  once. 
Several  other  species  are  in  cultivation  under  glass,  es- 
pecially S.  Wateoni,  a  hybrid  with  several  large  leaves  and 
rich  crimson  flowers,  and  S.  Rexii,  with  blue  llowera. 
They  are  known  as  Cape  primrnse, 

streptococchemia,  streptpcocchaemia  (strep"- 
to-Ko-ke'mi-il),  n.  [NL.,  <  streptococci  + 
Gr.  aifia,  blood,  j  The  presence  of  streptococci 
in  the  blood. 

Streptococci  (strep-to-kok'si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  OT-pfjrnif,  twisted,  +  KOKKOS,  aberry.]  Achain 
of  micrococci  linked  together,  occurring  in 
some  specific  diseases.  Zicylcr,  Pathol.  Anat. 
(trans.),  i.  185. 

Streptoneura  (strep-to-nu'ra),  ».  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  streptonexrus :  see  streptoneurous.] 
A  branch  of  anisopleurons  Gastropoda,  in  which 
the  long  loop  of  visceral  nerves  embracing  the 
intestine  is  caught  and  twisted  into  afigure-of- 
8  by  the  torsion  which  the  animal  undergoes 
in  its  development.  The  Streptaneura  are  divided 
into  two  orders,  Zygobranchia  and  Azytiobranchia.  They 
include  all  the  anisopleural  gastropods  except  the  opis- 
thobranchs  and  pulmonifers.  The  nearest  synonym  is 
Protobranctiiata. 

streptoneural  (strep-to-nu'ral),  a.  [<  strepto- 
neurous  +  -«<.]  Same  as  xtreptoneuroiis. 

Streptoneurous  (strep-to-nu'rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
"streptoneurus,  <  Gr.  orpeTrrof,  twisted,  +  vei'pov, 
a  nerve  ]  Having  twisted  (visceral)  nerves; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  the  Streptoneura,  or 
having  their  characters. 

Streptopus  (strep'to-pus),  H.  [NL.  (F.  A.  Mi- 
chaux,  1803),  so  called  from  the  abruptly  bent 
flower-stalk;  <  Gr.  orpeTn-df ,  twisted,  +  Troi'f  =  E. 
foot.]  A  genus  of  monocptyledonous  plants,  of 
the  order  Liliace/e  and  tribe  Polygonateie.  It  is 
characterized  by  nodding  solitary  or  twin  axillary  flowers, 
divided  into  six  more  or  less  spreading  segment*,  with  a 
filiform  or  columnar  style  which  is  three-cleft  at  the  apex. 
There  are  4  species,  natives  of  Europe,  North  America,  and 
temperate  parts  of  Asia.  They  are  rather  delicate  plants, 
from  a  short  and  densely  fiber-bearing  or  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  with  a  simple  or  sparingly  branched  stem,  beat  ing 
numerous  ovate  or  lanceolate  alternate  sessile  or  clasping 
leaves.  The  small  rose-colored  or  whitish  flowers  hang 
upon  slender  recurved  or  reflexed  peduncles,  followed  by 
small  roundish  berries  with  numerous  pale  oblong  or 
curving  striate  seeds.  They  are  known  by  the  name 
twisted-stalk,  translating  the  genus  name.  S.  awplexifoliiis 
Is  found  in  Europe,  and,  together  with  S  roseus,  in  north- 
ern North  America,  and  southward  in  the  mountains. 

streptospondylian  (strep"  to-spon-dil'i-an),  a. 
Same  as  slreptospondylous. 

streptospondylous  (srrep-to-spon'di-lus),  a. 
[<  NL.  *streptospon<lylus,  <  Gr.  orpfjr-of,  twisted 
+  mrdwfc&of,  a^vAvAnf,  a  vertebra.]  Having 
the  character  of  the  vertebral  articulations  re- 
versed, or  supposed  to  be  so,  as  in  the  genus 
Streptospon<li/lnx. 

Streptospondylus  (strep-to-spon'di-lus),  ii. 
[NL.  (Meyer):  see  streptiisiiondylovs.']  Agenus 
of  fossil  crocodiles,  founded  on  remains  repre- 
sented by  vertebrae  of  the  Wealden  and  Oolitic 
formations.  It  was  originally  placed  among  the  opis- 
thoccelian  Crocodilia,  subsequently  among  the  amphicoe- 
lian.  The  genus  agrees  with  such  foims  as  Teleogaurvs, 
which  have  the  external  nares  terminal,  and  is  placed  by 
Huxley  in  the  family  Teleotaurida. 

Streptpstylic  (strep-to-sti'lik),  a.  [<  NL.  strep- 
tostylicus,  <  Gr.  or/win-of,  twisted,  +  ari'/of,  a 
pillar.]  Having  the  quadrate  bone  freely  ar- 
ticulated with  the  skull,  as  in  ophidian  and 
saurian  reptiles ;  not  monimostylic ;  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Streptosti/lica. 

Streptostylica  (strep-td-stil'i-ka),  n.pl.  [NL.. 
neut.  pi.  of  streptostylictis :  see  streptostylic.'] 
Streptostylic  reptiles,  a  prime  division  of  ordi- 
nary reptiles  (as  snakes  and  lizards),  having 
an  articulated  quadrate  bone  and  a  pair  of 
extracloacal  copulatory  organs:  opposed  to 
3Ionimostylic(i.  They  were  divided  into  OpJii- 


Streptostylica 

(lia  and  Sauria  (including  Amphisbfena').  ,S7«»- 
niiis,  1856. 

Streptothrix  (strep  'to-thriks),  ».  [NL.  (F. 
Colin),  <  Gr.  mpc^ro^,  twisted,  +  Opif,  the  hair.] 
A  genus  standing  probably  intermediate  be- 
tween the  bacteria  and  the  fungi  proper,  it 
comprises  very  minute,  colorless,  branching  flhimunts, 
growing  in  interlacing  masses  like  the  mycelium  of  fungi. 
S.  foergteri  was  found  by  Cohn  in  the  concretions  of  the 
lacrymal  canals  of  the  eye. 

stress1  (stres),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  estrecicr,  cslrcssier, 
estrechicr,  estroyssicr,  etc.,  straiten,  contract,  < 
ML.  as  if  *ttrictiare,  <  L.  strictus,  pp.  of  strin- 
gere,  draw  together,  compress:  see  stringent. 
strain1,  strict.  Cf.  distress."]  1.  To  straiten; 
constrain;  press;  urge;  hamper.  [Bare.] 

If  the  magistrate  be  so  stressed  that  he  cannot  protect 
those  that  are  pious  and  peaceable,  the  Lord  help. 

Waterhouse,  Apol.  for  Learning,  p.  155.    (Latham.) 

2.  In  mech.,  to  subject  to  a  stress. 

The  theory  of  elastic  solids  .  .  .  shows  that  when  a  solid 
is  stressed  the  state  of  stress  is  completely  determined 
when  the  amount  and  direction  of  the  three  principal 
stresses  are  known.  Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat  Phil.,  8  832. 

3.  To  lay  the  stress,  emphasis,  or  accent  on ; 
emphasize. 

If  he  had  eased  his  heart  in  stressing  the  first  syllable, 
it  was  only  temporary  relief. 

0.  Meredith,  The  Egoist,  xviil. 

stress1  (stres),  n.  [<  stress1,  ».]  1.  Constrain- 
ing, urging,  or  impelling  force;  constraining 
power  or  influence;  pressure;  urgency;  vio- 
lence. 

By  stress  of  weather  driven, 
At  last  they  landed.  Dryden,  ^Eneid,  1.  503. 

2.  In  mech.,  an  elastic  force,  whether  in  equi- 
librium with  an  external  force  or  not ;  the  force 
called  into  play  by  a  strain.    This  word  was  intro- 
duced into  mechanics  by  Kankine  in  1855.    In  the  follow- 
ing year  Sir  William  Thomson  used  the  word  as  synony- 
mous with  pressure,  or  an  external  force  balanced  by  elas- 
tic forces.    The  terminology  has  been  further  confused 
by  the  use  of  Rankine's  word  strain,  by  Thomson  and 
others,  as  a  synonym  for  deformation.    The  words  stress 
and  strain  are  needed  in  the  senses  originally  given  to 
them  by  liankine ;  while  they  both  have  familiar  equiva- 
lents to  which  they  have  been  wrested.    At  present,  some 
writers  use  them  in  one  way  and  some  in  the  other. 

In  this  paper  the  word  strain  will  be  used  to  denote  the 
change  of  volume  and  figure  constituting  the  deviation 
of  a  molecule  of  a  solid  from  that  condition  which  it  pre- 
serves when  free  from  the  action  of  external  forces ;  and 
the  word  stress  will  be  used  to  denote  the  force,  or  com- 
bination of  forces,  which  such  a  molecule  exerts  in  tend- 
ing to  recover  its  free  condition,  and  which,  for  a  state  of 
equilibrium,  is  equal  and  opposite  to  the  combination  of 
external  forces  applied  to  it. 

Ranlcine,  Axes  of  Elasticity,  §  2. 

A  stressis  an  equilibrating  application  of  force  toabody. 
...  It  will  be  seen  that  I  have  deviated  slightly  from  Mr. 
Rankine's  definition  of  the  word  stress,  as  I  have  applied 
it  to  the  direct  action  experienced  by  a  body  from  the 
matter  around  it,  and  not,  as  proposed  by  him,  to  the 
elastic  reaction  of  the  body  equal  and  opposite  to  that 
action.  Thomson,  Phil.  Trans.,  CLXVI.  487. 

3.  Stretch;  strain;  effort. 

Though  the  faculties  of  the  mind  are  improved  by  ex- 
ercise, yet  they  must  not  he  put  to  a  stress  beyond  their 
strength.  Locke,  Conduct  of  the  Understanding,  xxvlil. 

4.  Weight ;  importance ;  special  force  or  sig- 
nificance; emphasis. 

Consider  how  great  a  stress  he  laid  upon  this  duty,  .  .  . 

and  how  earnestly  he  recommended  it.       Bp.  Atterbury. 

This,  on  which  the  great  stress  of  the  business  depends. 

Locke.    (Johnson.) 
So  rare  the  sweep,  so  nice  the  art, 
That  lays  no  stress  on  any  part. 

Lowell,  Appledore. 

5.  The  relative  loudness  with  which  certain 
syllables  or  parts  of  syllables  are  pronounced; 
emphasis  in  utterance ;  accent ;  ictus.   In  elocu- 
tion, initial,  opening,  or  radical  stress  is  stress  or  emphasis 
at  the  beginning  ;  medial  or  median  stress  is  that  in  the 
middle;  and  close,  final,  or  vanishing  stress  is  stress  at  the 
end  of  a  vowel-sound.    The  union  of  initial  and  final  is 
compound  stress,  that  of  all  three  stresses  is  thorough  stress. 
— Anticlastic  stress.  Heeantidastic.— Axisof  a  stress 


tion.— Center  of  stress.  See  center!.—  Close  stress"  See 
def.  s.— Composition  of  stresses.  See  composition  of 
displacements,  under  composition. — Compound  stress 
See  def.  5.— Concurrent  stress  and  strain.  See  coii- 
current.— Final  stress.  See  def.  5.— Homogeneous 
Stress,  in  mech.,  a  stress  which  affects  alike  all  similar 
and  similarly  turned  portions  of  matter  within  the  boun- 
dary within  which  the  stress  is  said  to  be  homogeneous. 
-Initial  stress.  See  def.  B.-Lateral  stress.  See 
lateral. — Medial,  median  stress.  See  def.  5.— Normal 
stress,  a  stress  such  that  its  tendency  to  change  the 
relative  positions  of  two  parts  of  a  solid  always  acts 
along  the  normals  to  the  surface  separating  those  parts, 
such  a  stress  consists  of  three  extensive  or  compressive 
stresses  along  three  rectangular  axes.— Orthogonal 
stress,  (a)  Relatively  to  a  homogeneous  strain,  a  stress 
which  neither  increases  nor  diminishes  the  work  of  pro- 
ducing that  strain.  (6)  Relatively  to  another  stress,  a  stress 


5988 

orthogonal  to  a  strain  perfectly  concurrent  with  the  other 
stress.— Perfectly  concurrent  stress,  (a)  Relatively  to 
another  stress,  a  stress  equal  to  that  other  multiplied  by 
a  real  number.  (&)  Relatively  to  an  infinitesimal  homoge- 
neous strain,  a  stress  such  that,  if  the  strain  be  so  com- 
pounded with  a  rotation  as  to  produce  a  pure  strain,  the 
motions  of  the  particles  upon  the  surface  of  a  sphere  rela- 
tively to  its  center  represent  in  magnitude  and  direction 
(lie  components  of  the  stress.—  Principal  tension  of  a 
stress,  a  component  of  the  stress  along  one  of  its  axes. — 
Radical  stress.  See  def.  s.—  Shearing  stress,  a  stress 
tending  to  produce  a  shear.—  Storm  and  stress.  See 
storm.—  SynclastiC  stress,  a  stress  upon  a  plate  tending 
to  give  it  a  positive  curvature. —  Tangential  stress,  a 
stress  such  that  its  tendency  to  change  the  relative  posi- 
tions of  two  parts  of  a  solid  always  acts  along  the  tan- 
gents to  the  surface  separating  those  parts.  Such  a  stress 
consists  of  three  shearing  stresses  having  orthogonal 
axes.— The  principal  axes  of  stress.  See  owi 
Thorough  stress.  See  def.  5.— Type  of  a  stress.  See 
type.— Vanishing  stress,  an  increasing  loudness  toward 
the  end  of  a  vowel-sound,  producing  the  effect  of  a  jerk. 
See  def.  5.  =Syn.  0.  Accent,  etc.  See  emphasis. 
Stress2  (stres),  n.  [<  stress1,  t:  In  part  an 
aphetic  form  of  distress,  a.  v.]  1.  Distress; 
difficulty;  extremity;  pinch.  [Obsolete  or  ar- 
chaic.] 

And  help  the  pure  that  ar  In  sires 
Opprest  and  hereit  mercyles. 
Louder,  Dewtie  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  469. 

The  agony  and  stress 
Of  pitying  love.         Whittier,  The  Two  Rabbis. 

2.  In  late:  (a)  The  act  of  distraining;  distress. 
(6)  A  former  mode  of  taking  up  indictments 
for  circuit  courts. 

stress-diagram  (stres'di'a-gram),  ».  See  dia- 
gram. 

Stressless(stres'les),fl.  [<s*re*si+-tess.]  With- 
out stress;  specifically,  unaccented.  Encyc. 
Brit.,  XVm.  788. 

Stress-sheet  (stres'shet),  n.  In  bridge-building, 
same  as  strain-sheet. 

Stretch  (strech).  v.  K  ME.  strecchen  (also  un- 
assibilated  streken,  whence  mod.  E.  dial,  street, 
streak,  var.  stroke)  (pret.  straughte,  straght, 
strahte,  streahte,  "streighte,  streigte,  gtreihte, 
strelite,  pp.  stranght,  straugt,  streight,  streigt, 
streiht),  <  AS.  streccan  (pret.  strehte,  pp.  streht) 
=  OFries.  strekka  =  D.  strekken  =  MLG.  streck- 
en  =  OHG.  strecchen,  MHG.  G.  strecken  =  Sw. 
stracka  =  Dan.  strxkke,  draw  out,  stretch;  con- 
nected with  the  adj.  AS.  strtec,  strec,  strong,  vio- 
lent (lit.  stretched  f ),  =  MHG.  strac  (strack-),  G. 
struck,  straight ;  •/  strak,  perhaps  orig.  •/  "srak, 
a  var.  of  -/rafc  in  retch2,  reck,  reach1 ;  otherwise 
akin  to  L.  stringere,  pp.  strictug,  draw  tight  (see 
stringent,  strain1,  strait1),  and  to  Gr.  arpayyk, 
twisted  tight.  Hence  straight1,  orig.  pp.  of 
stretch.  Connection  with  string,  strong1,  etc., 
is  uncertain.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  draw  (out); 
pull  (out). 

But  stert  vp  stithly,  straght  out  a  swerde. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  1240. 

2.  To  draw  out  to  full  length ;  extend ;  expand ; 
spread :  as,  to  stretch  one's  self ;  to  stretch  the 
wings;  to  stretch  one's  legs ;  hence,  sometimes, 
to  tighten ;  make  tense  or  taut. 

Redli,  of  jour  rigt  arm  that  oner  rome  xtrfyt, 
I  se  wel  the  slgnifiaunce. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2957. 

I  have  stretched  my  legs  up  Tottenham  Hill  to  overtake 
you.  I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  43. 

3.  To  extend,  or  cause  to  reach  or  extend, 
lengthwise,  or  between  specified  points :  as,  to 
stretch  a  rope  from  one  point  to  another. 

My  wings  shall  be 
Stretch'd  out  no  further  then  from  thee  to  thee. 

(juarles,  Emblems,  iii.  12. 

Phoenicia  is  stretched  by  some  .  .  .  euen  to  .Sgypt,  all 
alongst  that  Sea-coast.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  95. 

A  clothes-line  with  some  clothes  on  it  ...  is  stretched 
between  the  trunks  of  some  stunted  willows. 

Raskin,  Elements  of  Drawing,  Iii. 

4.  To  draw  put  or  extend  in  any  direction  by 
the  application  of  force ;  draw  out  by  tensile 
stress :  as,  to  stretch  cloth ;  to  stretch  a  rubber 
band  beyond  its  strength. 

My  business  and  that  of  my  wife  is  to  stretch  new  boots 
for  millionaires.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVIII.  623. 

5.  To  distend  or  expand  forcibly  or  violently; 
strain  by  the  exercise  of  force;   subject  to 
stress,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Come,  stretch  thy  chest,  and  let  thy  eyes  spout  blood. 

SAa*.,  T.  and  C.,  iv.  5.  10. 

They  that  stretch  his  Infallibility  further  do  they  know 
not  what  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  86. 

6.  To  extend  or  strain  too  far ;  impair  by  strain- 
ing; do  violence  to ;  exaggerate:  as,  to  stretch 
the  truth. —  7f.  To  exert;  strain. 

Till  my  veins 
And  sinews  crack,  I'll  stretch  my  utmost  strength. 

Beau,  and  Ft.  (?X  Faithful  Friends,  iii.  3. 


stretcher 

Stretching  their  best  abilities  to  expresse  their  loires. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  182. 

8.  To  reach  or  hold  out ;  put  forth;  extend. 

He  drough  oute  a  letter  that  was  wrapped  in  a  cloth  of 
silke,  and  strauijM  it  to  the  kynge. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  <v;n. 
Stretch  thine  hand  unto  the  poor.  Ecclus.  vii.  32. 

9.  To  cause  to  lie  or  fall  extended  at  full  length : 
as,  to  stretch  an  opponent  on  the  ground  by  a 
blow.—  10.  To  hang.     [Slang.] 

The  night  before  Larry  was  stretched. 

H.  Burrowes,  in  l*rout's  Keliques,  p.  267. 

To  stretch  a  point.    Same  as  to  strain  a  point  (which 
see.  under  pom(i). 

II.  intrnns.  1.  To  extend;  reach;  be  con- 
tinuous over  a  distance;  be  drawn  out  in 
length  or  in  breadth,  or  both ;  spread. 

Twenty  fadme  of  brede  the  armes  straughte. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  2068. 

The  town  stretcheth  along  the  bottome  of  the  haven, 
backt  on  the  West  with  a  rocky  mountain. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  10. 

2.  To  be  extended  or  to  bear  extension  with- 
out breaking,   as   elastic  substances;    attain 
greater  length :  literally  9r  figuratively. 

The  Inner  membrane,  .  .  .  because  it  would  stretch  and 
yield,  remained  unbroken.  Boyle. 

The  terms  .  .  .  must  be  very  elastic  if  they  would  stretch 
widely  enough  to  include  all  the  poems. 

O,  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xiv. 

3.  To  go  beyond  the  truth ;  exaggerate.    [Col- 
loq.] 

What  an  allay  do  we  find  to  the  credit  of  the  most  prob- 
able event  that  is  reported  by  one  who  uses  to  stretch  ! 

Government  of  the  Tongue. 

4.  Naut.,  to  sail  by  the  wind  under  all  sail.— 

5.  To  make  violent  efforts  in  running.— stretch- 
ing  convulsions,   tetanic   convulsions    which,   acting 
through  the  extensor  muscles,  straighten  the  limbs.— 
Stretch  out  I  an  order  to  a  boats  crew  to  pull  hard. 

Stretch  (strech),  «.  [<  stretch,  r.]  1.  A  stretch- 
ing or  straining,  especially  a  stretching  Di- 
straining beyond  measure :  as,  a  stretch  of  au- 
thority. 

A  great  and  snddaln  stretch  or  contortion. 

May,  Works  of  Creation,  p.  287. 

It  is  only  by  a  stretch  of  language  that  we  can  be  said  to 
desire  that  which  is  inconceivable. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  229. 

2.  A  state  of  tension ;  strain :  as,  to  be  on  the 
stretch. 

Those  put  a  lawful  authority  upon  the  stretch,  to  the 
abuse  of  power,  under  the  colour  of  prerogative. 

Sir  K.  L' Estrange. 

3.  Beach;  extent;  scope. 

At  all  her  stretch  her  little  wings  she  spread. 
Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid  s  Metamorph.,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone,  1. 482. 

This  is  the  utmost  stretch  that  Nature  can, 
And  all  beyond  is  fulsome,  false,  and  vain. 

Granvilte,  Unnatural  Flights  in  Poetry. 

It  strains  my  faculties  to  their  highest  stretch. 

Swyt,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Ix. 

4.  A  long  tract;  an  extended  or  continued  sur- 
face or  area,  relatively  narrow;  a  reach;  dis- 
tance; sweep:  as,  a  long  stretch  of  country  road; 
a  great  stretch  of  grassy  land ;  a  stretch  of  moor- 
land. 

The  grass,  here  and  there,  is  for  great  stretches  as  smooth 
and  level  as  a  carpet. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  147. 

6.  One  of  the  two  straight  sides  of  a  race-course, 
as  distinguished  from  the  bend  or  curve  at  each 
end .    The  home-stretch  is  that  part  of  the  course  which  the 
contestant  goes  over  after  passing  the  last  curve  just  be- 
fore completing  the  race. 

6.  Naut.,  the  reach  or  extent  of  progress  on  one 
tack;  a  tack. — 7.  Inweaving:  (a)  The  plot  of 
ground  on  which  a  weaver  stretches  his  warp. 
(6)  The  length  of  spun-yarn  between  the  spin- 
dles and  roller-beam,  which  is  wound  upon  the 
spindles  each  time  the  carriage  is  run  toward 
the  roller-beam.  Also  called  draw.  Spans' 
Encyc.  Manuf.,  i.  760. —  8.  A  single  continued 
effort;  one  uninterrupted  sitting,  diet,  shift, 
turn,  or  the  like:  as,  to  work  ten  hours  at  a 
stretch. 
She  could  not  entertain  the  child  long  on  a  stretch. 

Bulwer,  Night  and  Morning,  ii.  8. 

But  all  of  them  left  me  a  week  at  a  stretch  to  attend  the 
county  fair.  The  Century,  XXVIII.  655. 

9.  A  year's  imprisonment  or  punishment. 
[Thieves'  slang.]  — 10.  Course ;  direction :  as, 
the  stretch  of  seams  of  coal. — 11.  Stride; 
bound,  as  of  a  running  animal.  Gay. 
stretcher  (strech'er),  n.  [<  stretch  +  -er1."]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  stretches  or  expands. 
Specifically  —  (a)  A  tool  for  stretching  the  fingers  of  lea- 
ther gloves,  that  they  may  be  put  on  more  easily.  (6)  In 
thoemaking,  same  as  shoe-itretcher.  (c)  A  frame,  composed 
of  four  pieces  of  wood,  upon  which  painters'  canvas  is  drawn 


stretcher 

tight.  By  driving  amnll  wedges  in  at  the  angles  the  ten- 
sion is  increased,  (d)  One  of  the  rods  In  an  umbrella  at- 
tached at  one  end  to  one  of  the  ribs,  and  at  the  other  to 
the  tube  eliding  upon  the  handle,  (e)  In  a  vehicle,  a  joint- 
ed rod  which  when  extended  expands  the  carriage-bows, 
and  thus  spreads  the  hood  or  cover.  (/)  A  short  piece  of 
wood  placed  in  the  clue  of  a  hammock  to  extend  it. 
2.  Iii  iniixoiirii,  a  brick  or  stone  laid  horizontal- 
ly with  its  length  in  the  direction  of  the  face  of 
the  wall,  as  distinguished  from  a  header,  which  is 
laid  lengthwise  across  the  thickness  of  the  wall, 
so  that  its  small  head  or  end  is  seen  in  the  exter- 
nal face  of  the  wall.  See  cut  under  inboml. — 3. 
One  of  the  cylindrical  rails  between  the  legs  of  a 
chair;  around.  E.  H.  Knight. — 4.  In  ciiliinct- 
iiKiking,  a  low  shelf  serving  as  a  brace  or  stay  to 
the  legs  of  a  table,  and  roomy  enough  to  hold  a 
vase,  a  basket  of  flowers,  or  other  ornament. — 
5.  Incarp.,atie-timberinaframe. —  6.  Kant., a, 
narrow  piece  of  plank  placed  across  a  boat  for 
the  rowers  to  set  their  feet  against ;  also,  a  cross- 
piece  placed  between  a  boat's  sides  to  keep  them 
apart  when  the  boat  is  hoisted  up  and  griped. — 
7.  A  light,  simple  litter,  without  inclosure  or 
top,  upon  which  a  dead  body  or  a  wounded  per- 
son can  be  carried :  so  called  because  generally 


5989 
Strew  (strii  or  stro),  v. ;  pret.  strewed,  pp.  strem  <1 


strict 


—  Striated  flber,  striated  muscular  fiber,  striated 
muscle,  the  stripi-d  lib'-r  ctunetcrtetlc  "f  the  rmuntu] 
muscles,  tliou-h  ulso  found  in  a  few  oilier  red  muscles 
•  InvoTunUry,  u  the  •  rmuofai. 

— Striated  ipecacuanha.  See  ipecacuanha. — Striated 
sandpiper*.    See  sandpiper. 

In  a  striate  manner: 


striate-plicate  (stri'at-pli'kat),  a.    In  b<>t., 


orstreini,  pfT.streiDing.  [Also  archaically  straw. 

formerly  or  dial,  also  straic ;  <  ME.  strcweii, 

itrawen,  xtn-mri'ii,  <  AS.  strain-inn,  also  str«'>- 

iviiiii,  "strewiun  (Somner)  =  OS.  atn  n-inii,  xtrn- 

u-inn  =  OFries.  strewa  =  D.  strooijen  =  OHG.  Striately  (stn  :it-h),  ailr 

strewen,  MHG.  striii/icm,  xlrniiircii,  G.  streuen  =    wit"  stria;. 

Icel.  stra  =  Sw.  Dan.  stro  =  Goth,  xlrniijini  f , 

(pret.  slrawiila),  >  It.  sdrajarc,  stretch,  strew ;     stnat.-  by  reason  of  minute 
cf.OBulg. s<rc<i,  strew,<L.ster-«frc (pret. sfr</n,  striate-punctate    (stri  at-pungk'  tat) 
pp.  stratus'),  scatter  (see  stratum),  =  Gr.  nm/n  :•- 
vivat,  arpuwi'vai,  strew,  scatter,  =  Skt.  V  "''"'• 
scatter.     The  relation  of  the  Tent,  to  the  va-  „ 

,  ian  I  L.  and  Gr.  roots  is  not  wholly  clear.  Hence  Striate-sulcate  (sin   at-sul"kat),  a 
ult.  straw1,  n.     The  three  pronunciations  stro,     striate  witl 
stro,  stra  are  due  to  the  instability  of  the  AS. 
vowel  or  diphthong  before  ir,  and  its  wavering 
in  ME.]     I.  trans.  1.  To  scatter;  spread  loose- 
ly: said  of  dry,  loose,  separable  things:  as,  to 
strew  seed  in  beds;  to  strew  sand  on  the  floor; 
to  strew  flowers  over  a  grave. 

I  bad  hem  strowe  floures  on  my  bed. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women  (1st  version),  1.  101. 
And  a  very  great  multitude  spread  their  garments  in 


______  _  «.     In 

i-iiliiin.  .Tmving  rows  of  punctures  set  in  regular 
lines  very  close  together,  sometimes  elongated 
iir  running  into  one  another. 

In  hut., 


i  spr 

the  way ;  others  cut  down  branches  from  the  trees,  and 

composed  of  canvas  stretched  on  a  frame,  or  strawed  [spread,  R.  V.]  them  In  the  way.  Mat.  xxi.  8. 
because  the  body  is  stretched  out  upon  it.  Such  2.  To  cover  in  spots  and  patches  here  and  there, 
frames,  covered  with  canvas,  are  often  used  as 
beds,  as  in  camping. —  8.  A  flat  board  on  which 


as  if  by  sprinkling  or  casting  loosely  about. 

And  [they]  made  soche  martire  that  all  the  feilde  was 
corpses  are  stretched  or  laid  out  preparatory    xtrowed  full  of  deed  men  and  horse. 


to  coffining.— 9.  In  angling:  (a)  The  leader  at 
the  extreme  end  of  the  line,  (h)  The  tail-fly; 
the  fly  that  is  fastened  to  the  cast  called  the 
stretcher;  a  stretcher-fly.  See  tail-fly  (under 
flyl)  and  whip. — 10.  A  statement  which  over- 
stretches the  truth;  a  lie.  [Colloq.] — 11.  In 

carriage-building,  same  as  strainer,  4.  strewing  (stro'ing  or  stro'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n. 

Stretcher-bond  (strech'er-bond),  »i.     A  method    of  strew  „.]     Anything  strewed,  or  suitable  to 
of  building  in  which  bricks  or  stones  are  laid 
lengthwise  in  contiguous  courses,  the  joints  of 
one  coming  at  half  length  of  the  bricks  or  stones 
in  the  other.     See  cuts  under  bond. 


Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  ii.  294. 
Forerun  fair  Love,  strewing  her  way  with  flowers. 

Shalt.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3.  380. 

3.  To  spread  abroad;  give  currency  to. 

She  may  strew 
Dangerous  conjectures  in  ill-breeding  minds. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  Iv.  5.  14. 


Striation  (stri-a'shon),  n.  [<  strintf  +  -inn.] 
1.  The  state  of  being  striated ;  a  striate  condi- 
tion or  appearance;  striature;  also,  one  of  a 
set  of  strue;  a  stria.— 2.  In  geol.,  grooves,  flut- 
ings,  and  scratches  made  on  the  surfaces  of 
rocks  by  the  passage  over  them  of  bodies  of 
ice:  a  result  frequently  observed  along  the 
sides  of  existing  glaciers,  and  in  regions  which 
were  formerly  occupied  by  ice. —  3.  In  mineral., 
fine  parallel  lines  on  a  crystalline  face,  com- 
monly due  to  the  oscillatory  combination  of 
two  crystalline  forms. 

striatopunctate(stri-a''t6-pungk'tat),  a.  Same 
as  striate-punctate. 

striattun  (stri-a'tum),  n.;  pi. striata  (-ta).  [L. 
striatum  (sc.  corpus),  neut.  of  striatus,  streaked : 
see  striate.]  The  great  ganglion  of  the  fore- 
brain:  more  fully  called  corpus  striatum. 

striature  (stri'a-tur),  ».  [<  L.  striatura,  con- 
dition of  being  furrowed  or  channeled,  <  striare, 
pp.  striatus,  furrow,  channel :  see  striate.']  Dis- 
position of  strise ;  mode  of  striation ;  striation ; 
also,  a  stria. 

stricht,  »•  [Irreg.  <  L.  strix  (strig-),  a  screech- 
owl.]  A  screech-owl. 

The  ruefull  etrich,  still  waiting  on  the  here. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xli.  36. 


be  strewed  (for  some  special  purpose). 
The  herbs  that  have  on  them  the  cold  dew  o'  the  night 
Are  gtrewirvjs  fltt'st  for  graves. 

Shot.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2.  285. 

Stretcher-fly  (strech'er-fli),  n.     The  fly  on  the  strewment   (strb'meut  or  stro'ment),   n.     [<  strick  (strik),  n.    [A  var.  of  strike.   C£.  strickle.] 

stretcher  of  a  casting-line,  at  the  extreme  end.     strew  +  -ment.]     The  act  of  strewing,  or  some-     1.  A  flat  piece  of  wood  for  leveling  grain  in  a 
Stretcher-mule  (strech'er-mul),  ».     In  cotton-    thing  strewn — Maiden  strewmentst.    See  maiden. 

manuf.,  a  mule  which  stretches  and  twists  fine  strewn  (stron  or  stron).    A  past  participle  of 

rovings,  advancing  them  a  stage  toward  finish-    strew. 

ing.     E.  H.  Knight.  streytet.    A  Middle  English  spelling  of  strait1. 

Stretch-halter  (strech'hal"ter),  ».     [<  stretch,  stria  (stri'a),  M.  ;  pi.  strix  (-e).    [=  F.  strie,  <  L. 

v.,  +   obj.  hatter1.']      One  who  ought  to  be    stria,  a  furrow,  channel,  hollow.]     1.  In  ana*., 

hanged;    a  scoundrel.     Also  crack-rope,  wag-    ^o67.,and6o(.,astripeorstreak;  aline,or linear 

halter,  etc.  marking,  whether  of  elevation  or  depression  — 

•Sfoot,  look  here,  look  here,  I  know  this  is  the  shop,  by     as  a  ridge  or  a  furrow — or  of  texture  or  color. 

that  same  stretch-halter.  gee  cuts  under  brain,  muscle1,  and  Diatomaceie. 

H eiiwood,  If  you  Know  not  Me  (Works,  ed.  1874),  I.  283.     _2     In  ^.^  &  fillet  between    the    flutes  of 

stretching-frame  (strech'ing-fram),  n. 


0 ,  „  1.-  In    columns,  pilasters,  and  the  like.— 3.    In  pa- 

cotton-mannf.,  a  machine  for  stretching  rovmgs    thol.,  a  linear  hemorrhagic  macula.—  4.  An  im-  gtricken  (strik'n),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  strike,  v.] 
previous  to  spinning  them  into  yarn.— 2.  A    perfection  in  the  form  of  a  streak  or  band,     struck;  smitten:  as,  the  stricken  deer.— 2. 


frame  on  which  starched  fabrics  are  stretched  whether  a  discoloration  or  an  irregularity  of 
to  dry.  It  is  sometimes  arranged  so  that  the  direction  structure,  especially  in  glass. —  5.  pi.  In  elect., 
of  the' tension  can^be  changed  In  order  to  give  the  fabric  tne  pecuiiar  stratifications  of  the  light  observed 

in  vacuum-tubes  (Geissler  tubes)  upon  the  pas- 
sage of  an  electrical  discharge — Confluent,  di- 
lated, distinct  striae.  Seethe  adjectives.— Dislocated 
stria.  See  dislocate.— Glacial  striae,  nearly  parallel 


a  soft  and  elastic  finish. 

Stretching-iron  (strech'ing-I"ern),  «.  In  lea- 
ther-manvf.:  (a)  A  curriers' tool  for  stretching 
curried  leather,  smoothing  the  surface,  remov- 
ing rough  places,  and  raising  the  bloom.  It 


lines,  varying  in  depth  and  coarseness,  engraved  on  rock- 


measure  ;  a  strickle. 

A  stritchill ;  a  stricke :  a  long  and  round  peece  of  wood 
like  a  rolling  pinne  (with  us  it  is  flat),  wherewith  measures 
are  made  even.  Nomenclator.  (Naret.) 

2f.  A  bushel  measure. 

One  cheesepress,  one  coffer,  one  strick,  and  one  fourme 
[form]  Worcestershire  Wills  of  IVth  and  nth  Cento., 

[quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  X.  368. 

3.  A  handful  or  bunch  of  flax,  jute,  or  other 
fiber,  heckled  and  sorted,  or  ready  to  be  heckled. 

The  heckler  stakes  a  handful  or  strick  of  rough  flat 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  666. 

1. 

_7 Ad- 

vanced ;  far  gone. 

I  channced  to  espye  this  foresayde  Peter  talkynge  with 
a  certayne  Straunger,  a  man  well  stricken  in  age. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  p.  29. 
Stricken  hour,  a  whole  hour,  marked  as  completed  by 
the  striking  of  the  clock. 

He  persevered  for  a  stricken  hour  in  such  a  torrent  of 
unnecessary  tattle.  Scott. 


ed;  specifically,  a  machine  in  which  cotton  goods 
and  other  textile  fabrics  are  stretched,  to  lay  all 
their  warp-  and  woof-yarns  truly  parallel. 

Stretching-piece    (strech'ing-pes),    n.      See 
strut*,  2. 

stretchy  (strech'i),  a.     [<  stretch  +  -*/1.]     1. 
Liable  to  stretch  unduly. 

A  workman  with  a  true  eye  can  often  counteract  stretchy 
stock.  Harper's  Mag. ,  LXX.  282. 

2.  Inclined  to  stretch  one's  self:  a  consequence 
of  fatigue  or  sleepiness.  [Colloq.  in  both  uses.] 


accessorius  of  the  auditory  nerve.  Also  called  tinea  trans- 
verse, strise  meduttares.—StTiBi  musculares,  the  trans- 
verse striie  or  stripes  of  striped  muscular  fiber.  See  cut 
under  musclel.— Stria  lateralis,  a  lateral  stria  on  the 
surface  of  the  corpus  callosum,  running  lengthwise  on 
either  side  of  the  stria  longitudinales.— Stria  longl- 
tudinalis,  Btrla  Lancisi.  Same  as  nerve  of  Lanciti 
(which  see,  under  nerve).  —  Stria  medullaris  thalami, 
a  band  of  white  fibers  running  backward  along  the  junc- 
tion of  the  median  and  superior  surfaces  of  the  thalamus 
to  end  in  the  habenular  ganglion. 
(trial  (stri'al),  a.  [<  stria  +  -al.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  striaB ;  marked  by  striee.  Amcr.  Jour. 


1.  A  straight-edge  used  to  sweep  grain  off  level 
with  the  top  of  a  measure  when  measuring 
grain. — 2.  A  wooden  swingle  for  dressing  flax. 
— 3.  In  carp,  and  masonry,  a  pattern  or  tem- 
plate.—4.  In  founding:  (a)  A  straight-edge 
used  to  remove  superfluous  sand  to  a  level  with 
the  top  of  a  flask  after  ramming  the  sand  into  it. 
Compare  loam-board,  (b)  A  template  or  pat- 
tern used  in  sweeping  patterns  in  sand  or  loam. 
—  5.  In  cutlery,  a  straight-edge  fed  with  emery, 
and  employed  to  grind  the  edges  of  knives  ar- 
ranged spirally  on  a  cylinder.  E.  B.  Knight. 
Strickler  (strik'ler),  «.  [Also  strikler;  < 


if  fatigue  or  sleepiness,    [couoq.  in  les.j  ture  of  striae ;  marked  by 

But  in  the  night  the  pup  would  get  stretchy  and  brace  Sci.,  XXXI.  135.     [Bare.] 

his  feet  against  the  old  man's  back  and  shove,  grunting  strjate  (stri'at),  «.     [=  F.  strie,  <  L.  striatus, 

complacently  the  while.  S.  L.  Clemens,  Eoughing  it,  xxvn.  pp  of  sfriare>  f  urrow,  channel,  <  stria,  a  furrow,  "g^ickle  +  ^r1'.]  ~  A'strickle  or  strike.     Handle 

Stretta(stret'ta),w.;  pi.  strette (-te).    [It.,  fern,  channel,   hollow:   see  stria.']     1.   Striped  or     ffolme<  Acad.   of  Armory,   p.   337.     (Nares.) 

of  stretto,  drawn  tight:  see  strait1,  strict.]  Same  streaked;  marked  with  strisa;  scored  with  fine    [Local,  Eng.] 

ao  cir0i.t.n  i;,,,,o-  otinT^ftH.  an  muscle :  striated. —  2.  Hav-  n*.^;ni  /I,*-«:i^*\ 


as  stretto. 

tretto  (stret'to),  n.;  pi.  stretti  (-ti).  [It.,  < 
L.  strictus,  drawn  tight:  see  straifi,  strict.'] 
In  music :  (a)  In  a  fugue,  that  division  in  which 
the  entrances  of  the  answer  are  almost  imme- 
diatelv  after  those  of  the  subject,  so  that  the 


lines;  striped,  as  muscle;  striated.— 2.  Hav- 
ing a  thread-like  form. 

Des  Cartes  imagines  this  earth  once  to  have  been  a  sun, 
and  so  the  centre  of  a  lesser  vortex,  whose  axis  still  kept 
the  same  posture,  by  reason  of  the  striate  particles  find- 
ing no  fit  pores  for  their  passages  but  only  in  this  direc- 
tlon. 


two  overlap,  producing  a  rapidly  cumulative         ^     (gtri'at),  t>. «.;  pret.  and  pp.  striated,  ppr. 
effect.    The  stretto  properly  follows  the  "working  out.     «  r?T     *llini>,s    rm    of  striare  O •¥ 


When  a  stretto  is  constructed  in  strict  canon,  it  is  some- 
times called  a  stretto  maestrale  or  maifistrale.     (b)  In     „. /; ,  --  , 

dramatic  music,  a  quickening  of  the  tempo  at  nel:  see  stria.}    To  mark  wvtl L  strise ;  cause 

the  end  of  a  movement  for  the  sake  of  climax,  stnation  in;  score;  stripe.  Nature,  XXX.  <M. 


strict  (strikt),  a.  [=  F.  strict  (OF.  streit,  etc.), 
<  L.  strictus,  pp.  of  stringere,  draw  tight,  bind, 
contract:  see  stringent, strain*.  Cf.  straift,  the 
older  form  of  the  same  word.]  1 .  Drawn  tight  j 
tight;  close:  as,  a  strict  ligature.  Arbuthnot. 

The  lustful  god,  with  speedy  pace, 
Just  thought  to  strain  her  in  a  strict  embrace. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid  s  Metamorph.,  i.  976. 

2.  Tense;  stiff:  as,  a  strict  or  lax  fiber.— 3. 
Narrow;  restricted;  confined;  strait.  [Obso- 
lete or  archaic.] 


strict 

Strict  passage  (the  ear]  thruugh  which  sighs  are  brought, 
And  whispers  for  the  heart,  their  slave. 

Wordsworth,  i'ower  of  Sound,  i. 

4.  Close;  intimate. 

There  never  was  a  more  strict  friendship  than  between 
those  Gentlemen. 
Steele,  in  A.  Dobson's  Selections  from  Steele,  Int. ,  p.  xl. 

5.  Absolute;  unbroken:  as,  strict  silence. —  6. 
Exact;  accurate;  careful;  rigorously  nice :  as, 
words  taken  in  their  strictest  sense;  a  s/rii-l 
command. 

I  wish  I  had  not  look'd 
With  such  strict  eyes  into  her  follies. 

Beau,  anil  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  i.  2. 
And  fall  into  deception  unaware, 
Not  keeping  strictest  watch. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  363. 

7.  Exacting;  rigorous;  severe;  rigid:  as,  strict 
in  keeping  the  Sabbath ;  a  strict  disciplinarian. 

Within  these  ten  days  take  a  monastery, 
A  most  strict  house. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  i  1. 

Not  over-ruled  by  fate 
Inextricable,  or  strict  necessity. 

Milton,  P.  L,  v.  528. 
Strict  statutes  and  most  biting  laws. 

SAo*.,  M.  forM.,  i.  3.  19. 

8.  Restricted;  taken  strictly,  narrowly,  or  ex- 
clusively :  as,  a  strict  generic  or  specific  diag- 
nosis.—  9.    In  £007.,   constricted ;   narrow  or 
close ;  straitened ;  not  loose  or  diffuse :  as,  the 
strict  stem  of  some  corals. — 10.  In  hot.,  close 
or  narrow  and  upright:  opposed  to  lax:  said 
of  a  stem  or  an  inflorescence. — 11.  In  music, 
regular;  exactly  according  to  rule;  without  lib- 
erties: as,  a  strict  canon  or  fugue A  strict 

hand.    See  hand.— Strict  constructionist,  counter- 
point, cross-examination.     See  the  nouns.— Strict 
creditor's  bill.    See  creditor's  action,  under  creditor.— 
Strict  foreclosure,  fugue,  sense,  etc.   See  the  nouns.— 
Strict  imitation.    See  imitation,  s.— strict  settle- 
ment, in  law,  a  device  in  English  conveyancing  by  which 
the  title  to  landed  estates  is  preserved  in  the  family  by 
conveying  it  in  such  manner  that  the  father  holds  an 
estate  for  life  and  the  eldest  son  a  contingent  or  expectant 
estate  in  remainder,  with  interests  also  in  other  members 
of  the  family,  so  that  usually  only  by  the  concurrence  of 
father  and  son,  and  often  of  trustees  also,  can  complete 
alienation  be  made.  =  Syn.  8.  Close,  scrupulous,  critical. 
—7.  Severe,  Rigorous,  etc.    See  austere. 

striction  (strik'shon),  7i.  [<  L.  strictio(n-),  a 
drawing  or  pressing  together,  <  stritigere,  pp. 
strictus,  draw  tight,  contract:  see  strict.]  A 
drawing  or  pressing  together.-Une  of  striction 
01  a  ruled  surface,  the  locus  of  points  on  the  generators 
of  a  ruled  surface  where  each  is  nearest  to  the  next  con- 
secutive generator. 

strictlandt,  «.  [< strict  +  land:  prob.  suggested 
by  island.]  An  isthmus.  Halliwell.  [Bare.] 

strictly  (strikt'li),  adi:  In  a  strict  manner, 
(a)  Narrowly;  closely;  carefully:  as,  the  matter  is  to  be 
itnctly  investigated.  (6)  Exactly  ;  with  nice  or  rigorous 
accuracy,  exactness,  or  precision  :  as,  strictly  speaking  all 
men  are  not  equal. 

Horace  hath  but  more  strictly  spoke  our  thoughts. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

(c)  Positively ;  definitely  ;  stringently. 

Charge  him  strictly 
Not  to  proceed,  but  wait  my  farther  pleasure. 

Vryden,  Spanish  Friar,  iii.  3. 

(d)  Eigorously ;  severely ;  without  remission  or  indul- 
gence ;  with  close  adherence  to  rule. 

I  wish  those  of  my  blood  that  do  offend 
Should  be  more  strictly  punish'd  than  my  foes. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  Iv.  1. 
(«)  Exclusively  ;  out-and-out ;  thoroughly. 

Cornwall  .  .  .  was  a  strictly  British  land,  with  a  British 
nomenclature,  and  a  British  speech  which  lingered  on  into 
the  last  century.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  149. 

strictness  (strikt'nes),  «.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  strict,  in  any  sense. 

Stricture  (strik'tur),  71.  [=  F.  stricture  =  It. 
strcttura,  <  L.  strictura.  a  contraction,  <  slrin- 
gere,  draw  tight,  contract :  see  strict.  Cf.  strait- 
ure.]  If.  A  drawing  tight ;  contraction;  com- 
pression; binding. 

Christ  came  to  knit  the  bonds  of  government  faster 

by  the  stricture  of  more  religious  ties. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  207. 
2.  Inpatltol,  a  morbid  contraction  of  some  mu- 
cous canal  or  duct  of  the  body,  as  the  esopha- 
gus, intestine,  urethra,  or  vagina.— 3f.  Strict- 
ness. 

A  man  of  stricture  and  firm  abstinence. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  3.  12. 
4.  Sharp  criticism;  critical  remark;  censure. 

.«  VTieit  [»utow<*™phy]  wholly,  both  as  to  the  matter 

•and  stile,  to  your  emendations.  ...  By  your  blots  and 

strictures  it  may  receive  a  beauty  which  of  Itself  It  had 

J.  Cotton,  in  Aubrey's  Letters  and  Lives,  I.  20. 

5f.  Mark;  trace;  evidence;  sign. 

The  God  of  nature  implanted  in  their  vegetable  natures 

fh-3 ^.Passive  sfrirfures.  or  signatures,  of  that  wisdom 

vhich  hath  made  and  ordered  all  things  with  the  highest 

reason.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  46. 


5990 

Cock's,  Syme's,  ami  Wheelhouse's  operations  for 
stricture.  See  operation.- Resilient,  spasmodic,  etc., 
Stricture.  See  the  adjectives.  (See  also  tridle^tricture.  > 

Strictured  (strik'turd),  «.  [<  stricture  +  -eifi.] 
Affected  with  stricture:  as,  a  slricttin-d  duct. 

Strid.  A  preterit  (obsolete)  and  past  participle 
of  stride. 


Striddle  (strid'l),  r.  \  pret.  and  pp.  xtridil/rd. 
ppr.  striddling.  [Freq.  <>(  stri<l<:  Cf.  strnddlc.\ 
To  straddle.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


stride  (strid),  r.;  pret.  strode  ( formerly  also  strid), 
pp.  stridden  or  strid,  ppr.  striding.  [<  M.E.st>'iil>'ii 
(piet.  strode,  xtrtxtd,  strndc),  <  AS.  stridan  (pret. 
strdd, pp.  striden),  stride,  =  MD.  stridcn,  i>.  xtrij- 
den  =  MLG.  striden  (pret.  xtreed),  stride,  strive, 
=  OHG.  stritan,  MHG.  striten,  G.  strcitcn  =  Dan. 
stride,  strive,  contend;  also  in  weak  form,  OS. 
strithifin  =  OFries.  strida  =  Icel.  xtridlut  =  Sw. 
strida,  strive;  orig.  appar.  contend,  hence,  in 
a  particular  use,  go  hastily,  take  long  steps. 
Hence  the  comp.  bestride  and  freq.  striilil/c. 
also  straddle,  bestraddle;  and,  through  OP., 
Ktrire&nd  strife.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  walk  with 
long  steps ;  step. 

There  was  no  Greke  so  grym,  ne  of  so  gret  wille, 
Durst  abate  on  tho  buerues,  ne  to  bonke  stride  • 
Ne  afforse  hym  with  fight  to  ferke  out  of  ship. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  5687. 
Hell  trembled  as  he  strode.  Milton,  P.  L.,  it  676. 

2.  To  stand  with  the  feet  far  apart;  straddle. 
Because  th'  acute,  and  the  rect-Angles  too, 
Stride  not  so  wide  as  obtuse  Angles  doo. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Columnes. 
The  arches,  striding  o'er  the  new-born  stream. 

Burns,  Verses  Written  In  Kenmore  Inn. 
Striding  level,  a  spirit-level  the  frame  of  which  carries 
at  Its  two  extremities  inverted  Y's  below,  so  that  it  may 
be  placed  upon  two  concentric  cylinders  and  straddle  any 
small  intervening  projections.  The  striding  level  Is  a 
necessary  adjunct  of  the  transit-instrument  when  this  is 
used  for  determining  time,  and  is  used  in  many  leveling- 
instruments. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  pass  over  at  a  step:  as,  to 
stride  a  ditch. 

Another,  like  an  Embrian's  sturdy  Spouse, 
Strides  all  the  Space  her  Petticoat  allows. 

Congreve,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  iii. 
2.  To  sit  astride  on ;  bestride ;  straddle ;  ride 
upon. 

And  pity,  like  a  naked  new-born  babe, 
Striding  the  blast  Shot.,  Macbeth,  t  7.  22. 

stride  (strid),  n.  [<  stride,  v.]  1.  A  step,  es- 
pecially one  that  islong,  measured,  or  pompous ; 
a  wide  stretch  of  the  legs  in  walking. 

Simplicity  flies  away,  and  iniquity  comes  at  long  strides 
upon  us.  Sir  T.  Brmrne,  Urn-Burial,  Ded. 

Her  voice  theatrically  loud, 
And  masculine  her  stride. 

Pope,  Imit  of  Earl  of  Dorset 

A  lofty  bridge,  stepping  from  cliff  to  cliff  with  a  single 
Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iii.  2. 

2.  The  space  measured  or  the  ground  covered 
by  a  long  step,  or  between  putting  down  one 
foot  and  raising  the  other. 
Betwixt  them  both  was  but  a  little  stride, 
That  did  the  house  of  Riehesse  from  hell-month  divide 

Spenser,  F.  Q,.,  n.  vii.  24. 

Strident  (stri'dent),  a.  [=  P.  strident  =  Sp. 
Pg.  estridente  =  It.  stridente,  <  L.  strideit(U)s, 
ppr. of  stridere,  give  a  harsh,  shrill,  or  whistling 
sound,  creak.]  Creaking;  harsh;  grating. 

"Brava  !  brava  !"  old  Steyne's  strident  voice  was  heard 
roaring  over  all  the  rest.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  It 

Stridently  (stri'dent-li),  adi:  Creakingly: 
harshly;  gratingly. 

stridor  (stri'dor),  n.  [L.,<  stridere,  givea  harsh, 
shrill,  or  whistling  sound,  creak:  see  strident.] 
A  harsh,  creaking  noise.-  stridor  dentium.  grind- 
ing  of  the  teeth :  a  common  symptom  during  sleep  in  chil- 
dren affected  with  worms  or  other  intestinal  irritation 
It  occurs  also  in  fevers  as  a  symptom  of  irritation  of  the 
brain. 

Stridulant  (strid'u-lant),  a.  [<  NL.  as  if  "stri- 
di<lan(t-)s,  ppr.  of'  *stridulare :  see  stridulate.] 
Strident  or  stridulous,  as  an  insect ;  capable  of 
stridulating;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Stridulantia. 

Stridulantia  (strid-u-lan'shi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Burmeister,  1835) :  'see  Stridulant.]  A  group 
of  hemipterous  insects,  including  various  forms 
which  have  the  faculty  of  stridulating;  specifi- 
cally, the  cicadas.  See  Cicadidx. 

stridulate  (strid'u-lat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
stridulated,  ppr.  stridulating.  [<  NL.  as  if  *stri- 
dulatus,  pp.  of  'stridulare,  <  L.  stridulus,  giving  a 


shrill  sound, creaking:  see  stridulous.']  To  make 
a  stridulous  noise,  as  an  insect ;  effect  stridu- 
lation.  as  the  cicada;  grate,  scrape,  or  creak 

with  the  organs  of  stridulation ;  shrill ;  chirr.       „,„„„. 

Stridulating-organ  ( strid 'u-la-ting-or'gan),  «.  Striges  (stri'jez),  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  L.  strix(stri,i-), 
In  eutom.,  a  finely  wnnkled  or  file-like  surface     an  owl.]     The  owls,  or  Strigida  in  a  broad 


Striges 

or  plate,  frequently  having  a  pearly  luster. 
by  friction  of  which  against  another  surface 
brought  into  contact  with  it  a  creaking  sound 
is  produced.  These  organs  are  variously  situ- 
ated on  the  wings,  elytra,  legs,  abdomen,  thorax, 
and  even  the  head. 

Stridulation  (strid-u-la'shon),  M.  [<  stridulate 
+  -ion.]  The  act,  process," or  function  of  strid- 
ulating; the  power  of  so  doing,  or  the  thin, 
harsh, creakingnoise  thus  produced;  a  shrillin^. 

Stridulation  is  effected  by  rubbing  together  hard  or  rough 
parts  of  the  body,  often  specially  modified  in  various  ways 
for  that  pmpose,  being  thus  not  vocalization  or  phona- 
tion.  It  is  highly  characteristic  of  many  homopteroua 
insects,  as  the  cicadas;  of  many  orthopterous  insects,  as 
various  locusts  or  grasshoppers ;  and  of  some  coleopterous 
insects,  or  beetles.  It  rarely  occurs  in  lepidopterous  in- 
sects, but  has  been  observed  in  some  butterflies  urnl  moths 
and  also  in  a  few  spiders,  as  of  the  genus  Tlieridion.  '1  hose 
homopterous  insects  in  which  it  is  specially  marked  are 
named  Stridulantia. 

stridulator  (strid'u-la-tor),  7i.  [<  stridulate  + 
•«•».]  An  insect  which" stridulates,  shrills,  or 
chirrs;  that  which  is  stridulatory. 

stridulatory  (strid'u-la-to-ri),  «.  [<  stridulate 
+  -ary.]  Pertaining  to  stridulators  or  strid  illa- 
tion; Stridulant  or  stridulous;  shrill  or  shrill- 
ing; chirring. 

stridulous  (strid  'u-lus),  a.  [<  L.  strididnx. 
creaking,  rattling,  hissing,  <  stridere,  creak:  see 
strident.]  Making  a  small  harsh  sound ;  having 
a  thin,  squeaky  sound;  squeaky;  creaking. 

To  make  them  [the  old  men]  garrulous,  as  grasshoppers 
are  stndulous.  Chapman,  Iliad,  ill.,  Commentary. 

Stridulous  angina.  Same  as  laryngitmm  stridulus 
(which  see,  under  laryngismus). 

striet,  v.  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  strew. 

Strife  (strif),  n.  [<  ME.  strif,  <  OP.  estrif, <  Icel. 
strith,  strife,  contention,  pain,  grief.  =  Sw.  Dan. 
strid,  combat,  contention,  =  OS.  OFries.  strid 
=  D.  strijd  =  OHQ.  MHG.  strit,  G.  strcit,  strife, 
=  OL.  stlis  (gen.  sttit-),  L.  lis  (lit-),  strife,  liti- 
gation (see  litigate) ;  from  the  verb,  Icel.  stridha, 
strive,  contend,  etc. :  see  stride.  Cf.  strive.]  1. 
A  striving  or  effort  to  do  one's  best ;  earnest  at- 
tempt or  endeavor. 

With  strife  to  please  you,  day  exceeding  day 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  Epa 

2.  Emulative   contention  or  rivalry;    active 
struggle  for  superiority;  emulation. 

Weep  with  equal  strife 

Who  should  weep  most.      Shale.,  Lucrece,  1. 1791. 
Thus  gods  contended  (noble  strife, 

Worthy  the  heavenly  mind  !) 
Who  most  should  do  to  soften  anxious  life. 

Gangrene,  To  the  Earl  of  Godolphin. 

3.  Antagonistic  contention ;   contention  char- 
acterized by  anger  or  enmity;  discord;   con- 
flict; quarrel:  as,  strife  of  the  elements. 

Sith  for  me  ye  fight,  to  me  this  grace 
Both  yield,  to  stay  your  deadly  strufe  a  space. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vl.  33. 
Twenty  of  them  fought  in  this  black  strife. 

Shale.,  R.  and  J.,  ilL  1.  18a 
To  take  strifet,  to  enter  into  conflict. 

For  which  he  took  with  Rome  and  Cesar  stryf. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  695. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Strife,  Contention.  These  words  agree  in 
being  very  general,  in  having  a  good  sense  possible,  and 
in  seeming  elevated  or  poetical  when  applied  to  the  or- 
ganized quarrels  of  war  or  to  anything  more  than  oral 
disputes.  Strife  is  the  stronger.  Contention  often  indi- 
cates the  more  continued  and  methodical  effort,  and 
hence  is  more  often  the  word  for  rivalry  in  effort  to  pos- 
sess something.  Such  a  rivalry,  when  definite  in  form 
and  limited  in  time,  is  a  contest:  as,  the  contests  of  the 
Greek  games.  A  contention  that  Is  forcible,  violent,  ex- 
hausting, or  attended  with  real  or  figurative  convulsions 
or  contortions,  is  a  struggle.  See  battlel ,  encounter. 
Strifeful  (strif 'ful),  a.  [<  strife  +  -/«/.]  Full 
of  strife ;  contentious ;  discordant. 
But  stryfull  mind  and  diverse  qualitee 
Drew  them  in  partes,  and  each  made  others  foe. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  U.  18. 

Strig  (strig),  71.  [Origin  obscure.]  1.  The 
footstalk  of  a  flower,  leaf,  or  fruit.  Ure,  Diet., 
I.  302.— 2.  The  tang  of  a  sword-blade.  See 
tang. 

Strig  (strig),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  strigged,  ppr. 
stringing.  [<  strig,  n.]  To  remove  the  foot- 
stalk from :  as,  to  strig  currants. 
Striga  (strl'gii),  n. ;  pi.  strigx  (-je).  [NL.,  <  L. 
striga,  a  swath,  furrow,  <  strinyere,  draw  tight, 
contract:  see  strict.]  1.  In  hot.,  a  sharp- 
pointed  appressed  bristle  or  hair-like  scale, 
constituting  a  species  of  pubescence  in  plants. 
—  2.  In  zool.,  a  streak  or  stripe;  a  stria. —  3. 
In  arch.,  a  flute  of  a  column, 
strigate  (stri'gat),  a.  [<  NL.  "strigatus,  <  L. 
striga,  a  furrow:  see  striga.]  In  entom.,  same 
as  strigose. 


Striges 

sense,  as  a  suborder  of  Hii/iforex ;  the  uoctmiiul 
birds  of  prey.  The  physiognomy  is  peculiar  by  reason 
of  the  lateral  expansion,  lengthwise  contraction,  and  di- 
ploic  thickening  of  the  skull,  which  is  often  asymmetri- 
cal. The  eyes  look  forward,  not  laterally  as  in  other 


.  , 

birds,  and  are  set  in  a  peculiar  disk  of  radiated  feathers 
more  or  less  completely  formed,  the  feathers  of  the  front 
being  antrorsc  and  adpressed,  hiding  the  base  of  the  bill. 
This  is  the  facial  disk,  of  which  some  radiating  feathers 
of  peculiar  shape  and  texture  constitute  a  rutf.  The  eyes 

are  very  large,  with  a  peculiarly  shaped  eyeball,  the  cor-   .,*..,•„,,„,,    /«,(_;»„„„• 
nea  being  protuberant,  and  with  the  sclerotic  presenting   sl    IgOUS   (.Ml        is;,   «. 
a  figure  somewhat  like  a  short  acorn  in  its  cup;  the  iris 


5991 

and  the  birds  have  not  the  power  uf  Ili^ht.    See  cut  under 
owl-parrot. 

Strigose  (stri'gos),  (i.  [<  NL.  xtrigmtiis,  <  xtrign. 
q.  v.]  1.  In  hot.,  rough  with  strigse;  bcsri 
with  sharp-pointed  and  appressed  straight  and 
stiff  hairs  or  bristles:  as,  a  strigosc  leaf  or 
stem. —  2.  In  en  torn.,  streaked,  or  finely  fluted ; 
having  fine,  close  parallel  ridges  or  points,  like 
the  surface  of  a  file.  Also  xtrigtife. 

_          _        _  [<  NL.  xtr/<tnsnx:   see 

xtngnxe.~\     Same  as 


a  figure  somewhat  like  a  short  acorn  in  its  cup;  the  iris  strigose.]     same  us  gtngost. 

is  capable  of  great  movement,  dilating  and  contracting  strike  (strik),  r. ;  pret.  xtrnck,  pp.  xtrui-k,  xtrirki  n 
the  pupil  more  than  is  usual  in  birds.  The  ear-parts  are  (obg-  or  diai.  gtriteken),  ppr.  striking.  [<  ME. 
very  large,  often  unlike  on  opposite  sides  of  the  head,  ,/,.:/..,,.  „/,.../.,„  /,,rot  J/ivii-  c/i-nZv  ttrtOe*  r 

ami  nrovided  with  a  movable  external  Han.  the  onercu-  »"">c/l,  Kfryicen  vpiei.  xirilh,  snuhl,   Biruicv,    J>|>. 


very  large,  often  unlike  on  oppoi 

and  provided  with  a  movable  external  fiap,  the  opercu- 
lum,  sometimes  of  great  extent.  The  tufts  of  feathers, 
or  so-called  "ears,"  of  many  owls  are  the  eorniplumes  or 
plumicorns.  The  bill  is  peculiar  in  that  the  nostrils  open 
at  the  edge  of  the  cere  rather  than  in  its  substance,  and 
the  tomia  are  never  toothed.  There  are  four  toes,  of 
which  the  outer  is  versatile  and  shorter  than  the  inner, 
with  three  of  its  joints  together  shorter  than  the  fourth 
joint.  The  claws  are  all  long,  sharp,  and  curved,  and  the 
middle  one  is  sometimes  pectinate.  The  feathers  lack 
aftershafts,  and  the  plumage  is  peculiarly  soft  and  blend- 
ed, conferring  a  noiseless  Might.  The  birds  have  no  am- 
biens  muscle,  one  pair  of  intrinsic  syringeal  muscles,  a 
nude  oil-gland,  long  clubbed  caeca,  short  Intestines,  mod- 
erately muscular  gizzard,  capacious  gullet  without  spe- 
cial crop,  a  peculiar  structure  of  the  tarsometatarsl  and 
shoulder-joint,  a  manubriated  and  double-notched  or  en- 
tire sternum,  basipterygoid  processes,  and  spongy  maxil- 
lopalatines  and  lacrymals.  The  suborder  is  divided  into 
two  familiej,  Striyidse  and  Aluconidje.  Nyctharpaijes  is  a 
synonym.  See  cuts  under  barn-oui,  braccate,  Buoo'*,  hawk- 
oid,  Otiut,  Xyctala,  oivli,  snow-owl,  and  Strix. 

Strigidae  (strij'i-de),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Strix  (Strig-) 
+  -idle.]  The  owls  as  a  family  of  strigine  or 
nocturnal  birds  of  prey  of  the  order  Kaptores  : 
used  in  three  senses,  (a)  Same  as  St.riges,  including 
all  owls,  (b)  Same  as  Aluconidee,  including  only  the  barn- 
owls,  (c)  Including  all  owls  excepting  the  Aluconidie. 
In  this  sense  the  distinctive  characters  are  the  furculum 
not  ankylosed  to  the  double-notched  or  fenestrate  ster- 
num, the  middle  claw  not  pectinate,  and  the  facial  disk 
incomplete  or  not  triangular. 

Strigil  (strij'il), ».  [< L.  strigilis (=  Gr.  or/leyyi'f), 
a  scraper,  <  stringere,  draw  tight,  contract, 
touch,  graze,  stroke:  see  strict.]  1.  An  in- 
strument of  metal,  ivory,  or  horn,  used  by  the 
ancients  for  scraping  the  skin  at  the  bath  and 
in  the  gymnasium ;  a  flesh-scraper.  See  cut 
under  Lysippan. —  2f.  A  flesh-brush,  or  a  glove 
of  hair-cloth,  rough  toweling,  or  other  article 
used  for  stimulating  the  skin  by  rubbing. 

You  are  treated  after  the  eastern  manner,  washing  with 
hot  and  cold  water,  with  oyles,  and  being  rubbed  w'i>  a 
kind  of  strigil  of  seal's-skin,  put  on  the  operator's  hand 
like  a  glove.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1645. 

Strigilate  (strij'i-lat),  a.      [<  NL.  *strigilatus, 

<  strigilis,  q.  v.]     In  entom.,  noting  the  front 
leg  of  a  bee  when  it  is  furnished  with  a  strigilis. 

strigilis  (strij'i-lis),  n. ;  pi.  strigiles  (-lez).  [NL., 

<  L.  strigilis,  a  scraper:  see  strigil.']    An  or- 
gan on  the  first  tarsal  joint  of  a  bee's  fore  leg, 
used  to  curry  or  clean  the  antennas;  a  curry- 
comb:  so  called  on  account  of  the  fringe  of 
stiff  hairs.    At  the  end  of  the  tibia  is  a  movable  spur, 
and  on  this  spur  an  expanded  membrane,  the  velum,  which 
can  be  brought  into  contact  with  the  strigilis,  forming  a 
circular  orifice.    The  bee  lays  the  antenna  in  the  hollow 
of  the  strigilis,  presses  the  velum  of  the  spur  upon  it,  and 
draws  the  antenna  through  the  aperture  thus  formed. 

strigilose  (strij'i-los),  a.    [Also,  erroneously, 


strok,  stroke,  stroke,  pp. 
,  xtricke>i),~<  AS.  strican  (prot.  stnic.  pp. 
strieen),  go,  proceed,  advance  swiftly  and 
smoothly,  =  Or  ries.  striku  =  L>.  xtrijkcit  =  MLU. 
xtriki-ii,  L(i.  xtriken  =  OHG.  strilihan  (strong), 
streiclion  (weak),  MHG.  stricken,  gtreiclien,  G. 
streicJien,  smooth,  rub,  stroke,  spread,  strike ;  cf . 
Icel.  strjuka,  strykja  =  Sw.  stryKa  =  Dan.  stryge, 
stroke,  rub,  wipe,  Goth,  striks,  a  stroke,  tittle, 
akin  to  L.  stringere,  draw  tight,  graze,  stroke, 
etc.  (see  stringent,  strain^,  strict).  Cf.  streak^, 
streak2,  stroke*,  stroke2,  stroke,  etc.  The  senses 
of  strike  are  much  involved,  the  orig.  sense  'go,' 
'go  along,'  being  commonly  lost  from  view,  or 
retained  only  as  associated  with  the  sense 
'hit.']  I.  intrans.  1.  Togo;  proceed;  advance; 
in  modern  use,  especially,  to  go  or  move  sud- 
denly, or  with  a  sudden  turn. 

A  mous  that  moche  good  couthe,  as  me  thoujte, 
Stroke  forth  sternly,  and  stode  bifoni  hem  alle. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  Prol.,  1.  183. 

To  avoyd  them,  we  struck  out  of  the  way,  and  crossed 
the  pregnant  champian  to  the  foot  of  the  mountaines. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  158. 

By  God's  mercy  they  recovered  themselves,  and,  having 
the  flood  with  them,  struck  into  the  harbour. 

N.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  47. 

Whether  the  poet  followed  the  romancer  or  the  chroni- 
cler in  his  conception  of  a  dramatic  character,  he  at  the 
first  step  struck  into  that  undeviating  track  of  our  human- 
ity amid  the  accidents  of  its  position. 

/.  1)' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  239. 

A  dispatch  from  Newfoundland  says  that  the  caplin 
have  struck  in.  This  means  that  the  cod,  the  most  famous 
of  all  commercial  flsh.  has  arrived  on  the  banks. 

Sn.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVIII.  352. 
2f.  To  flow ;  glide ;  run. 

Ase  strem  that  striketh  still  e. 
Morris  and  Skeat's  Specimens  Early  Eng.,  ii.  48. 

3.  To  pass  with  sudden  quickness  and  effect; 
dart;  pierce. 

Till  a  dart  strike  through  his  liver.  Prov.  vii.  23. 

How  the  bright  and  blissful  Reformation  (by  Divine 
Power)  strook  through  the  black  and  settled  Night  of  Ig- 
norance and  Anti-christian  Tyranny. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

4.  To  come  suddenly  or  unexpectedly. 

We  had  struck  upon  a  well-beaten  track  on  entering  the 
hills.  B.  Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  117. 

5.  To  run  or  extend  in  any  particular  direc- 
tion, especially  with  reference  to  the  points  of 
the  compass :  a  word  used  chiefly  by  geologists 
in  speaking  of  the  strata,  or  of  stratified  masses, 
but  also  by  miners  in  indicating  the  position  of 
the  lode  or  vein.    The  latter,  however,  gener- 


-,     .  ,  , 

strigillose;  dim.  of  strigose.]    In  hot.,  minutely    ally  use  run  in  preference  to  strike.—  6.  To  low- 

ct 


strigose. 

strigine  (strij'in),  a.  [<  L.  strix  (strig-)  +  -ine2.] 
Owl-like ;  related  to  or  resembling  an  owl. 
(a)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Striges,  or  Strigidse  in  ft  broad 
sense.  (6)  In  a  narrow  sense,  belonging  to  the  Strigidte 
(c);  distinguished  from  alucine. 

strigmentt  (strig'ment),  n.  [<  L.  strigmentum, 
that  which  is  scraped  off,  a  scraping,  <  stringere, 
draw  tight,  contract,  graze,  stroke:  see  strigil."] 
Scraping;  that  which  is  scraped  off. 

Brassavolus  and  many  other,  beside  the  strigments  and 
sudorous  adhesions  from  men's  hands,  acknowledge  that 
nothing  proceedeth  from  gold  in  the  usual  decoction  there- 
of. Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  5. 

Strigopida  (stri-gop'i-de),  n.  pi  [NL.  (Bona- 
parte, 1849),  <  Strigops  +  -idx.]  The  Strigopi- 
nse  regarded  as  a  family  apart  from  Psittacidx. 

Strigopinse  (strig-o-pi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Stri- 
gops  +  -inse.]  The  owl-parrots;  a  subfamily 
of  Psittacidee,  or  the  only  subfamily  of  Strigo- 
piilee,  represented  by  the  genus  Strigops.  Also 
StringopiinF.  O.  Finscli. 

Strigops  (stri'gops),  n.  [NL.  (G.  R.  Gray, 
1845);  also  Htrigopsis ;  also  Stringops  and  Strin- 
gopsis  (Van  der  Hoeven,  1856);  <  Strix  (Strig-), 
a  screech-owl,  +  Gr.  <1V,  eye,  face.]  A  genus  of 
J'xin/iritlie,  or  made  type  of  a  family  Strigopidx, 
containing  the  kakapo,  or  nocturnal  flightless 
parrot  of  New  Zealand,  S.  iiabroptiliig ;  the  owl- 
parrots:  so  called  from  the  owlish  physiogno- 
my. The  sternal  keel  and  the  furculum  are  defective, 


er  a  sail,  a  flag,  or  colors  in  token  of  respect; 
hence,  to  surrender,  as  to  a  superior  or  an  ene- 
my; yield. 

The  enemy  still  came  on  with  greater  fury,  and  hoped 
by  his  number  of  men  to  carry  the  prize ;  till  at  last  the 
Englishman,  finding  himself  sink  apace,  and  ready  to  per- 
ish, struck.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  360. 

The  Interest  of  our  kingdom  Is  ready  to  strike  to  that 
of  your  poorest  fishing  towns.  Swift. 

7.  To  touch;  glance;  graze;  impinge  by  ap- 
pulse. 

Let  us  consider  the  red  and  white  colours  in  porphyry : 
hinder  light  from  striking  on  it,  and  its  colours  vanish. 
Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  viii.  19. 

8.  To  run  aground  or  ashore ;  run  upon  a  bank, 
rock,  or  other  obstacle;  strand:  as,  the  ship 
struck  at  midnight.— 9.  To  inflict  a  blow,  stroke, 
or  thrust ;  attack :  as,  to  strike  in  the  dark. 

We  have  drawn  our  swords  of  God's  word,  and  stricken 
at  the  roots  of  all  evil  to  have  them  cut  down. 

Latimer,  Sermons,  p.  249. 

He  stroke  at  him,  and  missed  him,  d'  ye  mark? 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  v.  1. 

A  Surprize  in  War  is  like  an  Apoplexy  in  the  Body, 
which  strikes  without  giving  Warning  for  Defence. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  70. 

By  their  designing  leaders  taught 
To  strike  at  power  which  for  themselves  they  sought 
Dryden,  Astrsea  Kedni,  1.  32. 

10.  To  hit;  beat;  tap:  as,  the  hammer  xtrikrx 
on  the  bell  of  a  clock. 


strike 

They  plunge  their  <  >ai>  all  at  OIK-  instant  into  the  Water, 
keeping  i-rad  time  «itli  .-auli  otlu-r:  and  that  they  may 
the  better  do  this,  there  is  one  that  »M.lw  on  a  small  Gong, 
or  a  wooden  Instrument,  before  every  stroke  of  the  Oar. 

IttllllJii'T,    \  "KIWI'S,   II.   1.   74. 

11.  To  sound  by  percussion,  with  or  as  with 
blows;  be  struck:  us,  the  clock  striki-s. 

One  whose  Tongue  is  strung  vp  like  ;i  clocke  till  tin- 
tinii'.  mid  then  tlrikef.  anil  Hiiyes  much  uluii  hff  talkes 
little.          ISp.  Kurlf,  MuTcj-i-ofiiuounijiliic,  A  .-tayt-d  Man. 
A  deep  sound  utriken  like  a  rising  knell ! 

Byriiu,  childi-  Harold,  iii.  21. 

12.  To  use  one's  weapons;  deal  blows;  fight: 

;is.  to  strike  for  one's  country. 

God's  arm  strike  with  us!  'tis  a  fearful  odds. 

Slink.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3.  5. 

Is  not  he  the  same  God  still?  Is  his  hand  shortned  that 
he  cannot  strike,  or  doth  his  heart  fail  that  lie  dare  not 
punish?  Siillin'.ifleet,  Sermons,  I.  x. 

13.  To  press  a  claim  or  demand  by  coercive 
or  threatening  action  of  some  kind ;  in  com- 
IIIDII  usage,  to  quit  work  along  with  others,  in 
order  to  compel  an  employer  to  accede  to  some 
demand,  as  for  increase  of  pay,  or  to  protest 
against  something,  as  a  reduction  of  wages: 
as,  to  strike  for  higher  pay  or  shorter  hours  of 
work.— 14.  To  steal,  as  by  pocket-picking. 
[Slang.]  — 15f.  To  give  the  last  plowing  be- 
fore the  seed  is  sown.     Darirx. 

To  harrow  the  ridges  ere  ever  ye  strike 

Is  one  piece  of  husbandry  Suffolk  doth  like> 

Tusser,  September's  Husbandry,  st.  9. 

16.  To  take  root,  as  a  slip  of  a  plant. 

The  young  tops  strike  freely  if  they  are  taken  off  about 
three  inches  long,  and  Inserted  singly  in  some  sandy  soil 
in  small  pots.  The  Field,  March  12, 1887.  (Encyc.  Diet.) 

17.  To  fasten  to  stones,  shells,  etc.,  as  young 
oysters;  become  fixed  or  set.— 18f.  To  move 
with  friction ;  grate ;  creak. 

The  closet  door  striked  as  it  uses  to  do,  both  at  her  com- 
ing in  and  going  out.  Aubrey,  Misc.,  p.  83. 

19.  In  the  United  States  army,  to  perform 
menial  services  for  an  officer;  act  as  an  offi- 
cer's servant:  generally  said  of  an  enlisted 
man  detailed  for  that  duty.—  20.  To  become 
saturated  with  salt,  as  fish  in  the  process  of 
pickling  or  curing.— 21.  To  run;  change  or 
fade,  as  colors  of  goods  in  washing  or  cleaning. 
Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  321.— To  be  struck 
or  stricken  In  years,  to  be  far  along  in  years  ;  to  be  of 
an  advanced  age. 

And  they  had  no  child,  .  .  .  and  they  both  were  well 
stricken  in  years.  Luke  i  7. 

The  king 

Is  wise  and  virtuous,  and  his  noble  queen 
Well  struck  in  yean.       Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  1.  92. 

To  strike  amain.  See  amatni . — To  strike  at,  to  make 
or  aim  a  blow  at;  attempt  to  strike;  attack  :  as,  to  strike 
at  one's  rival.— To  strike  back,  (a)  To  leturn  blow  for 
blow.  (6)  To  refuse  to  lead,  as  flsh  when,  instead  of  follow- 
ing close  along  the  leader  and  passing  into  the  bowl  of  the 
weir,  they  retreat  from  the  net,  and  with  a  sweep  double 
the  whole  weir.— To  strike  for,  to  start  suddenly  for ; 
make  for :  as,  he  struct;  for  home.  (Colloq.]  — To  strike 
home,  to  give  a  decisive  and  effective  blow  or  thrust. 
Who  may,  in  the  ambush  of  my  name,  strike  home. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  3.  41. 

To  strike  in.  (o)  To  make  a  vigorous  move,  effort,  or  ad- 
vance. 

If  he  be  mad,  I  will  not  be  foolish,  but  strike  in  for  a 
share.  Brome,  Northern  Lass,  iii.  2. 

He  advises  me  to  strike  in  for  some  preferment,  now  I 
have  friends.  Sirift,  Journal  to  Stella,  xxx. 

(b)  To  put  in  one's  word  suddenly  ;  interpose;  interrupt. 
I  proposed  the  embassy  to  Constantinople  for  Mr.  Hen- 

shaw,  but  my  Lord  Winchelsea  struck  in. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  18,  1660. 

(c)  To  begin  ;  set  about. 

It  [the  water  of  the  Dead  sea)  bore  me  up  in  such  a 
manner  that  when  I  struck  in  swimming,  my  legs  were 
above  the  water,  and  I  found  it  difficult  to  recover  my 
feet.  Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  36. 

(d)  To  fall  in ;  conform ;  Join  or  unite. 

I  always  feared  ye  event  of  y«  Amsterdamers  striking  in 

Ciahman,  quoted  in  Bradford's  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  5". 
He  struck  in  very  zealously  with  the  Presbyterians,  went 
to  their  meetings,  and  was  very  liberal  in  his  abuses,  not 
only  of  the  Archbishop,  but  of  the  whole  order. 

E.  Gibson,  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  227. 

(e)  To  arrive ;  come  in  ;  make  for  the  shore :  said  of  flsh. 
Those  who  have  been  on  the  Newfoundland  coast  when 

the  caplin  strikes  in  will  not  forget  the  excitement  that 
ensued.  Sri.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVIII.  352. 

To  strike  into,  (a)  To  enter  upon,  as  by  some  sudden 
act  or  motion ;  break  into :  as,  to  strike  into  a  run. 

It  struck  on  a  sudden  into  such  reputation  that  it  scorns 
any  longer  to  sculk,  but  owns  itself  publickly. 

Government  of  the  Tonyue. 

(M  To  turn  Into  quickly  or  abruptly ;  betake  one's  self  to 
in  haste. 

It  began  raining,  and  I  itruck  into  Mrs.  Vanhomrigh's. 
and  dined. 

To  strike  out.  (a)  In  boxing,  to  deliver  a  blow  from  the 
shoulder.  (6)  To  direct  one's  course,  as  in  swimming :  «s. 


strike 

to  strike  out  for  the  shore,  (c)  To  make  a  sudden  move  or 
excursion  :  as,  to  strike  out  into  an  irregular  course  of  life. 

I  concluded  to  move  on  and  strike  out  to  the  south  and 
southwest  into  Missouri.  The  Century,  XLI.  107. 

(d)  In  base-ball,  to  be  put  out  because  of  failure  to  strike  the 
ball  after  a  certain  number  of  trials  :  saiil  of  the  batter.— 
To  Strike  up.  (a)  To  begin  to  play  or  sing. 

If  the  Musicke  overcome  not  my  melancholly,  I  shall 
quarrel ;  and  if  they  sodainly  do  not  strike  up,  I  shall 
presently  strike  thee  downe. 

Heywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness,  i.  1. 

He  got  a  little  excited,  as  you  may  have  seen  a  canary 
sometimes  when  another  strikes  up. 

0.  W.  Uolmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 

(b)  To  make  acquaintance;  become  associated  :  with  with. 
[Colloq.] 

He  spurr'd  to  London,  and  left  a  thousand  curses  behind 
him.  Here  he  struck  up  with  sharpers,  scourers  and  Al- 
satians. 

Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  491.    (Dames,  under  Alsatian.) 
II.  trans.  If.  To  pass  the  hand  over  lightly; 
stroke :  as,  to  strike  the  beard  or  hair. 

I  stryke  ones  heed,  as  we  do  a  chyldes  whan  he  dothe 
well.  Je  applanie.  ...  My  father  sayeth  I  am  a  good 
sonne;  he  Uyd  stryke  my  heed  by  cause  I  had  conned  my 
lesson  without  the  booke.  Palsgrave. 

Also  euen  when  he  [Sir  T.  More]  shuld  lay  doune  his  head 
on  the  blocke,  he,  hauyng  a  great  gray  beard,  striked  out 
his  beard,  and  sayd  to  the  hangman,  I  pray  you  let  me  lay 
my  beard  ouer  the  blocke  least  ye  should  cut  It. 

Hall,  Chron.  (ed.  1809),  p.  818. 
2f.  To  pass  lightly  as  in  stroking. 

I  thought,  He  will  surely  .  .  .  strike  his  hand  over  the 
place  and  recover  the  leper.  2  Ki.  v.  11. 

3.  To  make  level  or  even,  as  a  measure  of  grain, 
salt,  etc.,  by  drawing  a  strickle  or  straight-edge 
along  the  top,  or,  in  the  ease  of  potatoes,  by 
seeking  to  make  the  projections  equal  to  the  de- 
pressions: as,  to  strike  a  bushel  of  wheat;  a 
struck  or  striked  as  distinguished  from  a  heaped 
measure. 


5992 

One  meets  (on  paper  only)  with  the  "  eighteen-carat 
desperado,"  who  has  "struck  it  rich  "  on  the  Pikes  or  in 
the  ranches.  Cornhiil  Mag.,  N.  S.,  No.  84,  p.  369. 

We  resumed  our  march  the  following  day,  but  soon 
struck  snow  that  materially  impeded  our  progress 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  400. 

"I  didn't  strike  the  stairs  at  first,"  whispered  the  butch- 
er, "and  I  went  too  far  along  that  upper  hall ;  but  when 
I  came  against  a  door  that  was  partly  open  I  knew  I  was 
wrong,  and  turned  back." 

F.  R.  Stocktun,  Merry  Chanter,  xii. 

11.  To  enter  the  mind  of,  as  an  idea;  occur  to. 

It  appeared  never  to  have  struck  traveller  or  tourist  that 
there  was  anything  in  Albania  except  snipes. 

R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  204. 

It  struck  me  that  ...  it  might  be  worth  while  to  study 
him.  D.  Christie  Murray,  Weaker  Vessel,  iv. 


Four  strailced  measures  or  flrlots  contains  In  just  propor- 
tion four  heaped  itrlots. 

Report  Scotch  Commissioners,  1618. 
All  grain  to  be  measured  stricked,  without  heaps,  and 
without  pressing  or  shaking  down. 

Act  Irish  Parliament,  1896. 
4f.  To  balance  the  accounts  in. 

And  the  said  journal],  with  two  other  bookes  to  lye 
upon  the  greencloth  dayly,  to  the  intent  the  accomptants 
and  other  particular  clerkes,  may  take  out  the  solutions 
entred  into  said  bookes,  whereby  they  may  strike  their 
lydgers,  and  soe  to  bring  in  their  accompts  incontinently 
upon  the  same. 

Ordinances  and  Regulations,  p.  229.    (HaUiwell.) 

5.  To  lower  or  dip ;  let,  take,  or  haul  down : 
as,  to  strike  the  topmasts;  to  strike  a  flag,  as  in 
token  of  surrender  or  salute ;  to  strike  or  lower 
anything  below  decks. 

Fearing  lest  they  should  fall  into  the  quicksands,  [they] 
strake  sail,  and  so  were  driven.  Acts  xx'vii  17 

Now,  strike  your  sailes,  yee  jolly  Mariners, 
For  we  be  come  unto  a  quiet  rode. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  42. 

The  Maltese  commanding  ours  to  strike  their  flag  for 
the  great  masters  of  Malta,  and  ours  bidding  them  strike 
for  the  King  of  England. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  I.  409. 

6.  To  take  down  or  apart ;  pack  up  and  remove  • 
fold :  as,  to  strike  a  tent ;  to  strike  a  scene  on  the 
stage  of  a  theater. 

The  king,  who  now  found  himself  without  an  enerav  In 

these  parts,  struck  his  tents,  and  returned  to  Gaza  in  Da- 

Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  II.  28. 

Yes,  on  the  first  bad  weather  you'll  give  orders  to  strike 
' tents-  Sheridan  (?),  The  Camp,  ii.  3. 

7.  To  lade  into  a  cooler,  as  cane-juice  in  sugar- 
making.—  8t.  To  dab;  rub;  smear;  anoint. 

They  shall  take  of  the  blood,  and  strike  it  on  the  two  side 
P°9ts-  Ex.  xii.  7. 

The  mother  said  nothing  to  this,  but  gave  nurse  a  cer- 

ch'ild'se ™ew'  h'      direction8  that  8he  should  strike  the 

Keijhtleys  Fairy  Mythology  (Bonn's  Ant  Lib-X  p.  302. 

9.  To  efface  with  a  stroke  of  a  pen;  erase; 
remove  from  a  record  as  being  rejected,  erro- 
neous, or  obsolete :  with  away,  out,  off.  etc.:  as 
to  strike  out  an  item  in  an  account. 

Madam,  the  wonted  mercy  of  the  king 

That  overtakes  your  faults,  has  met  with  this 

And  struck  it  out. 

Beau,  and  Fl. ,  King  and  No  King,  11. 1. 
That  thou  diiist  love  her,  strikes  some  scores  awav 
From  the  great  compt.          Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3.  66. 
Vernon  is  struck  o/the  list  of  admirals. 

Walpole,  Letters,  II.  18. 

Halifax  was  informed  that  his  services  were  no  longer 

needed,  and  his  name  was  struck  out  of  the  Council  Book 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,vi. 

10.  To  come  upon  suddenly  or  unexpectedly; 
nit  upon;  light  upon;   find;  discover:  as,  to 
strike  ml;  to  strike  ore ;  to  strike  the  right  path. 
[Chiefly  colloq.] 


12.  To  impress  strongly :   as,  the   spectacle 
struck  him  as  a  solemn  one. 

It  [the  temple  of  Baalbec)  strikes  the  Mind  with  an  Air  of 
Greatness  beyond  any  thing  that  I  ever  saw  before  and  is 
an  eminent  proof  of  the  Magnificence  of  the  ancient  \rclii- 
lecture.  MaundreU,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  137. 

I  have  been  struck,  also,  with  the  superiority  of  many  of 
the  old  sepulchral  inscriptions. 

Ining,  Sketch-Book,  p.  215. 

13.  To  appear  to:  as,  how  does  it  strike  youT 
Now,  Mrs.  Dangle,  didn't  you  say  it  struck  you  in  the 

same  light  ?  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

When  earth  breaks  up  and  Heaven  expands. 
How  will  the  change  strike  me  and  you, 
In  the  house  not  made  with  hands? 

Browning,  By  the  Fireside. 

14.  To  fall  into;  assume:  as,  to  strike  an  atti- 
tude. 

No  sooner  had  the  horses  struck  a  canter  than  Gibbie's 
jack-boots  .  .  .  began  to  play  alternately  against  the 
horse  s  flanks.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  iii. 

15.  To  give  a  blow  to;  smite;  hit;  collide  with; 
impinge  upon.    See  to  strike  down,  off,  out,  etc., 
below. 

The  servants  did  strike  him  with  the  palms  of  their 
hands.  Mark  xiv  gg 

He  at  Philippi  kept 

His  sword  e'en  like  a  dancer ;  while  I  struck 
The  lean  and  wrinkled  Cassius. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  iii.  11.  86. 
The  laird  strak  her  on  the  mouth. 

Till  she  spat  out  o'  blude. 
Laird  of  Wariettoun  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  110). 

16.  To  attack;  assail;  set  upon. 

That  was  the  lawe  of  lewes, 
That  what  woman  were  in  auoutrie  taken,  were  she  riche 

or  pore, 

With  stones  men  shulde  hir  stryke,  and  stone  hir  to  deth. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  xii.  77. 
The  red  pestilence  strike  all  trades  in  Rome  ! 

Shak.,  Cor.,  Iv.  1.  IS. 

Death  struck  them  in  those  Shapes  again, 
As  once  he  did  when  they  were  Men. 

Prior,  Turtle  and  Sparrow. 

17.  To  assail  or  overcome,  as  with  some  occult 
influence,  agency,   or  power;   smite;   shock; 
blast. 

I  will  go  study  mischief. 

And  put  a  look  on,  arm'd  with  all  my  cunnings 

Shall  meet  him  like  a  basilisk,  and  strike  him. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  False  One,  iv.  2. 

About  Maidstone  in  Kent,  a  certain  Monster  was  found 

strucken  with  the  Lightning,  which  Monster  had  a  Head 

like  an  Asa.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  75. 

Even  brave  men  have  been  struck  with  this  involuntary 

trembling  upon  going  into  battle  for  the  first  time,  the 

series  of  sensations  commencing  with  the  boom  of  the  yet 

distant  cannon. 

J.  M.  Carnochan,  Operative  Surgery,  p.  109. 

18.  To  knock;  dash:  as,  to  strike  one's  foot 
against  a  stone. 

He  struck  his  hand  upon  his  breast, 
And  kiss'd  the  fatal  knife.    Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1842. 

19.  To  deal  or  inflict:  with  blow,  stroke,  or  a 
similar  word  as  object. 

Hadst  thon  foxship 

lo  banish  him  that  struck  more  blows  for  Rome 
Than  thou  hast  spoken  words?    Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  2.  19. 
Not  riot,  but  valour,  not  fancy,  but  policy,  must  strike 
the  stroke.  Q.  Haney,  Four  Letters. 

Who  would  be  free,  themselves  must  strike  the  blow 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  76. 

20.  To  produce  by  blows  or  strokes:  as,  to 
strike  fire ;  to  strike  a  light. 

War  is  a  Fire  struck  in  the  Devil's  tinder-box. 

Howell,  Letters,  ii.  43. 

21.  To  cause  to  ignite  by  friction :  as,  to  strike 
a  match.— 22.   To  tap;  broach;  draw  liquor 
from:  as,  to  strike  a  cask. 

Strike  the  vessels,  ho  ! 
Here  is  to  Csesar!     Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  7.  103. 

23f.  To  take  forcibly  or  fraudulently;  steal: 
as,  to  strike  money.     [Slang.] 

Now  we  haue  well  bousd,  let  vs  strike  some  chete.   Now 
we  haue  well  dronke,  let  vs  steale  some  thing. 

Bp.  JBarle,  Micro-cosmographie,  App. 


strike 

24.  To  bring  suddenly  and   completely  into 
some  specified  state,  by  or  as  by  a  swift,  sharp 
blow  or  stroke :  as,  to  strike  one  dumb. 

S.  Paule  was  himselfe  sore  against  Christ,  til  Christ 
gaue  him  a  great  fal,  and  threw  him  to  the  ground  and 
strakc  him  starke  blind. 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  11. 

Oh,  hard  news !  it  frets  all  my  blood, 
And  strikes  me  stitfe  with  horrour  and  amazement 
Ueywood,  Fair  Maid  of  the  West  (Works,  ed.  1874,  II.  398). 
In  view  of  the  amazed  town  and  camp 
He  strake  him  dead,  and  brought  Peralta  off. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  i.  1. 

25.  To  pierce ;  stab. 

Yet  when  the  tother  answered  him  that  there  was  in 
euery  mans  mouth  spoke  of  him  much  shame,  it  so  ttrake 
him  to  yc  heart  that  w'  in  fewe  daies  after  he  withered  * 
consumed  away.  Sir  T.  More,  Rich.  III.  (Works,  p.  61  f). 

For  I  hit  him  not  in  vaine  as  Artagerses  did,  but  full  in 

the  forehead  hard  by  the  eye,  and  strake  him  through  and 

through  his  head  againe,  and  so  overthrew  him,  of  which 

North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  792. 

26.  To  produce  with  sudden  force ;  effect  sud- 
denly and  forcibly;  cause  to  enter. 

It  cannot  be  this  weak  and  writhled  shrimp 
Should  strike  such  terror  to  his  enemies 

fhak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3.  24. 
Bring  out  the  lady  :  she  can  quell  this  mutiny, 
And  with  her  powerful  looks  strilre  awe  into  them. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  False  One,  iv.  5. 
Waving  wide  her  myrtle  wand, 
She  strikes  a  universal  peace  through  sea  and!  land. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  52. 

27.  To  stamp  with  a  stroke;  impress;  hence, 
to  mint ;  coin :  as,  to  strike  coin  at  the  mint. 

The  princes  who  struck  these  medals,  says  Eugenius, 
seem  to  have  designed  them  rather  as  an  ostentation  of 
their  wealth  than  of  their  virtues. 

Addison,  Ancient  Medals,  ill. 

Here  they  are  thirty  good  Harry  groats  as  ever  were 
struck  in  bluff  old  Hal's  time.  Scott,  Abbot,  Tii. 


28.  To  cause  to  enter  or  penetrate;  thrust:  as, 
a  tree  strikes  its  roots  deep. 

Bedlam  beggars,  who,  with  roaring  voices, 
Strike  in  their  numb'd  and  mortified  bare  arms 
Pins,  wooden  pricks,  nails,  sprigs  of  rosemary. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  8. 16. 

29.  To  cause  to  sound ;  announce  by  sound : 
as,  the  clock  strikes  twelve;  hence,  to  begin  to 
beat  or  play  upon,  as  a  drum  or  other  instru- 
ment ;  begin  to  sing  or  play,  as  a  song  or  tune : 
often  with  up. 

Strike  up  the  drums.  Shot.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 179. 

Strike  the  Lyre  upon  an  untry'd  String. 

Congrece,  Taking  of  Namure. 

When  the  college  clock  struck  two,  Hogg  would  rise  in 
spite  of  Shelley's  entreaty  or  remonstrance,  and  retire  for 
the  night.  E.  Dowden,  Shelley,  I.  «7. 

30.  To  make;  effect;  conclude;  ratify:  as,  to 
strike  a  bargain .    [Compare  the  Latin  fadvs  fe- 
rire,  to  strike  a  treaty ;  also  the  phrase  to  strike 
hands.] 

The  rest  strike  truce,  and  let  loue  scale  firm  leagues  twlxt 
Greece  and  Troy.  Chapman.  Iliad,  iii.  98. 

A  bargain  was  struck;  a  sixpence  was  broken ;  and  all 
the  arrangements  were  made  for  the  voyage. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvi. 

Be  admonished,  by  what  you  already  see,  not  to  strike 
leagues  of  friendship  with  cheap  persons,  where  no  friend- 
ship can  be.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  195. 

31.  To  cease,  stop,  quit,  or  knock  off  as  a  coer- 
cive measure :  as,  to  strike  work. 

I  never  heard  of  authors  strikingwork,  as  the  mechanics 
call  it,  until  their  masters  the  booksellers  should  increase 
their  pay.  Scott,  in  Lockhart's  Life,  xi. 

Don't  yo  think  I  can  keep  three  people  ...  on  sixteen 
shillings  a  week  ?  Dun  yo  think  it 's  for  mysel'  I'm  striking 
work  at  this  time?  Mrs.  Gaskell,  North  and  South,  xvil 

32.  To  make  a  sudden  and  pressing  demand 
upon;  especially,  to  make  such  a  demand  suc- 
cessfully :  as,  to  strike  a  friend  for  fifty  dollars. 
[Colloq.]— 33f.  To  match,  as  the  stock  and 
counterstock  of  a  tally  (see  tally) ;  hence,  to 
unite;  join. 

Ill  find  a  portion  for  her,  if  you  strike 
Affectionate  hearts,  and  joy  to  call  you  nephew. 

Shirley,  The  Brothers,  L  1. 
34f.  To  fight;  fight  out. 

They  fight  near  to  Auxerre  the  most  bloody  battle  that 
ever  was  struk  in  France. 

Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  Pref.,  p.  xx. 
We,  that  should  check 
And  quench  the  raging  fire  in  others'  bloods, 
We  strike  the  battle  to  destruction  ? 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  iv.  2. 

35.  To  draw  (lines)  on  a  surface  or  on  the  face 
of  a  piece  of  stuff,  as  by  snapping  or  twanging 
a  chalked  string  stretched  tightly  along  it. — 

36.  In  carp.,  to  form  (a  molding)  with  a  mold- 
ing-plane.— 37.  To  harpoon  or  bomb  (a  whale). 
—  38.  In  angling,  to  hook  (a  fish  when  it  rises 
to  the  fly  but  fails  to  hook  itself).     It  is  ac- 
complished by  a  quick  dexterous  turn  or  twist 


strike 

of  the  wrist.— 39.  To  put  (fish)  in  a  strike- 
barrel. —  40.  In  electroplating,  to  produce  the 
beginning  of  a  deposit  of  metal  upon,  as  on  a 
plato  or  other  article  of  metal  placed  in  the 
electroplating  solution.  The  work  is  said  to  bo 
HI, •!«•/.•  as  soon  as  a  uniform  film  of  deposited 
metal  distinctly  appears  upon  its  surface. — 

41.  In  color-making  and  di/i-int/,  to  affect  (a 
coloring  matter)  so  as  to  obtain  the  desired 
precipitation  of  color  in  the  vat  or  on  the  fabric 
by  the  addition  of  the  proper  color-producing 
chemical.     See  color-striker. 

A  simpler  method  of  dyeing  by  means  of  bichromates 
is  also  given, .  .  .  by  which  the  logwood  is  struck  of  an  in- 
tense black  and  fixed. 

O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  86. 

42.  In  electric  lighting,  to  produce  (the  arc)  by 
parting  the  carbons.-A  struck  battle*,  a  hard- 
fought  battle. 

Ten  struck  battles 
I  suck'd  these  honour'd  scars  from,  and  all  Roman. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  i.  1. 

Strike  me  luck,  strike  me  lucky,  a  familiar  expression 

used  in  making  a  bargain,  derived  from  the  old  custom  of 

striking  hands  together  in  ratification  of  the  bargain,  the 

buyer  leaving  in  the  hand  of  the  seller  an  earnest-penny. 

But  if  that 's  all  you  stand  upon, 

Here,  strike  me  hick,  it  shall  be  done. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  i.  540. 

Striking  the  fiars.  See  far,  2.— Striking-up  press. 
See  prasi.— Struck  Jury.  Ker/uru.  -To  strike  a  bal- 
ance, to  compare  the  summations  on  both  sides  of  an  ac- 
count, in  order  to  ascertain  the  amount  due  by  either  party 
to  the  other.— To  strike  a  center  or  centering,  in  arch. 
See  enOtHnffi.—To  strike  a  docket.  See  docket.— To 
Strike  a  lead,  (a)  In  mining,  to  light  on  a  lode  or  vein 
of  metal.  (!>)  To  enter  on  any  undertaking  that  proves 
successful.— To  strike  all  of  a  heap.  See  heap,— To 
strike  an  answer  (or  other  pleading),  to  strike  it  out 
as  improper  or  insufficient.  (Local,  U.  S.J  — To  Strike 
down,  (a)  To  prostrate  by  a  blow ;  fell.  (6)  In  fisheries, 
to  head  up  and  stow  away  barrels  of,  as  flsh. — To  strike 
Ore.  See  fire.  —  To  strike  from,  to  remove  with  or  as 
with  a  blow  or  stroke  :  as,  to  strike  a  name/rom  a  list. 

Among  the  Arabians  they  that  were  taken  in  adultery 
had  their  heads  stricken  from  their  bodies. 

Homilies,  Serm.  against  Adultery,  p.  120. 
To  strike  hands.  See  hand.— To  strike  off.  (a)  See 
def.  9.  (6)  (1)  To  cancel ;  deduct :  as,  to  strike  of  the  in- 
terest of  a  debt.  (2)  To  separate  or  remove  by  a  blow  or 
stroke :  as,  to  strike  off  what  is  superfluous  or  injurious. 

Ffroni  thense  we  entred  in  to  the  gardeyn,  and  visited 
the  placa  wher  oursavyor  was  takyn  and  where  Seynt 
Petir  Stroke  of  Malcus  eere. 

Torkimjton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travel],  p.  29. 
(3)  To  print :  as,  to  strike  of  a  thousand  copies  of  a  book. 
—To  strike  piL  see  oil.—lo  strike  out.  (a)  To  pro- 
duce by  collision,  as  by  blows  or  strokes :  as,  to  strike  old 
sparks  with  steel. 

My  pride  struck  out  new  sparkles  of  her  own. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  75. 

(6)  See  def.  9.  (c)  To  plan  quickly  or  for  fin  emergency  ; 
devise  ;  invent ;  contrive :  as,  to  strike  out  a  new  plan  of 
finance,  (d)  In  baseball,  to  put  out,  as  the  pitcher  does 
the  batter  when  the  latter  is  unable  in  a  certain  number 
of  trials  to  hit  the  ball :  as,  he  struck  out  three  men  in 
succession. — To  strike  root,  sail,  soundings,  tally. 
See  the  nouns.  —  To  Strike  up.  (a)  To  begin  to  play  or 
sing :  as,  to  strike  up  a  tune. 

Strike  up  our  drums,  to  find  this  danger  out. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2.  179. 
(6t)  To  send  up ;  give  out. 

Let  the  court  not  be  paved,  for  that  striketh  up  a  great 
heat  in  summer,  and  much  cold  in  winter. 

Bacon,  Building  (ed.  1887). 

(c)  To  enter  upon  by  mutual  agreement;  begin  to  culti- 
vate :  as,  to  strike  up  an  acquaintance  with  somebody. 

She  [Mme.  de  Souza]  charmed  and  delighted  me,  and  we 
struck  up  an  intimacy  without  further  delay. 

Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  IV.  174. 

strike  (strik),  n.  [<  ME.  strike,  stric,  strek, 
streek  (=  LG.  striek) ;  <  strike, ».]  1.  A  wooden 
implement  with  a  straight  edge  for  leveling  a 
measure  of  grain,  salt,  etc.,  by  striking  off  what 
is  above  the  level  of  the  top;  a  strickle. 

Wing,  cartnave  and  bushel,  peck,  strike  ready  [at]  hand. 
Tusser,  Husbandly  Furniture,  st.  i. 

2.  A  piece  of  wood  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
pottery,  in  brickmaking,  etc.,  to  remove  super- 
fluous clay  from  a  mold. — 3.  A  puddlers'  stir- 
rer;  a  rabble. — 4f.  A  stanchion  in  a  gate,  pali- 
sade, railing,  or  the  like. 

Stowe  says  "there  were  nine  tombs  of  alabaster  and 

marble,  invironed  with  strikes  of  iron,  in  the  choir."    See 

preface  to  the  "Chronicle  of  the  Grey  Friars  of  London." 

Piers  Plowman's  Crede  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Notes,  p.  39. 

5.  In  metal-working,  a  hook  in  a  foundry  to 
hoist  the  metal. —  6.  The  direction  or  run  of  a 
bed  or  member  of  a  stratified  formation,  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  the  points  of  the  com- 
pass. See  bearing,  12,  and  cut  under  dip. 

The  Devonian  sandstones  .  .  .  are  exposed  in  rugged 
cliffs  slightly  oblique  to  their  line  of  strike,  along  a  coast- 
line of  ten  miles  in  length,  to  the  head  of  the  bay  [Qaspe]. 
Dawson,  Geol.  Hist,  of  Plants,  p.  106. 

7.  An  English  dry  measure,  consisting  regularly 
of  two  bushels.  It  was  never  in  other  than  local  use. 


5993 

and  varied  in  different  localities  from  half  a  hnslu'1 1.,  four 
bushels. 

He  selleth  all  the  malt  or  corn  for  the  best,  when  there 
be  but  two  strikes  at  the  best  in  his  sack. 

Latimer,  Misc.  Sel. 
Jailer.  What  dowry  has  she? 
Dautjh.  Some  two  hundred  bottles, 
And  twenty  strike  of  oats  ;  but  he'll  ne'er  have  her. 

n-irlier  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  •_'. 
Mow  many  strike  of  pease  would  feed  a  hog  fat  against 
Christide?  Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  ii.  1. 

8.  A  handful  or  bunch  of  flax,  jute,  or  other 
fiber,  either  ready  for  heckling  or  after  heck- 
ling ;  a  striek. 

This  pardoner  hadde  heer  as  yelow  as  wux, 
But  smoothe  it  heng  as  doth  a  strike  of  flux. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  676. 

9.  In  sugar-making  and  -refining,  the  quantity 
of  syrup  emptied  at  one  time  into  the  coolers ; 
also,  the  quantity  of  sugar  boiled  or  crystallized 
at  one  time:  as,  to  boil  a  strike;  to  run  off  a 
strike. 

The  strike  is  now  done,  air  is  admitted  to  the  pan,  and 
the  contents  are  run  otf  into  the  "mixer." 

The  Century,  XXXV.  114. 

10.  Inbase-ball:  (a)  An  unsuccessful  attempt  of 
the  batter  to  hit  the  ball,     (fc)  A  ball  so  pitched 
as  to  pass  over  the  home-plate,  and  considered 
by  the  umpire  as  one  that  the  batter  should 
have  tried  to  strike. — 11.  In  American  bowl- 
ing, a  play  by  which  one  of  the  contestants 
knocks  down  all  the  balls  with  one  bowl,  en- 
titling him  to  add  to  his  score  as  many  points 
as  the  number  of  the  pins  knocked  down  with 
the  first  two  balls  of  his  next  play.   Also  called 
ten-strike.    Compare  spare1,  n.,  2. — 12.  A  con- 
certed or  general  quitting  of  work  by  a  body  of 
men  or  women  for  the  purpose  of  coercing  their 
employer  in  some  way,  as  when  higher  wages  or 
shorter  hours  are  demanded,  or  a  reduction  of 
wages  is  resisted ;  a  general  refusal  to  work  as 
a  coercive  measure.    Compare  lockout. 

Accounts  at  that  time  [1362]  of  strikes  in  the  building- 
trade  are  particularly  numerous. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  cxliv. 

There  have  been  times  and  incidents  when  the  strike 
was  the  only  court  of  appeals  for  the  workingraan,  and 
the  evil  lay  in  the  abuse  of  them  and  not  in  the  use  of 
them.  Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVII.  292. 

13.  Any  unscrupulous  attempt  to  extort  money 
or  to  obtain  other  personal  advantage  by  initiat- 
ing an  attack  with  the  intention  of  being  bought 
off,  as  by  introducing  a  bill  into  a  legislature, 
hostile  to  some  moneyed  interest,  with  the  hope 
of  being  paid  to  let  the  matter  drop.  [Political 
slang,  U.  S.]  — 14.  Full  measure;  especially, 
in  brewing,  full  measure  of  malt :  thus,  ale  of 
the  first  strike  is  that  which  has  its  full  allow- 
ance of  malt  and  is  strong. 

Three  hogsheads  of  ale  of  the  first  strike.  Scott. 

15.  In  coining,  the  whole  amount  struck  at  one 
time. — 16.  In  type-founding,  an  imperfect  ma- 
trix for  type;  the  deeply  sunken  impression  of 
the  engraved  character  on  a  punch  in  a  short  and 
narrow  bar  of  copper:  so  called  because  the 
punch  is  struck  a  hard  blow  with  a  hammer. 
Also  known  as  unjustified  matrix,  or  drive.  See 
type-fo  u  nding. 

When  the  letter  is  perfect,  it  is  driven  into  a  piece  of 
polished  copper,  called  the  drive  or  strike.  This  passes 
to  the  justifier,  who  makes  the  width  and  depth  of  the 
faces  uniform  throughout  the  fount. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIIL  699. 

17.  A  metal  piece  which  is  inserted  in  a  door- 
jamb,  and  against  which  the  latch  strikes  as 
the  door  closes.     It  is  beveled  to  permit  the  easy 
closing  and  self-latching  of  the  door.    Also  called  striker- 
plate. 

18.  Same  as  stick3, 10. — 19.  In  soap-making: 
(a)  The  general  crystalline  appearance  of  hard 
soaps,  which  is  characteristic  of  soaps  which 
retain  the  normal  amount  of  water,  and  in 
which  the  saponification  and  separation  have 
been  complete.   (6)  The  proper  and  character- 
istic marbling  of  well-made  mottled  soaps. — 
By  the  strike,  by  measure  not  heaped  up,  but  having 
wnat  was  above  the  level  of  the  measure  scraped  off  with 
a  strike.— Strike  Of  day,  the  dawn  or  break  of  day. 

If  I  was  to  speak  till  strike  o'  day. 

Dickens,  Hard  Times,  a  4. 

strike-a-light  (strik'a-lit"),  n.  A  piece  of 
flint  trimmed  into  the'shape  of  a  gun-flint,  but 
somewhat  larger,  used  with  pyrites  or  steel  for 
procuring  fire  from  the  sparks.  Such  implements 
have  been  frequently  found  among  prehistoric  relics. 
They  have  been  used  from  remote  ages,  and  are  still  man- 
ufactured and  sold  for  that  purpose. 

Another  strike-a-light  which  I  lately  bought  in  a  stall 
at  Treves  is  about  2  inches  long  by  13  broad,  and  is  made 
from  a  flat  flake,  trimmed  to  a  nearly  square  edge  at  the 
butt-end,  and  to  a  very  flat  arc  at  the  point. 
Evans,  Ancient  Stone  Implements  of  Great  Britain,  p.  283. 


strikingness 

strike-block  (strik'blok),  //.     In  <•«//•/,.,  a  plane 

shorter  than  a  jointer,  used  for  shoot .ing  a  short 

joint. 
Strike-fault  (strik'falt),   n.    In  ijcul.,  a  fault 

running  in  the  same  general  direction  as  the 

strike  of  the  si  nil  a  u  ln-re  it  Od 
Strike-or-Sllent  (stnk'ov-M  lent),  «.    In  hurul., 

a  piece  which  >cts  the  striking-media ni.-m  of  a 

clock  in  or  out  of  action,     i'..  II.  hnii/lit. 
strike-pan  (strik'pan),  n.     In  .SHI/'"'-""""'.'-. 

same  as  teaclie  or  teaeke-fa*, 
Strike-pay  (strik'pa),   n.     An  allowance  paid 

by  a  trades-union  to  men  on  strike. 
In  one  memorable  case,  at  least,  a  great  i  tii]il'0<  r  .  .  . 

himself  nave  tlri/ce  pay  to  his  own  men,  when,  under  a 

sense  of  social  duty,  they  left  his  works  empty 

Nineteenth  Century,  XX  \ 

Strike-plate  (strik'plat),  n.  The  keeper  for  a 
beveled  latch-bolt, against  which  it  strikes  so  as 
to  snap  shut  automatically.  Car-Builder's  I>i< '. 

striker  (stri'ker),  n.  [<  strike  +  -erl.]  1.  One 
who  strikes,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  »•/<  il.-< . 
Specifically— (at)  A  robber. 

I  am  joined  with  no  foot-land  rakers,  no  long-staff  six- 
penny strikers.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  il.  1.  82. 
(6)  A  workman  who  with  others  quits  work  in  order  to  co- 
erce their  employer  to  accede  to  their  demands. 

The  method  employed  by  the  Strikers  in  this  country, 
during  the  past  ten  years,  and  more  especially  in  their  re- 
cent strikes,  is  most  unreasonable,  violent,  as  well  as  dis- 
astrous in  its  results.  If.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  602. 

(c)  One  who  seeks  to  effect  a  strike,  in  sense  13.  (Polilii  ;il 
slang,  U.S.] 

If  he  can  elect  such  a  ticket  even  in  Virginia  alone,  he 
will  take  the  field  after  election  as  a  striker,  and  will  offer 
his  electoral  votes  to  whichever  candidate  will  give  the 
highest  terms.  The  Nation,  Sept.  6, 1883,  p.  200. 

(d)  In  the  United  States  army,  a  soldier  detailed  to  act  as 
an  officer's  servant.    See  strike,  v.  i.,  10.    (et)  A  wencher. 
Massinger.    (/t)  A  harpooner. 

Where-ever  we  come  to  an  anchor,  we  always  send  out 
our  strikers,  and  put  our  hooks  and  lines  overboard  to  try 
for  flsh.  Dumpier,  Voyages,  I.  us. 

(.<;)  In  the  hardware  districts  of  England,  a  workman  who 
manages  the  flre,  heats  the  steel,  and  assists  the  forger. 
(K)  An  assistant  or  inferior  shipwright,  (i)  A  man  em- 
ployed to  strike  off  the  superfluous  quantity  of  grain,  salt, 
etc.,  from  the  top  of  a  measure. 

2.  That  which  strikes.    Specifically— (o)  A  species 
of  tilt-hammer  operated  directly  from  the  engine.    (6)  A 
hardened  mold  upon  which  a  softened  steel  block  is  struck 
to  receive  a  concave  impression,  (c)  The  hammer  of  a  gun, 
the  stroke  of  which  fires  the  piece,    (d)  An  automatic  ap- 
paratus which  regulates  the  descent,  at  the  pioper  time 
and  place,  of  the  ruling-pens  of  a  paper-ruling  machine. 

(e)  Tne  lever  which  puts  a  machine  into  motion.    {Eng.  j 

3.  In  ornith.,  a  tern  or  sea-swallow.     [Local, 
U.S.] — 4.  In  the  menhaden-fishery:  (a)  The 
man  who  manages  the  striker-boat.  A  vessel  usu- 
ally has  two  striker-boats,  with  one  man  in  each ;  these 
row  close  to  the  school  of  flsh,  observe  its  course,  signal  the 

Surse-crew  to  set  the  seine,  and  drive  the  fish  in  the  desired 
irection  with  pebbles  which  they  carry  in  the  boats. 
(6)  A  green  hand  who  works  at  low  wages 
while  learning  the  business,  but  is  one  of  the 
crew  of  a  vessel. 

Striker-arm  (stri'ker-arm),  n.  A  seat-arm. 
Car-Builder's  Diet. 

striker-boat  (stri'ker-bot).  «.  In  the  menha- 
den-fishery, the  striker's  boat.  See  striker,  4  (a). 

striker-out  (stri'k6r-ouf),  n.  In  lawn-tennis, 
the  player  who  receives,  and  if  possible  re- 
turns, the  ball  when  first  served. 

It  now  becomes  the  duty  of  the  adversary,  called  the 
striker-out,  to  return  the  ball  by  striking  it  with  his  racket 
in  such  a  manner  that  it  shall  pass  back  over  the  net  to 
the  service  side.  Encyc.  Brit,,  XXIII.  179. 

Striker-plate  (stri'ker-plat),  n.    Same  as  strike, 

striking  (stri'king),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  strike,  v.} 
1.  The  removal  of  the  center  upon  which  an 
arch  has  been  built.  See  striking-plate. —  2. 
The  propagation  of  plants  by  cuttings  or  slips. 

Striking  (stri'king),  p.  a.  Standing  out  prom- 
inently and  conspicuously,  so  as  strongly  to 
impress  the  eye  or  the  mind;  prominent; 
notable;  impressive;  remarkable;  surprising: 
as,  a  striking  resemblance ;  a  striking  remark. 

The  most  striking  characteristic  of  the  poetry  of  Milton 
is  the  extreme  remoteness  of  the  associations  by  means  of 
which  it  acts  on  the  reader.  Macaulay,  Milton. 

striking-beam  (stri'king-bem),  «.  A  cylindri- 
cal horse  on  which  hides,  when  removed  from 
the  tanning-liquor,  are  placed.  While  drying 
they  are  struck  or  scraped  from  time  to  time. 

strikingly  (stri'king-li),  adr.  In  a  striking 
manner;  in  such  a  manner  as  to  surprise  or 
impress;  forcibly;  impressively. 

The  force  of  many  strikingly  poetic  passages  has  been 
weakened  or  unperceived,  because  their  origin  was  un- 
known, unexplored,  or  misunderstood. 

T.  Warton,  Pref.  to  Milton's  Smaller  Poems. 

strikingness  (stri'king-nes),  n.  Striking  char- 
acter or  quality. 


striking-plate 

Striking-plate  (stii'kiug-plat). «.  In  carp.,  in  a 
centering  used  in  erecting  an  arch  of  masonry, 
a  device  for  lowering  or  setting  free  the  center- 
ing under  the  arch  when  completed,  it  consists 
of  a  compound  wedge  secured  by  keys.  When  the  keys 
are  driven  out,  the  wedge  slips  backward,  and  causes  the 
centering  to  full. 

Striking-solution  (stii'king-sp-lu"shon),  11.  A 
weak  solution  of  silver  cyanide,  witn  a  large 


Duck-weed  .  .  .  putteth  forth  a  little  rHin*/  into  the 
water,  far  from  the  bottom.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  6«7. 
(d)  In  mining,  a  thin  seam  or  branch  of  a  lode;  a  small 
vein  :  a  fissure  filled  with  mineral  or  metalliferous  matter, 
but  wanting  in  regularity  and  permanence.  (<•)  A  nerve  or 
tendon  of  au  animal  body. 

Heart  with  strings  of  steel, 
Be  soft  as  sinews  of  the  new-born  babe ! 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3.  70. 


stringer 

2.  To  walk  or  move  along  in  a  string  or  discon- 
nected line;  straggle:  as,  they  came  stringing 
along.  [Colloq.]  — 3.  In  MUiards,  to  hit  one's 
ball  so  that  it  will  go  the  length  of  the  table  and 
back,  to  determine  who  shall  open  the  game, 
string-band  (string'band),  w.  A  band  composed 
of  stringed  instruments,  or  the  stringed  instru- 
ments of  such  a  band  taken  by  themselves. 


proportion  of  free  potassium  cyanide,in  which     7-  A  cord  orthread  on  which  anything  is  filed;  string-bark  (string'biu-k),  n.     Same  as  stn,i</i/- 

metals  to  be  silver-plated  are  immersed  for  a     a  nle;  also,  a  set  of  things  strung  on  a  string    bar/,: 

few  seconds  to  effect  an  instantaneous  deposit     or  nle:  as'  a  *'™"£°*  beadsj  hence,  any  series  string-bean  (string'ben),  ».     A  bean  of  which 

of  silver  on  the  metal  in  order  to  insure  a  per- 
fect coating  in  the  silver-bath  proper, 
striklet,  striklert.    Old  spellings  of  strirkic, 

gtrickler. 
String  (string),  n.     [<  ME.  string,  streng,  strynge, 

<  AS.  streiii/c  =  MD.  strenglie,  stringlie,  D.  streng, 

strenge,  strenk  (streng-),  ttrank  (strong-)  =  LG. 

strenge  =  OHG.  strung,  MHG.  strtinc,  strange. 


of  persons  or  things  connected  or  following  in  the  green  pods  are  used  for  food,  prepared  be- 
succession;  a  series  or  succession  of  persons,  fore  cooking  by  stripping  off  the  fibrous  thread 
animals,  or  things  extending  in  a  line.  along  their  back.  Varieties  of  the  common 

Sw  Harry  hath  what  they  call  a  string  of  stories,  which     kidney-bean,  or  French  bean,  are  so  treated, 
he  tells  every  Christmas.  Steele,  Guardian,  No.  42.  string-block   (string'blok),   «.     In  pianoforte- 

No  king  or  commonwealth  either  can  be  pleased  to  see     making,  the  wooden  block  into  which  are  driven 
t  string  of  precious  coast  towns  in  the  hands  of  a  foreign     the  studs  for  holding  the  loops  of  the  ends  of 

tlu>  strings  furthest  from  the  tuning-pins. 


power. 


E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  291. 


mwrwnyv    -^    w-tw*   or/ttfii/j   .iu.iJ.VJi.   OIVMHI-J     ^i/iinr/'  ,  o         A      1  f  T_  L*""&°   *  lv   miiJiifiMJlllB* 

G.  strong  =  Icel.  strengr  =  Dan.  streng  =  Sw.  8-  f  dr-°ve  or  company  of  horses  or  steers;  a  string-board  (string'bord),  n.    In  carp.,  aboard 

strang, a  string,  line,  cord;  perhaps  <  AS.  strtm;/,  '  that  supports  any  important  part  of  a  frame- 

etc.,  strong  (see  strong);  otherwise  akin  to  L.        flolng  into  the  corral,  and  standing  near  the  center,  each     work  or  structure;    especially,  a  board  which 

stringere,  draw  tight,  Gr.  aTpcr/yd^r/,  a  halter,  antaals  tlmTaVeTrottinVand^  sustains  the  ends  of  the  steps  in  a  wooden 


frpeyytf,  hard-twisted:  see  straini,  stringent, 
strangle.'}  1.  A  slender  cord;  a  thick  thread; 
a  line;  a  twine;  a  narrowband,  thong,  or  rib- 
bon ;  also,  anything  which  ties. 

I'll  knit  it  up  in  silken  strings, 
With  twenty  odd-conceited  true-love  knots. 

Shale.,  T.  0.  of  V.,  ii.  7.  45. 
Queen  Mary  came  tripping  down  the  stair, 
Wi'  the  gold  strings  in  her  hair. 

Mary  //omitton  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  123). 
Vouchsafe  to  be  an  azure  knight, 
When  on  thy  breast  and  sides  Herculean 
He  flx'd  the  star  and  string  cerulean. 

Swift,  Poetry. 

Mrs.  General  Likens  had  her  bonnet-strings  untied ;  she 
took  it  off  her  head  as  she  got  out  of  the  buggy. 

W.  M.  Baiter,  New  Timothy,  p.  80. 

2.  A  strip,  as  of  leather,  by  which  the  covers 
of  a  book  are  held  together. 

Many  of  those  that  pretend  to  be  great  Rabbles  in  these 
studies  have  scarce  saluted  them  from  the  strings  and  the 
titlepage,  or,  to  give  'era  more,  have  bin  but  the  Ferrets 
and  Moushuuts  of  an  Index. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

3.  The  line  or  cord  of  a  bow. 

The  best  bow  that  the  yeman  browthe 

Roben  set  on  a  stryng. 

Robin  Hood  and  the  Potter  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  27). 
4. 

cord  or  wire  by  the  vibration  of  which  tones 
are  produced.  The  materials  most  used  are  gut,  as  in 
instruments  of  the  lute  and  viol  families,  and  brass  or 
steel,  as  in  the  mandolin,  the  zither,  and  the  pianoforte, 
though  silk  is  also  used.  Silk  strings  are  usually,  and 
metal  strings  sometimes,  wound  with  light  silver  wire  to 
increase  their  weight ;  and  such  strings  are  often  called 
sttoer  strings.  The  pitch  of  the  tone  produced  depends 
on  the  density,  tension,  and  vibrating  length  of  the  string. 
The  vibration  is  produced  either  by  plucking  or  twanging 
with  the  finger,  by  a  plectrum,  or  by  a  jack,  as  in  the  lute 
and  harp  families  generally,  and  in  the  harpsichord ;  by 
the  friction  of  a  bow,  as  in  the  viol  family ;  by  a  stream 
of  air,  as  in  the  reolian  harp;  or  by  the  blow  of  a  hammer 
88  j i  enlUlc'i,ner..an,dAhe  P'an°fort*-  The  strings  are 
are 


round  the  circle.  "~  T.'Roosefelt,  The  Cen"tury"xx~XV  65&         aircase.     Also  called  striiig-pierc  or  xtriiiiirr. 

t*tt&SttStt&'*a^*&&f-Z£*SZ 

of  the  game.  There  is  a  string  for  each  player  or  side, 
one  white  with  every  fifth  button  black,  the  other  the  con- 
verse of  this,  for  convenience  in  counting  the  buttons  to 
be  moved  along  the  wire  for  each  run  made  by  either  player 
or  side,  (ft)  The  score,  tally,  or  number  of  points 
scored  by  either  player  or  side  at  any  stage  of  a 
game :  as,  he  made  a  poor  string  at  first,  but  won. 
(e)  A  stroke  made  by  each  player  from  the  head 
of  the  table  to  the  opposite  cushion  and  back,  to 
determine,  by  means  of  the  resultant  positions 
of  the  balls,  who  shall  open  the  game. — 10. 
In  arc/!.,  a  string-course. — 11.  lu  ship-building, 
the  highest  range  of  planks  in  a  ship's  ceiling, 
or  that  between  the  gunwale  and  the  upper 
edge  of  the  upper-deck  ports.— 12.  In  print- 
ing, a  piece-compositor's  aggregate  of  the  proofs 

.tory.    [Pi-inters   stringed  (stringd),  a.     [<  string  +  -erf2.]     j. 
,8el5?**;t'.1-n~*S?!    Having  strings;  furnished  with  strings:  as,  a 
stringed  instrument. — 2.  Produced  by  strings 
or  stringed  instruments. 

Divinely-warbled  voice 
Answering  the  stringed  noise. 

Hilton,  Nativity,  1.  97. 

3.  Fastened  with  a  string  or  strings;  tied. 
Stringed  like  a  poor  man's  heifer  at  its  feed. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  v. 
Bob  took  up  the  small  stringed  packet  of  books 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floas,  Iv.  8. 


String-course  (sculptured), 
Amiens  Ca 


century.    (From  triforuim  of 
•al,  France.) 


Iwv 

In  musical  instruments,  a  tightly  stretched    cut  to  miter  with  the  end  of  the  riser- False  string 
a  or  wire  b 


in  a  musical   instrument,  an  imperfect  string,  giving 

an  uncertain  or  untrue  sound. — Instrument  of  ten 

strings,  in  the  Bible,  a  variety  of  nebel  or  psaltery  — 

Italian  string.    See  Italian.— Open  string,  in  musical 

instruments  of  the  stringed  group,  a  string  that  is  not 

stopped  or  shortened  by  the  finger  or  a  mechanical  stop, 

but  is  allowed  to  vibrate  throughout  its  full  length.— 

Order  of  the  Yellow  String.    See  order.— Plaited 

string  work.   See  plaited  —  Roman  string.    See  Jto- 

man — Rough [String.  See  rough  string.— Silver  string. 

See  def.  4. —  Soprano  String.    Same  as  chanterelle  1.— 

Sympathetic  string.    See  sympathetic.— The  whip 

with  six  strings.    See  the  Six  Articles,  under  article.—     . 

To  harp  on  one  string.    See  harp.-lo  have  two  stringency  (stnn'jen-si),  n. 


4.  In  her.,  furnished  with  a  string  of  any  sort, 
as  a  cord  or  ribbon. 

[<  stringen(t)  + 


named  either  by  the  letters  of  the  tones  to  which  they  String   (String),   r. ;   pret.  and  pp.  strung, 
reeresentat0ive8Vo'fat?lbr8'    The  8malle?t.  8trinS  of  8everal     Bringing.  [<  string,  n.  As  with  rhig*,  the  sti 
to?rcetontere«e,8becaliIseUcomnmonTy  Iwed'for'the'prlnrfpBj     forms  of  tlle  principal  parts  conform  to 


melody  or  cantus.  The  tuning  of  strings  is  effected  usually 
by  means  of  tuning-pins  or  -pegs,  which  in  lutes  and  viols 
are  placed  in  the  head  of  the  instrument,  but  in  harps, 
zithers,  and  pianofortes  in  one  side  or  rim  of  the  frame. 


--  — ..~«  ....nilirs  may  be  di- 
minished, and  the  pitch  of  their  tones  raised,  by  pressing 
them  with  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand  against  the  finger- 
board. The  exact  places  for  such  shortening  or  "stop- 
ping are  sometimes  marked  byfrets,  as  in  theguitarand 
also  In  the  zither.  The  modern  harp  is  provided  with  a 
mechanism  for  raising  the  pitch  of  certain  sets  of  strings 
one  or  two  semitones  by  means  of  pedals. 


_.        ~      W         ">  fa — fm  \-   *      "       '    *"y"\"f 

-cy.J  Stringent  character  or  condition,  (o) 
Tightness ;  straitness :  as,  a  stringency  in  the  money-mar- 
ket (&)  Strictness ;  closeness ;  rigor :  as,  the  stringency  of 
the  regulations  was  increased. 

As  the  known  exactness  of  the  unifonnity  became 
greater,  the  stringency  of  the  inference  increased. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  156. 


strings  to  one's  bow.    See  («/»••-'. 

'rung,  ppr 
the  strong 

nn  to  the 

supposed  analogy  of  sing,  sang,  sung,  etc.]    I. 
trans.    1.   To  furnish  with  strings. 

..,„„.„<,  Orpheus' lute  was  <*™ngwia,  poets'  sinews  stringendo  (strin-jen'do).     [It.,  ppr.  of  strin- 

Not  only  has  each  instrument  had  a  varying  number  of     o    _  gere,  <  L.  stringere,  draw  tight,  compress:  see 

strings  in  different  countries  and  at  different  periods,  but     2.  To  put  in  tune  the  strings  of,  as  of  a  stringed     xtrinner,  M     Tn 

the  accordatura,  or  system  of  pitches,  to  which  they  are     instrument  music,  pressing  or  accelerating 

tuned  has  also  varied/  The  vibrating  length  of  the  sMngI  Tere  the  Mus<    o  oft  her  haro  ha.  *«  "'?  te^P° '  "8Ually  Wlth  a  crescendo-     Also  «'»- 

.n  instruments  of  the  .lute  and  viol  families  may  be  E  jS^SSS^^SSKSSi 

Addition,  Letter  from  Italy.   Stringent  (stnn  jent),  a.      [<  L.  stringen(t-)s, 

3.  To  make  tense ;  impart  vigor  to ;  tone.    See    F*^****"*'  d,raw  *fcht'  compress,  contract, 
high-strung. 

Toil  strung  the  nerves  and  purified  the  blood. 

itrydcn,  Epistle  to  John  Dryden,  1.  89. 
Sylvia  was  too  highly  strung  for  banter. 

Mrs.  Gotten,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  vil. 
4. 


Of  instrnuientes  of  stringes  in  acord 
Herde  I  so  pleye  a  ravyshing  swetnesse. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  1'owls,  1.  197. 
Yell  take  a  lock  o'  my  yellow  hair,  . 
Yell  make  a  string  to  your  fiddle  there 
The  Bonny  Bows  o'  London  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  362). 
There 's  not  a  string  attuned  to  mirth 
But  has  its  chord  in  Melancholy. 

5.  pi.    Stringed 
stringed  instruments 
taken  collectively— t  , 

loncellos,  and  double  basses  — in  distinction 
Irom  the  wind  and  the  percussires. 
Praise  him  upon  the  strings  and  pipe. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Psalter,  Pa.  el.  4. 

6.  Something  resembling  a  string.    (a)  A  tendril 
or  vegetable  fiber ;  particularly,  the  tough  substance  that 

0         ^^  "  le*umino"8  ?"»'«" : 


, 

touch,  graze,  stroke,  etc. :  see  strain!,  strict,  and 
cf.  strike.']  It.  Tightening  or  binding;  draw- 
ing tight.  Thomson. —  2.  Straitened;  tight; 
constrained;  hampered  by  scarcity  or  lack  of 
available  funds:  as,  a  stringent  money-market. 
— 3.  Strict;  close;  rigorous;  rigid;  exacting; 


To  thread  file^^^^ 

-6.  To  prepare  for  use,  Is  a  bow! by  LndSg    "»  ^l**?**"**''  '"^  "S01™8^ 

it  sufficiently  to  slip  the  bowstring  into  iS  ^gf^JS.Wfc 


or  pearl  -stringer. 

8.  To  deprive  of  strings;  strip  the  strings  from:     2.  A  device  for  attaching  piano-strings  to  a 
as,  to  srn'wflr  beans.—  9t.  To  carve  (lampreys),     ridge  cast  specially  for  that  purpose  on  the 

plate,  instead  of  winding  them  around  tuning 


Bnbees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  265. 

II.  intrant.  1.  To  stretch  out  into  a  string 
or  strings  when  pulled ;  become  stringy. 

Let  it  [varnish]  boll  until  It  strings  freely  between  the 
fingers.  Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  64. 


wrest-pins  inserted  in  the  wrest-pin  plank,  it  is 
a  small  hooked  steel  bar  with  a  screw-threaded  shank  that 
is  passed  through  the  ridge  and  then  secured  by  a  nut. 
The  wire  string  is  first  passed  through  a  hole  In  the  hooked 
end  of  the  stringer,  and  then  looped  once  around  the  hook. 


string 
A  corruption  of 

Stringy  character 
W,  B.  Carpenter, 


stringer 

in  tunini;,  the  string  is  tightened  by  turning  the  nut  on 
the  shauk  of  the  stringer. 

3.  In  railiruii  (.'ill/in.,  :i  longitudinal  timber  on 
which  a  rail  is  fastened,  an<l  which  rests  on 
transverse  sleepers.— 4.  In  ship-lidtding,  an  in- 
side strake  of  plank  or  of  plates,  secured  to  the 
ribs  and  supporting  the  ends  of  the  beams;  a 
shelf.  See  cut  under  la-tim,  2  (</). —  5.  In  i-nr/i. : 
(n)  A  horizontal  timber  connecting  two  posts 
in  a  framework.  (6)  Same  as  xtrin<i-lx>ard.— 
6.  A  tie  in  a  truss  or  a  truss-bridge.— 7f.  A  for- 
nicator;  a  wencher. 

A  whoreson  tyrant !  hath  been  an  old  ttritu/cr  in  his  days 

I  warrant  him ! 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  i.  i. 

8.  A  small  stick  or  switch  used  to  string  fish 

on  by  the  gills. 

string-gage  (striug'gaj),  n.  A  gage,  like  a  wire- 
gage,  for  measuring  the  size  of  a  string  for  a 

musical  instrument. 
string-halt  (string 'halt),  », 

spring-halt. 
stringiness  (string'i-nes), «. 

or  condition;  fibrousness. 

Micros.,  $  360. 
Stringing  (stringing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  string, 

i-.]    \.  In  xill,-- man uf.,  same  &s  glossing.—  2.  pi. 

Straight  or  curved  inlaid  lines  in  buhl-work, 
stringless  (string'les),  «.     [<  string  +  -less.} 

Without  strings. 

His  tongue  ia  now  a  stringless  instrument. 

Shut.,  Kich.  II.,  ii.  1.  149. 
stringmant  (string'man),  n.    A  musician  who 

plays  upon  a  stringed  instrument. 

Some  use  trumpetts,  some  shalmes,  some  small  pipes, 
some  are  xtrinyemen. 
MSS.  Hard.  No.  610,  in  Collier's  Eng.  Dram.  Poetry,  1. 32. 

String-minstrel  (string'min''strel),  n.  A  min- 
strel who  accompanies  himself  on  a  stringed 
instrument.  Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  278. 

Stringopidae  (string-gop'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Stringops  +  -idee.}  Same  as  Strigopidse. 

Stringopinae  (string-go-pi'ne),  n.  pi  [NL.,< 
Stringops  +  -inse.}  Same  as  Strigopinse. 

Stringops,    Stringopsis  (string'gops,  string- 

gop'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  or  ply  %  (arpiyy-)  (>  L. 
strix,  strig-),  a  screech-owl  (<  arpifctv,  cry, 
squeak),  +  ui/>,  face,  eye.]  Same  as  Strigops. 

string-orchestra  ( string 'dr'kes-trii),  «.  A 
string-band. 

String-Organ  (string'6r//gan),  n.  A  musical  in- 
strument with  a  keyboard,  characterized  by  a 
graduated  set  of  vibrators  or  free  reeds,  which 
are  severally  connected  by  rods  with  a  corre- 
sponding set  of  wires  or  strings  in  such  a  way 
that  the  vibrations  of  the  reeds  are  communi- 
cated to  the  appropriate  strings.  The  tones  thus 
secured  are  sweet  and  pure,  combining  some  of  the  ad- 
vantages of  both  the  harmonium  and  the  pianoforte. 

string-pea  (string'pe),  n.     See  peal,  i. 

string-piece  (8tring'pes),«.  A  name  of  various 
parts  in  constructions  of  wood,  (a)  That  part  of  a 
flight  of  stairs  which  forms  its  ceiling  or  sofiit.  (6)  Same 
as  string-board,  (c)  A  long  piece  of  timber,  especially  one 
used  to  support  a  floor,  (d)  In  a  frame,  a  horizontal  con- 
necting-piece, (e)  A  heavy  horizontal  piece  of  squared 
timber  carried  along  the  edge  of  the  front  of  a  wharf  or 
of  cribwork,  to  hold  the  timbers  in  place,  and  strengthen 
the  whole. 

string-plate  (strin^'plat),  «.  In  pianoforte- 
making,  the  metal  plate  which  carries  the 
string-block.  It  was  originally  made  separate, 
but  is  now  combined  in  a  single  casting  with 
the  entire  frame. 

stringwood  (string'wud),  n.  A  small  euphor- 
biaceous  tree,  Acalypiia  rubra,  formerly  of  St. 
Helena,  now  extinct.  It  wag  a  handsome  tree, 
named  from  its  pendent  spikes  of  reddish  male 
flowers. 

Stringy  (string'i),  a.  [<  string  +  -yl.}  1. 
Consisting  of  strings  or  small  threads ;  fibrous; 
filamentous :  as,  a  stringy  root. 

Power  by  a  thousand  tough  and  strinyy  roots 
Fixed  to  the  people's  pious  nursery-faith. 

Coleridge,  tr.  of  Schiller's  Piccolomini,  iv.  4. 

2.  Bopy;  viscid;  gluey;  that  may  be  drawn 
into  a  thread. 


5996 

and  southern  Australia,  in  Victoria  fn>m  its  uivKiirioiu 
habit  called  messmate-tree  (V\M-\\  set).  A  common  stj  incy- 
bark  of  Victoria  and  New  south  Walrs  is  /•:.  maerorrkyn- 
cha,  a  smaller  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  used  for  various 
purposes.  Other  stringy-barks  are  E.  capitellata,  E.  cu- 
ttmada  i:  >.  <r,,i,,,iin,  /•:,  ;,i,vr.»v, ,-,/-•  <iu..,i]>  known  as 
tallmr-wtjml),  K.  iriperita  (white  Btringy-bark),  anil  K.  mnyij. 
<h, linn ;  the  last  two  are  also  called  jteiiirrmiitt  I,. 
cut  under  Kiiralijjitm.  Also  called  x<ri,i:i-lmrl, . 

Split  ntrin;/-l,nrk  timber  is  the  usual  material  for  fences 
in  Australia,  when  procurable.  A.  I..  Gordon, 

2.   In  Australia,  a  post  and  rail  fence. 

strinkle  (itring'kl),  <•.  t.  and  /.;  pret.  and  pp. 
rtrtnWed,  ppr.  xtrink-lin<i.  [<  MK.  stri,,l;tt;,. 
stri'iil.ii'ii,  titrrnkrlni,  frcq.  of  xtn-iiki-ii,  sprinkle; 
origin  uncertain.  The  resemblance  to  .v/ic/W,-/. 
is  appar.  accidental;  but  the  word  may  be  a 
var.  of  sprinkle,  perhaps  due  to  initial  confor- 
mation with  strew.}  To  strew  or  sprinkle  spar- 
ingly. [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Strinkling  (string'kling),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of 
strtnl-le.  r.]  1.  The  act  of  one  who  strinklcs.— 
2.  That  which  is  strinklcd ;  a  small  quantity. 

Men  whose  brains  were  seasoned  with  some  strinkliiu/i 
at  least  of  madness  an'1  ~' 


stripe 

libers.      /•.'.  //.  Knif/lil.  —  13.    In    lile-iiiiikiiiij.  to 


They  hoard  up  glue,  whose  clinging  drops, 
Like  pitch  or  bii  '  ' 


up  glue,  whose  clinging  drops, 
I'inl  linir.  hang  in  stringy  ropes. 
Addison,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics, 


iv. 


3.  Sinewy;  wiry.     [Colloq.] 
A  stringy  little  man  of  about  fifty. 

Jerrold,  Men  of  Character,  Job  Pippins,  iii. 

4.  Marked  by  thread-like  flaws  on  the  surface : 
as.   stringy    glass ;    stringy  marble.      Marble- 
worker.  §  8. 

Stringy-bark  (string'i-bark),  n.  1.  One  of  a 
class  of  Australasian  gum-trees  (Knciili//i/nn) 
distinguished  by  a  tenacious  fibrous  bark.  The 
common  stringy  bark  is  /;.  MUfiia,  abounding  in  Tasmania 


Dr.  H.  More,  On  Godliness,  xiv.  (  11.    (Trench.) 
striolate  (stri'o-lat),  «.      [<  NL.  "striolatus,  < 
"striola,  dim.  of  L.  stria,  a  furrow:  see  stria.} 
In  hot.,  minutely  striate. 

Striolet  (stri'o-let),  w.  [<  NL.  "striola  (dim.  of 
L.  stria)  +  -et.}  In  entoui.,  a  short  stria  or  im- 
pressed line.  Kirbii. 

Strip1  (strip),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stripped  or  stript, 
ppr.  stripping,  [(a)  <  ME.  stripen,  strecpen, 
strepen,  strnpen  (pret.strepte,striipte,f>V-  strept, 
i-struped),  <  A8.  "strypun,  *strepini,  in  comp. 
be-strypa-n,  rob,  plunder,  =  MD.  stroopen,  rob, 
plunder,  skin,  strip,  also  bind,  strain,  etc.,  D. 
stroopen  =  MLG.  stropen,  plunder,  strip,  = 
OHG.  stroufen,  MHG. stroufen,  G.  streifen,  strip, 
skin,  flay;  (6)  cf.  D.  strippen,  strip  (leaves), 
whip,  =LG.  strepen,  strip  (leaves),  etc.,  =  MHG. 
striefen,  skin,  flay.  The  two  sets  of  forms  (to 
either  of  which  the  ME.  stripen,  strepen  could 
be  referred)  are  more  or  less  confused  with 
each  other,  and  with  the  forms  of  strip2,  stripe; 
but  they  appear  to  be  orig.  distinct.  The  two 
senses  'rob'  or  'plunder'  and  'skin'  are  not 
necessarily  connected,  though  rob  and  reave 
supply  a  partial  analogy.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  rob; 
plunder;  despoil;  deprive;  divest;  bereave: 
with  of  before  the  thing  taken  away :  as,  to 
strip  a  man  of  his  possessions;  to  strip  a  tree 
of  its  fruit. 

Wherefore  labour  they  to  strip  their  adversaries  of  such 
furniture  as  doth  not  help?     Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  ii.  7. 
If  such  tricks  .  .  .  strip  you  out  of  your  lieutenantry. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1.  173. 

Like  Thieves,  when  they  have  plundered  and  stript  a 
man,  leave  him.  Wycherley,  Ep.  Ded.  to  Plain  Dealer. 

2.  To  deprive  of  covering;  remove  the  skin  or 
outer  covering  of;  skin;  peel:  with  of  before 
the  thing  removed :  as,  to  strip  a  beast  of  its 
skin;  to  strip  a  tree  of  its  bark. 

The  forward,  backward  falx,  the  mare,  the  turn,  the  trip, 
When  stript  into  their  shirts,  each  other  they  invade 
Within  a  spacious  ring.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  i.  244. 

A  simple  view  of  the  object,  as  it  stands  stripped  of  ev- 
ery relation,  in  all  tin-  nakedness  and  solitude  of  meta- 
physical abstraction.  Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

3.  To  uncover;  unsheathe. 

On,  or  strip  your  sword  stark  naked. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4.  274. 

4.  To  unrig:  as,  to  strip  a  ship. — 5.  To  tear 
off  the  thread  of:  said  of  a  screw  or  bolt:  as, 
the  screw  was  stripped. —  6.  To  pull  or  tear 
off,  as  a  covering  or  some  adhering  substance : 
as,  to  strip  the  skin  from  a  beast;  to  strip  the 
bark  from  a  tree;  to  strip  the  clothes  from  a 
man's  back :  sometimes  emphasized  with  off. 

And  he  stripped  off  his  clothes  also.          1  Sam.  MX.  24. 
She  stripp'd  it  from  her  arm. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4.  101. 

7.  To  milk  dry;  press  all  the  milk  out  of:  as, 
to  strip  a  cow. — 8.  In  fish-culture,  to  press  or 
squeeze  the  ripe  roe  or  milt  out  of  (fishes). 
After  the  flshes  are  stripped  the  spawn  of  opposite  sexes 
is  mixed  together;  and  after  this  artificial  fecundation 
the  eggs  are  hatched  by  artificial  methods. 
9.  In  agri.,  to  pare  off  the  surface  of  in  strips, 
and  turn  over  the  strips  upon  the  adjoining 
surface.  Imp.  Diet. —  10f.  To  separate;  put 
away:  with/row*. 

His  .  .  .  unkindness, 
That  stripped  her/rom  his  benediction. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  3.  45. 

11.  In  tonacco-mamif.,  to  separate  (the  wings 
of  the  tobacco-leaf)  from  the  stems.  E.  H. 
Knight. — 12.  In  carding,  to  clean  (the  teeth  of 
the  various  cylinders  and  top  flats)  from  short 


.         .      .  .  .  . 

cs  lilr  and  draw-file  (a  die-blank)  in  order 
to  bring  it  to  accurate  form  and  to  clean  the 
surface  preliminary  to  grinding  and  cutting.  — 

14.  In  niiiiiiii/,  to  remove  the  overlying  soil  or 
detrital  material  from  (any  bed  or  mineral  de- 
posit which  it   is  desired  to  open  and  work).  — 

15.  In  i/ii/i-iini/,iii(/,  to  turn  (the  exterior  of  a 
gun-barrel)  in  a  lathe  in  such  manner  that    it*- 
longitudinal  axis  shall  coincide  with  the  axis 
of  t  he  bore.  —  16t.  To  run  past  or  beyond  ;  out- 
run; outstrip.      See  outstrip. 

Alnte  we  ran  the  deer,  and  through  the  lawnds 
Slrijijn/  »  itli  our  nags  the  lofty  frolic  buekt. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay 
=  8yn.  2.  To  denude,  lay  bare. 

II.  iiitrniif.  1.  To  take  off  the  covering  or 
clothes;  uncover;  undress.  —  2.  To  lose  the 
thread,  as  a  screw,  or  have  the  screw  stripped 
off,  as  a  screw-bolt.  —  3.  To  issue  from  a  rifled 
gun  without  assuming  the  spiral  turn:  said  of 
a  projectile.  Farrow.  —  4.  To  come  off,  as  an 
outer  covering  (as  bark);  separate  from  an 
underlying  surface.  —  5.  To  be  stripped  of  milt 
or  spawn.  Compare  I.,  8. 

strip2  (strip),  n.     [Another  form  of  stripe:  see 

xlriftf.     Strip  is  to  stripe  as  bit  to  bite,  smit  to 

smite.    It  is  commonly  referred  to  stripl,v.}    1. 

A  narrow  piece,  comparatively  long  :  as,  a  strip 

of  cloth;  a  strip  of  territory.  —  2.  An  ornamen- 

tal appendage  to  women's  dress,  formerly  worn  : 

it  is  spoken  of  as  worn  on  the  neck  and  breast. 

When  a  plum'd  fan  may  shade  thy  chalked  face, 

And  lawny  strips  thy  naked  bosom  grace. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  iv.  61. 
A  stomacher  upon  her  breast  so  bare. 
For  strips  and  gorget  were  not  then  the  weare. 

Dr.  Smith,  Penelope  and  Ulysses,  1.  1668. 

3.  A  stripling;  a  slip.     George  Eliot,  Middle- 
march,  xlvi.  —  4.  In  joinery,  a  narrow  piece  of 
board  nailed  over  a  crack  or  joint  between 
planks.  —  5.  In  mining,  one  of  a  series  of  troughs 
forming  a  labyrinth,  or  some  similar  arrange- 
ment, through  which  the  ore  flows  as  it  comes 
from  the  stamps,  and  in  which  the  particles  are 
deposited  in  the  order  of  their  equivalence. 

Strip3  (strip),  ».  [Sc.  also  strype,  streape,  dim. 
strypie;  perhaps  another  use  of  strip2.  Cf  .  strip- 
pet.}  1.  A  rill.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  Destruction  of 
fences,  buildings,  timber,  etc.  ;  waste.  [U.  8.] 

Strip-armor  (strip'ar"mor),  n.  Armor,  espe- 
cially for  the  legs,  used  'in  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries,  and  showing  broad  raised 
strips  alternating  with  sunken  bands. 

stripe  (strip),  H.  [<  ME.  stripe  (stripe,  prob. 
also  stripe,  >  E.  strip?),  <  MD.  strijpe,  strepe,  D. 
streep  =  MLG.  stripe,  LG.  stride,  a  stripe  or  strip, 
=  MHG.  G.  slreif=  Dan.  stribe  (<  D.).  a  stripe, 
strip  ;  cf.  strip*,  strip?.}  1.  A  streak  of  a  dif- 
ferent color  from  that  of  the  ground  ;  a  long 
narrow  division  of  something  of  a  different 
color  from  the  ground  :  as,  a  stripe  of  red  on  a 
green  ground  ;  nence,  any  linear  variation  of 
color.  Compare  streak2,  stria,  striga.  —  2.  Anar- 
row  piece  attached  to  something  of  a  different 
color  or  texture:  as,  the  red  stripe  on  the  leg 
of  a  soldier's  trousers.  —  3.  Generally,  a  strip  or 
narrow  piece. 

The  whole  ground  that  is  sown,  to  the  sandy  ascent  of 
the  mountains,  is  but  a  narrow  stripe  of  three  quarters  of 
a  mile  broad.  Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  I.  75. 

4.  A  long  narrow  discolored  mark  made  on 
flesh  by  the  stroke  of  a  lash  or  rod;  a  wale; 
her.  ^e,  a  stroke  made  with  a  lash,  whip,  rod. 
strap,  or  scourge. 

Forty  stripes  he  may  give  him,  and  not  exceed. 

Deut.  xxv.  s. 
5t.  A  blow;  a  stroke. 

Euery  one  gyue  but  one  suer  stripe,  &  snerly  ye  iorney 
is  ours.  Hall,  Chron.,  Kich.  III.,  an.  8. 

But,  when  he  could  not  quite  it,  with  one  rtripe 
Her  lions  clawes  he  from  her  feete  away  did  wipe. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xi.  27. 

6.  Distinctive  color;  particular  kind  or  char- 
acter; hence,  distinguishing  characteristic:  as, 
a  politician  of  the  Republican  stripe. 
I  shall  go  on  :  and  first  in  differing  stripe 
The  flood-god's  speech  thus  tune  an  oaten  pipe. 

W.  Brmune,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  I.  2. 
Various  poems  are  of  a  democratic,  liberal  stripe,  in- 
spired by  the  struggle  then  commencing  over  Europe. 

Stedman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  26«. 

Bengal  stripe,  a  kind  of  cotton  cloth  woven  with  col- 
ored stripes;  gingham.—  Cirrus  stripe,  a  long  thin  stripe 
of  cirrus  cloud,  generally  occurring  in  parallel  rowswhicn, 
by  the  effect  of  perspective,  usually  appear  to  be  conver- 
gent.  The  motion  of  these  stripes  is  usually  either  broad- 
Bide  forward,  or  oblique  to  their  length. 

dime-stripes  lie  in  regions  of  maximum  pressure  most 
often  nearly  perpendicular  to  the  Isobar. 

Abmramby,  Weather,  p.  94. 


stripe 

obie's  Stripe.  Same  as  Krause's  membrane  (which  see, 
ider  membi-ane).— Spanish  stripes.  See  Spanish.— 
-jars  and  stripes.  Sec  atari.— TO  come  to  hand 
stripes*,  to  come  to  close  quarters;  fight  hand  to  hand. 
Bretuie,  tr.  of  ijuintus  Curtius,  ix. 
striue  (strip),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  striped,  ppr. 
gtrvping.  [<.itrijic,n.]  1 .  To  make  stripes  upon ; 
form  with  lines  of  different  colors;  variegate 
with  stripes. — 2.  To  strike;  lash.  [Rare.] — 3f. 
To  thrust, 

He  has  striped  his  bright  brown  brand 
Out  through  Clerk  Saumlers'  fair  bodye. 

Clerk  Saunden  (Child's  Ballads,  IL  48> 

Droved  and  striped.    See  drow\ 

striped  (stri'ped  or  stript),  a.  1.  Having 
stripes.  See  streaked.  Striped  and  streaked  are  sy- 
nonymous, but  differ  slightly  as  stripe  and  streak  do,  the 
former  implying  greater  firmness,  evenness,  and  regular- 
ity of  the  markings  indicated :  as,  a  striped  zebra ;  streaked 
soap.  —  Striped-barked  maple,  striped  dogwood. 
Same  as  striped  maple.— Striped  dormouse,  function, 
jasper.  See  the  nouns.— Striped  grass.  Sameasn'6- 
boii-r/rass.—  Striped  maple,  mullet,  perch,  snake, 
splnebelly,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Striped  muscle, 
striated  muscle.  See  mumilar  tissue  (with  cut),  under 
muscular.—  Striped  squirrel,  the  chipmunk. 

Striped-bass  (stri'ped-bas),  n.  koccus  Uneatus, 
the  bass  or  rockfish.  See  cuts  under  bass  and 
(jill.  [U.  S.] 

Stripetail  (strip'tal),  n.  A  humming-bird  of 
the  genus  Ettpherusa,  of  which  there  are  several 
species. 

strip-leaf  (strip'lef),  n.  Tobacco  from  which 
the  stalks  have  been  removed  before  packing. 

strip-lights  (strip'lits),  n.  pi.  In  a  theater, 
rows  of  lights  fastened  behind  wings. 

stripling  (stripping),  n.  [Appar.  <  strip?  + 
-ling1.]  A  youth  in  the  state  of  adolescence, 
or  just  passing  from  boyhood  to  manhood ;  a 
lad.  Manderille,  Travels,  p.  278. 

And  the  king  said,  Enquire  thou  whose  son  the  strip- 
ling is.  1  Sam.  xvii.  56. 

And  now  a  stripling  cherub  he  appears. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  Hi.  636. 

Stripper  (strip'er),  n.  [<  strip1  +  -er1.]  One 
who  strips,  or  an  implement  or  machine  used 
for  stripping.  Specifically  — (o)  In  wool-carding:  (1) 
A  small  card-roll  the  function  of  which  is  to  remove  or 
strip  the  fiber  from  another  roll  In  a  carding-machine. 
The  fiber  thus  stripped  off  is  delivered  to  some  other 
carding-roll  or  worker.  In  some  carding-machines  a  strip- 

rr  is  used  to  take  the  wool  from  the  licker-in  and  deliver 
to  the  breast-cylinder.  (2)  An  automatic  device  for 
lifting  the  top  cards  or  flats  employed  in  some  kinds  of 
wool-carding  machines.  Also  called  angle-stripper.  (b) 
A  machine  for  smoothing  down  old  and  worn-out  files 
to  make  them  reaJy  for  recutting ;  a  file-stripper,  (c)  An 
implement  used  on  osier-farms  for  stripping  off  willow- 
bark.  One  form  is  an  annular  scraper  through  which  the 
willows  or  switches  are  drawn  after  starting  the  bark 
sufficiently  to  allow  the  wood  tu  pass  through  the  scraper 
and  be  grasped  by  a  pair  of  nippers.  The  bark  thus 
stripped  off  is  used  for  medicinal  purposes,  and  the  peeled 
switches  are  used  for  baskets  and  other  willow  wares. 

strippett  (strip'et),  n.  [<  stripZ  +  -et.]  A 
small  brook;  a  rivulet.  Holiiished,  Deserip.  of 
Scotland,  x. 

Stripping  (stripping),  «.    [Verbaln.  of  strip1,  i\] 

1.  That  which  is  removed  by  stripping. 

Light  strippings  from  the  fan-trees. 

Brooming,  Paracelsus,  iv. 

2.  pi.  The  last  milk  drawn  from  a  cow,  procured 
by  a  downward  stripping  action  of  the  thumb 
and  forefinger. — 3.  In  Jish-cultitre,  the  opera- 
tion of  pressing  ripe  spawn  or  milt  out  of  the 
live  fish. — 4.  In  quarrying  and  mining,  the  act 
of  removing  the  superficial  detritus,  soil,  etc., 

Kreparatory  to  opening  a  mine  or  quarry,  or  to 
lybare  the  surface  for  examination;  also,  the. 
material  thus  removed. 

stripping-knife  (strip'ing-nlf),  n.  A  knife  for 
separating  the  blades  of  sorghum  from  the  stalks 
to  prepare  them  for  grinding.  E.  H.  KnigM. 

stripping-plate  (strip 'ing -plat),  n.  A  'fixed 
plate  rigidly  attached  to  a  wheel  or  roller,  to 
scrape  or  strip  off  any  adhering  material,  as  in 
paint-grinding  mills,  clay-crushers,  and  in  some 
rolling-mills  for  metals  which  adhere  to  rollers. 

stripulose  (strip'u-los),  a.  In  entom.,  covered 
with  coarse,  decumbent  hairs,  as  the  elytra  of 
.  certain  beetles. 

stripy  (stii'pi),  n.  Stripe-like;  occurring  in 
stripes ;  marked  by  streaks  or  stripes. 

Strisores  (stri-so'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.;  origin  ob- 
scure.] An  artificial  order  or  suborder  of  birds, 
including  a  number  of  picarian  families.  It  was 
divided  by  Cabanis  into  ifacrochirei  (the  humming-birds, 
swifts,  and  goatsuckers)  and  Amphibolse  (the  colies,  toura- 
cous,  and  hoactzins).  [Not  in  use.) 

Stritchel  (strich'el),  ».  An  assibilatedform  of 
strickle. 

strive  (striv),  v.  i. ;  pret.  strove,  pp.  striven  (for- 
merly also  striven,  Rom.  xv.  20),  ppr.  striv- 
ing. [<  ME.  striven,  stryven,  strifen  (orig.  a 


5996 

weak  verb,  pret.  strived,  afterward  conformed 
to  the  analogy  of  strong  verbs  like  drive,  pret. 
drove,  with  pret.sfro/,  xtrote,  pp.  striven),  <OF. 
estriver  =  Pr.  estribar,  strive,  prob.  <  OHG. 
*striban,  in  deriv.  weak  verb,  MHG.  G.  streben 
=  D.  streven  =  MLG.  strevcn,  LG.  strcwen  =  Svv. 
striifcu  =  Dan.  streebe,  strive;  cf.  Icel.  striillm 
=  Svv.  strida,  strive  :  see  stride,  and  cf.  strife.] 

1.  To  make  strenuous  effort  ;  endeavor  earnest- 
ly ;  labor  hard  ;  do  one's  endeavor;  try  earnest- 
ly and  persistently:  followed  by  an  infinitive: 
as,  ho  strove  hard  to  win  the  prize;  to  strive  to 
excel;  to  strive  to  pay  one's  way. 

Strive  to  enter  in  at  the  strait  gate.  Luke  xiii.  24. 

I'll  strive  ...  to  take  a  nap. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  v.  3.  104. 

When  there  is  perfect  sincerity  —  when  each  man  is  true 
to  himself  —  when  everyone  strives  to  realize  what  he  thinks 
the  highest  rectitude  —  then  must  all  things  prosper. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  518. 

2.  To  contend;   struggle;   battle;  fight:   fol- 
lowed by  with,  against,   or  for:  as,  to  strive 
against  fate;  to  strive  for  the  truth. 

First  with  thl  betttr  be  waar  for  to  stryue, 
Agens  thi  felaw  uoo  quarel  thou  contryue. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  p.  68. 
While  lesvs  strove  with  Sathans  strong  Temptations. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  1. 

Against  the  Deity  'tis  hard  to  strire. 

Prior,  Second  Hymn  of  t'allimachus. 

Striving  with  love  and  hate,  with  life  and  death, 
H'itli  hope  that  lies,  and  fear  that  threateneth. 

H'  ill  fit  HI  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  151. 

3.  To  vie;  contend  for  preeminence:  with  iritli. 

With  the  rose  colour  stroof  hire  hewe. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  180. 
Nor  that  sweet  grove 
Of  Daphne  by  Orontes,  and  the  inspired 
Castalian  spring,'  might  n-Hli  this  Paradise 
Of  Eden  strive.  Milton,  P.  L,  IT.  275. 

4.  To  quarrel  or  contend  with  one  another;  be 
at  variance  one  with  another,  or  come  to  be 
so;  be  in  contention,  dispute,  or  altercation. 

Do  as  adversaries  do  in  law, 
Strive  mightily,  but  eat  and  drink  as  friends. 

Shak.,1.  of  the  8.,  1.  2.  279. 

5.  To  oppose  by  contrariety  of  qualities:  with 
with. 

Now  private  pity  strove  with  publick  hate, 
Reason  with  rage,  and  eloquence  with  fate. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  On  the  Earl  of  Stratford's  Trial 

[and  Death. 

=  8yn.  1.  Undertake,Endeamr,etc.(B.ee  attempt);  seek,  aim, 
toil.—  2.  To  compete,  contest  —  4.  To  dispute,  wrangle. 
strive  (striv),  n.     [<  strive,  v.]     A  striving; 
an  effort;  a  strife.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
striver  (stri'ver),  n.     [<  strive  +  -eri.]    One 
who  strives  or  contends  ;  one  who  makes  ef- 
forts of  body  or  mind.     Glanville. 
striving  (stri'ving),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  strive,  v.'] 
Strenuous  or  earnest  effort;  struggle;  endea- 
vor. 

Failure  after  long  perseverance  is  much  grander  than 
never  to  hare  a  striving  good  enough  to  be  called  a  fail- 
ure. George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  ixiL 


(stri'  ving-li),  adv.  In  a  striving  man- 
ner ;  with  earnest  or  persistent  efforts  or  strug- 
gles. Imp.  Diet. 

Strix  (striks),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  strix  (strig-),  <  Gr. 
orp/f  (arpty-),  a  screech-owl,  perhaps  <  "arpit^etv, 
equiv.  to  rpl&iv,  creak,  grate,  croak.]  A  Lin- 
nean  genus  of  owls,  (at)  Containing  all  the  Strige». 
(b)  Restricted  to  the  barn-owls  :  same  as  Aluco.  See  cut 


Barred  Owl  (Strix  nebttlosa). 


strobile 

under  barn-owl,     (c)  Restricted  to  the  wood-owls,  like 
Strix  stridula,  having  the  facial  disk  complete,  circular, 
and  no  plumicorns.     In  this  sense  it  is  now  omnium!) 
employed.    The  common  barred  owl  of  the  t"nit<  -il 
is  btrix  nebulosa.    .see  cut  in  preceding  column. 

stroakt,  stroakingt.  Obsolete  spellings  of 
stroke^,  stroking. 

Stroamt  (strom),  v,  i.  [Prob.  a  var.  of  stn/nii 
(as  so«i«2  for  seam"),  perhaps  associated  with 
roam:  see  stream,]  If.  To  wander  about  idly 
and  vacantly.  —  2.  To  walk  with  long  strides. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

He,  ejaculating  blessings  upon  his  parents,  and  calling 
fur  just  vengeance  upon  himself,  stroamed  up  and  down 
the  room.  Mme.  D'Arblay,  Camilla,  iii.  10.  (Davits.) 

strob  (strob),  ».     [<  Gr.  arp6()o(,  a  twisting  or 

whirling  round,  <  ar/tfQetv,  turn,  twist.  Cf.  strob- 

ile, stroplie.~\     The  angular  velocity  of  one  ra- 

dian per  second. 
Strobic  (strob'ik),  a.    [<  strob  +  -ic.]    Appear- 

ing to  spin.—  gtroblc  circles,  a  number  of  circles 

drawn  concentrically  which  appear  to  spin  round  when 

they  are  moved  about. 
strobila  (stro-bi'la),  «.  ;  pi.  strobila  (-le).    [NL., 

<  Gr.  arpopiJai,  a  plug  of  lint  like  a  pine-cone,  cf  . 

arpi/ii^oi;,  anything  twisted,  a  pine-cone,  etc.  : 

see  strobile.]    In  zool.  :  ((t)  In  Bydrozoa,  a  stage 

in  the  development  of  a  discophoran,  super- 

vening upon  the  scyphisto- 

ma  or  hydra-tuba  stage  by 

the  development  of  ephyrse, 

and    before  these  become 

detached  from  one  another 

and  from  the   stalk   upon 

which    they    grow.      See 

rphyra,  1,  and  scyphistoma. 

(b)  In  Vermes,  a  segment- 

ed tapeworm  ;  the  chain  of 

zooids  formed  by  a  scolex 

and  the  proglottides  which 

have   successively  budded 

from  it.    (cf)  [cap.]   [NL.] 

A  supposed  genus  of  aca- 

lephs,  based  on  the  strp- 

biliform   stage   of   certain 

hydrozoans.      fiars,    1835. 

(d)  leap.]  [NL.]  lucntom., 

a  genus  of   lepidopterous 

insects.       Sodoffsl'y,  1837. 

strobilaceous    (strob-i-la'- 

Shius),     O.         [<    Strobile     + 
/T    -,      -     V>  -i-T 

-aceous.]    1.  Resembling  a 

strobile;  strobiliform.  —  2.  Bearing  strobiles; 

strobiliferous. 

strobilae,  n.    Plural  of  strobila. 

Strobilanthes  (strob  -i  -Ian  'thez),  n.  [NL. 
(Blume,1825),  so  called  from  the  inflorescence, 
usually  cone-like  when  in  bud;  <  Gr.  arp6f)i/.of, 
a  pine-cone,  +  av6of,  a  flower.]  A  genus  of 
gamopetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Acanlhacae 
and  tribe  Kuellieie.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with 
acute  linear  calyx-lobes,  a  somewhat  equally  nve-lobed 
corolla  with  a  short  or  long  and  slender  tube,  stamens 
four  and  perfect  or  two  perfect  and  two  rudimentary,  and 
two  or  perhaps  rarely  three  ovules  in  each  of  the  two 
ovary-cells.  There  are  about  180  species,  natives  mostly 
of  India,  scantily  represented  in  China,  Japan,  and  Ma- 
laysia, with  one  species  in  tropical  Africa.  They  are  herbs 
or  shrubs,  commonly  erect,  bearing  opposite  entire  or 
toothed  leaves,  which  are  in  a  few  species  very  unequal  in 
the  same  pair.  Their  usually  rather  large  and  handsome 
flowers  are  often  blue  or  purple,  and  form  dense  or  inter- 
rupted spikes  which  are  terminal  or  crowded  in  the  axils, 
and  are  sometimes  replaced  by  a  panicle  or  cyme.  The 
fruit  Is  an  oblong  or  linear  capsule  slightly  contracted  at 
the  base.  Several  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament, 
sometimes  under  the  name  cone-head.  S.  jfttfcidtfolius 
yields  the  room,  or  maigyee  dye,  of  India,  etc.  See  room?, 
and  cut  under  stama,  2. 

strobilate  (strob'i-lat),  v.  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  strob- 
ilated,  ppr.  strobilating.  [<  strobile  +  -ate2.] 
To  form  or  develop  strobiles  ;  be  or  become  a 
strobile;  effect  strobilation. 

strobilation  (strob-i-la'shon),  n.  [<  strobilate 
+  -ion.]  1.  Formation  or  production  of  strob- 
iles; metameric  division  of  a  scyphistoma  or 
hydra  tuba  into  medusae.  —  2.  Gemmation  of 
the  successive  links  or  joints  of  a  tapeworm; 
also,  the  transverse  fission  of  various  worms. 

strobile  (strob'il),  n.  [=  F.  strobile  =  G.  stro- 
bel,  a  pine-cone,  <  LL.  strobihts,  a  pine-cone,  < 
Gr.  arp6{li/.o(,  anything  twisted,  a  pine-cone,  a 
top,  sea-snail,  whirlpool,  twist  or  turn,  etc.,  < 
arpc6civ,  turn,  twist,  spin.]  1.  In  tot.,  a  cone 
(which  see,  and  cuts  under  Lepidostrobus  and 
pericarp).  Also  strobil  «.•.•. 

With  reference  to  fructification,  the  form  of  Lycopodi- 

tea  Miller!  renders  it  certain  that  it  must  have  borne  strob- 

iles at  the  ends  of  its  branchlets,  or  some  substitute  for 

these,  and  not  naked  spore-cases  like  those  of  Fsilophyton. 

Dawson,  Geol.  Hist,  of  Plants,  p.  101. 

2.  In  zool.,  a  strobila.  tyiiain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  1587. 


Two  Strobiles  or  Strobile, 
:,  t>,  of  Cyanea  fapillata. 


At  a  tentacles 


>*"Te  upon  the  stal 
e  slrobila. 


strobiliferous 

Strobiliferous  (strob-i-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  stro- 
bilits  (see  strobile,  2)  +  ferrc  =  E.  Bear1.]  In 
znol.,  bearing  a  strobile  or  chain  of  zooids:  as, 
the  strnhUiferous  stage  of  an  acaleph  or  a  worm. 

Strobiliform  (stro-bil'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  strobi- 
lus  (see  strobile)  •¥  forma,  form.]  lu  bot.  and 
,:<«;'.,  having  the  form  or  character  of  a  strobile. 

strobiline  (strob'i-lin),  a.  [<  Gr.  arpofli/ni,<. 
of  or  like  a  pine-cone,  <  oTp6pt).of,  a  pine-cone  : 
see  strobila."]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  strobile  or 
strobiles  ;  Strobiliform  ;  strobilaceous. 

strobilitet  (strob'i-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aTp6/)i%o(,  a 
pine-cone,  +  -ife2.]  A  fossil  pine-cone,  or  some- 
tiling  supposed  to  be  the  fruit  of  a  coniferous 
tree. 

stabilization  (stroVi-li-za'shon),  n.  [<  strobile 
+  -to1  +  -niton.]  Same  as  strbbiUition. 

The  second  mode  of  reproduction  [of  Scyphistoma},  the 
process  of  strobilization,  begins  later. 

Claus,  Zoiil.  (trans.),  p.  256. 


5997 


stroking 


2.  In  rowing,  specifically—  (n)  The  manner  or    Indoor  stroke.  See  outdoor  3.-  Split  stroke   See,  «w. 
stvlo  of  moving  the  oars  or  innkinff  strokes-  the     -Stroke  of  t!ie  glottis.  To  keep  stroke, 

styie  01  moving  tne  oais  or  maKingsnones,  in       m  ,.„„,-„„  ,,,  „„„.,.  ,|,,.  ,l:ll>  ,,,  „ 

handling  of  the  oars:  as,  to  set  the  stroke  for  stroke'  (slrok),  r.  /.  ;  mvt.  and  }<}>.  stroked,  ppr. 

xtrokhiu.    |<  ttrokd.  ».| 
strokestnan  to;  hiunlle  tin 
[Recent.] 

The  Yale  crew  have  lost  tlicir  Btroke.  ... 
thi;  university  <•!<•«  t"  vi. 


the  race;  the  *0v//.r  was  very  rapid  or  exhaust- 
ing, (b)  The  guiding-stroke:  us.  to  pull  stroke 
in  a  race.  (<•)  The  rower  who  sets  the  stroke ; 
the  stroke-oar  or  strokestnan. —  3.  A  line  or 
mark  impressed  by  or  as  if  by  a  sweeping  move- 
ment; hence,  a  part  of  an  impression  of  any 


v xxni.  :,:i. 


strobiloid  (strob'i-loid),  a.     [<  Gr.  arpAjJi^of,  a 

pine-cone,   +  eWof,  form.]     Like  a  strobile; 

Strobiliform:  as,  strobiloid  gemmation;  strobi- 

loid buds.     Encyc.  Brit. 
strobilophagOUS  (strob-i-lof  a-gus),  a.     [<  NL. 

Strobilophaga  (Vieillot,  1816),  a  genus  of  birds 

(the  same  as  Pinicola,  q.  v.),  <  Gr.  arp6(ji7iof,  a 

pine-cone,  +  Qayelv,  eat.]     Feeding  upon  pine- 

cones,  as  a  bird. 
Strobilosaura  (strp-bl-lo-sa'ra),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  aTp6i3i?,Gf,  a  pine-cone,  •+•  aa'vpa,  a  lizard.] 

A  former  superfamily  of  Lacertilia,  having  a 

flesh}'  inextensile   tongue,  eyelids,  developed 

limbs,  and  acrodont  or  pleurodont  dentition. 

It  included  the  families  Agamidse  and  Iguamdee. 

Also  Strobilosanria. 
Strobilosaiiran   (stro-bi-lo-sa'ran),  a.   and   w. 

f<  Strobilosaura  +  -an.]  'I.  a.  "Of  or  pertain- 

ing to  the  Strobilosaura;  agamoid  or  iguanoid. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Strobilosaura. 
Also  strobilosaurian. 
strobilure  (strob'i-lur),  n.    [<  NL.  Strobiliirus.'] 

A  lizard  of  the  genus  Strobiliirus. 
Strobilurus  (strob-i-lu'rus),  «.      [NL.  (Wieg- 

mann),  <  Gr.  aTp6/iifa>s,  a  pine-cone,  +  oiipa, 

tail.]     A  genus  of  South  American  iguanoid 

lizards,  having  the  tail  ringed  with  spinose 

scales  (whence  the  name).     S.  torquatus  is  the 

Brazilian  strobilure. 

Strobilus  (stro-bi'lus),  n.     Same  as  strobile,  1. 

Stroboscope  (strob'o-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  <np6fiof, 
a  twisting  or  whirling  round  (<  arptyeiv,  turn, 
twist  :  see  strobile),  +  anowciv,  view.]  An  instru- 
ment used  in  the  study  of  the  periodic  motion  of 
a  body,  as  one  in  rapid  revolution  or  vibration, 
by  illuminating  it  at  frequent  intervals  (for  ex- 
ample, by  electric  sparks  or  by  a  beam  of  light 
made  intermittent  by  passing  through  a  mov- 
ing perforated  plate),  or  again  by  viewing  it 
through  the  openings  of  a  revolving  disk  :  also 
used  as  a  toy.  The  phenakistoscope  and  zoe- 
trope  represent  one  form  of  stroboscope. 

stroooscopic  (strob-o-skop'ik),  a.  [<  strobo- 
scope +  -tc.]  Pertaining  to  the  stroboscope, 
to  observations  made  with  it,  or  to  the  physi- 
cal principle  involved  in  its  use.  Nature, 
XXXIX.  451. 

strocalt,  strocklet,  stroclet,  n.    See  strokle. 

strode  (strod).    Preterit  of  stride. 

stroft.  An  obsolete  form  of  the  preterit  of 
strive. 

Stroglet,  r.i.   A  Middle  English  form  of  struggle. 

Stroit,  f.  t.    See  stroy. 

Stroll  (stroll),  n.  [Also  stroyl  ;  origin  obscure.] 
The  couch-  or  quitch-grass,  Agropyriim  repens: 
applied  especially  to  the  white  and  worm-like 
roots.  See  cut  under  quitch-grass.  Britten  and 
Holland.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Strokalt,  »•     See  strokle. 

Stroke1  (strok),  n.  [Formerly  also  stroak  ;  < 
ME.  strook,  strok,  stralc,  <  AS.  strae  (=  MHG. 
G.  stretch,  a  stroke),  <  strican  (pret.  strdc),  go, 
pass  along,  etc.:  see  strike,  v.,  and  cf.  strike,  n., 
strake^,  streak^,  «.]  1.  A  sweeping  movement 
of  a  sustained  object  ;  the  moving  of  something 
held  or  supported  through  a  limited  course  ;  in 
mecli.,  one  of  a  series  of  alternating  continuous 
movements  of  something  back  and  forth  over 
or  through  the  same  line  :  as,  the  strokes  of  an 
oar;  a  stroke  of  a  pen  in  writing;  the  strokes  of 
a  file,  a  saw,  a  piston-rod,  or  a  pump-handle; 
the  length  of  stroke  of  a  pendulum. 

A  few  strokes  of  his  muscular  arms,  and  he  Is  reached  by 
the  launch  and  swings  himself  up  into  her  hows. 

St.  Nicholas,  XVII.  834. 

In  a  stroke  or  two  the  canoes  were  away  out  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  Scheldt.    R.  L,  Stevenson,  Inland  Voyage,  p.  11. 


ing.     See  cut  under  typr. 

Oarracci's  strength,  Correggio's  softer  line, 
Paulo's  free  stroke,  and  Titian's  warmth  divine. 

Pope,  To  Mr.  Jervas,  1.  38. 

4.  A  throb;  a  pulsation;  a  beat. 

For  twenty  strokes  of  the  blood,  without  a  word, 
Linger'd  that  other,  staring  after  him. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

5.  In  musical  instruments  with  a  keyboard,  the 
range  of  motion  of  a  key. —  6.  A  striking  of  one 
body  or  mass  upon  another;  a  sudden  impact 
of  an  object  moved  or  hurled  through  space;  a 
blow  or  concussion,  especially  one  administe re.  1 
or  effected  by  design  or  in  some  definite  man- 
ner: as,  a  stroke  of  the  fist  or  of  a  sword;  the 
strokes  of  a  hammer;  the  stroke  of  a  bat,  a  cue, 
or  a  mallet  against  a  ball  (in  various  games). 

He  smote  a-boute  hym  grete  strokes  bothe  on  the  lefte 

syde  and  on  the  right  side.        Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  118. 

How  now  !  what  noise?  That  spirit 's  possess'd  with  haste 

That  wounds  the  unresisting  postern  with  these  strokes. 

Shalt.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  2.  92. 

7.  A  sudden  or  special  effect  produced  upon  an 
object  as  if  by  a  striking  movement ;  a  result  or 
consequence  of  the  action  of  some  rapidly  work- 
ing or  efficient  agency  or  cause :  as,  a  stroke  of 
lightning;  a  stroke  of  paralysis  (for  which  the 
word  stroke  is  often  used  absolutely,  both  col- 
loquially and  by  physicians) ;  the  stroke  of  fate 
or  of  death:  used  in  the  Bible  especially  of  a 
divine  chastisement  or  judgment. 

RemoTe  thy  stroke  away  from  me.  Ps.  xxiix.  10. 

When  I  did  speak  of  some  distressful  stroke 
That  my  youth  suffer'd.       Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 157. 
She'll  make  you  shrink,  as  I  did,  with  a  stroke 
But  of  her  eye,  Tigranes. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  King  and  No  King,  L  1. 

A  stroke  of  cruel  sunshine  on  the  cliff. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

8.  A  sound  of  striking :  a  resonant  concussion ; 
a  giving  out  of  sounds  by  striking:  as,  the 


OHG.  ttrcicliiiii,  MIKi.  <!.  ulso  freq. 

xtrrii'lulii),  stroke,  causal  form  of  .*//•/<•</».  etc., 
go,  strike:  see  strike,  and  <•!'.  *•//•«/.•<•!.  Cf.  Sw. 
xlrykti,  Dan.  strijiji'.  \<-<\.  .•.'/;;»/.«,  -ti-oke  (see 
,^>  »")•]  1.  To  pass  the  li  a  nils  or  an  instrument 
over  (something)  lightly  or  with  little  pressure ; 
rub,  or  rub  down,  with  a  gentle  movement  in  a 
single  direction :  an  action  often  performed  for 
soothing  or  caressing  a  person  or  an  animal, 
also  for  smoothing  or  polishing  an  object,  etc.. 
and  sometimes  as  a  curative  process. 

She  straiked  my  head,  and  she  kembed  my  hair. 

Alison  Grots  (Child's  Ballads,  1. 168). 
I  ...  seated  myself  in  my  easy  chair,  stirred  the  flre, 
and  stroked  my  cat.  Steele,  Taller,  No.  266. 

And  then  another  pause ;  and  then, 
Slrokii'fl  his  beard,  he  said  again. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  Second  Interlude. 

2.  Hence,  figuratively,  to  soothe;  flatter;  pa- 
cify ;  encourage.     [Now  prov.  Eng.] 

Such  smooth  soft  language  as  each  line 

Jl  ight  stroake  an  angry  god,  or  stay 

Jove's  thunder.  Carew,  To  my  Rival. 

3.  To  affect  in  some  way  by  a  rubbing  action. 

What  a  slovenly  little  villian  art  thou  ! 
Why  dost  thou  not  stroke  up  thy  hair? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  v.  5. 

The  ancient  Chinese  were  very  proud  of  the  Hair  of 

their  Heads,  letting  it  grow  very  long,  and  stroking  it  back 

with  their  Hands  curiously.       DampUr,  Voyages,  I.  407. 

4.  In  masonry,  to  work  the  face  of  (a  stone)  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  produce  a  sort  of  fluted 
surface —  To  stroke  the  wrong  way  (of  the  hair,  ex- 
pressed or  implied),  to  go  against  the  grain  of;  ruffle  or 
annoy,  as  by  opposition  :  from  the  irritating  effect  on  an 
animal,  especially  a  cat,  of  rubbing  up  the  fur  by  stroking 
it  in  the  direction  opposite  to  the  way  it  lies. 

Stroke2  (strok),  n.     [<  stroke*,  v.']    An  act  of 
stroking;  a  stroking  caress. 
His  white-man'd  steeds,  that  bow'd  beneath  the  yoke, 
He  cheer'd  to  courage  with  a  gentle  stroke. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  xii.  108. 


strokes  of  a  bell  or  a  hammer;  the  clock  is  on  stroke3t      An  obsolete  form  of  the  preterit  of 
(that  is,  on  the  point  of  giving  out)  the  stroke    ^"^T 

of  twelve.  stroke-gear  (strok'ger),  «.     In  machine-tools 

havir 


Thierry  and  Theodore,  i,  , 
9.  An  effective  movement,  action,  or  expres- 
sion;  an  energetic  touch,  effort,  or  exertion;  a 
piece  or  course  of  activity :  as,  a  good  stroke  of 


gearing  by  which  th 

strokes  of  the  tool-slide  are  effected— the  return 


stroke  being  usually  made  with  much  greater 
i    velocity  than  the  cutting  stroke. 

business;  he  will  not  do  a  stroke  of  work;  a  bold  stroke-oar  (strok'or),  n.      1.   The  aftermost 
stroke  for  liberty.  oar  in  a  rowboat,  to  the  strokes  of  which  those 

The  boldest  strokes  of  poetry,  when  they  are  managed 
artfully,  are  those  which  most  delight  the  reader. 


of  the  other  oars  must  be  conformed. —  2.  The 
oarsman  who  handles  the  stroke-oar;  the 

Iamhe«rtUygladtohearMr.Cookhasgiventhefmlsh-  ^SSwWUl  (strok'orz'man),  n.     Onewho 

handles  the  stroke-oar.  In  a  whale-boat  the 
stroke-oarsman  is  usually  the  lightest  man  of 
the  crew.  Also  called  after-oarsman. 


Dryden,  State  of  Innocence,  Pref . 


ing  stroke  to  your  fine  chapel. 

Dr.  Plot,  In  Letters  of  Eminent  Men,  I.  74. 


Christianity  [is]  the  greatest  and  happiest  stroke  ever  yet 
made  for  human  perfection. 

M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  iv. 


10.  A  trait;  a  feature;  a  characteristic. 

In  its  main  strokes,  it  accords  with  the  Aristotelean  phi- 
losophy. Parker,  Platonic  Philosophy,  2d  ed.,  p.  42. 

I  have  the  highest  idea  of  the  spiritual  and  refined  sen- 
timents of  this  reverend  gentleman,  from  this  single  stroke 
in  his  character.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  10. 

11.  A  feat;  a  thing  successfully  done ;  a  coup. 

To  wake  the  soul  by  tender  strokes  of  art. 

Addison,  Cato,  Prol. 

But  the  advance  in  double  column  against  the  combined 
fleets  was  a  stroke  of  genius  as  affairs  stood. 

The  Academy,  June  28, 1890,  p.  437. 

12f.    Capacity  for  doing  anything ;   effective 
ability ;  skill  m  action  or  manipulation. 

Neither  can  any  man  be  entertained  as  a  Soldier  that 
has  not  a  greater  stroke  than  ordinary  at  eating. 


5'ker),  n.  [<  stroke*  +  -crl.]  1.  One 
who  strokes;  formerly,  one  who  practised 
stroking  as  a  method  of  cure. 

Cures  worked  by  Oreatrix  the  stroker. 

Warburton,  Works,  X.  xxvii. 

2t.  A  soothing  flatterer;  a  fawning  sycophant. 
[Bare.] 

What  you  please,  Dame  Polish, 
My  lady's  stroker. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  Iv.  1. 

3.  In  printing,  a  form  of  wood  or  bone  paper- 
folder  with  which  the  layer-on  or  feeder  strokes 
or  brings  forward  separate  sheets  of  paper  to 
the  grippers  of  a  printing-machine.  [Eng.] — 
Stroker  in,  in  printing,  the  workman  who  strokes  or 
combs  separate  sheets  of  paper  to  the  grippers  of  a  print- 
ing.] 


n,...,...,  ---  .  -----  „.  ing-machine.    t  —  „., 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  L  71.  strokesman  (stroks'man),    «.;    pi.  strokesmen 
13t  Moving  or  controlling  power;  influence;     (-men).    [<  stroke's,  poss.  of  stroke,  +  »»«».]    A 

the  hand  over  a  surface.-2.  pi.   Tl 


In  this  new  state  of  government.  Appius  was  the  man 
that  bare  the  greatest  stroke  ;  he  ruled  the  rost  and  swaied 
alltherest.  Holland,  tr.  of  Livy  (ed.  1600),  p.  109. 

A  Stroke  above,  a  degree  above  ;  of  somewhat  higher 
grade  or  quality  than.  [Colloq.] 

She  was  a  stroke  above  the  other  girls.  Diekent. 


milk  drawn  from  a  COW,  pressed  out  by  gentle 
stroking;  strippings.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Tne  cook  entertained  me  with  choice  bits,  the  dairy- 
maid  with  stroaking*. 

Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  il.    (.Damn.) 


strokle 

Stroklet,  »•  [Also  strode,  strocl.ir,  xfrnkul,  xtrn. 
ml;  appar.  a  var.,  simulating  stroke,  of  strickle.] 
A  glassmakers'  shovel  with  recurved  edges,  for 
handling  sand  and  other  materials.  Blount, 
Glossographia,  p.  615. 

Stroll  (strol),  c.  ('.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  strmrl, 
stroitle,  stroyle;  appar.  contracted  from  a  ME. 
form  "strouklen,  <  MD.  strinjckelcn,  D.  stntikelen, 
stumble,  =  MHG.  strucheln,  G.  straiichcln,  stum- 
ble,  G.  dial .  (Swiss)  strolehen ,  rove,  freq.  of  OHG. 
strultJioii,  MHG.  striichen,  stumble;  =  Icel.  gtrju- 
I.-H,  stroke,  rub,  brush,  flog,  etc.,  go  off,  stray,  = 
Dan.  stri/(/e  =  Svf.  stryka,  stroke,  stroll,  ramble; 
cf.  Svv.  ttryker.  dial,  strykel,  a  stroller.  Akin  to 
xlniggle,  q.  v.,  but  prob'.  not  to  straggle,  which, 
with  stroke1,  etc.,  belongs  to  AS.  strican,  ME. 
striken,  go,  proceed,  wander,  =  G.  strcichen,  go 
(> stretcher,  a  stroller),  etc.:  see  strike,  strake1, 
straggle, etc.,  struggle.]  1.  To  saunter  from  point 
to  point  on  foot ;  walk  leisurely  as  inclination 
directs ;  ramble,  especially  for  some  particular 
purpose  or  aim. 

An  elderly  dame  dwells  in  my  neighborhood,  ...  in 

whose  odorous  herb  garden  I  love  to  stroll  sometimes, 

gathering  simples.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  149. 

There  was  something  soothing,  something  pleasant,  in 

thus  strolling  along  the  path  by  the  flowing  river. 

Mrs.  »liiihnnt,  Poor  Gentleman,  xxxlx. 

2.  To  rove  from  place  to  place ;  go  about  devi- 
ously as  chance  or  opportunity  offers;  roam; 
wander;  tramp:  used  especially  of  persons  who 
lead  a  roaming  life  in  search  of  occupation  or 
subsistence. 

In  1703,  "3  strowling  Gipsies  are  ordered  down  to  Hun- 
tlngton  to  be  Tryed  for  Itobbing  two  Women." 

Astiton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  II.  222. 

He  turned  strolling  player ;  but  his  force  and  figure  were 
ill  suited  to  the  boards.  Macaulay,  Goldsmith. 

3.  To  turn  in  different  directions;   veer  or 
glance  about;  rove,  as  the  eyes.     [Rare.] 

The  am'rous  Eyes  thus  always  go 
A-strolintf  for  their  Friends  below. 

Prior,  Alma,  ii. 

=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Saunter,  Wander,  etc.    See  ramble,  v. 
stroll  (strol),  «.     [<  stroll,  r.]     1.  A  wandering 
along  or  about;  a  leisurely  walk;  a  saunter. 
Bright  days,  when  a  stroll  is  my  afternoon  wont, 
And  I  meet  all  the  people  I  do  know  or  don't. 

F.  Locker,  Piccadilly. 
2f.  A  stroller. 

We'll  entertain  no  mountebanking  stroll, 
No  piper,  fiddler,  tumbler  through  small  hoops, 
No  ape-carrier,  baboon-bearer. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 

3.  A  narrow  strip  of  land.  Halliicell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

stroller  (stro'ler),  «.     [<  stroll  +  -er1.]    One 
who  strolls;  a  wanderer;  a  straggler;  a  vaga- 
bond ;  especially,  an  itinerant  performer. 
When  strovlers  durst  presume  to  pick  your  purse. 

Dryden,  Fifth  Prol.  to  Univ.  of  Oxford. 
He  had  been  stolen  away  when  he  was  a  child  by  a  gipsy, 
and  had  rambled  ever  since  with  a  gang  of  those  strollers 
up  and  down  several  parts  of  Europe. 

Ailitismt,  Sir  Eoger  and  the  Gipsies. 
We  allow  no  strollers  or  vagrants  here. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xxxii. 

Strom1t,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  stream. 

Strom2  (strom),  «.  [Origin  obscure.]  An  in- 
strument to  keep  the  malt  in  the  vat.  Bailey, 
1731.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

stroma  (stro'ma),  «. ;  pi.  stromata  (-rna-ta). 
[NL.,  <  L.  stroma,  <  Gr.  mpafia  (or/w/iaf-)"  a 
covering,  a  coverlet,  <  aTjiuvvvvai,  aropewvvai, 
spread,  spread  out,  strew:  see  strew,  stratum.] 
1.  In  limit.:  The  sustentacular  tissue  or  sub- 
stance of  a  part  or  organ,  usually  of  connec- 
tive tissue. —  2.  In  bot. :  (a)  In  fungi,  a  vari- 
ously shaped  more  or  less  continuous  layer  of 
cellular  tissue,  in  which  perithecia  or  other  or- 
gans of  fructification  are  immersed.  Sometimes 
called  receptacle.  See  cut  under  ergot,  (b)  In 
vegetable  physiology,  the  solid  matter  remain- 
ing after  all  the  fluid  has  been  expressed  from 
protoplasm.  Gooclatc.-duicer  stroma,  the  inter- 
lacing connective-tissue  framework  containing  the  alveoli 
of  cancer-cells  —Intertubular  stroma,  the  connective- 
tissue  framework  which  supports  the  tubules  of  the  kid- 
ney, and  which  contains  the  blood-vessels,  lymphatics 
nerves,  etc.— Stroma  fibrin,  fibrin  formed  from  the  stro- 
ma of  the  blood-corpuscles.— Stroma  of  red  blood- 
COrpUBdes,  that  part  of  those  corpuscles  which  remains 
after  the  hemoglobin  is  removed.— Stroma  of  the 
ovary,  the  connective  tissue  of  the  ovary.  Formerly  the 
ova  were  supposed  to  originate  in  this  stroma.  They  are, 
however,  derived  from  the  investing  cell-layer  or  germ- 
epithelium  of  the  ovary,  from  which  multitudinous  cells, 
some  of  them  to  become  ova,  penetrate  the  stroma. 

Stromateidae  (stro-ma-te'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Stromateus  +  -idle.']  "A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Stromateus, 
related  to  the  scombroids  and  carangoids. 


5998 

They  have  large  dcntigerous  or  sacciform  gill  rakers  on 
the  last  branchial  arch,  extending  into  the  esophagus;  a 
single  long  dorsal  fin  witll  a  few  spines  in  front ;  and  the 
ventrals,  when  present,  generally  under  the  pectorals,  but 
in  the  typical  forms  more  or  less  reduced,  or  absent.  They 
are  small  fishes  of  most  warm  seas,  of  about  (f  genera  and 
i~.  spei'ies.  divided  into  Strmnateime  and  Centroli>i>ldnee. 
Also  Stromateina,  as  a  division  of  Scvinbridx. 

stromateine  (stro-mat'c-in),  a.  and  n.     [<  Ntro- 
mateus  +  -Mel.J     I.  a.  Of,  or  having  charac- 
ters of,  the  Stromatcidu: 
II.  «.  A  fish  of  the  family  Strnntateidie. 

stromateoid  (stro-mat'e-oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Stro- 
mateus +  -old.]  '  Same  as  stromateine. 

Stromateoides  (stro"ma-te-oi'dez),  n.  [NL. 
(Bleeker,  1857),  <  Stromateus  +  Gr.  fHof,  form.] 
A  genus  of  stromateoid  fishes,  with  restricted 
branchial  apertures.  S.  sinensis  is  the  white 
and  S.  cinereus  the  gray  pomfret.  See  cut  un- 
der pomfret. 

Stromateus  (stro-mat'e-us),  w.  [NL.  (Linneeus, 
1748  ),<  Gr.  erpufiartdt,  a  coverlet,  a  bag  for  bed- 
clothes (in  pi.  patchwork),  a  kind  of  fish,  < 
arpufia  (arpupaT-),  a  coverlet  or  spread  (in  al- 
lusion to  the  color  of  the  typical  species,  sup- 
posed to  resemble  that  of  a  spread  or  carpet): 
see  stroma.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily Stromateidee,  in  which  the  ventral  fins  are 
lost  in  the  adult,  the  caudal  peduncle  is  not 
keeled,  and  the  gill-membranes  are  free  from 
the  isthmus.  There areauumberof  spec!es,of tropical 
to  warm  temperate  seas.  One  of  the  beat-known  Is  S.  tria- 
cantlms  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  various 
ly  called  butter-fish,  harvest-fish,  and  dollar-fish.  (See  cut 
under  butter-fish.)  A  very  similar  species  is  S.  alepidotus; 
another  is  S.  simillimus  of  the  California)!  coast,  highly 
esteemed  as  a  food-fish,  known  in  the  markets  of  San  Fran- 
cisco as  the  pmnpano.  See  pompano,  2. 

stromatic1  (stro-mat'ik), a.  [< stroma(t-)  +  -it:] 
In  anat.,  physiol.,  and  bot.,  of  the  nature  of  a 
stroma;  resembling  a  stroma;  stromatous. 

stromatic2  (stro-mat'ik),  a.  £<  Gr.  2rp<i//ara,  a 
false  reading  for  Srpu/jantf,  i.  e.  'patchwork,' 
'  miscellany,  the  title  of  a  work  by  Clement  of 
Alexandria;  pi.  of  arpu/jareif,  a  coverlet:  see 
Stromateus.]  Miscellaneous;  composed  of  dif- 
ferent kinds.  [Rare.] 

stromatiform  (stro'ma-ti-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
stroma(t-),  q.  v.,  +  L."/or»«a,  form.]  In  hot., 
having  the  form  of  a  stroma. 

Stromatopora  (stro-ma-top'o-ra),  n.  [NL.  (De 
Blainville,  1830),  <  Gr.  arpi>/ia(T-),  a  covering, 
+  vopos,  pore.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  Stro- 
matoporidse. — 2.  [I.e.]  A  member  of  this  genus. 

StromatoporidSB  (stro'ma-to-por'i-de),  n.  pi 
[NL.,  <  Stromatopora  +  -idee.]  A  family  of 
hydrocoralliue  corals,  typified  by  the  genus 
Stromatopora.  They  are  all  of  Paleozoic  age. 
Also  Stromatoporoidea. 

stromatoporoid  (strd-ma-top'o-roid),  a.  and  w. 
[<  Stromatopora  +  -oi&]     I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Stromatoporidx,  or  having  their  characters. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Stromatoporidae. 

stromatous  (stro'ma-tus),  a.     [<  stroma(t-)  + 
-ous.]     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  stroma. — 2.  In 
60*.,  bearing    or  produ- 
cing a  stroma. 

stromb  (strom),  M.  [< 
NL.  Stromoits.]  A  couch 
of  the  family  Strombidee, 
and  especially  of  the  ge- 
nus Stromoiis ;  a  wing- 
shell;  a  fountain-shell. 
The  best-known  stromb  is  S. 
gigas,  whose  delicate  pink  shell 
is  used  for  cameo-cutting,  and 
also  ground  up  in  the  manu- 
facture of  some  fine  kinds  of 
porcelain,  for  which  purposes 
it  is  said  that  300,000  were  im- 
ported into  England  in  one 
year  from  the  Bahamas.  An- 
other well-known  species  is  5. 
puffilis,  so  called  from  the  red, 
as  if  bloody,  mouth.  See  also 
cut  under  iring-shtll. 

Strombidae  (strom'bi-de), 
n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Strombus  +  -idx.]  A  family  of 
tsenioglossate  siphonostoinatous  pectinibran- 
chiate  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Strom- 
bus;  the  strombs  or  wing-shells.  The  animal  has 
an  elongate  annulated  muzzle.  The  eyes  are  highly  devel- 
oped, at  the  ends  of  thick  elongated  peduncles,  from  which 
the  inner  sides  of  the  tentacles,  when  present,  originate. 
The  foot  is  compressed,  rather  small,  and  adapted  for  leap- 
ing. The  shell  is  mostly  obconic,  with  a  rather  short  conic 
spire  and  an  elongate  and  narrow  aperture ;  a  horny  claw- 
like  operculum,  serrated  along  the  outer  margin,  is  gen- 
erally developed.  Numerous  species  live  in  tropical  seas, 
and  some  of  them  attain  a  large  size.  The  largest  is  Strom - 
bus  gigas,  the  giant  conch  of  the  West  Indies,  much  used 
for  cameos,  and  also  as  an  ornament,  especially  around 
fountains,  whence  it  is  known  as  the  fountain-shell.  The 
family  is  divided  into  Strombina  and  Seraphyinsc.  See 
cuts  under  Rosttllaria,  scorpion  shell,  and  stromb. 


strong 

Strombidium(Ktrom-bid'i-um), 
n'-dr-  and  Laciimann,  1859), 


[NL.(Clapa- 
.  dim. 


Slronibulifonii  Potls. 
a.  Of  Mtdicagc  orbitulat 
.  Of  Medicago  aficulata. 
Of  Mrdicaga  ciliaris. 


A  Wing-shell  or  Strotub 
{Strombus  fugilis',. 


-<oW.]  A  genus  of  peritrichous  ciliate  inf  usori- 
ans,  of  the  family  llnlti-riidif.  These  interesting  ani- 
malcules inhabit  buth  salt  and  freshwater,  and,  tlinuyh 
there  are  no  ipringing-luin,  they  are  noted  for  sni-li  ac- 
tivity and  energy  of  movement  that  their  examination  is 
difficult.  They  are  frei'-swimming,  of  globose  or  turbinate 
form,  with  eccentric  terminal  oral  aperture  associated  with 
a  spiral  wreath  of  erect  cirri ;  the  endoplast  and  contrac- 
tile vacuole  are  conspicuous.  Numerous  species  are  de- 
scribed. 

Strombiform  (strom'bi-form),  n.  [<  NL.  xtrom- 
biix  +  L.  fiinnii,  form.]  Shaped  like  a  wing- 
shell;  having  the  form  of  a  stromb;  belonging 
or  related  to  the  StromUdte. 

Strombine  (strom'bin),  a.  and  n.  [<  Strombux 
+  -iwe1.]  I.  rt.  Of,  or  having  characters  of, 
the  Strombida.1;  stromboid. 

II.  n.  A  stromboid;  a  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Strombida. 

strombite  (strom'bit).  n.  [<  stromb  +  -ite2.] 
A  fossil  stromb,  or  some  similar  shell. 

Stromboid  (strom'boid),  a.  and  n.  [<  stroinli  + 
-old.]  1.  a.  Resembling  a  stromb;  pertaining 
or  related  to  the  Strombida;  strombiform. 

II.    u.    A   strombine  i 
or  stromb. 

strombuliform  (strom'- 
bu-li-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
'xtrombulus,  dim.  of 
"strombus,  a  top  (see 
Strombus),  +  L.  forma, 
form.]  1.  In  geol., 
formed  like  a  top. —  2. 
In  bot.,  twisted  or  coiled  into  the  form  of  a 
screw  or  helix,  as  the  legumes  of  the  screw- 
bean,  some  species  of  Medicago,  etc. 

Strombus  tstrom'bus),  n.  [NL.  (Linnteus, 
1758),  <  L.  strombus,  a  kind  of  spiral  snail,  < 
Gr.  oryxiu/Jof,  a  top,  a  pine-cone,  a  snail,  any- 
thing twisted  or  whorled,  <  arpifetv,  twist,  turn : 
see  strobile.]  The  typical  genus  of  Strombidie. 
formerly  conterminous  with  the  family,  now 
restricted  to  such  species  as  the  West  Indian 
giant  stromb,  S.  gigax :  the  wing-shells,  foun- 
tain-shells, or  strombs.  They  are  active,  predatory, 
and  carnivorous  marine  shells,  much  used  for  ornamental 
purposes.  Also  called  Oalltis.  See  cut  at  stromb. 

Stromeyeiine  (stro'mi-er-in),  n.  [As  stro- 
meyer(ite)  + -ine'2.]  Same  as  stromeyerite. 

stromeyerite  (stro'mi-er-it),  ».  [Named  after 
Fr.  Stromeyer,  a  German  chemist  and  mineral- 
ogist (died  1835).]  A  sulphid  of  silver  and 
copper  occurring  in  crystals  near  chalcocite  in 
form,  also  massive.  It  has  a  dark  steel-gray 
color  and  metallic  luster. 

strommellt,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  strammel. 

strondt,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  strand1. 

strong1  (strdng),  a.  [Sc.  strong;  <  ME.  strong, 
strange,  strong  (compar.  strenger,  strengere),  < 
AS.  strong,  strong  (compar.  strengra,  slrsengra), 
strong,  mighty,  =  OS.  strong  =  MD.  strenge, 
strengli,  D.  streng  =  MLG.  LG.  strenge  =  OHG. 
strong,  strangi,  strcngi,  MHG.  strenge,  G.  streng, 
hard,  rigid,  severe,  strict,  =  Icel.  strangr  =  Sw. 
strung  =  Dan.  streng.  strong;  connections  un- 
certain ;  perhaps  related  to  string.  Cf .  L.  strin- 
gere,  draw  tight  (see  stringent,  strain1,  strict) ; 
Gr.  arpayy&f,  tightly  twisted,  aTpa.yyar.-n,  a  halter, 
etc.  (see  strangle).  No  connection  with  stark1. 
Hence  strength,  strengthen,  etc.]  1.  Possess- 
ing, exerting,  or  imparting  force  or  energy, 
physical  or  moral,  in  a  general  sense ;  power- 
ful; forcible;  effective;  capable;  able  to  do  or 
to  suffer. 

Ther-fore  worschip  god,  bothe  olde  and  jong, 
To  be  in  body  and  soule  yliche  strange. 

Babees  Book(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  304. 

What  can  be  strong  enough  to  resist  those  charms  which 
neither  innocency,  nor  wisdom,  nor  power  are  sufficient 
security  against?  Stillingfieet,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 

Enow  how  sublime  a  thing  it  is 
To  suffer  and  be  strong. 

Longfellow,  Light  of  Stars. 

When  a  man  is  able  to  rise  above  himself,  only  then  he 
becomes  truly  strong.  J.  F.  Clarice,  Self-Culture,  p.  368. 

2.  Having  vital  force  or  capability;  able  to  act 
effectively;  endued  with  physical  vigor;  used 
absolutely,  physically  powerful ;  robust;  mus- 
cular: as,  a  strong  body ;  a  strong  hand  or  arm. 

And  he  was  a  moche  knyght,  and  a  strange  oute  of  me- 
sure.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  164. 

Out  of  the  eater  came  forth  meat,  and  out  of  the  strong 
came  forth  sweetness.  Judges  xiv.  14. 

Of  two  persons  who  have  had,  the  one  the  education  of 
a  gentleman,  the  other  that  of  a  common  sailor,  the  first 
may  be  the  stronger,  at  the  same  time  that  the  other  is  the 
hardier.  Bentham,  Introd.  to  Principles  of  Morals,  vi.  9. 

3.  Having  means  for  exerting  or  resisting  force  ; 
provided  with  adequate  instrumentalities ;  pow- 


strong 


erful  in  resources  or  in  constituent  parts:  as,  a 
strong  king  or  kingdom ;  a  strong  army ;  a  strong 
corporation  or  mercantile  house. 

Whan  the  kynge  Brangore  was  come  to  Eastrangore,  his 

alronm  place,  .      .  he  dide  it  stutfe  with  knyghtcs  and  vi- 

taile.  Merlin  (K.  K.  r.  s.),  ii.  247. 

He  grewe  stronge.  and  in  shortu  space  got  to  himselfe  a 

greate  name.  Spenner,  State  of  Ireland. 

At  last,  nigh  tir'd,  a  castle  strong  we  fand, 

The  utmost  border  of  my  native  land. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  iv.  55. 

4.  Having  or  consisting  of  a  large  number,  ab- 
solutely or  relatively;  numerically  forcible  or 
well  provided:  usually  implying  also  some  spe- 
cial element  of  strength  in  some  or  all  of  the 
units  composing  the  number:  as,  a  strong  de- 
tachment of  troops;  a  strong  political  party. 

Hym  thoughte  he  was  nat  able  for  to  speede, 
For  she  was  strong  of  freendes. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1. 135. 

5.  Of  specified  numerical  force;  having  so  many 
constituent  members:  applied  to  armies,  and 
sometimes  to  other  bodies  of  men,  or  to  animals. 

First  demand  of  him  how  many  horse  the  duke  Is  strong. 
Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3.  149. 

The  rebels  at  Drumclog  were  eight  or  nine  thousand 
strong.  Sufyt,  Mem.  of  Capt.  Creichton. 

6.  Exerting  or  capable  of  characteristic  force; 
powerful  in  the  kind  or  mode  of  action  implied ; 
specifically,  forceful  or  efficient:  as,  a  strong 
painter  or  actor ;  a  strong  voice ;  strong  eyes. 

His  mother  was  a  witch,  and  one  so  strong 

That  could  control  the  moon,  make  flows  and  ebbs. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1.  269. 

I  was  stronger  in  prophecy  than  in  criticism.     Dryden. 
A  solitary  shriek,  the  bubbling  cry 
Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  53. 

7.  Vigorous  in  exercise  or  operation;   acting 
in  a  firm  or  determined  manner ;  not  feeble  or 
vacillating:  used  of  the  mind   or  any  of  its 
faculties:  as,  a  strong-min&eA  person ;  a. strong 
intellect,  memory,  judgment,  etc. 

Divert  strong  minds  to  the  course  of  altering  things. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxv. 

8.  Possessing  moral  or  mental  force;  firm  in 
character,  knowledge,  conviction,  influence,  or 
the  like ;  not  easily  turned,  resisted,  or  refuted : 
as,  a  strong  candidate;  a  strong  reasoner. 

Pray  that  ye  may  be  strong  in  honesty, 
As  in  the  use  of  arms. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  False  One,  iv.  3. 

They  were  very  diligent,  plain,  and  serious ;  strong  in 
Scripture,  and  bold  in  profession. 

Penn,  Rise  and  Progress  of  Quakers,  i. 

He  wants  to  show  the  party  that  he  too  can  be  a  "Strong 
Man  "  on  a  pinch.  The  Nation,  XXX.  1. 

9.  Marked  by  force  or  vigor  of  performance; 
done,  executed,  produced,  or  uttered  energeti- 
cally;   effected  by  earnest  action  or  effort; 
strenuous;  stressful;  urgent. 

Anthony  wered  with  strong  hesinesse 
The  Erie  of  Faborugh. 

Bom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  249o. 

When  he  had  off  ered  up  prayers  and  supplications  with 
strong  crying  and  tears.  Heb.  v.  7. 

The  ears  of  the  people  they  have  therefore  filled  with 
strong  clamour.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  iv.  4. 

10.  Marked  by  force  of  action  or  movement ; 
vigorously  impelled  or  sent  forth;  impetuous; 
violent;  vehement:  as,  a  strong  wind;  strong 
tides ;  strong  breathing. 

If,  Collatine,  thine  honour  lay  in  me, 
From  me  by  strong  assault  it  is  bereft. 

Shot.,  Lucrece,  1.  835. 

When  they  came  to  the  great  river,  they  were  carried 
over  by  one  Ludham,  .  .  .  the  stream  being  very  strong. 
Winthrop,  in  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  170,  note. 

.  Firm  in  substance  or  texture;  capable  of 


14.  Vigorous  or  extreme  in  kind;  specifically, 
(list  (net  or  exceptional;  bold;  striking:  elTee- 
tive;  forceful;  conspicuous:  as,  xlrung  invec- 
tives; a  strong  attraction. 

And  Merlyn,  that  full  of  stronge  orte  was,  yede  hem 
aboute,  and  cleped  the  kynge  as  they  weren  nettc,  and 
shewed  hym  the  voyde  place.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  liO. 

On  our  ground  of  grief 
Ri.se.  by  day  in  strong  relief 
The  prophecies  of  better  things. 

WhMier,  Astraa  at  the  Capitol. 

15.  Intense  or  thorough  in  quality;  having  a 
high  degree  of  the  proper  specific  character; 
not  mild,  weak,  dull,  insipid,  or  inetTeetive  :  as, 
strong  drink;  strong  tea;   a  strong  infusion; 
strong  lights  and  shadows ;  a  strong  color. 

So  is  it  fulle  of  Dragounes,  of  Serpentcs,  and  of  other 
venymous  Bestes  that  no  man  dar  not  passe,  but  zif  It  be 
strong  Wyntre.  Mandemtle,  Travels,  p.  266. 

This  Is  strong  physic,  signlor, 
And  never  will  agree  with  my  weak  body. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  iii.  2. 


By  mixing  such  powders  we  are  not  to  expect  strong 
and  full  white,  such  as  Is  that  of  paper. 

Newton,  Opticks,  I.  ii.  5. 

16.  Intense  or  intensified  in  degree;  existing 
in  great  amount  or  force;  forcibly  impressive 
to  feeling  or  sensation:  used  of  either  active 
or  passive  qualities:  as,  strong  love  or  devo- 
tion ;  a  strong  flavor  or  scent. 

Is  it  possible  .  .  .  you  should  fall  into  so  strong  a  liking 
with  old  Sir  Rowland  s  youngest  son  ? 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  3.28. 

Nor  was  her  heart  so  small 
That  one  strong  passion  should  engross  it  all. 

Crabbe,  Works,  IV.  83. 

17.  Forcibly  offensive  in  quality;  repellent  to 
sense  or  sensation;  ill-tasting  or  ill-smelling; 
rank;  rancid;  tainted. 

They  say  poor  suitors  have  strong  breaths ;  they  shall 
know  we  have  strong  arms  too.  Shalt.,  COT.,  i.  1.  61. 

18.  In  com.,  specifically,  firm;   favorable  to 
gain ;  steadily  good  or  advancing;  active;  prof- 
itable: as,  a  strong  market;  strong  prices;  to 
do  a  strong  business.— 19.  In  gram.,  inflected 
—  (a)  as  a  verb,  by  a  change  of  the  radical  vowel 
instead  of  by  regular  syllabic  addition :  opposed 
to  weak:   thus,  find  (found),  speak  (spake  or 
spoke,  spoken),  strike  (struck,  stricken),  and  swim 
(swam,  swum)  are  strong  verbs ;  (6)  as  a  noun  or 
an  adjective,  with  fuller  retention  of  older  case- 
distinctions :  thus,  German  Buclt  is  called  of 
strong  declension,  and  Held  of  weak.    Strong  and 
weak  are  purely  fanciful  terms,  introduced  by  J.  Qrlmm ; 
they  belong  properly  to  Germanic  words  alone,  but  are 
occasionally  applied  to  similar  phenomena  in  other  lan- 
guages also. 

20.  In  photog.,  same  as  dense,  3.  —  strong  arm  or 
hand,  figuratively,  great  power  or  force ;  forcible  or  vio- 
lent means ;  overpowering  vigor ;  the  force  of  arms :  as, 
to  overcome  opposition  with  a  strong  arm;  "a  strong 
hand,"  Ex.  vi.  1. 

It  was  their  meaning  to  take  what  they  needed  by  strong- 
hand.  Kaleigh. 
Strong  box,  a  strongly  made  case  or  chest  for  the  preser- 
vation of  money  and  other  things  of  great  value  in  small 
compass.—  Strong  double  refraction,  in  optics.  See  re- 
fraction, 1.— Strong  drink,  election,  place.  See  the 
nouns.-Strong  faints.  See  faint,  2.-8trong  room,  a 
fire-proof  and  burglar-proof  apartment  in  which  to  keep 
valuables.  — Strong  water,  (a)  Distilled  spirit  of  any 
sort :  generally  in  the  plural :  as,  a  draught  of  strong  waters. 

In  the  time  of  our  fast,  two  of  our  landmen  pierced  a 
rundlet  of  strong  water,  and  stole  some  of  It. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  4. 

(6)  Aqua  fortis,  or  some  other  strong  biting  acid. 

Metals  themselves  do  receive  in  readily  strong  waters ; 
and  strong -waters  do  readily  pierce  into  metals  and  stones ; 
and  .  .  [some]  strong-waters  will  touch  upon  gold,  that 
will  not  touch  upon  silver.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  800. 

=  Syn.  2.  Sturdy,  Stout,  etc.  (see  robust) ;  hardy,  sinewy.- 
3  Potent-11.  Tenacious,  tough.-13.  Impregnable.-lt 
it,  sharp. 


things. 

His  bones  are  as  strong  pieces  of  brass.  Job  xl.  18. 

The  graven  flowers  that  wreathe  the  sword 
Make  not  the  blade  less  strong. 

WhMier,  My  Psalm. 


[Obsolete'  except  in  the  "slang  phrase  below.] 

I  will  to-morowe  go  to  an  Abbey,  and  feyne  me  stronge 
gike.  Merlin  (E.  L.  L.  a.),  1.  o£ 

To  go  or  come  it  Strong,  to  do  a  thing  with  energy  and 
perseverance.    [Slang.] 

An  obsolete  past  participle  of  string. 


come;  sound;  stable;  settled:  as,  a 
stitution  or  organization  (of  body,  mind,  gov- 
ernment,  etc.);  strong  arguments,  reasons,  or 
evidence  ;  to  take  a  strong  hold,  or  get  a  strong 
advantage  ;  a  strong  project. 

In  the  fear  of  the  Lord  is  strong  confidence. 

Prov.  xiv.  26. 

Ye  strong  foundations  of  the  earth.  Micah  rt.  2. 


,  to  w^ich  the  boat  is  seeded  at  sea. 
i"*"  vark  (str6ng'biirk),  n.  A  tree  or  shrub 
sHon*P*^naceousgenUa£OH,TeHa,  which  be- 
^87°^  west  IndTes  and  tropical  America. 
One  species,  B.  Hamnensis,  which  extends  into  Florida,  is 
a  small  tree  or  shrub  with  a  hard,  fine,  and  beaut 
Of  a  brown  color  streaked  with  orange  ;  the  larger  trees, 
however,  are  hollow  and  defective. 


Strongylocentrotus 

Strong-barredt    (strong  'biird).    fl.        Strongly 
barred;    tightly  fastened.     Slitik.,  K.  John,  u. 

Strong-basedt    (stron^'basH.    a.      Strongly    or 
firmly  based.     Slink.,  Tempest,  v.  1.  -til. 

stron'g-besiegedt  (etrong'b$-s«d  ).  </.    strong- 

lv  besieged.     Klin/:..  Lm-reee.  1.  14'-".). 

strong-bondedt  (str6iif,''bon  .led).  «.     sir 

Iv  bound  or  seeiired;   made  strongly  binding. 
.sV/<//-.,  Lover's  Complaint.  1.  l!7!i.     [Rare.] 

strong-fixed!  (strong'likst ),  a.    Btajmgly  fixed : 

firmly  established.  Afl*.,  1  ll.-n.\  1. .  II.D.  102. 
Stronghandt  (strong 'hand'),  H.  Violence; 
force;  power:  a  contraction  of  the  phrase  by 
tin  utrniKj  linnil.  See  .-iti-iing  urm  or  lunnl.  under 
strong. 

stronghold   (strong 'hold),  n.     A  fastnesi 
fort ;  a  fortified  place ;  a  place  or  position  of 
security :  often  used  figuratively,  and  formerly 
as  two  words. 

David  took  the  strong  hold  of  Zion.  2  Sam.  v.  7. 

Strong-knit  (strong'nit),  a.  Strongly  or  well 
knit;  firmly  joined  or  compacted. 

For  strokes  received,  and  many  blows  repaid, 
Have  robb'd  my  strong-knit  sinews  of  their  strength. 

Shak.,  8  Hen.  VI.,  U.  3.  4. 

Strongle  (strong'gl),  «.  A  strongyle.  T.  S. 
Cobbold. 

Strongly  (stroug'li),  «</<.  [<  ME.  strongly, 
strangely,  s/niniilicln:  itrangVAe;  <  AS.  strang- 
lice,  strong,  <  stranglic,  strong,  <  strong,  strong: 
see  strong1  and  -ly2.']  In  a  strong  manner,  in 
any  sense  of  the  word  strong. 

That  Cyter  [Cassay]  is  strongliche  enhabyted  with  peple, 
In  so  moche  that  In  on  House  men  maken  10  Ilousholdes. 
Mandemlle,  Travels,  p.  209. 

Fly,  fly ;  delay 
Doth  oft  the  strongliest  founded  Plots  betray. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  1.  44. 

strongman's- weed  (strong'manz-wed),  H.  See 
Petiver  ia. 

strong-minded  (strong'mln'ded),  a.  1.  Hav- 
ing a  strong  or  vigorous  mind. — 2.  Not  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  female  character  or  man- 
ners; unfeminine:  applied  ironically  to  women 
claiming  the  privileges  and  opportunities  of 
men. 

strong-mindedness   (str6ng'min"ded-nes),  «. 
The    character   or  quality  of  being    strong- 
minded,  especially  as  used  of  women. 
Strong-temperedt  (strong'tem'perd),  a.    Made 
strong  by  tempering;  strongly  tempered.  Shak., 
Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  111. 
strongylate  (stron'ji-lat),  a.     [<  strongyle  H 
-ate^-7]    Having  the  character  of  a  strongyle,  as 
a  sponge-spicule;  simply  spicular,  with  blunt 
ends.     Sollas. 

Strongyle  (stron'jil),  n.  [<  NL.  Strongylus  (see 
Strongylus),  <  Or.  oTpoyyfaof,  round,  spherical,  < 
"arpnyye iv,  draw  tight:  see  strangle.']  1 .  A  spic- 
ule  of  the  monaxon  biradiate  type,  with  each 
end  rounded  off;  a  strongylate  sponge-spicule. 
It  is  simply  a  rhabdus  whose  two  ends  are  blunt  instead  of 
sharp.  A  strongyle  blunt  at  one  end  and  sharp  at  the 
other  becomes  a  strongyloxea.  Sollas. 
2.  In  Vermes,  a  nematoid  or  threadworm  of  the 
genus  Strongylus  in  a  broad  sense;  a  strongy- 
lid.  There  are  many  species.  See  Strongyliiler. 
Strongylia  (stron-j'il'i-a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
oTpoj7i^oc,  round,  spherical:  see  strongtilc.]  A 
suborder  of  chilognath  myriapods,  with  man- 
ducatory month,  and  sexual  organs  opening  in 
the  anterior  part  of  the  body.  It  includes  the 
families  Polyxenidee,  Polydesmidse,  Ittlida,  and 
Lysiopetalidse.  H.  C.  Wood,  1865. 
strongylid  (stron'ji-lid),  «.  and  n.  Same  as 
strongyloid. 

Strongylidae  (stron-jil'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Strongylm  +  -idse.]  A  family  of  endoparasitic 
nematoid  worms,  typified  by  the  genus  Stron- 
fiulus,  and  containing  about  10  other  genera. 
They  are  formidable  parasites,  sometimes  attaining  a 
length  of  3  feet,  though  usually  much  smaller  than  this. 
Thev  are  cylindrical,  and  more  or  less  elongated  and  fili- 
form :  the  mouth  is  oval,  circular,  or  triangular,  and 
armed  or  unarmed ;  and  the  tail  of  the  male  is  furnished 
with  a  bursa  or  pouch,  or  a  pair  of  membranous  lobes, 
and  usually  a  pair  of  protruding  spicules.  The  female  is 
commonly  larger  than  the  male.  Strongylus  bronchialis 
Is  the  lung-strongle  of  man :  the  female  is  an  inch  long, 
the  male  half  that  size.  S.  armatus  infests  the  horse ; 
micrurus  and  S.  contortus  are  found  In  ruminant?,  as  cattle 
and  sheep.  Etistronrrylus  gigas  is  the  giant  strongy  e  c 
kidney  the  largest  known  endoparasite  of  this  kind,  the 
male  being  about  a  foot  long,  the  female  a  yard  or  more. 
Stromjulvs  quadndentalM  or  Sclerostoma  duodenale  Infests 
the  human  intestine,  and  a  similar  strongyle,  tyngamvi 
trachealii,  causes  the  gapes  In  poultry,  occurring  in  gre»t 
numbers  in  the  air-passages. 

Strongylocentrotus     (stron'ji-lo-sen-tro'tus), 
n.      [NL.  (Brandt),  <  Gr.  orpayy{>/.ot,  round, 


Strongylocentrotus 

spherical,  +  KtnyxjrdY,  <  nhrpov,  point,  center: 
see  center^.]     A  genus  of  regular  sea-urchins, 


Common  Xew  England  Sea-urchin  {Strongyloctntrotits  drottacHi- 
ensis). 

of  the  family  Echinidse.  One  of  the  commonest  and 
best-known  sea-urchins  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
States  ia  5.  drobachien^ia. 

strongyloid  (stron'ji-loid),  a.  and  n.  [<  stron- 
r/i/le  +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Like  a  strpngyle;  related 
to  the  genus  Strongylus;  belonging  to  the  Stron- 
gylidse. 

II.  ».  A  strongyle,  or  some  similar  nema- 
toid. 

strongyloxea  (stron-ji-lok'se-a), ».;  pi.  strongy- 
loxex  (-e).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  orpoyyvAof,  round,  +  offcf, 
sharp.  ]  A  strongyle  blunt  at  one  end  and  sharp 
at  the  other;  a  strongyloxeate  sponge-spicule. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  417. 

strongyloxeate  (stron-ji-lok'se-at),  «.  [As 
strongi/loxea  +  -ate1.]  Blunt  at  one  end  and 
sharp  at  the  other,  as  a  sponge-spicule  of  the 
rhabdus  type ;  having  the  character  of  a  stron- 
gyloxea. Hollas. 

Strongylus  (stron'ji-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arpoy- 
yt'vtof,  round,  spherical,  <  "arpdyyew,  draw  tight, 
squeeze:  see  strangle.]  1.  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Strongi/lida.  Miiller,  1780.— 2. 
[I.  c.;  pi.  strongyli  (-11).]  In  sponges,  a  stron- 
gyle. 

strontia  (stron'shi-a),  n.  [NL.  (Klaproth),  < 
strontium,  q.  y.]  Tfie  monoxid  of  strontium, 
SrO,  an  alkaline  earth  which  when  pure  is  an 
infusible  grayish-white  powder  having  an  acrid 
burning  taste.  It  is  soluble  in  water  with  evolution  of 
heat,  slaking  into  a  hydrate,  Sr(OH>2,  which  is  quite  soluble 
and  deposits  from  its  solution  crystals  of  the  hydrate  con- 
taining eight  molecules  of  water  of  crystallization.  The 
hydrate  has  a  strong  alkaline  reaction,  and  is  more  caustic 
titan  lime,  but  less  so  than  the  alkalis.  Strontia  does  not 
occur  native,  but  is  prepared  by  Igniting  the  carbonate, 
the  mineral  strontianite. 

strontian  (strou'shi-an),  n.  and  n.  [<  strontium 
+  -an.]  I.  n.  Native  strontium  carbonate; 
strontianite ;  hence,  also,  strontia,  and  some- 
times strontium.  [Indefinite  and  rare.] 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  strontia 
or  strontium — Strontian  yellow,  a  color  formed  by 
adding  potassium  chromate  to  a  solution  of  a  strontium 
salt. 

Strontianiferous  (stron'shi-a-nife-rus),  a.  [< 
strontian  +  -i-ferous.]  Containing  stroutian. 
PhiJos.  May.,  5th  ser.,  XXy.  238. 

Strontianite  (stron'shi-an-It),  n.  [<  strontian 
+  -»<e2.]  Native  strontium  carbonate,  a  min- 
eral that  occurs  massive,  fibrous,  stellated,  and 
rarely  in  orthorhombic  crystals  resembling 
those  of  aragonite  in  form.  It  varies  in  color  from 
white  to  yellow  and  pale  green.  It  was  first  discovered 
in  the  lead-mines  of  Strontian,  in  Argyllshire,  Scotland. 

strontic(stron'tik),  a.  [<  strontia  +  -ic.]  Same 
as  strontitic. 

strontites  (stron-tl'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  stronti(um) 
+  -ites.]  Same  as  strontia :  so  named  by  Dr. 
Hope,  who  first  obtained  this  earth  from  stron- 
tianite, or  native  carbonate  of  strontium. 

Strontitic  (stron-tit'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  strontites  + 
-ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  strontia  or 
strontium. 

strontium  (stron'shi-um), n.  [NL.,  <  Strontian, 
in  Argyllshire,  Scotland.]  Chemical  symbol, 
Sr;  atomic  weight,  87. 37;  specific  gravity,  2.54. 
A  dark-yellow  metal,  less  lustrous  than  barium, 
malleable,  and  fusible  at  a  red  heat,  when 
heated  in  air,  it  burns  with  a  bright  Maine  to  the  oxid. 
It  decomposes  water  at  ordinary  temperatures,  evolving 
hydrogen,  and  uniting  with  the  oxygen  of  the  water  to 
form  the  oxid  strontia.  It  does  not  occur  native.  The 
chief  strontium  minerals  are  the  carbonate  (strontianite) 
and  the  sulphate  (celestine).  Strontium  also  occurs  as  a 
silicate  in  the  mineral  brewsterite.  It  has  been  detected 
in  the  waters  of  various  mineral  springs,  as  well  as  in  sea- 
water,  and  in  the  ashes  of  some  marine  plants.  Suits  of 
strontium  are  chietly  used  in  pyrotechny,  imparting  an 
intense  red  color  to  names. 

Strookt(struk).  An  old  preterit  of  strike.  Pope, 
Iliad,  xxi.  498. 

stroot  (strut),  v.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  strut1. 

strop  (strop),  re.  [The  older  and  more  correct 
form  of  strap;  <  ME.  strop,  strope,  <  AS.  stropp 
(=  D.  strop,  etc.),  <  L.  stroppus,  struppus,  a 
strap:  see  strap.]  1 .  Same  as  strap.  Specifi- 


6000 

cally — 2.  A  strap  or  strip  of  leather,  thick 
canvas,  or  other  flexible  material,  suitably  pre- 
pared for  smoothing  the  edge  of  a  razor  drawn 
over  it  while  it  is  attached  by  one  end  and  held 
in  the  hand  by  the  other;  hence  also,  by  exten- 
sion, a  two-sided  or  four-sided  piece  of  wood, 
with  a  handle  and  a  casing,  having  strips  of 
leather  of  differing  surfaces  affixed  to  two  sides, 
and  the  two  other  sides,  when  (as  more  com- 
monly) present,  covered  with  coarser  and  finer 
emery  or  other  abrasive  powder  for  use  in  hon- 
ing a  razor. —  3.  Naut.,  same  as  strap,  1  (a). — 
4.  In  rope-making,  a  rope  with  an  eye  at  each 
end,  used  in  twisting  strands. 
strop  (strop),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  stropped,  ppr. 
stropping.  [<  strop,  n.]  To  sharpen  on  or  as 
if  on  a  strop  or  strap. 

Scarce  are  the  gray-haired  sires  who  strop  their  razors 
on  the  family  Bible,  and  doze  in  the  chimney-corner. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  2. 

strope  (strop),  «.    A  dialectal  form  of  strap. 

strophanthin  (stro-fan'thin),  n.  [< Strophanthus 
+  -in2.]  An  active  poisonous  principle,  said  to 
be  neither  an  alkaloid  nor  a  glucoside,  found 
in  the  seeds  of  Strophanthus  hispidus. 

Strophanthus  (stro-fan'thus),  n.  [NL.  (A.  P. 
de  Candolle,  1801),  so  called  from  the  twisted 
and  tailed  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  <  Gr.  oTyxtyof,  a 
twisted  band,  a  cord  (<  arp^tv,  turn,  twist),  + 
avdof,  flower.]  A  genus  of  gamopetalous  plants, 
of  the  order  Apoeynaceae,  tribe  Echitidex,  and 
subtribe  Neriex.  It  is  characterized  by  a  glandular 
calyx ;  a  funnel-shaped  corolla  with  five  tailed  lobes  and  an 
ample  throat,  bearing  about  ten  scales  within,  and  includ- 
ing the  lone  taper- pointed  anthers ;  and  an  ovary  of  two  dis- 
tinct  carpels,  ripening  Into  divergent  follicles  with  seeds 
tailed  at  one  end  and  extended  at  the  other  into  a  long  plu- 
mose beak.  There  are  about  20  species,  natives  of  Asia 
and  tropical  Africa,  with  one,  S.  Capensis,  in  South  Africa. 
They  are  small  trees  or  shrubs  or  often  climbers,  either 
smooth  or  hairy,  with  opposite  feather-veined  leaves,  and 
terminal  cymes  of  handsome  flowers  which  are  either 
white,  yellowish,  orange,  red,  or  purple.  The  seeds  of 
several  species  or  varieties  in  Africa  yield  arrow-poison  : 
in  western  Africa  5.  hispidus  affords  the  inee  poison  (see 
poison  of  Pahonias,  under  poison),  in  eastern  Africa  S. 
Kombe  the  kombe  poison,  and  some  species  between  Zanzi- 
bar and  Somali-land  the  wanika  poison.  But  S.  Kombe  is 
suspected  to  be  a  variety  of  S.  hispidus,  and  the  third  spe- 
cies is  probably  the  same.  Since  187S  these  seeds  have 
excited  great  medical  interest  as  a  medium  for  the  treat- 
ment of  heart-disease,  but  their  investigation  is  not  com- 
plete. (See  itrophanthin.)  Several  species  are  cultivated 
under  the  name  twisted-flower. 

strophe  (stro'fe),  n.  [<  NL.  strophe,  <  L.  stro- 
pha,  <  Gr.  orpotf/,  a  turning  round,  a  recurring 
metrical  system,  the  movement  of  a  chorus 
while  turning  in  one  direction  in  the  dance, 
the  accompanying  rhythmical  (musical  and 
metrical)  composition/  arptyeiv,  turn,  twist.] 
1.  In  anc.  pros.:  (a)  A  system  the  metrical 
form  of  which  is  repeated  once  or  oftener  in 
the  course  of  a  poem;  also,  a  stanza  in  mod- 
ern poetry.  In  a  narrower  sense — (6)  The  for- 
mer of  two  metrically  corresponding  systems, 
as  distinguished  from  the  latter  or  antistrophe. 
(c)  The  fourth  part  of  the  parabasis  and  first 
part  of  the  epirrhematic  syzygy.  It  is  hymnic 
in  character,  as  opposed  to  the  sceptic  tone  of 
the  epirrhema. —  2.  In  tot.,  one  of  the  spirals 
formed  in  the  development  of  leaves.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.]— Asclepiadean  strophe.  See  Asclepiadean. 

strophic  (strof 'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  crpo^oiof ,  of  or  per- 
taining to  a  strophe,  <  arpoqii,  a  strophe:  see 
strophe.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  strophe  or 
strophes;  constituting  strophes;  consisting  of 
strophes:  as,  strophic  composition;  strophic 
poems. 

strophical  (strof'i-kal),  a.  [<  strophic  +  -al.] 
Same  as  strophic.  Aihenseum,  No.  3300,  p.  123. 

strophiolate  (strof'i-o-lat),  a.  [<  strophiole  + 
-ate'-.]  In  hot.,  bearing  or  furnished  with  a 
strophiole  or  something  that  resembles  it. 

strophiolated  (strof'i-o-la-ted),  a.  [<  strophio- 
late  +  -e<J2.]  Same  as  strophiolate. 

strophiole  (strof'i-ol),  «.  [<  L.  strophiolum,  a 
small  wreath  or  chaplet,  dim.  of  strophium,  < 
Gr.  arpfytav,  a  band,  a  breast-band,  dim.  of 
arpAQof,  a  twisted  band,  a  braid,  a  cord,  <  arpe- 
<t>eiv,  twist,  turn.]  In  bot.,  an  appendage  pro- 
duced from  the  liilum  of  certain  seeds,  of  the 
same  origin  as  a  true  aril,  but  less  developed. 
Sometimes  used  interchangeably  with  caruncle, 
from  which  it  clearly  differs. 

strophoid  (strof 'oid),  ».  [< 
F.  strophoide,  <  Gr.  er/xfyof,  a 
twisted  band,  a  cord.]  1.  A 
nodal  plane  cubic  curve  which 
is  the  locus  of  a  focus  of  a 
conic  whose  directrix  and  two 
tangents  are  given. —  2.  A 


stroyl 

curve  which  is  the  locus  of  intersections  of  two 
lines  rotating  uniformly  with  commensurable 
velocities.  See  also  *«'«'/•"/'''"<''•—  Right  stroph- 
oid,  a  strophoid  symmetrical  with  respect  to  the  line 
through  the  two  centers  of  rotation. 

Strophostyles(  strof  -o-sti'lez),n.  [NL.  (Elliott, 
1824),  so  called  from  the  incurved  style  ;  <  Gr. 
orpd^of,  a  twisted  baud,  a  cord,  +<mv,of,  apillar.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  plants,  of  the  tribe  Phane- 
Olese.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  related  genus  Phase- 
olus,  in  which  it  was  formerly  included,  by  capitate  flowers 
with  the  keel  and  included  style  and  stamens  incurved 
but  not  spirally  coiled,  and  followed  by  a  commonly  terete 
and  straight  pod  with  its  scurfy  or  smooth  seeds  quadrate 
or  oblong,  not  reniform.  About  17  species  have  been  de- 
scribed, but  some  of  them  insufficiently,  natives  largely 
of  .North  America,  including  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies, 
also  occurring  In  Peru,  India,  and  China.  They  are 
tangled  vines  with  prostrate  or  climbing  stems,  usually 
retroreely  hairy,  bearing  pinnate  leaves  of  three  leaflets, 
and  usually  long-stalked  purplish  clusters  of  a  few  sessile 
flowers.  Two  species,  known  as  u-ild  bean,  both  called 
Pftageoius  helcolus  by  various  authors,  extend  along  the 
Atlantic  coast  northward  to  Long  Island  or  further,  of 
which  5.  peditncularis  (Phaseolus  umbellatW)  is  a  slendu 
twiner  of  sandy  flelds,  and  S.  angulosa  (P.  diversifoliun) 
a  commonly  trailing  plant  extending  west  to  Minnesota, 
and  to  Missouri,  where  on  river-bottoms  a  high-climbing 
variety  sometimes  reaches  30  feet.  Another  species,  S. 
pattcijlorus,  occurs  in  the  southern  and  western  United 
States.  See  Phaseolus. 

strophulus  (strof'u-lus).  «.  [NL.,  dim.  of  "stro- 
HS,  <  Gr.  orpo^of,  a  twisted  band,  a  cord:  see 


strophiole.]  A  papular  eruption  upon  the  skin, 
peculiar  to  infants,  exhibiting  a  variety  of 
forms,  known  popularly  as  red-gum,  trliiii-}iuin. 
tooth-rash,  etc. 

strosserst  (stros'erz),  n.  [A  var.  of  trossers, 
which  is  a  variant  of  trousers:  see  trousers.] 
Same  as  trossers. 

You  rode  like  a  kern  of  Ireland,  your  French  hose  off, 
and  in  your  strait  strossers.          Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ill.  7.  57. 

Sets  his  son  a-horseback  in  cloth-of-gold  breeches,  while 

he  himself  goes  to  the  devil  a-foot  in  a  pah-  of  old  strossers! 

Middleton,  No  Wit  Like  a  Woman's,  II.  1. 

Stroud1  (stroud),  n.     [Also  strowd;  origin  ob- 

scure.]   A  senseless  or  silly  song.    Jamieson. 

[Scotch.] 
stroud2  (stroud),  n.     [Also  strowd;  origin  ob- 

scure.]    1.  Same  as  strouding.  —  2.  A  blanket 

made  of  strouding. 

Be  pleased  to  give  to  the  son  of  the  Piankasha  king 
these  two  strowds  to  clothe  him. 

Journal  of  Capt.  Treat  (1752X  P-  52.    (Bortfett.) 

strouding  (strou'ding),  n.  [<  stroud1  +  -ing1.] 
Coarse  warm  cloth  ;  a  kind  of  blanketing  used 
in  trading  with  North  American  Indians. 

Hazelnuts  enough  to  barter  at  the  nearest  store  for  a 
few  yards  of  blue  stroudiny  such  as  the  Indians  use. 

The  Century,  XXXIII.  33. 

stroup  (stroup),  n.  [Also  stroop  ;  <  ME.  stroupe, 
strowpe,  <  Sw.  strupe,  the  throat,  gullet,  =  Norw. 
strupe,  the  throat,  gullet,  an  orifice,  =  Dan. 
strube,  the  throat,  gullet;  cf.  Icel.  strjiipi,  the 
trunk  of  the  human  body  with  the  head  cut  off.] 

1.  The  trachea  or  windpipe.     [Obsolete  and 
prov.  Eng.] 

He  smote  him  in  the  helm,  bakward  he  bare  his  ftroupe. 
Laitgtoffs  Chronicle,  p.  190.    (Halliwdl.) 

2.  A  spout  (of  a  tea-kettle,  etc.).    [Scotch.] 
strout,  v.    An  obsolete  or  provincial  variant  of 

strut1.     Bacon. 

Strove  (strov).     Preterit  of  strive. 
strow  (stro),  v.  t.;   pret.  strowed,  pp.  strowed 
or  strown,  ppr.  strowing.    An  archaic  form  of 
strew. 

strowt,  «•  [Cf.  strow,  strew.]  Loose;  scattered. 
[Bare  and  dubious.] 

Nay,  where  the  grass, 
Too  straw  for  fodder,  and  too  rank  for  food, 
Would  generate  more  fatal  maladies. 

Lady  Alimony,  D  4  b.    (Sara.) 

strowd1  (stroud),  n.    See  stroud1. 

Strowd2,  n.    See  stroud^. 

Strowlt,  v.  i.    An  old  spelling  of  stroll. 

strown  (stron).    A  past  participle  of  straw. 

strowpet,  n.    See  stroup. 

stroyt,  v.  t.     [ME.  stroyen,  by  apheresis  from 

destroyen  :  see  destroy.]    To  destroy.    Middle- 

ton. 

stroyt,  n.    [ME.,  <  stray,  v.]    Destruction. 
Stroyallt  (stroi'al),  n.     [<  stroi/,  v.,  +  obj.  all.] 

One   who   destroys   or   wastes  recklessly;   a 

waster. 

A  giddy  brain  master,  and  stroyall  his  knave, 
Brings  ruling  to  ruin,  and  thrift  to  her  grave. 

Tusser,  Good  Husbandly  Lessons. 

strpyert  (stroi'er),  n.  [<  ME.  stroyere,  by  apher- 
esis from  destroyer.]  A  destroyer. 

The  drake,  stroyere  of  his  owene  kynde. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  360. 

stroyl*,  n.    See  stroil. 


PE  The  Century  dictionary 

1625 

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pt.20 


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ABBREVIATIONS 
USED  IN  THE  ETYMOLOGIES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 


a.,  adj adjective. 

abbr abbreviation. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

accom accommodated,  accom- 
modation. 

act. active. 

ad  v adverb. 

AP Anglo-French. 

agri. agriculture. 

AL. Anglo-Latin. 

alg algebra. 

Amer. American. 

aiiiit anatomy. 

anc ancient. 

antiq antiquity. 

aor aorist. 

appar apparently. 

AT Arabic. 

arch architecture. 

arch&ool archaeology. 

arith arithmetic. 

art.  article. 

AS Anglo-Saxon. 

astrol astrology. 

astron astronomy. 

attrib attributive. 

aug augmentative. 

Bav Bavarian. 

Beng Bengali. 

biol biology. 

Bohem Bohemian. 

bot botany. 

Braz.  Brazilian. 

Bret Breton. 

bryol bryology. 

Bulg Bulgarian. 

carp. carpentry. 

Cat Catalan. 

Cath Catholic. 

cans. causative. 

ceram ceramics. 

cf. L.  confer,  compare. 

ch. church. 

Chal Chaldee. 

chem chemical,  chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

chron chronology. 

colloq colloquial,  colloquially. 

com commerce,  commer- 
cial. 

comp composition,  com- 
pound. 

compar. comparative. 

conch conchology. 

con] conjunction.    ' 

contr. contracted,  contrac- 
tion. 

Corn Cornish. 

cranlol craniology. 

craniom craniometry. 

crystal crystallography. 

D Dutch. 

Dan Danish. 

dat dative. 

def definite,  definition. 

derlv derivative,  derivation. 

dial dialect,  dialectal. 

difl different. 

dim. diminutive. 

distrib distributive. 

dram dramatic. 

dynam dynamics. 

E.  East 

E.  English(«sual{y  mcan- 

ing  moaern  English). 

eccl.,  eccles ecclesiastical. 

econ economy. 

e.  g L.  exempli  yratia,  for 

example. 

Egypt Egyptian. 

E.  Ind East  Indian. 

elect electricity. 

embryoL  embryology. 

Eng English. 


engln engineering. 

entom entomology. 

Epis Episcopal. 

equiv equivalent. 

esp especially. 

Eth Ethiopic. 

ethnog ethnography. 

ethnol ethnology. 

etym etymology. 

Eur European. 

exclaiu exclamation. 

f.,  fern feminine. 

F French  (usually  mean- 
ing modern  French). 

Flem Flemish. 

fort fortification. 

Ireq frequentative. 

Fries. Frlesic. 

fut future. 

G Qerm&n(usuallymean' 

ing  New  High  Ger- 
man). 

Gael Gaelic. 

galv galvanism. 

gen genitive. 


.geography, 
geology. 


geology. 

geometry. 

Gothic  (Moesogothlc). 

Or Greek. 

gram grammar. 

gun gunnery. 

Heb Hebrew. 

her heraldry. 

herpet.  herpetology. 

Hind Hindustani. 

hist.  history. 

horoL horology. 

hort horticulture. 

Hong Hungarian. 

hydraul hydraulics. 

hydros hydrostatics. 

Icel Icelandic        (usually 

meaning  Old  Ice- 
landic, otheneise  call- 
ed Old  Norse). 

Ichth Ichthyology. 

L  e L.id  ett,  that  is. 

impers impersonal. 

impf.  imperfect. 

impv imperative. 

improp Improperly. 

Ind Indian. 

ind Indicative. 

Indo-Eur. Indo-European. 

indef. Indefinite. 

inf. Infinitive. 

instr instrumental. 

inter] interjection. 

intr.,  in  trans. . .  .intransitive. 

IT Irish. 

irreg irregular,  irregularly. 

It.  Italian. 

Jap Japanese. 

L. Latin  (usually  mean- 
ing classical  Latin). 

Lett Lettish. 

LG Low  German. 

lichenol llchenology. 

lit literal,  literally. 

lit literature. 

Lith Lithuanian. 

lithog lithography. 

lithol lithology. 

LL.  Late  Latin. 

m.,  maac masculine. 

M Middle. 

mach machinery. 

mammal mammalogy. 

manuf manufacturing. 

math mathematics. 

MD Middle  Dutch. 

ME Middle  English  (other- 
wise catted  Old  Eng- 
lish). 


mech mechanics,  mechani- 
cal. 

med medicine. 

mensur mensuration. 

metal metallurgy. 

metaph metaphysics. 

meteor meteorology. 

Mex Mexican. 

MGr Middle  Greek,  medie- 
val Greek. 

MHG Middle  High  German. 

mllit. military. 

mineral.  mineralogy. 

ML. Middle  Latin,  medic- 

val  Latin. 

MLG Middle  Low  German. 

mod modern. 

mycol mycology. 

myth mythology. 

n noun. 

n.,  neut. neuter. 

K New. 

K North. 

N.  Amer North  America. 

nat natural. 

naut nautical. 

nav navigation. 

NGr New    Greek,    modern 

Greek. 

NHG New     High     German 

(usually  simply  G., 
German). 

NL. New    Latin,    modern 

Latin. 

nom nominative. 

Norm Norman. 

north northern. 

Norw.  Norwegian. 

numis numismatics. 

O Old. 

obs obsolete. 

obstet obstetrics. 

OBulg Old  Bulgarian  (other- 
wise called  Church 
Slavonic,  Old  Slavic, 
Old  Slavonic). 

OCat  Old  Catalan. 

OD. Old  Dutch. 

ODan Old  Danish. 

odontog odontography. 

odontol odontology. 

OF Old  French. 

OFlem Old  Flemish. 

OGael Old  Gaelic. 

OHG Old  High  German. 

Olr.  Old  Irish. 

Olt Old  Italian. 

OL. Old  Latin. 

OLG Old  Low  German. 

ONorth Old  Northumbrian. 

OFruss Old  Prussian. 

original,  originally. 

th ornithology. 

OS Old  Saxon. 

OSp Old  Spanish. 

osteol. osteology. 

OSw Old  Swedish. 

OTeut Old  Teutonic. 

p.  a. participial  adjective. 

paleon paleontology. 

part participle. 

pass. passive. 

pathol pathology. 

pert perfect. 

Pers Persian. 

pers person. 

persp perspective. 

Peruv Peruvian. 

petrog petrography. 

Pg Portuguese. 

phar pharmacy. 

Phen Phentcian. 

philol philology. 

philos philosophy. 

phonog phonography. 


phutoR photography. 

phren phrenology. 

phys physical. 

physlol physiology. 

pl.,plur plural 

poet poetical. 

polit political. 

Pol 1'olish. 

poAs possessive. 

pp past  participle. 

ppr present  participle. 

rr Provencal        (usually 

meaning    Old    Pro- 
venial). 

pref prettx. 

prep preposition. 

pres. present. 

pret. preterit. 

prlv privative. 

prob probably,  probable. 

pron pronoun. 

pron pronounced,    prouun- 

elation. 

prop properly. 

pros prosody. 

Prot. Protestant. 

prov provincial. 

psychol psychology. 

q.  v L.  quod  (or  pi.  qutv) 

vide,  which  see. 

refl reflexive. 

reg regular,  regularly. 

repr representing. 

rhet rhetoric. 

Bom Roman. 

Bom Romanic,  Eomanco 

(languages). 

RUBS Russian. 

8. South. 

8.  Amer Sooth  American. 

8C Jj.  Kttic'.t,  understand, 

supply. 

Sc. Scotch. 

Scand Z*.  idlnavlan. 

Scrip Scripture. 

sculp sculpture. 

Serv Servian. 

sing singular. 

8kt Sanskrit. 

Slav Slavic,  Slavonic. 

Sp.  Spanish. 

subj subjunctive. 

superL superlative. 

surg surgery. 

BOTV surveying. 

8w Swedish, 

syn synonymy. 

Syr. Syriac. 

technol technology. 

teleg telegraphy. 

teratol teratology. 

term termination. 

Teut.  Teutonic. 

theat theatrical. 

theoL theology. 

tberap therapeutics. 

toxicol toxicology. 

tr.,  trans  transitive. 

trigon trigonometry. 

Turk Turkish. 

typog typography. 

ult ultimate,  ultimately. 

v verb. 

var variant. 

vet. veterinary. 

v.  1. intransitive  verb. 

v.  t transitive  verb. 

W Welsh. 

Wall Walloon. 

Wallach Wallachian. 

W.  Ind West  Indian. 

zobgeog zoogeography. 

zooL zoology. 

coot zootomy. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


a  as  in  fat,  man,  pang. 

a  as  in  fate,  mane,  dale. 

a  as  in  far,  father,  guard. 

a  as  in  fall,  talk,  naught. 

&  as  in  ask,  fast,  ant. 

&  as  in  fare,  hair,  bear. 

e  as  in  met,  pen,  bless. 

e  as  in  mete,  meet,  meat. 

e  as  in  her,  fern,  heard. 

i  as  in  pin,  it.  biscuit. 

I  as  in  pine,  fight,  file. 

o  as  in  not,  on,  frog. 

o  as  in  note,  poke,  floor. 

b  as  in  move,  spoon,  room. 

o  aa  in  nor,  song,  off. 

u  as  in  tub,  son,  blood. 

u  as  in  mute,  acute,  few  (also  new, 

tube,  duty :   see   Preface,   pp. 

lx,x> 

u  as  in  pull,  book,  could. 


U    German  il,  French  n. 

oi  as  in  oil,  joint,  boy. 

ou  as  in  pound,  proud,  now. 

A  single  dot  under  a  vowel  In  an  unac- 
cented syllable  indicates  its  abbreviation 
and  lightening,  without  absolute  loss  of 
its  distinctive  quality.  See  Preface,  p.  xi. 
Thus: 

4  as  in  prelate,  courage,  captain. 

§  as  in  ablegate,  episcopal. 

0  as  in  abrogate,  eulogy,  democrat. 

i.i  as  In  singular,  education. 

A  double  dot  under  a  vowel  In  an  unac- 
cented syllable  indicates  that,  even  in  the 
mouths  of  the  best  speakers,  its  sound  is 
variable  to,  and  in  ordinary  utterance  ac- 
tually becomes,  the  short  u-sound  (of  but, 
pun,  etc.).  See  Preface,  p.  xi.  Thus : 


a  as  in  errant,  republican, 

e.  as  in  prudent,  difference, 

i  as  in  charity,  density, 

o  as  in  valor,  actor,  Idiot, 

ii  as  in  Persia,  peninsula, 

e  as  in  the  book, 

fl  as  in  nature,  feature. 

A  mark  (~)  under  the  consonants  (,  d, 
s,  z  indicates  that  they  in  like  manner 
are  variable  to  ch,  j,  stt,  zA.  Thus : 

(  as  in  nature,  adventure. 

(J  as  In  arduous,  education. 

g  as  in  leisure. 

3  as  in  seizure. 

th  as  in  thin. 

IB  as  in  then. 

6h  as  in  German  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

n    French  nasalizing  n,  as  in  ton,  en. 


ly    (In  French  words)  French  liquid  (mou- 

Ute)  1. 

'  denotes  a  primary,  "  a  secondary  accent. 
(A  secondary  accent  Is  not  marked  if  at  its 
regular  interval  of  two  syllables  from  the 
primary,  or  from  another  secondary.) 

SIGNS. 

<  read/rom ;  I.  e.,  derived  from. 

>  read  whence  ;  i.  e.,  from  which  is  derived. 

+  read  and ;  i.  e.,  compounded  with,  or 
with  suffix. 

=  read  cognate  with;  L  e.,  etymological!  y 
parallel  with. 

y  read  root, 

*  read  theoretical  oralleffed;  L  e.,  theoreti- 
cally assumed,  or  asserted  but  unveri- 
fied, form. 

1  read  obsolete. 


.ATt 


!  Jtl  A  1  It  f  Jfel  AT  Af  Ar  A   zki